% //s' pi ) BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF Hcnrg m. Sage 1891 A ' iljo HJ ENGINEERING LiBRARW/zZ/fpr Cornell University Library QE 115.A23 V.1 Reports of special subjects]A[-F; ^Z, ^ /////y 3 1924 004 593 012 Cornell University Library The original of this bool< is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004593012 OEOLOGIOAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. CHEMICAL ANALYSES. A FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD CHEMICAL REPORTS, AND CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS. BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., Etc., Etc., CHEMIST TO THE SURVEY, AND JOHN H. TALBOTT AND A. M. PETER, ASSISTANTS. STEREOTYPED FOR THE SURVEY BY MAJOK, JOHNSTON & BABKETT. YEOMAN PRESS, FRANKFORT, KENTUCKY. 1884. .,'.(. J CONTENTS. PAGE. FIRST CHEMICAL REPORT 1 SECOND CHEMICAL REPORT 181 THIRD CHEMICAL REPORT 347 CHEMICAL EXAillNATION OF THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, 439 PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION (NEW SERIES). It being necessary to publish a new edition of the Reports of the Geological Survey, it is thought proper to change the arrangement of the reports in the several volumes. This is advisable in order to bring together in one volume the several reports relating to a given subject or locality. In the first edition (second series) the volumes were made up of reports, regardless of subjects treated, and in order to learn all that may be published of a locality, the reader must examine sev- eral volumes. For instance, the reports on the iron ores and the iron manufacture of Greenup, Carter, Boyd, and Lawrence counties is in volume i, and the Report on the Geology of the above named counties is in volume 2. The Chemical Reports and the reports on the Timbers are scattered through four volumes. This arrangement of reports could not have been avoided in the early history of the Survey without a delay in the publication of the volumes. It is thought that the arrangement in this edition will more fully meet the wants of the public, and will render the reports more valuable. The first volumes of this edition will comprise the fol- lowing: Chemical Analyses, Reports on the Eastern Coal Field ; Reports on the Western Coal Field ; Reports on Timbers. Other volumes will be published from time to time, preserving the same order of grouping reports. Some of the preliminary reports contained in the first edition have been omitted, in order that there may be no duplication when the final reports are published. I am of the opinion that enough preliminary or reconnoissance work has been done by the Survey, and the work will be directed with a view of securing (so far as the means will permit) complete reports on the geology, soils, timbers, etc., of the various regions IV PREFACE. Studied. As the stereotyped plates of the omitted prelim- inary reports are preserved, new editions may be ordered should there be a demand for them. A change has also been made in the size of the volume by decreasing the size of the margin, which, it is thought, will make the volume a more convenient size, both for library use and for sending through the mails. JOHN R. PROCTER, State Geologist. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY, N. S. SHALER, Director. CHEMICAL REPORT SOILS, MARLS, CLAYS, ORES, COALS, IRON FUR NACE PRODUCTS, MINERAL IVATERS, &c., &c., OF KENTUCKY, BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., &(., &c., Chemist to the Kkntucky ijKin.fiGicAi. Si uvkv. ASSISTl-.li BY JOHN H. TALBUTT, S. B., Chemical Assistant. THE FIRST CHEMICAL REPORT IN THE NEW SERIES AND THE FIFTH SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE SURVEY INTRODUCTORY LETTER. Chemical Laboratory of the h Kentucky State Geological Survey, v- Lexington, Ky., April 19th, 1875. ) Professor N. S. Shaler, Chief Geologist, &c. : Dear Sir : I have the pleasure herewith to report the results of the chemical work performed in this laboratory, for the State Geological Survey, since September, 1873, ^o nearly the present date. So much could not have been effected but for the able and efficient assistance of Mr. John H. Talbutt, who has given his constant attention to this labor. Very respectfully, ROBERT PETER. CHEMICAL REPORT SOILS, MARLS, CLAYS, ORES, COALS, IRON FUR- NACE PRODUCTS, MINERAL WATERS, &C., &C., OF KENTUCKY. By ROBERT PETER, M. D., &c., &c. In the eight)-six soil analyses, which are appended, only a portion of ten counties of the State is represented, and the greater number of these soils are not to be classed amongst our most fertile. The limits of the range of variation of their several constituents is shown in the following table, viz : Pr. ct. No. (Jounty. I'r. ci. No. County. Organic and volatile matlcrs vary from 7.985 in 1300 of Boyd to 1. 815 in 1398 of Carter. Alumina and iron and manganese oxides vai7 from ... 15-763 in 1396 of Carter to 2.740 "11571 of Hardin. Lime carbonate varies from . 3.890 'u 1330 of Campbell to .045 "11572 of Hardin. Magnesia varies from .520 in 1329 of Campbell to •034 in 1298 of Boyd. Phosphoric acid varies from ■555 in 1424 of Fayette to .045 f in 1396 \ in 1566 of Carter, of TIardin. Potash varies from .... .662 in 1396 of Carter to .062 (ini325 I ''n 1327 of Campbell, of Campbell. Soda varies from .286 in 1407 of (Jartcr to trace. in 1567 of Hardin. Sand and insoluble silicates vary from 74.840 in 1396 of Carter to 92.455 in 1634 of Ohio. Water expelled at 380° F. vanes from ... ... 2.650 in 155S of Hardin to .225 in 1572 of Hardin. Water expelled at 212° V. varies from ... 5-075 in 1329 of Campbell to .Sod ini57i of Hardin. The extremes may represent very rich and very poor soils ; but not the general character of the soils of the counties named. 4 CHEMICAL REPORT. 5. The method of analyses of the soils does not vary much from that described in volume III of the Kentucky Geological Reports. The principal object was, as there stated, to obtain comparative results, which would enable the scientific agricul- turist to form an opinion as to the chemical constitution of our soils in their relation to husbandry ; without attempting to perform the almost hopeless task of giving all the minuter con- stituents of each, or of presenting all those physical conditions which exert so great an influence o.n their practical fertility. To this end the several soils were treated as nearly alike as possible : air-dried together, digested for an equal time at nearly the same temperature in acid of a uniform strength, &c., &c. The specific gravity of the chloroh}dric acid used being about i.io. The process of digestion in water, containing carbonic acid, was not emplo)ed in all, because of the press of work in the laboratory, mainly. There can be no doubt, however, that, used with proper care, this process will indicate the relative propor- tion of soluble plant food in the soil at the time. As this may very well vary, under different physical atmospheric conditions, it was not considered of essential value in the comparative analyses. The well-known fact that various physical conditions exert a powerful influence on the productiveness of soils which have a similar chemical composition, has, in recent times, singularly perverted the minds of chemists, and consequently of agricul- turists, in relation to the value of soil analyses. Because the chemical conditions of a soil are not the only ones necessary to productiveness, they have, by a perverted logic, jumped to the conclusion that these conditions are of no consequence what- ever. But if these chemical conditions are indispensable to the fer- tility of the soil, how much injury has been done in recent years to the scientific study of the soil and of agriculture, by the great outcry which has been raised against this kind of investigation ! The comparative chemical examination of the soils of a State or country can only be made under the patron- 5 ■© CHEMICAL REPORT. age of the government. Individual efforts are inadequate to effect it; nor could they, if adequate, so economically conduct it. The writer believes that the geological survey of any region should always include this study of the soils ; yet very little has been done in this direction in all the recent State surveys, and a valuable opportunity has been lost, which in many instances cannot recur, of studying the chemical con- ditions of the virgin soil of various parts of our country. Chemists are naturally somewhat averse to soil analysis ; it requires so much time and labor, so much care must be taken to secure accuracy, and there is so little variety in the work, and so small an appreciation of its value and significance amongst the people whrn done, that they gladly avoid it. But, in the course of time, most of them who are not too much prejudiced against the teachings of experience, arrive at the same conclusion with Prof Aug. V oelcker, of the Eng- lish Royal Agricultural College: "There was a time when I thought with many other young chemists, that soil analyses would do every thing for the farmer; three or four years of further experience and hard stud)- rather inclined me to side with those men who consider tliat they are of no practical utilit)' \vhate\'er; and now, after eighteen years of continued occupation with chemico-agricultural pursuits, and, I trust, with more matured judgment, I have come to the conclusion that there is hardly any subject so full of practical interest to the farmer as that ot the chemistry of soils. The longer and more minutely soil investigations are carried on by com- petent men, the greater, 1 am con\'inced, will be their practical utility." — Jour, of Roy. I^r. Soc. of Eng., 1865. Even Prof S. W Johnson, whose somewhat harsh criticism, in 1 86 1, of some of the former labors in this field of the writer, seemed to sound the key-note of the clamor against this kind of study in this country, has so far yielded his opposition as to give us in his valuable work, ''How Crops Feed," 1870, the comparative analyses of several soils, and to point out the sig- nificance of their chemical composition. But he is careful to caution the reader, page 368, that although the analysis may CHEMICAL REPORT. 7 show the amount of the mineral fertilizers in a soil, it cannot tell how much of them " is at the disposal of the present crop;" and on page 271 : "These facts show how very far chemical analysis, in its present state, is from being able to say defi- nitely what any given soil can supply to crops, although we owe nearly all oiir precise knowledge of vegetable niitritiojt directly or ijidirectly to this art." He might very truly have added, that we should not be able to say that a suitable clicmical composition of a soil was not the only condition necessary to its fertility, unless we had thoroughly studied that condition. It is onl\' by means of chemical analyses that we find out the equally indispensable nature of the physical conditions. He cannot fail to admit that it is impossible to make progress in our knowledge of the soil and its actions and conditions without a thorough study of its chemical characters. In accordance with this outcry against this sort of investi- gation the difficulties of obtaining good samples for analyses has been exaggerated. In a country like that of most of this State, where there is comparatively but little quarternary or transported material constituting the soil, and especially before its character has been much altered b)- a dense population, there is little difficulty, with the use of necessary precautions, in obtaining representative samples of large areas similar in character and position. In many large districts in our State the soil has been formed in place by the disintegration of the rocks. In other parts, where surface action has been greater, more judgment and care must be exerted in the collection of the soils; but in no part of the State, probably, is so great local variety to be seen in the soils as frequently may be observed in the northeastern States, where the transporting action of water and of ice, in former epochs, has produced a high degree of local irregularity in the nature of the surface deposits. In the collection of the samples of our Kentucky soils the causes of local and accidental differences of composition were, as much as possible, avoided. 7 b CHEMICAL REPORT. Because of the very small proportion of the essential ingre- dients of the soil, which are carried off in crops, as compared with the whole amount of the earth, taken to the depth through which the roots of plants absorb nourishment, it has been denied that it is possible by chemical analysis to show their diminution in the old field soil, as compared with the virgin soil. Indeed it has been logically demonstrated to be impos- sible. But, it should be recollected that when, by the acid digestion, we separate these essential soluble ingredients from the greater mass of the soil, left as sand and insoluble silicates, which amount to from about seventy-five to ninety-two per cent, of the whole, the probabilities of error in the determination of these minuter ingredients must not be calculated into the whole weight of the soil, but into that smaller part which we have thus extracted from it. Logic apart, the fact still remains, that in one hundred and forty-.nine duplicate analyses, made by the writer for the Ken- tucky, Arkansas, and Indiana Surveys, in which the chemical composition of the virgin soil was compared, under similar conditions of treatment, with soil of a neighboring old field in the same localit), one hundred and twenty-two out of the one hundred and fort)-nine showed a marked diminution of most of the essential ingredients of the soil in that of the old field as compared with the virgin soil. This certainly is not an accidental result. In the soil anal) ses at present reported the results are not so striking in this relation. Partly because the samples had not, in several cases, been collected with special reference to this investigation, and partly because of greater local variations of the soil in the regions in which they were obtained. In calculating the probable amount of exhaustion of the essential soil ingredients, it should be recollected that as much, and sometimes more, may be alienated from the soil by the solvent action of the atmospheric agents, while the surface is much exposed in the cultivation of hoed crops, than is absorbed and removed by the products. Hence the exhaustion of the soil is much more rapid under these cir- 8 CHEMICxVL REPORT. g cumstances than is generally allowed. In other words, the exhaustion of the soil when under cultivation in hoed or plowed crops, during which time a large portion of its surface is kept bare of vegetation and subjected to the leaching action of rains, is much greater than can be accounted for by the amount of the essential ingredients which are taken from, it in its products. In several instances, in the analyses of the soils described above, the "sand and insoluble silicates," left after digestion, for ten days in the acid, were anal)zecl by the admirable pro- cess of Professor J. Lawrence Smith, for the determination of the amount of fixed alkalies held in the form of insoluble silicates. As will be seen, in the detailed report and in the tables, the quantity of potash and soda thus held in the soil in the samples in question are, in most cases, considerable^ ranging from 0.485 to 2.731 per cent, of potash to the whole soil, and 0.165 to 1.306 per cent, of soda. It is evident that, although at present insoluble, and hence unavailable for plant nourishment, these alkalies are doubtless gradually released and brought into a soluble form by weath- ering and under the influence of the products of vegetable decay, so that they tend to prolong the fertilit)- of the soil. The seventeen limestone and lime anal)'ses, of specimens from nine counties only, represent but a small part of our vari- ous lime rocks. But even these exhibit their great industrial' value, including, as they do, limestones useful for the fluxing of our iron ores, as well as for purposes of construction in the form of building stone or cement, while some of them would be valuable as fertilizeVs on the land. The so-called litho- graphic stone of Barren county and oi other corresponding localities may, for some purposes, with well-selected samples, replace the more costly foreign stone.* The eighty-two iron ores which have been analyzed are from eleven counties, principally of the northeastern portion of the *NoTE. — I h^ve found it impossible to use this stone for crayon or transfer worlc. N. S. SHALER. VOL. I.-CHE.M. 2. Q lO CHEMICAL REPORT. State. Sixty-four of these are limonite ores ; twenty-seven are clay ironstones or carbonate ores ; and only one, to be found probably only in limited quantity in Lawrence county (see No. 1594), is of the red hematite variety. The proportion of metallic iron, in the limonite ores exam- ined, varies from 19.344 P^"" cent, to 57.148 per cent. In the carbonate ores analysed the per centage of metallic iron ranges from 10.960 per cent, in what may be termed only a ferruginous limestone, up to 40.465 per cent. Of the one hundred and ten specimens of coal, &c., which were examined by proximate analysis, eighty-nine were from eleven counties in Kentucky; of which five counties, viz: Bo)d, Carter, Greenup, Lawrence, and Menifee, are in our northeastern coal field; and six, viz: Butler, Edmonson, Gray- son, Hopkins, Muhlenburg, and Ohio counties, are in the southwestern coal field. All these coals are of the splint, dry coal, or semi-cannel coal variety ; cleaving generally into thin layers, which have more or less fibrous coal between them. Although some of them make a good coke, they do not gen- erally soften or swell much when heated or burnt, and hence, when they do not contain an unusual quantit)' of sulphur, they can be used, without preliminary coking, for the smelting of iron. Some of these coals, however, are quite sulphurous, and some contain a large proportion of ash,f but the better sam- ples compare favorably with the best coals of the neighbor- ing States. For the purpose of this comparison seven of the best coals of the State of Ohio, two of the best of those of Illinois, and four of the celebrated "block coals" of Indiana, used there for iron smelting, &c., were submitted to similar processes of .analysis with our Kentucky coals. We give the general com- parative results in the following tables : I In some cases, as the samples for analysis were taken from new and imperfect openings, it is more than probable the coals will be found to be better than is represented in the analyses given. CHEMICAL REPORT. II AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE COALS FROM THE NORTHEASTERN KEN- TUCKY COAL FIELD. Counties. Number of samples analyzed. Specific gravity. Volatile combustible matters. Fixed car- bon in the coke. Per cent, of ash. Per cent, of sulphur. ■Boyd Carter Greenup Lawrence ■Menifee 13 16 14 6 2 1-337 1-331 1-375 1-326 1-319 33-43 33-39 34-5° 36.27 33-55 54.35 53-45 52.20 53-85 53-42 *8.46 8.17 9-37 6.86 10.36 f 2.292 J 1.886 3-165 1.285 2.544 General average. . SI 1-3376 34-23 53-45 8.62 2.234 AVERAGE CC>MPOSITION IN THE SOUTHWESTERN COAL FIELD. Counties. Number analyzed. Specific gravity. Volatile combustible matters. Fixed carbon. Per cent, of ash. Per cent, of sulphur. Butler Edmonson Grayson Hopkins Muhlenburg .... Ohio I 8 8 2 II 3 1-378 1 .360 1-385 1-385 1. 312 1.362 30.66 34-01 31-17 32-95 36.42 34-9° 54.94 52.34 49.78 52.55 53.26 53.77 II .00 10.56 ? 14.38 II .20 6.74 8.16 2-544 3-312 2.083 5.019 2.949 3-103 General average . . 33 1.3636 33.70 52.77 10.34 3.166 * By leaving out the exceptional asli of No. 1291, the average is = 7.94. + Without No. 1291 this average would be = a. 036. f This is the average of fifteen of the coals only. g By leaving out the exceptional ash o-f No. 1454, the average would be = 12 .21. JVVERAGE COMPOSITION OF THE SELECTED COALS FROM NEIGHBORING STATES. States. Number analyzed. Specific gravity. Volatile combustible matters. Fixed car- bon in the coke. Per cent, of ash. Per cent, of sulphur. Ohio . . . Illinois Indiana .... 7 2 3 1.327 1.310 1.313 34.51 31.95 35.93 55.17 59.06 54.24 6.43 5.96 7.23 1.494 1.924 1.946 General average . . 12 1.317 34.13 56.12 6.54 1.768 This comparison is more or less imperfect, because the sam- ples, which were too few in number to make it complete, were not averaged with special reference to it. Yet it measurably •corroborates opinions held by geologists and others in regard 12 CHEMICAL REPORT. to our two coal fields. For instance, it will be seen in the general averages that the coals of the southwestern field have more ash and sulphur, and a higher specific gravity, than those of the northeastern, and that the relative proportions of the combustible matters, volatile or fixed, are less in the former The differences, however, are not very remarkable. In each of these particulars the coals from our neighboring States of Ohio, Illinois, and Indiana, show less difference than might have been expected, in view of the fact that they had been collected from some of the most celebrated coal mines, as representing the best coals of those States. The following tables illustrate this : TABLE OF THE EXTREMES OF COMPOSITION OF THE COALS. Counties. Boyd Carter Greenup Lawrence Menifee Greatest extremes Butler Edmonson . . . . Grayson Hopkins Muhlenburg .... Ohio Greatest extremes State of Ohio . . . State of Illinois . . State of Indiana . . Greatest extremes Volatile combus- tible matters. P^'om 29.70 to 36 27.22 to 36 31 .66 to 37 33.901039 33.061034 27.22 to 39.00 30.66 32.00 to 39.00 25. 86 to 35.80 30,00 to 35 .90 30.60 to 43. oS 33. 50 to 36. 20 25.86 to 43.08 Fixed carbon. From 46.86 to 57 44.64 to 58 47 ,00 to 56 47. 84 to 57 50.24 to 56 44.64 to 58. 45 .46 to 54.26 40. 14 to 55. 52 51 . 10 to 54.00 49.80 to 5S.S0 52.20 tci 55. 10 40. 14 to 58.80 Ashes. From 5.10(0 14.74 3.20 to 12. 10 5 .40 to 13.00 I .So to 13.70 7 , 40 to 1 3 . 06 I . > to 14. 1 1 .00 6.94 to 14.34 7 .50 to 29.60 6 . 90 to 15. 50 3.72 to II .So 7. 10 to 9.00 3.72 to 29.60 Sulphur. From [ .285 to 5.361 .724 to 3.483 .746 to 5.934 •73S to 3.785 .997 to 4.092 .724 to 5.361 544 685 565 280. 032 332 . 640 to 8 . 685 059 to 8 777 to 3 759 to 7 t.40 to 4 ti37 to 3 29.68 to 36. 68 31 .86 to 32.04 35. 101036. 38 54.i6to 57.06 55. 64 to 59.54 53.5010 53. 58 4.2010 S . 7 2 5. 16 to 6.76 5.2810 9.00 .756 to 2.247 1 .376 to 2.472 1.66410 2.373 29.68 to 36.38 53-50 '0 59-54 4.20 to 9.000 .756 to 2.472: CHEMICAL REPORT. 13 TABLE OF THE COMPOSITION OF ELEVEN SELECTED KENTUCKY COALS FROM SEVERAL COUNTIES. Counties. Number. Specific gravity. Volatile combustible matters. Fixed car- bon in coke. Per cent, of asb. Per cent, of sulphur. Boyd Boyd Carter. . , . . . Carter Carter Edmonson Greenup Greenup, . , . Hopkins. . Lawrence . . . , Lawrence . . . General average 1286 12S9 1346 1347 '353 1418 1492 1493 '579 15S9 1593 308 320 288 290 274 336 292 289 322 281 284 33-30 34-50 34-36 27 .22 34-5° 35-14 33-90 34-96 35-90 35-30 39-00 57.60 55-40 54.60 55-88 58.50 54.26 ^6.70 55-54 1:4.00 57.80 54-76 5.80 5-10 4.40 7-50 3.20 6.94 6,20 5-40 6. go I. So 3-74 2.480 1.285 .724 ■973 2. 164 2.706 ■746 1.590 2.759 ■736 1 .066 1.298 34.36 56. iS 5.18 1.566 To show the great importance of collecting true and faithful average samples of the coal beds, for the purpose of analysis, two picked cabinet specimens were taken and analyzed, to-wit : No. 1 280 (b). Coal No. '] ,from Tiirkcv-pen Holloi^\ Boyd county. No. 1348 {b). Coal No. 7, Pi-itcliard' s coal, Mt. Savage Fur- nace, Carter county. The comparative results of the analyses are as follows — thoroughly air-dried : Picked sample. No. 1280 {b). Ave'ge sample. No. 12S0 (a). Picked sample. No. 1348 (b). Ave'ge sample. No. 1348 {a). Specific gravity. ... Not determ'd. 1-358 Not delerm'd. 1-435 Hygroscopic moisture. . Volatile combustible matters . •Coke 4.70 34-30 61 .00 3-40 32-30 64-30 4.50 37. 'o 58.40 5-40 32.70 61 ,90 Total 100.00 100,00 100,00 Total volatile matters ■Carbon in the coke Ash 39.00 59-04 1 .96 35-70 55-40 S.90 41 .60 56.40 2.00 38,10 52.52 9-38 Total 100.00 100.00 1 00 . 00 I 00 . 00 Par ccntage of sulphur .... 0.983 1 .230 0.571 2-356 ■3 14 CHEMICAL REPORT. As the value of a coal bed bears a very near relation to that of its average product, it is easily to be understood that the analysis of a selected sample may be of very little utility. On the other hand, the selection of a true average sample of the bed may often be a task of considerable difficulty. The determination of the proportion of sulphur in coals has been much neglected in this country; and where it has been done the method generally used has been to oxidate the pow- dered coal in strong nitric or nitro-hydrochloric acid. This, mode of analysis is not so perfect as fusion with a mixture of nitre, carbonate of soda, and salt, &c., which always, when properly managed, brings all the sulphur into the form of sol- uble sulphate, in whatever state it may have existed in the coal. This exhaustive mode was employed in all our estima- tions of this substance, and hence the quantities obtained may seem greater than are shown to exist in similar coals which. have been treated with the acids. As has now been extensively demonstrated, the sulphur in coals is rarely all combined with iron as sulphide or bi-sul- phide. Some frequently exists in a free or uncombined con- dition, as is shown in an analysis described in the following pages. Some of it is frequently in the form of lime sulphate. When it is recollected that vegetable matters, decomposing in a solution of sulphates of lime, magnesia, iron, &c., reduce these salts to sulphides, with the production ol hydrogen sul- phide in the case of the earthy salts, and when we reflect that this gaseous compound, HS, is decomposed, with the depo- sition of free sulphur, on contact with the air, we can easily understand how most of our coals must contain not only pyrites but free sulphur. In the thirty-four luarls, marly shales, sands, and silicious con- cretions, which have been analyzed, we find a general preva- lence of lime, fixed alkalies, phosphoric acid, sulphuric acid^ &c. Some of the marls and shales contain these in such con- siderable proportions as to make them locally useful for the amelioration of poor sandy land. Some of these find an ap- plication as mineral paint, for which they are adapted by their 14 CHEMICAL REPORT. T 5' agreeable tint and other properties. Some of the more sili- cious could be used in the manufacture of glass, as well as for other purposes ; some of post-tertiary silicious clays, or soft sandstones, might be made into briclcs for scouring purposes, &c., while others, which contain but little lime, magnesia, oxide of iron or alkalies, would prove quite refractory in the fire. But the firc-clavs and plastic clays of the coal fields, of which the anal)-ses of sixteen are appended, are especially deserving attention ; and from their abundance, superior quality, and vicinity to fuel, should iorm the basis of extensive industries. Amongst them may be found some of the best of fire-clays, as well as some well-fitted to the manufacture of pottery ware of various kinds, including the better sorts of delf, stone china, or queensware. Skill, capital, and enterprise are all that are needed, o.i these somewhat neglected deposits, to make them of very great value to individuals as well as to the public. Only the want of these essentials causes us to pay a heavy tax to foreign nations for our pottery ware, when the materials for the manufacture lie measurably neglected at home. It is simply the history repeated of the importation of bricks from Holland to build houses in Albany, and the packing of English bricks, on the backs of horses, over the AUeghenies, to con- struct the barracks at old Fort Duquesne on the Ohio. The nineteen samples oi pig iron which have been analyzed are mostly of the kind known as foundry iron. On reference to the general table of their composition, it will be seen that they present considerable variety in this respect ; as for exam- ple : The per centage of iron ranges between . S5 .455 to 95.840 '' carbon '' 2.04010 4.400 '' phosphorus '' 0.12310 1.029 '' sulphur '' . . a trace to 0.150 The specific gravity '' 6.40610 7.782 Of the numerous mineral waters of our State the analyses of twenty-one are given in the present report, mostly from one locality. 1 6 CHEMICAL REPORT. BATH COUNTY. No. 1269 — LiMOXiTE Iron Ore. " From Block-house ore bank, one and a half miles from the Old Slate Fw'nace, Bath county. Bed ten to tioclve fet thick ; on tlie Clinton Groicp. Collected by Philip N. Jloore." Ore generally dense and dark-colored, with some dark ochreous ore. Structure cellular and oolitic. COMl'OsITIDX, D Tron, peroxide Alumina iVIan^fanc^c, l>iriwn oxide . Lime, carbonate . . . i\L"LL;ncsia ..... Sulplninc acid . . . Pliu^plHii ic acid .... . . AVaLur, L-xpelled at red heal jSilica and insulul^le silicates . lED AT 212° F. 76.077 = 53.254 per cent, of iron. 2.592 .430 .130 .2S1 .030 = O.OII per cent, of sulphur. .731 = -^^9 P^i" cent, of phosphorus. 12.300 8. iSo = 6. 160 per cent, of silica. 100.751 The phosphoric acid determination was made by Chancel's process, viz : by means of acid nitrate of bismuth solution, after the separation of the iron oxide, and is believed to be nearly correct. The iron ore in the Clinton Group, especial- ly the "dye-stone ore," is usually quite phosphatic. This does not prevent it from being quite valuable for the production of iron for many purposes, although it may not be made to • yield the higher grades of bar iron or steel. B.\RREX ( t.iUXTY. No. 142 1 — Limestone. "Oclitic Limestone. if per lavers of 2ipper sub-carboniferous limestone. I'llasgoio function, Barren count]'. Collected by Prof. X. S. Shaler."' A compact, near))' white, fine oolitic limestone, with a fer- ruginous stain on the exposed surfaces probably derived from the superincumbent soil. No. 1422 — Limestone (compact). ''Upper Stcb-carboniferous Limestone. Glasgoio function. Collected by X. S. Shaler I' A light-grey, fine granular, or compact limestone, which might be a good lithographic stone but for the presence of some imbedded fossils and minute specks of iron peroxide. J6 .^^„ CHEMICAL REPORT. 17 No. 1423 — Limestone. Labeled ''Lithographic Stone ; below the bnildiJig stone. Upper sub-carboniferoiis limestone. Glasgow Junction. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." A light-grey, compact, or very fine granular rock, which might be a perfect lithographic stone but for the minute im- bedded fossils and the small occasional specks of iron per- oxide, &c., which it contains. Some layers, however, are reported measurably free from these imperfections, and found to be good enough, on actual trial, for some ordinary litho- graphic purposes. COMPOSITION' OF THESE liARREX CUUNTY LIMESTONES, DRIED AT 212° F. Specific gravity Lime, carbonate Magnesia, carbonate Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides Piiosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Silica and insoluble silicates Total No. 1421. No. 1422 2.678 2.721 No. 1423. 2.689 98.050 .511 .051 .260 .115 -.1-7 1 .060 550 3'4 680 051 192 ■54 188 060 82.960 7-655 2.6S0 .115 .260 •'35 ..56 6. 160 100.737 100. 189 Per centage of lime . 50.428 43.428 46.457 Per centage of phosphorus. .050 Per centage of sulphur . , 104 .077 . 104 No. 142 1 would yield a very pure white lime. BOYD COUNTY. ■jf ]N[o. 1270 — Clay Iron-stone, &c. Labeled "Grey Limestone Ore. J. P. Jones' drift, near Ashland. Average sample selected by P. N. Moore.'' A mixed sample, with oolitic carbonate of iron, dark grains united with a whitish cement, portions of compact carbonate, .and of limonit£ ore. 17 i8 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1 271 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled " Wilson Creek Blue- Block Ore. Average sample, taken from Star Furnace stock pile, by P. N. JMoore." A fine-granular ore of various shades of dark-grey, with some shght incrustations of hmonite. Not adhering to the tongue. No. 1272 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "So-called Limestone Ore, from IVilliams Creek. Star Furnace stock pile. Aver- aged by P. N. illoore." A granular and oolitic proto-carbonate of iron (containing; much carbonate of lime). Oolitic grains nearly black, in a- whitish cement. SUMNL\RY OF THE COMPOSITION OF THESE BOYD COUNTY CLAY IRON- STONES, DRIED AT 212° F. Nu. 127 1. No. 1272. Iron, carbonate Iron, peroxide Alumina (by difference) . . . Lime, carbonate Magnesia, carbonate. Manganese, carbonate .... Phosphoric acid (anhydr.) . . Sulphuric acid (anhydr.). Silica and insoluble silicates . Water and loss ..... Total 19 2S5 7S4 968 691 465 73" 308 66.S54 .27,0 260 460 086 57-^ 709 ,SS5 :;(jo 53S iS 19.802- 21-433 ^■193 30.205 a trace. .240 •-57 •157 23.080- 3-633- Per centage of iron 24.591 32.4UO 23.109- Per centage of phosphorus , .164 308 Per centage of sulphur . 107 554 .063. Per centage of silica . 15.500 18.960- Of these ores. No. 1271 would be the best, as it is the richest; but its considerable proportions of phosphorus and' sulphur will somewhat injure the toughness of the iron it CHEMICAL REPORT. I9, yields. No. 1272 is not so objectionable in this respect. This ore as well as No. 1270, containing a large proportion of lime, although comparatively poor in iron, may yet be profitably smelted, especially in mixture with richer ores. They will obviously require less fluxing material than the other ores. No. 1273 — LiMOXiTE. Labeled ''Slate Ore. Head of Cane Creek, on the road to Star Furnace, Boyd eounty. Average sample selected bv P N. Moore." In irregular curved layers, varying in hardness and color from )ellowish-brown to blackish-brown ; frequently inclosing soft ochreous nodules. -No. 1274 — LiMONiTE. Labeled " Yelloiu Kidney Ore, sampled from a number of places bv P. A . J/oore. Star Furnace property." Irregular curved layers of dark-colored limonite (brown haematite), incrusted by and inclosing soft ochreous ore. No. 1275 — Limonite. Labeled '' Limestone 0)-e ," average sam- ple selected by P. N. J/oore. Bellcfont Furnace. Ore varying from brownish-yellow to dark brown (mostly dark brown), with some proto-carbonate of iron, ferruginous limestone, and a little calc. spar intermixed. No. 1276 — Limonite. Labeled" Yelloio Kidney Ore;" average sample selected by P. N. Hloore. Buena Vista Furnace. Irregular curved layers of limonite, varying from soft, brown- ish-yellow to dense, dark brown ore. No. 1277 — Limonite, &c. Labeled ''Yellow ICidney Ore, or Kidney Ore below the No. 7 Coal." Straight Creek, Btiena Vista Furnace. Average sample collected by P. N. Moore. Limonite layers of various depth of color, with some fine granular carbonate of iron and thin veins of calc. spar. 19 20 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1278 — LiMONiTE. Labeled "Black Kidney Ore." Average sample, from Stock Branch Hollow, just south of Star Fur- nace. Collected by P. lY Moore. In irregular curved layers, generally of a dark purplish- brown color, with some soft ochreous nuclei and layers. SUMM.\RV OF THE COMPO.SITION OF THESE BOYD COUNTY LI.MOXITES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1273. No. 1274. No. 1275. No. 1276. No. 1277. No. 1278. Iron, pero-xide Iron, carbonate Alumina (by difference) . . lilanganese, brown oxide . . Lime, carbonate Magnesia. . ... Phosphoric acid (anhydr.) . Sulphuric acid (anhydr.) Combined water Silex and insoluble silicates Muisture and loss 53-653 4-324 -368 a trace. . lOI ■313 .220 10. 150 30 - 940 58.960 7.284 • 3S0 -430 .227 •376 .206 10.800 21 .210 .127 5 1 . 802 10.594 4-523 a trace. 7.480 .440 -570 .089 8.772 15-730 61.344 4-236 a trace. •750 .208 •795 .041 1 1 . 200 21.480 56.022 S.821 7-194 a trace. 2.520 1. 271 .526 .090 10. 126 13-430 54-055 4.919 .420 .080 a trace. .076 .096 10.450 30.080 Total . . ... 100,069 100.000 I 00 . 000 100.054 100.000 100. 176 Per centage of iron .... 37-55' 41.272 41-357 42.941 43-473 37-838 Per centage of pho.sphorus . •137 . 164 - -3' ■347 .229 •033 Per centage of sulphur . .0S6 .082 -035 .016 .036 ■ 03S Per centage of silica .... 29.560 19.980 13. 160 18.560 1 1 . 660 24 . 260 These are all good ores; Nos. 1273 and 1278 being the poorest in iron and the most silicious. The proportion of sulphur is small in all of them, and of phosphorus is probably not enough to injure the iron for ordinary uses. Nos. 127^ and 1277 would probably be improved for smelting by a pre- vious roasting. No. 1279 — Coal. Labeled "Coal N^o. '], from drift one quarter mile above the store, on F^irnace Branch of .Straight Creek, Bnena Vista Furnace. Average saiiple of both, parts of the bed, by P. N. iMoorc." CHEMICAL REPORT. 2 1 No. 1280 — Coal. Labeled ''Coal No. ^, from Turkey-pen Hol- low ; Old Clinton Tract; Bellefont Furnace. Averaged by P. X. Aloore." No. 1 28 1 — Coal. Labeled "Coal No. 7, three feet thick, no parting ; C/iadiuick Creek. Average sample, selected by A. R, Cr and all. No. 1282 — Coal. Labeled "Coal No. 5, eighty-five feet below the yellow kidney ore, drift south side of Straight Creek, one third of a mile from Bue7ta Vista Furnace. Averaged by P. jY. J loo re." No. 1283 — Coal. Labeled "Keys Creek Coal, No. 6. Average sample collected by A. R. Crandall." No. 12S4 — Coal. Labeled " Coal N'o. t^, from drift on Hood's Creek, one third of a mile sotitheast of Bellefont Furnace. Average sample collected bv A. R. Crandall." A splint coal, exhibiting some fibrous coal and fine particles of pyrites between the layers. No. 1285 — Coal. Labeled "Coal No. (),from Horse Branch {or Run'), near Catlettsburg, Boyd county. Average sample, col- lected by A. R. Crandall." A splint coal. Some fibrous coal between the layers, with a little ferruginous incrustation. No. 1286 — Coal. Labeled "Coal No. j, f'om the Ashland Company s mine No. 4, Coalton, Boyd county. Average sam- ple, by P. N. Moore." A dark, glossy, splint coal, with some fibrous coal between the layers. No. 1287 — Coal. Labeled "Coal No. 7, from entry No. 4; cross-entry ; slate roof ; Dry Branch. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." A jet-black pure-looking coal. 22 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1288 — Coal. Labeled ''Coal No. 7, three hundred yards from the end of No. 4 entry. Trace Creek, Boyd county. Averaged by P. N. llIoo7^e." A pure jet-black coal. Very little fibrous coal or pyrites -apparent. No. 1289 — Coal. Labeled " Coalton Coal, No. 7. Two hund- red and fifty yards from west end of No. 4 entry, &c. Aver- aged bv P. N. Moore." Contains more fibrous coal and pyrites than the two preced- -No. 1290 — Coal. Labeled ''Coalton Coal, No. 7, from Mr. Brya)i s Bank, Tour Alile Creek, Boyd county. Collected by A. R. Cr and all. Average sample." Jet black. Contains very little pyrites or fibrous coal. No. 1291 — Coal. Labeled "Coal No. 11. ll'm. A. Bolt's coal. East Tork of Little Sandy rivei-, above Boll s Tork, Boyd county. ^Iverage sample, collected by A. R. Crandall." A jet-black coal. But little fibrous coal or pyrites apparent. [See Appendix, No. 1645, for analysis of another Boyd county coal.] CHEMICAL REPORT. 23 H I 1 H 8 8 ass: 8 8 Brownish grey. H 6 % o\ 8 8 8 8 c p. 1| 5' ^ 6 2; poo 8 8 000 8 8 i 1 M 1 d ■0 ^~° 8 8 8 8 ■^ 1 6- 000 8 8 S,8„8 8 8 3 f 1 1. 8 8 vd i>- lA 8 8 1 3| s d ! ^g.^ ^^-^,.8 8 ^^8 8 8 1 if E i d s 8R2 8 8 8>28 3 t 0? d R N Ci' 4 8 8 'O 'J- in f- C-* 8 0\ CO 6 1^ % 000 8 8 000 mom ro tn M 8 8 d 12; 8 8 Sg,2 ri in r- 8 8 1 II d d 00 rOvO 8 8 a ^8. in inod 8 8 6 CO ■d ro d« 8 8 Pi >d 8 8 c m5 in 1 1 ti : ig • 1 Is : Is ■ 1 -6h 8 ,^ 1 3 "o 3 % t s £4 CHEMICAL REPORT. With a few exceptions these ma)- all be considered very good coals. These few contain rather too large a proportion of ash. This will not prevent them from being very good fuel for ordinary purposes. Some of them have a notable propor- tion of sulphur, which may render them measurably unsuitable for the working of iron, but which will not be otherwise injuri- ous. It may be remarked, however, that the estimation given above is of the total amount of sulphur in the coal, in whatever form of combination it may exist. The analyses for the deter- mination of the sulphur having been made by deflagrating the powdered coal with a mixture of nitre, carbonate of soda, and common salt (each chemically pure, of course), and not by the usual process of oxidation with nitric acid, &c., the extraction of the sulphur is therefore more complete than usual. These are all splint coals. The relation between the specific gravity and the proportion of ash does not seem to be a constant one, as may be seen in the following statement: Specific gravity . 2-<) Per centage of ash 304 308 315 320 32S 340 358 364 365 366 404 7-74 7. 10 5.80 8.00 T.IO O.S2 7.00 6.60 8.90 n .50 Sw4 I2,CK> 14-74 In the appendix are given, for comparison, the analyses of some of the most celebrated Indiana, Ohio, a*nd Illinois coal, which are used in the smelting of iron, &c. No. 1292 — Marly .Shale. From near the top of the ridge betiuccn Clinton Furnace and Cannonsburg^ Boyd county. A friable indurated marly clay, of dirty-greenish and brown- ish colors. 24 CHEMICAL REPORT.' 25 COMPOSITION DRIED AT 212° F.; AS DETERMINED BY DIGESTION IN CHLOROHYDRIC ACID, 4C, Alumina, and, iron and manganese oxides 12.643, Lime, carbonate .480 Magnesia •929' Phosphoric acid .217 Sulphuric acid -079 Potash ... 1 .387 Soda .c8o ^^'ater expelled at red heat 5*830 Silica and insoluble silicates . ... 77' 560 Loss. . . . . .795 On treating this marl, by ignition with carbonate of Hme and chloride of ammonium, for the complete separation of its alkalies, according to the method proposed by Prof. J. Law- rence Smith, we obtained a total of 3.989 per cent, of potash and 0.639 per cent, of soda. So that about two thirds of the potash is in such a state of combination, in the silicates of this marly clay, as to resist the solvent action of chlorohydric acid, of specific gravity i.i, although digested for eight or ten days in the sand-bath heat. Possibly admixture with slacked quick- lime might help to set free this considerable proportion of alkali, and make it an available mineral fertilizer for exhausted light soils. No. 1293 — Pig Iron. ''Hot Blast Xo. i, Belle font Furnace, Bovd county. Collected by P X. Moorel" A moderately coarse-grained dark-grey iron. Yields to the file, and extends somewhat under the hammer. No. 1294 — Pig Iron. ''Hot Blast N'o. i, Fo-nndry, Bitena Vista Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore." A coarse-grained grey iron. Yields to the file ; extends a little under the hammer. No. 1295 — Pig Iron. " Mill Iron No. i , Ashla^id Fiirnace, Boyd county. Stone-coal Iron. Sent by Col. Doiiglas Putnam, jr."' A very fine-grained light-grey iron. Yields to the file. Brittle. No. 1296 — Pig Iron. "Mill Iron No. 2. Stone-coal Iron. Ashland Furnace. Sent by Col. Douglas Putnam, jr. Not quite so fine-grained as the preceding. Light-grey. Yields to the file. Brittle. \uL. i.-cnEM. 3. 25 26 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1297 — Pig Iron. Foundry Iron. Ashland Furnace, '&c., &c. (as above). Coarser-grained tha7t the preceding. Yields to the file. Brittle. coMPOsrnox ok these i'.hyd county pig irons. Xm. 1293. No. 121)4. Nu. 1295. No. 1296. No. 1297. Specific gravity . Iron Graphite .... ■Combined carbon Manganese . . . .Silicon ^lag Aluminum . Calcium .... Mai^ne^ium . . . Potassium . . . Socliuni .... Phosphorus . . . ■.Sulphur . . . Total .... Total carbon . , 7-13^ 7.127 6.410 6.503 6.406 I . 93 ■ 208 3-35° .220 .054 2.3«9 . I bo •i'J3 .144 .095 .047 .032 ■ ' '.'4 .005 93-71- 2.990 .210 .056 I .Q08 . 000 .644 . 104 .095 .063 .010 ■ 3'^o .066 ioo.8-,8 91. 2. 3- Not .420 90. .460 2. ■24" ■195 .709 5- ■i40 t^l. Not .176 .23-, Not Not Loss est. est. 385 0S2 560 899 560 160 236 121 760 est. 072 106 Not est. Not est.. •394 ■045 89-73I 1 . 660 .790 .471 6.308 1 . 120 Not est. .152 .ouo Not c-t. Not c-t. .461 ■015 100.353 100.768 3-57° 2.700 .720 .450 .No. 1298 — Virgin Soil. "From woods in the vallev of East Fork of Little Sandy river, taken to six inches below the surfaee. Farm of I'incent Calvin, near Caniionsbnrg, Boyd .county. Collected by J. .-I. J/o/iroe." Soil of a dirty-buff color. All passed through the coarse ■sieve (289 meshes to the inch). No. 1299 — Sub-soil of the preceding, &c., &c. Of a buff color ; lighter in tint than the. preceding. All passed through the coarse sieve. No. 1300 — Virgin Soil. "Southeastern slope of hill sixty feet above the bed of the creek. V. Calvin's farm, &c., &c. Sample take7i six inches from the surface by J. A. Monroe." Of a dark dirty-drab grey color. The coarse sieve removed from it a considerable proportion of small fragments, many of which are angular, of ferruginous sandstone. 35 CHEMICAL REPORT. 27 No. 1 301 — Sub-soil of the preceding, taketi two feet below the surface, &c., &c. Lighter colored than the preceding; dirty-drab grey. Sift- ed out more of ferruginous sandstone fragments than from the preceding. No. 1302 — Old Field Soil. "Stcrface soil from a field forty- five years in c7cltivatio?i, on East Fork of Little Sandy. Farm of T\ Calvin, near Cannonsburg.'' Soil of a dirty dark-buff color. All passed through the -coarse sieve. No. 1303 — "Sub-soil of the next preceding, taken two and a half feet from the stirface, &c." Of a dirty-buff color, lighter in tint than that of the surface soil. All passed through the coarse sieve. COMPOSITIOiV OF THESE BOYD COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1298. No. 1299. No. 1300. No. 1 301, No. 1302. No. 1303. Organic and volatile matters. Alumina, and iron and man- ganese oxides . . Lime, carbonate . . Magnesia Phosphoric acid . Sulphuric acid . Potash . . Soda 3.140 5-091 .214 • 034 • 134 trace. •317 .076 90.490 .650 3.0S5 6.642 .116 .17S .083 •307 .099 88.420 •525 •545 7 7 81 985 425 571 352 208 435 045 410 915 CCA 5-190 9.984 •392 •251 .191 trace. .205 .050 83,230 .500 .007 4 9 83 I 915 019 259 333 156 038 344 027 76s 235 4-905 9.675 .276 -053 .160 trace. .282 .176 83-385 I-315 Sand and insoluble silicates . Water expelled at 380° F. - -" ' Total 100. 146 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.091 100.227 Hygroscopic moisture . . 1-375 '•735 2.225 1.700 -^-335 2.840 Potash in the insol. silicates . Not estima ted. Not estima ted. Character of the soil .... Virgin soil. Val- ley. Sub-soil. Virgin soil. Slope of hill. Sub-soil. Old field. Sub-soil. 27 28 CHEMICAL REPORT. These soils, if sufficiently drained and properly cultivated,, may be made quite productive, although the silicious material is in rather large proportion in some. By comparing the com- position of the virgin soil No. 1300, with that of the corres- ponding old field soil No. 1302, it will be seen that cropping,, without the use of manures, has notably diminished the phos- phoric acid, potash, and lime carbonate, while the relative pro- portion of the sand and silicates is increased. [For Bourbon County Limestone, see the Appendix.] BRACKEN COUNTY. No. 1304 — Soil. Labeled " Top Soil, one to eight inches from suj'face. Old field ill grass ; thin and bare in places. Sample from a fertile corner, beyond the fence xvhere it had been ottt of culture fr five years or more." Collected by Prof. N'. S. Shaler. Of a dark grey-buff color. Contains no gravel or coarse sand. No. 1305 — "Sub-soil of the preceding; taken foiuiecn ta eighteen incites beloiv the surface, just above the rock sub- stratum. It has some faint traces of original bedding, show- ing that it had been formed by decoinpositior^ of rock in place. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Of a handsome yellowish-buff color. No gravel. No. 1306 — Top Soil of the field No. 1304; taken in a zvorn place ; has been longer hi cultivation and is much more worn tha7i that. Will 7iot hold sod. Has been in cultivation over twenty years. Collected by Profi. N. S. Shaler . Of a yellowish-buff color, very little darker than that of the sub-soil. Contains a small quantity of small fragments of red ferruginous shale. 28 CHEMICAL REPORT. 29 EXTRACTED FROM 1000 PARTS OF THESE SOILS (AIR DRIED) BY DIGES- TION IN CARBONIC ACID WATER. No. 1304. No. 1305. No. 1306. ■Organic and volatile matters Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides . . ... Lime, carbonate 0.483 .013 .496 .030 .030 .020 .060 .184 0.600 .013 .040 .023 .010 .020 .130 .130 0.294 .010 .080 Magnesia .014 Potash .020 .020 Soluble silica Phosphoric, sulphuric, and nitric acids and loss .110 .118 Total extract from 1000 parts 1. 316 0.960 .666 ■Color of the extract. . . Light brown. Light brownish grey. Brownish grey. COMPOSITION OF THESE BRACKEN COUNTY SOILS, DRIED .-VT 212° F. No. 1304. Xo. 1305. No. 1306. ■Organic and volatile matters Alumina .... Iron, peroxide Manganese, brown oxide . Lime, carbonate . . . . Magnesia . ...... Phosphoric acid "Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Sand and insoluble silicates Water expelled at 380° F. . Total Water expelled at 212° F. . 4.140 5-837 7.150 .225 a trace. .297 ■233 a trace. . no a trace. 82. 140 1. 015 4-775 5-513 6.025 . 170 a trace. .269 .424 a trace. .197 -174 81 .970 1 . 100 3-335 3-837 3-965 .070 a trace. .268 .217 a trace. •135 .076 87-815 not est. loi . 147 100.617 .718 3.200 2.300 These soils are all deficient in lime. Top-dressing with this material would doubtless greatly improve their productiveness. This should, however, be accompanied with the use of clover or other green fertilizing crops, to increase the proportion of humus, which is also deficient in the soils. The difference in the amount of soluble matters extracted by digestion in water charged with carbonic acid, as well as the relative proportions of the potash, &c., in that extracted matter, and the amount 29 30 CHEMICAL REPORT. of sand and silicates, correspond with the observed relative productiveness of the soils. No. 1307 — SiLicious MuDSTONE (of Dr. Owen). Rock below Soil No. 1304 ; averages from tive/ify-cig/it to thirty-five inches. Uniform. Some of the layers completely decomposed ; all of them softened by decay. Three miles northwest of German- town. Collected by Prof. A^. S. Shaler. A dirty grey-buff, friable, sandy shale. Adhering to the tongue. Many fossils in the laminae. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Silica 76.060 Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides 14-. 959 (by difference). Lime, carbonate Magnesia, carbonate Pliosplioric acid Potash Soda ^\ ater expelled at red heat 3 . 500 345 486 735 515 400 This analysis having been made by fusion, instead of diges- tion in acids, &c., &c., gives the ^/a/ contents of alkalies and phosphoric, as well that quantity which ma\- be immediately available for plant nourishment as that which for the present is locked up in firm combination in the silicates, which can only become available in the natural course of lonof weatheringf. nUCCKINRIDGE COUNTY. No. 1308 — " Red Under Ci.x\,from near Brandenburg. Col- lected by ]\Ir. G. E. Chick. A somewhat adhesive ferruginous clay, uf a dark brick-red color ; containing some fragments of weathered chert. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters, mostly AVater . 9.000 Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides 20.86o> Lime, carbonate 1 .060- Magnesia .6S4 Phosphoric acid .230 Sulphuric acid .o6r Potash (including that in the silicates) .9S2 Soda (including that in the silicates) . ^oi Sand and insoluble silicates 66.68o- 100.058. 30 CHEMICAL REPORT. 31 Although this clay contains a considerable per centage of potash, nearly one per cent., it is not probable that it could be profitabl)- used as a fertilizer, because of the fact that a very large proportion of its alkalies is in the insoluble silicates, where they would not be immediately available for plant nour- ishment. It might be employed, however, to improve the condition of light sandy soils. BUTLER COUXTY. No. 1309 — LiMOMTE. Labeled ''Ore from the farm of fas. E. Taylor, near the month of Little Reedy : one mile and a half from Green river. ..iverage sample bv f. R. Proetor." Limonite in irregular laminae ; with much softer ochreous ore. No. 1 3 10 — Limonite. Labeled "Ore above the upper coal. Stevens coal mine, near the mouth of Bear Creek. Average sample by P. X. Moore." In dense, curved, dark-brown laminEe, incrusted by and inclosing softer ochreous ore. CoMPOsrnijX (IF TIIE-.E LIMDXITEs, DRIKU AT JI2° F. Xo. 1309. Xo. 1310. Iron, peroxide Alumina. Man'^'-rne>e, lirovvn oxide. Lime, carbonate . . . Mat^ni.^sia Piu.i^l'horic acid .Sulphuric acid Water expelled at red heat . Silica and insoluble silicates Alkalies, &c., and loss . Total . . 48 049 44-794 '7' 2.391 140 a trace. 540 •643 195 •234 345 •535 473 .158 9 750 7.700 31 900 44.180 ■4,1 7 100 000 100. 81S Iron, per centage •634 31.4S2 Phosphorus, per centage .150 ■233 Sulphur, per centage . 1S9 .063 Silica, per centage. 29.460 42 . 200 32 CHEMICAL REPORT. The somewhat large proportion of phosphorus in these two ores may malce the iron obtained from them somewhat "cold- short," and the sulphur in No. 1310 is in rather too large quantity. In other respects these ores are good, and they might be profitably smelted for ordinary foundry iron. No. 131 1 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled ''Ore from Jno. Hud- son s 071 Yoimg s Ferry road. Average sample by P. N. Moore. A dark grey, fine-granular iron carbonate, partly converted into limonite. No. 13 1 2 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled ''Ore resting on the coal at Knob Lick, half a mile from Big Rccdv Creek, near road io }'ou!ig's Ferry. Average sample by P. X. JLwrc." Granular iron carbonate, somewhat oolitic, partly converted ■into limonite, and containing small fragments of fibrous coal. COMI'IJSITION OF THESE CL.-\Y IKuX-SToXES, DRIED AT 212= F. No. 131 1. No. 1312. Iron, carbonate Iron, peroxide . . Alumina Lime, carbonate .... ■MagnL-.i.i, carbonate Man-j.inese, carbonate I'ho,phoric acid Sulphuric acid Si lex and insoluble silicates Water and loss . . . 29.914 17-945 3-583 12.036 3-677 a ti-;ice. -4i'7 .3.S1 2S . 040 3-957 22.5S3 17 313 -835 6.714 2.S30 a trace. .072 ■473 44 ■ 240 4.040 Total . .... 100.000 1 00 . 000 Iron, per centage ... 27.041 22.969 Phosphorus, per centage ... .... .204 -4-3 Sulphur, per cci-.tage .152 .189 25.260 42 . 760 Specilic gravity . . not est. not est. 32 CHEMICAL REPORT. 33 -"No. 13 1 3 — Coal. Labeled ''Stevens coal. Stevens' bank, Bear Creek, two miles from Green river, Butler county. Average sample by P. N. Moore.'' A deep-black coal, breaking into thin layers under the ham- mer. Fibrous coal and fine-grained pyrites between the laminee. Contains a little shale. COMPOSITION OF THE AIR-DRIED COAL. No. 1313. Specific gravity 1-378 Hygroscopic moisture . . . Volatile combustible matters Coke Total 3 -40 30.66 65-94 Total volatile matters . , ■ Fixed carbon in the coke , -Ashes Total .... 34.06 54-94 1 1 .00 100.00 'Character of the coke Spongy. ■Color of the ash Brownish lilac-grey. Per oentage of sulphur 2-544 IMo. 1 3 14 — Limestone, fj^om Barren river, near the motith of Gasper Creek ; sub-carboniferous . From t/ie stock pile of Airdrie Furnace. Sampled by P. N. Moore.'' A light-grey, fossiliferous limestone. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. ■Lime, carbonate . 93.020 ^ 52.091 per cent, of lime. "Magnesia, carbonate 2.088 -Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides. . . . -9^7 Phosphoric acid .243^ o. 106 per cent, of phosphorus. "Sulphuric acid .604^ .242 per cent, of sulphur. "Silica and insoluble silicates . 2.760 Water and loss .368 1 00 . 000 34 CHEMICAL REPORT. CALDWELL COUNTY. Galexa (lead sulphide), selected from specimens sent by S. }ilarble & Son, Princeton, Kentucky, from their lead mine in this county. The vein is in the sub-carboniferous limestone, described as generally five feet wide. The mine has a tweijty feet drift, forty-five feet Avide. The gangue of the ore is prin- cipally fluor-spar, containing more or less zinc blende. This ore was examined principally for its proportion of silver; and by a careful analysis of the lead, obtained from it by reduction with the usual flux (of soda carbonate, potash nitrate, and sodium chloride), solution of the reduced metal in diluted nitric acid, and precipitation of the filtered solution by means of a ver)- dilute solution of lead chloride, a very small proportion of silver was obtained, not exceeding in amount two hundred and sixty-six (266) grains to the ton (of 2,000 pounds) of the selected galena. As is well-known, pure galena contains from eighty-one to eighty-six per cent, of lead in o^eneral This mine cannot, therefore, be profitably worked for silver; but if fluor-spar is found to be practicably valuable for the purification of iron from phosphorus, &c., this, as well as the lead, may be advantageousl)- explored. CAMPBELL COUNTY. No. 1315 — )>1arlv Shale. Labeled " Clav Marl, from Cinein- nati Group , qiiarlei' of a mile from Xe:o/iort, on the Alex- andria Tiumpike ; upper Idtte elay. Colleeted by Prof. fV. S. Shalcr." Lower Silurian. A dark-grey, soft shale. Adhering to the tongue. No. 1316 — Marl. Labeled " Marl, p'rom tfie silicious mud-stone- of Dr. Oicen, ten feet from the stirface. Not distinctly strati- fied. Galloios Gap. Colleeted by Prof. N. S. Shalcr." Buff-colored ; friable ; fine-grained. 34 CHEMICAL REPORT. 35 No. 131 7 — Clay Shale. Labeled '' Xcivport Reservoir; three hiimij-ed and forty feel above the Ohio rive/-. . i mix In re of the elays in a set of beds, eoiitaiiiiiig a few liiiieslo/te layers, six feet from the surfaee to twelve feet I' Collected by Prof. A'. S. Shaler. A )'ello\vIsh, soit shale, with some softer ferruginous clay mixed. Adhering to the tongue. No. 13 18 — Clay Shale. Labeled ''Newport Reservoir, upper blue clay, three hiindred and twenty feet above high water in the Ohio river r Col lee ted by Prof N. S. Shaler. A dark, bluish-grey soft shale. Adhering to the tongue. No. 13 19 — Clay. Labeled '' Brick Clay, about three feet above high tvater in the Ohio river ; A^ewfort, I\entiteky." Collected by Prof N. S. Shaler- A light, ferruginous, yellow silicious cla)'. No. 1320 — Saxdy Ferruginous Clay. Labeled "Sandy Clay, three feet from surface . J ft. I 'ernon road, fialf a 7nile from Alexandria Turnpike. '' Collected by Prof. X. S. Shaler. Of a light reddish-brown color. No. 132 I — Ferruginous Clay, &c. Labeled '' Ferritginons Con- glomerate ; side of road, one mile north of Grant's Creefz. North head waters of Phillips' Creole C Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Ferruginous clay, with nodules of impure hydrated peroxide of iron included. No. 1322 — Sand. ''Labeled "Moulding Sand, Colnmbia Trace, lialf a 7nile northeast of Newport Water- IVorks Reservoir." Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. A fine sand of a dirty-salmon color, composed mainly of minute rounded quartz grains. 35- 36 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1323 — Sand. Labeled " Sand beneath the Brick Clay. Sec- tion on Coluniba corner of Harris street ; Newport, Ken- tucky." Collected by Prof N. S. Shaler. A moderately fine sand, of a dirty-buff color. Examined with the glass it showed mostly rounded grains of hyaline, yel- low and milky quartz, with dark grains of some ferruginous mineral. COMPOSITION OF THESE CAMPBELL COUNTY MARLS, CLAYS, AND SANDS, DRIED AT 212° F. No 1315 No 1316 No. 1317 N0.1318 No. 1 319 No. 1320 No. 132 No. 1323 Silica Alumina, and oxides of iron and manganese . . Lime, carbonate . . Magnesia, carbonate . Potash Soda .... Phosplioric acid , Sulphuric acid Water expelled at red heat . Loss . . ... 47.320 28,050 13.490 I-I35 3-2.';4 .640 ■345 Notesti 4.800 .966 68.760 12.050 9.860 3.859 1.329 .976 . 223 mated. 2.200 •743 58.080 29.450 6.850 1.256 4 1:4 •567 . 122 72.660 20.500 a trace. .832 I 243 not est. .192 4.200 ■373 82.560 12.223 . 160 a trace. .675 57. 160 12. 700 a trace, a trace. 756 85.840 3.500 7.400 .296 not est. not est. not est. 2.200 .764 Total too.ooo 100.351 too. 000 These marly shales, marls and clays, are not especially valu- able as fertilizers, although some of them contain considerable proportions of potash and phosphoric acid. The former, how- ever, is mostly in firm combination in the silicates, which are insoluble in acids, so that it can only be made available by long weathering, or, possibly, by the action of lime, &c. No. 13 15 appears to be the best of them. They all would be useful as top-dressing for improving light sandy soil. The sands have no peculiar interest, although useful for many well-known purposes. No. 1324 — Soil. Labeled ''Virgin Soil, in open woods, farm of Gen. G. B. Hodge. Flat JVoods ; waters of Phillips' Creek; 07ie aitd a half miles southeast from Grant's Lick. Timber — zvhite oak, hickory, small beech, and zoalniit." Col- lected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Soil of a warm yellowish-drab color. It all passed through "the coarse sieve (of 289 meshes to the inch), except some 36 CHEMICAL REPORT. 37" rootlets, a very small quantity of shot-iron ore, and a few small rounded pebbles of milky quartz. No. 1325 — Soil. Labeled ''Old Field Soil. Field adjoining the woods whence came No. 1324. Cultivated in corn and tobacco for more than forty years. No manuring. Still brings a lit- tle corn. Sample one to seven inches from the surface." Col- lected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Soil of a warm yellowish-drab color. All passed through the coarse sieve except a few fragments of wood, two or three small water-worn pebbles of milky quartz, and some small angular fragments of decomposing chert. It also contains some fine shot-iron ore. No. 1326 — Soil. Labeled "Same old field as the preceding. Plowed in 1871 to the depth of twenty hiches a?id sub-soiled. Now (iZ']-^ in timothy grass. Seems to wa7it lime.'' Col- lected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Color, &c., much as in preceding soil. No. 1327 — Soil. Labeled " Szib-soil, twelve inches from the- surface, same field as preceding, forty years in cultivation. Silicious mndstone beneath.'" Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Soil of a yellowish-drab color; more yellowish than pre- ceding. All of it passed through the coarse sieve, except a. very small quantity of shot-iron ore. No. 1328 — Soil. Labeled "Spur of hill sixty feet above the posi- tion of the preceding soils. Ln corn for two years. Twenty bushels to tlie acre this year {iS'j t,) ; bad culture. Surface- soil. Soil of drab color. Lighter colored than any of the preced- ing soils. Moist soil cakes in the bag like clay. It mostly^ passed through the coarse sieve, leaving only some shot-iron ore and small quartz pebbles, &c. zr 38 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1329 — Soil. Labeled ''J'irgin Soil, border of cultivated Jicld, iiezk'ly cleared. Slope faces southwest. Land repzited rich , but in the midst of much poor land. Sells for two hundred dolla/s per acre. Y'oiitseys land, eight miles from Xcii'port, Alexandria fiirnpikc." Collected by Prof. N. S. Slialvr. A clay soil of a dark buff-grey color. Aggregated, on dry- ing in the bag, &c., into quite hard, irregular and angular small lumps. Makes a very tenacious, sticky clay when wet. No. 1330 — S< iiL. Labeled "Sub-soil (under the preceding soil) tijo feet from the surface, &c.'' Collected by Prof. lY. S. Shaler. A clay soil of a light grey-buff color ; aggregating into pretty compact lumps on dr3'ing. See No. 1334 for composition of the limestone underlying this land. No. 133 1 — Soil. Labeled "A curioiis gravelly loam, two feet belo'i-.' surface, ivith bits of cliert, from the sub-carboniferous of Upper Liclcing. Silicions mudstone and limestone bcloio. Upper loaters of Pond Creek, near Pond Circle Post-office, on new turnpike, about four miles southioest of Alexandria." Collected by Prof A'. 5'. Slialcr. A deep yellow-buff colored sub-soil, containing nrarl)- one sixt'^i^-nth of its weight of fragments of ferruginous shaly sand rock, rounded quartzose pebbles, and shot-iron ore. No. 1332 — Soil. Labeled "Old field in grass. Slope of 10° soutli. Resting on river dets'itus. Side of run near .Veivport, J\entucky.'' Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. .Soil of a dark grey-buff color. All of it passed through the coarse sieve. No. 1333 — Soil. Labeled "Bottom field of the next preceding, taken tivo feet firom the surface. Detrital grit. Twenty feet above high water of Ohio river." Soil of a handsome orange-grey, or grey-orange-buff color. Aggregated into friable clods. 38 CHEMICAL REPORT. 39 •COMPOSITION OF THESE CAMPBELL O )UNTV SOILS AND SUB-SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Extracted from i,ooo parts by carbonated water . . No. 132^ No. No, 1^26 No. 1327 0.830 No. 1328 No. 1329 No. 1330 5.650 No. 1331 0.716 No. 1332 No. 1333 COMl'OSITION OF THE C.\RHO.\IC ACID WA'I KR EXTR.-VCT. Organic and volatile mat- ters Alumina, oxd. imn, S:c. 1.060 .:|20 1 . 030 0.580 . no 0.530 0.72:. .oao 0.690 0.490 0. 316 .010) 0.396 .060 0.815 Manganese nxide Lime, carbonate u6o &IO .U7U .080 .260 not est. .ogo not e'^t. .76, not e.sc I 620 not est 4- '(o not est J .180 .280 Magnesia Niiric acid. . .080 Nut esti 111 ■!■ .1 .004 .O.JO .010 not est. ■450 .030 .010 .040 Phusphnric acid . ;i trace. .1 ' '■ a trace. a trace. a trace. a trace. .T trace. a trace. a trace. a trace. Sulphuric acid Chlorine . . a trace, Not esii 1 Lr-.ce. a trace. a I race. a trace a I race a irnLri, a trace. a trace. a trace. Potash .06. 070 .050 .010 .050 .030 .020 .020 ■037 .020 Soda ... Sulublt: silica. Loss. .010 > 2 2 322 350 390 .040 .055 .02f ■030 . rjo .020 .170 ■ '--50 .040 .070 .230 .020 .180 .040 .130 .015 .oSo .052 .020 .C67 Total . t.220 o.8go 1.860 2 700 5 650 726 i.cBo 1.272 CMMI'OMTKIN OF Tlll-.sk SOILS, llKllII AT 211 Organic and volatile mat- ters . . 3.650 2.555 2.540 2.435 3.91-15 7,613 S-qr., , 5.160 2-775 2 13; Alumma . . 3-375 3-4'5 3-9'"" 3.«.3 4,040 5-175 5 3^3 3. a. 5 1.587 2.737 Ir(.>n oxi'e 3. 125 3.038 3-274 3-972 4-787 6.750 6 890 4 3" 2,yGi-> 4 -^^5 Manganese, br. oxide. . .059 .037 not est. .427 .471 z6. ,080 390 7u ■ i-^o Lime, carbonate . ■ '30 .090 -125 .125 150 ,990 3.890 a trace . a trace. a trace. Magnesia ... .034 .496 .008 .250 -=50 52U .500 474 . I'ji .3.-KJ Phosphoric acid . . . ■145 . tog .093 r-22 ■93 4■-^ -31.1 4-'" -3tJ ,241:. Sulphuric acid . . a trace. a trace. a trace. a tr.icc a trace. a trace a trace. a trace . a trace a trztcc. Tota^h .120 ,062 .064 .062 240 720 -593 -443 ■ 115 125 Soda .... .047 -132 . 160 .109 ."71 a trace .019 .045 .048 . i< .(j ^"kible silica* .045 .090 -05S .015 .170 .070 .180 .130 .080 .007 Sand and in.soluble sili- cates 87-545 39.335 88.39s 87 . 5C0 78 963 75-59° 7=,|15 83 775 91-655 89 040 W.'.tLT expelled at 380° F, I.MS, I. t6o .565 I no 1.020 .366 .015 I 500 1.850 I ,,17 ■ 1 250 I. ''35 I 010 Total . . 100. oco [00.469 100. 000 100.000 [OO.OiO 1' ^ 000 10-, 18c iij" 202 ro.. 792 i.>D 545 Water expelled at 2J2° F .-765 ' • 550 1.665 2.235 2.550 5 "75 t-3"0 4.825 I 4e<3 2.215 Poush in insoluble sili- cates not est 1 311 not est 1-477 not est. 2.731 not est 11' >t est nut est not e=t. Soda not est .700 not est. .389 nut est. not est nut ci.t nuL <-st not est. Character of soil . . Virgin soil. Old field Old field Sob-soil. New soil Virgin .S.-1,. Sub-soil Gravelly loam. Old field 0\d field * It is proper Instate, that this quantity does not ruprcs'jnt the " soluble silica " which might have been extracted by boiling the " silicions residue " in SLiliition ut' carbonate of 'soda, &c , but simply the amoimt which was held in the acid solution of the soil. But little importance was attached to this determination, not because its existence in the plant is considered by many modern agricultural chemists as " an accident " and " unessential," if not " useless " (see " How Crops Feed," by Prof. S. \V. Johnson, page 353); but because it is to be found, ordmarily, ditisolved in all waters which percolate soils. Moreover, Prof E. A. Hilgard shows that the amount of soluble silica in the silicious residue of a soil usually bears a pretty constant relation to the quantity of lime in it. Its proportion at any given time doubtless depends on the relative decomposition of the silicates of the soil at that time In addition to the determinations given in the preceding itable of the composition of these soils, the "sand and insoluble silicates" were analyzed, by the method of fusion, &c., &c., with the following results, viz : 39 40 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THE SAND AND INSOLUBLE SILICATES IN THE lOO. PARTS, D RIED AT 212° F. No. 1325. No, 1327. Silica Alumina, &c., &c. Lime Magnesia .... Potash Soda S9.560 7.650] •3-4 r .260 J 1.464 ■743 88 . 660 9.310 1.684 .346 = 1 .311 and 1 .477, parts of the soil. severally calculated into lOO Total 1 00 . 00 1 •ico.ooo An attempt was also made, with the use of the celebrated Nobel's apparatus, to submit some of these soils to silt anal- ysis ; i. e. to determine the relative proportions of the fine and coarser earthy material contained in them ; but the results of comparative operations on the same soil were so discordant that no value whatever could be attached to them. The writer reerets that he was not able, for want of time, &c., to apply to the silt analyses of some of these soils the improved apparatus devised by Prof Eugene W. Hilgard, and used by him in his researches on the soils and clays of Missis- sippi, while he was the State Geologist, as described by him in a paper read by him at the Portland meeting of the Ameri- can Associalioii for ^■Idvancciiicut oj Science, August, 1873, and published in ^hnerican [oiirnal of Science and Arts, October and November, 1873. The chemical analyses were conducted very much as is de- scribed in volume III of Kentucky Geological Reports, except that a larger quantity of the soil was digested in water con- taining carbonic acid, charged under the atmospheric pressure only, and found by analysis to contain about 0.9 of its volume of this gas. Instead of filtering the solution, a proportional quantity of it was drawn off from the residue by means of a pipette of proper construction. The residue obtained by evaporating this solution, frequently deflagrated when ignited, showing the presence of nitrates. 40 CHEMICAL REPORT. 4I' This was observed, in a marked degree, with the extracts from. Nos. 1324, 1325, 1326, 1327, and 1329. The above table of the results of the analyses of these soils is interesting, as demonstrating, what has frequently been, called in question b)- agricultural chemists in recent times, the- possibility of ascertaining the agricultural capabilities of soils-^ by chemical analysis ; having due reference, of course, to the physical conditions. For the purpose of more ready comparison of some of the results of these analyses, we copy in the following table the proportions of some of the most essential ingredients and. educts of these soils : E.xtracted E.\tracted by acids from lOO parts. by carbon- ated water from 1 ,000 ( )rg."iiiicand Lime, car- Phos|)horic Potash. parl^. \i_ilatiie matters. bonate. acid. No. 1324, virgin soil 2.322 3 ■ 650 0. 130 0.145 0. 120 132,, old field, .same locality. . . 1.876 2.550 .090 . 109 .062 1326, old field, same locality I .220 2.554 .125 .003 .064. 1327, sub-soil, same locality . .S9I 2 435 .125 . 122 .062 132S, new field, same locality . . 1.860 8.90 s .450 •093 •483. 1329, virgin soil (^'^utsey's), high priced ; considered rich . . 2.700 7.615 .990 •483 .726 Youtsey's land will be seen, by reference to Appendix No. A. 12, to be strikingly like the California adobe soil in com- position and consistence. It also resembles good blue grass, soil. The others show a deficiency of lime, potash, and organic matters, or hmmts, except that of the "new field," which, like No. 1325, is apparently deficient in phosphoric acid, and which would be much more productive under better culture than it: has received, and with the application of phosphate or super- phosphate of lime. The use of lime, wood ashes, and of green crops, especially of clover, would be beneficial to these soils of Col. Hodges? VOL. I.-CHEM. 4. 41 42 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1334 — Limestone. Labeled ''Blue Limestone (^Cincinnati Group), just below soils Nos. 1329 and 1330. Youtsey s land, Alexajidria Tni'upike, eight miles from, Newport, Campbell cou7ity." Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. A firm coarse-grained semi-crystalline, dark-grey limestone full of fossils, corals and shells, with some included nodules o' light olive-grey granular material. COMPOSITION DRIED AT 212° F. Lime, carbonate . 93.200 = 52. 192 per cent, of lime. -Magnesia, carbonate . 2.291 Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides .... 1 . 700 Sulphuric acid -535 =^ .214 per cent, of sulphur. Phosphoric acid .076 = .033 P^r cent, of phosphorus. Potash .173 Soda .384 Silex and insoluble silicates 2.360 100.719 A limestone not very rich in mineral fertilizers, which would yield a good lime for building purposes. No. 1335 — "Marly Shale, _/r<7OT two miles south of Newport, Licking Three Mile Creek. Geological positio7i, ' Cincinnati Gro7ip,' ffty feet above high water mark of the Ohio river." Collected by Prof N. S. Shaler. A friable shale of a handsome light olive-grey color, con- taining fragments of small encrinital stems and of orthis m^d- iicoste. J\'0. 1336 — "Marly Shale, /;v;;^ Licking Three Mile Creek, tivo miles back of N^ewport (Cincinnati Group'). About sixty feet above high ivatcr mark of the Ohio river. The beds are about thirty feet thick, with thin partings, and can be easily stripped. Test their value as marl." Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler - Of a light olive-grey color. The laminae are thinner than in the preceding. 42 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE MARLY SHALES, DRIED AT 212° F. 43 No. 1335. No. 1336. Silica JVlumina Iron peroxide, with some manganese oxide Lime, carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda "Wa'er expelled at red heat and loss . . . Total 54.160 12.269 57.260 16.782 15-550 7.800 .J65 .281 n.500 4.560 .778 .008 ■659 3.298 .926 4.892 ■233 4.471 1.072 3^336 100.000 100.000 These marly shales resemble in composition the marls and ■clays reported above. CARTER COUNTY. No. 1337 — Clay. Labeled "Fire-clay; average sample from the upper bed, four feet thick, on both sides of the hill. Ridge between Grassy and Three Prong Creeks, Boone Furnace property. Whole bed eight to te7i feet thick. Collected by Philip N. Moore." The dried clay is quite compact, scarcely to be scratched -with the nail ; has a soapy feel ; not adhering to the tongue. Breaks into sharp angular fragments. It is of a light-grey color. No. 1338 — Clay. "From ridge between Grassy and Three Prong Creeks, Boone Fur7iace property. Lower bed. Col- lected by P. N. Moore." Compact, breaking into sharp angular fragments ; hardly to be scratched with the nail; slightly adhering to the tongue; has a somewhat soapy feel. Presents, in parts, an approach to an oolitic structure. Color dark-grey, passing into dove- color. No. 1339 — Clay. "From same locality as preceding. Rougher part of the upper layer, &c., &c. Collected by P. N. Moore." A light-grey compact rock, of a harsh gritty feel ; not to te scratched with the nail. Under the glass showing many 43 44 CHEMICAL REPORT. rounded grains of quartzose sand. Ferruginous incrustatiort on the surface. No. 1340 — Clay. "Fire-clay under coal. Old Orchard Dig- gings, Boo7ie Furnace property, Carter coimty. Collected by P. N. Moore r A compact shaly clay, with some of the lamellar surfaces polished in various planes. Has a soapy feel, and no grit. Of a dull dove-grey color. No. 1341 — Clay. "Fire-clay from same bed as A'os. 1337, 1338, a7id 1339. A dark-colorcd sample from the loiver part of the- deposit.'' Collected by P. N. JMoore. Compact fine-granular; hardly scratched with the nail; adhering very slightly to the tongue. Of a dark brownish- slate color. No. 1342 — Clay. "Fire-clay under the twelve inch coal Geo. Osentons land, near Grayson, Carter county. Sampled bv /. A. Monroe." A grey or ash-grey clay in a pulverulent condition. No. 1343 — Clay Shale. Labeled "Argi.laceous Shale, loitk some Lingnhv near the top. Railroad en ', hatf mile soitth of Station (^Easterti Kentucky Railroad), Grayson, Carter county. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. A soft friable shale of a light buff-grc)' color, mottled and colored between the laminae with ferruginous and black. COMPOSITION OF THESE CLAYS, &c., OF CARTER COUNIV, DRIED AT 212° F. No 1337. No. 1338. No. 1340. Nn i;^4i No. 1343. Silica Alumina Iron, oxide .... Lime ... ... Magnesia Phosphoric acid . . Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water expelled at red heat Total • Carbonates. 44 48.560 45.960 37-47t a trace. 38.531 a trace. . 112 a trace. ■145 a trace. ■255 not est. ■563 not est. .=89 .283 .250 ■ 341 13.030 14.210 54.620 32.466 a trace. a trace. a trace. • 243 not est. .212 .679 11.780 62.460 27.203 a trace. a trace. a trace. .147 not est. 1.850 .584 7.756 45-560 43-775 a trace. ■ 145 a trace. •307 not est. •963 .728 8.522 64, 260 24.604 not est. ■538 . 2og .946 .157 -751 .515 8.300 100.000 100.000 100,280 66, o6o- 23 726' not est. *.3oo *.I2t .127 not est. 2.093. 2.27} 5-3o» xoo.oo» CHEMICAL REPORT. 45 The composition of these clays indicate that most of them are highly "refractory" or fire-clays, and that all could be (used for the manufacture of stone-ware, terra cotta, &c. Those which burn white might be used for "delf ware," or " queen's-ware," so called. The most refractory are, probably, Nos. 1337, 1338, and 1339; the next, Nos. 1342, 1341, and 1340. The least re- fractory of all is the clay shale. No. 1343, which, however, notwithstanding its more than two per cent, each of potash .and soda, would answer for the manufacture of stone-ware, and, most probably, of ordinary fire-brick. It is found that a large relative proportion of silica or sand increases the refractory quality of the clay, and, according to the experiments of E. Richters* (1868), this quality is least affected by magnesia ; more so by lime ; still more by iron oxide ; and most by potash. The influence of phosphates has not been fully determined. F"or comparison, the analyses of two of the best Kaolin clays of France, of the best Stourbridge clay of England, and of a crucible clay, are here appended : {") {^) (^) (d) Silica Alumina . . . 48.68 36.92 55-3° 30.30 2.00 not given .40 1 .101 2.70/ 8.20 63.40 31-70 3.00 not given. not est. 1 .90 not given. 47.50 34.37 1.24 -50 1 .00 not est. not est. 1 .00 Lime Magnesia Phosphoric acid . . Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water expelled at red heat not given. -52 not given. not gi\-tn. not est. .58 13-13 (a) Porcelain clay of Saint Yrieiex ; analyzed by Forchammer, (6) Porcelain clay of China ; analyzed by Ebelmann and Salveiat, {c) Stourbridge fire-clay ; analyzed by Prof. F. A. Abels. (d) Crucible clay. Almerode, in Kurhessen. It is evident our fire-clays do not suffer in comparison with these, and that the industrial value of these large deposits in our coal measures is very considerable. [For other fire-clays see Greenup county, &c.] *R. Wagner's Chemical Technology, American edition, page 294. 45 46 CHEMICAL REPORT. COALS OF CARTER COUNTY. No. 1344 — "Coal, probably sub-conglo7nerate, at Old Orchard Diggings. {^Eight inches of coal, four inches of slate, six inches of coal. ^ Boone Furnace property." A dull slaty coal, having much fibrous coal between the laminse. Exterior stained with iron oxide. No. 1345 — "Coal, JVo. y, from old entry back of Star Furnace. Upper layer tzveiity inches thick (^Coalton coal). An average sample, collected by A. R. Crandall." Breaks easily into thin irregular laminse, with some fibrous coal between. Incrusted somewhat with iron oxide. zee. No. 1346 — "Coal, JVo. 7, from old entry back of Star Furiiac Bottom layer, tivo feet two inches thick. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A pure-looking coal ; fi-acture glossy and pure black, some- what like that of asphaltum. Very little fibrous coal, pyrites, or ferruginous incrustation apparent. No. 1347 — "Coal, A-'o. 7, f-'om entry back of Star Furnace, middle layer, tioo feet thick. Collected by A. R. Crandall." Appears to be intermediate in quality to the two preceding. No. 1348 — "Coal, iVc. y (^Coalton). Average sample front IViley Pritchard s bank, near illonnt Savage Furnace, Carter county. Collected by /. A. iMonroe." No. 1349 — "Coal, A^o. 7. Average sample of the six feet CoaltoJt coal, from all parts of the bed. Divide between Stinson and Straight Creeks. (Tzao htmdred and sevoity-fivc feet level.y Mount Savage property. Averaged by P. N. Moore." No. 1350 — "CoALTON Coal {No. 7 coal), from drift on Gum branch of Straight Creek. Mount Savage Cotnpany drift,, lower part of the bed. Averaged by P. N. Moore." 46 CHEMICAL REPORT. 47" No. 135 1 — "CoALTON Coal {No. 7 coal), from drift on Gum branch of Straight Creek. Upper part of bed, Mt. Savage property. Averaged by P. N. Moore.'' No. 1352 — ''Average sample of Coalton coal {No. 7), Watson Bank, Willard, Carter county. Averaged by f. A. Monroe." No. 1353 — "Coal {No. \) from Graham bank, Little Fork of Little Sandy river, near Willard. Average sample by P. N. Moore." [See appendix, Nos. 1646 and 1647, for the analyses of two other samples of the coal from. this bank.] No. 1354 — "Coalton Coal {No. 7), from main e7itry, west of Dry Fork, Willard. Averaged by P. N. Rio ore." A jet-black pure-looking coal, showing iridescent colors on. portions, and having very little fibrous coal or pyrites. No. 1355 — "Coalton Coal {No. j) from Old Lost Creek drift, near Willard. Averaged by P. N. Moore." Of rather a rusty black color; shows but little fibrous coal or ferruginous stain. No. 1356 — "Coal {No. 2) from Kibby drift, Evej-man s Creek, two miles from Grayson, Carter county. Average sample by f. A. Monroe." No. 1357 — "Coal {No. i) from Stone-coal branch of Tygert Creek, Carter county. Averaged by P. N. Moore. No. 1358 — "Coal {probably No. 2) from, a q^iarter of a mile north of N. Lewis' house, Barrett's Creek, Carter county. Averaged by P. N. Moore." No. 1359 — "Coal {probably No. -^^ from Carter farm, two miles east of Grayson, on Dr. f ones' land {not a very good average sample). P. N. Moore." 47 48 CHEMICAL REPORT. < O u > z .(^ G C U K 00 e >;=§ 8 % 7''% 8 ,. . O O 8 O O 0\ -1- t^ 8 5 1 % € 8 3 rny:> 2: "" ■■x" ^ .i t--. o\ >8s,a O O O C' 8 ?J i i r 8 IN _2 -jj 6 '^ S-S 8 %t.2 8 d| „■ ■ iz; >"£ o. O o o -n m ° • 8.as O T i ^ ^ M \o ro 8 c r ^ 'i' :^ 4 -i- H 8 .»^, ■ d : iz; ."^ n-iO 8 ^ i - '-^' " ! "^ t^ O «3 f Q -O -^ \D o^ -4- c^ o ^- CJ3 d H r-,>0 8 ss.'- 8 - 2 • o 2 N S2 1— Cl •* O >£> -^ 8 8 ■O O -J- H, *? N r^ ci Tt- m 8 c &, ■J. r^ ZI, ■0 ^ =gs,g. 8 II %%% 8 9 - = / .? ; ai o „ m -r - 8 8 -^ - _C ji M 2 - 5. "T « a>g8 8 O 00 M 8 v; 3 ? ? •^ fO 8 00 ci' d. ? ? t/j d fO >n - 3 .^-= 2 "" — a ^ ^ yl. -»• O 5 o ■: o f^ 1? w Ov O OO "1 3 -i '- CO g On ^'O O d :2 " — ' Z. " U-) o 8 O ^D T 8 o rn r^ t--. \o >o' - r.i 8 d 5 _- Tx 2; C7> (-^ O^O -f 8 ys ^- t O. CJ. - s - ro :f ^ ^' ■d p d\ 8 d -" oo' \ 3 ^ u^ X — " Z, ■^7 ''4- ^ o O O N 00 8 VO 1^ n -* t^ a - lO (^ ; 5 - >, "1 >n w - s (»^ N 0\ d 3 c 2; " rio - " c. -" ot r- -*- O 'J- « rn o voco m " " kd t^vd 8 (T1CO r^ d ■J "i; ■T ? ^ d ro ui o o 2 ".i ""^ CO ■9 '9r ■^ 8 8 >c ^- c d - . r' CO d 4 4 ^ i ^ o 2 " "'" o '— a -J M ! d T-' (^ Old ^ 8 VO Tf ^, ,^ -^ c Sgg CO ; " 6 ,' rr^ " '? r-.'