1641 H17' CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PM 1641?hT7" """"'™"' '■""'^ 3 1924 027" 108 Is's" A €ra;mmar Ofi THE KWAGIUTL LANG0AGE, r-REY. ALFRED J. HALL, ^f /A fcfRANi ACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY , OF CANADA "■■■■■■■': ■ ■' ^- '"■'■.'. ' . - " T ■'■ " '':■'' ■ VOLUME VI, SECTION II, 18S8. MONTEEAL DAWSON BEOTHEES, PU.BLISHEES . IS89. ^ '« Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924027108285 Section II, 1888. Trans. Royal Soc, Can. A GRAMMAR OF THE KWAGIUTL LANGUAGE EET. ALFRED J. HALL, FROM THE TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF CANADA VOLUME VI, SECTION II, 1888. MONTREAL DAWSON BROTHEES, PUBLISHERS 1889. ?^ CORNELL UNIVERSfTYi UBRARY OOKTEKTS. Intkoductoey. 59 The Kwagiutl Pdoplh. - - - - - — I. PHONOLOGY. - - - - 60 I. — Vowel Sounds. — II. — Consonant Sounds. -- ..... — II. PARTS OF SPEECH. 61 I. — Noun. -.- - — (1.) Number of Nouns. .... .... — (2.) Gender of Nouns. - - - - - 62 (3.) Case of Nouns. - - - - 63 (4.) Formation of Nouns. - - - - - — II. — Adjective. - . - -^ ' ^t. "■-,■'; - - ■ 65 (1.) Adjectives of Quality. .'"."-"-- - - 66 (2.) Numeral Adjectives. ,.- " " ' . " " " " ^7 (3.) Distinguishing Adjectives -- , --. .... 72 III. — Pronoun. - ... ..... . — (1.) Personal Pronouns. -- -' .... — (2.) Possessive Pronouns. ... 74 (3.) Relative Pronouns. ---- -- --75 (4.) Interrogative Pronouns. 76 (5.) Indefinite Adjective Pronouns. - ... . . — IV.— Verb. - - ..-..-. - 77 (1.) Conjugation of Verbs. - - ... 79 l.—Muhya: "Strike." .... . — (Notes on the Verb.) - - - - 86 n.—Duhmla : " See." - .... - 88 (Notes on the Verb.) - - - 93 (2.) Examples of Principal Tenses of Various Verbs. - - 94 (3.) Verbs Classified by. meaning. 96 V. — Preposition. --- ....... 101 VI. — Adverb. — (1.) Interrogative Adverbs. - - - - - 102 (2.) Adverbs of Manner. ...._ (3.) Negative Adverbs. — (4.) Adverbs of Place. ... — (5.) Temporal Adverbs. 103 VII. — Conjunction. -- — (1.) Copulative Conjunctions. -- — (2.) Disjunctive Conjunctions. - - ... . 104 VIII.— Interjection. ..-- -105 Section II, 1888. . [ S9 ] Trans. Eot. Soc. Canada. VI. — A Orammar of the Kwagiutl La,nguage. By Eev. Alfred J. Hall, Alert Bay, British Columbia. (Presented by Dr. G. M. Dawson, May 30, 1888.) Introductory. • This grammar was not originally compiled for publication, but to assist those mis- sionaries and teachers who should succeed me, to acquire a knowledge of the Kwagiutl language. When I first came amongst these Indians in 18*78, 1 experienced great diificulty in obtaining a knowledge of the idiom of this language, and much that was then learned had subsequently to be unlearned. I had perhaps finished ninety pages of manuscript when Dr. G. M. Dawson, of the G-eological Survey, visited our neighbourhood. Finding that he took a great interest in Indian, I spoke of the work upon which I was then engaged. He strongly advised me to complete the grammar, and suggested the Transac- tions of the Royal Society of Canada as a medium of publication. There are doubtless many inaccuracies which are open to correction, but I trust there is something in my work which will atFord pleasure to the philologist, and I earnestly hope it may prove an assistance to those who wish to gain a knowledge of Kwagiutl, in order that they may ameliorate the condition of these Indians. The Kwagiutl People. The Kwagiutl Language is spoken by the Indians who live on the north of Vancouver Island and the adjoining coast of British Columbia. They were once a powerful nation, and the terror of the Haida and Tsimsheans who had to pass their villages on their way south. In 1853 they are said to have numbered *7,000, but the census taken in 1884 showed that there were less than 3,000 souls. The most southern village is that of the LikwitldaAw at Cape Mudge ; the most northern that of the Grwasila in Smith's Inlet. The distance between these two is about 150 miles. There is great similarity in the lan- guage spoken by the natives of River's Inlet, Bella Bella, and as far north as Gardiner's Inlet, but I do not include these with the Kwagiutl nation, as they do not form part of Kwagiutl Indian Agency. There are fourteen Kwagiutl villages, all of which are on the coast. Commencing from the south and proceeding north they are as follows : — A. — LikwitldaJw. 1. Wiweki Cape Mudge. 2. Wiweknm and Kwi/ca Lovghborovgh Met. 3. ^aHmazis Salmon River. 60 ALFEED J. HALL 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. B. — KwAGiurL. Maditlbi Havannah Channel. Danakda/cw Knight's Inlet. Tlawitais Turner Island. Mamalilikula Village Island. Numkis Alert Bay. Zawada-inu^w Kingcombe Inlet. Kwagiutl Fort Rupert. Kuskimuh w and G wazinuiw Kwatsino Sound. NagwakdaJw Slunden Harbour. Klaklasikwila Hope Island. Gwasila •, Smith's Inlet. PHOXOIiOGY. There are twenty letters in the Kwagiutl alphabet, five vowels and fifteen consonants. The vowels are a, e, i, o, u. The consonants are b, d, g, h, k, I, m, n, p, s, t, w, x, y, z. The consonants c,/,y, g, r and t), are not required. The Indians find great difficulty in pro- nouncirg/, r and v. When attempting to say flowers they invariably pronounce it "jolowers" ; in a similar manner, river is pronounced '7iver" ; fly, "ply" and very, "bellj." I. — Vowel Sounds. The vowels most in use are a, i and u, while e and o are seldom required V0WET,S. Kbywoeds. Examples. a a 6a« T father bagwanum {m.an) e i i they tin \ machine / ek (good) klisila (sun) u u home but 1 rule i bo (leave) lean iimp [my father) au 1 aw i audit ia alleluia iu view ii yi {one syllable) II. — Consonant Sounds. There are six consonants that are often difficult to distinguish as pronounced by the Indians, viz. : b and p ; d and t ; g- and k. Even when they write letters in their own A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 61 language they themselves confound these letters. However, after the ear has grown accustomed to their sound they are distinguishable. I once spelt ba^wdnum, man, with a p ; dunum, rope, with a t ; and ginanum, child, with & k. As a rule, the consonants pro- nounced by Europeans p, t, k, are pronounced by the Indians b, d, g. Tand D. — I have chosen i as a final consonant and d as an initial, e.g glakwit glak- w'ldagia ; Itlt makes It'idagia. G always has the sound of g in the English word gig, and is generally followed by a diphthong, e.g. giakun ; giukiu. H is an aspirate as in hyiisit (rest) ; ndhwd (all). In many words like Idhdakw and muhlt, the h unites the syllable before it to the one following it, and sounds not unlike h in hue. K is of very frequent occurrence in Kwagiutl. If occurring in Roman character in an Italic word, or in Italic in a Roman word, it is equivalent to ch in " Loch." If in heavy type (k) is has the sharp clicking sound of the raven. Z is equal to ds. II. PAKTS OF SPEECH. There are eight parts of speech in the Kwagiutl language : — (1) Noun, as hwdkwuna, canoe ; glos, tree ; gild, cinnamon bear. (2) Adjective, as zMa, black ; wdlas, great ; num, one. (3) Pronoun, as yin, I ; nits, mine ; lak, him. (4) Verb, as dukwilin, I see ; dukwitlin, I am seen ; Idtlilas, you are afraid. (5) Preposition, as ulkgli, behind ; lak, to ; nahwdtla, near to. (6) Adverb, as auU, truly ; uldk, nearly. (V) Conjunction, as glu, and ; la-td, but ; 'kdt, or ; kd-lks, because. (8) Interjection, as klawU, how beautiful ; andnn, an exclamation when hurt ; d-Mas-awd, splendid. I.— NOUN. A Noun is the name of any person, place or thing, as Nugezl ; (a person's name, mean- ing a great mountain) Zdmas, Victoria ; s'ltlum, snake ; egialazl, goodness. (1.) Number of Nouns. There are two numbers, the singular and plural. The singular denotes one object, the plural more than one. The plural is formed either by reduplicating the first syllable of the singular, or by a modified form of it. Thus — 62 ALFRED J. HALL English. SiNGULAK. Plural. man bagwanum bi-bagwanum box gildas gil-gildas brush ziibayu zizabayu banket laJayl la-ul4ayi table humhdumitl hi-humhdumitl canoe hwakwuna hwii-hwakwuna or hwi-hwakwuna tree glos glak-glos carpenter gitinuA; glgitinui fool nunulu nisnunulu woman zidak zidak dug watsi wa-iltsi The plural ofkwanuJcw, son or daughter, is sasum. There is no plural form used for gig, tooth; kwusi, poJa(o; glabum, nai?; kakau, /iera ; mukwila, moon; Itiutila, .saZmon. The adjective kmum, many, is generally employed with such nouns, or the number specified, e.g. kmum kwusl, plenty of potatoes ; mntl-tsum mukwila, two months. (2.) G-ENDER OP NOXJNS. G-ender is the distinction of nouns with regard to sex, and is recognised in the Kwa- giutl language. There are twojuodes of distinguishing gender. (a) By Different Words. Masculine. niap, father kwili, unde kakump, grandfather awazawi, stepfather babagwum, boy wisa, infant son tlawunum, husband gluli, nephew gikumi, chief Feminine. abump, mother aniSj aunt kakiis, grandmother abazawi, stepmother zazadakum, girl kuna, infant daughter kunum, vnfe gluli-kas, niece gikumi or Ulna, female chief (b) By Prefixing. The word bagwanum prefixed to nouns is masculine, and zidak to nouns feminine, as bagwanum kwas, male deer ; zidak k'lwas, female deer. A KWAG-IUTL GEAMMAE. 