INDIANSANDPIONEERS 
 
 BY 
 
 HAZARD- AND -DUTTON 
 
^tatc (|plkge of AgricttUure 
 
The original of tliis book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924014024271 
 
Cornell University Library 
 E 191.H44 
 
 Indians and pioneers; a history for young 
 
 3 1924 014 024 271 
 
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INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 A HISTORY FOR YOUNG PEOPLE 
 
 Blanche Evans Hazaed 
 
 Head of tht History Department in the High School of Practical Arts, Boston 
 
 Massachusetts ; forvierly Head of the History Department 
 
 in the Rhode Island State Normal School 
 
 EDITED BY 
 
 Samuel T. Button 
 
 Professor of School Administration in Teachers' 
 College, New York City 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 
 SILVER, BURDETT & COMPANY 
 BOSTON NEW YORK CHICAGO 
 
COPYHIGHT, 1897, 1913 
 By SAMUEL T. DUTTON 
 
 All rights reserved 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 
GLADLY AND GRATEFULLY 
 DEDICATED TO 
 
 ALBERT BUSHNELL HART 
 
 WHOSE INTEREST IN STUDENTS 
 
 OP AMERICAN HISTORY 
 
 EXTENDS FROM HIS CLASSES AT HARVARD 
 
 UNIVERSITY TO THE YOUNG 
 
 CHILDREN FOR 
 
 WHOM THIS BOOK IS INTENDED 
 
AUTHOR'S PREFACE 
 
 Two features which were introduced in this book 
 when it first appeared were as tentative as they were 
 novel. Whether the large use of quotations from "the 
 sources" of history, and the extended treatment of 
 preglacial and prehistoric peoples of America could 
 be approved when the book was in actual use, was then 
 a question. Years of constant use, however, from one 
 end of the United States to the other, have not only 
 brought the book approval from teachers and super- 
 intendents, but also joyful response from young readers. 
 
 Fivfe years' active work with children in grammar 
 grades in planning the work of the history department 
 of the Rhode Island State Normal School at Providence, 
 and later experience with other grammar-school chil- 
 dren of different cities, have convinced the author of 
 the need and aid of definitely suggested drills for re- 
 view. Such exercises in the form of games and dramati- 
 zations are now added as an appendix, equipping this 
 revised edition for a further practical service in the 
 schoolroom. Although the review exercises are grouped 
 at the end of the book, one or more of them should be 
 used in connection with every chapter at the teacher's 
 discretion. No time spent in such drill work, which 
 
8 AUTHOR'S PREFACE 
 
 increases the dramatic sense, the imagination, and the 
 power of memorizing facts, can be considered wasted. 
 
 Just as the original manuscript of the book was 
 submitted to "child critics" whose frank suggestions 
 were most helpful to the author, so the new material 
 and the added drill schemes have been actually tried 
 with real children in the lower grammar schools. To 
 all of these young people the author owes many thanks. 
 
 At the Peabody Museum and the Harvard Uni- 
 versity Library, where most of the research work for 
 this book has been done, much kindness has been shown 
 and generous aid given. To Professor Hart, through 
 whose kindness these privileges have come to her, the 
 author owes her chief inspiration in this work. 
 
 Blanche E. Hazard 
 
EDITOR'S PREFACE 
 
 Since this, volume was first published, considerable 
 progress has been made in providing historical material 
 suitable for elementary schools. The curriculum has 
 been reconstructed, and many eliminations have been 
 made, so that the newer subjects can be included. It 
 is true also that teachers have learned how better to 
 adapt history to the younger children. 
 
 The new edition of this work, with the excellent 
 suggestions for reviews and drills provided by the 
 author, will doubtless hold the favor and appreciation 
 which the book already possesses, and will find its 
 way into new fields. 
 
 There is special need that all children in the United 
 States be familiar with the early days of our country 
 when in faith and devotion our fathers conquered every 
 obstacle, and laid the foundations of a freer common- 
 wealth than had ever existed before. Thus the chil- 
 dren of immigrants soon learn to glory in our traditions 
 and to become loyal citizens of their adopted country. 
 The fact that the genius and spirit of the early Americans 
 had a strong moral basis makes the history of those 
 days an essential feature of any curriculum which seeks 
 to cherish and perpetuate high ideals, patriotism, and 
 reverence for the founders of the nation. 
 
 Samuel T. Dutton 
 9 
 
PUBLISHERS' NOTE 
 
 The publishers take this opportunity of acknowl- 
 edging courtesies received in connection with the illus- 
 tration of the revised edition of this book. They desire 
 especially to thank the American Museum of Natural 
 History for photographs of scenes in the Museum; 
 D. Appleton Company, for the use of illustrations 
 from Otis Mason's "Woman's Share in Primitive Cul- 
 ture"; Mr. Elmer E. Garnsey, for permission to repro- 
 duce his mural painting, "New Amsterdam," in the 
 U. S. Custom House at New York City; and the Pea- 
 body Museum of Harvard University and the Rhode 
 Island Historical Society for the loan of rare photo- 
 graphs. 
 
 10 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 CHAPTER PAGE 
 
 I. The Eakliest Times We Know Of 13 
 
 II. Stories from Mounds .... . . . 26 
 
 III. Cliff Dwellers and Pueblos 40 
 
 IV. The Indians . . . .... 52 
 
 V. Indian Children 65 
 
 VI. Earliest Pioneers from Europe ... 79 
 
 VII. Pioneer Explorers . . . 101 
 
 VIII. Attempts at Colonization ... . . . . . 117 
 
 IX. First Settlements in Virginia .• . . . . 127 
 
 X. How the Plantation of Virginia was Saved by Dale 137 
 
 XI. Plantation Life in Virginia 143 
 
 XII. Virginia's Neighbors . 149 
 
 XIII. The Pilgrims Come to New Plymouth . .... 155 
 
 XIV. The Plymouth Plantation . 171 
 
 XV. The Colony of Massachusetts Bay 182 
 
 XVI. The Colonists' Writings .... 197 
 
 XVII. The Smaller Colonies of New England .... . 206 
 
 XVIII. The Dutch of New Netherland 219 
 
 XIX. The Dutch and the Indians . 230 
 
 XX. The Province op Penn's Woods 242 
 
 REVIEW EXERaSES , , , , 255 
 
 11 
 
[12] 
 
 Childeen in the Ahericah Mdseum oe Natural History, New Yomc 
 Before the painting, "The Landing of Columbus." 
 
INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 CHAPTER I 
 
 THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OF 
 
 During the last century people have learned much 
 more about the men and women who lived in our 
 country thousands of years before our great-great-grand- 
 fathers. The people who have discovered these facts 
 are called archaeologists and ethnologists, which are long, 
 dull-sounding names to you, if you do not know the 
 meaning of them and what interesting things are dis- 
 covered by the hard work of such people. 
 
 STONES HIDDEN IN THE EARTH 
 
 How have they learned these wonderful facts about 
 long-ago times, do you suppose? By digging in the 
 earth; by digging in certain places, where they have 
 learned to look for remains of people and implements. 
 Many places where such things lay hidden were first 
 found by accident, by workmen digging wells, plowing 
 fields, or laying the foundations of railroads, cutting 
 through mounds and gravel banks, and even in old 
 river beds. 
 
 The workmen often found curious things which some 
 archaeologist would hear of, and go hundreds of miles 
 
 13 
 
14 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 to see. "Why," he would say, "these workmen have 
 come upon things that were made before the time of the 
 Indians we know about." The men thought they were 
 cutting through natural earth, but the scholar knew 
 
 yv 
 
 *S- 
 
 
 im 
 
 ^iigi 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 * 
 
 i 
 
 1 
 
 An A&ch£Ologist's WoBjoaEN Digging through a Mound 
 (Mississippi) 
 
 better than that. He looked carefully at the outside 
 of the place, and at others like it near by. 
 
 Then he brought educated and skillful workmen of 
 his own, who dug carefully, so as to see just how the 
 hills or pits were made, and what they contained. 
 
 So the archaeologists found that these stone imple- 
 
THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OP IS 
 
 ments and bones are the remains of ancient people, who 
 must have hved and died and been forgotten before 
 the time of any people known to our histories of America. 
 That is why these discoveries are called prehistoric. 
 
 After the first findings, they began to search for 
 others. Colleges and historical societies, and even the 
 United States Government, gave men and money to 
 the search. 
 
 COLLECTIONS IN MUSEUMS 
 
 There are several museums where you can see such 
 "finds," all nicely labeled, and oftentimes a custodian 
 will explain to you about them. The largest and finest 
 collections are at: 
 
 The Smithsonian or National Museum in Washington, D. C. 
 
 The American Museum of Natural History at Central Park, 
 New York City. 
 
 The Peabody Museum in Cambridge, Massachusetts. 
 
 The American Museum of Natural History at the University 
 of Pennsylvania. 
 
 We may not believe all that the archaeologists and 
 ethnologists think about the earliest people. Perhaps 
 by the time you are grown men and women many new 
 discoveries wiU change their beliefs; but the present 
 discoveries tell us a great deal which cannot be changed. 
 We know that many, many generations of people lived 
 here long before the time of the savages found by Euro- 
 peans near the beginning of the sixteenth century. The 
 Europeans, who thought this country was part of India, 
 

 
THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OF 17 
 
 called the savages Indians. Just as they had to have 
 some name for the savages, so we must have names for 
 the prehistoric peoples. We caU the first people of which 
 we have traces by the name of glacier men. 
 
 THE GLACIAL OR ICE AGE 
 
 The glacial age is the name for a time in the history 
 of North America when the climate was much more 
 moist and cold than it is now. It was so cold that the 
 snows fell continually; and as there was no warm weather 
 to make them melt and run off, they piled up, like the 
 snowdrifts of many winters, one upon another. Then 
 almost aU of bur country looked as parts of Alaska and 
 Greenland do to-day. AU the valleys and hollows were 
 filled with tightly packed and hard-frozen snow, which 
 we call glaciers. They extended for miles and miles 
 in great, broad, white rivers, between the highest 
 mountains. AU the smaUer hUls were covered. These 
 rivers moved, not with a rapid, dashing motion, but 
 slowly, grinding their way and carrying everything they 
 could tear from the mountain sides with them. 
 
 If you had been on any one of those vast snow streams 
 and had driven a row of stakes in a straight line across 
 it, you would have found, after a time, that your line 
 had grown crooked, or had become curved, because the 
 middle of the glacier moved faster than its sides. The 
 glaciers moved so slowly that you could not tell that, 
 they moved at aU, except in some such way as by the 
 stakes. They moved faster in summer, when the hot 
 
THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OF 19 
 
 sun melted them a little, than in winter, and faster in 
 the daytime than at night. 
 
 MORAINES 
 
 As the glaciers moved, they carried trees, all the loose 
 gravel and stones of the mountain sides, even big bowl- 
 ders weighing hundreds of tons. These were left lying 
 in long rows along the center and at the sides of the 
 glacier. These heaps of earth and stone are called 
 moraines to-day. 
 
 When you roll a big snowball, you know how it takes 
 up dirt, pebbles, and almost everything in its way. 
 Sometimes, after your ball has melted, you find a little 
 heap of the things it picked up. Perhaps, also, there 
 is a broken line of pebbles along the path where you 
 rolled it. The paths of our glaciers have been traced in 
 much the same way. 
 
 THE GREAT PREHISTORIC SPRINGTIME 
 
 After the long ice age, when glaciers covered much of 
 our country, a change came in the climate, which we 
 might call the great prehistoric springtime. The air 
 grew warmer, and the moisture fell in the form of rain 
 instead of snow. Then the air grew drier. The rain 
 ceased part of the time. The glaciers began to melt, to 
 crack, to break up, to rush through their valleys, and 
 sail off into the ocean in icebergs. Water rushed from 
 under them in torrents, cutting its way through the 
 valleys and forming deep river channels to the ocean. 
 Wherever the snow melted it dropped its stones, as 
 
20 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Glacial Drift 
 Section of a moraine near Wliitewater, Wisconsin. 
 
 your snowballs do. Much of our country is still covered 
 with what is called the drift of the glaciers — and very 
 stony farms it makes, too. 
 
 Pieces of rock, worn smooth by their travels, are still 
 strewn over the glacial vaUey, some of them thousands 
 of miles from their native beds, out of which they were 
 roughly pulled in the cold ice age. Laborers often find 
 them far in the ground, sometimes fifteen feet deep, 
 under layers and layers of dirt and soil that must have 
 gathered during many centuries. 
 
 MAMMOTHS 
 
 We think that there must have been animals even 
 as early as the ice age because of the skeletons found 
 
THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OF 
 
 21 
 
 near remains of glaciers. Because these skeletons are 
 so much larger than any animals of our times, we call 
 them mammoths. 
 
 I^-'.^'. 
 
 ! .' ■ '. '^5i' 
 
 m/&:im 
 
 
 Section of a Hillside 
 A— Black top soil. 
 
 B — Yellow drift (glacial sand) containing chipped implements and flakes. 
 C — Yellowish-white sand. 
 
 THE GLACIAL MEN 
 
 All this time you have been wondering, probably, if 
 there were any people living among the glaciers or in 
 the great springtime. Apparently there were; for 
 roughly shaped stone tools have been found in some of 
 the layers of the soil covering the deeply buried glacial 
 bowlders. Whenever you hear the word "tool," you 
 think of a man to use it. There must have been men 
 not only to use but to make these things. Rough and 
 odd as they are, some people must have made them; 
 for it is hardly possible that they were worn into these 
 shapes by the action of water and gravel moving over 
 
22 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 them. Men who have studied the natural and arti- 
 ficial shapes of stones, point out to us how these are 
 chipped off in one place, hoUowed in 
 another, and smoothed in another, 
 all in such fashion as to make them 
 useful. Besides, others like them 
 
 Chipped have been found in other parts of 
 
 Implement of _ . ^ . __, - 
 
 EAm-vMAN. this country and m Europe, where 
 
 Knife 
 
 there were several proofs that they 
 were made by men of an early age. 
 You may see some of these things in the 
 ™(Or?*o™r 'museum collections. They are odd, rough, 
 stone things that would have no meaning to 
 you if you did not know the stories of the people who 
 used them. Some of them seem to have been made to 
 kiU animals, some to cut these animals up for food, 
 others to remove the skin and to make it into clothes. 
 
 LIFE OF THE GLACIAL PEOPLE 
 
 Some of the tools found are hke axes and hoes, and 
 therefore people believe that the climate of the country 
 about the ice-sheets was not too cold for trees to grow, 
 or even for a rough sort of farming to be attempted. 
 Here are pictures of such stone tools, and other pictures 
 to show how similar tools are used with wooden handles 
 by modern Indians. If they tell a peaceful story of 
 sowing and harvesting, they also tell of trouble. Many 
 times they have been found helter-skelter, as if left in 
 haste. It is thought that they were dropped by men 
 
THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OP 
 
 23 
 
 Adze, with Modern 
 Handle, to show how 
 THE Blade was prob- 
 ably USED 
 
 who fled before the advancing ice-sheet when it began 
 to melt, or that the men were overtaken by it and killed. 
 
 We really know very lit- 
 tle about the people of the 
 ice age. The tools we have 
 found are like those of a 
 prehistoric people in Europe. 
 Perhaps all were of one race ; 
 and our glacial men may 
 have come from Europe on 
 an ice-sheet which spread over the far north Atlantic. 
 There is no proof of how they came or what became of 
 them. Some ethnologists think that they all perished 
 as the mammoths did. Others think that they went 
 north, as the glaciers began to melt, keeping close to the 
 ice-sheet. They believe the glacial men's descendants 
 still live in the far north, and are what we call the Eski- 
 mos. Still others believe that the rough stone men, as 
 they are sometimes called, grew more refined as time 
 went on, and that it was their descendants who made 
 better implements of polished stone and flint, which 
 we find now by digging in heaps of sand and shells by the 
 water, by hunting in caves, or by delving into large 
 mounds piled up high, in other parts of the country. 
 
 A LITTLE BOY OF THE ICE AGE 
 
 The archaeologists tell us so many things about the 
 habits of these prehistoric people that we can imagine 
 just about how a little boy lived in those days. 
 
24 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Frosty Stone 
 
 Let us see if you can picture the daily life of Frosty 
 Stone. He lived with his mother and father in a hut 
 made of turf, with skins hung on the inside of the walls. 
 It was dark inside the hut, for there were no windows. 
 The only light came from stone dishes of burning oil, 
 which gave out a very bad smell. 
 
 For warmth they burned wood. But I think Uttle 
 Frosty Stone must have been cold sometimes, for wood 
 was not plentiful. When the supply gave out, the men 
 and boys had to take a long journey of several days to 
 a forest of tall, weather-beaten trees. These they cut 
 down with heavy stone axes, the men using large ones 
 and the boys small ones. 
 
 On the way home they may have gone through a 
 settlement where there had been cornfields in the sum- 
 
THE EARLIEST TIMES WE KNOW OF 
 
 25 
 
 mer. There Frosty's father bought some corn and 
 paid for it with his outer fur coat. 
 
 When 
 
 they 
 home, 
 inother 
 
 RiiDE Ax, HAriED Chipped Implement 
 (Modern Indian) 
 
 Rude Chipped 
 
 Implement op 
 
 Early Man 
 
 reached 
 Frosty's 
 
 pounded the corn 
 with a stone un- 
 til it was quite fine 
 and then stirred it 
 up with water. This corn porridge was Fros- 
 ty's supper, and no doubt it tasted very good to him. 
 
 Sometimes his father shot a deer, and then they would 
 have roast deer meat. This was cooked on stones before 
 the fire. The skin of this deer was made into a coat for 
 Frosty or his father. The mother made it, cutting the 
 skin from the flesh with a sharp-edged stone. Then how 
 do you suppose she sewed it? For a needle she had a 
 long piece of thin bone with a big hole for the eye, and 
 for thread, the dried muscles of animals that Father 
 Stone had killed. 
 
 You may think that Frosty had a very happy life, 
 making snowballs, sliding down hiU, and going on long 
 rides over the snow. No doubt he did, but I'm sure 
 you would not like to have lived in those days. There 
 were great big animals in the forests, much bigger than 
 any we see now, and sometimes they strayed very near 
 the hut and frightened the little boy. Then there was 
 the glacier always creeping nearer and nearer and threat- 
 ening to bury them all deep under the ice and snow. 
 
CHAPTER II 
 STORIES FROM MOUNDS 
 
 After the people of the ice age, there were several 
 races, or, perhaps, several branches of one race, who 
 covered much of our northern continent. One may have 
 followed another, or aU may have lived at the same 
 time. At any rate, they lived differently. If one 
 came before another, the first were probably the midden 
 men. 
 
 THE MIDDEN MEN 
 
 The people who are named after the heaps of refuse 
 and shells they made in the places where they Uved, are 
 called midden men. These shell-heaps are found on 
 the northwest coast, and along the Atlantic shore 
 from Florida to Labrador. Some are found also inland 
 along the great lakes and the St. Lawrence River. 
 The old sheU-heaps down in Florida are particularly 
 interesting. 
 
 Try to imagine great sand or earth-covered piles of 
 mollusk sheUs, sometimes joined together so as to form 
 one long line of embankment. Scattered through them 
 are many odd-looking bone tools, and many other 
 strange objects made of the bones of such animals as 
 the elk, deer, beaver, and seal. Remember that only a 
 
 26 
 
STORIES PROM MOUNDS. 
 
 27. 
 
 Florida Sheli/-heaf worn away by the River 
 
 A — Skull in place. 
 
 Cut loaned by Feabody Museum. 
 
 few of these animals are found now in our country south 
 of Maine and Michigan, and that the heaps are found as 
 far south as Florida. 
 There are some rude 
 cooking dishes and 
 a few pieces of brok- 
 en pottery in these 
 refuse heaps, just as 
 you find pieces of 
 crockery in an old 
 ash-heap now. 
 
 The wisest schol- 
 ars do not know 
 how old these heaps 
 are. They beheve that they are not so old as the glacial 
 and early stone age, because no mammoth bones are in 
 them . From some things they appear 
 very old. Others belong to a later 
 time. So the midden men seem to 
 have lived for many, many years — 
 m perhaps many hundreds of years. 
 They seem to have thrown about 
 everything they had into their heaps. 
 In some of the heaps are pieces of 
 articles, which must have been made in Europe. It is 
 believed that the midden men were not all gone before 
 the early discoverers began to come from Europe, near 
 the beginning of the sixteenth century. 
 
 Pottery Vessel from 
 Shell-heap 
 
28 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 THE CAVE MEN 
 
 Some time during the midden men's period, or after 
 them, the cave men lived. Caves have always been 
 used as dwellings. Even now, in lonely parts of the 
 shores of Scotland, men, women, and children live hud- 
 dled together in dark and dirty caves. 
 
 Imagine what life in such a place 
 would be; not attractive, or perhaps 
 endurable, for us, yet we find some- 
 thing very interesting about the old 
 caves inhabited many hundreds of 
 years ago. 
 
 There are caves 
 in all parts of the 
 country that show 
 many positive 
 traces of the people 
 
 Woven Bag from Cave in 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Woven Sandal from a -ivlin ViQirf> li^rprl 
 Cave IN Kentucky' WnO UaVB UVBU 
 
 there. 
 One of the largest is the Salt Cave 
 of Kentucky. The rock has been 
 hollowed out partly by nature and 
 partly by the people. Scattered 
 about in the dingy darkness archaeologists found 
 bones of. animals, tools of stone, pottery, and the 
 cinders of several hearths, where they had fire for 
 warmth and cooking. There were pieces of cloth, 
 
 ' All the illustrations of objects on pages 22 to 39 have been drawn from 
 the originals in the Peabody Museum, Cambridge, 
 
STORIES FROM MOUNDS 
 
 29 
 
 too. The people wore sandals, and used bags of 
 rope or twine which they made of hempen fiber and 
 the inner bark of certain trees. These cave men had 
 ropes to fasten the sticks used for wooden handles to 
 their stone and bone hoes, in the same way that it is 
 done to-day by the savages about the Papuan Gulf. 
 
 These things seem like the work of people who knew 
 more than the midden men. Perhaps some of the mid- 
 den men's sons and their families began to be cave 
 dwellers before others left off making shell-heaps. 
 
 THE MOUND BUH-DERS 
 
 Still another people, called mound builders, lived in 
 the time of the midden men and the cave dwellers, or 
 after them. Boys and girls 
 may stUl see some of their 
 mounds in Ohio, Indiana, 
 Missouri, Wisconsin, and 
 other parts of the country. 
 For centuries they lay un- 
 known and hidden by for- 
 ests. They were discovered 
 as the lands were cleared, |^ 
 and, fortunately, many of ^ 
 them were preserved. From 
 a distance they look like toy 
 
 «« r.■.,^■i{i^irx^ Viillc w-10/1q in Bna>'S-EYE ViEW OF THE GREAT SERPENT 
 
 or artinciai nms maae m modnd, adams county, omo 
 
 circles, squares, rectangles, 
 
 and crosses. The most interesting ones are shaped like 
 
30 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 animals. In Kentucky there is an immense mound 
 which looks somewhat like the shape of a bear. It 
 measures about one hundred and five feet from the tip 
 of the nose to the tail. In Ohio there is a serpent with 
 open jaws and gracefully coiled tail. 
 
 When they were first found, men dug them up care- 
 lessly and ignorantly, breaking and upsetting all that 
 was inside. Others, who knew their value, cut into 
 them carefully, so as to open them by sections, keeping 
 everything in place as nearly as possible, and saw the 
 contents and the form in which they were built. Hun- 
 dreds of mounds have been opened already. 
 
 MOUiro VILLAGES 
 
 The largest of all the mounds seem to have been 
 earthworks for a fortified village. They sometimes 
 formed three sides of an inclosure fronting on a lake or 
 river. Within the limits of these inclosures you may 
 still see scores and scores of pits, where huts and wig- 
 wams once stood. 
 
 SIGNAL AND BURIAL MOUITOS 
 
 The smallest of these mounds seem to have been mere 
 watch or signal mounds, used in time of war. Others were 
 certainly burial places. These conta,ined the skeletons 
 of men, women, and children. Sometimes the bodies 
 had been carefully placed on flat bowlders; sometimes in 
 graves made of flat stones. In one mound the skeletons 
 lay in rows; in another in a circle, with heads toward 
 
A Skeleton Unearthed in Serpent Mound Park, Aoaus County, Ohio 
 FhotQgiaph loaned by Peabody Museum, 
 
 m 
 
82 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 the middle, like spokes in a wheel. Weapons were often 
 found near the bones of the arm; ornaments of stone and 
 bone lay about the heads, and necklaces made of the 
 teeth of large animals. Vessels of clay seem to have 
 
 Bnu]'s-EYE View op Ancient Earthworks, Ross County, Ohio 
 
 a — ^Large mound containing inclosure of timbers, altai^ skeletons and implements, 
 
 and ornaments of copper, bone, and stone. * 
 bbb — Small mounds. 
 c — Small circular earthwork. 
 
 The larger circular indosui'e has an area of about forty acres. 
 The square inclosure has an area of about twenty-seven acres. 
 The sfnaller circ'ular inclosure' is aboilt eight hundred feet in diameter. 
 
 f 
 
 been placed over the graves, probably with food. Sav- 
 ages still put food instead of flowers at the graves of 
 their dead. Ashes near by show signs of the feasts 
 held by the relatives at the grave. 
 
STORIES FROM MOUNDS 
 
 33 
 
 Hapted Stone Ax 
 (Modern Indian) 
 
 Stone Ax 
 
 HOW THEY LIVED 
 
 To imagine how these different peoples lived, we 
 must look at their tools. One kind is a large stone, 
 which you might call an ax, with grooves in it, where a 
 •piece of hide or rope may have fastened it to a handle 
 of wood. Other stones, about two and 
 three-fourths inches long, seem hke Uttle 
 axes. They are all well shaped, with good 
 
 edges. Per- 
 haps the chil- 
 dren worked 
 or played with 
 the small ones. 
 They seem to have left more arrow points than 
 anything else. These are of many shapes and of many 
 kinds of stone, especially of what we call flint. Some 
 are shaped like leaves. Others are tri- 
 angles. 
 
 These early people had stone knives, 
 to skin animals, probably, and to split 
 bark from trees. Perhaps the women 
 did this work, as Eskimo women do 
 now. Hard and dirty work it must 
 have been; but their hands were pro- 
 tected somewhat from the sharp stone 
 blade by a back or handle of wood, 
 that had holes in it, through which 
 thongs of hide fastened it to the blade. The shape 
 pictured here was most common in the North. In other 
 
 Flint Arrowhead 
 
34 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 parts of the country knives were shaped like large 
 arrow points, and fastened into sticks for handles. 
 
 After the skinning of an animal they used its flesh for 
 food, and its fat for various purposes. The hide they 
 stretched and rubbed until it was soft and pliable. 
 When it was properly tanned they bored holes in it 
 with bone awls, and sewed it into rough garments, with 
 
 Slate Knife Slate Knife, with 
 
 (New England) Modern Handle 
 
 (Alaska) 
 
 the sinews of animals for thread. They may have sewed 
 also with a kind of "Indian hemp," which we caU 
 dogbane or milkweed; for they often used this hemp to 
 make fish lines and nets. Of bone, also, they made 
 different ornaments and tools. 
 
 The men probably did the fighting, the hunting, and 
 fishing. Flat and notched stones, which look like hoes, 
 and many mortars and pestles make us think that grain 
 was raised for food also. This work was undoubtedly 
 done by the women. 
 
 CRAFTS OF THE MOUND BTHLDERS 
 
 The mound builders must have been more like civ- 
 ilized people in many respects. They had large mortars 
 made in bowlders which were lying in the center of the 
 
STORIES FROM MOUNDS 35 
 
 village for the use of all. Many small ones have been 
 found in different places, and seem to have been owned 
 by private families. The smallest ones were used, we 
 think, to grind the paint; which was used to ornament 
 the people's faces, and to decorate their dishes and 
 
 Pottery from Ancient Burial Mounds 
 Vessel in form of gourd. 
 Bowl in form of fish. 
 Jar in form of grotesque head. 
 
 vases. These people made dishes of clay and of soap- 
 stone for cooking and for many other purposes. They 
 are of various shapes and sizes. 
 
 Farmers all through this great country plow up bits 
 of their pottery every year. Some pieces are large 
 enough to show the shape and decorations of the vessel. 
 These tell that the people's houses may have been 
 scattered aU over the country; but only in the burial 
 mounds and graves are the things found whole. There 
 they have lain, safe from the plowshare, for several hun- 
 dreds of years. We may be more interested in these 
 vessels than in any of the other things, for they tell us 
 more of the people. They tell us how skillful the mound 
 builders were with their hands, what fancies worked 
 in their brains. 
 
36 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Some of the vases are so beautifully designed, so 
 perfectly formed, and so artistically colored, that many 
 archaeologists and ethnologists believe that the mound 
 builders were far more civilized than any of the natives 
 found in North America by Europeans after the dis- 
 covery by Colimibus. The natives of the seventeenth 
 century may have been descendants of the skillful 
 mound builders; they may have lived in the same places, 
 
 gradually neglecting their arts 
 and allowing their hands to lose 
 their cunning. 
 
 The natives found by the first 
 explorers from Europe, several 
 generations after them, chased 
 earihenware Vessel their game through the forests 
 
 (Tennessee) • i i . , •■ .,, 
 
 Without knowmg that the hills 
 they crossed were mounds, and without even a tradition 
 of the early people who built them. 
 
 The white settlers from New England, who drove 
 the savages westward and cut down the trees, found the 
 mounds not very long ago. So it is only lately that men 
 interested in prehistoric people have known of them, and 
 have begun to trace the stories of those who built them. 
 
 A LITTLE GIRL MOUND BUILDER 
 
 The grave of a mound builder's little girl was found 
 one day, by a man who dug into one of those small, 
 round pits, where it is supposed that the people's huts 
 stood. It was in the Lebanon settlement in Tennessee. 
 
STORIES FROM MOUNDS 
 
 37 
 
 Below the bottom of the pit the Uttle girl's bones were 
 found on a smoothly paved grave, with two flat stones 
 at the head and the foot. Beside her were her toys. 
 There were some shell beads, pearls and pretty little 
 polished stones, a small earthen pot, a duck-shaped 
 dish, and a water jar, like a bear, with a smokestack on 
 his back. 
 
 The little girl was fond of 
 these dishes, probably, and 
 her mother filled them with 
 food and water to be buried 
 with her. The mother may 
 have believed that the little 
 gir. needed something to 
 eat and drink on her long 
 journey to her new home; or 
 she may have believed that 
 bad spirits would eat the 
 food and leave the little girl in peace. 
 
 She lived in a settlement of people who had round 
 huts, clustered together within an oval embankment 
 which protected them from beasts and made it harder 
 for enemies to get into their village. In the center 
 of this town was a sort of mound where they had 
 an altar and worshiped their heathen gods. Then 
 there was a large mound used for a burying ground 
 for grown people. They got the dirt for these big 
 mounds from a place near the waU at one end of 
 their village, out of which they dug so much that it was 
 
 -«.»»»i»««— — ■ »• ■ 
 
 Bear-shaped Vase 
 (Tennessee) 
 
38 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 a big hoUpw or sink. There the little children could 
 
 play. I wonder if one of their games was hide and seek! 
 
 Whatever they played, they came in hungry at noon. 
 
 Bird's-eye View of Ancient Village Site op the Mound Builders 
 
 Lebanon, Tennessee 
 A — Ditch inclosing village. 
 B — Inner embankment. 
 C — Outer embankment. 
 D — Entrance to village. 
 
 E — Great mound. Probable site of the council house or important building. 
 F — Burial mound, with stone graves. 
 
 The circular earthworks not designated by letters are probably the sites of 
 dwellings. 
 
 What do you suppose they had to eat? We have learned 
 some of the things from the waste heaps or middens 
 that have been found near the pits where their huts 
 stood, much like those of the midden men. The mound 
 
STORIES FROM MOUNDS 
 
 39 
 
 builders left piles of shells of different kinds of mollusks, 
 and bones of various animals and birds. They had 
 plenty of turkeys, for they 
 hved wild in large numbers 
 all over the country then. 
 
 We think that they had 
 mush or porridge, too, made 
 of some kind of grain, prob- 
 ably corn, and cooked over 
 the fire. In the waste heaps 
 are broken dishes that have 
 
 been smoked and burnt. Perhaps the little girl had 
 her mush every evening out of the duck bowl. At night 
 she lay on some rushes or leaves for a bed and had a 
 deerskin over her. We do not know her name, but I 
 like to call her Middle Pitt. 
 
 DtJCK-SHAPED Bowl , 
 (Tennessee) 
 
Cure RtHNS, CaSon de Chelly 
 
 CHAPTER III 
 
 CLIFF DWELLERS AND PUEBLOS 
 
 While the midden men, the cave men, and mound 
 builders lived in the eastern part of North America, a 
 more skiUful people occupied the vast square now cov- 
 ered by the four States of New Mexico, Colorado, 
 Arizona, and Utah. 
 
 THE CLIFF DWELLERS 
 
 The cliff dwellers, as we call them, Uved in many 
 places throughout this region, but where, we do not 
 know exactly. The ruins of their homes are stiU stand- 
 
 40 
 
CLIFF DWELLERS AND PUEBLOS 41 
 
 ing near the rivers Rio Grande, Gila, and branches of 
 the Colorado. Nowadays travelers find some of that 
 country so hot and dry that they can scarcely endure 
 the climate long enough to look at the wonderful scenery, 
 the great masses of bare rock with deep chasms called 
 canons, through which torrents of water rush in the 
 short rainy season. There is more than scenery to 
 admire. High up in the clefts of these wild, bare rocks 
 are many half-ruined villages, built jby a people who 
 have left us almost no other traces of their history. 
 
 How did they get there? Why did they live there? 
 What sort of people were they? Did they run up and 
 down these sheer cliffs? Did they have rope ladders, 
 or did they have nothing but the risky hold for hands 
 and feet which is now afforded by the small notches 
 cut in the face of the bare rocks? From a distance these 
 oddly shaped notches look like mere natural breaks in 
 the rock; but people believe that they were cut by the 
 cliff dwellers. If they could cut these holes and build 
 such houses, why did they not build stairs up the cliffs? 
 Probably because these dwellings were cities of refuge I 
 for a people who lived and had their farms on the plains 
 below. They may have been a warlike people among 
 themselves, or they may have had bitter enemies, from 
 whom they fled to their chff dwellings so swiftly 
 that the enemies did not know what became of them, 
 for the villages are so like the rocks in structure and 
 in color that they cannot be seen at a great distance. 
 
 These dwellings were built by a strong and skillful 
 
42 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 people. Certain parts of the houses seem to have been 
 watchtowers placed to command a wide view over the 
 surroxmding country. There we imagine sentinels 
 watched for the approach of their enemies from the 
 north and west. 
 From their high places of refuge, the people may have 
 
 RiHNS OF A Cliff House 
 (Rio San Juan) 
 
 seen the enemy enter the valley below them, where 
 the fields seem to have been under cultivation, and 
 watched them destroy all their homes and farms. Per- 
 haps they always lived in the cliffs and had only their 
 fields below. Certainly they cotild not have grown any- 
 thing on the bare rocks. 
 
CLIFF DWELLERS AND PUEBLOS 
 
 43 
 
 THE PUEBLOS 
 
 Another ancient people who lived in the Southwest 
 were the Pueblos. They were found by the Spaniards 
 and called- by a Spanish word which means village. 
 The word is used for the people, their houses and their 
 villages. In fact, a pueblo house was often like a village 
 
 Pueblo Housetops 
 (Pueblo Tesuque) 
 
 or a portion of a village. Over a hundred families some- 
 times lived under the same roof, or, rather, above the 
 same foundation. No one knows how many centuries 
 ago some of these houses were built. Many of them, 
 partly in ruins, are standing now, and are the homes of 
 the descendants of those who built them. 
 
44 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 The Pueblos' houses were built in a sort of semi- 
 circle or in a rectangle about an open court, from which 
 one story rose after another in terraces like an ancient 
 amphitheater or the tiers of seats about a modern base- 
 ball field. The rooms about the court were but one 
 story high. Behind them rose another story, and behind 
 them another, till the back of the house was sometimes 
 six stories high. 
 