-0 -f 8 n J ~ _3 t? "' g -^ — ^ 1 d 2 ■^ * " I - 1 Z ct ^ s 8^^ 8 ■jT' -1- 1^ 8 j -s ii ^ -^ cc 1 - m N ^ o 2 ^fo'S, 8 '^' "^ N 8 a •i.% 1 d 12 . in d d = o ■ 'C. -c rt - 73 -C o ■T ^ n - u "5 c c ■ "> £ 2 'a. 5 - £ --J "rt 3 3 % o cij a 5 3 "^ T^ .^■J< " -d -J ^ ! I? H CHEMICAL REPORT. 49 I*^o. 1360 — "Coke, made from the No. 7 coal, in oven, by Mr. Bates, JVillard, Carter county. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A bright-looking coke somewhat dense. COMPOSITION, air-dried. Hygroscopic moisture . . . VolaUle combustible matters Coke (dry) Total 2.46 1.84 95.70 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon .... Ashes 4-3° 87-34 8.36 Total 'Color of the ash Lilac-grey . Per centage of sulphur. 2.026 The proportion of sulphur has been but slightly reduced by the coking of this coal. It is probably mostl)- in combination with iron, as iron proto-sulphide, and_ may not seriously injure this coke as fuel for the smelting and working of iron. JRON CARBONATE ORES AND FERRUGINOUS LIMESTONE OF CARTER COUNTY. No. i36i-1-Ferruginous Limestone. Labeled "Limestone Ore, from Old Orchard Diggings, Boone Furnace property. Aver- aged by P. N. Moore." A dull-looking, fine-grained or compact ferruginous lime- stone, of a light-grey color, varied in parts by infiltrated hydrated oxide of iron. Fracture somewhat hackley. Specific gravity = 2.879. No. 1362 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled " Limestone Ore from drift at Old Orchard Diggings, head of Grassy Creek, Ca7-ter county. Uiidecomposed ore. Average saiiple f'om various parts of bed No. i . Boone Furnace property. Collected by P. N. .1/00 re." 49 50 CHEMICAL REPORT. Irregular nodules and masses of clay iron-stone ; varying ini color from light-grey to blackish ; mixed with some hydrated iron peroxide. No. 1363 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled ''Kidneys in shale below the coal described, No. 1344, at Old Orchard Diggings, Boone Furnace property, &c. Shale, with the kidneys, four inches thick. Collected by P. N. j\Ioore." Irregularly shaped nodules of fine-granular clay iron-stone superficially coated with hydrated brown iron oxide. No. 1364 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled ''Limestone Ore {^No. i), Horsley bank, Boone F^trnace property, &c. The nndecom- posed carbonate. Collected by P- N. Moore" {for a cabinet specimen^. A fine-granular ore, varying from light-grey to purplish- grey, and incrusted in parts with limonite. No. 1365 — Clay Iron-stoke and Limonite Mixed. Labeled' "Az'cragc sample of Limestone Ore {No. i ), Horsley bank, Boone Fur7iacc property, &c. Collected by P. N. J/oore." A mixture of fragments of clay iron-stone and limonite ores. No. 1366 — Clay Iron-stoxe. Labeled "Bine Limestone Ore, froin west bank of Tygcrt Creek, aboiU two miles from Iron Hills, Carter county. Average sample by P. jV. J/oore." Fragments of clay iron-stone nodules, invested externally" with limonite layers. No. 1367 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "Lower Block Ore, on Dry Fork of Sinking Creek, Carter county, f. JL fames' land {six inches of Tindecomposed sidcntc). Average sample,., by P. N. Moore." Compact clay iron-stone, with some little limonite. No. 1368 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "Foxden Ore. Mea>is and Russel land, Cumming's branch of Everman' s Creek, Carter county. Averaged by P. N. Moore." 5° CHEMICAL REPORT. 5I' The undecomposed carbonate covered with layers of lim- onite of various tints, some of which are ochreous. No. 1369 — Clay iRON-sroxE. Labeled ''Grey Limestone Ore,. Mount Savage Furnace. ^-Iveragc sample, by J. A. Monroe." Grey granular and oolitic carbonate, with more or less lim- onite ore. No. 13 70-|-Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "Lozver Block Ore. Mr. Ez'crman's Sammy's branch of Barrett' s Creek, Carter county. Averaged by P. N. Aloore." Mostly dark-grey, fine-granular carbonate ore, with some incrustation of limonite. SUMMARY OF THE COMPOSmON OF THESE CARTER COUNTY CLAYTRON- STOXE ORES, lVc, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1361 No. 1362 No. 1363 No. 1364 No. 1365 No. 1366 No. 1367 No. 1368 No. 1369 No. 1370 Iron, carbonate Iron, peroxide ... Alumina. ... Lime, carbonate . . Magnesia, carbonate . . Manganese, carbonate . Phos'ic acid (anhydr. ! . Sulphuric acid (anhydr.) Silica and insol silicace.<; KO = .i35; Na0 = .2O4 Water and luss. . . . 24 45 24 I 408 560" 200 3=8 391 147 439 420 339 768 61.220 4.410 2.z6o 4.480 a trace. ■ 150 •313 not est. 21.260 .540 5.367 62 . 662 10.024 I 600 .240 2.838 3-'5i .127 .521 13.720 3.017 65 5 I 2 Q 2 I 10 018 945 060 720 038 332 255 280 260 44 242 27.296 I. 500 6.58J 1.046 .842 ■732 4-587 11. lOo 27.511 26.240 9.021 2.320 2.838 .270 .116 25.180 62.321 4.989 7.901 12.000 .222 . 121 .6S4 .206 10.740 46.393 9-255 5-703 12.460 .250 not est. -97a a trace. 23 510 30 I 2 25 .708 544 779 730 144 060 421 491 430 47-391 9-734 4-197 5. -^2.5 7.893 -346 . 121 -15" 20.230 ■■955 6.005 .816 -551 6.523 4-717 Total ... 100.00 100.000 100.00 100,000 100. ooo* too. 000 100. coo 100.000 100.000 100.000 Per centage of iron. . . 10,960 32 57S 37-285 35- 549 40. 465 3- -598 33-348 29, ii6 36627 29.685 Per ct. of phosphorus . 0.064 0.136 0.055 . Ill .321 .208 .298 .437 .184 .052 Per centage of sulphur . 0.203 .208 •533 -855 .046 .082 .196 .060 Per centage of silica . . 23. Bo 8.9S0 20.860 10.560 19.760 *This sample had in It visible fragments of pyrites, and hence the above may not be an e.xact determination of the average sulphur of this ore. No. 1 36 1 would be unobjectionable as flux for richer ores, were it not for its considerable proportion of sulphur. It would make good lime for agricultural uses ; which -would make a strong cement with sand for all building purposes, where its color would not be objectionable. The Horsley bank ores Nos. 1364 and 1365, although rich enough in iron, also contain quite large proportions of sul- 51 "52 CHEMICAL REPORT. ,phur, exceeding in this respect all these ores ; many of which may be considered quite good of their kind, as may be seen ■on examination of this table. LIMONITE IRON ORES OF CARTER COUNTY. No. 1371— ^LiMONiTE. Labeled '' Limesto7ie Ore from Horsley bank, Boone Fiuitace property. {A cabinet specimen.) Col- lected by P. N. Moore. In irregular curved laminae of various tints, from dark brown to red and light yellow; with some soft ochreous ore. No. i372^LmoNiTE. Labeled "Average sample of Lambert jMain Block Ore, Potato Knob Hill. From the stock pile, Iron Hills Furnace, Carter coiuity. Collected by f. A. JMon- rocy Ore varying from dense dark chocolate-brown, irregular laminae and grains, to brownish-yellow soft ochreous. No. i373-|-LmoNiTE. Labeled ''Potato Knob Iron Ore. Aver- age sample. Iron Hills Fnrnace, &c." In nodules varying from one to six inches in diameter. Exterior of hard dark-brown limonite ; interior nodules soft and porous, of yellowish and reddish-brown colors. No. i374-^-LiMOMTE. Labeled ''Main Block Ore, Stezvart bank. Divide bctivccn Barrett's and Ever man's Creeks, three miles ivcst of Ciayson, Carter county. Avcraj^e sample." The irregular laminae and concretions varying in color from dark chocolate-brown or purplish to greyish-yellow. No. i375^LiMONiTE. '• From Roystcr Hill Lambert bed. Iron Hills Furnace. The ochre from the lower pati of the bed." Porous and showing a small oolitic structure. Color brown- ish and greyish-yellow. No. i376-}-LiMONiTE. Labeled "German Ore. Smith Hill. Taken from an imperfectly shown bed, possibly not filly repre- senting the whole bed, except that the ore seems very uniform. None of the blue ore, or kidneys above the main bed, included VI this sample. Iron Hills, Carter county. Collected by P. N. Moore." 52 CHEMICAL REPORT. 53- Ore generally porous or ochrey, of a yellowish- brown color mottled with light-grey. Some few laminae of hard limonite. No. 1377 -f- Limonite. Labeled "Crozcn Ore. Smith Hill. Iron Hills, &c. Average sample, from pepper part of the bed only, by P. N. J\Ioorc." Composed of irregular laminse of dense dark-brown limonite, with cavities and included soft ochreous ore. No. 1378-lf-LiMONiTE. Labeled "Loiucr Block Ore. Perry's branch of l\igert Creek, west of Olive Hill. Land of Tygert Valley Iron Company. Average sample by P. N. Moore.'' Fragments of dense limonite laminae mixed with some small clay iron-stone nodules. No. 1379 — Limonite. Labeled ''Average sample of Lower- Block Ore, from road on west side of Garvin' s Hill, west of Olive Hill. Land of Tygert Valley Iron Company." Fragments of limonite laminae and clay iron-stone nodules. No. 1380 — Limonite. Labeled ''Block Ore from Garvin' s Hill,, west of Olive Hill. Land of Tygert Valley Iron Company. Average sample." No. 1381 — Limonite. Labeled "Main Block Ore; Old Mount Tom Ore, Carter county. Averaged by f. A. Monroe." A very dense ore, in curved irregular laminae of deep bluish, and brownish colors, with some dark-brown softer ore between. No. 1382 — Limonite, &c. "Main Block Ore with associated overlying Kidney Ore, from Kibby Diggings. Divide between Lost a7id Tygert Creeks. Carter county. Averaged by f. A. Monroe." Small nodules oi Ime-graimlai giey carbonate ore, sur- rounded by curved irregular laminae of dense limonite, fre- quently separated by soft ochreous ore. -/- No. 1383 — Limonite. "Rough Ore, one hundred feet above the Foxden Ore {see clay iron-stones), on Means and RussePs land, Cjimming's branch of Evermans Creek. Averaged by /. A. Monroe." 53. 54 CHEMICAL REPORT. In irregular hard thin laminae of dark-brown to brownish- yellow colors ; with some soft ochreous ore. No. 1384-f- LiMONiTE. "Red Liviestone Ore from Graham bank. Average sample from the stock pile, by P. N. Moore." In curved, irregular, hard laminae ; varying in color from yellowish and reddish-brown to deep brown and almost black, with soft, lighter colored ochreous ore incrusting and included. No. 1385 — LiMONiTE. ''Yellow Kidney Ore, Mount Savage Furnace, Carter county. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." In irregular curved laminae, involving nuclei of softer ore. 'Color varying from deep brown and red to yellowish. No. 1386 -\- LiMOxiTE. ''Main Block Ore, Stinson Creek. Mount Savage Furnace. Average sample, by J. A. JMonroe." Curved irregular laminae of dense limonite ; generally dark •colored, including light-grey nodules of porous carbonate of iron ore. No. 1387 — Limonite. "Ore seventy-three feet above tlie sub- carboniferous limestone. On Clark's branch of Tygcrf s Creek, two miles from Iron Hills Furnace. Average sample, by P. jV. Moore." Varying from dense, dark-colored limonite laminae to soft ochreous ore. As will be seen, on examination of the following table of "their composition, these limonite ores of Carter county are generally good, and may be profitably worked with proper management in the smelting; although some of them contain too much sulphur and nhn'sphonis to make very tough iron. 54 CHEMICAL REPORT. 55 < Q .W .2 P ■H :S O -g -13 > -D o u pi H < w W O o % 00 « min-^Qvmm oo inM\o»0'£i«»o m ON *^ 1 y i N .■<(■■■ h' d d '8 >d ^ d lo • H ro z vO 00 t^Ovt^OOr-^mwio Q t^ VO O o ■^O\mmmwu-)0^ "H a "8 C4 "O " roinosOoo w roo\ oo 8 m ^ d c> oi •I « ' in ds 8 m in z lO M ■^ « 00 g g- O in ON S, 9, 'S g i m t-. 1 m o d :z; N o\0 "»h CHM H t^lnci 8 ? \d (^ M ^d * 'Si cS S8„i8S,c3-S.8S, • a 'O % ■8 -8 H •o MOmooNoovo M o To d ■«■ d ci 8 d IS t^ in ^ ■^ ro ri H jJcS^fS >§ ■ ■o ^D m m ro « ^O jfl rt Tf 'J- c?o? • m M O - d H 'J « ■ ■ ■ d\o ■ 8 vd :2 m fi a ^ . 00 Q m w m .8 ^~ ■4- CTv d H dM^ - " ' ■ w fo d 8 00* dv :2i ^ ■^ ^ ^ -^ 00 y ^ —A-, g ^ m o o ro N m u I- o ^00 moo o ■o" lO d 8 d t^ 2 (^ 00 rt n ' ' " d^d m oo o ■ m N in o O • t^ -8 m . 00 ■* -J- T^^o so . lO VO o> N m moo 00 CO oo * m o\ oo o" d\ in Tt- ' ■ ' M\d ■ d •d 2; o ■^ o« t^ ooomodr^r-^ot-^o ' so t->.roooo oco mm t-.M m \o ■OiA-^-ncom"ri^ • o d \d co" ■>*■'-' *' * ' d\ d\ ' 8 2; "^ ti ■^ "i^ -^>.0-l-mr^i0-^6 w g "O m m O oo d d loco it '' r^ r* 8 0\ z ■^ ro IN r> U i 1, n \C "OU'nQHQO S m o m m I- o 00 M r-oo , d a '^ ■« ■ ■ 'ss, • 8 \d S' t-^ p^ u' ij mvo moo ' -S o n lO N o u O -i-oo oo o\ vo 8 rvrtc;Ot--'r^'-' t^ N o . u u d r^ w - - -H M vo ■ 8 d O ;2 lO rt d H N . ■*" c moomQwOO-* o^ VO vg 00 miNioiO Q t^O'X>oo a\ m m o -j-M-^ooomr-cs 8 -d o m ■ ■ ' H ■ d\ 4 ' •z. m ■^ « rC o Cuuoar-o-O -S m ^ VO VO ro ? 3 o\ -o M d ^- " ■ ' ■ M vd 8 d\ ci Z in rt rt - « m m ^ MuSiJom-i-OO s ffi - :; -2 no" (■■ ^. i:i •* a. r^ \o o> m '^. Ov d 2 vo -^ -. f, ■ ' ■ d r^ . 8 " m" «_ -g o" u o ii-i cTSvo vS -o 8 (N ^ 1^ O N CO '*- m re ra i- n M rn m\o t^^ ^ ■ H ■ i>i in ' O t-^ Ov 8 vd m 2 in ni rt "^ " ro N O odoo\0"'oQ-' no uoo M^ yico OTi VO m « ••£} Hrt-iOlO*"NVOH ° '^_ O O d m " ' ' ' o - N 8 O ^ 00 rt C -^ m c . -S . v t- :2 . . . :.s . . o . . . .'E^ . * 1 -d o i o -g. s •g. u 3 ■a 3 t«-i 1 li:^|:cPli i- z o o o o 11 " ■g o H s s ■ u s CM 5^ CHEMICAL REPORT. LIMESTONES OF CARTER COUNTY. No. 1388 — "Limestone zised as a flux at Boone Furnace tvhen 171 operation. Collected by P. N. Hloore." A hard, compact, light buff-grey Hmestone. Fracture some- what conchoidal. No. 1389 — "Limestone (^s7ib-carboniferous) to be tcsed as fltix by the Iron Hills Furnace. Averaged by P. N. Moore.'' A compact or fine granular limestone, of a light-grey color. No. 1390 — "Limestone 7ised as flux at Jlhntnt Savage Fiirnace.- Avcragc sample, by J . A. iMonroc.'' A compact limestone of a dark-grey color, mixed ■with frag- ments of ferruginous sandstone and chert. COMPOSITIl).\ OF THESE LIMESTONES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 13SS. No. 1389. No. 1390. Specific gravity. . . 2.624 2.700 not est. I^ime carbonate . . . . . Magnesia, carbonate . . ... Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides ... Phosphoric acid (anhydrous) ... Sulphuric acid (anhydrous) .... Potash Soda Silica and insoluble silicates Soluble silica ... .... ... 97.720 not est. .300 .083 not est. .115 .167 1 .560 . 120 95.150 •245 1.390 .130 a trace. not est. not est. 3.060 not est. 75-750- -575 6.403 .057 -775 not est. not est. 14.700 ■"■1.740 Total 100.065 99-975 100.000- Per centage of lime ... 54.723 53-284 42.420 Per centage of phosphorus . .036 .056 .032- Per centage of sulphur .... not est . a trace. .310 * Water and loss. Nos. 1388 and 1389 are very pure limestones, and very suitable for use as flux in the iron furnace; but No. 1390 is quite objectionable, because of its considerable proportion of sulphur, and its nearly fifteen per centage of silicious matters. 56 CHEMICAL REPORT. 57 PIG IRONS OF CARTER COUNTY. No. 1 39 1 — -Pig Iron. ''Foundry No. 2, made at Boone Fur- nace, CaTtcr coiintv, in 1870." A brilliant grey iron ; moderately coarse-grained. Yields to the file ; but breaks readily under the hammer. No. 1392 — Pig Iron. ''Foundry Iron No. i, made at Boone Fiwnacc in 1870." Darker colored, somewhat finer-grained, and softer than the preceding; flattening somewhat under the hammer. No. 1393 — Pig Iron. "Hot Blast, No. i Foundry ("sow"), Iron Hills Furnace, Carter county. Collected by P. N. Moore." Rather coarse-grained; with brilliant grains. Yields to the file, but is somewhat hard. Flattens but little under the ham- mer. No. 1394 — Pig Iron. "Hot Blast, No. i Found?y, Mount Savage Furnace. Collected by P. N . Aloorc." A brilliant coarse-grained iron. Hard, but yields to the file. Extends but little under the hammer. N„. 1391. No. 1392. No. 1393. No. 1394. Specific gravity . 6.423 6.905 7.021 6.889 Iron Graphite . . . ... Combined carljon . . Manganese . . . . ... Silicon , Slag . Aluminum Calcium ... . 90.958 2. 164 .116 .115 2.682 4. r8o -479 nol est. 93.212 2 . 940 .060 .083 I - 634 2.460 -330 not est. 92-387 3-340 .760 .056 2.240 .620 . 120 . 120 .056 .080 91.502 2.670 .030 .123 4.470 1 . 160. .128 ■144- . 1 12 .076 .023 .203 .041 Sodium . , . ... Phosphorus Sulphur •304 not est. .486 .079 .836 •057 Total 100.998 101.284 100.672 2.280 3.000 4. 100 2.70& VOL. I.-CHEM. 5. 57 58 CHEMICAL REPORT. SOILS OF CARTER COUNTY. ■'^'^' 1395 — Soil. ''From tlie farm of fas. W. Scott, near Lower Tygcrt bridge, near Olive Hill, Carter county. Top soil in oak woods, sixty feet above the bed of the creek. Limestone slope southward. Drainage between the slope and the sand- stone capping the hills. Sample to depth of six inches. Col- lected by Prof N. S. Shaler" Virgin soil. Soil of a greyisli orange-buff color, with streaks and mottlings of dark-grey. Compacted into clods in the bag. The coarse sieve (289 meshes to inch) removed about six per cent, of ferruginous and decomposing cherty fragments. No. 1396 — Soil. Labeled ''Sub-soil of the preceding, one foot below the surface, &c." This sub-soil is of an orange-red, or bright red ochre color. Compacted into clods in the bag. The coarse sieve removed from it a very small quantity of small fragments of weathered chert, &c. No. 1397 — "Soil from the farm of fas. IF. Scott (locality as above). Old field, in pasture for eighteen, and cultivated for five years. Slope from Jieight of limestone bench and saiid' stone beyond. Northern exposjire, thirtv feet above Tygert Creek. Collected by N. S. Shaler." Soil of a dirty-grey buff color. Sifted out about five per cent, of cherty and ferruginous small fragments, with the ■coarse sieve. No. 1398 — "Sub-soil of the next preceding, one fot below the surface, &c." Sub-soil colored like next preceding ; slightly more reddish. Sifted out, with the coarse sieve, about twenty-three per cent of small fragments, more or less rounded, of ferruginous sand- stone, iron ore, and weathered chert. .58 CHEMICAL REPORT. 59 No, 1399 — "Top Soil. Woods near Iron Hill, Carter county. From eastward slope, ravine to southward. Limestone above, twenty-five feet thick. Conglomerate still above. Oak and beech woods, about one hundred feet above Tygert Creek. Collected by f. A. Monroe." Soil of a grey-buff color. Sifted out, with the coarse sieve, about sixteen per cent, of shaly ferruginous sandstone frag- ments. No. 1400 — "Sub-soil of the next preceding, taken eighteen inches below the surface, &c., &c." Sub-soil of a lighter color than the surface soil and more adhesive. Contains fragments of sandstone. No. 1401 — "Top Soil, for six inches below the surface, from, an old field on Riggs farm, at Iron Hills. From- the slope of hill toward Tygert Creek. Limestone one hu7idred feet or more above, and sandstone above that. Woodland a few rods off to top of the hill. This field has been cultivated in corn for •many years." Collected by J. A. Monroe. Soil of a grey-buff color. Sifted out of it, with the coarse sieve, about twenty per cent of fragments of ferruginous sand- stone, &c. No. 1402 — "Sub-soil of the next preceding, taken eighteen inches from the surface, (Sfc, &c." Of a handsome yellowish-buff color. Compacted into friable lumps in the bag. Sifted out, with the coarse sieve, about ten per cent, of fragments of ferruginous sandstone and iron ore. No. 1403 — "Surface Soil, from woodland on farm, of William. Abbott, five miles west of Olive Hill, Carter county. One hundred and fifteen feet above the west branch of Tygert' s Creek. Slope northwest. Limestone on top of the hill. Col- lected by A. R. Crandall." Soiil of a grey-buff color. The coarse sieve removed a con- siderable quantity of small ferruginous and cherty fragments. 59 60 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1404 — "Sub-soil of the next preceding. One foot from the surface, &c., &c. Collected by A. R. Q^atidall." Of a buff color. Contains angular fragments of ferruginous- sandstone. No. 1405 — "Old Field Soil. Farm of William Abbott, west branch of Tygcrfs Creek, &c. Field fifty -five feet above the bed of the creek ; 011 bench of Waver ly sandstone. Tops of the hills capped with limestone. Surface soil ; has been cicltivated sixty years ; was once an orchard.'' Collected by A. R. Cran- dall. Soil of a light grey-buff color ; aggregated into friable clods in the bag. The coarse sieve removed from it less than two per cent, of small silicious sandstone, cherty, and ferruginous fragfments. No. 1406 — -"Sub-soil (?/" ///6' next preceding ; one foot below the surface, &c." Collected by A. R. Cr and all. Sub-soil of a lighter and more clear buff color than the surface soil ; contains less than two per cent, of small cherty and ferrugfinous oravel. ■^to No. 1407 — Soil from an old field on Widow Garvin's farm, four miles west of Olive Hill. Ten fct above tlic bed of Tygcrfs Creek. On iravcrly sandstone , with limestone and coarse sandstone near the tops of the hills. Sur/ace so:l. Col- lected by A. R. Crandall." Soil of a grey-buff color, contains about four per cent, of small rounded ferruginous sandstone and cherty fragments. No. 1408 — "Sub-soil of the next preceding, one foot to eighteen inches below the siuface. Collected by A. R. Cratidall." Sub-soil of a lighter color than the preceding surface soil ; in friable clods. Sifted out, with coarse sieve, about eight per cent, of fer- ruginous, cherty, and sandstone fragments. 60 CHEMICAL REPORT. 6 1 No. 1409 — Soil. Labeled "Sub-soil of bottom land, two feet from the surface ; twenty-five feet above Little Sandy river, Grayson, Carter county. The surface soil was not collected on account of accidents affecting its composition." Collected by Prof. N. S. Shalcr. Sub-soil of a light buff-grey color ; nearly white ; in friable lumps. Seems to be mainly composed of fine grains of sand. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Volatile and combustible matters, expelled at red heat . . ^. 500 -Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides II. 500 Lime carbonate .560 = .313 per cent, of lime. Magnesia .121 Phosphoric acid .223 Sulphuric acid not est. Potash (total obtained by fusion) .366 Soda (total obtained by fusion) .587 Silica (separated by fusion) 84. 000 Loss . 143 100.000 This sub-soil having been analyzed by fusion with the mixed .all^aline carbonates, and not by digestion in chlorohydric acid, as the other soils of this county were treated, could not be tabulated with them. The proportions of potash and soda given above appear large, as compared with those found in similar sandy soils by digestion in acids ; but these represent the total amount of these alkalies, contained not only in the soluble portion of the soil, but also in the insoluble silicates; the process of J. Lawrence Smith for the separation of the alkalies from sili- -cates, viz : fusion with a mixture of lime carbonate and ammo- Tiium chloride, having been employed in the above analysis. 61 62 CHEMICAL REPORT. H ■s <; § Q .R W ->* i-t f4 ^ P .Vi r rn •r kJ c'^ s*- ca .R P ^ ro » Q ). ^ <: g r/i }? ►-J O 1 rn fc; h ^ O U w -^ «! « U w en W H O •^ O H V o u r4 O O O O O O • • • ■ O o - " o C rt ri C S ■ o . o O i §-8 8^Sti«i?i":2,8 rDOOOOiJan^oq o ■ ■ ■ ■ o i i o ■ ■ c (J a c o • i "^^ r. f) vi w m 'J^i c:! U5 tn VI <§ PQ O d Q ' ■ ■ * o i: i: o i^ c rt ri c rf o o o to d o d o CO *^ -J-, ifi IX. f ^. w f s. J^ If. joooooc =ooo s 6 i 6 2; o o o o o 4J .;, ,; +J o o d * * ■* ' o -^ -^ "d C rt rt i^ o o CO (N o o d Ij A 8^ 1 ^SSSSSSSSSS s s CO 6 O O O O ^ -; ,; _■ O n-, o ro O ^-^ ?^ ^ '" o q o • * ' • o - -^ o ■ ■ " rt n - o o o -< o o b/) d 12; "~i00vO0lJ(^rt'"00 d ' " * * o ^ ■- o C ct ri a. o o 1- ro ! CO o z OOOOO^-oJoJ^-OOO ■ cs i-i wi CO " tfi r, , , !/, 'O rrioo Tj-OO-OOJrta^OOO O o -^ -" o C c: rt C o d 6 •z O O O O ^J ^; ,; jj O 6 * ' * * o -b i: o * ' ■ ' ^ ^ f. ^ ! 1 o (J s C (J u ki 'rC . s ci, • )-. rrl OJ -i=' C oi ■? ri c S S bjO ii.^S '■= ^ s > -o ° rt • SS ■ • • • -d '3 — c . " " . • . . 62 CHEMICAL REPORT. 63 fa 8 8 S'iS.SjS'S.g'JS, • ro in ■8 00 ? S 8 ■5 m" C4 in ' ' ' *j ' ' ' H d CT\ ^ 6 S B a !z; in tC, in \n invo ^ o\vo O 00 ' M -^M l-^tn t^CO M 0\ N , ^ Q, ^' t3 "■^ 0\ S tfl S 2" t^ N fn ij U3 o" fO ^' ■ " ' ' ' ' .g^ ' ■ " a c: B "A 8 CO oo^gNMbm-d- -? f- Ul ^ '0 m N V ^ " N "^ * " ' ■ ' ' 5s ' 8 "" M c c C 3 'Z m in .8 inmin^i-ir^ooo m in 3 a ^■ 2 % CO '^, "J in 6 =■ en -a c c G 'Z 10 5 5sO-o-rt^'rt;->-r^ir 8 & ^ ^ _; VO -1- MO"OrOo5ost^-« ". 1; y g "_ oi ^ c^' 8 •-' XI 6 c C B a 'Z, CO o- 00 Mo'lTo^o'S'^^^ 8 ^ jJ '0 2" \o rn (L, u c ■^ 4 "^ S" 8 ■^ 'uj 6 c - B Z > m in m m ^' cnvo m moo in t t^ ^ ■3 m ©""SNOi-r^inH 6 N ~ " ' *| ' ' '~ ' 6 G B 3 Z 'Si ^ in r- O-co^Oirnmoo a m 2 3 m 00 in M ^ r^so -^ ^ o\ "O ■^ rn ^ " ' '0 ' * '^ ' 8 " ^ d c C Z i 8 1 rm^PMi " S 8 S ^ ■3 d " ~ * ' "o M 8 " c 3 z to i .£■ in CO g ^ mvo m in - c?. w CO v6 t^ r-^00 --i-'O >£ - , 8 ■? jJ ^ 1 m (riOHSMMM-9--r c 6 '• '^ '"%'"£" 8 ■^ C B ■§> Z > ■ ? ^ ^ V s 2 2 •0 " N "^ o\ : 8 -' 3 6 d G "^ ~ C % 8 O-f-'n^iNOiinOQ'' S 8 In ^ - ■| m u 6 Z '*- c 8 c* B J3 3 s m N J f^oo 'n w r^'O " o« -»■ 1-^ moo • g. CO ■o ■3 '^ ^ N g N "_ H vo CO c 6 ^ !>. ~ cK' : 8 oi 'm z > ■ — ^- Sfci 3 s S . :| : • is . . . . . .'1^ "^^ d "o :ia.-: :?l rt S 3 ■3 > 'J t rt '-> 1! ~ w _3 "o c .'^ '-J 9. ■ y ^ . -:^.E a. _d c B c u .tJ iflfilllllll "3 b ^ C 1 (1 3 1 C/3 63, j3 8.300 35.180 76.284 2.361 .030 .180 .068 1.055 ■'5' 12.000 7-95> 52.926 4.792 210 180 425 355 143 400 580 10 30 Total . Iron, per centage . 35-519 100.080 53-399 100. on 37-04 Phosphorus, per centage , •135 .460 ■'54 Sulphur, per centage ■053 .059 .057 Silica, per centage . 33-700 7 .660 29. 160 These are good iron ores. No. 141 1 is more than usually rich in iron, but it contains more phosphorus than is desirable. [See Appendix for other iron ores of this counly.] -No. 1413 — Coal. ''From Tar Lick, Davis Creek, Edmonson cotmty. Five and a half feet thick. Collected by Prof. N. S. .Shaler. 65 66 CHEMICAL REPORT. A glossy splint coal, breaking into thin irregular laminae, with tar (petroleum) and fibrous coal — the remains of reedy leaves — and more or less fine-granular pyrites between them. No. 1 41 4 — Coal. ''Found on l\Iill brancli. Level of main Nolin coal. Collected by Prof. AL S. Shaler." Splint coal. Separates under the hammer into thin irregu- lar laminae, with fibrous coal, containing fine-granular pyrites between. No. 1415 — Coal. ''Fonnd 07i the surface. Has been longer' exposed and more ivcathci-cd t/ian the preceding. Jlill branch. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. No. 141 6 — Coal. "Froin Knob Lick, Dismal Creek. Geolog- ical level of viaiji Nolin coal. Collected by Prof. N. S. Sha- ler. A weathered specimen of splint coal, incrusted with ochreous- iron oxide on the surface. Separating into thin irregular lam- inae, with fibrous coal between. No. 1 41 7 — Coal ".-i/ Gross', one hundred and eighty feet above Bear Creek, Collected by Prof. iV, S. Shaler and y. R. Proctor r A splint coal, breaking into thin irregular laminae, with' fibrous coal and much fine-granular pyrites between. No. 141 8 — Coal. ''Shoal branch, Nolin coal. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler and /. R. Proctor." Splint coal, breaking into thin laminae, with fibrous coal and' but little pyrites between them. No. 1 41 9 — Coal. "Tar Lick Coal, branch of Davis. {^RLain Nolin coal.) Collected by f. R. Proctor. Five atid a half feet thick." A deep-black coal, with soft bituminous matter between the.- thin laminae, and but little fibrous coal or pyrites. 66 CHEMICAL REPORT. 67< No. 1420 — Coal. '' From Mill branch of Bear Creek. Average- sample, by P. X. Jfoorey Much of it breaks into thin laminae, with but little fibrous coal, and some fine-granular pyrites between. coMrosLrioN of these khisionson county coals, dried AT 212° F. No. 1413 No 14M No. 1415, No. 1416 No. 1417 No. 1418 No. 1419 No. 1420 Specific gravity . . ..282 ' 350 1.367 ■■3-15 ..429 -336 1-335 1-437 Hygrosco).ic mtiistiire ... Vulatilt: combustible matters . . Coke . . 2.30 32.10 65.60 3.60 33.00 63.40 3.20 33.80 63.00 2.60 33.80 63.63 1.20 39.00 59.80 3.66 35-14 61-20 4.06 33-24 6.!. 70 4.06 32,00 63.94 Total loo.txa 100.00 100-00 100. CK> 100.00 100.00 100.00 100,00 Total volatile matters . . Fixed carbon in the coke. . Ashes 35.40 56- 30 9.30 36.60 54.40 9.00 37.00 52.6., 10 40 36.40 53- 14 10.46 40.20 45 46 14 ^4 38.80 54-26 6.04 37-30 51.70 11.00 36.06 50.84 13.10 Total 100. CO 100 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 lOO.OO 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke ... Cellular, Spongy . Mod^r- atfh' Spongy, dense ' Dense Light cellular. Spongy. Light spongy. Color of the ash. Light li- lac-grey Lilac- grey. Lilac- grey. I.ifc'ht- grey. J).irk greyish- purple. Lilac- grey. Light lilac- grey. Grey- lilac. Per centage of sulphur 1.059 --'. lOI 2.9 = 3 2.425 8.685 2.706 1.670 4.938 Per centage of phosphoric acid. . not est. not est. not est . not est. 0. 178 not est. nut est. not est. These Edmonson county coals answer very well for the ordi- nary purposes of fuel, and those which do not contain an inor- dinate quantity of sulphur will doubtless answer well for the working of iron. No. 141 7, however, contains more than eight per cent, of this ingredient, and more than fourteen per- cent, of ashes, containing a notable proportion of phosphoric acid. Yet even this impure coal contains more than eighty- four per cent, of combustible matters, including part of the- sulphur (some of which, however, remains in the ashes com- bined with iron), and may answer for ordinary fuel. [For other Edmonson county ores, see Appendix.] Cast Iron from Baker Furnace. Some fragments from this. old furnace, which had been exposed to the weather for twenty 67 ■68 CHEMICAL REPORT. years, were collected by Prof. Shaler, for examination of its general quality. It is a fine-grained, light-grey iron, which is more tenacious and extends more under the hammer than most samples of best pig iron. Possibly it has been improved in this respect by its long weathering in thin pieces. The analysis of a piece of the pig iron from this furnace will be found in the Ap- pendix. [For Nos. 1421, 1422, and 1423, see Barren county.] FAYETTE COUNTY. -No. 1424 — "Surface Soil to depth of one foot, of a field which has Jiot been very long in cultivation, principally in hemp, of ivhich it no longer produces very good crops. Blue-grass land, seven miles from Lexington on the A^cwtozvn T2irnpike. Sub- stratum, Lozver Silurian blue limestone. Land of E. III. Cole- man." JlV/y is it not vci-y good hemp land ? Soil of a light greyish-brown color. It all passed through the coarse sieve, of 289 meshes to inch, except a small propor- tion of shot-iron ore and irregular fragments of chert. No. 1425 — "Soil to the depth of four inches from an old field fifty years or more in cultivation almost withoitt intermission, without manure of any kind, priricipally in hemp and corn, with occasionally small grain. Farm of R. Peter, formerly of the late Col. S. Me/'cdith, on the Neivtoion road, six and a half miles from Lexington ; blue-grass land. Sub-stratujn, blue limestone of the Lowcj- Silurian formation." Soil of a warm grey-brown color ; containing only a few small angular fragments of weathered and porous chert. This field was selected by my son, Benj. D. Peter, for some experimental agricultural operations, which he has reported to Prof. Shaler. ■ 68 CHEMICAL REPORT. 69- COMPOSITION OF THESE FAYETTE COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides. Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Sand and insoluble silicates. Water and loss Total No. 1424. 6.340 8.890 •745 .366 .550 .065 . 169 .057 81.467 1.556 No. 1425. 6-575 8 . 200 .440 .221 .3>6 .036 .247 .263 83.340 .362 Potash in the insoluble silicates 0.905 1.256. Soda in the insoluble silicates . . •S44 The apparent paucity of potash in No. 1424 may account for its failure to produce good hemp crops. As compared with the original virgin soil of the same local- ity, these soils contain much less organic matters {liiumLs), and' a smaller amount of potash, than that. These essential mate- rials are especially influential in hemp production, as the presence of these and of lime seems to be necessary to a vig07-ous growth of this plant ; the only kind of growth consid- ered profitable by our farmers. The current belief amongst our hemp-growers is, or has been, that this crop does not rapidly exhaust the soil, provided the hemp is spread for rotting on the field which produced it. The rotting process does undoubtedly restore to the soil, in an available condition for plant nourishment, a considerable proportion of the fertilizing principles which had been with- drawn from it in the crop ; but in the operation of braking the hemp, the hemp herds and rough tow being generally burnt on the spots where the process is performed, the alkaline and earthy ingredients of these become irregularly deposited, and much of the soluble fertilizing mineral matter of the ashes is- liable to be washed down into the sub-soil, to become for the time unavailable ; while a large quantity of vegetable matter, 69. 70 CHEMICAL REPORT. which ought to be employed in returning to the soil Xh^ humus, which has been destroyed during the growth of the crop, is converted into atmospheric gases by burning. The adoption of some plan by which our hemp-raisers may restore the organic matter of the hemp herds, &c., to the soil, in the form of liitiuus, would tend to retard the exhaustion of the hemp land. But there exists a prejudice among them that hemp herds are injurious to the land, which is probably not based upon fact. The itisoluble silicates left after thorough digestion of these soils in warm chlorohydric acid assisted by a little nitric acid, was found upon analysis by fusion, to contain quite a large proportion of alkalies. In both cases these silicates contained ■ ab 021 1 five tunes as iiiiich potash as was dissolved out from the soils by the acids. This quantity of the alkalies, in combi- nation in the insoluble silicates, so-called, is not immediatelv available for plant nourishment, but yet serves to prolong "the fertility of the soil ; for these silicates, although not easily decomposable by acids, are gradually decomposed by the atmospheric agencies, and especially under the influence of alkaline substances. Hence the application of lime, for instance, t:) s il of this kind, which has been measurably exhausted of its immediately available alkalies, may, b)' partial decomposition of these sili- cates, bring more of these alkalies into a soluble condition, und thus temporarily increase its fertility. These insoluble silicates, left after the acid digestion, when examined with the lens, exhibit small grains, which look like partly decomposed feldspathic mineral, sometimes of different tints, mixed with minute rounded or angular grains of hyaline and milky quartz, &c. These facts, especially that of the existence of so much potash and soda in these insoluble silicates of the soil, throw some light on the origin of soils ; as they tend also to aid us ■in scientific agriculture. ■70 CHEMICAL REPORT. 7I -No. 1426 — Quicklime, obtained by tlic calcination of limestone of some of the fossilifci-oits layers of the blue limestone of tlte Lowei' Sibiriaii foniiation. Cliff on Elkhorn Creek, northeast boundary of the above named farm. Also some milky calca- reous spar, p'oin a four to six feet ivide vein at the same locality, which luas mixed and calcined ivith the limestone. This lime, not perfectly calcined, was used on the experi- mental field above mentioned. Its composition was found to be as follows : Lime . . Magnesia Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides . Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid . . . . .... Carbonic acid. Potash Soda Silex and insoluble silicates . . .... "Water and loss Total . . .... 68.804 .241 4.565 .415 .446 11.450 1-330 .099 6.130 6.520 This lime was not submitted to analysis until after it had 'been exposed to the air for a few days. It will be seen from this analysis, that lime from these fossiliferous layers of our limestone may prove a valuable fertilizer, on fields which have been impoverished by too much cropping. For, not only will it, by its decomposing action on the insoluble silicates, render a new quantity of alkalies available for plant food, but its own considerable pro- portions of phosphoric and sulphuric* acids, and of potash and soda, will greatly aid in the amelioration. -No. 1426 — Calcareous Spar {above mentioned') from the vein, nearly vertical, in the blue limestone on North Elkhorn Creek, land lately belonging to R. J. Breckinridge s estate (^Bradal- bane). Analyzed by my son, Alfred M. Peter, as was also the quick- iime. *The considerable proportion of sulphuric acid given in the preceding analysis is probably partly derived from iron sulphide sometimes diffused in this limestone. 'J 2 CHEMICAL .REPORT. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Lime carbonate 96.610 = 54.101 per cent, of lime» Magnesia, carbonate . .401 Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides '-740 Phosphoric acid .057 Sulphuric acid not lsI. Potash -443 Soda .275 Silica and insoluble silicates .360 Lobi -1*4 This nearly opaque, milky calc. spar is much stained su- perficially with iron oxide, &c. The analysis shows a much smaller amount of phosphoric acid than is contained in the limestone layers ; but the proportion of alkalies, if no error is made, is quite considerable. WATERS ijF FAYETTE COUNTY. As is well known, the spring and well waters of this blue limestone region are what are denominated "hard waters," containing a considerable quantity of dissolved carbonates of lime and magnesia, &c. As a type of these limestone waters, that of a remarkable spring, the " Big Spring," on the writer's fann, about six and a half miles from Lexington, on the Newtown Turnpike, was selected for chemical analysis. This " Big Spring " is a perennial stream ot considerable force, boiling up in the bottom of a sink-hole, which is some fifty to sixty teet deep, and flowing through underground chan- nels and caverns a considerable distance, to be discharged into the North Elkhorn Creek. The water was taken after the long dry season of our late summer and autumn, and was remarkably clear; as it always is except after heavy rains. The temperature of it was noted during one of our late protracted cold spells ; and when the temperature of the atmosphere was at zero and only ten degrees above, it maintained that of fifty-three or fifty-four;, very little below the mean of the temperature of this region. The analyses of this water and of the waters of the bored wells given below, were made by my youngest son Alfred 7-2 CHEMICAL REPORT. 73; Meredith Peter, under my inspection, as a chemical exercise, and were very carefully and faithfully performed. The results show that the hard waters of our springs and wells might not only be fertilizers, when used for irrigating growing crops, but that, as was first noted by the celebrated Boussingault, they may supply to growing animals neces- sary earthy salts which may be deficient in their food. That,, especially, they may supply lime to animals fed on Indian corn,, which food is found to be somewhat deficient in this ingredient.. COMPOSITION OF THE BIG SPRING WATER IN lOOO PARTS. Held in solution by No. 1427. free carbonic acid. Lime, carbonate . 0.2027 Magnesia, carbonate .0227 Iron, carbonate .0027 Manganese, carbonate .0003 Alumina ... .0012: Phosphoric acid . . . . . .0001 Silica .0011 Total of sediment formed on boiling 0.230S Contained in the boiled water. Lime, sulphate 0.0208 Potassium, chloride .0012 Sodium, chloride .0018 Magnesium, chloride .0027 Silica ,0074 Organic matters .0086- Lithia a trace.. Total saline matters . 0.2733, The total saline matters amount to about sixteen grains ta the wine gallon of water. They are doubtless derived from the soil and the limestone rock. As was stated in the previous volumes of Kentucky Geolog- ical Reports, the water obtained in this region by boring into the limestone substratum is always more or less salt, and is frequently accompanied with gas (carburetted hydrogen), the flow of which, however, is not very durable. During the late- very dry season a number of borings were made in this neigh- borhood (near Lexington), with the same results; the water smelling strongly of petroleum, and sometimes of sulphuretted hydrogen, being always more or less brackish, and there being generally a temporary emission of gas. VOL. i.-CHEM. 6. 73. 74 CHEMICAL REPORT. The waters ot three of these bored wells were analyzed by my son (A. M. Peter), with the following results, viz: No. 1 42 8 — "Water from a bored well of Mr. SzUton's, about nincty-eiglit feet deep, on the Leestozvn road, near the Scott county line." A weak sulphur water. No. 1429 — ■" X\ \T]i\< fi'ojn a bored well of Air. Edward P. Gains, abo2i.t one hiindrcd feet deep, on the Georgetown Turnpike, about nine miles northwest of Lexington, near Doneraili" The water rose about thirty feet in the well. Specific grav- ity = 1.035. No. 1430 — " Water from a bored well, about ninety-six feet deep, on the farm of Ulr. Price AIcGrath, izoo and a lia If miles from Lexington, on the Kewtoum Tzu-npike." The water rose to within about twenty-eight feet of surface. Gas was evolved in considerable quantities during the boring. composition of these well waters. Held in solution by free carbonic acid. No. 1428. No. 1429. No. 1430. Lime, carbonate . . . Magnesia, carbonate . Iron, carbonate. . . . Manganese, carbonate . Phosphoric acid . . . Silica o. 1008 .0SS2 .0042 a trace. .0078 0.0104 .ooiN .0008 .oo;,S 0.17H .0053 .0062 .0005 .0002 .0017 Total sediment on boiling , o. 1S50 In solution in the boiled water. Lime, sulphate . . . . Magnesia, sulphate . , .Potash, sulphate . . . "Soda, sulphate . . . . Soda, carbonate . . . 'Calcium, chloride. Magnesium, chloride . Sodium, chloride . . , Potassium, chloride . . Magnesium, bromide , Magnesium, iodide . . Lithium, chloride. . . Total saline matters. 0.0541 •°355 .0600 .144S I . 9409 2.4363 0.6263 3,0246 2,9881 34-4313 .1883 .0157 .0096 .0181 41.318 o . 0309 •5794 ■7«37 10. 1040 .1120 a trace . a trace. a trace. 11.875a :74 CHEMICAL REPORT. 75 The water from Mr. Sutton's well smells strongly of hydro- ■sulphuric acid ; which was not estimated, because this could ■only be done correctly at the well. All these waters contain, in addition, a little orgmiic matter, and a little silica in the boiled water. The amount of saline matters in Mr. Gains' well water is remarkable, being about five ounces and a half to the wine gallon. The saline matters in quantity and in kinds resemble those of the oceans ; and doubtless had their origin in the ancient sea under which our rock strata were deposited. Another well bored by Mr. Wm. Adams, on his farm next .adjoining that of Mr. McGrath, gave water at the depth of .about seventy-eight feet ; which rose fifty feet in the bore. Much gas was blown out during this boring also. The water of this well contained 0.54 of saline matter in ithe thousand of the water; which, tested qualitatively, was found to contain sulphuric, carbonic, and phosphoric acids, ■chlorine, lime, magnesia, potash, iron oxide, and a trace of lithium. It doubtless resembles that of Mr. McGrath, but is weaker. It, like that, smells strongly of petroleum. Mr. Jno. Keiser bored to the depth of about two hundred .and sixty feet, on an elevated ridge on his farm, about six ■miles from Lexington, on the Newtown Turnpike, and obtained only a very small quantity of brackish water, which gradually irose to within sixty feet of the surface. Some of the borings, taken at various depths, were preserved for examination. They indicate the usual layers of limestone, with thin marly shales and occasional silicious beds, of the formation in this region. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 1^0. 1 43 1 — "Green Marly Shale /t^ot below the Arsenal at Frankfort. Bed about eight inches thick {Upper Cambrian Groups Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." A friable shale of a greyisji-green color. 75 1^ CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1432 — "Marly Shale. Same locality as the preceding, but lying above that. Collected by N. S. Shaler. Quite friable. Of dull olive and brownish colors. No. 1433 — " Marly Shale. Used as a paint at Frankfort, &c. Sent by Mr. James L. Sneed for analysis." Of an olive-grey color, with some brownish-yellow mixed. No. 1434 — "Marly Shale. From Armstrong fa^nn, Bridge- port. Geological position Cincinnati Group, just below the- siliciozis mudstone. In same position as the marl near New- port. Collected by Pi'-of. N. S. Shaler.'' Used for paint.- Said to be good for polishing ii^on, &c." Of a handsome light olive-grey color. COMPOSITION OF THE FIRST TWO OF THESE MARLY SHALES, DRIED AT 212° F. Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides . Lime, carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water expelled at red heat Silex and insoluble silicates Total No. 1 43 1. 100.08S No. 1432. 10.415 15-395 I 440 *.S75 800 2.29S 43 s .460 73 « .570 3 4SS 3-565 042 ■ 3>8 .■; 3 so 6.400 77 3 So 70.060 99.941 Per centage of potash in the silicates . 4.991 3-565 Per centage of soda in the silicates -654 •430 * Lime. These marly shales are remarkable for their large per cent- age of potash ; which probably may make them valuable for application to exhausted land of a light and sandy nature. A previous moderate calcination with lime intimately mixed,, might, if practicable, make them more available in this respect by setting free more or less of the potash locked up in the insoluble silicates. It will be seen that No. 1431 contains in 76 CHEMICAL REPORT. n all, as much as 8.479 per cent, of potash, and No, 1432 a total amount of 7.130 per cent. These, and similar marly shales, have been used as pig- ments ; for which purpose they are quite appropriate, if of an agreeable tint, as they will not decompose the oil with which they are mixed, are not readily altered by atmospheric agen- cies under such conditions, and contain nothing of a poisonous nature. Their use for scouring or polishing depends on the A^ery fine silicious sand contained in them. ■COMPOSITION OF THE LATTER TWO OF THESE FRANKLIN COUNTY MARLY SHALES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1433. No. 1434. "Silica Alumina Iron and manganese oxides. Lime Magnesia . . . Phosphoric acid. Sulphuric acid . Potash (total) . Soda (total) . . ■Carbonic acid . Water and loss . Total •;o 360 52.060 16 8ib 18.831 6 qQ7 9.200 8 736 3.666 91'^ 1 .210 217 •319 2 280 .920 .3 fj^.t 5.402 1 73' .720 8 304 7.673 100 000 100.000 Per centage of phosphorus .095 0.139 ■Per centage of sulphur. .912 .368 Although the sulphur and iron in these marls are calculated in these analyses as sulphuric acid and iron oxide, severally, a portion of each, not determined, is combined as iron sulphide. These two analyses are tabulated separately from the first two of similar marls of this county, because in these latter analyses the method of complete decomposition by fusion was employed, while the first two were analyzed by digestion of the marls in acids, and the subsequent fusion of the insoluble silicious ■residue for the determination of the total amount of the alka- -lies. The remarks appended to the first two apply equally to ■.these. 77 78 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1435 — " Water from a bored or driven well, near the Ken- tucky river. JVatcr stands about thirty-four feet from the ^?/r- face of the groiDid, zvhich is twelve to fourteen feet above low- water level in that river. The height of the ivcll water is affected bv that of the river. Used in the steam boiler of the Frankfort Cottoji Mill Company." The sample of the water, together with some of the white- powdery sediment and hard scale of the boiler, were sent to- the laboratory by Mr. JNIilton McGrew, President of the com- pany. Nothing had been added to the water in the boiler, and the sediment and scale had been taken out of the boiler after running with this water for two weeks. COMPOSITION OP THE WELL WATER IN lOOO I'AUTs. Held in solution in the water by the free carbonic acid deposited on boiling. Free carbonic acid not est. Lime carbonate 0.2493. Magnesia, carbonate .0032 Silica .0005. Sediment on boiling 0.2530. Contained in the boiled water. Lime sulphate o.iioo- Calcium chloride .0254 Magnesium chloride •OI74 Sodium chloride .0460' Potassium chloride .0142 Soda carbonate ■0413. Nitric and phosphoric acids a trace. Silica .0006' 0.2549 Total saline contents of the water, 0.5079 to the thousand, parts. The fresh water gives a slight alkaline reaction with reddened litmus ; the soda, stated as carbonate above, is doubt- less present in it as bi-carbonate. On examination of the white pozvdery boiler sediment, it was. found to be mainly lime carbonate, with about five per cent, of magnesia carbonate, two to three of lime sulphate, more thani one per cent, of alumina and iron oxide, with a trace of phos- phoric acid, a little silica, and traces of the alkalies. 78 CHEMICAL REPORT. 79" The hard boiler scale, on the contrary, was found to be mainly lime sulphate, with small proportions of lime and magnesia carbonates, and traces of silica, phosphoric acid, &c. It is evident that the hard scale, which is the most injurious to the boiler, may be prevented by the addition to the water of enough carbonate of soda, say in the form of cheap soda ash, to decompose the lime sulphate. This would probably cause the sediment to be wholly powder. No. 1436 — Sulphur Mineral V\f aty.k from a bored well, ninety- six feet deep, at Flcctiiwod Farm of Col. f. JV. Hunt Rey- nolds, near Frankfort. The water stands at about twenty-five feet from the bottom.. COMPOSITION OF THIS WATER. In 1000 parts. In a wine gallon {231 cubic inches),. Free hydrosulphuric acid gas Free carbonic acid gas . . . . 0-0343 parts. .2772 '' 1 .9981 grains,- 16.1730 " Held in solution by the free carbonic acid. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Iron and manganese carbonates . Total sediment on boiling .1397 parts. . 1029 ' ' marked traces. 0.242b 8. i35ograms. 6.0030 '' marked traces. 14.1380 Potash sulphate Sodium sulphide Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Calcium chloride Magriesium chloride Silica Organic matters Bromine, iodine, and lithium .2535 parts. •1057 I .0152 .0798 .0713 .0228 •0343 a trace, marked traces. 1 4. 7800 grains. 6. 1670 59.2140 4.6580 4. 1620 1-3330 2 . 0000 a trace . marked traces. Total 1 .8250 parts. 106. 4420 grains. A very good saline sulphur water, which may be useful in cutaneous and parasitic diseases, granular sore eyes, some forms of neuralgia and rheumatism, &c., &c., when employed 75' So CHEMICAL REPORT. externally or internally under the advice and direction of a physician. This water was analyzed by the writer, for Col. Reynolds, before the reorganization of the Geological Survey; but it has been reexamined recently in this laboratory, and, in addition to the ingredients reported to him, notable quantities, not quantitatively estimated, of iodine and lithium, were observed in it. The water acquires a yellowish tint on standing in bottles ; doubtless owing to the formatibn of sulphuretted sul- phide of sodium by the decomposing influence of the atmos- pheric oxygen on the hydrosulphuric acid. FULTON COUNTY. No. 1437 — Soil. Labeled "Sub-soil of an old tobacco field. The soil proper lias been i^-> J r Alumina 7-I79 Lime carbonate 4.050 Magnesia, carbonate 6.378 Manganese, carbonate a trace. Phosphoric acid .102 = 0.035 per cent, of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid .054 = .022 per cent, of sulphur. "Silica and insoluble silicates 14.450 = 11 .900 per cent, of silica. Water and loss .785 Quite a good ore of Its kind. No. 1445 — LiMONiTE Iron Ore. ''From fiorth side of Grind- stone branch of Rock Creek. Hill below Owen Whittrie s. Grayson co2inty. Collected by P. N. Jllooir." A porous and cellular limonite, varying in color from dark brown and steel black to reddish-brown and ochreous. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron, peroxide 27. 192 = rg. 344 per cent, of iron. Alumina . 4-299 Manganese, brown oxide. . a trace. Lime carbonate .410 Magnesia . .317 Phosphoric acid . . .249= 0.109 per cent, of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid .103^ .041 per cent, of sulphur. Water expelled at red heat 5-6°° Silica and insoluble silicates 61 .730 ^ 25 .500 per cent, of silica. Muibture and loss . . .100 100.000 This ore is too poor in iron and too silicious to be of much value. [See Appendix for other fjr.i\'sou county iron ores.] No. 1446 — Marly Shale. ''From Sunset Lick, a mile and a half west of Litchfield. Geological position the carboniferous formation. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." A friable marly shale of a greyish and brownish-olive color. This marl, when analyzed by digestion in acids, &c., gave the following results, dried at 212° F., viz: Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides Lime M.ignesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water expelled at red heat Silica and insoluble silicates Total 19-133 .269 •353 .267 .027 i:.9IO .052 6.230 71.580 100. S21 CHEMICAL REPORT. 85, The silica and insohible silicates, when sintered with lime carbonate and ammonium chloride, &c., &c., yielded 1.205 P^r cent oi potash, and 0.55 per cent, of soda, in addition to that given above as extracted by digestion in acids. So that the total amount of potash in the marl appears to be 4. 115 per cent, and that of soda 0.602 per cent. Some of the same marly shale, from this locality, subse- quently collected by Mr. P. N. Moore, was analyzed by fusion with the mixed alkaline carbonates ; sintering with lime car- bonate and ammonium chloride, &c., &c., and gave the fol- lowing results, viz: Alumina Iron and manganese oxides . . . Lime Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid . Potash Soda Water, &c., expelled at red heat , Silica Total 14.130 13-480, •538' .280 .204 4.625 .783, 6.000 60.060 loi .258 The apparent excess in the total may be partly due to oxidation of combined iron and sulphur in the marl, and prob- ably, also, to an over-estimation of the water. Its considerable proportion of potash might make it use- ful as a fertilizer on impoverished land, were this alkali all in an available condition. But the analyses show that a great portion of it is in firm combination, in the silicates insolu- ble in acids ; only to be released, and made available for plant growth, by the slow process of weathering, under the influ- ence of atmospheric agencies, humus, &c. Whether lime could be profitably employed to decompose these silicates- and set free the alkalies, is yet to be tried. The remarks given under the head of marly shales of Camp- bell and Franklin counties, as to their use as " mineral paint," &c., apply to this marly shale also. 85. ■86 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1447 — "Soft Sandstone; a viicaceo-iis, -iinccmcnted sand 7'ock, from Hlvsc Branch, 07i tlic Elizabethtoivn ami Padncah Railroad. Border oj Grayson and Ohio coimtics. J 'cry fri- able. Can be shoveled like sand. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler. Geological position carboniferous.'^ Of a light drab, or grey-buff color, consisting of small quartz grains, mostl)- rounded, some spangles of mica, some few grains of blackish and greenish ferruginous mineral, and a fine powder, somewhat ferruginous, which can easily be washed out from the quartz sand, &c., by water. Water disintegrates the lumps. This soft sand rock, dried at 2 1 2°, gave the following results, on analysis by acid digestion, &c. : Sand and insoluble silicates Alumina, ceilored with iron oxide Lime (estimated as carbonate)) Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water, &c., expelled at red heat. , Loss ... Total 87 .700 7 .040 . 100 .245 370 049 ■975 .401 3 .000 120 100 .000 This would 'undoubtedly answer well for the manufacture of -common glass. Its considerable proportion of potash, nearly one per cent, extracted by acids, has probably been mainly derived from the mica which it contains, while the phosphoric acid, also considerable lor a sand, has doubtless been mostly extracted from the dark greenish mineral. This sand would prove a useful addition to heavy clay soil. No doubt analy- sis by fusion would show that it contains a much larger pro- portion of potash than digestion in acids demonstrates. No. 1448 — Coal. Labeled ''Tar Lick Coal, Dismal Creek, Grayson county. Average sample, by P. N. Moore.'' Mostly in thin laminae, with some bituminous matter, fibrous 'Coal, and fine-granular pyrites between them. Generally of a wi(t'h «©ccasioiial ferruginous stains. -86 CHEMICAL REPORT. 87 No. 1449 — Coal. "Gravelly Lick, A filler s Fork of Bear Creek. Average sample, by P. A^. Mooir." Splitting into thin laminae, with a little fibrous coal and fine- granular pyrites between. No.. 1450 — Coal. '■'Near the School-house, on Brushy braftck of Calloivay Creek, IV. B. AfcGi-ew's. Collected by P. JV. Jlofl7r." Much weathered. TSIo. 145 1 — Coal {ivipnrc^ "Copperas bank, branch of H^mting Fork of Rock Creek, above the conglomerate. Collected by P. N. Moore." Mostly in thin laminae, some of which are shaly. Some fer- ruginous incrustation. TSfo. 1452 — Coal. "L. Higdons, Pearson s branch of Rock Creek. Below the conglomerate. Aboid fifteen feet above the limestone. Collected by P. iV. J/oore." A jet-black coal ; generally breaking into thin laminae, some of which are somewhat shaly. Not much fibrous coal or gran- ular pyrites apparent. Some ferruginous incrustation. No. 1453 — Coal (impure) "From Gum Spring Fork of Cane Camp Creek, Nolin Ftuniace property. Sample from above the slate parting only. Collected by P. N. Moore." A much weathered coal, in thin laminae, much tarnished with ferruginous and aluminous incrustations. No. 1454 — Coal {impure') "From same locality as preceding. Sample from below the slate parting only. Collected by P. JV. Moore." In thin laminae, some shaly; weathered dull and stained -with ferruginous and clayey incrustation. 87 88 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE GRAYSON COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1448. i\'n. 1449. No. 1450. No. 145 1. No. 1452. No. 1453. No. 1454. Specific gravity ... 1-305 1-395 1-346 ■■378 1.364 1.446 1.512 Hygroscopic moisture . . Vol. combustible matters . Colce 4-70 3' -40 63.90 4.14 30.52 65 ■ 34 6.26 32-44 61 .30 3-50 33-40 63.10 3.60 35.80 60.60 6.50 29. 10 64.40 4.40- 25.86 69.74 Total 100.00 1 00 . 00 100.00 100.00 I 00 . 00 1 00 . 00 100.00 Total volatile matters Carbon in the coke Ashes 36. 10 5 2 . 20 1 1 .70 34.66 50. oS 15-26 38.70 53 -So 7-50 36.90 47-50 15.60 39-40 49.40 II .20 35.60 49. 60 14.80 30. 2& 40.14 29 . 60 Total I 00 . 00 100.00 1 00 . 00 100 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke . . Spongy. Dense spongy. Light friable. Light spongy. Light spongy. Friable. Friable. Color of the ash . . Light brownish grey. Brownish giey- Greyish- salmon. Lilac- grey. Lig' t chocolate Light brownish Nearly white. Per centage of sulphur, . 1.945 3-565 1.476 2.041 3.158 0.818 0.777 No. 1455 — "Coal, reniai^kable for being found in the sub-car- boniferous limestone ; about sczenty-five to a hundred and twenty- feet below the Chester Group. Collected bv C. J. Korwoodi" A much weathered specimen ; spHtting easily into thin laminse, with very Httle fibrous coal or pyrites between. Some little ferruginous stain. 88 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION— SPECIFIC GRAVITY := 1.338. Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters Coke (light friable) Total Total volatile matters Carbon in the coke Ashes (brownish salmon-grey) Total . . 89 4.24 30.82 64.94 35.06. 55-52 9.42 Per centage of sulphur Interesting only because of its unusual position. GRAYSON SPRINGS MINERAL WATERS. These waters were mostly collected and tested qualitatively^ at the springs, by Mr. Jno. H. Talbutt ; who spent several days in this work and in the evaporation of a quantity of some of the principal ones, for the purpose of determining the more rare ingredients. The quantitative analyses were performed at our chemical laboratory in Lexington. No. 1456 — "Sulphur \\K\t:ev. from tlie Centre Spnno\ a natural spring, the most popular of the Grayson Spiings." Inclosed in a "gum" three feet deep and one and a half feet in diameter. Flows in a perennial stream, of about half an inch diameter. Gas bubbles up frequently, in moderate intermittent bursts. The water is of nearly a constant tem- perature of 61° F. ; clear, depositing in its channel a dark-grey slimy sediment ; and on the gum an incrustation varying in color from blackish and brownish to greenish and pinkish. The spring is about two hundred yards southeast from the hotel. Has a reputation as diuretic, aperient, &c., &c. Re- action of the recent water is neutral with litmus paper, but. when it has been partly evaporated it is slightly alkaline. No. 1457 — Sulphur W ater yrom the Moreman Spring. A natural spring, inclosed in a sycamore "gum" (twenty- two inches deep by eleven in diameter). Stream constant the 90 CHEMICAL REPORT. year round, through a three-quarter inch hole. Bubbles of gas rise intermittently. Sediment in the channel of overflow, whitish ; that at the bottom of the gum greenish-black, and slimy. Temperature of the water 66° to 67° F., nearly con- stant. Considered one of the best of the waters for cutaneous ■diseases. Acts pretty constantly as aperient. Reaction of the recent water, neutral. No. 1458 — Sulphur Water of the jMcAiee* Sulphur Spring: A natural spring (said to have two sources, one warm the other cold), located at the base of the hill, farthest of all from the house, nearest to the creek; near the bath-house. In- cluded in a wooden box, fourteen by twenty-two inches, and twenty inches deep. The flow is about sufficient to fill a half inch pipe. There is a slight intermittent evolution of gas. Temperature, said to be invariable, at 60° F. The sediment in the box is dark green, with much pinkish; slimy. The in- crustation on the box, greenish of various tints and shades. This water is not quite so strong as that of the "Center Spring." No. 1459 — Sulphur Water of the ''Stump Spring." A natural spring, included in a sycamore "gum," twelve inches in diameter and twenty deep. The flow is about a ■quarter to half inch in diameter. There is a slight evolution ■of gas in bubbles. Temperature of the water 64° F., said to be invariable. The sediment In the gum is blackish and slimy. The incrustation very slight, and nearly black. The taste of the water is sweetish-brackish. Reaction with litmus papers, neutral. No. 1460 — Sulphur Water of the ''far Spring^ A natural spring, nearest to the house (near the Stump and Big Gum Springs), included in a gum twelve inches in diameter * Called by Dr. Owen "Macatine." Volume I, Kentucky Geological Reports, page 270, 90 CHEMICAL REPORT. 9 1 and twenty-six deep. Flow of water from quarter to half an inch in diameter. Slight evolution of gas in bubbles, smelling strongly of sulphuretted hydrogen, as do all the others. Tem- perature of the water 63° F., said to be constant. Taste sweet- ish. Reaction, neutral. The sediment is dark-colored ; slimy. The incrustation on the gum whitish, with greenish and purplish tints. No. 1461 — Sulphur Water from the ''Eye Spring.'' A natural spring, included in a "gum" ten to eleven inches in diameter and twenty deep. The flow of water is about a quarter of an inch in diameter. Temperature of the water, 66° F., said to be invariable. (The temperature of the atmos- phere, at the time of observation, was 86° F.) Very little -evolution of gas bubbles. The sediment in the gum is dark, and slimy. The incrustation on the gum dark green, yellow- ish, and purplish, and dirty-whitish. Taste brackish. Reac- tion, ne2i,tral. No. 1462 — Sulphur WKi'E'Kfrom the " White Sulphur Spring,'' near the "Big Gum," and between it and the Moreman Spring, to the left of the walk. Flow about quarter to half an inch in diameter. A slight intermittent evolution of gas bubbles. Temperature 62° F., said to be invariable. Incrustation whitish. Sediment green- ish near the gum. Tastes and smells stronger of sulphuretted hydrogen, than any of the other springs. Reaction, neutral. Water not at present used. No. 1463 — Sulphur Whi'E'Rfrom the "Hymenial Spring." A feeble spring, situated about ten feet from the " Center Spring." Temperature of the water 65° F., said to be Invari- able. Sediment greenish-black, with pinkish portions, and slimy. Incrustation on the "gum" dark-green and dirty-white. Heaction, neutral. 91 92 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1464 — ^SuLPHUR WATER/rofn the "Rock Spring.'' The original spring of the group. Situated at the base of the hill. Flows out from the rock in a constant stream, which: might fill an inch pipe. Temperature 58° F., said to be invari- able. A whitish scum on the water in the channel of out-flow;, no gas bubbles evolved. Sediment bluish-blackish. Reaction, neutral. Not very strong in sulphuretted hydrogen. No. 1465 — Sulphur Water from an Artesian IVell, one tJioitsand feet deep, and six incites iii diameter, completed in 1865. Bored for "oil" on Hunting Fork, a tributary of Rock_ Creek, near Mr. H. Haynes', six miles from Grayson Springs, on the property of the Boston Kentucky Central Rock Oil Company, H. \V. Fuller, President. At first the water spouted twenty feet above the surface of the ground, from the two-inch tube. The tube is now out, and the hole has been widened for six feet down and cased with an eight-inch square wooden box. The water now flows out in a six-inch stream. Tem- perature 61.5° F. Gas is evolved constantl)- in large bubbles. The incrustation on the boxing, &c., is blackish, and is to be seen In the channel of the stream for half a mile down. The water is clear and colorless, and gives an allcaline reaction. A salt water stream is said to enter the well about one hundred and fifty feet below the surface. 92 CHEMICAL REPORT. 93 <:OMPOSITION OF THESE SULPHUR WATERS OF GRAYSON COUNTY IN looo PARTS. ^ame of spring .... Centre. More- man. McAtee. Stump. Jar. Eye, White Sulphur. Hyme- nial. Rock. Artesian No. 1456 No. 1457 No. 1458 No. 1459 No. 1460 No, 1461 No. 1462 No. 1463 No 1464 No. 1465 ^Specific gravity of water I.OQ22 I . 001 I I. 0015 I. 0016 not est, not est. not est. not est. not est. not tit. -Free carbonic acid gas . Free sulphuretted hydro- gen gas . . . 0.1950 .C200 0.1234 .0248 0.1500 .0203 0. 1650 .0410 0. 2020 .0265 not est. 0.0239 not est. 0.0270 not est. not est. not est. not est. not est, 0.0380 Lime carbonate . . Magnesia carbonate . . Iron, and manganese car- bonates and phosphates Silica 0.1736 a trace. .0027 .0022 not est. 0.1952 .0512 .0048 .0094 not est. 0.1806 .0002 .0078 .0028 .0022 0.2002 a trace. .0066 .0008 .0268 0.1632 ■0345 .0072 .0032 .0271 0. 1872 .0042 .0096 .oo,^6 .0096 0. 1832 .0018 .0096 .0104 .0090 0.1525 not est. 0. 1660 .0118 .0072 .0022 .0304 0.1360 .0228 .0106 Organic matters and loss .0038 Totalsedi'nt on boiling 0.1785 0.2606 0.1914 0.0342 0.2352 0.2132 0.2140 not est 0.2176 0. 1992 Lime sulphate ... ^■lagnesia sulphate . . . Potash sulphate . . ^oda sulphate . . Iron, manganese and alumina sulphates and phosphates . Sodium sulphide .... Soda combined with or- ganic acids . . Potash " " Sodium chloride . . Magnesium chloride , Silica - ... I. 1649 •5774 .0034 .0521 .0044 .0009 0.1898 .0034 not est. 0.4541 .3768 .0007 .0409 .0066 .0038 .0145 .0029 not est. 0.4528 .4616 .0024 .0126 .0192 not est. c. 629 1 .6093 .0023 ■0374 not est. not est. 0. 5078 •5781 .0045 traces. .0Z07 • 0,6683 •7542 .0017 .0147 traces . .0100 0.6505 .6522 traces. .0257 0001 .0085 traces . .0220 0.5946 .4704 .ODII .O28S traces. ,0059 I . 3044 .8778 not est. not Lst. traces. .0254 .0200 ■0053 .0760 .1059 .0192 .0226 .0084 .2960 .0060 not est. .0022 .0200 .0008 .2029 .0058 .0222 .o.= 8 .1777 .0032 not est. .0048 .1484 .0056 Organic matters and loss not est. Total saline matters . 2.0748 ..1609 1.3252 ^■5740 1.6260 . . 7960 1.7470 1.9974 ..4800 2.7084 Lithium, iodine and bro- mine . . traces. traces, traces. traces. not est. n.>t est. not e^-t nnt f-t not est. not i^st. Temperature ofsprtng,F. 61° b6°, 67O 60° 64° 6 660 1 2 f5° 5-'- 61 ^ 65° The small quantities of lithium compound, indicated in the above table, were detected by means of the spectroscope, after proper treatment of the saline residuum obtained by the evaporation of from ten to twenty litres of the water. The bromine and iodine traces could only be observed by the ap- propriate tests after a similar evaporation. The organic matters recorded in the table are composed of .apocre^iic and crenic acids and the singular substance called Baregine, from the fact that it was first observed in the sulphur water of the celebrated Barege Springs of the Pyrenees. This Baregi7ie is found in solution in many of the sulphur vwaters of the world ; more especially in the thermal waters. 93 94 CHEMICAL REPORT. On evaporation of such waters they assume a yellowish tint and leave a yellowish-brown residue, which, on calcination, gives out ammoniacal fumes and the odor of burnt horn ; leav- ing a very large proportion of ash, mainly silicious. This organic matter, approaching to the nature of the albuminoid or gelatinous principles, is what is called Barcgine. By exposure of these waters to the air this dissolved nitro- genous matter undergoes a change; becomes less soluble and forms a sediment, or deposit, in the spring and its channel, of a slimy nature, which is called glairine, and which is usually combined with other precipitated materials from the water, such as iron and manganese sulphides, lime and magnesia carbonates, free sulphur, &c., &c., and probably changes, by gradual decomposition, into crenic and apocrcnic acids, i rt 6 aj J3 G 8 Is >'2 e3 — c o — > c _ o O f- ■a S s 2 ri O 8 ■f C O 3 i o b Q 104 CHEMICAL REPORT. 105 These comparative analyses show how much the coal of a given bed may vary in its different layers in the proportion of sulphur, ashes, &c. These Greenup county coals are generally very good coals, well suited to the working of iron. Some of them, however, are rather too sulphurous for this purpose. A certain correspondence, not perfect, is to be observed in these coals, between their specific gravity and proportion of asJi, as is shown below : Specific ^ra\'ity. Per Cdtitage of ash. Specific gravity. Per centage of ash. 1 .250 7.98 1-355 II 03 I 289 5.40 36s 9.86 I .292 6.20 374 12.60 1 .300 7.06 374 13.00 I 316 7.10 3S9 10.90 1-335 9.00 389 12.00 1-345 6.60 420 12 .20 No. 1498 — LiMESTOXE. ''Average sample of the ferruginous limestone f'om Pea Ridge. Collected by /. A. Monroe." A compact, or fine-granular, brownish-grey limestone. Non- fossiliferous. Varying in tint. No. 1499 — Limestone. ''Sub-carboniferotis ; iised as flicx at the Raccoon Fnrnacc. From the head of Old Town Creek.'' A compact or fine-granular limestone, varying in color from' light reddish-grey to darker greenish-grey. Contains chert. No. I SOD — -Limestoxe. "Snb-carbo7iiferotis. Average sample of the limestone used as flux at Kenton Furnace. Collected by J. A. Monroe." A compact or fine-granular limestone, of a light-grey color. jSfo. 1 50 1 — Limestone. "Ferruginous. Buffalo Creek, Boone Furnace." A compact or fine-granular limestone ; grey-buff, varying in tint. VOL. I.-CHEM. 8. lOS io6 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY LIMESTONES, DRIED AT 212° F. Specific gravity No. M No. 1499. 2.680 No. 1500. 2.7CX5 No. 1501. 2.770 I^ime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Iron carbonate Alumina Iron peroxide Manganese oxide "Pho'^phoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash 'Soda Silica and insoluble silicates , Loss 88.140 ■797 .150 •385 3.760 .178 .044 .269 .240 5.960 .612 .152 .051 not est. not est. not est. 9.560 1 .702 92.050 .220 1.490 .128 .199 not est. not est. 4.460 1-453 60.750 25.656 3.420 4.167 •013 •315 not deter'd. not deter'd, 5.680 Total 100.00 100.000 Per centage of lime . 49-358 49-359 51.548 34.020 Per centage of phosphorus .077 .056 .005 Per centage of sulphur , .017 .079 . 126 These limestones are quite pure enough and quite good for use as flux in the iron furnace. No. 1501 is a magnesian lime- stone. The proportions of phosphorus and sulphur are low in all of them. Nos. 1499 and 1500 would yield a very pure -white lime on calcination. No. 1502 — Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "Lower block ore, near the level of the limestone ore. Alcorn Creek, Raccoojt Fur- nace." A fine-granular, dark-grey ore ; adhering slightly to the tongue. No. 1503-tf-CLAY Iron-stone. Labeled ''Blue kidney ore, locally replacing the main block ore; from drift one mile southeast from. Laurel Furnace." .106 CHEMICAL REPORT. lOJ A fine-granular ore, of a grey color more or less deep ; with •very thin incrustation of limonite ore. Some portions adhere .to the tongue. No. 1504 -^ Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "Main block ore, Amanda Furnace. Averaged by P N. Moore." A dark-grey granular proto-carbonate ore, with some dense irregular laminae of limonite ore. No. 1505- — -Clay Iron-stone. Labeled '^Conglomerate ore, 07t Darby branch of Clay Lick, Buffalo Furnace. Average sam- ple:' Principally grey granular proto-carbonate ore, with some limonite. IMo. 1 506-^CLAY Iron-stone. Labeled "Lovjer block ore," Wo- mack's bank ore. Old Town Creek. Sample from ore weathered six months. Collected by P. N. Moore. Mostly dense, dark-grey, fine-granular clay iron-stone, with ■some coarser grained and softer, with a little limonite. ]Mo. 1507— Clay Iron-stone. Labeled "Grey ore, or main block ore. Baker bank drift. Laurel Furnace. Averaged by P. N. Moore, from the stock pile. Identified by Mr. G. Coxe." Mostly proto-carbonate ore, containing many encrinital fos- ■sils, with some little limonite. -No. 1508— Clay Iron-stone. Labeled " Grey ore from under the hearth rock sandstone, near Raccoon Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore." Mainly brownish-grey fine-granular carbonate, with a whitish •cement. Contains some little bituminous matter. Incrusted ■somewhat with reddish-brown limonite ore. 107 io8 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY CLAY IRON-STONES, DRIEI> AT 212° F. No. 1502 No. 1503 « No. 1504 No. 1505 No. 1506 No. 1507 No. 1508- Specific gravity 3.2S0 3-297 3-263 Iron carbonate ... Iron peroxide 54-773 8.648 7.800 3.780 3.088 1 .204 -447 .29S 20.250 78. 722 .204 2.746 2.250 .380 .421 -505 1. 160 11.340 2.272 33-321 21 .270 4.991 .980 -439 a trace. .434 1.208 31-730 5.627 30.516 14.271 6-197 16.980 •591 a trace. .614 2-330 28.980 44-678 6.500 4.178 2. 230 1-903. a trace. .204 .250 36.880 3-177 1 00 . 000 55-258 13-468 .670 4.880 4-528 .660 -368 1 . 043 1 5 . 660 4-065 100.000 64.624 4-044 4-414 1-340 .836 not est. .2.7 -563 20.310 3.65a Lime carbonate. Magnesia carbonate . Manganese carbonate Phosplionc acid . . Silica and insol. silicates . Water, bituminous matters Total . 100.288 1 00 . 000 100.000 100.429 100.000- Per centage of iron . . . 29.851 38.146 30-975 22.270 26-073 36-103 33^627 Per centage of phosphorus. .195 .221 .189 .267 .089 .200 .095 Per centage of sulphur -105 -524 •483 .905 .104 .416 .225 Per centage of silica . 1S.560 9.700 29.520 27.360 34.360 13.360 14-440 Some of the carbonate ores, which contaui a larger propor- tion of iron peroxide, will be found described with the limonite ores. Phosphorus is in rather large proportion in Nos. 1502, 1503, 1504, and 1507, and sulphur exceeds in 1503, 1504, and 1505. Possibly some of this latter may be driven off in the process of roasting the ore. No. 1505, which contains the smallest proportion of iron, having nearly seventeen per cent. of carbonate of lime, may yet be profitably smelted, especially mixed with richer ores. No. i509-{-LiM0NiTE ''Limestone ore, Samuel WamocK s land^ Tygert Creek. Bed one foot thick. Collected by A. R. Cran- dall. Not an average sample.'' loS CHEMICAL REPORT. IO9 Generally of a dark reddish-brown, varying to blackish and yellowish colors. In irregular lamins. Adhering to the tongue. No. 1 5 10 — LiMONiTE. Labeled ''Average sample of lower Block ore, from branch of Tygert Creek." Varying in color, hardness, &c., from dark -brown, hard, irreg- ular laminae, to yellowish-red and brownish ochreous. Powder •of a brownish-yellow color. -No. 1 5 1 1 -I- LiMONiTE {with some proto-carbonate ore) ; labeled ''Limestone ore, Hood s bra^ich of Tygert' s Creek. Average sample. Used at Raccoon Furnace" In irregular laminae of various tints of yellowish and reddish brown, with some portions of clay iron-stone. No. 1512-j— LiMONiTE, &c. "Average sample. Poynter bank. Raccoon Furnace." Dark brownish-red fragments, mixed some of clay iron-stone. No. 1 5 1 3-jt-LiMONiTE. " Average sample of Two Lick ' Limestone ore,' Kento7i Furnace. Averaged by P. N. Moore, from the stock pile." Generally of a. dark-brown color, with incrustations of soft ■ochreous ore. No. 1514-I-L1MONITE. Labeled " Lower block ore," from Louder bank. Averaged by P. N. 'Moore. In irregular dark-brown laminae, with softer ochreous and grey material intermixed and incrusting. No. 1 5 1 5-y-LiMONiTE. "Average sample of Coon Fork Lime- stone ore ; taken from, the itnbur7it kiln at Kenton Furnace by p. N. Moore, a7td identified by Mr. Folson." A dense, chocolate-red ore, scarcely adhering to the tongue. Contains some iron proto-carbonate. 1^0. i5i6-l-LiMONiTE. Labeled "Shover drift Limestone ore. Average sample, by P. N. Moore, Kenton Furnace." 109 no CHEMICAL REPORT. A dense, chocolate-red colored ore, with but little ochreous- material. No. 15 1 7 — LiMONiTE. Labeled ''Limestone ore. Powder Milt Hollow, Kenton Furnace." In Irregular masses and laminae of a chocolate-brown color, with soft ochreous ore between. No. 1518-AL1MONITE. "Average sample of lower Block ore,, from fam,es Thojnpson s bank, Kejiton Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore r Laminae of dense limonite, with softer ochreous material' between, and some clay iron-stone in the interior. No. 15 19— Limonite. Labeled "Lower Block ore. Average sample from Alleit bank, Kenton Fzirnacc. Collected by P. N. JMoore." Irregular laminae of hard dark brown limonite, with much. brownish-yellow softer mineral between, and some whitish, clay-like substance, in the crevices. No. 1520 — Limonite, &c. "Main Block ore, locally changed tO' a very calcareous ore, Buffalo Furnace. Averaged by P. N. Moore." Ore partly of yellowish-grey iron proto-carbonate of a. crystalline-granular structure, not adhering to the tongue ; in parts changed into dark reddish-brown limonite, which adheres to the tongue. Contains some small scales of mica. and a few green specks (which may cbntain iron phosphide). No. 1521 — Limonite. Labeled "Main Block ore, Little Morton bank. Laurel Ftirnace. Averaged by f. A. Monroe." In irregular curved laminae of various thicknesses, differ- ing in color, from dark clove-brown, almost black, to reddish and yellowish-brown; with nodules and incrustations of softer! ochreous ore. CHE^[ICAL REPORT. lit No. i522^LiMONiTE, &c. "Average sample of Kidney ore, above the main Block ore. From the Buffalo Furnace stock pile. Collected by P. N. Moore.'' Dense dark and light-brown limonite, with a little ochreous ore ; mixed with compact or fine-granular grey clay iron-stone. No. 1523 — Limonite. "Main Block ore, Brushy Knob bank. Laurel Ficrnacc. Average sample, from the stock pile, by P. N. Moore.'' {Dcf ermine only iron and silica.^ Varying from hard dark-brown laminae to brownish-yellow ochreous ore. No. 1524-I-L1MONITE. "Kidney ore, OseJiton bafik, Latirel Fur- nace. Averaged by P. N. Moore. Identified by Mr. G. Cox." (Determine only the iron and silicai) Curved irregular laminae of dense dark colored limonite ore, inclosing nodules of compact clay iron-stone. No. 1 525-V- Limonite. "Rough ore, Darby branch of Clay Lick Creek. The upper of two lower block ores, Buffalo Furnace. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." (^Determine only the iron and silica.) Yellowish-brown limonite, mixed with grey iron proto-car- bonate ore. Both showing an oolitic structure. No. 1 5 26-j— Limonite. "Kidney block ore, or main Block ore. McAlister Point, Buffalo Ftirnace. Averaged by P. N, Moore." Mostly in dark, purplish-brown, irregular, curved laminae. (One small nucleus of partly decomposed clay iron-stone noticed.) No. 1527 — Limonite. "Rough block ore ; below the main Block ore, at Raccoon Furnace. Averaged by P. N. Moore." Mostly in irregular, curved laminae, with some softer ochre- ous ore included. 112 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1528— LiMONiTE. ''Lower Block ore, on J. Downies land. Old Town Creek. Averaged by P. N. Moore!' Mostly porous, ochreous ore, with some dense limonite lam- inae included. No. 1529 — Limonite. '' Limestone ore ; called slate ore.' Ridge between Cane Creek aiid Wilson Creek, Hunnewell Furnace. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." Mostly moderately dense, irregular laminae, of a handsome brownish-purple color, with some ochreous ore. No. 1530 — Limonite. Labeled " Lime kidney ore, Brjish Creek, Pennsylvania Furnace. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." Principally in irregular curved laminae, of a dark color; somewhat oolitic ; inclosing, and incrusted with, some little undecomposed clay iron-stone. CHEMICAL REPORT. ns -fe < O >■ H ;z o o •z w w o ■fd c« W ■K H O -iz; o o -o N t^ ►-" ^j-ioo t-^ t^ . r^ . Q r^ ■^ w o\ r^ t~-. N t^^ m u^ vn ■t}- ON M i-^ PO u-i ^oo^O'^^^c^>^'-| 'tw in N in ■*-+•• • ■ ' ro Td- Tt-M- (^ . vovo 8 ro ro o W N- ro • H— .-. • N :2 ■^ a> o\ . t-»oo ?; v£> r- U-) CO r^ PO M vr> t-- u-i vO t/i t-- r^ f^^^riOiO'-' l>-r^i>. ON N 4J o M ■ lO *- ON O 8 00 ^ ■* . rt -^ M oo 1 vo * r^ -; O '- r^vO ' O O ' r-» 't On u-l 8 f^ -t 1/1 •-• NO ro QJ Q O * 00 -^ ■ -i 00 d •J-) z vo . rt . "-■ ^ . ro C t^ O ' Ln O O u-ivO fll ' O O 't ON M u-» r^ ^ r^ rovo ro « HH rt O M ro 00' ON d ON • ^3 *-• * ON ro 8 ^ i w 1^ Tf . rt.ro ro r; ro VO r^ OOOrOQOO OO "o vO Tfco OO O r- . ^O 00 00 IJ-I a^ I>- r^ en On vOOroOvO" ro-« 00 N OJ d tN ' ■- ' O^ LO d _' f^ . . '-' . u-1 e m Tt-OONO^-^ OnO vy-1 lO 00 ONCO r-^ rt O t^ U) . ON'JD N rn tr OnOO u-»tJ-»M ON ro ° "I (U dJ \0 t-. »JO-JH- HH M O ■ vo r^ 8 On ■z •it c^ C . -1— . ro == C -t O " O O i-OOO vo ' Q O ■ CO MOO'tNO'^O O'O r^ CO -t LO (^ t^ n -T '-' "I'-fOOOOONro ONro rn -"^ ■^ "_ ^_< 6 tJ- (N M HH O 00 6 CO u-t , . - ^ fO ^ m ON'OOO'J^'^aJ '<^0 rj lo LO ■OOOCJt^Tf:/! ,0-JD vo ^ OO i_iONi-'CS — u Oni-o 9 \J~, u LO d r-* hH i-i o * M >j-i r— ^o . 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O — |"0'0 -t CO -1- LO On la O <-o "^ ""j — ro r-VD o oo " o ■"■ >0 LO CO -o 8 "-O 't o (^ . ^ CI -t ^ r^-'^OOOM — OO * 8 ? u^ o 8 t~^ y, 'O Tf ' 1 r-^ Lo Lo ro 1J-) LO cjro'J'V:; — — "riC4 L M MD •-n 6 * O ^ :zi >A ri ri y O q'^'t:;-::; — -c-o"3-3r3 • vO 'i- '^ 1-, 'u- 't- ':^ '- V. "■-' >j^ Li-1 (U '-J OJ 'U U OJ U oj OJ t^ V .-. ON ^ „• "TD ~ :z; O O O C O 3 O 2 -. 4 OO -i_ _ '-^ i_ ":_ "j- "■- 'i_ 'i- ON ;d -■ 8 LO cr> iJ '-I i; oj a> u -O ^ Q CO ^- "s- 'i_ ^ ^ ^1- - ■ "l. . CO i-O . <0 (L, 1J 'U 'U \j 1i -^ ^•^% 'tj "tj Xi X) % X> Xi 'Ij • ^ c -z -1- ^ oocoooooc o o ccdccc=:cd . a^ IN ON , ; o ■c> - o •■'■' O r M=. ^ -t ( o> >o o VJD LO r CO '• >o - ■* — O- O O u-i i-i ^ ;!- — ^ ^ 00 ■ CO O O — ONOO Q O N , ^O ONCO T)- ^ vf O -:^ . _ CO ON 8 f ON o\ LO ON r^M^OMDwr^-'M '■^ 1 ''1 cs NO ■^ CO N « Ln • s 00 ro O ^0 . "^ - . ■^ :z: tr iJ"' CJ ^' If c o o c o O o *X O 'U"_Q fj '^ '' ■- o &. CJ .