63 Notes. — (1) The noun is generally understood and therefore seldom mentioned. (2) Certain words are used either for masculine or feminine : — kwanukw, son or daughter. n&gwmaTp,JafIier-in-law or mother4n-law. niila, elder brother or mter, zaya, younger brother or sister. wakwa, a woman's brother or a man's sister. (3.) Case of Nouns. Case shows the relation of a noun to other parts of the sentence. There are but two cases, viz., (1) a case that stands for Nominative, the subject, and Objective, the object of the sentence ; (2) the Possessive Case, denoting the relation of property or possession This is formed by the preposition of, e.g. " This is Henry's house" is literally in Kwagiutl, "this is the house of Henry," gia um giukw's Henri/. The apostrophe shows that a letter has been elided : written fully it would be giukio as Henry. Examples. wini giukwas Henry, Where is tlie house of Henry f gia um hwakwuna sin ump, This is the canoe of my father. kilhwa klin klai kwakwune's aus, I will buy the canoe of your father. kilats siwayau sin ump, Bring me the paddle of my father. zihk.i fcwanukwasa mamatl-a, The son of the white man is sick. (4.) Formation of Nouns. Most of the Kwagiutl nouns are formed from verbs, e.g. Icikula is the verb " to work," and from this verb we get the following nouns : — (1) iafculayii, o tool (wizin iaiulayau 1 where is my tool f) (2) iafcularinui, a labourer or one skilled in labour, (iajtula-iniiiwi ' aus. Your father is a labourer.) (3) iaiulilgis, a servant, (widis iaiulilgisa ? ^ Where is your servant f) (4) ihkxxlvA, fellow workman, (la klin ale-kl ton iaiulut. 1 will go and look fur my co-worker.) (5) \a,k\y\kD.viva, wages or what is gained by work, (kiyosin ia/culanum. I have earned nothing.) (6) iaA:ulas, place of work, (wi dis iaJiulasa 7 Where are you working ?) (7) laMazi, workshop, (has ui-it knn munyayau laka iaiulazi. Fetch my ruler from the workshop.) The following is a list of nouns formed from their several verbs : — i.—A YU OR Tool Nouns. I Verbs. Nouns. ligiayu, hammer. munyayu. measure. kunayu, needle. subayu, axe. hyildayu, saw. kigiayu. oar. likiun, I striked' munsm, I measure^' kunun, I sew. siipun, I chop. hyiltin I saw. kikyin, I row. • The final letters 5 and a. need some explanation. The former (i) is part of the verb "to be." The letter (a) is the sign of the interrogative. 2 The first Person Singular is un when it follows Ic, k, m, n,p, w, and in when it follows c?, g, ?, s, t, y. 64 ALFEBD J. HALL : Nouns. liklnuJ, Uacksmilh. munyiniifc, surveyor. kuninuA:, seamstress. supinuA, axeman. hyiltlnuA:, sawyer. mnnTnui:, drummer. 2.—INUK OE Skill Nouns. muhyin. VEEBa likiun, 1 Itammer munsii), I measure. kunun, I sew. supun, I chop. hyiltin, I saw. I strike. JSToTE. — The affix Initk means "Bkilful," and added to the root of the verb forms a noun meaning "one skilful" in the action expressed by the verb, e.g. munlnuk. The Indians strike their drums with that part of the fist near the little finger, and a Canadian drummer would not be a munlnuk. S.—ILOIS OE Agent Nouns. kutlililgis, hatlakulilgis, hamiksililgis, tsiyilgis, supilgis, hyiltilgis. tmrse. collector of money. cook. one who draws water. wood chopper. sawyer. kutlilin, / nurse. hatlakun, Ipay. hamiksilin, I cook. tsiyin, I draw water supun, 1 chop. hyiltin, I saw. 4. — TJT OE Fellow- Agent Nouns. umtlwiit. playfellow. kaswut. walking companion. k-akuklut. fellow scholar. humut. dining companion. hanaklut, hunting companion. lastut, fdlow bather. umtlin, I play. kasin, I walk. kakiiklin. I team. humapun, I eat. hanaklin, I hunt. lastin. I bathe. 5. — NUM OE Act Nouns. humyanum, kiglanum, unikanum, didanum, kilwanum, kwenum. berries picked, fishes netted, firewood obtained, thing borrowed, thing bought, produce of labour. humsin. I pick berries. kiklin. I fish with a net. unikun, I amlgetling firewood. didin. I borrow. kilhwun. I buy. kwigilasin. I work. 6- — AS OE Place Nouns. siipas. chopping place. hyiltas. savAng place. laas, place he has gone to. miias, sleeping place. kayas. place of walking, a path ukaa, place where he stops. 7.—AZI OE House Nouns. hawSi-ulazI, umlazi, iianiyiizi, hiimlksllazi, kiadugwiizi, tslya-wazi, prayer house, church, playroom, goat house- kitchen, library, pincushion. 8.—ILAS OE BunjDiNQ Nouns. gudanllas, stable, from gudan, a horse. kilwilas, store, " kilhwa, to buy. gia-ilas, sleeping apartment. kwa-ilas, sitting room. 9.—MUT Nouns (woethless things.) suyapmut, hyilhyatmut, haamut, zizakmiit. chips. sawdmt. crumbs. shells of cockles, Ac. A KWAG-IUXL GEAMMAE. 6S kwe, hunkli, lakwi, hiki, dumi, ^abali giatl or yala. 10. — QIATL AND ALA, Sound Nouns. ' noise of crying. report of a gun. shout. noise. sound of a bell. _ noise made by the Indians when loading or unloading their canoes. Thus we have kwe-giatl or Jewayala, hunJeli-giatl or hun-Jelcila. The former is employed when the sound is heard once, the lattei- when it is continuous. The word for " Indian language " is literally the sound that the Indian makes. Kwa-Jewala means the Kwagiutl language, Mdmatl-d-Jeidla, the white man's language and Tsin-Jeia.la the Chinese language. 11.— DUM AND UND, Time Nouns. iaiulah-dum, working time. hawafalah-dum, time of prayer. hamap-dum, dinner hour. zawuni, uiinter. ia/cula-uni, uml-unl', kwiluui, hiun^, working season, playing season, feasting season, summer. IL~ADJEOTIYE. Adjectives are words added to nouns, in order to distinguish them more accuiately or to limit the extent of their significance. They may be divided into three kinds : — (1) Adjectives of Quality, as wdlas, large. (2) Adjectives of Quantity, as nukokw, ten (men). (3) Distinguishing Adjectives, as ka, the ; giada, this. The Kwagiutl adjective is modified by number, but does not vary in respect to gender or case. Instances. Singular. Plueal. Bad, yaksum, yaiksum. Black (man). zutla, zuzatlum. Short {man), zukwufedl, zutlzakwufed Great, walas, awo. Small, umayi, um-umayi. A good man. ek bagwanum. Oood men, esuk bi bagwanum. A good boy, ek babagwum. A good girl. ek zazadakum. Note. — Eki bagwanum means " he is a good man," and e&uki bl-bagawnum, " they are good men." Here the letter I, which is part of the verb "to be/' is joined to the adjective. Again, there are cer- tain letters affixed to nouns, adjectives and verbs, in this language, by which you can understand the local position of the subject of the sentence. I, the person spoken of is not present. ig, (this g is from the distinguishing adjective giada, this) the person spoken of is present and nearer the speaker than the person apoken to. Sec. II, 1888. 9. 66 ALFEED J. HALL : fik, the person spoken of is pi-esent, but nearer to the person spoken to than to the speaker, k, if speaking of a place in which you are residing at the time, or the day on which you speak. eki gikumi, yaksami ump, naukadi bagwanum, He is a good chief. ] He is a bad father, l not He is a wise man. present. ekig gJkumI, yaksiimig glkuml, naukadig bagwanum, He is a good chief He is a bad chief, or This is a bad chief. This is a vise man. near speaker. uk ekyii^ gikumi, He is a good chief. yaksamuJ gikumi, He is a had chief. wudrda, cold ; wudalui;, It is cold. naukadui bagwilnum, He is a wise man. I near j- person I spoken to. J ^^^^' \^Z.ri Raw ■[^P^^''^''"°*"'^'*'' ^- where Yalislii; 1'*'^'^' -""2/ \ Speaker there. j- speaker ekyiii Yalisii:, Alert Bay is a good place j lives. wudalu^wa nalai, II is cold to-day. (1) Adjectives of Quality. . There are three usual degrees of Comparison, the comparative ending in MwJ and the superlative in kl. Thus, ek, good ; ekiakawl, better ; ekiak'i, best. The last syllable of the superlative gives the idea " among," "best among all" or " best of all." This will be seen by comparison with the following words : ciwakl, inside of any substance ; glgilki, walk- ing among ; glgiaki, there among. Positive. Comparative. Superlative. Qood, ek, ekiakawl. ekiak!. Bad, yaksum, yakiakawi, yakiaki. Tall {person), giltuistj giltuisdakawi, giltutedakl. Tall (tree). gilta, giltakawi, giltaki. Black, _ ziitla, zutlakawi. zuwilki. Near, nahwatla, nahwatlakawi. nahwatlaki. Old (person). kwilyukw, kwilyakwakawi, kwilyakwak Old {man). numas, numasakawi. niimazaki. Long {lime). kltla, kltlakiiwi, kitlakl. Late, atl-Id, atl-idakriwi, atl-ldaki. Much, hinum, kikawi, kIkT. White, mula, mulakfiwl, mulki. Red, klakwa. klakwakawl, kliikwakl. Blw, ziisa. zSsrikawi, zazakl. Far off, kwlsala, kwlsalakawi, kwlsalakl. Great, walas, walaSi'ikawi, w,yazakl. First, j^'iall, gialakawl, gialaki. Every Adjective has a second Comparativo to which tlie verb " to be" is attached. Examples. Qood, ek ; belter, aekiatla. Let it he done hiitcr {thing not vnn), aekiatla la hyl. Let it be done better {thing near), aekiatla la byfi/,-. Black, ziitla ; a trifle blacker, zazutiatlii. He is blacker, zazutlatla (person not prc.iail). He i,s blacker, ziizutliUlui {thing spoken of present.) High, Ikiiila; go a little higher, filkistala. A KWAGIIJTL GEAMMAE. 67 Sometimes the sign of the Comparative kawl ' is added, as babamtlaMwl la hynk, put it a trifle lower ; aekiailakawl la hijuk, do it a little better. Vekral Form of Comparison. POStTIVE. COMI'AEATIVK. Old man, numas, nanumasStla. Late, fitl-it. aatl-idatla- Much, kinum, IcallTtla. White, mula mamulatla. Far, kwisala, kwakwisatla. Red, klakwa, ■ klilklakwatla, &c Sentences on the Adjectives. This is good, This is the better, This is the best, James is stronger than Charles, James is more playful than Cliarks, I am tall but you are taller, ' It is colder this winter than last, The sun is brighter than the moon, He is better to-day. This {canoe) arrived before the rest, He is below {in position) his fellow men, He is beneath his companions. gia um ek. gia um ekiakawl. gia um ekiaki. tlokwakawayi James fas Charles. umumtlbusakawayl James sas Charles, gildufedin la gia tas gildutedakilwaya. ■wudalakawayui da zawuni-ais zawuni-wutlai;. yikii klisila kwukatla kawi sa mukwila. aekidatla Jcv/a, nala. gialagiwi gia. bunakawl sis bahwit. bunakawi sis waukw. Examples op the Superlative. He is the lowest of all. This is the largest house of all. This tree is the tallest tree I have seen, bunalaki sa nahwa. gia um walazaki giukw. gia um giltaki glosin dukwitl. The Superlative is also expressed by adding the adverbs kunklila, very, aul, truly, and hmhma, very, to the adjective. 