^SM OJotncU mmuct0ttB Etbrarg ailfara, 'Sitta ^atk CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1S76 191'8 Cornell University Library BV 2060.L72 The great value and success of foreign m 3 1924 023 021 185 Cornell University Library The original of tliis bool< is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31 924023021 1 85 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS » —OF— FOREIGN MISSIONS.' PROVED BY DISTINGUISHED WITNESSES: BEING THE TESTIMONY OF DIPLOMATIC MINISTERS, CONSULS, NAVAL OFFICERS, AND SCIENTIFIC AND OTHER TRAVELERS IN HEATHEN AND MO- HAMMEDAN countries; TOGETHER WITH THAT OF ENGLISH VICEROYS, GOVERNORS, AND MILITARY OFFICERS IN INDIA AND IN THE BRITISH COLONIES: lEAMNG |ACTS AND LATE STATISTICS OF THE MISSIONS. By rev. JOHN LIGGINS Auuor of *' One Thousand Phrases in English and Japanese;'* " England*s Opium Policy," &c., &c. WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY REV. ARTHUR T. PIERSON, D. D. NEW YORK : THE BAKER & TAYiOR CO., 740 And 742 Broadway. COPYRIGHT, 1888, BY THE BAKER & TAYLOR COMPANY. INTRODUCTION, This most timely book fits the need of the day, as ball fits socket, or tenon fits mortise. To decry, or even deny, the good work done by heroic missionaries does not disprove it ; the logic of events will convince any candid mind, and this book is simply a grand massing and marshalling of testi- mony. Nehemiah, the model reformer and organizer, met manifold forma of antagonism. Lut, in face of apathy and lethargy on the part of Jews, and derisive ridicule and malicious enmity on the part of Horonite and Ammonite and Arabian, he held his tongue, kept his temper, minded his own busi- ness, and moved right forward, till the wall was built, the gates hung, and law and order were re- established. That ancient " repairer of the breach, and restorer of paths to dwell in," was not alone in his experience of opposition in doing his great and good work. " A light word is the Devil's keenest sword." There are many who are " willingly ignorant ; " and if all that they do not know were put in print, the world itself could not contain the books that would be writ- ten. With a sublime disregard for the pin-point of (iii) iy INTRODUCTION. ridicule, and even the sharp shaft of sober and serious assault, we must carry on both the work of missions, and the kindred work of informing and enlightening those who do not shut their eyes to the lights Let us give the people the facts in abundance. To some they may become the fingers of God. In this valuable volume, the high character and grand influence of Christian missions are established beyond a doubt. Hundreds of representative men and women, whose very names carry the weight of authority, from every class in the community, here take the stand as witnesses ; and in the high court of the Judgment, command and compel a hearing. They speak what they know and testify what they have seen, and only those whom prejudice blinds, or hostility hardens, will refuse to receive such concord- ant witness. Modern missions have nothing to fear from the harsh or hasty words of a few like Dr. Oscar Len?, Winwood Reade, Sir Lepel Grriffin, J. J, Monteiro, Mrs. Scott Stevenson, or even J. A. Froude and Canon Taylor ; while such as R. H. Dana and J. P. Donovan, James Russell Lowell and Alfred Russell Wallace, R. N. Cust and James B. Angell, William Elliot Grriffis and William Fleming Stevenson, Sir Bartle Frere and Sir Richard Temple, Lords Law- rence and Loftus, Northbrook and Napier, Generals Edwards, and Haig, Wallace and Wilson, Taylor and Gordon, Admirals Wilkes and Sullivan, Foote and Gore ; nay, where Darwin no less than DuflFerin, and INTRODUCTION. V Keshub Chunder Sen no less than Constance Gordon- Cumming, feel constrained to testify to the priceless value and great success of Christian missions. The days of supernatural signs have not passed away. God's Word does not- return to Him void. Instead of the thorn comes up the fir-tree ; instead of the brier comes up the myrtle tree ; and this dis- placement, in the soil of society, of noxious and offen- sive growths of sin, by useful and fragrant trees of righteousness, is the unanswerable proof and sign of God's Husbandry — the planting of the Lord, that He might be glorified. Such individual, social, spiritual tranformation shall be to the Lord for a name, for an everlasting sign that shall not be cut off. The Church of Christ has only to go forth and preach everywhere. The Lord will work with and confirm the word with signs following. Amen. Aethue T. Pieeson. 2320 Spruce St., Philadelphia, November, 1888. CONTENTS. INTRODUCTION iii THE SUBJECT GENERALLY 1 Misstatements Concerning Foreign Missions. — A Repentant Slanderer. —A Noted African Traveller. — Skeptical Residents and Travellers — The Course of the London 2'imes. — James Eussell Lowell on tlie Skeptics. — Skeptics Who Do Not Sneer at the Missionaries. — Commending the Civilizing Influence of the Missions. — Uninformed Travellers and Residents. — An Unin- terested Clerical Gentleman.— What Many Tourists Fail to See and to Do. — Noble Exceptions.— An Anecdote, by Dr. Bliss.— An Uninformed American Statesman.— What Has Come to Pass. — Prejudice Changed to Praise. — Testimony of Dr. Steven- son.— The Rev. Mr. Bainbridge and Dr. Prime.— Bishop Foster and Dr. Abel Stevens. — Refuting Laymen by more Distinguish- ed Laymen.— A Telling Reply to a Major-General. — Testimony of Eminent Scientists. — An American Traveller Answered. — Sir Lepel Griffin's Speech. — Men of a Very Different Stamp. — Jaunty Travellers in Africa.— An American Lady and Miss Gor- don Gumming.— The Remarkable Letter of Colonel Denby.— Mrs. Scott Stevenson and Sir Thomas Tancred. — James A. Froude and Charles Darwin.— Some of the Great Results of Missions. AFRICA 31 Missionary Enterprise in Africa.- Famous Explorers as Wit- nesses. — The Governor of Natal and the Consul of Mozambique. — General Gordon and Emin Bey.— A Distinguished Linguist's Testimony. — Self-Sacrificing Devotion of Church of England Men and Women.— The Same Self-Sacrificing Spirit of Other Men and Women. — Independent Testimony as to the Results. — The (vii; vm CONTEXTS. London Timeson Drs. Moffatt andLivingstone.— Sir Charles War- ren on Some of the Eesults He Has Seen.— The Success in South Africa.— Testimony of a Minister for the Aborigines.— The Mar- tyrs of Uganda.— A Chivalrous Knight of the Cross. — Gen. Haig ou the American Mission in Egypt. — Dr. Lenz and Arch- deacon Farler. — What Can No Longer Be Maintained. BOENEO 49 A nation of Head Hunters. — Numerous Head Takers Become Members of the Church. — Mr. Hornaday on the Great Change in the Fierce Dyaks. BUEMAH 52 Dr. Judson, the Great Missionary. — Five Hundred Churches and Twenty-six Thousand Members. — ^Administration Report on the Debt to the Missionaries. CELEBES 54 Celebes is Now a Christian Island. —Alfred Russell Wallace's Remarkable Testimony. CHINA 55 Great Missionary Progress Since 1843. — Miss Gordon Cum- ming's " Wanderings in China." — Her Testimony to the Great Success.—Consuls as Witnesses. — Mr. J. P. Donovan and a London Times Correspondent. — Minister Denby on the Immense Good Which is Being Done.— Secular and Political Eesults. — President Angell on Wliat Has Been Accomplished m a Life- time. — Action of the Viceroy Li Hung Chang — Extensive Med- ical Missions in China. — The Large Hospital, Dispensary and College at Canton. — Prestige Gained By the Missions. — Opiiun Refuges. — A Formidable Obstacle in China. FIJI 70 Formerly the Darkest Place on Earth.— Sir Arthur Gordon ou the Wonderful Transformation.— Sir Charles St. Julian's Testi- mony.— Miss Gordon Camming on the Mighty Change Which Has Been Effected. -Thrilling Stories of the Missionaries' Courage,— The Fijian Church Has Become a Missionary Body. —Testimony of Administrators McGregor and Thurston. CONTEKTS. IX GKEENLAND 76 Snblime Faith and Patience of the Missionaries,— Testimony of Drs. Kane and Brown to Their Great Success. INDIA 79 The Three Principal Religions of India.— The Misrule of the East India Company. — A Disgraceful Memorial of the Company. — Dr. Butler on Some of the Misdeeds of the Company. — Anti- Christian Policy.— The Iniquitous Opium Traffic. — Sir John Lawrence's Superior Policy. — Major-General EdwardeS on the Bad Policy Pursued. — The Earlier and Later Records of the Company. — The Only Policy of Hope.— The Policy ofthe Pres- ent GoverningCouncil.— No Christian Need Apply. —Denounciug Tremendous Evils. — How One Iniquity Was Suppressed. — Two GreatNativeEvils. — Two Great Government Evils. ^The Success of Christian Labors.— Testimony of the Earl of Northbrooli and Others. — Lord Lawrence on the Popularity of the Missionarie.s. — Lord Napier on the Attractive Pictures of Missionary Life. — Sir Bartle Frere on the Great Changes Effected.— Sir William Muir on the Wori of the American and Continental Missionaries — Sir Richard Temple on the Bright Example of the Missionaries. — Sir Richard Temple on the Missions Being Failures. — Sir. Charles Aitcheson on the Startling Leavening Process. — Sir William Hunter's Remarkable Lecture. — Enormous Increments. — Testi- mony of Prince Harnara Singh. — Native Admissions as toSuocess. — Testimony of a Watchful Brahmin — A Large Number of Brah- mins Baptized.— Liberal Giving by Foreign Residents in India. — Native Princes Contributing.^-Unsalaried Missionaries in India. — ^The Natives Trust Only the Missionaries. JAPAN Ill The First Protestant Mission in Japan .-The Wonderful Changes in Less Than Thirty Years. — A Noble Body of Cultured Ladies and Gentlemen. — Miss Isabella L. Bird's Testimony. — Professor Rein on the Missionaries and Their Hinderers — Mr. Mf.clay on the Work of Yokohama. — The Missionaries and the Foreign Com- munity. — A Thoroughly Characteristic Story. — ^A Young Of- ficer's Legacy. — Captain Brinkley on the Once Formidable Dif- ficulties and the Present Success. — U. S. Minister Hubbard on this Urgently Inviting Field.— A Native Minister's Testimony. X CONTENTS. — Mr. Arthur L. Shuinway as a Witness. — Consul Seymour and Dr. Kerr. JAVA 126 The Island and its Inhabitants. — Progress of the Missionary Work. MADAGASCAK 128 Remarkable Results in Madagascar. — Testimony of the Hon. N. F. Graves.— The People Raised and Purified.— Gen. J. W. Phelps on Madagascar's Passage from Barbarism to Christian- ity. ' MICEONESIA 131 The Results After About Thirty Years' Work.— The Spanish Seizure of the Caroline Islands. NEW .GUINEA 134 The Island and its Inhabitants.— Captain Spry on the " Chal- lenger's" Visit to New Guinea.— The Tragic Beginning of the Missionary Work.— The Change in Torres Straits.— Testimonies- of Lord Loftus and Others as to the Change on the Mainland.— A Missionary's Great Influence.- Strange Proofs of Regard. — What the Gospel of Christ Has Done. — A Letter From a Naval Ofacer. NEW HEBRIDES 144 Great Difficulties and many Martyrs. — The Outlines of a Glorious History. — Women in the Holy War. NEW ZEALAND 148 Sublime Scenery but Barbarous People. — "The Standing Miracle of the Age."— Bishop Selwyn Founds the Melanesian Mission.— Perils Encountered. — Mr. Darwin and the Enchan- ter's Wand. — Mr. Fronde's Statement in " Oceana. " NOETH AMERICAN INDIANS 154 Our Nation's Dishonorable Conduct Toward the Indians. — Dr. Sunderland on the Outrageous Treatment of the Indians — A Brave Government Agent. — President Seelye on the Gov- ernment's Failure to Solve the Indian Problem —The Results CONTENTS. XI of Christian Missions.— A Few Telling Facts. — Testimony of Commissioner Rhodes and Mr. Herbert Welsh. — The Change at White Earth Reservation.— " A Student of Civilization" on Bishop Hare and His Work.— The Last Lake Mohonk Confer- enoe.— An Unparalleled Government Order.— The Wonderful Change at Metlakahtla. — Commendations of Lord Duflferin and Others. — Mr. Duncan and his Indians are now in Alaska. — The New Mission in Alaska Welcomed by the Government. PERSIA 171 U. S. Minister Benjamin on the Growth and Power of the Missions. —Col. E. C. Stewart on the Striking Contrast in Thir- teen Years. — ^Mark of Distinction from the Shah. POLYNESIA— The field generally 174 Some of the Great Results of Christian Missions. — What the Missionaries Have Given the Natives. — Missions have been tUe Preservation of the Polynesians. — The Life of a Savage.— Cap- tain Macdonald on Safety of the Shipwrecked. — Living in a New World. — Civilization Without the Gospel Does Not Civilize — The Wonderful Result of a Loving Act. — Cheering Scenes.- Roman Catholic Aggressions. SAMOA 183 La Perouse on the Babarism of the Samoans. — Dr. Turner on Some of the Great Results. — Captain Erskine on the Change Effected. SANDWICH ISLANDS 187 The Early Navigators on the Savage Character of the Natives — Hon. Richard H. Dana on the Remarkable Change.— Miss Gordon Gumming on Hawaii Without and With the Gospel.— Summary of a Great Work.— Hon. Elisha H. Allen on the Mis- sionaries Saving the Nation.— Mr. M. D. Conway's Experiences in Honolulu. SIAM 192 Hon. David B. Sickles on the Great Work Which has been Accomplished. — The Favoi of the King and Queen. Xll CONTENTS. SIBERIA 195 The "Work of Dr. Lansdell and Others.— Dr. Lansdell's La- test Book. — A Letter From the Couvicts. TAHITI 198 Admiral Wilkes on the Value of Missionary Lahors.— Faithful Native Christians. — Mr. Charles Darwin on the Morality and Religion of the Tahitians.— Testimony of Captain Harvey. TERRA DEL FUEGO... 201 European Government Representatives Commend the Work. —Admiral Sullivan Writes to Darwin on the Wonderful Change. — Lieut. Bove's Testimony. — A Christian Fnegian Vil- lage. TONGA ISLANDS 204 The Results of a Long and Perilous Struggle. — The Fearless Energy of the Native Christians. TURKISH EMPIRE 206 Summary of the Missions of the American Board. — Sir Austen Layard on the Judicious and Earnest Efforts of the Missiona- ries — Lord Redcliffe on their Discretion Tempered with Zeal. — The Earl of Shaftesbury on their Common Sense and Piety. — Deserving of Unlimited Praise. — Hon. G. P. Marsh on the Vast Significance of the Facts. — Testimony of Gen. Lew Wallace.— Gen. Wallace's Prejudice Changed to High Regard.— Lieut.- Col. Mark S. Bell as a Witness.— What a British Consul at Aleppo Writes.— Mrs. Charles ontheEntire Consecration of the Missionaries.— Sir Thomas Tancred on the Missions in Asia Minor.— Missions of the Church Missionary Society in Palestine. —The Moravian Hospital for Lepers at Jerusalem —The Pres- byterian Mission in Syria.— The Syrian Protestant College. APPENDIX 213 The Enrichment of Occidental Science by the Missionaries. - Enriching the Orient with True Science and Philosophy.- The Awakening in the East.— The Statesmanship of Missions. THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. ScAECELT a month passes without an article appearing in a leading newspaper or periodical, or without a boot being published, in which Foreign Missions are declared to be failures. These unfounded statements are from residents or travellers abroad, who are either hostile to missions, or who are uninformed upon the subject. While among American and European residents in heathen and Mohammedan countries, there are many esti- mable persons, and some noble Christian men and women, yet there is a larger proportion of the sensual, the skeptical, and the unprincipled, than is the case among those of sim- ilar education and position at home. Arthur Collins Maclay, who is not a missionary, says, in his " Budget of Letters from Japan," that the foreign com- munities in that country are very immoral, and that many of the American and European residents and visitors, " are leading lives they would not think of leading at home." He further says that the opposition to missionaries and tlieir work comes not from the Japanese, but from these evil-living foreigners. Similar is the testimony of Prof. (1) 2 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Rein in his great wort on Japan, and of William Elliot Griffis in his " Mikado's Empire." J. P. Donovan, Esq., who has held important position* in China, says :' " Missions are not only not a failure — ^they are a grand success. Many of our countrymen in China are too indifferent to inquire, or to examine for themselves the work that is being done ; the character and conduct of others is such that they studiously avoid missionaries." If the studious avoidance was accompanied by silence on the subject, it would not be so bad; but these mpn speak against the missionaries and their work to the natives, and to foreign visitors, and they write against them to their friends at home, and to the newspapers and periodicals. The Hon. Eichard H. Dana, on his visit to the Sand- wich Islands, wrote: "The mere seekers of pleasure, power, or gain, do not like the missionary influence ; " and, unhappily, they are greatly influenced by their dislike, in what they say against the missions abroad, and in what they write for publication at home. We have the testi- mony of the late Mr. Charles Darwin, in his " Voyage of the Beagle," that the foreign travellers and residents in the South Sea Islands, who write with such hostility to missions there, are men who find the missionary to be an obstacle to the accomplishment of their evil purposes. A EEPENTANT SLANDEEEE. A missionary in one of the Pacific Islands was greatly slandered in some articles which appeared anonymously in a Sydney paper. A few years afterward he received a letter from the author of the articles, of which the follow- ing is an extract : " Those newspaper articles were written by me. The regret and shame which has since possessed me for having written them will lose somewhat of its bit- terness, since I know that you will rejoice that God, in the THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. O infinity of His mercy, has, daring the past year, opened to me also a door of deliverance from the bondage of selfish obduracy aind vice, and has given to me also (renegade, re- probate, and enemy of His G-ospel as I have life-long been) some glimpses of a better hope, and poured into the dark prison-house of a mind previously impenetrable to every good thought, and hardened to all sympathy with every good work, some rays of the light of the everlasting G-ospel which yourself and your fellow-laborers have toiled to spread abroad in Pagan lands.'' The letter finishes thus : — " Trusting that you may be long spared to continue your ministry, and that the blessing of God may abundantly follow the labors of your scholars, some of whom I have lately come to know, and have cause to love and admire, I remain, yours most respectfully, " (Signed) H S ."* A NOTED AFRICAN TEAVELLBR. Some years ago a noted English traveller and author stated in one of his books that the missionaries at a certain place in Africa accomplished nothing, and that their station was quite useless. In reply, the Rev. Alfred Saker, the leading missionary at the station referred to, wrote that his station could hardly be considered entirely useless, as it had been a refuge for the native women from the drunken at- tacks of the travelling companions and friends of this cen- sor. And yet the many thousands who read, and were more or less influenced by his book, were ignorant of the character of the author. Wilmot, the infidel, when dying, laid his trembling, emaciated hands upon the Sacred Volume, and exclaimed * The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society for January, 1888. ■4 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. solemnly, and with unwonted energy, " The only objection against this Book is a bad life." We will not say that all of those who declare that the work commanded and blessed by the Divine Author of the Book is a failure are men of evil lives, but the evidence is abundant that a great many of them are. Says the distinguished Archdeacon Farrar : " To sneer at missionaries — a thing so cheap and so easy to do — has always been the fashion of libertines and cynics and worldlings. So far from having failed, there is no work of God which has received so absolute, so unprecedented a blessing. To talk of missionaries as a failure is to talk at once like an ignorant and like a faithless man." SKEPTICAL EESIDENTS AND TRAVELLERS. The word " faithless " well describes another class of objectors to, and depredators of, evangelistic labors, the skeptics, or, as they at present are pleased to style them- selves, the agnostics. A witty Irish Bishop says that the reason why some heads are shaken at the Bible is that they are empty, and that the exact meaning of agnostic is igno- ramus. But many of these men are very far from consider- ing themselves as real agnostics, and from their supposed heights of knowledge they look with disdain upon all who do not accept their notions. Some years ago a coiTcspond- ent in Japan of the London Times, said that missions in Japan, as everywhere else, were failures ; but he is a man who says he believes that Christianity is no better than Buddhism, and that both alike are false. The Kev. George Ensor refuted his statements as to the alleged non- success in the making of Christian converts in Japan. He said : " Fourteen years ago I landed, the first representa- tive of the mission spirit of the Church of England in Japan. There was not then a single professed Protestant THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 5 convert in all the land. To-day there are nigh or over six thousand, and none of these are historic Christians." On the 23d of August, 1882, the Times contained a let- ter from a correspondent at Singapore, containing similar sweeping assertions concerning the non-success of Chris- tian labors among the Chinese at that city, and in China itself. Dr. Burden, the Anglican Bishop of Hongkong, replying to it in the Church Missionary Intelligencer, said : " When I went out to China as a missionary of the Church Missionary Society, in 1853, Protestant missionary work was in its infancy. Only ten years before that time, in 1843, there were but five or six converts ; at the present time there are between 15,000 and 20,000 communicants." A few months ago Dr. Oscar Lena returned to Germany from his travels in Africa, and announced that missions there were failui-es, and his statements were telegraphed to this country, and were doubtless published in the greater part of the secular papers in all parts of the civilized world, and in the local papers published for the foreign communi- ties in all parts of the uncivilized world. Yet few of the many millions who read his statements were informed that Dr. Lenz had not been near any mission stations in Africa except a few of the more recently established ones, and that he is a man who condemns the missionary's whole object in life. THE COUBSB OF THE LONDON " TIMES." Other depreciating letters from various parts of the heathen and Mohammedan world have appeared in the London Times, though their appearance of late has not been as frequent as formerly. The wonder is that they should be allowed to appear at all, as the conductors of the Times are not so wanting in intelligence and good sense as these inti-miasion correspondents, as seen in their 6 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. treatment of Dr. Lenz ; their unstinted praise of Moffat Livingstone, Selwyn, Patte son, Hannington, and oth( missionaries ; their laudation of the work in Uganda, Sout Africa and other places, and in the expression of such sei timents as the following, from an editorial : " Europear have spread themselves over the world, following ever\ where the bent of their own nature, following their ow gain, too generally being and doing nothing that a heathe will recognize as better than himself These preach somi thing, and have their own mischievous influence. The preach irreligion, and the views that go with it. The: gospel does its work, and reaps its fruit." And here it is in place to ask. Why are these irreligioi ists, who work evil abroad, permitted to do the same a home in the columns of the Times ? Great evil result from the insertion of their articles, even when refutation of their statements are inserted from other correspondent} and they are commented upon unfavorably by the editoi of the Times ; for the average secular newspaper editor i more hostile to Foreign Missions than the conductors of th leading paper appear to be, and he publishes with pleasui the attacks on missions, while he is very careful not to giv the refutations or the comments of the Times. JAMES EUSSELL LOWELL ON THE SKEPTICS. James Russell Lowell, ex- American Minister to Englanc just before leaving the latter country for the United States attended a meeting in London to do honor to the poe Browning. Some of those present made addresses in whic: they aired their skepticism, and said that thej' could ge along without any religion. They did this, though the; knew that by so doing they would give offence to man; who were there. Mr. Lowell, having the courage of hi convictions, paid some attention to these men in his address THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 7 and amoBg things equally pertinent and forcible, he said : " The worst kind of religion is no religion at all ; and these men who live in ease and luxury, indulging them- selves in ' the amusement of going without religion,' may be thankful that they live in lands where the gospel they neglect has tamed the beastliness and ferocity of the men who, but for Christianity, might long ago have eaten their bodies like the South Sea Islanders, or cut off their heads and tanned their hides like the monsters of the French Revolution. When the microscopic search of skepticism, which has hunted the heavens and sounded the seas to dis- prove the existence of a Creator, has turned its attention to human society, and has found a place on this planet ten miles square, where a decent man can live in decency, comfort and security, supporting and educating his chil- dren, unspoiled and unpolluted ; a place where age is rev- erenced, infancy respected, manhood respected, womanhood honored, and human life held in due regard — when skeptics can find such a place ten miles square on this globe, where the gospel of Christ has not gone and cleared the way, and laid the foundations, and made decency and security pos- sible, it will then be in order for the skeptical literati to move thither and then ventilate their views. But so long as these very men are dependent upon the religion which they discard for every privilege they enjoy, they may well hesitate a little before they seek to rob the Christian of his hope, and humanity of its faith, in that Saviour who alone has given to man that hope of life eternal which makes life tolerable and society possible, and robs death of its terrors and the grave of its gloom." SKEPTICS "WHO DO NOT SNEEK AT THE MISSIONAEIES. But not all skeptically inclined men sneer at the mission- aries or belittle the results of their work. Mr. Joseph 8 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Thomson, who has travelled much more extensively in Africa than Dr. Lenz, and who argues that Christianity should he brought down to the level of Mohammedan teaching, in order to more easily win the natives, utterly ignoring the Divine command to " preacli the Gospel to every creature," and the words of the great missionary, St. Paul, "woe is me if I preach not the Gospel," has never- theless felt constrained to eulogize the missionaries, which he has done as follows in a letter to the London Times : " No one is a more sincere admirer of the missionary than I ; no one knows better the noble lives of many, the singleness of purpose with which they pursue the course they think the only trae one. They seem to me the best and truest heroes which this nineteenth century has pro- duced. Nobody has more reason to speak well of them than I, and rejoice that they have spread over the waste places of the earth. In the heart of the Dark Continent I have been received as a brother, I have been relieved when I was destitute, I have been nursed when I was half dead, and time after time I have been sent on my weary way, rejoicing that there is such a profession of men as Christian missionaries.'' Mr. Charles Darwin, too, has written in admiration of the Christian missionary, and he became a regular contributor to the funds of the South American Missionary Society, because of the transformation in the character of the na/- tives of Fuegia, effected through the instrumentality of missionaries of this Society. COMMENDING THE CIVILIZING INFLUENCE OF THE MISSIONS. Some who attach little value to the religion propagated by the missionaries, commend, in warm terms, the benefits to science from their residence and labors abroad, and the THE SCBJKCT GENERALLY. » civilizing influence they exert upon the natives. Mr. H. H. Johnston, who has travelled in Africa, is one of these. In an artiele in the November (1887) number of the Nine- teenth Century, he says : — "Indirectly, and almost unintentionally, missionary enterprise has widely increased the bounds of our Ijnowl- edge, and has sometimes been the means of conferring benefits on science, the value and extent of which itself was careless to. appreciate and compute. Huge is the debt which philologists owe to the labors of British missionaries in Africa ! By evangelists of our own nationality nearly two hundred African languages and dialects have been illustrated by grammars, dictionaries, vocabularies, and translations of the Bible. Many of these tongues were on the point of extinction, and have since become extinct, and we owe our knowledge of them solely to the missionaries' intervention. Zoology, botany, and anthropology, and most of the other branches of scientific investigation have been enriched by the researches of missionaries who have enjoyed unequalled opportunities of collecting in new dis- tricts ; while commerce and colonization have been so notoriously guided in their extension by the information derived from patriotic emissaries of Christianity, that the aegro potentate was scarcely unjust when he complained that ' first came the missionary, then the merchant, and then the man-of-war.' " An English traveller, who pretends to no sympathy for evangelistic work, and no personal regard for Christianity, writes as follows of some of the changes which have been effected through missionary labors in some parts of West Africa : " Old sanguinary customs have to a large extent been abolished ; witchcraft hides itself in the forests ; the fetich superstition of the people is derided by old and young; and well-built houses are springing up on every THE GREAT VALUE AND SUOCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. land. It is really marvellous to mark tlie change tha^ las taken place." He says that he does not at all understand how these hanges have heen brought about, and that to him they eem " abnormal." Abnormal they must appear from the keptic's standpoint, but not to him who can say with St. 'aul, " I am not ashamed of the Gospel of Christ, for it is be power of God unto salvation, to every one that believ- th," and godliness " has the promise of the life that now s, as well as of that which is to come." Even these more candid skeptics see not the shining of le Sun of Eighteousness, but only what has been called ie " afterglow " of His shining. They perceive not that le great work of the commissioned servants of Christ, is, s Longfellow has well expressed it : " To rescue souls forlorn and lost, The troubled, tempted, tempest-tost, To heal, to comfort, and to teach; The fiery tongues of Pentecost His symbols were, that they should preach In every form of human speech, From continent to continent." UNINFORMED TRAVELLERS AKD RESIDENTS. Other travellers and sojourners abroad who do much in- iry to the missionary cause, either directly or indirectly, re those who are uninformed, and who do not care to be tformed concerning the work and its results. The num- er of this class is legion. They have no particular fltipathy to missionaries and their work — they simply ave no interest in the subject. Mr. Griffis, in his work on Japan, referring to the for- gn residents, says : " It is hard to find an average man ' the world in Japan who has any clear idea of what the THE SfBJECT GENERALLY. 