- rt ^ OJ -^ a ." rt 3 §§llllll1ll HH >^ < S J rt Cm ry; '-_> Ol' -a t— c 0) c JU tin 114 CHEMICAL REPORT. II5, Although some of these ores contaui too much phosphorus to make tough iron, they are generally good and profitable. The intelligent reader can estimate their relative value by this table. [See Appendix for other Greenup county ores, &c.] No. 1 53 1 — Pig Iron. ''Hot blast, No. i FoiLudry. Probably made in 1872 or 1873, Buffalo Furnace. Collected by P. N. Jloore. Quite a coarse-grained, brilliant, grey iron. Yields to the file ; flattens a little under the hammer. No. 1532 — Pig Irox. "Cold blast, xVo. i Foundry, Btiffalo- Furnace. Collected bv P. N. Moore." A moderately fine-grained, dark-grey iron, which yields easily to the file. No. 1533 — Pig Iron. ''Silver-grey Jiot blast iron. Made when luorking very hot, so that it is very cold-short. Biffalo Fur- nace. Collected by P. N. Moore." A mottled, nearly white, silvery iron. Soft enough to yield' to the file, but quite brittle. Scarcely flattening at all under the hammer. No. 1534 — -Pig Iron. "No. i Foundry, hot blast iro7i, Ken- ton Furnace. Collected by P. N. Aloore. A moderately coarse-grained, grey iron. Hard, but yields, to the file. Extends considerably under the hammer. No. 1535 — Pig Iron. "Hot blast. No. i Foundry iron; made at the fifth casting after thirty-six hours stoppage, on full burthen. The third casting gave grey iron. Collected by P. N. Moore." A moderately coarse-grained, grey iron. No. 1536 — Pig Iron. "No. 2, Foundry iron; from Hunnewell' {formerly Greenup^ Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore." A moderately coarse-grained, grey iron; very hard, but. yields to the file. Extends considerably under the hammer. "5. II 6 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY PIG IRONS. No. 1531. No. 1532. No. 1533. No. 1534. No. 1535. No. 1536. SpeciKc gravity 6.825 6.944 6.872 6.897 7. 117 7.041 91.656 2.790 a trace. .084 4. 106 .600 -399 .168 .095 .086 .016 .695 .150 88.106 1.950 .570 .014 7-317 .900 .165 .128 -125 .048 .002 .76S .019 92.724 3-320 .660 .612 2.090 .300 .442 .184 . 190 .104 .004 .622 .046 91.668 2.950 92.368 3.690 Graphite . . . Combined carbon 3 620 780 056 877 120 060 ro4 082 048 041 609 037 Manganese . . . Silicon . , . Slag . •332 3-817 1.200 .128 .075 .122 not est. not est. -334 .041 .020 2.515 1. 130 .582 .048 a trace. .056 a trace . .6S4 .026 Calcium . . . Magnesium . . . Potassium . . . Sodium . . . Phosphorus . , . Sulphur . . Total 100.845 101.173 100. 112 lOI .298 1 00 . 667 loi . 119 Total carbon .... 2.790 4.400 2.520 3.980 2.950 3.690 [See Appendi,\ for other pig irons of this county.] -No. 1537 — Soil. "Surface soil, frotii near tlic top of Pea Ridge ; two hundred and fifty feet above tJie railroad at Hunnewell, one and a half miles southwest of hill to east. ' Coaled land.' Has a second growth of oak, with a few jnaples, hickories, pines, &c. Above the limestone of Pea Ridge. Collected by J. A. Monroe." Soil of a dark yellowish-grey color. The coarse sieve (289 meshes to inch) removed from it some fragments of ferruginous •sandstone. No. 1538 — Soil. Labeled "Sub-soil of the preceding, to eighteen inches below the siirfacc, &c." Of a brownish-buff color; containing nearly half its weight of irregular fragments of ferruginous sandstone, with ferrugi- nous concretions. No. 1539 — Soil. Labeled "Under clay to the two preceding, taken to three feet below tJie surface." -116 CHEMICAL REPORT. iir Clay of a brownish-buff color, with lighter colored portions intermixed. Contains a considerable proportion of fragments- of ferruginous sandstone and ferruginous concretions, but not quite so much as the preceding. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1537. No. 1538. No. 1539. Organic and volatile matters Alumina Iron peroxide . Manganese, brown oxide. . Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Soluble silica Sand and insoluble silicates W.\ter expelled at 380° F. . Loss Total Moisture expelled at 212° F, Potash in insoluble silicates Soda in insoluble silicates Character of soil 5.050 6.831 a trace. .116 .089 .058 .217 .055 Not estima 86.505 1 ,000 .079 ted. 030 595 '23 223 "5 017 231 097 565 685 319 5 -105 9.223. .091 •034 . 192 .019 .312 . I20- 84.695 .61J I .650 •775 100.406 2. 150. Not estima ted. Not estima ted. Coaled land Surf.ice soil Sub-soil. Under clay. These soils are of medium good quality ; they would be benefited by top-dressing with lime, and, if well drained, could be made quite productive by judicious management, the use of green crops, and other fertilizers. The surface soil is not as rich in the mineral fertilizers as the sub-soil and under clay. HARDIN COUNTY. No. 1540 — Soil. "Forty-five years in cultivation. Taken to the depth of eight inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Farm of H. B. Helm; three thousand two hundred and fifty feet west from Elizabethtown, and sixteen hundred feet to the 'Il8 CHEMICAL REPORT. right of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad (facing Paducah), twenty feet above the rail. Slope 1:25. On lime- stone substratum. Timber: elm, sycamore, shell-bark hickory, hazelnut, sumach, sassafras, dogwood, &c. Rotation of crops : lately, two years in corn; one in oats, with three in clover, followed by two in wheat. Yield: of corn, thirty bushels; wheat, fifteen to twenty; of oats, twenty-five bushels to the acre. The land has been kept in good order and has had •some straw manure. Soil of a dark drab color. The coarse sieve (two hundred and eighty-nine meshes to inch) sifted out a little shot-iron ^ore and small fragments of ferruginous sandstone. -No. 1541 — "Sub-soil of the preceding ; one thousand feet to the right of the railroad, and three thousand four hundred feet from Elizabcthtoicn, on the Elizabetlitown and Pad^uah Rail- road Twenty feet above the rail. Taken to the depth of from eight to tzaclz'c inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Of a lighter color than the preceding ; greyish-buff. Con- tains some fragments of chert and small quartzose and ferru- ginous concretions. -No. 1542—" Under Clav to the two preceding, taken at a depth of fom twelve to thirty-six viches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Of a lighter color than the preceding, and more yellowish. 'Contains some small fragments of weathered chert and ferru- •ginous sandstone, and small concretions of o.xides of iron and manganese. No. 1543 — "Virgin Soil, taken to the depth of eight inches. Farm of f. B. Brvan. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Four thousand eight hundred feet west from Elizabethtown, •on the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, and twenty-eight hundred feet from the railroad. Thirty feet above the rail. Substratum, limestone. Timber: post oak, black and red oak, ^hickory, hazel, sumach, sassafras, and dogwood. The soil in 118 CHEMICAL REPORT. II9 '.this neighborhood, cultivated carelessly, yields thirty-five bush- els of corn to the acre. Soil of a dark drab color. Contains a notable quantity of fragments of weathered chert and some of a fossil cyathophyl- lum. No. 1544 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, from the depth of fro?n eight to thirty four inches. The limestone rock is thirty-six incites below the sjirface. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Color lighter than that of preceding ; of brownish-buff. Con- tains fragments of chert, more or less weathered, and of fossils. -No. 1545 — "Soil of an old field, over forty years in cultivation without manure. Collected by C. S. Schenk. Seven thousand two hundred and sixty feet west of Eliza- ^ethtown, on the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, one thousand one hundred and forty-three feet to the left of that ifoad, and ten feet above the level of the rail. Slope ^ 1:70. Sample to the depth of eight inches. Timber: same as the ipreceding. Rotation of crops : wheat, oats, clover, &c. Yields, when well managed, thirty bushels of corn, fifteen to sixteen >of wheat, and twenty of oats, to the acre. Soil of a dark drab color. Contains only a few small frag- iments (chips) of flint. INo. 1546 — " Sub-soil of the preceding , taken fro7n eight to thirty- four inches from the surface. Collected by C. S. Schenk.'' Sub-soil of a lighter and more yellowish color than the pre- 'Ceding ; brownish-buff. No. 1547 — Virgin Soil, taken to the depth of eight inches. Col- lected by C. S. Schenk. Field seven thousand two hundred and sixty feet west from Elizabethtown, eight hundred and thirty-seven feet to the left of Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, and ten feet above .the level of the rail. Slope = 1:65. Has been cultivated one year in corn, producing forty bushels to the acre ; has been 119 I20 CHEMICAL REPORT. resting five years. Had no manure. Substratum limestone, at the depth of ten feet. Soil of a dark drab color ; contains no gravel, and very few small fragments of weathered chert and decayed vegetable roots. No. 1548 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at tJie depth of from ten to tliirty-four inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sub-soil of a handsome brownish-salmon color. No. 1549 — ^"Neav Soil, to the depth of cigJit inches, farm of Daniel Kliiioelsniith'' s heirs. Collected by C S. Schenk." Eleven thousand three hundred and fifty feet west of Eliz- abethtown, on the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, and two hundred and fifty feet to the north. Three feet above the level of the rail. Slope = 1:45. Substratum, limestone. Has been in cultivation five- years. Rotation of crops : two years in corn ; then one each in wheat, oats, and corn. Rented out land. No manure. Yields, of corn, thirty bushels ; of wheat, twenty ; and of oats, twenty-five bushels to the acre. Soil of a brownish, dark-grey color. Contains no gravel. No. 1550 — "Si;b-soil to the preceding, taken at tlie depth of from eight to tliirtv-six incites from tlie sniface. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sub-soil of a greyish-buff color. Contains some fragments of weathered chert. No. 1 55 1 — "Sun,, taken to the depth of eight inches, from an old field long in cnltivation ; rented out, and supposed to be ivorn out. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Land of heirs of Daniel Klingelsmith, thirteen thousand, eight hundred and eighty feet west from Elizabethtown, on Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad ; fifty feet to the right, on a level with the rail. Slope = 1:15. Rotation of crops: corn, wheat, oats, clover. Yields, of corn, seventeen bushels ; of wheat, twelve ; of oats, fifteen to sixteen bushels to the acre. No manure. CHEMICAL REPORT. 121' Soil of a brownish drab color. Contains some few small fragments of much weathered chert. No. 1552 — "Sub-soil to the preceding, taken at from eight to tliirty-iiine inehes from the surface. Collected by C. S. Sc/ieiik. Color much like that of the preceding soil. No gravel or chert fragments sifted out. No. 1553 — "Virgin Soil. Woodland. Farm of Harden Eng- lish, sixty feet tcest of the four mile-post, on the Elizabethtown.- and Paducah Railroad ; four feet above the level of the rail. Collected by C S. Schenk." Sample taken to the depth of twelve inches. Slope ^ 1:15. Timber : scrub oak, black oak, and black jack, generally of small size. Undergrowth: small sumach, sassafras, &c. Yield of such land is, of corn, eleven bushels ; of wheat, six; of oats,, eleven bushels to the acre. Dry soil of a grey-buff color. No. 1554 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, taken from tivelvc tcy twenty-six inches beloiu the surface.'' Collected by C. S. Schenk." Dry soil of a lighter color and more yellowish than the pre- ceding. No. 1555 — " New Soil, five years in cidtivafio?i, from farm of J. English. Collected by C S. Schenk." Sample taken to depth of eight inches, at a point two hund- dred and seventy feet west of the six mile-post, on the Eliza- bethtown and Paducah Railroad ; twenty-one hundred feet to- the left of the railroad, and at a level of ten feet above the rail. Slope =^ i:75- Timber: black, white, red, and post oak, hickory, chestnut, &c. Rotation of crops : two years in corn, one each in oats, wheat, and corn. No manure. Yield of corn, thirty; of wheat, twelve ; and of oats, twenty bushels to the acre. Dried soil of a drab color. VOL. 1,-CHEM. 9. I2f 122 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1556 — " Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at a depth of from eight to thirfv-six inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Dry sub-soil of a grey-buff color ; lighter and more yellowish than preceding. No. 1557 — "Soil from an old field, fo7'ty- five years in cultiva- tion. Snider s farm. Collected bv C S. Schcnk." Sample taken to the depth of eight inches, at a point thir- teen hundred feet west of the six mile-post, on the Elizabeth- town and Paducah Railroad, and twelve hundred and seventy feet to the left, at a level of ten feet above the rail. Slope 1:35. Section of the hole where the soil was taken: soil, ■eight inches; yellow clay, twenty-two inches; red clay, six inches. (The red clay land is consi;lered best in this part of the State.) Roots penetrate to depth of eight feet, where the rock is found. Rotation of crops : corn, wheat, oats. Has been four years in pasture, and the last two years in grass. Yield: corn, twenty-two; oats, fifteen to sixteen; wheat, eight; potatoes, fifty-five ; rye, ten bushels, and tobacco, eight hund- red pounds to the acre. Dried soil of a drab color. No. 1558 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at a depth of from eight to thirty-six iiiches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Dried sub-soil of a brownish-orange color. & No. 1559 — "Soil of an old field, forty years or more in cnlti- vation." Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sample taken to the depth of six inches, at a point two 'hundred and fifty feet west of the nine mile-post (Long Grove Station). Three hundred and fifty feet to the right of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, at a level of twelve feet above the rail. Slope = 1:19. Timber, much like that in preceding soils of this county. Rotation of crops, for the last nine years : four in corn, one in wheat, with three in clover and one in wheat. No manure. Yield: corn, twenty- two; wheat, eight; oats, fifteen bushels to the acre. Dried soil of a yellowish umber-grey color. CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 23 No. 1560 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at from six to thirty-six inches from the siirface. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Dried sub-soil of a dark grey-buff color. -No. 1 561 — "Soil of an old field, farm of E. Hansborough. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sample taken to the depth of five inches, at a point one thousand three hundred and twenty-seven feet w^est of the three mile-post ; eight and a quarter miles from Elizabethtown, •on the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad; one thousand three hundred and fifty feet to the left of that road, and level with the rail. Slope ^ 1:24. Timber much like that on the preceding soils. Substratum limestone, at depth of forty-five inches. Rotation of crops : corn, wheat, oats, clover. No manure. Yield : corn, thirty ; wheat, eighteen ; oats, thirty ; ipotatoes, forty bushels ; tobacco, eight hundred to one thou- sand two hundred pounds to the acre. One of the best farms in this locality. Land kept in good order. Dried soil darker than the next preceding, of a brownish- lumber dark grey color. No. 1562 — SvB-soiiu of the preceding. Sample taken from five to fortyfive inches below the surface. Collected by C. S. Schenk.'' Dried sub-soil of a light brick-red color. Somewhat adhe- sive. No. 1563 — "Soil of an old field, forty years in cultivation, without manure. Collected by C. S. Schenk. Sample taken to the depth of ten inches, at a point two hundred feet to the right of the seven mile-post, Elizabeth- town and Paducah Railroad ; level five feet above the rail. Substratum limestone. Slope = 1:50. Rotation of crops: corn, wheat, oats, clover. Land kept in good order. Yield of corn, twenty-five ; of wheat, twelve ; of oats, twenty bushels to the acre. Dried soil of a yellowish-umber color. 1 24 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1564 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at a depth of from ten to thirty-eight inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Dried sub-soil of a light yellowish-brick color. Somewhat adhesive. No. 1565 — "Virgin Soil, JVoodland, on Hanson Duncan's farm. Collected by C. S. Schcnk." Sample taken to ten inches in depth, at a point seven hund- red and sixty feet east of his house ; about eighty feet below the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad at East View. Rock substratum — limestone. Dried soil of a yellowish light-umber color. No. 1566 — "Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at a depth of from tell to forly-six inches. Collected by C. S. Schcnk!' Dried sub-soil of a light yellowish-brick color. No. 1567 — Soil from an old field, tivcnty-p'onr years in citltiva- tion. Collected by C. S. Schcnk." Sample taken to the depth of eight inches, at a point twelve hundred feet, north 50° east from Hanson Duncan's house ; one hundred and seventeen feet below the railroad at East View Station. Slope = 1:26. Substratum limestone. Rota- tion of crops: i. corn, i. rye, 3. clover, i. wheat. No manure. Yield : corn, thirty-five ; wheat, seventeen ; rye, six to seven bushels to the acre. Dried soil of a yellowish light-umber color. No. 1568 — "Sub-soil of the pi-cccdmg, taken at a depth of frorrt eight to forty inches. Collected by C S. Schenk." Dried sub-soil of a light yellowish-brick color. No. 1569 — "Virgin Soil, one year in cultivation, from sand land on Hanson Diincan s farm, near East View. Collected by C. S. Schcnk." Sample taken to the depth of four inches, at a point four hundred and twenty feet west of his house. Height level with 124 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 25 the roof of his house. Slope ^1:7. Substratum Hmestone. Timber about the same as described above. Land not much cukivated ; considered too poor except for peaches, apples, ■&C. ; but tobacco yields six hundred pounds to the acre. Dried soil of a yellowish umber-grey ; lighter colored than the preceding sample. No. 1570 — Sub-soil of the preceding, take7t at a depth of from four to thirty-six inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sub-soil of a light yellowish-brick color. No. 1571 — Soil from an old field, sixteen years in cultivation, on Hanso7i Duncan s farm, near East View. Collected by C. S. Sc/ienk." Sample taken to depth of six inches, at a point seven hund- red and fifty feet, north 20° east from his house. Height, six feet above his house. Slope =1:7. Substratum sandstone. In some years it has yielded eleven bushels of corn to the acre. Is now in orchard. Produces good peaches. Dried soil of a yellowish light umber-grey color. No. 1572 — Sub-soil of the preceding, taken at a depth of from six to thirty four inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sub-soil of a light brick-color, varying in intensity. Con- tains many angular fragments of soft, friable, ferruginous sand- stone. Note. — For a continuation of this serial collection of soils, made on or near the line of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, by Mr. C. S. Schenk, see Grayson and (Jhio counties. 125 126 CHEMICAL REPORT. O O in o Oin — oo .; OmO — Or-.ciOo^'^^'-'O-t- Q o j-j* > u-1 ■^ a\'-icot-'cS"-"cnr^O o M OJ aJ o ;3 d CO 8 M o o C3 :z; '"' UO in -to M >JD • c^'0 in O ■ r^ o ^ -t 3 m CO romm^ u-ics - O u^ in \0 -t 'U »n r^(N>-.i-.^MOc)00 o 'O CO -1" u:: X ro OO ' i * ^ d d -3i 5^< rt '-^ o G d o Oi^. -t-l--0-n -^ LO i^-i-co -"Or* O^Ln':^|-n !>. t^ 00 ri n « ^ CO o ^ ^ fl OO CJ V ■f 6 5: M CO * ' i ' ■ ^o' ' d ^ o t:' -£ rt OO o ^ i = X o Lnin-':o -OsonOO ' t^ o ■r. ^• in coThini-irt^OioM rj- in 'o >-i C4 O ^ r. i 4 ■O *^ v^ KH • d J ■^ "^ rt 00 o '^ Z CO in -f O i>.vD ,' "O O in O " ri 1-1 v£) "-1 ?-^ invO N O . O -« : W M ONM3 ro Q _■ CO 0^ o 00 o (U •S: 6 en hH -^ ro • d IH o o ri ^ . O - r. inmc^ ■ ^ot^rno O o o o O CT- ^^j ij-. .-^ O c) -1 Lo cs g o ro r^iN--^. -;i«O^Oi-' in "i O 1^1 ■ r^ r^ O invO Q 8 _• M C- C -t '•1 ,■-; i-i ro -^ M 0\ tr O — — — 1- ;ri-ooooi^rn °. t-^ OJ ■J A d 'Z. M C> ^ ^o 8 o O rt 00 s G X O m inoo -+ ■ CO ^, i^, O --1 g m r-. O — ■ O ■^ in O r. 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LO i-n QOO'tJ-Tt-.J'NrOLom-^ rn ON N Ov c*l u ■^ rovo r^ M O ir^ »j-i w o ON t-^Ni-i'-rt'^O'-'ONM 9 vo flj OJ % N (v^" ' * ' r3 ' n ' o W o O :5 c5 00 o E C X O ONOOPO-tror^OOW O uoMu-iON?^"'^ChLoa o lO o f^ S u-i ^ O 00 VO r^ 'oj l-l HH roNOO^MOr^ON- O Th LO ro -o m vOOoO'^-ooioOOO LO >- Tj-oioi'-'^iroONONr' o ^ o ^ 1) U o" W On ' -^ vo d w o O ^ rt «= o == C CO LO __; U-l 00 ON !>. -^ r^ ?< iJ-i rovo j^ O TfO^roQ:00O<^^ ON TfOO O On u ON IN <-■ r-. ON o LO o W} o HH o N ■u QJ ^- ■ • • - n d HH 00 -^ CO d (N =1 z; t^ ^ o = C O) p-j "-0 O vo O t^NO „; ro >J-i "-o LT) r* ^ R LO 2. LO i-o M r^O t^ ?< md O vD f^OCC CO Th ■^ ON Onh-.n-O^'-'O^Oni- ° WJ ■^ vO =: o ^ -■ -■■■;■■ a ■ 8 1-1 " > ^ OJ • ifl • (U c • aj rt OJ 2 h? • S s . O u. 4, g 1 1 " SS £ o< ^ 5 T 'u c C p- 'Z. r c -^ • ^ r * Oh C/:' X ^ h- o "o a u o u £ S 3 "o C -C C Xi 1 'o C OJ 'c W- C )- a, c r 127- 128 CHEMICAL REPORT. ■fc O ■W a lO O 1^00 N • ro ■j'l O l-Tl r^ 11 u-1 tl ^ ■j u-i f.\ r^O ^>o O iJoo Tj-'i-ci CO r-. 11 --/: «£) !>. O o -t ™ to Q rj 'x « " d ^; X l-H i-nO O r^r~^-- f-r, r-\ o ^ o N O r-~ 00 O \jD ro u^ •- (NOOhh^^iMOoO-:!- ZT " ° LT) OS II (M r^ — C-. O l-l d ct <^ o 3 Z X O 'w t^ r^ -t .-! — LO ~ J^ . ^, I! " -t ™* -t vC-f'-i-H — ;:;ciOr^r~ . § 1 1 r ll -t c fl -i- ^ -- d i i 'Ex ^ ! h > c/f ^'' 1 yi 5j \ l 5 ^^o -=^ x o d ct ^- o = C ~ 2: i X i_r, U-, u-, X '■r ,■ C/t ^ i-r-, — o g { O O _■ CS ro -t HH - ^ h- C ^^.OJ o 1 LO 'o o c^ T "---J rr- J- ' — ' r^ -i ' ^ ^ - .5 ^> ct ^" c L 'EV >c > • tr • ■ ■ . r^ 1 . X. 1 o 1 • 1) 1 1 . OJ • • y 1. i t- C • rj- OJ rt — £ ■ ■ hL, ■1 s-^ • • '[/; ^ i • • \ -^ D "c ^ ^ o -3 ^ ^ r: OJ >^rt ."'5 3?^^^ ^ a. '7 OJ '~I r. 1 1~ a; o rt ' C <^ 1-^ »< -^ X ;:;- x x .-' — — X U 128 CHEMICAL REPORT, 1 29 For the other soils of this series, collected along the line of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad by Mr. C. Schenk, see Grayson and Ohio counties. The remarks appended to the Grayson county soils will apply to these with some obvi- ous local variations. HENRY COUNTY. No. 1575 — Galena. ''From Roberts' lode, 7iortIi opening. Carefully averaged, by Prof. N. S. Shaler." Cubical and granular galena, disseminated in white, compact, baryta sulphate; with some zinc blende (zinc sulphide). The galena was selected from the mixed lumps, simply for assaying to determine the presence or proportion of silver. No. 1576 — Galena "From Roberts' lode, south opening, &c. Like the preceding; but containing a larger proportion of galena. The galena was selected from the lumps for analysis. Fused with the usual flux of carbonate of soda, nitrate of potash and salt; the former. No. 1575, gave 72.70 to 76.585 per cent, of lead; the latter. No. 1576, gave about seventy-one and a half per cent. This does not of course represent all the lead existing in the selected galena, but is supposed to con- tain all the silver. The well washed lead buttons were dissolved, severally, in dilute nitric acid; and to the very much diluted solutions a solution of lead chloride was added. The former. No. 1575, gave a faint precipitate of silver chloride on standing — not enough to justify its extraction; the latter gave no sensible precipitate of the silver chloride. These ores seem, therefore, to be too poor in silver to pay for its extraction. Another specimen of lead ore, from an unopened lode, on Mill branch of Six Mile Creek, contained so small a propor- tion of galena to the baryta sulphate that it was not thought proper to analyze it. JMo. 1577 — M.AK'LY Shax-F. or indurated marl. " Qd of the Cum- berland and Ohio Railroad, Fmifience, Henry county. Col- lected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." 129 I30 CHEMICAL REPORT. An olive-grey, indurated marl ; containing nodules of chae- tetes, and portions of other Silurian fossils. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Silica Alumina Iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water expelled at red heat, and loss Total 23 . 700 ■ 7.146 1 1 . 040 44.560. .310 1 . 164 .961 2. 100 .623, 8.396 The large proportions of lime, potash, phosphoric acid, &c., in this marly shale, would doubtless make it valuable as a top- dressing on exhausted light soils ; but it is not rich enough in the mineral fertilizers to justify much expenditure for trans- portation. HOPKINS COUNTY. No. 1578 — Coal. "Mr. IJ^iii. Mills' coal, just partially opened. Nortonsville, Hopkins county. Collected by C. J. NorK^ood. (^Probably not a fair avci-agc sampled) Generally a jet-black, glossy coal ; breaks in part in thin layers, with some compressed fibrous coal between. Some- thin laminae of pyrites apparent. (Specimen seems to con- tain an inordinate proportion of pyrites.) No. 1579 — Coal. ''St. Charles Mines. Average sample, by C. J. AWzvood." {Coal D.) A jet-black, glossy coal ; iridescent in parts. Some fibrous coal between the laminae, and but little appearance of pyrites. 130 CHEMICAL REPORT. 131 COMPOSITION OF THESE HOPKINS COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 157S. No. 1579. Specific gra\'il\' 1.448 1.322 3-40 30.00 66.60 3.20 35-90 60. go Volatile combustible matters Coke Total 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters .... . , . , Carbon in the coke ... Ashes 33-4° 51 . 10 15-50 39.10 54.00 6.90 Total 100.00 Character of the coke Spun^jy. l.i-ht sp .11^7. Dark };i c\ ■ purpii-. Light lilac- grey. Per centage of sulphur 7.2S0 2-759 No. 1579 is a very good coal, containing but little earthy matter and a moderate proportion of sulphur. The other ex- ceeds, the average proportions of these; but is not probably a fair sample. It is well known that coal beds vary greatly in their different layers ; and this may prove to be a good coal when the bed is fairly opened. No. 1580 — " LiMONiTE, ochreous, from near St. Charles Mhies,. Mr. Norton's land. On the working coal. Collected by C /. Norwood. Flat kidney-form concretions, of a handsome brownish-yel- low color, of different shades. Easily scratched with the nail ; adheres to the tongue. i3»^ 132 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide Alumina Manganese oxide Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Water expeiled at red heat . Silica and insoluble silicates. Loss Total 5° 5 at 3 I .850 .462 race. 129 546 198 1 89 530 680 416 Per centage of iron 35-595 Per centage of sulphur . .075 Per centage of silica . Per centage of phosphorus . . . .0S6 This is rich enough to be smelted for iron, and might make a good ochre pigment on grinding. KENTON COUNTY. No. 1 581 — " SiLicious Grit at first toll-gate, two miles from Covington, on Lexington Turnpike. Col lee ted by Prof. N. S. Shale)-." A brownish-grey, ferruginous impure sandy mass. No. 1582 — " SiLicious Grit from same locality as preceding. Used for moulding sand. Collected by Prof. lY. S. Slialer." An impure, reddish-brown friable sandy mass ; infiltrated with iron oxide ; varying in tint from grey to deep brown. The sand grains are rounded. 132 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 3 J. COMPOSITION OF THESE KENTON COUNTY GRITS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1581. No. 1582. Silica Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides. Lime carbonate Magnesia Potash Soda Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Water expelled at red heat 77.460 75.700 16.500 15-793 .480 .660 . 121 .214 .828 .847 .580 .762 not est. ■639 not est. not est. 4.500 5. 100 Total 100.469 99.716 The amount of alkalies contained in these impure sands is somewhat remarkable. They exist in them, however, mostly in the silicates which are insoluble in acids ; and were sepa- rated in the analyses, by the process of fusion with the mixture of lime carbonate and ammonium chloride, &c., according to the method of J. Lawrence Smith. Notwithstanding the una- vailable condition of these alkalies, these sands might prove useful additions to heavy clay soils, more especially because of their notable proportion of phosphoric acid. For this pur- pose, however, they could only be employed in the close vicinity of their beds, as they would not pay for long trans- portation. No. 1583 — "Clay, szipposed to be in tlie Cincinnati Group of the Loi^.'cr Silurian formation. Lcxi7igton TiLrnpike, two miles south of Covington. Top section fust below that of the preced- ing grits. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." A laminated or shaly clay of handsome light-buff and bluish- grey colors, alternating. No. 1584 — Clay. "Clay-pit at brick-yard. Head of Russet street, Covington. Average of tlie ni7iefeet section. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." A yellowish ferruginous clay; mottled with light bluish- grey; containing fine silicious grains. 133- •J 34 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1585 — Marly Shale, ''liinction of the Oliio and Licking rivers, hvclvc feet above low ivater mark. Cincinnati (^Undson River) Group. Collected by Prof. N. S. Slialer." A fine-grained, dark-grey shale ; dull; adhering somewhat to the tongfue. No. 1586 — Marly Shale. Labeled ''Fine shales, between im- pure limestone ; five feet above low water mark. IVhitehall. No fossils. Collected by Prof. N. S. Shale?-." A soft friable shale ; dark-grey in the fresh fracture ; adher- ing to the tongue. COMPOSITION OF THESE KEXTON COUNTY MARLY CLAYS AND SHALES DRIED AT 212° F. No; 1583. No. 15S4 No. 1585. No. 1586. Silica Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate "Magnesia ■Phosphoric acid "Sulphuric acid Potash . ... Soda Water expelled at red heat .... Total .... 56.400 29.971 .760 1-514 .166 not e^t. 3-53S ■551 7 . 100 68.360 22.256 1 .000 1. 181 .258 not est. 2.139 .906 3.650 43-461 21 .000 27 .040 .6S0 .607 not est. 2-447 -915 3-S50 47.160 22.850 20. 140 .840 .128 not est. 2.301 ..590 5.200 99.750 1 00 . 209 These marly shales would undoubtedly be valuable for top- dressing poor light soils in their vicinity, notwithstanding most of their alkaline ingredients are in a state of combination which renders them, for the present, unavailable for plant nourishment. The gradual action of the atmospheric agencies and of humus, as well as that of the lime, will eventually bring them into a soluble state. The latter two may be considered the best for this purpose. No. 1587 — Limestone. Labeled "Blue argillaceous limestone. Low ivatcr mark. IVhitehall, near Covington. Collected by Prof N. S. Shaler." A fine-grained, dark-grey limestone. Not adhering to the tongue. 134 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 35 COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. — SPECIMC GRAVl'I Y = 2.72O. ,Lime carbonate 64.240 = 35.974 per cunt, of lime. Magnesia carbonate 6.152 Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides 4.960 Phosphoric acid .191 Sulphuric acid not est. ■Potash .643 Soda .260 Silex and insoluble silicates 23.860 100.306 This limestone, like most of the layers of the Lower Silu- rian limestone (or blue limestone, so-called), is, in consequence of its large proportions of alkalies and phosphoric acid, pecu- liarly suited to agricultural purposes. The use of this lime, in the calcined state, upon our old fields, if properly managed and applied just before the clover crop, in a rotation, would ■doubtless be quite beneficial in restoring fertility. LAWRENCE COUNTY. .No. 1588 — "Coal. No. 3, ''From ]\IcHe7iry s coal bank, six miles sotith of Lo2iisa. Average sample, by A. R. Cra7idall." A jet-black coal, with very little fibrous coal and no appear- .ance of pyrites. No. 1589 — "Coal. A^o. i, from F. Swetmans bank, Brtishy Creek. Collected by A. R. Craiidall." A jet-black coal, with some little external earthy or ferrugi- >nous staining, and but little fibrous coal or pyrites. .No. 1590 — Coal. No. i, ''From near Henderson, Boggs ]\Iill, Canes Creek. Collected by A. R. Cr and all." Rather a dull-black coal, breaking into thin laminae, with "fibrous coal between, but with little appearance of pyrites. Some external ferruginous stain. No. 1 59 1 — Coal. No. 2,- "Holbrook's coal. Brushy Creek. Col- lected by A. R. Crandall." Rather a dull-black coal, breaking into thin laminae, with ;fibrous coal between, but with little appearance of pyrites. ■35 136 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1592 — Coal. No. 3. "Mr- Boggs bank, one mile from mouth of Cane' s Creek. Upper portion of the coal. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A jet-black coal, with some fibrous coal between the laminae, but with little appearance of pyrites. No. 1593 — Coal. No. 2,- ''Mr. Boggs bank, &c., &c. Lower portion of the coal. Collected by A. R. Crandall." Breaking into thin laminse, with fibrous coal between. Some external ferruginous incrustation. O LMl'MSniO-\ <.IF THESE LAWRK.VCK O )U.\'TV CO.\LS, AIR-DRIED. X.., 15SS X-. 1589 N"o. 1590 No. 1 59 1 No. 1592 No. 1593 Specific gravity . . 1.316 1.2S1 •-376 1-349 >-35° 1.284. H>',L;ro^cr)|)ic moisture VuUtile LDiiibustible ni.ilt'^rs . Coke .... 4.60 35-7" 59-70 5.10 35 -.^lO V) -60 100.00 3-30 35-16 61.54 1 00 . 00 2. ro 33-90 64 . 00 1 00 . 00 2.iO 38.56 58 . 94 100.00 2.50 39.00 58.50 Total . . . 10 1.00 100.00 Total volatile matters. ...... Carbon in the coke. . . . A^lle, Total 40.30 53.28 6.42 100.00 40.40 ^7 .So "i.So I 00 . 00 38.46 47-84 ■3-70 1 00 . 00 36.00 56.00 S.oo 1 00 . 00 41 .06 5' -44 7-50 I 00 . 00 41.50 54.76 3-74 100.00 Character of the coke .... Spongy. I,i-ht spiin^fy. Dense spuliLjy. I'riable. LiK'it spongy. Spong). Culor of the ash. . . I.iuht lilac-grt-y Light '.^l■c^'-buft. D.irk lilac-^rt-y Velluw- ish-white Crey- purple. Brownish grey. Per centage of sulphur . 1 ,080 0.736 2. 109 0.736 3-785 1 .066- With one or two exceptions, as is readily to be seen, these are remarkably good and pure coals, which will compare favor- ably with the best Ohi*.) and Indiana coals. It is interesting to notice in the above table the nearly con- stant relation of the specific gravity to the relative proportion of ash, to-wit : 136 CHEMICAL REPORT. 137 In No. 1589 the specific gravity is i .281 ; per centage of ash 1593 1588 1592 1591 1590 1.284; 1.316; 1-350; 1-349; 376; I. So, 3-74 6.42 7-5° 8.00 13-70 This relation of the specific gravity to the proportion of the ash is not constant In coals generally. No. 1594 — Red Hematite ''Found on top of hill near Lojnsay Laivrcnce county. By A. R. Crmtdall." Nodular lumps, of various sizes, of very hard, dense, dark colored ore, with hardly any soft ochreous material. Powder of a brownish-red or maroon color. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 4. 1 84. Iron peroxide 80.004 = 56.028 per cent, of iron. Aluiuina 3 . 474 Manganese, brown oxide .250 Lime .360 jNIagnesia .396 Phosphoric acid -I72 = 0.075 P^*" cent, of phosphorus^ Sulphuric acid .055 = .020 per cent, of sulphur. Silica and insoluble silicates . 14.200 ^ 13 .500 per cent, of silica. Water and loss 1 .089 I 00 . 000 The red hematite is an exceptional ore in the coal measures, but is found in abundance in the Clinton Group. LIVINGSTON COUNTV. No. 1595 — Galena. ''Froin Rovall Mines, Mineral Point, Cum- berland river. Taken one Iiundred and twenty-five feet from the surface ; sloping azvay from the river. Collected by Prof N. S. Shaler." The galena is mingled with colorless and violet-colored fluor-spar. No. 1596 — Galena. ''From same mines, taken forty-five feet from the surface, &c., &c." The galena, separated from the gangue, of both these sam- ples, was reduced by the usual flux and tested for silvei. VOL. I.-CHEM. 10. 137- 138 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1595 gave a button of lead weighing 79.34 per cent, of the weight of the galena, and No. 1596 one which weighed 79.052 per cent. These were severally dissolved in diluted nitric acid and tested for silver by the addition of the watery solution of lead chloride to the diluted nitrate of lead solution ; and in neither case was more than a minute trace of silver chloride obtained. So that these galenas cannot be profitably worked for the ■extraction of silver. LYON COUNTY. No. 1597 — " LiMONiTE iron ore from old SiLiuannee Furiiace, Big Showing. Siib-carbonifcroiis. Collected by P. A\ Moore." A dense, dark-brown limonite, in irregular laminse, with a small amount of investing soft ochreous ore. No. 1598 — LiAiONiTE. "Old Smvannce Furnace. Ba7ik close to the furnace. S^ib-carboniferotis. Collected by P. N. IMoore.'' A dense, dark-brown ore, in irregular laminae, with some brown hematite and soft ochreous ore. Some cherty nodules. JMo. 1599 — "Limonite, ivith occasional thin layers of brown hematite. Old Sjrwannee Furnace profcrty. Railroad cut. ,Stib-carbonifcrous forniatwn. Average sample of tJie ore in the railroad cut. Collected by P. X. Moore." A dense, dark-brown limonite, with thin incrustations of ibrown hematite and some soft ochreous ore. .No. 1600 — Limonite. "Old Suwannee Furnace property. Inm JMoiuitain bank. Sn.b-carbonifcro2is. Average sample^ by P. N. Moore." Generally in dark-brown irregular laminse, with some yel- lowish and brownish ochreous ore, and occasional small nodules ■of chert. 138 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 39 ■COMPOSITION OF THESE LYON COUNTY LIMONITES, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide Alumina ^Manganese, brown oxide . . Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosplioric acid Sulphuric acid AYater expelled at red heat. . rSilica and insoluble silicates 'Moisture and loss Total No. 1597. 59-37° 1 .622 .090 .170 . 100 .179 .508 8.400 30 . 000 100.439 No. 1598. 70.518 .045 .190 .090 a trace. .275 •"3 9.850 18.910 .009 100.000 No. 1599. 66.117 1 .064 .170 .090 a trace. •434 .213 9.800 22.330 100.218 No. 1600. 69.392 a trace. . 170 .140 a trace. •303 a trace. 9-55° 20.500 100.055 Per centage of iron. 41-559 49-363 46.819 48.574 Per centage of phosphorus. .077 ■'44 iPer centage of sulphur .045 .083 iPer centage of silica 26.800 18.160 2 1 . 1 60 19.660 In volume 4 of Reports of Kentucky Geological Survey, old •series, may be found the amount of the analyses of other anaterials from this old furnace, beginning at page 209. Quite rich ores, and very good, except those which show a large proportion of sulphur or phosphorus. For an account of the analysis of the water contained in the interior of a geode of "pot ore," see the Appendix. MENIFEE COUNTY. No. 1 60 1 — Coal. " Sub- conglomerate , forty feet above the sub- carboniferous limestone. Hawkins Creek, near the line of Powell county. Menifee county. Average sample, collected by A. R. Crandall." No. 1602 — Coal. ''Sub-conglomerate, fo7dy to forty fve feet above the stib-carboniferous limestone, nea7'' the month of Glady Creek, on LedfordJ s land. A thin bed. Collected by A. R. Crandall.^' 139 140 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1603 — Bituminous Shale. ''S^l,b-conglomerat^ (^mistaken for coal). Tivciity to twenty-two feet thick ; immediately above the sub-carboniferous limestone. Average sample, by A. R. Cran- dall." A friable shale, resembling some kinds of cannel coal, of a dull brownish-black, with some thin ferruginous incrustation. Fracture irregular; sub-conchoidal. COMPOSITION OF THESE COALS AND THE SHALE , AIR-DRIED. No. 1 601. No. 1602. No. 1603. Specific gravity ... I-319 not est. not est.- Hydroscopic moisture 2.94 33-06 64.00 2.66 34-04 63-30 2.80. 15.20- Total I 00 . 00 100.00 Total volatile matters Carbon in the coke, &c Ashes .... 36.00 56.60 7-40 36.70 50.24 13.06 1 8. 00 24-30 57-70 Total 100.00 1 00. 00 Character of the coke, &c DeiiM-. Dtnsf. Pulverulent Color of the ash LiKht brown ish- grc-y. D.irk lilac-giL-\'. White Per centage of sulphur 0.997 4.092 not est. Some of the sub-conglomerate coals are found to be quite good. The bituminous shale described above, however, hardly contains enough combustible matters (having only eighteen- per cent.) to make it available for fuel. Samples of various rocks and minerals were brought to the laboratory by Mr. J. M. Vanarsdall, from this county, from the vicinity of Glady Creek ; consisting of iron ores, pyrites, marly clay, zinc sulphide, &c., with some small globules of a white metal which he obtained from the ashes of the furnace of the 140 CHEMICAL REPORT. I4I ■so-called "James Kirk's silver mine." The metal contained tin and copper, and the furnace was probably used by counter- feiters, who, selecting out-of-the-way regions for their opera- tions, seem frequently to conceal the character of them by the pretense of working a silver mine. This county has not as yet been thoroughly examined by the Geological corps ; and doubtless contains much more mineral wealth than is indicated by these few analyses here ■reported. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. No. 1604 — "Quicklime. Star Lime Company s lime. Burnt at {or 7iear) JlJt. Sterli^tg. Obtained from Williai7tson & Bro., Lexingto7iy Not remarkably white, presenting an oolitic structure in ■some of the pieces. COMPOSITION. Lime Magnesia ... . Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash "Soda Silica and insoluble silicates . . . . Total 98.301 .092 • 747 .023 not est. .012 .oil .814 100.000 This analysis, made by the youngest son of the writer (Alfred M. Peter) under his inspection, indicates a degree of purity which fits this lime for all purposes of construction, ■except, perhaps, for the whitest finishing coats in plastering. MUHLENBURG COUNTY. -No. 1605 — LiMONiTE Labeled "Iro}i ore from near No. 4 entry. Airdrie Fui^nace. Averaged by P. N. Moore." A porous, yellowish, and deep brown ore. JNo. 1606 — LiMONiTE. "Iron ore from ferry M. Hopes land, near Mtiddy river. Average sample, by P. N. Moore, of the stcrface limonite from the ^lpper part of the bed." A cellular limonite (fossiliferous), of a bright yellowish-brown •color externally, with darker, hard, curved laminae included. 141 142 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1607 — LiMONiTE. ^' Ore from the lower and middle parts' of the bed. ferry Hope s land, &c. , &c. Average sample,, by P. N. Moore r A porous, brownish-yellow, fossiliferous ore. No. 1 60S — LiMONiTE. ''Jllartin ore from near Greenville. Average sample, by P. N. Moore T A cellular limonite, with ochreous incrustation, &c. No. 1609 — "Roasted Ore f^om the Airdrie Fnrnace stock pile. Has been zocathcred seventeen years since roasting. Collected by P. N. Moore." Apparently a " Black-band ore," so-called, originally. The roasted ore is of a dark, reddish-brown color, varying to lighter tints. Some portions are cellular, as though they had been, fused. COMPOSITION OF THESE MUHLENBURG COUNTY LIMONITE IRON ORES,, &c., DRIED AT 212° F. Specific gravity Iron peroxide Alumina Brown oxide of manganese . Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulpliuric acid Water expelled at red heat . Silex and insoluble silicates Moisture and loss Total No. 1605. 3.246 63.048 5.290 .090 .680 •930 • 147 . 112 12.430 17.250 100.077 Nu. 1606. 60.492 7-075 .360 1 .980 1-550 .083 .1S5 12-530 15.560 .185 No. 1607. 46 5 Sfi6 9JO 103 S35 073 179 059 5io 530 175 No. 1608. 69 546 914 230 4S0 9-1 "5 216 250 730 No. 1609. 3.652 59.S10- 2.972 720 263 27O' --3 065 200- 29.8S0- 100.403. Per centage of iron 44-133 42-344 32.806 48. 822 41.867 Per centage of phosphorus . . . .064 •035 .078 .050 .097 Per centage of sulphur -044 .074 .024 .086 Per centage of silica 1 6 . 500 1 3 . 660 32.860 .026. 25.26o> * Lime. 142 CHEMICAL REPORT. 143' These Airdrie Furnace limonites are all good and profit- able ores, which would )'ield a good quality of iron if properly- smelted, as they contain but a moderate proportion of the injurious ingredients, phosphorus and sulphur. Although it is probable that the "roasted ore" was from the so-called "Black-band ore" (bituminous clay iron-stone), it is properly tabulated with these limonites. The analyses of other similar iron ores from this region are detailed in the previous volumes of Kentucky Geological Reports. I^See volume i, pages 345, and 346, and volume \, page 229.) No. 1610 — Clay Irux-stone. BituminoiLS. So-called "Black- ba7id" ore. From the Airdrie Furnace stock pile ; ivcathcred seventeen years. Not roasted. Collected by P. N. Moore." A shaly ore, varying in color, in layers, from nearly black to dark grey-brown. No. 161 1 — Clay Iron-stone. Bituminous. Labeled ''Slate iron ore, from Buckncr Furnace. Weathered thirty years. Average sample, by P. N. Mooi'el' A Black-band ore, of a dark umber-brown color, varying in tint. Shaly, and containing carbonaceous matter. No. 161 2 — Clay Iron-stone "From the lower part of the bed at Jerry Hope s bank, 7iear Uluddy river. Collected by P. N. JSIoore. A rough, greenish and brownish, fossiliferous and silicious carbonate ore. 143 J44 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE CLAY IRON-STONES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1610. No. 1611. No. 1612. Specific gravity . 3-376 not deter'd. not (ieter'd. Iron carbonate Iron peroxide Alumina Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Manganese carbonate Ptiosphonc acid Sulphuric acid Silica and insoluble silicates . . . ^Vater, bituminous matter, and loss 47 810 9-054 5 205 3 740 7 180 797 179 =37 17 010 8 788 42.950 29.618 2.454 2.490 4.828 1 .0S3 .083 1.596 9.030 5.868 26 . 643 18-374 6.548 13-430 5 -698 a trace. .211 .185 22.230 6.681 Total 100.000 Per centage of inni 29.418 36.916 27.136 Per centage of phosphorus . .078 ■035 .092 Per centage of sulphur . . .094 .638 .074 pPer centage of silica 1 2 . 900 6.220 20.660 These clay iron-stones are not very rich in iron, except the one (No. 1611) from Buclcner Furnace, and this has a large proportion of sulphur. The others are probably too poor in iron to be separately smelted with profit; but they might be mixed with richer ores with advantage. Other analyses of the so-called Black-band ores of this region are to be found in volume I, Kentucky Geological Reports, pages 346 to 350. It will be seen, by reference, that these vary in their propor- tion of iron from 31.17 to 36.80 per cent, of the ore. [No. 13 14 — ^" Limestone from Barren river, near the month of Jasper Creek. Used formerly as a flux at Airdrie Furnace." (^See Bjitler eountv. ) ] JSIo. 1613 — Clay ''From Ross coal mines, Oiuensboro Junction. i^Fire-clav below the coal in the lower drift.) Collected by C. f. Norwood.''' A dark-grey, soft, shaly clay. 144 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 45 COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. ■Silica 63.180 -Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides 26.281 Lime . 203 Magnesia .255 Phosplioric acid .179 Sulphuric acid 3 . 282 = i . 3 1 2 per cent, of sulphnr. Potash 2.000 Soda .425 Water expelled at red heat, and loss 4-195 100.000 Much of the sulphur and iron doubtless exist in the clay, not as sulphuric acid and iron oxide, but in combination, as iron sulphide. The considerable proportions of potash, lime, magnesia, and iron oxide may prevent this from being a very refractory clay ; although it may very well answer for the manufacture of stone-ware and ordinary fire-bricks. -No. 1614 — Pig Iron. (Silver-grey.) "An old sample, from a former smelting at Airdrie Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore. -No. 161 5 — Pig Iron. (Silver-grey.) "From a former smelting, Airdrie Fzirnace, &c." No. 1616^" Pig Iron {silver-grey,) &c., &c., as above. ;No. 707 — (See volume 3 Kentucky Geological Reports (old series), page 340, for an analysis of a somewhat similar pig iron from this furnace, made when the furnace Avas in blast.) '45 146 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE AIRDRIE FURNACE PIG IRONS. Nn. 1614. No. 1615. Nu. 1616. *N.). 707. Specific gravity 6.826 .826 7.7S2 7 . 007 Iron Graphite . . Combined carbon ]\I.inL,^rnese . . . .Silicon Slrig Aluminum . . . C.ilciunr .... Magnesium . . . Potassium .... Sodium Phosphorus . . . Sulphur . . . . 86.636 .900 z.oSo 85. 704 260 .123 .045 ■035 not (.St. not est. ■235 . 104 not not 455 4N0 5(10 til 16 747 460 098 089 017 ist. est. 443 122 Total 100.334 100. 167 86,842 .740 1 .460 ■355 8.6[4 2.360 .054 . 1 12 .05!) not est. not est. • 1-3 . 122 88.426 1.360 . 190 .980 6. 216 3.090 .099 not est. .059 .091 .209 219 lOO.S^tb Total carbon. 2.040 1.550- * Of old series of Reports. The analyses of these samples of the pig iron of old Air- drie Furnace show Inordinate proportions, in all of them, of silicon, slag, phosphorus, and sulphur; which caused the very bad quality of the iron, as they all tend to make it brittle, whether hot or cold. But the examination of the ores, lime- stone, and coals of the neighborhood of this furnace, shows that, with due care in the s(,'lcction ot these materials, and a proper management of the furnace, as good iron could be produced by it as by any using pit coal or coke for fuel. It appears that, in its early working, the limestone used for flux was very sulphurous, containing much pyrites ; that the manager had too strong a preference for the so-called " Black- band" over the limonite ores, which former frequently contain much sulphur and phosphorus ; and that, moreover, the blast was too slow and too hot — conditions which all tended to the production of impure iron. An account of the examination of some of the coke used- formerly in this furnace is appended, as follows : CHEMICAL REPORT. 147 No. 161 7: — Coke. "Airdric Furnace coke, weathered sixteen years; made from the No. 12 coal. Collected by P. N. lUooir." COMPOSITION, air-dried. Hygroscopic moisture (expelled at 212° F.) Moisture, &c., expelled at red heat . . . Dry coke Total 7.50 4.20 88.30 Total moisture and volatile matter . . . Fixed carbon Ashes, of a light yellowish-grey color . Total II .70 82.90- 5-40 Per centage of sulphur . 0.64 The ash of this coke was also analyzed. composition of the ASH. Per cent, of the coke. Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides Lime Magnesia Phosphoric acid . . . , Sand and insL)luble silicates Loss Total 0.40 ■ ■34 .18- .08. 4.32 .08 5.40. The analysis of the coal of which this coke was made is given in the following (Nos. 1618 and 16 19): No. 1618 — Coal. "A^i?. 12 of Owe7i. Airdrie Furnace, near No. 4 entry. Average sample, by P. N. Moore.'' A deep-black coal, with some thin shaly laminae. No. 16 1 9 — Coal. "No. 12 of Owen. From the old stock pile, at the entrance of the drift ; where it has been weathered for sixteen years. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." Like the preceding, but altered somewhat by weathering. 147. '1 48 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1620 — Coal. "Average sample of the lowest division of the bed at Paradise mines. Airdrie Furnace. {^A^o. w of Owen.^ By P. N. Moore." A bright, deep-black coal ; with but little fibrous coal be- tween the layers, but containing small bright crystals and incrusting scales of iron pyrites. No. 162 1 — Coal. "Average sample of the middle stratum of same beds of Paradise mine. By P. N. Moore." A pure looking, deep-black coal, with shining fracture; showing less fibrous coal and iron bi-sulphide than the pre- ceding. No. 1622 — Coal. "Average sample of the 7ipper stratn^n of Paradise mine, &c. By P. N. Moore." Like the two preceding; having a shining fracture, like that of asphaltum. Very little fibrous coal or pyrites to be seen in it. No. 1623 — Coal. " From j\hi,ddy river coal mine. Averaged by P. N. Moore." A deep-black, glossy coal, with but little fibrous coal or pyrites apparent in it. Like the Paradise mine coal. 14S CHEMICAL REPORT. I49- COMPOSITION OF THESE AIRDRIE FURNACE COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1618. No. 1619. No. 1620. No. 1621. No. 1622. No. 1623. 1.278 1-33- I-331 1 .326 1.274 Hygi'oscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters. . . . Coke 3.60 3' -40 65.00 4.70 30.60 64.70 4.20 36. 10 59.70 4.10 35-90 60.00 3.60 38-70 57-70 3.80 32.70 63.50 Total loo.oo I 00 . 00 lOO.OO 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters Carbon in the coke 35.00 58.50 6.50 35-30 58.80 5.90 40.30 50.50 9.20 40.00 53-60 6.40 100.00 42.30 53-70 4.00 100.00 36.50 58.60 4.90 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of coke Dense spongy. Dense spongy. Spongy. Spongy. Spongy. Dense spongy. Color of ash Lilac- grey. . Light lilac-grey Darlv lilac-grey Dark lilac-grey Light lilac-grey Bro-ivnish. salmon- grey. Per centage of sulphur 1.438 1-455 4-573 4-394 3-158 1.923 It appears that the No. 12 coal contains the least sulphur, while the No. 1 1 coal of the Paradise mine is quite sulphurous, the upper stratum being the least objectionable in this respect. They are all very good coals for ordinary uses, and might be measurably purified from sulphur by careful coking, and thus probably made available in the iron manufacture. The coal of the No. 12 bed of Owen is, however, preferable for this pur- pose. No. 1624 Coal. ^^ Ross coal mine. Oweiisboro Jimctio?i. Top bench; above the clay parting. From the upper drift. Aver- age sample, by C.J. Norwood." {Coal A. ^ A jet-black coal, with fibrous coal between its thin laminae, and but little apparent pyrites. 149 150 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1625 — Coal. ''Mercer coal mines. Louisville and Pa- ducaJi and Soitt/ra'cstcrn Railroad. Collected by C. J. Nor- 2i])ic moisture Vi")laLilc LMiiibustible matters 3 ■ 50 35.00 61 .50 3.00 3b . 20 r.o . 80 3.00 33-5° 63.50- Coke Total 100.00 I 00. 00 100. 00 Total volatile matters Carbon in the coke Ashes 3S.50 5- -5° 9.00 30.20 53-70 7.10 36.50 55-10 S.40 Total 100.00 1 00 . 00 • 1 00 . oa Character of the coke Light '^poiii.y. Light ^|.ol|gv. Color of the ash Light brownish- grey. lilac-grey. Lilac-grey. Per centarre of sulphur 3-139 2.S37 3-332 These coals are all of very good quality. [See Appendix for other Ohio county coals.] 152 CIIEMICAr, RErORT. 1 55 No. 1634 — "Virgin Soil y/7^w icoodland, on I\lr. Illillers land, fifteen hundred and /wen/v feet north to cast fivni Horse Branch Station (^Louisville and Paducah Railroad). Collected by C. S. Schcnh." Slope 1:16. Depth of sample six inches. Substratum sand- stone. Timber: white and black oak, some chestnut, hickory, and poplar. Undergrowth : sassafras, dogwood, and small trees of above named kinds. The new land is said to produce of corn, forty to fifty bushels ; wheat, twenty to thirty; oats, forty to fift)- ; and of tobacco, one thousand pounds to the acre. Dried soil of a dark brownish-grey color. No gravel. No. 1635 — "Sub-soil of the prccedinj^, talzen at depth of from six to thirty-six inches. By C. S. Schcnh." Sub-soil of a light grey-buff color. No gravel. No. 1636 — "Soil of an old field, forty v:ars in ciiltivation. Level table la?id, owned by Dfr. Miller, sixteen hundred feet north 20° cast, from Horse Branch Station, &c. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Sample taken to the depth of seven and a half inches^ Substratum sandstone. Rotation of crops : tobacco two years, corn three years (in some cases corn until it fails to produce it), then wheat and clover, or oats and clover or grass. Yield of corn, twenty to thirty bushels ; oats, twenty to thirty-five bushels; tobacco, six hundred pounds per acre. Never plowed' over six or seven inches deep. Good quality of table-land; nearly as good as the valley land. Dried soil of a greyish light-brown color. Contains a few small fragments of ferruginous sandstone. No. 1637 — " Sub-soil of the next preceding, taken to the depth of from seven and a half to thirty-six inches. Collected by C. S. Schenk." Dried sub-soil of a yellowish-grey color. Contains no gravel. VOL. I.-CHEM. II. 153. 154 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE OHIO COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1634. No. 1635. No. 1636. No. 1637. Organic and volatile matters . Alumina, and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash So.ia Sand and insoluble silicates Water expelled at 380° F. . 4. 100 3-032 .170 •13' •093 Not estima .125 ii trace. 92-455 .900 ted. 500 047 095 258 093 273 144 841 915 91 550 066 095 104 124 333 012 990 775 S-350 '-47S .095 .171 .140 .269 .230 ?-5i5 -775 Total loi .066 .165 loi .049 Hygroscopic moisture . -175 2.400 1.450 2.575 Potash in the insoluble silicates , .470 -939 1 .107 Soda in the insoluble silicates. .814 .617 .511 .290 Character of the soil Virgin soil Sub-soil. Old field soil. Sub-soil. The old field soil seems to have been naturally richer than the woodland soil, if no mistake has been made in the labels. The considerable proportions of potash and soda in the sandy ■portion (insoluble silicates) tend to give durability to the soils. With proper culture and the due application of fertilizers, this land may be made quite productive, if well drained For the analyses of other soils of this serial collection, made 'by Mr. C. S. Schenk along the line of the Elizabethtown and Paducah Railroad, see Grayson and Hardin counties. ■54 APPENDIX. BOURBON COUNTY. TMo. 1638 — "Limestone {inagnesian). From Cane Ridge; five miles east of Paris. Used for the foundation of the Bourbon coujity Court-house at Paris. Sent by Mr. fames Steveitson." A somewhat porous, fossiliferous, ferruginous, magnesian limestone, of a light grey-buff color, containing small specks -of hydrated oxide of iron. Specific gravity ^ 2.58 to 2. 60 (in the lump). COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. "Lime carbonate 79. 140 ^ 44.318 per cent, of lime. Magnesia carbonate 11.826= 5.371 per cent, of magnesia. Alumina .380 Iron peroxide 5 '5'° Phosphoric acid •5^'^ 'Sulphuric acid .240 Potash .231 Soda .252 Soluble silica .110 Insoluble silica 1.160 Loss .640 100.000 The magnesian limestones are believed to withstand the atmospheric agencies generally better than the pure lime- -stones. The iron in this rock is all in the state of peroxide, which is also favorable to its durability. Whether its small cavities or pores may retain enough water to cause disintegration by freezing was not ascertained. It would calcine into lime good for ordinary building purposes or for use on the soil as a fertilizer. COALS FROM THE STATE OF OHIO. For the purpose of comparing our Kentucky coals with some of the best of those of our neighboring States, some of these, •collected by Messrs. P. N. Moore and A. R. Crandall, were submitted to analysis, as follow : 155 156 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. No. A. I — "Coal from Jackson county, Ohio. Star Furnace coal. Averaged by A. R. Crandall." A glossy, jet-black splint coal ; breaking into thin laminae^ with fibrous coal between. No. A. 2 — " Coal. Hocking valley, Athens county, Ohio. Aver- age sample from the whole thickness of the bed. Taken from- the pillar, three hiuidrcd yards. By A. R. Crandall." A pitch-black, glossy coal, iridescent on some of the faces ; having very little fibrous coal, and no pyrites apparent. No. A. 3 — ^" Coal. Hocking valley, &c., &c. Average sample from the stock pile, from the lohole tldckness op the bed. By A. R. Crandall.'" Like the preceding, but brighter, and showing less fibrous- coal. No. A. 4 — -Coal. 'Hocking valley, <5fc., &c. Average sample from the tipper twenty-eight inches. Taken from two rooms. By A. R. Crandall." Breaks into thinner laminae than the two preceding, with more fibrous coal between. Some little shining pyrites in thin crusts. No. A. 5 — "Coal. Hocking valley, <2fc., &c. Average sam- ple from the middle part {twenty-six inches), taken froin two rooms. By A. R. Crandall." In thicker laminae than preceding, with much less fibrous- coal, and no appearance of pyrites between them. Hand- somely iridescent on many of the seam faces. No. A. 6 — "Coal. Hocki7ig valley, &c., &c. Average sam- ple, from the lower part {eighteen inches') of the bed. Taken from tzvo rooms. By A. R. Crandall." Resembles the preceding, but shows some bright pyrites in places. No. A. 12 — "Coal. Sheridan coal mines, Lawrence county ^ Ohio. Collected by P. N. Moore." 156 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 157 A pure, pitch-black coal ; with very Httle fibrous coal and ■some fine-granular pyrites, between the laminae. COMPOSITION OF THESE SELECTED OHIO COALS, AIR-DRIED A. I. A, 2. A. 3- A. 4. A. 5. A. 6. A. 12. Specific gravity . . . 1. 361 1.322 not det'd. 1.346 1-303 1.312 1-322 Hygroscopic moisture . Vol'ile combustible matters Coke 4-54 29.68 65.78 100.00 3.60 33-42 62.98 4.20 36.68 59-12 3.26 33-76 62.98 3-74 36 -3^ 59-94 4.40 35.08 60.52 3-46 36.64 59.90 Total . ... I 00 . 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters 'Carbon in the coke. . Ashes 34-22 57-06 8.72 100.00 37.02 55.82 7.16 100.00 40.,SS 54.16 4.96 100.00 37-02 54-42 8.56 40.06 55-74 4.20 39-4*5 55.20 5-32 40. 10 53.80 6. 10 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke . . Pulveru- lent. Dense. Spungy. Drn.c. Dense spong\-. l)L-n.e spongy. Light spongy. Color of the ash . Nearly white. Brownish grey. Light lilac-grey Light lilac-grey Light lilac-grey Light lilac-grey Li.rht lilac-grey Per centage of sulphur. . 0.756 U.862 1 .692 2.247 1.299 1.659 1-947 These are remarkably good coals, and are acknowledged to be amongst the best of the country. The sample A. 2, taken from the pillar, seems to show the effect of exposure to the atmosphere, which is generally be- lieved to cause a diminution of the proportion of sulphur. A correspondence may be observed between the proportion of ash and the specific gravity, as follows : A. 5 has specific gravity = 1-303. and ash per cent. = 4.20 A. 6 has ' ' ' ' I-3'2, ' ' ( 5-32 A. 2 and A. 13 have ' ' ( ( 1.322, ' ' ' 6. 10 and 7 . 16 A. 4 has ' ' t ( 1-346, ' • * 8.50 A. I has ' ' ' ' I. 361, * ' 8.72 COALS FROM THE STATE OF ILLINOIS. ]Sfo. A. 7 — Coal. "Mine near Mitrphrysboro, Jackson county, Illinois. Block coal. Big Muddy coal. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." 157 158 CHEMICAL REPORT — APPENDIX. A glossy, jet-black splint coal. It has some fibrous coal between the laminae; with occasional scales of bright pyrites, and some slight lime sulphate incrustation in the seams. No. A. 8 — " Coal. Big Muddy coal. Mine near Murphrysboro, Illinois. Average sample, by P. N. Moore." Like the preceding. Some fine-granular pyrites with the fibrous coal between the laminae, and occasional lime sulphate incrustation in the seams. COMPOSITION OF THESE ILLINOIS COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. A. 7. N... A. 8. Specific gravity ... 1 .310 Hygroscopic moisture 2.62 32-04 65-34 3-44 31-86 64.70 Coke Total I 00 . 00 Total volatile matters 34.66 58.58 6.76 35-3° 59-54 5.16 Total 100.00 Character of the coke Li-ht spo„-y. S|M,ngy. Color of the ash Lil.ic-^iey. Lilac-grey. Per centage of sulphur. . . . 2.472 1-376- These are also remarkably good coals, containing only a moderate proportion of sulphur, which is partly in the form^ of iron sulphide and partly in that of lime sulphate. COALS FROM THE STATE OF INDIANA. No. A. 9 — " Indiana Block Coal. From near Brazil, Clay county. Upper seam. Average sample, by P. N. Moore.'' A pitch-black splint coal, breaking easily into thin laminae, with fibrous coal (mineral charcoal) and some fine granular 158 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 159' pyrites between them. A few bright scales of iron pyrites and some slight lime sulphate incrustation in the seams. No. A. lo — " Indiana Block Coal. Rline 7iear Brazil, Clay cou7ity. Loiccr scam. Average sample, bv P. N. Moore.'" Like preceding, but little appearance of pyrites or lime sul- phate. No. A. II — "Indiana Block Coal. From mine near Brazily &c. Lo'a'cr scam. Az'cj'age sample, by P. N. Moore." Resembles the others. Shows occasional bright scales of pyrites and lime sulphate incrustation. composition of these INDIANA COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. A. o. No. A. 10. No. A. II. No. A. 1 1 (repealed). Specific gravity I-313 not e.-.t. Hygroscopic moisture ... Volatile combustible matters . . Coke . 2,70 36. 3S 60.92 2.68 36-32 61 .00 2.40 35- 10 62.50 2.52 35-48 62.00 Total . ... .... 100.00 100.00 1 00. 00 1 00 . o> Total volatile matters . . . . Carbon in the coke .... ... Ashes . . . . 39.08 55-64 5.28 39.00 53-5^ 7-42 37-50 53-50 9.00 38.00 53-06 8.94 Total 100.00 100.00 ICO. 00 100.00 Character of the coke, . . . Spon:;v. Dense sponi^y. Dense. Color of the ash ... Lilac-grey. Light lilac-grey. Lilac-;^r(.'} . . . . . Per centage of sulphur 1 .664 1.802 2.373 These are remarkably good coals, as is well known by expe- rience, especially in their use in the smelting of iron. Their high reputation and successful application to this industry make the comparison of their composition, with that of our Kentucky coal, an object of interest; and as we could find in 159, l60 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. the excellent reports of the Chief Geologist of Indiana, Prof. E. T. Cox, no statement as to the amount of siilpJiur which they contain, an ingredient of great and evil influence in iron smelting, these block coals were examined especially for this determination. It will be seen on reference to the preceding table that this ingredient exists in them in average proportion. Doubtless to the existence of the sulphur in this fuel may we attribute the fact, given by Prof. Cox, on page 70 of his First Annual Report, 1869, that "the general character of the iron made in Clay county is rcd-sliort, &c." This, however, may be meas- urably corrected, and indeed does not prevent the iron from being \'ery good and profitable for many industrial purposes. It is very probable that all the sulphur which exists in these coals in the free, or uncombined, condition, will be \olatilized and burnt out at the upper part of the furnace, long before it encounters the heat necessary to cause its combination with the iron of the ore with which it is mixed. This would be the case also with the second atom of sulphur of the bright pyrites of the coal, the bi-sulphide of iron; so that only that portion ■of the sulphur which would remain in the resulting iron proto- sulphide could vitiate the cast iron product. Hence we can understand, how a coal which gives a considerable per centage of sulphur in its ultimate analysis, may yet be quite available for the smelting of tough iron. CALIFORNIA ADOBE SOIL. An opportunity having occurred for procuring a specimen of this remarkably fertile soil, it was analyzed for comparison with our Kentucky soils, with the following results. No. A. 12 — " Aooi;E Soil taken at three incJies below the surface. Valley of tlie Saeraiiieiito rizta>h in the insoluble silicates 0.814 2.731 Soda in the insoluble silicates 0.903 .929 It will be seen above that this adobe soil resembles in com- position the peculiar rich soil found locally in Campbell county, Kentucky, No. 1329, which is also like the adobe in being a sticky clay when wet, and hard and cloddy when dry. The California soil exceeds our Kentucky soils in soda, the latter has more phosphoric acid. LYON COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1639 — " Water taken from the interior of a geode of iron ore — pot iron ore. Suwannee, Lyon county. Summit Cut ore bank. Sent by A. L. Anderson, Esq." The water had a strong astringent taste ; and had deposited much ferruginous sediment in the bottle. It was analyzed by my youngest son, Alfred M. Peter, in my laboratory. COMPOSITION IN 100 PARTS OF THE WATER, APART FRONf THE SEDIMENT. Iron protosulphate. . Alumina sulphate. . . Manganese sulphate Lime sulphate Magnesia sulphate . . Potash sulphate . . . Soda sulphate. . . . Sodium chloride. Phosphoric acid . . Total . . . 0.2435 .4981 . 1004 . 1209 .0609 -0257 .0651 ■0\S3 .0028 I . 1227 161 1^2 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. The analyses of some other samples of water, from the pot ore of TriL^g" county, are given in volume 4, page 260-1, of Kentucky Geological Reports. EDMONSON COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1640 — LiMONiTE. " Old Nolin Furnace bank, near the fur- ?zace ore. Bank about a q2iarter of a mile north of the firnace. Davis branch of Nolin river. Average sample, by P. JV. Moore." Generally of a brownish-red color. A porous ore, with some whitish portions. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron pei-uxide 27.340= 19. 13S per cent, of iron. Alumina 5 -930 Manganese oxide . not det'd. Lime carbonate 1 . 090 Magnesia -447 Pliosphoric acid 1.068 = .497 per cent, of phosphorus. Sulpiiuric acid not det'd. Water expelled at red heat 12.380 Silica and insoluble silicates 5I.2:;o Manganese oxide, alkalies, sulphuric acid, &c. -515 100.000 This ore is too poor in iron to be valuable. It is probable that its phosphorus is somewhat over-estimated. No. 1643 — Pig Iron. "From old A'olin Furnace. Cold blast." Furnace long since out of blast. A fine-grained grey iron, which yields easily to the file, and extends considerably under the hammer. Seems to be tougher than usual cast iron. COMPOSITION. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 7 . 1 13. Iron ... 94 . 2S7 Graphite 3.100) u ^ , , r^ u- J u „ ^ -= 3. soo total carbon. Combined carbon .700 ) -■ Silicon .493 including that in the slag.. Phosphorus . . 1.029 Sulphur .012 Undetermined ingredients and loss .379 100.000 This appears to be a remarkable instance of cast iron re- maining tough although it contains a considerable proportion of phosphorus, which is believed to render it "cold-short," or 162 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 1 6 J brittle at the ordinary temperature, in quantities even less than one per cent. Possibly the quite small per centage of silicon, which also renders iron brittle, may have something to do with this apparent anomaly. The phosphorus in the above analysis was first determined as phosphate of bismuth, by the process of Chancel ; but not satisfied with this determination, this phosphate, after solution in chlorohydric acid, was decomposed by sulphydric acid, and the separated phosphoric acid re-determined by means of the magnesia mixture, in the usual way; and this without any ma- terial alteration in the result obtained. GRAYSON COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1641 — " LiMONiTE. ''Nolin Furnace ore bank, on the Browiisz'iile road. Az'crage sample, by P. jV. Illoore.'' In irregular layers, varying in color and density. No. 1642 — LiMONiTE. "From Rfcrcditli Rays farm, Taylors Fork of Bear Creek, opposite the Chalybeate Spring. Aver- age sample, by P. N. Rloore.'' A pretty dense ore, generally of a dark-brown color, with some lighter colored portions. 163 164 .MICAL REPORT APPENDIX. ■COMPOSITION OF THESE GRAYSON COUNTY LIMONITE ORES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1641. No. 1642. Iron peroxide Alumina Manganese oxide , ... Lime carbonate Magnesia FhosplTonc acid Sulphuric acid \V.Tter expelled at red heat . Silica and insoluble silicates Undetermined and loss. . . Total 57-83° 6.719 Not determ 44-528 1.368 ined. .290 . 122 5-59° .609 .921 not deter'd. 1.074 ■■51 12.180 8.940 2 1 . 040 .898 37-380 .360 100.000 100.000 Iron, per centage 40.481 31.169 Phosphorus, per centage .412 .468 Sulphur, per centage not deter'd. .060 Silica, per centage . 14.360 not deter'd. It is probable the phosphorus is somewhat over-estimated in these ores. No. 1644 — Clay Iron-stone. ''The glaciy ore, on the old Brownsville and Litchfield road, west of Bear Creek, Grayson county." A darl<;-grey, fine-granular clay iron-stone, with much invest- ing limonite ore. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron carbonate 16.5981 ,„ , i. r ■ Iron peroxide ^,^61 |= 37-945 per cent, of iron. Alumina 4-994 Lime carbonate 2 . S40 Magnesia carbonate notdet'd. Phosphoric acid 1. 017 = .444 percent, of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid a trace. Silica and insoluble silicates 20.830 "Water and loss 8.054 100.000 164 CHEMICAL REPORT — -APPENDIX. 165 BOYD COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1645 — Coal. No. 7. Used at Ashland Furnace. A bright pure-looking coal, having but little fibrous coal between its laminae ; has some little bright pyrites and thin scales of lime sulphate in the seams. COMPOSITION, AIR-DRIED. — SPECIFIC GRAVITY = I.29I. Volatile combustible matters 34.20/ ■ jy- c , ^ f Carbon in the coke = 54.90 " ^^ ' \ Light brownish-grey ash ^ 6. 10 100.00 100.00 Per centage of sulphur = i .312. A very good and pure coal, which favorably compares with the best so-called " Block coal" of Indiana, and is well adapted to the purpose for which it is used. CARTER COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1646 — -Coal. No. i. "From Graham bank. Little Fork of Little Sandy river. Collected by P. JV. Moore. A pure-looking coal, which has some fibrous coal between its laminae ; but shows very little pyrites. No. 1647 — Coal. No. i. "From Graham bank, &c. Sample- from, all parts of the mine." i6s. 1 66 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. COMTOSITION OF THESE CARTER COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1646. No. 1647. 1 .269 not deter'd. Hygroscopic moisture . Volatile combustible matters Coke 3-50 36 . 30 6d.20 3.60 35-40 61 .00 Total . .... 100.00 1 00 . 00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the coke Ashes . . 39.80 57-3° 2. go 39.00 57.60 3-40 Total 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke . . Soono^ Spongy. Color of the ash ... Brownish- grey. Brownish- grey. Per centage of sulphur 1. 148 1. 107 Remarkably good and pure coals. GREENUP COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1648 — Coal. No. i. ''Raccoon Creek. Raccoon Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore r A splint coal, with quite thin laminae and considerable 'fibrous coal between. Some little iron stain, but little appear- ance of pyrites. -No. 1649 — Coal. ''Hunnewell cannel coal. Hunneivcll nivies.^^ 166 CHEMICAL REPORT — APPENDIX. 167 No. 1648. No. 1649. ■Specific gravity 1.409 1.306 Hygroscopic moisture 4. 10 28.90 67.00 1.50 52.20 46.30 Volatile combustible matters Coke Total 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the colce Ashes 33- 00 49.60 17.40 53-70 40.60 5.70 Total 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Pulverulent Very friable Light-grey, nearly white Light yellowish- grey. Per centage of sulphur 0.655 0.782 This cannel coal is remarkably pure and good. Its propor- tion of volatile combustible matters (52.20 per cent.) is remark- -ably great. OHIO COUNTY. — (Continued.) No. 1650 — Coal (D.) ''From Taylor coal mines, 7iear Beaver Dam, Ohio countv. Collected by C. J. Norwood. {Rather bet- ter than a fair average y) A bright-looking coal, with but little fibrous coal between -the laminae, but with some scales of bright pyrites. No. 1 65 1 — Coal (D.) "Stevens' coal mine, near Beaver Dam., &€. Collected by C. J. Norwood." Has more fibrous coal than the preceding, but shows less -pyrites. Iridescent in parts. 167 i68 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. COMPOSITION, AIR-DRIED. \- . 1650 X... 1651. Specific gravity I-315 1. 316 3-30 35 84 60.86 3-30 36-76 59-94 Volatile combustible matters Colce Total 100.00 1 00 . 00 Total volatile matters ........ .... .... Fixed carbon in the coke Ashes ... 39-14 54 •3'-'' 6.50 40.06 52.60 7-34 Total 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke . , . , Spongy. Spongy. Color of the ash Chocolate- grey. Brownish- grey. Per centage of sulphur. ... . .... 3-874 2.r,oS These are both very good coals; ranking amongst the best. 168 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. i6q ^^j^^^- =Ssie B > 3 a_-_: ~ C : 3 'o o| So ■.-X -ss E = = fill 2 1 =1 .5| as 2 2HS "^K Ills j-3i22-sS_ - 3 — - C"X CO -I O /: 3 O > .nii'w ppe OOOl U10.IJ psiotJix'^j ; c c lC>uuii5jiuu< c -f LUHpog c ^ - C c s c C :: c 'J u 'J. ^ c c :- '- ■- ■- 8 -ins sqi in qsEioj ^ T " t^ •:^ t; T -) " -> ,] O -1 i-i '^ ^ 't -1 1^ n ~ - '- -1 n '-, - '- - -, - n ,; G U c '_: l; (- c c u t.: c ^ ^ ■3jn r<- r- I-* JJ ■T u n -isiom riM-in.-^ .n.S^H - -■ «■ - " ^i- «■ r^. « - - - N N ^ -^ ■* - ., C. N - " - " " - - " -■ - - - " « ci. J ■o'^SE 113 ISO 1 -i-'^i'-AV O " O' " '' o - -^ OJ N o UJ "*■ ■o •<■ vO V. '" r-\o "*■ 'JJ ■^ ;i '" a\ir, f- i-^io o O CC CO CO CO o r- a, -1- "^ N 1^ ( O O O O " r -^ Oi'-O T\ t^ Oi r^« - wvo 'jD -1- ■'-, -1- ; •ppu oiJTiqdinc; 00-0 •ppi3 ouoqdsoqj •,-;,ziz-'-^ o ■,-,ou3,;k I -rt-^O .0 O O O O -f - ' I ^oc^:; in in IN O t-*o\0 O O O 3 - ■ -r O - "1 ?■ j3 J 3 D O U 1 T o m c c ■aiEUOqJED 3tUj^ •J 00 'O '■'-)- ■ 'spixo 3S3uk3ligj\t ■ 3 CM^ - 1 ~ O O "-* ■ n in -t C- I D C r-vO CJ ^i ro r- r-. ch M N cr. -i-'C vd 't- M 4 CO ^ (^ 10 u-l C CO m r-. M D :o m ■+ ovoo ^ m'" lo r^ r-^ t»«. -+'0 r».oo ■£> CO -J- u T - 00 CO 'j; I ■SJ3HKUI 3[ijE(0A pueoiueSjo -*cO :o On- 3 -^-t^ninm-r ^'.jD -^ 'O O r~ ' i-ronw « wco c-«.ir)ioc C C ( , ^ u iM u u u \ ■Viods-^ UI jsquitl].^ I O^ "" « "^ ■* "IW? "^ '^'J3 f^°° OS O ■"• « n VOL. I.-CHEM. 12. 16^ I70 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. a (2 ,S- 6 '^ " ^:> 'i'x "^ z. ^ 'f. ~ ~ '■ ' ■ 5 S ^ S -^ -J --^ c — 1 . - ; — -oorta u'^- up ui- u ; t^ t^ t^ ■ 1}? w . 'I J ■ ° u - ?•" ; = 2^'-^ n ^^ S A. S E rt rf C ^ ^ ^ r, ^ ^, ^ -^ , .-J) i^ 5 ■-„ o ._ =^ ._ 5 ^_ . ''~ (-"o S '■'^ "■'^ r'"^ "~ : : j^ ^ m ' -f^SX •si'Si i^-H /■=. r ; o P u L= « = u . 6:S g . g o s I ^ rt 3 "^ ^ '"^ ''.O'A^r.'^'0-fi'^>'tO-s.>'j.'^-f. O 'n>A7U 'J: C x > /; O c/: :tjU0qJi3D Xq ^i ird UOOl UJOJJ p31.'>BJlX'^ s3iEDi]is aqi M\ Bpuy (IS 31(1 ui useioj OOODOoOiiO' w in ■3jn -ISIOUI OldOD'^OJS.^fJ O O M u-i C O T, io r- C ' m -^ -o 'jo ^-, " -■:' CO 'O i •goge IB iso( Jr^lt^^v -) O O o o in lo lo u-i o o o -' in D !:■ o o g g lo in in Q c -^i '^ o 2 "-. ' ■-0 omicoi-ifnw ino .no .i in' mmoo f^r-*M n mi^miriO - ' I O- 1- n w vo -I ^C ■ •sajBOjlls puB ptiBg 10 0' . O M 1 1 O O lO O O ( □ 00 00 00 0\M o6 CO CO o > 0\ -J-'O O ' 1 O 1* fn rnvo N in ■Bpos . fi - loco 'O -- •HSBioj 1 -f -r m f, - ■pp-E Dunqding as; '-'-iwj m oi lo ^1 o < •piOB Duoqdsoti^ n-a lO CO -i-vO CO ^D r^ o -t i-^ -t -- ri ^i -t- -■-: -^ -i m « ' ■t lO t-. o "^ in O t-. O- r-^ 1^ :> 1^1 f n r^ ri ^i -j r^ ■•^ O ■ -Bisau^Bj^ •SJEUOqjED 3Uin •gpixo 3S3in:§UE[,y •spixo UOJI ■sjaiiBui Blp-ejoA pue omiiH-to 1^ O O O in II i' '^ rr.^o -^ T tv^O 'O "J-'-o "O Oi CTi inco O in cti'O Ov t-^ h lo oo co --i mco in oi^o i - o \o mvo o invo i -, - :, ,o in o -. r - lo .-r-, o r^ n m in -- - O in in o u-i in 1 -) in O\c0 rn O "1 n ! I CTi 0\ M "-i '-' 0>>£) » I m ro H M « I linn mmo o mO mmm icocooo — o ^n t^ D N>o t^ I r^ O c^ M •*- O m© « - in Tmrnis m-^mN n n n « ■ c a c •^joda'a UI jsquin^ M < nvo t^co 0\ O ' n>o t^oo Qi O I T -^ invo I ' q^C 170 CHEMICAL REPORT — APPENDIX. 171 ^ cd r •s ol 0) Tl a a c W 13 H rt fi rt o o o Tl J tii c — -> a; o S, ccovo ".' o u ■* CT\ CO " " - >-" ■<>- Ul -^ « ■^ « 1 S :0.0\ t^ ;s.g~ 1) W U iJ -" 00 -^ H \o ryg'g' tt o o ■<^ -< ■-J- rom ro r^ .2 fl ■ni u O O O o -IS 3 3 IS DOOO tJ5 -O I— ' 1 ..-• 1 U ■§1 er, Airdrie flux), ce (flux). ace (flux). s, upper pa s, liihograp r Silurian), r (Lower S jinous). ceo on Furn nton Furna rruginous). u5S 1 o i3 a ^ S(^= S. C, Barre Lower Silur Boone Furn Iron Hills F Mt. Savage Oolitic, sub- Sub-carboni Sub-carboni Quicklime { Impure calc Pea Ridge ( Used as flux Used as flux BufiFalo Cree ii •jnqd -(ns JO aSBjuao jaj o o *-• ' * ' ' o ' ' C nt . . C ■snjoqd -SOqd JO 53BJU3D J3 J •3mi[ JO aSejusD J3(j inoo -"I- ma^-r -srg. ■S31B011IS pUE ^OJllS WN-cn-^MVO-O^O lOOvi-ul ro M *-■ ■* t^ *j '-j pvoo »o a« lo o *i ■ ■ £ZS, •Epos c c c c . . s:rH4iS::s'ir?;?^3 • •XISEIOJ B C S B . . ^^i^ ■pioE oun^dins G d C C C B M m M •piDB Duoqdsoqj o" O ■3pixo uojj; •^ "? t^QOOmHOOmOOMOJ^ " 5 O OvO -ooaS^o -^o m c^^ ^^^ QMO-HvoONW-^i-irn H^ ■Eaiianiv '- "^ ° CO H-M'ininm-tiJ^H M t-ioo-o w >o O N '^ W u^ m fOO « ■*■ h- r*l (N VO aiEuoqiEO Eis3u3e j^ " "i C " " "* Sg8S,S,a5,-g :2s.s.s,s, ■sieuoqjED amiq OMr-.-t>.0>nCTi \o-h0I>- ■^ On 0< Ch Ol t^ CTv f-CO . Ovoa 00 o^o s 1 ■jCliAEiSoyioadg ' > >» c •=5 • ■ ■ S S S ■ ' diaa. •|b d ^^^^^§§§^^55 55 ffuuOuuwuj^ScSoooo WS23 m -^-CO C)\ O M N rovo ^ 00 0< Q >-• t^ ^00 HHHMMHH.H^HHMH M M M 171 172 CHEMICAL REPORT— APPENDIX. -BOijrs JO 3uaD asjj vd q\ ch moo - 'i- di N 'C . n , . -, ■-> r. - C - Q . . . ' . . 0\ CTi -"1 0^ . rn . cn 'O Qi m ir,cO : "i r-. ;!. - m . , '- '^'' minfMO .r-s. .iDt^oi-i-ir', in--'nr^d\i_o. , .n^ _ _ ■ m ■ - ■jnqdins jo-iu3dj3(J "o^ 0* 0' 0'^ . t-^ - yD C -i-o^ i-i ".mom moo n n - mot- — ^ '^ "i, '^ "^ "^V ■* m m r~-'0 !>.>£) m (M ys r^ n o> m m m -r -i- /5 r- '/] m / ? a :r 3 ' oc- c a '= d ■snjoqd -SOqd JO gu^D aaj o r^'O ■-'■■■ ' -i-o\Ocoi--mwcoci r-, o\y3 myD ^ w -^\o O r^ m m ir.'o ■* -^. '■ m o m mvo m-o c U-, mM^-l:--mOHm«oOOOc^•-~--^-'Mom(NOO■*'~ "?&?? -UOJJ JO '1X153 J3(J m m r-. "-. -1- r-: m ^^oo 4- c* m 01 fi CTi -r 00 \o ■*■ H ^l oi m rt. - mio ■■o m H in\o vo t-^'O cft 05 -1-0 oi m m - - 'n -J mi.0 o> a^ H M m'jD inco m p>. rj- ■+vd •-! ct. •+ -i-co c5 ■*'0 r- m r^c^o^'^wooco i-o\0 m-n m mrnmmroo mw a\ m >- .3 -1- rn S-»' 5 S m C~- w M '1 rr-, P-. m w I-N-vO m 0\V0 OVO 0\'^'-' OOO'^O OVO in>0 mrnt^ 0^'0 0\ CT^'O t^oo "r, 7r '.;;'g 'SSO] puE aan^sioj^ •sai-coiijs puE Eoms : 0= ; :.S S S^ 15 ^ci pacQ ■^ P "-i t^ > .P'r^'C r?23 ; ^ J: J " =: o -H -- '- ^' j; H / I c > 2 ! S o ? ' .9 J= --' g-9 5X1 ' P > . -'-Q— 1 o ^ ? ^ r s c^S z-i.Z =1- ='3^ ^ '■■ . V i3 -J ; O O C-; > '_) U CJ :i-^_^_;_:_U-l o o o o o < CO -i- " 'nco f H ch N 1-^ -a- - ■ O 0\ M \0 ■-'' -I O - ■* (M I i-co c^co vo mco m M cti m r-. 1 t\'0 o\Ovo N\o o\0 inrsQ >^ , IOOQO^O^ncc ' -^vo O -1 o -^ o\ C t NO OOOH 00\f~»"« i-fO^H r^OvMO\mo»0- 10 T ■» M in n C^ P- .N _j J3 " CT> - O^ ■piDE Dunqdjng .a>N p^T)-m5 -s -Tir-d -i-o m— 1 -ro co co "i t^ m en m P- m m m ■' 'o mo r-as f^' js 'J- m - ■;:;^,::^'^?-.-o^m'?. -;--^;;^?i5 0?S M - M M M •BisauSEj^ M H r-ooQ - w lO't-oimC'^o mmin-+mm'f(N mo m coo n to r-uo^m- m t co -o -^3 moo ■* m m 03 m Th WMn-*ciMre«NO,MOOOOO«cofnOiN'«-Om d " ' ' ' i-i '-' *' » , -t D vD ^1 - 1-1 /; - ^ . r-~ ^1 '-0 -. ? \0 :\o- 0-)-m-+--|o-r-ijoa. "n c •SlEUOqiEO STUiq 0. 130 a trace 71480 2.520 .080 .540 ■P43 . ido a tra.ce a trace a trace .460 a trace a trace .380 a trace 4.580 a trace a trace a trace 0.380 ■43^ .830 ,650 a trace .180 .180 .410 a trace .180 a trace ■3^'3 .0[" 21.240 .3^0 .3S0 1 trace •apixo UALOjq 3S3UBSiIE1/\I CO -^ u -J u 'J I.' u u u i> "' (M "' a; u w m-C :-! u M Tj- u u U c ^1 N '-/^ - U L) 0. m (U , . . -1 'T 01 ci r u mmTf-mMU -t--5-xit-.-i--r'_>oo - M rt - a. m love- ^ rt -^ s - - - ■ ■-* ' ■« ■ -EUiinniv oi N 00 '1 "'■i 0\ "-■ P-. ONyS ^1 rn in ■! rn m m in m t-^ in '^ mm« mri r^ oi- m- mo^,-*--i-'>-mo -i-ci m in\o m o- ■5::^3'S,S3.3,iSS,'S-fo'SS,S.R: PI -"J- r^ -i- ^ r^ M-oo w m t-. 1- tf m pt moo -^ mco m m ^ m M -^w C4 Tt--^o^o^ n n - ts mMvoco-O ■aiEooqiED uoji ... . 00 inoo . , cjs , . . c^ moo . . , . . . S ..SR .S . a> "^ f"* . . "^ . . . . *apixoj3d UOJI r^ m i^j -1- N m a- ■+ r^ C' m r-.'0 cr. ^i vo m '?■ ."> f- ir.vc t CI m -1- c^ ■^"C' m oico m m m r^ m n - m co 'O a-co m t>.>0 t^ m mt-^^vo a. m cnO -0 « r^co on T>0 M U'C'O moo -tr-.