 The lower rooms appear to have had no doors or 
 windows either for light or for people to enter from 
 without; but in the floor of each second-story room there 
 was a trapdoor or scuttle hole into the room beneath. 
 The lower rooms were used as cellars for storing grain 
 and other food. Each family probably controlled the 
 cellar below its living room. The roofs were made of 
 logs, with brush and bark laid over them, and a top 
 coating of mud several inches thick. There were no 
 stairs in any part of the pueblos. Ladders were usually 
 left standing on every roof or terrace, so that people 
 could go from one to another tiU they reached the apart- 
 ment they wanted. Upon a signal at the approach of 
 an enemy all ladders were quickly pulled up. 
 
 INDUSTRIES OF THE PUEBLOS 
 
 All the people in one of these great house-towns, as 
 they have been called, were sometimes united under 
 the command of one chief or priest. He directed them 
 in building the house, in tilling the fields on the "mesa," 
 as they called the -tableland on which the house 
 
Pueblo-Indian Children Carkving Water in Basket Bottles 
 
 [45] 
 
46 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 stood, and in all their work, their religion, and their 
 daily Ufe. 
 
 They may have been a people with many arts. Their 
 farms were watered by canals. Their crops were large. 
 They made pottery of more beautiful form, coloring, 
 and design than the mound buUders. They were war- 
 like, and they successfully defended their villages from 
 their more savage neighbors. 
 
 PUEBLO INDIANS 
 
 We call the people who live in these villages now, 
 Pueblo Indians. They are neither as prosperous nor 
 as skiUful as their forefathers were. Changes in the 
 climate have reduced the rivers, dried the canals, and 
 parched the coimtry until aU the fertile fields have 
 disappeared, and the people have a hard time to make 
 a living. They have suffered other losses, too, from the 
 raids of wild Apaches and other Indians living to the 
 north and west of them. 
 
 Pottery is still made in the old pueblos, but not with 
 the skill of olden times. The Spaniards, who found the 
 Pueblos, called them a wonderful people and admired 
 their work and their prowess in war; but the Spaniards 
 taught them new customs which did much to change 
 their lives. The Pueblos of to-day are descendants of 
 a race who were taught something of the Roman Cath- 
 olic religion and something of the Spanish language 
 and of many Spanish customs, all of which they have 
 mingled with their inheritance from earlier times. 
 
Pa-to-wah-ii-wa, a Pueblo Indian 
 
 [«1 
 
48 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 THE DUCKING OF THE CLOWNS 
 
 One of the most amusing of the Pueblo customs is 
 what they call "ducking the clowns." If you were at 
 the Zufii Pueblo in the month of July, you might see 
 this strange ceremony. AU the men and women of the 
 pueblos are out of doors, on the terraces and on the 
 ground. Presently, ten men, who live in the house, 
 come out. They are dressed in coarse, blue cloth, and 
 
 Dn-ME-cHiM-CHEE; OR, The Docking of the Clowns 
 
 wear horrible masks of mud. First, they form a line, 
 as you see in the picture. Each one bends over and 
 places his hands on the hips of the man before him. 
 In a moment they start to run around the outside or 
 back walls of the pueblo, singing "Du-me-chim-chee, 
 Du-me-chim-chee," over and over again, while the 
 crowd shout and laugh. The women on the walls above 
 "duck" them with jars of water, some of it clean, some 
 
CLIFF DWELLERS AND PUEBLOS 
 
 49 
 
 dirty. One girl after another has her j ar full and waiting 
 
 for them to come by her terrace. It is an old ceremony, 
 
 and every one, young and old, 
 
 delights in it, the "clowns" as 
 
 much as the others. Troops 
 
 of children usually follow the 
 
 "clowns," and if they get some 
 
 of the water, the greater is 
 
 the fun. 
 
 This frolic is part of a long 
 religious ceremony. The next 
 day a priest leads a party tp 
 the Sacred Lake to carry of- 
 ferings to the rain gods, and 
 to pray for rains upon their 
 dry land in sunimer. 
 
 THE ANNUAL POTTERY BAKING 
 
 While the priest and his 
 attendants are praying for 
 rain at the Sacred Lake, the 
 women of the pueblo bake or 
 "fire" all the decorated pots 
 and bowls and clay animals 
 
 that have been made in the past weeks. I have seen 
 a picture of a pueblo woman and her daughter at this 
 work. Their pottery is piled in heaps of dirt, about 
 which the fires aire Ughted. They hold a blanket to 
 protect the fire from the wind. 
 
 ZuSi Priestess PEAyrao for 
 Kain on Young Corn 
 
1501 
 
 A VUBBU) GWi. AND PUSBU JaU 
 
CLIFF DWELLERS AND PUEBLOS 51 
 
 THE PARENT RACE 
 
 Some ethnologists believe that all these early people 
 of America — the Pueblos, the cliff dwellers, the mound 
 builders, and the midden men — came from one race, 
 which lived in Central America, and built the wonder- 
 ful structures found there today. If you put your 
 pencil on your map at Central America, and draw a 
 line to the Pueblo states of New Mexico, Arizona, 
 Utah, and Colorado; then go back and draw another 
 line from Central America to the Ohio Valley; and 
 still other lines to the Atlantic and the Pacific coasts, 
 you will see that one race may have sent out emigrants 
 in all these directions. They may have gone at various 
 times, and for various reasons; and they may have 
 mingled with more barbaric races than their own. 
 War, perhaps, was made on them as intruders. All of 
 these conditions had much to do with changing their 
 customs, until after a few generations they were like a 
 different people. Probably they forgot their parent 
 race, as their descendants have forgotten them. Eth- 
 nologists might never have thought of the connection if 
 they had not found the remains. When we compare 
 the vases and tools made by the Pueblos with those 
 made by the cliff dwellers and mound builders of the 
 United States, and all with the finer things made by the 
 ancient people of Central America, we see that the peo- 
 ples may have been related, and probably came from the 
 same race; but if they did, they grew far apart before the 
 time when they made the things we have seen. 
 
CHAPTER IV 
 THE INDIANS 
 
 The first real history we have of our country is in the 
 reports made by voyagers from Europe near the begin- 
 ning of the sixteenth century. Those voyagers found 
 a race here, whom they called Indians, because they 
 thought the country was a part of India. The natives 
 were also called salvages or savages, because they did 
 not have the customs of Europe and the Orient. Be- 
 cause they did not know the Christian religion, they 
 were called heathen. We know that some of the Indians 
 were descendants of the Pueblos. Many people think 
 that others came from the midden men and cave 
 dwellers, the mound builders and cliff dwellers. Most 
 of the Indians of to-day have forgotten the customs and 
 arts of their forefathers, whom the Europeans first saw. 
 
 We know but little of what they were then, however; 
 for^Ee^ Europeans brought many things to the Indians 
 that changed their customs, especially their industries, 
 before any record was made of them. Up to that time 
 the natives made everything for themselves^ but as 
 soon as they saw the bright-colored clothing, the glass 
 beads, the tin cups, and the showy trinkets of the Euro- 
 peans, they willingly gave the products of their own rude 
 agriculture and odd crafts in exchange for them. 
 
 52 
 
THE INDIANS 
 
 6S 
 
 INDUN ARTS AND CRAFTS 
 
 The Europeans carried these products home, to show 
 their kings and countrymen what manner of people they 
 had found in the New World. They took fabrics of 
 yucca fiber, of dogbane, of bark, and of goat hair. They 
 took clay vases and jars, shellwork, and articles made 
 of stone, of bone, and of many other things. 
 
 Indian Beaded Moccasins 
 
 (The natives ceased to make most of these articles 
 as soon as they found that the strangers would bring 
 their bright things over in large quantities and barter 
 them for the skins of animals, which the Indians trapped 
 and shot with the strangers' guns far more easily than 
 with their own bows and arrows~\With the new beads 
 and coarse, bright flannel they made new things to 
 
64 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 please the Europeans, as the articles from across the 
 seas pleased them. So it was not very long before the 
 native Indian customs and ideas were entirely changed. 
 Few voyagers learned enough about them or described 
 them honestly enough to give us the true account. ^The 
 most that we know of our red men is after they came 
 under European influences.! 
 
 
 HOW THE INDUNS LOOKED 
 
 The natives who lived here when the first Europeans 
 came, dressed far differently from any you may see 
 now; but in face and figure there 
 has been little change. Almost all 
 of them had dark skins, straight, 
 black hair, low and receding fore- 
 heads, black eyes, high cheek bones, 
 flat noses, white teeth under big lips, 
 and no beards. Their figures were 
 tall and straight, often plimip, yet 
 almost never fat. Europeans spoke 
 of the children and young men and 
 women as "comely," and of the old 
 men and women as "uglie." Their 
 hair was worn in different ways. 
 Among the southern tribes one side 
 of the head was shaved dean, and 
 from the 'other the hair hung in a 
 long braid or tied bunch. Some tribes wore all the hair 
 cut short, except enough to make one long "pigtail" 
 
 Indian Man 
 
THE INDIANS 
 
 65 
 
 from the middle of the head. Others left a single strip 
 through the middle of the head, which stuck up like a 
 cock's comb. 
 
 PAINTING AND TATTOOING 
 
 The Indians did not keep their skin 
 sleek and smooth to show the. swarthy 
 hue. They painted themselves in many 
 colors. To make these decorations the 
 more lasting, the patterns were some- 
 times pricked deeply into the skin with 
 thorns and the thorn holes filled with 
 paint, much like the tattooing still done 
 in the South Pacific Islands and other 
 places. One of the old voyagers said, 
 "Many forms of paintings they use; but 
 he is the most gallant who is the most 
 monstrous and ugly to behold." 
 
 The Indians' faces and hands,* and often 
 nearly the whole of their bodies, were tattooed 
 way or painted for special occasions. 
 
 DRESS 
 
 Feathers have always been used as ornaments, some- 
 times in garments, sometimes in headdresses, and some- 
 times as single feathers, cut and painted to show various 
 degrees of honors won in war. ^ 
 
 The Indian men of early days, in the warm southern 
 countries, wore little clothing, sometimes no more than 
 
 Indian 
 
56 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 a kind of short skirt, which did not reach to their knees. 
 About their necks the Indians hung strings of beads, 
 or the poUshed teeth of animals, strings of birds' claws, 
 squirrels' heads, and many such ornaments. Qn colder 
 parts of the country deerskins and bearskins were 
 worn in winter, with the fur left on the pelt. Large, 
 
 Indian Leggings 
 
 warm garments were sometimes made of many small 
 skins sewed together. They were from such animals 
 as the otter, beaver, and raccoon. For summer wear 
 lighter skins were chosen. Sometimes the fur was 
 scraped off for summer garments. For hunting in 
 thickets, the men had a sort of leather breeches. They 
 
THE INDIANS 67 
 
 had leggings or socks of skins, too, and low shoes, called 
 moccasinsT) 
 LThe customs in dress were changed by Europeans 
 before almost any others. This was partly because the 
 white men thought their own way of dressing was the 
 only right and proper way, but more, perhaps, because 
 they wanted the skins to sell to the merchants at horoej 
 A Dutch trader said that the natives were eager to 
 barter their fine furs for common red flannel, which they 
 wrapped loosely about them, and glanced down upon 
 with a grin of satisfaction. From that time to this, the 
 dress of the Indians has been a funny mixture of Indian 
 and European fashions and materials. 
 
 QUEEN OHOLASC 
 
 WiUiam Strachey, an Englishman, writing about 
 Virginia in 1618, described the dress of Queen Oholasc, 
 Powhatan's wife. You may get two things from what 
 he says. One is a picture of the queen and her ward- 
 robe. The other is the fun of trying to teU his quaint 
 story in your own language. Strachey says : "I was once 
 early at her house, yt being sommertime, when she was 
 layed without dores, under the shadowe of a broad 
 leaved tree, upon a pallett of osiers, spred over with 
 four or five fyne grey matts, herself covered with a 
 faire white drest deere skynne or two, and when she rose, 
 she had a mayd who fetcht her a frontall [a forehead 
 ornament] of white currall and pendants of great but 
 imperfect couloured and worse drilled pearles, which 
 
58 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 she put into her eares, and a chayne with long lyncks 
 of copper which they call Tapoantaminais, and which 
 came twice or thrice about her necke and they accompt 
 a joUy ornament, and sure thus attired with some variety 
 of feathers and flowers stuck in their haires, they seem 
 as debonaire, quaynt, and weU pleased as a daughter 
 of the house of Austria behune [decked] with all her 
 jewels; Ukewise her mayd fetcht her a mantiU made of 
 blue feathers so artificially and thick sewed togither, 
 that it seemed like a deepe purple satten, and is very 
 smooth and sleeke; and after she brought her water 
 for her hands, and then a branch or twoo of fresh greene 
 ashen leaves as for a toweU to dry them." 
 
 INDIAN CLANS AND TOTEMS 
 
 J ^dian children had no opportunity 
 to be lonely. They lived near their 
 grandparents, uncles, and aunts. They 
 had dozens of cousins to play with. 
 In fact, their "families" were clans. 
 A village was usually made up of a 
 group of families related to each other 
 and bound together to help one another, 
 •^ / to Uve and to die for one another if 
 
 necessary^} Each such clan had an 
 emblem, called a "totem," somewhat 
 as the old clans in Europe had their 
 colors and their coats-of-arms. The 
 '^"''^^S'^^f^' totem was a bird, a turtle, a fish, or 
 
 
THE INDIANS 
 
 59 
 
 some other familiar thing. Images were made of it in 
 wood or stone. Representations of it were carved on 
 shells, worn about the neck, or worn in belts or blankets; 
 and often a rude picture of it was tattooed on the 
 men's bodies. In one way or another the totem was 
 worn as a badge by members of the clan. It was also 
 used as a signature in declarations of war, in treaties, in 
 boundary agreements, and in other matters of business, 
 either with other clans of Indians or with white men 
 after the colonists came. 
 
 INDIAN VILLAGES AND WIGWAMS 
 
 One of these large 
 clans occupied a vil- 
 lage by itself, and 
 the village was made 
 of a group of huts or 
 wigwams. The huts 
 or wigwams were 
 made in many 
 ways. Some were of 
 young trees set in 
 the ground in a cir- 
 cle for a small hut, 
 in two long rows for 
 a large one. They 
 were bent over at 
 aU covered with bark 
 
 A Wigwam 
 
 the top and fastened together, 
 Sometimes the young trees or 
 poles were driven in the ground at such an angle that 
 
60 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 they slanted toward the top and crossed at the ends. 
 A hole was left for smoke, and the rest of the framework 
 was closely covered with bark on the outside and with 
 skins on the inside. The long wigwams were usually so 
 placed that the doors in each end looked toward the 
 north and the south. According to the way of the 
 wind, one or the other was nearly always open, to make 
 the proper draft for the fire. We might not call it a 
 proper draft, but the Indians were satisfied if it sent 
 enough smoke through the hole in the top of the hut 
 to make the fire burn. The wigwam door was like a 
 rude gate, covered by a piece of bark or skin. These 
 doors were fastened with wooden pins when they were 
 fastened at aU. 
 
 ABBINOS 
 
 There was nothing of what we call furniture in the 
 wigwams, not even beds. Every one sat and slept on 
 skins and on mats woven from rushes by the women. 
 These were thrown upon the ground, but aU the men and 
 women had their own mats and places assigned to them. 
 They kept their belongings rolled up in their mats. 
 These spaces were called abbinos. They were on the 
 bare earth, for the wigwams had no other floors. The 
 Indian mother always assigned an abbinos to each of 
 the family when they settled in a new place, and to the 
 visitor when they had company. Every new baby was 
 taught to toddle to its mother's mat, and no one dared 
 to take another's place or to meddle with the things 
 
THE INDIANS 
 
 61 
 
 Indian Woman PonNDiNO Cherries Outside Her Wigwam 
 
 kept there. Sometimes the mats were left outside the 
 wigwam, as you see in this picture. 
 
 MOVING 
 
 [The Indians did not always live in the same place the 
 year round. In summer, they were usually on the bank 
 of a river, or the shore of a bay where there was good 
 fishing. Toward winter, when the hunting season came 
 on, the whole village removed to the edge of a forest?] 
 
 Living in these simple dwellings, they found moving 
 an easy matter. When the men decided to go from the 
 seashore to the mountains, the women made a few 
 compact bundles of the skins, the cooking utensils, and 
 the other durable things they used, hoisted them on their 
 backs, and followed their men-folks to their new build- 
 
62 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 ing lots. When they had horses, the horses carried the 
 baggage on trailing poles. 
 
 In the new home fresh poles were cut and the families 
 were soon settled in new huts, which for a short time 
 were probably clean., 
 
 POWHATAN'S STOREHOUSE 
 
 In Isenacommacah, which was the Indian name for 
 Virginia, the great chief, Powhatan, had a big store- 
 house, quite different from the wigwams. William 
 Strachey said that it stood in a thicket of wood, that 
 it was the chief's storehouse for his treasures, such as 
 skins, copper, pearls, and beads, "which he storeth upp 
 against the time of his death and buryall." There also 
 he kept his store of red paint for ointment and his 
 bows and arrows. "This howse is fifty or sixty yards 
 in length, frequented only by priests. At four comers 
 of the howse stand four images as careful sentineUs to 
 defend and protect the howse; one is Uke a dragon, 
 another like a bear, the third like a leopard, and the 
 fourth a giant-like man." AU were as ugly to look upon 
 as the workmanship of the Indians could make them. 
 
 BOWS AND ARROWS 
 
 The work of making bows and arrows must have 
 taken considerable time. Think of the hundreds of 
 arrow shafts each Indian must have whittled and the 
 many arrowheads he must have chipped out of flint 
 and other stone! Some of these were poisoned by dip- 
 
THE INDIANS 63 
 
 ping them into a curious mixture, made, so one Eng- 
 lishman said, of fair red apples, which were poisonous, 
 and of venomous bats and vipers. 
 
 THE INDIANS' FOOD 
 
 [You know that the Indians ate game and fish of all 
 kinds, and both fresh and dried. They knew all the 
 edible fruits, roots, nuts, and other products of forest 
 and plainsT) You wiU find that the first Europeans who 
 visited them were interested in their (maize, or corn, 
 and the cakes they made with jiJ All the Indians of 
 whom we have any records have^fused potatoes/ in 
 many ways. T^ild potatoes have curious little roots, 
 no larger than good-sized peanutsjLDut of another root 
 the Indians have long made a sort of flat, oblong cakej 
 called Kaus bread. The women dry the roots, grind 
 them, mix them with water, and then flatten them into 
 cakes. The dough must be tough, for a cake is baked be- 
 fore the fire while hanging by two sticks run through it 
 near the center. Some people say that the red men eat 
 the roots of water liliesTI How do you suppose they taste? 
 
 ^or drink, the Indians have generally used clear 
 water. They made a great variety of beverages with 
 the berries, leaves, and roots they knewjbut the drinks 
 brought by Europeans pleased them better than their 
 own. Although rum and whisky crazed the savages 
 and did more than anything else to ruin them, yet they 
 would barter anything they had for the white man's 
 "fire water," as they called it. 
 
64 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Scaffold Burial 
 
 INDIAN BURIALS 
 
 When an Indian died, his body was dressed in new 
 skins of animals or a blanket; new moccasins were 
 
 put on his feet; and the 
 feathers which he had 
 won the right in war to 
 wear were placed on his 
 head. Then the body was 
 i wrapped in cloth or bark. 
 In some parts of the 
 country the Indians were 
 buried in shallow graves^ 
 and were protected by branches and stones. Some- 
 times the body was put into a canoe, with another 
 canoe fitted closely over it. At other times the corpse 
 was laid upon a platform, raised high enough from the 
 ground to be out of the reach of dogs or wild animals. 
 There was need to protect the dead body from ani- 
 mals, but not from other Indians, for they would not 
 disturb the dead of even their enemies. The warrior's 
 arms were laid beside him, and after they began to 
 have horses, his war steed was killed and left at the 
 grave, so that the warrior might have him in the next 
 life. Food was left near the grave, and sometimes a 
 bundle of sticks showing how many ponies he had 
 given away. These, with other odd decorations, told 
 the passer-by what honors the Indian warrior had won 
 in his lifetime. 
 
CHAPTER V 
 INDIAN CHILDREN 
 
 When an Indian baby was born, its father and mother 
 did not show their tenderness for it as yours do. The 
 mother did not wrap the Uttle thing in soft, white 
 flannel, or nestle it in her arms, and keep the whole 
 family quiet while it slept. She 
 wrapped the hardy a-bin-o-jee, as 
 it was called, in a piece of coarse 
 blanket, or some animal's' skin, and 
 strapped it upon a board, which she 
 carried on her back, or hung on a 
 tree while she was at work. Yet she 
 seems to have taken much pride in 
 ornamenting this rough cradle, which 
 was called a tikkinagon. Sometimes 
 she trimmed it with beads, bright 
 shells, or cloth dyed in gay colors; 
 some of these bright objects were 
 where the baby could see them, or play with them. 
 
 Miss Alice Fletcher, a lady who has been among 
 
 the Indians for a long time, says that the a-bin-o-jee 
 
 nowadays is taken out of its tikkinagon every day, to 
 
 receive its bath, and to frohc with its mother, or small 
 
 brothers and sisters, before it is strapped up again out 
 
 65 
 
 An Indian Easy 
 
66 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 of every one's way. In time it learned to walk. Then 
 the mother often carried it "pig-back" for a while, 
 holding it by one hand and one foot. You may think 
 that neither of these ways of being carried 
 was comfortable for the Uttle one; but they 
 were the best its mother could do, for she 
 worked hard all the time. The brothers 
 and sisters had to work, too. The fathers 
 were off hunting and fishing, or at their 
 wars. So the babies grew up without much 
 attention from any one. 
 
 HAPPY CHILDREN 
 
 The Httle Indians were happy children, 
 ^™'boj«S*°" ^^- Schoolcraft said, when writing about 
 them — and Mr. Schoolcraft was a man who 
 lived among the Indians to learn their ways. It has 
 been said that he knew more about them than any other 
 white man ever knew. He wrote that they had many 
 pleasures, and that the fathers and mothers cheerfully 
 went hungry when food was scarce to give it to the 
 little ones. 
 
 VAlthough the Indian was cruel and harsh . to his 
 enemies, to his friends and his family he was as kind as 
 he knew how to be. The children had toys, made by 
 their hard-working mothers. Their fathers took great 
 care to teach them the things Indians thought im- 
 portant to know. Their larger brothers and sisters 
 taught them games and songs^such as "Follow My 
 
INDIAN CHILDREN 
 
 67 
 
 Leader," in which the little ones trot along in time to 
 a song. 
 
 FOLLOW MY LEADER 
 
 Fiom Indian Songs collected by Miss Alice G. Fletcher. 
 By permission of Feabody Museum. 
 
 HOW AN INDUN FATHER SAVED HIS SON 
 
 Mr. Schoolcraft tells this story of Bi-ans-wah: In 
 the war between the Chippewas and the Foxes, the 
 Foxes captured the son of a celebrated and aged chief 
 of the Chippewas, named Bi-ans-wah, while the father 
 was absent from his wigwam. On reaching home, the 
 old man heard the heart-rending news, and, knowing 
 what the fate of his son would be, he followed on the 
 trail of the enemy alone. He reached the Fox villages 
 just as they were kindling the fire to roast the son alive. 
 He stepped boldly into the arena and offered to take 
 his son's place: 
 
 "My son," he said, "has seen but a few winters; 
 his feet have never trod the warpath; but the hairs of 
 my head are white; I have himg many scalps over the 
 graves of my relatives, which I have taken from the 
 heads of your warriors; kindle the fire about me, and 
 
68 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 send my son home to my lodge." The offer was ac- 
 cepted and the old man, without a groan, w;as burnt 
 at the stake. 
 
 THE SMALL BOYS 
 
 The father never took care of the baby; but if it were 
 a boy, he watched eagerly for the time when it could 
 
 use its first tiny bow 
 and arrow. As soon 
 as the Indian boy 
 could toddle about, 
 he was taught to 
 handle his little 
 bow, and to shoot 
 birds and squirrels. 
 His first game;how- 
 ever small, was 
 cooked for a dinner, 
 to which were in- 
 vited all the Uttle 
 man's great rela- 
 tives — even the 
 chiefs. 
 
 The Indian small boys learned to set traps very 
 early, too. Sometimes, of course, they were not very 
 well set, but the fathers looked after them, and often 
 secretly put animals in, to encourage the little fellows 
 to try again. 
 
 Soon the toy bow and arrows were laid aside for 
 
 Indian Boys with Their Bows and Arrows 
 
INDIAN CHILDREN 69 
 
 stronger ones; but l^ere were many things to learn 
 besides merely to shoot. The boy must know what 
 birds he should find in May, and what ones in October. 
 He was taught the birds' colors, how one differed from 
 another in delicate shades of breast and wing, in beak 
 and foot. He learned their calls and the meaning of 
 them, and he watched them until he knew all their 
 habits. About animals he learned in the same way — 
 where rabbits and hares burrowed; in what under- 
 brush it was easiest to catch themj^and hundreds of 
 things that aU American boys want to know to this day. 
 By the time the leaves had returned twelve seasons, 
 which was the way Indians reckoned years, the boy 
 usually knew how to make and to use his large bow and 
 arrow, how to make canoes and quintans, as they called 
 their boats, and many other things. He knew how to 
 fish and to hunt for large game. He had begun to go 
 alone on dangerous undertakings and his father had 
 begun to teach him some of the many things a warrior 
 must know. 
 
 HOW QUINTANS WERE MADE 
 
 Perhaps the boys enjoyed boat-making better than 
 anything else except hunting. First, a tree was burned 
 down near the roots, the branches and the top burned 
 off, leaving a log of the right length for a boat. The 
 log was then burned out on one side and the charred 
 wood scraped out with shells. Then the rude-shaped 
 boat, called a quintan, was considered ready for use. 
 
70 INDIANS AND PIONEEHS 
 
 Besides this kind of boat, the Indians have probably 
 always made canoes of Ught frames covered with bark. 
 
 HUNTING AND FISHING 
 
 \Hunting and fishing were important/^ (xhe boys 
 learned both as they grew up, because the life of aU 
 depended on themTj There were no stores then, of 
 course, and no markets. Each father was his own 
 hunter and fisherman, butcher and fishman. Ij['he boys 
 began very young to fish. In simmier they fished from 
 the shore or from the canoe. In winter they fished in 
 curious ways: sometimes through holes in the ice with 
 hook and line; sometimes with a long spear-i This spear 
 was shaped like a fish on the pointed end. The Indian 
 made a hole in the ice, sat down beside it, pulled a 
 blanket over himself, head and all, in order to make 
 the water dark beneath him, so that the fish would 
 come up to the make-believe fish, suspecting nothing. 
 Then the Indian's spear would go right through 
 him. 
 
 These skUlful hunters and fishermen had many tricks 
 to catch their game easily or in quantity when they 
 needed much of it. Sometimes when they found a 
 herd of deer in woods near the shore, they drove the 
 whole herd upon some narrow point of land running 
 far into the water, and cut off all escape by building a 
 row of fires across the neck to the mainland. So they 
 kept the herd in a preserve until all the deer that were 
 wanted had been shot. 
 
INDIAN CHILDREN 
 
 71 
 
 GOOD TIMES 
 
 The boys and girls who play Indian nowadays seem 
 to think the Indians did nothing but scalp their ene- 
 mies and steal white 
 people's children. Per- 
 haps you know that 
 they did many other 
 things, but stiU think 
 it is more fun to play 
 warrior than anything 
 else. Or perhaps you 
 do not know much 
 about the other inter- 
 esting things they did. 
 They had many sports 
 and games for the 
 children as well as for 
 the grown-up Indians. 
 There was a game of 
 ball on the grass. 
 Another, much like 
 hockey, was played with sticks on the ice. Lacrosse, 
 the favorite sport now in Canada, is an Indian game. 
 
 PLUM-STONES 
 
 Another game was called plum-stones, because it 
 was played with the stones of wild plums. Some of 
 them were in their natural state when dried. Others 
 were carved and painted with figures of birds and ani- 
 
 INDIAN Children at Play 
 
72 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 mals. Plain stones and decorated stones were put to- 
 gether in a low, round bowl, shaken, much as you shake 
 dice in a box for parchesi, and thrown on a smooth 
 skin spread upon the ground. The counts in the game 
 were reckoned by the figured stones that fell on the 
 skin right side up, and there was a special song which the 
 winner sang. 
 
 MAPLE SUGAR 
 
 The niaking of maple sugar, which is the best fun 
 of the year in some parts of New England, is an old 
 Indian custom. They held their seensibankwit, or 
 sugar-making carnival, every year, all joining in the 
 fun. The children carried the sap in pails of bark from 
 the trees to the place where it was boiled in great kettles 
 brought over by the Europeans. Perhaps before the 
 strangers came they had soapstone vats . or kettles. 
 At any rate, no one now knows of a time when the 
 Indians did not make delicious maple sugar, and when 
 they did not have their "sugaring off" every spring, 
 
 WAR AND WARRIORS 
 
 The joy of an Indian father was to see his son a 
 warrior. For that, he taught the boy to be skillful 
 and bra^e, and from the time he gave the toddler his 
 first Httle bow and arrow, the Indian's rule for his sons 
 was, "never to blame timidity, but to praise bravery." 
 
 To take part in a war dance was the highest ambition 
 of every Indian boy; for when he entered the circle of 
 
INDIAN CHILDREN 73 
 
 warriors, and joined in this dance to the music of gourds 
 and rattles, he was enlisted for war. To the Indian, 
 the only way to honor and distinction was the warpath. 
 
 Our American boys may become great men — gov- 
 ernors of the States, or presidents of the United States 
 — and yet know nothing of war. They may be in- 
 ventors, great business men, professors in colleges, 
 judges in high courts; they may win great honors in 
 many ways, without knowing how to use a gun; but 
 the only honors for an Indian came as rewards for 
 success in war. In that way he could win the admira- 
 tion and respect of his tribe and others. In that way 
 he could rise to the head of his people, to be their coun- 
 selor, their sachem, or their chief. 
 
 Before the Indian lad could hope to take his one 
 path to glory he had many things to learn. He made, 
 as well as used, his bows and arrows. Besides his hunt- 
 ing, he practiced at a mark until he could hit a very 
 smaU object at a very great distance. He learned how 
 warriors took the scalps of their enemies, and how these 
 scalps were cured and fastened to shields and belts. 
 
 When the Indian father saw his son become an hon- 
 ored warrior, he was ready to leave this world and go, 
 as he said, to the "happy hunting ground." He felt 
 that the most important work of his life was accom- 
 plished. 
 
 THE WAR DANCES 
 
 The Indian lad spent hours with his brothers and 
 cousins practicing the dances which the warriors 
 
74 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 danced with great skill. When he ,was about sixteen 
 years of age, he was considered old enough to go to 
 war, and was allowed to respond to a call for warriors 
 
 A Scalp Dance 
 
 among his clan. That was when some leader or war 
 captain, with a club in his hand and red paint on his 
 face, gathered the men and youth about him to teU 
 them that he wished to raise a party to attack some 
 enemy, and would lead aU who offered to go. This he 
 told partly in song, partly in short spoken sentences, 
 uttering piercing yells every few minutes, flourishing 
 his war club all the time, and singing such a song as 
 this: 
 
INDIAN CHILDREN 75 
 
 AN INDIAN WAR SONG 
 
 Hear my voice, ye warlike birds! 
 I prepare a feast for you to fatten on; 
 I see you cross the enemy's lines; 
 Like you I shall go. 
 
 I wish the swiftness of your wings; 
 I wish the vengeance of your claws; 
 I muster my friends; 
 I follow your flight. 
 
 Ho, ye young men, that are warriors, 
 Look with wrath on the battlefield. 
 
 As he sang and shouted, the warriors gathered about 
 him to show their wiUingness to join his expedition. 
 This was the chance for the Indian lad, and when he 
 stepped to the warriors' circle and joined the war dance, 
 he stepped from boyhood into manhood. 
 
 ON THE WARPATH 
 
 The dance finished, the lad provided himself with 
 weapons and food, and went ofif on the warpath. Here 
 his work was cruel, for he not only killed his enemies 
 but also cut off the scalp of each one of them, flourished 
 it by its long hair over his head, and hung it by his 
 side, where he often looked at it with pleasure. After- 
 ward each scalp was stretched on a frame to dry and 
 carried about in later war dances and wars. For his 
 success, the Indian was allowed to wear feathers on his 
 head, differing in kind and number according to his 
 triumphs. To wear an eagle's feather was considered 
 
76 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 the greatest honor, and no one could wear such a badge 
 unless it was publicly awarded. 
 
 A War Shirt, Trimmed with the Hair op Enemies Slain in Battle 
 
 DAILY LIFE OF INDIAN GIRLS 
 
 While the Indian men were on the warpath, or hunt- 
 ing and fishing, the women did many kinds of work 
 which we expect men to do. The girls began very 
 young to help their mothers, ^^hey cooked and sewed 
 and kept their wigwams in order'^^ Their housekeep- 
 ing was not like ours, however. They never swept; 
 they had nothing like our furniture. The floor, upon 
 which the family sat, slept, and ate, was very dirty, 
 and swarmed with insects; but no one minded that, 
 ^^e women cut and hauled the wood for the fires\ which 
 
INDIAN CHILDREN 
 
 77 
 
 in Slimmer were outside the wigwams, while in winter 
 they were inside, both for warmth, and for cooking. 
 
 Both boys and girls helped their mothers in planting 
 the corn and tobacco, considering it a great frolic. 
 
 AFTER THE GAME WAS SHOT 
 
 Some of the hardest work the women did was to 
 fetch home the large game. After the hunter had shot 
 his deer or bear, he 
 sometimes turned 
 his back on it, 
 broke a branch 
 from some tree 
 near by, to make 
 a trail of its leaves, 
 and strode off to 
 his wigwam. On 
 reaching home, he 
 gave a leaf of his 
 trail to his wife, or 
 squaw. She and 
 some other women and girls of the family followed 
 the leaf trail till they found \tiie game, which they 
 carried home. They skinned it, took out the sinews 
 for their sewing and other purposes, cut up the meat and 
 cooked it. The skin they stretched on a rough frame 
 to dry. Then they cured it, and made it up into shirts 
 or breeches, perhaps, and the smaller pieces into moc- 
 casinsr~7 
 
 A Girl's Dress Made of Skins 
 
78 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 EIlIBROIDERY AND POTTERY-MAKING 
 
 The girls began when young to embroider with 
 brightly polished shells, pebbles, and bits of mica, until 
 real beads were brought them by the traders from Eu- 
 rope. Can you imagine how delighted they were with 
 the colored glass beads and with bright red flannel? 
 
 The making of dishes for cooking, and of vases or 
 jars for carrying water, was women's work, too. Often 
 these toiling mothers and big sisters made earthen ducks, 
 with seeds or pebbles inside, for the babies to play 
 with, and sometimes they made queer, animal-shaped 
 dishes for the. older children, somewhat like the bear 
 jug and duck dish found in the grave of the mound 
 buUder's chUd. Probably the children soon learned to 
 make these dishes by watching their mothers. If you 
 have clay modeling at school, you can try to make some 
 of these duck dishes and bear jugs for yourselves. 
 
 WHEN AN mOIAN CHILD DIED 
 
 The burial of a child was much simpler than that of 
 the warrior; but the grief of his father and mother was 
 very deep. The warrior had won his honors on the 
 warpath; the baby would never grow up to have his 
 chance to win them. The parents often comforted 
 themselves by adopting a boy, and if no Indian father 
 and mother would give up their son, the sad father 
 and mother would steal one from the white people on 
 the frontier, not thinking of the sorrow they caused, 
 but filled with the one idea that they must have a boy. 
 