'Kunklila is used in a bad sense, e.g., to say " very good" you must not employ kunhlila, but aul, writing aul ek. Examples A very bad (man), A very good man. He is very sicJc, Very great, He is very clever. ftunklila yaksum. aul ek bagwanum. J;unklila [sick underslod). auli zihlca (not present). aulig zihka [near speaker). auluA zihlia (near the person spoken to). hinuma walas. hlnuma egilwat. 1. num. 2. mail. 3. yuduhw. <2) N-UMERAL Adjectives. A. — Cardinal Numbers. 4. mil. 5. sikia. 6. kuklii. ' k. yiiduhw-zak. 10. nuka*l2ak. 4. mu-zak. 11. num-zakagiyu. 5. sikia-zak. 12. matl-zakagiyu. 6. kukla-zak. 20. matltsumgiustau. 7. aglabu-zak. 21. nanumzakaula. Examples. There are six [logs) on the beach, How many pencils have you f I have two canoes, kukla-zakui laiwa klamais. gin zakus kiadayau kus ? Five, sikia-zak. matl-zakun hwakwuna. The hour is expressed in this manner from the idea of the strokes on the face of the clock, e.g., " one o'clock" in Kwagiutl means that the clock has made or completed one mark; " two o'clock," it has made two marks. It is six o'clock, What o'clock is it ? Five odoch. lu kukla-zaklla. lu gin zakila ? sikia zakila. (d) Cups or any Vessels containing Liquids. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. numii: kla. matl u^ kla. yMuhwuii; kla. miiwiA: kla. sikie^ kla. kukle^ kla. 7. aglabuwii kla. 8. matlgwanatl uA: kla. 9 . nanumiA kla. 10. nuke* kla. 11 . nuxniA; kla glyii. 12. matl-ufc kla giyvi. Examples. Six cups, How many cups have you ? Take three spoonfuls daily, I only had one glass, kukleJ: kla kwasta. gin nei klus kwastek? jKiie, sikie* kla. yuduhwuk kla k.is ka, kiazanuk kii nnvak sa niila. numii kla kis um. liis refers to whatever enters the mouth. (e) Days, or anything Square such as Blankets or Tobacco-Plugs. 1. numi-sa. 6. kuklu4-sa. 2. matlu^-sa. 7. aglabui-sa. 3. yuduhwu^sa. 8. matlgwanatlui-sa. 4. muA-sa. 9. nanumai-sa. 5. sikia^sa. 10. nukaA;-sa. Examples. Another day has passed away. You owe me three pairs [blankets], (Literally, Iput threepairs on you), There are four plugs of tobacco for a quarter, la um ha i heyaki da num/c-sa nala. |-yCiduhwutein gietla ukl. mufei da klokwi ka t da numskum quarter. It is more usual to say num pun hwds for one day ; matl pun hwas, two days, &c. ; pun, time, e.g., I have been three times to see you, lin yuduhw puna wah duhwUJd. (^Wuh implies failure.) How many days have you been here ? las gins pun hwds lakw ? Six days, kuldapun hwds. 70 ALFEBD J. HALL : B. — MuUiplicatives. Although these are adverbs and not adjectives I have, for convenience sake, placed them after the Cardinal Numbers which I have classed as Adjectives of Quantity. Once, Tvnce, Thrice, Four times, Five times, Ten times. One hundred times. One thousand times. Many times, Three times four, Four times three, num puna, matl puna, yuduhw puna, mu puna, sikia puna, nuka puna, lakind puna, lufeumh-id puna, ki puna. yuduhw puna mu. mu puna yuduhw. Examples. Jhave been five times to Victoria, but my father has been seven times. Although I have many tim^s forbidden you, Three times four are twelve, lin sikia puna la lai Victoria, l.a tin umpi la aglabu puna, wah mun ki puna bulukl. yuduhw puna mu matlaglyu. C. — Distributive Numbers. [a) Persons. One by one, or 1 each. Two by two, or 2 each, Three by three, or 3 each. Four by four, or 4 each. Five by five, or 5 each. natl numukw. ma i maliikw. ya i yudukw. ma i mukw. si sikiokw. (6) Dollars, &c. ^1 to each. natl num-sknm. ma-i matl-tsum, i*ic C 1 7 8 9 10 (c) Pencils, &c. • to each, ki-kuklfi-zak. Iglabii-zak. ma-T miitlgwaniitl-zSk. ni-niinumii-zrik. na-unkiT-zak. 11 12 14 15 (d) Blankets, &c. pairs to ivrh. niltl numJ-sa-giyu. ma-i matluisa-glyu. yatl-yiiduiwsa-giyu. ma-i mui;wsa-giyri. si-sikia*sa-glyu. A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 71 Examples. The dimples went out two by two, Give them one {apple) each, They each brought six logs. They each have three bags of flour, Each man had twelve pairs of blankets, There were twenty men in each boat, ma i malukw maula da disciples; zaw lata natl numskuma lah daiwuk. kl-kukla-zak gaiyau sa bibagwanum. yatl yuduhw sumi kwuA;azes. ma-i matlnJsa giyu gwum. ma-i matl tsum giustau IsJca, nahwa sakils. D. — Ordinal Numbers. First, Following {second). Last, giali. makila. atlifedi or uU-gll. We cannot say "this is the second day of the month," but, "this is two days of the naonth ; " lii mCitl pun hwasa mukwila. E. — Miscellaneous Numbers. Three rows of soldiers or three groups, Three piles of books, Three heaps of potatoes, The ten commandments, (a) Numbers expressing Bulk. yuduhwldatla soldiers, yuduhwidatla kiadukw. yiiduhwidatla kwusi. nukahidatla watldum. The divisions of a sermon or lecture would be, I. numh-idatla. II. matl-idatla. III. yuduhwidatla. (6) Numbers expressing Measurement. Thumb and forefinger extended, i.e. one meas- numpunk laia zuk-zanayi. urement of the short hand, Thumb and second finger extended, i.e. one mea- surement of the long hand. Two arms extended {fathom), From centre of breast to end of extended arm, 1 Failioms (or any measure you may be using). J matlpunk. (.yuduhwpunk, &c. IJ One fathom and a half, numpunk himlsa nultabudi. numpunk late gil-zanayi. numpunk late bakla. uulcabudi waskumasas. C numpunk. (c) Numeral Verbs. lam one, or alone. You are alone. He is alone {person seen). He is alone {the person not seen). Two of us {person addressed not included). Two of us {person addressed included). They are two, or there are two of them. We are three, or there are three of us. We are four, or there are four of us. numukw mun. " urns. " um. ml. malukwunukw. malukwunts. malCdcw AaJcvr. yudukwunuhw or yudukwunts. miikwunuhw or mCikwunts. 72 ALFEBD J. HALL (3) Distinguishing Adjectives. Ka,the; giadaoTyi\igmda,ih\s; kada or yika-da, hit or yikukda, that.^ The Plural " these." '■ those," has the Singular form, except for persons, when " dakw, the sign ol verb plural is added. To say " these chairs," use the plural form of the noun, e.g., ytk giada kw'ikwuhdumiUig. Examples. J7ic imnd, The lixmse, Go to the house, 1.— For near objects. This is the best, In answer to " Which is the best " ? This is. This is my pen, 2. — For distant objects. That is the best. Answer to " Which is the best ? " That is, That is my book, Do you mean this one f No, III ; thai one, 3.— Or if the object is still farther off yika da. This is a good child, This is a good child, Plural — These {men). Those {men). ka, yaula. ka, giukw. hagia \a ka giukw. gia um ek giada. gia ml giada. gia mun lliadayukw. hit eki da. hi di da. hi din Itiadukwi. yik giada ? yikuk da. ekig ginanum {near (lie speaker who points to il- tlie final gis an abbreviation of giada.) ekyufc ginanum (near person addressed). yik dafcw gwa da. yik dsikw ka, da. IIL— PEONOUN. A Pronoun is a word used instead of a noun to prevent the too frequent repetition of the same word. Pronouns may be classified under the following heads : Personal, Pos- sessive, Relative, Interrogative and Indefinite Adjective. Singular : — 1st Pere., /, me, 2nd Pars., You, 3rd Pers., Nom., He, she, it, • Obj., Him, her, it, Plural : — Ist Pers., we, us, 2nd Pers., Nom., you, Obj., you, 3rd Pers., Nom , they, Obj., them. (1.) Personal Pronouns. nugwa uni, in, um ukl, su um, lis. i, \\k, ig, us. ik, ak, uk. ints, unts, unuliw. suhda/;w. dafcwukl. lahda/iw. daJ:wuk. A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 73 Examples. 1st Pjsrs. Sing. : — I strike, I saw, I arid the Fatlier are one. In answer to " Who did it f" I did, It is I, be not ajraid. Ah ! friend, it is you. It is I, (1.) likiwn {mih a hammer). hyiltin [mth a saw). yin gla wi da ump numukw munuhw. migwa urn. nugwa urn, kwala kitlil. sau i gla ade. nugwa urn. Giakun is the Objective Case, Ist Person Singular, " me " ; the Plural is giakunts and giakunHhw. The first syllable oi giakun is the verb " come," but, used as the Objective, it expresses motion towards ; un is also the Nominative, but there it is never prefixed by gic(k. Come to me. Do you love me f kilas gia/cun. tlahwila nukw mas in a ? N.B. — This final a is the sign of the Interrogative. 2nd Pbbs. Sing. : — You my people, You my children. I mil give it you (thing present), IwUll give it you {gift not present), I come to you. You are the one meant. You are wanted. (2.) yiikl giukwilut. yukl sasum. la mnn zaw klisu^ lukl. la mun zaw kllsi lukl. giaft un lukl. su um kwayaus. uMisda sus. 3kd Phrs. Sing. : — He will go, He mil go, He will go. When he was going down, He is wanted by William, John said to him. And then John said to him, I want it, It would perhaps be well to give him some, (3.) lakll (not present, nearly Latin ille.) la klui: ( present and near the person spoken to, Latin iste.) la klig {near the speaker, Latin hie.) yiks la i buhutlila. uKteda sus 'Williain. niki John ak. 11 John nik yik. uMAsdin klak. is naa i gla ek kii zawla/fcuk. 1st Pees. Pluk.: — We will go. We vill go. When We see him or if we see him. Give it to us. (4.) la munts la-kl {person addressed included). la munuhw la-kl ( person addressed not included). gil mi gints dukwilak. zaw tsui giaAuunuhw, or kitsui gia&unuhw. IS.'B.