-0\p ■*m(Nco M Qs-^inr-O in men m r-- ~ a> met a o\M mm t^oo m cr. O^ t^ C in in -.J- -^oo ini£) m m m in -r m m r^>o m r-..vc 0^ ri ii-ivo « t^ M -^ t^ Tl-\0 N Oi m 11- ir, -r, r-v m N 00 -^vo mvo m -«- r- -^ m -^ I u] c cLaa.o.aa.a.D.a.P. >." O o : CQP2: ,„ --.^ CGCCdd '-MI_l-:-!-I-^l-Ul-.l.l-L.L.I-UI-l-. — C:C(Rugjd)a]i>Ul>UUIl>W lartrt-^r-inrtrtrfrtrtrtrt^rtrtTirt'n'q'Oi-.t.ui-.uii-.i-ui-ut.ij; •jjodaj ui jaquin^ 0^ f \5 ^ n\o r--oo o^ O i-i ( •^ r-. r«- t-* r«.co 00 o n>o r^DO ^ 172 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. »73 Main Block ('calcareous). Main Block, L. Murfm bank. Kidney nr.„, Buffalo Farm. Main Block, Brushy Knob bank. Kidney ore, Osenton bank. Rnugh lire, Clay Lick Creek. Kidney Hluck, McAllister Point. Ruugh Uluck, below Main Block. Lower Biuck, Old Town Creek, Limestune ore (slate ore). Lime kidney ore, Bru'-h Creek, (Jchreous, near St. Charles' mine. Suwannee Furnace (Big Showing). Suwano'je Fumace, bank near furnace. Suwannee Furnace, railroad cut. Siiw.mn.e Furn., Iron Mountain bank. Av A;rLlrit Furnace i near Nu 4 eniryj. From ! M Hupc's land, upper part. From j. M. Hope's land. Average sampl Martin ore. Roasted ore, Airdrie Furnace. Near NoJin Furnace. Near N'ohn Furnace, Brownsville road. Taylor's Fork, Bear Creek. 000^ M Geo l-in.M ri>0«) " ~.0 (^ M H u", O ,»■ O * ' ' 2 Si 2 2 OCOOroOWOO :.C'000 .^0 ■ ■ c Cl OsvO ■(, P r^vO MD r^ f^^ l-~ M CO -f-'Q "1 r-v 'O g-, a. -■ 'C> O-OOO0Om-..woO0O0-*-^-'9- t>- i>\C -C ■-■(■! -i- On m in -^ m c- "■■ t\ — -'■ T O r.-i t-co - CTi C- -^ Q\Xi CO a\oco i-co ■*a\m.r - c-.-n-tn ri'o n^M 'O \n ft oS r^ m [- CJ CO ■* n - m 10 (▼. ;■:■ >n - f^co co :0 " ■* « c*ico f o- 5:?^ 10 m « N m .- o«^D oo-i-«nrM_MO\0« .. .oON.co-s-.O "H-m.^cofo - • ^ ■ ■ * ■ ■ ' ' 000000 00c -0^00 0000 ro-O CO u^ moo O " rn '0^0 "^ rr,co m -4-00 10 h" d>° OODQOOOO---" D03000 ■nroioO <^0 "-10 ■n■-^■')>^,u^oooco ■* N rooo fO in 10 ^co oo ^ " '^ '^ '',1 ^ m S S t^?'-' ^- '^ rt r. cilInoo^cT-i-^'jD r^l ' ' 3S O vr, Ci " ■ " " _' "' in ; ". O rh ' ' ' «pi'n-"in *' rt c § = " « n O G C. G G G s^tasBSsHsH-i ■I- o -t--j TinO^-rjO OnM rt cj c^O^C^Olf-^o ^„,ogoo„^^„„„ - " rn r^ in m N mvo m rt .^ mSOOOOOOO H --.CCGCGCCC VO CO O -i- O r- u-,0 - \0 O J Q, M r- -i-c/: v^ i>.co t- m o m r-, n-i O a CO c^ m m o^co m w co rn 00 c- '1 CO r, vo-O O O C CO :: ^ ? ?^J -.(^ ^« ^ IN vO 'n in'C ■+'0 m -1- in>o in m c-%vd '■G " -G -*-'C. in ■■ m -i- , 33333GG3333,G • ■ - ■: CCGGCGCCGGC^-^^^J 5 = 3'5-S ™ « 5 o o ' mioiommmini'-)0'0'4 173 ^74 CHEMICAL REPORT— APPENDIX. I § ■nojj JO 'luao la^j ■SSO| pUB J31E^ )"«1 ~ ' :; b !:: ^ -^ "J vi' ^ .^ T/,^ i- ^-T'-j ^^ -; li'-^ i_L^^ :■ u—' C, ■^"— ^ ■■B3IIIS JO •3U30 J3(J ■ locd lo M " ^ -z; -e t; fncd odc^Hco6lC^r^ ri CGCGC mwMi-'(NC jntjd[nsjo •]U33 J3(£; t^^mMO^m 'Wr^ ii^vD N . \D * -' to -f fn in -ro in -TM -t- U fi^O lOGO O rn in i^CO ' Ov'O ^1 O IN j-1 :) M N g\ '— r- U H m o M w N ct mco OO H3 0Mln-1-z^M-^-^5'Oi^ra ° .••-••■. ^ -soqd JO STUoqd ]U33 J3J Tj-co M -d--o-i-r. mw MOOOO t^-1-f^ in to- o^^^c^O mco tn •• -r \o o M O ^iD mioM IN O o\iNCo lOfnc^MCO'Oco O ^^t-»'n■:7^-^ MmHw-i-:ii-0Hm«(N':j-"0CM«-'MOci0oo2-r ") C7> lOOT CC) lO I 1 o -^> j-^. t-^00 ■■ 1 0\'0 On m CTiOO O ( •SSIBOJIIS pUE ■EOIIIS g,5 OiOO o O O O O 1 O ( » \0 ^1 MD *D CO T*- 1- iOOO0O0OOOOO> O O O O •piDB ounqding i O U M - -^00 O OO 01 o ro -n f 1 O ■-) Oi "~, u-) Ch^O O m lO ■+'0 n ■n-3-a-FHONH«rONO'OC •piOB DiJoqdsoq^j sjBUoqj'EO t;|S3u3i?J;^ ; X 'D :_'; i' o o o:>' 1 -i o\ inco M CO >o I o O O O O ■aiBnoqiBD suiiq ■Buiuirqv VO M3 0\c^ ' •spixojsd uoji o fN fn ■* — • r-. M Th oi n . 2 S- ¥-§.§. -1- 0\M N m" m ^ ,^ %% J. -J in r--, mo a N M in '^- ~ r^'O 1 - r- [^ _ -^ O m r^vo .fo-- o^.ooo n IT'^ 2^1 -r o- ;; "2 ;:}. IC) J M CO o 1 CO CO .;Mn ■^^ O -• CI ya H T^ - N^ « m j^s-as'^e; r- ?^?>£- CI 'OCO c^ ?S •giEUoqaED noJi •jCiia'BjS ogiosdg , . ■ _ i;j"i ^ CJ) C = r ^ " = a. 3- G. a. a. a o.-^ ~ -2 c 3 * o o o -_^ 'J o 'J) :< :^ s -J ■qjoda'jj ui jaqmn^ I IN M M rn -f iO>0 r^co CT> O ■* « ro ■* m>0 r-.co O m ri -^ I HiO'0>0>0>0>0'OVO^O f^-rOOOOO OOm mm -r irorornrnrorororornri-iro-'t-iniOLninmin lovo to lO O 174 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. ^7S 1 Pi ^ :; :^ 5 ^ ti! :i I <: -< < -i S S i5 -j^j ,x X S S: S ~ ~ is -J -J U 'J • j J 'J -J H^ ~ 3 l5 g In H a •jnqd -ps JO sSeiusD i3(j r, -a -. a ■* -1 -a - - s-i T .n .a - TT '^ 'c. — -ao w I '- c ^ - t^ -^ -a - a r m f--. m in-o O) rsN 0\faa.aNt.^(-^-ravO No6 aa.r.^ o i..cj,min -t'C LONH.o^-~'^(^'^raoo-^ Cv -> a S'^ £ ^1 - ja :"'■-"'' ^ £ -j,J-| : • F : ;s i:'| 3,&, ■ = : u5, ■ : & ■ : "9- - =» '■ — " - a ^ ^1' /— — 'o 'J)—' o - g >, ii tflS^ -,r, ^ i, c-_ ■= ti-^ V^ :; 'S ^-J^ ^^ ^ V~ ^."^ ^ .2 .= . Ci. y o — a^ ^ a -' ^ o ^ 5 b o o ^ i - _a — ^ ^ ?^ o >^ a _a > a -3 _^ a -a ^ ^ -a _^ >, O > ■S o n 'O , = . . ■ . . ■ . c ■^ ■ ,;3 -3 -SS'S'^ S -SSS ■ -fe • --^ • -b •>, ■ ■■>■■■ -i^l^Z -ZZlli ■•ill -g i^ -^ ■§■ ,^ j; ■ jj y tjj— tjj '^3 ^ii '-_!, u< ^f ^j-i yj t^ '~ fy "" y ' y ;' y ';j ,y ^ y '/ ¥ -' i'^ V "^ i-'' ^ ^ V -- 5P ^ .o,«co-i-oa>mh,i:^^o o «» c^^^oo t-o - rn •ajtoDaqiui uoqjij^ co;-roo\oo ->--:■ or ^'O-r-s-^- ^» m _• -rc rvooo-rinD : -i--ro d^-m^d d-i- N ui o^in m'd "i n r^ r^ ri- lA mo' -^ 4 r^ t^-cq' n io «' t-^ -^ n a» -4- n . J m cj\ t^^O 4 « m m -i- - d ■SJ31 S.S.8S S.S,S^a■^S .?,?.a'8^ S-'S'SS/S.-S 2.8;Sc3 8 8 S>-j;5 S.2 8,3 ^3..8^ 8 3.f!c3 A^ o" in oi i>- "A in n' c\.D in 3D OS ^00 ■*■ "i in d mco - c r^ 3\oo oocj 6i:»ai r-Oi-rino t^sd oco r-^'id ■3^03 O0O-^000Q3 0O0 ■^0-r-f-+-f:o0'i-r0Q30-l--l-0O nODC 3 O j OO-l- ■O mo mminHvC ^mr-m OvO ^n'--- ;> rr> o^ -t- ~ n o ^^r^"^f'■lC^-'oo r-o -^c-■.ocg tM t^Oi Oi-j--' rt -^-t-r^d rnTf--i d " "'mc -j- -r^-o - :d a< "^ -- '^ -^ " - - 'i d m »-. -'. -'^i -o o> ■-.' w -n ■SJ3UEUI siqpsnquiOD 3[!ie[oy^ 000>CO'CJ030^0'COZ>C^ir'tN30'CO-rOO'0-ODOOO-!-Or:-3Q-5--J--l c\rr,fr, _ rntr,t^t--.m.H r) mooo Zi -' ~ mcJ c-*- o\ti-o\o ino a\-o mr--nco -i oooco o - n o r'n <•> Tf- -^ 'i' (N Oi'O m- ■+-r-ftn-\Cco -J-t^pj t^t-nw o -'i -j-min-^mmo " . -^ ijo n ^ m^o « vo n 'O O O id m4mm« rh oi m t -r ^n f c* mt-- (-■■jd \d m -j-'jn -OO -.i-mmm-^-j--i-mM « mmc* - m-^-4- ■XjlaejS oypadg ooco -! ■^ -J- os-o inoo ^o m -i-33 t^w o m -; t-- o m'O -i- -n r-. '?,'« t^^ . w a t^ u^ oi'O u-i t^ ^^ JC5 S °,'% „% m m m m m'm ^ m m m^ ?^ '-? ^ mmmmNS m^ ^ ^ m « m'm m ^ m m ¥ M »' O H M H H H M H M M M M H M H M M M O M M M M M .h' H M M H •-■' M -.' M M J M H l4 C C c 3 O • c = c" d c = = = o o'o ^o"?????? o'i3 ^ c^ -, ,-: ?; r-^ rt -; rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt rt ' J ~ "^ "5 "5 -r -^ -^ ^ m 33 22 ca 0:3 23 03 :q ID a j3 X] :c * as _) '_; '.J "_j LJ u 'J U _; u '.j u U J 'J _J U -^'-^1 UJ .^J aJ -jJ uJ J uj ';jod3-y; ut jaquinj-j a- 30 H N m-^ino tv-ao o> C " m r^ u-fo r-~-^M o\0 m w mi-mD r^co 0\ o m f 'n^o t^oo Oi r^oo cocooooooococoGOooco 5\Oi- Tj--^-o--f-4-^-*-inu-, miointnininin in^c mm--i-,m-n N N N N r^ M !N w N n N N 01 n fnmmfim,^mmmrnmmmmmmmmm-t-i-i--i--j--s-'*-^ I7S 176 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. c H o .SS^Ji SO-2 u J s i5 JJ '■J a. D. C rt -_) '-J t S ^ S c m ■J ^ c i ij < if " ^, rt ^. T-^ -J d ,-; -7: a- '-J-J 2- = -=i ^ c-^ 3 G. d. ' rt tl ^-f' d ^ u - -. ' ' o-'^^J. o-i ; — " f/i m ". '-■ -^ -;£ -■- 4:: -o '0-_, V ., = -- rS rS ,^ -■ 3 '- ^' - - z z z z^ T c 5 D - 7 Z s,' .- J c = , : *I'.?.?iZ ^ZAZ^ c 2 ^ZZZZZ.^^' = oZZlZZ = i'E^ZZj •jnqd -pis JO aSuiuSD asj ^«3 1^ T- to - r^ a. 6 1'^ m 1^ ^ iii S" --. T ^ - .0'' z " --.b .■?. -.5 ^o - '^', c' '-^ - " — ">, !;^; ;^ ~ ".J -? rr CMT) Tt- -^ 00 r-co Tj- r^ n os'O :}-.'r> z, t^ in m^ :i -. .-. 5 r^ ^ r, ,,. ^ ^ : '-^ r r u-. - - ~ t-^ Mrr,«„m c;M-^Mu^to-rn-rO--io«-^c^-, - ., -0^ ^: M^-^^r^-N o 1 ? : ^ tri D W W -O 4- -vo'o^oi 0-0 CNri ^oco m^ ON^ CO ^ ? >n rT ^ : t^ + ^ 5^ : ^ 3 r> d ■saqsy U-, C^ ui -- -^ 0\ ~ r^'O 1^1^ fnw N 0'Ou^c^oM^■-■ "o o\o w rpoo C^ror^roj^-IOD in?>0 -.^co 'A "': CO liS -^.o - 1^ .-"O 00 3 1- * . -t- 'J- + -T T ; :' '^"1 JO CO -r i^vo M "1 e> 'ooo i>i'0 ^ ; D -0 t^ 0> CMl "O ^n 'O -r t- -1- T>- wi ,n 10 '1 r- -^ - "1 rovo lO fo D ro r- « ^ Zi t-.r--.sO - -l-O 't-NcOoO rn m -r 10 m in 10 U-! PI 00 >n in in U-) fOCO CT> -113111 3[TnJ10A 1^1 ">T, ir . C OvO 7-. 5". ^co -d-S CI Ic - 00 a.oo ir, ^ Z. rf, 5}V .J J •& J , '■^% ^ ->1"D 10 n-ix- "-I -,. a\ "■' O -1- 5^DlC r O'OsOiCiO LOO O 10 u .n\o «0 00 CO <£> M f- Oi 2 "J^ " -'' ■S-131JE11I ^[qiisnquioo siiici-iyY --i-j: -jujco 6\o»o I o ■* 3 o ^ ■) -T) ro -O ro fO "( -^ rn r ". 6 c : > o\ f". -1- ■oan -ISIOUl OldODSOjSXH t^ - N in>o m -r -1 :o r> .3 c^ -n oi ro D ci - : fo CI 'XI -r • 1 4 in -'-. -. m u-t c^^ t» lovo 1-^7 1 - ^G do M ■AiiA^jSjypadg U-) .010 CO Tf\D ci CO 'C in . ■ ■+ CT. -t- a\ 1^ q\ m m C '^'-o ' 0. -t r->0 Ti- - rn - — m ci r- lO r-oo 0>cO "I'O "^ 3 '■ ■-, -n « f- i 'i;-^ g i 6 i "^ ",;: S^Si ^ ^^ S c n - .ii.a.ci.a.CLCi.o-ci,a.aa.o,2 ;!!■ ^ ^ y ^ ^ ';^ y W' bo tJi ^ tlO U' to ;:i! : x: ^ ^ X ^ •]jod3'^ uiaaquin^ ■ 'Ci o -o -O 'O -^ -o '-O yo 'iO 176 CHEMICAL REPORT — APPENDIX. 177 t ■oS §2 s " ? bort •5 c 2 8 ti ■ ^8 ms 6 ir ■s „• 2 B £■ - S O .2"? « S c ^ -= * S S i- i -^ O « u S £ bB-; S-S e S=5 h S . 13 w a lis tio"3 " fci)_::J i.ESS u '3 u .-fl ^ E ~ ti ,: 5 "^ bJ3 bO M • ' SB I ^ 2 > > > > > ■D-O ;:i.-ja::i^xI3SSi:7;^ 2 5S^Zizz--'q' ; ■_) _> 'J ■-> •_) 'J •-) CJ a\ T ■'-' M -0 r> r- ■ 'C -! -1 t-- Ol CTt r- -J f n ro (^ -r -1 -n >? ro -'■, -^, .r, -^ T Oi m ^1- r^ t^'O r^;o - -J- 3^ - :c> c". 1^ _0 O C< (N ^O 0\ -^ rl O CO N rJ-00 t^oo vis -<^ C. .-. ro rr, M ro 0. -^. m f, M m - M H - « W M M M M N . , — . _^' ^ _^- I tj) bo ^ 5 eb bii f„ c: c bi; tt :o bB to Ml bo bJ3 til j:) = -S - ':j? >, i i:!!) be bC w ■ C c = c r n "' u : rt U' ui ^^ ^ ^ ^ 4^ 7" 5J" a a , / Jfl , ^ - — 3^ J? 'i *^ *^ bJjt/.'i^ 'jj Gbfibpi)'" Mbj; •^ -;. - -^ a- -::^ J ~ -i^ D. :\J:! ^ 0.3.0., 3. ^ 0.0, tg'S, t:^, ^ ;^ ?, 3 ^ ^ ri. £ ^-> r., c, 7r, 'z. 'r:. - " -^ ; ci 3 c -j- M "^ •^ "^ ^^Oi-^co^ ^.-f:o ^^0 D Oiya M rn (-* m-o t^ ^S o\« -i-00 in(>.-H oco - -^r-^NOO in ?ivO^ Oi mvO 3 -O "---nO as, D O'O'O N rrtu-,r^m-*Thi/im moo ■n u^oo li^lou^u-)u^u^^Ol0 1nu^lrl o\in n- s -J- t-* f^ C^ D •*■ ^ VO i>- - J .0 p-1-0 O-N p. cOg^OOOO'O ^^8 s, 8i 8 a ^j-s ft:; ..'^ !--.«) CT.'JD ;^^=' "-^^^O^C' ;!- i^?;?; r* m ro ro CI m rn ri- ;i i=-j r-. \r. -J} .>, "r-^ J, - CT\ dv u-1 6\ "1 t*- o\ Q 3 g >D ^1- «0 ir ^-j:; vO 'C. 0' c iri "TO 'O'O * - N OvO vO 0^00 -MO m 8S g-s A^.nu^.o r--, 01 rO'C "TO lO-f r. rr, ro r^ 1^ Z,%.'^^.^V.% ■2- IT, :r. -T r^o " ■* fO ro ■*■ -1 r^. CO moo ■T) -' -1- r^I fn ro ro -J -■■1 '^n "■ m ro SI?" H « o c M M ^ ■* ro ro ro M H M -.■ M H.' . , _ ^ /. V :^ - 1 bjD tjj to to tr S S 3 2 S S ^ OOD0 03000"( io\o r--.co Ol O N « « M CJ ro to lO VO >0 10 'O H w fi-iH CJ rO-J-LTjO Ci r-.-jO Ol O -■ LT.^O r-^v5 r^ O m "I'^on M MH-i--t--h-i--i-inu-i O \D O . .... , 'O 'D 'O 'C O O O 177 178 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. a i s i M 2 TS W J- n ^; Pi •I do. > £1 if ii.H o u o rt C c cj:^ 8 3 5'-^ j= .2 TO c g es P4 7 " >*:' ■-> 2 ? 'i ^ '-» b c'ti 2 _ c. -^ ? .■ -r "i: CO rt ^ c c c c -42 EB = 003-3 = — u -U O „ X >, c c c p . -0 c Cincinnati Gr , Cincinnati C Cincinnati G ■^- r1 C >- ^ " > >, o J f^ 5 ^ >, Cj ^ .2.'- -^ ^ir b .2 - ;; - tT' - ■ ^' -^ ::: ^ ~ - b '^ 'i "^ b b 'J ,iJ,w ^ ^ - ^ ^ «^ u5 i^ ^ ^ '- '-J '^' X ^ ■/ '/ 1 ^r<; X .^ w -^ ^, 'f. f. ■/ /. — '-^ X 'fi ''- 'S. /.■^■ — '^'=' 1^6 •8o:.-^o::io 8 ^o = ^ r^ 8880?'^ ^ ^ § ti J-, 6 •07S 'J3i^A\ lOfo .-rr. -)--r-T--rfOTrM 't rr, M u-»O00 C-s in ro l« 3 O " ^ " Ci iTh ^1 -•- f7\ LT) -^ ro inoo \D ■" R •usEjod [Ejox 0> C-- O '1 -no »-< OJ \0 'C f- '-• CI ■* rri Tj- M >c -h M <■! -. N CO M ■•a CO CO in M Tt- ro m« ro-^-^H ^, . m -J- "*■ -r N « N n N ° . , • ^"S ■ • 'i^ - *'^poS .on.. . ' ^/^SElOd ^T' • ... , f »-- a^ 'ppE ounqd]ns '■M 'OOOOCOCC'O ■O CI H ^"^^ ^ \ a. 8S SS3S " D G ZL ■::: ^ ^ C ^•1 "-) c t-- o\ ■pp'E Di.iidsoqj ^1 "1 "; - VD M « \0 M ■EtsaoSBj^ , . d M CO c-i Ov M ro M H n m : '^\ *? - CI ur - 4; CO •aiBuoq Osrn _MTOh-NcC^o-rt^ lO >-- -iB3 ■BlS3ll3EJ/y • ■ .„-,.^„- '^^'^o ^ CO ■3uii';j , . ' CO r^ "■' £SSS.S~iS,tii.o:i i O '3 ^ ■ • • - r - Q CO T 'C Q CO -i- ■opjuoqjEoamiq p T •apixo uojj ^?;vg5>S^8,S.8E?S-8 S , ro'S CO M ro M .( 00 nn r^ ro d d. r^l s- ? 9 S5 ;:•!?, s °, " o i/,^ ^ ■q ^ .l=i^,S •BuiuinjY CO CX3 „ H _^ ■£ ■SSSSSS'SS^ .r--f; § • -vS-g ,3^^.SvS ■ s ^S'S8>g>S>8 •EDJUS O ,mr-.0'3->ciiOM>0'y? a> - vo t- ■n t t". -*■ . . N r-oo CO ci t- VO ■S31B0 ■-Jo ■ ■ ^ 8 C -niS pUU BOJIIS t^ '-. . f^o . . J a CO • . -J >» c "u ~ij ■ c c = C c ^ >^ C C C C .':5 S _^jj:o.a- ". ao-Q-a-a a. D. '^^J^-i-d -a >,':i'^SS£ = ES-SS E E z. ::; ^ w e p ■^■ P - ii ^ ^ ti ^ ^ C u \~ r, rt -: -. rt X r: 7-. -, rt t; ■y J ij if -J u m m » O O U '_) OUU 'J O UU Ut.bHt:,t^ ii, U, fc In = K 'X'J.'J.-J.'^'J. 2 •IJod N t^O) ii-l'O t~-W Ov O >- n f^ C>,OOi-i-~'-if-^inN^I lA'O O "^ '■~' 'rr, rr, 0^ H 01 r^>0 \o t^ " f^ rr, -^ ,r\o [4 -a'^ ui jaquin^ H i? m" iT iT 2" in « 178 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 179- if u P4 h A d 3 fc^ 3i' m g _o "o a 6 a 6 g" aider's land, wdcr-mill H veil. If feet bed. , third bed, tz's Creek. 1 i &&>|b4 -G U C ■1 a. & c.-^ Q. J^ r2 Pi l!^§li 1 ^"^ li'^^ ^ -a o" iT 5 _^ ■- t/^ P^ si 5^1^ >i 1 2d k1 S^" c G - - . . i iJ '^ J y c -^ - tc oj-i tj: bf' c V s c rz 'r a -J ''^ -- (u u o--'^o -€'->,>, V. c c-^- -t; 3 G co-iX-r. r^O^c? ^ >i >1 nj u . ._ ,:: „_c 1 pc^a 3^ S -13-5 ^ ^^ 1^ ;^ c^ V :^ ;^ >; >. ^ >; >: >.-^ .E .5 J'U t ^- .' rt rt rt rt ^'- g X ^ ^^'^"Cl, CL a. C-, rt' 'o'u~'u'u"D~"ij"jj -f -9 H . u u i i i, "J >, >. >^ >; A :-i-ui_!_urtgi; u 1., - r _x ^ tl £cx.[Z[i.t-i^'jpHai '-^■-1 tin t^ ^ _t ^ _j l; £ P< 0) t-.r-.inmi'i-H h ^§ a\ .888 8?'^^% m ■5E31I p3J o^ ro -^ « t^cd 00 lA mod ° '^* in rnys -c m r^ i 6 .^ - - -^ M H M 1- CT c.'o tn c^ 10 « U w S 00 " 0, c -fl-oo Q a. M in Ox mo \0 jn ■Epos ^ * M c G ^&,— O\0N0"n-'mtfO f ^j o^ -> .- -t- in .nvo ^ Q CO U-) M tn-o in ON « 8 ■qsEio^j ««tNoOOil>.0*JH " t» " UD cr. 1-1 - - n ' M ■ ' N a •-" ci c c •ppB DiJnL[d[n2 ' SuiJSaJ^iiSS S s 00 cj S ^ 5 i o '::^ c 3 ^ 'H " 1 ODDOO 'dOO CHCCC CCG G G G G G G C a n! in ro m r- i^^o t^ .J 4-1* J _ ^ VO •-■ mso :■' -.0 O" xn-O -* •* '1- N '^ "j S V c-j r-.vD N o^-n f K- •piDE OUQqdSOLI(£ 00 c a G G vo m invo -r ''. N ^^'d^'i^;;^S "" § "O - in g\ m ^'-. I-. moo oo 00' : o^ ;n •■e!S3u3Ej\[ rtrtrtrtrttN-tin-d- rt rt cd rt ri M C " «' PI cfl U-, ij -J U-, -jd •-; -; ii o ro m r^ >n M u-, „ ;^2"y^'*'^^^i}u M M u^ ^H PI 00 ■suiiq ' " " ' ' -V-' rt « G G G " ssdssjs^ 8 Q ^ 1 ^ M ^ '^ •apixo uo-ij rn 1-^ CT, rt r;, rt rt rt rt i; rirtririrtCCG ■^ " "^ -' -' « f. 'n M M vo m 10 ■^■0 Is M u-i 0, M r^ " t~N roo r-- N N 00 m r-- N o> M vo N •■Butmniv 'iJ- LO -^ M t-N-O C-- CTi fO w c-vo vo "O t^QO N t-- rn 'j- rnya d H* -^ in d N \o CI - d ronroM -^(n w -nm m m m Pi cs m N m Ti- ^OO MiiSvO^DiOoO §8 1 1 1^1 iss •BDTIJS ^ CO in -^ M 10 4-\d CO in ro C-. 6 Tf- -^ uTO ■^'O 'O ^ in ■O "«■ t~~ ■<^'0\o ■■J-'O m ^- vO bO >, C p. G. & d a i d. i 6 ter. ter. ter. ter. ter. ter. ter. nee na . .2 G G = a 3 3 3 c c s c c C G G l-.^.ut-^-l-.l-^J•— bO u. c 3 mmcdricvcddi^x: c ^ CJCJUCJUOUC^U HO 0000000 S t^co o\ M « m— .— ro t-co o\o M (s ro m •woda-g ui jsquinj^j; -^^ ? VO " 179- i8o CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. , 4> d d rt 8 S iJ E . . ,; g E „■ . rt c E 3 u nj ij ■-> y = 5 SE5S^S^?S ..E'^sl l^^lljiSl^ilfi^EEEl J J 5 S 8 i'^ J J ^ -5 J .^ ^ i; =c V"' V^'— X X X (X (x [£ tL. ;z: i x i ^ i X 7 'x 7, 'J ■noqj^D juiox *jnnd]ng u-j-p W "■. '"1 '- CTi C-. - t- 0\y3 M -0 -fl- 01 ■'( N O'OW -^- ff t-'o-f-iO-OH ■^■^cj p^ n - OOeoo^COO-JOGOOHMMQ c •STuoqdsoqj ■^0 to -1- - -1-M3 vD rn li-i Ov ^ ci -1- 1- in m rO Oi uinipos m 2 ^; 7 '^ ^ ?, ' 0'"- -i-io"?io/'7'?;y^ oo_^j;^^^^ .occoo^ra^^^^ 'ccooo oi^oooo CCCCE' CRCCnC •mnisseiOjj Oo*^^'"»J'"OOuOOm1Jo«1J1J'J ocooo 000 o ■mnisauSBiAI u-imrnc c — — ^c ci m« mo « c -^ -r r-, I-, 10 /I f PI -r^ n OQ t-- 1- 'j-co -. )fl 00 ■ ' ■ ■ c s c 'ranuiuiniv '^' "^ *; ■V r:? '=^0 --■: o> m 00 D fico -r - 2^3 ■3eic; •UODIIiS i-. '.a On - CO 0> ■* J ■ \o r^ 0. t-^ m 1- r- -J- n oooonocon-t-r-ot^-oi'-''- " -)--0\ ro Oi r- w rnvo >0 w -j-hco mOco mc^ r-.--o >*■ •assu^SuEj^ ■^0 mc M ^1 rf^o rn -^-O ^(N N C-O lOJ-J 00--CI Tl-MO(?"0 OO'OmON'oS'^ ; •uoqjBO psuiquio^ 00 ooo-oo. :jooo . 0?: " ri M t'O 0> M vi5 vc ^-, J CO i^'£i -v-j 'C- ti ti CI M p^ M t^ w >" :^ u-)\o . C' u-i -^ r. •sjiqd^JO ooooo-*-ooooo jooc go :y in o>'o >o'Oii -j--i-^*o. « "iri i'-r5j>goo fO 1*1 Ov Tf trjvO - o\ ro\o r-O Ci m O^^O Oi -^ r^ m cow«N"iNMfnwofO«ro(Mrri ro •UOJI CO ri O-Moo N t-wvo 0\>o -^co CO \o 10 M r^ H N osfiinHJo lomo N«ovO mm t(-co CI t^ --j-co r- o\ N m mvo i>. ■- r-vo n\D -»-oo n m fo M d OS 0" rn N M H -^CO « H n -Hi in-o -t a. a^ o- aic5 o\ o\ ct. oi o\ o\'>3 o> ov "i> ■" oj r^ •jCiiABaS oyiosds M C^ r'l'Ci ro m - o\ 10 -C M r^ 1 - - C' ^ n rn m PI w 00 IN M CO fi *j- ^* c - -TO ^1 i-o - M M -em-^-^osOcooo o\oo CO - '-0 « 1-. h t^ r^VO VO 'O »£> 'O t^vo so \o t-» t^O VO r- t^ c 3 o U tr yi ." q:' i; c; :^ i: J J 'J 'J O O' O C - O " ^ ^ '^ •jjoda^ uj jaquinjsi 180 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, Director. CHEMICAL REPORT SOILS, COALS, ORES, IRON FURNACE PRODUCTS, CLAYS, MARLS, MINERAL WATERS, ROCKS, &C., OF KENTUCKY, BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., Etc., Etc., Chemist to the Kentucky Geological Survey, assisted by JOHN H. TALBUTT, S. B., Chemical Assistant. SECOND CHEMICAL REPORT IN THE NEW SERIES AND THE SIXTH SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE SURVEY. INTRODUCTORY LETTER. Chemical Laboratory of the j Kentucky State Geological Survey, V Lexington, February, 1877. j IProfessor N. S. Shaler, Chief Geologist, &c.: Dear Sir: I have the pleasure to report the results of the ■ chemical work performed by myself and Mr. Talbutt, for the State Geological Survey, during the past year, or since the (preparation of the last report nearly up to the present date. Very respectfully, ROBERT PETER. 183 CHEMICAL REPORT OF THE SOILS, COALS, ORES, IRON FURNACE PRODUCTS, CLAYS, MARLS, MINERAL WATERS, ROCKS, &c., OF KEN- TUCKY, BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., Etc. The chemical analyses of eighty-three soils, from twelve counties of the State, are given in the following detailed re- port. I lie limits of the variations of their several essential ingredients are shown in the following table, viz: Pr. cent No. II 565 ill 1684 19 921 in .783 I. 145 ill 1781 ■394 111 1781 540 in 1780 ■755 in 1783 477 in 1903^ 72.540 in 1783 = ■515 in 1696 3 525 in 1783 2,640 in 1696 1.044 in 1728 County. Per cent No to 1.C52 in lyo;/' to 2 815 in 1692 a trace. m (871 to .011 in 1853 to .061 tn ^ever to . g68 m i6K<.. to traces m si-ver t0 9>. 115 HI 1683 to . 035 in 1684 to .435 in 1. ■.;..'(• to . :tgg m 18^-,/ traces in .cv^ral County. Organic and vol.itilt; matliirs v.iry from . Alumina and iion and iiiaiig.uicsc oxides va from. . Lime carbonate varies from . Magnesia v.iries troni. . , . Ptiosplic ric acid varie.s from, . Potash varies from . . Soda varies from Sand and insoluble .silicates vary from . . Water expelled at 380'-' F. v.aries from . Water expelled at 213^ F, v,iries from , . . Potash in the insulnble silicates varies from Soda in the iiis,jltible si ic.ites varies Iroin in Hell , in F,i\etle in F,»vette in F.n'ette in F.ivettc ■ n F.I \ L It e leiiburg in Mull n F.I 11 Hell 11 F.ive n Ke'l n Christian to 11 Muhlenb'rg, 11 Rell 11 Lewis. 11 LatireL il. n Bell. il. 11 Bell. n Bell II Knox, n Knov. This table of e.xtremes ol composition shows wider limits than that o( \olume I, and may be supposed to exhibit the relative chemical composition of very good and very poor soils. The rich soil being characterized by larger proportions of organic and volatile matters (within certain limits), causing the soil to absorb and retain much hygroscopic moisture (ex- pelled at 2 12^ F.); larger relative quantities of alumina, &c., &c., which hold more water, &c., expelled at 380° F.; but especially being more rich in the available alkalies, i)Otash and soda (particularly potash) ; by containing more phosphoric acid, lime, &c., and having less sand and insoluble silicates. The poor soil generally contains a larger quantity of sand and insoluble silicates and smaller proportions of the other named' ingredients. Exceptions occur to these general statements, of course ; for great excess of lime or magnesia carbonates, VOL. L-CHEM. 13. 185, 6 CHEMICAL REPORT. of organic matters, or of clay, may make a poor soil ; or, on the other hand, the absence of any single essential element in it may render unavailable normal proportions of all the others. The study of the soil in relation to its productiveness presents, indeed, a complex problem ; many conditions, both physical and chemical, enter into it, all equally important. Even the relative state of division, whether fine or coarse, of two soils otherwise presenting similar chemical, physical, and atmos- pheric conditions, is found greatly to influence its fertility. Another varying condition is the influence of water upon the soil, which, in the valley, may bring fertilizing ingredients to the soil from the higher grounds by deposit of suspended mud left by the overflowing fluid, or may carry dissolved ele- ments of plant food into its interior by gradual infiltration. On the other hand the flood, on the higher slopes, not only carries off to the lower levels the richer and finer solid mate- rials, but, by a continued leaching process, may actually dis- solve and remove the alkalies, lime, magnesia, phosphates, and organic matters, and even gradually decompose the insoluble silicates and carry off the store of alkalies naturally contained in some of them. The examination of some of the soils of the mountain region seemed to show that underground drainage, through a measurably open subsoil, had thus acted ■on the silicates contained in them. In many cases the subsoil in the samples examined was richer in the mineral elements of fertility than the surface soil, and in some few cases it seemed to have had a different origin. The influence of the subsoil, when more or less mixed with the upper soil in the processes of cultivation, was measurably 'Observable in studying the gradual exhaustion produced by cropping. In some cases seemingly making the soil of the old field fully as rich as the virgin soil, supposing both orig- inally to have been similar in composition, which is not always true. The comparison of the old cultivated soil with the vir- gin soil of the immediate vicinity does not, therefore, in all cases, show an apparent reduction of the elements of fertility in the former ; yet, the fact is demonstrated, in a large propor- CHEMICAL REPORT. 7 tion of cases, where the soil is uniform in the region and care -has been taken in the selection of the samples. Superficial impurities, which might greatly interfere with the results, are ■easily to be avoided in the collection of the soils in most cases. But the subsoil, although quite rich in potash, soda, phos- phates, and other mineral fertilizers, does not always improve the immediate fertility of the soil when brought up to the sur- face in too large quantity at one time. Indeed gardeners find, generally, that it reduces the fertility of the surface unless it is liberally mixed with organic manures. Hence, while they may loosen the earth to a considerable depth, by a process of subsoiling, to favor drainage, the penetration of the atmos- pheric gases and the free spreading of the roots of their veg- etables, they are generally careful not to trench the soil so as to throw much of the heavy subsoil upon the surface. Of •course subsoils vary in composition ; but the subsoils of this region are usually quite rich in potash, soda, and phosphates, 'held in firm combination, however, in the silicates which are insoluble in the ordinary acids ; they contain more of the ma- terials of clay — alumina, iron oxide, &c. — than the surface soil ■generally, and but a small quantity of organic and volatile matters. As the organic compounds of the soil are greatly instru- mental in bringing the mineral elements of plant food into a •soluble or available condition, and as they even act on the insoluble silicates, to set free and make soluble their constit- uent alkalies and phosphates, &c., the measurable absence of the organic matters from the heavy subsoil may have much to do with its inertness as compared with its chemical composi- tion. The extensive study which has been made in this laboratory of the insoluble silicates of our soils, during the past year, has thrown much light on this subject, as well as on the probable origin of some of our soils. All of the soils examined were found to have a notable quantity of alkalies in the silicious residue left after a ten, or twelve days' digestion in chlorohy- .dric acid of the density of i.i, and, as may be seen by refer- 187 8 CHEMICAL REPORT. ence to the table of extremes of composition given above, this quantity varies from 2.640 per cent, of potash down tO' 0.399 per cent., which was the smallest proportion found in any, and which, as is universally the case, is much greater than the amount removed from the soil by the action of chlo- rohydric or nitric acid. The silicious residue of our Kentucky soils, left after pro- longed digestion in the acids, is generally in such a fine state of division that all or most of it will readily pass through fine bolting-cloth. Hence our best Kentucky soil has been popu- larl)' said to have no sand in it. Indeed, in the " Blue Grass Region," so-called — the most fertile part of the State — sand is so scarce that it usually must be hauled from the river beds at some distance, and its cost to the builder is quite considerable. But a large proportion of the very fine silicious residue of our soils is really ver)- fine quartzose sand, some grains being clear and colorless, some milky or colored, and only a iew, ot the same character, separable by the bolting-cloth from some of the soils, are of a somewhat larger size, indicating the fact that our soils, or the rocks from the disintegration of which they are derived, have been deposited under comparatively quiet waters, possibly of a deep sea at a distance from its shores. But, mixed with the purely silicious grains is quite a con- siderable quantity of grains of s///ca/cs, containing the alkalies in considerable proportions, doubtless of the nature of the felspar and mica of the granitic rocks and other minerals analogous in chemical composition, holding in reserve a great treasure of these important elements of organic nourishment, the alkalies. When we consider the wide diffusion of these finely divided silicates — for it is probable they enter into the constitution of all the soils of the world — we may well be astonished at the vast extent of rock disintegration which was necessary to their production, and admire this wonderful provision for maintain- ing the productiveness of the soil. CHEMICAL REPORT. 9 As regards the proportion of phosphates contained in these insoluble silicates, it is the design of the writer to institute an investigation, as occasion may favor, during the progress of the Survey. It has been conclusively established that mijicral fertilizers alone will not suffice to render soil productive. The greater proportion of vegetable and animal bodies is made up of the so-called atmospheric elements, viz: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen ; and the latter element, although entering into their composition in much smaller proportions than the other three, has most attracted the attention of vegetable physiolo- gists and agriculturalists ; mainly for the reason, that while the carbon is readily appropriated by the plant, in the decomposi- tion of carbonic acid under the influence of the sun's light — this acid being never absent from the soil or the atmosphere — • and water, always present, yields the necessary hydrogen and oxygen, nitrogen cannot, as a general rule, with some excep- tions, be directly assimilated from the atmospheric gases by the growing vegetable. With the exception of plants of the clover or pea family, and a few others, all growing vegetables must be supplied with this essential element, nitrogen, in some form of compound, they not seeming generally to be endowed with the force requisite to coerce into the liquid or solid state this gas, which has withstood all the efforts of man, by the use of immense pressure and intense cold, to condense it even into the liquid form. Under ordinary circumstances of natural vegetable growth, nitrogen is presented to the plant, sometimes in the form of ammonia (composed of nitrogen and hydrogen), or of some of its compounds, resulting from the decomposition of animal bodies and products ; sometimes in that of nitrates or analo- gous compounds, which originate in the union of nitrogen and oxygen and some base ; all of which nitrogenous compounds are easily soluble in water, and thus readily enter the vege- table tissues. But the ordinary natural supply of these com- pounds is limited, and hence, when the soil is to be stimulated to its highest degree of productiveness, and its fertility made lO CHEMICAL REPORT. continuous, the cultivator necessarily resorts to the admix- ture of nitrogenous compounds of some sort with his fertil- izers. The nitrogenous organic compounds of both animals and plants are always associated with phosphates ; and it is believed, that while potash is absolutely necessary in the grow- ing vegetable for the production and transfer of its non-nitro- genous constituents, nitrogenous compounds and phosphates are also mutuall)' dependent — all being equally indispensable. So that the agricultural chemists of the Liebig school, who contend for the exclusive importance of the mineral elements of fertility, and those of the French and English schools, who see no value in manures outside of the nitrogen compounds, are equally too exclusive, and equally in fault. These questions have long been of vital interest in the older and more thickly populated countries, while in our compara- tively new continent the virgin soil still bountifully responds to the labor of the farmer without the aid of artificial fertil- izers, and with but little evidence of exhaustion. But here, as everywhere, except where the soil is continually renewed by exceptional and local causes, such as the existence of an unusually rich and readily decomposable sub-stratum, or the periodical fertilizing overflow of rivers, the cnntinued demands- of the farmer upon the land inevitably reduces its productive- ness — an effect which is increased as population enlarges. And it is even now the fact that, over a large portion of our State and country, profitable farming without the aid of ma- nures Is practically at an end. The future of our husbandry will be mainly the application of fertilizers to the soil, as a. vehicle of production, by the aid of capital, skill, and Indus- try; which will be the more profitable as the population be- comes more dense, and the home market is enlarged by the increase amongst us of other industrial occupations, more especially of the manufactures. Kentucky is eminently endowed by nature for the support of extensive and most important manufactures. Her im- mense natural resources in coal, iron ores, clays, limestones,, salt, &c., &c. — materials which are essential to almost all the 190 CHEMICAL REPORT. I I arts of civilization, and give employment to more individuals than any other natural products, those of the field, perhaps, ex- cepted — only await development to make her one of the most powerful Commonwealths of the world. The great wealth and power of Great Britain rest on her coal and iron fields mainly. During the past year, proximate analyses have been made, in this laboratory, of one hundred and forty-seven several samples of Kentucky coals, in addition to those reported in previous volumes of the reports. As might have been ex- pected, these exhibit a considerable variety in their composi- tion, as may be seen by examining the table at the end of this chemical report. The general average of ash and sulphur in the coals ex- amined this year doubtless falls somewhat below that pf the samples examined in the previous year; but, as might be expected, very great differences are to be observed among them. Thus the limits of the ash per centage extend from 2.60 per cent., in Nos. 1908 and 1810, from Ohio county, to 34.72 per cent., in No. 1914, from Ohio county. The great proportion of the ash of No. 19 14 is exceptional, however, and although this coal is called a cannel coal by some, it doubtless should be denominated a bituminous shale. Indeed, where the earthy matters exceed twenty per cent, of the material, the name coal is not as appropriate as the latter term, although the mineral may yet be made quite useful for fuel, or possibly for distillation, in the vicinity of its bed. The limits of total sulphur in these coals examined this year are from 0.530 per cent., in the cannel coal. No. 1966, from Wolfe county, to 7.959 per cent., in No. 1923, from Ohio county. A remarkable fact in relation to this latter coal is, that while the sulphur per centage is nearly eight the ash per centage is only a little above twelve, indicating that much of this com- bustible substance is either in the free state or in some form of organic compound in the coal. Other coals, with a large quantity of sulphur, show the same fact, and the inference is that a considerable proportion of this sulphur may be removed 191 12 CHEMICAL RErORT. in the operation of coking the coal. Remarks on the prob- able condition of sulphur in coals, and on its removal, will be found in the succeeding detailed report, especially under the head of Bell county. As was remarked in the previous volume, the coals of the eastern coal field appear to be somewhat less sulphurous, in the average, than those of the western. Recent imperfect investigations into those parts of the eastern coal field which are yet measurably unexplored, and which are beyond the usual channels of communication, have shown the existence there of coals of great value and remarkable purity, some of which, like the celebrated Indiana "Block coal," may be used in the smelting of the abundant iron ore without the prelim- inary process of coking. Under the heads of Bell and Breathitt counties, the general correspondence between the specific gravit)' and the ash per centage was again exhibited ; and it is to be noted, that while the density of the coal, as a general ruh;, increases with the ash p(;r centagc, tli<; cannel coals offer a marked exception, or ■exhibit a ratio of their own. What the ratio is, in the differ- ent sorts of coal, cannot well be made out at present, espe- cially because the different varieties shade into each other, and difference of age and the action of physical agencies may affect the relative density, indi-|)endent of the earthy matters, as well as the various kinds of organic materials from which the coals w'-A't- derived. To illustrate more full)' this correspondence between specific gravity and ash per centage, another table, viz: that of the coals from Ohio county, is appended, as follows: 192 CIIE>JICAL REPORT. Number. Specific grav- Ash per cent- Number. Specific grav- Ash per cent- ity. age. ity. age. 1910 ?-?5i 2.60 1907 ■•336 10.30 1915 1-273 4.00 1919 ■•340 8.30 1926 1 .2I52 3-i6 1927 1.348 7.72 1908 1.295 2.60 1913 '•345 9.28 1917 1.295 5.00 1920 ■•356 9-94 1909 1.297 3-40 1 92 1 '-357 8.14 1916 '■305 4.00 1922 i.3»o 9-34 "9^4 1 .310 5-94 191 1 1.382 9.96 1925 1 .310 9.92 1918 ..384 14.20 1906 1 .310 7.46 1912 1.386 9.24 1904 1. 318 7.54 1929 1 .411 12.50 192S 1. 321 4-36 "923 '■413 12. 10 1905 1-331 8.44 1914* '•593 34^72 * A bituminous sli.^le or impure cannel coal. It is believed, that notwithstanding the large proportions of ash and sulphur in some of these samples of coals analyzed, the general, or average quality of the coals of the very exten- sive coal fields of Kentucky vv'ill compare favorably with that of the coals of any other region. Only about twenty-four iron ores, of the limonite variety, and five clay iron-stones have been analyzed since the last report. These are from seven counties only, and are found to vary in their proportions of iron between the extremes of twenty-three and more than fifty-three per cent, of that metal. Their proportions oi phosphorus W3.x:y from 1.60 to 0.065 P^f cent., the Jargest proportion of this injurious element having ■been found in the "Clinton ore," of Old Slate Furnace, of Bath county. As is pretty well established, phosphorus is more injurious to the quality of the iron than any other ingredient of the ore, esp'jciall)' in causing it to be "cold-short," or, in other words, diminishing its tenacity or toughness. Silicon, in cer- tain proportions, is also injurious in this respect; but the presence of phosphorus in the ore is more to be deprecated, tecatise it is to be removed with more difficulty from the iron in the subsequent refining processes; silicon being easily oxidated, or burnt out with the excess of carbon and some •other impurities of the pig metal, in the puddling or even in '93 14 CHEMICAL REPORT. the Bessemer process, while phosphorus is believed to main- tain more obstinately its union with the metallic iron. The general belief was, even among modern scientific ob- servers, that all the phosphoric acid in the iron ore, or in the flux material and fuel, used in the ordinary smelting furnace, finds its way into the reduced metal, pig iron, produced, and" is held in it, in firm combination, in the form of iron phos- phide. Hence, it was claimed, a phosphatic ore necessarily pro- duces a yet more phosphatic iron, because the phosphorus, all of which is supposed to combine with the metal, is, of course, in larger proportion to the iron than to the ore, &c. But analyses, made by the writer, of samples of iron furnace cinder or slag, pLiblished in the volumes of the first series of reports of the Kentucky Geological Survey, as well as in the present report (see Greenup county), show the presence of notable quantities of phosphoric acid in this slag, and thus lead to the conclusion that it is possible, by a proper manage- ment of the furnace and of the fluxes used, to eliminate, in this form, a considerable proportion of this injurious ingredient in the smelting of the ore. If the phosphatic iron ore, in the high furnace, be subjected to a very intense heat, in presence of the reducing gases, the phosphoric acid will be reduced to phosphorus, which will unite with the reduced iron when it melts, provided a proper basic flux material be not present to fuse with the phosphoric acid before it is deoxidated, and thus- protect it from reduction. But, in the presence of such a basic flux material, it is probable that the iron of the ore, if it be reduced at a more moderate heat, and while yet unmelted, may afterwards melt at a heat not quite high enough to- reduce the phosphoric acid, which then would go off in the slag. The strong affinity which exists between alumina and phos- phoric acid justifies the belief that this material, in the flux or in the ore, may be especially useful in this process of purification in the smelting furnace ; when used in combination with a sufficiency of lime or other fluxing materials to make a rather fusible basic flux, and with not too high a temperature 194 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 5.; in the reducing part of the furnace. It is well known that alumina is an essential ingredient of all clays. It has long been known that the phosphorus of the impure iron ma)' be removed, in great measure, by the aid of oxygen and fluxing materials ; and this fact has long been practically applied in the various refining processes, in which the melted pig metal is exposed to the oxygen of the air, or to that which is separated from powdered iron or manganese oxides, or derived from common nitre or nitrate of soda. The oxygen burns out or oxidates the phosphorus (together with the other oxidable ingredients — carbon, silicon, sulphur, &c.), and the phosphoric acid which is formed unites generally with iron or manganese oxides, as phosphates, in the melted cinder. This is the the- ory of all the various refining processes, including that called puddling and the Bessemer process, which latter process, how- ever, because, probably, of the want of a fluid basic flux to dissolve compounds of phosphoric acid, is not effectual in the removal of phosphorus. Amongst the modern processes for iron purification is the patent one of Henderson, originated in England, but which seems to have been employed in this country, at the Hamburg Iron Works, Hamburg, Pennsylvania. An English pamphlet, obtained by the writer at the Centennial Exhibition, gives many interesting facts in relation to it and its results. The refining process is, to pour the melted impure pig metal on a mixture of powdered fluor-spar and titanic iron ore (ilmen- ite), or peroxide of manganese, &c., placed on the floor of the ordinary puddling furnace; "the furnace door being then closed, the powdered mixture fuses, and the iron is allowed to boil for about half an hour ; the rabble is then worked for about ten minutes, and the metal is balled up in the usual ' way. The whole time occupied by one charge, with ordinary grey forge pig iron, being a little under an hour." It is claimed, that in this time the commonest and most im- pure pig iron may have most of its phosphorus, sulphur, sili- con, and carbon removed; and that it may be brought to a. state of purity, toughness, and ductility equal to that of the 19s. l6 CHEMICAL REPORT. best Swedish iron. In this pamphlet this claim is corrobo- rated by numerous chemical analyses of the pig metal and of the purified wrought iron, by Dr. Henry M. Noad, F. R. S. ; Mr. Edward Riley, F. C. S. ; and Mr. W. Matthiew Williams, F. C. S., as well as by many mechanical tests of the metal by Mr, David Kirkaldy. The chemical analysis of the slag produced in this pro- cess throws a little light upon the theory of the depurative action of the re-agents used. (See table 19 of the pam- phlet.) Some of this slag, analyzed by Mr. Edward Riley, F. C. S., gave the following results; Silica ... .11.12 Titanic acid . . . 5.02 Protoxide of iron. . . . .... s6.4i "I o . r • Peroxide of iron 18.20/= 5^-° per cent, of nv7«. Alumina ... . . . . . 1 .73 Manganese . 2.22 Phosphoric acid I.19 = .47 per cent. o{ phosphorus. Sulphur . .09 Lime .... .... 3.51 99-49 The author of the process asserts that most of the phos- phorus goes off in the form of \'apor; but it is evident that it mostly separates in the slag, after having formed phosphoric acid by union with cxygen. No doubt the manganese o.xide aided in the oxidation of the carbon, sulphur, and phosphorus of the pig iron, and the fluorine of the fluor-spar may have combined with the silicon to produce a volatile fluoride of sil- icon ; for we see no statenient of any fluorine in the analysis of the slag; but it is believed, that in the ordinary operation (A puddling, thi^ atmosph(.-ric oxygen, or that derived from a lining of powdered iron ore, &c., may remove all these, if it ])(.' carefully performed, more especially if materials be brought in contact with the boiling iron, which may readily melt into a sufficient ba.sic cinder to carry off the fixed impurities, including phosphates which may result from the oxidation of the phos- phorus of the iron. That the fluor-spar may both serve to form the flux and quicken the separation of the silicon and phosphorus, was fully established by Carron. CHEMICAL REl'OKT. I /■ A large quantity of iron oxides appears in this cinder, in< the above statement of the analysis, equivalent to fifty-eight per cent, of the whole slag. But it is probable that most of this was derived from the powdered ilmenite (titanic iron oxide) used in the process. In the ordinary puddling slag the large proportion of iron oxide always present is derived from the pig iron. It is very probable that the mixture of the powdered iron ore with the fluor-spar may lessen the loss of metal in the puddling. According to the published state- ment, the loss in purifying the most common pig iron into fine wrought iron, by the Henderson process, is only ten per cent. It is generally believed that, in the ordinary refining pro- cesses, the agent which is especially effectual in the removal of the phosphorus is the tri-basic silicate of iron, which forms a fluid cinder or slag, and which is produced by the oxidation of the ingredients of the pig metal at a great expense of iron. There can be no doubt that this loss may be measur- ably prevented, and the purification facilitated, by the use of a "lining" of powdered oxide of iron (iron ore), with some compound of lime (fluor-spar or limestone), to gi^■e oxygen and form a fluid basic flux to carry off the phosphoric and silicic acids, &c. Whether the use of similar materials, to furnish oxygen and the ingredients for a somewhat basic flux to carry off phosphoric acid, is possible in the Bessemer process, is well worthy of trial. Fluor-spar commends itself because of its ready fusibility and its power of fluxing earthy materials generally, so that it possibly may dissolve, retain, and pro- tect from reduction the oxidated phosphatic compounds, at a temperature sufficient to melt iron, and thus aid in their re- moval. The presence of alumina in the cinder seems also to be beneficial in this respect. Not the least interesting of the iron ores analyzed, during the past year, are those described in the Appendix as Clinton iron ore, dyestone ore, or fossil ore, from very extensive beds in the mountainous region of Tennessee, near the Kentucky State line, in the Cumberland Gap region, which, because of 197 'iS CHEMICAL REPORT. 'their abundance in the vicinity of our coal beds, their general richness in iron (one sample giving more than fifty-six per ■cent, of this metal, on analysis), as well as because of their unexpected moderate proportion of phosphorus, in this local- ity, promise to become of great industrial value. Some of the iron smelted from this Clinton ore, at the Old Clinton Furnace, at Cumberland Gap, the anal)'sis of which is also given in the Appendix, corroborates this expectation. The twenty-two samples of pig iron analyzed, from five ■counties of the State, vary in their specific gravity from 6.163 to 7.435 ; in their per centage of iron, from 89.687 to 94.764; in their per centage of total carboti, from 2.800 to 4.720; in ■that of phosphorus, from 1.080 to 0.120; in that of silicon, 'from 5.082 to 0.363, and in that of sulplmr, from 0.278 to ■o.oii. This includes samples of hot-blast stone-coal iron, as well as cold-blast charcoal iron. From these and the analyses .previously made, it is evident that iron of almost any desir- able quality can be manufactured in our State from her natural products, which are unusually abundant, and await only the judicious application of capital, skill, and labor to give to her .-great prominence as a manufacturing State. An interesting discovery of a phosphatic layer in the blue lime- ■stone (Lower Silurian) is recorded under the head of Fayette ■county; and some suggestions as to the use of the Bittern water of our salt works, and other means in rendering more available for fertilizers the beds of marls of our State, will be found under the heads of Clay and Grayson counties. Another interesting fact reported is the existence of barium and strontium chlorides in the brines of Clay and Meade coun- ties. BATH COUNTY. Liiiionite iron ores, labeled as follows : No. 1652-f-LiMONiTE, from Slate Furnace ore banks, " Howard' s Hill ;" Upper Silurian formation. Collected by P. N. Moore. In porous, or fine cellular, irregular, thin laminae; oolitic in parts; of a dark-brown color, with ochreous incrusting mate- rial. CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 9 -No. 1653 — LiMONiTE, from Slate Furnace ore bank. Upper part of the bed. ColUrtcd by P. N. iMoore. Mostly of a yellowish-brown color, and somewhat friable, with some darker-brown and denser irregular laminae. The whole presenting a fine-grained oolitic appearance, from the presence of small spherical cavities, more or less incrusted with whitish and yellowish material. No. 1654 — LiMONiTE Ore at the Chalybeate Springs, Pilot Knob. Collected by P. N. Moore. In thin irregular laminse, of a dark reddish-brown* color, Nwith some bright red and yellowish ochreous material. -No. 1655 — LiMONiTE {with carbonate'), said to be eighteen to twenty feet thick, fi^om 7iear Owingsville, on the road to Slate Creek. Collected by P. N. Moore. Of a fine oolitic strjiicture. Colors varying from yellowish .and reddish-brown to greyish-brown, with greenish-grey infil- tration in some parts. No. 1656 — LiMONiTE, from ''Old Coaling Bank,'' head of Clear Creek; in Sub-carboniferous limestone. Average sample col- lected by P. N. Moore. Principally of a dark reddish-brown color, with some little -ol lighter color. -No. 1657 — LiMONiTE, from the ''Richardson Bank,'' Clear Creek; hi Sub-carboniferous Ihnestone. Average sample col- lected by P. N. Moore. A dense ore, generally of a dark brown color, with a small proportion of greyish. No. 1658 — LiMONiTE, from the "Pergam Bank," Clear Creek; in Sub-carboniferous limestone. Average sample collected by P. N. Moore. A dense ore, generally of a dark brown color, with some ilittle ochreous. 199 20 CHEMICAL KEPORT. COMrOSTTION OF THESE ]!ATH COUNTY LIMONITE ORES, DRIED At 212° F. N'o. 1652 No. 1653 No. 1654 No. 1 65 5 No. 1656 No. 1657 No. 1658 Iron ].iei'Oxi(le . . 70.o5o 69.72S 47-3=1 39.06S 59.621 66.329 65.310 11.479 S.34r. 12.370 12.532 Alumina 4.540 8.642 5.418 11.947 Manganese pero.xide not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. Lime carbonate . .040 .170 .6 JO I .S . 7 1 .500 a trace. • 730 ?v[agnesia . . .021 .045 .079 6. 1 so .144 -173 . 140 Phosplioric acid . . 1 .620 1. 154 .161 .SliN -709 .709 .825 SulpliLiric acid ... •Ojl ■ I U -376 .1S5 a trace. a trace. a trace. Coniljinetl \\'ater 12.300 12.60 12.00 7-835 10.400 9.580 1 1 . 000 Silicious residue . . 11.530 7 • 930 33-330 7-350 15.830 9.720 9.580 Total 100. 142 100.453 99-425 100.000 99-574 99 - 043 99-53= Iron, per cent. . . . 49.042 .^S.Soj i3- 1=3 30.734 41-735 46.440 44-570 Piiosphorus, per cent. 0.707 .504 .070 -379 - 309 -309 .300 Sulphur, per cent. . . . .OI2 ■o^l .150 -074 a tr.rce. a trace. a trace. Sdica, per cent. . . 11.530 7.70 27.603 7.560 13.960 9.060 9-580 Specific gravity . . 3-470 3-405 not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. All of theses ores are .sufficiently rich for profitable smelting. Nos. 1652, 1653, 'i"'^ 1657 are more than usually rich in iron. The first two contain more phosphorus than is desirable, but much of this may be remo\ecl in the slag, if there be much alumina present; moreover, it would not be seriously objec- tionable in ordinar)' castings. No. 1655, containing quite large proportions of lime and magnesia, might profitably be mixed with nmrc silicious and richer ores for smelting. Sul phur is not superabundant, except in No. 1654. riG ll;o\ FROM li.VTH COUNTY. No. 1659 — L.Mii'.LEn "X(y. i Cold-blast Charcoal Iron; Bath Furiuicc. Collected by P. N Moo>-c." A dark-colored, moderately coarse-grained iron. Yields readily to the file ; flattens considerably under the hammer. No. 1660 — "Pig Iron from Old Slate Furnace.'' Collected by P N. Moore. Finer-grained, harder, and less tough than the preceding, but yields to the file and extends somewhat under the hammer. CHEMICAL REPORT. 2r No. 1 66 1 — Labeled "No. i Cold-blast Charcoal Car-wheel Iron" from Cottage Furnace. Sent by G. S. Moore & Co., of Louisville. Moderately coarse-grained ; somewhat dark grey. Yields with difficulty to the file ; extends somewhat under the ham- mer. No. 1662 — "A^(?. 2 Cold-blast Charcoal Pig Iron," from Batk Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore. A moderately fine-grained grey iron. Yields to the file; extends considerably under the hammer. No. 1663 — -"No. 3 Cold-blast Charcoal Pig Iron," from Batk Fjirnace. Collected by P. N. Moore. Finer-grained than the preceding. Yields to the file ; ex- tends rather more under the hammer than the preceding. No. 1664 — -"No. 4 Cold-blast Charcoal Pig Iron, from Bath Furnace. Collected by P- N. Moore." Finer-grained than the preceding. Quite fine-grained, and dark grey. Yields to the file ; extends somewhat under the hammer. COMPOSITION OF THESE BATH COUNTY PIG IRONS. No. 1659. No. 1660. No. 1661. No. 1662. No. 1663. No. 1664. Iron . . 92.631 92.056 93.106 91.924 93-472 93.004 Graphite . . . .3 840 3.640 3.860 3-440 3- 100 2.700 Combined carbon. . 710 .310 .590 1 .060 1 .510 1 .410 Silicon I S20 1 .760 .914 1. 319 .652 1 .007 Slag . . 100 .100 . 160 .260 . 160 .260 Calcium . . . 090 .116 not est. not est. not est. not est. Phosphorus . . . 363 1 .080 ■527 .220 .290 .262 Sulphur . . 27S .218 .011 .107 . 121 .\^2 Total 99-532 99.280 99.168 98-330 99-305 98.815 Total carbon .... 4-55° 3-95° 4.450 4.500 4.610 4.IIO- .Specific gravity . . 7.070 7.067 7.142 7.017 7.092 7.16S. VOL. I.-CHEM. 14. 2 2 CHEMICAL REPORT. The pig iron of tlie Bath Furnace has a well deserved rep- utation for yielding iron of great tenacity, and hence is pre- ferred for railroad axles. Its small proportion of phosphorus* does not seem to injure it in this respect. It, as well as the other specimens from Bath county, contains more than the usual proportion of carbon. The iron of the Old Slate Fur- nace, prepared from the phosphatic ores of the Upper Silu- rian Group, contains more phosphorus than is desirable in the manufacture of tough bar iron or steel. This impurity does not prevent it from being available in almost all ordinary cast- ings. BARREN COUNTY. No. 1665 — -''Marly Deposit in Proctor s Cave. In the cavernous Sub-carboniferous limestone, Barren county." Said to be good for polishing metals. The dried lumps are very fine-grained, and are light-grey, nearly white. Adhere to the tongue. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Alumina and iron and manganese oxides, and phosphoric acid "Water, alkalies, and loss Silica and insoluble silicates Total 66.l6o 14.083 5.800 5.097 8.860 If in sufficient quantity, it might not only be useful for pol- 'ishing the soft metals, but might be used as a fertilizer, or, very probably, it would make a hydraulic cement, if properly ■calcined. No. 1666 — "Nitre Earth. From Grand Avenue Cave, three miles northwest of Glasgow function, Barre7i county. Col- lected by Prof. N. S. Shaler." A light cinnamon-colored earth, containing excrements of bats, &c., &c. ■•■■"It is believed by the writer that, in consequence of the difficulties attending the esti- mation of the phosphorus in iron, this ingredient has been often under-estimated by chemists, and, consequently, its evil influence has been over-estimated. CHEMICAL REPORT. 23 Qualitatively examined, it was found to contain ammonia ■salt, or some nitrogenous matter which yields this alkali ■under the action of lime ; also much lime sulphate. Quantitative analysis showed, however, that it only con- tained of nitric acid 0.0025 per cent.; of potash, .0129 per •cent. ; of soda, .0024; so that it would not prove valuable as a source of nitre, although, if in sufficient quantity, it might be >useful as a fertilizer. BELL COUNTY. COALS OF BELL COUNTY. No. 1667 — ''Coal, from Abraham Lock's coal bank, Straight Creek, Bell county. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A somewhat soft, pure-looking splint coal. Very little ffibrous coal and no pyrites apparent. Some ferruginous •stain in the seams. -No. 1668 — "Cannel Coal, from Col. John G. Eves land. Fork Ridge, near Stony Creek. Fourteen inches thick. Taken from- the bed of Mountain Creek. It is probably better be- yond the opening." Tough ; fracture somewhat conchoidal ; lustre satiny. No ^appearance of pyrites. Some ferruginous stain on the sur- face. No. 1669 — ''Hignite Coal, from- Hignite Branch of Yellow Creek. Upper bed. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A splint coal, with very little fibrous coal or granular pyrites nDetween the laminae. IMo. 1670 — ''Coal, from, the same locality as the last sam-ple. Middle bed. Collected by A. R. Crandall." Does not differ much in appearance from the preceding. -No. 1 67 1 — "Coal, from the same locality. Lower bed. Col- lected by A. R. Crandall." 203 24 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1672 — " Coal, from Little Clear Creek. In the shales above the Congloinerate . Bed two feet thick ; fifteen feet above the creek. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A semi-canp"^I or splint coal. Very little fibrous coal and no apparent yrites between the laminae. Lumps slightly soiled with r ad. No. 1673— Coal, from Little Clear Creek, &c., &c. Bed two feet thii ';, in the bed of the creek. Collected by A. R. Cran- dall. Res' mbles the last. Some little ferruginous stain on exte- rior ."^ -rfaces. J 1674 — - 'Coal, from Fork Ridge, on Stony Creek. A four- feet bed, above the cannel coal. Collected by A. R. Crandall."' A pitch-black, pure-looking coal. Has very little fibrous coal and no apparent pyrites. No. 1675 — '' Coal, from fames Barnetfs ba^tk, six miles north of Cjunberland Gap, on a branch of Clear Fork, which runs into Big Yellow Creek. Bed forty inches thick, with na shale parting. Average sample collected by /no. H. Talbutt. ( Three other beds in the same lull ; one below, eighteen inches tJiick; two above — one eighteen incites, the other, 07t the top, about three to four feet thick.) " A pure, glossy, pitch-black coal. Has very little fibrous coal or pyrites. No. 1676 — "Coal, fro?n the same locality as the last. A sample from such as is sent to market." Collected by fohn H. Tal- butt." Resembles the preceding. 204 CHEMICAL REPORT. 25 ■n -W o -ci < o u > o o w -m w « ■ffi H O ^^ o •0 6 -^VO ir^ 0^ t~r~i r^vO 8 8 OvOO N 8 8 d, 5 rJ3 c 00 d ;2; 00 VO Tj- rooo 00 f^vO 8 8 vO -^ t^ Ov CO 8 i a. >-r 10 On d 4 d VO VO 00 r^vO 8 d W N vO ly-) Lo Ov 8 8 d Til 5j^ "1 ^ VO d in CO vO ^ t-^ On '-'"j >- 00 C\ 8 VO ■•J- N vO 8 8 vO d :2i N VO M r- tN rovo 8 8 00 N 00 00 fO CO -^ « 8 8 d in VO C :2; VO JO sO rOvD 8 0" Tj- vO 00 ON cs 8 8 d in bo d 6 d :5 VO ro (S vD - rOvO 8 8 CO M VO ro 00 00 ro ro U-) 8 8 d 10 5 VO CO d d^ d 000 (JO xj~,t^ rovD 8 000 8 8 d u tx: '0 a, C/3 u !; s S »j ■ ■5 -y, ^ ;= 'a. 5 u . ^ C C !2 .' E u '0 -^ > C — C u 1) (U CJ 4. c 1- -' 00 w-1 IN O O N u-i i-OOO i-OJG O o - c -_ o I _: U 213 ^4 CHEMICAL REPORT. lO N Ti- ro ro O "^ r-. o H- n ON ^ "1- 'Th r-i u-i <-' ro (N O -J- (N O O o Ln O MD LOCO O ri ON -^ r- O ON ro O ^ O u-j i_o ro [=H O W P o en « -O 2; < >-> - t-H O -H -2i -& O U ►J ~w w w c« W H ■ fe O o in O -P-, o u-iO i-ni^ONi^O O fN 0100 n O O i>-On>-o(S Ln -t^-O 1-. r> — O O O ro t^oo O O O (NOOO'-<00-H O O X> LTlCO I- ■ QNOO yD O O O CO fO O O 'O rJ-O rt O ^ ■1 O — N CO (X3 O LOOO ro-^ 1- i^ o o g^-2'-?^ O O o cs -^ *-; ON ^o o c N o - "^ « o ^ ' Ln O ■^ 1^ Lo ro u fli p rt o '(^ U • c OJ ^ o • • t3 (u •-0 ■ • :=t XI ■ tu >< rt •■""2 o .299 .059 7.460 none. 61 . 142 7.964 not est. 530' 424 414 199 12.600 14. iSo 100.453 42-799^ .181 .080 II .Soo Taking for a basis of comparison the relative quantities of iron in the two portions, which are nearly in the proportions of one in the interior part to one and a half in the exterior in No. 1698, and somewhat less in No. 1699 (or as i : 1-27), we find that in the former there has been a notable increase of phosphorus, a slight increase of lime, a great diminution in the proportion of silica, and slight diminutions in the propor- tions of sulphur, magnesia, and alumina; in specimen 1699, a decrease in the phosphorus, and an increase in the sulphur, silica, and alumina. The lime and magnesia are also greatly- diminished. So that there seem.s to be no regular law in relation to the changes which occur; which may be efiected by very varying conditions of chemical action and infiltration. PIG IRONS FROM BOYD COUNTY. No. 1700 — ''Pig Iron. Hot-blast. Mill iron, from Bellfonte Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore." A fine-grained, dark-grey iron. Yields readily to the file. Extends quite considerably under the hammer. VOL. I.-CHEM. 15. 217 38 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1 70 1 — "Hot-blast, Silver-grey Iron, Bellfonte Fiimace. Collected by P. N. Moore." Coarser grained than the preceding ; somewhat harder and more brittle. Of a light silver-grey color. COMPOSITION OF THESE PIG IRONS. No. 1700. No. 1701. Specific gravity 3.921 6.16^ Iron ■Graphite Combined carbon Silicon Slag . . , Phosphorus . Sulphur . Other ingredients 92.962 2. 100 310 525 220 .114 not est. 89.902 2.900 .070 5.082 .280 .417 .114 not est. Total 99.799 98.765 Total carbon 3.410 2.970 The principal difference in the composition of these two samples is in the much larger proportion of silicon and some- what smaller amount of iron in No. 1701. BREATHITT COUNTY. COALS FROM BREATHITT COUNTY. No. 1702 — "Coal front Roberts' bank, on Troublesome Creek. Upper seam. The so-called bititminous coal. Collected by P. N. Moore." A splint coal, splitting into very thin laminse, with fibrous coal between, but with no appearance of pyrites. The sam- ple has a weathered and tarnished appearance, showing ferru- ginous and earthy stains. Hence, the ash per centage found is greater than that of the clean coal of the interior of the bed. No. 1703 — "Coal, fj^om Roberts' bank. Troublesome Creek. Sam- ple from the lower part of the bed, called caiinel coal. Aver- aged by P. N. Moore. ' ' CHEMICAL REPORT. 39 A pure-looking coal, with but little fibrous coal and no ap- iparent pyrites. Sample somewhat mixed in character. Some pieces of cannel coal; others splint coal; others apparently -shaly. No. 1704 — ""Coal, from the same bank. Sample from the mid- dle part of the scam. Called bituminous. Collected by P. N. Moore. Rather a dull-looking coal. Apparently pretty pure, having but little apparent fibrous coal or pyrites between its laminae. Exterior of some of the lumps covered with ferruginous in- -crustation. No. 1705 — ''Cannel Coal. Haddock's bed. North Fork of Kentucky river, above the mouth of Troublesome Creek. Col- lected by P. N. Moore." A very tough coal. Sample somewhat tarnished by weath- •ering, &c., showing ferruginous and clayey incrustation on parts of the surfaces, which may probably make the ash per rentage found greater than that of the bed. It has but little fibrous coal, but some evident pyrites. See volume I, page 354, old series, &c., for other analyses of this coal. No. 1706 — "Cannel Coal. G. W. fohnsons. NichoF s Fork of Frozen Creek. Sam,ple from near the outcrop. Collected by P. N. Moore." A dull-black coal, very difficult of fracture. Has some lit- tle appearance of bright pyrites, and some ferruginous incrus- tation. No fibrous coal. Some of the seams beautifully •polished. No. 1707 — " Cannel Coal. G. W. fohnsons. Same locality as the preceding. From, another outcrop. Sample from hand specimen only." Similar in appearance to the preceding. "No. 1708 — Coal, from Frozen Creek, a quarter of a mile above Wm. Days. Collected by P. N. Moore." 219 40 CHEMICAL REPORT. A pure-looking splint coal. Has very little fibrous coal and some little fine granular pyrites between the laminae; is easily fractured. No. 1709 — "Camiel Coal. Quicksand Creek. Alfred Littles drift. Collected by fohn R. Procter. Contains some small bright scales of pyrites. Some por- tions give an imperfect bird-eye fracture ; others show an im- perfect fibrous structure, somewhat like that of lignite. Coal generally tough. No. 1710— "(Tija/, from Jackson Wells bank. Near the inoictk of Troublesome Creek. Sample from the outcrop, where the coal is dirty, and heiice will give somewhat more than the aver- age ash per centage. Collected by P. N. J\loore. A splint coal, with thin partings of fibrous coal containing fine granular pyrites. No. 1 71 1 — "Cannel Coal, from Georges Creek. Collected by P. N. Moore." A pure-looking coal. Has some ferruginous stain on the exterior surfaces, but no apparent pyrites. No. 1 71 2 — ''Coal, from Simon Holland^ s bank. Collected by P. N. Moore:' A pure-looking, splint coal, with not much fibrous coal be- tween the laminae, and no apparent pyrites. Easily fractured. No. 1 71 3 — "Coal, from Wolf Creek bank. Collected by /. R. Procter and P. N. Moore. Sample from coal long weath- ered. A pure-looking, soft splint coal, in thin laminae, which have quite a glossy cross fracture. Very little fibrous coal or fine granular pyrites between the laminae. No. 1 7 14 — "Coal, from William Spencer s mine. North Fork of Kentucky river. Collected by P. N. Moo7^e." A bright, pure-looking coal, showing very little fibrous coal or granular pyrites. 220 CHEMICAL REPORT. 41 -O w p < of o u t" H 12; ID O U O o O -CLi O .u t^ kOVOQO 8 NOO 8 H ■* s> irnooo M mm on □ &* ■s, d H "S'S 8 S;%' 8 !| " 12; JO §^ -g.g'g, § ?s,^ 8 t: >> ji s t^ N "d d 8 s-g,* 8 1,'^^ d 6 ^^ M ;zi tfi P*> « 1 o\ "^o5 8 sas, 8 fe 1 R -i- in CTs d ui 4 8 6 "■ r*l m ■^ai 1 1 m ;z; tfi J ■*oo CO 8 « ■^^ ■* 8 •^ m 00 o\m\o rom H ^ N d N \d 8 rn in M mcOM 8 -5)Wi 't d •"■J d 00 00 M 8 aS'S. 8 >* fO o> t^ in r- u >, " t t-* r'^ rnvO 8 00 -^vd 8 1 = T d 2; •H s^ % 000 8 0\D -4- 8 >l >. 1 t^ DI bb M « rn ■* ■* in 8 sj: 8 "«■ d " ** a "Kb "z, tn J CO % N 00 8 y K) g. m M Ti- VO C4 H ^fe s^ 00 N -\d 8 s??-^ 8 :§■§ M d ►J 1 1 Q y^ ~ S^§ 8 88, a. 8 it MOO d 8 vSS* 8 B s d 2; c ^ 000 8 ^^s. 8 d « M rn 10 8 is;: 8 N 2 ft. in 10 Q 7° '^ 8 000 8 J= ■+ \o m ■>^ fo r-. ^ ^' ■^ 10 8 CO 'J- t^ 8 U1 C Ir "? d C bo _^ 000 8 >i-^o 8 u m ^ W N^ -r M Tf 1 tfl Jn ■^ N d--^" 8 -*■ in 8 M d ^ ^ Cfi J ■ 000 8 00-1- 8 ^ >! 00 00 c^ rj d ro t-* « m^jn 8 ^6^^ 8 rt -C U) 6 J^ Z U. ■ 10 ■r'O ^vO ^ m T(- « c~. t^ m J^ u Jl . Oi o^ " „• rn " in n-.iO 8 SS^IJ 8 c J ^ ? d D .= aD z ^~ 0* ■ !C • (U . rt J:i a; e • («■ ° • « 2 M j: w^ tl-c! . S _a. >, '0 J5 "3 11 ■z; . t) n bJD ^00 H ?3 . e3 "o C s u K>^ HE o CJ ■2; tn u fa o o o o u t-- Ot->-m(ScO -f-CT.OO n in t^ a. ro OC10^rnO^OCClU^Ov■ 0\ II '■'^ r_.j rp ^ W -'- - 'o 6 H o ro • s rn ^ ^ - '" 1 c/: TH inT-OMVO^'o -Qi-o- f n in DO O «3 01 ^ . rr CI rr, 6 ro in ' ' ' O ' " Ox 8 _) o /^ C . CO . o "^ M in I-- t— CO -^ o * m u". ■ i^ ll o -t-un t~. IN 0>'O O i-', VO . W -JD , ' vohhmm^m 'f-r-,' c v5 .-r- ur, ■^~ o '' ■ ■ '1 ■ . '^i 8 > '^ m CI o -o CO ^ ^ ■ Q T, o l-^ VO \0 *D - m^ ,d 6 wo. O ID ^ C . «J c ir . 1 S mnOro-'eu-j 'oinr^ ""o in\o O 2 1 !>. 0\S!J^i^c^^2 •tn'^'^ (<-> — f „ o 6 :2 c,-^ ■ ■ "1 ■ -OS ■ \ " "• ^ mvo ot---t--^Mino>n * p 1 O i-i m ^ c^ ^?r'?2S22S.g • j:; T O T IT "^"3 d cs' 4 ' " ' o ' * ' rJ g H M ?: = o\ . > c^ O O-OiT-Ov/; m . O -^t-^ ( 5 mvo Tz: •^ " ■' m 3 C-- c -t- o Lrvo^O y=rd d -T -^ O ■ 00 H g niiS ^; C . °=> o 0\ tnoococ-^i^in -vnin ■ a ^ Cr.CO c t"^ vOTl-l>.I>.r^^CO .0\-' . H >/-p IN -H G '^ m m"© a l>->S -T- &^5 1 C . °o . 8 " " ^ ■/■ » ■nmo-i-O-^r^-i-OOm g 8.E-? -- ■o to>c'JDco'"i mco m CK M 'o "_ OM-i^O^'OO -^CO ro ^ 00 m o ^ 6 -d- w ■ ■ 5 ' ' ' ,5 " 8 IN -H* H p Z U) c^ ~D fn o N O O 1^ -»• in ^1 CI r/o (Tl-^Ni- '- ^J (Mm ro Oi- § 8SS d -:f-'o' ''' O '''-«-- ' g •z ^ CO o ^ 04 lO LOOO "J - M O O t- Ln CJ 0\ ^ ^ fncp-OMO^-MiNooM c ^1 o -o ov -3- m u' 5 6 'Z c o\ s d - >^ g in o O O^ O *-• ""jvD m O m 8 8 "^n^^ d M Hfn«"MWoMmMCJ O - in -a 3 en Z ^=^ " ' ' 1 * ' 's ' 8 " '^ T- v£ vo M Ln«0 "^ t^vo - . ~ CT. n-a Tt-oo t-. >-3 M mtJ-M M ©""h Nu-ir^ CO t-* o\ ■^ "y:: d -^^ ' ' " 1 ' " ' gg ; 8 " o1 ro gominu-, ;-^in 'inOin - m m -r « N -^ nJDO-'-'-^i-' -5-O>0, r^ cr, -r d '- ■ ■ 1 ■ . ■ "^ ;, ■; 'U , , • c .^ '3 : i5i ' x^ u ^ • ^ • :^ g ^S . ■II £^3 ^3 . — rt . . . m^ . 2^3 "a !£ O - 1 3 c-S v. o Olllliilis 1 o H 230 CHEMICAL REPORT. 5 1 Several facts may be noticed, in a comparative view of these soils ; especiall)' that the soils based on limestone are richer in essential mineral ingredients than those on the sandstone ; that the soil on the very compact liniustone is not so rich as that on the more friable rock; and that the subsoil, as a een- eral rule, containing more alumina and iron oxide, &c., in pro- portion to the insoluble silicates, is generally richer in potash, phosphoric acid, and other essential ingredients, than the sur- lace soil. Another fact, very generally to be noticed in the comparative analyses of soils is, that, except in certain anom- alous cases, and where a richer subsoil has been mixed with the surface soil by the processes of culture, the old field soil generally exhibits, in its analysis, a diminution of the propor- tions of the essential mineral ingredients, as well as of organic and volatile matters, and an increase of the proportion of sand and insoluble silicates. CLAY COUNTY. SALT WATER. -No. 1738 — "Sali water, from Goose Creek Salt-works, as it is pumped from the well. Se^it by General T. T. Garrard, of Manchester. The water came in a stone-ware jug, which was stopped with a corn-cob. It was slightly turbid or opalescent, prob- ably because of the escape of some of its carbonic acid, and the consequent precipitation of part of its earthy carbonates, &c. COMPOSITION IN 1000. PARTS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY = I.065. Lime carbonate ... 0.0048 "1 Magnesia carbonate a trace. 1 Held in solution by carbonic acid, and Iron and manganese carbonates 0938 f precipitated on boiling the water. Alumina, phosphoric acid, and silica . . .0140J Sodium chloride (common salt) . . . 65.0000 Calcium chloride 18.8960 Magnesium chloride 5.0080 Barium chloride -3930 Strontium chloride .0843 Lithium chloride a trace. Potassium chloride a trace. ilodine and bromine a trace. Total saline matters (dried at 212°) . . 89.4039 In 1000. parts of the water. 231 52 CHEMICAL REPORT. A remarkable circumstance is the existence, in this Goose creek brine, of notable quantities of barium and strontium chlorides. The former salt is present in quantity equal to> nearly twenty-three grains to the wine gallon of the water, and the latter in the proportion of nearly five grains. As it is well known that the soluble salts of barium exert an injuri- ous influence on the animal economy, it is important that this should be removed in the manufacture of the salt. It is for- tunate that this may be very easily and economically done by the addition of sulphate of soda, Glauber's salt, which, added in the quantity of about forty-five to fifty grains of this cr)'stal- line salt to the gallon of the fresh brine, will completely pre- cipitate all the barium and strontium in the form of insoluble sulphates, and doubtless also aid in the clarification of the brine. Ihe cheap salt, sulphate of alumina, in equivalent quantity, would produce the same effect, and perhaps aid more com- pletely in the clarification. Soda ash, carbonate of soda, would be equally effectual. Barium and strontium salts are also present in the brine of the Glenfont Salt-works of Meade county, but in somewhat smaller proportions. Of course, where these salts are pres- ent we find no sulphates in the water. No. 1739 — ''The Bi/iciii JTatci-, left after grainuig the salt." Goose Creek Salt-works. COMPOSITION IN 1000. PARTS. SPECIFIC GRAVITY = I . 3O9. Calcium chloride . Magnesium cliloride .... . . . .Sodium, potassium, and litliium chlorides. Barium and strontium chlorides . . Sodium bromide Sodium iodide . 3 50 •49- 92.38 24-53 not est. 5.27 not est. Various useful applications have been made of the bittern water of Salt-works ; as in the preparation of bromine and the manufacture of artificial stone. Doubtless it might also be 232 CHEMICAL REPORT. 53 used (if, like this, it contains much calcium chloride) in set- ting free the alkalies, contained in the form of insoluble sili- cates, in some of our marls and clays of the character of the Leitchfield marls. This may probably be done by mixing- the marl with a considerable quantity of lime or powdered lime- stone, making the mixture up into a plastic mass, with the bittern water sufficiently concentrated by evaporation, and then calcining, at a low red heat, the properly prepared lumps or bricks of the mixed materials. These lumps or bricks, if properly calcined, will slack into a crumbling mass when ex- posed to moisture, in which the alkaline ingredients will be in a soluble condition, available for plant nourishment. No. 1740 — "■The dccp-brmcjiish or Spaiiis/i-brown colored deposit adluriug to the interior of the zuooden tube {or "gu}>i") zvJiick conducts the brine from the well to the pans. Goose Creek Salt- zoorks. COJIPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide Alumina, phosphoric acid, &c. . . . Lime carhonate . . . Magnesia carl")onate Silicious residue . . ... Saline matters and loss Total 74 .104 7 016- 280 r.so 6 890 10 8,50 100 000 CLINTON COUNTY. No. I 74 1 — ',' Marly Clay. Cumberland City mines. Chester Group. {Leitchfield marls.) Collected by N. S. Shaler." A dull olive-grey, indurated marly clay. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Silica . , . . . . Alumina, with a little iron and manganese oxides and phosphoric acid Lime . . . . . Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Total , 70 800- 18 840. * S94- 4 .3.S!i not est. not est. 4 240^ 794 99.626 * £qual 10 1.060 per cent, of lime carbonate. VOL. I.-CHEM. 16. 235 54 CHEMICAL REPORT. (See Grayson county in this and the preceding Chemical Report for similar marls.) No. 1742 — "Coal, from the C^imberland vtines. Coiiglomerate main coal. Collected by N. S. Shale?'." A pure-looking, pitch-black coal, with very little fibrous coal or pyrites. SPECIFIC GRAVITY = 1.329. COMPOSITION, AIR-DRIED. Hygroscopic moisture. Volatile combustible matters Coke Total 1.56 37-74 60.70 Total volatile matters. Carbon in the coke . . Ash Total , 39-3° 50.20 10.50 Character of the coke. Light spongy. Color of the ash Light lilac-grey. Per centage of sulphur ii.gil DAVIESS COUNTY. MINERAL "WATERS OF DAVIESS COUNTY. No. 1743 — ''Chalybeate Water, from Murray s Spring, near Lewis. {E., O. & N. R. R.) Collected by Capt. R. S. Triple tt. It came to hand in a stone-ware jug, stopped with a corn- cob, which may have somewhat altered the character of the water. The reaction of the water is neutral. No effort was made to estimate its gases. ■234 CHEMICAL REPORT, 55 COMPOSITION IN 1000. PARTS OF THE WATER. Hme carbonate 0.1155 Magnesia carbonate .0046 Iron carbonate .0229 Alumina .0027 Phosphoric acid .0004 Silica 0I07_ Lime sulphate .0204 Magnesia sulphate .0768 Potash sulphate -0403 Soda sulphate .0476 Sodium chloride 0146 Lithium chloride .0013 Silica, &c 0142 Held in solution in the water by car- bonic acid, and precipitated on boil- ing. Total saline matters 0.3720 Dried at 212° F. It is doubtless a valuable saline chalybeate water. Mineral Waters from Dr. Hickman s Springs. Crow's Sta- tion (^E., O. & N. R. i?.). Coal measures. Daviess county. Collected by C. /. Norwood, as follow s: No. 1744 — ''Alum Spring" {labeled No. i). This water has a brownish color and a strong acid reaction. The cork of the jug was blackened by the presence of iron •salt. No. 1745 — "Alum Spring" {labeled No. 2). This water resembles the preceding, but is of a lighter ►color. JMo. [746 — ''Alum Spring" {labeled No. 6). "Sweet Spring." \ Resembles No. 2 in the appearance of the water. TMo. 1747 — "Sulphtcr Spring" {labeled No. 3). Reaction neutral. Has no peculiar taste or smell, having lost all its sulphuretted hydrogen gas. No. 1748 — "Brick Spring" {labeled No. 4). Resembles the next preceding. "No. 1749 — "Yellow Spring" {labeled No. 5). The water has a slightly astringent taste; no color. In reaction is neutral. 235 56 CHEMICAL REPORT. All the alum waters deposited a brownish ochreous sedi- ment on standing, which is mainly basic persulphate of iron, as shown by the following analysis (made by my son, Alfred Meredith Peter, who also made the analyses of the several waters, under my general supervision), as follows : One thousand parts of the water. No. i (/. e., No. 1744) gave on boiling 0.1938 part of brownish precipitate, dried at 212", which became bright red on ignition, and had the fol- lowing described COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide . . . . Combined water . . . Sulphuric acid (anhydride) Silica Loss Total 78.6+ 14.7+ 5.24 .64 •74 COMPOSITION OF THE ALUM WATERS IN 1000. PARTS. Basic iron persulphate (Fe203, 2SO3) . Alumina sulphate Manganese sulphate Lime sulphate Magnesia sulphate . Potash sulphate Soda sulpli.nte . . Copper sulphate Sodium chloride ... Lithia Silica Organic matters and loss Total saline matters, dried at 212° F. Specific gravity of the water , 236 No. r744(') u 8756 1 . 240S • 00.1 - .5996 • 333° .0005 .0724 .0009 . 003 1 a trace. .0013 3-1364 I . 00304 No. I745f 3.0484 •3303 .0102 ■3947 ■ 33"; .0068 •-959 .0127 trat_e. .0014 .0279 ■ -4598 I.001O4 No. 1746(6) o. 1460 .3500 .0721 •3-71 ■2513 .0074 . 065 1 a trace. .0022 .1S7S 1 . 4090 .00162 CHEMICAL REPORT. 57 COMPOSITION OF THE "SULPHUR," "BRICK," AND "YELLOW" SPRING WATERS IN looo. PARTS. No. 1747(3) No. 1748(4) No. 1749(5) Iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate . . . . Magnesia carbonate . . . Lime sulphate Magnesia sulphate . Potash sulpliate . . . . Soda sulpliate Sodium chloride Lithia . . Copper Silica Organic matters and loss . . traces. o . 1 1 06 .0196 • 1306 ■1594 .0035 .4567 .0809 traces. o . 0004 . 1 196 •033' .0838 ■1057 .0129 •5019 .0213 traces. .0174 •0373 .0254 0.0018 .0256 .0211 •'379 .0651 .0103 .2082 .0127 traces, a trace. .0298 •0357 Total saline matters, dried at 212° F. I .0160 0.9041 0.5482 Specific gravity of the water 1 . 00 1 1 5 I. 00120 , 00086 These alum waters, doubtless of analogous composition with others of the name in Virginia and elsewhere, are highly as- tringent, and are doubtless too strong for internal use without dilution, in most cases. They will find their remedial applica- tions, however, under the advice of the educated physician. The saline and sulphur waters would pro\-e alterative, slightly aperient, diuretic, or sudorific and hence depurative, accord- ingf to the manner of their administration, under medical ad- vice. The small amount of copper in the alum waters will not materially affect their influence. SOILS OF DAVIESS COUNTY. No. 1750 — " Vii'Qiii Soil, from tlie farm of H. Riley, on the E., O. & N. R. 7?., fiftee^i miles from Oiucnsboro. On a hill-top. Collected by C. /F Beckham^ Soil of a light grey-brown color; contains no gravel. The bolting-cloth sieve separated from its silicious residue a con- siderable quantity of fine, rounded quartz grains, both hyaline -and opaque. -No. 1 75 1 — "Surface soil, froin a7i old field sixty five years in cultivation, in corn and tobacco principally ; now overgrown with sassafras. Same locality as the preceding. Collected by C. W. Beckham." 237 58 CHEMICAL REPORT. Soil of a lighter and more yellowish light-grey-brown color;- has no gravel. Silicious residue contained very few small quartz grains. No. 1752 — ^'Subsoil to the 7iext precedmg," &c., &c. Soil of a brownish-yellow ochre color; contains no gravel. Very few fine quartz grains. No. 1753 — "Virgin Soil. Upland. From t lie farm of the Rev. A. Hopkins. Crow' s Station, E., 0. & N. R. R., nine miles from Owe7isboro. Collected by C. W.Beckham." Coal tneas- ures. Soil of a brownish umber-grey color ; contains no gravel nor fine quartz grains. No. 1754 — "Surface Soil, from an old field abont forty years in cultivation. Same locality as preceding. Siibstratjim ; sand- stone. Collected by C. W. Beckhatn." Soil of a dirty buff color ; contains no gravel or fine sili- cious sand. No. 1755 — "Subsoil of the next preceding," &c. &c. Soil of a brownish-orange-buff color; contains no gravel or fine quartzose sand. COMPOSITION OF THESE DAVIESS COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1750 No. 1751 No. 1752 No. 1753 No. 1754 No. 1755, Organic and volatile matters Alumi'a and iron and mang. oxides Lime carbonate .... Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Sand and insoluble silicates Water expelled at 380° F. . Total Hygroscopic moisture. . . . Potash in the insoluble silicates Soda in the insoluble silicates . 5-475 6.174 . 120 .016 .141 not est. .134 .301 86.605 ■975 3-150 7.065 .245 ■ 034 .125 not est. ■053 88.390 .925 2.715 10.654 .095 .021 .061 not est. .244 85.415 .910 5-875 5-340 . 220 .04t .0S6 not est. .407 86.590 1.453 2.550 5 - 502 .085 •133 .083 not est. .265 90 . 890 .600 3-I7S- 12.958. .075, .080 . 102 not est. .474 .075 8i .300' 1-175 99.941 99.987 100. 115 100. 108 99.414 [-775 .8S7 .581 i-5'5 1 . 122 .709 1-565 1.386 .680 1 .700 •975 -403 0..S75 1.396 .729 3.500- J -457 -639' Character of the soil . 238 Virgin soil. Old field soil. Subsoil. Virgin soil. Old field soil. Subsoil., CHEMICAL REPORT. 59 The comparative analyses of these soils show the usual in- fluence of continued exhaustive culture in the diminution of some of their essential mineral ingredients. The soils are of full average natural fertility ; the subsoils would doubtless benefit the surface, if gradually brought up in the cultivation, and organic matters supplied by the ameliorating influence of clover and other green crops wholly or partly plowed in. A considerable reserve of the alkalies is seen to be present in the insoluble silicates, which will add greatly to the durability of the soil ; but, doubtless, the application of available phos- phates, and the use of wood ashes, would be beneficial in increasing the productiveness of the old field soils. No. 1756 — " C'LPCi, from the same locality; twenty feet from, the railroad and ten feet below the surface of soil No. 1754. Below the coal at Dr. Hickman s Springs. The layer is about thir- teen inches thick." A sandy clay ; generally of a light-grey color, with ferrugi- nous infiltrations in the fissures, and some old obscure vegeta- ble impressions. It contains about fifty per cent, of fine clear sand. It burns quite hard, and of a handsome light-salmon color, and hence may be quite valuable for terra cotta work or bricks or tiles. The air-dried clay lost 1.500 per cent, of moisture at 212° F. ; .005 per cent, of moisture at 380°, and 1.500 per cent, of combined water at the red heat. It would probably shrink less in the fire than most clays, but would not answer for a fire-clay. COALS OF DAVIESS COUNTY. No. 1757 — "Coal No. D? Montgomery s coal mine, about one and a half unites above Owensboro. Collected by C. f. Nor- wood. A pure pitch-black coal. Has but little fibrous coal. Some thin scales of pyrites in the seams. No. 1758 — ''Coal D. Dutch mine, about one and a half miles above Owensboro. Average thickness about three feet. Aver- age sample by C. f. Norwood." 239' 6o CHEMICAL REPORT. A splint coal ; some reedy fibrous coal between the laminae, and much show of bright pyritous scales in the seams. No. 1759 — ''CoalD. Bon Harbor mines . Barretf s new bmik. Average thickness foiir feet and a half. Sample by C. J. Nor- wood." A splint coal, with much fibrous coal between the laminae, and granular and bright lamellar pyrites. Iridescent on some of the seam faces. No. 1760 — "Coal D. Dean's mine, about one and a half miles above Owensboro. Collected by C. f. Norwood." Resembles the preceding. No. I 76 1 — '' Coal, from Dnncan' s bank. RicJiardson' s property. Friendly Grove, near Ixnottsville. Collected by P. A". Moore." Mostly splitting easily into thin laminae, with considerable fibrous coal and some granular pyrites between. Some bright scales of pyrites in the seams. COMPOSITION OF THESE DAVIESS COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. Xo. 1757. No. 1758. No. 1759. No- 1760. Xo. 1761. Specific gravity. 1-323 1-340 1.31S 1-337 1.2S5 Hygroscopic moisture . Volatile combustible matters. . Coke 6.20 36.20 57-63 100.00 4. 