11 missionaries are doing, or have done. Their dense igno- rance borders on the ridiculous." (Page 345.) The Rev. Robert A. Hume, of Ahmednagar, India, gives in the Missionary Herald for February, 1886, the following specimen case: "In Ahmednagar, 150 miles east of Bombay, where I have lived the past eleven years, the grounds of the collector — that is, the chief English official — and of the American mission touch at one side. Not a collector who ever took the trouble to visit our church and schools has failed to express wonder and de- light at the results which he saw. But collectors have lived there who knew almost nothing of our work. Some years ago, when Sir Richard Temple, then Grovemor of the Presidency, came to Ahmednagar, he visited our church, accompanied by the collector. When the latter saw a large church in a small city, filled with about eight hundred Christians, he said to me : ' Here I have been living next door to you for months, and had no idea of what your mis- sion had accomplished.' " Had this man returned to England before the visit of Sir Richard Temple, he would, no doubt, have said that he had not seen that the missionaries were doing much in In- dia. Among these uninterested persons are many church members, and, we are sorry to say, some Christian minis- ters. Certain clergymen, at home, to their shame be it said, take little or no interest in the evangelization of the heathen and Mohammedan world. They read no mission- ary magazine, preach no missionary sermon, have no mis- sionary meeting, and take up no collection for missions. They are disobedient to the last and great command of Him whose ministers they profess to be, and when they go abroad they do not visit the missions to see what is being done. 12 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. AN UNINTERESTED CLERICAL GENTLEMAN. The Eev. B. C. Henry, in his valuable boot on China, and the missionary work in the southern part of the empire, entitled " The Cross and Dragon," says : " One clerical gentleman, not a missionary, held a chaplaincy in Canton for three years, but at the end of that period was as igno- rant of the status of mission-work as when he came. Hav- ing occasion to visit Japan, he became the guest of a mis- sionary there, and was actually brought into contact with his host's work, in which he became interested. Returning to Canton, he dilated upon what he had seen in Japan, and criticised the course of the Canton missionaries. Close inquiry revealed the fact that the state of things which in Japan called forth Lis admiration not only existed in Can- ton, but in a much more advanced and wide-spread form ; the fact being that he had never taken the trouble to inquire into school work, hospital work, or any of the dozen branches of Christian effort constantly canied for- ward ; and was about to return to his native land after three years' residence, — and would of course be regarded as an authority on such subjects, — without knowing in the least the condition of things." WHAT MANY TOURISTS FAIL TO SEE AND TO DO. If it is true that the great majority of the foreign resi- dents in heathen and Mohammedan countries are uninformed concerning the evangelistic work done in them, it is of course still more true of the great majority of mere tourists. These are eager to see the sights, but they do not include in their desire the best sights of all. They visit Moham- medan mosques and minarets, heathen temples and pagodas, and such famous structures as the Taj, the Koo- tub Minar, the palace of the Mogul Emperors at Delhi, &c., but they do not visit the mission churches, schools, THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 13 printing presses, &c. They are very desirous of making tlie acquaintance of foreign diplomatic ministers, consuls, and merchants, and of being introduced to natives of dis- tinction or of wealth, but they do not desire to become acquainted with the ambassadors of the Lord Jesus Christ, or with the native ministers and teachers. They go to see the performances of Moslem priests and dervishes, of heathen priests, fakirs, serpent charmers, mountebanks, &c., bat they do not go to the services and the preaching where men, women and children are being turned from dumb idols, and other debasing superstitions to serve the living Grod. Many travellers of both sexes have abun- dance of money to spend on Turkish rugs, Indian shawls, Chinese and Japanese silks, bronzes and lacquer ware, but they have nothing to give to the missionaries and native ministers to enable them to enlarge their work, and multiply their means of usefulness. NOBLE EXCEPTIOirS. Of course there are exceptions to all this. There ara many who, in their travels or sojoumings abroad, ever keep the most important things foremost in their minds and hearts. They desire above all things to see the Gos- pel of Christ triumphing in the lands they visit, and they do all they can to aid in bringing this about. As one illustration of this we might state that no less than $300,000 are given yearly to missions in India, by the foreign residents and tourists. The late Judge Tucker, of Fettepoor, India, gave $200 per month to missions. After the duties of his office were fulfilled, he preached Jesus to the natives. To those who remonstrated, he replied : " If every hair of my head were a life, I would give them all to Him." Other similar cases are mentioned in this book. ■ But these are exceptions to the rule, and it is of the rule 14 THE GREAT VALUE AND SCCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. which we are now speaking ; and it is too sadly true that even some travellers, as well as residents, whose special duty it is to inform themselves about, and to aid the work, fail to do so. AN ANECDOTE BT DE. BLISS. In a speech delivered at an annual meeting of the Turt ish Missions Aid Society, in London, the Eev. Dr. Bliss told the following anecdote : " He knew an American clergyman, who, in visiting Syria, met a friend of his, the Rev. Mr. Washburn, one of the American missionaries. This clergyman remarked to Mr. Washburn that he did not think it was worth while for missionaries to be employed in Syria, as they did not seem to be accomplishing anything. Mr. Washburn said to him: ' Did you hear Mr. Thomson preacli this morning ? 'No,' was the reply, 'I did not know that there was any service.' ' ! yes, there was,' said Mr. Washburn ; ' he preached in English this morning.' ' Indeed ! ' said the clergyman, ' I should like to have heard him.' The con- versation was concluded as follows : ' Did you hear Dr. Vandyke preach in Arabic this afternoon ? ' ' No. You don't mean to say that he has preached in Arabic ? ' ' Yes, and he has a, congregation of two hundred persons every Sunday morning. Did you visit any of the schools at Beyrut ? ' ' Schools ! Do you mean to say that you have got schools here ? I am glad to hear that you are going on so well.' 'Did you see the printing press?' 'Print- ing press! Have you got one?' '0 yes; we have a printing establishment in which as many as twenty persons are employed.' Thus but for the conversation, that clergy- man might, when he got back to America, have told people there that the missionaries had never done anything." The Rev. Mr. Henry, in the book already referred to, THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 15 says : " A clergyman from Singapore spent two weeks in Canton ; bnt in that time he had not made the acquaint- ance of a single missionary, or seen the inside of one of the fifteen chapels, or heard of one of the fourscore schools. He had, however, seen the execution ground, and secured the skull of a criminal as a memento, and annonnced his purpose of writing a book on Canton, which coming from the pen of a clergyman, must, of course, contain authentic accounts of missions. Such indifference and wilful ignorance on the part of Christian men is culpa- ble in the extreme." AN traTINFOEMED AMERICAN STATESMAN. In the New YorJc Observer, we find the following men- tion of a case of inexcusable ignorance on mission topics : " A few years since an eminent American statesman made an extended tour in the Eastern world, and on his return prepared a volume, giving his impressions of what he saw and learned. It was only through the remonstrance of some judicious friends, who knew far more upon the subject than he did, that he was induced to leave out of his book the expression of an opinion that Christian missions had proved an entire failure in Oriental lands. The explanation of his ignorance was that on his travels he had been enter- tained and feted by a class of men who cared little about religious things, and who had probably spoken lightly in his presence of missionaries and their work. He had learned much about the political affairs of the countries he had visited, but he was profoundly ignorant of their moral and religious state, and especially of the signal success that has attended the efforts to promote the spiritual renovation of those lands." Well would it have been if many other travellers had been persuaded by their friends to omit their animadversions upon that which they knew nothing about. 16 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. "WHAT HAS COME TO PASS. And tbus it has come to pass that through the misrepre- sentatioBS of those who are hostile to missionaries and their work, and those who are ignorant of what has been accom- plished, the impression very extensively prevails that the results are very much smaller than they are ; and even members of the Church say, " I do not believe much in foreign missions." Some clergymen, too, are impressed by these unfounded reports. We have been surprised at the admissions which have been made to us in this respect. If these clergymen would imitate the Eev. Dr. Palding, of Rotherham, England, who, in a public address has ac- knowledged that he was influenced by them, but decided to visit the principal mission stations in India, China and Japan, and see for himself whether they were true or not, they would, as he says he did, see abundant evidence that they were utterly unworthy of credence, and that a great and glorious work was being done. PREJUDICE CHANGED TO PRAISE. Laymen are more impressed by these false reports than clergymen, and some of thera become greatly prejudiced ao-ainst Foreign Missions ; but the more fair-minded of such of them as have gone abroad and learned the real facts, have had their prejudice changed to admiration and praise. Cases of this kind are given in this book. A more recent case is alluded to as follows, in The Chronicle of the London Missionary Society, for January, 1888 : At the annual meeting of the Rhenish Missionary Socie- ty, a Dutch gentleman, Graf 0. L. H. Limburg-Hinim, gave an interesting report of a visit he had paid to the stations of the Society in Sumatra. He had been travel- ling for four years in the Dutch East Indies, and at first allowed himself to be prejudiced against missionary work THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 17 by what Europeans living here told him concerning it. He was accustomed, indeed, to write home, and in the mildest way say that the missionaries were enthusiasts. But having at last met with a missionary, he went to sec some of the stations, and at once his views were entirely altered. He says that the results of the missions to the Battas are so striking that the worst enemy of missions must be compelled to rejoice in them. Among other places he visited, was the valley of Silindung — a region rather difficult of access, but lovely in the extreme. Looking down into it from the pass by which it is approached, the traveller sees a river winding through it with many islands, and here and there groups of houses, the brown roofs of which rise among the bamboo hedges, and, best of all, church towers are seen in many directions. Here, too, is a land into which advanced (?) civilization has not as yet introduced opium and brandy. Pushing on further, across a level district, called by the missionaries the steppe, and where also are mission stations, the Count came at last to the Toba Lake, which, he says, was one of the loveliest sights he beheld in all his Indian travels. Along the shores are rice fields, with numerous villages, and on an eminence rises the church tower of Balige, the limit of his journey As he drew near his ear caught the sound of church music. As he says : " To be welcomed in the land of cannibals by children singing hymns, this, indeed, shows the peace-creating power of the Gospel." In these days of easy travel, many distinguished home clergymen have made the tour of the world, and have esteemed it a great privilege to make the acquaintance of the missionaries and become informed concerning the re- sults of their work, and their testimony is most emphatic as to the present success and the bright prospects. 2 18 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. TESTIMONY OF DB. STEVENSON. The Eev. "William Fleming Stevenson, D. D., tlie author of " Praying and Working," " The Dawn of the Modern Mission," &c., after his tour of the world wrote : " Almost the whole of Polynesia is Christian. Every coast of Africa is seized. Greenland and Patagonia have their churches. The feet of them that publish the Gospel of Peace traverse the roads from the Himalaya to Cape Comorin, from Burmah to the Yellow Sea. A survey of missions has become a survey of the world. And what obstacles have been overcome to reach this result ! With- in our generation China was inaccessible to the Gospel ; Japan was impregnable ; the heart of Africa was untrodden and unknown. Now, look a little deeper into the figures. It may be only a handful of missionaries at a single point ; but they are translating the Bible, pouring Christian thought into the literature of a whole race. These hundred years of modem missions have placed the Bible within in- telligible reach of perbaps 500,000,000 of the race. Their light is gone out through all the earth, their words to the world's end. We see the plans of God unrolled before our eyes. And what are they ? Tliat the whole world may be touched by the Gospel ; that it may not only touch the in- dividual, but penetrate the tribal life and the national life in every place, and mould the proudest and most populous races by its teaching." EEV. ME. BAINBEIDGE AND DE. PEIME. The Kev. W. F. Bainbridge, in his excellent book, "Around the World Tour of Christian Missions," says, " We have only a joyful report to render. There is en- couragement all along the line." — p. 15. " We cannot mistake the sun that shines at mid-day in a clear summer sky; we cannot mistake the evidence that bathes the THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 19 whole rouml world in its glowing light, that the age of uni- versal missions, on which we have entered, will ultimately be crowned by the universal triumph of Christianity." — p. 24. The Eev. Dr. Eusebius Prime, one of the editors of the New York Observer, and the author of " Around the World," is cited by the Rev. Dr. Ellinwood, as having said : " After having embraced every opportunity for becoming acquainted with the Christian laborers from every land, and with their work, I return with a higher estimate than I evej- had before of the ability, learning and devotion of the missionaries as a class and as a whole ; with an enlarged view of what has already been accomplished, and with a profounder conviction that through this instrumentality, or that which shall immediately grow out of it, the kingdom of our Lord and Saviour is to be established in the whole earth more speedily than the weak faith of the Church has dared even to hope." He adds : " The success of Christian tnissions nothing but ignorance or prejudice could call in question. What has actually been accomplished can be fully appreciated only by those who have been upon the ground, and who have witnessed the condition of Pagan nations." BISHOP FOSTEE AND DE. ABEL STEVENS. Bishop R. S. Poster, who has visited the missions in Japan, China, and India, says in the Gospel in all Lands, for January, 1888: "The eyes of heathenism are turned to the centres of Christendom. The heathen world, dissa- tisfied with its religion and civilization, not less than with its poverty and misery, is looking toward Christendom for help. They are waiting for deliverance without knowing what it is they are waiting for. Heathenism cowers and shrinks away in conscious weakness before Christian thoTight and Christian institutions." 20 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Abel Stevens, LL.D., tLe author of " Life of Madame De Staijl," " The History of Methodisin," &e., writing to the Central Christian Advocate, from Yokohama, Japan, Sfiys : " I have been inspecting the great Asiatic battle- fields, and I report the general conviction of both foreign- ers and intelligent natives here that the epoch of a grand social and religions revolution has set in in India, Burmah, China and Japan — that this old Asiatic heathendom is generally giving way before the continually increasing power of Western thought and Christian civilization. The present is the most propitious hour that has ever dawned on Asia since the advent of Christ. Let us hail it, and march into these great, open battle-fields with all our flags uplifted. I am not carried away by the enthusiasm of the heroic men I have met in these fields ; I know well enough the difficulties that still remain, and can criticise as well as anybody grave defects in the campaign ; but I feel sure that the hoary paganism of this Asiatic world is tottering to its fall ; that the final Christian battle is at hand here." EEFtTTING LATMEN BT MORE DISTINGUISHED LAYMEN. But our purpose is not so much to give the testimony of clerical travellers, however eminent, or of missionaries, however distinguished (though we have given in the fol- lowing pages statements of some of the latter which are of great importance), as it is to present as witnesses laymen who are noted for their position, their character and their fullness of information as regards missionary operations and their results. And so we refute some laymen's testi- mony by that of others more noted and less biased ; some military and naval officers' statements by those of others of higher rank and more experience; some jaunty travel- ler's assertions, by the testimony of less presuming but THE SUBJECT GENEEALLT. 21 more distinguislied travellers and explorers ; some unin- formed men's errors, by well-informed men's facts ; some hostile men's sneers and misrepresentations, by candid and impartial men's judgments and truthful statements. If a member of the English Hoase of Lords says, as was the case not long since, that " missionaries are a deplorable failure," much better than to reason or argue with such a man, will be to present him with the testimony of his peers. Lord Redcliffe, of Constantinople, Lords Lawrence, Napier, and Northbroot, of India, Lord Loftus, governor of New South Wales, concerning the work in New Guinea, and Lord Dufierin, on that among the Indians in British America. If an undistinguished major-general returns to England from India, and says that missions in the latter country are failures, and that military officers generally so consider them, as Canon Isaac Taylor says that one did so state to him a few months since, then the best thing to do is to bring forward the testimony of such distinguished generals in India as the two Lawrences, Major-General Sir Herbert Edwards, General Taylor, &c. Concerning other fields, the testimony of General Wallace as to Turkey in Europe, Lieut. -Col. Mark S. Bell as to Turkey in Asia, Col. C. E. Stewart, Persia, Col. Denby, China, Capt. Brinkley, Ja- pan, Gen. Sir Charles Wilson, South Africa, Gen. Phelps, Madagascar, and Gen. Haig, Egypt, may be given. A TELLING EEPLy TO A MAJOE-GENEEAL. A very telling reply to this returned major-general and other disparagers of missions, has been made by Mr. Eugene Stock, the editorial secretary of the Church Mis- sionary Society. In the course of it he said : " If Indian missions produce such poor results, why is it that Indian officers and civilians are their most faithful and liberal 22 THE GREAT TALCE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. supporters ? Why is it that almost every station lias been established at their request, and in many cases with their money ? And how is it that when they come home they form the backbone of missionary committees ? Why do men who have governed provinces, and been the absolute rulers of millions, sit several hours a day for three and four days a week at the Church Missionary Gommittee table, administering all the details of its affairs ? " Is it a naval officer who dispai-ages missionaries and their work, silence him by the declarations of Admirals Wilkes, Foote, Sullivan and Grore, Commodores Golds- borough and Erskine, Commander Cameron, and Navy Surgeon and Arctic Explorer; Elisha Kent Kane. TESTIMONY OF EMINENT SCIENTISTS. Is it a skeptical scientist who sneers at missionaries and the work of modern evangelization, bring forward as wit- nesses to their worth and the remarkable results of their work such men as Dr. Robert Brown, Alfred Russell Wallace, Charles Darwin and Drs. Robert Needham Cust, George Schweinfurth, G. P. Marsh and others, whose testi- mony is given in the following pages, or let them have the following from the seventeenth volume of " Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge," entitled " Systems of Con- sanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family," by Lewis JH. Morgan : " There is no class of men upon the earth, whether con- sidered as scholars, as philanthropists, or as gentlemen, who have earned for themselves a more distinguished repu- tation. Their labors, their self-denial, and their endurance in the work to which they have devoted their time and their abilities, are worthy of admiration. Their contribu- tions to history, to ethnology, to philology, to geography, and to religious literaturOj form a lasting monument to THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 23 their fame. The renown which encircles their names falls as a wreath of honor upon the name of their coun- try." Or take the following from Dr. Gust's great work on " The Languages of Africa : " " Let me turn away from the subject of language, and say one farewell word of the missionaries, those good and unselfish men, who, for a high object, have sacrificed careers which might have been great and honored in their own countries, and have gone forth to live in hovels, and sometimes to die ; who, as it were, in the course of their striking hard on the anvil of evangelii^ation, their own proper work, have emitted bright sparks of linguistic light, which have rendered luminous a region previously shrouded in darkness, and these sparks have kindled a corresponding feeling of warmth in the hearts of great, and to them personally unknown, scholars, work- ing in their studies in Vienna, Berlin, or some G-erman university, scholars who, alas ! cared little for the object of the missionaries' going forth, but rejoiced exceedingly at the wonderful, unexpected and epoch-making results of their quiet labors ! " AN AMERICAlf TEAVELLEE ANSWEEED. Is it an American traveller in India who writes to the New York Tribune that " India officials, as a class, have no faith in the work of missionaries, so far as spreading the Gospel among the natives is concerned ? " Let him be re- minded that there are godless officials in India as well as in Europe and America, and perhaps a larger proportion in India than in England and the United States, because nearly all Indian officials went out from Eng'land when quite young men as cadets in the civil service, and they have been subjected to greater temptations to free-thinking and evil-living in India than thev would have been in 24 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. England, and many of them have yielded to the pernicious influences of their surroundings. SIR lEPEL griffin's SPEECH. These agree with the sentiments of Sir Lepel Griffin, and express themselves as he does to the natives and to foreign visitors, though few of them do it in the same pub- lic manner as he does. This oflSoial is the Grovernor-Gen- eral's Agent for Central India, and a few months since, in a somewhat violent speech at Gwalior, he advised the Mahrattas to look askance upon those natives who had become Christians and had thrown off the shackles of caste. He said : " Cherish and observe your ancient and noble religion, cherish and observe strictly your rules of caste, which missionaries and philanthropists tell you is a bad thing, but which is really the mortar which holds together the building of Indian Society." * From the beginning of the British conquest of India until the present day, such Anglo-Indian officials have been disproportionately large in number, compared with men in the civil service at home ; and they have not only been a disgrace to their country, but they have proved to be the greatest obstacle to the enlightenment and regenera- tion of India which the Christian missionaries have had to encounter. MEN OF A VERT DIFFEREKT STAMP. But there have always been a few men, and latterly there have been a great many men of quite a different stamp in the Indian civil service — God-fearing men, who saw in Christian evangelization the great, indeed the only hope for the enlightenment and tnie progress of India ; and these men have praised without stint the immense value, and the * From The Christian, London, Jan. 20, 1888. THE SUBJECT GENERALLY. 25 great success, both social and spiritual, of missionary labors. Among these men are some of the most distinguished vice- roys, governors and other administrators which India has had. We have given their testimony at length under India. The assertion quoted above of the correspondent of the Tribune, was brouglit to the notice of that experienced ad- ministrator, Sir Charles Aitcheson, formerly the Chief Commissioner in Burmah, and for some time the Lieu- tenant-Governor (highest officer) of the Punjaub, and in a , letter to the Rev. Dr. Stewart of Sealkote, Tndia, he wrote : " I have not seen the article referred to ; but I, for my part, should say that any one who writes that India officials as a class, have no faith in the work of missionaries, as a civilizing and Christianizing agency in India, must either be ignorant of facts or under the influence of a very blind- ing prej udice." The remainder of the important letter of which this is the opening- paragraph, we have given under India. For our copy of the letter we are indebted to the Foreign Missionary, New York. JAUNTY TRAVELLERS IN AFRICA. Do such jaunty travellers in Africa as Winwood Eeade and Oscar Lenz, write depreciatingly of missionaries and belittle the results of their work 1 Quote against them such renowned men as General Gordon and Emin Bey, and such famous explorers as Captain Speke, V. Lovett Cameron, Henry M. Stanley, Dr. Schweinfurth, and the incomparable Livingstone. The last named wrote in great praise of the results of the missions in West Africa, mis- sions in which he and his colleagues had no part. Or give them the laudations of the editors of the London Times of the results of the labors of Moffatt, Livingstone and others in South Africa, and of Bishops Mackenzie, Steere 26 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. and Hamiington, Arclideaoon Farler, Mr. Maokay and others in Central Africa. The conductors of this journal ■would be certain not to praise these results except upon unquestionable authority and unimpeachable testimony. AN AMERICAN LADY- AND MISS GOKDON GUMMING. Does an American lady travelling in Northeastern China write to a San Francisco paper depreciating the Christian workers there and the results of their labors, though doubt- less not becoming acquainted either with the missionaries or any of their converts, and do the editors of papers in our eastern cities copy her misrepresentations, as was the case recently ? Then what better can be done than to give the testimony of that very distinguished traveller, Miss Gordon Cumming, who not only visited Northern but Southern China, and everywhere became acquainted with the mis- sionaries and their work. She devotes no less than seventy pages of her " Wanderings in China " to these Christian workers, and their evangelistic, educational, medical and literary labors, and their results. We have given some of her testimony under China. The following words of here we have not inserted there but they are worthy of being often quoted : " I often wish when I hear men," (she might have said women also,) " lightly quoting from one another the stock phrases which are accepted as conclusive evidence of the uselessness of mission work, and of the hypocrisy which it is supposed to foster in its converts (all of whom are sup- posed to be merely nominal, or attracted by gain,) that the speakers would just take the trouble to inquire for themselves as to the truth of their statements. They would learn a very different story from the lips of men who really know what they are speaking about, and who would gladly give them a thousand details of individuals who have proved the THE SUBJECT GEXERALLY. 27 intensity of their convictions, by voluntpjilj' resigning lu- crative posts in connection with idol worship, or involving Sunday work ; by enduring bitter persecutions from their own nearest and dearest relations, deliberately giving up all ease and comfort in life, and accepting a lot of assured poverty and suffering, all in the one great effort to live worthy of the light and love which has filled their hearts — a light which in many cases has long been steadily and bitterly resisted, ere it has thus triumphed.'' (VoL I. page 204.) We have also the laudatory testimony of United States Minister Denby, High Commissioner Angell, Consul Med- huist and others concerning the workers and the important results of their labors in this vast empu-e. THE REMAEKABLE LETTEE OE COLONEL DENBT. The remarkable letter of Colonel Charles Denby to his friend General Shackleford, of Evansville, Indiana, to which we have referred in the proper place, appears com- plete in the number for February, of that excellent publi- cation, the Missionary JReview, the consent of the writer for its publication having been obtained. The following are extracts from it. " Believe nobody when he sneers at the missionaries. The man is simply. not posted on the work. I saw a quiet, cheerful woman teaching forty or more Chinese girls ; she teaches in Chinese the ordinary branches of common school education. Beneath the shadow of the ' forbidden city ' I heard these girls sing the Psalms cf David and 'Home, Sweet Home.' I saw a male teacher teaching forty or more boys. The men or the women who put in from 8 o'clock to 4 in teaching Chinese children, on a sal- ary that barely enables one to live, are heroes, or heroines, as truly as Grant or Sheridan, Nelson or Farragut ; and all 28 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. this in a countiy where a handful of Americans is sniTound- ed by 300,000,000 Asiatics, liable at any moment to break out into mobs and outrages, particularly in view of the tremendous crimes committed against their race at home." " I visited the dispensaries, complete and perfect as any apothecary shop at home ; then the consultation rooms, their wards for patients, coming without money or price, to be treated by the finest medical and siu'gical talent in the world. There are twenty-three of these hospitals in China. Thint of it ! Is there a more perfect charity in the world ? The details of all the system were explained to me. There are two of these medical missionaries here who receive no pay whatever. The practice of the law is magnificent ; but who can rival the devotedness of these men to humani- ty?" " I have seen missionaries go hence a hundred miles, into districts where there is not a white person of any nationality, and they doit as coolly as you went into battle at Shiloh. And these men have remarkable learning, in- telligence and courage. It is perhaps a fault that they court nobody, make no effort to attract attention, fight no selfish battle." " It is idle for any man to decry the missionaries or their work. I can tell the real from the false. These men and women are honest, pious, sincere, industrious and trained for their work by the most arduous study. I do not address myself to the churches; but, as a man of the world, talking to sinners like himself, I say that it is diffi- cult to say too much good of missionary work in China." ' MRS. SCOTT STEVENSON AND SIR THOMAS TANCRED, Does a Mrs. Scott Stevenson in her "Eide" in Asia Minor, write somewhat contemptuously of the missionaries of Aintab, from whom she kept clear, and of the missions THE SCEJECT GEJfERALLY. 