—Kl is from Mia come ; literally, " come it to us." He is going with us. la klnh giatants or la klui gla wunts Sec. II, 1888. 10. 74 ALFEED J. HALL : 2nd Peks. Plue. : — You see to it, I come to you, IvAU take it from yuv, (5.) suhdaAw uma dukwiltldk. giiiA:un la,hdilA;wiikl. u^'-id klin lalidiiiwukl. 3kd Peus. Pluk. : — Tltey gave money to Idm, They asked him. He answered them, And said unto them, (6.) lrdi-da/;w zaw sa dfda lak. lahdaiw wuklak. la nanaiini lahdriA:wuk. kas nlki lahda/cwuk. N.B. — In ordinary conversation the Indians generally employ the Singular where wc should expect the Plural form ; e. g., Tell them, nlk lakw. (2) Possessive Pronouns. Mine, Yours, His, her. Ours, Yours, Theirs, nus. hiis. hus. nus munts. nus munuhw. hus dafcw. hus dsifcw, My, Your, His, Your, Their, UD, in. urns, is, us. um, i, as. Is dafcw. da^was. Examples. It is mine,- It is yours. It is his. It is ours (including speaker). It is ours (dispute implied), " (no dispute). It is yours, Iliey are theirs. This is my house, " your " " his " our " " do. " " your " their " That is my house, " your " " Ms, her " Thai is our house, " your " " their " This house is mine, " " is youre. " " is his. " " is ours, " " is yours, " " is tlieirs- nusiiifc. husmui ; husmi (if thing referred to not rixiUc). husui. nus munts ak. nus munuhwak. nus unuhwak. hus datw mui. hus da^wu ia. gia mun giukwik. gia ums giukwa. gia um giukw si yik. gia munts giukwik. gia munuhw do. gia ums giukw da*w gwa. gia um giukw daiw si yik. yu mun giukwuJt. yu ums aiukwiU. yii um giukw si. yu munts giukwiiit. yu ums giukw dSAwfi/,-. yii um giukw daiw si. mis lU giukwa. hiis uk giukwa. husuftwiik giukwa. nusintsiikw giukwa. hiis di'iAwu^- giukwa. ' hus dri/,wrUwiik giultwa. A KWAG-IUTL GEAMMAR. 7S Bring my hat, " your hat, his hat, " our hats, tt tt " your hats, " their hats, Wliere is my axe ? is your axe f is his axe f is our axe ? IS your axe 9 is tliMr axe f kila tsin klatumtl. kila tsis klatumtl-iis. kllats klatumtl-as. kila tsints kli-klatum(l. kila tsinuhw kll-klatumtl. kilah diT^w la tsIs klT-klatumtl-us. kllats kll-klatiimtl ilnfcwas. wizin siibayu ? widls subayus? widl subayaus ? widints subayu ? widunuhw subayu ? widls subayuh daAwa? wl di sLibayuh daiwas ? la mun la-kl la kun umpa. la mun la-kl laA; ausa, la mun la-kl laA; umpas. la mun la-kl la /cunts iimpa. la mun la-kl lalunuhw limpa. la mun la-kl lat aus da/jwa. la mun la-kl laft ump daiwas. gia mun ginanurag. gia mun /cwanukwig. gia mun glosig. gia mun lamadugw. gia mun kakaiigw. gia mun tsiwayugw- Note.— The final g is fi-om gia " this " ; written fully, the last sentence would be, gia mun tsl<'-ayd gwdda . I will go to myfatlier, to your father, to Ids father, to our father, " to your father, (( to llu-ir father, This is my child. " son. " tree, " sheep. " hen, " paddle. This is my father, Ihat is my child, son or daughter, " tree, Oo to his house, Qo and mend your net. Mending his net, Mending their nets. They entreated him to leave their country, gia mun ump giada. yu miin Jwunukwu/.'- yu mun glosufc yii mun lamada-wui'. hagia la^ giukwas. hagia liunsidui'S kIgUiyu. Icunsa kis kiglayu. Itunsah dsikw Ms ki-klglayu. lah da^w hawa^-ulak ka bowe sis awinagwis da^was. Who, whom, that, which. This is he of whom I spake. He who believeth not. He who does what is right. He who was with you. He whom thou lovest is sick. (3) Eelative Pronouns. yikl da or M da. Examples. yu mun kwayu v/uk yik gin nikig. yiM da klsa vikwisa. yiki da uftil kn aula. yikl da numugwis da yds. kl da tlahwila yus zihlia. 76 ALFEED J. HALL : In the following sentences the Eelative does not appear : — Wliere is the child loho stole my hat f Where is the hook that Host '! wl ni da ginilnum a giliitl-id iun klatumtl ? wT nl da kiadukwfi un liyisa matsawa? (4) Interrogative Pronouns. Who f ungwi 1? Whuih? wlMt? Examples. Who are you f Who told you ? Which do you desire f What do you want ? ungwas ? ungwi nikia ukl ? wl dis uMsdasawa ? mSsis uA;itedasawa ? To whom shdll we go ? What are you doing f What have you found i What is the news ? What are you doing ? ka ungwT sunuhw la a ma zaus ? masus kik ? masa zikialum a? mfisls utsukw dafcwa? sa? Note. — Generally all sentences that ask questions end in a. (5) Indefinite Adjective Pronouns. None, not any, Has no one arrived ? Have you any apples f lliyos ma giaia a? kiyos as abuls ? or abuls nukw mas ' Note. — The latter sentence means, " If you have none, I will give you some.'' It is rude to say kiyos, " I have none,'' in reply to an appeal. Eather say, " Whence shall I get it ? " kwn tnzisi ki ? Or, " Where shall it come from ? " kr7 wesl geh-idi. Examples. nahwa- disciples siXak niihwa tilkwalaklaj'a. la Itla lafe nahwa giukw. wa-ukw. ungwun wa-ukw ? All, Make diaciples of all nations, 00 into every howe. Some, Who are on my side f Some say {that thou art) John the Baptist, some nikl da wa-ukw John ka Baptist, nik ti da wa-ukw Elias, Elias, and others Jeremiah, wa nik ti da wa-ukw Jeremiah. Diverse, ugwila. 1 have no other, kiyosin ugwila. Other, num. Where is the other f wT ni da num. Swh, similar, hi kwix, numahyis. 1 never saw such a man before, hi mun atli num pun dukwilat bagwanum a hi kwix. M is not like it, kis nnmiihyiB. A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE, 77 IV.— VEEB. A verb is used, for the most part, to affirm some kind of action. Actions take place under a great variety of circumstances ; particularly in reference to the time at which they occur. Hence there is a great number of relations vfhich we have to express by the verb. For this reason in every language it has by far the greatest variety of inflexion of all the diiferent parts of speech. Voice. — If w^e consider an action on the one hand as expressing what anything does or on the other hand as expressing what is done to it, we indicate these differences by the Active and Passive Voices, as : — AcTivB. — I strike, muhtdin ; - Passive. — I am struck, muJadiguwwn. Mood. — If we consider the mode or manner in which an action is done, we may consider it either as an actual reality, or as a possibility, or as a command. The expression of these different circumstances gives rise to what' are called "moods" The Kwagiutl verbs have four moods. (1.) Indicative Mood. — This simply aihrms or denies. He will go, W kZl ; he will not go, Ik'is 'kli Id-kl. (2.) SuB.TXTNCTiVE MooD. — Verbs in this mood form part of a dependent sentence and are preceded by a conjunction, such as, " in order that," " that," " if" ; they are preceded or followed by another verb not in the subjunctive. Examples. Thai I may beliere it, knn ukwisik. I have come to hear you, that I may believe it, giaimun huklilukl kun ukwisik. That you mm) believe me, kas ukwisa us giafan. If Igo there, kunklu la lak. If I had gone there, gil um lafe din la lak. (3.) Conditional or Potential Mood. — This implies the possibility of an action under a certain condition, expressed by another verb in the subjunctive, as, I may go, la um lakun. The signs of this mood are lak and Iciks. Examples. I may go if my father goef, la um laiun, ku la laiun umpa. I might have been hurt, la \aks din yilkwa or lii hyis lafedin yilkwa. If I had gone there, I might have been injured, gil um laJs din la lak, Ifi \iiH din yilkwa lak. He may dance, yiAwa \ak. It may rain, yugwa laA-. It might have rained, yiigwa lajfcsdi. Il looks like rain, yugwa hyis lak. It will perhaps rain, yugwa gianum kli. 78 ALPEED J. HALL : Here we have the indicative with an adverb : — lean go (jf the power to go was denied). La um laA-un, 1 can imprison you, wulil la^un kliikl. Do you know that I cm imprison you ? kauklila zau masiA gin wuli la/c gukla ? Do you know that I have power to Mil you ? kauklila zau niasli gin tlila. masT \»k gukla ? Note. — The syllabk zau expresses anger and impatience. (4.) Imperative Mood.— This is used when a command is expressed. Examples. Speak, yakuntalrda. Speak to him, yilkuntala lak. Take it away, uKdagiiikw or uKdakw. Participles. — A participle is a part of the verb and receives its name from the fact that it participates in the nature of the adjective and the noun. Infii/l is the sign of the Kwagiutl participle. Go, Id; going, In-lnayl. It is sometimes added to the negative adverb instead of the verb. Thus, " for his not going home," would be : " for his not-ing go home," ku 'is Izlndij'i hi nenakw. Indyl is often added to a noun and then it is equivalent to " kind of," e.g.. Which child ? masi gindnum Indyas ? Tenses — If we take into consideration the time at which an action is performed, and express it, this gives rise to the employment of what are called " tenses," vrhich help us to point out any action as being either Present, Past or Future, as : I strike, muJiJdin or muhyin ; I struck, muhidikdin ; I will strike, muhld-klin. Kd is the sign of the Past Indica- tive, and \sd of the Past Subjunctive and Conditional ; kl is always the sign of the Future [kl is also the termination of the personal pronoun, 2nd person singular). The Present tense is often used for the Past if the action is recent, e.g., " he struck me to-day," muliidl giakun kid 'kwd nald. Most tenses have two forms, the ordinary and the emphatic, e.g., " I have been," Inkdin ; but if this is denied or you wish to state the fact stronger, la umkdin, " I did go," or, " but I have been." In the same manner, " I will go," Id klin or la um klin. Number and Person. — The numbers are two in every tense and mood, the Singular and the Plural. Each number has three persons ; the 1st person is the person speaking; the 2nd is the person spoken to ; and the 3rd is the person spoken of. The subjects of verbs are nouns or pronouns. Most of the personal pronouns are affixed to the verb. They sometimes both precede and follow the verb, but then they form separate words, e.g., "that I may come to you," kun giakl Idkl. A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 79 (1.) Conjugation op Yerbs. The conjugation of a verb is a written display or recital of its different voices, moods, tenses, participles, numbers and persons. I shall now proceed to conjugate the verb to " strike," muhyd. Note. — After the first tense the English equivalent of the tense will only be given once, the difference of person in the tenses being indicated by the numbei's 1, 2, 3. The notes in brackets (1), (2), &c., refer to the " Notes on the Verb " ut the end of the conjugation, (pp. 86, 87.) Coiijngatioii I. THE VERB Muhya: Strike. ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Prbshm Tbnsb. I strike (many times). Singular. 1. I strike, 2. Thou sirikest, 3. He strikes, Muhy ■ in ' as 1. We strike, 2. You strike, 3. They strike. Plural. C ints or inuhw Muhy - -| ah da/cws I ah dai;wi Past Tenses. I strike or etrvck (once, no particular time). (') Sing. 1. 2. 3. ' — in Muhid - . — is Pluk. 1. 2. 3. ( ints or inuhw do. } ih daiws ( ih dakw Sing. 1. 2. 3. (3.) I struck him (to-day). C din klak Muhidik - J. dis ik ( dik Plur. 1. Muhidikdintsak or dinuhwak, &c. (5.) Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plus. 1. 2. 3. I struck (two weeks or months ago). ( Tdin Muhidih - ] idis (idi r idints or idinuhw do. .< daJwidis (_ daiwi C2.) Sut I did strike him (emphatic form). Sing. 1. f damun klak 2. Muhi - < isik 3. (ik Plur. 1. Muhid-intsak or inuhwak (4.) But I did strike him (emphatic form). (') Sing. 1. C din klak 2. Muhida-umk - } disik 3. (_ dik Plur. 1. Muhida-umk - dintsak or diniihwak, &c, (6.) But I did strike (emphatic form, 2 weeks or even 6 months ago). Sing. 1. C mun 2. Muhldibida - i ums 3. (^ mi or um (■') Plur. 1. do. f munts ( muniihw 80 ALFEED J. HALL; Muhya: Strike. ACTIVE. (Continued.) INDICATIVE. (ContrnvM.) Past Tenses. {Continued.) (7-) And then 1 struck him (used in narration). Sing. 1- Lin 2. Las 3. Li Y muhiduk Plur. 1. 2. 3. Sing. 1. 3. Plur. 1. 2. 3. Lints or linuhw LalidaJ;ws Lah da^wi do. (9.) I struck him (yesterday). C") r inklali Muhidutl - ] tsik (.ik C intsak or inuhwak do. < tsik (_ dafcwutlik (11.) With varied object. (He struck—.) Sing. Tliee, Him Plur. Us, (( You, Them, Muhidutl ■ do. lukl ik fgiaX;unts giafaniihw lah da^wiikl lah daJwuk (8.) And then I struck him (used in narration). (* Sing. 1. r sin ) 2. La mi } sis >• muhiduk 3. ( si 3 Plur. 1. La mi sints muhiduk, &c. (10.) I did strike him (yesterday). C) (Emphatic form.) Sing. 1. La mutlin muhiduk, &c. (12.) Same tense some time ago. [He struck — .) Sing. Me, Thee, Him, Plur. Us, C giaJcnn Muhidihidi - ) lukl You, Them, do. ' giaJ^unts giai:anuhw lah daAwukl ,lah daiwnk (13.) I wish I had struck him. Sing. 1. f - hyin klak or klaki or klakw 2. Muhidikdala - J {person present) ] - hyus ak ' 3. i - hyik, &c. SiNO. 1. 2. 3. Plur. 1. Sing. 1. La klin 2. La klis 3. La kli Future Tenses. I will strike him. C klin klak Muhid - ■] klis ik (_ klik ( klintsak or klinuhwak do. \ dakw klisik I klik (2.) But Iri'ill strikf him (emphatic form). Sing. 1. C klin klak -. Muliida um - < klisik :!. ( klik, &c. (3.) I will go and, or am going to, strike him. Pluk. 1. Lri klints or in Muhid klak kliniihw 2. Lah dakw klis 3. Lah dSfcw kli 1 Another way of saying " I wish you had struck him " would be miilMikdalak. Muhid klak A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 81 Sing. Me, Thee, Him, C giaiun Muhldikl - ] 1-iikl (ik Future Tensbs. (^Continued.) (4,) With varied object. {Re will strike.—) Plur. Us, You, Them, • f giaiuntsorgiaAiunuliw do. < liih dakwukl (_ lah daiwuk IMPERATIVE MOOD. (1.) SiKG. Muliyala, strike. Muhidakw ' or muhidagiakw,' strike him. Muhidahyui, let him strike. Plue. Muhidahyintsak, let us strike him. * Muhidih dakyr lagiakw, strike him (you plural). Muhidih da^w lahyuhwak, let them strike him. (2.) Muhida giSAun, strike me. Muhlda giatanuhWj strike us. (') SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tense. (1-) (2.) That I may strike him. Lest I should strike him. Sing. 1. Kun muhidikw Sing. 1. aklin \ 2. Kas muhida usakw 2. aklas 1 3. Ka muhidi sikw 3. akli / Plur. 1. Kunts muhidikw \ muhidala^ukw Plue. 1. aklinuhw ( 2. Kas muhidih daiwa iisakw 2. aklah daiwas \ 3. Ka muhidih daiwi sik 3. aklah daAw 1 (3.) If I strike him. Sing. 1. Kunklu 2. Kasu 3. Ku - muhidalafak Plur. 1. Kuntsu 2. Kah daiwsCi 3. Kahdaiwu -' Past Tenses. (1.) (2.) If I had struck him. When I had struck him. Sing. 1. Kunklu -^ Sing. 1. mun f- i^f" I. muhida laiuk 3. Ku j 2. Gilhida 3. urns um or mi . muhiduk Plur. 1. Kuntsu J Plur. 1 mumihw Or, Sing. 1. f din ^ 2. r^-1, J-, -J ( urns „ Gilh daiw ida \ 3. (^ um or mi 2. Gil um late dis 3. 1 di . muhiduk Plur. 1. |^ dints ' to added because person to be struck present. Sec. II, 1 888. 11. 82 ALFEBD J. HALL : Muhya: Strike. ACTIVE. {Continued.) SUBJUNCTIVE. {Continued.) Past Tenses. {Continued.) (3.) With varied object. [He might have struck — .) jlfg ( \akadi giakvin Thee, Muhidi J 1^'^''^^''''^ Him, 1 latedik t/s L la Jsdi giaifcunts Future Tense. I shaU have struck him. Sing. — 1. La Xakxya. 2. Lalais 3. La laK Pluk. — La laiuniikw 3. LahdaiwlaA -muliida la/c iik CONDITIONAL MOOD. Present Tenses. Sing. I. 2. 3. (1.) 1 may strike him- C laiun klak Muhida- I lateilc ( laKk (3.) With varied object. {He may strike—.) 1. Me, Cgiaiun 2. Thee, I lukl 3. Him, Muhida la^ - 1 Ik 1. Us, tgiaiunts (2.) Imay strike him (emphatic form.) Sing. 1. C la^un klak 2. Muhida um - I IsiksiV. 3. ( laifcik Plue. 1. Muhida um lai!;unuhwak Sing. 1., (4.) Imay perhaps strike him. r ta klin kla ki 2. Muhida gianums - i takl tsi ki 3. ( ta, kli ki Plue. 1. Muhida gianums ta kliniihwii ki. Past Tenses. (1-) I might have struck him. Sing. 1. ' lafedik 2. laifcsdis sik 3. Muhida um J- laisdin klak Pmje. 1. late dints ak 3. ^ muhidih daiw um late dik (-')• 1 may perhaps hare struck him. Sing. ]. r wisin ) 2. Is gianuma < wisis > muhidihida um ki 3. (_ wisi 3 (3.) With varied object, {He might have struck—.] ^^> ( latedl giaftun Hvni, Muhida- j jj^^^.^ ^'' llatedigiafcunts A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 83 Future Tbnse. I shall have struck him. Sing. 1. La laiun 2. La lais 3. La laA:! Phir. 1. Lalaiunuhw 3. Lahda^w \ah > muliTda \i\h uk. INFINITIVE MOOD. Yfiksaml da muhya. Il is wrong to strike. PARTICIPLE. Muhida-Inayl. Striking. PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pebsbnt Tenses. Sing. 1. (1.) lam .struck (action not expected). /tsa wun (2.)_ I am now struck (actioi Sing. 1. Lamun 1 expected). 2. 1 tsus 2. La urns 3. Plur. 1. 2. \tsa wi Muhid - ) Usa wunts ytsus or rmi' 3. La ] um^ (_ muF Plue. 1. La mnnts - muhid tsa wa 3. 1 tsuh daJw \t8uh da^wi f mi 3. La } um Sing. 1. (3 I am struck ) by James. ' tsu wun klas James (4.) Sing. f tsa wun klasin ump 1. Muhid 1 tsu sis aus Yo^ Iam\ lmy\ J, arelstruck ygur\ 2. tsu sis James 2. j tsa wisin iimp J ^eis by imy f"^'"- ' \your' 3. Pluk. 1. Muhid- - tsus James fsa wunuhwas James 3. I tea wis * aus 2. , tsuh da/cwis James You are (5.) made to strike. Sing. 2. fSLlS 3. Muhida mad •< sa wi Plus. 1. (_ sa wunts If the speaker does not see those struck. If the speaker sees them but they are not near. ^ If those struck are standing near the speaker. ' Written fully this would be muhid taa wl via am. 84 ALFEED J. HALL : Muhya: Strike. PASSIVE. [Continued.) Past Tenses. (1.) J was struck (action occurred to-day). Sing. 1. ' din 2. dis 3. Muhidtsuk ■ di Plue. 1. dunCihw 2. daiw dis 3. . daAw di (3.) Iwas struck (action yesterday or long ago). Sing. 1. 2. 3. Muhid tsu - ■ wiitlin wutlis wiitli Plue. 1. 2. Muhid tsiili; . wiitli nts daiw wiitli (5.) I have been struck by William (action not expected, but recent). r Sing. 1. 2. Plue. 1. Muhid { I I tsii tsa zin klas William sis wis William wunuhwas William INDICATIVE. {Continued.) (2.) I was struck (action 4 days or 4 months ago). Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plue. 1. Muhid tsu hwi ■ din dis di ^ dints Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plue. 1 (4.) luns struck by James. r tsu wiitlin or Ij^j^j^^^ • Muhid ■( tslik dm i (, tsuk disids James C dis James Muhid tsiik -< (_ dintsas James (6.) I have now been struck (action expected). Sing. 1. 2. 3. Sing. 1. 2. 3. La umk r dir } die ( di din dis muhid tsa wa I have now been struck by Charles. din ^ La umk -( dis > muhid tsiis Charles di 3 Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plur. 1. 2 3. Sing. 1. 2. Lin Las Li And then I was struck. ► muhid tsa wa Plub. 1. Lints Lin muhid tsfis Charles. And then Ivan ntnick by Chorlci FuTURH Tenses. / shall be struck. f klin I klis kli klints daA;w klis dakw kli Muhid tsii ■ Sing. 1. 3. Pl.UR. L I shall be struck by James. Muhid tsu -^ ( klin klas James 1 klis ■\ klis J- James I, klintsas ) HlNG. 1. (3.) But I shall be struck (empliatic form). Muhid tsfi urn / '^''" f kill] Ikli A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 85 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing. 2. 3. Plue. ] . Muhid - 2. 