10 38.50 57-40 5 80 35 -06 59-14 5-12 .,4-72 ()3- ]6 6.20 41-90 51.90 Total . . ... 100 -00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters . . . Carbon in the coke Ash . . 42.40 50.90 6.70 42-63 51 -03 6.40 40 . 86 50.40 8-74 39 -84 5I--14 8.72 48. 10 47-40 4-5^ Tutal I 00 . 00 1 03 . GO 100. 03 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke . . Light spongy. Spungy. Light spongy. Light spongy. Light spongy. Color of the ash Lilac-grey. Lilac-grey. ^ Light lilac-grey. Light , „ ... ,., '^ ure^'-lilac. lilac-grey. 1 Per centage of sulphur . I. 519 ■■53S 3-985 3-513 3-743 240 CHEMICAL REPORT. 6 1 EDMONSON COUNTY. LIMONITE IRON ORES. IMo. 1762 — ''Ore, froin Still-Iuni.sc Branch of Bear Creek. Av- erage sample by P. N. Moore." In irregular curved laminae, of a deep brown color; fre- quently inclosing nuclei of softer yellowish and reddish ochre- ous ore. No. 1763 — "Ore, from the south side of Dismal Creek, near Thomas l\IereditK s. Average sample by P. N. liloore." Mostly in dense dark brown irregular curved laminse, with some softer and lighter colored ore. No. 1764 — '' Ore, from the head of Sycamore Branch of Bear Creek. Average sample by P. N. Moore." Much like the preceding. No. 1765 — ''Ore above the coal. Mill Branch of Bear Creek. Average sample by P. IV. Moore." In thin irregular laminae, cellular in parts, of a brown color; mixed with yellowish-brown ochreous ore. No. 1766 — "Limestone Ore. facob Snider s. Cane Branch of Gulf Creek. In the Chester Group. Cabinet specimen. Col- lected by P. N. Moore." Mostly dense dark-colored ore, in carved laminae or cellular masses, with some little brownish-ochreous softer ore. 241 62 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE EDMONSON COUNTY LIMONITE ORES, DRIED- AT 2 12° F. No. 1762. No. 1763. No. 1764. No. 1765. No. 1766. Iron peroxide . . . . Alumina Manganese oxide ... Lime carbonate 40.798 1-293 a trace. a trace. 1 .019 .360 7.250 50.030 47-724 2,501 a trace. a trace. .697 -3>5 8.250 41.145 49.906 3-33° a trace. a trace. .694 •395 9.320 36.780 32.820 2.356 a trace. a trace. .984 8.330 55.180 -045 77-871 1.444 not est. a trace. .070 •505 a trace. II .050 8.660 .400 Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid . . .... Combined water . , . Silica and insoluble silicates . . Moisture and loss . ... Total 100.750 100.632 100.425 100.000 100.000 Per centage of iron Per centage of phosphorus . . Per centage of sulphur .... Per centage of silica .... 28.559 •445 .207 46.760 33-407 •304 .125 39.560 34-407 •303 .158 33-460 22.974 -430 .114 48 . 960 54-5'°' .221 a trace. 8.660. With the exception of No. 1766, which is quite good and rich, these are rather poor, highly siHcious ores, with a ful! amount of phosphorus, which might be profitably used with richer aluminous ores. EDMONSON COUNTY CLAYS. No. 1767 — ''Silicious Clay, fr 0711 Soivder s farm, 7tear Green river. Chester Gro7ip. Bed four to six feet thick. Collected by fohn R. Procter.'' In irregular lumps ; friable ; of an olive and brownish-grey color. Powder light grey. No. 1768 — '' Clay, from Sawder' s farm, on Cancy Branch, 07ie mile from Green river. Bed seven to eight feet tJiick ; in lay- ers of various colors. Collected by fohn R. Procter." (a) The upper or light-dove-colored layer. (<5) The second, light grey, nearly white layer, (r) The third, grey layer. {d) The lowest layer. Olive-grey, mottled with yellowish- grey. 242 CHEMICAL REPORT. 63 COMPOSITION OF THESE EDMONSON COUNTY CLAYS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1767. No. 1768^7. No. 1768^. No. 1768 c. No. 1768(1?. Silica Alum'a and iron and mang. ox Lime carbonate. . . Magnesia ... Pliosplioric acid . . . Potasli Soda . , .... s 80.160 1 1 . 600 .760 .560 not est. 3-854 •583 2.4S3 77.660 16.800 .480 not est. not est. 1 . 002 .484 4.340 74.460 20.440 .640 not est. not est. not est. not est. 4.460 71.560 22.860 .680 not est. not est. not est. not est. 4.900 67.560 22.540 .980 .671 .025 2.470 .058 5.696 Water and undetermined . . Total . ... 100.000 100.766 1 00 . 000 lOO.OOO 100.000 While these clays would not prove very refractory in the fire, they may be made very useful for common pottery ware. ESTILL COUNTY. No. 1769 — Clay Iron-stone. ''Carbonate ore, from Tubb's^ bank, near Estill Fzirnace. Has been weathered two years. Collected by P. N. Moore r A granular carbonate ore, of various tints of grey, with. more or less of limonite. In some parts somewhat oolitic. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron carbonate 76-49I I = 39,58 per cent, of iron... Iron peroxide 4.049J Alumina 2.014 Manganese carbonate . . not est. Lime carbonate 5-400 Magnesia carbonate -5^4 Phosphoric acid .409 = o. 178 phosphorus. Sulphuric acid 267 = . 107 sulphur. _ Silicious residue 9-330 Containing 7.660 silica. - Undetermined and loss 1.526 100.000 Quite a good ore of its kind. ESTILL COUNTY LIMONITE ORES. No. 1770 — "Ore, from Ltister drift. Thacker Ridge. Rail- road west of Fitchburg. Sample has been exposed to the weather for some time. Collected by P. N. Moore." In irregular, dense, dark-colored, curved laminse, with some- soft ochreous ore between. 243-. •64 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1 77 1 — ''Limestone Ore. Logan Ridge. Estill Furnace. LLas been weathered two years. Collected by P. N. Moore.'' Resembles the preceding. Ochreous matter brownish. No. 1772 — ''0)\\ from TubU s bank. Estill Fiir7iace. LLas been weathered two years. Collected by P. N. Moore.'" Resembles the preceding. No. 1773 — ''Ore, from LLorse-ridge banks. Cottage Fiirnace. L?i sub-carboniferons limestone. Average sample from a pile of ore zucathcrfd more than a year. Collected by P. N. Moore.'' Mostly in dense, dark-colored laminse, irregularly curved or forming a cellular structure, with some whitish and light-brown softer material. COMPOSITION OF THESE ESTILL COUNTY LIMONITES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1770. No. 1771. No. 1772. No. 1773. Iron peroxide. . . 74..27 3 • 542 not est. ■390 .461 .601 not est. II . 270 9.580 .029 65-535 2.798 not est. .450 I -073 •537 not est. 9 . .Soo 20.480 75-598 1. 971 not est .540 .258 .601 not est. 11.730 8.910 -392 65. wi 5.762 not est. traces. .24S -447 traces. 1 1 . 000 16.230 .722 Manganese oxide . . I-ime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid • • Sulphuric acid ... Combined water Silica and silicates Moisture and loss .... Total I 00. 000 100.673 1 00 . 000 100.000 51.8N9 . 262 not est. 7.S60 45-874 ■234 not est. 18.260 52.91S .262 not est. 7.260 45-914 .195 traces. 1 4 . 1 60 Phosphorus per centage . . . Sulpliur per centage . Silica per centage . PIG IRONS OF E.STILL COUNTY. No. 1774 — "No. 3 Cold-blast Charcoal Pig h-on. Red River Furnace. Filchbiirg. Collected by P. N. Moore." A moderately fine-grained, somewhat dark-colored iron. Yields to the file and extends a little under the hammer. -244 CHEMICAL REPORT. 65 No. i775^"iVc. 5 Cold-blast Charcoal Pig Iron. Red River Fur7tace, &c. Collected by P. N. Moore." A silvery- white iron. Hard, brittle; but the small fragments extend a little under the hammer. No. 1776 — ''Car-wheel Iron. No. i Cold-blast Charcoal Iron. Red River Iron Works, at Fitchburg. From G. S. Moore & Co., of Lozdsville." A moderately coarse-grained, dark-grey iron. Yields with difficulty to the file; extends somewha't under the hammer. No. 1777 — ''Car-wheel Iron. No. i Cold-blast Charcoal Iron.. Estill Furnace. From G. S. Moore & Co." Resembles the preceding, but is somewhat coarser-grained,, with some spots of finer-grained in the centre of the pig. COMPOSITION OF THESE ESTILL FURNACE IRONS. No. 1774. No. 1775. No. 1776. No. 1777 Iron Graphite Combined carbon . . . Manganese Silicon Slag . Aluminum Phosphorus Sulphur Undetermined and loss. 93-728 3.520 .780 •389 I .202 .360 .264 .2QO .080 93 •963 .000 •550 .181 •363 .320 .648 •338 . 104 94.174 3-340 I . no not est. ■447 .360 not est. .402 .182 92 3 I not 582- 500 200 est. 960 360 est. 444 066 Total 100.613 100.467 100.015 Total carbon 4.300 4.550 4.450 4.700. Specific gravity 7.168 7.226 7.272 The high character of these pig metals for producing tough, malleable iron is well established. FAYETTE COUNTY. No. 1778— "Phosphatic Limestone. Forming a thin 'layer in the Lower Silurian {Blue) limestone {Cincinnati Group f). McMeekin s quarry. Newtown Turnpike, about three miles north of Lexington. Said by the quarrym.an to be sometimes as much as afoot in thickness. Collected by R. Peter." 245. 66 CHEMICAL REPORT. A somewhat friable rock of a bluish-grey color ; brown- ish-grey on the weathered surfaces. Containing many mi- croscopic marine univalve shells. Adheres strongly to the tongue. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Phosphoric acid, lime, magnesia, alumina, iron oxide . Fluoride of calcium Carbonate of lime . . . Carbonate of magnesia Silica and insoluble silicates Alkalies, organic matters, &c., not estimated .... Total 85 270 not est. 9 180 .S7I 4 7«o 399 100 OOQ The phosphates in this limestone were found to contain as much as 31.815 per cent, of the weight of the rock of phos- phoric acid, equal to 69.452 per cent, of tribasic phosphate of . lime ! This remarkable rock, on a pile thrown out for turnpiking purposes, attracted the attention of the writer, while riding . along the road. Although it has been long known that the friable layers of our " Blue limestone" are quite rich in phos- ,phates, a fact which the writer brought to the attention of the .agricultural public as early as April, 1849, in the x-\lbany Cul- 1 tivator, of New York, yet no one up to this time, as far as is 'known to him, has found any so rich in them as this. The subject is worthy of further investigation, especially in view of the agricultural and commercial value of the phos- phates for use as fertilizers. As is well known, the abundant phosphates of the rock substratum is one of the main causes of the great and durable fertility of our "blue grass soil," ' so-called, as well as of the superior development of the ani- imals reared and nourished on its products. SOILS OF FAYETTE COUNTY. No. 1779 — " Virgin Soil, taken from one half inch to six i7iches below the surface. From woodlafid pasture, which has been grazed for about seventy years. On elevated ground, near the remains of the old earth-works of the mound-builders. {^De- scribed in Collins' History of Kentucky and elsewhere as on . 246 CHEMICAL REPORT. d'] "the farm of Col. Meridith, zuho was the earliest proprietoi- of the farm.) On the faiin of R. Peter. Same as described in No. 27 in volume /, old series, Kentucky Geological Reports. On the Loiver Silnrian formation. Collected by B. D. Peter.'' A rich grey-brown loam, containing a little fine-grained shot •iron ore, and some small silicious particles. The bolting- cloth separated from the insoluble silicates, left after digestion of the soil in acids, a small portion of small roundish-whitish grains of partly decomposed silicates, but no pure quartz grains. No. 1780 — ''Sjibsoil of the preceding, taken from six to fourteen inches below the su}face." Soil rather more reddish than the surface soil. Contains, like that, a few small grains of shot iron ore and silicious par- ticles. The bolting-cloth separated a rather larger quantity of small rounded grains of undecomposed silicates; some appearing as casts of minute globular shells. No. 1781 — "Virgin Soil. Open pasture, f. H. Talbutt' s farm {^' The Meadows"), late Warfields ; half a mile northeast of Lexington. From the top of a hill to the east of the hoitse, heavily set with blue grass. Sa^nple taken to the depth of six- teen inches. Primitive growth: black walnut, black, blue, and white ash, elm, hickories, oaks, sugar-tree, &c. Has been long cleared. Lower Silurian formation. Sample collected by John H. Talbutt." , Dried soil of an umber color; contains no gravel, but some little shot iron ore, &c. No. 1 782 — "Subsoil of the next preceding ; taken to the depth of three feet from the surface," &c., &c. No. 1783 — " Underlying clay of the same ; taken at the depth of three feet below the surface. Contains shot iron ore, manga- nese oxide," &c. Dried subsoil of a dirty light-brown color. The silicious •residue contained a few small quartzose grains. 247 68 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE FAYETTE COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F- No. 1779. No. 1780. No. 1781. No. 17S2. No. 1783. Organic and volatile matters . . Alum'a and iron and mang. ox's Lime carbonate. Magnesia Phosphoric acid . Sulphuric acid . . Potash . Soda . ... Sand and insoluble silicates . . Water, expelled at 380° F. . . . 4.676 9.570 .230 .140 444 not est. .287 not est. 82.860 1 . 824 3-OS5 5-10.445 .220 .140 .540 not est. •343 .192 83 . 2(.:0 1-23 + .541 7.800 12.286 1.145 •394 •364 not est. •735 -0S4 76.690 1 .300 4.410 14.427 •545 • 340 •358 not est. .402 -301 77-440 .925 .852 4.400 19.921 . 1 ^0 .376 -3*54 not est. -755 72.540 1 .200 •314 Total 100.031 100.000 100. 79S 100.000 1 00 . 000 Hygroscopic moisture . Potash in the insoluble silicates. Soda in the insoluble silicates 2. 165 1.274 .211 I. 905 1-314 ■5'^3 2-975 .718 .200 3-135 .910 .212 3-525 .644 .167 Character of the soil . . . Woodland pasture. Subsoil. Virgin soil. Subsoil. Under clay.- ^Containing; of alumina. 6.093 ; iron pero.vide, 4.330; and manganese oxide, .020 per cent. The analyses demonstrate the richness of these soils, more especially of Nos. lySi-' 2- t,, which is shown in the small rel- ative quantity of siliciou.s residue, and the comparatively large proportions of phosphoric acid and potash, &c. Although they may not have been submitted to the plow, they yet cannot be considered virgin soils, having been for a long time grazed, and been thus altered in composition. The "Meadows" has been mostly cultivated as a stock farm, mainly for the raising of fine race-horses and improt'ed cattle ; and there is reason to believe, from the large proportion of potash in the soluble form in this pasture land, that it was improved rather than deteriorated by the feeding of the stock upon it: the loss by grazing being more than compensated by the additional food supplied to the animals, in winter as well as other times. FLOYD COUNTY. COALS. No. 1784 — -"Coal. Snipes bank. Branch of Abbott' s Creek. Average sample from the outcrop. About two feet shown. Collected by A. R. Crandall." 248 CHEMICAL REPORT. 69 A pretty pure splint coal. Some fibrous coal and fine gran- ular pyrites between the laminae, and some external ferrugi- nous stain. No. 1785 — ''Coal, from Harris bank, on Aluddy Creek, one mile from Prcsto7isbiirg. Forty-four inches thick. Average sample by A. R. CrandallA A bright, pitch-black coal, with some bright pyritous scales,^ and but little fibrous coal. A somewhat hard coal. No. 1786— "C^a/. fas. H. Hatcher s batik. Mouth of Abbott's- Creek. Bed forty-tioo to forty-six inches thick. Az'crage sam- ple by A. R. Crandall." A bright-looking, somewhat firm coal, with very little fibrous. coal or pyrites. COMPOSITION OF THESE FLOYD COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 17S4. No. 1785. Specific gravity Hvirroscopic moisture Volatile combustible mattei'S Coke . . Total 3S.S0 58.00 1.274 2.50 40 80 56.70 No. 1786. '•307 2.50 38.56 58.94 1 00. 00 Total vola ile mailers Fixed carbon m the coke Ash . . Total 42.00 5504 2.96 41-30 56.70 324 41.06 53-44 5.50 Character of the coke Lii^ht sponj^'y. Spongy. Light spongy. Color of the ash Light chocolate. Light brownish. Light lilac-grey. Percentage of sulphur .289 1.895 -915- These are all remarkably pure and good coals. Their small ash per centage corresponds nearly with their low specific VOL. I.-CHEM. 17. 249. 70 CHEMICAL REPORT. gravity. Their proportion of sulphur is also moderate. Their large yield of volatile combustible matters, and their spongy coke, may make them profitably available for use in the gas- works. Doubtless they will be found very good for the smelt- ing and manufacture of iron. GRAYSON COUNTY. COAL. No. 1787 — '' Coal, from the Soutli or Allen bank, near the Falls of Rough Creek. Two feet thick. Collected by P. N. Moore." A pure-looking coal, breaking easily, with a shining pitch- like appearance, and an irregular, so-called, bird's-eye frac- ture. Has very little fibrous coal and no apparent pyrites, ■except some fine granular. COMPOSITION, AIR-DRIED. Specific gravity '•343 Hygroscopic moisture ^-SolTofnl volalilp maftpr.; ificA Volatile combustible matters ^^^^ | lotal volatile matters . . . 36.54 Coke (ouite densel , g / Carbon in the coke 55.54 (..oke (quite aense; ''3-4b| ^gj^j i;j^j..g^gy ^^j^ ^^^ 100.00 100.00 Per centage of sulphur . . . 1.972 FERRUGINOUS AND MARLY CLAYS OF GRAYSON COUNTY. No. 1788 — '^Ferruginous Clay. Nodular. Below the upper limestone. Hat Branch of Bear Creek. Three and a half to four feet thick. Of a handsome chocolate-brown color. Not adhering much to the tongue. Powder of a handsome grey-chocolate color. No. 1789 — "A^odular Ferruginous Clay. Canolaway Creek." Resembles the preceding. No. 1790 — "Marly Shale, fou?id below the limestone. Hat Branch of Bear Creek. Four feet thick. Collected by fohn R. Procter." Breaking easily when dry. Of a greyish-olive-green color, with some parts brownish. Not adhering much to the tongue. Powder of a handsome greenish-grey color. 250 CHEMICAL REPOKT. 7i No. 1 79 1 — ^^ Marly Shale. Haycraft's Lick. Similar to pre- ceding." Of a dark olive-grey color when dry. No. 1792 — ''Red Marly Shale, same locality, &c., mixed with the preceding- in the sample." Of a chocolate brown color. No. 1793 — ''Brown Marly Clay. Cedar Knob Lick." Of a dark reddish-brown or chocolate color when dry. Conglomeratic, with fragment of material similar to No. 1792. COMPOSITION OF THESE GRAYSON COUNTY FERRUGINOUS AND MARLY CLAYS AND SHALES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1788. No. 1789. No. 1790 No. 1791 No. 1792 No. 1793 Alumina ■) "Iron and manganese oxides / Lime carbonate Magnesia ■Phosphoric acid Potash "> Total, obtained by fusion ; 'Soda J includes insoluble silicates. Silica and insoluble silicates . 'Water expelled at red heat, &c. 14.451 1 . 160 1.715 1.089 4.240 .948 74-360 7.000 (512.282 "I .7.588/ 1.380 1.643 see b. 5 '049 1 .060 dt%.z%o 8.250 26.221 9.160 6.629 1.089 4-944 1. 061 44.760 6.136 27 811 25 880 I .824 4 .109 •'iS4 .5 -657 .920 5« 245 3 5-758 [.580 ^437 . 102 5-145 -347 5.960 5.671 23.071 1. 180 •497 .089 4-093 •438 60.760 9-872 Total 0104.963 3105.632 {a) The apparent excess is due to the alkalies in the insoluble silicates, which are estimated also in the total -a'kalies given above. {b) Including phosphoric acid and manganese oxide, not separately estimated. (c) Iron peroxide. ((/) Containing of silica : 51.020; of alumina, iron and manganese oxides, and phosphoric acid, 14.330. These ferruginous and marly shales and clays, when of a •good color, may be termed mineral paints, and be very profit- .ably used in that way; but, in consequence of their large iproportions of alkalies, especially of potash, as well as of iphosphoric acid, they promise to be quite valuable, applied as top dressing, for renewing old worn-out tobacco soil. As they are found in enormous quantities over a very great ex- tent of country, the best method of making them profitably available is matter of great interest. Chemical analyses show that, while a portion of their alka- line constituents is soluble in acids, the larger part of them is ■locked up in the insoluble silicates. Spread upon the soil, 251 72 CHEMICAL REPORT. therefore, without admixture or preparation, their ameliorat- ing influence would probably result more from their large- proportion of the elements of clay, giving the soil more con- sistence, and increasing its power of absorbing atmospheric agencies, &c., than from the alkalies or phosphoric acid, &c., they contain. In short, the application of these marls to the surface might be like the plowing up of a subsoil, rich in the mineral elements of plant food, but poor in the organic com- pounds which help to bring them into a soluble and available state. Exposed to the atmospheric agencies, however, the insolu- ble silicates undergo a gradual, slow decomposition, and their valuable ingredients are thus set free for the use of plants. The decomposing remains of vegetables accelerate this pro- cess, and hence the great propriety of using these marls to- gether with stable manure or other organic fertilizers, or of employing a clover or other green crop, plowed in, as a means of distintegrating the silicates. Doubtless poor exhausted land, which had been top-dressed with the marl, and then sowed in clover, which, after the growth of one or two sea- sons, was plowed in, would be found to be greatly improved in fertility. A similar result, in some degree, might possi- bly be oljtained, in a single season, by the use of buckwheat, plowed in at maturity. A quicker mode of setting free the alkalies, &c., of these marls, would necessarily be more expensive. The process used in the chemical analysis, viz : that of heating, to a mod- erate red heat, the mixture of the finely-ground marl with a large proportion of pulverized carbonate of lime, and about an equal proportion of sal ammoniac (ammonium chloride), is. quite effectual in separating all the alkalies of the insoluble silicates. But it is somewhat expensive on a large scale. In- this process the mutual reaction of the carbonate of lime and sal ammoniac produces carbonate of ammonia, which evapo- rates and is lost, and calcium chloride, which, together with the excess of carbonate of lime present (calcined in the pro- cess partly into caustic lime), cause the decomposition of the 252 CHEMICAL REPORT. 73 silicates, and set free the allcalies. Calcium chloride and car- bonate of lime, then, are the essential decomposing agents in this process; and as calcium chloride is present in the bittern water of all salt-works, and frequently thrown away as a waste product in other manufactories, or may be cheaply made by the application of hydrochloric acid to limestone, this process would be much more economical than that of the use of the ammonia salt. Under the head of Clay county, in the present volume, are some remarks on the proposition to use the bit- tern water of salt-works for this purpose — an application of this waste product, which is yet more promising, from the fact that this water contains potash and other salts, which may also bf valuable on the exhausted soil.* But, for the decomposition of the marl, not only must it be brought into a plastic state or be powdered, but the limestone or lime, with which It is to be mixed, must also be in the form of powder, so that they may be intimately mixed together and fully incorporated with the calcium chloride. With a cheap power and a good mill this might not be very expensive. In order to calcine the mixture, the plastic mass, produced by working up together the marl, lime, and solution of calcium chloride, should be made up into lumps or brick-like masses, dried to a certain extent, and then calcined at a moderate red heat, not sufficient to fuse them. The time during which they should be maintained at a red heat need not exceed a few hours. Other modes might be available ; as by the use of chlorine gas, which, if the lumps of the marl are porous, would not necessitate pulverization. This gas is to be cheaply obtained from the low-priced hydrochloric acid and oxide of manganese mixed, and if it be allowed to pass slowly from above through the marl lumps contained in a tall, tightcylindrical receptacle, -would exert considerable decomposing influence upon the sil- ■•■■■ It is generally believed that magnesium chloride is injurious to vegetation. As this is present in the bittern water, careful experiments to test its utility would be necessary. But the magnesium chloride would be decomposed by the lime in the process of calcina- tion, and the free magnesia thus separated would not probably be injurious, notwith- -standing the long-standing prejudice against this earth. 253 74 CHEMICAL REPORT. icates. This process would doubtless be at least as expen- sive as the above named. The mere mixture of slacked lime with the powdered marl,, when applied to the land, would doubtless be beneficial in. accelerating its decomposition, and calciniiiL;' them together at a moderate red heat might be yet more useful, especially if a little common salt be added. Indeed, merely calcining the clay alone, if the heat is not sufficient to fuse it, seems to set some of its alkaline constituents free; and hence, proba- bly, one reason of the improvement of old soil by the English practice of paring and burning it. In numerous cases the writer has found the insoluble silicates to become more de- composable by the action of the acids after ignition.* No. 1794 — "LiMONiTE Iron Ore, containing clay iron-stone. Old Nolin Furnace property, three and a half miles north of Bee Spring. West of the road at the head of one of the forks of Decker Branch. On the road near the Brow7isville and Grayso7i Springs road. Average sample by P N. Hloore." Generally soft and porous, of a brownish-yellow color, with. denser and darker colored irregular laminae, and some nodules or portions of bluish-grey, fine granular clay iron-stone, which. is somewhat oolitic, with small whitish particles. COMPOSITION, dried AT 212° F Iron peroxide 48 Iron carbonate 5 Alumina 7 Lime carbonate 9 Magnesia carbonate Pliosphoric acid Sulphuric acid . . , Combined water and loss 8 Silica and insoluble silicates 19 Z V = s6. 1526 iron. 735/ -^ ^ 125 410 144 489 = .209 phosphorus. 199 = .oSo sulphur. 905 080 Containing 16.760 silica. A good and sufficiently rich ore, with but a moderate pro- portion of phosphorus, likely to yield a good quality of iron,, if properly smelted. It contains nearly ten per cent, of car- bonate of lime, which will aid in fluxing it. *The simultaneous use of the marl and slacked lime as a top-dressing on a clover crop, or as a preparation for a crop of clover, which is subsequently plowed under, would no- doubt be quite ameliorating to the soil. 254 CHEMICAL REPORT. 75; GREENUP COUNTY. COALS. No. 1795 — ''Coal, from Turkey Lick bed, on Turkey Lick. Col- lected by A. R. CraudaUr A splint coal. Some parts seemingly quite pure, with but little fibrous coal ; other portions in thin shaly layers, with granular pyrites in the fibrous coal. No. 1796 — " Coal 2,- Turkey Lick Coal. Pennsylvania Furnace. Average sample from the loiver and middle parts of the coaiy A splint coal, separating into thin laminae, with fibrous coal and fine granular pyrites between. No. 1797 — "Coal, from Turkey Lick coal mines. Main entry ^ One htatdred and eighty feet from the outcrop. Average sam- ple taken at that spot. By A. R. Crandall." A splint coal, pretty pure looking, but has some fine granu- lar pyrites in the fibrous coal between its thin laminae. No. 1798 — ''Turkey Lick Coal. Old entry. Hunnewell. Av- erage sample by A R. Crandall." Like the preceding, but having less of the thinly laminated portion, with fibrous coal and granular pyrites between. No. 1799 — "Coal. Raccoon Furnace. Average sample by A^ R. Cra7tdall." A splint coal, splitting into quite thin laminae, with much light fibrous coal and some fine granular pyrites between them. No. 1800 — "Coke, from Coal No. 3. Turkey Lick coal. Llim- newell Furnace. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A bright spongy coke. 76 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY COALS AND COKE, AIR- DRIED. No. 1795. No. 1796. No. 1797- No. 1798 No. 1799. No. 1800. Specific gravity r-347 1. 331 1.280 1.332 '.384 Hygroscopic moisture . . . . Volatile combustible matters Coke 4,24 34-76 61 00 4.00 37 70 58.30 4.56 36 68 58.76 4.6:. 34.80 60.60 4.22 1 30. 10 J 65 68 19.20 80.80 Total ... 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters. . . . . ■Carbon in the coke . . Ash . , .... 39- 00 48.70 12.30 41.70 51.60 6. 70 41.24 52.40 6.36 39.40 51.00 9.60 34.32 53-68 12.00 19.20 75.10 5-70 Total . 100,00 100.00 100.00 700.00 100. 00 100.00 Character of the coke Spongy. Dense spongy. Light spongy. Dense spongy. Friable. Color of the ash , ... Light lilac-grey. Lilac-grey Very light lilac-grey. Very light lilac-grey. Light lilac-grey. Nearly vt-hite. Per centage of sulphur . ... 1. 601 2.645 0.682 667 0.9^5 0.666 By comparing' the sulphur per centage in No. 1796, and in the coke made from it, No. 18S, it will be seen that more than three fourths of the sulphur of the coal appears to be removed in the process of coking. But the smaller ash per centage in this coke seems to indicate that a purer sample of this coal was used in its manufacture. GKEEXUP COUNTY PIG IRONS. No. 1801 — " Pig Iron. N'o. i Foundry iron. Hunnci^'cU Fiir- iiacc." Quite a coarse-grained, light-grey iron. Somewhat hard, but yields to the file * No. 1802 — ''Pig Iron. No. I hot-blast silver-grey or glazed pig. I'ennsylvania Furnace.'' Moderately fine granular; whitish. Yields to the file and extends very little under the hammer. Quite brittle. No. 1803 — ''No. I Foundrv Iron. Pennsvlvauia Furnace." Coarser grained and darker than the preceding. Yields to the file; extends a little under the hammer. 256 CHEMICAL REPORT. n No. 1804 — ''Mill Iron. Pennsylvania Fiirnace." Finer grained, darker, and more dull than the preceding. Extends considerably under the hammer. No. 1805 — ''No. 2 Foundry Iron. Pennsylvania Fiirnace." Moderately fine-grained. Yields to the file ; extends but little under the hammer. No. 1806 — "No. 2 Cold-blast Iron; made from blue ore alone. La2ircl Fui-nacc. Collected by P. N^. Moore." A dark-grey, fine-grained iron. Extends somewhat under the hammer, but is brittle. No. 1807 — "Mill Iron. Hot-blast. Third casting- n'ith stone- coal. Raccoon Furnace. Collected by P. N. Moore." A fine granular iron. Yields to the file, and extends some- what under the hammer. COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY PIG IRONS. No. 1801 No. 1802 No. 1803 No. 1S04 No. 1805 No. i8o5 No. 1807 Specific gravity 6.680 6.927 Iron . 92.284 90.630 92.060 94-7l'4 92.S56 92.697 91.596 Graphite 2.960 2.500 2.700 2.900 3 - 230 2. 100 2 900 Combined carbon .690 .830 .630 .7S0 1 .000 2=;o Silicon . ... 3. on 4.969 3- 104 1.193 -^•545 1-813 477 Slag .SSo .360 .300 .200 . ^60 not est. 800 Phosphorus . .474 ■741 .710 .860 .817 ■454 247 Sulphur. not est. .040 ■o;3 ■033 .046 .218 2^7 Untletermi»ed and loss . ■463 . 146 1. 718 493 Total . 100.299 100.070 100.000 100.730 1 00 . 000 100.000 100.000 Total carbon . . 3 650 Z-iio 3-330 3.680 3 - 230 3. 100 3-150 While the total quantity of carbon in these pig irons does not vary much, there is a considerable difference in the pro- portions of silicon and phospliorus, both of which tend to make the iron brittle in the cold. The condition of the car- bon, whether it be in the state of graphite or in combination 257 78 CHEMICAL REPORT. with the iron, makes a great difference in the quaUty of the metal, as is well known. The cold-blast iron, No. 1806, made mostly from the "blue ore" (clay iron-stone), seems to contain nearly as much sul- phur as the hot-blast iron, No. 1807, made with stone coal. The label does not state what was the character of the fuel used to smelt the former. No. 1808 — -"Iron Furnace Slag, from Raccoon Fttrnace, Green- tcp county. 'Mine-fall cinder,' with zvhick little iron is made, but much slag. Collected by A. R. Crandall." Of a dark bottle-green color; nearly black in the mass; transparent in the thin edges. Quite fusible, without intu- mescence, before the blow-pipe. specific gravity = 2. 868. composition. Silica Alumina Lime Magnesia Iron protoxide . . Manganese protoxide Phosphoric acid. . . Sulphuric acid . . . Potash Soda Loss Total 47 960 18 841 20 462 I 3S4 8 489 not est. 127 192 2 045 405 125 100 000 Containing of oxygen, = 6.062 iron .055 phosphorus. .077 sulphur. 8.807 5-819 • 451 1.S87 •347 . 104 17.415 24 . 902 • 24.902 The proportion of oxygen in the bases to that in the silica is as I : 1.423 in this slag, and as the proportions in a gOod slag are about as i : 2, it is evident that too little lime has been used in the flux, and that consequently a large proportion of iron oxide has formed glass with the excess of silicious matter, causing a serious loss. This cinder contains quite a consid- erable proportion of alumina, which seems to have carried with it more than the usual quantity of phosphoric acid into the cinder. The fact that the iron furnace slag may contain this injurious ingredient, and that probably alumina, lime in sufficient quantity being present, might be more instrumental 258 CHEMICAL REPORT, 79 than any other material in the flux in removing it from the ore in the smelting furnace, contrary to the prevalent belief, was pointed out by the writer in volume 4th of the first series of Kentucky Geological Reports, page 44. SOILS OF GREENUP COUNTY. No. 1809 — "[7r;'7// Soil. Woods. Sample takeii to six inches beloiv the surface. Top of a hill (j-idgc), eight feet above bed of coal. White Oak Creek, near Kenton Furnace. Collected by f. A. Mojiroe:' Dried soil of a brownish-grey color, mostly in friable lumps. Contains some fragments of ferruginous sandstone, and no quartz sand. No. 1810 — ''Subsoil to the preceding, taken eighteen incites below the surface. By f. A. Monroe." Dried soil somewhat lighter colored tlian the preceding. Contains more ferruginous sandstone fragments, and some small hollow nodules of limonite ore. The bolting-cloth sep- arated from the silicious residue a few minute quartzose parti- cles. No. 181 1 — "Surface Soil to the depth of six inches, from a corn- field which has been in cultivation ten years. Valley of White Oak Creek. About ten feet above the bed of the creek. Col- lected by f. A. Monroe." Soil of a light umber-grey color, mostly in friable lumps. The silicious residue contained a few small rounded grains of hyaline quartz. No. 1 81 2 — ''Subsoil to the preceding, taken at eighteen inches below the surface, f. A. Monroe." Subsoil of a light umber-grey color, slightly darker than the preceding. Contains fragments of brownish ferruginous sandstone. 259-^ -So CHEMICAL REPORT. •COMPOSITION OF THESE GREENUP COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. iS No. 1810 No. 1811 No. 1812 Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash ... Soda Soluble silica Sand and insoluble silicates Water, expelled at 388° F Loss . ... Total Hygroscopic moisture Potash in the insoluble silicates .... Soda in the insoluble silicates Character of the soil .590 •357 .041; .366 • 083 .003 •433 .023 .130 500 5 .600 15-693 .070 •375 .147 a trace. • 474 •305 .095 76.060 ■950 4-375 7.060 .270 .083 •"5 .027 .09S .068 .080 86.890 1 . 100 3-790 6.656 •745 .067 . 109 •033 • 193 .163 •135 87.665 .910 100.466 1 .900 2.301 •509 2-235 2.829 .368 1. 150 1 .220 .520 1 .000 0.817 .380 ^^il■gin woodla'd Subsoil. Cultiva- ted field. Subsoil. As Is frequently the case, there is great variety in the character of these coal-measure soils ; those from the hill- top being quite rich, while the others from the valley are much less fertile : anomalous differences, evident!)' attributa- ble to the original sources whence the soils were derived, or to the action of drainage waters, or other causes not known to us. HANCOCK COUNTY. COALS. No. 1813 — ■" Camiel Coal. Clover port Oil Conipanv s mines, about eight miles south of Cloi'erport. Entry A^o. 12, at main breast. Base of the coal measures. Avei-age sample bv C f. Norzvood. ^-Iveriioe thickness of the coal tioo and a- half feet. It varies from tiuenlv-lioo to thirtv-six incites." A dull-looking, very tough cannel coal. Has no marked ■appearance of pyrites. 260 CHEMICAL REPORT. 8 1 No. 1 814 — ^' Coal, from Hancock Coal Company's mines, below Haw'csvillc. (^0:u/icd by the American. Cannel Coal Com- pany.) Collected by P. N. Moore." Quite a pure-looking, firm, pitch-black coal. Has some lit- tle bright pyritous scales aud fine granular pyrites between the laminae. No. 1 81 5 — "Coal, from Milton Laiason's bank. Lead Creek, three miles from Haivesville. Average sample by P. N. JMoore. A splint coal, splitting into thin laminae, with considerable fibrous coal and some granular pyrites between. Some exter- nal ferruginous stain. Has the appearance of having been weathered. No. 1 8 16 — "Coal, from Robt. Estes' bank. Back of Lewi sport. Sample by P. N. Moore." A pitch-black, rather firm coal, not all breaking into thin laminae. Has much fibrous coal and granular and lamellar pyrites. No. 181 7 — "Coal, from fames Mason's bank, betiveen Hawes- ville and Leivispoid. Sample by P. N. JMoore." Generally pitch-black and glossy — partly dull — on the cross fracture. Not generally breaking into thin laminae. Has not much fibrous coal, but considerable appearance of granular pyrites, and some external ferruginous incrustation. No. 181 8 — " Coal, from Colbert' s bank, near Lewisport. Sample by P. N. Moore." A firm, pitch-black, glossy coal. Not much fibrous coal, but considerable shining pyritous scales and granular pyrites. Does not all split into thin laminae. No. 18 19 — "Coal, from Bergenrotli! s bank, near old Reverdy mines. Sample by P. N. Moore." A firm coal, not all breaking into thin laminae. Has consid- erable fibrous coal between the laminae, and some granular pyrites and external ferruginous stain. 26L "82 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1820 — "Coal, from John C. ScJiafer s baitk. Blackford Creek. Sample by P. N. Moored A pitch-black, firm, glossy coal. Considerable fibrous coal between some of the laminae, and a few thin shining pyritous scales in the seams. No. 1 82 1 — "Coal, from the Breidenback bank. Lead Creek. Sample by P. N. Moore." Generally glossy pitch-black, with some dull, thin laminae, having fibrous coal between, and visible pyritous scales and granular pyrites. No. 1822 — "Coal, from the Davidson bank, near Hawesville. Sample by P. N. Moore." Appears to be a weathered specimen, having considerable ferruginous stain. Otherwise resembling the preceding. No. 1823 — "Coal, from R. S. Lanum's bank, near Hawesville. Sample by P. N. Moore." Resembles No. 1821. .262 CHEMICAL REPORT. 83 2 p < < O O > Iz; o u o o < w W H O o CO M d IZi « ? 000 8 8 000 00 r^ IT) rood t>. 8 8 a 6~ 00 00 8 8 S,S,8 « d i-^ ro 1 d !• 8 8 8,-3 2 vd «d IS. 8. £&::£? 8 ll 1 t" rn 6 6 "^ 8 8 8 V ^ 2 i; ^ a. bil 1-3 Sg 6\ 00 6 000 8 8 8 Sg 3J 06 00 6 8 8 00 ;J IN r^ d 8 1 « ^ . w bo 8 Sg ^4 3i ? t^ 00 d o\ 000 8 8 g.'SS- I 1 -^ 3|. d 000 ro r^ ro 8 8 00 -^ I 1 ^^ ^3 US II 4 10 00 d Z *■»■» 8 8 S?oS> 6 6\6 8 8 c CI, -O 00 6 Z 10 N CO g irndod 8 8 000 i-i ts F4 8 8 1! 00 d ! 000 8 8 8 Si CXI ll 2- 1 u pi 1 • 6 ' E.S . r^ : 1 •s s ■ a U C j c 4, I C t 263 84 CHEMICAL REPORT. Coal No. 18 13, from the Cloverport Oil Company's mines, is remarkable for the large proportion of volatile combustible matters it yields. HARLAN COUNTY. COALS. No. 1824 — -''Caiinel Coal cr Bituminous S/iaie, fi'-om Long Branch of Mariin's Fork. Az'ei-age sample of the wcath- ej^ed outcrop by P. N. Moore. Bed thirty-eight inches thick." A dull-black, tough cannel coal. Fracture large conchoid- al, somewhat in layers. Some ferruginous and earthy incrus- tation. No. i?,2^^" Coal, from f. C. Howard's bank. Clover Fork of Cumberland river, one )nile above Mount Pleasant. Sample by P. N. Jlloore f-om near the limited outcrop. Bed four a.nd a half feet thick." A bright, pitch-black coal (semi-bituminous), having very little fibrous coal, and no visible pyrites. No. 1826 — " Coal, from Martin' s Fork, Skidmore Creek. Taken from near the otitcrop, by A. R. Crandall. Bed forty-two incites tliick." A much weathered sample, containing much powdered coal. 264 CHEMICAL REPORT. 85 COMPOSITION OF THESE HARLAN COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1824. No. 1825. No. 1826. Specific gravity .... 1 .510 1.289 1-356- Hygroscopic moisture 1 .40 34.60 64.00 1.70 35-70 62,60 5.20 31.26 63-54- Colce . . Total . . 100.00 100.00 100.00. Total volatile matters ... 36.00 39-40 24,60 37-40 59.60 3.00 36.46 60.08 3-46 Fixed carbon in the coke Ash . ... Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Dense. Very light spongy. Pulveru- lent. Color of the ash . . . Chocolate. Light buff. Light buff. Per centage of sulphur 1.271 0.750 0.61& No. 1824 contains a very large proportion of earthy matter^ and might probably be considered bituininous shale. This^ however, does not prevent it from yielding even more volatile combustible matters than 1826, and nearly as much as 1825. Its specific gravity is correspondingly high. The other coals yield less than the average quantity of ash, and give a large proportion of coke, and are superior coals, especially for the manufacture of iron, &c. HENRY COUNTY. No. 1827 — " Metallic \^y.kd, from the 'Silver and Spar Mines f three miles below Lockport, in the Lower Silurian. Collected by C. J. Norwood." Brought to the laboratory to be examined for silver. Ort- a careful analysis, by the wet way, no evidence of the pres- ence of that metal was found, although more than fourteen grammes were examined. VOL. I.-CHEM. 18. 265,, "86 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1828 — "Limestone, Lower Silurian, fi''om the same locality as the above. Collected by C. J. Norwood T A fossiliferous, coarse granular limestone, of grey and buff colors, containing more or less calc. spar, and having small irregular cavities lined with ochreous iron oxide. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Lime carbonate 95-770 1-378 1 .060 undeter'ed Alumina and iron and manganese oxides, and phosphoric acid .9S0 Total .... 99.188 A good limestone, containing 53.631 per cent, of lime. HOPKINS COUNTY. COALS. No. 1829 — "Coal D, from Diamond coal mi^ie, about three quarters of a mile south of Eaidington. (St. L. & S. E. R. 7?.) Average sample from along the entry, by C. f. Nor- wood. A splint coal. Outer surfaces of most of the lumps some- what soiled with dirt. No. 1 830—" Coal D, from Saint Bernard coal mines, near Earl- ington. Upper drift. Bed three to four and a half feet thick. Average sample by C. f. Norwood." A deep black, glossy splint coal, with but little fibrous coal Taetween the laminae, and no appearance of pyrites. Some thin plates of gypsum in the seams. No. 1 83 1 — "Coal B, from Fleming coal mine, one mile below Earlington. Bottom part two feet thick. Sample by C. J. Norwood." A pitch-black, glossy ^coal. Some fibrous coal and fine granular pyrites between some of the laminae, and bright py- ritous and lime sulphate scales in some of the seams. a66 CHEMICAL REPORT. 8/ 1Mo. 1832 — ''Coal B; same locality a^ the preceding. Top por- tion; four feet thick. Collected by C J. Norwood." Resembles the preceding. No. 1833 — "Coal B, from Hecla coal mines. St. L. & S. E. R. R., near Earlington. Average sample by C. f. Norwood." A pitch-black, glossy coal. But little fibrous coal between the laminae. The sample has some thin scales of gypsum in some of the seams, and has some fragments in it of a thin pyritous shaly parting. No. 1834 — "CoalB. Hecla mines, near Earlington. Average sample from, the lower bench; about two feet four inches thick. By C. f. Norwood." Resembles the preceding. No. 1835 — "Coal B. St. Bernard coal mines, near Earlington. Lower drift. Average sample from the upper member ; four feet thick. By C.J. Norwood." {See also 1830.) Resembles No. 1830. Has some scaly incrustations of lime sulphate. No. 1836 — " Coal D,from Hecla coal mines. Earlitigton. Care- fully sampled by C. J. Norwood. A pitch-black coal. Very little fibrous coal. Some scales -of lime sulphate, stained with iron oxide, in the seams, with •some little shining pyrites. 267 88 CHEMICAL REPORT, Q W S Q pi O u > ;z; O O o w 1/1 w o Iz; o H (/I o o (J 268 CO 00 1 CO N 00 to^ N i^ d COMD 8 8 888 8 8 Lilac-grey. (O 10 00 1-1 000 rooo 00 CO VO 8 8 000 \o xo V-' 00 d 8 0. r LO CO CO 4 00 d •A fO 01 00 00 cooo co^o . d - 00 8 ': OS CO 00 6 CO fO 00 M (N CO Ti- ro Ch r-^ to 10 8 '^0 vO LOOO 8 8 d ^ >> OJ pj 6 a. ^0 r^ r-.. Lo 8 8 Tj- -^ PI CO-h' 4 ■^ LO 8 8 4-. pj LO CO C :z; CO q o* covo CDVO 8 c^ cr^ OS - ro ^i- -■ 8 8 a) u to 10 Os 10 6 00 d Is -t-o roO -t r^oo 8 8 >-n to ^ LO 8 d rt > OJ t^ So PI ON 00 CI 00 d TO CO -t PI r^ u-> VO cr\ CO LO 8 8 p) n xo 0\ 8 a. CO ■-!:- bfl LO CO 1- bJ5 *o C/3 a, 'c £ *c c u £ > K L- Q c £ a > OJ U H 1- £ 'c > c C t_ c c c n c t: a. -5 <; C u OJ lU -5 C c L t- C »*. C ■L b n C < H 2; ti O U w o w w w o o H o s o u i^ u^ in 0\ 1^00 M m 00 II i-^00 1 T^ ►H OS -^vO '^ ^ u-ix> vO r^ II "O -^00 00 OOO'-'NOiJ-lN^OM 0\ II >-H N "<: " NM fO ^ ^ M 11 ^ -. CO C :j ■z "^ C/3 f ■ II X) •^ in^iO'^ONvOO"' r^ II fooo 00 00 »J-l IN N CO ONX) rO u- M roO 00 OJ ^ ". ^ 1 ° ^. "t 1" t I-^ HH c^ 6 CO "^ P-. J d --h' ^ c ro II ■^ u-iN ION rou^O lOQ r^ 11 u-i N r*- 5 a 00 JO r^ u-» a "-■ H-. rorn-« -^ roOoO N 10 y r^ -. Tt 'N >" d 00 ' 8 - " N ■"^ "^u-iu-j-^^o u-iO LT f^ u-iO - ^ CO N "^ !:>\D :3N ro "J^ -i Q (^ ro 04 "0 OMC^OO^fM'^'r ■^ rO "N %0 3 d ro r^ 00 1-4 m' ^; CO C c/2 1^ 2 ■<^ OfOu-iNWOrOO"" 1 u-» M 00 00 i^'^CT\<^0 >-' M Cr LT 1 N r^ OJ • O-NOOrON'^'- N N !>■ ^ 1^ ::i 6 4^ • • - ' q ' 9 i-h' ■"! TSS :z; 00 '-r^O^LoM --lOO r-0>J^O 00 -O -rj fl , 00 a. -^30 ':t-^0 -^t- M N ^ 00 ro OO^O ro-^ (^'-•'O u" -» r- u-i rovO 'S'^s d 12; 00 \ HH ^ jj» 0'-l"^"^^■^ ' ^ ^ 5 8?^- ^ CO (s 1-1 r^ 10 i-n^O "0 hnrO'-'OOt^ 0^ t^ VO M sO 3 po d " ' ' ' * ^ -^ d \ N "- 2 i-i , 00 CAl CO m3 u-i r^ 0^'0 to >^ 1 rv ■) Q 00 - rt ::£ 00 '"O ro ro crsOO T^ Lo — M r- > ONa\N-oo'-'-^-H 00 \0 ir\ r* 1 -3 S d rotn '-' oc ^ BH hK "3 7, OG \ ua "^»j-i:jo fo »j-»u t — VO " ■) fl 00 u-i '^j- M xt 00 o\ r^ - t- w-iX) M a^oo H- •-' f^ ^D t^-O •< 1- E?i d rOu-1 « oc S |S -« H >" 1 'H 'P ri -= C C c rt b C r i < c r c r 4, C b r r C p- c Ph rt c cr C 0. i _^ C X 1= r 1 'c c c c 1. b > C 0. c c 75 16.960 39-105 .124 .III 25.660 These are quite good iron ores, rich enough in iron, and ■containing less than the usual proportion of phosphorus. No. 1864 — "Bituminous Silicious Petrifaction. Irish Creek. Probably associated with Coal No. 2. Collected by A. R. Crandall." Presenting the appearance of fibrous coal which has been infiltrated with silica. composition, air-dried. Silica and silicates .... Carbonaceous matter . Alumina and iron oxide, &c, Lime carbonate "Water and loss Total 80.66 13 40 I 80 26 3 88 100 00 LEE COUNTY. COALS. -TMo. 1865 — "Coal, from Daniel Scott's bank, three quarters of a mile above Proctor. Bed thirty-six inches thick. Sample by A. R. Crandall." 283 104 CHEMICAL REPORT. A pitch-black splint coal, having but little fibrous coaL Some fine granular pyrites between the thin laminae. No. 1866 — " Coal, front the same locality as the last, from another entry. Bed forty-one mches thick. Sample by A. R. Cran- dall. Resembles the preceding. No. 1867 — -''Pryses Coal. Lower Stujflebeaii Creek. Three quarters of a mile west of Beattyville. Average sample from two places, two hundred and two hundred and eighty-six yards from the mouth of the entry. By A. R. Crandall. Thick- ness of bed thirty-six to forty iiiches." A pure-looking, pitch-black, glossy splint coal, with very lit- tle fibrous coal and fine granular pyrites between the laminae. No. 1868 — '' Coal, from Phillips' bank, on Mirey Branch. Prob- able average thickness of the bed forty inches. Average sam- ple from the stock pile, by A. R. Crandall.'' Resembles the preceding; contains some small scales of bright pyrites. No. 1869 — '' Coal, from R. B. fameson s bank, two miles beloTV Beattyville, on Mike s Branch. Average sample by A. R. Crandall." A splint coal. Has some fibrous coal and granular pyrites. 284 CHEMICAL REPORT, I05 COMPOSITION OF THESE LEE COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1865. No. 1866. No. 1867. No. 1868. No. 1869. Specific gravity I -331 1-334 1-307 1-307 1-33° Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters . . •Coke . . . . .... 2.30 38.10 59.60 2.10 38.10 59.80 4.00 35-50 60.50 3.10 36.64 60.26 3-40 32.70 63.90 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the coke . . . Ash 40.40 51.64 7.96 40.20 51-54 8.26 39-50 55-50 5.00 39-74 56.96 3-3° 36.10 57.60 6.30 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Light spongy. Spongy. Light spongy. Dense spongy. Spongy. ■Color of the ash Lilac-grey. Lilac-grey. Light lilac-grey. Light buff-grey. Light lilac-grey. Per centage of sulphur .... 2-356 3-991 1 .041 1.030 1.368 These coals resemble, in their general properties, those of Lawrence county, reported on above ; and although some of these contain a little more sulphur than those, the remarks appended to the latter are equally applicable to these. LEWIS COUNTY. SOILS. No. 1870 — ''Soil, from the Ohio bottom, border of creek ; ten feet from its surface, aboiU three and a half miles above Quiticy. Collected by N. S. Shaler." Dried soil mostly in friable lumps, of a light brownish-grey ■color; contains no gravel. Silicious residue contains quartz- ose sand, which will not pass through fine bolting-cloth. No. 1871 — "Sjibsoil of the preceding ; taken one to three feet below the surface f &c., &c. Dried subsoil in friable lumps, somewhat lighter colored than the surface soil ; of a light yellowish-grey color. 285 io6 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1872 — ^' Old Field Soil, cultivated for over fifty years ; never- overfloived. Back of the Ohio bottom, on Scaffold (or "Scuf- fle''^ Creek, three and a half miles above Qicincy, and above locality of the two preceding. Produces forty bushels of corn- to the acre on an average. Collected by N. S. Shaler." Dried soil of a light-grey color, slightly less yellowish than the next preceding, and slightly darker. COMPOSITION OF THESE LEWIS COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides . Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Soluble silica Sand and insoluble silicates Water expelled at 380° F Loss Total . No. 1870. 3-3"5 10.965 •1-5 . 266 •125 a trace. .501 .116 .095 83.465 1.025 loo.ooS No. 1871. 2.665 8.995 a trace. .092 .125 .015 •387 .128 .095 86.365 .685 .448 No. 1872. 4-425 9-S4S. .180 .208 .205 .050- .462 •134 .085 83. ICO. 1.725 100. 119. Hygroscopic moisture . . . . Potash in the insoluble silicates . Soda in the insoluble silicates . . Character of the soil. 3.000 1.843 1.036 2.225 '•233 2-335 1-138 •954 Surface soil. Subsoil. Old field soil. These soils, evidently composed of fine detritus deposited by the water of the river, contain more than the average quantity of potash in a state of combination soluble in acids, and hence immediately available for plant growth. The pro- portions of organic and volatile matters, of phosphoric acid' and lime, as well as of the alkalies in the insoluble silicates,, are not more than the average. No. 1871 subsoil is especially- deficient in lime. Yet they may well be characterized as fer- tile soils, more especially No. 1872. 286 CHEMICAL REPORT. lOf LINCOLN COUNTY. No. 1873 — " C1.AY, /rom the head waters of Green river, on the land of Mr. Thos. IF. Varnou. Bed two to four feet from the smface, and said to be forty-two to forty-five feet thick ; resting on black shale, which is fifty feet thick. Salt water is found by boring at the depth of eighty -four feet, and some little- petroleum in the sajidstone. Sent by Senator Varnon." Clay imperfectly laminated, of a dark olive-grey color. Fuses before the blow-pipe. Burns of a grey-buff color. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Silica Alumina. . . . , Iron protoxide . Lime Magnesia . . . , Potash . . . . , Soda . . . . , Water and loss . Phosphoric acid , Total . . 61.580- 23.946 5.814. .201 .850- 1.542 .362 5-705 not det'd. The considerable proportions of the iron oxide, lime, pot- ash, and soda prevent this clay from being refractory in the fire. But while it is therefore unfit for the manufacture of fire-bricks, it will yet answer well for ordinary pottery, terra cotta work, or tiles. CRAB ORCHARD SALTS (SO-CALLED). The saline matters obtained by the evaporation of the saline waters of Crab Orchard and vicinity, Lincoln county. No. 1874 — "Crab Orchard Springs Salts; put up by the Crab Orchaj^d Salts Company. Said to be obtained from the tvaters of various springs mixed. Evaporated at the Springs, and warranted genuine, as sold in sealed bottles by /. B. Wilder & Co., Louisville." A granular salt, colored light-buff with iron peroxide. Dried for about a month, in the water-bath it lost 33.715 per cent, of 287' fo8 CHEMICAL REPORT. its weight by the evaporation of water ; mainly water of crys- tallization. No. 1875 — "Crab Orchard Salts ; furnished by Messrs. Arthur Peter & Co., Louisville, from their stock; obtained by Dr. Lducy Egbert, druggist, of Crab Orchard. Said also to be .derived from various springs." This also is in granular lumps, and presents various shades of buff color, from the presence of iron peroxide. COMPOSITION OF THESE SAMPLES OF CRAB ORCHARD SALTS, DRIED AT 212° F. Magnesia sulphate Soda sulphate Pot.ish sulphate Lime sulpliate . . . . Lithia sulphate Sodium chloride Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Iron peroxide Silica Water of crystallization and loss. Total No. 1874. No. 1875 54.842 13.566 2.707 2.149 .038 2-954 .0^2 .0S9 .07.S ■1-4 23.421 60.627 8.260 2.814 1-795 .028 1.874 .018 .036 .028 .118 24 . 402 These salts have quite an e.xtensive medicinal use in some localities. The proportions of lithium salt shown in the above .analyses is not so great as is generally claimed for these salts. MADISON COUNTY. CLAVS. No. 1876 (a) — "Potter's Clav (quality No. i). Upper Silurian. Waco, 7iine miles cast of Richmond. Collected by A. R. Cran- dall." A light-grey soft clay, with some ochreous stains and infil- tration. No. 1876 (J)) — " Potter' s Clay (^quality No. 2). Same locality," &c., &c. Of a bluish-grey color. 288 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE CLAYS, DRIED AT 212° F. 109 No. 1876 <7. No 1876-5. Silica Alumina, iron and manganese oxides, and phosphoric acid .... Lime carbonate Magnesia Potash 59^976 27 . 640 .280 .606 3-93' •547 7.020 56.960 28.740 .200 .752 2.502 •315 10.531 Combined M'ater and loss Total 100.000 100.000 Neither of these would answer for fire-clay, because of their large proportions of alkalies, lime, magnesia, iron oxide, &c. The iron was not separately determined, and hence the rea- son why the one is better than the other for the use of the potter was not clearly ascertained. Possibly the smaller pro- portion of silica and larger amount of alumina, iron oxide, &c., have something to do with it. These are good clays -for ordinary stone-ware, &c. MADISON COUNTY COALS. No. 1877 — '"Coal, from Cox s coal ba7ik. Top of Big Hill. Bed forty inches thick. A sub-co7iglomerate coal. Average sample by A. R. Crandall." A deep-black splint coal, splitting into very thin laminae, with much fibrous coal and some little pyrites, some of which is in a small shot form. -No. 1878 — '' Coal, from M. Morans mine. Top of Big Hill, on tlie road. Bed said to be tliirty-six to frty-four inches thick. A sub-conglomerate coal. Sample [more szilplmrous than 7isnal) brought by Mr. IVm. A. Giain, Civil Engineer, ■&c." A pretty pure-looking splint coal, with very little fibrous ■coal, but considerable fine granular pyrites between the lami- nse. 2S9 TIO CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE MADISON COUNTY COALS. No. 1877. No. 1878. Specific gravity 1. 281 1.282 Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters Coke . . 2.66 33-68 63.66 1 .90 45-76 52-34 Total 100.00 I 00 . 00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the coke Ash 36-34 56.16 7.50 47.66 44. 86 7.48 Total 100.00 100.00 Dense spongy. Nearly white. Nearly white. 0.S24 2.888 These two samples, from the same bed evidently, present remarkable differences; No. 1878 giving off much more vola- tile combustible matters, and leaving less carbon in the coke than the other, approaching more nearly to the character of a cannel coal than that. The relative proportions of sulphur are also very different; all illustrating the great variations in composition which may appear between a selected hand speci- men and an average saniple of the whole bed. The coke obtained from No. 1877 is somewhat dense and fine cellular. MAGOFFIN COUNTY. COALS. No. 1878 (a) — "Sa/ye/'svil/e Coal. Lower part ; fourteen inches thick. Half cannel. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A sample partly cannel and partly bright bituminous or splint coal. No apparent fibrous coal or pyrites. 290 CHEMICAL REPORT. Ill' No. i^jg—'^Salyersville Coal. Upper part; eighteen inches thick. Collected by A. R. Crandaliy A pure-looking, pitch-black coal, with very little fibrous coal and no apparent pyrites. No. 1880 — ''Coal, from Amos Davis' bank, on Licking river. Bed forty-four inches thick, ivith a five-inch parting. Sample by A. R. Crandall." A firm, pitch-black splint coal, with some fibrous coal and. fine granular pyrites between its thin laminae. No. 1 88 1 — -" Coal, from Stacye coal bank, near the mouth of John- son s Creek. Bed four feet thick, ivithout parting. Average sample from 7iear the outcrop. By A. R. Cra?idall." A somewhat mixed sample. Mostly bright, pitch-black coal,. with some little dull, and seemingly cannel coal. No. 1882 — "Colvin's Cannel Coal. Bed three feet thick. Aver- age sample from the main outcrop. By A. R. Crandall.'' Rather a dull-looking cannel coal. Portions showing a, somewhat fibrous structure ; other portions splitting into thin. laminae. Has very little fibrous coal and no apparent pyrites. Surfaces soiled somewhat with dirt. 291 112 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE MAGOFFIN COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. iSj&n. No. 1879. No. 1880. No. 1881. 1 No. 1882. Specific gravity 1.275 1.292 1.309 1.270 I -235 Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters. . Coke 1.80 45.60 52.60 2.70 38-04 59.26 4.34 37 . 36 58.30 3 70 36.64 59.66 2.30 51.90 45.80 Total 1 00 . 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the coke . . Ash 47.40 43.40 9.20 40.74 51.62 7.64 41.70 53.14 5. .6 40.34 54.68 4.98 54.20 37.56 8.24 Total 100.00 I 00 . 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Dense spongy. Light spongy. Spongy. Light spongy. Very dense. Color of the ash Buff-grey. Very light bro'h-grey. Light pur- plish-grey. Light buff-grey. Brownish- grey. Per centage of sulphur . 0.688 1.470 '.357 U.944 1.415 All of these coals are good, and most of them very good, containing but a moderate or small proportion of ash, and less than the usual quantity of sulphur. The cannel coals, al- though leaving more ash than the others, would doubtless produce fully as much heat, in equal weights of the coals, because of their larger proportions of hydrocarbons : it be- ing a well-established fact that hydrogen will give out three times as much heat as carbon, when they are burned in equal weights. MARTIN COUNTY. COALS. No. 1883 — ''Coal No. I, from IVarficld. Ilfonth of Collins' Creek. Entry near tJie salt-zvorks. Average sample from upper four and a Jialf feet bed. By A. R. Crandall.'' A jet-black, pure-looking coal, breaking into thin laminae, with some fibrous coal and fine granular pyrites between. .292 CHEMICAL REPORT. I 1 3^ No. 1884 — "Coal. Warfield. Opening in the face of the hill on Tiig- Fork, three hii,ndred feet above low water. Sample by A. R. Cratidall." Aspect of the coal a little more dull than that of the pre- ceding. No. 1885 — " Warfield Splint Coal. Three hundred and 07te feet above the main Warfield coal. Bed three feet thick, with two thin clay partings. Sample by A. R. Crandall." Has fibrous coal between the laminae, but little appearance of pyrites. Some little ferruginous stain on the seams. No. 1886 — "Eight Feet Coal. Head of Laurel Fork of Nat's Creek. Sample from an old opening. By A. R. Crandall." Rather a dull-looking coal. Has but little fibrous coal and no apparent pyrites between the laminae. Some little ferrugi- nous stain. No. 1887 — "Coal No. I. Warfield. Sample from two rooms. By A. R. Crandall :' Generally a glossy, pitch-black splint coal. Has very little fibrous coal, generally, between the laminae. Some thin scales^ of brassy pyrites in some of the seams, and occasional layers . of fibrous coal with granular pyrites 293 '114 CHEMICAL REPORT. COIMPOSITION OF THESE MARTIN COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1883. No. 1884. No. 1S85. No. 1886. No. 1887. Specific gravity I-351 1.358 1-358 1-367 1 .302 Hygroscopic moisture . Volatile combustible matters. . Coke . ... 2.16 33-60 64.24 2.50 33-7° 63.80 2.24 33-06 64.70 3.5'5 31 .'14 64.56 2.00 35.12 62.88 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100. oo 100.00 Total volatile matters . ... Fi-\ed carbon in the coke . . . Ash 35-76 55,06 9.18 36.20 52.62 II. 18 35 ..io 52.70 12.00 35-44 52.06 12.50 37-12 54.82 8.06 Total 100.00 100.00 1 00 . 00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Light spongy. Light spongy. Dense. Dense. Dense. Color of the ash Brownish- grey. Light lilac-grey. Very light lilac-grey. Very light lilac-grey. Lilac-grey. Per centage of sulphur . . 2.563 0.754 0.604 U.873 0.983 These Martin county coals generally contain rather more than the average amount of earthy matters, but less than the usual quantity of sulphur. Their rather large proportion of ash, however, does not materially detract from their value for use in manufacturing processes, or for fuel. m'lEAN COUNTY. No. 1888 — "Bituminous Shale {so-called caniicl coal), from near ll^iigJitsburg. Collected by C.J. Norwood." A somewhat tough, dull-looking bituminous shale. Some ferruginous stain on the exposed surfaces. No. 1889 — -"Coal, from near Wrightsburg. Average sample by C. f. Norzuood." A jet-black, splint coal, with very little friable fibrous coal •and granular pyrites between some of the thin laminae. 294 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMrOSITION, AIR-DRIED. 115 No. 1888. No. 1889. Specific gravity not det'd. 1. 24 1 Hygroscopic moisture ... . . Volatile combustible matters 1.60 36. -10 62.00 3-3° 36.00 Coke 60.70 Total 100 00 100.00 Total volatile matters 38.00 31-36 30.64 39-3° 57.88 2.82 Carbon in the coke Ash Total 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Friable. Light spongy. Brownish lilac-grey. Buff-grey. Per centage of sulphur • • not est. 1.024 The coal No. 1889 is remarkably pure and good. The bituminous shale or impure cannel coal might, in many cases, be profitably used as fuel, notwithstanding its large ash per centage. MORGAN COUNTY. COALS. No. 1890 — "Pierat's Cajinel Coal. Collected by A. R. Cran- dall. A tough, somewhat dull-looking coal, breaking with diffi- culty into thin laminae. Has a satiny lustre on its cross frac- ture. Contains no apparent pyrites or fibrous coal. The sample is mixed with a little attached brittle, glossy, splint coal. -No. 1891 — ''Cannel Coal, from Maynhier s bank. Elk Fork of Licking river. Layer of cannel coal two feet two inches tJiick. Collected by A. R. Crandall." 295 li6 CHEMICAL REPORT. A dull-black, clean-looking coal. Fracture somewhat fi- brous across the laminae. No fibrous coal or apparent pyrites. No. 1892 — ''Six-foot Coal. Near West Liberty. Collected by A. R. Cr and all." A soft splint coal, breaking into thin laminae, with fibrous- coal between, but no apparent pyrites. COMPOSITION OF THESE MORGAN COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1S90. No. 1891. No. 1892. Specific gravity 1 .230 I-33I 1-353 Hygroscopic moisture ... .... Volatile combustible matters .... Coke 2.06 49.64 48.30 2.30 41 .60 56.10 4.26 35-24 60.50 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters Fi.\ed carbon in the coke Ash 51.70 43 -20 5.10 43-90 44.70 1 1 . 40 39-50 50.10 10.40 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Spongy. Very dense spongy. Dense spongy. Color of the ash Light bulT-grey. Grey-buff. Nearly white. Per centage of sulphur ... °-955 1. 271 1 .011 Cannel coal No. 1890 is remarkably pure and good; the others contain more than the average quantity of earthy mat- ters, yet are profitable coals. MEADE COUNTY. No. 1893 — "SKLTV\fA.T:^K, fresh from the well. Glen Fojit Salt- works. Collected by C.J. Norwood." The water deposits a reddish sediment in the bottle, and gives an alkaline reaction after a time. 296 CHEMICAL REPORT. I I 7" SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE WATER = 1.065. COMPOSITION OF THE WATER IN lOOO. PARTS. Iron and manganese oxides, alumina and phosphoric acid, 0.055I „ . j ■ ,1 p-pj. Lime carbonate -654 • ,, ■. j ' ., . , . ^or iment deposited on- Magnesia carbonate .018 , ■,• '^ o-i- - boiling. Silica .... -005 J Sodium chloride 74.750 Potassium chloride .250 Calcium cliloride . 9 -050 Magnesium chloride . . 2.080 Barium chloride .036 Strontium chloride .026 Lithium chloride .284 Bromides and iodides not est. Soluble silica not est. 87. 208 This brine, like that of the Goose Creek Salt-works, irt Clay county (which see), contains notable quantities of bari- um and strontium chlorides ; and as the former salt is consid- ered injurious to the animal economy, it is well to get rid of it in the manufacture of the salt. This is easily to be done,, as described under the head of the Goose Creek Salt-works. One thousand parts of the water evaporated to dryness left a little more than one hundred parts of saline matters, dried, at 212° F. The difference between that amount and the sum of the solid ingredients given in the analysis is doubtless owing to moisture, the undetermined ingredients, and una- voidable loss. No. 1894 — "The Bittern Water, from the Glen Font Salt- works. The water has a slightly brownish color. Specific gravity = 1.270. This water, analyzed by my son, Alfred M. Peter, gave the following results : VOL. I -r'iF.M. 20, ^97 Tl8 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION IN loo. PARTS. Sodium chloride . . . Potassium chloride . , Calcium chloride. M.aguesium chloride . Lithium chloride. Barium chloride . . . Strontium chloride . . ■Copper chloride . . Iodine Bromine. . . Total 3.206 •553 12.043 .65S .096 .147 .008 .002 .382 30.409 The trace of copper is doubtless due to the copper pipes, &c., ill contact with the water. The proportion of Hthium chloride is considerable. Whether there is enough bromine in it for profitable extraction depends on commercial and other circumstances. Remarks on other probable useful applications of the bittern waters of salt-works will be found under the head of Goose Creek Salt-works, Clay county; also under the head of Gray- son county marls. With these samples there came a specimen of the ''salt water from the first settler,'' which also had a brownish tint, and deposited a brownish sediment in the bottle. Its spec fie gravity VJ3.S 1.205, and it contained nearly twenty- six per cent, of dry saline matters. Also "luater fi-oin the Gralncr," which had crystals of salt at the bottom. Specific i^j-az'ity ^ 1.210. It gave a little more than twenty-four per cent, of dried saline matters on evaporation, and was found to contain iodine equal to 0.009 pst" cent, of potassium iodide. JSfo. 1895 — "Salt, inaniifacturcd from the Glen Font brine. Col- lected by C. J. Nonfood. A moderately coarse-grained salt. Slightly damp with bit- tern water. Of a very light pinkish tint in the mass, from the presence of a little of the red sediment. 298 CHEMICAL REPORT. II9 COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Sodium chloride (common salt) with traces of potassium and lithium chlo- rides ■Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride '. Barium and strontium chlorides Insoluble residue (remains of red sediment) Total . . 97-317 1-235 1. 415 traces only. 033 100 000 This may be considered quite a pure salt as compared with the usual products of our salt-wells. The traces of barium salt are too small to be injurious ; nor is the residue of red sediment injurious. The deliquescent salts, calcium, and mag- nesium chlorides, keep the salt always moist; they are said also to injure its antiseptic properties somewhat. These are easily removed by the addition of a little carbonate of soda — soda ash will do — which will precipitate lime and magnesia carbonates, and leave an equivalent of sodium chloride in solution. Thus purified, in the last operation before graining, the resulting salt would be perfectly dry and white and pure. In addition to the above-described samples, the following were also received and examined from these salt-works, viz : ■ {a) — ''The hard red crust formed ai^ound the steam-pipe, where the heat is not great." (A rather indefinite description.^ This crust, of a handsome orange-red color in the interior and brown on the exterior, having a radiated fibrous structure, dissolved in chlorohydric acid with effervescence ; and was found to consist mainly of lime, iron, and magnesia carbon- .ates, &c. (b) — ''The sediment formed inside the copper pipes conveying steam into the salt water." A greenish-white, fibrous crust (colored thus slight by the action of the water on the copper), mainly made up of hex- agonal prisms of lime carbonate. An artificially formed ara- gonite. Testing showed no evidence of strontium in it, and only a 'trace of magnesium. The crystals, under the microscope, 299 I20 CHEMICAL REPORT. appear beautifully transparent and colorless. The crust has the external form of the interior of the pipe, and is somewhat impregnated with the soluble salts of the water. (c) — " T/ie sedinioit from tlie bottom of the settler." A yellowish-brown mud, containing saline matters. When these were washed out the insoluble residue was found to con- sist mainly of lime carbonate and a little magnesia carbonate, colored with iron oxide. These samples were all collected by C. J. Norwood. MENIFEE COUNTY. COALS. No. 1896 (d) — "Coal, from Price and Fitcli s bank. Top of the mountain. Bed thirty-four inches thick. Sample from the coal yard of Richardson and Bosworth, Lexington." A bright splint coal, breaking with difficulty across the lam- inae ; easily in their direction. Some reedy fibrous coal and bright thin pyritous plates between them. No. 1896 ((5) — "Coal, from Adams bank, near Frenchburg. Old Slate Branch. Average Sample collected by A. R. Cran- dall." hi the Sub-carbonifei-ons linicstonc. A very pure-looking coal ; glossy, pitch-black. Has very little fibrous coal or pyrites. No. 1896 if) — "Coal. Old State Road Branch. Sample from the stock pile. Bv A. R. Crandall." A very pure-looking, glossy, deep pitch-black coal. Very little fibrous coal or pyrites apparent. No. 1896 {d) — "Coal, from Steele's bank. Mouth of Brushy- Fork of Beaver Creek. Collected by A. R. Crandall." A pitch-black splint coal; not so glossy or black as i896((5). Has some fine pyrites and fibrous coal between the laminae. 300 CHEMICAL REPORT. 121 COMPOSITION OF THESE MENIFEE COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 18960. No. 1896 b. No. 1896 c. No. 1896 a'. ■Specific gravity 1 .300 1 .300 1.318 1. 301 5.00 39.06 55-94 5.00 32.40 62.60 2.70 38.22 59.08 3.80 38.60 57.60 Volatile combustible matters Coke Total 100.00 100,00 100.00 44.06 53.18 2.76 37-40 58.40 4.20 40.92 54.82 4.26 42.40 52.00 5.60 "Fixed carbon in the coke Ash Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Spongy. Dense. Spongy. Light spongy. ■Color of the ash .... Brownish- lilac-grey. Light yellowish- grey. Lilac-grey. Brownish- lil.ic-grey. 'Per centage of sulphur 1. 199 0.614 1.615 Z.09S These are all remarkably good coals, containing less than the average of earthy matters, as well as of sulphur. •JMo. 1897 — "LiMONiTE Iron Ore. Branch of Beaver Creek. Menifee county. Average sample by P. N. Moore." COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide Alumina Manganese oxide Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid a trace. Combined water 8.600 Silicious residue 20.S30 Containing 19.300 silica. Loss .559 54.750 14.517 not est. 38 750 per cent. of iron a trace. .047 .697 = .304 phosphorus. This is quite a good iron ore, -with an average proportion of phosphoric acid, -which -will not injure it for all ordinary iron production. Its considerable proportion of alumina may help 301 122 CHEMICAL RKPORT. to carry off much of this injurious ingredient in the furnace- slag or cinder. MUHLENBURG COUNTY. COALS. No. 1898 — ''Coal B, from the Louisville and Stroii-d City mines. Owensboro Junction. 'Gas coal ;' sixteen inches thic/i ; at the top of the bed. Collected by C. J. Norwood. A bright jet-black coal, with very little fibrous coal or py- rites apparent. No. 1899 — "Coal B,from the same mine. Bed three to fur feet thick. Oiue7isboro Junction. Sample by C. J AToi^wood." A pitch-black, glossy coal. Has some fibrous coal and fine granular pyrites between some of the laminae, and thin, bright pyritous and gypseous scales in some of the seams. No. 1900 — "Coal B,from the Memphis Coal Company s mine, four miles sottth of Oivcnsboro Jiinction, E., 0. & N. R. R. Fi'om stock pile ; probably from the top oj the bed. Has beeiz zveathered for eiglitcen months, and is not a fair sample. Col- lected by C. J . Norwood. A pitch-black coal, with but little fibrous coal or pyrites apparent. No. 1901 — •" Coal B. Bed pour fet four inches to four feet eight inches thick. Saint Louis mines. Owcjisboro Junction. Sam- ple by C f. Norwood." A pitch-black coal. Has some fibrous coal, and a few shin- ing pyritous scales. No. 1902 — "Coal B. Same mine as the next precedino-. The 'gas coal f sixteen inches thick. Collected by C J. Norivood." A pure-looking pitch-black coal. Has very little fibrous coal and no apparent pyrites. No. 1903 — "Coal B. RothrocI; s coal mine, a mile and a half north of Owensboro fjinction. Upper bench ; three feet nine- inches thick. Average sample by C. J. Norwood.'' 302 CHEMICAL REPORT. 12' Generally a pitch-black, glossy coal, with but little fibrous coal, &c., but the sample contained portions of An inch thick pyritous layer, weighing about nine per cent, of the whole, which was separated from the coal analyzed and examined separately (see 1903 a). COMrOSlTION OF THESE MUHLENBURG COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1898 No. 1899 No. 1900 No. 1901 No. 1902 No. 1903 Specific gravity 1.280 1.309 ^■3^3 1-235 1-307 1-332 Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters. . . Coke 4.60 42.60 52.80 3-36 37-90 58.74 5.40 35-9° 58.70 5-40 34.20 60.40 4.60 37.60 57.80 3-8o 36.20 60.00 Total 1 00 . 00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the coke .... Ash Total 47.20 50.06 2.74 100.00 41 .26 52-74 6.00 100.00 4>-30 53.60 5.10 100.00 39.60 54.20 6.20 100.00 42.20 52.64 5-i6 100.00 40.00 51.80 8.20 100.00 Character of the coke Spongy. Light spongy. Light spongy. Light spongy. Light spongy. Light spongy. Color of the ash Light grey. Ligh t lilac- grey. Light lilac- grey. Bright lilac- grey. Dark brown- ish-grey. Lilac- grey. Per centage of sulphur . 1 .601 2.686 2.219 3-136 2-372 3->94 No. 1903 (a) — The pyritoits shale, separated from the gen- eral sample as above stated, left on incineration 65.90 per cent, of its weight of red-brown ash. It contained 27.64 per cent, ot its weight of sulphur. If it had been left in the sam- ple it would have increased the ash per centage of the whole to 13.394 per cent., and the siLlphjir per centage of the whole to 5.410 per cent. It was probably only accidentally present in the sample'. This pyritous layer would certainly be rejected in preparing the coal for the market. MUHLENBURG COUNTY SOILS. No. 1903 (a) — " Virgin Soil, from the farm of A. Stroud, tiventy- seven miles from Owensboro. Collected by C. W. Beckham,." 3°3. S24 CHEMICAL REPORT. A clay soil, generally in lumps, breaking of a light bluish- grey color, with ferruginous infiltrations. Contains a small proportion of fine iron gravel. The bolting-cloth removed from the silicious residue a small quantity of small rounded grains of reddish and hyaline quartz. Ko. 1903 {b) — "Subsoil of the p7^eceding'' &c. Dried soil somewhat lighter colored than the preceding; contains rather more of rounded ferruginous concretions. The silicious residue contained some fine rounded quartzose grains. -No. 1903 (^) — ''Surface Soil, from a field abotct thirty years in cultivation ; in grass all the time except for the last fou-r years, when it tvas in corn and small grain. Underlying rock ; sandy shale. Collected by C. JV Beckham." Dried soil of a light, buff-grey color ; contains some few ferruginous sandy concretions. The bolting-cloth separated from the silicious residue a considerable proportion of small rounded, clear and reddish quartz and silicate grains. COMPOSITION OF THESE MUHLENBURG COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1903 a. No. 1903 b. No. 1903 c. ' Organic and volatile matters . .... Alumina and iron and manganese oxides . Lime carbonate . . , Magnesia Phosphoric acid ... 3-3-'5 4-137 -345 .176 .19S 1 .052 3-54-^^ .006 .,67 . 102 a trace. .167 not est. 94.340 1 .050 1 . 242 3-749 .145 . 122 . 121 a trace. •255 •477 93-140 1.242 Potash . Soda .... . . .... Sand and insoluble silicates Water, expelled at 380° F -145 not est. 90.215 1 .222 Total ... . . 99-763 100.432 100.493 Hygroscopic moisture . . . . Potash in the insoluble silicates . ... Soda in the insoluble silicates 1 .800 1-339 .716 0-775 1 .091 •564 0.965 I. 113 -474 Character of the soil . . . Virgin soil. Old field soil. Subsoil. Soils of good average quality. 304 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 25 OHIO COUNTY. COALS. T*Jo. 1904 — ''Coal D, from Mc Henry coal mine. Mc Henry Sta- tion. This sample does not include the 'sulphur band.' Col- lected by C. J. Norwood. Quite a handsome, pitch-black, glossy coal. Has some fibrous coal between some of the laminae, with granular py- rites, and some thin pyritous scales in the seams. No. 1905 — "Coal D. Same locality as the preceding. This sample includes the ' sulphur band. ' Collected by C. J. Nor- wood. No. 1906 — "Coal D, from Render niiiie. Hamilton Station. Sample from the nut coal pile. Collected by C. f. Norwood." A pure-looking, glossy-black coal ; somewhat soft. Has very little fibrous coal, and no apparent pyrites. Some thin incrustation of gypsum in the seams. No. 1907 — " Coal D, from same locality as next preceding. Sam- ple from tlie slack pile. By C. /. Norwood. No. igoS^" Coal, from Charles Wesley Stephens' . On Rough Creek, above Hartford. Collected by C. f. Norwood." A bright, pitch-black coal, breaking easily into irregular lay- ers. Fracture often in natural joints, showing a coarse, irreg- ular fibrous structure on surfaces. Contains but little fibrous coal. Some pieces show some thin scales of bright pyrites and gypsum. -No. 1909 — " Coal, from G. B. Hocker s coal bank. On Rough Creek, about four and a half miles above Hartford. Collected by C f. Norwood. Resembles the preceding; has fewer irregular seams, more fibrous coal, and fewer pyritous scales. Exterior with ferru- ginous stain. 3°5 126 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1910 — ''Coal, from same locality as the next preceding,^* &c., &c. Resembles the preceding, but is brighter and has less py- rites, &c. A very pure-looking coal. Some exterior ferru- ginous incrustation. No. 191 1 — ''Coal, from Alar ion Sandifer s coal bank. Big lilnddy Creek, one mile southwest from Elm Creek. Sampled from near the outcrop. May not be a fair sample of the bed. Collected by C f. N'orwood. A dull-looking splint coal, with but little fibrous coal be- tween the laminse. Apparently weathered. Somewhat soiled with dirt, which will increase the apparent ash per centage. Sample also contains some bituminous shale, which will exert the same influence in the analysis. Not much apparent py- rites. No. 191 2 — " Coal, from L. HI. Patterson's mine. Point Pleas-- ant. Collected by C f. Noraiood." A splint coal of irregular appearance. Portions are pitch- like ; others are quite shaly. (Excluded from the sample a lump which seemed to be a portion of a pyritous parting.) No. 19 1 3 — "Coal D, from Williams coal bank. On Bens Lick. Point Pleasant road. Collected by C f. Norzuood." Resembles the preceding ; not much of it pitch-like on the cross fracture. Shows some scales of bright pyrites and some of gypsum. Not much fibrous coal present. No. 1914 — "Bituminous Shale {so-called cannel coal). H. D. Bennett' s coal bank; three miles north of Hartford. A lower coal? Collected by C. f. Norwood." A dull, brownish-black, tough bituminous shale ; in thin ad- herent laminae, the cross-fracture of which is jet-like. Some exterior earthy stain. 306 CHEMICAL REPORT. 12']' No. 191 5 — " Coal, from Bcn-y and IJ'alkcr' s land. Headwa/crs of North Fork of il/iiddy Creek, four miles east of Hartford, near Ben Hines coal bank. At the old opening, first above the bank at Stanton Baltzel s. Probably not a fair average sam- ple. Collected bv C f. Xorivood." [See A^o. 1922.) Much ferruginous and earthy incrustation on the exterior. Fracture bright, pitch-like. \'ery httle appearance of fibrous coal, but some of pyrites. It seems to be a pure coal, with less lamination than ordinary splint coal. No. 19 1 6 — " Coal, from Bill Hines' eoal bank, fonr miles east from Ha7'tford. Sample from above the clav parting. By C. f. N^orivood.'" A bright, generally pitch-like coal, with some little fibrous coal, but with little appearace of pyrites between the laminse. Not so much laminated as ordinary sphnt coal. Some ferru- ginous stains in the seams. No. 191 7 — '' Coal, from the same bank. Sample from below the clay parting. By C. f. Noi'wood." Resembles the next preceding; but more of it cleaves into thin laminae, with fibrous coal between. No. 19 1 8 — -"CoalE. On Rongh Creek ; month of Brush Creek ; three miles below Hartford. Collected bv C. f. Norwood.'' A splint coal, mostly splitting into very thin laminae, with reedy or dull-looking fibrous coal between. Very little ap- pearance of pyrites. Some of the thin laminae are pitch-lilce on the cross-fracture. Ferruginous and earthy stain on the exterior surfaces. No. 1919 — ''L. D. Taylors Coal. Collected by C f. Norwood.'^ A firm splint coal, splitting into pretty thin laminae, with fibrous coal and some fine granular pyrites between. Some little bright pyritous scales in the seams. No. 1920 — ''Coal D, from Brow7is coal bank, three miles south 40° west from Hartford. Taken from an entry ivhere pyrites were abundant. By C J. Norwood. 