29 which she did not visit, we can offset her sneers and mis- representations by the facts and the praise of Sir Thomas Tancred in his " Peep at Asia Minor," for he hecame ac- quainted with the missionaries at Aintab and other cities, and examined carefully into the work and the results ; and we can also bring forward the evidence of the English Con- sul at Aleppo. JAMES A. FEOtTDB AND CHAELES DAEWnf. Does James A. Froude write depreciatingly of the re- sults of missionary labor among the natives of Zealand, because of the few Maori waifs and strays which he saw in the lake tourist district south of the Bay of Plenty ? His testimony can be refuted bj' that of Charles Daxwin, who went where the Maories most abound, held intercourse with the native Christians, and wrote in admiration of the won- derful change effected in their characters, and said : " The lesson of the missionary is the enchanter's wand.'' Or, there can be quoted Carl Eitter, " the prince of geogra- phers," who said that the conversion and transformation in the character of the natives of New Zealand is " the stand- ing miracle of the age." If then, the depredators and enemies of missions bring forward their witnesses, let the testimony of such men as we have named, and others like them, be presented, and there need be no fear as to what will be the decision of all impartial and fair-minded persons. SOME OF THE GEEAT RESULTS OF MISSIONS. When we consider the condition of Heathen and Mo- hammedan nations, and the firm hold which superstition has of the former, and fanaticism of the latter ; the terrible evil wrought by the foreign opium traffickers in China, and the liquor traffickers in Africa, and the encouragement and 30 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. support given by tlie British Government to the former, and the authorities of most of the European colonies and pro- tectorates (?) in Africa to the latter ; the evil example every- where of many of the foreign residents and visitors ; the comparatively smalj number of the missionaries ; the entire lack of interest on the part of many members of the church, and the very languid interest of many others ; the fact that there are no less than one million communicants con- nected with the missions, and three million adherents; that two thousand five hundred of the converts are ordained ministers of the Gospel, and twenty-eight thousand are evangelists and teachers, and that thousands of native churches and schools are self-supporting, we see abundant evidence that the promise of the Saviour connected with His last command has been fulfilled : " All power is given unto me in heaven and in earth. Go ye, therefore, and t^eh all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost ; teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you ; and lo, I am with you always, even unto the end of the world." It has been by His constant presence and blessing with His commissioned servants, that these great results and many others have been accomplished, and to Him be all the praise and the glory forever. Amen. AFEICA. Missionary Enteepeise in Africa. — Ten American, 12 British and 13 Continental societies are now engaged in the work in Africa. There are about 620 stations ; 710 ordained missionaries ; 7,500 ordained and unordained na- tive preachers; 175,000 communicants; 300^000 baptized members of the churches ; 226,000 pupils in the schools, and 800,000 adherents. The number of baptisms yearly is now about 17,000 ! The letters and published articles of these 700 Ameri- can, British, French, Grerman, Norwegian and Swiss mis- sionaries, and the boots which Ellis, Shaw, Rowley, Moffatt, Livingstone, Wilson and others of them have pub- lished, have done much to awaken an interest in weird, wild Africa, while the exploits and the writings of the recent famous explorers, Speke, Cameron, Stanley, Barth and Schweinfurth, have greatly increased this interest. Famous Exploeees as Witnesses. — These explorers refer in terms of praise to missionary labors and their results. Captain Speke, the discoverer of the greatest of the African lakes, said that the African slave trade could be more eco- nomically and effectually suppressed by supporting mis- sionary and commercial enterprise in the interior, than by maintaining armed cruisers near the east coast. When speaking in admiration of Dr. Livingstone, and of the good which he himself had received from him, Stanley, the great 31 32 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. explorer and the founder of the Congo Free State, said : " What has been wanted, and what 1 have been endeavor- ing to ask for the poor Africans, has been the good offices of Christians." It was owing to his earnest appeal for Uganda, that the Church Missionary Society began its mission in that country. Dr. Schweinfurth, the distinguished scientist and explor- er, and the author of those two noble volumes, " The Heart of Africa," writing from Alexandria, August 5, 1885, says : " The American Mission in Egypt has done an enormous amount of good," Commander V. Lovett Cam- eron, R. N,, C, B., in his " Across Africa," writes in com- mendation of the missionaries he met with, and urges Christians at home to send out worthy assistants to them (pp. 476 and 481) The German traveller, Buller, speaks in complimentary terms of the work of the Basle Missions on the Gold Coast. They have ten chief stations, the farthest of which are five days' journey from the coast. Nearly all the smiths, joiners and coopers on the "West Coast are from its industrial schools. The Governor of Natal and the Consul of Mo- zambique. — General Sir Charles Warren, who was until quite recently the Governor of Natal, and whose special mis- sion was the pacification of parts of Zululand and British Bechuanaland, said that " for the preservation of peace between the colonists and natives one missionary is worth more than a whole battalion of soldiers." Henry E. O'Neil, Esq., the British Consul at Mozambique, in a recent address in Glasgow on " The Ancient Civilization, Trade, and Commerce of Eastern Africa," referred as follows to the missionary work there in our own day : " The defence, if defence were needed, of the results of missionary work, I might well leave to those who actually know the progress made among the natives bv the Scottish AFRICA. 33 Established and Free Chuiches, and English Universities' Missions worting in East Africa. I must say that my ex- perience of ten years in Africa has convinced me that the mission work is one of the most powerful and useful instru- ments we possess for the pacification of the country and the suppression of the slave trade.'' General Gordon and Emin Bet. — That heroic and altogether remartahle man, General Gordon, was, from 1874 to 1879, Governor of the vast region from the southern border of Egypt to the Albert and Victoria Lakes, and this Egyptian Soudan, as it is called, never had so able and Cigcellent a ruler. But great pacificator and ruler though he himself was, he maintained that there could be no per- manent amelioration in the condition of any pagan or Mohammedan country without the labors of Christian mis- sionaries. He befriended and aided in various ways the missionaries who were in the country, and those who passed through it on their way to Uganda, and he wrote to the Church Missionary Society urging the sending of more men. Such also is the belief, and similar also has been the action of his able and famous lieutenant, Emin Bey, whom he appointed as deputy governor of the southern section of his vast realm. Before the outbreak under the Mahdi, which extended also to his district, and from which he and those who have remained faithful to him have suffered so much, he, too, wrote for missionaries, and oflFered to pay all their expenses for the first five years. In a letter to his friend, Mr. Allen, of London, he bears a warm testimony to the value of the Church Missionary Society's work in Central Africa, and he sends two tusks of ivory, worth $275, as a donation to aid in the work. A Distinguished Linguist's Testimony. — Eobert Needham Cust, LL. D., the distinguished linguist, in his 34 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. important work, " The Languages of Africa," bears testi- mony to the self-sacrificing devotion of the missionaries, and to the many important results of their labors. As a linguist he naturally takes special delight in recounting the large number of languages which they have reduced to writing, and into which they have translated the whole, or portions of the Word of God, and prepared other books. In his more recent " Languages as Illustrated by Bible Translation" (London, 1887), he thus refers to benighted Africa, and to what is being done by some to destroy, and by others to save, the many millions of the descendants of Ham : — " We turn to Africa, the Dark Continent, where ever since the days of Aristotle there has been found always something new, something strange, something unexpected and unique, pyramids and obelisks, snow-capped mountain^ on the equator and imperial rivers ; in one part of th^ Continent language so diverse* that near neighbors cannot understand each other, in another part one great family of more than a hundred congeners, marvellous in symmetry, and capable of expressing from their own word-store every shade of human thought. In that Continent we find pop- ulations cheerfully flourishing under oppression, which would have extinguished any other ; boundless prairies, unlimited capabilities ; thousands of» miles of water-way ; cannibalism, human sacrifices, deadly sorcery, grotesque customs and abominable crimes. Last century Europeans were content to play the part of man-stealers, and traffick- ers in black ivorj' ; in this century the scramble for Africa itself has commenced, the most shameful spoliation and heartless conspiracy to destroy the souls and bodies of millions by the boundless import of spirituous liquors, arms and gunpowder. It is well indeed that the religious world, of every Protestant sect and denomination, has striven to AFRICA. 35 supply the same antidote, the Bible, and' give the negro a chance^ of education, civilization and salvation, physically as well as spiritually.'' Self-Sacrificing devotion of Church of Eng- land Men and Women in West Africa. — The So- ciety which carries on the most extensive missionary oper- ations in Africa, is the English Church Missionary Society. It has large missions at Sierra Leone, the Niger Territory, the Yoruba country, and in Eastern Equatorial Afnea, from Mombasa to Uganda. Soon after the organization' of the society missionaries were sent to West Africa, and- When Sierra Leone became an English colony, it was made the principal field of the society's operations on that coast. The living Cargoes of the slave ships which English cniisers captured were taken to this colony, and to them the cli- mate was not unsuited, but it proved to be so fatal to Eu- ropeans that the expressive title, the " White Man's Grave," was given to the region. Missionaries dropped in the first rank, but others came forward to take their places, and fell' in their turn. In a work entitled "The English Church in Othef Lands," it is stated that " in the first twenty years of the existence of the Mission, fifty-three missionaries, men and Women, died at their posts ; " but these losses seemed to draw out new zeal, and neither then, nor at any subsequent period, has there been much difBculty in filling up the ranks of the SieiTa Leone Mission, or of the others established on the same coast. The first three bishops— Vidal, Weeks, and Bowen— died within eight years of the creation of the See, and yet there has been no difficulty in keeping up the suoo3ssion.' The present results are a sufficient reward for all the self-sacrificing devotion. There is now at Sierra Leone a self-sustaining and self-extending African Church. The 36 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. only wliite clergyman in tbe colony is Bishop Ingram, the whole of the pastoral work being in the hands of native clergymen. Many native missionaries, both clerical and lay, have been furnished for the Niger and Yoruba missions. A very recent publication of the Church Missionary So- ciety, says : " The Society's work in West Africa is now represented by 25,000 adherents, under 7 European mission- aries, 40 native clergymen (one of whom is an honored bishop of many years standing), 9,000 communicants, 7,000 scholars in 90 schools and seminaries, and by 1,228 bap- tisms in the last year." The same Self-Sacrificing Spirit of other Men AND Women. — At the Basle Mission on the Gold Coast, during fifty-eight years, ninety-one missionaries — sixty-one men and thirty women — have fallen victims to the climate. But there are now 7,000 Christians, and the yearly baptisms are about 700. Equally great, or even greater, has been the number of men and women of the English Wesleyan Missionary So- ciety, who have been cut down by the West African fever in Sierra Leone, Lagos, Ashanti, and Dahomey, but there are no less than 12,300 church members connected with these vigorously sustained Wesleyan missions. Similar self-sacrificing work has been done by the Eng- lish Baptists at Eemando Po, Victoria and the Cameroons, by the Scotch Presbyterians at Old Calabar, the American Presbyterians at the Gaboon, the United Brethren at Sher- bro, and the American Episcopalians at Cape Palmas, Cape Mount and other parts of Liberia. * * Equal missionary zeal has been shown in the lately estab- lished missiona of the English and American Baptists, and the American Methodists on the Congo. Many of the agents have been stricken down, but there is a continued increase in the num- ber of missionaries going from England and the United States, AFRICA. 37 Independent Testimony as to the Results. — Mr. McCants Stewart, formerly a professor in tte South Caro- lina Agricultural College, and now a lawyer practicing in New York city, has visited Liberia, and in a recently pub- lished volume entitled " Liberia : The Americo-African Republic," he has given his impressions of this country, and his experiences while there. It is an able and candid wort. Oijhe American Episcopal Mission in Liberia, Mr. Stewart says : " The Episcopalians have prosecuted work in Liberia with amazing persistency and great results. Recently a scholarly and pious colored clergyman. Rev, Samuel D. Ferguson, was elected Bishop of Cape Palmas and parts adjacent, thus practically establishing Liberia as a diocese." Along the West African coast there are now about 200 churches, 35,000 converts, 100,000 adherents, 275 schools, 30,000 pupils ; thirty-five languages or dialects have been mastered, into which portions of the Scriptures and religious books and tracts, and generdsl educational books, have been translated and printed, and some knowledge of the Gospel has reached about 8,000,000 of benighted Afri- cans. As an illustration of the beneficent changes which have been effected from the Gambia to the Gaboon, a distance of 2,000 miles, take the following from an English travel- ler, who pretends tono sympathy for evangelistic work, and no personal regard for Christianity : " I do not at and the native converts already number 1,500. The latest mis- sionary carried off by the fever is the Rev. J. T. Comber. A pioneer of the mission, he had seen a brother and a sister fall in the service. Long, before he became known his letters had kindled a flame of missionary zeal in the hearts of his younger brothers and his sister, and one after another followed him to Airica. One brother remains at his post. 38 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. all understand how the change's at Cameroons and Vic- toria have been brought about. Old sanguinary customs have to a large extent been abolished ; -witchcraft hides itself in the forest ; the fetich superstition of the people is derided by old and young; and well-built houses are springing up on every hand. It is really marvellous to mark the change that has takeri place." The London Times on Des. Moffatt and Living- stone. — The following tribute to Drs. Moffatt and Living- stone is from the London Times : " It is the fashion in some quarters to scoff at missionaries, to receive their reports with incredulity, to look at them at best as no more than harmless enthusiasts, proper subjects for pity, if not for ridicule. The records of missionary work in South Africa must be a blank page to those by whom such ideas are enter- tained. We owe it to oar missionaries that the whole region has been opened up. Apart from their special service as preachers, they have done important work as pioneers of civilization, as geographers, as contributors to philological research. Of those that have taken part in this, MofiFatt's name is not the best known. Moffatt, it may be said, has labored, and other men have entered into his labor. Liv- ingstone has come after him, and has gone beyond him and has linked his memory forever with the records of the South African Church. The progress of South Africa has been mainly due to men of Moffatt's stamp. In him, as in David Livingstone, it is hard to say which character has predominated, that of the missionary proper or that of the teacher and guide. Certain it is that, apart from the spec- ial stimulus they felt as proclaimers of the Gospel message, they would never have thrown themselves as they did into the work to which their lives vvere consecrated. It was by no zeal for the spread of civilization on its own account that they passed weary years laboring and teaching among AFRICA. 39 savage tribes, amid dangers of every kind, amid privations of which they themselves made light, but which only a sense of their high spiritual mission could have prompted them to face and imdergo." Sir Charles "Warren on Some of the Results He HAS Seen.— At the last annual meeting of the Wesleyan Missionary Society, London, General Sir Charles Warren said : " With regard to results, there are many ways of forming an opinion. Take the Basuto Mission. I had the privilege of being in the chair at the Wesleyan Hall in Kiraberly in 1878, when Mr. Colliard gave an account of his missionary work up to the Zambesi. He had previous- ly been French Missionary in Basutoland, and he told us of the natives who were so anxious for the spiritual welfare of distant relatives of the Basutos, on the other side of the Zambesi, that they subscribed, and sent Mr. Colliard and some native missionaries to go and evangelize on the other side of the river. That I consider a fair criterion of the results of missionary work. Missionaries were first sent out to Basutoland, and then the Basutos pushed on evangel- ization farther themselves. Again, I have seen the same thing in Bechuanaland. The people get evangelized, and then they build churches farther afield, and ask white mis- sionaries to assist them, and so the work goes on, and it is impossible not to think that these results are for good." " Now I may mention another point. In travelling over South Africa I have often heard in the evening hymns rising up from the mountain side — often our revival hymns, beautifully suig, and I have ridden over to hear whence fhey have come, and have come to a Kaffir kraal, and here were these people sitting together, not knowing that any white man was near — there was no humbug about it — and I have found them earnestly praying and singing hymns. Now, I feel convinced that when these things take place, 40 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOEEIGN MISSIONS. mission work is of the greatest benefit and service to the country. Before I conchide there is one point I wish to allude to. It always strikes me that where there may not be a sufficiently-formed public opinion, there may still be great good accomplished. On the one hand you find peo- ple very demoralized, but on the other hand you find people in a high state of spiritual life, and leading very beautiful lives, such as are not often met with in this country. It has often struck me that when you have on the one side a very great depth, you have on the other a very beautiful height in regard to spirituality." * The Success in South Africa.— Inspector Schreiber, of the Rhenish society, says in his annual report for 1886 : " There are laboring in the region of the difierent colonies of South Africa and adjoining lands 350 missionaries of at least 15 different European and American societies, and some 1,500 native helpers of all sorts. The number of church members (including all baptized persons, doubtless) is 200,000, the communicants 56,000, the scholars about 38,000. The four German societies — Berlin, Herraanns- burg, the Moravians, and our Rhenish — number in South Africa 182 European missionaries, and the churches con- tain about 55,000 members, of whom 21,400 are communi- cants, and there are 11,500 scholars. In other words more than half of all the missionaries laboring in South Africa are Germans. To this great number Hermannsburg and Berlin contribute most, the foimer 60, the latter 59 mission- aries. As to adherents, the Berlin and our Rhenish society', with its .16,000, take the first place. " Testimony of the Minister for the Aborigines. — The whole Bible has been translated into the language of the * Wesleyan Missionary Notices, Anniversary Number, 1887 pp. 13, 14. AFRICA. 41 Zulu KaflSrs. Tliere are 10,000 cliurcb members among tbese people, with 50,000 or 60,000 under the influence of Gospel teaching. The work has been equally successful among their brothers, the Amakosa Kaffirs of the Cape Colony frontier. The following very important testimony we find in a recent number of Ttie Missionary Eeview : " In South Africa there is among the whites a great deal of contemptuous hatred of the Kaffirs, and a disposition to believe them incapable of either intellectual or moral im- provement. Various travellers take occasion of this to discredit the missionary work. In answer to such opinions Mr, Chaj'les Brownlee, who lately, on retiring from the office of Minister for the Aborigines, was granted by the Cape Parliament his whole salary as retiring pension, en- tirely without precedent, as a mark of esteem, says : ' I once asked a heathen who complained that some goats of his were concealed in a mission station by the Christian natives, whether in fifty years, he, a great man and privy councillor, had ever known a Christian Kaffir convicted of theft? He owned he had not. Had he ever known cattle- tracks traced to a mission station 1 ' ' No.' That is saying a good deal for a people among whom cattle-stealing seems to be the principal crime. Again : ' In one of the wars 3,000 Christian militia-men camped for two years on Brownlee's station, and during this whole time it was never needful to station a single policeman there.' Particular umbrage is taken that the Government makes grants to the mission academy of Lovedale. It is declared that the scholars, once dismissed, forthwith revert to heathenism, grease and red ochre. Mr. Brownlee saj-s : ' Baron von Hiibner makes much of it that out of 2,058 scholars 15 are known to have reverted to heathenism. Fifteen ! ' ' The question, says he, has been proposed : Where are the young people trained m Lovedale, and what is now 42 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. their occnpation ? Again I refer to ' Lovedale Past and Present/ from which I find that four have gone as mission- aries to Livingstonia, of whom two have died. We find them strewn over Natal to the farthest end of the Transvaal Republic, in Mashona, Bechuana, Basuto and Pondoland, and over the whole of the Cape colony, employed as pas- tors, evangelists, teachers, mechanics, as policemen, justices, interpreters and clerks in the service of the Government, and of merchants and lawyers, while the greater part stay at home honestly earning their living. The most of them — excepting the fifteen returned to heathenism — exercise a wholesome influence among their countrymen, requiting the Government double and treble for the support which it has contributed out of the public funds toward their in- straction." The M aetyrs of Uganda. — The painful intelligence of the massacre of the native Christians in Uganda, by King Mwanga, who murdered the excellent and devoted Bishop Hannington, has been confirmed by later accounts. The first victim was speared to death, partly by the king him- self; another was hacked to pieces, and another was clubbed to death ; but the greater part of the victims, after being tortured in various ways, were burned. Some of these martyrs died confessing their faith, and exhorting their executioners to repent of sin and believe on the Lord Jesus Christ. After the massacre the head executioner reported to the king that he had never killed men who showed such forti- tude and endurance, and that they had prayed to God in the fire. The wicked persecutor replied : " God did not rescue them from my power." More native Christians are in hiding than those who have been put to death ; but a number of these are specially marked for fire if thej' can bo found, and the tyrannical and cruel king seems determined AFRICA. 43 that all who have hecome Christians shall suffer, with the exception of a very few who are exceedingly useful to him as artisans. Some of the martyred ones could have escaped, but they preferred to seal their testimony with their blood. A number of those who have fled could not be persuaded to escape until after the missionaries had said that it was right to do so, and that even St. Paul, when persecuted in one place, escaped to another. Even while the fierce persecution was raging in the cap- ital of Uganda, the missionaries were visited at the dead of night by one and another not yet baptized, seeking fur- ther instruction and pleading to be admitted into the Christian Church by baptism ; and while the massacres were going on no less than twenty persons were baptized in secret in the night time. So the anguish of the mission- aries at the slaughter of some, and the burning of others of the Christians, was mingled with rejoicing and thanks- giving at their faithful witnessing for Christ, and at the eager desire of others, even at such a time, to become the baptized followers of our Lord. About two hundred in all have been put to death by this African Nero, though not all of them were professing Christians. Some were only inquirers and readers of Christian books. That there are many possessing the true martyr spirit in the old Church of England as well as in this infant church in Africa, is evident from the fact that within a few weeks after the intelligence of the massacre of Bishop Hanuing- ton and the native Christians in Uganda reached London, the Church Missionary Society received the offer of up- wards of fifty men for the same field, and a new bishop and about a dozen new missionaries have already been sent out. A Chivaleous Knight of the Cross.— The London Times, referring to the martyr-Bishop, Hannington, says : 44 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. " Careers and deaths like Bishop Hannington's remind a prosaic and artificial generation that the instinct of Chris- tianity remains what it was at its foundation. There is a simplicity about men of his stamp such as there was in the leaders of the primitive churcji. In their faith there is no mixture of doubt. The one enemy they know is the dark- ness of heathenism. The one vocation they claim to exer- cise is war to the death against that. If their own life stand in the way, or be a missile they can wield, they are willing and eager to part with it. The homage of King Mwanga's court or the stocks in Usoga, life or death, they are equally ready to take, as one or the other comes." The Rev. Gideon Draper, D. D., a Presbyterian clergy- man, writes as follows from London to the New York Observer, concerning the " Life of Bishop Hannington," by the Rev. William Dawson, which is having an exception- ally wide circulation : " The biography of this latest martyr for Africa's redemption will interest all lovers of adventure, all admirers of heroism. It will hold the attention of the young, unsui-passed by record of travel or military hero. It will stir with warm, healthy impulse the heart of Chris- tendom. His coolness and bravery, hardihood and enthu- siasm, the magnetic influence that drew all to him, savage and Christian, the born leader and chivalrous knight of the cross, are portrayed throughout the volume. 'J!\\e tragic, triumphant end, the translation of the hero-martyr, the muscular frame weakened by exposure, by fever, by partial starvation, a subject of mockery, a spectacle of derision, his courage and cheer to the last makes a recital that in- finitely eclipses fiction." Gen. Haig on the American Mission in Egypt. — There is greater religious liberty in Egypt than in Tur- key. Sixty Mohammedans are among the 1200 members of the churches of the American United Presbvterian Mis- AFRICA. 45 sion in the former country. These 1200 members contrib- ute at the rate of $18 a member a year; and that is without reckoning the difference between the value of money there and here. Major Gen. Haig wrote from Egypt as follows concerning this mission to the Church Missionary Intelli- gencer (April, 1887) : " The great Mission in Egypt, that which is, and has long been, doing effective work on a scale which is now, I feel sure, beginning to tell most powerfully upon the population, is the American. That Society has occupied the field in comparative force, and having been how more than thirty years at work, it has many centres, and a large native as well as American agency employed. It has nine ordained missionaries, and eight ordained native ministers. It occupies seventy different stations, most of them on the Nile south of Cairo, between it and Assiout, and in fifty-seven of these has distinct native congregations numbering 3300, of whom 1800 are communicants. It has sixty-five schools with 5414 scholars, and no less than fifty- seven of these schools are entirely supported by the fees and the native congregations. In the Delta the Mission has stations in Cairo, Boulac, Kafr-el-Misht, Zagazig, Tanta, Mansourah, Damanhoor, Alexandria, and other less important places. Its converts are indeed mostly from among the Copts, but the Mohammedans are not neglected. There are 600 Mohammedan boys, and in Cairo and its suburbs, at least 350 girls in its schools. If its converts from Mohammedanism fa,re few, we have to remember the enormous difficulties in the way of an open profession of Christianity. But the truth has been widely spread, at least at Cairo and other centres, and prejudices have been broken down to a remarkable degree. In illustration of this, I may men- tion that I was present one evening in Cairo at a meeting which is held every week in one of the large class-rooms 46' THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. of the magnificent Mission building. It was for the discus- sion of some secular subject of interest. A Protestant Copt, a man of great ability, was in the chair, and after he had given an address on Temperance (a favorite subject with tho Mohammedans), two papers were read, one by a Copt, the other by a Mohammedan, on the question, " Have animals minds ? " These were followed by a very lively discussion, there being several speakers, and a good deal of cheering from time to time. The language used was Arabic. The meeting, which was hearty throughout, lasted one and a half or two hours, and of the a.'iO persons present, nearly all young men, two-thirds were Mohammedans, and the remainder mostly converts of the Mission. That such a meeting should be held in Cairo every week (and there are others like it at one or two places in the Delta) is a most remarkable proof of the great diminution of prejudice. Not many years ago every one of these Mohammedans would have scorned to sit in the same room with a native convert, still more to take part in such meeting. " I may also mention, as an interesting fact, that in sev- eral instances, native Christian congregations in towns in which the weekly market had always been held on the Sunday, have, by memorializing the local Governor, got the day changed. This shows that the native Church is beginning to be recognized as a distinct body of a certain social importance in the country.'' • Dr. Lenz AiTD Aechdeacon Faelbe. — Dr. Oscar Lenz, a German traveller, on his reti\rn to Europe about six months ago, found fault with the missions in Africa, and said that their results are very meagre. His statements v/ere given extensive currency in the secular press of Europe and America, but nothing was said about his not having been near any missions except a few on the Congo, and those on Lakes Tanganyika and Nyassa, all of which have AFRICA. 