CHAPTER VI 
 
 EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 
 
 You know how often little children wonder if there 
 are people in the moon. Perhaps you have longed to 
 go to it yourselves to find who lived there. Perhaps 
 there is some lonely road which runs over a hill or is 
 lost in a wood, where you have never been allowed to 
 go, but which you have wished to see and about which 
 you have had all sorts of fancies. Perhaps you have 
 imagined all kinds of animals which might tear you in 
 pieces, and men who might treat you crueUy. StiU 
 you have dreamed of lovely things which might be 
 there and, in spite of fear, have wished to go in search 
 of them. Can each one of you remember some such 
 ideas and feelings about strange places? 
 
 OLD roEAS ABOUT THE EARTH 
 
 The people in Europe in the fifteenth century used 
 to have these same strange fancies about the far-oflE 
 land to the west across the Atlantic Ocean. There 
 had been a time when people did not imagine that there 
 was any other land besides their own. The earth they 
 thought to be a flat surface, something the shape of a 
 large shield. Some believed there was one large ocean 
 surrounding the known world. Others thought that 
 
 79 
 
80 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 there was an edge or rim of land outside the sur- 
 rounding waters, which was joined on all sides by the 
 sky fitting over it like a big dome. 
 
 Some men said that the earth was of a rnuch more 
 beautiful, perfect shape; that it was not a plane but a 
 sphere. Then they began to think that if it were round 
 a man could travel around it as a fly can walk around 
 
 The World as ICnown in the Time of Columbtis 
 
 an apple. For centuries these ideas were merely 
 talked about. Then for several centuries more they 
 were nearly forgotten. They' were written on roUs 
 of' parchment, which were the books of those days; 
 but those books were hidden away and known only 
 to a few great scholars in southern Europe and in 
 Asia. 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 81 
 
 TRAVEL TO THE HOLY LAND 
 
 Meanwhile a custom had grown up among the Chris- 
 tians of Europe of making pilgrimages to Jerusalem. 
 Men and women wanted to visit the sacred spots where 
 Christ had lived and died. They were often hin- 
 dered and harmed by the Turks and Saracens who lived 
 in and about the Holy Land. These were heathen, 
 whom the Christians of Europe wished to conquer and 
 convert. For this, large military expeditions, called 
 crusades, were undertaken, as early as 1096, by the 
 great warriors and humble peasants of all parts of 
 Europe. Thousands went armed to the Holy Land 
 to snatch the sacred places from the heathen Turks 
 and Saracens. They suffered the terrible hardships of 
 famine and battle, but returned with wonderful tales 
 of the far-off lands and people. 
 
 MARCO POLO 
 
 Besides the Crusaders there was a famous traveler, 
 Marco Polo, who had gone much farther into the East, 
 to the very court of the Mongol emperor who ruled 
 in China. He called that country Cathay, however, 
 and told of the glories of an island still farther east, 
 called Cipango by him, but known now to us as Japan. 
 
 People of Europe listened to the tales, more strange 
 than any fairy tales they had ever heard, of the life in 
 Cipango and Cathay. Marco Polo had brought home, 
 hidden in the seams and hems of his garments, enough 
 precious stones to use as proofs of his stories to make his 
 
82 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 listeners and readers believe anything he might teU 
 of courtiers dressed in gorgeous robes of silk, em- 
 broidered and then studded 
 with sapphires and rubies; 
 of palaces where whole walls 
 were decorated with panels 
 of silver and gold. 
 
 TRADES ROUTES TO THE EAST 
 
 When Italian merchants 
 saw how tremendously in- 
 terested people were in the 
 Oriental luxuries, they knew 
 there would be a ready 
 sale for aU the ivories and 
 hnens, sUks and jewels, fine spices and dried fruits, 
 that they could bring into Europe. They sent out 
 parties of traders in large caravans, with camels and 
 horses. They soon opened regular routes of travel for 
 their trade from India and from China. In the early 
 part of the fifteenth century these trade routes were 
 closed by the Turks, who took possession of the country 
 through which the caravans passed, and refused to 
 allow the Europeans to enter it. 
 
 Marco Polo 
 
 TO REACH THE EAST BY SAILING WEST 
 
 Then the most learned and the most enterprising 
 men of Europe tried to think of some other way to 
 get the silks and spices from the Orient to Europe, 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 
 
 83 
 
 Every one talked of a new route to the East. Geog- 
 raphers and navigators began to examine the old books 
 and maps, and to think that, if the world was round, 
 perhaps they could find India or Cathay by saiUng 
 westward out of the Mediterranean Sea and across the 
 
 Trade Routes to the East 
 
 western or Atlantic Ocean. Merchant sailors from 
 Venice, in Italy, had passed out of the Mediterranean, 
 through the narrow straits of Gibraltar, and, after 
 passing beyond the shores of Portugal and France, 
 had found their way to the ports of England. 
 
 Portuguese sailors, inspired by their prince, Henry 
 
84 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 the Navigator, had crept gradually down along the 
 shores of Africa, discovered the coast and the islands, 
 and returned in safety. 
 
 One of these brave sailors, Bartholomew Diaz, went 
 even as far south as the tip end of Africa, 'way down to 
 the Cape of Good Hope, that you can find on your map. 
 This was in 1487, and by the end of a dozen more years 
 Vasco da Gama had reached the cape with his men, 
 rounded it, landed in India, and brought home treasures 
 in the form of spices and the knowledge of a new water 
 route to the East. The Portuguese had the energy and 
 right to use this eastern route hereafter. 
 
 Meanwhile Spaniards and Italians were trying to 
 .find a western water route across the Atlantic. 
 
 THE TERRORS OF THE UNKNOWN SEA 
 
 Most people, however, believed the stories that had 
 been handed down for centuries, about horrible monsters 
 that lived in the western waters. Mothers and wives 
 were filled with terror when their sons and husbands 
 talked of sailing out upon this unknown ocean, which 
 was called the Sea of Darkness. The men, too, were 
 superstitious. They believed that all sorts of impossible 
 things might happen. Yet enough sailors to man a 
 fleet could generally be found for almost any under- 
 taking. Love of adventure was strong in the hearts 
 of the descendants of those Romans in southern Eu- 
 rope who had conquered all the lands about the Medi- 
 terranean Sea, and in the descendants of the Teutonic 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 85 
 
 people in northern Europe, who once Uved in the forests 
 of Germany, fighting wild beasts and dehghting in stories 
 of how their wonderful ancestors killed dragons and all 
 sorts of monsters that guarded hoards of gold in dark 
 and enchanted caves. There was the hope of finding 
 treasure as well as the love of adventure to induce 
 the sailors of the fifteenth century to ship on voyages 
 of discovery across the Sea of Darkness. 
 
 CHRISTOPHER COLUMBUS, THE WORLD'S SEA HERO 
 
 Some of the greatest men of that age were the leaders 
 of these voyages, the men who could take the responsi- 
 bility of the ship's course in strange waters, who could 
 command the crew, whose hearts were above fear and 
 despair when even their bravest men lost hope, begged 
 to go back, and finally threatened the lives of their 
 commanders if the fleets were not turned homeward. 
 Such men of ability and courage were found in every 
 nation of Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth 
 centuries; but he who came first of all was the great 
 admiral, Christopher Columbus. 
 
 The world knows little of his life. We do not know 
 exactly how he looked. You often see pictures and 
 statues of him, but they show merely what his face 
 and figure were supposed to be by painters and sculptors 
 of later times who read descriptions of him written by 
 men who knew him. 
 
 He was born a poor boy at Genoa, in Italy, at about 
 1435. His father, who was probably a woolcomber. 
 
Christopher Columbus 
 From a painting by Del Piombo, property of the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 
 
 [86] 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 87 
 
 gave his boy "the ordinary schooling of his time and a 
 touch of university lif e. ' ' At fourteen he became a sailor. 
 This was an exciting life for the lad, and the quieter 
 work of selling books at Genoa some time later must 
 have made him restless for the sea again. Yet this gave 
 him an opportunity to study old maps and read books 
 written by old geographers. He knew their theories 
 of the size and shape of the earth. He made himself 
 master, also, of the newest theories and arts of naviga- 
 tion in his own times. Perhaps he made maps and charts 
 with his older brother. After that he went to Portugal, 
 and from there he made several short voyages; but we 
 shall not follow them. 
 
 fflS GREAT AIM 
 
 We shall follow Columbus only in the one great aim 
 of his life. This was to cross the western seas and reach 
 the Orient. He asked many great people to help him 
 do it, and was laughed at in answer; but, at last. Queen 
 Isabella and King Ferdinand of Spain took an interest 
 in him. They had just completed a long, hard war 
 against the Moors, who were not Christians, although 
 they lived in southern Spain. The king and queen were 
 very poor, however, even if they were happy and grate- 
 ful at being victorious. So they borrowed money to 
 fit out a fleet, and gave Columbus royal authority, as 
 their great admiral, to sail westward and discover new 
 lands for Spain. His joy was so great that he in turn 
 promised to spend his share in the profits of his dis- 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 
 
 89 
 
 coveries in another crusade to secure the holy places 
 in Jerusalem. His little son, Diego, was made a page 
 in the king's household, and then Columbus went to 
 Palos, the seaport, where the king had ordered three 
 vessels to be prepared for him. 
 
 From an old print 
 Columbus, Departing on His First Voyage, Takes Leave of the King and Queen 
 
 The people of Palos did not redeive Columbus kindly. 
 They did not like his undertaking to cross the broad 
 Atlantic Ocean. He had a hard time to persuade sail- 
 ors to go out with him. They were sure that they would 
 be eaten by monsters or sail off the edge of the world. 
 With the help of two friends named Pinzon, the admiral 
 made up his small fleet of three vessels, fitted them out 
 
90 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 with food and all necessary provisions, and at last 
 found men enough for their crews. They set sail 
 August 3, 1492. Columbus was in command of the 
 fleet and of the largest vessel, the Santa Maria. The 
 Pinzon brothers were in charge of the two other vessels, 
 the Nina and the Pinta, which were smaller, and called 
 caravels. All of the captains believed that if they came 
 to land across the Atlantic it would be on some unknown 
 eastern shore of Asia, the land of spices. 
 
 Columbus first went down to the Canary Islands, off 
 
 the west coast of 
 
 Africa. They were 
 known to him. 
 He believed that 
 they were about 
 opposite India. 
 So he took his 
 westward course 
 from them. When 
 the fleet left the 
 Canaries it was 
 indeed on an un- 
 known sea. Day 
 and night it 
 sailed, and it passed out of sight of land, a fact 
 which frightened the sailors as much as the big 
 waves did. Every one knows that the waves of the 
 Atlantic dip and rise until they sometimes seem Hke 
 mountains in height. The sailors soon began to grumble. 
 
 The Santa Maria 
 
 From a photograph of the model made for the Columbian 
 
 Exposition, 1893. 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 91 
 
 As day after day passed with no sign of land, the men 
 lost all hope. They threatened mutiny. Then they 
 utterly refused to do their work unless the admiral 
 would turn back. In aU these difficulties Columbus 
 was steadfast in his purpose. He was determined that 
 nothing should turn him from it. He told the men this. 
 He was commander by order of the king and queen, 
 and he would be obeyed. He wished to keep straight 
 on. If he had done so, he would have found the northern 
 continent, probably near the mouth of what we call 
 Delaware Bay. 
 
 THE NEW LAND 
 
 On the Pinzon brothers' advice, the admiral altered 
 the course to a southerly direction, and by that means, 
 in the early morning of the 12th of October, a mariner on 
 the Pinta saw a small island of the Bahama group. The 
 natives called it Guanahani, Columbus said; he named 
 it San Salvador, which is Spanish for Holy Saviour. 
 From there the discoverers went to the much larger 
 island which Columbus called Juana, and we know as 
 Cuba; then to Hayti, which was named Hispaniola, 
 or Little Spain. There they anchored. One of the 
 fleet was wrecked on the coast of this island, and Co- 
 lumbus used her timbers to build a fort, which he called 
 La Navidad. 
 
 On his way back to Spain, Columbus wrote a letter 
 to Santangel, a man who had loaned to Ferdinand and 
 Isabella much of the money they spent in fitting out 
 the fleet. The letter began: 
 
92 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 "Sir — As I know you will be rejoiced at the glorious 
 success that our Lord has given me in my voyage, I 
 write this to tell you how, in thirty-three days, I sailed 
 to the Indies. 
 
 "It has many ports along the seacoast, and many 
 fine, large, flowing rivers. The land there is elevated, 
 with many mountains and peaks. They are most 
 beautiful, of a thousand varied forms, accessible, and 
 fuU of trees of endless varieties, so high that they seem 
 to touch the sky, and I have been told that they never 
 lose their foliage. . . . The nightingale, and other 
 small birds of a thousand kinds, were singing in the 
 month of November, when I was there. . . . There 
 are wonderful pine trees, and very extensive range? of 
 meadow land. There is honey, and a great variety of 
 fruits. Inland there are numerous mines of metals, and 
 innumerable people. 
 
 "There are many spices and vast mines of gold . . . 
 in this island. ... I have found no monsters, as 
 some expected; but, on the contrary, they are people of 
 very handsome appearance. . . . Hispaniola is a 
 marvel." 
 
 THE NEWS IN SPAIN 
 
 The discovery was received in Spain as the most 
 wonderful news that ever was heard. Columbus was 
 then the Great Admiral to every one. Ferdinand and 
 Isabella received him at court, as you see in the picture. 
 They received him with high honors, seated upon their 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 
 
 93 
 
 thrones, wearing their crowns, dressed in their royal 
 robes of state, with their courtiers in attendance — 
 all to hear the story of his voyage, and his discoveries, 
 and to see what he had brought back with him. All 
 marveled most at the natives he had coaxed or tricked 
 to come aboard his ship. Such people had never been 
 
 
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 COLHMBDS AT CODRT TeLUNG OF HiS DISCOVERY 
 
 seen nor heard of before. Since they were supposed 
 to have come from India they were called Indians, 
 though they were unlike the people of East India, ex- 
 cept that both were dark-skinned and heathen. The 
 Western Indians were savages, with straight, black 
 hair and uncouth manners; they wore odd-looking 
 garments, and were decorated with feathers and paint. 
 
94 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 We can easily imagine how the king and queen and 
 the people of Spain talked about these wonders and the 
 new land. Think of the women of Palos, who had been 
 opposed to the voyage! How much they had to "take 
 back," as they talked about it at their marketing and 
 in their homes! Many visits were made, for the pur- 
 pose, no doubt, of discussing the wonderful reports. 
 All the sailors who had gone on the voyage returned 
 heroes, even if they had done their utmost to ruin the 
 expedition, and had threatened to kill the admiral 
 unless he turned back long before the new land was 
 found. 
 
 As the news spread throughout Europe, all the great 
 nagivators wanted to join Columbus, or to foUow his 
 example in ventures of their own. The sailors of every 
 port had lost all fear of the Sea of Darkness. "Now," 
 he wrote, "there is not a man, down to the very 
 tailors, who does not beg to be allowed to become a 
 discoverer." 
 
 THE SECOND VOYAGE 
 
 It was easy to fit out and man a second expedition, 
 although it was a fleet of seventeen vessels. Ferdinand 
 and Isabella decided to plant a colony in Little Spain, 
 and twelve hundred people sailed with the great ad- 
 miral in September, 1494. 
 
 When Columbus reached Hispaniola he found his 
 fort, La Navidad, in ruins; but he set his men to work 
 at once to build a town, which he called Isabella. 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS PROM EUROPE 
 
 96 
 
 Other men gathered products of the islands, which 
 were sent back to Spain with some natives, in the col- 
 onists' ships. Still 
 others began to 
 hunt for gold." 
 Columbus had 
 made every one 
 believe as he did, 
 that large quanti- 
 ties of gold would 
 be found with little 
 trouble. Too eager 
 to await the results 
 of their own labor, 
 the colonists set 
 the natives at work 
 digging in what 
 they called their 
 mines. They were 
 hard taskmasters, 
 and as the dig- 
 
 ^ Queen Isabella 
 
 ging went on and 
 
 no gold was found, they grew harsher and more cruel 
 
 to the Indians. 
 
 ANGER OF THE NATIVES 
 
 The Indians, for their part, resented this treatment 
 from the strangers. The savages had given the white 
 men a kindly welcome. It was their custom to do all 
 
96 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 in their power for their guests; but to give generously 
 in hospitaUty was one thing, and to have their guests 
 make slaves of them was quite another. They were 
 not used to such hard work as this. They showed that 
 they did not wish to do it. When the Spaniards drove 
 them to it, they began to dislike their visitors. Soon 
 they began to show their dislike, and to take measures 
 to protect themselves. 
 
 Columbus left the colonists with their mines, while 
 he continued his voyage among the other islands. Before 
 he had seen all that he intended to see there, his crew 
 grew so discontented that he went back to Hispaniola, 
 only to find worse discontentment there. Many of the 
 colonists had gone back to Spain, angry that they had 
 found no gold and that the natives did not remain 
 friendly. They blamed Columbus for both these disap- 
 pointments, and went home to complain of him to the 
 king and queen. 
 
 Columbus followed them as soon as possible, and 
 found Ferdinand and Isabella still his friends. They 
 promised to send him on a third voyage, but the prepa- 
 rations were delayed time after tirne, and Columbus 
 saw that interest in his discovery was dying out. 
 "The new-found world was thought to be a very 
 poor India, after all." It is said that a crowd called 
 after the sons of Columbus, "Look at the sons of 
 the Admiral of Mosquitoland, the man who has 
 discovered the lands of deceit and disappoint- 
 ment!" 
 
Earliest pioneers from Europe 6? 
 
 the third voyage 
 
 Columbus himself was not disheartened. He pre- 
 pared a new fleet. In May, 1498, he sailed again. This 
 voyage took him to the mainland for. the first time — 
 the mainland of South America. Still he thought it 
 India. He also visited his islands again. At Hayti, 
 his brother Diego was in command of a fortified colony, 
 but that, too, was a colony of disappointed gold-seekers. 
 When Columbus arrived there both he and Diego were 
 seized, put in chains, and sent to Spain as prisoners. 
 In Spain and the colonies, too, by this tirne, the great 
 admiral had many jealous enemies who made charges 
 against him before the king and queen. But Ferdinand 
 and Isabella and every one at court w6re sorry to see 
 their great sea-hero in such distress. The king offered 
 to grant the admiral almost any. request. Columbus 
 ' most desired to go out to his West Indies again, with 
 fuU; powers as:,governor, or to lead his promised crusade 
 to Jerusalerii. Neither of these requests could the king 
 grant,' but' he could send the admiral to add to his 
 discoveries. 
 
 THE FOURTH VOYAGE 
 
 With a new fleet, Columbus started on his last ex- 
 pedition in May, 1502. This time he touched at what 
 we call Central America. Honduras was discovered 
 by the help of a rough map of the main shorej made by 
 an old Indian whom Columbus took on board with him. 
 On this voyage the admiral was ill, but his men carried 
 
98 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 his bed to the deck, so that he could see the country and 
 could send his men ashore in likely places. How happy 
 he must have been when they told him that Honduras 
 was a rich and beautiful country where the natives wore 
 gold on their necks! Along that coast he sailed south- 
 ward, tm only the little strip of country which you 
 see on your map separated the discoverers from the 
 great Pacific Ocean whose farthest waves washed his 
 
 The Lands Columbus Discovered 
 {The while spots show what Columbus discovered) 
 
 desired India. He followed the coast of this neck, which 
 we call Panama, turned eastward as it joined the south- 
 ern continent, and then left it to return to the island 
 colonies. 
 
 Columbus was then in deep distress. He was iU, 
 his ships were worm-eaten and out of repair. He and 
 his crews needed many things. He appealed to the col- 
 
EARLIEST PIONEERS FROM EUROPE 99 
 
 onists to relieve him; but they were indifferent and 
 selfish. He wrote to his king : "I was twenty-eight years 
 old when I came into Your Highnesses' service, and now 
 I have not a hair upon me that is not grey; my body is 
 infirm, and all that was left to me, as well as to my 
 brothers, has been taken away, and sold, even' to the 
 frock which I wore. ... I cannot but believe that 
 this was done without your royal permission." 
 
 LONELY DAYS IN SPAIN 
 
 At length, in the autumn of 1504, the discoverer of 
 the New World sailed back to Spain for the last time. 
 
 There all was changed. Queen Isabella was dead. 
 Ferdinand was occupied with many cares. The great 
 admiral was too ill to present himself at court, and the 
 court left him alone in his trouble. Columbus watched 
 and waited for some signs of favor untU, after about 
 two years, he died. That was in 1506. We do not 
 know where he was buried. With him, during his last, 
 sad days, was his son Diego, who had once been a page 
 in the king's palace. No doubt he was proud of his 
 father, even though the old sea-hero was dying broken- 
 hearted. How much prouder he would have been if 
 he had known all that Columbus had achieved! 
 
 Much of the trouble which Columbus had to suffer 
 he had brought upon himself by telling such extravagant 
 stories of his discoveries that people 'who risked their 
 lives and spent all their fortunes to go out to the new 
 lands were bitterly disappointed. It is said that he 
 
100 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 was harsh with his sailors and colonists. But in those 
 days nearly all story-tellers were extravagant and nearly 
 all commanders were harsh. Columbus's discovery was 
 the most glorious event of his time. Many mean per- 
 sons were jealous of him, and they injured his fame. 
 Perhaps they helped to turn the favor of the king against 
 him; but if you read the history of Spain in those days, 
 you will see that Ferdinand had a great many serious 
 things to think of besides the admiral, for whom he had 
 done so much and whose discoveries had cost the king- 
 dom many fortunes, but had not led to the riches of 
 India or Cathay. 
 
 You sometimes hear people say it is unjust that the 
 New World was not named for Columbus; but it was 
 not thought of as a new country until after Columbus 
 was dead. He, and every one of his time, believed that 
 he had found merely the coast of India. 
 
 Coat of Asms or Columbos 
 
CHAPTER VII 
 PIONEER EXPLORERS 
 
 NoBSEMEN are said to have visited the northern 
 continent of the New World long before Columbus 
 discovered the West Indies. The Norsemen were bold 
 
 The Norse Ship "Viking" 
 Reproduction made tor the Columbiaa Exposition, 1893. 
 
 sailors from the northern parts of Europe. They fol- 
 lowed the sea as pirates, and were called vikings, not 
 
 101 
 
102 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 because they were kings, but because they made their 
 headquarters in the deep viks or bays on the northern 
 coast. Their songs, called sagas, tell of their voyages 
 to a beautiful land where they saw grapes in plenty and 
 self-sown wheat. We do not know that they came to 
 the shores of America, but many people beheve that 
 they did. They were venturesome voyagers. They 
 certainly went from Norway to Iceland, from Iceland to 
 Greenland, and from Greenland to Vinland. No one 
 really knows just where Vinland was, but most people 
 think it was somewhere between Labrador and the 
 New England coast. Sometimes they sailed into un- 
 known waters to see what new land they could find. 
 Oftener, their frail ships were blown to strange shores 
 by the heavy winds of the north Atlantic. 
 
 They believed that aU the places they visited were 
 some new parts of Europe. That was not strange, for 
 their own country, which they called Scandinavia, was 
 a peninsula of Europe which was seldom visited or 
 known by other Europeans. 
 
 JOHN CABOT, ENGLAND'S PIONEER 
 1497 
 
 England claims that the northern continent was dis- 
 covered by John Cabot, under the flag of King Henry 
 VII. This Cabot, like Columbus, was born in Genoa. 
 For many years he was a citizen of Venice, a beautiful 
 city on the eastern coast of Italy, where many merchant- 
 sailors hved and carried on an immense trade in the 
 
PIONEER EXPLORERS 
 
 103 
 
 Mediterranean and Atlantic ports as far as England. 
 From .Venice, Cabot went to England, where he Uved 
 with his wife and sons in the famous seaport of Bristol. 
 He was a skilled navigator, weU taught in the geography 
 of those days. He was one 
 of the educated men who 
 believed, as Columbus did, 
 in the roundness of the 
 earth. 
 
 The news of the first 
 voyage of Columbus made 
 Cabot wish to foUow up 
 his countryman's discov- 
 ery as soon as possible. 
 Bristol is on the Atlantic 
 side of England, and we 
 can imagine that "the 
 Venetian," as he was 
 called, often stood upon 
 the shore, looking out on 
 the ocean, impatient to be 
 the next to give Europe 
 news of another route to 
 India. In March, 1497, 
 before the great admiral's 
 third expedition was ready, 
 Cabot, and probably some of his merchant friends in 
 Bristol, had equipped the ship Mathew for a voyage, 
 under the king's authority. Henry VII put no money 
 
 The Cabot Memorial Tower 
 AT Bristol, England 
 
104 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 into the enterprise, but he gave his commission, or 
 patent, "unto John Cabot and his three sonnes, Lewis, 
 Sebastian, and Sancius, ... for the discoverie 
 of new and unknown lands." His Majesty was to re- 
 ceive, "in wares or money, the fifth part of the capital 
 gain so gotten." 
 
 THE DISCOVERY OF CAPE BRETON 
 
 The little Mathew had a long voyage; but, June 24, 
 1497, she came to land. Some think that Cape Breton 
 Island was the first part of the coast Cabot saw, and 
 that he explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Others 
 say that he entered Hudson's Bay. Be this as it may, 
 the English claim that he crossed the north Atlantic, 
 saw land, and returned to Bristol after about three 
 months. In August, a Venetian, living in London at 
 that time, wrote to his brother in Venice : 
 
 "Our countryman, who went, with a ship from Bris- 
 tol, in quest of new islands, is returned. . . . The 
 king has promised that in the spring he shall have ten 
 ships' (armed to his order) . ... The king has also 
 given him money, wherewith to amuse himself till then, 
 and he is now at Bristol, with his wife, who is also Vene- 
 tian, and with his sons; his name is Juan Cabot, and 
 he is styled the great admiral. Vast honour is paid 
 him; he dresses in silk, and these English run after 
 him like mad people, so that he can enhst as many 
 of them as he pleases. . . . The discoverer of these 
 places planted on his new-found land a large cross, 
 with one flag of England and another of St. Mark, by 
 
PIONEER EXPLORERS 105 
 
 reason of his being a Venetian, so that our banner has 
 floated very far afield." 
 
 Cabot, Uke Columbus, thought he had found the east- 
 ern coast of Asia. Of course every one in Europe thought 
 so, too. Another Italian wrote from London to Milan, 
 a city in Italy : 
 
 "Perhaps ... it may not displease you to 
 le?irn how His Majesty here has won a part of Asia 
 without a stroke of the sword. The said Master John, 
 as being foreign-born and poor, would not be believed 
 if his comrades, who are almost all Englishmen and 
 from Bristol, did not testify that what he says is true. 
 This Master John has the description of the world in 
 a chart and also in a solid globe, which he has made 
 . . . ; they affirm that the sea is covered with fishes, 
 which are caught, not only with the net but with baskets, 
 a stone being tied to them, in order that the baskets 
 may sink into water. . . . But Master John has 
 set his mind on something greater; for he expects to go 
 farther on toward the east from that place already 
 occupied, constantly hugging the shore, until he shall 
 be over against an island by him called Cipango, where 
 he thinks aU the spices of the world, and also the pre- 
 cious stones, originate." 
 
 CABOT'S SECOND VOYAGE 
 
 It is said that Cabot, or his son Sebastian, made 
 another voyage with a fleet furnished by the king in 
 the nej^t year, and that the mainland was then dis- 
 
106 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 covered; that they coasted for many miles along the 
 
 shores of New England. 
 
 Both Columbus and Cabot would have been sorry 
 
 to know that they had not found India but, instead, 
 
 new continents peopled 
 by savages who were 
 in no way related to 
 the skillful silk weavers 
 and jewel workers of 
 India. 
 
 AMERIGO VESPUCCI 
 1497 or 1499 
 
 The new country 
 was to be named after 
 Amerigo Vespucci, a 
 man who was deeply 
 interested in the great 
 admiral's voyages, and 
 wanted to cross the 
 ocean himself as soon 
 as possible. Some say that he sailed so soon that he 
 was the first to see the southern continent, in 1497. 
 
 Vespucci was born in Florence, not very far from 
 Genoa. Among the many stories of his life is one which 
 describes him in Seville, employed by the men who 
 fitted out the ships of Columbus for a third voyage. 
 A letter of his own, written some time later, tells that 
 he was far away from Spain at that time. It says that 
 
 Sebastian Cabot 
 
PIONEER EXPLORERS 
 
 107 
 
 he was returning home from the West Indies on a voy- 
 age for Ferdinand and Isabella, in which he had found 
 the coast of the southern continent near the mouth of 
 the Orinoco River. If that is true, Amerigo Vespucci, 
 and neither Columbus nor 
 Cabot, was the first Euro- 
 pean to find the mainland 
 of the New World. There 
 is no account of this voy- 
 age in the public records 
 of Spain. Later, in 1499, 
 however, Vespucci was pilot 
 for Ojeda, a Spaniard who 
 visited Trinidad the same 
 year that Columbus saw 
 that island. 
 
 Some time after that, this 
 Florentine voyager wrote 
 an interesting little book, 
 which was an account of his 
 four journeys to the "New 
 Land." 
 
 THE LAND IS CALLED AMERICA 
 
 In 1507 a new geography 
 was made at the University 
 of St.-Di^, a little town in the Vosges Mountains near 
 the river Rhine. In the back of the new geography 
 were copies of Vespucci's letters on his four journeys. 
 
 Amerigo VESPUca 
 
lOS INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 The learned doctor who made the geography called 
 attention to the letters and how much they added to 
 the Europeans' knowledge of the world. 
 
 He said: "Now truly, as these regions are more widely 
 explored and another fourth part is discovered by Anler- 
 icus Vesputius, as may be learned from the following 
 letters, I see no reason why it should not justly be called 
 'America.'" 
 
 All Europe was interested in the additions which 
 had been made to the knowledge of the world. There 
 was much interest, also, in the new style of books 
 printed from type. That wonderful little new geog- 
 raphy from the university town in the mountains 
 between France and Germany must have had a large 
 drculation for its day. The people who read it liked 
 the learned doctor's suggestion of giving the new land 
 a name of its own. So, without the aid of Vespucci, 
 or even his knowledge, perhaps, all Europe began to 
 talk of America. 
 
 Amerigo waked one day to find himself famous. The 
 king of Spain made him "pilot-major" of the kingdom. 
 People talked to him and about him and of his wonder- 
 ful discoveries. 
 
 Florence was delighted that such a great man should 
 be a Florentine. There were people who did not be- 
 lieve that he had told the truth, and who thought it 
 was wrong to give his name to the new-found parts of 
 India. Perhaps they were jealous, perhaps they hoti- 
 estly thought so. 
 
PIONEER EXPLORERS 109 
 
 Whether Amerigo deserved to have a continent 
 named for him or not, is still undecided. After aU, 
 you wiU agree that you like the name of America, and 
 that you can admire Columbus and Cabot just as much, 
 if your native country does not bear their names. 
 
 WHAT ATTRACTED OTHER PIONEERS 
 
 After the New World was discovered at the close 
 of the fifteenth century, what do you think attracted 
 thousands of adventurers to it during the sixteenth 
 century? The motives for voyages of discovery in 
 this century were many and varied; so were the at- 
 tractions which the new country contained. 
 
 The sailors of the Levant, who were the ablest sea- 
 men of Europe in that day, seemed suddenly to have 
 outgrown the Mediterranean Sea. Voyages to England, 
 and down the west coast of Africa, seemed to be child's 
 play, when men and ships could breast the high waves 
 of the Atlantic, and come back, not only alive, but with 
 wild Indians, strange animals, brilliant birds, and many 
 other curiosities. Moreover, every one believed that 
 the new land contained untold treasures, and that the 
 riches pf India and Qathay lay not far from the coast. 
 
 A SEPARATE CONTINENT 
 
 Before this sixteenth century was half over people 
 learned that South America, at least, was a land whoUy 
 separate from the Orient. Then they grew only the more 
 confident that India must Ue but a short distance 
 
no INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 beyond. The great object was to find the strait which 
 led across the New World to the Old. On that quest 
 the explorers found much that they were not looking 
 for. Within the first half-century after the discovery, 
 the people of Europe thought they knew a great deal 
 about America. Of the southern continent much was 
 known, because the Spaniards went there with armies. 
 
 HOW GLORY WAS WON IN AMERICA 
 
 The vast amount of land, and the possibilities of 
 aU it might contain, attracted hundreds of explorers 
 to risk their lives. To face danger was an honor in 
 those days, especially to go out into unknown danger. 
 It was an honor, also, to plant a king's standard in a 
 strange land, and to claim the right to add a big piece 
 of even unexplored territory to a royal dominion. Kings 
 and queens rewarded such service, as it was called, 
 with titles of nobUity , with large tracts of the new domin- 
 ion, and often with large powers as governor over colo- 
 nies there. The proudest man in those days was he who 
 went to his sovereign with the most marvelous stories 
 about America, and of his own prowess in conquering 
 the natives for the glory of his king and his religion. 
 
 The kings took as great an interest in these things 
 as did the people. If Spain was increasing her dominion, 
 England must do the same, and so must France. So the 
 rivalry of kings spurred on the explorers in both North 
 and South America. 
 
 Spain and Portugal had their rivalries in the eastern 
 
PIONEER EXPLORERS 
 
 HI 
 
 as well as in the western hemisphere. The Portuguese, 
 by discovery and by the permission of Pope Alexander 
 VI, had the right to go to the rich spice islands by sailing 
 east around the Cape of Good Hope. The Spaniards, 
 by discovery and the same papal permission, had the 
 right to sail only to the West. 
 
 If, however, the earth was reaUy round, they could 
 reach those spice islands of the East by sailing west. 
 In 1519 Magellan, a Portuguese explorer, employed, 
 however, by Spain, started 
 with a crew to prove this. He 
 crossed the Atlantic, passed 
 the tip end of South America, 
 sailed westward through the 
 Pacific Ocean until he reached 
 the islands of the "Far East." 
 There he died, but his crew, fol- 
 lowinghis plans, brought home 
 the news of sailing through 
 the Indian Ocean, around the 
 Cape of Good Hope, and up 
 the coast of Africa. 
 
 Meanwhile Balboa, another 
 Spanish explorer, had seen the Pacific Ocean from the 
 mountain peaks of the long, narrow strip of land that 
 connects Central and South America and separates the 
 Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic. 
 
 Following the example of Cortez in his conquest of 
 Mexico, Pizarro conquered Peru and took from Atu- 
 
 Magellah 
 
11^ INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 halpa, the Indian ruler, all his treasures of gold. Then 
 Coronado traveled in the land farther north to repeat 
 the successes of Cortez and Pizarro. But he found 
 only the Pueblos and no golden treasures. 
 
 VERRAZANO 
 
 France, as weU as Spain and England, sent an Italian 
 navigator to the New World, This was Verrazano, a 
 Florentine like Amerigo Vespucci. You can remember 
 that the two C's were born in Genoa, and the two V's 
 in Florence. Verrazano had been a brave seaman under 
 the French flag for many years before King Francis I 
 heard of his daring on the Spanish Main. All of 
 Spain's enemies in those days sent out armed vessels 
 to capture her treasure ships on their way home from 
 their conquests in South America. That part of the 
 Atlantic saUed by these treasure ships was called the 
 Spanish Main. 
 
 When Francis I saw Spain and England laying their 
 claims to America, he said he should like to see France 
 take a share; and when he heard of the bold and skill- 
 ful corsair, Verrazano, His Majesty sent for him at once. 
 The king gave him the Dauphin, with fifty men, and 
 food and provisions for eight months, and told him to 
 take possession of some part of the New World in the 
 name of France. 
 
 Verrazano left France in 1524. He reached our 
 coast near Cape Fear, in what is now North Carolina. 
 First he sailed southward, as near the shore as possible, 
 
I'lONEER Explorers lis 
 
 in search of a good harbor; but finding nothing to suit 
 him, he returned and went northward. Then he explored 
 what we know as Raleigh Bay, New York Harbor, and 
 Newport Harbor, and many other places, until he 
 reached Cape Breton. ^ From there he sailed back -to 
 France. England claimed that the Cabots had ex- 
 plored this coast, or part of it; but they showed no maps 
 till fifty years after the Cabot voyage. Verrazano was 
 the first to make it known to Europe. On board the 
 Dauphin he wrote a letter to Francis I, in which he 
 described the waters and the lands he had visited, the 
 people, their dress and manners, and many other things 
 besides. He believed that vast treasure was to be found 
 inland. 
 