307 128 CHEMICAL REPORT. Some portions pitch-like ; others dull. Generally separat- ing into thin laminae, with fibrous coal between. Bright pyri- tous scales and some scales of gypsum in the seams. No. 192 1 — ''William Wardens Coal; near the roadside, about half a mile northivest from Centretown. From a heap, and conseqziently may 7iot be an average sample. Coal covered. C. J. Norwood.'' A rather firm coal. Some portions pitch-like. Some fibrous •coal and granular pyrites between the laminae. No. 1922 — " Coal, from Berry and JValker s land. Hiites'' tract ; in a ravine draining into North Fork of Muddy Creek. Sam- ple from the lower two feet. An onferop sample. By C. /. Norwood. A splint coal, mostly splitting into thin laminae; generally dull, with some pitch-like layers. Much fibrous coal-dust in the sample. No. 1923 — '' Coal, from A. Woodward s coal bank, on Barrett's Creek. Bed twenty-four to thirty inches thick. A low coal. By C. /. Norzuood." Sample evidently from an outcrop, considerably soiled with ■ferruginous dirt. Coal easily broken and split into quite thin laminae, some of which present tarnished irised colors. Con- tains much fibrous coal and bright pyrites. -No. 1924 — '' Coal, from Gaines' bank, near Fordsville. Bed four feet thick. Ai'ei-age sample by C /. Norwood." A firm splint coal, some of it pitch-like on the cross-fracture. Not much fibrous coal, but considerable fine granular pyrites. Some external ferruginous stain. No. 1925 — "Coal, from H. Dooring's mine. About four miles east from Point Pleasant. Lowci' member four feet five inches thick. Collected by C. f. Nonvood. A bright, pitch-black, firm coal, handsomely iridescent on some of the seams. Has very little fibrous coal and some fine granular pyrites between the laminae. -308 CHEMICAL REPORT. I2gt;, No. 1926 — '' Coal, from Henry Thompson's coal bank. One mid three quarters of a mile from Elm Lick. A lower coal (Hf). Sample from below the parting, three feet five inches thick. The ivhole bed, including the partiiig, four feet ten hiches. Collected by C. f. Norwood. A pitch-black coal, in very thin laminae, with much fibrous coal of a reedy appearance. No apparent pyrites. No. 1927 — '' Coal, from Morton's coal bank, two miles northwest from Centretown. Bed from eight to nine feet thick, with a thin clay parting. Sample from tJie lower member fotir feet ' four inches to four feet seveti inches thick. By C. f. Nor- wood." A pitch-black, pure-looking coal. Iridescent on some of the seams. Not easily breaking into thin laminse, with very little fibrous coal. Some pyritous and gypsum scales in the seams. No. 1928 — "Coal, from Martins coal bank, ?iear Elm Lick. Coal LI f From the lower member; not a fair sample, as it is from a new opening just begun. C. f. Norwood." In quite thin laminae, with fibrous coal and some granular pyrites between. Seems to have been much weathered. Is much stained with ferruginous clayey matter. No. 1929 — " Coal, from Henry Davis mijie, about four miles east from Point Pleasant. Sample from the upper member three feet nine inches thick. By C. f. Norwood." A pure-looking, pitch-black, firm coal. Not all easily break- ing into thin laminae. Has some fibrous coal and granular pyrites. 309 CII-EMICAL REPORT. c 6 Iz: VC t^ lO 8 8 ^S8 1- "O 8 5 a. ''4 1 ? o 1^ n O Q in ui o> 8 8 8 88 8 8 ^1 S, d 2; s S"8 8 8 ?,SS 8 i 6 ! 9 -^ d Q, 8 8 Ir d s 8 8 8 a, ■j-j ■3^ O m O 8 8 O 1-\D CO N CT< 8 d ■ IS. -J ? ':^ ;: 1^1^ d 8 8 O O 8 8 DO = 7* d Ovco ro 8 8 O O O 8 5 J i j - ? 1 z w' 8 8 3 3 '^ 1 •? i ya -^ 8 8 «D + 8 8 ^1 J ■§ ? z O - O TO ID C;. -r 8 8 1 1 ! 8 8 -1- -1 -r 8 8 - 4-. >. J J =8! ro 1 o 2 ro 8 S -5.8S d n t^ 8 8 i: c c I.I' 3 J • • £ a ■ rt ' i|-E ■ e_g - 'd O '_! 1 c — -a 2 4 i t t g c (. p. 1 -310 CHEMICAL REPORT. 131 W 6 2 -*- 8 8 NO -J- d C^ N 8 8 V Dark lilac- grey 6 2 ro ■^■■0 mO On en in 8 8 ■^ OnO m m m 8 8 Q t - 1 d 2i % 8 8 >->■ d i-^ 8 8 ; J= DO 3g. 5 &. CO z; 1 ro in 8 8 ■0 CO 10 8 8 tf5 ~ is- 3Sq 6 ! -1-NO invo 00 "i in CO 8 d M* M On 8 8 — -d Q On 4- d 7; 000 8 8 v5 -^ On 8 8 3 bb 8 d ? g.S,8 8 8 88,2 8 8 >1 bo c a, 0=^ d 000 "1 1^ 8 8 d d On 8 8 i. "J d 2 S NO ro On 8 8 OnO -*- (1-1 in M d -^00 8 8 J & J to 8 d z 00 \0 ■£) 8 8 -o ^J- ^-O ON d dvON 8 C a C/3 1 rn d. ON d 000 8 8 gas, 8 8 a. it 06 ON d 2 ^0 -.J- U^ ON 8 8 ,28 S 8 8 TO d 00 8 IN, 8 8 Q ■*"0 06 -H in On in -8 8 rJ=: Ul BOG p 1 li Q NO > 2 &i u 1 D ■ 2 ■ • a ■ la • B ■ !!■ Hi ^■°^ K?»0 H it'- E.S • rSg : g ill r" 1 ■s 1 5 X c 1 C s 311 T32 CHEMICAL REPORT. These Ohio county coals are generally good, and some of them are very good; the ash and sulphur per centages of some of them, it will be seen, exceed the average; but none, except the one characterized as bituminous shale, is very seri- ously injured for all ordinary applications : even this might be utilized as fuel in its own vicinity. The general correspondence between the specific gravity and ash per centage is still further exhibited in these analy- ses. OHIO COUNTY LIMONITE IRON ORES. No. 1930 — "Limonite Ore, from Alfred Ashby s land, on the wafers of IValtoti Creek. Seems to be slightly magnetic ? Collected by C. /. Norwood. Coal measures. A porous, cellular, somewhat friable ore ; generally of a deep-brown color, with blotches and thin laminae of light ochreous and irregular portions of denser, fine granular, or specular ore, of a steel-blue color, which is slightly magnetic and gives a red streak. No. [931 — '^Limonite, from Doorings iron bank. Coal meas- twes. Sampled for analysis bv C f. Norwood." Composed oi irregular laminse ; generally of a dark-brown color, with lighter, ochreous ore mixed and incrusting. Some- what friable. Powder of a handsome bright yellow-ochre color. No. 1932 — "Liinonite, from same locality as preceding," &c, &c. Resembles the preceding. Probably a little more dense. No. 1933 — "Ochreons Lhnonite, from Mrs. Kate Ingleharf s place, eight miles southwest of Hartford. Coal measures. Collected by C. J. Norwood. A fine granular, friable ochre, of a handsome brownish-yel- low color. J12 CHEMICAL REPORT. 135 COMPOSITION OF THESE OHIO COUNTY UMONITE IRON ORES, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide. . . Alumina . .... Manganese oxide . . Lime carbonate . . . Magnesia Phosphoric acid. . . Sulphuric acid . . . Combined water . . . Silicious residue. . , . Total .... If on per centage Phosphorus per centage Sulphur per centage . . Silica per centage . No. 1930. 75-845 ■^37 not est a trace. .176 .648 not est. 9-273 13-830 100.609 53.001 .283 not est. 9.960 No. 1931. 55-357 9.656 not est. a trace. .248 .287 not est. 8.860 26.550 100.958 38-750 .125 not est. 23.420 No. 1932. 56.972 1. 148 not est. a trace. .176 .280 not est. 8.920 32.504 39-880 -177 not est. 24.460 No. 1933. 18.676. 2.481 not est. a trace. ■338 •073. not est. 6.152 72.280' 13-073. .032 not est. 69. 100. Kg. 1930 is a good iron ore, containing- not more than the average, proportion of phosphorus, which may be partly re- moved, in smelting, in combination with its large proportion of alumina, if sufficient lime be employed as the flux. Nos. 1931 and 1932, although containing much less iron, may be made available in mixture with other richer ores. But No^ 1933 is too poor for iron production, and could only be em- ployed as a pigment, or in mixture with very rich ores, to fur- nish silicious matter to aid in fluxing them. OWEN COUNTY. No. 1934 — " Galena, _/;'(77« a vein about twenty-three inches tJiick^ on 7\'in Creek. Sent by Thos. [.Jenkins, Esq., N'cza Liberty." A digging has been made more than eighty feet deep, and the vein gradually widens as it descends. The specimen sent was obtained about five feet below the surface. Loiver Silu- rian formation. The galena has some little zinc blende mixed with it, and has a gangue of baryta sulphate and calcareous spar (lime carbonate). It contains, of course, the usual per centage of lead, being a definite chemical compound of lead and sul- phur; and, if found in sufficient quantities in the vein, for the VOL. J.-CHE.M. 21. 315. 134 CHEMICAL REPORT. cheap production of lead, would be valuable ; but in this re- gion, where galena is very frequently found, mixed in large or small (but generally small) proportion with the baryta sul- phate, which forms numerous veins in our "blue limestone," the prevalent idea is that there is a large quantity of silver in this shining ore. Indeed, companies have been formed, and much capital sunk in the opening and working of so- called silver mines in the baryta veins of our Lower Silurian limestone ; with the usual result, that even the lead obtained and the spar sold would not repay the cost of the labor, while silver is not found. The specimen above described was examined carefully for the presence of silver, in the wet way, with the result that no ponderable quantity of that metal could be separated from it. This has been the usual result of the analyses of the galenas of this region. They all appear to be remarkably poor in silver. The only practical question in relation to these metal- lic veins seems, therefore, to be, whether they can be profita- bly worked for the lead alone. The baryta sulphate, which is quite abundant in these veins, has not yet found a profitable application in any quantity. No. 1935— "Baryta Sulphate; •massive. {^Ponderous spar.") Frorji the same locality as the above. Hunter s Mill. Twin •Creek. Collected by C.J. N'oriuood." This spar was analyzed by my son, Alfred M. Peter, mainly 'for the purpose of determining the proportion of strontium contained in it, with the following result: COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Baryta sulphate . Strontia sulphate . Lime sulphate , . Iron peroxide . . Silica . . . Loss, &c., &c.. . . Total. 80 17 31 05 34 IS 29 The proportion of strontia sulphate is larger than was sup- posed. The presence of strontium in this spar corresponds 314 CHEMICAL REPORT. 135 with its existence in association with barium in some of the -saline waters of our State, as shown under the head of Clay and Meade counties in the present report. OWSLEY COUNTY. COALS. ISfo. 1936 — ''Coal, from the mines of Sieffee & Samuel. South Fork of Kentucky river, four miles above Boonesville, on the east bank of the river. Sample sent by Mr. J. T. Steffee, and analyzed at the request of the Governor. Bed three feet thick.'* A good-looking splint coal. Iridescent on some of its sur- faces; containing some bright pyritous scales, and showing .marked reedy impressions on some of the laminae. No. 1937 — ''Cannel Coal, owned by Steffee & Samuel. South. Fork of Kentucky river," &c., &c. (as above'). A handsome cannel coal. Very tough. Jet-black and glossy •on its cross fracture. Has no apparent pyrites. COMPOSITION OF THESE OWSLEY COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1936. No. 1937. "Specific gravity 1.294 I 161 Hygroscopic moisture *'.. 2.10 35-24 62.66 0.50 59.70 39.80 Cul^e ... Total . ... 100.00 37-34 58. 66 4.00 'Fixed carbon in the coke • 32.34 7.46 Ash Total 100.00 Character of the coke Spongy. Dense Light Light lilac-grey. brown. 'Per centage of sulphur 1.424 not det'd. 136 CHEMICAL REPORT. These coals are both remarkably good and pure of their kinds. The cannel coal exceeds the celebrated Haddock's- cannel coal in volatile matters fully ten per cent., and equals the Breckinridge coal of Hancock county in its volatile com- bustible matters (see No. 1813, Cloverport Oil Company's coal), than which it has a smaller ash per centage. It greatly resembles this celebrated coal, but is purer. Should our pe- troleum wells run low, coals of this character will be again- profitably available for the production of so-called coal oil, lubricating oils, and other paraffins, with the lighter hydro- carbons, now derived almost exclusively from the mineral oil. A greater economy in the manufacture of these from the can- nel coal, and the profitable use of the gas and coke, which are simultaneously produced, may lavor the competition of the coal distillates with those from the petroleum. PERRY COUNTY. COALS. No. 1938 — ''Coal, from Jo si ah Cobb's bank, near Hazai'd. Av- erage sample taken from the iiffcr part of the bed, the loiver part not being liiieovered. Bv P. N illoore." A pure, pitch-black splint coal, having very little fibrous coat between the laminae, but with ferruginous stain and appear- ance of pyrites in parts. No. 1939 — '' Coal, from Campbell' s bank. Mace's Creek. Sam- pled from- near the outcrop ; Jtenee probably will give more ash than the coal further in. Collected bv P N. Moore." A splint coal, very much weathered and soiled with dirt; hence the ash per centage is probably greater than that of the bed. The sample has much powdered (fibrous) coal in it^ probably more than belongs to it. No. 1940 — ■'' Coal, from R. C. Combs bank; below Hazard, on the North Fork of Kentucky river. Collected by P. N. Moore. A pure-looking, pitch-black splint coal. Has some ferrugi- nous stain on some of its seams, but very little fibrous coal or apparent pyrites. 316 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 37 No. 1 94 1 — ''Coal, from Logans drift. BrasJiear Salt-works. Collected by P. N. Moore. Resembles the preceding, but has no ferruginous stain. No. 1942 — "-'Coal, f7-07n David Grigsby s bank. Lot's Creek. Biiiiniiiunis coal, above the can^iel coal. Collected by P. N. Moore. Coal, breaking into thin laminae, with but little fibrous coal or granular pyrites between them. Exterior of the lumps dull and much stained with ferruginous and clayey matters, as though they had been weathered, which probably may some- what increase the ash per centage. No. 1943 — "Coal, front the same bed as the next preceding, Lozver part of the bed. The cannel coal. Collected by P. N. Moore r Mostly tough, compact cannel coal, with a satiny lustre on its cross-fractured surfaces. Some pieces more readily sepa- rate into thin laminae. The exterior surfaces are soiled with ferruginous and clayey matters, which will probably make the apparent ash per centage greater than that of the clean coal of the beds. 317 138 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE PERRY COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1938 No. 1939 No. 1940 No. 1941 No. 1942 No. 1943; Specific gravity 1.289 1-370 1-303 1.288 1.274 1 .290 Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters Coke Total 2.10 36.20 61.70 100.00 3-70 30.64 65.66 100.00 2.06 36-74 61 .20 100.00 1.63 36.10 62.30 100.00 1.80 40.90 57-30 100.00 1 .20 40.86 57-94 100.00- Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in the coke .... Ash 38.30 58. 20 3-50 34-34 57.02 8.64 38.80 56.30 4.90 37-70 56.40 590 42.70 53-70 3.60 42.06 48.44. 9.50 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 ICO. 00 100.00 Character of the coke Light spongy. Pulveru- lent. Spongy. Light ^I'l-'iigy. Light spongy. Dense. Color of the ash Buff- grey. Grey- buft; Brown- ish-grey. Light grey. Brown- grey. Light grey. Per centage of sulphur . . 0.836 0.654 1.436 O.S36 1-339 0.634 These Perry county coals are remarkabl)' !_;oocl, containing much less than the average quantity of sulphur, and leaving, generally, but a small amount of ash. With the exception of the cannel, they are semi-bituminous or splint coals, of the same character as the celebrated Block coal ol Indiana. The- coals of the eastern coal field of Kentucky, as yet measurably unknown and undeveloped, promise to be more valuable in the future than any in the State. PULASKI COUNTY. COALS. No. 1944 — "Coal, from the Cuinhcrland coal banks ; mine ozvned' by IF. S. Brotvn and J I'm. Ozvens ; two miles sotttli from the Ctimberland river : nine miles from Rockcastle Springs ; eigh- teeji miles from Somerset. Sub-conglomerate coal. Bed forty inches thick, ivithout a parting. Average sample taken fifty- feet from the mouth of the mine. By John H. Talbutt." CHEMICAL REPORT. 139 A pure-looking coal ; somewhat tough, with but little fibrous coal and some fine granular pyrites between the laminae. No. 1945 — '' Coal, from Doolin coal bank ; owned by Allen Jones; one mile from Cumberland river; ten miles from, Rockcastle Springs. A sub-conglomerate coal. Average sample taken. from the head of the drift, seventy-five feet from the mouth. By fohn H. Talbutt. Bed fifty-one i?iches thick, containing cc good deal of pyrites iti some places. A pitch-black splint coal, with but little fibrous coal betweea the laminae, but much pyrites. COMPOSITION OF THESE PULASKI COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. Specific gravity No. 1944. [-357 No. 1945. 1-357 Hygroscopic moisture . . Volatile combustible matters Coke ... . ... 2.40 36.76 60.84 2.00 35-30 62.70 Total . 100.00 Total volatile matters Fixed carbon in tiie coke Ash .... 39-16 50.24 10,60 37-30 52.94 9.76 Total . 100.00 Character of the coke Spongy. Light spongy. Color of the ash . Brownish- lilac-grey. Dark lilac-grey. Per centage of sulphur . 2.494 3-565 These two samples resemble each other considerably. They are good and profitable coals, although their ash and sulphur per centages somewhat exceed the average. No. 1946 — "Chalybeate Water, from Rockcastle Springs. From a natural spring on the north side of Rockcastle river, near its margin, and below high-water level. JVater said to 31* 14° CHEMICAL REPORT. come from a bed of shale ; is confined in a box about eighteen inches in diameter, from ivhich it flows in a half inch stream. Brown-ochreo2is, ferruginous ijicrustation on the box. Sample collected by fohn H. Talbutt." COMPOSITION OF THIS CHALYBEATE WATER IN 1000. PARTS. Iron carbonate 0.014^ \ Lime carbonate ■043>^ >■ Held in solution by carbonic acid. Magnesia carbonate . . . .0148 = .0731 J Lime sulphate. . . .0029 Magnesia sulphate -0036 Soda sulphate . ... . . -0531 Sodium chloride .C026 Silica . . ... .0128 o. 14S1 The water contained 0.0930 per thousand, by weight, of free carbonic acid. Although containing but a very small proportion of saline matters or of iron, this water may be not the less available in the treatment of many diseases. Indeed, some of the most celebrated miiieral waters of the world are nearly pure water. The undoubted curative or restorative effects of such waters depend, not only on their depurative influence, when regularly taken in proper quantit\-, and the alterative influ- ence of minute proportions ot iron compounds or other ingre- dients present in them, but also on the exercise, change of scene, rela.xation of mind, and regular diet and regimen, which are generally to be found at the watering-place. (See Whit- ley county for other chalybeate springs of this neighborhood.) ROCKCASTLE COUNTY. COALS. No. 1947 — " Coal, from Mvziier's and Jfvers' bank. Livingston. An inter-conglomerate coal. Average sample by A. R. Cran- dall ; taken one hundred and fifty yards in entry A"o. i. Av- .erage thickness of the bed twenty-eight inches." A pure-looking, glossy-black splint coal. But little fibrous coal between the iaminse, and no apparent pyrites. No. 1948 — '' Coal, from same mine. Entry N^o. 2. Average Sample collected by A. R. Crandalli" Much like the preceding in appearance. J20 CHEMICAL REPORT. 141 No. 1849 — "•Coal, from Grisham s coal mine, near Livingston, First above the conglomerate. Upper ' brashy coal' bed; aver- age thickness tivo feet. Average sample by C. f. Norwood. A splint coal. Fibrous coal and much granular pyrites be- tween its thin laminae. No. 1950 — " Coal, fro7n same mine. From the lower nine inches of the two feet bed. Local tiame, 'Block coal.' By C. J. Nor- wood. A deep-black, glossy coal, iridescent in parts. But little fibrous coal or pyrites apparent. COMPOSITION OF THESE ROCKCASTLE COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1947- No. 1948. No. 1949. No. 1950. Specific gravity . . 1.318 1-357 1-3-7 ••374 Hygroscopic moisture Volatile combustible matters Coke 2.00 36.66 61.34 2.20 36.50 61 .30 2.20 35-86 61.94 2. 10 39-50 58.40 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Total volatile matters . . Fixed carbon in the coke Ash 38.66 51 -04 9.40 38-70 51.70 9.60 38.06 54-94 7.00 41 .60 49.86 8.54 Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Character of the coke Light spongy. Light spongy. Spongy. Spongy. Color of" the ash . . Lilac-grey. Dark lilac-grey. Light chocolate. Pnrplish- grey. iPer centage of sulphur 2.205 4.S02 4.302 2-933 These coals greatly resemble, in general composition, those from near the Cumberland river, described under the head of Pulaski county. No. 1 95 1 — "Clay, from Pine Hill coal mines. Rockcastle connly. Collected by foJm H. Talbutt." A light-grey plastic clay, mottled with ferruginous. 14-2 CHEMICAL REPORT. This was only examined for its proportion of alkalies. It; was found to contain of potash = 3.083 per cent, of the driedi clay (at 212°) ; soda = 0.524 per cent. It therefore would not probably prove to be a very refractory clay. No. 1952 — "Metallic Iron. Brought by Mr. Jones, of Lex- ington. Said to be from Holley farm, on the dividing ridge between' Goose creek and Rockcastle river, head waters of Rockcastle- river, near the line of Laurel county. It is similar to a speci- men brought to the writer from near Manchester, Clay county, in 1854, by the late Daniel White. Said by both these indi- viduals to be abundant on the surface. It is similar in appear- ance to some specimens obtained by Mr. C. J. Norwood and: others from near Manchester, Clay county, and said to be abundant there. It presents the appearance of medium fine-grained "mill iron;" is dark-colored; yields to the file, but is quite brittle, extending very little under the hammer. The surface of Mr. Jones' specimen was polished and treated with nitric acid ; but while this produced a fine-radiated, Damascus-like appear- ance, no Widmanstattian figures were produced. The pieces obtained all seem to be portions of a slab, about one and a half inches thick, the exterior surfaces of which have a coating about one sixteenth of an inch thick of oxide, which looks as though it had either been caused by heat or by a long exposure to the atmosphere. It was found, on examination, to contain of carbon, about two to three per cent. ; silicon, about one per cent. ; a doubt- ful trace of copper, but no nickel. The per centage of iron was not ascertained, nor was the analysis carried further. The fact that so many pieces of this iron have been brought to the laboratory, and that so many persons bear testimony to its abundance on the surface in the region in question, is interesting. Is it a meteoric iron? If not, how 322 CHEMICAL REPORT. 143^ came it to be scattered over the ground at such a distance- from iron furnaces ? Persons in the part of the country where- it is found might perhaps throw light on the subject. WEBSTER COUNTY. MINERAL WATERS. No. 1953 — " JJuitci', from the 'Sulphur Spring.' Sebree Springs. Collected by C. J. Norwood. The water, when brought to the laboratory, had deposited., a slight black sediment in the bottle, containing some iron sul- phide, and had lost its sulphuretted hydrogen. It still con- tained free carbonic acid gas, the amount of which was not estimated. It gave a slight alkaline reaction. (Analyzed by my son, Alfred M. Peter.) COMrOSITION IN 1000. PARTS OF THE WATER. Iron and manganese oxides °-°"°n Held in solution in the recent Lime carbonate .... 2178^ water by free carbonic acid. Magnesia carbonate. .0499 J ' Lime sulphate . . . .0617 Magnesia sulpliate . . •057'^ Potash sulphate. 0042 Soda sulpliate .I4i3 Sodium chloride . . .27ni> Silica . 0176 Organic matters and loss 0076 Total saline matters . . . 0.8J58 Dried at 212° F. Unquestionably a very good saline sulphur water, contain- ing traces of iron and manganese. Part, if not all of the - organic matters, may have been derived from the cork. No. 1954 — ''Water, from the 'Chalybeate Spring.' Sebree Springs, &€., &c. Collected by C f. Norwood. This spring- is frequented by people from Henderson and Evansvillc, &c., and has considerable local re pzttation." Most of the iron had been deposited in the bottle as a brownish sediment; but this was re-dissolved, analyzed, and, calculated into the whole amount in the following report of the analysis. This analysis was also made by Alfred M. Peter. 32Ji 144 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION JN lOOO. PARTS. Iron carbonate .... 0.0297"] Manganese carbonate . . . trace, xt 1 1 • 1 ^. i_ 1. • .j T ■ ^ 1 . _ }• rleld in solution by carbonic acid. Lime carbonate. 0247 ' .w »v.>». Magnesia carbonate. ... . .0179J Lime sulphate ... .0218 Potash sulphate. . .0042 Soda sulphate ... .0205 Sodium chloride . . .0026 Silica .0010 Organic matters and loss. . . ... .0066 Total saline matters . . 0.1290 Dried at 212° F. The proportion of free carbonic acid in the water was not determined, as doubtless much of it had escaped in transpor- tation. There can be no doubt that it may be made available in the treatment of many maladies, under proper medical ad- vice. WEBSTER COUNTY SOILS. -No. 1955 — ''I'lrgin Soil. JVoods pasture. Farm of Mr. Bow- laiid, near Madisoiiville. Forest growtli : elm, black walnut, red and wJiite oak, &c,, &c. Underlying rock; sandstone. Collected by C. ]V. Beck/iam." Dried soil of a brownish-buff color; contains no gravel. The silicious residue contained a few small rounded grains of clear quartz. -No. 1956 — ''Surface Soil, fvm a field twelve to fiftee?i years in cultivation in corn and tobacco ; from same farm and near the sa)ne locality as the above. Collected by C. JV. Beckham." Dried soil of a dark brownish-buff color ; contains no eravel. Silicious residue contains a few small rounded quartz grains. No. 1957 — "Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. Dried soil of a buff color; contains no gravel. Silicious residue like the preceding. -324 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 45 COMPOSITION OF THESE WEBSTER COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1955 No. 1956 No. 1957 Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides , Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash . . Soda Sand and insoluble silicates Water, expelled at 380° F Loss 4.010 4.064 •145 .178 .071 not est. .288 .055 91-350 .400 Total 00.561 2-975 3-997 .220 . 160 .118 not est. . 104 .152 91.490 .225 ■559 100.000 3-575 7.289 .145 .124 .061 not est. •135 •415 88.015 .500 100.259 Hygroscopic moisture ... Potash in the insoluble silicates , Soda in the insoluble silicates. . 1.500 1 .461 •759 1-375 1-5,34 .698 2.105 1. 619 .912 Character of the soil , Virgin soil. Cultiva- ted soil. Subsoil. These .soils are good for sandstone soils, and can be made quite productive by proper management and the judicious use of manures, of which pliosphatic fertiHzers are indicated. They promise a considerable durability in the considerable proportions of alkalies contained in their insoluble silicates. WHITLEY COUNTY. MINERAL WATERS. No. 1958 — ''Chalybeate Water- L. Renfros. Cnmberla7id Falls. Spring about one hundred yards beloiv the falls, on the north side of the river. From just above the Lower Conglomer- ate. The sandstone from zuhich it flows is near the level of high water in the river. The water is contained i?i a small rock basi?i. It forms an ochreous deposit, and contains some flocculent matter. There are other similar sources in the neigh- borhood. Collected by fohn H. Talbutt." No. 1959 — "Chalybeate Water. L. Renfro's. Cumberland Falls. Spring on the south side of the river, just under the falls of Eagle Creek, and about three hundred yards below the falls ; above high water. This water deposits an ochreous 325 :I46 CHEMICAL REPORT. sediment also. It issues from the Conglomerate rock in a wooden spile. Collected by /. H. Tulbutt." COMPOSITION OF THESE CHALYBEATE WATERS, IN looo. PARTS OF THE WATER. No. 1958. No. 1959. Iron and manganese carbonates . . Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate . . . Silica . . . . Lime sulphate. Magnesia sulphate . . . Iron and alumina sulphates . Potassium chloride. Sodium chloride Silica ... Undetermined and loss ... 0.0082 .0476 .0327 ,0007 .0141 .0060 .0038 ■not est. not est. .0297 .043^ 0.0072 .0405 .0266 not det'd. .0049 .0060 .0053 not est. .0031 .0176 .008S Held in solution in the water by carbonic acid. Total dry saline contents . . . 0.1860 . 1 200 In 1000. parts of the water. The amount of free carbonic acid in these chalybeate waters was not determined. The judicious use of these waters could ' no doubt be made quite beneficial in the treatment of many r maladies. -No. i960 — "Bifiuiiinoiis Shale, or impure Coal; from Louis Rcnfro s land ; Cumberland Falls. Bed fifteen inches thick; one hundred and sixty yards below the falls, and one hundred and eighty feet above the river, and about the same distance from it. In massive sandstone ; forty feet thick, immediately above. Intcr-conoloiucrate. Collected by fohn H. Talbutt." This shale, air-dried, gave off 2.84 per cent, of hygroscopic ■ moisture at 212° F., and 27.16 per cent, of volatile combustible nnatteis. leaving 70.00 per cent, of dense coke, which contained 26.60 per cent, of ash. The fixed carbon thus amounted to 43.40 per cent. Its per centage of sulphur was found to be 2.562; so that it may be made available for fuel, &c., in its 'vicinity, notwithstanding its large proportion of earthy matter. WHITLEY COUNTY SOILS. No. 1961 — '^Soil; uncultivated ; from the bluff opposite Rock- castle Springs. O71 the Conglomerate. Collected by fohn H. Talbtitty 326 CHEMICAL REPORT. 147 Dried soil of a light umber-grey color. Contains a few -small fragments of ferruginous sandstone. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue about one fourth of its bulk of fine, rounded, colorless quartz grains. No. 1962 — ''Virgin Soil; from the top of King s Mountain. Eight Jiimdred feet above the valley. ( U. S. Coast Survey Station.) Collected by C. W. Beckham.'" Dried soil of a brownish-grey color; contains about twenty to thirty per cent, of small shaly ferruginous sandstone frag- ments. The bolting-cloth separated from its silicious residue a large proportion of fine, rounded grains of hyaline quartz, and greyish, partly decomposed silicates, and a few mica scales. COMPOSITION OF THESE WHITLEY COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1961 No. 1962. ■Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda ... Sand and insoluble silicates Water, expelled at 380° F Total 3-075 3-429 .115 .080 .061 .008 .194 .164 91.105 1.500 4.265 2.69s . no .084 . 140 not est. .052 not est. 9' -465 .782 99-731 99-593 Hygroscopic moisture . . . . Potash in the insoluble silicates Soda in the insoluble silicates . 1 .200 .692 0.950 0.989 .291 Character of the soil . . Virgin soil. Virgin soil. Better soils than might have been expected from their loca- tion. WOLFE COUNTY. COALS. No. 1963 — ''Coal, from C. M. Hanks' bank. Compton. Bed twenty-eight inches thick ; without parting. Sample by A. R. Crandall. A pure-looking, pitch-black coal. Has but little fibrous coal. Some shining pyritous scales in the seams. 327 148 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 1964 — •'Cannel Coal, or Bituminous Sliale. James F. Elys, Gilmore Creek. Sample by P. N. Moore." Hand specimen. A duU-Jooking cannel coal, breaking with difficulty. No appearance of fibrous coal or pyrites. Small glimmering mi- caceous scales abundant in it. No. 1965 — ''Cannel Coal. John W. Faukners. Stillwater Creek. Collected by /*- N. Moore." Not an average sam- ple. A dull-black, pure-looking coal, with a large conchoidal fracture. No. 1966 — -"Coal, Jrom Hobb's bank, on Benjainhi Baker's land ; Jour and a halj miles Jro77i Compton. Collected by P. N. Moore r A pure-looking splint coal. A little fibrous coal and fine granular pyrites between some of its laminae. One piece con- tained some particles of light reddish-brown resin. COMPOSITION OF THESE WOLFE COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIED. No. 1963. No. 1064. No. 1965. No. 1966. Specific gravity . . 1-336 1-434 1-383 1.294 Hygroscopic moisture . Volatile combustible matters Coke .... 3-74 35-52 60.74 i.30 41.40 57-30 1 .16 44-5S 54-2i< 3-50 35 -20 1 . 30 Total 100.00 1 00. 00 1 00. 00 100.00 Total volatile matters .... Fixed carbon in the coke Ash ... 30 . 26 52.64 8.10 42.70 28 . 20 2g. 10 4i-74 32-76 21 .50 38.70 56.70 4.60 Total 100.00 1 00. 00 io:>.oo Spongy. Pulveru- lent. Pulveru- lent. Spongy. Lilac-grey. Nearly white. Light lilac-grey. Lilac-grey. 2.466 0.846 0.530 1. 189 328 CHEMICAL REPORT. 14^ The so-called cannel coals contain so much earthy matter that they might (one or both) be properly called bituminous shales. They are remarkable, however, for the large propor- tion of volatile combustible matters they yield; and hertce may be made available, if the petroleum production fails, in the manufacture of the coal oil and other hydrocarbons, &c., which are now so extensively used. They will make quite good fuel, notwithstanding their large ashy residue. Coal No. 1966 is exceptionally pure and good, and No. 1963 is also quite a good coal. VdL. I.-CHEM. 22. 3^9 150 CHEMICAL REPORT. U " f=^ P in :^>^ u •32-; > o : w ?■■ 11-3^ II' = U 'o ,. J ^^ J _ , tt^ M^ 5 ^ ^ - TJ— , -- '^-0<„r= 1 ^- 3 -■ J-C-D- 3= " o c j .- 'C ^n '£ tn '^ '4= 1 ^ u= '^ = .i c .= — 3 — — ■ •S3JBDJ1IS 9[qn -psui aqi ui Bpog O\00 n d r- t-^ O O O ' 00 M CO - "-J o 1- a> 10 ■ I m -1- Tj- O- -H 0> lA -*-cO U-) n m c h O ■O ro r-.vO O t--^l>.0-0 f^f. 1 fo -»■ Ti- --i- m ii-)co o -a-'O ■£> 10 -^ ■S3iEDi]!s 3|qn -josuj sqi UI qsE^oj; h O CO - CO 3 I ■ -1- - -I- CTi O ' I 'O - o to ■ m (N CO t^ Q\u-> 00 M en o\ ft ■*■ (—1 V5 O V3 inOOginioOO' 00 >A rnao CO CO 00 t* ■ M M M M ' H * ro 1 1/1 O U-) in o O >ri ( -t-u-ir^pi o ini^< -d- -*-oo N CTi - >- ' w M M « M M M H 8inoo 000 OiAi/^i rj O O w Oi Q 'A'O >D - On Oi LHco r- in o o ro - «j ^ 8 s;-;? ; JB p3ipdx3 JajB^Y I O O LO UI I 1 O 1- « o o ■ - t?i 0\0^ ■^'•O • 3[qn[osui puE pueg 10 O O O O O "lO lomioLrimioinmomo i' I o lAco o « ch r- « 00 onco vo on'O -od t- tn p^co co O I'^i ■« 3 CO CO 00 00 CO o •■epos '000^ * O m ^ ■ O O - I On n^ invo '■n •- •qsBioj ■) -* O O [^ — I M CJ W C-- - O rri --t- f^ \n \rt •pp-e Dunqd[ng i;i)u'i'i>ui'uuaiOiio' IqUuojujuuuvoiuuuiJiuiu: ! SS 3 ■ppB Dijoqdsoq^j 1 O invo (T) fo >-' 1000 1^ -1- rn -■ r^ h N 01 On r^ OnnO NOO\nO.Ol-^_. ... , IMhOOOGmihO-OOOO'-'m -O-O-'OOO I i-i O O O H ■■eisauSEi^ ION*- 3 :o c- -o « CO ^o I'? O ^- O -H 10 c ■ iITi r^ O 1000 ^0 w C-* -J- ".'J 'x- U-) t 3 000 00000m( I O O O O H o •33BuoqjBD auij^ "sapixo asauBSuBUi pue uoji pue 'Euituniv >iino Jvr^r^-^inoi r-^- I M M mmint^Hiio qn-i . 0^ rO "^ "1 O t^'O ID O r^ O W N I' l(r).j M- SiOnNhmNO" W O " I ro OnoO On 0\'0 fXtiXi ■^^ "^ ON -d- - - -^CO 00 t-. t^ N n inO On ^ ■^>0 On rONC 1 » m o o Q m o o I ■SJ311EUI 3|pB[0A pUB DlueSjQ I mo lo U-) g O lo lo U-) m o O "n O O m m m O m >n m lo ■ juiwi_i uiuici ION ri o LOIN 01 r-»t--.0'O roo rfrij >o 'O j (h n f^ r-« • -.000 in t^ O OiVO lor^m'^— o mno (n fom romo •-' 0^0*0 on c-^O • hmro-^Tfinxj-mw I N vo C-* O »n m N I U-, o >n m O ui 1 en w in « ro ■^ ^ tn '^ '^ '^ w ^ 5 '5 ^ '^ ^ ^ tn ^ ^ ^ ^ "^ .^ 'Woda^ ai jsquin^ f^oo On O M cs CO -^ mMD r-cw oi O m N m -* m-O f*i -i- uro t--oO 0\ O >-• ts t^ (-» C-»00 QOCOOOCOOOCOCOOOCO 0\C>0\0*OCT\9^'N M M 0) M « N rOrOn iO*0>0'0'0>010nO^'>0'0\0>OnOnO'0'0^vo>0 l~*t^t~«.C->.t^t*.t^P^C^C~ ,330 CHEMICAL REPORT. 151 t! ^ n in ^ -O ° o n >,S - 3 2 ^ n 3 rt o ^ ?^ >« o - 'i^ .0 2o sE « ■- o .. - <■ B 2 '^ oS, Si la eII e^ V Q O O P « S.2 , a--p^^- 5-: "•a-;.-; : - S fJi - ■- o -■^ Q , 5 = -:/i>:/:^>i/)L'y^>LJi7!'r ■ O ■y.> 0> > O -/i > O u-iP 3 J3 O-d-O r = ^ 3 ::r - in S.>o.= .= I . 'J w) So tio ^ ^ ^ ri 10 ^ ;, J" ;, -.n ro ~ m ^" o> „ „ ^ ^^ ^ ^ 0^ N „ ^ d ■OVO mvo m o s ^ ^ 1 s ^ .n m m R u. s .n in ?n S(S ^SJ? ^ R tC\i? R t-* s s, " Ul o< « M u t^ «J !N f C-H r- CO O\0 0\i»- --t-co m ■«■ « mco '-' Oi « " w m ro - N " " " " « -^ " " " N ^ " M m w " ■^ ** « ^ ^ ^ m n ^ in in n in in ^ „ rh ,^ m ■ n s m in in inmui m N N 8 wi s s „ 0\ « Os 0\ro vo ■^ ■+VO y\ u-j>0 '- " " - ^ ^ M " " ^ « " " " '^ " ■^ ■^ .P.R a ^ fi s ,n ■n m 8 m S m o in i? Tj->0*'0*vci^ s ■n 3- s, ^ ys'-o Cs ■ir 000 vo -' H ■^ N ■^ •-< U| N I'l m -^ ro ij "-■ " ■^ n 8, in rovo 00 00 [^ t^ t-* '^ t^cocoooco OJ OU CO 00 Ceo CO CO 00 CftONONCO 00 CO 00 CO OsO» , N O "O >Ci 10*0 m'Oj-''-' i-i4->*J 0>CO 00 TN00inr^"3J"N'fiy! ^\0 M iOwNin'"iJo'""M«« c 00 00 C C C C • • • 00 ... C C £■? 1^ In ro ^'o^ S Soo In'^ a ot, ■<^^.■^l■TJ■o •->« fomm-^r. "ipiQOinMr-M-^OCh TNinMWfHOl-.N ?n Ot^-*-r^«r^Ninr^ moo ■* m 'j- m M w t^ tI- 00 »o -^vo moo m oi m SiiuSoortOO**^*^'"^"*^'"'^"' . J o ii ii S 8 ^ 3 rt rt 4J *j u . u ; i; i; o o o o d H^l ff^ M in OvM- Tj- C-- M H '2?'8S' CD r^ 0\ Oi 0000 Q m m m On « 5 M N CO S ^■2 M u;s ■* VOVO d m t- in N If^ ■^ 000 00 00 vD OMn S'gir^K'oSS H O" N M M M S ?■§ ■^ -ft- d ' M In ? o" W t^ M in in m ■d- -* s ?§§ m in m M m SSTScg H „ £ « tn ? m in m ■rf- 1- M M 11 M PI w in O'vo m't-ncj -u-moj (n Th 0\ rO^O ^ CO 0\ . Oiovm CO M rO\0 CO 'O ON >*- m ■<*- Tj-O ChCO N o\ 00 ^^fn(nmo\0^mM mt-*o ch« -^j-vo •o 00 -^ ■* in\D fn r^ Q 4rnc^Tt--^inin4Tnfn M '^'^ m fn-fco m M m r- m vo m id mo Q m w in &s f* 10 -If <7> ■* rn N m fn IF-sS m (N M m cno N in & m in m . . . ObO be "ti^iri^tli^ 1^ ^ c'^ '^'^ M ^ ^ '^'M ^ X X X X X X i fccsccqccG •^^.fl tl u* u . 1> 4) It 1) O t ^-fr* ci. t-. r^ r-.oo ooooooooooooooooooooasQOcooooo ^00 00 ^ 00 -Hmmmmmmmhmmmmmwi-imwmhm'JJhh'^'^ m'O t-00 O , m m m m ^ i CO CO CO CO 00 00 c?i r, m mio h* M N ) o m m inio *o ^ o\ oi Ch o* o\ o\ 331 152 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 n § 1^ •si^ t.. 1 ^ a all .1^1^ ^ t ''I i ^1 ^ .tin P.KKi^^^^6 ^ t^ ili?^ !. ■j t^ - ^ .1- _ ^ s£\;/ E ? a u E -^ O .£ -1 rt = -J ,^ -.^ "? .2 C* 11222 541111 i||5|| . tm . ;||JJ 11 s^ inBiiiiS iil iii g.,ai^-J-^^^|g£S|5;5^|^-u^^; -j --a Ji^i 2 s.,^>.^.- -[lis JO aSei ■jnqd - ■ - ■ ■ H « « ■ -" ■ ■ c; M « 1 ■ ^ - M ^ - «■ - -■ rA, oi H - ro c;, r;, -: - H - M «■ ' ■ Q W 2 Q l-H < .iElE::ii,i:i:i:;i|:-|riE-;EE:l;m-|l J rill III nn m U Ui tsM-imm m m mmmmmmmmmmmt O O « o . ^ o 'J u in a o Light spongy Dense spongy Light spongy Light spongy Light spongy Light spongy Light spongy Ligilt spongy Light spongy Light spongy 1 lense Liable Friab'e . Spongy . Dense. . . I'ulveruleut . Dense. . . . Light spongy Spongy. . . Dense spongy Spungy . . . Light spongy Light spongy \ eiy eleiise . 1 ighl >po„gy Light si o C' -ir s:' C>_ Z' O ra -r Ci -r ::i ';n Z D : - Q ^ '■' O "^ -^ 2 -' c z ^ N t-. d ro N "-. O O^ fO N i-i O i>. r-. - -ir- t^ w vo - s- -r -r •y-Ci mOvO^oooo -^n Mu-ir^iO'^^ oi- ■D>10D aqj ui uoqjBD paxi^ QOONr-'^«*oco-oooci'o-*-t-QOco'00-r-, 3oo-^■r'-l-o-^-:^|^o OiM 0 t -r — O — -^lr^^-.fj -TO t^ (^ W oo' 0-rj:> w u-1 cK^':' ~' O - tfromCTiro-Tin invo CO -i- ^n O :- « d - (^ jn r^ -"i moo - in - -j-eui 3inB[ ■SJ33 OA i^qox o O 'O -- .■;- \D N vc -!- -r ;i 3 O _. C- O ^ Ci -r -o u 3 -O tJ- : o o ■-"■ - 9 O ■* D dv ^ r-C'O CO OD d i^ c^ CT. -t-'O "' oo Tt- 3 ^-1 incd r^ 3 d\ t-^O f^ Z rs n -, j dr-: ^ '--.COw-O. rf) -^ f.-, '^, ro ro -"^ ro m n-> ro -r -^ TT -r 43 tT Th ro u-> -ij- fo -r, r" ^, -O r--, -r Tt- Tj- rf) T- ^ -T -1- rr, rn Tj- -J- m-, •a>Io^ (N ^1 '1 -^-^ -I-OOOOOOCOOOOO DVOCCO 3 -r3 j 3 f O Z C C T'^ Z' --Cj O O lA -1 — -. -J I-", -t- '1 lO rooo M i/i "O -J- -' vo o? o •SJ311BUJ 3iq -psnqmoD ani^iOA O -^OO O "p 't-i 3 -1- -f 3 C O 3 3 ^ 'j 3 J? 3 -)- ^ -t- : " „ Ci ^ ., 3 "O -J- i-' O CO S ihO irivO tN t-. a,0\W C^ -t- tC t. on :0 - - .o f. -', 3- ir, r. ir u-j t- ■ .r, ; ,^ -. X ;o i'" _ r^ r-vO CO t--. f^ u-i>0 "1 r«.oo m lo t~-. "-I <-o o> r-» "i5n <-• romc* rno r^— i-. pj r--Doo lo-i- — -"^ 2.'-'-' '^ "*■ ^~*'-^ "^ -scoui oicIodsojSXjj O O ^1 ■^•■O f^■O^O^OOOD0000 3 3--0'+:. eCO:00^ ■3T-i3:'-33-r„'£>0 •iC]iA'ej3 DyiDsdg VO N 'D r^ O "-> -^ IN t; in O O "-> O : O :0 O) O O O t^ r^ -^ v r. -3 O -O r— tn 3i> -l- '-"'"'>. ~ 3 C« r^-O -1- ^ t-.'O -J TfOO "J 00 CTv'O 'O CO M cn^O 0\ 0\ Oi "3 ri -i -i -^ - "i:0 -■- r-^ O -f -T- r^, jt n Ct N ro ri M ro i-O m N "" T^ M Ci iN ro m r^ fO r^ '^ <^ N « rO r^ '■"' '^. r--) (^ rn r", .t-*r^r^t-*r-^^-00 OO OOOO hw hmh — N«-*mm u->\6 vOOOOOoooo a, 0\ 0\ Ot 332 CHEMICAL REPORT. 153 *= 1 s ^ s g c: ja5 ^u =.2 . „" " S s a-'-n: .;'=s- ° o^ 1 e g s B< u -J 1 2 :i — , J ^ ^2; SX-J —~. V •-) - u -J u -J J o o d: u o u o ■-. /. '-/^ .V " .*. u ir» vo O CO 00 -^1 -jD DiOc 0\ 'O 00 O r*i - roco r< ( '_) '.J u J'^ ^ O ^ -> ^ J ^ - X - ^ ^ ~J ^ r. y; < fi •J -J -j::^ ^ ■J - ^ - O i>> t-«.vO ^^ If ? ■si Ov r- Si o "On a ^ ? ro«j ^ CO ^ ^ 3^ :;; in c^o /> '{ J d CT ^ M -If ro ro t*! M m - '-' o - - M ro - - - N - - M C4 o .< M ■i, Nearly white . . Liglit grey-brown Lilac grey Light brownish-grey. Burplish chocolate Lii;lu bro\Miish-grey. Light <_hoculatc Liglit lilac-grey Light grey. . . Light lilac-grey Bru\\nish-grey . . (_ireyish-blac. . : : :h : • ■ ::&::?/£■■: : ; . . :^s- -Yf^- S'='=2i S S-S 'cS-S'rl !;«.;;;£= ^ S ^■= '-.---l >.r h = -ji ■=;s; >ij= ._,i=^ Dense ; friable. . Dense. . Spongy . . . Light spongy Light -spungy Dense spungy . . Dense spungy . . Dense sp,,ngy . . Light spungy Light spungy Spungy , !? . ' ' ; . : : : ■ ■? ' 3 ■ _>,*'. >.>,>, . ' ' ■ i, ■i53?33355g : :s . . :? :! 1 = ■?§ :f:33 •§ ■? J o -= "^"^"^ ^"^otji-ilii 53 o. 2?- jo3^i;3i32-3=-3cs-3/) ^'-Tn"^ 5 5 5.2-^3 ^ 8 i S i5.a8S,i5 Rs 3 S.ft.icg 8S?ii-S ;;>,i,,>.^4ri ?==s,r^» sa'J.Ji! 2?. - -1- - ino l^'O • ■JT" oi 0' - D c ^ - "O ro « ;;^i J 'O :t Vi OOCO')--i--rOCOO -r-i-n oiox-i-o N ino 8'5 3a C CO 3 Q ,-, :j -ir -r •0 3^0^-±0^0 0-i- 2 8s,g.a s ?:?4-;. §.p;Sio;o =?»;•»$, r- r- " -1- '^■o 10 Ul 1^00 0\ - ro "sO 00 ?^ "^ &) ^ -r-fCi-O-C-O OOC 0>0>ois.ooin-;ooLn5 »0 -0 "TO U-) 'O U-, T.C 8?»Si or..;; -J .^ '^ Zi -0 "-- « J c cc If, ,-i o^o 0\ -1 3 d C> c^ 3 ''I " lOy^ ,5 10 !>-, 10 Ci -O l-SvOO^OO-J-OO^ co^D rj m-o oD '1 ^1 t^ LO « « ds20 0\ "-> ^ rn -1- -r S 8 8. S, S VO g3vO*S^ 10 • f Tl- rA,'-0 t^CO (^ - c .^ 3 J C -1- :■ — -■ CO 1,. -/> VO t-^ ■ 1 ^i '-S 'D^ t-~ r^i r.-, m '-, — , -1 n i-O fO ^ "-| r'l fi-j -1 C n vo - fO:o '^ c. ^J:^coo^co "-i>o fi ro 1-'^--Ofo->^io^o^OI^n u 3 -I- 3 "- 1,1Z\T^1'^ Z. ^ 4 tl ji '■"1 t^ (n' OO n ro hJ - 10 in -^ ro N ri ro rri N 2 IN « ei n « M m' -^ ro N N « n ro oi M ro N cl ? ;" U-; J^ o'r^ ^'.^ O-. \ i? _ :vo - r^-'O rn C >0 - -, '-;^ ;;■ ^;; ;;; ^., g^ ;:^ ;:^ ^ j:;} n m w* "''^ n"^ n" S fn n ro S'n (1 mcj r^0 u-i-coco r-. CO r^ a\ r- f, 10 m invo ,-« CJ CI fo U ro rTO ft! ;,^ "* "■' "^ ro ** Cj CJ ro "^ a " C 9 5000000000 C C o -J u e> u '-> ei O o ■ u wc:cc: = CE = = = i j; ^ c« -. c: r. r: r. ". a ". : ■x5 oxxxxxxxxxj ^ ^ :■;; ,^ ,T^ ^ ^ =u a. O. Z.. 3, a.-; :XIXX:^X- -, c: -. -J V V -J a.>_2: — ^_;__ uhz'-B c c o, c c -1- in'O Ox O -' ! 333 154 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 1 Six-foot coal, near West Liberty. Price and Fitch's bank, top of the mountain. Adams' bank. Old Slate Branch, near Frenchburg. Old State Road Branch. Coal B, Louisville and Stroud City mines (top of bed). Coal B, Memphis Coal Company's mine. Coal B, Louisville and Stroud City mine. Coal H, St. Ijouis mines, Owensboro Junction. Coal B, St. Louis mines, "Gas coal." Coal B, Rothrock's mine (upper bench). Coal D, McHenry coal mine (without sulphur band). Coal D, McHenry coal mine (with sulphur band). Coal D, Render mine. From nut coal pile. Coal IX Render mine. From the slack pile. From Ch. W. Stephens' bank. Rough Creek. From G. B. Hocker's bank, Rough Creek. From same locality as last. From Marion Sandifer's bank. Big Muddy Creek. From L. M. Patterson's mine, Point Pleasant. Coal D, Williams' coal bank, Ben's Lick. Cannel coal or bituminous shale; H. D.Bennett's. Coal ; Berry & Walker's land, Muddy Creek. Coal ; Beu. Hines* coal bank (.above the clay parting). Coal ; Ben. Hines' coal bank (below the clay parting). Coal E, on Rough Creek, Mouth of Brush Creek. L D Taylor's coal. Coa! D, Brown's coal bank. Wm. Warden's coal, near Centretown. From Berry & Walker's land, Hmes' tract. From A. Woodward's bank, on Barrett's Creek. From Gaines' bank, near Fordsville. From H Dooring's mine. Fruni Henry Thompson's bank (a lower coal). From Norton's coal bank. From Martin's bank, near Eden Lick. Fruni Henry Davis' mine (upper portion). From Srteffce it Samuel's mine. South Fork of Ky. river. Cannel coal ; Steffee & Samuel's mine, S Fk. Ky. river. Coal Irom Josiah Cobb's bank, near Hazard (upper part). Coal from Campbell's bank, i\Lace's Creek. Coal from K. C. Comb':, bank, below Hafar4, •jnt|d -jns JO 33B1U3D jaj; M;S««000-a>a\-^"J-i-m ^od om o-n mo,ror^-*-N Tft^ moo -^ •35(00 oqi ui aoqjBD psxij ocoo O'G --r Q i-o ow -«■ 1--0 :■ o i-o woo g -^ t- o o-o^o^o cootoom o t'O t o n o H - Tt.M l-^-O n-OCOO'OOvNO 0,« N«ChWO TH N tno -n n o\ -^oo ro-4-row>o ropj try. s, K% s s> s, s? s s, s> 5, K ? s> S'S.-a J: 5, s, fi ¥ s, ? ¥ A ? s, a s ?,=§■ ?, s, s ?% ?,% s-s. ■S13J g,-§ S-^R-g 2-S s 8~s.a.g'*s:agJ■1■0c00-^000Q-T'O0-J■^O00000Q0■f00^J00000■^0■O-*■^O00>O0 w Os-o o 00 t^ r* 1-00 5 lo O 1- "O IN moo n -o « 5 O m m i-oo -o t^ i^ o l-oo u^ N 'O t-.^o 00 tC-o « inmN o\McoooQ"r^o'o\« r-Moo'dTO i-w 6 o\ m -^ o^ 6 ■y. 6\ cjioo \d oo' u^oo a> d. « d. h in m ro UTO m m ut in\0 "TCi m^o lovo ^■■O m\o ■£> -O t^ -^ in ui loo mii-immu-immuim uro mo o o ■sjsjiBin ojqnsnqiuOD aipi^io^ ■fl-O IN OO OO OOvOI-OO 1-0O0 OOOOWQ O OQ -l-Q OvOO'O l-O ■* O O t 1- N O 1■e^Oo^O\NO^^•o N ■-. n l^lm■'^a>^*lno t-^^ f- m c^o O mmmmi-mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmnoo m m m oo i- n » ds'jd oo ti. o c3 _ cj] u: tj) wj M to !...!!.. ' ■ " _H-S-5^^^ C y. }> i> ^ C. 'Z = c :: . i^^ • • ' £fc*E E-c-c-G^-c^ o o GO o o,o.o_o_o_o o OO o do o o o o o o o o c^-^ CCC" ssaa;3^:3SSsooooooooooooooooooooooooooooA.04 0^- ■JiOdS^ III -isqtQTi^ M ic- o S CO g, n « g m ^ mo g-co gi o m « m i- mvo r-.oo o. « n m f mo r-oo 0\0 t^oo o\ O [ft ^03 cS^oo 00C^a'0^0^0^0^O^C^CTlC^O\0^C^C^a^C^C^0\C^0^C^0^0^0^C^O^0^0\O^ala^0^0^O0r 334 CHEMICAL REPORT. iSS S Ji'3 = = .■^'3 "C "" mS g g B.E o w o Cfi M J "T -° « 3 c-" Mri !i ei V V CQ." 5 §5= 2 ^ ^ „ f &V-S|SSS3| SEESEEEEEg ooooooopo_ =1 els' 5 2U3 d a . ^ o ■ - rt-u 1. •sss "01 3 3 * o 15 ooooooooont «0 o*i--*iomN « ( to r^ m 0»»0 O O O ' N «o vo o a\ T N ^ Tj- w p. « bA y i^ y o '^ T* ?^"S ';;? >• K bb " "S iS iS JS .£ ji j: ;; ^^.^ t; Go (J. M-g — — ^ V--.12 t^ >>— be h2 &G c a o o 0.0. 6lc bo tm • c c c • ■ • . o o o . . . ^0.0,0.^^ .^ ^ 1* bO_wij BObX)U giJ o. 3 : 8>5 &. s o -g 8 ?; s o o to s »0 fO Ch 0\OiO\ C^OO "S CO 0\ s ■* T^ V> to CO o n-i noo >o * UJ " w " -8 8 -r. t^ IN Ovt^OOOOOO n rh ■* " " ■^ '^ "' 8 m mooo I'l Oi i-* It t-^ »o lO m\o vo lO -o >o "' o o ■O r o m ^^ m " '^ s 8 o n n \OO0 '^^ 'r ''. ". M « r^ ■* lO t*.CO O O Q ro * invO 0>0\0\OiOiO\CTiO(0\0"OiOO\0> fe 1 (2 Slate Furnace ore, " Howard's Hill." Slate Furnace ore (upper part of bed). Chalybeate Springs, Pilot Knob. Near Owingsville (i8 to 20 feet thick). Old coaling bank. Clear Creek. Richardson's bank, Clear Creek. Pergam bank. Clear Creek. Still-house Branch of Bear Creek. Dismal Creek. Sycamore Branch of Bear Creek. Mill Branch of Bear Creek. Cave Branch of Gulf Creek. From Lustre drift. Logan Ridge limestone ore. Tubbs' bank ore. Horse Ridge ore banks. Old Nolin Furnace ore. Limestone ore, Upper Blane Creek. Red kidney ore, Cherokee Creek. From Branch of Beaver Creek. Alfred A-shby's, Walton Creek. Dooring's iron bank. Same locality. Ochreous Umonite. -rains JO aSujuao is^j :^'^^%'%^% c^ m -J- o\-o 00 « fJ M t^ ON>0 m o^ ♦ -^ M n p^ f. r% f) o> Oi VC 0\ rOCO 03 t-^QO ^*■*-^0'0 m Ot o\ f^ * 0\ ■f m rr, -^ M MMMN— MN\a ■jnqdjns JO 33EJU33 J3(J ' ■ " H i: i: .207 .125 .158 114 trace not est not est not est nut est .080 ■175 .III trace. not est not est not est not est •snjoqdsoqd JO sSmuaa aaj t-« in m m m m 5^S?H ?^ s^i'^JIi'S'?? 1 ' t ■UOJj JO 33B1U3D J3^ N Q-tn^ino •^ N m rr, ^ f^ 00 -^ t^ t^ ■«- m d-od rn 6 M vd ■*■ oi (^. CN. -4- 0. -o-oo -fl-o in invo m m mo ot^-c<5r^- M N^nOlrtN-.■^^m m -^ t o- mco 00 0\ o\ m n ^ t^oo n « m CO r(s 4--I mN in-d r^ i^oo oo -" m o' ' N fT^oiM mln■T^ln■^^n^^-^fr).^(r)^f)M ■ssoiT3jnisiop^ 10 . ■* c> -r . . .inooi.f-iN .t^Qo^. . . . ,O00."iir^,0t-.in. • -saiBO -JIIS pUB EDIliS Q ro rn "1 10 n N 00 m Ch ro roao tv m m ^03 CO lo CO CO "I fnc5 co co ro "^ m o co - r^Mvo io^O»iN -^Noooo mmc* - r> r^ t^ IT) 01 0» M "O inoo oOoOMD 0.0 M ro^O n m ■ J31BM pa.qmo^ m u 5 »ri lO n 5 00 rrno CO -^ m OOOOOOOOOiOOOC<*)OOCt 1 inin« fiint^o ro5 o mn 5 (s.iO « to W W roroo MOO t^O Ox- mvO M CO Ch " « N N tN. O." (-*00 0\C0 •HMQ.MHQOOOOO CTiCO 00 O •ppB Diinqdjug .360 •395 .285 trace not est not est not est trace. .199 ■ 423 .302 trace. not est not est not est not est •pjoB ouo.soqj; ■«■ p-i CO o\ c» irt (M in^o 'X> N \0 « « CO t^ c^oo 0\t^ f -^ tn " r>.- t^ awn -f ^»a) 1^ m " *bis3u3ej^ t) -t -« ■-< I- ' '\d ' ' ' 2222 C'* ■gjBuoqiBDSiun 0' CO i trace trace trace. trace. trace. .390 trace. 9.410 trace, trace, trace, trace, trace, trace, trace. ■Buimnjy ■*co' incd N « - f -rf On r^iO NCOiomO'-'Oh S ^'Si ^ f^" " mt^M H -^-ino' m»d spixo u,jq assucSuBjrtl 0000000 G C G C S C C -■"""•SSSS2bS3SS88S 0000000000000 ccccGccsccccn aiBuoqa^o uoJi !!*?*!! m -apixojsd UOJI 000 - CO - O^ ■0 Ct N VQ M N « r^ r^ "O m fi CO -J"© <-> t^ moo M ro in ro 0\ fvD -d- 0"W (^ [~.,(^ f^coi-i '-' 0\mr-.o\-' ■*■ t^ t-^ O^oo 00 - lO to in 0. invo !>. - tfi On 5> r^ Os Ov^O in t^'S -f ro u^\o\0 t^o-N t^-«-intn moo r- m T^ m -+ ■* m ■* -^ f r-^ r- r^\o r-Hvo -^vo m mo tj- 'C m c s ^ ..c .£ .^ .5 .£ .£ rt rt rt rt T rt rt ffl 33 X 03 ;:q CQ :a Edmonson . Edmonson . Edmonson Edmonson . Edmonson . Estill . . . Estill .... Estill . . . Grayson . . Lawrence . . Lawrence . . Menifee . . , Ohio . . . Ohio . . . Ohio . . Ohio . . . ■qjod -3^ ui Jaqmnj^j vO 'O *o >o ^o \o « ro f m\o Omw --n-^N m^..o m« m vo\o\o\o\o t^t^i^t^ CTs-o ^o a, m "1 m fo r«>t-»r«>c-->r-«.r^r^f«.r^ i»«.co co co o\ Oi 0\ 0\ 33S. 156 CHEMICAL REPORT. g (2 Cumberland Gap ; Poor Valley Ridge, upper ted. Cumberland Gap; Poor Valley Ridge, upper bed. Cunibeilaiui Gap; Poor Valley Ridge, middle bed. Cumberland Gap ; from Old Clinton Furnace. Dysart's mine, middle bed. ■BDiifsjo aSBiiiao jgj I.HI ? ■jnqd -JUS JO 3Se]U33 a3j '0i'i °- ■snjoqd -SOqd JO 33BJU3D J3J ^ -^ ^ o 6 ■ c ■tioji JO aSujuaa J3j s ?, K ;: :s. •SS0[ pUE 3Jn]SI0I\[ not est not est not est nut est not est ■S35EOIJ13 pilE EOjIlg ■J31EAV pauiqujoQ 01 m-J- 3 4 ■ppE Dunqdps Ci -^ X -> J: i; i: ^ -^ - *^ c •ppe Djjoqdsoqj; d ■ 1 - ■EIS3U3CI,AJ 2 ■ 1 ? ■aiEuoqjeo auiiq 0^-3 ;i ■■euiuiniv M -o y j O. - S K -■ J - _ O E ■apiX'u iiAVOjq DsnuuSduj^ 'BlBUOqjED UOJ[ ■? •apiKOJad uojj (^ M r- M State. ■ . . ■ rt ■ ■ ■ ■ G 1> U u U ::: c c c = G ^ oj oj 'U u Ijoda^ u] jaquin].^ <;23Up 14 1 e Tubbs' bank, near Estill Furnace. From near Louisa. Black Band ore. From near Lcuisa. Black Band ore. Louisa Fork Biy, Sandy river. Black Band ore.J ■BOqiS JO -JUSD J3(J •juqdinsjo -juso jsj 2 ^'' r^ ' ' ' . ■snjoqd -soqd JO "juao J3J 0.178 not est not est ■553 ■uoii JO 'juaD jsj; ■SSO| pUE J31EA\ ■ssiEoqis puE Eoqig . . . ■ppv. Dijnqding . . , •ppB oijoqdsoqj; ■ • ■ . . . ■3]E -uoqjEo 3s:>iirSiiri\; 2 . . . ■31 ki -UOqJED EtSau3Ef\[ d . ,H- ■aiEuoqjEO auiiq I' :l EUjuiniv 5SS0- " c S " ■apixojsd uoai •aiEuoqjED uoj[ On ■ ■ ' ^ . . . ■X][AEa3 oypadg J >> Estill Lawrence . . . Lawrence . . . •jjoda^ ui jsquin^ 0\(X> "^S ■0 in'Si ^ c^oo 00 00 336 CHEMICAL REPORT. 157 to O § Cold blast No. t charcoal; Bath Furnace. Old Slate Furnace. Cold blast No. i charcoal car wheel; Cot. Fur. Culd biast.No. 2 charcoal ; Bath Furnace. Culd blast No. 3 charcoal , Bath Furnace.- Cold blast No 4 charcoal ; Bath Furnace. Hot blast mill iron; Bellefunte Furnace Hut blast silver-grey ; Bdlofonte Furnace. Hot blaiit mill iron , Mt hiavage Furnace. Hot blast foundry No. 2 ; Mt. Savage Furnace. Hut blast silver-grey ; Mt Savage Furnace. Culd blast No. 3 charcoal ; Red River Furnace. Cold bl.ibt No 5 charcoal ; Red River f urnace. Cold blast No 1 charcoal car wh'l iron; R. R. F. Cold blast No. i charcoal car wh'l iron; Estill F. No. I foundry iron; Hunnewell Furnace, No. I hot blast silver-grey ; Pennsylvania Fur. No. I foundry iron ; Pennsylvania Furnace. Mill iron ; Pennsylvania Furnace. No. 2 foundry iron ; Pennsylvania Furnace. No. 2 cold blast iron, from blue ore; Laurel F. Hul blast mill iron, stone coaJ ; Raccoon Fur. From Clinton ore; Old Clinton Furnace. •UOqJBD [EJOX OOinOOOOOOOOOOO DOOOQOOOQ m OS ■ ■ -O " -*- ch r^vD CO m 1/1 -r r~ o m nro w - m - ■^ m ■tj-'*miN-i-mN-i-''t--i--j-ro(r)mmmmmTh ■jnqdfns oooo -H r^-J N -i--r- M^ O ■+-!>£>•-' O romOM r>30 c-^--Oni~>.--ciOio mao oco-o ^; -^mm-i-- mso oiCJO"-M-MO«i-iOH«oUooOOWNO d o c siuoqdsoqj %■§ B;s l-B?,S:^|'|"i-s^l55;EI,5 2?? « ■uinpiE^ ° OOOODODO^OODCi^OOOOjD .uinuimniv 000000030=^3 0003DD303 cc:c:c = cc = c = = -=c; = c = ccc ■3e[S M -mn -(n (s N.^\commm m» m m n m " oo -j- o o ■UODIIIS O o -4-aiM r^iON osoO in M m [->- g - ■^^ -i- -i in m c-^oo (NVO - " lOg INCO 0\'np^CJ\0 -t-O i-vD (^.^-i -\D ■asauBSuEj^ ■uoqjBD pauiqmo^ OOOOOOOOOOQOOOQOOOn '000 - - Cv^ - ■- - r-«.r-..r^OcO m- O Oi"i m^ • X "*' "'' ° " — ' " "■"" '." ■ajiqdBJQ !i ^^ i 3 8 8 § .?, 8 3 8 3 S- 3.g 8 S 8 3. ? 8^3 mmmromn n« « w mw mmoi ri n w mw o m ■UOJl «'0^0-1-'N-^Nl■lC»-4- r-co m -f -1 -t- ^5 ■^•'O i^-O CO m m J '^i r^ 3 O -. o CO » N vo r- j:i :o i-ri^o -O m o* CT< n "l r.1 -T -I m m f! oi f'^ -' o^ ro "1 -9- '*> « d (^ ■* N N - IN 0. a> 0. oi O' o> o>co 0\ ovoo ovC?>Oia>Oia>o\o\OCT\0\o> ■XiiAEjS Dyp^dg r-^r^iN r>,Nco - mo (N moo --;'0 «T^t; ^,■^71 1*-" 00 - 3« ox- 0\0 ^-W N wTJTJ-iri-OlJso O,^ •jjods^ UI JsqmnNj OsD-tNmT-O-^O r-co 1- in\o r^ m 01 m ■^ miQ r.- toys 'COvOOO -- -t-.-1-..r-f-.o -)0 -> 00 Oi;^ 'O^OOyD'O'o t-*r-r-.c-.r-^r-r-r-. r-..co CO CO -w CO CO CO ^ 337 158 CHEMICAL REPORT. 1 Cl.iy from near Burlington. Clay from Sowder's farm. Clay from Sowder's farm (the upper part). Clay from Sowder's farm (the second part). Clay from Sowder's farm (the third part). Clay from Sowder's farm (the lowest part). Clay from head waters of Green river. Potter's clay (Upper Silurian); Waco. Potter's clay (Upper Silurian); Waco. ■}B3q p3i IB paipdxs J3ie^ t^ t cr. -T O^'iS t^ O lO 00 W 1-^TMOiOt^O ■Epos 00 CO 2 g iJ-i^o -d- r. M ■ ' S O ' ' ' ' ■qsEioj Tj-r^i-iOO (N M CON •piDE ounqdjng not est not est not est. not est. not est not est, not est not est. •piDB 3uoqdsoqj sSssSgssS ooooo ooo '^isauSBj^ roto*^ " »J'000'5 (-» O ooo ccc '3iuiq ■n^oco ^oooo oco 8 m apixo QOJi .ggoo^o«Aoo . '5co ?co ^. ■-o i^ ro - o o pi ei y-, r^oo •BUimniv •Boing *0 vO »0 -O VO *0 CO r-.\6 00 d r- 'T -' 1-^ « o\-o ■^^oo t^ t-,. r-*vO \0 lO to •SD1BDI[!S pUE EDJIig 5^ c ' c c c c c ■ ■ wooooo-o.iif! ggggego-^^ oxi-a — — ~.Sj^j3 •jjods-^ u; J3qiunj.j VO t^'^ r~, r-. ^00 t^CO o W U o J^ S 3 n d .^ ranch, ck. factio iSg aj -jS "t .y-SA^ s 8gs G s"-§ g^'is j; oi liHi "1" ii^-j g ^ .-c >.3 ^ E^^ PhU S S J=-^ i: g ^ U) W rt J- li'fi tl^ 1 ».fc.2Z SSs:^u 1 ■ :8^ ■038 'Jsi^AV •■Epos lElOX CO rr, ^ W in M *" 2 •qsEiod lEjox c 'piDE ounqdfnc S83S S 3 S S S c c ^ :: C C C C c test te.st 089 test CO S^O (»*^ •piDE DUUqdsOLlrJ c c C c CO m ro ■bis3u3bj^ . en t^'O . ^ « - "*" -;' O' ■ - . ■3ieuoqjE3 Eis3b3ejy »c . •stun: K . . . ^O • VOOO ,8^.8,8.8 3]BUoqjED ami'] ^ O- MM 00 ■SpiXO UOJ£ kO 8&?>" « -'S>c^8 Euiiuniv d ■ 6 ■ ■ ■Eo.ns :^ . . : - D ■^ >, -'^ r-. cr. a r^vo ■sajKOjijs puE «oi[ig o3 . -^CO iS;'^SS c 53?, 5, CQUOO 0'j:o5-j M fM r^ -* I jjod3'^ ui jaqiun]s[ ■-C -^CO 00 o\a>o\C\\f r-H t^ r^ o-C i j 338 APPENDIX. THE CLINTON IRON ORE. DYESTONE ORE OF TENNESSEE. FOSSIL;. ORE. In consequence of the great abundance of this valuable ore- in the mountainous region of Tennessee, very near to the- Kentucky line, and in view of the proximity of Kentucky coal , beds to these ore beds, the members of the Geological Sur- vey collected some characteristic average samples from them,, which have been analyzed, with the following results : A. "Clinton Ore; upper bed, in Poor Valley Ridge. Ciunber- land Gap, TeJinesscc. Average sample from a nu^nber of exposzires of the beds. By P. N. JMoore. Clinton Group.'' ^ A soft ore, easily breaking into irregular laminae or scales;: filled with small disc-formed concretions or fossil casts. Pow- der of a blood-red color. B. "Clinton Ore; npper bed. Foot of Poor Valley Ridge, on- a branch dozvn from the Virginia Road. Cumberland Gap, . Tennessee. Collected by P. N. Moore. Very much like the preceding. C. Clinton Ore. Middle bed of the ore ; twenty -six inches tJiick,. Cumberland Gap, &c. Collected by P. N. Moore." Harder and more compact than the preceding; contain- ing but few fossil-like concretions or casts. Externally of a-, brownish-ochreous appearance. Powder of a light reddish- brown color. D. "Dyestone Ore, from near C2imberland Gap, Tennessee. . From old Clinton Furnace. Clintori Grozcp." For comparison with the above, the analysis of a similar - ore from Pennsylvania, analyzed by Professor Persifer Fraser^. of the University of Pennsylvania, is appended. 339- i6o CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. ^. "Hard Fossil Ore, or Clinton Ore. Middle bench of Dry- sarfs mine. Pennsylvania." COMPOSITION OF THESE CLINTON ORES, DRIED AT 212° F. A. C. D. Specific gravity. 3-942 3-9H 3.190 Iron peroxide Iron protoxide . . Alumina . . . . Manganese oxide Lime carbonate. Magnesia . . Phosphoric acid . Sulphuric acid . . Combined water . 77-38° Silica and insoluble silicates Total 3-941 .420 a trace, -3'9 a trace. 2.500 15.960 100.520 73-935 5-776 4.510 .266 •319 a trace. 3-850 U.730 100. 3S6 47-965 2.130 1.230 .104 •575 a trace. 4.000 43.690 80.820 38.48 4-37 9.56 not est. *i .06 a. trace. 1.48 t-05 4.500 t2-54 37-99 99-784 Per centage of iron 54.166 Per centage of phosphorus . . . 140 Per centage of sulphur 1 a trace. Per centage of silica 15.760 5' -754 . 140 a trace. 11.730 33-575 .251 a trace. 42.760 56.574 30-34 .21 .05 37-99 t Sulphur. J Alkalies. Professor J. P. Lesley, Chief of the Pennsylvania Geo- logical Survey, states that the iron produced from this ore is always "cold-short," but that it is valuable to work with richer and less fusible ores. This is the character of this ore in other localities, and it appears to have a wide range, ex- tending even into Wisconsin. But the samples examined in this laboratory do not yield as much phosphoric acid as the usual average of this ingredient; and from experiments which have been made in smelting this Tennessee ore, it is believed that a good tough iron can be made from it. F. A sample of the Pig Iron made at the furnace at the Qim- berland Gap, from the Clinton Ore, zvas obtained by Mr. P. N'. Moore, and analyzed. The iron is fine-grained mill iron? It yields with difficulty to the file, but extends under the hammer a little more than is usual with pig iron. 340 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. l6r COMPOSITION OF THIS CLINTON PIG IRON. Iron 92.S28 Graphite 3.260-1 t, , , , Combined carbon .840}^°'^''=^'"''°" ■= 4-100. Manganese .153 Silicon 1.668 Slag 480 Aluminum .766 Calcium .112 Magnesium .270 Phosphorus . > .145 Sulphur 068 100.590 It will be seen that this iron will compare favorably with the best quality of pig metal. G. ^' Coal from IViiiiers Gap, Jiear Knoxville, Tennessee." In a valley about ten miles from the Cincinnati Southern Railroad. The bed is said to be seven feet thick, and three acres of it have been mined out without leaving a pillar. Said to be the best pit coal in Tennessee. The sample was pre- sented by Gen. Winder at the Centennial Exhibition. It is quite a pure-looking, firm, pitch-black, glossy coal ; not break- ing into thin laminae ; having no apparent fibrous coal, and very little granular pyrites. COMPOSITIO.-^, AIR-DRIED. Specific gravity. 1.256 Hygroscopic moisture 1 .641 — ^ , , ^., ^^ „ Volatile combustible matters ^g^^j Total volatile matters 38.40 Spongy coke g^ g^f Fixed carbon in the coke 59.9a ■^ "' 1. Carrot-colored ash 1.70 100.00 100.00 The per centage of sulphur is 1.450 This is a coal of remarkable purity, leaving a smaller pro- portion of ash than any coal examined during the Geological Survey of Kentucky. Of course it cannot be considered an average sample of the bed, yet it is evidence of its superior quality. The proximity of this bed of coal to the Cincinnati Railroad makes it matter of interest to our citizens. 341 1 1 62 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. ■ GERMAN GLASS POT FIRE-CLAY, AS COMPARED WITH SAMPLES OF KENTUCKY CLAY. On a recent visit to the great International Centennial Exhibition at Philadelphia, the attention of the writer was attracted by an exhibit of this fire-cla)', supposed to be one ■of the most refractory known, and imported for the construc- tion of crucibles to withstand a very high heat, but particu- larly for our glass manufacturers, who seem to agree that no other known clay will so completely withstand the great heat of their furnaces, and the fluxing influence of the melted glass, as this. It is consequently almost universally used by them as the material for the construction of the glass pots or large crucibles, in which the glass is made and melted. The exhibit of this clay at the Centennial Exhibition was made by J. Goebel & Co., importers of German clay, and manufacturers of crucibles, &c., Maiden Lane, New York. It showed the clay in its natural and prepared conditions ; and accompanying the specimens was a report of the chemical .analysis of the material, said to have been made in Germany, a copy of which is appended. With a view to study this valuable clay, in comparison with some Kentucky samples from our coal measures, the writer secured a sample from what appeared to be a washed and pre- pared specimen on exhibition, which had been moulded into a cubical block, and which he has analyzed. H. The Clav is of a liglit grey color ; adheres stro7tgly to the tongue ; and exhibits a large irregularly conclioidal fracture. Before the blow-pipe it fused only on the extremity of the small pointed fragment, into a white slag. ■I. Another specimen of this German Glass Pot Clay was ob- tained at the Co-operative Window Glass Works, at the foot of Coal Hill, opposite Pittsburg (near the inclined railroad^. The pot-maker, who f-nrnished the sample from a partly used barrel of the material, stated that it was in the condition in which it was imported from, Germany. ,)342 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 163 This had not been re-worked or washed. It resembles the ■preceding, but is a httle more friable, and sHghtly hghter col- ored. Its powder, however, is somewhat darker than the powder of that. Before the blow-pipe it acted like that. J. Copy of the analysis of this clay made in Germany, as ex- hibited by f. Goebel & Co. For comparison with these, I append a copy of the analysis ■of some clay from Carter county, Kentucky (see volume I, Kentucky Geological Reports, new series, page 179, lower paging), labeled — " No. 1337 — Fire-clay ; average sample from the upper bed, four feet tliick, on both sides of the hill. Ridge between Grassy and Three Pi-ong Creek. Boone Furnace property. Whole bed eight to ten feet thick. Collected by P. N. Jlloore." This clay, forming a heavy stratum, is in a compact state — so hard as scarcely to be scratched with the nail; breaking into angular fragments. It is of a light-grey color, and be- comes plastic when reduced to powder. COMPOSITION OF THESE FIRE-CLAYS, DRIED AT 212° F. (Except J, which seems to have been more thoroughly dried). ' Silica . . Alumina ... - Iron oxide (calculated as peroxide) . Iron sulphide. . . . Lime Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash . . Soda Water expelled at red heat. . . . Total H. *7o.86o 20 . 900 1.560 •347 .220 not est. not est. •57« . 112 6.800 101.377 t73-66o 19.460 1.560 .168 .209 not est. not est. .520 .046 6.200 101.823 J- 70.60 23.60 1. 10 •36 •45 not est. not est. not est. not est. t3-89 No. 1337. 48.560 37-471 a trace. . 112 a trace. •255 not est. .289 .2S3 12.030 99.000 * Including about four per cent, of fine sand. + Including about three and a half per cent of fine sand. jOrganic matters and lo.ss. The iron peroxide obtained in the analyses of H and I was -doubtless derived from iron sulphide in the clay. The appar- -€nt excess is probably due mainly to fixed alkalies in the pre- 343 164 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. cipitated alumina, which may be estimated correspondingly too high. The large proportion of silica in the German clay (a part of which is in the state of fine sand) is notable in comparison with the Carter county clay; and this large proportion of silica or sand increases the refractory quality of the clay. But pure fine sand or pulverized quartz could quite cheaply be added to our clay, which, in other respects, seems to be at least equal in quality as a fire-clay to the German article, containing even less of those ingredients which increase the fusibility of clay, viz: iron oxide, lime, potash, soda, and mag- nesia. How the phosphoric acid acts in this relation is said not to have been fully determined by experiment; but it un- doubtedly increases the fusibility. As will be seen, the pro- portion of this ingredient was not ascertained in the German clay, although it is no doubt present in notable quantity. There can be little doubt that some of our native fire-clays can be made quite refractory by a judicious process of prepa- ration or purification, including, perhaps, washing with water, or water containing chlorohydric acid, which is very cheap, the addition of pulverized quartz, &c. In this relation we may notice a beautiful hydrated silicate of alumina — the Indiana kaolin, or what is denominated Indi- anaite by Prof E. T. Cox, of the Indiana (Geological Survey — a large and handsome sample of which was exhibited at the Centennial. This remarkable ckiydike mineral, which was discovered first in Illinois, and called Golconda clay, was found in Lawrence county, Indiana, in 1875, forming a six feet bed, just under the coal measures conglomerate, and over a bed of brown hematite iron ore. Where it has not been impregnated with iron oxide it is a pure hydrated silicate of alumina, of the composition of halloysite, passing in its greenish portions into alophane. This so-called porcelain clay soon attracted the attention of potters, and is now in great demand for the manufacture of the finer qualities of pottery ware. The writer believes, how- ever, from the brief examination he has given it, that it de- 344 CHEMICAL REl'ORT APPENDIX. 1 65 serves a more exalted application, being, when pure and free from infiltrated iron oxide and lime, more refractory before the blow-pipe than any clay he has examined. It is therefore believed that it might find a more suitable application in the manufacture of the most refractory crucibles, and that, when mixed with pure fine sand or pulverized quartz, it might very well answer for glass pots. The general composition of the white variety, as reported by Prof. Cox (Geological Report of Indiana, 1874, page 18), is as follows : Silica . . Alumina. Lime . . Water . . 45-90 40.34 trace. 13.26 A specimen of this mineral, obtained by the writer from that exhibited at the Centennial (beautifully translucent ; nearly white, with a slight greenish tint), when examined for fixed alkalies, gave 0.198 per cent, oi potash, and 0.204 of soda, when dried at 212 F. It was not examined for alkaline earths or phosphoric acid. This mineral, which may be made so useful in the arts, may doubtless be discovered in Kentucky in a similar geological position with that in Indiana. VOL. I,-CHEM. 23. 345 GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, Director. CHEMICAL REPORT SOILS, COALS, ORES, IRON FURNACE PRODUCTS, CLAYS, MARLS, MINERAL WATERS, ROCKS, ETC., OF KENTUCKY. BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., Etc., Etc., CHEMIST TO THE SURVEY. THIRD CHEMICAL REPORT IN THE NEW SERIES, AND THE SEVENTH SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE KENTUCKY GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. STEREOTYPED FOR THE SURVEY BY MAJOR, JOHNSTON 4 BARRETT, YEOMAN PRESS, FRANKFORT, KY. 347 INTRODUCTORY LETTER. ( Chemical Laboratory, Kentucky Geological Survey, Lexingtox, Ky., April, 1878 Professor N. S. Shaler, Director Kentucky Geological Survey : Dear Sir : I have the honor to make herewith a report of the results of the chemical work performed for the Kentucky Geological Survey from February of last year up to the pres- ent time. Very respectfully, ROBERT PETER. 349 CHEMICAL REPORT OF THE SOILS, COALS,. ORES. PIG IRONS, CLAYS, MARLS, MINERAL WATERS, ROCKS, &c., OF KENTUCKY. Of the chemical analyses herewith reported, more than one hundred and thirty in number, seventy-four are of soils, sub- soils, and under-clays; of which three, reported in the Ap- pendix, are from Texas. These latter were examined for the purpose of comparison with our Kentucky soils. The limits of variation, in the proportions of the essential ingredients of the seventy-one Kentucky soils, are shown in the following table, viz: Per ct. Number. County. Per cent. Number. County. Organic and volatile matters vary from . . . g.185 in 2,037 in Hardin to 2.045 in 1,986 in Allen Alumina and iron and manganese oxides vary from 24.465 in 2,015 in Grant to 3.096 in 2,029 in Grayson Lime carbonate varies from 9-425 in 2,015 in Grant to .030 in 1,968 in Allen Magnesia varies from .824 in 2,022 in Grant to .025 in 2,042 in Hardin Phosphoric acid varies from .823 m 2,014 in Grant to .013 in 1,968 in Allen Potash extracted by acids varies from .... 1.778 m 2,022 in Grant to .035 in 2,041 in Hardin Soda extracted by acids vanes Prom .617 in 2, cog in Grant to traces in several Sand and insoluble silicates vary from .... 59-940 in 2.015 in Grant 1092.980 in 1,967 in Allen Water, expelled at 380° F., varies from . . . 2-715 in 2.037 in Hardin to .4B3 in 2,030 in Grayson Water, expelled at 212° F., varies from . . . 6-575 in 2,013 in Grant to .950 in 1,967 in Allen Potash, in the insoluble silicates, varies from . 2.910 in 2.037 in Hardin to . 722 in 1,979 in Barren Soda, in the insoluble silicates, varies from . . 1.214 in 2,OC0 in Grant to .022 in 2,080 in Oldham In the sample of cretaceous soil from Collins county, Texas, called "black waxy" soil, there were 17.085 per cent, of lime carbonate, 0.497 of potash extracted by acids, while the 61.840 per cent, of sand and insoluble silicates contained only 0.443 per cent, of potash in the insoluble silicates. The specimens from Grant county, which appear to such advantage in this comparative table, are of heavy, tough under-clays, excavated from some of the cuts on the Cincin- nati Southern Railroad, some of which were called by the doubtful name of "hard pan" by the contractors. From the too large proportion of clay which they contain, as well as their resulting physical constitution, they would by no means prove as productive, under culture, as might be inferred from 351 ■6 CHEMICAL REPORT. their chemical composition alone. The fact that favorable physical conditions are as necessary to the fertility of the soil as the chemical conditions, has long been known ; but both the chemical and physical are equally indispensable. These heavy under-clays, which are so rich in some of the mineral elements of plant nourishment, might doubtless be used with advantage, in the manner of marl, as a top-dressing on light or sandy, poor or exhausted soils. They would also answer for common pottery or bricks. The five samples of coa/s examined, from Butler, Greenup, and Madison counties, presented the usual characteristics of our good Kentucky coals, some of them being better than the ax'.erage, because of their small proportions of ash and sul- phur, especially the sample from Big Hill, in Madison county. The linionite iron ores, from Lyon and Trigg counties, proved to be rich, containing from 46,320 to 50.195 per cent, of iron ; they are also remarkably free from sulphur, and contain less than the a\'(jrage of phosphorus, which latter ingredient was found in them onl)' in the proportions of from 0.079 to 0.220 per cent, of the ore. The pig irons smelted from these ores were found also to be generally of very good quality. .\mongst the clays which were analyzed, that from Bald Knob Church, Ohio count)- — No. 2076 — was found to be quite refractory, and it ma)' v<'ry probably be made available for fire-clay if in sufficient abundance. Seventeen different samples of limestone were examined, many of which were from the phosphatic layers in the blue limestone of Fayette count)-, mentioned in the preceding Report. In fourteen samples, mostly from the same quarry, and all from the same neighborhood, the proportions of phos- phoric acid were found to vary from 1.462 per cent, in No. 2002 up to 21.940 per cent, in sample four of No. 2004. (.See Fayette county.) While these interesting phosphatic layers, in the Lower Silurian limestone of this county, have not as yet been found regular and continuous enough, perhaps, to justify working for 352 CHEMICAL REPORT. 7 the manufacture of superphosphate, they are yet quite inter- estuig, as throwing much light on the superior fertility of our Lower Silurian, or so-called "Blue-grass soil." As will be seen, the analyses of some of the most abundant of the fossils ot this limestone did not develop in these any unusual pro- portion of phosphoric acid. One ot the limestones analyzed — No. 2073 — a ferruginous limestone from Rough creek, Ohio county, was found, when calcined, to possess the properties of hydraulic cement. The lead ore found in our limestone, usually associated with zinc sulphide in veins of baryta sulphate, examined for silver, was iound to give the usual negative result. Indeed, general experience, hitherto, seems to show that very little silver is associated with the galena found in undisturbed lime- stone layers ; that ore being most generally argentiferous which is in veins in the rocks which ha\e been much dis- turbed by volcanic action. The re-examination of the mineral loalcrs ot the 01)mpian Springs, in Bath county, and of the Lower Blue Lick Springs, in Nicholas county, has developed several interesting facts. Not only is it shown that the general comjiosition of these celebrated waters has not been altered, or the waters weak- ened sensibly, during the considerable period intervening be- tween the anal)ses, but also several new ingredients, in small quantities, have been discovered in them. Not the least interesting of these are boracic acid and lithium compounds. Compounds of barium and strotium found in these, also in minute proportions, are believed to be, like the above sub- stances, more generally prevalent than was lormerly supposed. Several other mineral waters, deserving of a more complete examination, were qualitatively examined. Kentuck}' is quite rich in these waters, and a more systematic study of them than has, as yet, been possible, is desirable. The chemical analyses of the ashes of the Hmigarian grass, German millet, &c., together with the microscopic photographs of parts of their silicious skeletons by Mr. Alex. T. Parker and Mr. J. Mullen, and the experiments to discover the nature of 353 8 CHEMICAL REPORT. the peculiar "root action" of these plants in their decompo- sition of the siHcates of the soil, as well as to determine the nature of the special acid solvents exuded from the plants for this purpose, detailed in the Appendix, throw some light on the mysterious selective power of vegetables, by which ma- terials, very different in kind and quantity, are appropriated by different plants from a soil common to all. Some, because probably of superior decomposing power which they exert over the silicates of the soil, being able to extract essential mineral ingredients and thrive, where others die of inanition, for want ot the proper solvent or digestive agent. To produce the silicious cell-casts and skeleton of the Hun- garian grass and German millet, the silicious material must ha\'e been dissolved in water, in unusually large proportion, in the vicinity of the roots of these plants. Unless in solution, it could not penetrate the cell walls. It is well known to chemists that when silicates are decom- posed, by acids or other agents, in the presence of water, that the silicic acid thus produced is soluble to a large amount- in that fluid ; but that it may again be easily brought to an insoluble condition, as it exists in flint or sand, by the subse- quent separation of the water; and this fact, with the demon- stration of the exudation from the rootlets of these plants of an acid fluid containing oxalic, phosphoric, and other acids, probably in greater quantity than is produced by many other vegetables, enables us to guess how these may decompose more of the silicates of the soil than other plants and absorb more dissolved silicic acid. Plants, like animals, vary greatly in their natural power of appropriating essential elements of food. Some live and thrive on food of most difficult digestion ; others, like the young of most animals, require nourishment in the most sol- uble and available condition. Some, like the Hungarian grass and other plants which grow on sterile soils, can extract their essential mineral food from the hardest stony particles ; others, like our ordinary grain-producing plants, depend more on the natural soil solution, which brings their food to their roots 354 CHEMICAL REPORT. 9- already in a condition to be most readily absorbed. Peculiar root action on the soil is no doubt common, in a greater or less degree, to all plants; yet, that the common soil solution, produced by the solvent action of the atmospheric waters upon the soil ingredients, is also a common source ol plant food, is equally demonstrable. ALLEN COUNTY. No. 1967 — Soil, labeled "Virgin soil, from the S7irface of the - tract of land of about fifty square miles in extent, in the- eastern part of Alle7i county, called the 'Buncombe tract.' A very poor district. Forest growth : scrub oak, black oak, pop- lar, chestnut, hickory, &c. Produces aboid three to five ban-els of corn to the acre {equal to fifteen to tivcntyfive bushels). Substratum arcnaceojis, clayey, and calcareo-silicious rocks; decayed to the depth of fifteen feet.'' Collected by Rev. Her- man Hertzer. The dried soil is of a light dirty-buff color. The coarse- sieve removed from it only a few small ferruginous concre- tions. The silicious residue, after digestion in acids, all passed_ through fine bolting-cloth, except a small proportion of small rounded grains of quartz and undecomposed silicates, and a, few very small silicified entrochi. N o. 1 968 — ' ' S UBSOIL of the next precedifig soil, ' ' &c. , &c. Col- lected by Rev. Herman Hertzer. Of a lighter and more yellowish buff color than the pre-- ceding ; containing fewer small ferruginous concretions. The- fine bolting-cloth separated from the silicious residue only a. few small rounded grains of quartz and of undecomposed, silicates of various tints. No. 1969 — "Surface Soil, one year in cultivatioji. Upla?id. Land of William H. H. Mitchell, one m-ile west of Scottsville, Allen co2inty. Forest growth : a maple grove. Proditct : fifty to sixty busliels of corn to the acre." Collected by Rev. Her- man Hertzer. The dried soil is of a light greyish-umber color. The coarse 355; lO CHEMICAL REPORT. sieve removed from it a few angular fragments of ferruginous quartzose rock. The fine bolting-cloth separated from silicious residue a small quantity of fine rounded particles of quartz and undecomposed silicates of a reddish-grey color. No. 1970 — "Subsoil of ilie next pi-cccding," &c., &c. Col- lected by Rev. Hcri)ia)i Hertzer. The dried subsoil is very much in color like the surface soil, being only slightl)- lighter. The coarse sieve and bolt- ing-cloth removed similar fragments and particles from the soil and the silicious residue. Tin; rounded particles of unde- composed silicates and quartz amounted to about four and a half per cent, of the subsoil. No. 1 97 1 — ".Surface Soil. Upland, from the farm of JJ'm. H. H. I\[itchell (same locality as the preceding)^ which has been in ciiltiz'ation per sixty yea?-s. Yields tioenty-pivc bushels 0/ CO? n per acre; eight to ten bnshcls of 10 heat ; or fiftccii to tioentv of oats. Original foj-est growth : chcstinit, iiiafle, oaks, poplar, &e. Geological formation : the Iveohtk Group — eal- carcO'Silieions and argillaceous rocks and shales; decayed to the depth of tioenty feet be I 010 the soil." Collected by Rev. Herman Hcrtzcr. The dried soil is of a buff color. The coarse sieve sepa- rated from it some small quartzose concretions, silicified entro- chi, and iron gravel. The silicious residue, from the digestion in acid, all passed the fine bolting-cloth e.xcept a few rounded grains of milky quartz and of dark-colored undecomposed sili- cates, with some minute silicified entrochi. No. 1972 — "SuI;^OIL of the next preceding," &c. Collected by Rev. Plerman Hert.zer. The subsoil is lighter and brighter colored than the surface soil. The coarse si(;\'e removed from it fewer quartzose and ferruginous concretions than from that, and the bolting-cloth separated iewer silicious particles. 356 CHEMICAL REPORT. I I COMPOSITION OF THESE ALLEN COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 1971 Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides. Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid . . Sulphuric acid Potash . .... Soda . . . . Sand and insoluble silicates Water> expelled at 380° F Total ... Hygroscopic moisture Potash in the insoluble silicates , Soda in the insoluble silicates . Character of the soil . No. 1967. 2.215 3.616 . no .106 .019 Not esti .650 0.950 .992 .253 Virgin soil No. 196S. 2.045 5.872 .030 .097 .013 mated. 160 .312 90. 840 .615 99 < .250 .958 .2C39 No. 1969. = .425 ■ 95S ■314 Subsoil. New soil No. 1970. 2.2r5 .853 .242 Subsoil. 1. 175 i.oSi Old field. No. 1072. 2.450 S.ogo .oBo . 140 .045 .219 .115 88.040 .850 100.029 .258 Subsoil. The unproductiveness of the soils Nos. 1967 and 1968, from the so-called Buncombe tract, finds an explanation in their chemical composition as detailed above. Both surface soil and subsoil show a very marked deficiency of phosphoric acid, the proportions of which, 0.019 and 0.013 per cent, only, are smaller than have been found in any other Kentucky soils. This deficiency alone would cause sterility; but it fortunately can be remedied quite easily by means of top-dressings of fertilizers containing phospliates, such as commercial super- phosphate of lime, bone-dust, or good guano. These soils are also somewhat deficient in organic matters (humus), lime, &c., and may no doubt be greatly improved by the cultivation of clover, with top-dressings of plaster of Paris or slaked lime, and the plowing under of the green crop after one year's grazing with hogs or cattle. The relative small pro- portion of alumina, &c., to the sand and silicates, which makes them what are called a "hungry soil," may be meas- urably remedied by the iudicious use of such cla)' marls as may be accessible. The alkalies, potash, and soda are not greatly deficient in these soils, yet the use of wood ashes, or some other alkaline fertilizer, would doubtless increase their fertility. The soils Nos. 1969-1970 and 1971-1972, differing so- greatly in productiveness — soil 1969 producing fifty to sixty 357 12 CIIKMICAL REPORT. -bushels of corn to the acre, and the others only twenty-five bushels — also exhibit vct)' significant cliff'i'rences in their chem- ical composition. Takiny the surlace soils for comparison, we find the more productive soil, No. 1969, contains nearly twice as much organic matters and phosphoric acid as th(' less fer- tile one, No. 1971, and that this latter essential ingredient, phosphoric acid, is notaljly deficient in the less productive soils. Another marked differenc(; is found in the relative pro- portions of lime and magnesia, the great deficiency of which in the old field soils seems to indicate that tlieir jiresent infe- riority is probalil)' as much owing to an original difference of composition as to the deteriorating influence of the sixty years of culti\-ation. This supposition is strengthened by the relatively higher proportion of potash in the old field soil. The remarks on the improvement of the soil of the Bun- combe tract apply also to this old field soil. IJARREN COUNTY. SnILS AM< SllUSOILS, &C. No. 1973 — "A'lRGix SiiiL, jOv/u tlte fa7-m of Major J. S. BarloiK.', in the 'Ban-ciisJ four viilcs east of Cave Citv, Barren eouii/y." Collected by Rev. Jlennan Heiizcr. "Geological formation: St. Louis limestone, the partly de- ■composed rock six leet beneath the surface. \'ery rich soil generally in the 'Barrens.' The ' Barrens,' so-called because of the absence of forest growth in early times, extend from Hardin county through Barren, Warren, and Simpson coun- tie-s. Formerly 'prairie' land, now o\'ergrown with a young forest of black oak, scrub oak, walnut, beech, and hickory." The dried soil is of a light umber color. Clods Iriable. The coarse siev<_: remo\'ed from it only a small quantity of small fragments of decomposing chert and iron gravel. The silicious residue, after digestion in acids, all passed through fine bolting-cloth, except a small quantity of particles of partly decomposed silicates, and some few clear quartz grains. No. 1974 — "Soil, sixty years in cultivation, from the same locality as the last. Average crops : of tobacco, one tlwitsand -358 CHKMICAL REPORT. 