47 been recently established — too recently for great and varied results, especially as tbey are in exceedingly malarious re. gions, and the death rate of the missionaries has been un, usually large even for Africa. This German censor, too, has in a very majesterial manner, condemned the mission- axy's whole object in life, and he is, therefore, far from be. ing an unprejudiced and impartial witness. The London Times (Aug. 2U, 1887,) has published an admirable reply to Dr. Lenz's charges, written by Archdeacon Farler, of the English Universities' Mission to Central Afinca. Com- menting upon the subject, the Times says that independent and unimpeachable testimony is quite opposed to that of this German traveller, and that " there are mission villages in Central Africa that would compare favorably in conduct with many English hamlets. The picture Mr. Farler draws of his own station is corroborated by a body of independent testimony. It demonstrates the accomplishment of mar- vellous results in a dozen years." Archdeacon Farler contrasts the reckless statements of the German traveller with the facts which have come under his own observation in Africa. Twelve years ago the sta- tion with which he is himself associated, consisted of a mud hut, the residence of the missionaries, a few sheds, and a small iron building used as a church. " The natives," he says, "were always fighting; no man could travel alone safely. They clothed themselves in goat skins, and their only means of exchange were strings of beads or Ameri- kano, i. e., cotton sheeting. Now the excellent granite of the country has been quarried, lime has been burnt, a large and beautiful church, capable of holding 700 people, with nave, aisles, and arches, has been built in granite ; a large hospital has been erected, with schools, house for the mis- sionaries, dormitories over for boarders, and dining-hall — all have been bailt by our native converts, in granite, 48 THE GREAT VALUE ASD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. under tlie superintendence of a young English-working mason. There is now perfect peace and safety in the land ; a child can travel alone. The natives dress now in well- made garments, sewn by themselves, after the coast fashion. Trade has been introduced ; a large market has been estab- lished close to the mission station, attended by 2,000 to 3,000 traders every market day. * * I can see from my window a young native Christian, who is being trained as a doctor, busilj' attending to a crowd of patients, sitting in a piazza near the dispensary, binding up their sores and giving medicine for their sicknesses. Finally, all our trans- lations, some of which are now done by our native teachers, and our other literary works are printed, in the first instance by our native Christians, who have been taught printing." These native industries not only exist, but they are the fruits of the new Christian life of the people. What can no Longer be Maintained. — Dr. Christ- lieb, the distinguished professor atBonn,Grermany, well says : " To-day the Portuguese can no longer maintain that the Hottentots are a race of apes, incapable of Christianization. You can no longer find written over church doors in Cape Colony, 'Dogs and Hottentots not admitted,' as at the time when Dr. Vanderkemp fought there for the rights of the down-trodden natives. To-day no one could be found to agree with the French Grovernor of the island of Bourbon, who called out to the first missionary of Madagascar, ' So you will mi^ e the Malagasy Christians ? Impossible ! They are mere brutes, and have no more senses than irra- tional cattle ; ' since there are hundreds of evangelical con- gregations established there which have now, counting those only of the London Mission, 386 ordained native pastors, 186 native evangelists, and 3,468 lay preachers and Bible readers." BORITEO. 49 BOENEO. A Nation of Head Httntees. — The island of Borneo, called by the natives, Broonai, is next to New Guinea in size, being about 1,000 miles long and 750 wide. On a part of the coast country there are many Mohammedan Ma- lays, Arabs and Bugies, about a million in all. There are also large settlements of Chinese. The aborigines, or Dyaks, of whom there are several millions, were before the advent of the missionaries, and the able and wise rule of Bajah Brooke, behind no nation in barbarism, and rude ignorance. Like the present pagan aborigines of Formosa, their delight was in head taking, and their constant aim was to strike off the heads of their real and supposed enemies, and to this every stranger was exposed without ceremony. Skulls were their offerings to the gods thqy worshipped, and were the ornaments of their houses, their tombs, &c. In many of the provinces no one was allowed to marry who could not show a certain number of human heads which he had recently struck off, and this is the case to-day among the still barbarous portion of the aborigines of Formosa. Ntjmeeous Head Takbes Become Membees or the Chtjech. — In that portion of Borneo claimed by the Dutch, missionaries from the Netherlands have long labored, and also agents of the Rhenish Missionary Society, and they have converts from among the Dyaks, and also from among the Malays and Chinese.* In Northern and Western Bor- neo the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel has had an efficient mission, first under Bishop McDougall, and now * The Ehenish missionariea have, in Southern Borneo, 4,000 church members. 50 THE GREAT VALUE AND S0COESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. under Bishop Chambers. In " The English Church in Other Lands," (pp. 198, 199) there is the following mention of the English mission and some of its results : "In answer to the appeal of Eajah Brooke, two clergy- men went to Borneo in 1848, of whom one, the Rev. F. T. McDougall was in 1855 consecrated Bishop of Labuan. Mr. McDougall was a medical man, and his skill was soon put into operation^ a dispensary, which grew into a hospi- tal, being at once opened. Other missionaries joined Mr. McDougall, who in the mean time had acquired Malay and Chinese, had translated much, and had made visits of in- quiry into the interior, that he might know where to place men as they came out. From time to time, when the mis- sions were hopefully growing, outbreaks occurred, which for a time put a stop to everything. " In 1857 the Chinese attacked the English, killing some of the Eajah's officers, and drivingthe Bishop with his family and the converts into the jungle. This roused the passions of the Dyaks, who under the influence of tte missionaries, had adopted a peaceful mode of life. Their old love of head-taking was nevertheless strong, and it was long be- fore they again settled down. In 1859 a Mohammedan plot was hatched, and two Englishmen were killed. Pros- pects brightened when in 1863 a notorious pirate, having met with some Christian Dyaks, voluntarily placed him- self under instruction. The next year he brought his wife and child, and then retm-ned to persuade the people of his tribe. In 1867 a missionary visited this people, who had been notorious for piracy and head-taking, and bap- tized 130 persons. Of the various tribes of Dyaks, living on several rivers and speaking several dialects, at least 3,000 are now members of the English Church." Me. Hoenadat on the Great Change in the Fierce Dyaks. — Thefollowingparagraphsgivethe opinion BOBNEO. 51 of Mr. W. D, Hornaday, an American traveller, of the Dyaks since tliey have been brought under the rule of Eajah Brooke, and now of his nephew, and the labors of the missionaries : " At times I am almost afraid to write anything about the Dyaks, lest 1 overdraw my account of them, and make them out better than they are. I could not have believed so much of the Dyaks myself if I had not seen them. I encountered many strange beasts and birds and creeping things in the East Indies, but none were to me half so wonderful as the Dyaks of Sarawak. " It is almost a misnomer to call them any longer by their old familiar name, 'head-hunters,' for now that is only an empty name for people who are innocent of head-taking and all similar crimes against humanity. Their war-shields and jackets have been nsed up as playthings for the child- ren ; the deadly parong latoik, which could easily cut off a man's head at a single sweep, has become a rusty heirloom, and their immense bangkongs, or war-boats, large enough to hold seventy-five men, have fallen to pieces, and totally disappeared from the rivers of Sarawak. " The only trophies of their head-hunting days, which they preserve with great care, and refuse to part with either for love or money, are the head trophies themselves. They are to be found only in the larger villages, to which they have descended from the past generation. " Nowhere in the world, so far as I know, is life and property so secure and so sacred as among the once fierce head-hunters of Sarawak. I have been robbed by white men in the United States, by black men in the Indies, both East and "West, by red men in South America, and by yellow men in the far East ; but amongst the Dyaks, with no protection to either person or property, I never lost a pin's worth by theft. Had the Sibuyau Dyaks been like 52 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISLilOilS. the negroes of Barbadoes, or the Mexicans of the Eio ■ Grande, they could have stripped me of all my movables, with perfect safety to themselves. But their honesty afforded my property more impregnable security than the average bank vault does here." BURMAH. De. Judson, the G-ebat Missionaet. — Mission work in Burmah was begun by Mr. Felix Carey, a son of the celebrated missionary to India, Dr. Carey. Dr. Adoniram Judson, one of the greatest missionaries of modem times, was the pioneer of the American Baptist Missions among the Burmese. '•' He arrived in the East in 1813 and 'jeoparded his life in the high places of the field.' In Burmah he found him- self in a land of slaves, ruled by a tyrant, and lived amid brutal murderers and vicious robbers, close to the spot of public execution, with his noble wife, seeking to set up Christ's Kingdom in the Empire of the ' the Golden Sov- ereign of Land and Water.' Evangelizing the people by the wayside ; preaching to courtiers and even to ' the golden ears ' of the throne ; enduring the terrible captivity of Ava, with Annie Judson to console and feed him ; shut np with hundreds of Burmese robbers and murderers ; se- creting his manuscript translations sewed up in his pillow ; kissing his new-born babe through the bars of his cell ; marching in chains with lacerated and bleeding feet ; re- leased ; after twenty years of toil giving the Bible to the Burmans in their own tongue, and in 1830, with Mason, ' The Apostle to the Karens,' carrying the Gospel to that people and seeing them converted by the thousands, till BURMAH. j 53 he could write : ' I eat the rice and frait cultivated by Christian hands, look on the fields of Christians, see no dwellings but those of Christian families,' — everywhere, and from first to last — he is the same Christian divine and hero." * Other distinguished laborers in this field have been Dr. and Mrs. Boardman, Mrs. Mason, and Drs. Kincaid, Stevens and Vinton. The last one, the Eev. J. B. Vinton, D. D., died at Rangoon, June 23d, 1887. Pie was very widely known in Burmah, and he knew the natives and their languages and literature thoroughly. He was a very eloquent man, and conld sway great assemblies as he pleased'. In the recent conflict between the British and the Burmese, Dr. Vinton rendered most important service, holding the people as only a man of high character, strong will, and indomitable energy can do. Five Huwdeed Chtiechbs and TwEjfTY-Six Thous- Asu Members. — There are now connected with the Baptist . Mission 502 organized churches and 26,574 members among the Burmese, Karens, Shans, and other races of the coun- try. There are 513 native preachers, 416 schools, and 10,675 scholars. For a long time the American Baptists had this field entirely to themselves, but latterly the Socie- ty for the Propagation of the Gospel has had a few mis- sionaries laboring under the Bishop of Rangoon, Dr. Strachan. At present there are seven English missiona- ries, 7 native pastors, 75 native helpers, 1,849 communi- cants, and over 2,000 pupils in schools. The American Methodists, English Wesleyans, and German Lutherans, are also now represented in Burmah, where the facilities of missionary labor, especially in Upper Burmah, have been greatly increased during the last two years. *(From " India," by the Eev. J. T. Gracey : pages 110-111. 54' the great value a\d success of foreign missions. Administeation- Eeport on the Debt to the Mis- sionaries AS Regaeds the Work among the Karens. Tao Administratiou Report for British Buimali for the vear 1880-81, says : " Foremost in this work have been Amcr- i(jan missionaries of the Baptist persuasion. . . There are now attached to this communion no less than 451 Christian Karen parishes, most of which support their own church, their own Karen pastor, and their own parish school, and many of which subscribe considerable sums of money and kinl for the furtherance of missionary work among Karens and other hill races beyond the British border. Christian- ity continues to spread among the Karens, to the great ad- vantage of the commonwealth; and the Christian Karen communities are distinctly more industrious, better educated, and more law-abiding than the Burman or Karen villages around them. The Karen race and the British Govern- rasnt owe a great debt to the American missionaries, who have, under Providence, wrought this change among the Karens of Bunnah." * CELEBES. Celebes is now a Cheisttan Island. — In the Dutch East India Islands there are many missions supported by Christian people in the Netherlands. On Java, Samatra, Amboyna, Ki and the Aru Islands, there are largo congre- gations and many converts, and there are also converts in Timor, Wetter, and those portions of Borneo and New Gui- nea, to which the Dutch Government lays claim. The island of Celebes has become Christian, there being 199 * From the " Friend of India." CHIKA. 55 Christian congregations, and 125 schools. The numher of adherents of the missions is no less than 80,000. Alfeed Russell Wallace's Eemaekable Testi- MONiT. — A book by Alfred Eussell "Wallace, the distin- guished scientist, entitled " The Malay Archipelago, a Nar- rative of Travel, with Studies of Man and Nature," contains the following : " Just opposite my abode in Eurutan in CeleTses was the school house. The schoolmaster was a native, educated by the Missionary at Tomohou. School was held every morning for about three hours, and twice a week in the evening there was catechizing and preaching. The child- ren were all taught in Malay. They always wound up with singing, and it was very pleasing to hear many of our old psalm-tunes, in these remote mountains, sung with Ma- lay words. Singing is one of the real blessings which mis- sionaries introduce among savage nations, whose native chants are almost always monotonous and melancholy. The missionaries have much to be proud of in this country. They have assisted the Government in changing. a savage into a civilized community in a wonderfully short space of time. Forty years ago the country was a wilderness, the people naked savages, garnishing their rude houses with human heads. Now it is a garden, worthy of its sweet na- tive name of ' Minahata.' " CHINA. Gee AT MissiONAEY Peogeess Since 1843. — In 1843 there were only six Christian converts in the vast empire of China. Now there are 30,000 communicants, 125,000 adhe- rents, 300 organized churches, GOO stations, 140 ordained and* Ob THE GREAT VALUE AND STICCEes OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. 1300 imordained native evangelists and teachers. W( v/ill give a few illustrations of the progress in different parti of this great field. Forty years ago there were J oonveiii in the Province of Canton, China; now there are 4,000. Ir the Province of Shantung there was not a professing Christian twenty-five years ago ; now Christians meet vegii larly for worship in 300 places. The Rev. Dr. Ashmore says that twenty-four years age there were only two Christians in Swatow, China, while now there 1,001 ; but " 1,001 " meant twenty mobs, sacked dwellings, bushels of stones, curses by thousands, tears, heartaches ; but also prayers of faith and blessed reward of toil. The Rev. Llewellyn Lloyd, a missionary of the Church of England at Foo-chow, China, has baptized 1,000 native converts since the year 187G. The number of con- verts there has grown in that time from 1,600 to nearlj 6,000. In connection with the English Baptist Mission in Shantung Provinco, China, there are 55 churches, all self- supporting, being ministered to by native pastors auc teachers. During the last twelve months, 300 converts have been baptized. Formosa is getting ready to senc missionaries to its heathen neighbors in the Pescadon Islands. The people have liberally responded to the ap- peals of the missionary. There are now thirtj'-eighl churches, with two thousand two hundred and forty-sever members, and two native ordained and many unordainec preachers in Formosa. Miss Gordon Cumming's " Waitderings in Chixa.' — A most readable and excellent work on this country, is Miss C. F. Gordon Cumming's "Wanderings in China.' Unlike some travellers. Miss Gordon Cumming does nol ignore missionary operations and their results. Feclina a deep interest in the welfare of the native races among CHINA. 1 whom she travels, she examines with care the different de- partments of mission work, and faithfully records her im- pressions, and the results of her investigations. It is cause for much gratification and thankfulness that such a keen observer and skillful and vivid writer should be visiting foreign mission fields at a time when not a few travellers and foreign residents are like those referred to in the following from Miss Gordon Oumming's book : " There is no gainsaying the fact that many persons look upon missionaries and their work as altogether a mistake "* — an annoying effort to bring about undesirable and un- profitable changes. What a pity it must be to such thinkers that St. Oolumba and St. Patrick ever took the trouble to come to Britain, or indeed, that a handful of low-born Jews should have presumed to preach in Greece or Rome — to say nothing of their little trouble with the literati of Judea. As regards obedience to the Master whose last command- ment these troublesome missionaries are trying to carry out, tliat may be all very well in theory, but not in practice ; and as to a Chinese St. Stephen, they have neither interest in nor sympathy with any such, even when his martyrdom is enacted almost at their doors." While this is true of many foreign visitors and residents in China it is not so of all : " Tn the case of this first gen- eral persecution at Foo-ohow, it led to the usual result of calling much attention to the new doctrine, and greatly enlarging the number of genuine inquirers, from which, one by one, arose individuals desii'ing Baptism. Several European merchants were so much impressed by the con- stancy of these native Christians under such serious- perse- cution that they subscribed £1,000 to build a churclj for their use, in the heart of the city.'' Miss Gokbou" Cumming's Testimony to the Great SucCESS.^Miss Gordon Gumming testifies to the great sue- 58 THE GREAT VALHE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIOXS. cess of the missionaiy work, and she says that the coQverts are unsurpassed in self-denial, zeal and true Christian de- votedness. Not a few from the different provinces of China have joined the noble army of martyrs. Here is her mention of five from one district in tlie Canton prov- ince : " At Christmas-time, 1879, there was a fearful per- secution in a district within a hundred miles of Canton, where a wealthy Christian convert, having determined to build a church in this village, was seized and tortured, to make liim forswear Christ. On his remaining steadfast, he was bound to a cross and swathed in cotton-wool saturated with oil, and so was burned alive. Four of Ms fellow- Christians were also fearfully tortured and mutilated, and then they likewise (since they could not be induced to re- cant) were tied to crosses and burnt." Consuls as Witnesses. — "Wm. H. Medhurst, Esq., for many years the British Consul at Shanghai, says, in his interesting work on China, " The Foreigner in Far Ca- thay " : " After the merchants of China, the missionaries next claim attention as an important element of foreign society. In approaching this part of my subject, I wish to premise that I have no sympathy with those who, for want of con- sideration or firom mere prejudice, think lightly of the work and character of the missionary. The man who honestly devotes his life and energies to the instruction of the poor and ignorant at home, or to the conversion of benighted heathen abroad, must always merit the profound respect of every right-minded individual. It does not need my feeble testimony to sustain the assertion that there have been and now are many such devoted men of all denominations of the Christian Church laboring in China. " I am not in a position to state definitely what are the results of Protestant missionary labor among the Chinese CHINA. 59 BO far. Their practice of only reckoning as converts tliose adults whom they conscientiously believe to have been brought to a saving knowledge of the truth, reduces their statistics of proselytism to a very material extent ; but even with this check, and taking into consideration, on the one hand, the limited number of laborers, and, on the other, the diificulty of bringing the Chinese mind to appre- ciate abstract religious truths independently of sensational influences, I think I am only doing the Protestant mission- aries simple justice when I state that their efforts have been attended with exceptional success, and this although it is but a short while ago since they ceased to count their converts by mere hundreds." The British Consul of Newchang, in his late communi- cations to the Foreign Office, speaks very favorably of work done by the missionaries in Manchuria. " Their labors,'' he says, " indirectly benefit our merchants, manu- facturers and artisans. By means of these labors,'' he adds, " the tone of morality among the Chinese people has, during the last twenty years, perceptibly attained to a higher platform," and to the same cause he attributes " the improved public spirit and the greater solicitude for the welfare of the people manifested by those in power." Me. J. P. Donovan and a London " Times " Coe- EESPONDENT. — Another witness in China, Mr. J. P. Dono- van, of Shanghai, who has filled an important position in the Empire, says : " Missions are not only not a failm-e — they are a grand success. Many of our countrymen in Cbina are too indifferent to inquire or examine for them- selves the work that is being done ; the character and con- duct of others is such that they studiously avoid mission- aries. But those who will take the trouble to go and see soon discover a great work is going on. I have seen it myself in Shanghai, Tientsin, Hankow and Peking, and 60 THE GREAT VALUE AMD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. can speak of it from personal knowledge and observation Indeed, the ignorance of Christian people at home abon this great work amazes me." A London Times correspondent, in writing from Tientsii last year upon " Missionaries in China," remarked tha " the good effected by missionaries of all nationalities an( all sects is by no means to be measured by a list of con versions. * * * They are the true pioneers of civ ilization ; it is to them we have to look to carry the repu tation of foreigners into the Leai-t of the country, and i is on their wisdom, justice and power of sympathy that th( renascence of China may largely depend." Minister Denbv on the Immense Good ■which is Being Done.— Colonel Denby, the United States Ministei to China, after visiting many of the mission stations, anc the churches, schools and hospitals, has expressed in i public address in China, and in letters to friends in the United States, the strongest testimony to the greatness of the work of the missionaries, and the devotedness of thei; lives. The American Messenger says that in one of hii letters he wrote as follows : "The missionaries are doinj immense good to China, and indirectly to all the civilizec world. The tourist who sneers at the missionaries, or faili to give them his unqualified admiration and sympathy,, is if earnest, simply ignorant. Ho has not taken the troubh to go through their missions as I have done.'' Secular and Political Kesults. —United Statei Minister Denby, in a paper read before the Peking Orienta Society entitled " China before the Treaties," openly de clared that the missionaries precede commerce and prepan the way for it; that they are the forerunners who render pos sible a foreign residence ; that their educational and literarj labors have instructed foreigners as to China, and th( Chinese as to foreigners; that theii' philanthropy haf CHINA. 61 elicited the respect and confidence of the Cliinese, and that to them and the early and, in fact, the only pioneers and translators, the legations owe a debt of gratitude. The Interior, in comment upon this says : " The impartial and truthful words of Minister Denhy, spoken after a thorough observation, clearly indicate that the secular and political results of foreign missions have more than repaid to the United States alone all the money they have cost those who have supported them, and they have not cost our gov- ernment one dollar.'' — The Church at Home and Abroad, October, 1887. Peesidbnt Angell on What has been Accom- plished IN A Life- Time. — J. B. Angell, LL.D., the President of the University of Michigan, and formerly a United States High Commissioner to China, said, in an address at the annual meeting of the American Board, in October, 1883 : " I wish our venerable friends. Dr. S. Wells Williams and Dr. Peter Parker, who are still living in a green and venerable old age, honored and respected by all who love China or who love Christiani't^^, — I wish thev were here to- day, that we might look upon them in the flesh, and see men who went to China when there was hardly room to put one's foot, almost sixty years ago ; and j'et to-day we see all China open to our missionaries, 20,000 communicants in Protestant churches, the Bible translated into that ditficult language, a large Christian literature already organized, and our missionaries everywhere familiar with the best methods of conducting the work. And this within the life- time of our venera])le president who sits here, and who doubtless remembers the whole of it. So that we have not reason to be entirely discouraged even concerning China. " And when we remember what a magnificent prize that empire is for Christ to win, we must not be too speedily 62 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSrONS. disheartened. We must expect slow but sure progresi There are none of the brilliant dashes of the Japanese i the Chinese. They are a slow, steady-moving people They are often compared to the Saxons, and they hav much of those qualities which gave the Saxons their grea skill, pluck, and endurance. They have their staying qualities. They never give up. When they set their fac toward an end, they go to it, if it takes centuries. I kne\ an old general there, the greatest living general in China He commanded the forces that carried on the war agains the Russians, away over in Central Asia ; and his methoc of warfare was so characteristic of the Chinese character that I must speak of it in closing. There was an almos impassable desert between China and the province when the military operations were to be carried on, hundreds of miles of sand, with here and there an oasis. They ooul( not get provisions across to the armies that were fightinj the Eussians, so what did they do ? Why, this old gentle man set himself to planting colonies of Chinese soldiers ii these oases, and they planted crops year after year. S( they pushed their way along. He wasn't in any hurry; lu . knew the Russians would wait there for him, and when h( got his crops all ready, then he moved his armies on ove) these oases with a base of supplies a good deal more com plete than General Sherman had in his march down t( Atlanta. Then he engaged in all those hard-fought bat ties in which the Chinese armies did not suffer with the Russians. This is a splendid illustration of tlie Chinese mode of proceeding; and if at last they will give up theii vanity and accept Christ, we may bo assured they v.il wield a power which will be felt not only throughout Asia but throughout the world." Action of the Viceroy, Li Hung Chang, ani Other Officials. — When the Chinese Government som< CHINA. (33 years ago establislied at Peking a college in wliicL young men could obtain a training in foreign languages, literature and science, the Rev. Dr. W. A. P. Maa-tin, a well-known American missionary in that city, was chosen as the princi- pal of it, and he still holds the position. When Li Hung Chang, who is acknowledged to be the most influential man in China, needed, about a year ago, a private tutor for his two sons, he selected the Rev. Charles Tenney, an American missionary at Tientsin, and it is said that he in- tends to make this missionary the principal of a college he is establishing at his vice-regal city. This distinguished Viceroy gives a liberal support to the Mission Hospital and Dispensary at Tientsin, and it is stated that he has written to the King of Corea advising him to favor the introduction of Protestant Christianity into his kingdom, as It is a good religion and will be highly beneficial to the nation. * The Chinese Governor of the large island of Formosa has chosen a Christian missionary to plan and to superin- tend a college he is establishing in that island. The city of Canton has been especially noted in the past for its hos- tility to the "outside barbarians," and to the Christian religion. But the faithful preaching and teaching of the gospel of Christ, and the patient continuance in well doing of the missionaries, combined with the exemplary conduct of the native Christians, have wrought a wonderful change in public sentiment in this city. See the strong proof of this in the following from a recent number of the Mission- ary Herald : " Rev. Dr. Happer has received, in answer to his ap- peals, the $125,000 necessary for opening the proposed college in Canton. He still seeks an additional $50,000 * It is said that though he praised Protestant Christianity he wrote disparagingly of Eomauism. 64 THE GREAT VALTIE AND SUCCKSS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. for the proper farnisliing of tlie institution, and lie proposes to return to China in October next to spend the remainder of liis life in missionary work. A remarkable fact con- nected Vyfitli this movement is the request received from more than four hundred officers, gentry and scholars of Canton and vicinity, asking that the new Christian institu- tion be located among them. Of the signers of this paper ten are members of the Imperial Academy, and more than one hundred and twenty have the degree of A. B. or A. M. One hundred of them hold official positions under the gov- ernment. In their request for this object these gentlemen say th=5y express the united sentiment of all the gentry in the province of Canton. They also guarantee that there shall be as many students as the college can accommodate. This movement in China is much like the movements which we have recently chronicled from various parts of Japan. Both empires are seeking education, and while their public men are not confessedly Christians, they can see that the Christian education brought by the mission- aries is superior to anything they now enjoy. Hence these remarkable requests.'' Extensive Medical Missions in China. — There are now 82 medical missionaries in China, the majority of whom are from the United States. Sixteen of them are female physicians. There are large mission hospitals and dispensaries in Peking, Tientsin, Shanghai and Canton, and smaller ones at various other cities. At these hospi- tals, where many thousands are treated yearly, and at the homes of other sick people, the teaching of the gospel of Christ goes hand in hand with the medical treatment, and the good accomplished is very great. In no part of the world is the medical missionary more highly appreciated than within the Chinese Empire, and a great part of the current expenses of the hospitals and dispensaries are borne CHDfA. 