 The letter has been criticized ever since it was written, 
 three centuries and a half ago. Some people have al- 
 ways doubted the truth of the statements; but they 
 have never been disproved. Verrazano's letter was an 
 inspiration to young navigators for nearly a century, 
 and it is quoted to this day by the most learned writers 
 on America. Many of the interesting things about the 
 early Indians which you have read in this book are 
 taken from it. 
 
 FRENCH COLONIZATION 
 
 With the exception of an attempt at settlement 
 near the mouth of the Mississippi River, and one in 
 South Carolina at Port Royal, France put her energy 
 into colonizing the region to the north about the St. 
 
114 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Lawrence River, where the prospects were good for 
 fur trade, and about Noya Scotia, where the fisheries 
 
 would well repay any efforts. 
 In 1534 Jacques Cartier 
 had attempted a settle- 
 ment at Montreal, and an- 
 other at Quebec in 1541. 
 . Although these were not 
 'permanent, they proved to 
 P ,;^. be germs of later colonies. 
 Champlain founded a settle- 
 ment, in 1608, at Quebec, 
 which grew and flourished. 
 About the banks of New- 
 foundland the French fishermen had gathered from the 
 very beginning of the sixteenth century. In the early 
 years of the seventeenth century they built a Port 
 Royal in what the English called Nova Scotia. 
 
 Samuel de Champlain 
 
 WHAT THE PIONEERS ACCOMPLISHED 
 
 Before we leave the early voyagers who explored the 
 shores of both North and South America on both the 
 eastern and western sides, let us stop to sum up what 
 these pioneer discoverers and explorers accomplished. 
 
 Columbus, the great pioneer and daring sailor, showed 
 the way across the Atlantic Ocean to unknown lands, 
 and gave courage to hundreds to follow him. 
 
 Vespucci gained more exact knowledge, and furnishedJ 
 a name for the new land. 
 
PIONEER EXPLORERS 
 
 115 
 
 From the Discovery of the New World to the Discovery of the Northwest Passage to Asia. 
 
 OCEAN 
 
 We know actually the courses pursued upon these voyagra in but tew cases. Most of the 
 
 captains touched at the Azores. The date given is central for the voyage 
 
 when it lasted more than a year. 
 
116 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Both Columbus and Vespucci gave the immediate 
 results of their discoveries to Spain. 
 
 John Cabot found a northern route across the Atlan- 
 tic and gave to England a claim to North America. 
 
 Magellan, for the glory of Spain and his own satis- 
 faction, proved that the earth was round. 
 
 Verrazano secured to the French a claim which gave 
 impulse to the great French pioneers, Jacques Cartier 
 and Champlain. 
 
 Pizarro, Coronado, Balboa, and Cortez gave the 
 most thrilling accounts of richer and more civilized 
 people than any other explorers had found in the New 
 World. 
 
CHAPTER VIII 
 ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION 
 
 Let us leave these European explorers for a while 
 and try to see how the Indians felt about the newcomers 
 in America. 
 
 Picture to yourselves an Indian standing on a hill 
 above the beach of any part of our Atlantic shore that 
 you know best. It is early morning. The Indian is 
 looking intently at a strange vessel, which is many, 
 many times larger than his largest bark canoe or any 
 quintan he has ever hoUowed from the truhk of a big 
 tree. It has tall sticks standing on the deck, with pieces 
 of white cloth hanging from them. It seems to move 
 toward him, yet no one is seen using paddles. 
 
 The white cloths drop. Some small boats come to- 
 ward the shore. They are like canoes, but larger and 
 broader. In each there are several white-skinned men, 
 their bodies covered with cloth that fits them — a 
 very strange sight to Indians used to skins and blankets. 
 These men sit in their boats and use many paddles 
 that stick out on both sides; but they move swiftly over 
 the water. They run upon the beach and come ashore. 
 
 PLANTING THE KING S STANDARD 
 
 Other natives, men and women, have seen the sight, 
 and gather to meet the^ strangers as they leave their 
 
 117 
 

 H g 
 
 . 
 
ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION 119 
 
 boats. The natives look with deUght on these people, 
 whose bodies are closely covered with gay-colored 
 stuffs and with armor that shines in the morning sun- 
 light. Many interesting things are in their hands, too. 
 The natives think that these beings are gods, who have 
 come to be worshiped. So, in fear and reverence, the 
 Indians keep together and watch the leader of the visi- 
 tors, as he takes his stand on some high point of ground 
 above the beach and plants a cross in the name of his 
 king and the Church, while the men stand by, with 
 their hats off, and the devout soldier priests, in their 
 black and white robes, read a solemn service. 
 
 The natives watch it all intently. After the ceremony 
 they come toward the natives, holding out to them 
 bright-colored beUs, mirrors, and other wonderful 
 things, which the natives finally take in their own hands 
 and examine with dehght. When th^y hand them back 
 to the visitors they are told in sign language to keep 
 the trinkets. That fiUs them with greater delight, and 
 they are soon very friendly, showing the strangers 
 how they live and trying to tell them aU that they wish 
 to know. 
 
 WHAT THE STRANGERS SEE 
 
 The leader of the white men is deeply interested in 
 aU that he sees. He visits the fields where a kind of 
 grain is growing that is new to him. It grows in little 
 hiUs, set in rows. The plant is tall, has long, rustling 
 leaves, and the grain grows in kernels on a cob that is 
 covered with husks and has a long, silky tassel at the 
 
120 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 top. The natives call it maize. White men have called 
 it Indian corn. The Indians give the leader bread 
 made of this com, which he finds good. They give him 
 fruit from their trees, too, and potatoes, the root of a 
 plant. Then they invite him to smoke their pipes 
 filled with a plant they raise, which we have called 
 tobacco. There are many new and beautiful trees and 
 bushes and wild flowers, but the leader can stop only 
 a short time in each place where he plants his king's 
 standard. He soon gives a signal to his men. They go 
 down to the beach and make ready the boats to return 
 to the vessel. But some are at other business. 
 
 STEALING NATIVES 
 
 The Indians hear a cry from one of their young girls. 
 They see her struggling between two strong men who 
 carry her down t© a boat and push off quickly. In 
 another boat is one of their young men, trying to leap 
 out, but uttering no cry, lest he seem cowardly. 
 
 The natives' wonder and delight is changed to anger 
 and to fear. Some run to their huts for their bows and 
 arrows. Others get out their quintans ; but the strangers 
 have reached their ship and are sailing away with their 
 captives before the indignant natives can attack them. 
 There is nothing to do but angrily to watch the white 
 sails out of sight, and then to hold rude but sad cere- 
 monies to express their loss and grief. They cherish 
 their rage. They watch for white men's ships, with 
 weapons ready to kill any who may try to land. 
 
ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION 121 
 
 THE NATIVES IN EUROPE 
 
 The early explorers seldom went back to Europe 
 without a few natives. In many cities the Indians were 
 the wonders of their time. If they were chiefs or the 
 children of chiefs they were sometimes treated as royal. 
 
 They were shown at court. Their portraits were 
 painted. They were often carefully taught many things 
 to convert them to the Christian religion and to civili- 
 zation. After a few years, many of them were taken 
 back to teach their people and to help the white men 
 plant colonies; but many who returned were landed 
 hundreds of miles from their homes. 
 
 The natives who walked the streets, marveling at 
 all they saw in Europe, little knew how much their 
 visits had to do with the planting of white men's col- 
 onies in their native land. 
 
 SPANISH REASONS FOR PLANTING COLONIES 
 
 Some Europeans who saw the natives and heard that 
 they worshiped the sun, moon, and stars, began at once 
 to plan to send missionaries to teach them the Christian 
 reUgion. The Roman Catholics of Spain and France 
 spread their missions far and wide. They altered the 
 beliefs, even if they did not entirely convert, the northern 
 and southern Indians. 
 
 Spanish soldiers and priests had established missions 
 among the Pueblos, while Spain was still in hopes 
 of finding more rich cities and treasure. You wiU 
 remember where these people lived and about their 
 
122 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 odd houses. In the very center of the Pueblo region 
 Santa Fe was settled, and in time the missions stretched 
 in a long chain to the Gulf of California on the Pacific 
 coast. 
 
 Before the middle of the sixteenth century many 
 hundreds of Spanish soldiers and colonists held South 
 and Central America. Pizarro had won vast amounts 
 
 of treasure and 
 gold in Peru, 
 and Cortez 
 had found 
 riches in Mex- 
 ico. After that 
 it was for 
 treasure that 
 Spanish kings 
 sent Spanish 
 soldiers to Am- 
 erica. Their 
 motto was, "To the South for gold." This led them to 
 turn . away from the northern country, where the fur 
 trade in time would have brought them wealth, and 
 from the fields where Indian corn might be raised by 
 hard and constant work. 
 
 The old records tell of many Spanish forts and mis- 
 sions, started in what is now the United States; and 
 how the Spaniards destroyed several French settlements. 
 The oldest town in our country is of their biiilding. 
 That is St. Augustine, which was settled in 1565. 
 
 The Old Spanish Gate at St. Augustine 
 
ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION 
 
 123 
 
 PREPARATION FOR ENGLISH COLONIZATION 
 
 Meanwhile, the EngUsh nation had been following 
 up very slowly the claim to the New World secured for 
 them by the Cabots. Their real exploring age did not 
 begin until the second half 
 of the sixteenth century, and 
 their colonization age had 
 to wait for the first half 
 of the seventeenth century. 
 The Spaniards were so stron g 
 on both sea and land in the 
 years following their first 
 great discoveries and con- 
 quests in America, and the 
 cargoes of gold which their 
 captains were bringing home 
 were so valuable, that they 
 tried to drive every vessel of 
 other nations off the seas. 
 It was not until the reign of Queen Elizabeth began, in 
 1555, that enough daring English seamen were ready to 
 venture to dispute the Spanish claims at sea. Sir John 
 Hawkins, Sir Francis Drake, Humphrey Gilbert, and 
 Martin Frobisher began then to rove the seas, to explore 
 the American coasts, and also to attack the treasure 
 ships returning from the Spanish Main. 
 
 MOTIVES OF ENGLISH SEAMEN 
 
 This bold, dangerous work was undertaken in part 
 for land and treasure; in part for religious and patriotic 
 
 Queen Elizabeth 
 
124 
 
 Indians and pioneehS 
 
 reasons. The people of Spain and England were not 
 only rivals for dominion in the New World, but being 
 of different religious beliefs they each thought the other 
 nation ought to be destroyed if possible, and at least 
 kept from spreading its faith in the new lands. The 
 Roman Catholics of Spain and of France had spread 
 their missions far and wide in both South and North 
 America. In England were many people desirous of 
 sending Protestant missionaries to the "middle regions," 
 south of the French settlements in Canada, and north 
 of the Spanish settlements in Florida. 
 
 Sm FRANCIS DRAKE 
 
 The great hope of the English nation centered in Sir 
 
 Francis Drake, who was prov- 
 ing himself the boldest and 
 bravest of the English sea- 
 men. By 1588 he had gone 
 'way around the world as 
 Magellan had sixty years be- 
 fore, and he had been victo- 
 rious more than once over 
 Spanish commanders of treas^ 
 ure ships. The Spanish nation 
 felt that the time had come 
 to show itself undisputed mas- 
 ter of the seas. So the great 
 Spanish Armada or fleet was sent to attack the English 
 fleet off the coast of England. The Armada was 
 
 Sir Francis Drake 
 
ATTEMPTS AT COLONIZATION 12^ 
 
 defeated. After that England dared to send out both 
 ships and colonists to the New World. 
 
 RICHARD HAKLUYT 
 
 The most helpful and successful man of peace in this 
 work of English settlement was Richard Hakluyt, an 
 Enghsh clergyman who wrote books of travel for the 
 people ^t home. He gathered carefully accounts of 
 voyages and discoveries made in the New World by 
 other nations, and compared their resources and advan- 
 tages with those of England. At the close of the six- 
 teenth century he fairly besought his queen, Elizabeth, 
 to plant "one or two colonies of our nation upon that 
 fyrme," or land, "where they may first learn the lan- 
 guage of the people , . . and by little and little 
 acquainte themselves with their manners, and distill 
 into their mynds the swete and lively liquor of the 
 gospel." 
 
 TRADE POSSIBILITIES 
 
 Merchants who saw the Indians had other desires 
 which led them to fit out colonies. They thought of 
 the many things they could sell in the New World. 
 Hakluyt helped here, too. He said: "All savages will 
 take marvelous delight in any garment, be it ever so 
 simple : as a shirt, a blue, yellow, red, or green cotton 
 cassacke, a cap, or such like, and will take incredible 
 pains for such a trifle." It was soon well known how the 
 Indians delighted in beads, beUs, and other trinkets. 
 For such cheap trifles they were willing to exchange 
 
126 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 precious metals and jewels, if they had them, and large 
 quantities of furs and woods, which brought high prices 
 in Europe. 
 
 Many statesmen thought it would be a piece of 
 economy to take the prisoners out of the prisons, where 
 they lived in idleness and cost the government a great 
 deal of money, and to set them at work in America to 
 build up a great colony which should supply the Lon- 
 don merchants with furs and other valuable things. 
 
 ROYAL RIVALRY 
 
 There was a still stronger reason urged upon Queen 
 Elizabeth for sending out colonies to North America. 
 Whenever a king of Europe made a good claim to any 
 part of the New World, his power became greater in the 
 Old World. The queen was advised to favor some action 
 lest, "by our slackness, we suffer the French, or others, 
 to prevent' us." 
 
 Before the close of the sixteenth century the pioneers 
 from Europe to America had begun to see that a cross 
 in the New World and a royal proclamation in the Old 
 World were not enough to secure a sovereign's claim to 
 the discoveries made in his name. Discoveries must be 
 confirmed by settlements. 
 
 We shall see that all these reasons and plans worked 
 together when, at last, at the opening of the seven- 
 teenth century, England made a permanent settlement 
 in the New World. 
 
 Prevent then meant to go ahead of. 
 
CHAPTER IX 
 FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA 
 
 In Queen Elizabeth's time several companies of 
 English colonists tried to make settlements on the coast 
 somewhere north of the Span- 
 ish settlements in Florida. 
 England claimed all the 
 country north of the Spanish 
 settlement, and called it Vir- 
 ginia, in honor of Elizabeth, 
 the Virgin Queen. 
 
 The first people who came 
 as colonists faced dangers and 
 endured great suffering. They 
 were sent out, with the queen's 
 permission, by Sir Humphrey 
 Gilbert, Sir Walter Raleigh and 
 other generous men who joined 
 them, giving their fortunes, 
 and sometimes their Uves, to 
 plant an English commonwealth in the New World. 
 
 THE FIRST ENGLISH CHILD BORN IN AMERICA 
 
 One of the early colonies which did not succeed set- 
 tled on Roanoke Island, in what is now Albemarle 
 
 127 
 
128 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Sound; and there a little girl was bom. She was Vir- 
 ginia Dare, the first child of English parents bom in 
 America. Possibly she grew up with the Indians, but 
 not there at Roanoke. Her grandfather, John White, 
 left her and the colony, with all going well, to go back to 
 England to get supplies; but the next ^^nglish captain 
 who went there found that every one was gone and the 
 houses were in ruins. Sir Walter Raleigh and his 
 friends searched for them for years; but no one ever 
 found trace of them. They may have perished from 
 hunger. They may have tried to go back to England 
 in some fraU boat of their own. Spaniards or Indians 
 may have killed or captured them. Wild beasts may 
 have devoured them. We know how aU of these mis- 
 fortunes destroyed other colonies; but no one knows 
 what ruined the first settlement at Roanoke. 
 
 NEW VENTURES 
 
 By 1607 the queen was dead, Raleigh was in prison, 
 and EngUsh people had learned that one or two men 
 could not afford to send out colonies at so heavy a 
 cost. Then a large number of men decided to form a 
 company to undertake this work of colony planting. 
 You remember that the country had rich forests, fer- 
 tile soil, abundance of animals for food and furs; and 
 that every one felt sure that there were mines of gold 
 besides. The new companies decided to send out reg- 
 ular trading agents and workmen bound to serve them 
 for a certain number of years, following the same plan 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA 
 
 129 
 
 that the great East India Company of England had 
 adopted, to set up stations or "factories" through India 
 arid to keep agents or colonies in charge of them. 
 The East India Company had grown rich and power- 
 ful, and some of thie members thought they likewise 
 would make a great success of the Virginia Company. 
 
 JAMESTOWN 
 
 One day in April, in the year 1607, the Susan Con- 
 stant, the Good Speed, and the Discovery sailed into the 
 Chesapeake Bay. For a few 
 days the men who came iii these 
 ships explored the shores about 
 there, then decided to settle 
 upon a peninsula about fifty 
 miles up a river which was called 
 the James, in honor of their 
 king, James of England. 
 
 There was much hard work 
 to do, much danger to face and 
 suffering to bear, before this 
 settlement or plantation, as they 
 called it, was established, but 
 it was finally secured — the first 
 
 permanent English settlement in America. There were 
 about one hundred men in the three ships. Some of 
 them were "gentlemen," who had never done any work. 
 Others came for adventure, to find gold, to see the new 
 country, and to have a good time. Besides, there were 
 
 fape Eenry 
 
m 
 
 INDlAisrS AND. PlONfiBlJS 
 
 about twelve mechanics and a few strong men of good 
 sense, who knew how much work was to be done, and 
 that each man must be industrious, obey orders, and 
 do his part. 
 
 Captain Newport was in command of the largest ship, 
 the Susan Constant. He was in charge of the entire 
 
 expedition until it reached 
 Virginia. King James I 
 had given him a sealedbox, 
 which contained a list of 
 such men of the party as 
 His Majesty had selected 
 to form a council to govern 
 the colony. This box was 
 not to be opened until they 
 made their land-faU. Im- 
 agine how curious they 
 must have been to see 
 these names during their 
 long voyage! After the 
 box was opened and the 
 king's instructions were read, all the men named, 
 with one exception, were sworn into the council. This 
 was Capt. John Smith, who, through a misunder- 
 standing, was deprived of his share in the government 
 for about a month. Then he, too, was sworn into office. 
 This council elected for their chairman or president a 
 rich merchant of London, whose name, Edward Maria 
 Wingfield, you may think rather odd. The peninsula 
 
 King Jaues I 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA 131 
 
 chosen for Jamestown was low and malarious. The 
 colonists were not the sort of men to work willingly, 
 even for food. 
 
 THE COMMON-STORE SYSTEM 
 
 There was trouble from the beginning. All the col- 
 onists were bound by an agreement with the company 
 in England to live and to work on what was called 
 the common-store system for seven years. All the 
 game and fish that were taken, all the corn that 
 was received from the Indians or raised by the 
 colonists, all the food that they brought with them, 
 or might obtain in any way, was put into a common 
 storehouse. 
 
 Out of that the treasurer of the colony, or Cape 
 Marchant, gave equal portions to all the colonists. 
 When there was more than they needed it was to be 
 sold to the merchants, and the proceeds sent to the com- 
 pany in England. In the same way the lumber that 
 the colonists cut, the furs and other things they re- 
 ceived from the Indians, and all that they could raise 
 for market, were put into the common store, and sent 
 to the company by Captfiin Newport, who sailed back 
 and forth regularly. By this plan no man had the 
 results of his own labor. The possibility of a share in 
 a general settlement, seven years hence, seemed a smaU 
 reward. Many would not "try to work. Some were 
 willing to hunt for gold and gems, but none of these 
 treasures were ever foxmd in Virginia. 
 
132 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 HELP FROM THE INDIANS 
 
 Several of the colonists wrote letters and books 
 about these early days in Jamestown. Wingfield tells 
 how, in June, "an Indian came from the great Pow- 
 hatan with the word of peace; that he desired greatly 
 our friendship . . . that we should sow and reap in 
 peace. ... A httle after this came a deer to the 
 President from the Great Powhatan. He and his 
 messengers were pleased with trifles. The President 
 likewise bought deer of the Indians, beavers and other 
 flesh, which he always caused to be equally divided 
 among the colony." 
 
 From malaria and hunger there was such sickness in 
 Jamestown that nearly half of the colony died before 
 September. Another writer said: "We lived for the 
 space of five months in this miserable distress . . . 
 as yet we had no houses to cover us, our tents were rot- 
 ten, and our cabins worse than nought." 
 
 CAPT. JOHN SMITH AND POWHATAN 
 
 The man who wrote this about the tents and cabins 
 was Capt. John Smith. He had come with the others, 
 and was one of the king's council. After a time he 
 was made president. Smith was one of the few men of 
 the colony who was always ready to work — to build 
 cabins, or fish, or hunt, or to help make the log palisade 
 around the settlement. He often took smaU parties 
 of settlers into the Indians' coimtry, to buy corn, and 
 to carry out the company's orders to explore the rivers 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA 
 
 133 
 
 and the bay. He gave the natives beads, pieces of cop- 
 per, and hatchets for their corn. He was so strong and 
 brave with them, too, 
 when they threatened to 
 attack the white men, 
 that they feared and 
 respected him and be- 
 came good friends to the 
 colony as long as he 
 stayed in Jamestown. 
 
 On one of Captain 
 Smith's first visits to 
 Powhatan's- country, the 
 great chief's brother 
 captured the white man 
 and his party, and threat- 
 ened to kill them. But, 
 by appearing not to be 
 afraid, and by telling 
 tales to interest and 
 amuse the Indian emperor, Smith turned his captivity 
 into a pleasant visit, from which he went home laden 
 with presents. This is an account of the visit, with 
 the captain's spelling changed to ours. 
 
 MAKING FRIENDS OF ENEMIES 
 
 "Arriving at Weramocomoco, their Emperor . . . 
 kindly welcomed me with good words and great platters 
 of sundry victuals, assuring me of his friendship and 
 
 Captain John Smith 
 
 From the original engraving in John Smith's 
 "History of New England, Virginia, and 
 the Summer Isles," published in 1624. 
 
134 iNblANS AND tlONE'ERg 
 
 my liberty within four days." Powhatan "admired 
 and was not a little feared" when Smith told him "of 
 the great king of England, of the territories of Europe 
 which were subject to him, and of the innumerable 
 multitude of his ships, the noise of trumpets and 
 terrible manner of fighting," which the king's subjects 
 would use here in Virginia if necessary. 
 
 Powhatan desired the colony to forsake Paspahegh, 
 as he called the region about Jamestown, and to live 
 with him upon his river. 
 
 "He promised to give me corn, venison, or what I 
 wanted to feed us, hatchets and copper we should make 
 him, and none should disturb us. This request I prom- 
 ised to perform, and thus having, with all the kind- 
 ness he could devise, sought to content me, he sent 
 me home with four men, one that usually carried my 
 gown and knapsack after me, two others loaded with 
 bread, and one to accompany me." . 
 
 PRESIDENT WINGFIELD 
 
 The poor Jamestown settlers often provoked trouble 
 with the natives. They quarreled among themselves 
 and with President Wingfield, too. Perhaps he was 
 not as wise nor strong nor as kind as he might have 
 been, yet he said he tried hard to be fair with what 
 belonged to all, and generous with what was his own. 
 But, at length, the council put him out of office, sent 
 him on board one of the boats in the harbor, and kept 
 him there as a prisoner. In writing his complaint in 
 
FIRST SETTLEMENTS IN VIRGINIA 135 
 
 later years, Wingfield said: "It is further said I did 
 much banquet and ryot. I never had but one squirrell 
 roasted, whereof I gave part to Mr. Ratdiff, then sick; 
 yet was that squirrell given to me." 
 
 MORE COLONISTS 
 
 In the spring of 1608 Captain Newport arrived from 
 England again with a new party of better men, who 
 gave fresh courage to aU. He put his men at work to 
 build a new storehouse and a church, "all which workes 
 they finished cheerfully." Then he went up the river 
 with his ship and came back with it well loaded with 
 corn, wheat, beans, and peas. Newport also induced 
 the colonists to allow Wingfield to come on shore to 
 sleep until the deposed president went back to England 
 with him. 
 
 In the autumn of 1608 a third party of colonists 
 came to Jamestown, with some women and children. 
 As soon as family life began, the colony grew happier 
 and stronger. 
 
 A KEW GOVERNMENT 
 
 A new charter was given to the company in England 
 in 1609, By it the company was able to make some 
 changes toward better government in the colony. In 
 place of a president, chosen by the local council, there 
 was to be a governor chosen by their council in England. 
 The governor had authority from the king and the 
 company, and nearly all Enghshmen of that day thought 
 no authority was of any power unless it came from the 
 
136 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 king. The colony was still to live and work on their 
 common-store system. 
 
 SMITH'S DEPARTURE 
 
 This same year of 1609 the company sent five hun- 
 dred new emigrants to Jamestown. Some of them 
 arrived before the new governor, Capt. John Smith 
 very soon after this went back to England, either, as 
 he said, on account of his wounded arm, or, as others 
 beheved, because the company recalled him. He went 
 back, leaving the colony in charge of a gentleman named 
 George Percy, who was a good man, but in poor health. 
 When Smith left, Jamestown had "a church, a fort, a 
 storehouse, sixty dweUing houses, and a stock of do- 
 mestic animals." Besides, there were fields and several 
 plantations outside of the town. 
 
 As soon as the captain was gone, all the colonists, old 
 and new, refused to work. When the Indians heard that 
 their friend had left, and how badly the colonists behaved 
 without him, they attacked the settlers and destroyed 
 their property almost to the very gates of Jamestown. 
 Within a year the colony dwindled to sixty persons. 
 They were just going away when another ship with new 
 colonists and plenty of supphes came with the governor, 
 Lord De la Warre, whose name we call Delaware. 
 
 The governor set every one to work, and built the 
 settlement up again; but he was soon forced to go back 
 to England for his health. Then the colonists resumed 
 their lazy ways, and almost perished again. 
 
CHAPTER X 
 
 HOW THE PLANTATION OF VIRGINIA WAS 
 SAVED BY DALE 
 
 In less than a year after Governor De la Warre left 
 Jamestown, the colony was in a desperate condition for 
 the third time. That was in 1611. The man who saved 
 it was Sir Thomas Dale. He came as High Marshal 
 of Virginia. He remained about five years. After 
 that the fear of failure was passed. Dale was soon 
 followed by three hundred more colonists. One hundred 
 cows and other cattle were next sent by the company. 
 Dale was a second Captain Smith. "All the men in 
 the colony either worked or starved whUe he was gov- 
 ernor." He began a new and healthy plantation not 
 far from Jamestown, which was called, for Prince 
 Henry, the City of Henrico. 
 
 Dale also induced the company to begin carefully 
 to alter the common-store system. A few colonists 
 were allowed to have three acres each, and to work 
 for themselves upon this land. The change was so 
 successful that it was extended, and finally the old 
 system was abandoned. 
 
 SOME STRICT LAWS 
 
 Before this change was made, however. Dale had to 
 give orders and enforce them to make each man do his 
 
 137 
 
138 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 share. In order to increase the number of poiiltry, 
 Dale made a rule that no person was to kill a domestic 
 fowl, whether it was his own or not. No baker nor 
 cook who was supposed to work for the common store 
 should ask for pay or keep back any of the food. If 
 he did he was to have his ears cut off. These rules and 
 many others were read by the minister in church each 
 Sunday morning. This was a disagreeable duty, be- 
 cause the minister knew how the people disliked the 
 niles, or "Dale's Code," as they were called; but he 
 knew that if he did not read them he would not receive 
 his full share of the next week's food. 
 
 BETTER DAYS IN JAMESTOWN 
 
 The people in Jamestown did not need such strict 
 laws after a while, for a better class of men began to 
 come over from England, and soon grew rich by raising 
 tobacco. Governor Yeardley, who took Sir Thomas 
 Dale's place in 1616, advised the cultivation of this 
 plant, for which there was a growing demand in Europe. 
 The temptation was then strong to raise tobacco rather 
 than com, each man leaving that for his neighbor to do. 
 The more sensible men in the colony remedied this by 
 passing a law that every man must have on hand an 
 amount of corn in proportion to the number of men 
 employed by him. 
 
 Meanwhile the Indians became friendly again, es- 
 pecially the great chief, Powhatan. His daughter had 
 to be kidnaped, however, to bring this about. 
 
I'LANtAtlON OF VIRGINIA SaVED IBY t)ALE ISS 
 
 THE KIDNAPING OF POCAHONTAS 
 
 "Powhatan's delight and darUng, his daughter, 
 Pocahontas, . . . tooke some pleasure . . . to be 
 among her friends at Patoamecke." These are lines 
 from a true story, written by Raphe Hamor in Virginia, 
 in 1614, and printed soon after in England. That year, 
 1614, Powhatan's "delight and darling" left her home, 
 to see something of her friends, when her father sent 
 down a party of his men with corn and furs to sell to 
 the settlers. At that time the great chief was holding 
 some of the colonists in captivity. He had also ob- 
 tained possession of some valuable swords and guns. 
 In vain had Dale asked the stern old Indian "emperor" 
 to give them up. It was feared that the English cap- 
 tives would be killed. 
 
 It chanced that at this time Captain ArgaU, a daring 
 sort of English trader, was on one of his frequent visits 
 to Virginia, and had sailed up the "Potoamecke." 
 J^gall thought it would be much to his credit to dis- 
 cover some means to force Powhatan to give up the 
 men and the guns. 
 
 What do you think he did? He induced an Indian, 
 named Japazeus, to help him kidnap Pocahontas, not 
 to hurt her, but to take her down to Jamestown and 
 keep her with the settlers until her father should give 
 up their men and the swords and guns. One day when 
 Japazeus and his wife and Pocahontas were walking 
 on the shore, the wife proposed to pay a visit to Captain 
 ArgaU's boat, which lay in the river. An English boat 
 
140 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 was an interesting place to visit, she told Pocahontas, 
 and she finally persuaded the young girl to go with her. 
 Everything on board was ready to receive them. Poca- 
 hontas was somewhat afraid at first; but she soon took 
 delight in the boat and all she saw. A supper was served 
 and then the princess was made comfortable for the 
 night in the gunner's room. 
 
 In the morning she rose early, to tell Japazeus that 
 she wished to go back to the shore. Captain Argall 
 had provided for this. He had "secretly well rewarded 
 Japazeus with a small copper kettle" and some other 
 toys, which he valued so highly that "doubtless he would 
 have betraide his owne father for them." "Much a 
 doe there was to perswade her to be patient." This 
 "with extraordinary curteous usage, by little and little," 
 was done, and "so to Jamestowne she was brought." 
 A messenger was sent forthwith to her father to say 
 that his only daughter was in the hands of the English 
 until he fulfilled their conditions for her return. "The 
 news was unwelcome and troublesome unto him, partly 
 for the love he bare to his daughter, and partly for the 
 love he bare to our men, his prisoners, of whom . . . 
 he made great use; and those swords and peeces [or 
 guns] of ours which, though of no use to him, it delighted 
 him to view and looke upon." 
 
 A HAPPY VISIT 
 
 Many months passed while Pocahontas lived at the 
 fort, or on board Argall's boat. The English boys and 
 
PLANTATION OF VIRGINIA SAVED BY DALE 
 
 141 
 
 girls were happy to be her playmates. All the people loved 
 her and stiU treated her as a princess, and she loved them. 
 Powhatan made several offers to do part of what 
 Dale and the captain asked; but he refused to do all. 
 Then the captain sailed up the river with Pocahontas, 
 to see if it would move the stubborn old chief to have 
 his delight and darling so near, yet out of his reach. 
 Two brothers of Pocahontas came on board the boat 
 one day, "being very desirous to see their sister. ' ' When 
 they saw how weU she was treated they were delighted, 
 and rushed away to persuade their farther to redeem Po- 
 cahontas, and to make a firm peace forever with us." 
 
 THE LADY REBECCA AWD HER MARRIAGE 
 
 Meanwhile Pocahontas was 
 told that she was free to go 
 to her father, if she wished to 
 do so. But Master John Rolfe 
 had fallen in love with her by 
 this time, and she chose to go 
 back to Jamestown and be 
 married to him. When Pow- 
 hatan heard of this he con- 
 sented to the marriage, and 
 made a treaty, agreeing to 
 all the English asked of him 
 Pocahontas went back to 
 town with an uncle and two brothers. The uncle gave 
 the little Indian bride away in the church at James- 
 
 Prom an old print. 
 
 Pocahontas 
 
142. INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 town on the 5th of April, 1614. "Ever since then," the 
 story goes, "we have had friendly commerce and trade, 
 not only with Powhatan, but also with aU his subjects 
 round about us." 
 
 Soon after the marriage Marshall Dale went back to 
 England. With him sailed Mr. Rolfe and his Indian 
 princess bride, who was baptized before her marriage 
 under the name of the Lady Rebecca. 
 
CHAPTER XI 
 PLANTATION LIFE IN VIRGINIA 
 
 You recall that after the settlers began to work for 
 themselves they did not need such strict laws as "Dale's 
 Code" to keep them at work. Another change in the 
 company enabled them to give up the common-store 
 system and to sell large tracts of land at low prices to 
 the "planters." They gave these planters the right 
 to elect delegates of their own to a legislature, or House 
 of Burgesses, which met with the governor and his 
 council in what they called a general assembly, and 
 made the laws for the colony. 
 
 Then a better class of Englishmen began to think it 
 worth while to come to Virginia to take up plantations 
 of hundreds of acres. They raised tobacco on these 
 plantations, and soon grew to like the colony so well 
 that they built large, substantial houses, sent for their 
 families, and called Virginia their home. 
 
 The tobacco fields of the large planters were laid out 
 
 along the James River and its small branches, and along 
 
 the bay. There were no cities in Virginia, although 
 
 the company wished for them so much that a group 
 
 of plantations was often called a city, and efforts 
 
 were sometimes made to lay out a town as a center 
 
 for them. 
 
 143 
 
144 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Each plantation was a small settlement in itself. It 
 had its own Uttle harbor; ships came from England to 
 its landing, bringing all the articles and provisions 
 
 
 
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 that were not made or raised on the plantation, and 
 taking the planters' tobacco crop for return cargo. 
 There was no need for towns with shops. There was 
 little coin — tobacco was the currency of the colony. Its 
 value was fixed by acts of the general assembly. There 
 were one or two schools for poor white and Indian 
 children. The rich planters' children were taught at home 
 until the boys were old enough to be sent to England 
 for their education. People lived an out-of-door life 
 — fox-hunting, horseback riding, boating. They did 
 
PLANTATION LIFE IN VIRGINIA 145 
 
 not care much for colonial newspapers; printing was 
 not allowed in their colony for over a hundred years. 
 A planter's wealth was in his land and his servants, 
 and in the large crops of tobacco which he sent to Eng- 
 land to pay for supplies and luxuries. 
 
 NEGRO SLAVES 
 
 In 1619, soon after the large landholders began to 
 come to Virginia, something new was offered for sale 
 at Jamestown. A Dutch ship brought some negroes, 
 who had been stolen from the coast of Africa. The 
 tobacco planters of the West Indies had used negroes 
 as slaves for years, and the Dutch traders brought them 
 to Virginia as soon as they heard of the new tobacco 
 plantations. Others that came soon after found equally 
 ready sale. But nearly thirty years passed before many 
 such cargoes began to come. 
 
 In these early days the tobacco was raised by white 
 servants. Before the old common-store system was 
 abolished, all colonists were boimd to one master — 
 the company. After it was abolished, every planter 
 was a master, who took servants under bonds, much as 
 the company had done. 
 
 "FREE-WILLERS OR REDEMPTIONERS " 
 
 A few of these servants were the worst sort of criminals 
 from the English prisons, and were bound to the plant- 
 ers for life; but most of them were under bonds or inden- 
 ture, and were called "free-willers or redemptioners." 
 They were often good and industrious, even educated 
 
146 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 men, who had lost their farms, or had had other mis- 
 fortunes in England, and wished to start anew in Vir- 
 ginia. So they bound themselves for a number of years 
 to work for some large landowner, who paid their pas- 
 sage, kept them in food and clothes until the end of 
 "their time," as they called their bondage. Then they 
 received a certain nimiber of acres, a small outfit of 
 tools, and, perhaps, some money or goods, with which 
 they set up small plantations of their own as "freedmen," 
 or "redemptioners." Many of the honored families of 
 Virginia were founded in this way. 
 