1 3 hvo Iniiidrcd poinids ; 7vJicat, fifteen bushels; cur7i, forty to fifty btishels." Co/lee ted by Ke:<- Herman Hertrser. The dried soil is ot an umber color, slightly darker than "that of the preceding soil. The clods are friable. The coarse sieve separated from it about forty per cent, in weight of angu- lar fragments of decomposing chert. TIk; silicious residue all passed through the fine bolting-cloth, with the exception of some small angular particles of partly decomposed silicates. [From the comparative color and chemical composition of these two soils, it is probable that their labels were accident- all)' interchanged.] No. 1975 — "Subsoil of the tzco preceding soils f &c., &c. The dried subsoil is of a light grey-brown color; is somewhat clodd)-, the clods being firm. The coarse sieve removed from it only a few small Iragments of decomposing chert. The silicious residue, after digestion in acids, all passed through fine bolting-cloth, except some small parti- cles of partly decomposed silicates, and a few small rounded quartz grains. No. 1976 — "Virgin Soil, f'om the farm of Daniel Davaslier, southern part of Barren eotinty. Geologieaf formation: sili- cious grit, decomposed fifteen feet deep. Forest j^jvwth : beech, hickory, oaks, poplar, and chestnut ." Collected by Rev. Her- man Hertzer. The dried soil is of a light brownish-grey color. The coarse sieve removed from it about twenty-two per cent, of coarse angular fragments of ferruginous sandstone and silicious concretions. The bolting-cloth separated from the ■silicious residue some silicious particles, grey, white, and flesh-colored, with a few of partly decomposed silicates. No. 1977 — " Surface Soil ; in ciiltivation for thirty years ; from the same farm as the next preceding. Yield: of corn, forty bushels; of wheat, ten to fifteen bushels; of tobacco, eight hundred pounds." Collected by Rev. Herman Hertzer. The dried soil is of a light dirty-buff color. The coarse sieve removed from it about seven per cent, of coarse silicious 359 14 CHEMICAL REPORT. fragments, and the silicious residue left on the fine bolting- cloth a few particles similar in character to those of the virgin soil. No. 1978 — " Sui'.soii, of tlic next prcccdifig," <5fc., &c. Col- lected bv Rev. Herman Hertzei- The dried subsoil is of a grey buff color. It contains about eleven per cent, of coarse angular silicious fragments and concretions, and its silicious residue gave fewer silicious par- ticles by the fine bolting- cloth than the preceding. No. 1979 — "Virgin Soil, from the farm of Mrs. I\I. E. Davis, eight miles soiLtli of Glasj^o^v, Barren county. Geological for- mation: silicious or Kekoknk Group. Forest groioth: black loalnnt, beech, sugar-tree, C~"(f. , &c.'' Collected by Rev. Her- 1)1 an Hcrtzei-. The dried soil is of a light grey-umber color. The coarse sie\'e removed from it less than fi\e [)er cent, of coarse angu- lar silicious fragments and concretions. The silicious residue, from digestion in acids, all passed through the fine bolting- cloth, except small gre^'ish, reddish, and white particles of quartz and partly decomposed silicates. No. 1980 — "SuRF.vcE Soil, sixty years in cultivation ; from the same farm as the pircedino. Geological formation silicious or Keokuk Group . rocks decayed to depth of ta'clvc to fifteen feet. Average crops : of tobacco, one thousand to eleven hund- red pounds , of corn, liven ty-five to forty bushels." Collected by Rev. Herman Hcrtzer. The dried soil is a little lighter colored and more yellowish than the preceding. The coarse sieve removed from it but a very small proportion of small angular silicious and ferrugi- nous fragments, and the silicious residue contained fewer small silicious grains than the preceding. No. 1981 — "Subsoil of tht next preceding," &c., &c. Col- lected by Rev. Plernian Hertzer. The dried subsoil is of a brownish-buff color. The coarse 360 CHEMICAL RErORT. I 5 sieve separated from it only a very small proportion of small silicious and ferruginous gravel. The fine bolting-cloth re- moved from the silicious residue a considerable proportion of soft, partly decomposed silicate grains, and but few hard silicious particles. No. 1982 — "Surface Soil, sixty years in criltivation ; from the same farm as the preceding. Bottom land. Inexhaustible because of annual inundation. Average crop . fifty bushels^ of corn." Collected by Rev. Herman Hertzer. The dried soil is of a light brownish-umber color. The coarse sieve separated only a very small proportion of small silicio-ferruginous fragments, and the silicious residue, from digestion in acids, all passed through the fine bolting-cloth. No. 1983 — "Subsoil of the next preceding." &c., &c. Col- lected by Rev. Herman Hcrtzer The dried subsoil is slightly more brownish in tint than the preceding. The coarse sieve removed from it but a very small proportion of silicio-ferruginous gravel. Like that of the preceding, the silicious residue all passed through the fine bolting-cloth, leaving upon it no small silicious particles. 361 VOL. I.-CHEM. 24. i6 CHEMICAL REPORT. Q en" I— I O in > O u w CO W o G a; o o u CO ON 6 U-t t1- IT) LO l-« -H , GO '■0 00 ON c 1 .900 1.127 .446 No. 1981 No. 1982 I^ LO t^ (^ « C^ 't 4 ir^ Ln ' Lo H- i>. ro CO '4 00 C^ 0\D fri 00 - '-n 10 ' 1-^.-1- rh " K- - w 00 in c^ - CO -1- CN ON LO - CO r^ h- ro On d --I - VD uo ri CNO ON -t C - - 'O -t 1-^. - ro 0^ '- un vO On en q ^0 ^ ON ON 4 4'" 0\ y-r-, r, vO v£) VD m C^-O (X) rl -1- r^i --o O f| LO O 'O M iJ~, !.(-, O O -I- ^1 '-0 ON ON I'-^VD O ro - - O O O O a. -O' U-l Cl u-) lO ro O CN cq O O 00 '^ iJ~i Ln ^ O " o ■, O O r^ Lo -t c O O -H -^ Tt rj -yj '■I r-, O ■ ro ro O - - O -t CO Ln 'o O r-~ <■! >- Cl ON 0-> CN ^0 ro O »- O u-( ro ro r-- Lo r-* i^ 01 ro O IS LO o t-O i-O ■,0 ^ u-i r-. •+ 1-0 r^— ■ On r^ -^ r-* -t n ri - '-' o\ M „ ro M « .-I ^ S S rt - -^ 9 a S « cu C a,.J3 « Sua e yiS n-2 O << 1-1 S fl^ Cfl P4 o ^t ■ O r^ f t; fc< — Q tn ^ ■J r- c hft r^ ffi e^c/: o J62 CHEMICAL REPOKT. I 7 The reasons for believing that the labels of soils Nos. 1973 and 1974 have been accidentally interchanged, is the greater proportions of organic matters, lime, magnesia, and phospho- ric acid, and the smaller quantity of sand and insoluble sili- cates in 1974 than in 1973. The greater proportion of potash in the latter is also corroborative of this supposition because the subsoil is richer in this alkali than the surface soils. These Barren county soils are above the average in native fertility, and would require only skillful management, with a judicious rotation of crops and the occasional use of special fertilizers, as may be indicated, to keep them up to a high degree of productiveness. BATH COUNTY. Mineral Waters, &c., of the Olympian Springs. The principal waters of these celebrated springs were qual- itatively examined by the writer about the year 1848-9, and the results were published in volume III of the first series of Reports of the Geological Survey of Kentucky, pages 208— 210. About ten years thereafter (in 1858-9) more extended quantitative analyses were made by him of samples of these waters, sent to his laboratory in bottles by Mr. H. Gill, the proprietor. As such analyses of the waters forwarded in bot- tles could not include the gases, and, moreover, were liable to accidental errors, the writer visited these springs in August last (1877), accompanied by his son, Alfred M. Peter, in order to quantitatively estimate the gases in the recent waters; to evaporate a sufficient quantity on the spot to enable him to estimate their minuter saline ingredients, and to collect with care, in very clean glass-stoppered bottles, enough of the waters of the several springs for complete quantitative analy- ses in his laboratory in Lexington. The hydrogen sulphide was estimated in the recent waters at the springs, by the volumetric process, with the use of a •deci-normal iodine solution, &c., and the carbonic acid, thrown -down in a measured quantity of the waters, by an ammoniacal solution of barium chloride, was separated and weighed at the /laboratory. 363 I 8 CHEMICAL REPORT. The Sulphur Waters of the Olympian Springs. No. 1984 — "Salt Sulphur Water." Well at the saloon, near the main hoiise or hotel. The water is raised by a pump hi the zuell, ivJiich is eight to ten feet deep. The sprijig is said to yield aboiit tioo hundred and seventy gallo7is per hour. The temperature of the water was fotmd to be 56° F., when that of the atmosphere iLHis 75° F. The water forms a slight yellowish or ochreous incrustation on the glass tumblers tised at the well. It exhibits a slightly alkaline reaction. No. 1985 — "Black Sulphur Water." From an open well, about a quarter of a mile nearly so2ith of the niaiii house, in the bottom ground, just at the foot of the hill. The zuatcr is confined in a barrel without heads, sunk into the ground. The temperature of the water in the barrel was 57° F. Its sediment is nearly black, and it exhibits a slightly alkaline reaction. No. 1986 — "White Sulphur Water." From a ratlier feeble spring about tiirce miles from the Olympian Springs. This spring was not visited by the writer, but a demijohn of the water was sent to the "Springs" by John D. Young, Esq. The hydrogen sulphide, therefore, was not estimated. 364 CHEMICAL REPORT. 19 COMPOSITION OF THESE BATH COUNTY SULPPIUR WATERS. In 1000 parts of the water. No. 1984. No. 19S5. No. 1986. Hydrogen sulphide gas Carbonic acid gas (CO2) .... O.OOII 0.2400 0.0012 .2781 not est. not est. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Baryta carbonate Strontia carbonate Iron carbonate 0.1975 .0506 .012S .0045 .0025 .0006 traces. .0083 0.0158 .0046 . 0024 ] traces. J .0061 .C031 .0025 ■3247 0.0744 .0316 .0021 .0039 •0133 .040S ■3"3 Held in solution by the carbon- ic acid. Manganese carbonate and phos- phoric acid . Potash sulphate Soda sulphate Soda carbonate traces not est. .0213 .1089 4.8997 •0355 .0008 .0166 trace, trace. .0232 .0340 Magnesium chloride Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Lithium chloride Sodium bromide Sodium iodide and sulphide . Boracic acid Silica ... Traces of organic matter and loss, ' .1208 trace. trace, trace. .0124 .0164 .0071 .1326 trace. trace. trace, .01 15 Total saline matters in 1000 parts 5.4168 0.50S8 0.6286 Specific gravity of the water . . 1 .004 not est. not est. These interesting sulphur waters present considerable dif- ferences in their chemical composition. The salt sulphur of the saloon contains greatly more chlorides than the others, and especially much more sodium chloride (common salt) than they, while the black and white sulphurs are much more alka- line from the presence of a considerable quantity of carbonate of soda. They also contain more alkaline sulphates. All of them have a notable quantity of iron carbonate, of which chalybeate ingredient the salt sulphur and the black sulphur contain the largest proportions. The quantity in the white sulphur was not separately determined, but is doubtless quite jninute. 36s 20 CHEMICAL REPORT. These waters, and particularly those of the salt sulphur well, are applicable to the treatment of a great variety of chronic diseases, under judicious medical advice, combining, as they do, saline, alkaline, and chalybeate properties, with those of the hydrogen sulphide, and the bromides and iodides. They are found to be diuretic, diaphoretic, tonic, and alterative, when used internally, not usually exerting much aperient action ; and when employed in the bath, for which purpose the salt sulphur is used exclusively, they are valuable in the treatment of cutaneous affections, &c. The very small proportions of barium, strontium, aluminum, and lithium compounds, together with those of boracic and phosphoric acids, which were detected in this recent re-exam- ination of these waters, interesting as their discovery may be to the philosopher, cannot be supposed to exert much influ- ence in their medicinal action, yet, doubtless, they are not- without effect. Since the detection of barium and strontium compounds in these waters containing sulphates, the attention of the writer was drawn to a recent communication of M. Dieulafait to the Academy of Science of Paris, as to the very general presence of strontium carbonate or sulphate in the sea waters, as well as in limestone, gypsum, and the fossil remains of the mol- lusca, and saline mineral waters generally. According to his statement, only forty-four out of eight hundred of such waters, &c., failed to show distinct evidence of the presence of strontium. On examining Liebig's analysis of the celebrated Kciscr- qiicllc (Emperor well), at Aix-la-Chapelle, in Rhenish Prussia, one of the most noted waters of Europe, and an early resort of the Romans, a remarkable resemblance in general com- position may be seen between this and the salt sulphur water of the Olympian Springs, as the following comparative table. shows : 366 CHEMICAL REPORT. 21 Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate .... Baryta carbonate Strontia carbonate Iron carbonate Alumina Manganese, phosphoric acid Lime sulphate Potash sulphate Soda sulphate Soda carbonate Lithia carbonate Lithium chloride Calcium chloride Magnesium chloride .... Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Sodium bromide Magnesium bromide .... Sodium sulphide Sodium iodide Boracic acid Silica Organic matters, &c. . . Total saline matters in looo parts . Temperature Salt sulphur water of Olympian Springs, O.I975 .0506 .0128 .0045 .0025 . 0006 1 traces. J .0083 traces. .0008 .0213 .1089 4.8997 •°355 .0166 traces. traces. traces. .0232 .0340 Water of Emperor Well, Aix-la-Chapelle. 0.1580 .0510 traces. traces. .1540 .2830 .6500 .0003 2.6390 .0036 .0006 .0195 traces. .0661 .0752 5.4i(.8 4.1020 56° F. 131° F. The Aix-la-Chapelle are hot springs, and the water con- tains more alkaline sulphates and carbonates, with less of chlorides and bromides, than our salt sulphur water; but the general resemblance of their chemical composition is close, especially as they contain nearly the same gaseous ingre- dients. One object in view in the re-examination of the Olympian Spring waters was to ascertain whether their proportion of saline matters had been diminished in the lapse of nearly twenty years since the first analyses were made by the writer. It is interesting to see that no notable change in this respect has occurred. {See vol. 4, p. 69, Reports Geological S2ii^vey of Kentucky, first series'). The slight apparent difference being probably due to less perfect drying of the total saline matters in the former analyses. 367- .2 2 CHEMICAL REPORT. Chalybeate Mineral Waters of the Olympian Springs. No. 1987 — "Main Chalybeate Spring ; in a valley, about half a mile north of the main building, Olympian Springs'' The water runs, over a wooden gutter, out of the ferrugin- ous magnesian limestone, which Hes under the Devonian shale, at the base of the hill, about four feet above the bed of the so-called " Chal)'beate Branch," which runs into Mud Lick. The spring yields about three litres of water per minute (i. e., somewhat more than three quarts). The temperature of the water is 54° Fahrenheit. It deposits a sediment in its channel of outflow, which is of a ferruginous-brown color. The water, as it flows out of its source, is remarkably clear, but exposure to the air, by the removal of carbonic acid and the substitution of oxygen, converts the dissolved iron carbonate into the hy- drated peroxide, which is insoluble in water. The dried fcrritginoiis sediment, on analysis, was found to contain about 65 per cent, of tj^on peroxide, about 20 per cent, of soluble silica, with notable proportions of lime and magnesia carbonates, and traces of manganese, phosphoric and apoerenic aeids. Hydrosulphuric acid did not detect the presence of arsenic or any metal of that group. No. 1988 — " CiL-VLYiiEATE Sv'Ri'HG, flowiug oiit of a crevicc in the ferruginous magnesian- limestone in the bed of the Chalyb- eate Branch, about sixty yards above the main chalybeate spring above described." It deposits a ferruginous sediment in the bed of the branch of a light brownish-orange color. 368 CHEMICAL REPORT. 23 COMPOSITION OF THESE OLYMPIAN SPRING CHALYBEATE WATERS. In the 1000 parts. Free carbonic acid i:as Iron carbonate . . , . Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate. . Manganese carbonate Phosphoric acid . . . Lime sulphate . . . . Magnesia sulphate Potash sulphate . . . Soda sulphate . . . Sodium chloride . Magnesium chloride . Lithium chloride . . . Apocrenic acid . . Silica . Loss . . Total saline matters in 1000 parts of the waters No. 1987. o. 1214 0.0242 .0998 .0143 trace trace. •0554 .1170 .OJ25 .0308 .0031 trace . trace. •0332 .0194 No. 1988 o. 1269 0.4097 O.OIOO .0890 .0103 trace . trace. .0366 .0693 0117 .0238 .0060 trace . trace. .0198 .oit)S 0.2935' "] Held in so- I lution by [- the free I car b o n i c J acid. The main chalybeate spring water is in (-very respect very good of its kind, and may be used in all cases in which cha- lybeate remedies are indicated. The principal difference in composition between the two springs is, that the main spring is more than twice as strong in iron carbonate, making it a better chalybeate remedy than the other. It also contains more sulphate of magnesia, but less sulphate of soda. They form a valuable addition to the Olympian Springs. As the chalybeate and other saline ingredients of these waters seem evidently to have been derived mainly from the ferruginous magnesian limestone out of which they flow, and which the waters have worn and perforated in a remarkable manner, the writer collected some of the limestone and sub- mitted it to analysis, with the following result : -No. 1989 — Ferruginous Magnesian Limestone, 07it of which jiozv tlie chalybeate springs above described, as well as many others in this region, and which forms the bed of tJie Chalyb- eate Branch, at ajid near those chalybeate sp7Hngs. It lies immediately lender Black Devonian Shale. Collected by Rob- ert Peter. 369 24 CHEMICAL REPORT. A crystalline-granular limestone; grey, of various tints, in the interior — generall)' light grey; light ferruginous or brown- ish-ochreous on the exterior. Adheres slightly to the tongue, and is more or less porous. The water has worn it irregu- larly, and in somi; places perforated it by enlarging the small crevices or cavities in it. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212- F. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Iron carbonate , Phosphoric acid . . Potash Soda Silica Total . 54.000 34-027 11.532 .006 ■143 040 .2S0 ICO. 028 The main aeent in the solution of this ferruginous limestone is, undoubtedl)', the carbonic acid dissolved in the water which flows over or percolates it. The greater part of this carbonic acid is no doubt deri\'ed from the gradual decomposition of the vegetable matters on the surface of the hill at the base of which the springs and this rock are located, At present this and the neighboring hills are covered with the primeval pine forest, which keeps the surface continually covered with its vegetable debris, which, b)- slow decomposition and oxidation, yields an abundance of carbonic acid to the atmospheric water which falls upon it, thus making it, what the pure water itself is not, a good solvent of the iron and other carbonates of the ferruginous magnesian limestone beneath. It appears, there- fore, that the character or strength of these springs is greatly dependent on the forest growth on the surface of the hill or hills above them; and that if these woods on the hills above should be at any time cleared off, and the surface of the land deprived of its present carpet of decaying vegetable matters, the springs would measurably lose their strength and value. Another deplorable result from clearing off these woods and bringing the soil into arable culture would be, that more of the atmospheric water would run off from the surface of the hills, and less of it would sink into the depth of the soil and 370 CHEMICAL REPORT. 25 subsoil to feed springs ; so that, if the springs were not en- tirely dried up, except in a rainy season, their outflow would be greatl)- diminished. Moreover, the beauty, salubrity, and attractiveness of this favorite sylvan watering-place depend greatly on the native pine forest which clothes the neighbor- ing hills. In addition to the sulphur, salt sulphur, and chalybeate waters of this locality, there are others, saline and alkaline, ot various qualities, derix'ing their dissoK'ed ingredients, some from the salts of the primeval ocean under which the rocks were deposited, some from the action of the atmospheric waters and gases on the Devonian and other strata. One oi the oldest known, which formerly was called a salt lick, to which the wild denizens of the fon-sts resorted, and around which the buffaloes made their wallows, may be described as follows : No. 1990 — -" Salt Water from tJie old well at the original Salt Lick, near the remains of the old barracks of the z'olmileers of 181 2, about one hundred to one hnndred and fifty yards south from the main housed The water flows out in a small stream, running into Mud Lick creek. The ground about is covered with an efflores- cence of salt. The water tastes like that of the salt sulphur well, but it has only a slight odor of hydrogen sulphide. COMPOSITION OF THIS SALT WATER. Carbonic acid gas, not estivialed ; hydrogen sulphuic, iL OR Uxder-clay, from the same locality, one foot thick, lying jnst below the next preceding, and imme- diately aboc'c the bed-rock." This is also quite a tough material, showing more mottling with bluish-grey clay than the preceding, and some manganese- infiltrations, and containing some small calcareous nodules. The bolting-cloth separated from the silicious residues of all these six subsoils or under-cla) s a considerable proportion of dull, angular fragments of what appeared to be hard sili- cates, which had not been decomposed by the acids in which they had been digested in the process of analysis. composition of these eight grant county soils, subsoils, &c., DRIED at 212° F. No. 200S No, 2009 No. 2010. No 2011 No. 2012. No. 2013. No. 2014 No. 2015. Alumina and iron and manganese oxides 13.849 1.420 .513 .636 .952 .082 5.513 77.640 12.675 1.465 .600 ■435 .7S0 .617 5 4'"" 78.065 6.847 .200 .420 .188 .568 ■317 5425 86. 165 9,199 .190 .420 .086 .156 .368 4. too 85.460 11.672 .165 .398 .188 ■579 .104 4 450 82 . 490 12.564 .225 .609 .236 .259 .240 5.600 80.115 15-237 ■5 1. 124 .019 4.950 75.240 24.465 '■til Phosphoric acid Potash ... Soda AN'ater and organic matters lost on Ignition Sand and insoluble silicates , . . ■589 669 ■245 442s 59-940 Total . . 100.607 100.937 100. 130 99-979 100.046 99.854 100.066 100.044 Hygroscopic moisture . 5.710 5.950 2.750 3.400 3-825 5 950 6.575 5.25° Potash in the insoluble silicates . Soda in the insoluble silicates 2.524 •499 2. 511 I. 214 1.687 .388 1.958 .260 '■531 ■ C38 2.004 ■397 2.410 • 407 2. 70 J .265- Character of the sample . . Subsoil. Under- clay. Soil. Subsoil. Under- clay^ Under- day. Under- day. Under- cl.iy. 386 CHEMICAL RErORT. 4I. . Subsoils 2008 and 2009, from the same locality, resemble each other, nearly, in chemical composition ; their great tough- ness, mainly due, no doubt, to their large proportions of alumina, may be partly owing to their peculiar mode of aggregation. Their composition, with the exception of the absence of any notable quantity of /annus, is that of our rich- est soils ; but their physical condition is no doubt unfavorable to fertility. These, as well as the six other samples, were doubtless derived mainly from the so-called " mudstone " strata of the Lower Silurian formation. In these latter samples a regular increase, in the proportion of the aluminous materials, may be observed, as the depth from the surface increases, indicating probably the influence of the infiltration of surface waters. In nearly all of these clays there are large propor- tions of phosphoric acid and potash. Other similar samples, collected b)' Mr. Charles J. Nor- wood, from the deep cuts of this railroad in Grant county, are described below, as follows : No. 2016 — "Subsoil, hventv-one inches thick. Just beloio the top- soil, "o-ihich is one foot thick. In front of Mrs. Afary Rens- laer s house. Section t,t,. Second cut froin the north end of the C. S. R. R., Grant county." Dried subsoil in yellowish-brown, somewhat friable clods. , Some little mixture of light ash-grey material observable in it. The bolting-cloth removed, from its silicious residue, a con- siderable proportion of soft granules of partly decomposed silicates, but no silicious particles. No. 201 7 — " Under-clay, from the same locality, eighteen inches ■ thick, Iving immediately under the preceding subsoil, and ex- te7iding down to the imderlying limestone," &c. This resembles the preceding generally, in color, but is much more tough, and has some dark ferruginous or man- ganese discolorations, and a little more of the light colored material. The silicious residue also contains a large proportion of soft, partly decomposed silicate granules. 38Z- 42 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2018 — "Surface Soil, to the depth of fifteen inches. Sec- tion 34. Second cut from tlie so2cth end, C. S. R. R.," &c. A friable earth of a liyht grey-umber color, containing a few- dark concretions. The silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a few soft granules of partly decomposed silicates. No. 2019 — "Subsoil, from the same locality as the last, 7ii7ieteen inches thick, next bcloio the snr/acc soil," &c. A somewhat friable subsoil, having a more ferruginous tint than the preceding, and showing- some dark colored infiltra- tions. Silicious residue like the preceding. No. 2020 — " Under-clay, one foot thick, same locality as the frcccdino^, ' ' &c. A somewhat tough clay. Mottled, with light grey-ferrugi- nous of various tints, and nearly black infiltrated manganese oxide. .Silicious residue like the preceding. No. 2021 — " Uxder-i'LAV, eighteen inches thick, just below the pirccding-," &c., &c. A tough clay ; mottled like the preceding. No. 2022 — " UxDER-CL.w, t2oo fcct thiik, OH the bed rock, same locality as the preceding i' cfc, cfc. Mottled like the preceding. Some parts of it compact and laminated. Contains occasional fragments of limestone and sandstone. Silicious residue like the preceding. COMPOSIIION OF THESE SOII_S, SUl'.SOILS, &c., DRIED AT 212° F. Nn J016 No. 207 Xo. 2018 No. 2019 No. 2020. 18.593 ■=75 .402 . -393 .611 .165 6.290 73575 No. 2021. No. 2022. Alumina and iron and manganest iixides ... . . Lime carbonate . ... ^lagnesia ... Phosphoric acid . Potash ... Snda 17.502 I. 115 .151 -■17'- ?, 9 .052 5 365 75.090 = 7 35.'- 4 555 ■457 ■■ 585 125 4 675 60.9U7 0.540 ■ 575 .312 •345 .587 5.675 83 ■ 790 10.222 .290 .266 ■313 .150 3.780 84.890 15.437 1.225 •079 ■473 .809 .066 6.085 75,890 11.792 8.240 .824 ■793 1.778 • 359 4.290 71.924 \\'.itcr and organic matters lost on igmthiii Saiii.l and insoluble silic.ttes. . . . Total . . 100.557 99.983 100.824 99.911 100. 304 100.664 not est 100.000 Hygroscopic moisture . not ust not est. not est not est. not est not est. Potash in the insoluble silicates. Soda in the insoluble silicates. . 1.542 ■-97 1.487 .212 1.679 ■510 1. 881 ■ 552 ..489 .486 ■^ 428 2,423 376 ■ 324 Character of the sample Subsoil Under- day. Surface soil. Subsoil. Under- daj Under- clay. Under- clay. CHEMICAI, REPORT. 43 These seven soils, subsoils, and under-cla)'s present a gen- eral resemblance, in composition as well as in physical char- acter, to the eight described above. The same remark will apply to the si.x remaining samples described below, from section No. 35, on the same railroad. No. 2023 — " Top Soil to about one foot in defith, from the cut at the north end in section 35, on the Cincinnati Southern Rail- road, Grant county. Collected by C. /. Auj?-2C'ood." The dried soil is in friable clods of a dirty drab color, mot- tled with yellowish and ferruginous. The silicious residue, left after digestion of the soil in acids, all passed through the bolting-cloth, except many soft, whitish, rounded grains of partly decomposed silicates. No. 2024 — "Subsoil, ta'cnty-one inches thick, innnediatelv below tJie top soil, from the same locality," Crc. Dried subsoil in friable lumps ; motth-d with light grey and ferruginous of different tints. .Silicious residue like that of the preceding. No. 2025 — " Under-clay, two feet thick, lying f est -under the preceding. Same locality," Ct~'c., &c. A tough clay, mostly of an ochreous yellow color, mottled with grey-ferruginous, with some nearly black infiltrations of manganese oxide. No. 2026 — " Under-clay, eight inches thick, just under tJie next preceding. Same locality," Cfc, &c. Dried clay not quite so tough as the next preceding; of rather a lighter yellowish color; mottled like that, but with less of the dark colored material. Silicious residue like that of the preceding. No. 2027 — "Under-clay, six Indies thick, just below the next precedifig. Same locality," &c., &c. Dried clay in rather friable lumps, generally of a light yel- lowish brown color, mottled with light ochreous yellow. Sili- cious residue resembling that of the preceding. 44 CHEMICAL REPORT. No. 2028 — " Under-clav, twenty-six inches thick, Just under the next preceding, lying on the limestone bed rock, and in some places seoning to replace the bed rock. Same locality as the preceding," &c., Crr. Dried clay in rather tough clods, of a brownish yellow color, much mottled with dark brownish ferruginous. Silicious resi- due like that of the preceding. COMPOSITION OF THESE SIX GRANT COUNTY SOILS, SUBSOILS, AND UNDER-CI.AYS, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 2023. Xo 2024. No. 2025. i No. 2026. N'.i 2027. I Xo- 2028. Alumina and iron and manganese oxides. . Lime carbonate. . ... M.i,L;ntsi.i . . .... Phosphoric acid . Potash . Soda ^\'.ltL^ and organic matters lo^t on ignition . . . S.urI and insoluble silicates 7.22s ■ 470 ■ 303 .185 ■738 4.650 87 065 9.852 ■ 390 .447 .358 .282 3.940 84. 760 16 I S 75 827 640 645 35S 213 337 400 040 14.492 2.315 .609 ■358 .760 4.450 77^440 21 124 4.305 .420 .361 .210 .308 5.025 68 515 23.100 3.640 .223 .505 •534 S.850 66. jo-n Total . 100.636 100.029 100.460 100.424 100.268 100.242 Hygroscopic moisture. ... not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. not est. Potash in the insoluble silicates . Soda in the insoluble silicates . I,3l2 .722 1.673 ■(■71 ■.! . 103 •433 2.851 .417 2 700 1 2.865 •37S ' ^449 Character of the sample Top soil. Subsoil. Und cla er- Under- clay. Under- clay. Under- day. The general remarks on the first and second groups of these samples will apply equall)' well to these. GR.W^OX COUNTY. No. 2029 — "X'lucTX .Soil, to the depth of about eight inches: from Grayson Springs, about fo/tr hundred yai'ds west of the j-ailroad. On the Leitchfield marl. Chester Group. ^Vatiz'c frest gn>7,'/h, mostly while oak. Yield- of corn, 25 to 40 bushels: of wheat, 12 ti> 15 bushels; of tobacco, 800 to 1,000 pounds per acre. G^otuI for cloi'cr and grasses. Collected bv J, dm JI. Talbutt." Dried soil, somewhat clotld)-, of a light buff-grey color. The silicious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth. 390 CHEMICAL REPORT. 45 No. 2030 — " Subsoil of tlie preccdiiig, taken to the depth of three fct. Collected by John H. Talhutt. The dried subsoil is of a dirty orange-grey color. The silicioLis residue, after digestion in acids, all passed through the bolting-cloth. COMl'OSniON OF THESE SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and mang.inese oxides Lime carbonate ... ... ^Magnesia Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash Soda Water, expelled at 380° F Sand and insoluble silicates Total Hygroscopic moisture Potash in the insoluble silicates . . . Soda in the insoluble silicates ... Character of the soil No. 2029. 3-239 3.096 .020 .097 .144 not est. .160 .268 .506 91.865 No. 2030. 2-534 4.781 .045 .061 .159 not est. . 100 . 102 •483 91.490 99-395 99-775 -203 i 1.575 0.927 .262 ■254 \'irgin soil.' Subsoil. These soils, of average natural fertility, would require the application of lime or marl, with phosphatic and alkaline fer- tilizers, to enable them to maintain, indefinitely, a high degree of productiveness. Judicious rotation of crops, including the sufficient use of ameliorating clover or grass crops, to be grazed or plowed in, together with barn-yard manure, might keep them in good condition for quite a long period, without the application of any outside fertilizers, especially if the pro- ducts were consumed upon the farm ; but when these are ex- ported a gradual deterioration must result in all soils, unless the essential mineral ingredients carried off in the products are in some manner restored. 391 46 CI-IEMICWl, REPORT. GREENUP COUNTY. C 'ALS. No. 2031 — "Co.vL, from Cane Creek Mines . Nezv opening in the No. 3 Coal, near Hunneivell Fui-nace. Az'eraoe sample N^o. I ; sent by Mr H. JV. Bates, Vice President of the Eastern Kentucky Railii'ay Company." A fine-looking- coal, pitch black, breaking into thin laminae, with no apparent p)rit(js, and some fibrous coal. No. 2032 — "Coal. Averai^e sample iVo. 2; taken from about one hundred yards Jrom the place of the preceding sample. Same locality." (Jr^r., &c. Coal not quite so bright as the preceding sample. Some granular pyrites apparent between the laminse. No. 2033 — " Co.\i.. Average sample A^o. 3; fom the same local- ity as the t'Zi'o preceding : taken abontone Inindred yards distant from the others." Resembles the last sample, but has no apparent granular pyrites. Some fibrous coal between the laminae. CijMpnSlTIOX OF TIIE-^E (;ivEi:NUP COUNTY COALS, AIR-DRIEri. Specific gravity Plygvoscopic moisture A'olatile combustible malLe C'jl or light buff-umber. Clods mottled with light brick color. The coarse sieve removed from it a very few small ferrugin- ous quartzy particles. The silicious residue contained rather more small quartz grains, and soft partly decomposed silicate particles, than the preceding. 403: .58 CHEiMICAL REPORT. No. 2052 — "Black Soil" (so-called); ''non-productive; all vegetables raised on it look sickly. Sitrface soil, from the Edgetouni stock farui of H. B. Tidly, Russellville. Collected by Rev. H. Hertzer:' The dried soil is in pretty firm clods, of a dark snuff-brown color. It contains no gravel. The silicious residue all passed through bolting-cloth, except a few small quartz grains, and a considerable proportion ol soft rounded particles of partly de- composed silicates. No. 2053 — "Subsoil, taken from a depth of six feet. From the same locality as the next preceding. Collected by Rev. H. ddertzcr." "It is the richest virgin soil from the decomposition of the St. Louis limestone, which rests underneath, partly decayed to six feet in depth. This subsoil, mixed with the lighter sur- face soil, makes very good bricks, and always enriches the surface soil when properly plowed up. It is preferred for the production of fine tobacco, characterized by broad silky leaves and small stems or midribs. Forest growth, cedar and black walnut." This dried subsoil is of a bright brick-red color. It is somewhat clodd)-. The coarse sieve removed from it some few angular particles of partly decomposed chert. The sili- cious residue all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a few small rounded grains of transparent quartz, and a consid- erable quantity of soft particles of partly decomposed silicates. No. 2054 — " Surface .Soil, /// cultivation for about thirtv rears. From the same locality as the preceding. Crops, generallv of corn, the average yield of zvhich is thirty bushels. Original groivth . black ivalnut, elm, ivild chemy, red and post oaks. Collected by Rev. H. Hert.zer" The dried soil is in friable clods of a light buff-umber color. Contains no gravel. Silicious residue like that of the next preceding. 404 CIIKMKAL REPORT. 59 No. 2055 — "Subsoil of the next preceding," &c., &c. Dried subsoil of a light brick color, in pretty firm clods. The coarse sieve separated from it a few particles of decom- posing chert. The silicious residue is like that of the preced- ing. COMPOSITION OF THESE LOGAN COUNTY SOILS, FJRIED AT 212" F. No. 2049. No. 2050. No. 2051. No. 2052 No. 2053 No. 2054. No. 2055. Organic and volatile matters .... Alumina and iron and manganese oxides . .... Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid . . Sulphuric acid . . ... Potash Soda 2.900 3-247 ■395 ■ 115 •093 not est. .132 2.585 7-095 .210 .196 ■"5 not est. ..69 "-765 88-755 2.560 5.297 -"95 .too .093 not est. . 121 .068 .765 9°-935 3 925 8.31.^ .040 .346 .125 not est. .c6o I 275 85-035 3-675 II. 811 .245 .227 .109 not est. .212 .015 .950 82.365 2-775 4.812 .180 .170 .093 not est. .085 .600' 91.090 3.048 9.158 .180 -14 .077 not est . .326 Water, expelled at 380° F Sand and insoluble silicates . . .675 92.350 ■773 86.275 Total. 100. 107 99-890 100. 194 99.721 99.609 99.805 loo. 103 Hygroscopic moisture . 1 435 2-385 1.550 2.675 3.800 1.25° -■525 Potash in the insoluble silicates . . . Soda in the insoluble silicates . . 0.890 .301 '-334 ■357 ..286 .299 1. 212 -353 1-349 i ■ 474 .266 .532 .265 Character of the soil ... Virgin soil Subsoil. Old field soil. Bl.ick Mill Subsoil. Old field soil. Subsoil. The group of soils Nos. 2049, 2050, and 2051 are naturally of average fertility, if they are sufficiently underdrained, with the exception that the virgin surface soil appears to be rather deficient in phosphoric acid and organic matters or hnnius. The use of phosphatic fertilizers, and the culti\ation of green crops — of clover or grasses — to be grazed or plowed under, or of barn-yard manure, would no doubt greatly increase their productiveness. The surface could also be improved by a gradual mixture of the heavier subsoil with the surface soil during this process of amelioration. The unproductiveness of the black soil seems to be partly due to a deficiency of potash. Possibly, however, the land is not sufficiently underdrained. If there is no want of drain- age, the application of wood ashes, or other fertilizers con- taining potash, would undoubtedly restore productiveness, especially, as in other respects, this soil is not deficient in the essential elements. The red subsoil of the same locality, No. 405. '60 CHEMICAL REPORT. 2052, would no doubt answer the same purpose, because of its considerable proportion of potash, which may account for its favorable influence on the tobacco plant. Subsoils, however, should generally be gradually mixed with the sur- face soil, and accompanied by barn-yard manure, or some other organic fertilizer, to supply /nanus. The influence of the thirty years' cultivation on the soil of the old fields is manifest in the reduction of the proportions of potash, phosphoric acid, lime, &c., and the increased pro- portion of the silicious material, as compared with the original soil. The continued cultivation of hoed or plowed crops, such as corn, for a long series of years, has a very deteriorating effect upon the soil, not onl)' because the single crop gener- all)- draws inordinately on one kind of mineral matter, as, for example, the corn makes a great demand on the phosphoric acid of the soil, but also because the constantly exposed sur- face is greatly subject to the washing action of the atmos- pheric waters, which continually carry off its lighter and richer ingredients, while its liumiis is more than usuall)' removed by the oxydating action of the air. A judicious rotation, in which green crops, covering the soil for a time, undisturbed by the plow, may protect the land from this washing and de- composing influence of the atmospheric agencies, while they, whi^n grazed or plowed under, in whole or in part, may renew the lunmts, and bring the mineral ingredients of the soil into a soluble and available condition for the nourishment of inter- mediate grain crops, or even of tobacco crops, would conduce greatly to profitable farming, more especially if manures or fertilizers are applied to the grc^en crops. The tobacco plant, which makes so heavy a demand on the soil for potash and lime, as well as phosphoric acid, undoubtedly requires a sys- tem of this kind for its continued or profitable cultivation. 406 CHEMICAL REPORT. 6l LYON COUNTY. Iron Ores. No. 2056 — " LiMONiTE. Labeled iron ore, from Hall's patch drift, Lyon county. Centre Fui-nace. Collected by P. N. Moore." Mostly in dense, hard, brown, irregular laminae, but contain- ing a considerable proportion of red and yellow porous and soft ochreous material. No. 2057 — " LiMONiTE. Ore from Skillian Bank. Centre Fiirnace, Lyo7i conntv. Collected by P. N. Jl/ooi'e." Mostly in dense, hard, dark-brown and blackish irregular layers, with but littk^ of softer, reddish, brownish and yellow ochreous material. Other Centre Furnace iron ores may be found under Trigg county. COMPOSITION OF THESE LYON COUNTY IRON ORKS, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide Alumina Manganese oxide Lime carbonate Magnesia Pliosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Combined water Silica and insoluble silicates. Total Percentage of iron . Percentage of phosphorus. Percentage of sulphur . . Percentage of silica . . No. 2056. No. 2057. 66. 192 1-393 a trace. a trace. .185 a trace. 10.000 22.910 68.162 1.763 a trace, a trace. ■505 a trace. 9.630 20.050 100.680 100. no 46.320 .079 a trace. 21 .820 47-703 .220 ^ trace. 19.060 These are evidently very good iron ores, more especially No. 2056, which contains much the less of the injurious inqre- dient, phosphorus, and which, consequently, would yield quite a tough iron by judicious smelting. 407 62 CHEMICAL REPORT. MADISOX COUNTY. No. 2058 — "Coal, fro77t Afarshall Moraii s Bank, Big Hill. Thickness of tJic bed about tliirty-lour inches. Average sam- ple by foJui R. Proefer." A sub-conglomerate coal. A firm, pure-looking splint coal. Has some fibrous coal between the thin laminae, but very little appearance of pyrites. COMPOSITION, AIR-DRIED. ir^'i^'if '^' i!"°!n 'i"'^^ ' '.t' ^' ^' I Total volatile matters . 40.10 Volatile combustible matters. . 3"-53j ■]■ • I , j Carbon in the coke 55 . 77 ^ ^ ^^ ' jy-y \ Light yellowish-grey ash 4-13 100.00 100.00 The percentage of sulphur is only 0.749. In volume IV of new series of these Reports, pages 109, 1 10, may be found the analyses of other samples of the coal from this layer, exhibiting considerable differences in the rela- tive proportions of sulphur, &c., &c. No doubt the present sample is a bt:tter average sample than No. 1878, which ex- hibits so much larg(;r quantity of sulphur. No. 2059 — Mineral W.vter. " Sulphur iciafcr . from a well O'loncd by Dr. f. Reed; bored seven hundred and fifty fct deep ; begun in the Black Devonian shale, and probably pass- ing info the Trenton limestone, near Paint Lick. Collected by fohn R. Procter T This water, brought to the lal)orat(iry in a corked bottle, had of course lost most of its hydrogen sulphide by decomposition. It yet smelt of this compound, and was of a slightly yellowish tint, from the presence of a little sodium sulphide. It could not be quantitatively analyzed, but the evaporation of a por- tion of it showed that it contained a quantity of solid saline matters equal to 0.2S92 to the 1000 parts, or about two grains to the wine pint. These were found, by testing, to consist of carbonates of lime, magnesia, iron, &c., held in solution by carbonic acid, and sulphates of magnesia, lime, and probably of potash, with small quantities of chloride and sulphide of sodium, &c. No doubt it is a good sulphur water, which de- serves a complete analysis. 408 CHEMICAL REPORT. 65 No. 2060 — "Red Bud Soih, from the Covingion farm, tJiirty- four mi/es cast of Lexington, half a mile back of Elliston, Jlladison county ■ Collected by Mr. L. H. DeFriese.'' " On the hill slope, nineteen degrees west, below the outcrop of the magnesian limestone and black Devonian shale. Depth of the surface soil, twelve to fifteen inches. Forest growth :. red oak, burr oak, honey and black locusts, white and black walnuts, hickories, sycamore, maple, black, blue, and white ash, &c. Yield: thirty to fifty bushels of corn, eight to fifteen of wheat, fifteen to twenty of oats. No hemp raised, and but little rye." The dried soil is of a brown-umber color. The coarse sieve separated from it 1.14 per cent, of ferruginous and cherty particles. The bolting-cloth removed, from its silicious res- idue, a considerable portion of fine rounded quartzose grains^ mostly transparent, with a few dark colored particles of unde- composed silicates. COMPOSITIOX, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters. Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate Magnesia Phosphoric acid Potash Soda , Water, expelled at 380° F. . Sand and insoluble silicates Total Hygroscopic moisture, . . . Potash in the insoluble silicates Soda in the insoluble silicates . , 825, 434- 61S 043 301 379 094 415 965 99.071 3-165 i-53r .300 On reference to volume IV, first series of Reports of the Kentucky Geological Survey, page 215, it will be seen that this rich soil has undergone some deterioration since the analyses there reported were made, about eighteen years ago. According to the description of soil No. 1128, given VOL. I.-CHEM. 27. 409> 64 CHEMICAL REPORT. ■on page 214, it was collected from the same place, or nearly so, as the soil above described. Local differences, however, may exist, making the comparison imperfect. jAI ' C R AC K E N C O U NT Y . No. 2061 — "Surface Soil, to the depth of eiglit inches. From the faj-m of L. J/. Floiirnoy, three miles from Padttcali. Ter- tiary foj-mation, <5fc. Forest groi.>./ the tzvo preceding soil's, &c. (Sand beneath this)," &c. The dried under-clay resembles the subsoil, but the clods are more firm. All passed through the coarse sieve. The bolting-cloth removed h'om the silicious residue a large pro- portion of particles of partly decomposed silicates. 410 CHEMICAL REPORT. 65 COMPOSITION OF THESE McCRACKEN COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate Magnesia , Phosphoric acid Potash . Soda Water, expelled at 380° F Sand and insoluble silicates Total . Hygroscopic moisture Potash in the insoluble silicates .... Soda in the insoluble silicates . ... Character of the soil . No. 2061. 2.050 5-497 .115 .268 •093 . 167 .171 1. 000 90.940 100.301 No. 2062. 2.650 12.300 .190 .521 .115 .284 1 .000 82.490 99-55° No. 2063. 2.67s 10.834 .190 .649 .061 • 643 .087 1 .000 83.865 100.004 1.425 4.000 3 425 1 .700 -598 1.605 .911 1.427 Surface soil Subsoil. Under-clay These soils, of average natural fertility, could no doubt be greatly improved in productiveness by the use of top-dress- ings of phosphatic fertilizers, such as bone-dust, superphos- phate, or guano. The subsoil is richer than the surface, especially in potash, and might be gradually plowed up and mixed with it in cultivation with advantage. The manurial products of the barn-yard and stables, both solid and liquid, should be carefully husbanded and regularly used upon the soil. There is no reason why a very high degree of product- iveness may not be maintained on this soil by a judicious sys- tem of farming, in the proper use of fertilizers, and a due rotation of crops, if it is well drained. MEADE COUNTY. Soils. No. 2064 — "Virgin Surface Sou., from the land of Rlr. Mc- Carfy, Muldraiigli, ]\Ieade county. Sample taken twenty yards from the railroad, half a mile f'orn the station. Under- lying rock, hiff and blue sandstone of the JVaverly Group. Collected by fohn H. Talbutt. " Forest growth, white oaks, some trees five feet in diam- 411 66 CHEMICAL REPORT. eter; poplar (liriodendron), some eight feet in diameter; large chestnut, beech, red oak, shellbark hickory, some sugar-tree, &c. Average corn crop, twenty to thirty bushels." Dried soil of a brownish umber-grey color. Clods some- what adhesive. It all passed through the coarse sieve, except some small angular fragments of weathered chert, and a little shot iron ore. The bolting-cloth removed, from the silicious. residue, some rounded grains of quartz and of dark colored silicates. No. 2065 — "Subsoil to the preceding'' &c., &c. The dried subsoil is cloddy. Its general color is reddish ferruginous, mottled with lighter colored and grey. It con- tains fragments of weathered chert. The clods are quite firm. The silicious residue contains a small quantit)- of small rounded quartz grains. No. 2066 — " Ux\DER-CLAV belozc the tioo preccdino-y &c., &c. Clods quite adhesive. Generally of a handsome buff color, mottled and infiltrated with red ferruginous. It contains a considerable proportion of fragments of weathered chert. COMPOSITION OF THESE MEADE COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters . Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Lime carbonate . . .... Magnesia Pliosphoric acid . Potash Soda Water, expelled at 380° F. ... Sand and insoluble silicates T.jtal . Hygroscopic moisture No. 2064 I No. 206; 3 -SOS 5-°9' •095 •133 .109 ,.56 1 .000 89.725 99.874 .600 665 741 070 242 140 425 No. 2066. 3.60O' 1 1 . 604 .045 •538 .156 1.082 I ■ 335 75.825 99-443 4.265 .650 82.125 99 . 800 2.950. Potash in the insoluble silicates Sod.r in the insoluble silicates. . Character of the soil. 412 .297 .471 1.540 ■304 Virgin sur face soil. 2.259 .i5(> Subsoil. Under-clay CHEMICAL REPORT. 6/ These soils would be greatly improved by top-dressings of lime or calcareous marl in considerable quantity. The sub- soil and under-clay are quite rich in potash, and might be gradually mixed with the upper soil during cultivation. The small average crop of corn is probably due, in part, to the paucity of lime in these soils. MERCER COUNTY. No. 2067 — "Limestone, containing green sa?id or glaiiconite. Sent by Jllr. H. L. Tabler, of Harrodsbicrg, who says there is a bed of it two feet thick near that place." A dull, grey, fine-granular limestone, containing a large pro- portion of small, rounded, bluish-green grains of what seems to be green sand or glauconite, together with a considerable proportion of bright, minute, cubical iron pyrites. Some of the limestone, coarsely powdered, was digested in a warm solution of ammonium nitrate, afterwards in weak chlorhydric acid, to remove the calcium carbonate. The res- idue was then ignited to remove sulphur from the iron bi-sul- phide, after which the iron proto-sulphide was separated by means of a magnet. The remaining green particles were fused with mixed alka- lies, and analyzed, with the following result, viz : Silica ... . .... Iron and manganese oxides and alumina Lime ... Magnesia Tliosphoric acid -Alkalies and loss Total S8 . 120 32 .^qS 784 So; 102 1 789 100 000 The proportion of the green particles in the limestone was not ascertained, but the whole material fused readily before the blow-pipe, with intumescence, into a dark colored slag. .Some of the original limestone was also examined as to its ;alkaline ingredients, and was found to yield: of potash, 3.372 413 6S CHEMICAL REPORT. per cent. ; of soda, .319 per cent. ; so that there is little doubt that the green particles are glauconite. As to the probable economic uses of this green limestone layer, little can be said. Some of it was calcined, in a pow- dered state, and tested as to its availability in the manufacture of hydraulic cement, but it was found not to harden in water. Possibly calcination with more lime might develop this prop- erty. It is possible, also, that careful calcination alone, or with more lime, might make it available as an alkaline fertil- izer. NICHOLAS COUNTY. No. 206S — "Mineral Water. Re-cxamiiiation of the salt S2il- p/iicr water of the celebrated LoTx'cr Blue Lick Spring.'" About twenty-seven years have passed since the present writer submitted this water to a quantitative chemical analysis, the results of which, published at the time, are reproduced in volume III of the first series of Reports of the Geological Survey of Kentucky (see pages 361 to 368). Desiring to ascertain whether any material change had occurred during this lapse of time, in the general composition of this water, and also to search for and determine some of its minuter ingredients, not at that time sought for, a new examination was made of it; Messrs. Hamilton, Gray & Co., of Maysville, having kindly placed at the disposal of the writer a barrel of the recent water. The comparative results of the two analyses, made twenty- seven years apart, show a remarkable resemblance, proving that this celebrated water has not been sensibly weakened or- altered in composition during this period, as follows: 414 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION IN looo MEASURED PARTS OF THE WATER. 69 Specific gravity Sulphuretted hydrogen gas Free carbonic acid gas . . , Analysis 1850. Analysis 1877. 1 .007 I .0072 0-3947 •3547 not determ'd. not determ'd. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate ... Alumina, phosphate of lime and iron carbonate. Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Magnesium chloride Magnesium bromide Magnesium iodide Lime sulphate Potash sulphate Calcium chloride Lithium chloride Sodium sulphide Soda carbonate Soda bi-borate . Baryta sulphate Strontia sulphate .Silicic acid Organic acids and loss Total saline matters in 1000 parts . 0.3850 .0022 .0058 S.3473 .0227 .5272 .0039 .0007 ■5533 ■1519 .0179 .2821 10.3000 0.3184 .0211 .0038 8-3571 .i860 .4864 .0195 .0003 .5508 .0606 .0060 .0307 .0140 .0298 .0002 .0011 .0149 •4573 10.5580. The minuter ingredients discovered in this water, in this more complete analysis, are compounds of lithium, barium, strontium, and boron, as well as small quantities of sodium sulphide and soda carbonate. The two latter compounds, with the soda bi-borate, give a slightly alkaline reaction to the water, and the sodium sulphide gives it greater durability as a sulphur water than the hydro- gen sulphide alone does. The notable proportion of soda bi-borate doubtless adds to its medicinal virtues. As for the compounds of barium and strontium, they are in so small pro- portions, and probably in the nearly inert form of sulphates, that it is doubtful whether any influence can be attributed tcv them. It has not been fully determined whether the com- pounds of lithium, in such small quantities as they are usually found in mineral waters, exert any curative influence whatever; but doubtless these, as well as the other minute ingredients, 41S 70 CHEMICAL REPORT. are not without effect in this complex solution. Practical ex- perience alone in the use of such waters must determine these questions. OHIO COUNTY. Iron Ores. No. 2069 — "Clay Iros^tose, /rom IViii. Do-zjus 'Iron Moun- Liin.' Roiigli creek, above Hartford, near the base of the coal measures. Second bed, three to six inches thick. Collected by •C. J. Alor-i^'ood." A compact, fine granular, dark-grey ore. Not adhering to the tongue. Exterior thinly incrusted with limonite. No. 2070 — " Clay Ironstone. From the same locality. Third ore bid. Composed of two layers, with a thin clay parting, measuring from three to four and two to four inches, severally. Collected by C. /. Xorwood.'' Resembles the preceding. No. 2071 — " Clay Ironstone. Fro>n the same locality. Foiirth ore bed. Six inches thick. Collected by C.J. Norwood.''' Resembles the preceding, but has more exterior limonite. COMPOSITION of these CLAY IRONSTONES, DRIED AT 212° F. No. 2069. Iron carbonate . . . Ir^jii peroxide . . ... Alumina and manganese oxide Lime carbonate . . Magnesia carbonate . . Phosphoric acid . ... Sulphuric acid Silica and insoluble silicates Water and organic matters . . Total 60 . o 1 2 not est. 1 1 . 45 1 4 430 5-395 377 trace. 17 .2S0 I 055 No. 2070. No. 2071. 69.117 not est. 7-437 4.7S0 4S.211 9.227 7- 039 7 So 084 4S0 677 I 00 . 000 Percentage of iron. . Percentage of phosphorus Percentage of sulphur . . Percentage of silica 29-557 . 146 trace. n-860 32.294 - 343 •034 6.860 •307 .SSo 4.208 1.S05 .030 19.850 3-392 29.4S4 ■ 475 .012 1 7 . 460 While these claystone ores could not be made to compete with limonite ores of favorable composition in the production of the best tough iron, they may yet be made available, in the 416 CHEMICAL REPORT. 71 A'icinity of abundant cheap fuel and limestone, for the produc- tion ot cheap iron for many uses. Of course the preliminary of roasting these ores will be necessary. No. 2072 — " Limestone, under Coal A, Den s Lick Hill. On the hill above Broio/ls Coal Bank, Ihree miles soutlnvest from Hartford, Ohio county. Collected by C f. Norwood." A compact or fine granular fossiliferous limestone, of a dirty grey color, presenting a somewhat brecciated appearance in parts, with ferruginous stains in the veins. No. 2073 — " Limestone, _/6777/(,'7';/<^«.f, beloxo Coal D, on Rough creek, mouth of Brush creek, three unites beloio Hartford. Col- lected by C. f. Norzuood." ( IVill it serve for cement?) A compact or very fine-grained limestone. Interior gen- erally dark slate-grey ; exterior, and in the veins, ochreous. Somewhat brecciated in parts. Some of this rock, in the state of powder, was heated to redness in an open crucible, for an hour and a half, then mixed into a stiff paste with cold water — a portion with sand, and a part without sand ; the wet lumps were exposed to a moist atmosphere for a day, and then immersed in water. The lump containing no sand hardened completely ; that with the sand did not become so hard. composition of these OHIO COUNTY LIMESTONES DRIED AT 212° F. Lime carbonate . ... Magnesia carbonate Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Phosphoric acid ... . . . . Sulpluiric acid . . Potash . . Soda Silicious residue Moisture and loss Total No. 2072. No. 2073 go. 780 1.501 1.189 ■371 not est. •327 . 100 4. 160 1.572 Percentag-e nf lime I ro . 000 50-837 \l .680 22.74S 8.640 ■153 not est. 1-253 ■323 24 . 060 I. [43 1 00 . 000 23-341 While the first sample will yield very good lime for ordinar)- .purposes, the second may make very good hydraulic cement 417 CHEMICAL REPORT. by careful calcination. It does not require as much sand as- other hydraulic limestones which contain a smaller proportion of silicious matters. CLAYS OF OHIO COUNTY. No. 2074 — " Indura'L'ed Clay, be/ow Coal F, moiitli of Brush Rwi, on Rough creek. Collected by C.J. Norwood." A dark-grey shaly-clay, with impressions and remains of reed-like leaves, and some ferruginous stains. No. 2075 — "Clay,//-.?;;/ near Elm Lick, on R. B. Thonipson's la7id. Coal measures. A good deal used in Louisville. Col- lected by C J. Ahv'"a<00d." An irregularly laminated clay, mottled with grey of various tints, and ferruginous infiltrations. Has some imperfect veg- etable impressions, and minute glimmering specks of mica. No. 2076 — ■" C'LP^x , fro7n Bald Knob Chicrch, Caney precinct, 071 the Pinchico road, about tzvo feet beloio a coal bed. Collected by C J. A'oi'ioood." In friable lumps, showing imperfect and irregular stratifica- tion. Of a light bluish-grey color, with infiltrations of ochre- ous and ferruginous, occasionally nearly black, especially in the cracks and along the course of rootlets which have pene- trated it. Before the blow-pipe it appears to be quite refrac- tory, not fusing, but softening and shrinking somewhat into a hard, porcelain like, nearly white mass. When not so in- tensely heated it burns of a light salmon color. COMPOSITION OF THESE OHIO COUNTY CLAYS, DRIED AT 212° F. Silica Alumina Iron oxide . . Lime . . Ma^^nesia . Phosphoric acid Potash . . Soda . . . Water and loss Total . . . 418 No. 2074. 69 . 260 I 6 . 640 4.520 a trace. •893 a trace. 3.102 .210 5-375 100.000 No. 2075. 70.860 19.240 3.120 a trace. .425 a trace. 2.351 ■253 3-751 100.000 No. 2076. 62,760' 26.420 1.580 -325 a trace. not est. .916- .268 7 •731 CHEMICAL REPORT. 73 No. 2076 contains 5.3 per cent, of fine transparent colorless, sand grains. This seems to be a very good fire-clay. OLDHAM couxrv. Soils. No. 2077— "Virgin Soil, from the surface, and to the depth of thirteen incites. From the farm of Dr. Cov Kaye, Peicee Va/ley. Upper Silurian formation. Forest groiotli : beech, oak, poplar, black gum, &c. Soil better than usjial in this locality. Collected by fohn H. Talbutt." Dried soil, of a brownish-grey color; friable; contains no gravel. Its silicious residue all passed through the bolting- cloth. No. 2078 — "Suh^oi-L of the preceding," &c., &c. Dried subsoil of a bright brick color, somewhat cloddy. Contains no gravel. The bolting-cloth separated, from the silicious residue, a very few small rounded quartz grains. No. 2079 — "SiiRVKCE Soil., from ijhite oak land, Pezi'ce J'allev. Collected by A. 11^ Kaye." Uncnltiz'ated. The dried soil is in friable clods, of a dark umber-grey color. Contains no gravel. The silicious residue, left after digestion in acids, all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a few small milky quartz grains. No. 2080 — "Subsoil to the preceding," &c., &c. The dried subsoil is generally of a dark, orange-buff color, mottled with light grey and ferruginous. It contains some nearly black concretions and infiltrations. The clods are somewhat firm. It contains a few small fragments of weath- ered chert. The bolting-cloth separated, from the silicious residue, some hard particles — reddish and white — of unde- composed silicates, resembling felspar. .41.9 » 74 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE OLDHAM COUNTY SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. Organic and volatile matters . . Alumina and iron and manganese rixides Lime carbonate ... .... Magnesia . . . . . Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Potash . Soda . . . Water, expelled at 380° F Sand and insoluble silicates Total Hygroscopic moisture . Potash in the insoluble silicates. Sutia in the insoluble silicates . Character of the soil No. 2077. No. 2078. not 612 449 145 313 141 est. 055 713 665 99- 1 .900 1.2S1 .381 Virgin soil. 3.016 8.SS2 ■195 •304 .098 not est. .521 .117 .607 86. 465 100.205 2.875 1 . 109 ■444 Subsoil. No. 2079 I No, 2080. 4.215 5.010 .245 .250 .125 not est. .138 •035 1-535 88.240 99-793 3-250 9.008 .220 .178 .077 not est. •349 -330 1. 1 50 84.S25 99-387 1.850 1.428 1.088 .663 .022 Surface soil! Subsoil. Soils Nos. 2077, 2078, and 2080 are exceptionally rich in potash ; the other contains an average amount. The subsoils in both samples are somewhat deficient in phosphoric acid. These may be classed as good rich soils, but their productive- ness might be improved and maintained by increasing their proportion of /mums in a rotation of crops, and by the use ot phosphatic fertilizers. It is also probable that plaster of Paris on the clover crop may be beneficial on soils Nos. 2077 and 2078. TRIGG COUNTY. No. 2081 — " LiAioNiTE iron ore. From a bank one mile south of Centre Furnace. /Iverage sample, by P. N. Moore." This ore is mostly in dense, hard, irregular hematitic lay- ers, dark brown and nearly black, with but little of the softer ochreous ore. 420 CHEMICAL RETORT. 75, CQMrOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Iron peroxide 71.708 = 50,195 per cent, of iron. Alumina and manganese oxide 945 Lime carbonate . . . trace. Magnesia tiace. Pliosphoric acid 217 = -095 J^erccnt. of phosphorus. Sulphuric acid trace. Combined water 9.630 .'^ilicious residue 17 280 = 16.963 per cent, of silica. Total . .... .... 99.7S0 This is quite a rich and pure ore, which would doubtless produce a very tough iron, provided the fuel and flux em- ployed in the smelting process are free from sulphur and phosphorus. PIG IRONS OF CENTRE AND TRIGG FURN.VCES, TRIGG COUNTY. No. 2082 — "Pig Iron No. i. Foundry iron. From Centre Furnaee. Collected by P. X. Moore C A moderately coarse-grained gre}' iron. Yields readily to the file. Large fragments of it break readily, but the smaller ones extend considerably under the hammer. No. 2083 — "Pig Iron No. 2. Foundry iron. Centre Fniviaee. Collected by P. N Moore." Somewhat finer grained than the preceding, especially on the outer surfaces, and a little lighter colored, fields readily to the file, and extends considerably under the hammer. No. 2084 — "Pig Iron No. 3. JlJill ii-on. Centre Fujitace," &c., &c. Lighter colored, finer grained, and more brittle than the preceding. No. 2085 — "Pig Iron. JMill iron. From Trigg Fuj-nacc'' L> r., c; e. Quite a fine grained grey iron. The small fragments ex- tend considerable under the hammer. Yields to the file. No. 2086 — "Pig Iron. Silver Grey. Fro7n Trigg Furnace, &e. Collected by P. N. Moore" as were also the above described. Hard ; easily splintered on the edges. The small fragments extend very little, before breaking, under the hammer. 421 76 CHEMICAL REPORT. COMPOSITION OF THESE CEXTRE AND TRIGG FURNACE PIG IRONS. No 20S2 No. 2083. No. 2084. No. 2085. No. 2086. Specific gravity . .... 6.S72 7.027 7-183 6.934 6.864 Iron Graphite . Combined carbon Aluminum and manganese. . . 92 - 349 3-380 not est 3-794 .660 .31S .067 92-953 3-140 1 .010 not est. 2.641 . 100 .318 -074 93-946 2.860 1 .060 not est. '•932 .360 .276 . 104 91-173 3.400 not est. 4.592 I .160 .262 .094 89-576 1 .000 1.380 not est. 6.637 1 .560 .221 . 121 Slag Phosphorus Sulphur Total 100.568 100.236 100. 53S 100.681 100.495 Total carbon ... 3-380 4.150 3.920 3.400 2.380 These are all good samples of pig iron. The mill iron does not contain enough phosphorus to prevent it from pro- ducing good tough bar iron by judicious puddling. AVAKREN COUNTY. No. 2087 — " Mineral W.VTEK. Sulphur zcafcr. Frovi a bored ivcll tiuo Jiundrcd and thirty feet deep. Smith's Grove, one hundred miles from Louisville, on the Louisville and Nashville Railroad. Sent bv Junius JJ'ooten, J/. Z?." The water was brouoht in tightly corked bottles, but when it arrived at the laborator)' the hydrogen sulphide had all been decomposed ; it was sliglnl)' opalescent, probably from the consequent precipit.ition of sulphur. It is slightl)- alka- line. As there was an insufficient quantit)- of the water, a com- ph.'te analysis could not Ije made; but from the preliminary examination of it, the following prtn'isional summary of its composition is given: hydrogen sulphide gas, quantity not estimated.; carbonic acid gas, not estimated. 422 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. n SALITSTE CONTENTS. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate Strontia carbonate Lime sulphate Magnesia sulphate Potash sulphate Soda sulphate Sodium chloride Lithium chloride Soda carbonate Silica . Ingredients undetermined and loss. Saline ingredients in looo parts . 0.7200 0.1445 ~| Dissolved by .0177 V the carbon- not est. ic acid. .0998 .2856 .0041 .0213 .0520 not est. .0381 ,0022 •2547 It is desirable that a more thorough analysis should be made of this water, which seems to be a good saline sulphur water, which may be made serviceable in the treatment of various ailments. This well is within six miles of the Chalybeate and Cha- meleon Springs of Edmonson count)', and its use is said by Dr. Wooten to be beneficial in dyspepsia and indigestion, &c. The spectroscope showed in it traces ot lithium and strontium compounds. APPENDIX, TEXAS CRETACEOUS SOILS. With a view to comparison with our Kentucky soils, some of the black soils from the cretaceous formation of Texas were anal)'zed. No. 2088 — "Black Sandy Soil. From three miles nortliwcst of Sherman, Grayson eoriniy, Texas. Prairie soil, in ctilliva- tion. Collected by Mr. Jesse H. Talbntt." A dark, mouse-colored sandy soil, containing many frag- ments of roots, &c. The silicious residue, after digestion in acids, all passed through the bolting-cloth, except a small quantity of colorless, transparent, rounded grains of quartz. 423 78 CHEMICAL RliPORT- ■APPENDIX. No. 2089 — "Soil. From 'black ^ca.iy' land, half a mile east of Sliermaii, farm of H. H. Allen. P7'airic land. Collected by Mr. [esse H. Talbntt." Quite an adhesive soil; in clods; of a greyish-black color. The siliciou-s residue all passed through the bolting-cloth. No. 2090 — "Soil. From 'black zvaxy' land, H. M. Stones, ta'O miles -iuest of Plaxno, Collins coiLnty, Texas. Prairie land, in corn. Collected by Ulr. /esse H. Talbntt.'' Not quite so black as the preceding; not in clods; friable. Eftervesces strongly with acids. COMPOSITION OF TMESE TEXAS SOILS, DRIED AT 212° F. (Jrganic and volatile matters Alumina and iron and manganese oxides. . Lime carbonate .... Magnesia Pho.sphoric acid . Sulphuric acid. Potash .... Soda Water, expelled at 380° F. . Sand and insoluble silicates Total No. 20S8. ' No. 2089. No. 2ogo. 4-977 2.616 .NSo . 169 .124 not est . .078 .052 •799 89.690 7 •233 ' 8 157 1 I 745 '-K^ 0S3 ol est. 21 I .051 , I 391 i 80 690 7.097 H-447 17 0S5 . 23 1 ■'43 not est . ■497 1 . 660 61 .840 Hygroscopic moisture '19.3S5 3-075 .7S4 0.665 0.850 Potash in the insoluble silicates Soda in the insoluble silicates. Character of the soil. 0.670 i 0.764 ,322 j .159 0-443 ■307 Bl'k sandy. Br k \va\\^ [Bl'k waxy. These Texas prairie soils differ from most of our Kentucky soils in their smalh-i- proportion of alkalies in the silicious res- idue ; they also present a larger quantity of carbonate of lime, which is very large in soil No. 2090, and which helps to give the waxy character to the land. The so-called black sandy soil is quite deficient in potash, and would not prove durably productive without the continued use of fertilizers. The rich- est of them all is No. 2090. The rock substratum to these 424 CHEMICAL REPORT U'1>ENDIX. 79' soils is an indurated chalk, the imperfect analysis of which is. given below. No. 2091 — "Indurated Chalk Rock. From near ShcrDtan. Texas. Collected by Mr. /esse H. TalbuttJ' A whitish, somewhat friable rock, stained irregularly with light ferruginous. Adheres firmly to the tongue. COMPOSITION, DRIED AT 212° F. Lime carbonate Magnesia carbonate . . ... Alumina and iron and manganese oxides Silicious residue . . Allcalies, phosphoric acid, &c. . . . Total S6.270 trace. 2 , t So 10.27& not det'd. 99.526. No doubt the action of the large quantity of carbonate of lime, derived from this soft substratum, in gradual!)- decom- posing the silicates of the soil, is the cause of the rather small proportion of the alkalies in the insoluble silicates of the sili- cious residue. Chemical Examinatih.m of the Ashes of the Hungarian Grass (Pamci'm Cer- .MANICIJI) AMJ CiERMAN MiLLET (PanICU.M ). No. 2092 — "Hungarian Grass (black-headed ), taken roots and all, the leaves beino- nearly all green, and the seeds in the soft or doughy state. Plants about three feet high, in the condition in leliich they are generally jnoi^'n for hay." The field on which they were grown had been in winter rye,^ which had been all grazed down by cattle, and the cattle had been fed with corn fodder on the ground during the winter. The grass had been sown about the first of June, 1875, and it was mown August 9th to 13th. Rich blue-grass soil. Farm of R. Peter, Newtown Turnpike. The quantity taken for analysis; weighing 524 grammes in the green state, after washing it in the evening and subse- quent drying through the night; grew on less than a square foot of surface, and when thoroughly air-dried weighed 182 grammes, or 34.751 per cent, of the green plants. VOL. l.-CHEM. 28. 425. 8o CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. No. 2093 — " Hungarian Grass, same variety as the preceding. From the adjoining far )n of Mr. C. jM. Keiscr ; gathered June 2-jth, 1876. Plants three to three and a half feet high. The heads just forming. No. 2094 — "German Millet. From a field of ten acres, just 07ttside the citv limits of Lexington, on the Ah-wtown Turn- pike : property of i\Ir. f. K. Drake." This field has been fully seventy-six )ears in cultivation, inostly in corn and garden stuffs, with occasional small grain. Five years ago it was manured with seventy-fi\-e cart-loads of stable manure to the acre, and sowed in clover, which was allowed to remain until last year, when the ground was put in hemp, which was rotted on the same surface. The clover was mowed only one year, and in the other )'ears \'er)' few cattle were grazed on it ; so that most of it rotted on the ground. The German millet sown this year, i875-'6, gave seventeen stacks, estimated at two tons each, of ha)-, equal to more than three tons to the acre The grass grew nearl)- fi\e feet high, and was coarse and hard in the stalks. The sample, gathered about the time oi mowing it, August 28th, had its heads heavy with ripe seed; lower leaves dead. In the green state it weighed two hundred and four grammes. After two months air-drying in the laboratory it weighed nin(jt)'-six and a half grammes, of which there were thirty-seven grammes of seed. The stalks and leaves were incinerated separatel\' from the seeds. No. 2095 — "The Si;eiis op the above described sample." Vox comparison, the anahsis of the ash of the buckwheat and clov(-r plants are appended (the latter in Table II), copied from a memoir by the writer (in volume II, pages 157, 158 (lower paging), Kentucky Geological Reports, second series). 426 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 61 TABLE L COMPOSITION, CALCULATED IN loo PARTS OF THE ASH. CAR- BONIC ACID EXCLUDED. Lime . . Magnesia. . . Alumina and iron ides . . , Potash . . Soda Phosphoric acid. Sulphuric acid . Chlorine . . . Silica, soluble . Silica, insoluble. , Total. . . and manganese ox Percentage of ash to dried plants Percentage of ash to green plants ^Percentage of dried to green plants. No. 2092. Hungarian grass . 0.957 • 490 2.090 21.724 ..67 9.170 .811 .097 1. 914 61.835 99.265 1.067 No. 2093. Hungarian grass. German mil. let, stalks and leaves. 0.937 1.260 3-378 47-707 •'35 10.033 2.008 2.620 .254 1 31.609; 99.941 6.461 No. 2094. 11.330 3-237 3-624 32. 609 -474 10.776 .717 ■ 243 37.070 No. 2095. Vol. 2,11. 158,* second series, Geol ogical Reports. German mil- ' I^nckwheat let, seeds, plants in flower 916 690 265 994 578 319 387 33-434 10.518 not est. 32 9C0 1.266 16 824 ..378 431 3.249 8.763 * The lower paging. TABLE II. COMPOSITION OF THE ASH OF THESE PLANTS, SEEDS, &c. CARBONIC ACID EXCLUDED. CALCULATED IN 100 PARTS OF THE DRIED PLANTS, &c. Lime , . "Magne-^iia . . . Alumina, iron and manganese oxides Potash Soda Phosphoric acid . Sulphuric acid . Chlorine . . Silica, soluble . . . Silica, insoluble No. 2092. Hungarian grass. No. 2093. Hungarian grass. No. 2004. German mil- let, stalks and leaves. No. 2095. Vol. 2, p 158,'" second series, Ky. Geolog- ical Reports. German mil- let, si^eds. Buckwheat plants in flower Clover plants. Vol. 2, p. 157,* second series, Ky, Gcolng- ical Reports. 2.929 2.30 .922 .80 2.883 2.30 .III .'10 1.470 • 6s . 120 .20 .038 ■25 ; .285 .20 * The lov/er paging. It can be seen in these tables that the ash of the Hungarian •grass, as well as that of the German millet, is remarkably sili- cious, and that a large portion of the silicious matter is in the insoluble condition. 427 82 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. At first, it was supposed that, although care had been taken to wash the plants thoroughly, much of this silicious matter might be excluded from the results of the analyses, as sand accidentally derived from the soil, and adherent as dust to the plants ; but a more thorough examination, with the aid of the microscope, in the hands of our experienced microscopist, Mr. Alexander T. Parker, showed that much ot it was in the form of a silicious skeleton of the plant tissue. This fact was made more manifest by digesting portions of the stein and leaves in diluted nitric acid, with and without the addition of chlorate of potash, until the organic matters were mostl)- decomposed and removed, when beautiful silicious skeletons were obtained, which, under the microscope, showed silicious casts or incrust- ations ot the \egetable cells, and curious dumb-bell forms, proving that the silicious matter, in a dissolved state, had penetrated through the cell walls, and changing into the in- soluble form, had incrusted the interior of the cells. Some beautiful photographs were obtained by Mr. Parker, with the aid of our skilled photographer, lames Mullen, di- rectly from the enlarged microscopic imagiis formed from the silicious residue, after digestion in the acid and subsequent ignition to destroy all the organic matters. The Cierman mil- let gax'c icwcr of the dumb-bell-like casts than the Himgarian grass, and the seeds of the former less than any. DESCRIPXmX OF THE MICKOSCOriC PHOTOGRAPHS. No. I. Silicious material of the stem of Hungarian grass, which had been digested for several days in nitric acid diluted with six parts of water, to which chlorate of potash was added and thorough washing. Magnified about 312 diame- ters, and photographed by Alex. T. Parker. No. 2. A similar preparation from the leaf of this plant. Magnified about 312 dikmeters, and photographed by Alex. T. Parker. These photographs of the purely silicious skeletons of the tissue of the vegetable leaf and stem are interesting as exhib- iting casts of the cells, produced, no doubt, by the infiltratioa 428 CHEMICAL REPORT — APPENDIX. 83 of dissolved silicic acid, as also as showing, in their dumb-bell shapes, these cells apparently in the act of multiplication by the process of division. It is well krown to chemists that silica, in its ordinary sepa- rated state in the soil, is almost completely insoluble in water or the ordinary acids ; but it is also well known that it takes the unstable soluble form of silicic acid when separated, by the decomposition of silicates by the action of acids in the presence of water. Doubtless the acid sap of the plants, com- ing in contact with the silicates of the soil, by osmose, caused this decomposition, and the relative amount of the silicious in- crustation of the plant cells may give some measure of this local individual plant action on the soil. It is well known the Hungarian grass is a very vigorous growing plant, even on soils comparatively poor, and that it is a very rough feeder, seeming to have greater power of assim- ilating insoluble, or difficultly soluble, soil ingredients than most other cultivated plants. Morcdver, as is seen, it is emi- nently silicious. All these facts seem to show that it in some manner dissolves or decomposes the silicates of the soil in a greater degree than is common to most growing vegetables. It has been known for a length of time that certain veg- etables, especially of the lichen famil)-, corrode the limestone, or even the basaltic or granitic rock or glass, on which they grow, and that, as was ascertained by Braconnet, some of these plants are known to contain oxalate of lime to the ex- tent of half their weight. Other plants, as those of the lyco- podium family, possess the power of dissolving and absorbing alumina by means of malic acid which they produce ; so that the compound of this earth, so rarely found in vegetable tissue, is present in them in large proportion. That the roots of most plants, while alive or growing, give an acid reaction, is well known, and easy to verify by placing them in sontact with blue litmus paper or infusion ; but what is the nature or relative quantity of the acid or acids secreted by the various species of vegetables, or how they may act on the soil to de- compose it, and in what manner their action may modify the 429 84 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. ash composition of the several plants, has not as yet beeiii made a subject of systematic investigation. It is well known that plants of different species, growing in. 23recisely the s3.me soil, will vary greatly in their mineral or ash constituents ; and the late Baron Liebig was perhaps the first to declare (see Natural Laws of Husbandry, edited by John Blyth, M. D., New York, 1S63, page 118) that "plants, receive their food principally from the earth)- particles with which the roots are in direct contact, out of a solution forming around the roots themselves." This solution, other things being equal, will vary according to the nature and quantity of the solvent, which solvent seems to be provided by the plants themselves, and secreted by the roots, and is evidently of an acid nature. It is beginning to be generally understood that different plants secrete this acid solvent of the soil in different quan- tities, and probably of different strength and composition. Some of them, like the lichens which p-row on the rock or lava surface, being able, by their special soh'ents, to extract their essential mineral elements from the hard material, which they thus decompose, while others, not being able to exert such a powerful decomposing and corroding agency, can only live on more soluble and available materials, which they may find in the decomposing remains of these pioneers of the veg- etable world, or in solution in fertile soils generally. To these special solvents — these peculiar digestive fluids of the vegetable kingdom — may very probably be attributed, in some measure, the special selective power of plants, by which different species, growing on the same soil, will appropriate to. themselves not only very different quantities of the mineral' elements, but different kinds of these matters ; so that while one plant may be characterized by a large proportion of pot- ash in its ash ingredients, another may always select a very large amount of lime, and yet another an unusual quantity of silica, &c., &c., and, practically, when a soil will no longer profitably produce one crop, it may yet be quite productive of another. 430 CHEMICAL REPORT ATPENIJIX. 