65 by Chinese officials, the gentry and the merchants. For- eigners residitig in China also give a good deal. The Large Hospital, Dispensaet and Colle&e, AT Canton. — In a recent published volume, " The Cross and the Dragon," * there is an extended account of the great hospital and dispensary at Canton, from which we glean the following facts : For thirty years, the hospital has been under the care of Dr. Kerr, under whose able and judicious management it has been gi-eatly developed, and now unites an extensive hospital, dispensary and medical college. There are no less than five successive lines of good substantial buildings, four of which are devoted to the accommodation of patients. There is also a very fine church, capable of seating six hundred people. This great institution is one of the sights of the city of Canton, and is visited an^ inspected by intelligent China- men from all sections of the country, and by foreign trav- ellers and residents. Twenty thousand persons burdened with diseases are the recipients of its benefits each year. Its great practical benevolence has so commended it to both natives and foreigners that Chinese and Parsees gladly join with Enropeans and Americans in its support. The Vice- roy, Hoppo and other high native officials are regular con- tributors. Connected with the central hospital, are branches at four cities in the interior. Associated with Dr. Kerr is an efficient staiT of native doctors and surgeons trained by him. In the course of bis career he has instructed some scores of pupils, thirty of whom have taken the full course and received certificates. * This very interesting and valuable book on China, and the missionary TTork there, is i^ublished by A. D, F. Randolph & Co., New York. 5 66 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Most of tlie native doctors educated are Cbristians, and en- gage more or less in evangelistic work wherever they go. For the instruction of these medical students, and for the diffusion of tnie medical science in China, Dr. Kerr has prepared more than a score of valuable works in Chinese, some of them translations, and the others original works. In the great hospital and its branches, every effort is made to impress the people who come with the importance of Christian truth. There is daily service in the chapel, special services there and elsewhere, regular visitation of the wards, in which the missionary physician is aided by native clergymen, and distribution of books and tracts. " Some come only to die, but the light of the Cross illumines their way to the grave ; and from these beds of pain many a ran- somed spirit has winged its flight to the fair world on high. Many, as they depart, take special pains to see the phy- sician, the pastor and the ladies, saying, ' Thanks to you doctor ; thanks to you pastor ; thanks to you mistress, and thanks to Jesus, for the blessings I have received.' In every district of the country tliey are found, and are ready to greet the missionary in his travels, and give glad evi- dence of their gratitude." Besides the many hundreds who have been brought to Christ, and the many thousands who have been cured of their diseases or have had their sufferings lessened, the good effects of this medical mission work are seen in num- berless ways ; in lessening the anti-foreign feeling of the Chinese ; in diminishing the power of superstition which connects diseases with evil spirits, and sends the suffering to the exorcists and the idols instead of to the physician ; in giving constant proof of the unselfish character of our religion ; and in preparing the way, and making openings for direct evangelistic work, near by and far off". Peestioe Gained bt ihe Missions. — In many parts CHINA. 67 of China, and in almost all parts of the heathen and Mo- hammedan world, special facilities for propagating the gos- pel have come tlirough the healing of the sick by medical missionaries. Dr. Jeremiassen, an American missionary physician, has lately been greatly occupied with the soldiers of the garrison at his interior station in the great island of Hainan, off the south-east coast of China. He has beeti successful during the prevalence of a fatal epidemic, and Gen. Feng, the commanding officer, has telegraphed to the Viceroy at Canton that " but for Dr. Jeremiassen he would have had no soldiers left." The General has authorized tliis missionary physician to have two buildings for hospital use erected at the government's expense, and after the pres- ent military inmates have sufficiently recovered to be able to leave them, they are to be made over to the mission. The prestige thus gained for the recently established American Presbyterian mission in the interior of Hainan is very great. Dr. Duncan Main, of the English Church Mission, in the large city of Hangchow, has recently had built a fine hospital. One of the Chinese newspapers, in referring to its formal opening, said : " At the opening of the hospital all Mandarins came to congratulate him. Chinese and foreigners all came together ; there was not a person in Hangchow that did not praise the work." Dr. Main treats more than ten thousand cases in a year, and during last year seventy-nine cases of attempted suicide by opium poisoning were brought to him, in sixty of which life was saved. Thirteen persons made a profession of faith in Christ during the year. Hangchow is one of the most famous and important of all the cities in the Chinese empire. On account of its beautiful natural surroundings, the intelligence of its inhabitants, and its historic interest, it has been for a long time the favor- 68 THE GREAT VALUE AHD SDCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. ite place of residence for literary men and the aristocracy, and to have gained so much prestige in this city as Dr. Main has done, is of very great importance. The wife of the distinguished Viceroy Li Hung Chang, having been cured of a serious illness by Miss Howard, now Mrs. King, a lady missionary physician, now, in grati- tude, gives V3ry liberally in aid of the hospital for women at Tientsin, and she supports a number of young ladies who are now studying our medical practice under Mrs. King, M. D. Lady Li also occasionally visits the hospi- tal, and bestows gifts to the poor patients. Three years ago, during an outbreak in the capital city of Corea, a number of officers of the government were wounded, and also many soldiers. Among the wounded officers was a nephew of the king. In consequence of healing the wounds of this nephew and others, Dr. Allen, a medical missionary, has obtained special facilities in the " Hermit Kingdom." The king has established a hospital and placed it under Dr. Allen's charge, and Miss Ellis, an American medical missionary, has been made physician to the Queen of Corea. Opium Refuges. — At some of the mission hospitals in China there are wards for the treatment of the slaves of the opium vice, but a number of the medical missionaries have " opium refuges " separate from the hospitals. These asylums should be greatly multiplied, and other remedial and preventive measures should be increased, as some reparation for the terrible wrong of which England has been guilty in her enforced opium traffic with China. The irreversible verdict concerning this odious trade is that to which the great and good Earl of Shaftesbury gave utter- ance — " It is a nefarious traffic, and a national abomina- tion." The authoritative assemblies of the Church of England, CHINA. 69 and of all the other Christian bodies in Great Britain, have denounced this traffic and the government's connectioii with it, and none regret the course pursued by the Indian and home governments more than true Christians in England and India. A EoEMiDABLE OBSTACLE IN China. — The terrible evils of the opium traffic, and the very formidable obstacle it is to the christianization of China, continue to be referred to, not only by missionaries but also by consuls, travellers and others. Miss Gordon Cumming dwells at length upon it in her " Wanderings in China," and says that the success of the missionary work would have been much greater than it is but for the hateful traffic — a traffic forced upon China " by the persuasive eloquence of British cannon." (Vol. 2, p. 305.) Consul Medhurst, in his book already referred to, says : " It cannot be doubted that the opium traffic has much to answer for in the way of neutralizing missionary efforts, not only in its direct effects upon the victims themselves but in the hatred and suspicion of everything foreign which it has engendered in the minds of the natives gene- rally." The Rev. Horace Randle, of the China Island Mission, who has travelled extensively in the interior as well as on the seaboard, says in a recent letter, that while many of the Chinese have right ideas on the subject, yet the mass of them, especially in the interior, have an exceeding dislike and mistrust of foreigners and their religion because of England's opium wars, and the consequent spread of the opium vice in China. They make little, if any, distinction between the different nationalities or classes of foreigners. The Rev. J. Hudson Taylor, M. D., the founder and principal director of the China Island Mission, said, at the Mildmay Conference, London, in June, 1887 : " We were 70 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SCOCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. listening yesterday to a description of the horrors of the slave trade— of the untold muUitudes who must have per- ished before reaching their destination. But, having labored many years in China, my solemn conviction is that all the misery and sin and suffering caused by the slave trade are not equal to the wrongs inflicted upon China by the opium trafiic. That may seem a strong thing to say, but it is not at all too strong. I could not possibly de- scribe the incalculable misery which I have witnessed as a result of this curse which we introduced into China. As a medical missionary I have been into many homes where people were endeavoring to kill themselves by taking opium, to escape from the greater evils they have brought upon themselves by the habit of opium smoking. If you love your country, pray God that he will raise up a standard against this horrible, awful curse, and that he will deliver us from the guilt of it." * FIJI. Formerly the Darkest Place on Earth, — ^As is well-known, the Fijians were savages of the most inhuman kind, and cannibals of the worst, description. Commodore "Wilkes, who explored the extensive Fiji group (there are 80 inhabited islands) in 1840, says in his " Narrative of the United States Exploring Expedition " : " So beautiful was the aspect of the islands that I could scarcely bring * For an account of the rise and progress of the traffic, Eng- land's opium wars, and the terrible consequences, see the writer's pamphlet, entitled '■ Opium. England's Coercive Opium Policy, and its disastrous Besults in China and India." Published by Funk and Wagnalls, New York and London. CHKA. 71 my mind to realize the well-known fact that they were the abodes of a savage, ferocious, and treacherous race of cannibals." And yet this " darkest place on earth," has been so transformed by the Divine blessing upon mission- ary labors, that Fiji is one of the most Christian of coun- tries. Sir Aethue Goedoh on the Wondeeful Teans- FOEitATiosr. — The instruments in this work of grace were English Wesleyan missionaries, the first of whom arrived in Fiji in 1835. By 1874 nearly all the islands were Christianized, and at the request of the principal chief, who had become a Christian, and several subordinate chiefs, Fiji was made a British colony. The first governor was Sir Arthur Gordon, and this gentleman on his return to Eng- land in 1879, said, at a public meeting in London, in re- gard to those who had, so short a time before, been such ferocious cannibals : " Out of a population of about a hundred and twenty thous- and, one hundred and two thousand are now regular worship- pers in the churches, which number eight hundred, all well built and completed. In every family there is morning and evening worship. Over forty-two thousand children are in attendance in the fifteen hundred and thirty-four Christian day-schools. The heathenism which still exists in the mountain districts, surrounded as it is on all sides by a Christian population on the coast, is rapidly dying out." SiE Chaeles St. Julian's Testimony. — Chief-Jus- tice Sir Charles St. Julian, of Fiji, remarks that he " had been a close observer of the Wesleyan Mission, and when he came to the Island was hardly prepared for what he saw. If the work done by that society had only been to cause the natives to cast off bad practices and customs, it would have been a very gratifying result ; but the Mission had' built up a kingdom." 72 TOE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIO:;s. The statistics of the mission at present are, eleven foreign missionaries, fifty-three native missionaries, 1,877 local preachers, 44 catechists, 1,058 teachers, 1,255 churches, chapels and preaching places, 27,421 communicants and 42,651 Sunday-school pupils. Miss Gsedon Cumming on the Mighty Change WHICH HAS BEEN- EFFECTED. — Miss Gordon Gumming, writing in her interesting work, " At Home in Fiji," thus describes the former character and condition of the people, and what Christianity has done for them : " I often wish that some of the cavillers who are forever sneering at Christian missions could see something of their results in these islands. But first they would have to re- call the Fiji of ten years ago, when every man's hand was against his neighbor, and the land had no rest from barba- rous inter-tribal wars, in which the foe, without respect of age or sex, were looked upon only in the light of so much beef, the prisoners deliberately fattened for the slaughter, dead bodies dug up that had been buried ten or twelve days, and could only be cooked in the form of puddings, limbs cut off from living men and women and cooked and eaten in presence of the victim, who had previously been compelled to dig the oven and cut the firewood for the pur- pose, and this not only in the time of war, when such atroc- ity might be deemed less inexcusable, but in time of peace, to gratify the caprice or fancy of the moment.* " Then, further, think of the sick buried alive, the array of widows who were deliberately strangled on the death of *The Rev. James Calvert, who might he called the Apostle of Fiji, and who has lived and labored until there is not one heathen Fijian left, says that one wretched cannibal was wont to put down a stone for every human body of which he partook, and his horrid memorial reached the number of S72 stones. XL. FIJI. 73 any great man, the living victims who were buried beside every post of a cliioFs new bouse, and must needs stand clasping it while the earth was gradually heaped over their devoted heads, or those who were bound hand and foot and laid on the ground to act as rollers when a chief launched a new canoe, and thus doomed to a death of excruciating agony — a time when there was not the slightest security for life and property, and no man knew how quickly his hour of doom might come, when whole villages were depop- ulated simply to supply their neighbors with fresh meat. " Just think of all this, and of the change that has been wrought, and then just imagine white men who can sneer at missionary work in the way they do. Now you may pass from isle to isle, certain everywhere to find the same cordial reception by kindly men and women. Every vil- lage on the eighty inhabited isles has built for itself a tidy little church and a good house for its teacher or native minister, for whom the village also provide food and cloth- ing. Can you realize that there are nine hundred Wesley- an churches in Fiji, at every one of which the frequent ser- vices are crowded by devout congregations, that the schools are well attended, and that the first sound that greets your ear at dawn, and the last at night, is that of hymn-singing and most fervent worship rising from each dwelling at the hour of family worship 1 " Thkillijtg Stories oe the Missionaries' Courage. Some thrilling stories are told by Miss Gordon Cumming of the courage displayed by the missionaries in their en- deavors to put an end to the native atrocities. Here is one of them : In 1849 two ladies, Mrs. Calvert and Mrs. Lyth, with a single native Christian, their husbands being ab- sent, rescued five women, nine having already been sac- rificed, from the very hands of the butcher. Captain Er- skine, E. N., who touched at the island a few weeks after, 74 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. says : " Regardless of the sanctity of the place, it being ' tabued ' to women, they forced themselves into old Ta- noa's (the father of Thakombau, and an inveterate cannibal) chamber, who demanded, with astonishment at their temer- ity, what these women did there ? The Christian chief, who well maintained his lately adopted character, answered for them, that they came to solicit the lives of the surviv- ing prisoners, presenting at the same time the two whales' teeth." After some hesitation Tanoa said : " Those who are dead are dead : those who are alive shall live." " If anything could have increased our admiration of their he- roism," adds Captain Erskine, " it was the unaffected man- ner in which, when pressed by us to relate the circum- stances of their awful visit, they spoke of it as the simple performance of an ordinary duty." The Fijian Church has Become a Missionary Body. — The Fijian Church has in its turn become a mis- sionary body, and the first effort to Christianize the savage natives of New Britain and New Ireland is being made by a party of bra e Fijian teachers, who, well knowing the danger they would have to face, volunteered to accompany the Eev. Mr. Brown when he sailed on this very difficult mission. Nino earnest men (seven of whom were married and their wives true helpmates in this great work) announced their wish to go. The English Consul deemed it his duty to summon them, and repeat in strongest terms what dangers awaited them, and the horrors of their almost inevitable fate at the hands of barbarous cannibals. They replied that they had counted the cost, and were all of one mind : that they were perfectly aware of the danger, but had determined of their own free will to go, because of the great longing they felt to teach those poor savages the holy faith which had so en- tirely changed their own country. So in 1875 they sailed- FIJI. 75 Mr. Brown left Lis wife and children in New Zealand, and I think two years elapsed before any chance of communica- tion presented itself. While we were living in Fiji, in 1877, he returned thither, to report that the infant mission was fairly established, and to ask for more workers. His difficulty was, not to obtain them, but to select only a few from the many willing volunteers. A few months more elapsed, and tidings reached Fiji that four of these native teachers had been treacherously murdered and eaten by the cannibal people of the Duke of York Island, on which they, with their wives and their little ones, had settled, in the hope of forming a separate mission. This terrible news reached Fiji just as a fresh detachment of teachers was about to start for New Britain. Their determination was no whit shaken. One of the wives was asked whether she still intended to accompany her husband to a scene of so great danger. She replied, ' I am like the outrigger of a canoe,* where the canoe goes, there you will surely find ihe outrigger.' " — Miss Gordon Cumming in London Sunday MagasUie. Testimony of " Administeatoes " McGbegoe akd Thueston.^ — The progress, religious, social and moral, since the annexation of the Islands, may be gathered from the reports of Administrators W. McGregor, who made a tour of the colony in 1885. He says : " The people are, speaking generally, well governed, arc contented and in comfortable circumstances, using in their houses an unusu- ally large amount of the comforts and conveniences of civil- ized life." On Vanua Levu, the smaller of the two chief islands, there is a native industrial school, almost self-sup- porting in the matter of food. On the larger island, Diti Levu, the houses are good and well furnished, besides * £alancing Float, 76 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. being stocked with native property. As the people are in- dustrious, food is very abundant. The Sabbath is so strictly observed in the interior of Viti Levu that no trav- elling can be done on that day." Administrator J. B. Thurston, also writing in 1885, con- trasts from personal knowledge the condition of the people then with their condition in 1865. " During the day or two that I spent with them in 1855, war, intrigue and general insecurity was their chronic con- dition. Beimana and every other town was fortified by strong fences, moats, and other earthworks. No man stirred beyond bis war fence after sunset. The quiet of night was broken by the sounds of the ' derua ' (a peculiar beat of the native wooden drum when some slaughtered enemy was brought in front of the heathen temple) ; and in Beimana itself three human bodies were eaten during my stay, and the ' forks ' used upon the occasion were pre- sented to me. It was possible for me, therefore, to dwell with force upon the altered condition of the country, and to contrast, with effect, the peace of the present with the horrors and ceaseless anxieties of the past." GREENLAND. Sublime Faith and Patience of the Missionaries. — Sir Koderick Murchison, President of the Royal Geograph- ical Society, in one of his anniversary addresses, said of -Dr. Kane's "Arctic Explorations'": "There never was a work written which more feelingly develops the struggles of humanity, under the most intense sufferings, or demon- strates more strikingly how the most appalling difficulties can be overcome by the union of a firm resolve with the GREEXLASD. 77 never-failing resources of a bright intellect." Tliis high tribute was not undeserved by tlie author of that remark- able record of self-exile in the polar regions. But when we turn to the annals of missionary research and labors in those same and other regions, we have exam- ples of j'et sublimer faith, hope and patience under suffer- ings. Dr. Kane's exile was but for a brief period, and his endurance of hardship was but for one, or at most, for two years at a time. The missionaries' exile and trials are generally for life, and though their privations and suffer- ings are greatest at the beginning of missions in the vari- ous fields, yet they continue more or less in after years. In the life of Matthew Stack, a Moravian missionary, it is stated that, " The first missionaries to Greenland were often driven to allay the cravings of hunger with shell-fish and sea-weed : they had recourse even to the remnants of tallow candles, and thought themselves happy, when they could procure some train-oil to mix up with their scanty morsel of oatmeal. Their perseverance under these pain- ful privations only excited the contempt of the natives. " The Greenlanders would leave them, in the midst of their instructions, to attend a dancing match. Sometimes they told the missionaries they had heard enough already of spiritual things from abler instnictors. Besides being volatile and trifling, they used all possible means to entice the missionaries to a conformity with their own dissolute practices. Failing of success in this wicked design, they would annoy them, by mocking their religious exercises, by praying with all kinds of ridiculous mimicry, or by beating drums in time of worship. The brethren bore this painful treatment v/ith equanimity. But when the savages perceived that they could effect nothing in this w&y, tliey began to insult and abuse the persons of the missionaries. They pelted them with stones, and destroyed some of their 78 TUE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. property. Amid sucli appalling discouragements did the Moravians persevere in the work of evangelizing this inhos- pitable country." Testimony of Drs. Kane and Beown to theie Great Success. — In Western or Danish Greenland it is said that there is not a single pagan left, and a Moravian missionary who has recently returned to England after forty years active service, reports that in all Greenland there is but one station in the neighborhood of which there are heathen. Concerning the labors of the self-denying missionaries in this inhospitable country, Dr. Kane, in his " Arctic Explorations," says : " The missionaries have been so far successful among the natives of Greenland that there are but few of them who are not now Christians. Before missionaries came, murder, burial of the living, and infanticide were not numbered among crimes. Tt was un- safe for vessels to touch upon the coast ; but now Green- land is safer for the wrecked mariner than many parts of our own coast.'' '• The testimony of Dr. Robert Brown, a Fellow of the Geographical Society of London, who accompanied the West Greenland expedition as Botanist and Geologist, we quote from an interesting article published by him in Mis- sion Life ; " Mission stations are now scattered at intervals, and from being a simple missionary, the Greenland priest has become the ' parish minister ; ' for there is now not one professed Pagan in all Banish Greenland. Settlements for the trade — conducted (by the Danish Government) solely for the benefit of the natives, and so extensive that it employs seven ships, and yields a profit of £11,000 — are established from Cape Farewell up to 73° north latitude, where at Kingatok, on a little islet, lives a solitary Dane, who has the eminent distinction of being the most northerly civilized man in the world," INDIA. 79 INDIA. The Three Peincipal Keligions of Inbia.— In an address in ]Sew York in November, 1882, Sir Ricliard Tem- ple, who has occupied high official positions in different parts of India for nearly thirty years, referred in the fol- lowing well-chosea words, to the great need for Christianity in that country, as evidenced by the character of the three principal religions : " I have heard iii England and even in this country that many think there is not much need of Christianity in India. There is great need, as will be seen by the character of the three great religions of the land. As to Mohammedanism, it withers human character as with a blight, warps all the feelings and sentiments, crystallizes everything whicb it touches, and rivets all customs and opinions in a groove. , It is utterly intolerant. Anything more sanguinary than its fanaticism cannot be imagined. " As to Hinduism, I cannot give you an exact idea of the vicious orgies which occur constantly in the Hindu tem- ples. There is a considerable amount of abominable im- morality, which is practically the outcome of this false re- ligion. As to Buddhism, however excellent and attractive the poetic accounts of it may be, as given in the well- known poem, ' The Light of Asia,' the actual Buddhism of India is as degrading as can well be imagined." * India is pre-eminently a land of error and vice, and it is the great stronghold of the arch-enemy of mankind. Great as is the progress which has been made toward the captur- ing of this stronghold, it would have been still greater if the heroes engaged in this holy war had not been opposed * From the report of the address in the Foreign Missionary. \ 80 THE GREAT VALUE AND S0CCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. and obstructed by some who ouglit to liave aided and en- couraged them. Many in high position and of great in- fluence who ought to have been on the "Lord's side" in the conflict have rendered all possible aid to the enemy. This is especially true of the directors and agents of the East India Company. The Misetjle of the East India Company. — The East India Company ruled India for about one hundred years — from soon after Clive's victory at Plassy until the Great Mutiny or Eebellion of 1857-8, when it was abolished by the British Parliament, in response to numerously signed memorials recounting the misdeeds of the Company and its agents. It favored and aided the native idol- atries and superstitions, a. \ repressed Christian missionary effort. In its charters it sjcceeded in getting from Parlia- ment the proviso that no educational or religious effort should be allowed in India. In 1812, owing to the representations of the Company, Parliament was strongly inclined to continue the proviso when renewing the charter of tlu Company. It required 900 largely signed petitions presented to, and urged upon Parliament by the great and good Wilberforce and his supporters to secure even a partially tolerant charter. When Carey and Thomas reached India in 1793, they were subjected to great trials and indignities by the agents of the East India Company, and this continued until 1798, when the missionaries took up their abode in the Danish settlement of Serampore, where they were under the protec- tion of the Danish Crown. Judson and other American mis- sionaries were, on their arrival in India, ordered to depart from the country, and India's loss, as regards the great mis- sionary Judson, was Burmah's gain, A Disgraceful Memorial of the Company. — The Directors of the East India Company placed on sol- INDIA. 81 emn record, in a formal memorial to the British Parliament, " their decided conviction," after " consideration and exam- ination," that " the sending of Christian missionaries into our Eastern possessions is the maddest, most extravagant, most expensive, most unwarrantable project that was ever pro- posed by a lunatic enthusiast."* But they were compelled to submit to the decision of Parliament obtained by Wil- berforce, and his supporters, and to cease ordering the ex- pulsion of missionaries from India. Little, however, was gained besides this. The agents of the Company contin- ued to favor and aid the native religions, and to discourage, in various ways, missionary enterprise. De. Butlee on Some op the Misdeeds of the Compact. — In one of the ablest and hest books on India, " The Land of the Veda," by the Eev. Dr. Butler, reference is made to facts well known in India, which were recount- ed in one of the memorials to Parliament, '•' such as Lord Clive personally attending a heathen festival at Conjeve- ram, and presenting an ornament to the idol worth 1,050 pagodas ($1,850) ; Lord Auckland, another Governor-Gen- eral, offering 2,000 rupees ($1,000) at the Muttra shrine, and being highly praised in a native newspaper for his piety.f Lord EUenhorough, in 1842, ordering the gates * This memorial was all the more inexcusable and disgraceful because of the abundant evidence there was of the great good of the labors of Ziegenbalg, Plutschau, Swartz, Kiernander and other European missionaries in India, in the eighteenth cen- tury, and of how these men had promoted peace between the English and the native princes and people. When the English were alarmed at the victorious career of Hyder Ali, they sent an embassy to treat with him, but that monarch sent them away, saying, "Send me the Christian (Swartz),. he will not deceive me." t We have no intention of dwelling on the disastrous war in which Lord Auckland imperilled our prestige, beyond remark- 6 82 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. of the Temple of Somnath (carried ofif by a MoLammedan conqueror eight hundred years ago) to be carried back hun- dreds of milesj with military honors, and his issuing a pro- clamation, announcing the heathenish act, ' to all the Princes, Chiefs and people of India.' Lord Dalhousie, later still, paying reverence to an idol, by changing his dress on entering the heathen temple of TJmritsur, and making an offering to it of 5,000 rupees, ($2,500'). These things were done by Indian Viceroys, while Government servants were required to collect pilgrims' tax, administer the estates of idol temples, and pay allowances to officials connected with heathen shrines ; and even military officers had to parade troops and present arms in honor of idol proces- sions ! '' " These things were so. The writer has seen (and could give the name of the place, and of the commanding officer responsible) British cannon loaned and amnmnition supplied, to fire a salute in honor of a heathen idol, and that on the holy Sabbath day ! Christian Englishmen in India groaned over these acts, officers in the army threw up their commissions sooner than obey such orders, and men in high positions protested against them as sins of the deepest dye, fearing that God would ' visit for these things,' and appealed to the British public to stop the madness of the East India Company and their servants in India."