 DUTY-BOYS OR APPRENTICES 
 
 Boys formed another class of white servants in the 
 early days of the colony. They were bound much 
 as the "free-willers." But they were often taken from 
 England against their choice. Sometimes they were 
 drugged and kidnaped by ship captains, who received 
 certain pay, called a bounty, on every servant they 
 landed in Virginia. 
 
 The boys were sometimes of poor families; sometimes 
 their parents were rich; but all shared about the same 
 hard life in Virginia, and it usually lasted until the boy 
 became of age. 
 
 PRISONER-SERVANTS 
 
 The old plan, to send England's prison inmates 
 to America, was carried out on a large scale in the im- 
 portant years following 1619. Some of these, you 
 know, were criminals, bound for life as a mercy, instead 
 
PLANTATION LIFE IN VIRGINIA 147 
 
 of being hanged; but most of them were not vicious, 
 and many had good characters. In those days a good 
 man was often in prison because the king, some prince, 
 or other great man did not choose to keep up his 
 friendship. The news that he had lost favor would 
 spread. Any landlord or tailor, butcher or baker, who 
 happened to have a debt against him, could keep him 
 in prison until he paid it. In the same way, any up- 
 right man who fell ill, or was overtaken by any mis- 
 fortune, might be thrust into jail for the food he had 
 used or the rent of the farm whose crops had failed. 
 The jails were damp and dirty, and the prisoners often 
 died before they could find any way to get out and work 
 to pay their debts. It was a bad system, and has now 
 been abolished. Such prisons, bad as they were, cost 
 the kingdom large sums annually, and James I thought 
 it an excellent plan to send many shiploads of the pris- 
 oners to Virginia, where planters were glad to have 
 them. The ship captains received money for each 
 person they took over; the king or the company re- 
 ceived something, too. The planter had the man's 
 labor for five years, perhaps, and the prisoner worked 
 out his Uberty as an honest man, and became owner 
 of a small plantation of his own. 
 
 THE INDIAN MASSACRE 
 
 In 1623, many Indians who had been badly treated 
 in one way or another by the whites in Virginia com- 
 bined in an attack upon the colony and killed over three 
 
148 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 hundred of the inhabitants. After that disaster, the 
 company did everything that could be done to restore 
 the colony to strength at once. They sent help of all 
 kinds and thousands of new colonists. From that time 
 there was less trouble with the Indians. They fell 
 back to the interior, and, although they occasionally 
 broke out in hostiUties, they were always quickly quelled 
 after the great massacre. The early Indian life and the 
 pioneer life of the plantation of Virginia disappeared. 
 
 VIRGINIA A ROYAL COLONY 
 
 Meanwhile the English 
 king took from the Lon- 
 don Company their char- 
 ter, and made Virginia 
 into a royal colony ruled 
 by the king through gov- 
 ernors whom he selected 
 and sent over to the 
 colony with his instruc- 
 tions. 
 
 In later years, during 
 a struggle between oppos- 
 ing political parties in the 
 colony, Jamestown was 
 burned. You see its ruins 
 in this picture, just as you may see them if you go 
 there now, for the town was never rebuilt. It had done 
 its work as the first permanent settlement in Virginia. 
 
 Ruins of the Settlement at Jamestown 
 
CHAPTER XII 
 
 VIRGINIA'S NEIGHBORS 
 
 Though the English were later than their Spanish 
 and French rivals in beginning their colonization, they 
 had one decided advantage 
 over them in the temperate 
 climate of the region they 
 chose. Their settlements 
 suffered much from the 
 new climate, but Virginia 
 was favored with a less 
 intense heat in summer 
 than the region of Spanish 
 plantations, and with a far 
 milder winter than the 
 French endured in the 
 North. Upon the Chesa- 
 peake Bay the greater part 
 of the year was warm, and 
 the soil was so fertile that a moderate amount of 
 industry in the tobacco fields and the cornfields was 
 repaid with large crops. 
 
 MARYLAND, 1633 
 
 To these warmer regions of the "corn belt," Lord 
 Baltimore turned in 1621, from the colder coast of 
 
 149 
 
 King Charles I 
 
150 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Nova Scotia, where he had been trying to settle a 
 colony at Avalon. With his band of colonists, he sailed 
 south to Virginia. There he was unwelcome, for both 
 he and most of his colonists were Roman Catholics, 
 while the Virginia colonists were stanch members of 
 the Church of England. 
 
 After a short visit, Baltimore went back to England, 
 and a few years later secured from Charles I, his king 
 and friend, a grant of land to the north of Virginia. 
 This was called Maryland, in honor of the king's wife, 
 Henrietta Maria. 
 
 Lord Baltimore wanted to make this large tract of 
 land serve both as an asylum for his persecuted fellow 
 believers, and as a source of income to himself as pro- 
 prietor. So he made it known that 
 in Maryland Roman Catholics could 
 \,^ freely beUeve and worship as they 
 ■^ thought right. At the same time, in 
 order to attract other colonists, he 
 made wise provisions for toleration. 
 In his letter of instructions to col- 
 onists, Lord Baltimore said: "Pre- 
 serve unity and peace on shipboard 
 amongst all passengers; and suffer no . . . offence 
 to be given to any of the Protestants; for this, end 
 cause all acts of the Roman Catholic religion to be 
 done as privately as may be." He also instructed 
 the governor "to treat all Protestants with as much 
 mildness and favor as justice would permit," and this 
 
 The First Lord Baltimore 
 
VIRGINIA'S NEIGHBORS 151 
 
 rule was to be observed "at land as well as at 
 sea." 
 
 In 1633 the Ark and the Dove brought over the first 
 band of three hundred colonists to Maryland. They 
 cruised along the shore, "to make choice. of a place" 
 that was "probable to be healthfuU and fruitfull"; 
 a place that might be easily fortified and "convenient 
 for trade both with the English and savages." Such 
 a spot was found, and the first settlement made near the 
 mouth of the Potomac River. St. Mary's was the name 
 given to it. Here, by friendliness with the Indians, gentle 
 toleration in rehgious matters, and the coming in of 
 industrious, thrifty settlers, the colony began happily. 
 
 From 1642 to 1660, while they were having religious 
 troubles in England, and the Puritans held the chief 
 powers, the colonists in Maryland had similar strifes 
 between the Protestants and Catholics, and the Mary- 
 landers and Virginians. After Charles the Second came 
 to the throne, in 1660, affairs went smoothly again in 
 Maryland. Toleration and good laws made it once 
 more a happy haven for people from England and from 
 the other colonies. In 1688, at the time of the "Glorious 
 Revolution," which put William and Mary on the Eng- 
 lish throne where James the Second had ruled so badly, 
 there was a little rebellion in Maryland which the 
 proprietor could not seem to put down. 
 
 Three years later, William and Mary took the gov- 
 ernment out of Lord Baltimore's hands, making Mary- 
 land, for a time, a royal province. The land was left 
 
152 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 they 
 
 Ffom 
 
 had 
 
 in the hands of the Baltimore family, and from it 
 derived a large income. Both hopes of the founder 
 had been realized. He had 
 founded a colony where 
 Roman Catholics had toler- 
 ation and freedom of worship, 
 and had developed a source 
 of income for his family from 
 his lands. 
 
 With Virginia the relations 
 of Maryland had never been 
 very friendly, for Virginia 
 claimed this land to the north, 
 and felt that Charles the First 
 no right to give it to his friend, Baltimore. 
 
 a medal of 1632 
 
 Cecil Calvert, 
 Second Lord Baltimore 
 
 THE CAROLINAS, 1663 
 
 In 1663 Virginia was troubled again by having the 
 land to the south given to several favorites of King 
 Charles the Second. You remember that the early 
 English colonies sent out by Raleigh had begun their 
 iU-fated settlements on the coast of what is now North 
 Carolina, and the French had made an unsuccessful 
 attempt at Port Royal in South CaroUna before the 
 Virginia colonists came to Jamestown. 
 
 After Virginia was well established, the colonists 
 often explored the region of North and South CaroUna, 
 considering it part of their territory. A few small 
 settlements, here and there, of which they took little 
 
VIRGINIA'S NEIGHBORS 
 
 153 
 
 notice, were unknown to the king and entirely over- 
 looked, when King Charles II gave the whole region 
 to five men in 1665. These men at once made attempts 
 to sell the land 
 to settlers, of- 
 fering induce- 
 ments to those 
 who would emi- 
 grate from 
 England and 
 other countries. 
 The govern- 
 ment provided 
 officers with 
 high - sounding 
 names and 
 allowed great 
 privileges to 
 owners of large 
 estates. This 
 elaborate 
 scheme of gov- 
 ernment was 
 never f uUy car- 
 ried into effect. 
 Charleston became the chief settlement, and by 1682 
 had three thousand inhabitants under a good local 
 government. Some of the colonists were French Prot- 
 estants called Huguenots, some Scotch Presbyterians; 
 
 The Southern Colonies 
 
154 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 all were willing to work hard to build up the town. 
 The whole colony, however, was troubled by the Spanish 
 in Florida, who often led the Indians against them. 
 The governors sent out by the proprietors were not 
 always good men. They sometimes made serious 
 trouble. 
 
 By 1688 the colony was stiU weak and turbulent; 
 but the people of Charleston, by industry and trade 
 with the other colonies, built up their city. In the later 
 history of the colonies it took an important place. 
 

 iAm 
 
 
 
 
 1^ 
 
 
 
 Pilgrims Watching the Departure of the Mayflower for England 
 From the painting by Bayes. 
 
 CHAPTER XIII 
 
 THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 
 
 Do you ask why these people are gathered on this 
 shore, some crying, others looking sadly and steadily 
 over the ocean? Look at their faces and their clothes, 
 then read their story; for they are the Pilgrims at 
 Plymouth, watching their ship, the Mayflower, start for 
 England, which was once their home. 
 
 It is the spring of 1621. These people have already 
 begun the first permanent settlement on the mainland 
 of New England. Notice the boy standing beside the 
 old, gray-haired man, and the little girls among the 
 women who are kneeling on the ground. Then, do you 
 see the woman hiding her face on her husband's shoulder 
 to conceal the tears she could not keep back? Perhaps 
 she was trying to shut out the last gUmpse of the disap- 
 
 155 
 
156 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 pearing ship which the others seem so eager to watch. 
 Their hearts and thoughts seem to go back to England, 
 their old home. These Uttle children, however, have no 
 remembrance of Old England, for they were not born 
 there, nor here in New England. The only home they 
 knew was in Holland until the Mayflower brought them 
 to this new coast a few months before. 
 
 When the ship was out of sight, the PUgrims went 
 back to their homes, which were small log cabins. Then 
 many of the children, no doubt, asked their fathers and 
 mothers to tell them once more the story of their lives 
 in Old England, and why they had come to this new 
 country to stay, while the Mayflower went back. 
 
 THE OLD HOME AT SCROOBY 
 
 Once these Pilgrims had lived in comfortable homes in 
 the pretty couritry village of Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. 
 Like a great many English people of that day, they 
 were not satisfied with the Church of England and 
 believed that the services should be simpler. Their 
 desire for a purer form of worship gave them the name 
 of Puritans. 
 
 A large number of the Puritans remained in the 
 church, hoping to make these changes gradually. But 
 the pilgrims were of the party called Separatists, who 
 believed that it was best to form a church of their own. 
 
 So they formed a little Separatist church at Scrooby, 
 with Mr. WiUiam Bradford as ruling elder. Their 
 minister was Mr. John Robinson, a learned and high- 
 
THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 
 
 Parish Church, Scrooby, England 
 
 Copyrighi by A^S, Surbank 
 
 minded young man, who had studied at the University 
 of Cambridge. Many people came from near-by towns 
 to worship in the little Scrooby church. 
 
 PERSECUTION AND REFUGE IN HOLLAND 
 1607-1620 
 
 But the Separatists drew down the ill will of James 
 I, the king, the archbishops, the bishops, the clergy, 
 and all the people who believed that the established 
 church was right just as it was. No English man, 
 woman, or child, they said, should be allowed to hold 
 ideas of his own about the worship of God, much less 
 to form new churches. 
 
158 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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 Birthplace of Gov. William Bradford 
 
 King James was determined, he said, "To make the 
 Puritans conform or to harry them out of the land." 
 When he raised Bancroft to the high office of Arch- 
 bishop of Canterbury, the harrying was done so thor- 
 oughly that almost all of the Separatists in England 
 fled to Holland for their lives. 
 
 A SHORT STAY IN AMSTERDAM 
 
 It was sad for the Pilgrims to leave Scrooby, their 
 country homes, the farms where their fathers and grand- 
 fathers had lived before them, and where they had hoped 
 that their children and grandchildren would Uve after 
 them. It was hard for them to go to a strange country 
 where people spoke a language which they did not under- 
 stand. But they were willing to face anything in order 
 
THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 159 
 
 to worship God in the way which they thought was 
 right. They were willing to follow Elder Brewster and 
 Mr. Robinson wherever they thought best to go. So 
 they went to Amsterdam, whither the other Separa- 
 tists had fled. 
 
 But Amsterdam is a large city. It seemed too crowded 
 to such a country-loving people. Besides, the Sep- 
 aratist churches there were disputing among them- 
 selves and doing a number of things that the high- 
 minded Mr. Robinson did not wish to see his people do. 
 
 THE PILGRIMS AT LEYDEN 
 
 So after a year, the Pilgrims went to Leyden, where 
 there was a great university, and where they met many 
 good people from aU parts of Europe. Capt. Myles 
 Standish, an English soldier, was one who became their 
 stanch friend, although he never joined the Separatist 
 church 
 
 In Leyden they each learned some trade, for they 
 were poor now, although most of them had left com- 
 fortable homes in England. The Pilgrims tried to 
 keep, their English ways, but they were obliged to learn 
 the Dutch language in order to carry on their business. 
 The children heard more of the new language than of 
 their own. How the parents hated to see them playing 
 with the Dutch children and learning the new ways! 
 Some of the older boys and girls fell in love with young 
 people of the Netherlands and married them, much 
 against the wishes of their fathers and mothers. 
 
160 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Worse than all else, the Pilgrims found that they 
 could earn so little money at their new trades that they 
 were obliged to keep their children away from their 
 play and the fresh air, and to set them to work in order 
 to provide the clothing they needed and enough food 
 to keep them alive. 
 
 NEWS OF THE NEW WORLD 
 
 By and by the Pilgrims began to hear how the Span- 
 iards had opened up South America, and they some- 
 times wondered if they could not make a home for their 
 children there. But the Spaniards' country was a 
 Roman Catholic country. They could not go there, for 
 their objections to the Church of England were that 
 it was growing too much like the Church of Rome, 
 from which it was separated in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth's father, Henry VIII. 
 
 After a time the Pilgrims heard that a colony, called 
 Jamestown, had been planted in Virginia. Again, news 
 came that their own countryman, Henry Hudson, had 
 taken possession of a beautiful country in North Amer- 
 ica, near Virginia, for the States-General of Holland. 
 AU this was talked over by Mr. Robinson, Elder Brew- 
 ster, Deacon Carver, and other members of their 
 church. 
 
 At last it was decided that the younger and stronger 
 members of the little Separatist church should go to the 
 New Netherland, or to Virginia. They were to go as 
 pioneers for the rest. 
 

 
 
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162 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Then there was a hard time to get the permission and 
 the help they needed to begin the first settlement. The 
 States-General refused to protect the Pilgrims and their 
 religion in America. Then, their only hope was to find 
 some help in England among the Puritans in the 
 church. Several of them were powerful members of the 
 Virginia Company. AH Englishmen wanted colonists 
 to settle on their claims in America, and many thought 
 that a little company of Separatists could do no harm 
 in that vast wilderness. So, at last, James I said that 
 if they planted a colony in the new country, no one 
 should molest them on account of their religion. 
 
 THE MERCHANT-PARTNERS 
 
 A merchant by the name of Peirce obtained papers, 
 called patents, from the Virginia Company giving the 
 Pilgrims permission to settle on some of their land. 
 Peirce helped them to form a partnership with some 
 " Merchant- Ad venturers " of London, who lent them 
 money enough to provide for the pioneer voyage and 
 to begin a settlement. Most of the merchants had no 
 sympathy with the religious views of the Pilgrims, but 
 thought they were so deeply in earnest that they would 
 succeed and pay a good interest on the loan. 
 
 About one hundred agreed to go on the first voyage. 
 In a solemn ceremony the Leyden church formed the 
 band into a sort of daughter church, with Elder Brew- 
 ster at their head until they should all be reunited under 
 Mr, Robinson, for church and colony were one. 
 
THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 163 
 
 A colonizing company was formed, with Deacon Car- 
 ver as governor or president, and in the name of this 
 company the Pilgrims bound themselves to the mer- 
 chant-adventurers for seven years, until the debt to 
 them should be paid. After seven years the property 
 of the settlement was to be divided, the merchant- 
 adventurers receiving their loan and their share of the 
 profits, and each member of the colonizing company 
 receiving his share of the profits and property. Mean- 
 time, the colonists agreed to have everything in common. 
 They hoped to be more successful in carrying out this 
 system than the colonists in Virginia had been. 
 
 THE LITTLE BAITO LEAVES LEYDEN 
 
 It was even sadder to leave Leyden than it had been 
 to leave England; but they were a brave little band. 
 Mr. Bradford said that they were Pilgrims going to the 
 promised land at the call of God. 
 
 The Pilgrims sailed in a small old vessel, called the 
 Speedwell, from the Dutch port of Delft Haven, where 
 many of their friends from Leyden gathered to say 
 good-by. The Mayflower, a larger and better craft, 
 was waiting to join them at Southampton, England, 
 with a small store of provisions, tools, and other things 
 which they would need in the New World. 
 
 A number of Separatist friends, and some strangers 
 sent by the merchant-adventurers to work under their 
 direction, were waiting in the Mayflower. After another 
 sad parting, the band of colonists started. But in a 
 
164 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
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 K 
 
 9^^ ^flpkjj 
 
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 P^iiEitr'^w 
 
 
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 ^iH 
 
 Pilgrims Embarking at Delft Haven 
 From the painting by Charles Lucy in Pilgrim Hall. 
 
 few days the Speedwell sprang a leak. So they put back 
 to the port of Plymouth, moved everything possible 
 to the Mayflower, and started again, leaving a number 
 of their dearest friends behind, because there was not 
 room for them in the Mayflower. 
 
 THE VOYAGE TO NEW ENGLAND 
 
 When the Pilgrims started a second time, there were 
 one hundred and two of them, — men, women, and chil- 
 dren. A voyage of over sixty days brought them to land, 
 but not in the region for which they had their patent. 
 
THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 
 
 165 
 
 In the bleak, cold, stormy weather of early winter, the 
 Mayflower came to land far north of Virginia, in the 
 region called New England, and owned by a company 
 who were rivals of the Virginia 
 Company, and bitterly opposed 
 to all Puritans, especially Sepa- 
 ratists. 
 
 It was too near winter to go 
 farther, so they landed near the 
 site of our present Provincetown 
 on Cape Cod. Some thought 
 that Captain Jones had been 
 bribed to come here by the men 
 whom the merchant-adventurers 
 sent with the Pilgrims, because 
 they did not like the strict way 
 of their directors and thought 
 that if they sho\lld land where 
 the colonists had no patent they 
 could refuse to obey directions. 
 These men were laborers whose 
 work was much needed. They 
 were to dig and haul wood, and 
 pay their passage in that way. 
 
 PiXGItIM MONTIMENT 
 
 (Provincetown) 
 
 Marking the first landing place 
 
 of the Pilgrims. 
 
 "THE MAYFLOWER COMPACT" 
 
 Elder Bradford, Governor 
 Carver, and Captain Standish knew how to dear with 
 these men. As soon as they reached the New World, 
 
166 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 but before they so much as looked for a place to settle, 
 the wise fathers of the colony drew up what was called 
 a compact, and aU the men or "heads of families" were 
 asked to sign it at once if they wished to have any voice 
 in the government of the colony. Each signer bound 
 himself to obey the laws and orders made by the whole 
 body of the signers. Those who did not sign must 
 obey the signers or leave the colony. There were forty- 
 one signers; the rest of the company, which numbered 
 102, were the merchants' laborers, a few of the Pilgrims' 
 
 men and maid ser- 
 vants, and the women, 
 the boys, and the girls 
 of the Pilgrim famihes. 
 
 THE MAYFLOWER BABY 
 
 The children knew 
 the story of their 
 life in the New 
 World, although, 
 perhaps, they did 
 not know the 
 meaning of much 
 that took place. 
 
 Elder Brewster's Chair 
 Peregrine White's Cradle 
 
 One event they 
 felt was especially for their delight. Before they 
 landed Mr. and Mrs. White had a boy baby born to 
 them. They caUed him Peregrine, which means a 
 wanderer. 
 
THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 167 
 
 BRADFORD'S JOURNAL 
 
 Fortunately the good Pilgrim and gifted writer, 
 William Bradford, set down all the interesting and im- 
 portant events of the journey and settlement in a book, 
 which has been in careful hands ever since. Probably 
 the Pilgrim children were not allowed to read Mr. 
 Bradford's manuscript; but the readers of this book may 
 see what he wrote. It has been copied in many grown 
 people's histories; but now, if you go to Boston, you 
 may see the valuable old book itself in the State House 
 Library, for we have recently got it back from England, 
 where it had been kept for many years, 
 
 ON CAPE COD 
 
 The first landing of the Pilgrims had been on Cape 
 Cod. Some of the company went ashore every day, 
 with the exception of the Sabbath. The women washed 
 the clothes; the children were told to run and play and 
 stretch the young limbs that had been cramped on their 
 long voyage. But for the men there was a much more 
 serious task. Before the leaders left England they 
 realized that some of the party must cruise close to the 
 coast in order to find the right spot for a settlement. 
 It would be necessary to find suitable soil for farming 
 and pure drinking water. For such a cruise they had 
 brought over a shallop stowed away between the decks 
 of the Mayflower. It was a boat with oars and a sail, 
 large enough for twenty men. These were chosen and 
 the boat was fitted up for the expedition. 
 
168 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 EXCURSIONS ON THE CAPE 
 
 Those who were not at work on the shallop began to 
 explore the cape. 
 
 Bradford's Journal says that on November fifteenth 
 some men "were set ashore, and when they had ordered 
 themselves in the order of a single file, and marched 
 about the space of a mile by the sea, they espied five or 
 six people, with a dog, coming towards them, who were 
 savages; who, when they saw them, ran into the wood, 
 and whistled the dog after them. . . . When the 
 Indians saw our men following them, they ran away 
 with might and main; and our men followed them that 
 night about ten miles, by the trace of their footings. 
 . . . At length night came upon them, and they were 
 constrained to take up their lodging. So they set forth 
 three sentinels; and of the rest, some kindled a fire, 
 others fetched wood, and there held our rendezvous 
 that night. 
 
 "In the morning, so soon as we could see the trace, 
 we proceeded on our journey. We marched through 
 boughs and bushes, and under hiUs and valleys, which 
 tore our very armor in pieces, and yet could meet with 
 none of them, nor their houses, nor find any fresh water, 
 which we greatly desired and stood in need of; for we 
 brought neither beer nor water with us, and our victuals 
 was only biscuit and Holland cheese, and a little bottle 
 of aqua vitse; so we were sore athirst. About ten o'clock 
 we came into a deep valley, fuU of brush, . . . and 
 long grass, through which we found little paths or tracks; 
 
THE PILGRIMS COME TO NEW PLYMOUTH 169 
 
 there we saw a deer and found springs of fresh water, 
 of which we were heartily glad, and set us down and 
 drunk our first New England water, 
 
 A FARMING COUNTRY 
 
 "From thence we went on, and found much plain 
 ground, about fifty acres fit for the plough, and some 
 signs where the Indians had formerly planted their corn. 
 . . . We found a little path to certain heaps of 
 sand, one whereof was covered with old mats, and had 
 a wooden thing, like a mortar, on top of it, and an 
 earthen pot, laid in a httle hole, at the end thereof. We, 
 musing what it might be, digged, and found a bow and, 
 as we thought, arrows; but they were rotten. We sup- 
 posed there were many other things; but, because we 
 deemed them graves, we put in the bow again, and made 
 it up as it was before, and left the rest untouched. . . . 
 
 "We went on further and found new stubble, of 
 which they had gotten corn this year, and many wal- 
 nut trees full of nuts. . . . Passing thus a field or 
 two, we came to another, which had also been new gotten, 
 and there we found where a house had been and four 
 or five old planks laid together. Also we found a great 
 kettle which had been some ship's kettle, and brought 
 out of Europe. There was also a heap of sand, made like 
 the former, but it was newly done; we might see how 
 they had paddled it with their hands. ... In 
 it we found a little old basket full of fair Indian corn, 
 and digged further, and found a fine, great new basket 
 
170 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 full of very fair corn of this year, some yellow, some red, 
 and others mixed with blue, which was a very goodly 
 sight. The basket was round and narrow at the top. 
 It held about three or four bushels, which was as much 
 as two of us could lift up from the ground, and was 
 very handsomely and cunningly made. . . . We 
 were in suspense what to do with it and the kettle; 
 and at length, after much consultation, we concluded 
 to take the kettle and as much of the corn as we could 
 carry away with us; and when our shallop came, if we 
 could find any of the people and come to parley with 
 them, we could give them the kettle again and satisfy 
 them for the corn. 
 
 "So we took all the ears and put a good deal of the 
 loose corn in the kettle for two men to bring away on 
 a staff. Besides, they that could put any into their 
 pockets, filled the same. . . . And thus we came, 
 both weary and welcome, home, and delivered in our 
 com into the store to be kept for seed. . . . This 
 was our first discovery whilst our shallop was in re- 
 pairing." 
 
CHAPTER XIV 
 
 THE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 
 1620 
 
 The Plymouth Plantation is the name of Mr. Brad- 
 ford's book and of the Pilgrims' colony, in what is now 
 part of Massachusetts, for the 
 first settlement was made, not 
 on Cape Cod, but on the main 
 coast of Massachusetts Bay. 
 There Capt. John Smith had 
 found a harbor, and put it on 
 his map of New England^ about 
 six years before; and Prince 
 Charles had named it for Plym- 
 outh, England, the same port 
 from which the Pilgrims last sailed, you remember. 
 
 The Pilgrims reached this harbor of New Plymouth 
 in December. An exploring party in the shallop was 
 caught by a blinding snowstorm. The cold was so 
 intense that the spray of the salt water froze on the 
 men's clothing until it was like coat-of-mail, they said. 
 
 On a Friday evening, this small band of pioneers 
 reached the island at the entrance to the harbor. They 
 named it after the Mayflower's mate, Clarke's Island. 
 There they stayed over Sunday. Monday they sailed 
 
 171 
 
172 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 about the harbor. Then they landed, December 20, 
 1620, — a date now called in New England "Forefathers' 
 Day." They found brooks of fresh water, good hiUs 
 for lookouts, and a large space cleared of the forest. 
 So they decided that it would be better to make the 
 settlement there than to spend more time in looking 
 for a better place. 
 
 The Maytlower in Plymouth Harbor 
 From the painting by W. F. Halsall in Pilgrim Hall, Plymouth. 
 
 The next day they went back to the big ship to re- 
 port. Three days later, the Mayflower weighed anchor, 
 sailed across the southerly end of Massachusetts Bay, 
 and anchored in Plymouth Harbor. 
 
 BEGINNING WORK 
 
 Then busy days began for aU the men. They built 
 a sort of platform on the high hill overlooking the shore. 
 
THE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 173 
 
 On this they planted their guns to defend the whole 
 town. This town they soon laid out. A long street ran 
 from the foot of the hiU to the platform, with house 
 lots on each side. Nearly every morning in the severe 
 winter weather the men went ashore; some to cut and 
 haul trees, some to shovel snow away from the ground 
 where the first building was begun. This was a large 
 log cabin for a common storehouse. "Tuesday, the 9th 
 of January, was a reasonably fair day, and we went 
 to labor that day in the building of our town in two 
 rows of houses, for more safety. We divided by lot 
 the plot of ground whereon to build our town. . . . 
 We agreed that every man should build his own house, 
 thinking that by this course men would make more 
 haste than working in common. The common house 
 in which, for the first, we made our rendezvous, being 
 near finished, wanted only covering." It was "about 
 twenty foot square." It was decided that "some of 
 us shoiild make mortar and some gather thatch; so 
 that in four days half of it was thatched. Frost and 
 foul weather hindered us much. This time of the 
 year seldom could we work half the week." 
 
 All the men seemed ready to work, and Governor 
 Carver did not have much difficulty in keeping them 
 to the promises made in the compact on board the 
 Mayflower. 
 
 CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH 
 
 On Saturday, the 17th of January, in the morning, 
 a meeting of the signers was held to estabhsh mill- 
 
174 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 tary orders. They chose for their captain their soldier- 
 friend, Myles Standish, a man famous for his small 
 figure and his great courage and mihtary ability. From 
 the beginning, Captain Standish was a leader in aU the 
 colony's undertakings. He was their commander and 
 chief counselor in their relations with the Indians and 
 in aU their military affairs. 
 
 
 ^■*ii': 
 
 ■U. \- 
 
 , .... ; ■' -■ -i-:^' ■■■ Hut-'- 
 
 ^^ 
 
 ,; 
 
 ^^^^^P^-^^^^SS 
 
 ii 
 
 w. 
 
 3? ''S^\S*^*^*i^'^^'^T;r-:;:ft^}'';^'-?fSs?^ ■ 
 
 
 
 MvLES Standish 's Grave 
 
 FRIENDLY INDIANS — SAMOSET 
 
 The colonists did not see an Indian near enough to 
 Plymouth to speak to him until March. Several times 
 natives were seen and heard in the distance. Often 
 the settlers were prepared for an attack, but none was 
 made. One day in March the newcomers were sur- 
 prised by an Indian who came into the settlement 
 
THE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 
 
 175 
 
 alone, with words of friendly welcome in English. This 
 was Samoset, an Indian who had learned some phrases 
 from English fishermen on the coast, farther east, 
 
 The Couihg of the Indian Samoset to the Fnxssius 
 From the painting by Henry Sargent in Pilgrim Hall. 
 
 where, the Pilgrims learned, there was a large fishing 
 trade along the coast of Maine. 
 
 The colonists returned Samoset's kindly greeting, 
 and made him welcome to their settlement as he had 
 made them welcome to the country. He told them 
 many things about the natives and the place they had 
 
176 INDIANS AND PIONEEllg 
 
 chosen. He said that there was no one to dispute their 
 claim to it. The tribes who had once owned the region 
 had died of a plague or fever a few years before. 
 
 MASSASOIT OF THE WAMPANOAGS 
 
 After a few days Samoset made a second visit to the 
 settlement, bringing with him five other natives. These 
 were of the Wampanoag or Pocanoket nation. They 
 brought presents from their chief, Massasoit, who soon 
 came himself. Mr. Winslow and a few other Pilgrims 
 went out to meet him on a hill near the plantation. 
 They made him presents and proved to him that they 
 wished to be good friends. Massasoit at that time was 
 troubled by the Narragansett Indians, who lived to 
 the north and west of Plymouth across the Narragan- 
 sett Bay; he thought that the English were a wonderful 
 and very powerful people, and he wanted their friend- 
 ship as much as the Pilgrims wanted his. So they 
 made a treaty, as you see in the frontispiece, which 
 was kept by both parties to it for many, many years. 
 It was broken long after Mass|LSoit's death by his 
 warlike son, whom the English called King Philip. 
 
 SQUANTO 
 
 Another of the Pilgrims' valuable Indian friends was 
 Squanto. He spoke more English than Samoset. He 
 had been carried off to England years before by one of 
 Capt. John Smith's men, and had been brought back 
 by Captain Dermer not very long before the Pilgrims 
 
THiE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 
 
 177 
 
 arrived. He showed the strangers the best ponds for 
 fresh-water fish, the best places on the coast for salt- 
 water fish. He taught them how to dig clams, which for 
 years were often a large part of their food. Squanto also 
 helped in the first plantings. He taught the English- 
 men how to plant the maize or Indian corn, as they 
 called it, in rows of little hills. He told them that the 
 ground would not be rich enough to grow the corn 
 unless they buried a fish, called the alewife, in each 
 little hill with the few kernels of seed. Every spring 
 thousands of the alewives came up the creek at Plym- 
 outh from the sea. 
 
 March 6, Bradford 
 wrote: "This day 
 some garden seeds 
 were sown." 
 
 SICKNESS, HUNGER, 
 AND DEATH 
 
 The Pilgrims suf- 
 fered much from 
 sickness and hunger, 
 besides all they en- 
 dured from the 
 intense cold and 
 long storms. 'Half of them died before the settlement 
 was ready to live in. The others often lacked enough 
 to eat for weeks together. 
 
 Among those who died before the first summer came 
 
 Governor Carver's Chair 
 Foot-wheel in Governor Bradford's Family 
 
178 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 was Governor Carver. His friends buried him sadly, 
 upon the hill above the settlement, and leveled his 
 grave as they did all the others, so that the Indians 
 should not know how small the colony had grown. 
 
 THE SECOND COMPAIfy OF PILGKIMS, 1621 
 
 In the Fortune and the Charity a second company of 
 Pilgrims arrived at New Plymouth in 1621. Some of 
 them were the friends who had been obhged to stay 
 behind because of the Speedwell's leak. Others came 
 directly from Leyden. Still others were from the mer- 
 chant-adventurers, and were neither friends nor Sep- 
 aratists. One of these was a ship carpenter, another 
 was a skillful salt-maker; both much needed by the 
 colony. Two others were less welcome; these were 
 John Oldham, a trader, and John Lyford, a minister. 
 Both of these newcomers were so disagreeable to the 
 colonists, and made so much trouble by sending false 
 accounts to England, that they were finally sent out of 
 the settlement in disgrace. 
 
 THE END OF THE COMMON-STORE SYSTEM 
 
 After a year or two the Pilgrim leaders saw that the 
 common-store system was not satisfactory enough to 
 the people to keep up their courage in their hard pioneer 
 Hfe. In a town meeting it was decided to' allot an acre 
 of land to every freeman, or voting man of the colony, 
 and that he and his family be allowed certain, time to 
 work it for his own profit. The people took so much 
 
THE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 
 
 179 
 
 interest and pride in their own plots that the colony 
 began to prosper as it had not done before. Still, all 
 had a very hard time. 
 
 COPARTNERSHIP NOTICE, 1627 
 
 Have you ever seen these words in a newspaper? 
 Do you know that they mean that men who have been 
 known as a firm or company doing business together 
 wish to notify the pubUc that the partnership is to 
 come to an end? Such a time came for the Pilgrims 
 and the merchant-adven- 
 turers, and we will call it 
 by its proper name. You 
 remember that the part- 
 nership was formed in 
 1620, for a term of seven 
 years. So in 1627 the 
 time came for a copart- 
 nership notice. 
 
 You know what a hard 
 time the settlers had had. 
 By 1627 they had not 
 succeeded well enough to 
 repay what the mer- 
 chants had loaned them. gov. edwaed winslow 
 
 _ _ , From the portrait in Pilgrim HalL 
 
 Much less were there any 
 
 profits to divide; but the partnership was not a 
 pleasant one to the colonists, and a few of the 
 leaders agreed to take the debt on their shoulders, if 
 
180 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 the merchants would release them. It was necessary 
 for Captain Standish and Mr. Winslow and others 
 of the most businesslike men in the colony to go to 
 England to arrange the matter; but finally the affair 
 was settled. They formed an enterprising trading 
 company, which made the Pilgrims pioneers in New 
 
 England trade, as in 
 many other things. They 
 paid their heavy debt to 
 the London merchants 
 by their hard work and 
 enterprise in fishing and 
 in trading, especially in 
 furs, among the Indians 
 from the Connecticut 
 River to the Kennebec. 
 After a few years more 
 the colonists paid those 
 who had assumed the 
 merchant- adventurers' 
 debt, and then the colony 
 of New Plymouth became 
 a small, self-governing 
 state of English freemen, with farms of their own, 
 and every family was free to use its own judgment 
 about its work. The settlement prospered. Meantime 
 the colony grew. Nearly aU the members of the 
 church in Leyden came over, although Mr. Robinson 
 died before the main body started. In 1630 there 
 
 Copyrishl by A. S. Burbank 
 
 The Meuorial Tablet to Mr. Robinson on 
 THE Church at Leyden 
 
THE PLYMOUTH PLANTATION 181 
 
 were three hundred people in the settlement. Three 
 thousand were living comfortably in 1643 in eight small 
 towns, grouped about the first plantation, which was 
 finally called Plymouth, while the colony was always 
 New Plymouth. 
 