85 Some experiments of Dietrich, quoted in Johnson's " Mow Crops Feed" (pages 327-S), ilhistrate very clearly the different action of different plants in this relation. He caused these to grow in coarsely powdered sandstone and basalt rock, sever- ally, watering them with equal quantities of distilled water,, &c. He took also similar quantities of the same rocks and washed them with the same amount of the water, in order to exclude the mineral materials dissolved out of the rocks by the water alone. The special and very different solvent and decomposing action of the several plants on the rock mate- rials is clearly shown in the following table, which we quote : MATTERS DISSOLVED BY ACTION OF ROOTS. Of 3 lupin plants Of 3 pea plants . Of 20 spurry plants Of lo buckwheat plants Of 4 vetch plants Of 8 wheat plants Of 8 rye plants The three pea plants extracted from these hard rocky mate- rials more than lorty times as much as the eight rye plants, and nearly twenty times as much as the eight wheat plants,, under the same external conditions. From the large proportion of ash ingredients in the Hunga- rian grass, and especially of silica, and its rank growth, it was considered probable by the present writer that it exerted an unusually great "root action" on the soil, by means of an acid solvent. To verify this supposition, some of this grass was gathered by him early in Jul)', 1877, just as it was beginning to form its heads, and submitted to examination. The moist- ened roots, placed in contact with blue litmus paper, reddened it decidedly. A handful of the entire plants, which had been pulled up by the roots, the dirt having been shook off as com- pletely as possible, was placed with the roots immersed in a saturated cold solution of carbonate of ammonia, and allowed to remain for twenty-four hours. The solution, which had 43 < S6 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. become of a light brown color, was then evaporated to dry- ness at a heat below 212^ F. It left a dark brown residue, which was re-dissolved in water, filtered and precipitated with a solution of acetate of lead and a little ammonia. This pre- cipitate, after washing with cold water, was suspended in water and decomposed with hydrogen sulphide, &c., and the filtrate, ■still somewhat colored, was tested for acids in the usual man- ner. It was found that oxalic and phosphoric acids were pres- ent in marked quantities, together with some malic acid, and probably a small amount ot tartaric. Tannic acid was not observed. Some of the same grass was gathered July 23d, when the seeds were beginning to ripen, and submitted to the same process, with ver\- nearl)' the same results; the oxalic and phosphoric acids being found in largest proportions. Some biickivhcat plants, gathered on September 4th and 6th, when they were in full flower, were treated in a similar man- ner. Two handfuls of the plants wfjre placed, successi\-ely, with roots immersed in the same saturated solution of carbon- ate of ammonia, each being allowed to remain in it twenty- four hours. The solution, which became' also of a brownish color, treated in the manner above described, ga\'e marked evidence ot the presence of oxalic and phosphoric acids, with a notable quantity of malic acid, and small proportions of other vegetable acids ; but no tannic acid could be detected with iron perchloride. The buckwheat roots did not react so decidedly acid with litmus paper as those of the Hungarian grass. Although in these experiiiK.Mits the strong chemical affinity of the alkaline carbonate o( ammonia may have caused the exosmose of more ol the dissolved acids of the plant-sap than would pass out into au)' ordinar)' soil, and ma)' ha\"e e\'en ex- erted some decomposing action on the soft tissues or the fluids of the plants themselves, yet they are not without some value as indicating how, possibly, the plant may form a special solu- tion, different probably for different species, in the immediate vicinity of the rootlets, of mineral substances in the soil which 432 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. 87 may be insoluble in the ordinary surface waters. Researches into the nature of the special soil solvents of different plants may aid the practical farmer in the selection of crops in an ameliorating rotation, as it seems highly probable that some kinds of vegetables can exert a more powerful decomposing action on the silicates of the soil than others. 133 88 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. h i ^ ^ 1 £ ^ . 1 - - 6 9^ 1 ^ J S f ="]" sllU -^ Igf ? E mmmmmmsmmm MliiJilsuililflJiillJijililljillillll ■sajEDjiis 3|q -n[osui sqi ui ^pog d ■s3ieD![is3[qn -[osui .-ii[i ui qsBiOjj ■iT'i'n'OMOT ISm Sm 3»-o ^8 ?^P::^: ^ Included in the water and organic mat- S, o ■ n M ■ ■ -■ M ■ « "■ ' M M « M M « - ters lost on ignition. •S35ED]]TS 3iqn|osui puu piiug il ^ 1 ? rf If ^» ««f !■ 2 ij: i^ ie,|f 's i 1 ^ f 1 ti U Is gf i 1 H ss •Bpog ■qscioj _ -, « ■ppB Di.iOLidioqj; ^??HHfi2??i^??Hj:??»i?M«55s=;^5;g»mK.g5 ■uisauSK^ 1H??J?&???^-eH3 = ?sSHSl!H^?l^|sM°?.rfS?§; •33EUOqil3D 3UltT ?H^?l^t?HnilSS^)?H8Hsl^=HIHHI-Hol§ Sdpi -xo 3S3UE3iit:ui pui; uoJi put: cuiLunjy 3[!1T;[0A pUB 3TUC3JO ^ C. ^.^^ ^ 4in«u^r;, N ^mci ^r^^t^u^mu^-r^in-r-i^^-l-i^. r^,^0'^. -l-^-iiA^i^i/.f^ 3 O U jllJilllllllllllllilJIMIIIIlJllllJiMJl ■laoda-y; ui jaqtun^ £'!g>yS,^flES:K'K.R'?.£^. u .r « - - E . g -> > -^ 2 . m g „ ,: -r- liillfi liililiiiiiiili Under-day of the .same Virgin soil, Pewee Valley, Upper Silurian. Subsoil of the same Surface soil, while oak land, Pewee Valley. Subsoil oC the same 1 t — .E c c c — _2 rt S J 5 j: s ? ? ? si? "^ 5 ? r^s .- 3 s ? SI S'S rs i«i ^ I " Tj- ffl N (-1 ?i ? 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M divd W M H. ■jnqd -|nS JO 3Se1U3DJ3J^ 2 S 2 ■snjoqd -soqd JO 9Smu3DJ3j C N 6 ■uoai jn aStJiusDJaj ■0 t^ d ■S3J«Dlt]S pU13 ^0!I!S i S,cg (?, H CM ■J33BM psuiqmo;-) r»i rn VO ^ ■ppB DunL[d;ng '^ n « ■pps 3uoqdsoi|(j d trace. trace, trace ■aiTjuoqiVJO auiii S S y 2 2 u ■KUimniv ■spixo 3S3ui;3ui;i\j ■3pIX0J3d UOJI S3 K. 3 ■jjoda-jj uj jsqmn^ :? CHEMICAL .REPORT Ari'KNDIX. 91 1 V Black band ore, Coyle's Bank. From Wm Duwne's Iron Mountain. Frnm Wm Downc-'s Iron iMountfiin. From Wm. Dnwnt:'s Iron Mountain. ■J33EAV pU^ sjaiiBiu snouiLumiq ir, r-- pq CO M M ro BDIllS JO lUaD J3(J >0 -O ■£) vO CNCO CO -t ■jnqdinsjo -juaD aaj n dg ■ ■ ■snjoqd -soqd JO -3U3D J3J m .J- .1- r^ d ' ' ' ■UOJI JO -JUSD JS£ sajBDips pue EDjijc; 1^00 00 10 « « -t-oo ■ppe Dunqding • ° ° ■ppB Dijoqdsoqj T^ t^oo m ro t^oo d CO 10 o\co •SlEUOqjED dUll'l d 4 -^ >o SpjXO 3S3Ub3 -uEui puE -euiLuniv ?0 ^ r'i 0~ ^ 1- 'J- ro d M t- tC •apixo uojj .lld, ajEUoqJBD uojj a?,r* , •Ai[aej3 oyioadg 111! B 3 u Jackson . Ohio . ... Ohio . . . Ohio . . . •noda-^ u; jaquinj^ vO 0> M N « W M o I — ^ 5 u u SSI I 9j lu t) y ^„ c c " a.'- o oUu.r- ■^'? = s= 3 .- .- .0 llOtlJE3 JCIOJ^ i ro - [^ ■«■ m ro ^ rn f^ « ■anqd[ng 5 M 5 - d ' ' ' ' 1 snaoqdsoqj 00 03 VO N - d ■ ' ■ ■ , ■S'-'is d ■ ■ --' - 1 -4- - W N t^ C 1- r^ ro ro M 1- T^-yd I ■asauuSiiui,^ ■uoqjKD pauiqmof) 'sjiqdEJQ 00 o M vo ,00 ro 1 al O' " •J~> ■XjiAEjg aypodg noda-a ui Jaqmnjij ■o r-« r^'C lO bjD b£ bO bJO bo « ro it- imo n M N W N 437 ^92 CHEMICAL REPORT APPENDIX. ^=3 s 3." J 1 — t: "lB3q pSJ 1 'T rr-, r^ r TE p3I[3dX3 'JDiU^\^ ; ""■ in f, i H ■qSEiOcI •piDK DuoqdsoH(-i 'is;3u^»'I\r < ^H^,?^^,S 1 IN -I N n [ . c = «= 1 s-p ^LJ -^ ■■^■3 I- 3 1 SS 1 = O =c ';; r-^"? JJ u" 2 '^ r. -J-, rt rt ; ro r^ DluoqJTJO 'jaqu^\Y oo n w o^ \0 ri •Epos 6 S|- •qsEJOJ ^^ ^ pi:ir Duoqdsoqjj ° ■^ c ^ ^ t^ -H •i;!S3u3ei\i d ■auiji d c^ o o oooo r0\0 ■35 '3p;xo U.iJI CO c- •S>8 •O yn »:Li[mn|v in in 'O ■^' ■'■-""l!S vd i-i ys 1^. _W) c U -^^ — ,-, T^vo a a „„ 43S 'GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF KENTUCKY. N. S. SHALER, Director. CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, WITH REMARKS ON ITS BEARING ON HEMP CULTURE IN KENTUCKY. BY ROBERT PETER, M. D., Etc., Etc., CHEMIST TO THE SURVEY. 439 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &c. The hemp crop is of considerable importance in Kentucky agriculture, more especially in the richer portion, called the Blue Grass region, where the soil has been formed by the dis- integration of the fissile layers of the lower Silurian lime- stone — rich in the mineral elements of plant nourishment. According to the State Auditor's report, the gross amount of hemp fibre produced in our State was 18,981,819 pounds in 1872, and 21,375,306 pounds in the more productive, moist season of 1873. Of this latter quantity seventeen counties, situated wholly or in part in the Blue Grass region, produced 21,194,445 pounds, and the five counties of Bourbon, Fayette, Jessamine, Scott, and Woodford produced 17,951,350 pounds. Mason county, the next in this incluslr)-, having also raised 8^8,300 pounds. It is, therefore, e\identl)' a crop which is believed to be profitable only on our richest lands. The soil which best suits it is the rich, pervious, and well-drained loam, well charged with linimis or the dark mould resulting from veg- etable decomposition, such as results from the completely decomposed sod of recently cleared woodland pastures, or blue grass or clover ground, well plowed and made thorough- ly fine and uniform in texture. Such land, in a favorable season, has been known to produce as much as 1,200 pounds of hemp to the acre, and it will yield an average of about 800 pounds for ten to fifteen years in succession, if properly man- aged, in ordinary seasons. As the price of hemp rarely falls, below one hundred dollars per ton of 2,240 pounds, and this crop usually brings in cash, the great value of this industry is- evident. VOL. I.-CHEM. 29. ^41 4 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF The hemp plant, under favorable conditions, is of most rank and luxuriant g-rowth, attaining- on our rich lands a heigfht of ten to fourteen feet in fa\'i)ral:)le seasons, even when sown so thick, as is the practice, that it is closely crowded, and so com- pletely covers the ground that not a weed can grow amongst it. It therefore requir(.-s a soil which can readily and quick])' furnish to it the mineral elements necessary to its rank and rapid development, and at the same time furnish the large supply of m(iistur<; it recjuires without losing that highly porous condition and absorbing power which invites the pen- etration of the gases and vapors of the atmosphere, on which this plant is so greatl\- dependent for nourishment and growth. The welhdrained loam of this Blue Grass region, which is changed with black \egetable mould ox Inmuis, offers these con- ditions; the liuvnis not on!)' having great power of absorption, but containinof in a sohil)le and ax'ailable state the mineral elements of plant nourishment, and, moreover, acting as a sol- vent for those which are contained in the earthy constituents of the soil itself. We can there-fore readily understand why the hemp plant thrives upon such land; but why so luxuriant a growth can be maintained on the same surface for ten to fifteen years in succession, without any material exhaustion of the soil, is another question. The observing hemp farmer has long since arrived at a cor- rect conclusion in this resi^ect. He saw that while this most luxuriant plant produced an immense green crop, and required the richest soil to supply its rapid demand for nourishment during its short season of growth (of four months only), yet all_its leaves and other green tissues, together with all that is removed from it in the process of dew-rotting, in thi- ordinary mode of hemp culture, are restored to the soil which proi.Uiced it, and nothing is sold and carried off from the land but the cleaned hein[} fibre, which, if well cleaned, contains very little but atmospheric elements, the removal of which can therefore cause but very little deterioration of the soil. Moreover, during a great part of the year the ground is more or less shaded and protected, first by the growing plant, THE HEMP AND LUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 5 then by the roots left in the ground after cutting, which some- -what diminish the washing action of rains and improve it in their gradual decay, as do also the leaves which fall and the hemp when spread on the ground to dry, after being cut, and lastly, when it is spread out upon it in the winter process of dew-rotting, as it is called, during which all the readily decom- posable parts of the plant are washed out and decomposed by the rains and dews and the action of the air; enriching the surface soil beneath. Managed in this way, and commencing with suitable rich land, the scientific observer understands, that although the growing plants may temporarily draw heavily on the soil for the mineral (earthy) ingredients necessary to their growth, amongst the most important of which are potash and the earthy phosphates, yet in the subsequent processes, the most of these are returned to the ground again in the decay of the leaves and other green parts, and in the soluble and decom- posable matters which are leached out of the stems in the pro- cess of rotting ; and that any small loss of these from the arable surface which may occur from the sale of the hemp fibre may be more than compensated by the action of the tap-roots in bringing them up from the lower strata of the ■ground. He understands further, tliat all the mineral ele- ments thus restored, being left in organic combination in what is termed the humus or vegetable mould wliich results from this decay, are in a very soluble condition, and most available for the quick nourishment of the subsequent crop. If the hemp plant, instead of being dew-rotted on the ground on which it had been grown, is entirely removed from it and submitted to the process of water-rotting, the culture becomes eminently exhausting to the land ; mainly because so much of the elements of fertility is necessarily carried off in the water used.' This was proved many years ago in rela- tion to the flax crop of Ireland, in the chemical analyses of the water in which the flax had been steeped, and of the plant and the lint, by Dr. Kane; and experience to a certain extent nn this region, in the water-rotting of hemp, has given the 443 O CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF same result. It is, perhaps, fortunate for our farmers, there- fore, that this process, although several times proposed to- them, has never been received with much favor. The foregoing' facts being of common experience, the writer desired, by the chemical examination of the mineral or earthy- constituents of the hemp plant, as given in the ash in different periods and conditions of its growth, in different parts of the plant, and the various stages of its preparation, to study more- fully the relations of this crop to the soil, and to understand, if possible, the true reasons why it is not an exhausting pro- duct when properly managed, as well as to learn the best con- ditions for its successful culture. The first ste[) in this investigation is to ascertain the a\er- age composition of the mineral ingredients of the entire hemp plant as given by the chemical analysis of its ashes ; and as the works accessible to the writer give but xer)- limited inform- ation on the subject, he procured from his own farm, and sub- mitted to this analysis, five different samples, produced in two different seasons, grown under different conditions, and col- lected in different stages of their growth. The ashes of these, obtained b)- careful incineration at a moderate heat, were analyzed b)' the approved processes — several compara- tive analyses of the same ash having b<'en made to secure greater accuracy — and the results are tabulated below in com- parison with the average of two hemp-ash analyses published in 1865 by Professor Emil Wolff, of the Royal xVcademy of Agriculture, at Hohenheim, Wirtemberg, which are repub- lished in the Appendix, page 378, of "How Crops Grow," by S. W. Johnson. The samples examined may be described as follows : Sample A. Entire hemp plants, including roots, leaves, &c. ; collected on September 4th, 1874, when fully mature and ready for cutting; grown on somewhat elevated, very rich ground, the second year only from the broken up blue grass sod of woodland pasture, which had not been previously- cleared or cultivated within the memory of the present race,. 444 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 7 t)ut which had been the site of a large circular earth-work* by the ancient mound-builders, and which seemed to have been enriched by a long residence upon it of these prehistoric people. The sample, notwithstanding the great fertility of the land, was very small, in consequence of a continued drought which prevailed during the season of its growth, it not being more than six to seven feet in height. Sample B. Mature hemp plants, taken as it is usually cut, the roots and a small portion of the stems being left in the ground, and having only the top leaves, the others having fallen ; col- lected September, 1873; grown on the field described above in a very moist and favorable season, so that it was very tall and large stemmed. The samples were about' twelve feet high. Some hemp plants this year attained a height of four- teen feet. Sample C. Six hemp plants entire, leaves, roots, and all ; collected, before full maturity, on July 27th, 1874, from the same rich field, in the very dry season. The plants were about six feet high, and were in full leaf and in flower. Sample D. Entire hemp plants, including roots, lenves, and immature seeds; grown on the experimental field selected by my son, Benj. D. Peter,'}' for practical experiments in hemp culture. This ground had been long in cultivation — at least fifty years. This sample was grown on lot 3, to ivhich about 200 pounds of plaster had been, applied early in the growing season. The sample was collected on September 8th, 1874. The plants were quite small, not more than from five to six feet high, in consequence of the continued drought of this season and the condition of the land. Sample E. Similar to sample D ; grown on the neighboring lot 4, of this experimental field, under similar conditions, ex- -cept that no plaster or any other frtilizer was applied to this lot. A part of this lot 4, however, where a fence row formerly stood, happened to be somewhat richer than any part of this * Fully described in Collins' History of Kentucky. tSee Prof. N. S. Shaler's Report. 445 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF or the plastered lot, as shown by the greater kixuriance of the- growth of the hemp in that part. F. The average of the analyses of the ashes of two entire hemp plants as given by Prof Emil Wolff, as above stated. In this table, as well as in the following ones, the carbonic acid of the ash is excluded in the calculations, for more com- plete comparison of the proportions of the essential mineral ingredients of the ash. TABLE I. A. OF THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE ASH OF THE ENTIRE HEMP PLANT, CALCULATED IN loo PARTS ( iF THE ASH, WITH EXCLUSION OF CARBONIC ACID. Lime Magnesia . . . Potash . . . . Soda . . . . Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid . Chlorine Silica Per cent, of earthy phosphates . . Per cent, of ash to the air-dried plants, carbonic acid excluded . Per centage of ash, carbonic acid included A. 38.4S2 8.558 37-475 ■378 8.667 2.272 .9S4 18.186 5.569 31 299 6.017 43-739 '■4.38 14. 164 1 .622 ■5-2 1. 199 29-773 •563 3-357 6.445 29. 1 iS 1.280 10.384 .940 .640 2.749 21 .692 5-055 6.754 D. SO 6:; i 8 .S7<-' 23 519 472 1 1 721 I 472 301 3 316 45-263 11.225 23-933 .009 13 233 1.445 ■ 273 3 -342 2.S 460 I 27.427 4. 126 288 4-203 4.6. 5-346 This table shows some notable differences in the ash pro- portions and composition. For example, sample B, grown in the moist season, as compared with the others grown during the drought, gave a smaller ash per centage to the dried plants ; its ash contains smaller proportions of lime, magnesia,, and silica, and larger proportions of potash, soda, and phos- phoric acid. The immature sample C, gathered in July, as compared' with the other samples (A, D, and E) of the same dry season, which were gathered in September, shows a larger per cent- age of ash to the dried plants. 446 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 9. The samples D and E, grown on the old land, while they give about the same average of ash to the dried plants, show a smaller proportion of [)otash. Not much importance is attached to the proportion of silica, which is exidently stated much too high in the analyses quoted by Wolff. -The hemp plant, being somewhat viscid on its ex- terior, always has more or less fine silicious dust adhering to it, derived from the soil, which cannot be removed by wash- ing- the plants. This the writer attempted to exclude, in his analyses, by dissolving the ash in diluted acid (nitric or chloro- hydric), and excluding all that remained undissolved as most probably fine earth accidentally adhering to the plant. This may, in some cases, be a slight cause of error, but probably not so great as the retention and analysis of the adhering fine dirt with the plant ash, which seems to have been done in the analyses quoted by Wolff. For the same reason the alumina and iron oxide were also excluded. The real significance of these differences of proportion and composition of these ashes can better be seen where the com- parison is made with the proportions of the dried plants them- selves to the several ingredients of the ash, as given in the following table : TABLE I. B. (_1F THE QUANTITIES OF THE ASH INGREDIKNTS IN 100 PARTS OF THE AIR-DRIED HEMP PLANTS, CARBONIC ACID EXCLUDED. A. B. C. D. E. F.* I.ime ... . . Magnesia Potash Soda . . ... Phosphoric acid .... Sulphuric acid . . .... Chlorine . . . Silica . 1.624 •36. 1.582 ,016 .366 .096 .041 •'34 0.802 •154 1 . 121 •037 .363 .042 .013 ■031 2 I 461 312 472 065 525 047 022 •39 2 103 356 977 019 488 061 012 135 1.968 •475 1 .012 a trace. .560 .06 1 .011 .141 1.74 •30 • 74 .1; •47 . 10 .10 •30 Per cent, of earthy phosphates . . .768 •763 1 . 103 1. 182 1 . 150 Per cent, of ash to dried plants. . 4^223 2-563 5 -OSS' 4. 126 4 203 4.00 * See Wolff's mbles, " How Crops Grow," page 383, Calculated to the dried plants. 447, 10 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF This table shows, that while the smallest proportion of min- eral or ash ingredients, to the dried plants, was given in the season when the hemp had a luxuriant growth because of the regular suppl)- of moisture, the difference was occasioned mainl)- by the greater quantities of lime, magnesia, and silica in the plants of the dry season, and not by any material variations in the proportions of the alkalies or phosphoric acid. It is well known that the external tissues of all growing plants become more or less charged with earthy salts, espe- ciall)' carbonates of lime and magnesia with some phosphates, -which have been carried from the soil to their surfaces in solu- tion in water containing carbonic acid (which is in all the water of the soil) and left there in a form insoluble in water upon the escape of that acid and the evaporation of the water which brought them up. As all the moisture of the fertile earth contains this solution, which is drawn up and evaporated from the general surfacirs of the plants exposed to the air, it can readily be seen, that because of the greater evaporation and the more concentrated nature of the soil solution, in the dry season, there must necessarily be a larger accumulation of this ■surface deposit in the dry than in the moist or wet season, when •evaporatiiin is measurably checked. 'For the same reason the ash per centage < >f the lea\'es and bark of plants is greater than that of the interior parts, and that of the leaves of deciduous plants greater than that of the leaves of evergreens, which give off less water b)^ evapuration. The effect of this e\'aporation has very justly been com- pared to the deposit of the limestone crust in the steam- boiler and the formation of stalactites in caves; and this irregular increase of the ash per centage causes man)' appa- rent discrepancies in the mineral ingredients of plants, and increases the difficulties in the chemical study of plant nourish- ment; for while it is generally admitted as full)' demonstrated, that certain mineral ingredients, to be found in the ashes of all vegetables, are essentially necessary to their growth, it must be acknowledged that some or some portion of these ingredi- 448 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. I I ents are of no more significance than the incrustation in the steam-boiler; being mere accidental deposits on the surface, the result of the escape and evaporation of the agents, water and carbonic acid, which held them in solution in the sap of the plants and in the water of the soil. In the same manner may we explain the influence of a dry ■season in increasing the fertility of the surface of the soil ; the soil solution, on the evaporation of the water, leaving its dissolved salts and other ingredients upon the surface; so that seasons of long drought are usually followed by others of great productiveness when there is sufficient moisture. The larger ash per centage of sample C is mainly due to this cause; the leaves not having fallen, which yield a very large proportion of ash. The ashes of samples D and E, grown on the old land in the very dry season, while not differing much in their general weight-proportion to the dried plants, show more lime and less alkalies than that of the hemp grown on the richer land. For some reason not immediately apparent, perhaps because of a previous buckwheat crop, the)' ga\e rather more than the average quantity of earthy phosphates. In the usual mode of management of the hemp crop the leaves mostly fall on the ground on which it is grown. A large proportion of them drop before the hemp is cut, more fall when it is spread on the ground to dry after cutting, and when it is taken up to be stacked. It would be well, doubt- less, to beat off, in this process, all the leaves that can thus he separated, so that they may be more regularly di-^tributed over the soil than if thrashed off when stacking it. It is also the general practice now to cut the hemp as nearly as possible to the surface of the ground, and leave the roots, with a few inches of the stem attached, to rot in the soil. In order to ascertain the relative fertilizing influence of the leaves and roots, three hemp plants were collected, July 25th, 1864, in ^/le dry season, from the rich field above described. These, one male and two female plants, were about six to 440 12 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF seven feet high. The leaves, stems, and roots, carefully sep- arated and thoroughly air-dried, weighed as follows : T/'r /('.^T'*-.^ weighed 23.916 grammes, .equal to about 30. per cent, of the whole plant. The roots " 7-433 '' '' 9-3 '' '' The items ' ' 4S . 4 30 ' ' ' ' 60 . 7 ' ' ' ' These were separately incinerated and their ashes analyzed, with the following results : TABLE II. OK THE RELATIVE .\sH IXGREDIEX TS OF THE LEAVI-N, ROOTS, AND STEM.s OF THE HEMP, CARBONIC ACID EXCLUDED. THE LEAVES. THE bXEMS. THE ROOTS. In 100 p'ts of ash. In 100 p'ts of dried leaves. In i'_.op'ts of .i-sh. In ro-. p'Ls of dried stems. In 100 p'ts of ash. 20.368 8.297 5- - -33 15.164 1-344 .405 2.1S9 In 100 p'ts of dried roots. Lime . . . . ... Magnesia Potash. . . Soda . . .... Phosphoiic acid Sulphuric acid . .... Chlorine Silica . . ... 48 5 27 9 2 5 S19 726 955 2i6 264 209 171 620 4 092 SsS 1 024 J 947 2_6 017 575 23- ;7i 5-S03 49 - 599 13-374 1.21S .576 1 .062 . 040 -194 1.659 ■447 .040 .010 ■035 0-713 .291 1.829 •5^^i .047 .014 .077 Per cent, of phosphates . . 19. 160 1-959 28. 158 0.942 26.885 0.949 Per cent, of ash 10.225 3-346 3-532 By examination of the above table it is to be seen, that the leaves of the flowering hemp contain more of the essential mineral ingredients of the soil than all the other parts of the plant ; constituting, as they do, about 30 per cent, of the whole plant in the air-dried state, and yielding 10.225 per cent, of their weight of ash, the carbonic acid being excluded ; while the stems and roots, which together form the remaining 70 per cent, of the weight of the plant, give an average of less than 3.5 per cent, of ash. Nor is this great excess of the ash proportion in the leaves due entirely to the influence of the greater evaporation which takes place on their surfaces, causing a deposit or incrustation of lime and magnesia salts and silica of the nature of stalag- mites ; for we see that whilst the amount oi silica in the leaves is nearly fourteen times greater than that in the stems, and 450 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. T3. more than seven times greater than in the roots; the lime more than fi\x' times as great as that in the stems, and seven times more than in the roots ; the vnii^i/cs/a three times more than that in the stems, and twice as much as that in ilie roots; \hit pliosplioric i-?r/(/and phospliatcs and the alkalies are in nearly double proportion in the leaves also, and the sulphuric acid five times greater in them than in the stems, and about four times oreater than in the roots. So that whilst the leaves, when in their lull)' matured state or when the)- naturally fall, ma)' possibly contain scarcely any but the less soluble salts which ma)- be left in their tissues on the exaporation of the carbonated water which held them in solution in the sap, they contain, when in the growing, active condition, like all other green herbage, a very large proportion of salts of potash, and of all the mineral elements of plant nourishment, and hence may greatly enrich the soil on which they decay. It is obviously to the interest of the hemp farmer, therefore, so to manage as to spread them as regular!)- as possible over his hemp ground. The dried hemp plants are allowed to remain in the stack until the cool season of early winter, when they are generally spread out evenly upon the same ground on which they had been grown, to undergo the process of dew-rotting. The hemp is permitted to remain on the ground until, by the action of the atmospheric waters and other agencies, it has become so far decomposed that all its soluble parts and soft tissues are removed and washed into the soil beneath or dissipated in the air, and the tough hemp fibre can be easily separated from the more woody portion of the stems. It is then taken up, "braked" out, and the clean merchantable hemp fibre sep- arated from the "hemp-herds," or " he7np skives" — the broken fragments of the woody parts of the stems — which are usually burnt up by the hemp-brakers on the spots where they fall near their hemp-brakes. In order to study the changes which occur in the mineral constituents of the hemp during this process of dew-rotting,, samples of dew-rotted hemp plants, ready for the brake, were 45' u CHEMICAL EXA>[INATION OF THE ASHES OF gathered, in December, from the two lots of the experimental field above mentioned, of the crop of the dry season of 1874. These were thoroughly air-dried, incinerated, and their ash submitted to analysis, witl: the following results: TABLE UL OF THE ASH ANALYSES OF DEW-ROTTED HEMP PLANTS, CARBONIC ACID, &c., EXCLUDED. (d) sample from lot 3. plasteked (see d.) (e) sample from lo not plastered. (se r 4- S E.) rtsof lemp In 100 parts of ash. In loopart.s of dried hemp plants In loo parts uf ash. In 100 pa dried plants. Linic Magnesia .... P'-tash Soda Phosphoric acid. Sulphuric acid . . . Cliiorine . . ... Silica 68.846 8-335 5.716 .429 13-979 •965 .050 1 .6S0 I -=35 -'49 . 102 .oc8 .25. .017 .COl .030 63 8 5 15 I 4 651 343 6S2 760 7'3 55 = 042 257 942 124 084 012 0=3 001 063 Per centage of earlliy phosphates . . 27.144 -487 29.920 •443 Per cent, of ash to the dried rotted hemp . 1-793 1.480 On comparing these n;sults with those given in tables I. A. and I. B., in the columns D and E, where the results of the anal)ses of the ashes of this same growth of hemp are given in the imrottcd state, it will Ije seen that a great diminution has taken place in the amount and proportions of the ash and its several ingredients. To exhibit this diminution of the ash ingredients, which takes place in the ordinar)' process of dew-rotting, we place the averages from table I. B. and the above table side by side in 453 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. '5 TABLE IV. COMPARATIVE VIEW OF THE ASH OF THE UNROTTED AND-^ THE DEW-ROTTED HEMP PLANTS, CARBONIC ACID BEING EXCLUDED. Avemge of D and E. Un- rotted hemp plants. Avernjje of D .ind E. Dew- rotted hemp plants. Proportions removed by dew- rotting. Lime Magnesia . . . Potash Soda Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid ... Chlorine ... . . .silica ... . . 2.036 ■415 ■995 .019 •5=4 .06 1 .01 1 .138 089 ■36 C93 OJO ^4^ 020 001 047 .About one half. Nearly two thirds. More than nine tenths. About one half. More than one half. About two thirds. Ten elevenths. Nearly two thirds. Per cent, of earthy phosphates 1. 166 .465 More than one half. Per cent, of ash to the dried plants . 4.165 1.636 More than one half. When we also take into consideration the fact that the dried hemp plants lose at least one third of their weight in the dew- rotting, we can judge how large a [jroportion of the essential mineral ingredients are restored to the soil in this process. The above table also shows us that the more soluble ingre- dients, such as the alkalies, &c., are removed from the plants in the larger proportions. These analyses and comparisons enable us clearly to un- derstand why the culture of hemp, when judiciously managed, especially when it is spread out and dew-rotted on the same surface on which it was grown, is so little exhausting to the soil, as compared with the method in which the water-rotting process is used. In order to ascertain how much of the essential elements of the soil are carried off in the merchantable product — the hemp- fibre as ordinarily sold — analyses were made of some of this, both in the usual condition as it is to be found in our hemp factories, and after it had been well washed with water to remove from it as much of its adhering dirt and soluble matter as possible. Two samples of the "hemp-herds," or refuse woody por- tions of the stems, separated in the operation of braking, were also incinerated, in the air-dried state, and the ashes- 45.^ i6 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF submitted to chemical analysis. The results are given in the following table : TABLE V. COMPARISUN OF THE ASH INGREDIENTS OF DEW-ROTTED HEMP FIBRE AND IIHMI' HERDS, CARBONIC ACID EXCLUDED. HliMT 1 ),'.i;i , UN- WASHED. HEMP FIBKE, WASHED. HEMP-HEKDS, 1873. MOIST SEASON. HEMP HKKUS, 1874. LIKY SEASON. In loopt's of ash. In loop'ts of dried hemp. In loop'ts nfash. In loop'ts of hemp. In lOop'ts of ash. In loop'ts of dried herds . In loop'ts of ash. In loop'ts of dried herds. Lime M:i.^nesia. ... Pol ash . Sn.la .... Pli .sphnricacid. . Sulphuric acid '^hlMfine. Sihca 59 960 8. '112 7-35' ,712 15 852 1.710 0.9S4 .141 . 121 ,012 .260 .029 .002 .092 68 6 3 15 4 (.94 222 789 801 335 487 048 624 0.732 .065 .040 .008 .161 .00s .001 .049 51.998 8 42ti 19.615 •9'5 14.401 2.0t6 a trace. 2 629 0.446 .072 .168 .C08 .124 .017 a trace. .022 62.992 8.966 8.670 -754 12.215 2.138 a trace. 4-465 0.676 .097 .008 -131 -023 a tr.iCL. .043 Per cent, of earthy phos- ph.-acs . . 31 567 .5'8 29.4S6 .310 29 275 ■ 251 24.807 .267 Percent, of a.-^h to the air- dried material. ... I . r'.4 ' 1.051 • 859 . 1.076 The hemp fibre, which was analyzed in the ordinary un- washed condition, was ol^tained from a factory in Lexington. It was of the crop of 1874, dark colored, and containing, per- haps, more than the average quantity of dirt or fine soil adher- ing to it. Washing with cold water removed some but not all of this adhering dirt, as well as much of the soluble matters contained in it, reducing the per centage of the ash)- residue more than om- third. Had it been thoroughl)' cleaned and bleached the ash per centage would ha\-e been still more con- siderably reduced. All the nitrogenous matters, holding phos- phates in a comparativch- soluble condition, all the alkaline salts, would thus In,* dissolved out, and very little else than silica, with a small pnipoi-tiun of the earthy carbonates, would bi' left in the clean hemp fibre; so that exhaustion of the soil from its production would be quite insignificant. Calculating on the data of the aljove tables, we find that an average crop of hemp of Soo pounds to the acre removes from the soil only a little more than thirteen pounds of ash ino-redients, or, when in the washed condition, less than eight pounds and a half while it is well known that a crop of wheat of twenty bushels takes nearly twenty pounds in the grain +5i THE HEMP AND BUCKW?IEAT PLANTS, &C. 17 alone ; a crop of fifty bushels of com removes more than thirty pounds in the grain alone, and a crop of toljacco of one thou- sand pounds, more than one hundred and seventy-six pounds. When we compare the relative proportions of the ingre- dients of these several ashes, the result is still more to the advantage of the hemp crop, as is to be seen in the following table : TABLE VL OF THE PROPORTIONS OF ^^NERAL INGREDIENTS REMOVED FROM THE SOIL IN CERTAIN AVERAGE ' ROPS. In 8cK) lbs 111 800 lbs In 20 Ijiis'ls 111 ^1 biis'Is In i.ooQ lbs In 2,400 lbs imwnshed of washed of wheal ■■■ nl i-iirii."- robacco,in- of ordinary hemp. hemp. cludingthe stalks.* hemp-h'ds. Lime, in po unds .... 7.872 5 776 1.63 0. 22 68.00 10.704 Iilagnesia, ' i.i;8 5-0 r 4i 3.61 S.67 1.728 Potash, .968 ■ i-O s 4S 8.06 69-73 4.032 Soda, .096 .064 M 6.22 6.80 .192 Pho'^phoric acid, ' 2.0S0 I.2SS 9 12 11.85 8.13 2.976 Sulphuric acid, ' .2 :,2 .040 oS not i-st. 8.40 .408 Chlorine, ' .016 .008 ^■•^ not est. J.r6 a trace. Silica, ' .736 ■392 41 .7. 5.86 .528 Total ash . . 13.128 8.408 ]9.6o 30.67 176.65 20.568 4.144 2.480 6.024 * From volume IV, Reports of Kentucky Geological Survey (old series), p.ige 321, We see that while an average crop of hemp takes only an amount of potash from the acre \'arying from less than one pound to less than one third of a pound, the wheat crop takes nearly five and a half pounds, the corn crop more than eight, in the grain alone, and the tobacco crop nearly seventy pounds ; and while the hemp crop carries off onh' from one and a quar- ter to two pounds of phosphoric acid, the wheat will take more than nine, the corn more than eleven, in the grain alone, and the tobacco more than eight pounds. We notice also that the removal of the hemp-herds (which are believed by some of our practical farmers to bear a proportion in weight to the hemp fibre of three to one) will take from the land greatly more of its essential ingredients than the hemp fibre itself; for while the merchantable hemp holds less than a pound of ^potash and two pounds of phosphoric acid in its composition, 455 1 8 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF the equivalent quantity of hemp-herds holds more than four pounds ol potash and nearly three pounds of phosphoric acid. As we have stated, it is the common practice of our farmers to permit the hemp-herds to be burned up in the heaps where they fall near the hemp-brakes. Some erroneously believe, indeed, that they would exert an injurious or poisonous influ- ence on the hnid if spread over it; but it is evident that this practice tends more rapidly to reduce the fertility of the hemp field than the sale ot the hemp fibre; and that it would be beneficial to adopt some plan of reducing the hemp-herds to the condition of vegetable mould, and to spread it over the surface, where it would not only tend to keep up the propor- tion of humus, but would re-supply much of the essential min- eral elements in a soluble or available form. If it is found that the recently scattered hemp-herds seriously interfere with the cultivation or growth of the next succeeding hemp crop, it would doulitless pa)' to haul them into heaps to rot, or to spread them o\'er some other field, which might be in prep- aration for h(Mnp in a system of rotation adapted to this cul- ture. The common practices in our region has been to cultivate the rich new land in hemp continuously until it no longer yields a profitahle product, and then to resort to other newly- cleared woodland pasture, or open blue grass fields, to renew the process. Sometimes land comparatively old in cultiva- tion has been used for hemp, after it has been rested and has increased its humus during two or three )ears in clover, or for a longer time in open blue grass pasture; but as )et no regular system has been adopted by which the abundant humus and read)- suppl)' of soluble mineral ingredients of the soil, necessary to this luxuriant vegetation, can be secured or maintained. As the hemp product carries but little of these away from the land, leaving most of them behind, after a tem- porary use of them during its season of growth, the mainte- nance of the productiveness of the hemp soil seems an easy problem to solve, where the land is well drained and naturally of a suitable composition and consistence, as is our blue grass 456 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 1 9 land. But the capability of the production of hemp, even in this fertile soil, appears to be limited, and its humus and other soluble essential ingredients, on the abundance of which this crop is so greatly dependent, seem gradually to undergo dimi- nution in the ordinary system of culture. That this gradual deterioration is not due wholly to the removal of the crop is e\ident h'om the foregoing facts and considerations. But it appears that the humus and its soluble and available constituents are decomposed and removed, under the influence of the atmospheric agencies, faster than they are renewed by the decay of the leaves and other decomposable parts of the hemp plant. The small proportions of these car- ried off in the merchantable hemp need, indeed, scarcel)' be taken into consideration in this connection. The humus is a very decomposable and oxidable substance ; the atmospheric oxygen combines continuously with its carbon and hydrogen to produce carbonic acid and water, so neces- sary as plant food, while the essential mineral elements of the mould thus set free, being in a soluble condition, are subject to the washing agency of water, which may ciiftuse them more or less through the neighboring ln-lds, or gradually carry some of them off in the drainage. This action would be the greatest when the ground is no longer covered with a growing vegeta- tion, which would absorb the rich soil solution and bring its valuable fixed ingredients to the surface, but is doubtless con- stant whenever water in sufficient quantity falls to saturate the soil or to pass through it. For although many experimenters have established the fact that the soil has a power of absorp- tion sufficient not only to enable it to withdraw and hold cer- tain substances dissolved in the water which passes through it, and even to decompose some chemical compounds, and to separate and hold some of the elements and replace them by others less essential, yet it is equally well established by numerous experiments that pure water, such as rain water, which passes through a fertile soil, carries off from it, in solu- tion, a notable quantity of its essential elements, which, as already intimated, may either be lost to the locality by the VOL. l.-CHEM. 30. 457 20 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF ■drainage or diffused througli the adjoining grounds, according to the well-known laws of osmose. To maintain the high degr<:e of active fertility necessary to successful hemp culture, even in our rich blue grass lands, seems, therefore, to require something more than the most judicious management of that crop itself; for we find that, although the removal of the hemp causes a scarcely sensible diminution of the mineral elements of the soil, the field on which it is continuous!)' produced for a series of years becomes at length unproductive of this crop, because, doubtless, of a gradual decrease of its proportions of humus and of those soluble salts which are required by the hemp plant in such a large and ready supply as is necessary to its rank and rapid development, during its short season of growth. As the prevalent mode of culture, if carried on indefinitely, would inevitably reduce all our hemp lands below the level of profitable production, the adoption of a new system, which would promise greater durability to hemp culture, is greatly desirable. According to the prevalent system, the hemp ground is ex- posed, more or less, to the decomposing and leaching influence of the atmospheric agencies for more than six months in the year, with scarcely any growing plant upon its surface to -absorb and retain the dissolved fertilizing materials or the nutritive gases which are produced in it by decomposition. These, therefore, may pass off in the drainage or become lost to the field by the continuous process of diffusion. The growth of the hemp begins early in May; it is ended, ty the cutting of the crop, late in August. During these four months it is probable the active vegetation absorbs and retains the dissolved essential elements of the soil, so that waste of them by oxidation, diffusion, or drainage, is little or nothing. The drying of the cut hemp spread on the ground is a short process, and the subsequent influence of the roots of the liemp left in the ground is merely mechanical, and does not prevent oxidation of the humus or the leaching out or diffu- sion of its soluble materials ; neither does the hemp, when 458 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 21 -spread out to dew-rot, prevent this action of the atmosphere or the water, although it may give much soluble fertilizing matters to the soil ; and very few weeds of any kind spring up in the hemp field to take up and retain for future use these valuable gaseous and soluble substances which pervade the soil, and are escaping, mostly in solution, in all the water which passes through it. The obvious remedy for this loss is to keep the surface of the ground, as much as possible, covered with an active vege- tation which would absorb and retain upon the surface these fleeting elements of fertility, and keep up, in its subsequent decay, the large proportion of humus which is necessary to a heavy hemp production. Some of our farmers, for this purpose, have very judiciously resorted to the sowing of rye after the cutting of the hemp, to be plowed in, the following spring, as early as may be neces- sary to kill it and allow it to rot. The rye grows with great vigor and covers the ground fully ; is not injured by the hard- est frost, and offers no impediment to the dew-rotting of the hemp, while its roots continually absorb the soluble and gas- eous elements of plant food, to retain them and leave them in an available state, together with a new supply of humus, when it is plowed in to decay in the soil. If at the time of sowing the rye the ground is also plowed and the hemp roots covered 'to rot, no doubt the surface could be more benefited than if the grain is simply sown on the surface and harrowed in. Some definite idea of the beneficial influence of the rye may be obtained by examining the results of the analyses of ^this plant in its immature condition, as given in the tables of Emil Wolff" and Dr. Emmons, of New York. (See table in Johnson's "How Crops Grow" and "Natural History of New York.") It would be quite a moderate estimate to say that rye, sown ■on the rich hemp ground in early September and plowed in early in April or late in March, would give to the land an amount of vegetable matter, in its roots and leaves, equal to ■'three thousand five hundred pounds, in the dried condition, to 459 2 2 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF the acre, which by its decay would greatly increase its veg- etable mould or humus, and probably replace fully that portion which had been removed In the hemp culture. But we find, by reference to the table of Wolff, that this amount of organic matter would also give to the soil more than sixty-six pounds of potash ; more than twenty-five pounds of phosphoric acid ; nearly thirteen pounds of lime ; more than five pounds of mag- nesia; more than two pounds of sulphuric acid, and equally considerable quantities of soda, chlorine, and soluble silica ; in all more than one hundred and seventy pounds of essential mineral Ingredients to the acre. In a state most favorable for plant food, or nearly twenty times as much as need be carried off in an a\'erage crop of merchantable clean hemp fibre. This use of the rye plant evidently commends itself to the careful and judicious hemp farmer for a full and thorough trial. Another important question with our hemp farmers is, how best to improve our old fields to a new capability of profitable hemp culture? Such is the natural fertillt)- of our blue grass soil, and so very favorable are the conditions to which it Is subject, that this is a more easy problem than is generally supposed. Indeed, our routine farmers find b)^ experience that a good clover rotation, or a series of years In blue grass sod, will ordinarily recuperate a field to hemp land. The soft Silurian limestone beneath it is constantly, although slowly, yielding up its stores of fertilizing elements to the atmospheric waters, which gradually dissolve it and bring them b)' diffusion into the soil for the use of growing plants. But the demands of the farmer upon the soil most generally exceeds this benefi- cent supply of fertilizers, and hence his fields decrease In productiveness in the ordinary thriftless husbandr)- which has been kept up by this liberality of nature, and he is already confronted with the necessity, either for the use of artificial fertilizers or the adoption of such a system of rotation of crops as will give time for the natural recuperation of his soil, without a serious diminution of his annual income. The latter alternative commends itself most in our region, and especially a rotation which includes a clover fallow of two years. The 460 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 23 red clover growing with great vigor on our ordinary soil ; pro- ducing a great amount of herbage ; drawing largely from the atmospheric gases and vapors, and reaching to considerable depths in the soil for mineral fertilizers with its long tap roots; so that experience proves it to be the best known plant for the renewal of our land, in our common rotations, more espe- cially because it can be pastured with hogs or cattle without a very serious diminution of its ameliorating influence upon the soil. When cut for ha)-, which is removed from the field, the case is very different, as can be understood when we see that a clover hay crop of two tons carries off with it not only the equivalent of humus which its decay on the soil would give, but also more than eighty pounds each of potash and lime, nearly twenty-three pounds of phosphoric acid, and other fer- tilizing mineral substances in proportion. The ash of the dried clover and dried green hemp plant are strikingly alike in composition, as may be seen in the follow- ing table : TABLE VIL OF THE RELATIVE PROrORTIONS OF THE ASH CONSTITU- ENTS OF CLOVER AND HEMP PLANTS, &c. In 100 parts of the dried hemp. From t.iblel. B. (Sample C.) In 100 parts of dried clover. (E) FromWollT'st..- b!es.« Mineral ingredients in an acre of clover, including the roots. (Say 5,000 lbs., dry.) 2.461 ■312 1.472 .065 •5-5 .047 .022 •139 2.30 .80 2.30 .10 .65 .20 •25 .20 Magnesia . . . Potash . Soda . .... Phosphoric acid . Sulphuric acid . Chlorine Silica . 40 i'5 5 32 10 12 10 5 II 5 II Per cent, of ash . . .... 5-055 6.80 340. pounds. * The average of fifty-six analyses. That the clover fallow may be made very useful in the renovation of our hemp lands, by a judicious management, is manifest. But other plants of a quicker growth may sometimes enter into an improving rotation for this crop, and no other promises 461 24 CHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF THE ASHES OF better than the buckwheat plant, in ordinary seasons, which- may afford moisture enough for its luxuriant growth. During the present year my son, Benj. D. Peter, devoted one lot in his experimental field (see Prof. N. S. Shaler's report) to buckwheat, sown broadcast in the spring, in order to study its ameliorating influence on the soil when plowed in. The season being a very wet one, the plants grew with great luxuriance and fully covered the ground. .Samples of it were gathered by me, roots and all, on June 20th, when it was in. full leaf and in flower at the top; and also on i\ugust 4th, when it was about three feet high, yet in flower at the top, and had matured a good deal of seed. It had, of course, then lost most of its lower leaves. These samples were fully air-dried in the laboratory, incinerated, and the ashes fully analyzed, with the following results : TABLE VIII. OF THE COMPOSITION OF THE ASH OF THE BUCKWHEAT PLANT, &c., CARBONIC ACID EXCLUDED. BUCKWHEAT IN FLOWER. BUCKWHEAT IN SEED. In 100 parts of the ash. In 100 parts of dried plants. In 100 parts of the ash. In TOO parts of dried plants. Lime .. . .. 33-434 10.518 32.900 1.266 16.824 1-378 -431 3-249 2-9 9 .0 22 2.SS3 .III 1.470 .120 .0 .s ,-S5 35-103 12.586 26.180 .657 23.770 not est. ■350 1-354 2. 131 .764 1.589 .040 1-443 not est. .02r .083 Magnesia Potash Soda Phosphoric acid Sulphuric acid Chlorine . . Silica Per cent, of earthy phosphates 32-873 2 . S,S-j 47.198 2.865- Per cent, of ash in dried plants 8.762 7-479 18.000 29.000 This crop of green herbage was plowed under shortly after the last sample was gathered, in the hope that the matured seed would germinate and produce a second growth to be plowed under in the fall. Many did sprout, but the grass- hoppers consumed most of the young plants. .462 THE HEMP AND BUCKWHEAT PLANTS, &C. 2$ Before plowing this buckwheat under, the green growth on a yard square was weighed, and amounted to four and three quarter pounds, which is equivalent to about 22,990 pounds to the acre, equal to more than six thousand pounds, or three tons, of the dried plants, including the roots, to the acre of ground. So that, calculating on the data given in the above table, this large quantity of green herbage, with the seeds and roots included, would not only give to the surface the large amount of humus, or vegetable mould, which would result from its decomposition, but also more than ninety-five pounds of potash ; more than eighty-six pounds of phosphoric acid ; nearly one hundred and forty pounds of lime ; nearly, forty-six pounds of magnesia, and other essential ingredients in proportion ; all in a state immediately available for plant nourishment. The experience of another season may demonstrate its- practical effect in an increased hemp production. The buckwheat plant is used in other regions as a fertilizer, and may very properly be introduced here in a rotation. It is evident that future profitable hemp culture will depend greatly on the adoption of a judicious rotation of crops suited to our soil and markets. What the details of that rotation may be must be worked out by our intelligent farmers. 463 INDEX. [The flgurc< refer to the In it torn paging.] Action of plants on rock materiiUs . . . 4.31 In A'VA Airdrie Funuu-c iron ores, iVc. . . 145, 14S, 149, 1.51, l."i:i Allen county; compositinn of Mills and subsoils of 3.3.5 to .3.58, 4:14 Analysis of, iVc. See Compositiim of, tK:('. Analyses of coals, general results nf , 10 iron eres of Northeastern Kentucky, general results of 10 soils, general remarks on . . . . . 4 soils, method of ... . 5,-10 Appendix to chemical report . . 155, :',:','.! Ash analyses of Ilonji and its produets; clover, buckwheat, &c. . . 434 to 40 I coal, composition of .... ... . . . . 4rS, 07 coal, pliosplioric acid in . . (17 of tierjuan millet; couiiinsition of the. . . . 4'JO-, 4'IX of hemp and buckwheat plants, chemical examination of . . . 434 to 4(14 of Hungarian grass ; conipusiiion of. . 4l'5, 4J'J percentage of eoals as compared with their specific gravity 24, 105, 137, 157 Ashland rurnace, Boyd county, coal used at . Kit; pig iron, analysis of . . L'5, 20 Band iron ore, black, from Jackson county ; lomposition of . 399, 400, 437 Barata suljihate in ( )wen county. . . .... 314 Baregine, in Grayson .s^pring sulphur waters . . . 93 Barium and Strontian Chlorides in ( ikn Font 1)1 inc. . . 297, 29s in (ioose Creek brine. . . . 2:)2 Barren County ; composition of soils and .subsoils of . . .35s to 303, 434 limestones, analyses of - . . ■ . l(i marl and nitre earth . 202, 20.3 Bath County; composition of Ferruginous Mngnesian Limcstcme of Chalybeate .■sjirings in . . .'U;9, 370 composition of saline waters in .371-3)74 com})i)sitiou of the Chalybeate Springs of . . . 30(S, 30".l composition of the mineral waters of the Olympian Si)rings in . . 303), 3.00 facts about the mineral waters of the Olympian Sjirings in . . 3)53 iron ore, analysis of. ... ... ](i iron ores and pig ii-ons 19.'s to 2t)2 Sulphur waters ; composition of the. 303 to 300 Bell County coals, soils, and subsoils. 203 to 215 Bellefont Furuiice |)ig iron, analysi's of . 25, 217 Bessemer process; can iihosphorus be removed by it? . ... 197 Bittern water, composition and uses of. Goose Creek Salt-works, . . 232, 2:13 Glen Font Sidt-works . 297 -Bituminous Shale . • • 204, 205, 294, 295, 3lo, 3)30 Menifee county, analysis of • • • ■ 140 silicious petrifaction in, Lawrence county '. 28ii 405 2 5 INDEX. Black Band Iron Ore from Jackson county; composition of . . . . 399, 400, 437 Lawrence coniitv 280, 281 Jliililcnburg ciiunly 141^ 143 " Black waxy " J- >il from Cnllins county, Texas 351, 435 Block coals ii[ Imliaiia, analysis of . . . . 15ft iron rire nf Carter connty 222 Blue Lick d'jwrri Spring;, in Nicholas county; composition of water from . 414, 415 linios'.oiie, ( iiiciiinati (ircni]!, of ('uiii]ibell county, analysis of 42 Boiler crust and scdiiuent, Franklin county, analysis of . 73 Boone County clay . . . . . . 215, 21H Furnace jiiyiiron, analysis of 57 Bored wells of Fayette county, analysis of waters of 73 to 75 well of Franklin cnnnty, analysis of water of 78 Bourbon County rua^nesian limestone 155 Boyd County coals, description and analyses of 20 to 23 iron ores, analyses of .... 17 soils and coals, analyses of 2fi, 166 Branching ( ha-teie.s, fo-sil, from Fayette county 383, 3S4 Bracken County soil, and inndstouc rock, analyses of 28 Breathitt County coals ... . 218 to 222 Breckinridge County; coinposition and uses of Jlarly shale from . . 374, 438 red under clay, analysis of. . 170 Buckwheat as a fertilizer for the hemp crop 462 plants; experiments with. . 432 Buena Vista Furnace piy; iron, analysis of 25 Buffalo Furnace jjij,' iron, analysis of . 116 Butler County ; composition of coal from . . .... 375, 436 Composition of Marly clay shale (u- Indurated clay from. . . . 375, 376, 438- iron ores, coals, and limestones, analyses of . 31 Calcareous spar of blue limestone, analysis of. 71 Caldwell County lead ore . 34 California adob'- soil, analyses of. . 160 Campbell County marls, shales, clays, sand, soils, analyses of. . . . .34 Cannel Coal . 21!l, 22(l, 260, 26;;, 2li4, 265, 272 to 275, 291, 292, 295, 296, 3b5, 328 Hunnewell, Creenup county, analyses of 167 Carter County block iron oil' and pit; irons 222 to 224 clays, coals, iron ores, limestones, pij; irons, soils, analyses of. . . . 43 to 64, 166- Centre Furnace, in TriK.L,' County ; composition of pig iron from. . . 421, 422, 437 Chaetetes, fossil branching, from Fayette c'onnty 383, 384 Chalk rook, indurated, from Texas ; composition of 425 Chalybeate mineral water, Fulton ciMmty, analysis of 81 Springs of Bath county ; composition of the . 368, 369' S|irings, in Bath county; composition of Ferruginous Magnesian Limestone of. .... 369, 370- waters, (iraysou county, analyses of . . 96 Chemical Report (Third) of the soils, coals, ores, iron furnace products, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, &c., of Kentucky, by Robert Peter, M. D., Ai-., .<:c., Chemist to the Survey . . 347 to 438 Christian County coals, mineral watei-s and soils 224 to 231 Clay, carbonaceous, Muhlenbnrg county 150' County, Goose Creek salt waters, &o 231 to 233- 466 INDEX. 29, Clay, fire i-'lay, of Muhlenburg county, analysis of . . 144 focit of grand chain, Illinois, analysis of 83 (potters I from Franklin county ; composition of 384, 43.S friiiu Oliio county; composition of 4ly, ■i'.iH (ionuan t'lass pot 341.', 344 (Iniliuiiaite) 344, 345 ironstone from Ohio county ; cumposition of 416, 437 ironstone, Estill county i;43 RockcastW county 3-1 sluilc, uiurly, or indurated clay from Butler county; composition of, 37'), 376, 438 Clays . . . ... 215, 239, 242, 243, 250 to 255, 287 to 2Wl Campbell county, analyses of 35 comparative table, composition of 45 of Kenton county, analyses of 133 of the coal fields . 15 fire clays of Carter touiity, analyses of 43 fire clays of lireenup county, analyses of ■ . . . . . 100 Clover port Coal and Oil Company, their pro] lerty, &c. . . . 260, 263, 264 Clinton county marls, clay, and coal .... 233, 234 iron ore of Cumberland Gap 197, 198, 339, 340 Coal, Cumberland mines, Clinton county 234 fibrous, riluldenburg county, analysis of 150, 151 in subcarboniferous limestone formation, riiayson county 88. used at Ashland Furnace, Boyd county, analysis of 160 Coalton coal (No. 7) 46, 47 Coals, Belle, .unty. . . . 203 to 208 block coals from Indiana, analyses of . . . 159 Boyd county, analyses of . ■ • 20 to 23 Boyd county, relation of specific gravity to weight of ash 24 Butler county, analyses of .31, 375, 436 Carter county, analyses of 46, 166 Christian county 224, 225 Daviess county . 239 to 241 Edmonson county, analyses of 65, 66. extremes of composition of, sulphur in 191, 192- Floyd county 248 to 250 ■ from Illinois, analyses of 157 from Indiana, analyses of 158. from the State of Ohio, analyses of 155 from Winter's Gap, Tennessee 341 general results of analyses of 10 Grayson county, analyses of 86 to 89, 250 Greenup county, analyses of 102, 167, 2.55, 256, 392, .393, 436 Hancock county 260 to 264 Harlan county 264, 265 Hopkins county, analyses of 130, 266 to 269 Jackson county 272, 273 Johnson county 274, 275- Kentucky, table of composition of selected samples 13 Kentucky, tables of average composition of 11 467 30 INDEX. Coals, Kentucky, Ac, tables of extremes of composition of 12 Lawrence njunty 135, 281, 282 Lee oniuuy . . . . 2S:! to 285 MadJsiin cnunty 289, 290, 408, i"!', j\I:iH(iflin county 290, 292 Martin county. . 292 to 294 McLe m county 294, 295 .Mt-nilce county, analyses of. 139, 300, 301 ]M(ir;;an rnunt>' 29.'), 29(1 3Iulilcnliurt^- county 302, 303 Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, avLiaye composition of . . 11 Ohio county, analyses of 152, 108, 30.5, 312 (Iwslcy <'ounty. ... 315, :;ii; Pciiy comity. 31ii to 31 N Pulaski county . ... ."ll.s, 319 relation of ash |iroportion to siiccific gravity . 192, 193, 207, 2ns, 222 Koi'kcastie County . 329, o21 uncoiuhiiuMl sulphur and lime suljihatc in 151 Wolfe- county . . 327 to 32S Coke of Cijalton coal . 49 Usoil at Airdric Furnace, MnhlenliuiL' county . 147 Collins County, Texas; "hlack waxy " soil from . :!5] , 4:15 'I'cxa- ; coinjiosiiioii of soil from ... 424, 435 Composition ami uses of .Maily shale from Breckinridi;!' county :174, 4118 of black hand iron ore frotu .Tackson county . 399, 400, 4:17 of clay, from ( )liio county . . . .41S, 4:IS of clay inmst one from Oliio comity . 41(i, 4117 of coal from Butler county :175, 4:!il of coals from I nei-nnji county . 392, :19:1, 4:10 of coal from Madison comity 40S, 4:1(1 of indurateil chalk rock from Ti-xas 425 t>i limestone from _Mii-cer connlv 413, 414 of limestones fconi ( )liio county . . 417 of Limointe iron ore from Tri^;j county 429, 421, l:i(l of Liinonite ores (iron ores) fnan Lyon county 407, 43(> of Marly clay shale or Indurated clay from Butler county :155, :;7(i, 4:is of matia-ial, soils, suhscdls, and nmler-clays from <4rant comity. . 384 to 39(1, 434 of mineral ivater frinii .lessaniinc county ... 490 to 402 of mineral water from Lincoln cininty . . . 402 of mineral water (sulphur water) from ^lailison criuiity . . 40S of mineral water from Xidiolas comity. ... .... 414, 415 of uiiiieral waU'i' from Warren county 422, 423 of pliospljalic limestones from Fayette comity IIHO to 3S3 of |ng irons from TriL:u- comity -1-1, 422, 4:17 of ))otter's clay from Franklin county :!84, 4:i8 of red bud soil from Madisini comity 499, 4:15 of iSaline waters in llatli cmiiity :171 to 374 of soils, extremes of variation in 351 of soils and subsoils of .\llen comity 355 to :!5S, 4:54 of soils and , subsoils of I'.amai county 1158, 311:), 434 of soils of Fayette county. 378 to 380, 434 468 INDEX. 31 Composition of soils from Ilanlin connty 393 to ;!!)", 4:i.j of soils from Hopkins county 398, :;9'.l, -lor) of .soils and subsoils from Liit,'an county . 40ol(>-lU7, 4o5 of soils and uiulor-clay from Met 'nickni county 410, 411, 435 of soils and \nider-clay of Jhadc county 411, 4i:!, 4:15 of soils from Oldham county . 419, 4.9, 435 of soils from Texas. ... . . . 423, 4'-!4, 435 of the Bath county Sulphur waters . 3(;."., 3(1(1 of the C'halylicate S|iiings of Bath county .oils, 3(l!l of the water of the " Kaisei'-(|iH'lle " at Aix-la-Chapelle. . . . 3llii, 3(17 of viriiin soil and subsoil from Grayson county. . . 390, 391, 434, 435 of well water from Fayette county . . . . 37(i to 37.S Crab Orchard Salts ... . l'S7, I'.^s Crown Ore, (iron) Carter county, analysis of 5.3 Daviess County mineral waters, s(jils, (lays, and coals -34 to 241 Dyestone Ore of Tennessee. . . .339, 340 Edmonson County iron ores, coals, and cast iron 64 to (LS, 1112 iron ores and clays . . . 241 to 241! Estill County iron ores and pig irons ... . . 243 to 245 Experiments with Hungarian grass, (lernian millet, and buckwheat . . 245, 425 Extremes of variations in comjiosition of soils . . 351 Fayette County ; composition of soils of . . (iS to 75, 37s, 380, 484 composition of phosphatic limestones and soils liom. . 245 to 24S, 3,S0 to 3.S3 composition of well water from . . . . . 37il, 37S fossil branching Cluetetcs from ... . . 3s;!, :>s'4 fossil shells from . . ilsil, ;i,w4 Ferruginous Magnesian Limestone, of Chalybeate Springs, in Bath county; com- position of . . . . 309, 370 Fertilizers, mineral and atmospheric elements 9 Fibrous Coal 130, 131 Fire Clay, German glass pot 342 to 344 of Carter county, analyses of . 43 of Greenup county, analyses of 100 of Mnhlenbnrg county, analysis of 144 Floyd County Coals 248 to 2.50 Foxden iron ore. Carter county, analysis of -"lO, 51 Fossil branching (Uitetetes from Fayette c(junty 383, 3M4 shells from Fayette county . 383, 384 Franfclin County ; composition of potter's clay from ... . 384, 438 marly shales, waters, cVe. . . 75 Fulton County, soil, mineral water, clay, silicious deposits, sandstones, &c. 80 to 83 Galena from Owen county • . . . . . 313, 314 in Henry county 129 (lead ore) from Harrison county 397, 398 of Caldwell county, analysis of 174 German glass pot fire clay 342 to 344 (iron) ore. Carter county, analysis of, &c 52 millet 353 to 353 millet ; composition of the ashes of 426 to 428 Glairine in Grayson Springs sulphur waters 94 Glen Font Salt Works, Meade county 296 to 300 469 32 INDEX. Goose Creek Salt "Works, Clay county 2?.l to 233 Grayson County coal, clay, and iron ore 250 to 2.15 iron ores, marly slialcs, sandstone, coals, waters, and soils S"> to 100, li;3 SpriiiLjs mineral waters, analyses of ... SO to '.i7 Greenup County clays, coals, limestones, iron ores, pig irons, and soils, 100 to lis, 167 Grant County; composition of material, soils, subsoils, and under-claj's iroui, 3S4 to :',9n, 434 Grass, Hungarian. . . 3 i3, to .■'„'>5 composition of the ashes of . 42.i to 429 Grayson County, Texas; conipositiou of Soils from 42:'.. 424, 43.5 composition of virgin soil anil subsoil from 390, 391, 434, 435 Greenup County; composition of I'oals from 392, 393, 430 coals, pi.L,' irons, iron furnace shigs, and soils 255 to 200 Grey lime ore . 107 Hancock County coals. . 2i30 to 204 Hardin County; composition of soils from. . . 117 to 129, 393 to 397, 435 Hard liuiestoue water of Fa_\i'tte county for irrigation, &c . . 73 Harlan County Coals. 20,4, 205 Harrison County ; lead ine (t;;ilena) from. ■ • •. .397, .398 Hematite iron ore, red, Lawrence County . 13.7 Hemp culture, influence on soil, ttc . . 69 and buckwheat plants, chemical examination of the ashes of . . . 439 to 404 cnhiire in Kentucky . . . 441, 442, 443, 449, 451, 4.56 dew-rottin;; ;ind water-rottin^i, cliiinges which occur in 451, 453 Henderson's [jror.ss for the jiurification of iron 195 to 197 Henry County galena (lead ore! and marly shale 129 metallic lead and limestone 265, 206 Hocking Valley (<3hio I coals. . 156 Hopkins County coals and ocherous iron ores 130 coals and soils 266 to 272 composition of soils from. 398, .399, 435 Horsley Bank iron ores, Carter county 51, 52 Hungarian Grass . 353 to 355 composition of the ashes of 425 to 429 microscopic photographs of 428 Hunnewell Furnace pig iron 116, 256 to 258 Indianaite of E. T. Cx 344, 345 Indiana coals, analyses of 158 Indurated chalk rock from Texas ; composition of 425 clay, or marly clay shale, from Butler county ; composition of . . 375, 376, 438 Illinois clay, Post Tertiary, analysis of 83 coals, analyses of 157 Iron furnace slag, Raccoon Furnace 258 Henderson's process for purification of 195 to 197 Iron Hill, Carter county. • 223, 224 Iron Hills Furnace, flux limestone, analysis of 56 Furnace, pig iron, analysis of 57 Iron Ore, black band, from Jackson county ; composition of 399, 400, 437 (Clay ironstone) from Ohio count}'; composition of 416, 437 Clinton, of Cumberland Gap 197, 198 •470 INDEX. 33 'Iron Ore, limonite, from Trigg county ; composition of 420,42], 4:',(; limonite, of Clinton Group, Batli county, analysis of 16 of (.irayson county . 83, ](j:!, '.'.'34 Iron Ores, black blind, Lawrence co\inty ilSO, usi carbonates . . L'lG, 217 general results of analyses of 10 (Limonite ores I from Lyon county ; composition of 407, 4;;(i Limonite of Bath county . lOS to L'OO of Boyd county 17, 216, 217 of Butler county, analyses of 31 of Carter county, analyses of 40 of Edmonson county 64, 162, 241, 242 CI Estill county 243, 2-14 of Creenup county, analyses of . . 106 of Kentucky, extremes of proportion of iron and phosphorus in 193 of Lyon county ... . . . 1:38 of Jluhlenburg county, analyses of 143 oclireous, Hopkins County, analyses of 131 Iron, Pig, extremes of cnnijidsition of 198 of Bath county. . . 200 to 202 of Greenup county 256 to 2.58 of Kentucky, average composition of . . 15 Irons, Pig 198, 200 to 202, 217, 21K, 256 to 258 Jackson County coals 272, 273 composition of black band iron ore from. 300, 400, 437 Jessamine County; composition of mineral water from 400 to 402 mineral water . . . . 273, 274 Johnson County coals 274, 275 "Kaiser-quelle" at Aix-la-Chapelle; compiisition of the 306, 367 Kaolin, Indiana 344, 345 -Kenton County silicious grit, clays, marly shales, and limestones. . . . 132 to 135 Furnace, limestone flux used at . . I(i5 Furnace, pig iron, analysis of 116 Kentucky natural resources 190, 191 Kidney iron ore Ill, 112 Knox County ferruginous limestones and soils 275 to 278 I Lambert iron ore . 52 Laurel County soils 278 to 280 . Laurel Furnace pig iron . 257, 258 Lawrence County black band iron ores, coals, limonite ores, &c. . . . 280 to 2s3 coals and iron ore 135 to 137 ! Lead, metallic, Henry county 265 ore (galena) from Harrison county 397, 398 ore (galena) Royal mines, Livingston county 137 ore of Caldwell county, analysis of 34 ore of Henry county 129 Lee County coals 283, 284 Leitchfleld marls 250, 255 Lewis County soils 287 , 288 .Lim.e of Fayette county (blue limestone), analysis of 71 (quick lime), of Montgomery county 141 471 34 INDEX. Lime, use of, on soils . 70, 71 Limestone (blue aru'illaceiius), Krntini ciiuiity, analysis of 134 blue, n( Caniiiliell county, analysis of 4:i Fi'i-runiniius, Knox rnunty . 275, li7(> Kerni^iii.ms .M,iL;-iu'sian, ition of. 413, 414 lilios[]|iatir, from Fayelti' county ; eoinpositiou ot ;'.S0 to 3S3 Lim.e8toiies of t'arlrr county, analyses nf. 5(> of ( iT'ei-ini|i county, analysis oi Hi,-, uinier suliiarlioniferons oolitic ami lithographic Hi from Ohio count) ; composition of. 417 Limonite ir.iu ores, r.ath rounly IDS to L'dO iron oivs, Ivhnousou county . . .241, 242 iron ori's. I'.snll roiinty 243. 244 iron ore, (iray^on county t 254 iron ores. Law ivic'i- county 2S2. ::S3 iron ore, ilenifec-couiity 301 iron iiro, ( lliio eounty .... 312, 31.". ores ( iron ores, ti'oin Lyoneoiinfy; coni|Misitioti (.f J(l7, 43,11 iriin ore from Trinn' eoiinly ; coniiiosition of. 420. 421, 433 Lincoln County rla\- and ( fall (Jrchard Sal t>. 2S7, 2.ss eoniposilion of mineral water from 402 Lithographic stone It; Livingston County i;alcna (leail ore) . . i:;7 Logan County; composition of soils and subsoils from. 403 to 407, 43,5 Lower Block iron ores. . . . lOG, 107, 109, 110, 112 Carter county, analyses of . .... . 50, 51, 53 Lower Blue Lick Spring, in Xieholas county; eomimsition of water from the, 414, 415 facts about the min(aal waters of the 353 Lyon County; eoin|"isition of Limonite ores (iron ores) from . . 407, 43i6 iron ores, .Vc . l:;s, 131 Madison County ; composition of coal from 4(IS, 43li clays and coaN. 2SS to 2',lil composition of niinnral « ater ( sulphur water) from 4(IS emnpusifion of red bud soil from 4(li)_ 4:;5 Magoffin County 'oals . 2!io to 2:12 Main Block iron m-e. Carter county, analyses of 52, 53, 54 "le 107, 110, 111 Marl, r.arrcai comity , 202 Marls and marly shales, of Campbell county, analyses of 34, 42 marly shales, &(',, alkalies and phospborii' acid in 14, 24, 34, 75, S4 or shales of tiie < hester Group ("Leitchiield marls") 250 to 255 472 INDEX. 35 Marly Clay, Clinton county 2:13 of Graysdu onunty aiul their uses 250 to -'5 shale or indui-atcil clay from Butler county ; composition of . . . 375, .'!7(i, 4:iK Marly Shale fn^n liivi'kinridyv ciiunly; composition and uses of 374, -l.'iS of Boyd county L'-i of Franklin county, analysis of , 75 of (.iraNsiin cuunly, analyses of ,S4 of Henry cnunty, analysis of ]L'!( of Kenton county, analyses of .... ];!4 Martin County coals ... 2!)2 to '2!)4 Material, soils, subsoils, and uiider-elays from Grant county; composition of , 3^4 10 390, 4:;4 MeCraoken County; roniposil ion of soils and under-clay from . . 410, 411, 4:15 MoLean County bituminous shale and e<^al .... 294, 21)5 Meade County; couijjosition of soils and under-clay of 411 to 413, 435 Menifee Coutity coals and bituminous .shale i:!9 coals and iron ores 300, 301 Mercer County; comjiosition of Limestone from 413, 414 Metallic iron (Meteoric), liockcastlc county 322 Microscopic photograiilis ol Ilunsariau grass 42S Millet, German , 353 to 355 composition of tlie ashes of 420 to 42iS Mineral Paint, Fianklin county , 75 (4ra\son county 85 Hopkins co\inty . . 131 Mineral Water from .Tessamine county ; composition of 400, 402 from Lincoln county; comiiosition of 402 chalybciite, Fulton county, analysis of 81 chalybeate, Pulaski county 319 of Christian county, salt snljihur, Hopkinsville. 225, 22() sulphur, Fleetwfiod farm, Franklin c(junty . 79 (sulphur water) from JIadison county ; composition of 408 from Nichcilas county ; composition of . . 414, 415 from Warren county ; composition of 422, 423 sulphur, AVebster county . ... 323 Mineral Waters, chidybeate and alum, Daviess county 234 to 23G chalybeate, Webster county .323 chalybeate, Whitley county 325 of Grayson Springs. 89 to 97 of Kentucky, lied to plants ],Sil Nobel's aiipanitus for silt analysis of soils 40 Nolin Furnace ioUl I, ore anil iiiy: iron from ]tl2, 163 Ochre, bruwni.sli yellow, Hop]^ills county 131, lliL' Ohio County coals and irnu ores. .';Ooto.'i]:> coals and soils. 1.52, 1.53, 108 coiuposiiion of clays from 4LS, 438 composition of clav ironstone from . 410, 4o7 Composition of linicstones from 417 Ohio (Slate) coals, analyses of . l.'..^ Oldham County ; cnni|)osition of .soils from 410, 420, 435 Olympian Springs, in Bath county; composition of the mineral waters of tlie, 303 to .'lOO facts about the mineral waters of the . ... :;53 Ore, black band iron, from Jackson county ; composition of . . 3011, 400, 437 linionite (iron) from LyciU county ; cijmpo.sition of . .... . 407, 4::(> Owen County n'L I ena and barata sulphate . . . .313, 314 Owsley County coals ... . . .315, :;i(i Panieum Germanicum; composition of the ashes of . . 425 to 420 Plants, action of, on rock materials .431, 433 buckwheat; experiments with -132 Peach Orchard coal .... 2.si, l'S2 Pennsylvania Furnace pig iron . . 250 to i:5.s Perry County coals . . . 310 to 318 Peter, Robert, M. D., &C., chemical examination of the ashes of hemp and buckwheat plants. . 4:10, 464 Third Chemical Iteport of the soils, coals, ores, iron furnace products, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, Ac., of Kentucky . . . :;40 to 43.S Sixth Chemical Itej.ort. . 181 to :;4ii and John II. Talbutt, Fifth Chi-mical Report 1 to bSO Phosphatie limestone, Fayette county .... lOS, 245, :',S0 to 3.s3 Phosphoric Acid in coal ash. ... 07 Phosphorus in iron, inHiiiMice (if, and modes of its removal. . 103 to 105 in iron furnace I'iniler ... . . . . 194, 25S Pig Iron, Airdrie Furnace, i\luhlenburg county . . . 145 average coni|iosilion of Kentucky. . . ].3 extrenu'S of composition of lO.'-l fromi linton ore . 341, 342 from Trigi; county ; composition of 421, 422, 4:17 of Bath county 200 to 202 of l'.n\d county, analyses of 25, 217, 218 of (.'arter county . . . 223, 224 Carter county furnaces, analyses of 57 of T'lstill county ... 244, 245 of Greenup county, analyses of 116, 256 to 258 Old Baker Furnace, Edmonson county t)7 474 INDEX. 37 Pig Iron, Old Nolin Furnace, Edmonson connty, analysis of 162 Potato Knob iron ore, Carter county 52 Potter's Clay from Franlilin county ; composition of 384, 438 Pulaski County coals and clialybcate water 318, 111!) Raccoon Furnace, flux used at 105 slag 258 Red-bud soil from ^Madison county ; (din]"isition of 409, 435 Red liiuestonc (iron) ore. Carter county, analysis of 54 River Furnace pig irons ... . . , 244, 245 Report (Chemical), Tliird, of the soils, coals, ores, iron furnace products, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, Ac, of Kentucky, by Eobert Peter, M. D., &c., &c., Chemist to the Survey . 349 to 438- Rockcastle Chalybeate Springs, Pulaski county. . 319, 320 county coals, clay and metallic iron ■ . . ,321 to 323 Rock Material ; action of plants on . . . . 431 to 433 Rough Ore (iron). Carter cfjunty, analysis of . 53, 111 Rye as a fertilizer for hemp crop 459, 460 Saline Waters in Bath county; composition of 371 to :!74 Salt Sulphur "Water from Nicholas county; composition of 414, 415 Salt Water, salt, bittern, A:c., Glen Font salt works 290 to 310 Salt Works, < roose creek, Clay county 231 to 233 Sandstone of Grayson county, analysis of. . . 86 (soft), Fulton eonnty, analysis of . 82 Shale, bituminous, Mi'uifce county . . 140 marly, in Ureckinridge county ; uses and composition of 374, 438 Shells, fossil, from Fayette county . . 383, 384 Silicious concretions, Fulton county 81 deposits of Fulton county, remarks on 82 grits, Kentoir county, analyses of 132 mudstone of Bracken county, analysis of 30 Silt, analyses of soils. 40 Silver in the lead ore of Caldwell county 34 Soil, adob<>, of California, analysis of . 160 analyses, general remarks on -1,5 "black waxy " from C.iUins county, Texas ... ... .351, 435 comparative exhaustion of, by hemp, corn, wheat, and tobacco. . 454, 455 how to enrich it for hemp culture . . . . ■ • . . 460, 401 insoluble silicates of 187, 188 its fertility, as influeneod by dry seasons 449 organic matters of, influence of 187 red-bud, from Madison county ; composition of 409, 435 virgin, and subsoil from Grayson county ; composition of, 97, 390, 391 , 434, 435. Whitley county . 327 Soils and subsoils of .V lien county ; composition of 355 to 358, 434 and sulisoils of Barren county ; composition of 358 to 363, 434 and subsoils of Logan county ; composition of 403 to 407, 435 subsoils, material, and under-clays from (irant county; composition of, 384 to 390, 4:!4 and under-clay of I\Ioade county ; composition of 411 to 413, 435 and under-clay from ^IcCracken county ; composition of .... 410, 411, 4:!5 agricultural capabilities of, ascertained by analyses 41 47.1 38 INDEX. Soils, analyses of silicioiis residue and sand of 40, 70 causes of exhaustion of, in liemp crop 456 couiiiarative analyses of old aud new 8, 41, 04 exhaustion hy emiiping shmvn ny analysis S, 41, 64 extremes of variations in composition of :!51 &v.,ni Bell county. . 208 to L' 15 of Boyd county, analyses of l'(i of Bracken county, analyses of I'S of Campbell county, analyses of DO of Carter county, analyses of . . TiS of Christian county I'l'ii to l':;i of Daviess county i':!7 to 1':!',) of Fayette i-(i\inty, coniiiosition of 68, 446tu44S, :;7sto:»S(), 4:;4 of Fulton, analyses of . ... SI) of (ireenup county, analyses of . 117, '2V.i, 2(iO of Hardin ceunty, analyses of 117 to IL'U, :;'.}:! to :'>97, 4o.i from Hopkins county, composition of 2li'.l to 272, :_!',I8, :i!)ll, 4.'!.5 of Kentucky, limits of variation of composition of . . . I.S.") of Knox i-ounty L'7G, 27n of Laurel county. . . 27s to 2s(l cjf Lewis county ■ . . 2sri, l',S7 of Muhleuburg county ;',{):;, :;(I4 (jf (tliiu county, analyses of . l.j,", from CJldham county, composition of ... 419, 420, 4:i.'> from Texas, composition of 42-'''>, 424, 4.>3 of Webster county. . 324, :!2.i rich and poor, cliaracteristics of IS.'i, ISi; silt, analysis of. . 40 Specific Ki'avity of coals compared with ash proportions, 24, 1!I2, ]9:',, 207, 20S, 222 Subsoil, influence of snlisoilinn, trencliino; 1S6, 1S7, 2111 soils, material and under-clays from Cirant county; comimsiton of, .1S4 to i;9ll, 4:;4 and viri,dn soil of anklin county, analysis of 79 < jraysou county, analyses of . 89 to 96 water in j\Iadisou county, composition of . 408 from AVarren county, conipositi(jn of 422, 42.'! Sulphur, uucondiined, in coals. 151 Suwanee Furnace iron ores, aiudyses of 138 Table of ash analyses of dew rotted hemp 452 of ash analyses of the fibre of dew-rotted hemp and hemp-herds 454 of the ash ciunjiositiou of buckwheat 462 of composition of clays 180 of the ash constituents of (dover and hemp 461 of the ash constituents of hemp plants. 447 of the ash constituents of the leaves, roots, and stems of hemp 449 of the entire ash of hemp plants 446 476 INDEX. 39 17!), LSI, 33& ii-'I.") :!30 II ITli :!38 :!.",n. Table of composition of clay iroiLtitone ores 175, of ciimposition of couls 17t) to 178, "'o2 U composition of iron ores (limonites) 173, 174, :v,','^, of the average composition of KcntiK'liy coals of composition of liiuestoiics of composition of marls, marly shales, silicious concretions, &c. . . . . of composition of i)ig irons of selected Kentucky coals ... . . ... of composition of soils, Ac, iSic. . . . 170 to 17-, of the extremes in the comimsition of coals of Kentucky .... Talbutt, John H., chemical assistant . . .... Texas; "bUnk waxy" soil from Collins county, in . . . ... composition of indurated chalk ri>ck from . . . . composition of soils from. . . 42;',, Third Chemical Report of the soils, coals, ores, imn furnace products, clays, marls, mineral waters, rocks, Ac, of Kentucky, by Robert Peter, ^I. D., &c., ike, Chemist to the Survey . . . 347 to 438 Trigg County; com|)iisition of limonite iron ore from. . . . 420, 421, 4:;(i composition of piy' irons from. . . 421, 422 Trigg Furnace, in Trig,!<- county ; compnsitiou of pij;- iron from 421, 424 Under-Clay, red, of Breckinridge C(_iunty, analysis of nniterial, soils, and subsoils of Grant county; composition of and soils from IMcCracken county; composition of . anil soils of Meade county; compositinn of. Uses and composition of marly shale from Breckinridge comity. Variations, exti'emes of, in composition of soils Virgin soil and subsoil of (ir;iysnn co\inly ; composition of. . 1390, Warren County ; composition of mineral water fnmi. . . . Well Water from Fayette county ; comjiosition of 13 :i:il 12 1, 3 .3.51, 435 . 425 424, 4: '.5 4:i7 4:!7 30 4:;4 4:1.3 4:.;s :',.'ii v.n, 4:14, 4.T1 . 422, 423 . .'-'.(IS to 378 :'„S4 to 3!l(l, 410, 411, 411 to 413, . 374, Water from a bored well in Fayette county; composition mineral, fnaii .Jessamine county; composition of mineral, from Lincoln county ; composition of .... mineral (sulphur), from Madison county; composition of mineral (salt sulphur), from Nicholas county; composition of from interior of iron ore geode, analysis of . . . ... influence of on the soil. of Grayson Sprinu's, analyses of of Franklin county, analyses of of Fayette county, analyses of. Webster County mineral waters and soils Whitley County mineral waters, bituminous shale, and soil. . Wolfe County coals, &c Yellow Kidney iron ore, Carter county, analysis of f 37(i to 378 4(;() to 402 414, 402 408 41.1 Kil . . . 186 S!l to 97 76 72 to 75 324, .■!25 325 to 327 327 to 329 54 477 VI *