3. r la — Be struck (thou) tsu < hyi — Let him be strvck (_ hyints — Let us be struck tsuh daAw la — Be strack (you) " hyi — Let them be struck SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. La la hyin kun muhid tsa wi lak Let me go that I may be struck. That I may be struck. (Positive form). Sing. 1. Kun 2. Kas 3. Ka I Plue 1. Kunts or Kunuhw j (2.) That I be not struck (negative form). Sing. 1. Kun Iiisi ] 2. Kas kisa iis [ , . , , „ „ ,.. ^ muhid tsa wa. 3. Ka kisis ] Plue. 1. Kunts liTsi J (4.) I cannot avoid being struck. Sing. 1. Kun isi ^ 2. Kas isa us >• muhid tsa wa 3. Ka isis J 1 • , (•muhid tsa wi- flafc Wms late \&k (6.) If lam struck. Sing. 1. Kunklu muhid tsu lai ] 2. Kasii 3. Ku Flue. 1. Kunuhwii 2. Kah daiw su 3. Kali daivvu ^ muhid tsu \i\k (3.) That I may not be struck. Sing. 1. Kun kisi latan 2. Kas do. la/cus 8. Ka do. lafe Plue. 1. Kunts kisi lai muhid tsil lafc (5.) Or I shall be struck. Sing. 1. arklin 2. arklas 3. a-kli Plue. 1. a-klinuhw J muhid tsi \kk. 0-) If I had been struck. Sing. 1. Kunklii '1 „■ ^^^ " y muhid tsu lilted 3. Ku I Plue. 1. KuntsCi or kuniihwu J Note.— &"*«' implies that the person spoken to is included kunafiw't that he is not. Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plue. 1. Gil um (8.) If I had been struck latedin laSsdis fcsdi I latedints j muhid tsa wa CONDITIONAL MOOD. Peesbnt Tenses. Sing. 1. 2. / may be siruc k. laiun late , Sing. 1. 3. Muhid tsu um fi/J z Plue. 1. liiiunts Plue. 1 3. Muhid tsiih dawk um \iikl 2 (2.) I may be struck by the Indians. [Um omitted, statement not as strong.] Muhid tsii laiun kla sa bakwum Muhid tsu \a.k sits bakwum f laii sa bakwum Muhid tsu I is7,untsa sa bakwum 1 . f \a.k sitsa bakwum ; MuhM tsuh dSiw \ -^j g^ bakwum 86 PASSIVE. {Continued.] ALFEBD J. HALL : Muhya: Strike. CONDITIONAL. {Conlinwd. Present Tenses. {Conlinwd.) Sing. 1. 2. (3.) Imayperliapg he struch ' klin klis 3. Muhld tsu gianums til ^ kli Plue. 1. 2. klinuhw Muhid tsuh da/cw gianums ta klis Past Tenses. I might he struck. Muhid tsu hwisi Isiifc gin (2.) I should have been struck. Muhid tsvi um laJsdin Muhid tsii um liitedis FuTUEB Tense. I shall be struck. Sing. 1. 9 La la hin'\ La \aks )■ muhid tsu lak « 3. La Mi ) INFINITIVE MOOD. Kisunuhw nik kunuhw muhid tsa \va We do not vAsh to be struck. Notes on the Verb Muhyd. (1.) This tense is the Present foi-m, and is similar to the imperative mood, but it is generally employed to narrate an action just past. He struck him, muhidifc. He struck us {person addressed not included), muhid gaiuniihw. iVc Struck him, muhidinuhwak. He struck me, muhidi giatan. He struck us {persons addressed included), muhidi gia^unts. We strike him, muhyamihwak. (2.) The emphatic form of the Past tense is also used when a person, having been sent to strike another, returns saying, " I have struck him." (3.) In variety (4) of the Past tense, the 3id person singular has two forms, muhtdihida-mi and -um. The former is used if the one who struck the blow is unseen ; if seen, the latter is used. (4.) There are many varieties of form. He told me to strike him and I struck him, nik Aun muJndik, la ml sin muMduk. Lin is sometimes used for " I have " or " I had." Lin mail punala lak Victoria, " I have been twice to Victoria." Lin mdtl mkila klk yalis k'ls ma i giakX William, "I had been two seasons at Alert Bay before William came." (5.) Whenever an action expressed by the verb occurred yesterday or a very long time ago, the letters Utl appear before the pronoun. A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 87 (6.) If you wish actually to say the woj'd " yesterday," add the word tlinswutl. (1.) To this tense of the Imperative there can be no second form to the 1st person plural. I have Llready stated that the termination unts or ints shows that the person addressed is included, and that ,he termination inahw or unuhw that he is not. I shall not in future give both forms, and only occa- lionally the 2nd or 3rd persons plural. The singular form is nearly always employed in conversation. IJet me here state that there are several terminations of the 3 id person singular, e.g., um and ml; um ihows that the doer of the action is visible, ml that he is far off and not in sight ; so also i and iik, the atter is used when the actor is present. So also the 3rd person plural dakw if the subject is visible, \akwl if he is not. (8.) Examples of the Subjunctive mood : — « Dahldakw kun muhidikw, liold him that I may strike him. Kun kisi muhidukw, that I may not strike him. Kun isi muhidukw, how can I help striking him- Jfcidakw kas la usaa ui, aklin muhidalaiukw, take him away or I will strike him. SIki iun umpa igin hyisa masi gia hunglumk des, he told my father that Host his gun. Niki fan umpa i;gin mnhidi giak, he told my father that I struck him. Niki fan umpate su ma \k muhiduk, lis told my father that you struck him. Niki k\n\ umpafc glnts muhidi giak, he told my father thai wc struck him. Kunklu muhida lai:ukl, if I strike you. KSsu muhida \ak giaiunvihw, if you strike vs. Kii muhida lafet giMun, if lie had struck me. Ku muhida laAsdiikl, if he had struck you. Gil um laks dis muhid gia^un, if you had struck mc. " di " giafants, if he had struck us, Gilhida mun muhidukl, when I had struck you, Gilhida um (or mi) muhid giaJunilhw, when he had struck us. (9.) The following are examples of the Conditional mood : — Lait-zum laftun, I may be put on board. Kis laisdin duiwriklilaki, kasii es lated we/.;ul giatun, I Laife-zum laisdin, 1 might have been put on board. might not have seen her if you had not commanded me {to Muhida um late din klak, kasii feis laist bula giaiun, I go to her understood). might have struck him if you had not forbidden mc. Duiwaklilii gianum lafe wisiki, ku la la/c lak, he mai/ not Muhida gianum laia wisin klak kunklii la lak laia, I perhaps see her if lie goes there. might not perhaps strike him if I go there. (10.) Sometimes lin is equivalent to "I have been." Idn nanumak unklla tlakwila sin kunum, " I have been loved by my wiftf nine seasons." (11.) When a boy, who knows he has done wrong, is told that he will be punished, he replies, tew Ul WIS Msd su, " I cannot escape being beaten," or "I ought tq be beaten." Conjugation II. The verbs belonging to this conjugation do not differ from the previons verb in the Active voice, but are quite different in the Passive. The following is a list of some of them : — Active. Passivb. Diikwilin ) Duiwaklilin ]^'^^ Wuklilin, IA«ar Pihwilin, I feel Kauklilin, I know Ehwilin, I desire Klisilin, I hate Mulkwilin, I remember Diikwitlin ) Diikwaglitlin j lam seen Wiiglitlin, lam heard Piutlin, I am felt Kauglitlin, lam knoun Ayiitlin, lam desired Klizitlin, lam hated Mulgwitlin, / am remembered It will be observed that most of these are verbs of perception. The verb " to love " 88 ALFEBD J. HALL : is irregular ; tldhwila.-nukwum, I love ; tldhwilin, I am loved. It omits nukw throughoul the Passive voice. I shall now conjugate the verb " to see," but as its positive form in the Active voice is similar to muhya already given, I shall only conjugate its negative form until we reach the Passive voice. The verb " to see " has two forms, dUkwila and dakwiklila. They are found in every mood and in both voices. The latter form, dakwiklilu, is used if the object seen quickly disappears, or if it is seen for the first time. Dukwila is the proper word for immoveable objects, such as a tree ; but dukwiklila for a passing steamship. THE YEEB Dukwila : See ACTIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Pkesbnt Tenses. (Negative Form). I do not see him. Sing. 1. Kisin 2. Kisis 3. Kisi Plue. 1. Kisints or Kisunuhw 2. Kis daiws 3. Kis daiwi ■ diikwilaki (Non.—DukjiiamiaB can be substituted for diHaoildkT). Past Tenses. (1.) I did not see (yesterday or long ago). Sing. 1. KTs wutlin ^ 2. Kis wutl-ts 3. Kis wutli f diikwilak. Pluk. 1. Kis wutliniihw J Kis wutlin diikwilukl, I did not see you. (3.) I have not or did not see him (long time ago). Sing. 1. Kis idin i , , „ , 2. Kisidis |d"kwilak (5.) With varied object (He did not see-.) (Yesterday or long ago.) dukwila giafaim Kis wutli (or nvutl^ dukwila lukl ^ dukwilak diikwila giaiunts (2.) I did not see him (one week ago). Sing. 1. Kis din ^ 2. Kis dis 3. Kis di f dukwilak. Plue. 1. Kis diniihw J Kis din dukwiluk), I did not see you, (4.) (Present used as Pluperfect). 1 had not seen him. Kisin — dukwilak i. (6.) (One week or month ago.) Thee ; K'S >di dukwila | j-i^j Him Kis idik dukwilak V's Kis idi dukwila giatunts A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 89 Sing. 1. 2. 3. FUTUEH TenSB. I shall not see him, Kis klin Kis klis J- diik wila-kl ki Kis kli (2.) With varied object (He will' not see — .) Me ^ r dukwila-kl giafan I If- tl- ] '''^'^'^'1^ kliikl [ '^^^^^ j dukwila kluk (or kluki) J ( dukwila-kl giaiunts You Him Us IMPEEATIVE MOOD. Sing. Kwas KwasuA Pluk. Kwasints or ■> Kwatlasints / Kwatl daiw las Do. lasufc (1.) duAwiduk . ' Do not (you) see him Do not let him see it. J Do not let us see him Do not you see him. ^ Do not let them see him (2.) Kwala dukwatl f giaian, [ giaiuniihw, Do not look at I me. us. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. Present Tbnsb. If I do not see him. Sing.— 1. Kunklu "i 2. Kasu g -^^ y KIS \ak dukwila laiuk. Pluk.— 1. Kunuhwu J Past Tbnsb. If I had not seen him. Sing. — 1. Kunklu i, . ,., ,., ,,.,,,, n g-„- >■ Kis laffi duswaklila laesduk MlBCBLLANBOUS TeNBBS. (10 Kisin nik kun dukwili kl, I do not wish to see him. Kis nik kas duiwaklill giaiun, he does not wish to see me. (2.) Kisidin nik kun dukwilik or dukwiliki, I did not wish to see him (last year). Kis wutlin nik kun diikwilik, 1 did not wish to see him (yesterday). (3.) Kis wiitlnik kas duftwaklili gia^un, lie di^ not wish to see me. Kis idi nik kas duiwaklili giaftun, he did not vAsh to see me. - C4.) That I do not see him. Sing. 1. Kun Itisi 2. Kas llisa us J- diiftwaklilaki. 