 By that time the pioneer days were over. A larger 
 Puritan colony had settled about Massachusetts Bay, 
 making Boston their capital, and proved more attrac- 
 tive than the old colony in many ways. 
 
 The Pilgrims in Plymouth did their great work in 
 the early years. When they came to New England, 
 "the discoverer, the gold-seeker, the merchant, had 
 all attempted the task of colonization, with varying 
 success. Now, for the first time, religious enthusiasts 
 attempted it." You have learned about their success. 
 They had realized from the beginning what one of 
 their leaders said before this band of pioneers left 
 HoUand for the New World, that "all great and hon- 
 orable actions are accompanied with great difficulties, 
 and must be both enterprised (or undertaken) and over- 
 come with answerable courages." 
 
 In 1691 King William and Queen Mary of England 
 annexed the "Old Colony" to "the Bay," and placed 
 Massachusetts under the government of a royal prov- 
 ince. 
 
CHAPTER XV 
 THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
 
 "By a colony we mean a societie of men, drawn out 
 of one state . . . and transplanted into another 
 country." So wrote an Englishman in 1630. 
 
 That year just such a 
 "societie," or body of men, 
 women, and children, were 
 drawn, by their own desires 
 and longings, out of Eng- 
 land into America. We 
 '•fv know them by the name of 
 the place where they set- 
 tled, the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony. They made many 
 settlements on the shores of this bay and the rivers 
 flowing into it. To know why they came we must go 
 back to the story of the Pvuitans. 
 
 THE PURITANS IN THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND 
 
 You remember that these people did not want to 
 separate from the national church, as the Pilgrims did, 
 but to change the service to simpler forms. They stayed 
 in the church, worshiping somewhat in their own way, 
 and gained in numbers and influence toward the close 
 
 182 
 
THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 183 
 
 of the first quarter of the seventeenth century. They 
 became so strong that the churchmen who beheved in 
 the old forms decided that their power must be broken 
 once for all. 
 
 James I died about this time, and his son took the 
 throne, as Charles I. Charles made Archbishop Laud 
 his favorite, and raised into power new men, who 
 promptly turned the church into what the Puritans 
 called its "march backward." Besides that. Laud and 
 his party made it their business to put the Puritans 
 out of favor at court, too, and drove them from aU the 
 high public ofl&ces. 
 
 The next step was to find some excuse to deprive 
 them of their titles and estates. 
 
 A REFUGE IN NEW ENGLAND 
 
 The Puritans said among themselves: We cannot 
 do better than to leave the country while we may, and 
 let us found a colony of our own in New England, where 
 we can have such church services and government as 
 we think Englishmen ought to have. This plan inter- 
 ested many rich and powerful men and women of the 
 great English families. They were quiet about it, for 
 fear Charles I and Laud should hear of it and put an 
 end to it. But they worked rapidly. They formed a 
 company for trade and fishing, and secured a grant 
 from the Council for New England to certain right to 
 trade and make settlements within a region of about 
 sixty miles inland from the shore of the Massachusetts 
 
184 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Bay, from three miles north of the Merrimac to three 
 miles south of the Charles. The king gave the company 
 his royal charter, supposing it was merely a company to 
 improve English trade in America, and to build fac- 
 tories, such as the Dutch had set up on the Hudson, 
 the Connecticut, and the Delaware. His Majesty had 
 no idea that he was chartering a Puritan common- 
 wealth in New England. Yet, as soon as hjs parch- 
 ments passed the Great Seal of England, the Puritans 
 began to slip away from England to plant a dozen 
 
 towns on the bay, and by 
 and by they set up their 
 charter government over 
 what was almost an in- 
 dependent state, with 
 Boston for their capital. 
 
 THE PIONEERS AT SALEM 
 1628 
 
 The Van, or pioneers 
 of the Bay Company's 
 settlers, were sent out 
 under Mr. John Endicott, 
 to "provide against the 
 wants of a Desart Wilder- 
 ness." They went to a 
 place called Naumkeag. 
 Some fishermen, from Dorchester, England, were wait- 
 ing foi" them under a man named Roger Conant, 
 
 John Endicott 
 
 From the painting in the Massachusetts 
 
 State House. 
 
THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 185 
 
 who made peace in more than one quarrel. One of 
 these quarrels was between the Dorchester men and 
 Endicott's party. When it was settled they decided 
 to call the place Salem, which is a Bible word for peace. 
 
 THE SALEM CHURCH 
 
 Another party was sent out to Salem as soon as pos- 
 sible with two ministers. 
 
 The Puritans of the new colony wished to form some 
 such church as they had hoped to make of the Church 
 of England. They had no wish to be Separatists hke 
 the Plymouth PUgrims. Indeed, they were very in- 
 dignant if any one classed them with the Separatists. 
 They simply desired a purer form of the Church of 
 England. 
 
 Perhaps they had a clearer idea of what they did not 
 want than of what they did want. After all, circum- 
 stances seemed to shape the forms of worship which 
 they established here. There were no large churches 
 with stained-glass windows, nor statues in the chancel 
 for any one to find fault with; no organs or surpliced 
 choirs for them to question. Neither was there a 
 bishop to consecrate their churches and decide upon 
 their ministers. They had not determined how they 
 would form their churches, when they were told of the 
 simple, happy, pure church at New Plymouth. It was 
 Separatist, to be sure, but it was a good church, and 
 the Salem people soon decided that they could not do 
 better than to form another on the same plan. 
 
186 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 "As soon as the ministers landed, Mr. Higginson 
 and Mr. Skelton were elected to the office of pastor 
 and teacher, respectively. Each then, in turn, or- 
 dained the other by laying hands on him." Then a 
 
 church covenant, or system 
 of faith and discipline, was 
 drawn up by Higginson 
 and accepted by thirty of 
 the settlers." This is the 
 account of the beginning 
 of the little church at 
 Salem, started by the Van, 
 as we caU them. 
 
 "SERVANTS" OF THE COLGHY 
 
 Many of Endicott's col- 
 ony were servants of the 
 Puritans who formed the 
 Bay Company, much as many of the Jamestown set- 
 tlers had been imder bondage to the London Company 
 of Virginia. "Those that were sent over as servants, 
 having itching desires after novelties, found a readier 
 way to make an end of their masters' provisions than 
 they could find means to get more. They that 
 came over their own men [at their own cost], had 
 but little left to feed on, and most began to 
 repent, ... for they had but little corne," so that 
 "they were forced to lengthen out their owne food 
 with acorns." 
 
 The First Cextrch at Salem 
 
■THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 187 
 
 GROWTH OF THE COLONY, 1630-1640 
 
 Eighty people died that winter in the settlement, 
 partly on account of the scarcity of food. It was a 
 hard season for the pioneers. One of them says, in 
 the old-fashioned spelling of that time: "Yet some de- 
 lighting their eye with the rarity of things present and 
 feeding their fancies with new discoveries at the spring's 
 approach, they made shift to rub out the winter's cold 
 by the fireside having f ueU enough growing at their very 
 doores . . . discoursing between one while and 
 another of the great progress they would make after 
 the summer sun had changed the earth's white furr'd 
 gowne into a greene mantell." 
 
 When this green mantle was in full view, more ships 
 came from England, bringing to Massachusetts Bay 
 the first large body of pioneers, under John Winthrop, 
 the governor of the colony. They were surprised to 
 find their pioneers at Salem in such a miserable plight, 
 with neither homes for themselves nor for the new- 
 comers. To add to their trouble, the ships loaded with 
 provisions did not arrive until long after they were 
 expected. The common store of food was so nearly 
 gone that, in order to keep from starving, they were 
 obUged to set free one hundred and eighty servants 
 "to shift for themselves." 
 
 THE COMPANY'S GOVERNMENT 
 
 In England, meantime, many people joined the 
 company; that is, they paid money to be used by the 
 
1S8 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONJEfiRS 
 
 company, and received shares in the company's rights. 
 Some hoped to gain profit from the trade and fisheries, 
 but more desired merely to join the colony. They were 
 called the freemen of the company: now they would 
 be known as stockholders. The whole body of these 
 freemen were to meet in the "great and general court" 
 (what we should call a stockholders' annual meeting) 
 once a year to elect a governor, deputy-governor, and 
 several councilors, who were caUed a board of assistants 
 (about the same as directors of a company). At the 
 general courts the freemen also made by-laws to govern 
 the company in any way that they saw fit if it did not 
 conflict with the laws of England — just as railroad 
 companies now make by-laws for their roads. Once in 
 
 three months, quarter courts or 
 quarter sessions were held by 
 the freemen. The governors and 
 assistants met once a month. 
 
 If you think a moment, you 
 will see that this company, 
 with its freemen, its courts, and 
 its governor and assistants, had 
 aU the responsibility for the col- 
 ony. But a colony is not like a 
 railroad; for it must have laws 
 and government; and most of 
 the stockholders or freemen were 
 now in America, and could not attend meetings in 
 England. So the Puritan members thought it best 
 
 Governor Winthrop 
 
THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 189 
 
 quietly to move the company, charter and all, to their 
 colony. All the points of law were looked up — they 
 thought it could be done without losing any rights or 
 privileges. The governor, Matthev^ Craddock, decided 
 to remain in England as the company's agent, and the 
 other officers in London were kept the same as usual. 
 John Winthrop was elected as the new governor, to go 
 to the colony, dnd the whole action was carried out 
 before Laud or the king knew a word about it. 
 
 "THE GREAT EMIGRATION" 
 1630 
 
 Hundreds of families in England secretly spent the 
 winter of 1630 in preparing to go to Massachusetts 
 Bay. Dozens of pairs of shoes of various sizes were 
 ordered. Dozens of hats, of swords, of bed and bolster 
 ticks, were bargained for. The orders were distributed 
 among the different makers and tradesmen of the large 
 cities, so that suspicions should not be aroused. To- 
 ward spring provisions were gathered, — cheese, sugar, 
 salted and smoked meats, and many other things. Then 
 seeds, tools, and fishing tackle were provided. 
 
 In April the Great Emigration began with the sailing 
 of the governor and assistants, and several himdred 
 people, in four good ships, Arabella, Jewell, Ambrose, 
 and Talbot. 
 
 The voyage was a hard one, of nearly four months. 
 Mists and heavy winds delayed and endangered the 
 ships, yet all reached the Salem harbor in safety. You 
 
190 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 have already heard of the condition of affairs at Salem. 
 Perhaps it was just as well that houses had not been 
 built for all the new settlers there, for the newcomers 
 decided that the place did not please them. Some went 
 farther south and settled what they called Charlton, or 
 Charlestown, on a hilly point near the mouth of the 
 Charles River, also named for that very King Charles 
 from whom they had taken such care to slip away. 
 Others made the settlement of Meadford, now Med- 
 ford, on the Mystick River. Others built Watertown, 
 "Rocksbury," Dorchester, and Newtown, which was 
 named Cambridge after a few years, when a college 
 was opened there. But very soon the largest town in 
 the colony was Boston, of which we shall read further 
 on. 
 
 THE INDEPENDENT CHURCH OF NEW ENGLAND 
 
 Almost all of these toAvns were founded by congre- 
 gations from England, who kept together with their 
 ministers, and who soon set up their churches as the 
 Salem people had done, on the plan of the Pilgrims' 
 church at New Plymouth, They were called the Inde- 
 pendent, and afterward the Congregational, Churches of 
 New England. The "sin of separation" from the Church 
 of England seemed less terrible after they came across 
 the ocean and found how much they had in common 
 with the Separatists. While they borrowed much of 
 the church discipline and form of government from 
 Plymouth, the mass of the people did not accept its 
 
THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 191 
 
 mildness or toleration. Soon no churches were allowed 
 in Massachusetts except on this Congregational model. 
 
 An Old Church at Hihgham, Massachusetts 
 The oldest meeting house in present use in New England. Built in 1680. 
 
 Religion of a severe sort entered into all the duties 
 and pleasures of the Bay colonists' lives. It controlled 
 their political affairs also; for here the churches and 
 towns were controlled by the same men. Those who 
 were not church members were soon left out of a share 
 in the government, for freemen of the company voted 
 that to have a vote in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, 
 or to hold office, a man must belong to the church in 
 his town. Services and doctrines were alike in aU the 
 towns, and hence all those who had a part in pubhc 
 affairs were expected to have the same religious beliefs. 
 You know that the Puritans left England and faced all 
 
192 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 these hardships to make a place to live where they, and 
 the people who beUeved as they did, might worship 
 unharmed. 
 
 Perhaps you have heard the story of the king who, 
 having spent much of his hf e in making aU his people 
 believe alike, retired to a quiet monastery. Then, for 
 pastime, he tried to regulate the clocks. He never 
 succeeded in making aU of them tick aUke. Then he 
 began to wonder if it was any more possible to make 
 all people think and beheve alike. 
 
 The Puritans of the Massachusetts settlements did 
 not insist that every one must beheve just as they did; 
 but they said that any one who did not agree with the 
 majority could not vote; and any one who made his 
 difference of opinion too pubhc could not Uve in the 
 colony. You will see later how Roger Williams was 
 sent away for this reason, and how the Quakers were 
 persecuted for persisting in their pecuhar religious 
 beliefs. 
 
 EARLIER SETTLERS ON THE BAY 
 
 The Puritans found several small plantations of 
 farmers and fishermen about Massachusetts Bay. All 
 of them had been made since the plantation at New 
 Plymouth. One was at Weymouth, one at Nantasket, 
 another at Mount WoUaston. On Noddles Island, now 
 East Boston, they found Mr. Samuel Maverick, "a 
 man of very loving and courteous behaviour, very ready 
 to entertain strangers." 
 
THE COLONY OF MASSACHUSETTS BAY 
 
 193 
 
 SHAWMUT, WHERE BOSTON WAS BUILT 
 
 Another good 
 man, named John 
 Blackstone, and 
 caUed "Blaxton," 
 had a farm on the 
 most attractive 
 and central of all 
 the places in the 
 bay, a peninsula 
 made up of three 
 hills and almost 
 surrounded by 
 water. 
 
 The Indians 
 called this penin- 
 sula Shawmut, 
 because it had 
 springs of good 
 water. When 
 some of the colony 
 settled Charles- 
 town, opposite, 
 they called this at- 
 tractive place the 
 Trimountain, or 
 Tramount, for its 
 three hiUs. 
 
 At first New- 
 
 Statue o; Buckstong 
 
194 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 town was chosen for the fortified capital of the 
 colony, but the governor and assistants soon saw 
 that their main seaport, their stronghold, and the seat 
 of their government, should be on the harbors and hills 
 of the Tramount peninsula, in the center of the semi- 
 circle of settlements on the bay. The company bought 
 the land of Mr. Blackstone and of the Indians. Gov- 
 ernor Winthrop removed his house from Newtown, and 
 at a General Court, held September 7, 1630, the town 
 was named Boston. Many of the leaders in the colony 
 were from Boston, in Lincolnshire, England. To make 
 the name doubly dear to them, Mr. Cotton, their fa- 
 vorite minister in Boston, England, came three years 
 later to live and preach in Boston, New England. 
 
 THE THREE HILLS 
 
 AU the towns were called upon to help build a fort 
 at Boston, where all might have protection in case of 
 an attack from enemies. A stockade was built on what 
 was then called Fort HiQ. A beacon, to call people from 
 the neighboring towns in case of danger, gave the name 
 to Beacon Hill. The beacon was a tar barrel on the end 
 of a taU pole ; when the barrel was set on fire, all the men, 
 far and near, knew that they must leave their own affairs 
 to defend their new country. Usually a man on horse- 
 back galloped through one village after another to tell 
 the people what was the danger, and what the authori- 
 ties in Boston demanded of them. The third hiU was 
 called Snow Hill. 
 
.„ _a!3V JE fimwnJSn* 
 
 209 s r.i.inn^BM 
 
 .2EW 4.JEiaj)» 
 
 .Zffltf « K^flByfo*'"* 
 
 ^,SZ7 7.^Zi».2;>i> 
 
 7?» 8 JMAmS 
 
 An Qto Map op Bosto.'I 
 
 [1951 
 
196 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Boston is now a large city; but it still has the old 
 names for some of its hills, besides its Tremont Street, 
 Shawmut Avenue, and many other reminders of the 
 old times. 
 
 THE FIRST WINTER 
 
 The first winter of the great immigration to New Eng- 
 land was a hard one. Like all newcomers, the colonists 
 suffered from the cold and the scarcity of good food. 
 There was much sickness and many deaths. Some were 
 brave and unselfish; some were lazy and discontented. 
 In the spring about one himdred" of the selfish ones 
 went back to England; "and glad were we so to be rid 
 of them," said one of the old writers. 
 
CHAPTER XVI 
 THE COLONISTS' WRITINGS 
 
 You may read in the people's own words why they 
 came to Massachusetts Bay, how they fared on the long 
 sea voyage, what awaited them, and how they lived and 
 loved in the new country. We have their letters, pam- 
 phlets, and books, which were written in the colony and 
 sent to friends in England. Sometimes these writings 
 were put away in the desks of the people who received 
 them, and, years after, were found by their children, or,, 
 perhaps, by their grandchildren. The pamphlets were 
 usually printed in some small, dingy printer's shop in 
 Massachusetts, or far away in England. Swinging 
 from an iron rod over the door was a quaint sign which 
 was mentioned in the odd title-pages, such as this one : 
 
 "The Simple Cobler of Aggawam in America. * 
 Printed by J. D. & R. I., for Stephen Bowtell, at the 
 Sign of the Bible, in Pope's Head AUey, in 1647." 
 
 The early books are so old and musty now that 
 you would not care to look at them, if you did not know 
 that they contain stories about the colonies that were 
 written by the very people who helped to plant them. 
 They are written in quaint language and spelling; for 
 at that time people had not agreed how words should 
 always be spelled. 
 
 197 
 
168 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 ATTRACTIONS IN MASSACHUSETTS 
 
 The colonists who were determined to stay sent 
 letters to their friends and old neighbors in England, 
 urging them to join them. They named many induce- 
 ments. They wrote of the fertility of the soil, the rank 
 growth of the grass that would feed many cattle. 
 "In our plantation," wrote a minister, "we have already 
 a quart of mUk for a penny. . . . Little children 
 here, by setting of corn, may earn much more than their 
 own maintenance." 
 
 The new vegetables and wild flowers delighted the 
 English. About Massachusetts Bay were "plentie of 
 single Damaske Roses verie sweet." In the rivers and 
 bay were all kinds 'of fish, good to eat. The bass, the 
 colonists said, was a new fish, "most sweet and whole- 
 some." There was an "aboundance of lobsters, that 
 the least boy in the plantation may both catch and eat 
 what he will of them." There were means to make salt 
 to keep the fish for winter use, which was most import- 
 ant. "Here are likewise aboundance of Turkies, often 
 killed in the Woods, farre greater than our English 
 Turkies and exceeding fat, sweet, and fleshy, for here 
 they have aboundance of feeding all the yeere long as 
 strawberries; in Summer all places are full of them and 
 aU manner of Berries and fruits." 
 
 "Our Pine-trees that are the most plentiful of all 
 wood, doth allow us plentie of candles which are verie 
 useful in a House, and they are such candles as the 
 Indians commonly use, having no others. They are 
 
THE COLONISTS' WRITINGS 199 
 
 nothing else but the wood of the Pine-tree cloven in 
 two little slices something (or somewhat) thin, which 
 are so full of moysture of Turpentine and Pitch that 
 they burn as cleere as a Torch." 
 
 Many of the colony's pioneers came with their older 
 sons. The wives and younger children remained in 
 England, until the new homes were ready for them. 
 Governor Winthrop came with his sons, while Mrs. 
 Winthrop and the younger children waited in England. 
 
 GOVERNOR WINTHROP'S LETTER TO HIS WIFE 
 
 Governor Winthrop, writing to his wife from Charles- 
 town in July, 1630, says : "I shall expect thee next som- 
 mer, . . . and by that tyme I hope to be provided 
 for thy comfortable entertainment. . . . Howso- 
 ever our fare be but coarse in respect of what we formerly 
 had .(pease puddings and fish beinge o' [our] ordinary 
 diet) yet God makes it sweet and wholesome to us (so) 
 that I may truely say I desire no better. ... I 
 see no cause to repente of o"" coming hither and thou 
 seest (by o*^ experience) that God can bring safe hither 
 even the tenderest women and the youngest children. 
 . . . Be sure to be warme clothed and to have store 
 of fresh provisions, eggs putt up in salt . . . butter, 
 ote meale, pease and fruits, and a large stronge chest or 
 two, well locked, to put these provisions in, and be sure 
 they be bestowed in the ship where they may be readyly 
 come by. ... Be sure to have ready at see 2: 
 or 3: skillets of severall syzes, a large fryinge panne, a 
 
200 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 small stewinge panne, and a case to boyle a pudding 
 in. . . . Thou must be sure to bringe no more 
 companye than so many as shall have full provisions 
 for a yeare and a halfe, for though the earth heere be 
 very fertile yet there must be tyme and meanes to raise 
 it [food], if we have corne enough we may live plenti- 
 fully. The Lord's will in due tyme lett us see the faces 
 of each other again to o'' great comfort. ... I 
 kisse and blesse you aU my dear children. Forth, Mary, 
 Deane, Sam, and the others. Let my sonne provide 
 12 axes of several sorts of the Braintree Smith . . . 
 whatsoever they coste, and some augurs, great and small, 
 and many other necessaryes, which I cant now thinke 
 of, as candles, sope, etc. Once again farewell, my dear 
 wife "Thy faithful husband, 
 
 "Jo: WiNTHROP." 
 
 Many letters were written by other husbands to 
 their wives and carried across the Atlantic by ship 
 captains or by friends going "home" on business or 
 pleasure. After a few years nearly all the pioneer 
 families were reunited. Many had good frame or 
 brick houses, and lived happily with the neighbors they 
 had had in England, often with the same minister, too. 
 
 THE ARRIVAL OF MRS. WINTHROP AND THE CHILDREN 
 
 Governor Winthrop's wife and children arrived in 
 November, 1631, in the ship Lyon, which brought "in 
 all sixty persons, who aU arrived in good health, and 
 lost none of their company but two children." One 
 
THE COLONISTS' WRITINGS 201 
 
 of them was little Ann, the governor's year-and-a-half- 
 old daughter, who had died on the sea voyage. Mrs. 
 Winthrop's landing must have been filled with both 
 joy and sorrow: joy to see her husband and have the 
 family united once more, but sorrow for two who were 
 missing; for besides little Ann they had lost a grown-up 
 son, Henry, who had come out with his father. He 
 was drowned in the harbor of Salem. The reception 
 of the colonists must have given her pleasure. After 
 firing guns in honor of their landing, "divers of the as- 
 sistants and most of the people of the near plantations, 
 came to welcome them, and brought and sent for divers 
 days, great store of provisions, as fat hogs, kids, veni- 
 son, poultry, geese, partridges, etc., so as the like joy 
 and manifestation of love had never been seen in New 
 England. It was a great marvel that so much people 
 and such store of provisions could be gathered together 
 at so few hours' warning." The next day was made 
 a day of thanksgiving. 
 
 Besides his Boston house, where the governor lived 
 most of his life, he had a country home and plantation 
 on the Mystick River, which he called Ten-Hills, and 
 still another, called the Garden, on Governor's Island 
 in the harbor. The children's happiest summers, prob- 
 ably, were passed at the Garden. 
 
 BOSTON'S PROSPERITY 
 
 The capital of the colony grew fast. There was 
 work for shopkeepers and mechanics. There were 
 
202 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 fishing and ship-building, and soon the town was the 
 center of a hvely trade. Ipswich, Salem, Charlestown, 
 Newtown, Dorchester, and other towns had good har- 
 bors, but Boston was the most important. Besides the 
 trade between the different settlements of the colony, 
 commerce soon began with the other colonies. Some 
 vessels went to the Maine fisheries, and others to New 
 Netherland, to Virginia, and even to the Spaniards of the 
 West Indies. 
 
 On the fourth of July, 1631, The Blessing of the Bay 
 was launched. This boat was owned by Governor 
 Winthrop and had been built for him on the Mystick 
 River near his plantation, Ten-HiUs. It was known as 
 the pioneer of New England commerce, for it traded 
 in all the colonies of the coast up and down the Con- 
 necticut River, through Long Island Sound, and up 
 the Hudson River also. Before many years, trade 
 was carried on with the English and Spanish colonies 
 in the Bermuda Islands and the West Indies. 
 
 The Trial, the first ship built at Boston, carried fish 
 to one of those islands, got wine and sugar there, took 
 this cargo to another island, and traded for cotton and 
 tobacco, or for old iron saved by these islanders from 
 vessels wrecked on their coast. This iron was used for 
 New England ships. 
 
 FISHERIES AND TRADE 
 
 When the English merchants heard how trade had 
 begun to grow in the new country, and that they could 
 
THE COLONISTS' WRITINGS 
 
 203 
 
 get large quantities of salt and dried fish in the New 
 England ports, they were more willing to send their 
 vessels over with passengers. They were sure of a good 
 return cargo, which they could sell in the Indies, in 
 Spain, or in England. 
 
 Old Stage Fort, Gloocester 
 Where the Massachusetts Bay Colony was started. 
 
 The early English expected to make money by the 
 fur trade with the Indians, as the French and Dutch 
 did. In that trade, however, there were many months 
 of idleness for the men whom it was necessary to keep 
 at the factories or stations. The Englishmen could 
 
204 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 waste no time. They soon began to give closer atten- 
 tion to the fisheries, and before long the governor and 
 his assistants agreed that the commerce which had 
 begun in furs had now estabhshed itself upon the 
 fisheries. Most of the seaports of the bay became 
 fishing ports. If you go now to Marblehead, Gloucester, 
 and many old towns on the Massachusetts coast and 
 to some villages on the Maine shore, you can see 
 many things to suggest the fishing industry of New 
 England two centuries and a half ago. 
 
 THE KING'S DISCOVERY 
 
 ReUgion was a part of every joy and sorrow, every 
 ordinary and extraordinary event of the Puritans' lives. 
 The colonists were just beginning to enjoy living in 
 freedom when they heard that Archbishop Laud had 
 discovered what they had done. From that day on the 
 lives of the Massachusetts Bay colonists were fiUed 
 with fear that the strong arm of the Church of England 
 would stretch across the ocean and harass them if it 
 did not destroy their church and charter, too. 
 
 Laud told the king, of cpurse, what he heard that the 
 Puritans were doing, under cover of the Massachusetts 
 Bay Company. Charles sent at once to the London 
 office for Governor Craddock. The answer was that 
 
 * 
 
 there was no Governor Craddock. The governor was 
 in New England. Mr. Craddock was merely the London 
 business agent of the company. His Majesty "found, 
 too late, that he had eagerly pounced upon a dummy." 
 
THE COLONISTS' WRITINGS 205 
 
 He then issued a royal command for the return of the 
 charter. But he had not issued the charter to be held 
 in any one place, and the leaders of the colony had been 
 careful to look up all the points of law concerning the 
 transfer before they made it. So, when His Majesty's 
 orders were received, they sent back courteous but eva- 
 sive answers, and kept their charter in a safe place. 
 
 In those days, if a king wished to forbid further use 
 of privileges he had granted by charter, he called for 
 the document, and slashed it with an official sword. 
 So, usually, people kept their privileges so long as they 
 could keep their charters safe and whole. Every time 
 the order for the Bay Company's charter was repeated, 
 these wise leaders found some excuse for delay. At 
 length Charles I had so many troubles at home to think 
 of that he let the colonists alone. They grew stronger 
 and more independent every year. When Laud*S per- 
 secutions ceased, few new colonists left England. The 
 pioneer days were over for the Massachusetts Bay 
 Colony, but not for the people who left the bay to 
 form new colonies. 
 
CHAPTER XVII 
 
 THE SMALLER COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 
 
 CONNECTICUT 
 
 The first colony that left the Massachusetts Bay 
 was founded by a new set of pioneers, who made their 
 
 way overland 
 
 to the Con- 
 necticut Riv- 
 er. These 
 colonists were 
 part of the 
 towns and 
 congregations 
 of Water- 
 town, Dor- 
 chester, and 
 Newtown 
 (which, you 
 remember, 
 was after- 
 wards called 
 Cambridge). 
 These peo- 
 ple had been settled in Massachusetts only a few 
 years, but they thought the government too strict 
 
 209 
 
 The New England Colonies 
 
THE SMALLER COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND. 207 
 
 and religious restrictions too narrow. In asking permis- 
 sion, however, to remove from Massachusetts, the 
 Connecticut pioneers gave as their chief reason that 
 they needed more accommodation for their cattle than 
 they could have in their present settlement at Newtown. 
 They urged also that the valley of the Connecticut 
 River was rich and fruitful; that the Enghsh colonists 
 should settle there before the Dutch, who already had 
 one fort there. 
 
 Mr. Hooker, the minister of Newtown,- went with 
 nearly his whole congregation through the woods to 
 make their pioneer settlement. Picture them traveling 
 through a strange country beyond the frontiers of 
 Massachusetts, part of the way through forests, driving 
 one hundred and sixty cattle for which they were search- 
 ing new pasturage! These cattle added their share to 
 the undertaking by providing milk for the wanderers. 
 The Newtown congregation settled the town of Hart- 
 ford. The Dorchester people founded Windsor. The 
 Watertown emigrants made Wethersfield. By the 
 close of 1636 there were eight hundred English on the 
 Connecticut. They soon united as one colony, under 
 a constitution which they made for themselves. Their 
 government will always be important for two things: 
 because it was the first written American constitution, 
 and because it was more liberal than any government 
 Enghshmen had ever known. Church membership 
 was not made a requirement for the political privileges 
 of the town. Only the governor need be a church mem- 
 
208 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 ber in order to hold the office. The colony prospered; 
 the people began early to provide their children with 
 a good education. The schools, the religious toleration, 
 combined with a firm, well-established government, 
 attracted new settlers, and the River Colony grew until 
 it soon was a powerful rival of the great Bay Colony. 
 
 ITEW HA'VEN 
 
 The city of New Haven, which is now within the 
 boundaries of Connecticut, was begun by a separate 
 
 colony of Puritans 
 from England. The- 
 ophilus Eaton, a mer- 
 chant of London, and 
 John Davenport, a 
 clergyman, were anx- 
 ious to leave England 
 to find a place for purer 
 forms of worship. They 
 were not satisfied with 
 Massachusetts or any 
 of the other colonies. 
 They landed in Boston 
 in the autumn of 1637 
 and stayed there over 
 winter. In spite of in- 
 ducements of the peo- 
 ple there, and the hesitancy of some of their own 
 party to go into a wilder, more unsettled region, the 
 
 Rev. John Davenport 
 From the portrait at Yale University 
 
THE SMALLER COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 
 
 209 
 
 leaders kept to their original plan of a new colony. In 
 the spring they went down to the shores of Long Island 
 Sound, to a place west of the mouth of the Connecti- 
 cut River, where they settled New Haven. 
 
 There, as in Massachusetts, only church members 
 could be voters. The rule in the ordering of govern- 
 ment was the "Word of God." Mr. Davenport was 
 the minister; Mr. Eaton was the governor for twenty 
 years. Meanwhile similar settlements — Guilford, Mil- 
 ford, and Stamford — had grown into towns with laws 
 like those of New Haven. They were admitted into a 
 sort of confederacy or federal government, of which 
 New Haven was chief. 
 
 Combined with the idea of a settlement where pure 
 forms of worship might be established, was the plan 
 of making New 
 Haven a commer- 
 cial colony. Mr. 
 Eaton, with the 
 instincts of a mer- 
 chant, had this 
 plan in mind when 
 he chose a port on 
 the Sound as the 
 site of New Ha- 
 ven. Large sums 
 were invested in 
 
 ships and cargoes, but disaster after disaster, one dis- 
 appointment after another, disheartened the hopes of 
 
 An Old Stone House at Gmiroiu), Conn. 
 Built in 1635. 
 
210 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 trade and decreased the wealth of many of the merchant 
 colonists. At length trade increased, good luck seemed 
 to attend the vessels, and the settlement grew rich. 
 
 In 1662, Connecticut and New Haven were joined by 
 a charter granted by King Charles II to the Connecti- 
 cut Colony. 
 
 PROVIDENCE 
 
 One of the greatest of the New England pioneers was 
 Roger WiUianis, who founded the city of Providence 
 and the colony of Rhode Island about the time that the 
 
 towns from Mas- 
 sachtisetts re- 
 moved to Con- 
 necticut. 
 
 Do you remem- 
 ber that Gover- 
 nor Winthrop's 
 wife and little 
 children came 
 over in the Lyon 
 in 1631? Do you 
 remember that 
 there were several other passengers? Among them 
 were Roger Williams and his wife. Roger WiUiams was 
 a young man who had been educated for a clergyman 
 and had Puritan views. In Boston he was so much 
 respected and admired that the people wanted him at 
 once for the church in that town. But his religious be- 
 liefs were not just like those of the Puritans of Boston, so 
 
 The House op Roger Williams, Salem, 1635 
 
THE SMALLER COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 
 
 211 
 
 that he lost friends. Then he went to Salem to preach; 
 then to Plymouth. But he soon returned to Salem. 
 By that time Mr. Cotton and several of the Boston 
 leaders were alarmed at Mr. WiUiams's views and his 
 influence. There were long debates and a trial. Mr. 
 Williams was warned to keep, his views to himself, but 
 
 KoGER Wn-iiAMS Befeiensed by the Naeragansetts 
 From a painting by Wray. 
 
 with all his friends about him it was impossible for him, 
 a minister, not to talk to them. He believed that the 
 men of the colony should not be shut out of the govern- 
 ment if they were not church members. He believed 
 also that the King of England had no right to give away 
 the Indians' land. These were things that seemed very 
 
5 TJ 
 
 O iS 
 
THE SMALLER COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 213 
 
 important in those days, and Mr. Williams was told that 
 he must keep quiet about, them or leave the colony. 
 He barely escaped arrest by going out of Salem secretly 
 in the deep snows of winter. He went to the region of 
 the Narragansett Bay. The Indians knew him far and 
 wide, because he was always a good friend to them and 
 had learned their language. Near the head of Narra- 
 gansett Bay, Williams built himseK a house. His wife 
 and friends joined him, and the colony of Providence was 
 established with a government which had nothing to 
 do with any church. People of all reUgions were made 
 welcome. It was the first place in the world where 
 there was absolute religious freedom. The Quakers were 
 among those who availed themselves of this liberty. 
 
 PORTSMOUTH 
 
 A few years after Williams was banished from the 
 Massachusetts colony, others were sent out because 
 their views differed from those of Mr. Cotton and the 
 other leaders. Among these were Mrs. Anne Hutch- 
 inson and her followers and Mr. WiUiam Coddington, 
 who followed Mr. Williams to the Narragansett country 
 and settled on the north end of the island called Rhode 
 
 Island. 
 
 Mr. Coddington was an energetic man, who had been 
 quite important in Boston and was known as the man 
 who owned the first brick house there. He seemed 
 fitted for a leader, and the pioneer settlements he started 
 were successful. 
 