— Pp. 403-4. ing that the gods whom he strove to propitiate by his offer- ings paid scant heed to him. At the outbreak of the war in 1839 he visited Brindabun, where he gave 200 rupees to one idol and 700 to others; at Miittra he distributed 1,500 rupees to idols and at other places 500. The Chandrika news- paper praised him " for his holiness," and declared that a ruler who had given thousands of rupees for the service of the idols must carry all before him. But he did not. — Church Missionary IntelUgenier, May, 1887. INDIA. 83 Anti-Oheistian Policy. — The Koran and the Shas- ters were allowed to be freely used in the Government edu- cational institutions, but the teaching of the Holy Scrip- tures, or even the answering of spontaneous inquiries respecting their contents were forbidden during school hours. No native Christian was permitted to join the Government forces, and if any one already in the army be- came a Christian he was expelled. Hindu priests and Moslem propagandists had free access to the native troops, but not Christian missionaries. What wonder, then, that when the infamous Nana Sahib started the mutiny, the native soldiers (Sepoys as they were called) joined him. The Iniquitous Opium Teaffic. — The iniquitous opium traffic with China was begun by Warren Hastings and other agents of the company, and England's opium wars, which, as Dr. Arnold of Rugby, John Bright, the Earl of Shaftesbury, and many other eminent Englishmen have said are among the most infamous in history, were instigated and fomented by this dishonorable company. The enforced traffic has been of incalculable injury to China, and a most formidable obstacle to the Christianiza- tion of that empire. It has also caused much demoraliza- tion and misery in India, as the opium vice is spreading there also. It has also worked much injury to India in other ways. It causes, or increases the periodic famines, owing to the perversion of such a vast area from food crops to crops of poison, and the government traffic shoclss the moral sense of the better class of Hindus.* SiE John Laweence's Supbeioe Policy. — Sir John Lawrence was Governor of the Punjab when the Eebellion broke out ; the elements around him were as * For proofs on these points see the writer's pampUet, re- ferred to on page 70. 8i THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. energetic, and some of them as dangerous, as any in Incia. He had been superior to the policy of his masters, and would insist on favoring Missionaries and the Bible in the schools. What was the result of this open and candid course, even in the hour when all around them had fallen ? The missionaries waited upon him to say that, if their public preaching in the streets of Lahore was any embarrassment in the condition of the country, they were ready to pause for a season, if he thought it requisite to do so. His prompt reply, which will be a lasting honor to him, was, " No, gentlemen ; prosecute your preaching and missicmary enterprise just as usual. Christian things, done in a Christian way, will never alienate the heathen.' They acted on his advice, and did not preach a sermon the less for the Kebellion. Though all India around them had " gone,'' their Punjab stood firm, and even supplied the men and means for sustaining the siege of Delhi, till it fell, and the Government was fully restored. The East India Company was abolished, amid the contempt of all good men, and even of the candid heathen ; while this very man, Sir John Lawrence, was chosen by the Queen to be Viceroy of India. — The Land of the Yeda, pp. 408-9. Majoe-Genekal Sir Herbert Edwaedes on the Bad Policy Pursued. — In "Our Indian Empire," a lec- ture delivered in London in 1860, by Major-General Sir Herbert Edwardes, one of the most distinguished of English soldiers and administrators in India, we read : " Much, it must be admitted, has been done by our English rulers in the great cause of education. Scientific and historic truth has been clothed in the languages of the country, and has shaken Hindooism to its base. But, alas ! it must be ad- mitted also that our English Government in India, even in its schools and its colleges, has withheld the Bible and kept back Christianity. It has indeed made many infidels and IKDIA. 85 deists, but it may be doubted whether it ever made a sin- gle Christian. On the other hand, it is recorded by a dis- tinguished Hindoo Prince and scholar. Rajah Jay Narain, of Benares, that ' if Christianity were true, the British would have communicated a knowledge of it to their Hin- doo subjects.' Precisely the same sentiment is also record- ed by an eminent native mathematician, Ram Chundra, author of the ' Treatise on Maxima and Minima,' edited by Prof. DeMorgan, who was educated to be a Deist in the Government College at Delhi, and was converted after- wards to be a Christian through private teaching. *" The conclusions which these two native gentlemen have avowed and published, cannot fail to have been the secret conviction of all their thoughtful countrymen; for they saw the same Government which excluded the Bible from its col- leges and schools, admitting the Shasters and the Koran ; fostering caste in its native army ; expelling a Sepoy from the ranks because he became a Christian (Prubhu Deen, 1819); preventing missionaries from coming to India as long as it could ; sharing the pilgrim taxes of Juggemauth till England interfered ; and even so late as 1857, disburs- ing £200,000 a year from its treasury to Heathen and Mo- hammedan temples.'' SiE Heebeet Edwaedes on the Eaeliee and Latee Eecoeds op the Company. — " It is a remarkable thing, but only too consonant with human nature in all situations, that in the poor and humble days of the East India Com- pany, when it came to India literally as an adventurer, it came, nevertheless, as a Christian. Tlie charter of 1698 actually enacted that the Company should provide minis- ters who were to ' apply themselves to learn the native language of the country where they shall reside, the better to enable them to instruct the Gentoos, that shall be ser- vants or slaves to the said Company, in the Protestant re- 86 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. ligion.' And the early records of the Company sliovv them at one time (1G59J sending out Bibles in several languages ; at another, (1677) catechisms, ordering that ' when any shall be able to repeat the catechism by heart, you may give each of them two rupees for their encouragement.' And whatever were the faults of Robert Olive, who found- ed the Imperial era of the Company, he was no coward. In governing Heathens and Mohammedans, he was minded, like Sir John Lawrence in our day, to ' be bound by our conscience, not by tlieirs ; ' and he boldly welcomed the great missionary, Kiemander, to Calcutta in 1758. What was it then that so entirely changed the policy of the East India Company ? Prosperity, greatness, increase of territory and goods, want of faith in their own destiny and in the God that shaped it ! They first dropped the desire to convert ' the Gentoos ' (corruption of a Portuguese word signifying Gentiles) then took the patronage of Juggemauth, and in their last days may be described as barely tolerant of na- tive Christianity." " Well was it for India, and well for England, too, that the Christian duty which the British India Government neglected, private Englishmen (and not only Englishmen, but Americans and Germans) came forward to perform, and the result of this missionary labor is from 150,000 to 200,000 Protestant native Christians in the present genera- tion.* The number is small in comparison with, the popu- lation, but I consider it large in comparison with the obsta- cles it had to overcome.'' — Ibid. The Only Policy of Hope. — The London Christian for July 15th, 1887, contains an extended notice of the "Memorials of tlie Life and Letters of Major-General Sir Herbert B. Edwardes, K. C. B., K. C. S. I., By His Wife," * In 1887 the number ia over 500,000 INDIA. 87 in which occurs the following: "In season and out of season he pleaded for the adoption of a Christian policy in the rule of India. That policy, he maintained, was the only policy of hope. His wide knowledge, varied experi- ence, and persuasive eloquence were all brought to bear on the advocacy of this noble plea. The closing words of his splendid oration at Exeter Hall, in May, 1860, are as appli- cable now as then : ' If you ask me what is safe for the future — if you ask me to indicate a safe and expedient policy to the Government — I say, an open Bible. Put it in your schools. Stand avowedly as a Christian Govern- ment. Follow the noble example of your Queen. De- clare yourselves, in the face of the Indian people, a Chris- tian nation, as her Majesty has declared herself a Christian Queen, and you will not only do honor to her but to your God, and in that alone you will find that true safety rests.'" The Policy of the Peesent Goveening Council. — English authority in India is still endangered, and the progress of Christianity greatly hindered, because the policy advocated by General Edwardes is so far from "being adopted. The Government Council at Calcutta, (composed mainly of " old Indians " and partly of native gentlemen,t and which Council really rules India,) has, until within about a year, discriminated against Christianity in the Govern- ment colleges and schools, and even now God is entirely ignored in the Government institutions of learning. While the Bible and books commendatory of Christianity have been excluded, those commending idolatry and containing heathen indecencies have been used. t There is a similarly constituted but subordinate Council in each of the provinces having a Governor or Lieutenant-Gov- 88 THE GREAT TALUE ANP SCCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Dr. Murdoch and other distinguished missionaries have faithfully exposed and denoanced the teaching contained in some of the Government school books, and it is due to their persistent efforts that idolatrous and indecent passages no longer disgrace them. But the Creator and Preserver of the universe is still ignored, and the tendency of the instruction is toward atheism and materialism. European sceptics and atheists are often employed to teach young men. Prince Harnam Singh, who attended the Queen's Jubilee, said in an address in London, that the most de- termined opponents of Christianity in India are the gradu- ates of the Government colleges,* and yet these are the men who are appointed to the thousands of Government oflSces which are filled by Hindus ! The veteran and highly distinguished American mission- ary, the Rev. Jacob Chamberlain, D. D., who is now es- tablishing a Christian college in India, said at a meeting in New Brunswick, last year: " Three millions of young men in India know English without knowing Christ. The government universities are sending out 3,000 a year ; only three per cent, of these are Christians ; the others go forth to poison the minds of the people with naturalism, agnosti- cism, and to brand Christianity as a worn-out system. They say, " Our English education has taught us that." No Christian' need Apply. — In the old times, as was commonly saiH, men left their Christianity at the Cape, and often forgot to pick it up again upon their return, having apparently wholly lost sight of it during a long expatria- tion. Things are altered now. People now travel by the overland route, and take little luggage with them. Some deeming Christianity superfluous, do not encumber them- selves with it as far as Suez. They leave it at home, hav- * See Ms address in the Church Missionary Intelligencer for August, 1887. INDIA. oa ing no occasion for it in the East. One such gentleman, a Mr Cotton, has found his way to India in the Bengal Civil Service. He has published a book called New India; or, India, in Transitions. It has fallen into the hands of a native Christian, Behari Lai Chandra, who has come to the conclusion that the author is " no better nor worse than a positivist who knows no God and no future life, and to whom there is no such thing as sin, and who can bind his love to a woman, but not to his Maker." * The Bengali Christian proceeds to argue that the " religious morality of Grovemnient is an entire sham." According to him, on the one hand it gags the mouths of chaplains : on the other it ■' appoints to the Education Departments positivists, athe- ists, and agnostics, who openly sneer at Christianity, and poison the minds of hundreds of youths entrusted to their care." He goes on to say, " It is not religious neutrality but irreligious antagonism to Christianity, inasmuch as it coaisists only in shutting Christianity out of its schools and colleges, and allowing positivism, atheism, and agnosticism free entrance." We may reasonably believe that the native Christian has considerable facilities for knowing what has been the character of Government teaching among his compeers. The author quotes a remarkable instance of religious neu- trality upon the part of our Christian Government which is well worth reproducing. A native Christian gentleman applied for employment in the Bengal Inspecting Educa- tional Department. In reply he received the following letter from the Inspector of Schools, Presidency Circle : — " Memo. No. 1548. In reply to your application of this *A few brief Remarks on Mr. Cotton's " New India," Chapter IX. By3ehariLiil Cliandra. Calcutta, 1883. 90 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. order of the Secretary of State for India that no Christian shall be employed in the Inspecting Educational Service ia still in force. — (Signed) 0. B. Clarke.'' It might be worth while, if there is a Christian in the House of Com- mons, to have a question put whether this orcier tabooiug Christians and Christianity is still in force, and if it is can- celled, when this measure of common justice was meted out ty the servants of a Christian sovereign. So far as we can understand, ' ' No Christian need apply " has been, and may now be, the order of things in India. — Church Missionary Intelligencer, October, 1887. Denouncing Tremendous Evils. — Canon Hole, at a meeting in Nottingham England, June 15, 1887, said: " Seventy yesas ago, I quote from a statement published in India, in the Indian Watchman, the fires of Suttee were publicly blazing in the Presidency towns of Madras, Bom- bay and Calcutta, and all over India, the fires of Suttee, in which the screaming and struggling widow, in many cases herself a mere child,, was bound to the dead body of her husband, and with him burned to ashes. Seventy years ago infants were publicly thrown into the Ganges, as sacri- fices to the goddess of the river. Seventy years ago young men and maidens, decked with flowers, were slain in Hin- doo temples before the hideous idol of the goddess Kali, or hacted to pieces as the Meras, that their quivering flesh might be given to propitiate the god of the soil. Seventy years ago the cars of Juggernaut were rolling over India, crushing hundreds of human victims annually beneath their wheels. Seventy years ago lepers were burned alive, de- votees publicly starved themselves to death, children brought their parents to the banks of the Granges and hast- ened their death by filling their mouths with the sand and the water of the so-called sacred river. Seventy years ago the swinging festivals attracted thousands to see the poor IKDIA. 91 writhing wretches, with iron hooks thrust through tlie iirna- cles of their backs, swing in mid-air in honor of their gods. For these scenes, which disgraced India seventy years ago, we may now look in vain. And need I remind you that every one of these changes for the better is due directly or indirectly to missionary enterprise, and the spirit of Christ- ianity. It was Christian missionaries, and those who sup- ported them, who proclaimed and denounced these tremen- dous evils. Branded as fanatics and satirized as fools, they ceased not until one by one these hideous hallucinations were suppressed.'' * But though these monstrous evils prevailed seventy years since, they were not declared illegal so long ago as that. Even the burning alive of widows was not suppressed until 1829, and some of the other great evils referred to by Canon Hole were not made illegal until long after Suttee was.f It has always required much agitation, and long continued, both in India and England, to get the govern- ment of India to change its own objectionable course or to suppress native enormities, and the leaders in these neces- sary agitations have always been able men among the mis- sionaries, from Dr. Carey, who gained the first victory, the abolition of Suttee, down to Dr. Murdoch, who gained the last, the change in the government educational text-books. How One Iniquity was Suppressed. — As an illus- tration of the successful methods employed by the mission- * From the ifissian, Field for August, 1887. t An enormity not referred to by Canon Hole, is thus alluded to by the Church Missionary Gleaner for August, 1887 : "In 1837 the horrible league of religious assassins, called Thugs, was in full swing, the devoted followers of Kali, whose profession was murder, and their livelihood plunder ; and Europeans would attend her nautches and festivals, and her priests used often publicly to make offerings to the idol in the name of the East India Company. 92 TUR GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. aries, take the following from the Church ^lissiotmry Intel- ligencer for September, 1887 : " In 1838 or '39 the annual festival of the goddess Yaygathal, who is supposed to pro- tect the Black Town of Madras, was approaching. The principal of the C. M. Institution (J. H. Gray), and his assistant, (J. J. H. Elouis), fired with indignation at the grossness of the idolatry annually practiced by the East India Company, on that occasion issued forth, the former with pen, and the latter with pencil in hand, the one to describe and the other to draw the scene witnessed. The goddess borne in procession round the Black Town was at length carried to the gates of Fort St. George, wliere the English were supposed to reside, and which was in consequence called the White Town. A high official of the East India Company came out, bearing a handsome cashmere shawl as a bridal present to the idol, and a thaley, or ornament, which in native marriage is bound round the bride's neck by the bridegroom. In Christian native weddings it is used instead of the ring, and the words are used, " With this thaley I thee wed," &c. The high official having presented the shawl, and tied the tha- ley round the idol's neck, the marriage ceremony was com- pleted between the East India Company and the idol Yaygathal, and the idol was asked to protect the Black Town during another year. " Then pen and pencil sketches of this grossly idolatrous act were sent home to Sir P. Maitland. He took them to Bishop Blomfield, of London, and the Bishop carried them to the House of Lords, held them up to view, and declared that if the connection between the East India Company and the idol system of India was not abolished, he would send tlie letter and sketch broadcast through the land. The threat was sufficient. The connection was severed, and the East India Company, which used to farm the rev- INDIA. 93 enu.es of tlie idol temples, to collect their rents and sanc- tion the expenditure of tlieir moneys, handed over tlie whole trust to native heathen to farm for themselves, and thus washed their hands of the whole concern." Two, Great Native EIvils. — Two great native evils, which are still upheld by the British rulers of India, child marriage and the cruel and baibarous treatment of .widows, the missionaries are now endeavoring to have suppressed, and they believe that these could be more easily abolished now, than some of the enormities previously referred to were suppressed long ago. The prime minister of Indore, a cultured but orthodox Hindu, holds that Hindu civilization is doomed, unless the worsen are lifted out of their " present bondage of ignorance an superstition." He says, " child marriage is no marriage at all," that " the existence of the child widow is one of the darkest blots that ever defaced the civilization of any people.' A Brahmin has published a tract on infanticide. He shows that the murder of 12, .542 infants has been made public during the past 15 years. This catalogue represents only a fraction of the murders committed upon helpless Hindoos. This Brahmin gentle- man charges these murders upon the enforced widowhood of Hindoo women. In some respects the rule of the great native emperor Akbar, (A. D., 1558-1605), was in advance of what the English, after more than a century of supremacy in India, have yet attained. Sir Herbert Edwardes, in the lecture already referred to, says (page 15) : " In justice to the great Akbar, it should be stated that he preceded the English Government in the following measures : — 1. He forbade Suttee against the will of widows. 2. He allowed widows to re-marry, 3. He abolished Pilgrim Taxes. 4. He reformed the Revenue. 5. He put all religions on an equality. And he went beyond the English Government 94 THE OKEAT TALUR AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. in tliese, that — 6. lie forbade child-marriage — (that infan- ticide of heart and home). 7. He manifested great respect for Christianity; and ordered Fyzee, the brother of the Prime Minister, to translate tlie Gospels." Two Geeat Government Evils. — ^The missionaries are also opposing energetically the abominable opium traf- fic of the Government of India, and also the encouragement given to the liquor traflB.o by certain of the provincial gov- ernments, notably those of Bengal, Bombay and Assam. In Bengal the returns from the excise duties on liquor have increased in seven years from three millions of dollars to five millions, and in Assam the revenue has trebled itself in ten _vears. A few months since a resolsition was passed by the Bombay government and published, that one of the prominent ends to be aimed at is " to secure to consumers a supply of raw toddy at low prices ! " Jlembers of Parliament like Mr. Samuel Smith and Mr. W. S. Caine, who have recently visited India, declare, as do the missionaries, the surgeons in the British army and others, that intemperance is spreading in India, because certain local governments are not only encouraging the sale of liquor, but pushing it. There is a dififerent state of things in the Northwestern provinces (the Punjaub), be- cause they have a truly Christian Governor, Sir C. U. Aitcheson, and there are more Christian men in the govern- ment council than is the case elsewhere in India. The Sctccbss of Christian Labors. — Though the missionaries have not neglected their duty as regards the objectionable measures of the government, and the tolerance of monstrous evils, their main work has been the preaching and teaching of the gospel of Christ; ministering to the sick in their homes and in the mission liospitals, and trans- lating and circulating the Holy Scriptures and other Chris- tian books. These laliors have been greatly blessed of IKDIA. 95 God. Many thousands of native converts Lave died in the peace and joy of tnie believers in Christ. There are at present more than 150,000 communicants, more than 500,000 baptized converts, and about a million of adlier- ents. The increase of communicants between 1801 and 1871 was 61 per cent. ; between 1871 and 1881 it was 86 per cent., and in the present decade, it is believed that it will be more than 100 per cent. No persons are more out- spoken as to the great value and decided success of mis- sions in India than recent Viceroys and Governors, especi- ally the Christian men among them. Testimony ot? the Eael of Nokthbrook axd Others. — At a meeting in London in the beginning of 1887 the Earl of Northbrook, a returned Viceroy, bore testimony from his own observation to the beneficent influ- ence of missions in India. General Herbert Edwardes and General Taylor, two of the most distinguished soldiers of the time ; Lord Lawrence, one of the best administrators which India ever had ; Sir Donald M'Leod, Sir Bartle Frere, and many others — these men were not only Chris- tian men but far-sighted men, some of the best business men in the world, and they would never have given their approval to the missionary enterprise unless satisfied that those conducting it, did so on correct principles. Speaking from personal acquaintance, he could say that he had seen many missionaries, and many mission stations of various bodies, and he had on all occasions seen that these men w^ere doing a great work, and in every way were gaining the affection of the people. Sir Herbert Edwardes, in a speech delivered in Exeter Hall, London, iu 1868, said : " Every other faith in India is decaying ; Christianity alone is beginning to run its course. It has taken root, and, by God's grace, will never be uprooted. The Christian converts were tested by perse- 9(j THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. cution and martyrdom in 1857, and they stood the test without apostacy ; and I believe that, if the English were driven out of India to-morrow, Christianity would remain and triumph." Sir Donald McLeod, Lieutenant-Governor (highest offi- cer) of the Punjaub in 1872, writes : " In many places the impression prevails that our missions have not produced results adequate to the efforts which have been made ; but I trust enough has been said to prove that there is no real foundation for this impression ; and those who hold such opinions linow but little of the reality. The wort may be going on silently, but when the process of undermiavng the mountain of idolatry has been completed, the whole may be expected to fall with rapidity, and crumble to dust." Sir 0. U. Aitcheson, the present occupant of the position formerly held by Sir Donald McLeod, writes : " The changes that are to-day being wrought out by Christian missionaries in India are simply marvellous. Teaching wherever they go the universal brotherhood of man, and animated by a faith which goes beyond the ties of family caste and relationship, Christian missionaries are slowly, but none the less surely, undermining the foundations of Hindoo superstition, and bringing about a peaceful, relig- ious, moral, and social revolution." Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson, K. C. S. I., C. I. E., a Lieut.-Governor of Bengal, at a meeting in Calcutta before his return to England, said : " In my judgment. Christian missionaries have done more real and lasting good to the people of India than all other agencies combined. They have been the salt of the country, and the true saviors of the Empire." The Right Hon. W. E. Baxter, M. P., in his "Winter in India," says : "The teaching of the mis- sionaries is shaking to its very centre the whole fabric of iKDiA. 9r heathen mythology. The upper and educated classes have no belief in the gods of their fathers." LoKD Lawkence on the Populaeitt of the Mis- sionaries. — ^At a meeting in London in behalf of For- eign Missions, Lord Lawrence bore the following testimony to the character, influence and popularity of the missionaries in India : He believed, notwithstanding ail that the English people had done to benefit that country, the missionaries had done more than all other agencies combined. They had had arduous and uphill work, often receiving no en- couragement, and sometimes a great deal of discourage- ment, from their own countrymen, and had to bear the taunts and obloquy of those who despised and disliked their preaching ; but such had been the effect of their earn- est zeal, untiring devotion, and of the excellent example which they had, he might say, universally shown to the people, that he had no donbt whatever that, both univer. sally and collectively, in spite of tlie great masses of the people being intensely opposed to their doctrine — he had no doubt whatever that, as a body, they were remarkably popular in the country. Lord Napier on the AttpvActive Pictures op Mis- SiONART Life. — Lord Napier and Ettrick (formerly Grover- nor of Madras), in a speech at Tanjore, reported in the Homeward Mail, Nov. 27th, 1871, said : " My travels in this Presidency are now drawing to a close, but when I shall revert to them in the midst of other engagements and other scenes, memory will offer no more attractive pictm-es than those which will reproduce the features of missionary life. In G-anjam, in Masulipatam, in North Arcot, in Trav- ancore, in Tinnevelly, in Tanjore, I have broken the mis-- sionary's bread, I have been present at his administrations I have witnessed his teaching, I have seen the beauty of his life. The benefits of missionary enterprise are felt in 7 1)3 THE GREAT VALUE AST) SCCCESS OF FOEEIGN MISSIONS. tlirco directions — in converting, civilizing and teaching the Indian people. It is not easy to overrate the value in this vast empire of a class of Englishmen of pious lives and disinterested labors, living and moving in the most forsaken places, walking between the Grovernment and the people, with, devotion to both, the friends of right, the adversaries of wrong, impartial spectators of good and evil." Sis Bartle Frerb oisr the Great Changes Ef- fected. — Sir Bartle Frere (formerly Governor of Bora- ba}'), in a lecture on " Christianity suited to all forms of Civilization," delivered in connection with the Christian Evidence Society, London, July 9, 1872, said : " I speak simply as to matters of experience and observation, and not of opinion; just as a Roman prefect might have re- ported to Trajan or the Antonines ; and I assure you that, whatever you may be told to the contrary, the teaching of Christianity among 160 millions of civilized, industrious Hindoos and Mohammedans in India is effecting changes, moral, social, and political, which for extent and rapidity of effect are far more extraordinary than anything you or your fathers have witnessed in modern Europe." Sir William Muie on the Wokk of the American AND Continental Missionaries. — Sir William Muir, late Lieutenant-Governor of the Northwest Provinces, in a speech delivered at the Mildihay Missionary Conference, held in 187G, gave the following testimony to the work of American and Continental Societies in India : " I would say one word with reference to the exertions of the Ameri- can and Continental Societies in India. I have had the opportunity of seeing their work in Upper India, and I have tendered to them my grateful and hearty (hanks for the great work which they are doing — a work which bears not only on the spiritual regeneration of India, but on the civilization, the education, the enlightenment of its people. INDIA. 99 I tbint, therefore, that Englishmen are under the deepest obligations to our American and Continental friends for their exertions in that country." Sir Richard Temple on the Bright Example OF THE Missionaries. — One ofthe most competent of all the witnesses which India can furnish is Sir Richard Tem- ple, Bart., G-. 