3. Ka IcisiS tut oce ittii ) ' V diiftw (5.) That I may not see him. Sing. 1. Kun kisi la/cun 2. Kas kisi laius \- duiwaklilalaki 3. Kas kisi la^s CONDITIONAL MOOD. (1.) Kis la/feun dii/lwaklila la/fe ki kunklu la \sJc lak, I may not see him if I go there. Kis late duifcwaklila la/fc ki kasii la lai lak, You may not see him if you go there. Sec. II, 1888. 12. 90 ALFEBD J. HALL Dukwila: See. Sing. 1. 2. 3. Pluk. 1. ACTIVE. [Continued.) (2.) I may perhaps nut see him. Duiwaklila gianum Ida wisin kla, ki susii ki wlsi ki wieunuhwa ki 8lNG. 1. 3. Pluk. 1. CONDITIONAL. (Continued.) (3.) I might not perhaps see her if I go. ' vpisin kla ki, kunkiu [la lafc lak siisa ki, kasii la la/t DuAwaklila gianum laia "I t™ wisik, ku la laA: lak wisuniiliwa ki, [kunuhwa la laA lak PASSIVE VOICE. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present Tbnsb. Sing. 1. 2. 3. Plur. 1. (1.) (Positive.) I am seen. Dukwitlin Dukwitlis Dukwitli Dukwitlints (2.) (Negative.) lam not seen. Sing. 1. KIsin 2. KiBis {or Kiz) 3. KisI r dukwitla Plur. 1. Kisints ^ ■ Sing. (Negat 1. 2. (2.) ive.) I am no t se^n. mun urns Plub. 3. 1. 2. 3. Dukwitl mi, or um munts dafcw ums daiw mi, or um Past G )ens ES. (Positive.) Iwas seen (to-day). Sing. 1. r din 2. Dukwitl \ dis 3. di Sing. 1. 2. 3. (2.) Iwas seen (a week or month ago). Dukwitl idin idis idi (1.) (Negative. ) Iioasnot seen ( to-day ) . Sing. 1. C din ^ 2. Kis \ dis [dukwitla :!. (di ) (2.) Iiiias not seen (a week or month ago). Sing. 1. f idin ^ 2. Kis } idis [• dukwitla 3. (idi J Sing. 1. 2. 3. Dukwitl (3.) Iwas seen (yesterday or long ago), wvitlin Plue.— 1. wutl-ta wutli Dukw C wvitlints itl y daiw wutl-ts (_ diiAw wutli A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAR. 91 Sing. 1. ' 2. 3. Sing. 1. 2. 3. K C wutlin Is ■< wutl-ts (^ ■wutlli Past Tbnses. (Continued.) (3.) I was not seen (yesterday or long ago). ^ plde. 1 - dukwitla 2. Kis 3. } dai ( da, utlints daiw wutl-ts fcw wutli - dukwtla Sing. 1. 2. 3. Dukwitl zin klas in ump lam seen or have been seen by my father. (4.) zau SIS aus zi sin ump (5.) I have been seen (already), din La nmk dis dl dukwitl You are seen by your father. He is seen by my father. • , (6.) And then lu-as seen, or, lam i Sing. 1., Lin ] 2. Las 3. Li Plue .1. La nuhw 2. Lah daiws 3. " da^wi J }■ dukwitl CrO Jam now seen. Sing. 1. La mun 2. La ums 3. La um Plue. 1. La munuhw 2. Lah daiw f ums 3. " " turn J ■ duiwaglitl (4) FuTUEB Tensbs. Sing 1. 2. Kis 3. (1.) Positive. 1 shall be seen. Sing. 1. f klin 2. DukwitU klis 3. ( kll (2.)* I shall not be seen. klin klis [• duJ:waglitl-kl. kli (l.) Negative. I shaUnot be seen. Sing. 1. C klin ' 2. Kis } klis [■ diikwill-kl 3. (_ kli (3.) I shall be seen by Henry. Sing. 1. ( klin klas Henry 2. Dukwitl 1 klisids Henry 8. ( Kli Henry Insert um before Hin, &c., if the statement is denied. Sing. Plue. Sing. Plue. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Positive Form, 'la Be seen (thou). la hyi Let him be seen. Dukwitl -{ la hyints Let us be seen. diikw la Bs seen {you plural). ^ daifcw la hyi Let them be seen. Negative Form, fdukwitlukl Be seen {thou). ICwala hy: Idukwitla \L^ihvmbeseen. I hyints ' I Let us be seen. [_ dukwitl daiw Be seen {you plural). Kwah daiw la hyi diikwitla, Let them be seen. 92 ALFKED J. HALL ; Dukwila : See. PASSIVE (Continued.) SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. (10 7%at Imaxj he seen. Sing. 1. Kun dukwitli 2. Kap'dukwitla us. 3. Kadukwitlis. (Negative Form.) Sing. 1. Kun kisi dukwitl. 2. Kas klsa us diikwitla. 3. Ka kisis dukwitl. (2.) Tliat I may be seen (now for the first time). Sing. 1. Kun duftwaglitli. 2. Kas duiwaglitla us. 3. Ka duiwaglitlis. (No negative form). (3.) Sing. 1 Kun | ^.^^.^, rmilai 2. Kas I j mi laffius 3. Ka f J., °!! ,.,, ] milais Plue. 1. Kunts J du^waghtl ^^. ,.;^ (4.) I cannot avoid being seen or I have already been seen. Sing. 1. Kun isi 1 2. Kas Isa us 3. KaisiS j-dukwitla Plue. 1. Kunts isi J (6.) (Negative.) Or I shall not be seen. Sing. 1. ii klin i , . ,., .,, , _ . , , y Kis dukwitla^ 2. a klas J (3.) (Negative Form.) Sing. 1. Kun kisi laton ") 2. Kas kisi laWs >■ dukwitl la* 3. Ka kisi lais J (5.) Lest I should be seen. Sing 1. a klin ^ 2. a klas 1 , . , , 3. akli f-dukwitlSk Plue. 1. a klints J (7.) If lam seen. Sing. 1. Kunklii ") 2. Kasu >■ dukwitl la/; 3. Ku ) Sing. 1. Kunklu 2. Kasu (Negative.) If lam not seen. }" is lai dukwitl LU. (8.) If I had been seen. Sing. 1. Kunklu") 2. Kasu [■ dukwitl lakst 3. Ku ) Negative, If 1 had not been srni. Kunklu kis liiAst dukwitl. (9.) If I had been seen. Sing. 1. Gil um la^-s f din \ dukwitla 2. " Idis I Negative. If I had not been seen. S'NG. 1. Gil um liiis din kis diikwitla 2. Gil um irU-s dis kis dfikwitla A KWAGIUTL GRAMMAE. 93 CONDITIONAL MOOD. (1-) I may he seen Sing. 1. f lai'-un 2. Dukwltl um } lais 3. ( laA-t Negative. I may not be seen. Sing. 1. Kis laA-nn 2. Kis f la As }- dukwitl Uk 3. " I Mi (2.) / should have been seen. Sing. 1. Diikwitl um lafa- / din dis im lafa- f " " l Negative. J should not haw been seen. Sing. 1 Kis f lafadin 1 dukwitla 2. " t lafadis / Notes on the Verb Dukvnla. (1.) Examples of Conditional Mood Active : — I might not have seen her if you had not told me {where she was understood). Kis laAsdin duAwaklilaki, kasu liis nitla giaiun, &o. Sometimes lulisda is again inserted after the second Jets. (2.) The second of the two foi'ms given of the Present Tense is used in ansvyer to a question ; it is also emphatic, and employed V7hen a statement has been denied. The first form, dukwittin, simply states a fact. The negative foi-m is alike for both. There is also another form of the Present, lamun dukwitl or lamun drikwaglitl. If two persons who were hiding should bo discovered, one would say, "I am seen," using the former verb; the other would reply, "I am also seen," using the latter. BukwaMila refers to a more recent action than dukwila. (3.) Form (4) of the Past Tense, Indicative Passive would be used by a boy, if urged by a companion to do what he is not allowed to do, and means, " By-and-by I will do it, but I cannot do it while my father sees me." * (4.) The word dukwdglitl shows the action to be sudden, acd that the subject did not wish to be seen. (5.) Examples of the Subjunctive Mood, Passive Voice: — La la hyin kun diikwitli. Let me go that I may be seen. Kwas kwilaklatl giaAun kun diikwitl mi \ak. Do not hide me, that I may he seat. Kwilatl idagia gia^un kun kisi liikun dukwitl lafc Hide me, that I may not be seen. Do not go yet or you will be seen. Reply— Kun isi dukwitla = How can I avoid being seen, or I have been seen already. Kumsin la lak a klin diikwitlak. I do not wish to go there lest I slwuld be seen. Gil um lafa dis kis dukwitla, kis laks dis wula sa wa. If you had not been seen you would not have been imprisoned. 94 ALFEBD J. HALL ; (2.) Examples of Principal Tenses of Important Verbs. First Person Singular op Verbs Showing iRaEGULAR Passive Form. aiun Za-wnn Zaw-klin Zaw um la,k un Kunklu zaw \ak Zaw-sa wun Zaw sii um klin Zaw su um \&k un Kunklu zaw su la^ Yaklau-wun Yaklau-klin Yaklau um lak un Kunklu yaklau lai Yakau-sa-wun " -su klin " su um lai;-un Kunklu yaklau su lak r-in Tlokwimasa mas -i -klin (^-um Kunklu " " -]a.k Tlokwimasa matsa wun fklin " matsii um J la/k- (.[un Knnklii tlokwimasa matsu \a.k Ehwilin Ehwila-klin Ewilah-idin Kunklii ehwila \i\k Uyiitl-in " -klin " -um la,k un Kunklu uyutl Ifl^ Dalin Dala^klin Dalah-idin Kunklu dala la/; Daakwun Daakw-klin " -um lai-un Kunklu daakw lak Kayudin Kayiidih-idin Kayudala Isa un kayuda-a? Kayud tsa wun Kayud tsu hwi din " Buk din Kayudayu gianums ta klin I give I mil give I may give If I give I am given (to) I shall be given (to) I may be given (to) If lam given (to) or Lest I should be given (to) 1 I take care I mil I may If I I am I shall be I may be If lani. I I mil I may Ifl' I am I shell he I may be If lam I desire I shall desire I desired If I desire I am I shall be I may be If I am ■ take care, &c. taken care of strengthen, or make strong made struny desired I carry (in hand) I mil carry I carried If I carry I am carried I shall be carried I may be carried If am carried Head lied (a week ago) Lead Shall I lead f lam lead I was lead (a week ago) / iMve been lead I may perhaps be lead Ekihula mas in idin klak lak Nik mas kun ekikula-mas- ika? mas tsa wun Ekikula I make happy, I please I made him happy (a week past) Make him happy Do you wish me to make him happy f lam made happy tsii hwi din I was made happy (a week amd tsuk din mad tsu gig- nums ta klin Kun Kah-idin Kak-din A-le-la-hyin Ka-inayi lia-su-wun Kasu-wutlin Ka-su-hwidin I have been made happy (to- day) I may perhaps be made happy) Ifind I found (some time ago) Ifownd (to-dav) Let me seek Finding. I am found I was found (yesterday) I was found (long ago) Wukhlin I hear Wuklilah-idin I heard (some time ago) Wuklilak-din I heard (to-day) Huklila-la-hyin Let me hear or listen Wuklila-inayi Hearing Wuglitlin lam heard Wuglitl-wutlin I was heard (yesterday) Wuglitl-idin I was heard (long ago) Kwakwiksalin 1 talk about Kwatowiksalas- in lam talked about Kwakwiksalik-dii He uxis talking about ' -inayi Talking about -wutlin I was talked about (long ago) Kwakwi^sala - -din / have been talked about -klin I shall be talked about , -lais din I might have been talked about Hilikulin I trust Hilikulikdeis He trusted in HilikulinSyi Trusting Hilikum-un lam trusted " -litUn I was trusted Hilikumk-din } Hlllkumh-idin I hare been trusted Hilikum-klin 1 sliall be trusted " -Ms d in I might have been trusted Munsin WSk mun munstik