214 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 The land he bought from the Indian chiefs of the 
 Narragansetts, Cannonicus and Miantonomoh, for 
 forty fathoms of white beads, which were to be equally 
 divided between them. Coddington, in behalf- of his 
 fellow purchasers, promised to give also "ten coates 
 and twenty howes" to the Indian inhabitants of the 
 island, to induce them to go away from it quietly. In 
 the receipts of the sachems we find that twenty-three 
 coats and thirteen hoes were given to them instead 
 of the stipulated number; perhaps hoes were more 
 valuable than coats to the pioneers beginning to culti- 
 vate new land. 
 
 The town of Portsmouth was laid out about a pond 
 of fresh water. A spot was chosen for the "meeting 
 house," and a piece of land "to lye as a common field" 
 for pasturage for the whole town. Then they allotted 
 six acres to each of the freemen. One freeman was 
 given permission to set up a house of entertainment, 
 and given the right to brew beer, to sell "wines of strong 
 waters," and provisions. Another freeman was allowed 
 to set up a bakery, whUe a third was urged and en- 
 couraged to build a water-mill. 
 
 Like all other pioneer settlements, one of its earliest 
 problems was how to provide for its defense. A train- 
 ing band was begun, made up of all men over sixteen 
 and less than fifty years of age. Every one was sum- 
 moned to train for a certain number of days in the year, 
 or, as they said, they "were warned thereto." 
 
 Each inhabitant of the island was to be provided 
 
Governor William Coddington 
 From a copy of the original in the Redwood Library, Newport. 
 
 [215] 
 
216 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 always with one musket, one pound of powder, twenty 
 bullets, and a sword, ready for service. They never 
 had much trouble with the Indians, who had seemed 
 perfectly satisfied with the price paid for the land and 
 with a few extra gifts, wisely made. This first settle- 
 ment was called Portsmouth. 
 
 NEWPORT 
 
 In 1639 William Coddington and a part of the Ports- 
 mouth colonists went to the southwestern end of the 
 island, to settle about a good harbor they had found 
 there. This town, caUed Newport, was soon fairly 
 started, and a trade begun with other colonies. You 
 wiU hear more of it in the period of the Revolutionary 
 War. 
 
 Other towns grew up on the mainland round about 
 Narragansett Bay. Later, in 1663, they got one common 
 charter, as the colony of Rhode Island and Providence 
 Plantations. All people were allowed freedom of re- 
 ligion there, and they should have been happy, because 
 the government tolerated all their churches; but it 
 was an odd, unruly colony. Each thought his own 
 church right, and for a long time there were constant 
 bickerings and disputes. But this trouble passed away, 
 and a good government was established at last. 
 
 NEW HAMPSHIRE 
 
 The colony of New Hampshire was the result of 
 "commercial enterprise in England and religious dis- 
 
THE SMALLER COLONIES OF NEW ENGLAND 217 
 
 sensions in Massachusetts." The land was granted to 
 John Mason in 1629; he sold it to bands of colonists, 
 and got people to come from England to reap the bene- 
 fits of trade. Others came from Massachusetts, where 
 their religious beliefs made other people uncomfort- 
 able and themselves unwelcome. At the same time 
 that many of Mrs. Anne Hutchinson's followers went 
 to Rhode Island, many more went to New Hampshire. 
 Mason spent his last years in making an elaborate 
 scheme of government for his colony, which had so 
 few people in it that nearly every person would have had 
 an office if the scheme had been put in operation. In 
 1679, the English king, Charles II, took the colony into 
 his own control, and made it a royal province; and, with 
 the exception of a short interval, about the year 1688, 
 it remained a royal province till it became an inde- 
 pendent state. The towns, settled by people from differ- 
 ent places, at different times, and with different aims, 
 had few interests in common. Hence political growth 
 was slow and slight in New Hampshire. 
 
 MAINE 
 
 In 1638 an English traveler, John Josselyn, made a 
 trip from Boston along the shores of Maine. He said 
 it was "a meer wilderness," with here and there, by the 
 seaside, a few scattered plantations, with as few houses. 
 The man who stepped ashore must carry a gun, if he 
 did not wish to be devoured by wolves. Gradually 
 these shores were dotted with prosperous settlements 
 
218 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 of fishermen, while through the interior of the country 
 fur-traders estabhshed trading-posts. The people who 
 came to settle there were many times servants of Eng- 
 lishmen who owned the lands, but did not care to live 
 in Maine. The others were rough and poor. 
 
 In 1652 Maine became a part of Massachusetts. 
 When the commissioners were sent over in 1665 they 
 separated the colonies again. This, like other parts 
 of their work, was undone as soon as their backs were 
 turned. Massachusetts took Maine back, and it was 
 a part of the colony and the State of Massachusetts 
 until 1820. 
 
The Dutch East Indu Company Buildings, Amstessam 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII 
 
 THE DUTCH OF NEW NETHERLAND 
 1609-1664 
 
 The Dutch pioneers in America were led by an Eng- 
 lishman, Henry Hudson, who was looking for a north- 
 west passage to China. 
 
 In 1609 the Dutch East India Company sent the 
 bold Captain Hudson in the Half Moon to find a north- 
 east passage to India beyond Norway, through the 
 Arctic Ocean. Hudson started on this voyage, but 
 gave it up on account of the cold. He did not go back 
 to Holland, however. 
 
 219 
 
220 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 HUDSON'S SEARCH FOR A WESTERN PASSAGE TO INDIA 
 
 He took a westward course across the Atlantic tor 
 ward the countries of Virginia and New England, of 
 
 which he had heard 
 from his friend, Capt. 
 John Smith. His plan 
 was to seek a north- 
 west passage to India 
 for the Dutch Com- 
 pany. The first land 
 he made was New- 
 foundland. Then he 
 sailed southwestward 
 to Delaware Bay, and 
 entered it. Next, he 
 sailed northward, to a 
 great harbor, from 
 which he entered the 
 river that now bears his name. After going up the river 
 tiU it grew shallow, he recrossed the Atlantic, to teU 
 his news in Holland. Though he knew that his great 
 river was not the passage to China, he told the Dutch 
 about the Indians he had seen, and he believed that 
 they would supply a large fur trade. 
 
 The news seemed satisfactory to the merchants in the 
 Netherlands who had sent Hudson. Some people think 
 that they had given him orders to go to America, but to 
 start as if in search of a northeast passage, so that neither 
 Spain, France, nor England would try to stop him. 
 
 The Half Moon 
 
 Reproduction made from the Hudson- Fulton Celebration, 
 
 1909. 
 
THE DUTCH OF NEW NETHERLAND 
 
 221 
 
 WHAT ATTRACTED THE DUTCH TO AMERICA 
 
 The Dutch had heard of the Spanish, the French, and 
 the Enghsh trade in the New World. Naturally, they 
 wanted some for themselves. The Netherlands had 
 but just thrown off the yoke under which Spain had 
 held them for many years. The treasure which the 
 Spaniards had taken in 
 South America had ena- 
 bled them to carry on a 
 long war with the Nether- 
 lands. The Spaniards 
 wanted to control the 
 Dutch trade, and to force 
 the Dutch people to re- 
 main in the Roman 
 Catholic church. The 
 Hollanders, like some of 
 the English, called Puri- 
 tans, and of the French, 
 called Huguenots, be- 
 lieved that people should 
 be free to worship as 
 
 they chose. At last the Dutch made a mighty effort; 
 and by using aU their wealth for seamen and ships, and 
 by some of the noblest resistance in history, they won 
 their freedom from Spain. When that was done, their 
 next care was to find some good use for these brave 
 sailors and big ships, and, at the same time, to make 
 new fortunes to replace those spent in the long wars. 
 
 Henry Hudson 
 
222 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 By 1609 Spain had agreed to a peace; but there was no 
 telling when it might be broken. So, to make them- 
 selves stronger and to weaken Spain, the Dutch people 
 determined to get a share in the New World. 
 
 With this in mind, you can imagine how pleased the 
 Dutch people were when Hudson brought them his 
 news. Offers were made by the government to compa- 
 nies of men who would go out to this region to start trad- 
 ing-posts. The Dutch have always claimed that they 
 discovered the Hudson and made the first settlements 
 there; but Verrazano anchored his French Dauphin in 
 the bay long before that; and the Spaniards claim that 
 
 their explorers knew the re- 
 gion, and had named many 
 places on their maps before 
 Hudson left the Netherlands. 
 
 THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN 
 
 Spaniards say that they 
 gave the name of Manhat- 
 tan to the island you are to 
 hear about in this story. 
 This long, narrow island at 
 the mouth of the Hudson and 
 the East Rivers was seen from 
 the first to be important. On the early Dutch maps 
 the name was spelt Monados, Manados, or Manatoes. 
 Still later, Manhattoes was the spelling, then Manhat- 
 tan. Some say it is an Indian name. There is a Spanish 
 
 Makbattan 
 
 Where New Amsterdam was founded 
 New York now stands. 
 
THE DUTCH OF NEW NETHERLAND 
 
 223 
 
 word, monados, which means drunken men. Perhaps 
 some Spanish sailors landed there and made themselves 
 intoxicated in their merrymakings after a long cruise. 
 But the Spaniards gave little attention to the North 
 Atlantic shore. Peter Martyr, one of their writers, 
 showed their spirit when he said: "To the South, to 
 the South, for the great and exceeding riches; . . . 
 they that seek 
 gold must not 
 go to the cold 
 and frozen 
 north." 
 
 Manhattan 
 and the Hud- 
 son had no 
 gold for the 
 Spanish ad- 
 venturer; but 
 the entire re- 
 gion of the 
 
 Great River teemed with riches for the hardworking 
 Dutch trader. Hudson saw it. Merchants of Amster- 
 dam promptly sent hardy traders to deal fairly with the 
 Indians, and to build up a great trade with them as 
 fast as possible. The country was full of natives, who 
 would gladly barter large quantities of the skins of the 
 otter, beaver, and other fur-bearing animals for a few 
 beads and tin cups, or pieces of coarse red flannel. These 
 peltries, as they were called, sold for gold in Europe. 
 
 The Indian Village on Manhattan Island 
 From an old print. 
 
224 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 THE FIRST DUTCH FACTORIES 
 
 Trading-stations, called factories, were set up by the 
 Dutch soon after Hudson returned — some people 
 
 say in the next year. At first 
 the Dutch thought that the 
 most important place would be 
 some distance up the Hudson. 
 Our city of Albany was started 
 by one of their trading-houses, 
 built in a rough log-cabin fort-. 
 Another factory was set up on the southern end of 
 Manhattan Island. In 1615 a solid blockhouse of logs 
 was built there. 
 
 The Fmsi WAEEHonsE on Manhattan 
 
 THE DUTCH WEST INDIA COMPANY, 1621 
 
 This company was chartered by the States General 
 of Holland in 1621, to establish a colony with military 
 government and all rights to ti-ade over all the region 
 they elaimed as the New Netherland. That region was 
 from what they called the South Bay and River (now 
 the Delaware) to what they called the Varche, or 
 Fresh River (now the Connecticut). 
 
 The West India Company sent colonists, and prom- 
 ised to protect people of aU Christian religions. Their 
 first large company of settlers were people called Wal- 
 loons, who came from the southern part of Belgium. 
 
 These Walloons and a few Dutch colonists settled 
 on Manhattan, and also on the two opposite shores, 
 starting what are now Brooklyn and Jersey City. 
 
THE DUTCH OP NEW NETHERLAND 225 
 
 Others went up the Hudson to Fort Orange, now Albany. 
 The governors of the colony were called directors. 
 They were what we would call managers. They were 
 not always good men. No one stayed long. One of 
 them was Cornelius Jacobsen Mey, who has left his 
 name on what we call Cape May, New Jersey. Another 
 director was Peter Minuit. 
 
 THE FOUNDING OF NEW AMSTERDAM 
 
 By the time of Peter Minuit, the company had learned 
 the important position of Manhattan Island, and had 
 decided that it should be the center of the government 
 and trade of all New Netherland. So Minuit bought 
 the island. from the Indians for about $24, and placed 
 a fort at one end of it. This fort was soon the center 
 of a settlement called New Amsterdam. Amsterdam 
 was the name of the chief city in the home country 
 which took a great interest in this namesake. A letter 
 written by Peter Schagen, a citizen of Amsterdam, was 
 sent to the Dutch government there, telling them about 
 the growth and condition of their colony in the new 
 world, in 1626. This is what he said: 
 
 "High and Mighty Lords: 
 
 "Yesterday arrived here the ship, the Arms of Amster- 
 dam, which sailed from New Netherland ... on 
 the 23d of September. They report that our people 
 are in good heart and live in peace there . . . They 
 have purchased the Island of Manhattes from the 
 Indians, for the value of sixty guilders. . . . They 
 

 .^^iSJJ^.^**. aM^M=xA^ f^rr.X- ^^^i^.JtAJ- ^-^l- 
 
 «Cug-^pPc. y^StyiMi. >a,vA.\3««^ ^^A>.54-v^ -Mti^Mi^SA^K* 
 71.4^ ^'it'J^ ^a^eijf 
 
 The Schagen Leiiek 
 1226] 
 
THE DUTCH OF NEW NETHERLAND 227 
 
 had all their grain sowed by the middle of May, and 
 reaped by the middle of August. They sent thence 
 samples of summer grain, such as wheat, rye, barley, 
 oats, buckwheat, canary seed, beans, and flax. 
 "The cargo of the aforesaid ship is: 
 
 7246 beaver skins 
 1783^ ottei- skins 
 675 otter skins 
 
 48 minck skins 
 
 36 wild cat skins 
 
 33 mincks 
 
 34 rat skins 
 Considerable oak timber and hickory. 
 
 "Here with, High and Mighty Lords, be commended 
 to the mercy of the Almighty. 
 
 "Your High Mightinesses' obedient, 
 
 "P. SCHAGEN. 
 
 "In Amsterdam, Nov. 5, a.d. 1626." 
 
 THE PATROON SYSTEM 
 
 Such a report as this could not fail to encourage 
 merchants to invest in the new trade. The company 
 made good offers to men who would take or send out 
 over fifty settlers. Many rich men accepted the offers 
 of patroonships. They were given large strips of land, 
 especially along the Hudson River. The patroons, as 
 these landholders were called, received not only the 
 land, but large powers of government over them, and 
 
228 INDIANS AND PIONEEES 
 
 all the people who settled upon them, and also rights 
 for extensive trade. To take up his patroonship, the 
 patroon sent out fifty settlers, under bonds as "ser- 
 vants," in much the same way as the great Virginia 
 planters' servants were indented. This, of course, 
 increased the population of New Netherland. 
 
 To induce stiU more people to settle in their province, 
 the Dutch West India Company offered other induce- 
 ments in land and privileges to those who would take 
 or send out even five settlers. 
 
 THE GREAT SEAPORT OF THE HUDSON 
 
 After a few years, the company ordered that all the 
 trade of the province, including that of aU the patroon 
 estates, should go through the port of New Amsterdam. 
 Up to that time Fort Orange had perhaps as much 
 business as there was at Manhattan, but this new order 
 started the growth which soon made the great commer- 
 cial city at the mouth of the Hudson. 
 
 Rehgious fiberty and the opportunities for trade 
 attracted p.eople to New Amsterdam from many dif- 
 ferent countries of Europe. A large export business 
 of the company and the patroons created need for other 
 kinds of trade and gave work to many merchants, 
 skilled mechanics, and laborers. People who did not 
 like the strict fife of the religious colonies of New Eng- 
 land also flocked to the liberal Dutch colony. Redemp- 
 tioners from the South, who had worked out their 
 "time," or found other ways to repay the money spent 
 
THE DUTCH OF NEW NETHERLAND 
 
 229 
 
 The Ciiv Hall and Great Dock 
 
 for their passage, came to New Netherland to raise 
 tobacco, as they had learned to do in Virginia. 
 
 These people from many places brought different 
 languages and different customs to the Dutch colony, 
 and especially to the capital. They made from the 
 beginning what we call a cosmopolitan place — that 
 is, a place filled with people from many countries. In 
 1643 eighteen languages were spoken in New Amster- 
 dam. It was then a pretty country village, with shops 
 and docks upon the southeasterly end; and mills and 
 shipyards were near them, to the eastward; while the 
 center and westerly part of the island for a mile or so 
 above the fort was laid out in tobacco-fields, corn- 
 fields and orchards. 
 
CHAPTER XIX 
 
 THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 From the first the Indians were friendly to the Dutch. 
 The traders began by paying them for their furs in the 
 
 shells made into 
 which 
 
 wampum, 
 was the Indians' 
 money, or in 
 cloth, or in the 
 pretty toys the 
 savages liked 
 best. Besides 
 that, the Dutch 
 dealt fairly with 
 them in trade and 
 in buying their 
 land for settle- 
 ments. The 
 Hudson River 
 Indians, who 
 were powerful 
 tribes, liked the 
 Dutch better 
 than they did the 
 French, who had settled to the north of them. This 
 was. largely because the French settlers had taken up 
 
 230 
 
 The Location or the Eastern Indiah Tribes 
 
THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 231 
 
 the quarrels of some of the St. Lawrence tribes, who 
 were enemies of the nations of the Hudson and of the 
 Great Lakes. 
 
 For many years the Iroquois were the most powerful 
 enemies of the French Indians, as the Hurons and others 
 were called. The Iroquois Uved near the 
 lakes of central New' York. Since their 
 enemies had white friends, the Iroquois 
 would have white friends, too; and they 
 turned with good will toward the Dutch, 
 taking them a large peltry trade, which 
 the French desired and tried hard to get. 
 Yet some Indians in New Netherland 
 were not so friendly. 
 
 INDIAN TROUBLES 
 
 The first troubles the Dutch had 
 were mostly with the tribes of the region 
 near what is now Jersey City. Their hos- ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ 
 tility spread to the Manhattan tribes, 
 and sometimes up the river and among the Long Island 
 natives. Each patroon kept the farmers, tobacco 
 raisers, and Indian traders of his estate far from any 
 other. Each wanted to extend his own influence as 
 much as he could among the Indians near his plantation. 
 By treating the Indians as friendly and as familiarly 
 as possible, each one tried to get more from them than 
 his neighbor could get. This made the Indians jealous 
 of each ot her, a nd of the treatment they received from 
 
232 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 the different Dutch traders. The old saying that ' 'famil- 
 iarity breeds contempt" seems to be true in this case. 
 The Indians lost all fear of and respect for the Dutch 
 farmers. When the farmers' cows strayed into the 
 unfenced fields of com, planted and owned by the Indians 
 on the island, the Indians attacked the settlers, killing 
 them and burning their houses. The farmers then real- 
 ized how f oohsh they had been to place their houses so far 
 apart that they lost each other's protection. Fort Am- 
 sterdam had been neglected untU it was a poor defense. 
 Many thought that the director was to blame for all the 
 trouble. Eight colonists formed a sort of committee of 
 complaint, and wrote to the home goverimaent: 
 
 "We, poor inhabitants of New Netherland, were, here 
 in the spring, pursued by these wild heathens and barba- 
 rous savages with fire and sword; daily, in our houses and 
 fields, have they crueUy murdered men and women, and 
 with hatchets and tomahawks struck little children dead 
 in their parents' arms or before their doors, or carried 
 them away into bondage; the houses and grain barracks 
 are burnt, with the produce; cattle of all descriptions 
 are slain and destroyed. Such as remain must perish 
 this approaching winter, for the want of fodder. 
 
 "Almost every place is abandoned. We, wretched 
 people, must skulk, with wives and little ones that 
 still survive, in poverty together, in and around the 
 fort at the Manahatas, where we are not safe, even for 
 an hour. . . . We are aU here, from the smallest 
 to the greatest, . . . wholly powerless. The enemy 
 
THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 233 
 
 meets with scarce any resistance. The garrison (of 
 the fort) consists of but about fifty or sixty soldiers, 
 unprovided with ammunition. Fort Amsterdam, utterly 
 defenceless, stands open to the enemy night and day." 
 The eight then said that if prompt assistance did not 
 come from the Dutch government, they would be 
 obliged to call in aid from the New England colonies, 
 and that the English probably would demand a share 
 of the New Netherland trade in return for any help. 
 
 The fear of losing the valuable trade of the colony 
 aroused the government in Holland. It called the com- 
 pany to account for this condition of things. The com- 
 pany said that the colonists brought much of the trouble 
 upon themselves by living so far apart, by selling guns 
 to the Indians, by allowing "free-traders"^ men who 
 did not belong to the company — to sail up the Hudson, 
 and trade off guns and shot for furs. The company 
 said that they were poor, and that they needed the aid 
 of the Dutch government to keep the free-traders out 
 of the province. If the government would aid them, they 
 could promise to make things better for the colonists. 
 They sent out instructions to the settlers to repair the 
 fort, to live closer together, and to treat all the Indians 
 alike. They tried to encourage tobacco-raising, and 
 told the settlers they could buy negroes at a fair price. 
 In spite of these promises, conditions did not much im- 
 prove. The directors, who were sent out from Holland 
 to SLct as governors, seemed bent on having an easy life, 
 and upon making money for themselves. 
 
234 INDIANS AND PIONEERS. 
 
 ENGLISH NEIGHBORS 
 
 The colonists of New England, by this 'time, were 
 gradually spreading out through Connecticut, toward 
 New Netherland, and making settlements on Long 
 Island. A story is told of an English ship which ap- 
 peared before Fort Amsterdam one day. The captain 
 sent an invitation to Governor Van TwiUer and his 
 officers to come on board for a sort of banquet. Van 
 TwiUer went, and treated the Englishman in a friendly 
 way. After staying six or seven days before the fort, 
 the Englishman was allowed to go up the river, where 
 he carried on a large trade with the Indians before some 
 of the indignant Dutch traders could induce the di- 
 rector to order him out of the river. 
 
 Wouter Van TwiUer proved a poor governor. Kieft, 
 his successor, was better in some ways, but stirred up 
 the Indians into a revolt that did a great deal of harm 
 to the Dutch settlements. Much as the Indians dis- 
 liked Kieft, the Dutch settlers disliked him more. He 
 treated them harshly, and would not allow them to 
 appeal from his decisions to the government at home. 
 
 DIRECTOR STUYVESANT, 1647-1664 
 
 The people of New Netherland put great hopes upon 
 the new governor, Peter Stuyvesant. Some one wrote 
 home, soon after the arrival of this new governor: 
 "Mynheer " Stuyvesant introduces here a thorough 
 reform." According to Stuyvesant's own account, there 
 was need of it. New Amsterdam was in a terrible con- 
 dition. 
 
THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 235 
 
 "The people are without discipUne, and approaching 
 the savage state," he wrote. "A fourth part of the city of 
 New Amsterdam consists 
 of rumshops and houses 
 where nothing can be had 
 but beer and tobacco." 
 Stuyvesant appears to 
 have done bis best, but 
 that was not enough to 
 save the settlement from 
 passing out of the hands 
 of the Dutch into those 
 of the English. 
 
 ENGLAND'S CLAIM 
 
 For many years English 
 people had been looking 
 on, while the Dutch settlement between New England 
 and Virginia grew larger and richer. They claimed that 
 the region belonged to England by virtue of Cabot's 
 discovery. They were glad to see that affairs did not 
 go smoothly under the Dutch company, and to hear 
 that the company had not money enough to keep up 
 a strong defense of the colony. So the English waited 
 for the time when a well-aimed blow from them might 
 strike down the Dutch power in New Netherland and 
 secure the prize for themselves. There were two chief 
 reasons why the English wanted the region about the 
 Hudson: First, because New Amsterdam, the trading 
 
 Peter Stuyvesant 
 
236 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 settlement at the mouth of the Hudson River, com- 
 manded one of the finest harbors in the world; second, 
 because, in order to carry out certain regulations about 
 their commerce with the colonies, which ordered all of 
 them to trade only with English merchants, they felt 
 it necessary to close this Dutch market with its strong 
 temptations. 
 
 In 1664, during a war beween the English and the 
 Dutch in Europe, the English saw that their time had 
 come to take possession of "the doorway to North 
 
 America." Charles II 
 gave the whole region 
 to his brother, James, 
 Duke of York and 
 Albany, and James 
 sent Colonel Nichols 
 across the Atlantic, to 
 knock at the doorway, 
 with four ships and 420 
 soldiers. New Amsterdam then had about 1,500 people, 
 a stone fort, and twenty cannon. Director Stuyvesant 
 was ready to fight and to lead a resistance. But there 
 were no men to follow. The colonists were willing to 
 be taken under English government. So Stuyvesant 
 surrendered without a fight. 
 
 Gov. Stuyvesant's Home — the Whitehall, 1658 
 
 EFFECTS OF THE CONQUEST, 1664 
 
 The duke's Ueutenant governor. Colonel Nichols, 
 .took possession of all the territory claimed by the Dutch 
 
THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 237 
 
 as the province of New York. That at first included 
 what we call New Jersey. New Amsterdam became the 
 town of New York. The fort was named Fort James. 
 Fort Orange, on the Hudson, was called Albany. Other 
 places received English names in the same way. Noth- 
 ing was done violently. Much care was shown for the 
 "Dutchmen," as all but the English in this cosmopoli- 
 tan colony were called. They were stiU kept in public 
 offices, although in name the government and the laws 
 
 The Dutch Stadi Huys (State House) at New York 
 
 were made English. The everyday language and cus- 
 toms of the people were changed but httle at first. 
 Nichols offered religious freedom and every inducement 
 possible to keep the settlers in the province and to 
 tempt more to come. Within a few years many came 
 from the other colonies and from the tnother-country. 
 The old towns grew rapidly and new ones were planted. 
 You have seen the Dutch fur-trading post on Man- 
 hattan Island grow into a large English town. Here 
 is a part of the first description of New York that was 
 
238 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 ever printed in the English language. It pictures the 
 town and the whole province as they were in 1670. 
 
 "New York is built mostly of brick and stone, and 
 covered with red and black tile, and the land being high, 
 it gives at a distance a pleasing aspect to the spectators." 
 
 LONG ISLAND 
 
 Next to Manhattan Island, the most important part 
 of New York was Long Island. An old writer said: 
 
 New Amsterdam in 1673 
 
 "Long Island, the west end of which lies southward 
 of New York, runs eastward above one hundred miles 
 and is in some places eight, in some twelve, in some four- 
 teen miles broad. It is inhabited from one end to the 
 other. On the west end are four or five Dutch towns, 
 the rest being all English, to the number of twelve, 
 besides villages and farm houses. The island is most 
 of it of a very good soil, and very natural for all sorts 
 of English grain, which they sow and have very good 
 increase of, besides all Other fruits and herbs common in 
 
THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 239 
 
 England, as also tobacco, hemp, flax, pumpkins, and 
 melons. The fruits natural to the island are mulberries, 
 persimmons, grapes great and small, huckleberries, 
 cranberries, plums of several sorts, raspberries and 
 strawberries of which last is such abundance in June 
 that the fields and woods are dyed red. . . . The 
 island is plentifully stored with all sorts of EngUsh cattle, 
 horses, hogs, sheep, goats, . . . which they can 
 both raise and maintain by reason of the large and 
 
 New Amsterdam in 1673 
 
 spacious meadows or marshes wherewith it is furnished; 
 the island likewise producing excellent English grass, 
 which they sometimes mow twice a year." 
 
 Such an island as this was naturally attractive to 
 the English people in the Connecticut colonies as well 
 as to those in New York near its western end. Vessels 
 from New York sailed through Long Island Sound on 
 their way to New England. Ships from Boston and 
 other Massachusetts ports sailed through the same 
 sound to trade along the banks of the Hudson River. 
 
240 
 
 INiaiANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 ■■■--■■5,^ 
 
 |nji 
 
 ■ — — 
 
 ..^M 
 
 
 ^iiiai^^::iiSf^ ^^3 
 
 
 ■1 
 
 - - . -*.^ ^-:s^*?!'^' 
 
 Dutch Ships dj New Amsterdam Hasbok, 1674 
 From the painting by Elmer E. Gamsey in the U. S. Custom House, New York City. 
 
 This had brought about business and social ties be- 
 tween Boston and New York, even while it was New 
 Amsterdam. 
 
 RETURN TO DUTCH RULE, 1673-1674 
 
 The English rule was broken for about a year, when, 
 in the war of England and Holland, it was taken by a 
 Dutch admiral- in 1673. You can see by the picture 
 on pages 238 and 239 how large the seaport on Man- 
 hattan had grown by that time. 
 
 Peace was declared before Holland knew that the 
 province had been retaken, and in the treaty the Dutch 
 government yielded to England all claims in North 
 America. The Dutch had done all the pioneering for 
 New York. Even the important relations with Indians 
 were made successful largely by following the best 
 policy of the early Dutchmen. 
 
THE DUTCH AND THE INDIANS 
 
 241 
 
 NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE 
 
 The States which we know as New Jersey and Dela- 
 ware were settled by Dutch people, Swedes, and English 
 Quakers. To the land in Delaware and the advantages 
 of the Delaware River and Bay both the Dutch and 
 English made claims. The Dutch met with success 
 until they were over- 
 shadowed by the 
 Swedish colonists 
 who came to make 
 a new Sweden in 
 America. Pros- 
 perous towns of 
 thrifty, contented 
 Swedes were grow- 
 ing up, when the 
 Dutch, gathering 
 force once more, 
 overthrew their set- 
 tlements. Then 
 witji New Amster- 
 dam and New 
 Netherland this re- 
 gion pasS'ed into the 
 control of the Duke of York. In 1682 Penn secured a 
 grant of it, and after that it was known as the "lower 
 counties" of Pennsylvania until 1703. Then Delaware 
 became a. separate, though miimportant, colony. 
 
CHAPTER XX 
 
 THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 
 
 "Philadelphia is at last laid out, to the general 
 content of those here." These words were in a letter 
 written in 1683 to Quakers in England by WiUiam Penn. 
 
 You know that Phil- 
 adelphia is a large city 
 in the southeastern part 
 of Pennsylvania. I won- 
 der if you have ever heard 
 it called the Quaker City. 
 Its settlers were members 
 of the Society of Friends, 
 who were commonly 
 called Quakers. First, you will want to know who 
 they were, and what their nan^e meant. You remem- 
 ber that the Pilgrims who canie to Plymouth, and the 
 Puritans who came to Massachusetts Bay, were peo'ple 
 who were not satisfied with the Church of England. 
 They wanted simpler forms and more preaching. . The 
 Quakers were English people who wanted not only a 
 still simpler form of worship but also more simplicity 
 in manner of living, with peace and good will toward 
 every one. Some of their manners growing out of these 
 ideas seemed very odd to the rest of the world. In 
 
 242 
 
THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 
 
 243 
 
 England the Quakers were so disliked that they were 
 persecuted even more than any of the Puritans had 
 been. They had a very hard 
 time; but they' were often 
 saved from much harder times 
 by a certain young man of 
 whom Charles II was fond, 
 and whose father was the 
 famous Admiral Penn. You 
 aU know his name, — ^William 
 Penn. He had many friends 
 at the royal court, but hand- 
 some young Penn did not care 
 for the gay hf e he might lead 
 with these friends nearly so 
 much as he cared to work for 
 the Quakers and their beliefs. 
 
 THE QUAKER BELIEFS AND CUSTOMS 
 
 Quakers believed that a person's ability to preach 
 came not alone through education, but as a direct gift 
 from God; and they felt that a power which came so 
 freely ought to be given freely. So they had no regu- 
 lar and paid minister; every man or woman who at- 
 tended a Quaker meeting might have words to speak. 
 When they gathered all were quiet until some one felt 
 moved to give a special message. ■ Sometimes the si- 
 lence was broken by earnest, strong appeals; at other 
 times the silence was unbroken, yet they felt aU had 
 been worshiping in the true way. 
 
244 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 In England often their meetings were interrupted 
 by the entrance of government officers, who arrested 
 their leaders, and sometimes aU the people there. 
 
 George Fox, the first Quaker in Eftgland, and one 
 who had many followers, was jeered at and beaten by 
 cruel mobs. "Reviled as a fanatic, and denounced 
 as an impostor, yet he traveled from place to place, 
 sometimes driven forth to sleep under haystacks; 
 sometimes imprisoned as a disturber of the peace." Penn 
 was arrested in the same way. 
 
 The Quakers could be recognized everywhere by their 
 simplicity in dress. The men refused to lift their hats 
 to any one whom they met. They said the Creator 
 had told men to worship Him by "uncovering the head," 
 and so they showed to God alone this mark of reverence. 
 
 To carry out many of their beliefs, Quakers were 
 obliged to break laws and so seem disrespectful to 
 men in authority. In holding their meetings they broke 
 the same laws as the Pilgrims. They refused to take 
 any oaths to support the government, or the king, be- 
 cause the Bible says, "swear not at all." 
 
 They would not take off their hats, even in the pres- 
 ence of the king. They felt there ought to be no paid 
 ministers, and so they refused to pay taxes for the sup- 
 port of the English Church. In these ways they seemed 
 to be disobedient and disrespectful, and their enemies 
 had a chance to accuse them of other beliefs and evil 
 designs. 
 
 These beliefs would not do any harm, or cause any 
 
THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 245 
 
 uneasiness, in a state where all felt and acted alike. For 
 that reason George Fox and William Penn spent much 
 thought and time to establish a new home for the Friends 
 of all the world. Some Quakers had already gone to the 
 different colonies in the New World — to New England, 
 where they were treated harshly in Massachusetts, 
 but welcomed in Rhode Island. Others made settle- 
 ments of their own near the Puritans and Churchmen 
 in the colony of East Jersey. Still others started a 
 colony of their own in West Jersey, near the Swedes 
 and Dutch of the Delaware. 
 
 WILLUM PENN 
 
 Penn was interested in all of these settlements; but, 
 after a time, he asked his friend, King Charles II, for 
 a grant of land in America, to pay a debt due his father, 
 Admiral Penn. This he wanted for a large colony, to 
 be entirely settled and governed by Friends. It was 
 to be a refuge for the persecuted Quakers from all parts 
 of Europe . The king gave the grant in 1 68 1 . He named 
 the great wooded tract Pennsylvania, or Penn's forest. 
 William Penn wished another name, but His Majesty 
 insisted, because, he said, of his great admiration for 
 Admiral Penn. 
 
 "After many waitings and watchings," Penn wrote 
 to a friend, "this day my country was confirmed to me 
 under the great seal of England. . . . Thou mayst 
 communicate my grant to friends, and expect shortly 
 my proposals." 
 
246 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Besides being an earnest Friend, ready and able to 
 preach and write, William Penn was a careful business 
 man. He deserved the title of a "Thrifty Gentleman of 
 Pennsylvania." The land that had thus been given 
 
 him in place of the money 
 owed his father was to be his 
 means of livelihood as well 
 as a home for the Quakers. 
 The proposals which he 
 mentioned in the letter were 
 about the terms on which 
 land might be bought and 
 occupied. He natiiraUy felt 
 that he must have some 
 money return for his land. 
 He offered 100 acres for £2 
 ($10) and a small yearly rent to be paid to him as pro- 
 prietor, after the settlers were well established in their 
 new homes. Meanwhile they must pay a fair price to 
 any Indians who were in possession of the particular 
 acres they wanted.' From the first Penn treated the 
 Indians fairly and became a stanch friend to them. This 
 was especially wise for the Quakers, for they did not 
 believe in fighting, and would have been whoUy un- 
 protected and in danger if the Indians had been their 
 enemies. The settlers who came from England to take 
 lip land in Pennsylvania carried out Penn's instructions 
 to make fair purchases from the Indians. Here is the 
 account of a sale which gives you an idea of the prices 
 
 Penn in Quaker Costume 
 
THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 247 
 
 paid. "Christian, the Indian, lord and owner of all the 
 land between St. Jones and Duck Creek," sold and 
 gave up claim "to John Brinkloe, planter, 600 acres 
 woodland together with the marshes and creek." The 
 pay was ten bottles of drink, four double handfuls of 
 powder iand four of shot, and three match-coats — coats 
 made of coarse goods called match-cloth. 
 
 A great emigration to Pennsylvania began in 1681. 
 Most of the people were Quakers. Besides English 
 people, there were Swedes, Finns, Dutch, Scotch-Irish, 
 and Germans. These made many new settlements. 
 .Some of the newcomers joined settlements that had 
 already been begun before the land was given to Penn. 
 The principal settlement was Philadelphia, the "Qua- 
 ker City," which Penn planned. 
 