0. S. I., D. C. L. He has been nearly 30 years in India, and has held office in every province but one. He has been Commissioner of the Central Provinces, Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, Governor of Bombay, and Finance Minister of India. In his very able and compre- hensive work entitled, " India in 1880," he writes as fol- lows, on the bright example of the missionaries in every good word and work : " The natives must inevitably perceive some alloy in British virtue ; there is much which they think blame- worthy in British conduct. It is well that in the religious missions they should behold something of which the meiit is unalloyed, and with which no fault can reasonably be found. The missionaries themselves display an example the brightness of which is reflected on the nations to which they belong. They are to be heard preaching in every city, and almost in every large town throughout the em- pire. They are considerately attentive to every inquirer and listener. They are held to be among the best teachers and schoolmasters in the country, even at a time when the educational staff of the Goveniment affords a model of organization. They receive heathen children in the mis- sion schools, not withholding Christian instruction, and yet they retain the unabated confidence of the heathen parents. They are trusted as benevolent advisers by their native neighbors. They are known as friends in need and trou- ble, and as being ready to advocate temperately the redress of wrongs or the removal of oppression. In seasons of 100 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. pestilence and of famine, thev have been vigilant in fore- casting evil consequences and instant in dispensing aid. They have been among the foremost in the voluntary hands of relief. They have often afforded to the Government and to its officers information which could not have been so well obtained otherwise. They have done much to elucidate before their countrymen and before the world the customs, the institutions, and the feelings of the natives. They have contributed greatly to the culture of the vernacular lan- guages ; many of them as scholars, historians, sociologists or lexicographers, have held a high place in Oriental lite- rature, and have written books of lasting fame and utility. They have, with the co-operation of their wives and daugh- ters, accomplished much towards establishing and promot- ing female education, and have exemplified before the natives the sphere of usefulness that may be occupied by educated women. They have enabled the natives to note the beauty of British homes, which shed abroad the light of charitable ministration and diffuse the genial warmth of practical philanthropy.'' (p. 176.) Sir Richard Temple on the Missions BEHfG Failures. — In a speech delivered at Lincoln, England, November 7th, 1881, Sir Richard Temple said : " I will ask you to consider in what does failure or success consist ? What would you consider to be a successful result ? What is the result ? Why, that at this moment there are 390,000 native Christians in India, of whom 100,000 are communi- cants. Besides these there are 200,000 boys and girls at school, who, though not all of them Christians, are entrust- ed by heathen parents to the missionaries, and ai'e receiv- ing Christian instruction. Out of these no less than 40,000 are girls. So that, with converts and scholars, there are 590,000 persons, or, in round numbers, 000,000 altogether. INDIA. 101 Statistics, you will remember, are furnished bj' missiona- ries, and the objectors may not altogether accept missionary figures. But my figures are taken not only from the mis- sionary reports, but verified from the official reports of the Government of India — and are particularly confirmed by the returns of the census which is periodically taken in India. " The romance, if it be a romance, consists greatly, T might say, sublimely, of the following array of flgm-es : We have 432 mission stations, 500 European missionaries, and 8 missionary Bishops, 4,500 native assistants, 300 native ordained clergy,* 85 training schools, and 4 normal institutions, from which are turned out 3,000 students annually. We raise £20,060 a year from poor native Christians. We have 24 mission presses, from which there issue three-quarters of a million of religious books annual- ly, which are sold to the native public for a sum of £3,800 a year. We have 400,000 native Christians, and 200,000 boys and girls at school, of whom 1,700 have at different times entered the universities established by law in India, and of whom again 700 have passed on to taking of degrees. There are 40,000 girls at scho6l, and 1,300 classes for tho Zenana missions in the apartments of the native ladies, and those classes are attended by 3,000 lady students. I feel in giving those figures as if I were reading the record of some great State Department, and not of private enterprise such as this really is. I will say that it is truly honorable to the zeal of the Protestant Church." SiE Chaelbs Aitcheson on xhe Startling Leav- ENOTG- Peocbss. — Among men of large and varied official experience in India is Sir Charles Aitcheson, the present Lieutenant-Governor (highest officer) of the Punjaub. In a letter written in 1886, he says : * There are now about 600. — J. L. 102 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. " Missionary teaching and Christian literature are leav- ening native opinion in a way and to an extent quite start- ling to those who take a little personal trouble to investi- gate the facts. Out of many examples I could give, take one. I know one of the ruling princes of India who prob- ably never saw or spoke to a Christian missionary in his life. After a long talk with me on religious matters, he told me himself that he reads the Sanskrit translation of our Bible and prays to Jesus Christ every day for the par- don of his sins. It is not too much to say that the whole Brahma movement, which takes a lead in all social and moral reforms in India, and which, although decidedly un- christian, pays to Christianity the sincere flattery of imita- tion, is the direct product of missionary teaching. "Any one who wishes to appreciate what missions have done for India cannot do better than read the recent biog- raphy of Carey, by Dr. Geo. Smith (John Murray, 1885), particularly the three chapters : ' What Carey did for Literature and for Humanity ; ' ' What Carey did for Science,' and ' Carey as an Educator.' The same work the missionaries are doing still. They have been the pioneers of education, both vernacular and English, and they are still the only body who maintain schools for the low castes and the poor. To them we owe even the reduc- tion of several of the vernacular languages (in this part of India, for example, Sindi and Pushtu) to written charac- ters. The only translation opening up to us the sacred books of the Sikhs we owe to a missionary (Dr. Trumpp). To the missionaries, and the missionaries alone, we owe the movement in favor of female education ; and the re- marks in the last education report for the Punjaub, and the review thereof, show how eiBcient are the mission female schools, and how highly the labors of the missionaries are appreciated by the Government. It was at the suggestion INDIA. 103 of the missionaries tliat I have this year framed and intro- duced a system of Government grants in aid of hospitals and dispensaries. It is to the example set by missionary ladies, during the last eight or ten years, in mission hospi- tals and in house to house visitation, that the present widei spreading demand for medical aid and medical training to the women of India is mainly due. Apart altogether from the strictly Christian aspect of the question, which is of it- self so full of bright hopes that no Christian man who reflects on what has already been achieved, can fail to thank God and tate great courage, I should, from a purely administrative point of view, deplore the drying-up of Chris- tian liberality to missions in this country as a most lament- able check to social and moral progress, and a grievous injury to the best interests of the people." SiE Willi A.M Httnteb's Kemaekablb Lecttjeb. — A remarkable lecture was lately delivered in London before the Indian Section of the Society of Arts, by Sir William Hunter, the accomplished author of the " Imperial Gazetteer of India.'' It was on the dayspring of missionary labor in India, and its present great development and suc- cess. Concerning the former, he said : " English missionary work practically began in the last year of the last century. It owed its origin to private effort. But the three devoted men who planted this mighty English growth had to labor under the shelter of a foreign flag, and the governor of a little Danish settlement had to refuse to surrender to a Governor-General of British India. The record of the work done by the Serarapur missionaries reads like an Eastern romance. They created a prose vernacular literature for Bengal ; they established the modem method of popular education ; they founded the present Protestant Indian Church ; they gave the first great impulse to the - native Press ; they set up the first lot THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. ■ steam engine in India ; with its lielp they introduced the modern manufacture of paper on a large scale ; in ten years they translated and printed the Bible, or parts thereof, in thirty-one languages Although they received help from their Baptist friends in England, yet the main part of their funds the}-- earned by their own heads and hands. They built a college, which still ranks among the most splendid educational edifices in India As one contemplates its magnificent pillared fafade overlooking the broad Hugli River, or mounts its costljf staircase of cut brass (the gift of the King of Denmark), one is lost in admiration at the faith of three poor men who dared to build on so noble a scale. " Prom their central semiaiary they planted out their con- verts into the districts, building churches and supporting pastors chiefly from the profits of their boarding-school, their paper mill, and printing press. Tiiey blessed God that during thirty-eight years of toil they were able to spend more than £50,000 of their own substance on His work.' Enormous Increments.. — Concerning the immense progress in the missions from 1851 to 1881, Sir William Hunter said : " In 1851, the Protestant missions in India and Burraah had 222 stations ; in 1881, their stations had increased nearly three-fold to GDI. But the number of their churches or congregations had during the same thirty years multiplied from 267 to 4,180, or over fifteen-fold. There is not only a vast increase in the number of the stations, but also a still greater increase in the work done by each station within itself. In the same way, while the number of native Protestant Christians increased from 91,092 in 1851, to 492,882 in 1881, or five-fold, the number of com- municants increased from 14,(561 to 138,254, or nearly ten- fold. The progress is again, therefore, not alone in numbers, but also in pastoral care and internal discipline. During the INDIA. 105 same thirty years the pupils iu mission schools multiplied by three-fold, from 64,043 to 196,350. These enormous increments have been obtained by making a larger use of native agency. A native Protestant Church has, in truth grown up in India, capable of supplying, in a large meas- ure, its own staff. In 1851, there were only twenty-one ordained native ministers ; by 1881 they had increased to 575, or twenty-seven-fold. The number of native lay preachers had risen during the thirty years from 493 to the vast total of 2,856." This distinguished Indian administrator and author says in an article in a late number of Tlie Nineteenth Century : " The careless onlooker may have no particular convictions on the subject, and flippant persons may ridicule religious effort in India as elsewhere. But I think that few Indian administrators have passed through high office, and had to deal with ultimate problems of British government in that assembly, without feeling the value of the work done by the missionaries. Such men gradually realize, as I have realized, that the missionaries do really represent the spirit- ual side of the new civilization, and of the new life which we are introducing into India.' He also says that the confidence of the people of India in the purity and unself- ishness .of the motives of the missionaries is complete, and that neither the officials nor any other class of foreign resi- dents is held in so much esteem as they are. Testimony of Prince Haenam Sikgh. — Among the distinguished persons who went to London for the Queen's Jubilee was Prince Hamam Singh, of Kapurthala, a semi- independent State adjoining the Punjaub. The Prince is a Christian, having been baptized in 1873, at a serious sacri- fice of his worldlj' interests. At a reception which was given him by the Church Missionary Society, while he was in London, he said : lOG THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. " Do we look back to the work done by Bucli eminent men as our most distinguished statesmen, Lord Dalhousie, Lord Canning, Lord Lawrence, Lord Ripon, or even the present grand representative of her Majesty in India, Lord Duffcrin, for the new light that has been shed over that dark continent ? No ! we look back to the time when such men as Marshman and Carey, and pre-eminently that great and learned man — that devoted servant of Christ — Dr. Duff, first introduced that mysterious volume, the word of God, which shows a man the secrets of his own heart, and tells him how he can be reconciled to an offended God as no other book does. " They have been followed throughout India by mission- aries sent out by many societies, of which this Society is one of the most distinguished, whose labors in their pulpits and their schools are beginning to bear fruit out of all pro- portion to their number. I feel sure that with the aid of all these valuable societies the time is not far distant when the full light will shine in India as the midday sun, and my country will throw away its idols and bow itself be- fore the unseen God, who makes Himself known in His revealed Word, and by His Spirit which dwelleth in man." Native Admissions as to Success. — Hear what Ke- shub Chunder Sen, the Brahmin theist, says : " Who rules India? What power sways its destiny at the present moment ? (He was writing when Lord Lytton was in the Cabinet.) Not Lord Lytton in the Cabinet, nor Sir Frederick Haines in the field, not politics, nor diploma- cy, nor the bayonet or cannon. Christ rules British India. India is unconsciously imbibing this new civilization, suc- cumbing to its irresistible influence. It is not the British army that deserves the honor of holding India ; if any army can claim that honor, that army is the amiy of Chris- tian missionaries headed by their invincible Captain, Jesus INDIA. 107 Christ." Here is the admission of the Indu PraMsh, the native Bombay newspaper : " We daily see Hindoos, of every caste, becoming Christians and devoted ' mission- aries of the cross.' " The foUowiuo' is fi-ora an address recently delivered in Bombay by an educated Hindu who is not a professing Christian : " Oast your eyes around, and take a survey of the nations abroad ! What has made England great 1 Christianity ! What has made the other nations of Europe great 1 Ohristiaiiity ! What has started our present relig- ious Somajas all over India? Contact with Christian missionaries ! W^lio began female education in Bombay ? The good old Dr. Wilson and Mrs. Wilson, of beloved and honored memory. Christians again ! Christianity has not only been the saviour of man's soul, but the regen- eration of man's habitation on earth." Testimony of a Watchful Beahmim. — A learned Brahmin, at the close of a lecture by Dr. Chamberlain, a mis- sionary clergyman and physician, in the presence of nearly two hundred Brahmins, officials, students and others, said : "I have watched the missionaries and seen what they are. What have they eorae to this country for 1 What tempts them to leave their parents, friends and country, and come to this, to them, unhealthy clime 1 Is it for gain or profit that they come? Some of us, country clerks in government offices, receiv^ larger salaries than they. Is it for an easy life '? See how they work, and then tell me. " Look at the missionary. He came here a few years ago, leaving all, and for our good ! He was met with cold looks and suspicious glances. He sought to talk with us of what, he told us, was the matter of most importance in heaven and earth ; but we would not hear. He was not discouraged; he opened a dispensary, and we said, 'Let the pariahs (lowest caste people) take his medicine, wp 108 THE GREAT TALUE AKD SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. won't ; ' but in tlie time of our sickness and our fear we were glad to go to Um, and he welcomed us. We com- plained at first if he walked through our Brahmin streets ; but ere long, when our wives and daughters were in sick- ness and anguish, we went and begged him to come — even into our inner apartments — and he came, and our wives and daughters, now smile upon us in health I Has he made any money by it ? Even the cost of the medicine he has given has not been returned to him. " Now what is it that makes him do all this for us ? It is the Bible ! I have looked into it a good deal in differ- ent languages I chance to know. It is the same in all languages. The Bible ! there is nothing to compare with it, in all our sacred books, for goodness and purity, and holiness, and love, and for motives of action. Where did the English people get their intelligence and energy and cleverness and power ? It is the Bible that gives it to them. And they now bring it to us and sij, ' That is what raised us ; take it and raise yourselves.' They do not force it upon us, as did the Mohammedans with their Koran, but they bring it in love and say, ' Look at it, read it, examine it, and see if it is not good.' Of one thing I am convinced : Do what we will, oppose it as we may, it is the Christian Bible that will, sooner or later, work the regeneration of our land ! " A Large Number of BRAHMrNS Baptized. — Eefer- ring to a remarkable missionary event at a recent festival in India when 248 persons were baptized, the majority of them Brahmins, the Indian Witness says : " We cannot believe that this extraordinary movement will end with the dispersion of the people who attended the fair. A hundred thousand busy tongues will tell the story over and over again, and by this time it is known to 10,000,000 of people in North India that Brahmins and other high c^ste people INDIA. 109 are accepting Christianity freely." The Missionary Eeview says : " A few years ago, among the Telugus in Eastern India, so many streamed to Christ that the hands of the missionary were weary baptizing. Has the stream less ened ? It has increased, till it now rolls in a volume of 200 baptisms every month." Liberal Giving by Foreign Kesidents in India. . — British and other foreign residents in India give more than $300,000 a year to the missions in that countrj', which shows what they think of them. The late Hugh Miller, M. D., after living many years in India, gave to the missions $100,000. Col. W. J. Martin, who died at Torquay, England, March 18th, 18S6, gave more than $10,C00 to the Punjaub and Peshawar Missions, and then gave himself to the work as a self-supporting lay mission- ary. His example of liberal money-giving, and then of per- sonal service, has been imitated by Mr. H. E. Perkins, for many years the Commissioner of Amritsar, and others. Dr. Butler, in his " Land of the Veda," page 431, says, in speaking of Colonel Gowan : " This devoted servant of God encouraged and stood by me in all my future plans for the extension of our mission. He aided nie in procur- ing homes for the missionaries, in establishing our Orphan- age and Training School, and he built and endowed the schools in Khera Bajhera, (the village where he was so long sheltered,)* so that his liberality to our mission work up to the present, cannot be much less than $15,000." Native Princes Contributing. — Some of the native piinces and officials also contribute liberally to the mis- sionary work, A recent number of the Church Missionary Intelligencer says : " The new Dewan, or Prime Minister, of Travancore, T. Eama Row, through not a Christian, is * When wounded during the Mutiny, 110 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONa a great friend of the C. M. S. Mission. ' His appointment,' writes the Rev. W. J. Richards, ' is the test thing exter- nal to the Church of Christ, which has taken place for generations.' When ho was a lower official, he transferred his office establishment to Cotta,jam, the chief C. M. S. station, in order, he said, ' to be near the light.' The pre- sent Maharajah, also, lately sent Mr. Richards 500 rupees for his projected Leper Asylum at Allepie." There is a girls' school carried on in Bombay bj' a na- tive Christian woman. This lady, with her husband, re- cently visited the court of the Guikwar of the Baroda and met a hearty reception in the prince's zenana. His High- ness had several interviews with the Christians himself, and was delighted with their conversation. Before they left the State his Highness gave Mrs. Kanaren four thousand rupees, or about two thousand dollars, for her school. Unsalaried Missionaries in India. — The Rev. M. M. Carleton writes as follows to the editor of the Mission^ ary lieview concerning the unsalaried missionaries in India : " We find in the foreign field men and women from England who have gone out among the heathen with independent fortunes of their own. They give their wealth plus them- selves to missionary work. During the thirty-two jeava I have been in India, I have known several of this class of English missionaries. They are among the best workers in the mission field. They come from old English families distinguished for generations both in Church and State. Some of them enter the mission field with private fortunes of half a million of dollars, and with this wealth they give their own lives freely to the cause of missions. The Contributions of Native Converts. — In " India," by Rev. J. T. Gracey, we read : " The contribu- tions of the native converts themselves show most encour- aging growth. The London Missionary Society said a few JAPAN. Ill yeari3 since of Its missions on the Malabar coast : ' Several of tlie churches are self-supporting : the contributions have reached $7,000 a year, which, considering what is paid for hibor in that country, js equal to $40,000 at least of our currency.' The South India Mission of the Church of England Missionary Society contributed one year $13,582 in gold. The aggregated contributions of the native Christ- ian community in India, Burmah and Ceylon rose from about 60,000 rupees in 1801, to 159,124 rupees in 1871, and to 228,517 rupees in 1881." The Natives Trust Only the Missionaeies. — In " Protestant Foreign Missions," by Theodore Christlieb, D.D., Ph.D., page 186, we read : " The moral influence of Christianity and of Christians in China, and also in India, is almost wholly sustained through the missionaries alone. ' But for the English missionaries,' says Tlie Friend of In- dia (a secular organ), ' the natives of India would have a very poor opinion of Englishmen. The missionary alone, of all Englishmen, is the representative of a disinterested desire to elevate and improve the people.' And a Hindoo in very high standing said a short time ago to the wife of a missionary closely related to mj'self, ' You missionaries are the only persons in whom we really have confidence.' Hence they are a very important bond between the little- loved English government and the Indian people." JAPAN. The First Protestant Mission in Japan. — The fallowing mention of the first Protestant mission estab- lished in Japan is from ' ' A Historical Sketcli of the Ja- pan Mission of the Protestant Episcopal Church of the United States of America " (New York, 1883} : 112 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONa " We now come to the first ilirect missionary movement on the part of tbe Protestant Episcopal Church. Early in 1859 the Rev. John Liggins, who had been laboring for four years as a missionary in China, visited Japan for the benefit of his health, and met with an unexpectedly cordial reception from the Japanese ofiicials. A few days after his arrival at Nagasaki he received information that the Foreign Committee had appointed the Rev. Channing Moore Williams and himself as missionaries to Japan. Being already in the field, Mr. Liggins at once entered upon his duties, and thus was established the first Protest- ant Mission in the Empire of Japan. " Mr. Williams reached Nagasaki in the latter part of June, and in September of the same year Dr. H. Ernst Schmid was appointed missionary physician. Great inter- est was manifested in the church regarding the new mission, and the visit of Bishop Boone, of China, to Philadelphia, accompanied by a deputation from the Foreign Committee, was made the occasion of special services in behalf of the movement. The first pecuniary aid was the sum of $200, contributed by St. Mark's Church, New York, toward the support of the first missionary. " Meanwhile, Mr. Liggins found that but little could be done at first beyond learning the Japanese language (a sufiiciently formidable task), teaching English to native officials, and furnishing the Holy Scriptures and scientific works to those who would accept or purchase them. Among his labors was the preparation and publication of a book entitled ' One Thousand Familiar phrases in English and Japanese,' which met with a large demand and passed through several editions. " Mr. Liggins' visitors evinced much curiosity as to tlie nature of the religious views which he came to impart, but were greatly shocked to learn that he was a Ki-ris-itan, or JAPAN. 113 Oliristian, as that was the term by which the Jesuits were formerly known, an^ in their minds it was synonymous ■with all that was vile. Upon learning that the missionary sympathizsed with their opposition to some of the doctrines and practices of the Jesuits, they were greatly astonished, and eagerly sought further information.'' The Woxdeeffl Changes in Less than TniEXi: Years. — The wonderful changes in Japan which have been effected in less than thirty years, and the remarkable progress which has been made in the Christianizing of the people, are very generally known. Missionaries from various Christian bodies in the United States, Canada, and Great Britain, have gradually joined in tlie work, and it has been so greatly blessed of God that there are already sixteen thousand Church members* one hundred and ninety-three organized churches, of which sixty-four are self-supporting, ninety-three native ministers, one hundred and sixty-nine preparing for the ministry, and a hundred and sixty unordained preachers and helpers. Tbe prospect is that in one or two more decades the idols ■will be utterly abolished in Japan^ and this " Land of the Rising Sun," be as much a Christian nation as those now generally so-*alled are, if not much more so. The Buddhist priests have already dwindled from 244,000 to 50,000. " The telegraph stretches from one end of the land to the other. The mail service is admirable. Rail- ways cross the country in various directions, and fleets of steamers ply from port to port up and down the coast. Banks and hospitals have been established. Daily news- papers abound. There is an excellent system of education culminating in a university. The army and navy are or- * While this work was going through the press, we learn that the number is now 20,000, and that there is an increase of 500 a taoiith. S . 114 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. ganized after foreign models. A new code of laws, based upon those of Europe, has been adopted. In the year 1800 there is to be a parliament." A Noble Body of Oultureb Ladies ajjd Gentle- men. — The most comprehensive and best American book on Japan is " The Mikado's Empire," by "William Elliott GrifEs, A. M., late of the Impa-ial University of Tokio Japan. New York, 1876. On page 345 Mr. Griffis says : " It is hard to find an average man of the world in Japan who has any clear idea of what the missionaries are doing or have done. Their dense ignorance borders on the ridi- culous." On pages 577-8 he says : " Let us note what America has done. Our missionaries, a notable body of cultured gentlemen and ladies, with but few exceptions, have translated large portions of the Bible in a scholarly and simple version, and thus given to Japan the sum of religious knowledge and the mightiest moral force and motor of civilization. The standard Japan ese-Eng- lish and English-Japanese dictionary is the fruit of four- teen years' labor of an eminent scholar, translator, physi- cian and philanthropist, J. C. Hepburn, M. D., LL. D. The first grammar of the Japanese language printed in English, the beginnings of a Christian popular literature and hymnology, the organization of Christian churches, the introduction of theological seminaries, and of girls' schools, are the work of American ladies and gentlemen." " Gently, but resistlessly, Christianity is leavening the nation. In the next century the native word inaka (rustic, boor,) will mean ' heathen.' With those forces that centre in pure Christianity, and under that Almighty Providence who raises up one nation and casts down another, I cherish the firm hope that Japan will in time take and hold her equal place among the foremost nations of the world, and that, in the onward march of civilization which follows the. JAPAH. 115 sun, the Sun-land may lead the nations of Asia that are now appearing in the theatre of universal history." Miss Isabella L. Bied's Testimoitt. — The distin- guished traveller and author, Miss Isabella L. Bird, in her work, "Unbeaten Tracks in Japan " (1880), says : " Ohrist- tianity is destined to he a power in moulding the future of Japan, I do not doubt. It is tending to bind men togeth- er irrespective of class, in a true democracy in a very surpris- ing way. The small Christian congregations are pecuni- arily independent, and are vigorous in their efforts. The Kobe congregation, numbering 350 members, beside con- tributing nearly $1,000 to erect a church, sustaining its own poor, providing medicine and advice for its indigent sick, and paying its own pastor, engages in various forms of benevolent effort, and compensates Christians who are too poor to abstain from work on Sunday for the loss of a day's wages. At Osaka the native Christians have established a Christian school for their girls. The Christian students in Kioto are intensely zealous, preach through the country in their vacations, and aim at nothing less. than the Christian- izing of Japan." " The practical sagacity with which the Americans man- age their missions is worthy of notice. So far from seek- ing for a quantity of converts, they are mainly solicitous for quality. They might indeed baptize hundreds where they are content with tens. The same remark applies to Dr. Palm, and the missionaries of C. M. S. at Hakodate and Niigata. There are hundreds of men and women scat- tered throughout this neighborhood who are practically Christians, who meet together to read the Bible, and who subscribe for Christian objects, but have never received baptism." " I have the highest respect for both the Niigata mis- sionaries. They, are true, honest, conscientious men, not 116 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. sanguine or enthusiastic, but given up to the work of making Christianity known in the way which sccn.s best to each of them, because they believe it to be the work indicated by the Master. They are alike incapable of dressing up " cases for reports," of magnifying trifling encouragements, of suppressing serious discouragements, or of responding in any unrighteous way to the pressure brought to bear upon missionaries l:)y persons at home, who are naturally anxious for results. Dr. Palm, for some tinio a childless widower, has had it in his power to itinerate regularly and extensively amoug the populous towns and villages contained within the treaty limits of twenty-five miles. Mr. and Mrs. Tyson offer what is very important in this land of loose morals, the example of a virtuous Christian home, in which servants are treated with consid- eration and justice, and in which a singularly sensitive con- scientiousness penetrates even the smallest details."' Peoeessoe Rein on the Missionaeies and their HiNDBEEES. — A very elaborate work on the Sunrise Kingdom is, " Japan : Travels and Researches Undertak- en at the Cost of the Prussian Government. By J. J. Rein, Professor of Geography in Marburg. Translated from the German." In the New York edition (1884) page 464, we read : " The missionaries, who are good speakers and are masters of the language, have always a large num- ber of attentive hearers, and are forming congregations which justify the largest expectations. The greatest hin- drances in the way of the preaching of the Gospel have disappeared ; and the country is more and more approxi- mating to complete religious liberty. Yet the missionaries have no lack of difficulties with which to contend; the greatest and most lamentable being, not so much the indif- ference of the heathen Japanese, or the variety of Christian confessions, as the indifference, nay, even the enmitv, 6 JAPAN. 