Munsah-ida mun Munsa sa wun Munsu klin A klin munsu liifc Kfi un munzinnyiik / measure Although I measured it I have measured it 1 am measured 1 shall be measured Or 1 sliall be measured For my measuring it A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 95 (2.) Second Person with Irregular Passive Form. UmyaAulas Umyaiulak-dis Umyaiulah-Idis UmyaiulSla Umyaftula-klis UmyaMa-su klis Umyaiula-sus Kitlilas Kitlilak-dis Kitlilah-idis Kitlilala You reverence or worship You reverenced (to-day) You reverenced Reverence (Imper.) You vdll reverence You mil be reverenced You are reverenced. You fear You feared (to-day) You feared (a month ago) Fear (Imper.) Kitlila-klis Killum-klis Killums Weias WeAiak-dis We/cah-idis We/cala WeH-sus Weiarklis Weia-um la^s Wefci su klis You iiiUfear You mil be feared You are feared You order or command You ordered You ordered Order You are ordered You vAll order You may order You will be ordered (3.) Third Person Singular with Irregular Passive Form. .K^unyasi Xiinyasah-Idi ^unyasah-di £unyasala-hyi .Kunyazum-i £unyazum-utli Xunyazumh-idi Tlokwali Tlokwalah-idi Tlokwalah-di Tlokwalala-hyi Flokwala-sa- wi He wonders at or is surprised He wondered (long ago) He was surprised (to-day) Let him wonder He is wondered at He was " (yesterday) " " (long ago) He speaks strong or exhorts He spoke strong He spoke strong (to-day) Let him speak strong He is exhorted Tlokwala-sa-wutll Tlokwala-su-hwidi Tlokwala-inayi Tlokwala-suwinayi ( -ikuli I -ikulak-dl I -ikulah-idi Gigia-{ -ikula^hyi -Ikutll ikutl-wutli ..-ikutl-idi He was exhorted (yesterday) He was " (long ago) (Active Participle) Exhort- ing (Passive Participle) Having been exhorted He thinks He thought (to-day) He thought (long ago) Let him think He is thought He was thought (4.) Examples of Verbs with Irregular Passive Form. Yalakun Wak mun yalakak Yalakahida-um -mi Yalakum-un " -klin A klin yalakuM lai Ka un yalakinayi Pudikila-mas-in Wak mun pudikilarmas-uk Pudikila-mas-ida-mim Pudikila-mas-ida \ . J mi Pudikila-mad-tsa-wun -tsu-klin A klin pudikila mad-tsii laA Ka un pudikila-mazinayi I send Although I send {or sent) him He hassent (Nom. is present) ( " not " ) Jam sent (Passive) I shall be sent Or I shall be sent For my sending I make dark, I darken \ Although I darkened it I have darkened He has darkened lam darkened I shall be darkened Or I shall be darkened Formydark'ing (Pres. Part. Tlawisin Tlawis-lili Karis tlawi-zinayi f -tsa-wuu I -tsu-um lais Tlawisa-mad \ -tsa-wutlis I I -tsu-hwidis lam angry He will be angry For his being angry I am made angry You may be made angry You were made angry (yesterday) You were made angry (long ago) Gikumtl-yin Gikuml-kli Ka-is gikumaya-inayi Glkumaya-mad / am chief He will be chief For his chieftaincy, or for hit being chief (Pres. Part.) I am made chief You will be made chief -tsu-um la/l-s You may be made chief -tsu-wutlts You were made chief -tsii-hwidls " f-tsa-wun -tsu-klis 96 ALPEED J. HALL : Examples op Verbs, etc. (Gontinued.') Pihwiliu Ifeel Husin I count Pihwila-'kli He idll feel Yiks husa^i 1 Yiks la i husa J When he was counting Ka-is pihwilinfiyi For Ms feeling if Piyiitlin I am felt Yiis ia i hus-It When lie Ivad counted, or Piyutl-mun I am liked i. e. he feels my having counted kindness, ilierefore he is Kunklu husa-sii lak If I be counted. gratefvl Husa-su \&k un I may be counted ■ -klis You will befell Ek kunts husa-sa-wi It is good or {right) to be Piyutl ■ .um laifcs You may he felt counted. .wiitlts You were felt (yesterday) -idis " " (long ago) (3.) Verbs Classified by Meaning. (1.) Transitive Verbs. Hove him He loves him' Teat it He eats it I see him He sees him I live with Mm He lives with him Tlahwila nukwun klas " nukwis Hamapun klak Hamapik Dukwilin klak Dukwilik Numa-itlin gla wi Numa-itl gla wi I hate him He hates him I listen to him He listens to him I hire him He hires him Klisilin klak Klisilik Huklilin klak Huklillk HiUn klak Hilik (2.) Intransitive Verbs. I speak He speaks I am great 1 meditate I give up I go out I am sad Yakuntalin Yakuntali Walasin Gigiaikulin Yahidin Lawilsin Hwilsin I slide Tlokwun I am lying down Kwilatlln f (out of doors) Kwihulsin (in the house) KwihalMin (on the beach) Kwihalisin (in a canoe) Kwihatlutein I fell down (3.) Verbal Propositions. (a) Diihsau Do^-eau GwuJvsau Liihsau Klupsau Ti/c-sau Hun^-sau (b) Diihsta Kwuhsta Tii-sta Lasta Wudasta Ziluteta Jump through {e.g. a window) Look " Pour " 6o Climb " Fall " (e.g., roof of a house) Look through (a glass) Jump into (water) Fall " Drop " Bathe Cold Water Hot Water (c) Kwakia-A-a Tika-fci Duhwa-ia Lfi-A'a (d)DuhH-ustau Liigiustau UAustau Zfiiustau Nupustau Puklustau e) GiaA;-ukau Nikukau Ui:a-mukau Fall from u height Drop " " ■' Jump •' '■ " Go " " " Jump up Go "" Put " Throw " Fly (only of a stone) Com^s out of or from Pulled " " " '• Take from among A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAR. 97 (/)Ui-zut Put it in (box) {h) Lestala Walking round GwuA-zut Pour it in ' Zilhwsistala Running " Ufc-wutl-zut Take it out Putltsistala Hying " Kulhw-zut " (as baby in Sihwslstala Paddling " ( Kiadazaulitli Where is my box ? Widin gildas a ? On the table (in doors) or \ i Hunzaulitli It is on the floor Kiaditli platform It is on the shdf Kiatalaklili (8.) Yerb to Pall. Tah-id (Tree)faas Ta-gialis Falls on the beach Tah-id-kl It will fall Ta-gia-uls " on the ground Tah-ida lak It may fall Ta-kin-kl It win fall on the log Tah-ida lafet It might have fallen Ta-kin lai It may ' " Ta-skum (Tree) falls on a house, &c. Ta-skum-kl, or 1 J It uill fall on the house Ta-kin Falls on a log Tagiaa-klila-kl (See Verbs of Contact.) (9.) Possessive Verbs. Giukw House Giugwadamun I have a house Ump Father Auyadamun I have a father Question ;— Tibayu nukw mas ? Answer : — Tibayu nukw mun Question ;— Uknugwadamas tibayu ? Answer;— -irknugadamun kluk. Tlawunum Tlawadamun Dala Dala nukw mun Husband I have a husband I have money Have you boots ? (i.e. if you have not I vMl give you some.) I hare boots Have you boots f IlMve them 'NoTH.— UknugwS.damm is always an answer; if you simply state a fact, e.g., "I have boots," say tibadin Giugwadamas ? Have you a liouse f Zwungwadamas ? Have you a chUd t Kugiadamas? ' Have you a wife f Kugiadamun I have a wife. * The moon is oalled mukioUa. A KWAGIUTL GEAMMAE. 99 (10.) Endeavouring Verbs. These verbs may be recognised by the reduplication of the first syllable of the root : their sub- ject is generally endeavouring to peiform the action expressed and nearly always Implying ability to do it. Larlumhwa dry Ta-tulkwa soften Ma-miJa Endeavouring to ■ sleep Kiarkiilwa buy Da-dukwa look for Examples : — Tartulkwun klak Li ta-tiza Li dadukwa his kwili Parpata munuhw Ade I wish to have it soft He has gone to get stones He has gone to look for his uncle We have cumefor medicine, sir Note. — Some of these reduplicating verbs can scarcely be called endeavouring, e. g., Kata la hyuk, let it be full. Ka-hutdtla la hyiik, put a little more in (than you generally do). (11.) Pretending Verbs (batla). Tlahwila 1 Mika, I Tlil I- butla Mamatla l laJula J Tlahwila nukw butlints ipakwum butlints Tlahwila butlints love Pretending to \ die be a white man to work We are pretending to love We are imitating Indians We are falsely loved Datlila masin klak Tlilii masin (12.) Causing Verbs (mas). I made him laugh I make to die, I kill Kina-i sa maza wun Umista mat tsu klin I am made cold I shall be made free (13.) Causing Verbs in (iZa). Giukw Dihyila Iwuse road 1. 2. 3. 1. 3. Giukwila klin " klis kli Giukwilutlin Giukwilutli Giukwila Dihyila making a house making a road I will build a house You will build a house He will build a house I built a house (long ago). He built a house (long ago). (14.) Verbs Expressing Doubt (by means of Adverbs). Wela-anawis " Gianum ^unt ^untu Xunti 1 perhaps or suppose Object near Object further off. 100 ALPEED J. HALL ; EXAMFLIS. Wela-anawisi, isin kauklila, perhaps he is, I do not know Giai um fantu kwasutlila, perhaps they are coming (in a canoe) Nik iunt lis {or yika) nikla i, 1 suppose he means that (subject understood) by speaking in this manner La um kunti, perhaps they are gone La gianumks, ta 'klin, perhaps IwUl go (in reply to tlie question, " Will you go ? ") Ke gianumks ta klints or ke gianum gla IsMn^, perhaps we will Is gianum kla wisin la-kl, I suppose I shall go (" all the others are going " understood) (15.) Communicative Verbs {pa). Giawala-pa help Muhya-pa strike Tlahwila-pa love ■ each other Klisila-pa hate Hunkla-pa shoot Examples : — Giawala pa la hyints, let us help each other " pa laiunts, we may hdp each other " pa late-dints, we might have helped each otlier " putlints, we used to help each other. (16.) Desiring Verbs (iks.) Nak-iis-din Nakiiadutlin Nakiisda lak un Nakifada late din / desire drink I wanted drink I may want drink T might have wanted drink MiA-Ite-din la^ula-ifa-din Dukwila-Ite-din I desire sleqi I desire to work I desire to see Most of these verbs have their noun formed from the root of the verb and his affixed. Nai-bis Drunkard, fond of drink Aus-bis Fond of his father Mi^bis Always sleeping Dadatl-bis Always laughing These nouns with the verb to be affixed are conjugated thus:— Naibisin NaibisTtitlin lam a drunkard 1 was a drunkard Wiidalu^ Zilkwui Wunkulu^ Ijikuk It is (IT) Adjective Verbs (uk). ' cold warm wide Klakwu^ Yugwut Kwisu^ n is red It rains It snows Kula added to a noun is a verb, meaning to •' say" or " call.' Dun-i:ula Nazarene Ma sii kli Gikumi knla, su kll He shall be called a Nazarene He shall be called chief Singing ^ 6u^