 PHILADELPHIA 
 
 Penn did not go out to Pennsylvania in 1681, but 
 sent his instructions over by men called commissioners. 
 In these orders Penn told the men to have the rivers 
 and creeks sounded, and the shores explored in order, 
 to find a place high, dry, and healthy with a good har- 
 bor. On this place there was to be built "a great town," 
 Philadelphia. The streets were to be laid out in a regu- 
 lar way from the water's edge back into the country. 
 Many of these streets were to be named for trees com- 
 mon in the country, such as Chestnut, Walnut, and 
 Spruce. From the very first a market place was pro- 
 vided for; "let the place for the store-house be on the 
 
248 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 middle of the key (quay), which will serve for market 
 and store-house too." Among the instructions was 
 this one about Penn's own house: "Pitch upon the very 
 middle of the plot where the town or line of houses 
 is to be laid . . . facing the harbor and great 
 river for the situation of my house; yet let it not be one 
 tenth part." One tenth was the amount he was allowed 
 to have in common with others, but said that a thirtieth 
 part would do. Room was to be left about the houses 
 for gardens and orchards, so as to add beauty to the 
 town. 
 
 When WiUiam Penn came in the ship Welcome in 
 1682, he found the site chosen for Philadelphia on the 
 narrow peninsula between the Delaware and Schuyl- 
 kill rivers. Look for it in the geography, and get from 
 a guide-book a map of the city of Philadelphia. That 
 wiU show you how the streets run down to the river 
 bank. After Penn's arrival, preparations went on rap- 
 idly. The laws made for aU the settlements were so 
 just and favorable that many other people were at- 
 tracted to Pennsylvania, and of these many settled in 
 Philadelphia. "In three years from its founding Phila- 
 delphia had gained more than New York City had 
 done in half a century." In the year of Penn's arrival,, 
 and during the two following years, ships with imnai- 
 grants arrived from London, Bristol, Ireland, Wales, 
 Holland, and Germany; for the "good, news spread 
 abroad that William Penn, the Quaker, had opened an 
 asylum to the good and the oppressed of every nation." 
 
THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 
 
 249 
 
 Penn himself sent the praise of his country back to 
 Europe. "The air," he said, "is sweet and clear, the 
 heavens serene Uke the south parts of France, rarely 
 overcast." He described the natural products of the 
 country, especially 
 the trees, valuable 
 both for wood and 
 fruit. 'The fruits 
 that I find in the 
 woods are white 
 and black mulber- 
 ry, chestnut, wal- 
 nut, plumbs and 
 strawberries, cran- 
 berries, hurtleber- 
 ries, and grapes of 
 divers sortes. . . . Here also are peaches, and very 
 good and in great quantities; not an Indian plantation 
 without them, but whether naturally here at first T 
 know not; however, one may have bushels for little." 
 He told them that farming and care enabled them to 
 raise in this new country "wheat, barley, oats, rye, pease, 
 beans, squashes, pumpkins, watermelons and all herbs 
 and roots that our gardens in England usually bring 
 forth." Of the fowl to be found in Pennsylvania, Penn 
 was most impressed by the wild turkeys, which he said 
 were forty and fifty pounds in weight. Of fish, the 
 oysters pleased him especially, for he said some were 
 six inches long. 
 
 The Second Houe or William Penn in Philadelfhia 
 Roofed with slate and elegantly furnished. 
 
.250 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Among the colonists who came in response to Penn's 
 inducements were men of many trades and profes- 
 sions, but most of them were farmers, tradesmen, or 
 mechanics. Some of them were scholars who had 
 studied at college, but most were men of little education. 
 These were aU interested in having their children taught, 
 and the schools in Philadelphia were good even in the 
 earliest years. In each school the pupils studied the 
 laws of the colony. 
 
 DEALINGS WITH THE NATIVES 
 
 The Indians especially felt themselves so well treated 
 that they gave no cause for alarm. They showed, on 
 the other hand, positive and frequent signs of friend- 
 liness. The settlers always bought their land fairly, 
 and dealt seriously with them. Penn said, in warning 
 the colonists against offending the Indians, "Be grave; 
 they love not to be smiled upon." The Iroquois Indians 
 called. Penn Onas, and the Delawares called him Mi- 
 quon. Both of these names mean quill or pen, so you 
 see they merely translated his name into their own 
 language. Perhaps the name seemed more full of mean- 
 ing to them because he had written letters to them and 
 they had seen him sign treaties with their chiefs. 
 
 PENN'S TROUBLES 
 
 William Penn's life, however, did not continue 
 peaceful or prosperous. He had shown business skill 
 and thrift as well as generosity in disposing of. his 
 
THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 
 
 251 
 
 land. When the rents became due the people did not 
 act as generously or honestly, for they refused to pay 
 them. His presence was needed in England, where 
 even more serious enemies were working against him. 
 
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 Penn Treating with the Indians 
 
 His position as proprietor of Pennsylvania became an 
 extremely difficult one. Once more he left his affairs 
 in the colony to a commissioner or agent and went 
 back to England. One letter to this agent reads: 
 "Use thy utmost endeavors in the first place to receive 
 
252 INbiANS AND PIONEEiElS 
 
 all that is due to me. Get in quit-rents, and sell land 
 according to my instructions; look carefully after all 
 
 ^ ' fM, e,^uiiV:Z^ ^WJ ^Ji <s<if tt-a >■ tc^ «■ 
 
 Indian Receipt for Ten Thousand Dollars in Payment of 
 
 I.AND Sold by the Representatives of tse Six Nations 
 
 TO THE Descendants of William Penn, 1769. 
 
 fines . • . that shall belong to me as proprietor 
 and chief governor." Penn had need of this money, 
 for, as he said, "Pennsylvania has been a dear Penn- 
 sylvania to me all over." 
 
THE PROVINCE OF PENN'S WOODS 253 
 
 In 1688 the people of Philadelphia were filled with 
 a groundless fear of an Indian outbreak, and they used 
 the occasion to add to the feeling in England against 
 Penn as proprietor and governor. So in 1692 the gov- 
 ernment was taken from Penn, and his colony was 
 made a royal province. 
 
 The land still unsold remained in the hands of Penn, 
 and later his family received money from its sale. 
 Yet when Penn himself died, in 1718, he was almost 
 bankrupt. Though his last days were sad, he had left 
 behind him a beautiful, great city which was to be 
 very important, not only in the history of his colony 
 but of all the colonies during the years of the Revolu- 
 tionary War period. But that was long after the 
 pioneer days were passed. 
 
 THE COLONffiS IN 1700 
 
 Before those revolutionary days when the thirteen 
 colonies broke away from the Enghsh home govern- 
 ment and made themselves into an independent na- 
 tion, they had to grow strong, wealthy, and intelligent 
 in self-government. This is what they were doing 
 from 1700 to 1775. 
 
 In 1700 all the land along the Atlantic coast from 
 South Carolina to Maine was under the direct or the 
 indirect control of the EngUsh ParUament and the 
 King. Many Dutch, Swedish, Scotch-Irish, German, 
 and French Huguenot people were living peacefully 
 within these English settlements, but their home gov- 
 ernments had no control over them. 
 
254 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 To the south of the English colonies lay the Spanish 
 settlements in Florida; to the north and the west were 
 the French settlements, forts, and trading posts. Both 
 the French and the Spanish colonists and their home 
 governments were watching the Atlantic colonies with 
 increasing jealousy and were watching eagerly for a 
 chance to secure this valuable strip of seaboard with 
 so many good harbors facing Europe. In the next 
 sixty years trouble came to the English colonies from 
 these French people and from the Indians whom they 
 stirred up to be their aUies against the English. That 
 is a story you wiU read in other books, for you will be 
 interested to know what became of these English col- 
 onies after 1700. 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 
 
 Knowing that the hold which history takes upon the minds 
 and memories of both young and old people depends not alone 
 upon interest but also upon realism, the author wrote a story of 
 daily life to accompany each of the first two chapters of Indians 
 and Pioneers in its first edition. These stories were intended to 
 serve as an illustration of the way in which teachers might re- 
 view and make realistic the facts not only in these chapters but 
 in all the other chapters. By giving definite names and picturing 
 the intimate details of daily life, even the remote glacial age and 
 the later prehistoric age were lived over again by the young 
 readers through sympathy and interest. 
 
 This method of review, with numerous modifications, has been 
 so effectively used in classes of pupils from the first grammar grade 
 to the last year of the high school that the author is adding in this 
 revision of Indians and Pioneers new suggestive material as an 
 appendix to be consulted all through the year whenever the need 
 pf review makes itself felt. Through impersonating games, map 
 drills, and dramas, each event, person, and custom worth remember- 
 ing can be touched with that child-bewitching wand of sympathy 
 which leaves vivid impressions on the memory. No time spent in 
 such work will be wasted if the teacher will always keep clearly 
 in mind the fact that such exercises are like coins; the obverse 
 side seen by the children is a game to play; the reverse, for the teach- 
 er's eye, is a definitely planned drill on facts which are not only 
 to be remembered but to be fixed in their relative positions and 
 proper perspective. 
 
 There are three groups given here: 
 
 255 
 
256 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 I. Impeesonation 
 
 Type 1. Identification 
 Type 2. Diary Writing 
 
 II. Dramatization 
 
 Type 1. Pantomime 
 
 Type 2. Action and Conversation 
 
 Type 3. Actioii and Sustained Dialogue 
 
 III. Visualization of Place and Appbeciation of Time 
 Type 1. Map Work at Board 
 Type 2. Date Drills 
 Type 3. Tours and Guides 
 
 I. IMPERSONATION 
 I. Identification 
 Type 1 of impersonation is the simplest form of review. 
 
 Object: 
 
 The object of this review is to impress characteristic facts which 
 are to be remembered about people prominent in history, and to 
 secure rapid association of name and deed. 
 
 Directions: 
 
 Ask a pupil to put himself in the place of some important man in 
 history, and tell of his most characteristic deeds without betraying 
 his name. Call upon other pupils to identify him. Do not allow 
 any guessing, and prevent any premature attempts to identify 
 before sufficient data has been given. Insist that pupils use 
 the first person and limit their answers to single sentences. 
 In order to go through the class rapidly the teacher should use 
 some simple formulas, like, "Who are you?" and "Who is he?" 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 267 
 
 Illustration: 
 
 "Who are you, John?" "I was the first Spaniard who circum- 
 navigated the globe." "Who is he, children?" "Why, Magellan." 
 
 Turning to another ask, "Who are you, Susie?" "I was the 
 first Englishman who sailed around the world." "Who is he?" 
 "Sir Francis Drake." 
 
 Thus the impersonations and identifications will go on, bringing 
 out statements like this: 
 
 "I was the man who settled Florida." "You are Ponce de Leon." 
 
 "I was the man who did away with the common storehouse in 
 the Jamestown Colony." "You are Governor Dale." 
 
 2. Diary Writing 
 
 A somewhat more complex form of impersonation is found in 
 diary writing. 
 
 Object: 
 
 The object of this review is: 
 
 (1) To gather more details than the exercise in rapid impersona- 
 tion can allow by giving more time for thought and expression, and 
 an opportunity to give not only the characteristic but the minor 
 details which serve to produce historical atmosphere. 
 
 (2) To give the teacher an opportunity for seeing just where 
 facts are misunderstood and where the relative importance is 
 distorted. 
 
 (3) To engender that sense of time so generally lacking in both 
 younger and older students of history. 
 
 Directions: 
 
 Read to the class passages from some famous diaries, like that of 
 Columbus or Governor Bradford or Governor Winthrop. Then ask 
 the boys to play that they are definite explorers, colonizers, or 
 colonists, keeping diaries in the New World. Ask the girls to 
 
258 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 write their journals as the wives who are left at home in Europe 
 by explorers, or as daughters of colonists in New England or 
 New France, describing homely details of daily life. Vary this 
 order by allowing the records to take the form of letters to be sent 
 home to England or France, Holland or Spain. 
 
 Illustrations: 
 
 These are parts of diaries reproduced just as pupils have written 
 them, for the sake of showing teachers what atmosphere can be 
 secured by this exercise, in unaided, perfectly natural composition. 
 
 "I was a gentleman who came to Virginia in the year 1607. I 
 did not come to work, but my intention was to find gold, get rich, 
 and go back to England. I did not build a house, but slept under 
 trees and got my food from the common storehouse. After this 
 went on for a while I got tired and had to build a hut and work for 
 my living. When the next ship came over I slipped on board and 
 got back to England. In a few years I learned how they were 
 raising tobacco and getting rich over in Virginia and wished I had 
 stayed there." 
 
 Lester Manning. 
 
 "We came over in 1621 in quite a large ship. There were about 
 ninety women on that ship, including myself. When we landed, a 
 crowd of men came down to the boat; some were young and others 
 were quite old. One young man took me to his log house. The 
 next day he went out planting while I cleaned up all the house, 
 did the dishes, and then went out to .the fields to help him plant. 
 Later I went in and cooked some potatoes and barley." 
 
 May la Montague. 
 
 Diary 6f Columbus 
 "Aug. 1st, 1492. Could not get ships nor money. Could not get 
 men to go. All afraid. At last we are going. Men threaten to 
 throw me overboard. They are awful afraid on the sea. 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 259 
 
 Od. 11th. Saw wood and berries floating on the water. At 
 night saw a torch moving up and down. 
 
 "Oct. 14th. The next day we sighted land and when we got here 
 we saw men whom I called Indians." . James Harkins. 
 
 A second form of diary writing can be carried out by asking 
 pupils to write blank diaries like the following. Pass the papers 
 and let other pupils fill in the names and point out any mistakes 
 or incongruities. 
 
 "We had a long voyage to the New World from the Netherlands. 
 
 We started in ships, the and the , but' 
 
 the sprung a leak and only part of us could crowd into 
 
 when it embarked again from 
 
 "Deacon .... and Elder were always ready to 
 
 cheer us, but we women often cried in secret, and even such brave 
 men as and often wore serious faces. 
 
 " Before the women ever saw ...-..., our final settlement, we 
 
 had to wait quietly off Cape while the men explored the 
 
 bay. Our impatience grew great to see our new home and we felt 
 that the time taken by our men in making and signing the . . 
 was only an unnecessary delay. Everybody was con- 
 gratulating Mr. and Mrs on the birth of their baby boy, 
 
 We women have been so busy ever since our landing 
 
 that we are glad Governor has been keeping a journal 
 
 for us all to read and quote if we ever forget the doings of these 
 first days at " 
 
 n. DRAMATIZATION 
 
 For dramatization the pupils are to be. aided by a stage setting 
 and time for preparation. In this work the teachers can guide 
 much without appearing to do so and can let the children feel 
 that the play is theirs, while the net result will be fairly accurate 
 in a historical sense, and the* time well spent. 
 
260 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 I. Pantomime 
 
 Object: 
 
 The object of this review is to leave a clearly defined picture in 
 the minds of the pupils of -the daily life of the period studied, so that 
 they will remember the characters represented as real people whom 
 they have seen and met. This is the least complex form of dramati- 
 zation and is intended for performance before school children only. 
 
 Illustration: 
 
 The Treaty with Massasoit 
 
 After the class have studied the picture used as a frontispiece in 
 Indians and Pioneers, let each pupil choose the part he will take 
 in preparing either a r61e or a portion of the stage setting. When 
 the pupils report their choice and available means for fulfilling 
 such an undertaking, the teacher can supplement their ideas 
 and findings, modifying or definitely changing where it is really 
 necessary. For this exercise probably two rehearsals will be neces- 
 sary, so that the motions will not be interrupted by self-conscious- 
 ness or excitement, when the audience is present. 
 
 2. Action and Conversation 
 
 Illustration: 
 
 Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain 
 
 Act 1. Begging for Support. 
 
 Act 2. Reporting His Discovery. 
 Study the picture on page 93 of Indians and Pioneers very 
 minutely with the pupils, making them see all there is back of it 
 and in it. With the picture still befor6 them, read them more 
 detailed accounts of Columbus at the court from such a book as 
 Colonial Children, or American History Told by Contemporaries, to 
 give the pupils an idea of the language. Talk to them about the 
 contrasting emotions in the first and second acts, the change from 
 skepticism to enthusiasm. 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 261 
 
 Let the children choose the actors, talk over their dress as 
 courtiers and as Indians, plan the scroll to contain the petition, 
 devise the thrones for Ferdinand and Isabella, and let them make 
 up their dialogue. 
 
 The teacher will be surprised to see how happily and effectively 
 fifth-grade pupils will work out the conception and present the 
 little drama. 
 
 2. Action and Sustained Dialogue 
 Object: 
 
 The original sources of history can be made interesting even to 
 young children when wisely selected, happily illustrated, and 
 adapted, if necessary, keeping the spirit even where the original 
 quaint wording has to be dropped. 
 
 Illustration: 
 Stories Told at the First Thanksgiving Dinner Table 
 
 (A dialogue adapted from the original accounts given by the 
 Pilgrim Fathers) 
 
 The following dialogue was written for a class in the Observation 
 School of the Rhode Island State Normal School, and given by 
 them at their Thanksgiving exercises in 1900. Other teachers can 
 write similar ones. 
 
 If each teacher will make an enlarged reproduction of the map 
 shown here on a blackboard or brown paper, and put it in plain 
 sight of the audience and pupils, a much clearer conception of the 
 Pilgrims' route and landing places will, be gained. If, again, a 
 low table, set out with old pewter dishes on a snowy damask cloth, 
 can be used as the center of the group of five or six girls and the 
 six boys, all dressed in Pilgrim costume, the scene will seem doubly 
 real as they speak these lines. In the choice of boys for the parts, 
 
262 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 a short, thick-set lad should be selected to be Myles Standish, and 
 one who is particularly shy and bashful to be John Alden. The 
 girls, by taking care in selecting, may all look well the part of de- 
 mure Pilgrim maidens. 
 
 INTRODUCTION BY GOVERNOR WILLIAM BRADFORD 
 
 You ask us for a round of stories, and ask me to begin, and be- 
 cause a governor must be a servant of his people, I comply. You 
 shall have your stories; they will be hke our Pilgrim lives, I fear, 
 fuU of sorrow, yet full of hopes and of brave deeds. Those days 
 which we spent in the shallop exploring Massachusetts Bay had 
 many adventures in them which we have never taken time tg 
 recount. 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 263 
 
 You recall that November day when we came to anchor off 
 Cape Cod? We were full of joy at finding ourselves near land, 
 even if we were far from the Hudson, where we had hoped to land, 
 and if there were no friends nor homes to welcome and cheer us. 
 
 As soon as we had fairly anchored, some fifteen of us waded to 
 the shore, at about a bowshot's distance, to fetch some wood and 
 to spy out the land. The sand hills reminded us of the downs in 
 Holland. We found oak, pine, and birch trees, and gathered our 
 wood easily, for it was plentiful. 
 
 Captain Gosnold, Captain Henry Hudson, and Captain John 
 Smith had told the EngUsh people about this cape. From their 
 accounts and by what we saw that afternoon, we realized that it 
 would never do to plant our colony off this bleak, sandy point. 
 We decided to explore the bay for a spot where a brook and fer- 
 tile land made some promise of a good location. It was decided, 
 also, that this exploring must be done by a few of our men in the 
 small boat which we had brought over in the Mayflower stowed 
 away between decks. This shallop could sail along shore in shallow 
 water, and up into the creeks. Meanwhile, you women and children 
 were to stay there in the Mayflower, to do what you pleased, and 
 enjoy yourselves the best you could. 
 
 Nay, pray, Mistress Priscilla, do you blush when I speak of our 
 leaving John Alden and the other younger men there in the May- 
 flawer, while Captain Myles Standish led the others? No doubt 
 John would have gone with us in the shallop if his years and gray 
 hairs had been more in nimiber. He did go on the excursion on 
 Cape Cod, made while the carpenters were repairing the shallop. 
 John, tell us the story of that adventure. 
 
 JOHN ALDEN's story 
 
 We started on the fifteenth day of November. Captain Myles 
 Standish ordered our company of sixteen men to march in single 
 file. Each man carried musket and sword. First we followed the 
 
264 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 shore until we spied five people and a dog coming toward us. 
 These savages turned almost immediately and ran away with might 
 and main into the woods, whistling their dog after them. We fol- 
 lowed the trace of their footsteps for over ten miles that after- 
 noon. At night we set up the sentinels, kindled a fire, and settled 
 ourselves for the night. I cannot tell you all about that excursion. 
 We marched day after day "through boughs and bushes, and under 
 hills and through valleys — tore our very armor to pieces," but 
 could neither meet any Indians nor find their homes or fresh water 
 for ourselves. Our victuals were dry biscuit and Holland cheese. 
 Once we followed a deer to a spring of fresh water. "Then we 
 were heartily glad, and sat us down and drunk our first New Eng- 
 land water with as much deUght as ever we drunk in all our lives." 
 This was the beginning of good fortune for us. Soon we came upon 
 a "plain groimd" with "some signs where the Indians had formerly 
 planted their corn." We found walnut trees full of nuts. Then, best 
 of all, a field' where there were traces of a house and a big black 
 kettle — evidently some European ship's kettle. In a heap of 
 sand near by we found a "little old basket full of very fair corn of 
 that very autumn's harvest, yellow, red, and blue ears, making 
 three or four bushels in all. 
 
 "We held a consultation, and concluded to take the kettle and 
 as much of the com as we could carry away with us; and that if 
 we could find any people when oirr shallop came along that way 
 to give them the kettle and parley with them for the corn. We 
 took all the ears, and put a good deal of loose corn in the kettle 
 for the men to bring away on a staff." 
 
 "And thus, as you know, we came both weary and welcome home, 
 and delivered our corn into the common store, to be kept for the 
 seed." That was the seed we planted this spring and harvested 
 this autumn. Perhaps I might confess that one ear of red corn 
 I gave to Priscilla MulUns, and that Mistress Priscilla Alden has It 
 now. 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 265 
 
 STEPHEN HOPKINS'S STORY 
 
 Governor Bradford says that I am to tell you the story of our 
 cruise in Massachusetts Bay, so I begin my story wjthout making 
 "much ado about nothing." 
 
 When we returned from our Cape Cod excursion, we found the 
 shallop nearly ready. On November 27 we set out, with Master 
 Jones as our leader. We men felt that he had treated us fairly, even 
 if the women felt he had played us a mean trick in landing us far 
 from the Hudson River. 
 
 "It proved we were to battle with rough weather and cross winds. 
 Several of us left the shallop — marched along the shore in a 
 heavy snowstorm. Some of the people that are dead took the 
 original of their death there." 
 
 The next day our parties found each other, and that night Master 
 Jones, wearied with marching, urged us to make "our rendezvous 
 under a few pine trees. As it fell out, we got three fat geese and six 
 ducks to our supper, which we ate with soldiers' stomachs, for we 
 had eaten little all that day." 
 
 When morning came we found this spot would not be suitable 
 for a settlement, so explored more creeks, went to the cornfield 
 we had rifled before, found the rest of the corn, but no people. 
 Of this we were not wholly sorry. We found a bag of beans and a 
 bottle of oil. 
 
 We sent Master Jones home with the weaker members of our 
 company, and sent our com by them. Then we ranged and 
 searched until we found bowls, trays, dishes, fair new mats, and a 
 great quantity of red powder. Finally we found two houses left 
 without occupants. 
 
 That next night the shallop joined us, and our reunited company 
 discussed the still unsettled question of where we were to make our 
 settlement. Some of us were in favor of this spot; others, not 
 satisfied with the place, wished to make further discovery within 
 the bay. 
 
266 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 It was now December. On the sixth day we set out once more 
 from the Mayflower, — Captain Standish, Master Carver, Gov- 
 ernor Bradford, Edward Winslow, and fourteen others. 
 
 Myles Standish was leader, and can tell you the story of our 
 first encounter with the Indians. 
 
 CAPTAIN MYLES STANDISH's STOEY 
 
 Master Stephen Hopkins asks me to tell the story of the first 
 encounter. Must I, good friends, speak for myself? Young John 
 Alden has once again spoken before me, but not for me. Again, 
 I perceive I must speak for myself. Briefly, though, I warn ye, for 
 I am a man of few words. My gun serves me better than my 
 tongue. 
 
 After beating about the bay for a day and a half, some of us 
 landed, and went ranging up and down until the sun began to 
 draw low, and the sixth day of December was nearly done. Then 
 we went toward the shore, thinking to go aboard the shallop 
 once more. We spied it a great way off, and called to the sailors. 
 They came as soon as they could, rejoicing to see us emerge from the 
 woody shore again. "We were weary and faint, for we had eaten 
 nothing all that day." We got some firewood and supper, then 
 settled for our night's rest, setting our watch as usual. "About 
 midnight we heard a great, hideous cry, and our sentinels called, 
 'Arm! Arm!' So we bestirred ourselves, shot off a couple of 
 muskets, and the noise ceased. We concluded that it was a com- 
 pany of wolves or foxes." 
 
 The next morning, while we were at breakfast, "we heard a great 
 and strange cry which we knew to be the same voices, though they 
 varied their note. One of our company, who was on the lookout, 
 came running in, and cried, 'They are men! Indians! Indians!' 
 and just then their arrows came flying amongst us." Our men ran 
 with all their speed to get their arms, for before breakfast they had 
 taken them, with other luggage, down to the shore, ready to be put 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 267 
 
 on board the shallop. Fortunately, they got them and put them 
 to good use. In the meantime, having a flintlock musket, I made 
 a shot. I "urged the men not to fire at random, for we had little 
 shot to spare. We feared for the men in the shallop, and called 
 to know how it was with them. They answered, 'Well! Well!' 
 and 'Be of good courage! " Our men were no sooner ready than 
 the enemy began to assault them. "There was a lusty man who 
 was thought to be their captain. He stood behind a tree, within 
 half a musket shot of us, and from there let his arrows fly at us. 
 He was seen to shoot three arrows," which we dodged. "At length, 
 one of our men took full aim at him, after which he gave an extraor- 
 dinary cry, and away they all went." How many there had been 
 we could not tell, for it was "in the dark of the morning" ; some said 
 forty, and some said more. So after we had given thanks to God 
 for our deliverance, we took our shallop and went on our journey. 
 This place we called the First Encounter. Now ask Mate Clarke 
 to tell you about his island. 
 
 MATE JOHN Clarke's story 
 
 I prithee. Captain Myles Standish, do not leave me alone to 
 plunge into that cold salt spray again, to feel the ice freeze my gar- 
 ments stiff while I search in the storm for a resting place for my 
 weary, half-frozen comrades. Must I go on with the tale, Governor 
 Bradford? Yea? Since you and Captain Standish both give 
 order, I can do naught but obey. Have courage, friends, my sad 
 adventures will end in a peaceful Sabbath. 
 
 We had sailed for some hours on the afternoon of December 8, 
 when it began to snow and rain. "The seas began to be very rough," 
 the hinges of the rudder broke, so that we could steer no longer 
 with it. Two men with much ado were obliged to steer with a 
 couple of oars. Then our mast broke in three pieces, and the sail 
 fell overboard. The tide, however, was with us, and our men 
 rowed lustily. Just after darkness came down "we made for an 
 
268 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 island before us, reaching it safely, though it was encompassed by 
 many rocks." We fell upon a piece of sandy ground, where our 
 shallop did ride safe and secure all that night. Not knowing we 
 were on an uninhabited island, fearing Indians, some of us wanted 
 to keep in the boat. Others were so weak and cold that they could 
 not endure it. They went ashore, and vdth much hard work got 
 fire, in spite of everything being wet. Later the rest of the people 
 were glad enough to follow them for "after midnight the wind 
 shifted to the northwest, and it froze hard. But though this had 
 been a day and a night of much trouble and danger, God gave us 
 a morning of comfort and refreshing." The next day was fair and 
 sunshiny, and we found ourselves to be on an island secure from the 
 Indians. We dried our clothes, fixed our fire pieces, rested our- 
 selves, and "gave God thanks for His mercies." 
 
 "This being the last day of the week, we prepared to keep the 
 Sabbath there." I need not tell you how, for you Pilgrims surely 
 know. Ask, rather, of Master Edward Winslow, whom we so 
 often call the brain of our little colony, how it came about that 
 Plymouth was chosen for our final settlement. 
 
 MASTER EDWARD WINSLOW S STORY 
 
 There's little more to tell besides that which all ye good men and 
 women know. Our shallop party was near the end of its labor. 
 On Monday we sounded the harbor and found it fit for shipping. 
 Things looked brighter in the dayhght. The land which the night's 
 storm hid from our sight now showed itself as we came near. We 
 "marched up into the land and found divers cornfields and little 
 running brooks, a place fit for situation for our colony. At least, 
 it was the best we felt that we could find. The winter season and 
 our necessity made us glad to accept of it." 
 
 So we returned to the big ship again with this news, which did 
 much to comfort your hearts. 
 
REVIEW EXERCISES 269 
 
 m. VISUALIZATION OF PLACE AND. APPRECIATION OF TIME 
 I. Map Work at the Board 
 Ohject: 
 
 The object of this drill is to fix relative positions of landfalls, 
 routes, colonies, and settlements on an outline map of any size or. 
 color. There is need of this if the children are to remember places 
 in their proper location without the aid of the particular map and 
 colors with which their minds first associated them. 
 
 Directions: 
 
 1. The teacher should roll up every map in the room and then 
 put a roughly sketched outline map of North and South America 
 on the blackboard. 
 
 2. Divide the pupils into five groups and give a different colored 
 crayon to the leader of each group; e. g., white to English, yellow 
 to Spanish, blue to French, red to Dutch, green to Portuguese. 
 
 3. Start the contest by letting each leader fill in Atlantic sea- 
 board discoveries and explorations rapidly, following the instruc- 
 tions given him by his group. Then do the same for the Pacific 
 coast and the interior of North America. 
 
 4. The national group which completes its locations first is the 
 winner in the contest. 
 
 5. On other days the teacher may do the same sort of thing for 
 colonies, settlements, towns, and trading posts in North America. 
 
 6. Add a sketch map of Western Europe to that of North America, 
 and ask pupils to locate points of departm-e and ocean routes of 
 explorers and colonists as well as landfalls and routes in North 
 America. 
 
 2. Date Match 
 
 Object: 
 
 The object of the date match is to train pupils in rapid, accurate 
 thinking and speaking in associating dates with people and events. 
 
270 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 Directions: 
 
 1. Divide the pupils into two lines, as if for a spelling match, with 
 chosen leaders placed near a blackboard with chalk in hand. ■ 
 
 2. The leader of one side should begin the match by giving the 
 name of a discoverer, explorer, or colonizer, and the leader of the 
 opposing side should give the date which the class has been taught 
 to associate with that name. Then let the next pupil on that same 
 side give a name and be answered by a date froin the opposing line. 
 
 3. Ask each leader to write down the name or the date as it 
 is given by his side. This brings clearness and avoids repetition. 
 A pupil who repeats a name already given forfeits his place just 
 as much as one who gives the wrong date, and like him takes his 
 seat. This "spells" down the line as in a spelling match. 
 
 4. Throughout the exercise the teacher must be quick to decide 
 all mooted points and to say when all the names and dates that 
 the class can be expected to know have been given. Information 
 in regard to names and dates from outside sources must obviously 
 be barred out of this general class drill if all pupils are to be held 
 responsible. 
 
 3. Tours and Guides 
 Object: 
 
 The object of this exercise is to encourage a free conversational 
 mode of treatment of historical information which has already 
 been fully explained, learned, and recited in a more conventional 
 class way. 
 
 Directions: 
 
 1. Let a volimteer take his place at the blackboard, make a 
 sketch map like any one in Indians and Pioneers, and with a 
 pointer locate sites and towns as he talks to the other pupils as if 
 he were a guide and they a group of tourists. He should pass in 
 review all the events in the history of that locahty which would 
 be associated with any site or statue, building or bridge. 
 
ilEViteW EXERCISES 271 
 
 2. The teacher would do well to introduce the use of this exercise 
 with a sample tour conducted by herself about a map of Plymouth 
 or Boston, Jamestown or New York City. 
 
 3. Encourage the tourist pupils to ask their guide for all informa- 
 tion necessary to a thorough appreciation of the real reasons 
 why he has led them to the various sites. 
 
 4. Vary the exercise by imagining the tourists have come as 
 perfect strangers to the colonies, from Europe, about the year 1700. 
 
PRONOUNCING VOCABULARY 
 
 Agawam (ag'a-w6m) 
 Albemarle (al'bS-marl) 
 Amerigo (a-ma-re'go) 
 amphitheater (am'fl-the'a-ter) 
 antiquity (an-ti(k'wl-tl) 
 Apache (a-pa'cha) 
 archaeologist (ar-kS-Sl'o-jIst) 
 Balboa (bal-bo'a) 
 Canonicus (ko-nSn'I-kfis) 
 Canterbury (kan'tgr-b6r-l) 
 canon (kSn'y^n) 
 Cartier (kar-tya') 
 Cathay (kS-tha') 
 Champlain (shSm-plan') 
 Chippewa (chlp'e-wa) 
 Christopher (krlst'6-fer) 
 Colorado (k61-6-ra'do) 
 Columbus (ko-lflm'biis) 
 Coimecticut (k3-n6t'i-kiit) 
 Cornelius (kOr-ne'Il-fis) 
 Coronado (ko-ro-na'iilo) 
 Cortez (kdr'tSz) 
 Dauphin (d6'fln) 
 Diego (de-a'go) 
 Endicott (6n'di-k3t) 
 Eskimo (6s'ld-m6) 
 ethnologist (6th-n61'6-jist) 
 ethnology (gth-nOl'o-jI) 
 Gibraltar (ji-br61'tgr) 
 Gila (he'Ia) 
 Gloucester (gl6s'tgr) 
 Guanahani (gwarna-ha'ne) 
 
 273 
 
 Guilford (gll'ferd) 
 Hakluyt (hak'loot) 
 Herrera (6r-ra'ra) 
 Hispaniola (Ms-pSn-yo'ld) 
 Hochelaga (ho'shSr-la'ga) 
 Iroquois (Ir'6-kwoi') 
 Isenacommacoh 
 
 (Is-e'-nah-cdm-mgr-cah) 
 Juana (hwa'na) 
 La Navidad (la na-ve-thath) 
 Laud (16d) 
 Leyden (li'den) 
 Lyford (ll'ford) 
 Manhattan (man-hat'Sn) 
 Manhattoe (man-hat'to) 
 Manatoe (man-a't5) 
 Massasoit (mas'o-soit) 
 Mediterranean (m6d-I-tSr-a'ne-an) 
 Miantonomoh (ml-an-to-no'mo) 
 Miquon (me-kw6n') 
 moraine (mo-ran') 
 Nantasket (nan-tasTiBt) 
 Naumkeag (naum-kay'ag) 
 Norumbega (no-rum-be'ga) 
 Oholasc (o-ho-lasc') 
 Ojeda (o-ha'tha) 
 Paspahegh (pas-pa-heg') 
 Patoamecke (pa-to-o-mec'ke) 
 Pizarro (pl-zar'ro) 
 Pocahontas (po-ka-h6n'tas) 
 Pocanoket (p5c-E^n6k'et) 
 Powhatan (pou-ho-tan') 
 
274 
 
 INDIANS AND PIONEERS 
 
 pueblo (pw6b'lo) 
 Raleigh (r6'H) 
 Roanoke (ro'o-nok) 
 Samoset (sam'6-s6t) 
 Santa Maria (sSn'to ma-re'a) 
 Schagen (scha'gen) 
 Schuylkill (skoolTdl) 
 Stuyvesant (stl'v6-sant) 
 Tapoantominais 
 
 (tS,po-£ln-t6m'i-hay) 
 Tennessee (tSn-g-se') 
 
 Theophilus (the-of'i-lus) 
 tikkinagon (tIk-kl-na'gSn) 
 Varche (var-shay') 
 Verrazano (v6r-rat-sa'no) 
 Vespucci (v6s-poot'che) 
 Wamponoag (wSm-po-no'Sg) 
 Weramocomoco 
 
 ( we'ra-mo 'co-mo 'c6) 
 Wollaston (wul'as-ton) 
 Yeardley (yerd'U) 
 Zuni (zoo'nye)