117 towards Christianity of many foreigners, wlio gave utter- ance to their feeling by word and deed. The Japanese will, however, learn to distinguish between those who merely bear the name of Christians, and those whose thoughts and acts are guided and ennobled by Christian doctrine, and will no longer estimate the value of Christi- anity by the former." Mr. Maclay on the Woek at Yokohama. — The latest book on the Sunrise Kingdom, is "A Budget of Letters from Japan," by Arthur Collins Maclay, A.M., LL.B., (New York, 1884). Mr. Collins was employed for five years as Instructor in English in government colleges in Hirosa- ki, Tokio and Kioto. His letters may be said to describe the halcyon days of foreign school teacliing in Japan. Mr. Collins made trips into the various parts of the country, and at almost all times be had the benefit of the compan- ionship of intelligent natives. His book is one of consid- erable interest, and it treats of some topics not referred to by other writers on Japan. Of the missionary work in Yokohama and its vicinity he writes (pp. 200-201) as fel- lows : " In addition to abundant preaching and teaching, much good is accomplished by a well-organized medical dispensary. There are also a number of seminaries and foundling asylums. In no part of Japan is there such an abundant distribution of religious literature. In various ways at least three thousand people must hear the truth every week. Places for preaching and instruction are rent- ed in many of the villages surrounding Yokoha,ma, and there are places in the country where weekly or monthly visits are paid. And occasionally a Japanese from the far interior will request a missionary to accompany him to his native village among the mountains to expound the Scrip- tures to his friends who are too poor to come to Yokohama. 118 THE GREAT VALUE AND SCCCESS OF FOREIGN JIISSICXS. Mucli good seed is thus cast. When the missionary reach- es the village he puts up at a hotel. He then informs the landlord that he wishes to preach in his room. Permission is generally easily obtained. The sliojees are then removed, thus throwing all the rooms into one. The talking then begins in a conversational way, and the crowd begins to gather until the streets and yard are packed with listeners. The exhorter then steps out on the veranda, and preaches to a respectful gathering for a couple of hours at a time. The people are champion listeners. They wear an ordi- nary man out. They are insatiate. They come three or four times a day urging a continuance of the speech. I knew one missionary who began at four o'clock in the afternoon, and when he was exhausted, his native helpers carried on the exhortation until nine o'clock at night. Of course sermonizing is not resorted to. Simply the barest recital of the life, the work, the agony of our Redeemer seems to claim their attention. The people then disperse. Very few of them, perhaps, will be baptized. But curios- ity has been awakened to know about this extraordinary religion ; books are bought ; and when the missionary makes his next visit, he will find a number of earnest in- quirers after the truth. The good that will result from this kind of circuit work is incalculable. Nor are the mission- aries in Yokohama negligent of their own countrymen. Through their influence a temperance hall and reading- room has been established. They preach on Sundays in English at the church in the settlement, and they are interested in other good works." The MissiONAKiES and the Foeeign Community. — Mr. Machiy says, on pages 204 and 205 : " The presence of missionaries is a continued rebuke to the greater portion of the foreign community, who are leading lives they would not think of leading at homo. The natives are soon taught JAPAN. 119 that these foreigners are living beneath their duties and privileges. They soon learn to point this fact with catting and contemptuous observations, which gall the recipients thereof exceedingly. They naturally say that the mission- aries must be of a higher caste. And they soon begin to draw a line between the two portions of the community; one portion is bent on gain ; it is selfish and grasping, it abuses its servants, deals harshly with the natives, and is licentious; the other portion acts justly toward all, so that servants are anxious to secure them as masters, and the merchants are alwaj's on the qui vive to open accounts with them. They learn the language accurately and elegantly, and instruct the people carefully and thoroughly, and the people soon begin to love and respect them." A Thoeotjghlt Ohaeacteeistic Stoet. — The fol- lowing from Mr. Maclay's book (pp. 215-216) deals with a subject of great importance : " The Japanese who have been so assiduously introducing our civilization, are now startled with the discovery that they have been but the pioneers for Christian missionaries. They now see that the intellectual qualities, the animal passions, and the self- ish desires of natives under Christian influences are con- trolled and curbed by some moral power that they had not noticed. And they also see that but for the checking force of these moral principles, the tremendous faculties of Europe and America would be dangerous to the world." " "While they have assiduously cultivated the intellectual faculties of their youth, are intensifying their appetites and passions by nourishing and stimulating food, yet they have put no guide on the road, have put no brake on the wheels, have introduced no moral power to restrain the undue exer- cise of these mental and physical powers. They find Shintoism and Buddhism quite powerless to do so. Nor can the copious and bitter draughts of infidelity, already freely 120 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREICX MISSIONS. imbibed, accomplish tliis end. Nothing under the sun but the gospel of Christ can do it.'' " This fact was most whimsically acknowledged by the Japanese when the Mitsui Bank was started in Tokio. This is a national bank, and is backed up with the money of the Government. Young Japanese had been specially educated abroad to carry on the banking system on ap- proved foreign principles. They were intelligent, capable and shrewd. They made excellent cashiers, tellers, book- keepers and clerks, so far as the merely executive qualities were concerned. They possessed every intellectual re- quirement necessary for the carrying on of a bank. But they were too intelligent ! They were so thoroughly ac- quainted with financing that they understood many little methods of deflecting cash from the treasury into their own pockets. And there was no power except fear that could prevent their doing so ; and fear had but little effect, as there was hardly any danger that the capitalists, composed of effete Daimios and of government officers unfamiliar with banking, could detect how the cash disappeared. " In this predicament, one of the bank officers, with great candor and solicitude, came and explained the situa- tion to one of the missionaries. He frankly admitted that he did not believe in any religion whatsoever. He claimed that the Japanese intellect was of too philosophical a nature to accept the Jewish myth called Christianity. ' But,' said he, ' your religion does something that our re- ligion cannot do. It makes meii honest. Now, we wish our employees at the bank to be carefully instructed in these principles, so that they may learn to discharge their duties with scrupulaus integrity.' This story is thoroughlj- char- acteristic." A Young OrriCEii's Legacy. — In September last year (1885), Mr. Alfred T. Knight, B. A., of St. John's JAPAN. 121 College, Cambridge, naval instructor of H. M. S. "Auda- cious,'' died in the nayal hospital at Yokohama, Japan. He left all he possessed, about £320, to the Church Mis- sionary Society, "as likely to secure," writes his father, the Ilev. T. linight, of Woodford, Wilts, " in the most efficient wj.y the promotion of the Gospel of the Lord and Master he so dearly loved, and so ardently desired to serve in life and death. He made it a point of honor to inquire on the spot, when possible, into any charges brought against mis- sionaries, and in no case did he find current stories to their discredit to be true ; but he was enabled to testify on many occasions to the solid and truly Christian character of their work, and to their patient labor, suffering and self-denial." His desire was, when freed from official duties, to be a missionary himself. — Church Missionary Gleaner. Captain Beinkley os the once roEMiDABLB DlJTFICULTIES AND THE PRESENT SUCCESS.— Captain T. Brinkley, E. A., in the article entitled, "A Tour in Japan," in the Fortnightly Review for May 1st, 1887, says : '' Now Christianity is beginning to win its way. The difficulties in its path were once very formidable. When Westerns first came to Japan they were received with open arras. In 1613 the illustrious Eegent lyeyasu made with Sir Thomas Smith, England's representative, a treaty which, in the words of the first article, gave " free license to the subjects of Great Britain for ever, to come safely in- to any of our ports of our Empire of Japan, with their ships and their merchandise, without any hindrance to them or their goods ; and to abide, buy, sell and barter, according to their own manner with all nations ; to tarry here as long as they think good, and to depart at their pleasure.' But this license was not long of fruitful gain. Already Jesuit intrigues and sectarian quarrels had led to disturbance and confusion. The Koman Catholic propagandists incited 122 THE GREAT TALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. their disciples to destroy the temples of Buddha and to persecute the priests, while the Portuguese and Dutch trad- ers rivalled each other in trickery and extortion. For the first time in her history Japan became acquainted with the horrors of religious feuds and intolerance. "Her rulers at first sought by comparatively gentle means to control these abuses, but were subsequently con- strained to banish the Portuguese altogether, and to adopt the severest measures of repression against the native Christians. The country ceased to be a profitable field for trade. The English settlers turned their ships homewards in 1628. Forty-five years later she tried to renew the treaty of lyeyasu, but so vivid was the recollection of the intrigues and excesses of the early Roman Catholic propa- gandists, that the alliance between the royal families of Great Britain and Portugal, in the reign of Charles II., sufficed to close Japan against all Englishmen. Tradition deepened the dislite and the apprehension excited by the events of those early days. In Japanese eyes every alien became a Bateren (padre) and therefore an evil person harboring mischievous designs against the integrity of the empire. " The Japanese is a patriot before everything. "When foreigners came, in 1856, with ships of war, to force their intercourse upon the country, every brave man in the land believed himself bound by all the principles he respected, to expel the dangerous intruders. Happily this feeling did not long survive contact with Western civilization, but being rooted in the memory of Christian political intrigues, its last active vestiges were anti-Christian. The new preachers of the Christian faith had, therefore, a hard bat- tle to fight. But they won their way gradually. There are now from forty to fifty thousand baptized Japanese Christians ; and it is well known that several of the ablest JAPAN. 123 and most influential statesmen in the empire advocate the adoption of a creed which they regard as the basis of Eu- ropean civilization. So far, however, as it is possible to foresee at present, absolute tolerance will be the attitude of the Government toward all faiths. There will be no State religion. When the new Civil Code, now completed and only waiting final revision — is promulgated, its first article will probably declare all creeds equal in the sight of the law. Practically they are already equal, for high official positions and chairs of learning are occupied by professing native Christians." U. S. Minister Httbbaed ok this Uegentlt In- viting Field.— The Hon. R. B. Hubbard, U. S. Minis- ter to Japan, writes to a friend in Texas, giving statistics of missionary work in Japan, and says : " A great field is ' wide open ' now, and is becoming wider every year here in Japan for Christian evangelization. Here are 38,000,000 people on islands containing not much more than one-half of the area of the State of Texas ! The whole country is accessible to the heralds of the Cross from all Christian lands. Within the past one-third of a century their awak- ening from a sleep of ages has been marvellous to the western world, and certainly without a parallel heretofore in history. In a word, they are ready and willing, in fact eagerly so, if convinced, to let the scales fall from their eyes, and to embrace new thoughts and creeds, whether of government, science or religion. Such a people, just at this special juncture, it seems to me, present the most in- viting — ^urgently inviting — field for this great work, of all other oriental lands." A Native Minister's Testimony. — The Eev. Y. Hiraiwa, a native Japanese clergyman, is now temporarily in Canada. In a recent public address he said that prior to the arrival of Christian missionaries in Japan, the lower classes 124 THE GKEAT VArX'E AKD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. of Japanese were Baddhists, and tliey were usually very bigoted. The more intelligent people did not believe in any religion at all. Their experience of the native religions led them to regard all religion as superstition until they be- gan to inquire into the doctrines of Christianity. The re- sult of that inquiry was that many of them embraced the new religion ; in fact, it is from this class that the greatest number of converts to Christianity have been made. There is now a complete toleration of Christianity in Japan. The edict against Christianity has, it is true, not been repealed, but it has been allowed quietly to drop out of sight. A Japanese statesman gave a curious reason for not formally repealing the edict : " If we passed such a law it would show that Christianity was previously forbidden. " Mr. Arthur L. Shumwat as a Witness.— The at- tempt of a writer in the Atlantic Monthly to depreciate the character of the missionaries in Japan, has called forth a very complete vindication of their worth, and of the re- sults of their labors, for Mr. Arthur L. Shumway, an ac- credited newspaper correspondent, who has travelled ex- tensively in Japan and other Asiatic countries. In a let- ter in a late number of the Christian Union, he says he has made " a special study of the missionary's characteris- tics and his labor everywhere," and he asserts that this writer has "misrepresented missionary character." "We give the following portion of his own testimony : " In Japan I not only inspected the work in progress at the chief ports on the east coast, but also at Hiogo, Osaka, Kioli, Nagasaki and other points in the western half of the empire. Leaving Japan, I surveyed the work quite care- fully in several cities in China, in Malaysia, in Burmah, in India, in Egypt, in Palestine, in Syria, in Greece, in Asia Minor, in Turkey, and in papal Europe. I studied the work both from without and from within. I went with JAPAN. 125 missionaries again and again on tlieir tours of visitation. I attended native services in missionary chapels. I visited hospitals, asylums, homes, day-schools, Sunday-schools, and printing stations. I inspected scores and scores of missions, many on the beaten tracks of tourist travel and many in the interior, far from the coast. In a number of instances I lodged for several days at a time under mission- ary roofs, in places where hotel accommodations could not he secured. "What is true in Japan, I found to be true elsewhere. . . . Missionaries are, almost without an exception, men and women not only of the most exalted Christian character, but also of the ripest scholarship and intellectual culture. " Turn to the Oriental shelves in our libraries, and you will be amazed to find that nearly all of the brightest, deepest and most valuable books there have been written by missionaries. To missionary pens we are indebted for the most reliable information that we have regarding the far East, as well as for the most fascinating, poetical and scholarly of the correct pictures of Oriental life that we have. There are a few exceptions to this rule, but by their very scarcity they only serve to prove the nile." Consul Seymour and De. Kerk. — From a large number of similarly conspicuous proofs of the worth, and the self-denying labors of the missionaries, Mr. Shumway selects the following reminiscence : " One day as I was walking the streets of Canton, China, with Mr. Charles Seymour, our American consul-general in that great city, we met and passed a quiet, modest-man- nered man on his way into the city. Said Mr. Seymour : " ' Do you see that man yonder 1 ' pointing in the direction of the receding stranger. " I assented, and he continued ! " ' That is Dr. Kerr. He is in charge of the great mis- 126 THE GREAT VALCE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. sionary hospital yonder. The hospital was founded in 1838, and has already treated three-quarters of a million cases, I believe. I consider that he is the peer of any living surgeon in the world to-day. To my personal knowledge he undertakes, almost daily, cases which our most distinguished surgeons at home do not dare attempt, even in Philadelphia, the medical capital of our country. I suppose that humble man might just as well as not be enjoying an income of from $50,000 to $75,000 a year, in- stead of his present small salary, if he was only practicing in the city of New York on his own account. And I sup- pose he knows it, too.' " And when we afterwards passed through the hospital, inspected the photographs of operations already performed, and viewed the array of deformities to be treated that after- noon, I could not doubt that what he had said was literal- ly true." JAVA. The Island and its Inhabitants. — The Hon. N. F. Graves, of Tennessee, who has made a tour of the world, furnishes to the Gospel in all Lands for September, 1887, an account of the island of Java and its inhabitants, and of the missionary work there. From his narrative, we extract the following : Java is the most important of all the islands of the Indian archipelago. It is by no means the largest, but has a greater population than all the others together. The population is as dense as any country in Em'ope. The nat- ural beauty of the country is not surpassed anywhere. The climate is mild, and the people are industrious, and the productions are very rich. The rice fields are unsurpassed JAVA. 127 in any country, and the coffee and sugar are like a gold mine, a constant source of wealth. East and west it is over 600 miles and is 120 miles wide, with an area of 52,000 square miles. The native Javanese helong to the Malay race, and are divided into Javanese, Sundonese and the Madurese. The Javanese are vastly the more numerous, as well as the most civilized. The color of the skin in all these cases is a yel- lowish brown, with a hue of olive green. The eyes are brown or black. They are without beard, and small of stature. They are generally industrious, sober and peace- able. They are Mohammedans as much as anything. In former times they were Buddhists and Brahmins. They worship their ancestors, and seem to have gathered some- thing from every system of religion with which they have come in contact. PeOGEESS 01" THE MlSSIONAET WoEK. — The Dutch Reformed Missionary Society have the Dutch colonies for their field of labor. This society was organized in 1797, very like the London Missionary Society, being undenomi- national. This society has missions in many parts of the island, with twenty-nine congregations, with over 3,000 Christians, nearly all of whom have been won from the Mohammedans. The New Rotterdam Missionary Society was founded in 1859, is laboring among the Mohammedan Siidonese, and has translated the New Testament into that language. The missionaries of these societies are principally educated at Rotterdam. There are now 70,000 native Christians. Mr. Anthing, a high officer of the Dutch government, has at his own expense established a mission of his own, and works principally in the city of Batavia, by means of native preachers trained by himself. Rev. Dr. Scheenr- mann, a government chaplain, has established a large 128 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. training institution at Depok, near Batavia,in wbicli native preachers and teachers are trained. It is said the institu- tion cost over $200,000. The Christian youths are received from Java, Borneo and other places and are trained for evan- gelical work. The institution is having a very great influ- ence, and many are benefited by the instruction, and the promise for the future is very great. Some portions of Java are Christianized. — Ihid. MADAaASCAR. Remarkable Restilts rs Madagascar. — In Mada- gascar, where as late as 1857 nearly 2,000 people were put to death for adhering to the Christian faith, there are 1,200 churches and 71,.586 communicants. The native churches during the past ten years have given nearly $1,000,000 for the spread of the Gospel. No nation, with perhaps the ex- ception of the Japanese, has made so much progress, and has shown so mnoh vigor for development in Christianity and civilization as the people of Madagascar, during the last twenty years. The societies laboring there, in the order of the number of their missionaries and converts, are the London Missionary Society, the Norwegian Missionary Society, the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, and the English Friends Mission. Testimony op the Hon. N. F. Graves, — The Hon. N. F. Graves, of Tennessee, in the course of his tour of the world, visited Madagascar, and in one of his articles in " The Gospel in All Lands," he writes as follows : " The Protestants are represented by about 350,000 ad- herents. In Imerena, the chief province, are over 1,100 schools with 15 1,000 pupils, and of these two-thirds belong to the London Missionary Society and the Friends' Mission. MADAGASCAR. 129 The native Christians give largely every year to the spread of the Gospel. Antananarivo, the capital of Madagascar, is much the largest city on the island. It is said to contain a population of 100,000. It is an old town, hut within a few years has been almost entirely rebuilt. The old wooden buildings have been taken down and replaced by far better ones, constructed chiefly of stone and sun- dried brick. Most of these new houses and building are on the European plan. The ridge extending through the city is a very promi- nent feature, and is now covered with royal palaces with high roofs and arched verandas. The new elegant palace of the Prime Minister is on the ridge. The ridge has be- come an attractive place, not only on account of royalty, and royal palaces, but on account of the churches and other beautiful erections. There is a fine stone church with beautiful towers near by the spot where the Christian martyrs suffered in the early persecutions. The People Raised and Purified. — The gospel has come in Madagascar, as everywhere else, raising and purifying the people, increasing the comforts of human life, and improving their dwellings and habits. Since the re-opening of the country there has been a steady increase in the foreign trade, a stimulus has been given to the cultivation and collection of the valuable products of the island, and there is a constantly increasing demand for the calicos, prints, cloths and hardware of European manu- facture. The repeal of the old law, closely connected with idolatry, forbidding the erection in Antananarivo of any stone or brick structure, has given a great impetus to build- ing, so that the city has been almost rebuilt ; hundreds of substantial and handsome houses of sun-dried brick replace those of timber or rush. And this improvement has ex- tended far away from Antananarivo. The erection of the 9 130 THE GREAT VALCE AMD SnCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Four Memorial Churches (18G4-1S74) trained up a hody of artisans — stonemasons, builders, carpenters, tilers and glaziers— skilled in the building arts. The abolition of cruel customs and laws belonging to the heathen state of society has been largely effected by the kindly and merciful spirit of Christianity. The Mala- gasy wore formerly very cruel, and disi'egardful of human life ; the laws prescribing death for numerous offences, and this was inflicted in many barbarous ways. Soldiers were burned alive for trifling military offences, and people were stoned to death for petty thefts in the market. Now, it may be said that these cruelties have passed away ; capital punishment has for several years been inflicted only for heinous crimes, and this only in the most merciful form. — "Madagascar." By James Sibree, F. B. G. S. General J. W. Phelps on Madagascar's Pas- sage PROM Barbarism to Christianity. — The special envoy of the British government. Gore Jones, to the Queen of Madagascar, in 1882, stated at a public meeting in London that on reaching Antananarivo, whither he was sent as commander-in-chief of the East Indian naval station to congratulate the Queen of Madagascar, he was siurprised to find what manner of people the Malagasy were. He found Antananarivo to be a really splendid city, with mag- nificent public buildings. The house he lodged at was as good as any in London. The Prime Minister, who was, curiously enough, husband of the Queen, and almost the most intelligent, astute and cleverest man he had ever met, occupied a splendid official residence. By the beginning of 1883 an embassy was received in England from the Queen of Madagascar, and its members were entertained by the government and people with the most respectful and considerate attention, everything of interest being shown to them in a way to heighten their MICROSESIA. 131 regard for the Cliristian civilization and power of Great Britain, as well as for the kindness and benevolence of the citizens and missionaries. The embassy subsequently vis- ited the United States, where it arrived in the month of March, 1883, and entered into treaty stipulations with onr government. Thus during the present century, and chiefly through missionary agency, Madagascar has passed from a state of pagan barbarism to one of Christian civilization, in which it has entered and taken a stand among tlie Christian nations of the world. — From " The Island of Madagascar" hy Gen. J. W. Phelps, pp. 92-93. MICRONESIA. The Results After About Thirty Years' Work. — For about thii-ty years missionaries of the American Board, and native missionaries from the Sandwich Islands, have been laboring in the three eastern groups of Microne- sia, the Gilbert Islands, the Marshall Islands, and the Caroline Islands. In the annual survey of the Board's missions for 1887, published in the Missionary Herald for November, 1887, the results of the work in eastern Mi- cronesia are thus stated : Though it is scarcely more than a quarter of a century since the first converts there were baptized, the mission now includes 46 wholly self-supporting churches, with 5,313 members. Six high schools for training native preachers and teachers and their wives, gather 178 pupils, and send out new and well-trained laborers every year into the wid- ening field ; while 42 common schools, taught by natives and wholly self-supporting, give instruction to some 2,800 pupils. The Scriptures are translated wholly or in part into five different languages, and other Christian literature 132 THE GREAT VALUE ASD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. as well as scliool-books, lias been provided by the mission- aries. The work tlius far has extended to about half the islands of the three groups embraced, and new islands are visited every year. The Spanish Seizueb of the Caeoline Islands. ■ — When Bismarck v/as about to seize the Caroline Islands he was opposed by Spain, and the matter being referred to ttie Pope's arbitration, ho decided in favor of Spain. Then a band of Spanish officials and priests went to the islands and aroused against the missionaries and native converts a vagabond class of natives known as ''beach combers,'' and after a time a leading missionary, the Rev. E. T. Doano, was, under a flimsy pretext, arrested and sent to the Span- ish Governor-General at Manilla, Emilio Terrero. The latter soon set Mr. Doane at liberty, assuring him that he should be protected in his work, and promised to send him back to Ponape on a Spanish cruiser. He also wrote to him a letter of which the following is an extract : " The important labors in the field of culture performed by yoTirself and other missionaries cannot but be appreci- ated and considered of extraordinary service to humanity and civilization ; as likewise the great hardship suffered by yourself in the propagation of the gospel convinces me of the faith and enthusiasm with which you have borne and overcome all sorts of obstacles and troubles in the conver- sion to Christianity of the savages of those islands." Miss Fletcher, a missionary, writes at Ponape, the prin- cipal island : " Never was the island in so good a condi- tion as when the Spanish came ; the work never prospered as well as during the last year. Church work, schools, everything was in good order.'' " The wreck that has been made in three months seems impossible. The public schools, with the exception of two, the governor has closed. The church sendees at one sta- MICRONESIA. 133 tion are closed and we live in hourly expectation of a notice to close the boarding-school. As it is, we have to watch the girls day and night, to keep them from being stolen and placed in houses where they will learn, to say the least, no good." " That Spain has to these islands the right of discovery none will dispute; but how about those thirty-four or thirty- five years of labor and expense which America has given ? During all this time Spain has not even looked at these islands ; and now she coraes in and finds our natives well civilized, schools, churches, all under headway, and must we step aside and see all this come to naught ?" When the Spanish Governor came he had six Eoman Catholic priests with him. The effects of the change Mr. Doane sketches : " Schools were closed ; congregations thinned down ; liquor flowed freely ; many natives returned to ava planting and pounding and drinking ; chiefs, church members, were shorn of the power they possessed to correct evil in their own realms." Articles have appeared in the Madrid newspapers touch- ing Mr. Doane's arrest. Among others the G-lobo, the paper of Senor Castelar, the eminent Spanish statesman, gives an admirable account of the missionary operations of the Ameri- can Board in the Caroline Islands, accompanied by ap- proving comments. It sums up the case as follows : " The Island of Ponape, as we see from these data, is not an unknown and an uncultivated land inhabited by a few savages, and without communication with the world. Ponape and adjaceut islands formany years had enjoyed many of the advantages of modem civilization. Against these religious beliefs, and against these various interests that we have recounted in this article, we have harshly flung'our- selves — whether ignorantly, or knowingly, or imprudently, it is impossible for us now to say." 134 THE GREAT VALUE AKD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. An American man-of-war has been for some time at the Islands, for the protection of American missionaries, and Spain has agreed to pay an indemnity for the wrong done Mr. Doane, and to guarantee the security of the mission work at Ponape. NEW GUINEA. The Island and its Inhabitants. — Sixty miles north of the Australian continent lies one of the largest islands in the world — Papua or New Guinea. It is about 1,400 miles long, and 490 broad in its widest part. Its population is estimated to be about 1,500,000. The Dutch claim nearly half of the island, and the English and Ger- mans divide between them the other half. The British portion is almost equal in size to the whole of Great Britain. It is the southern part of the vast island. The people are tattooed and unclothed, except with barbaric ornaments. Sixteen years ago they were all fierce and excitable sav- ages, and many of the tribes were addicted to cannibalism. " They delighted in bloody deeds ; each man had a tattoo mark on his chest and back, like a medal of honor, for every person he had slain, and was proud of it ; "* and there was a chronic state of warfare between the different tribes. Now, through the blessing of God upon the labors of the truly heroic and self-sacrificing missionaries, Euro- pean and Polynesian, peace of an enduring character has been established among the tribes on the south-east coast and the adjoining islands, and thousands of the once fierce natives show the power of tlie gospel of peace over their hearts and lives. * Eev. James Chalmers. new guinea. 135 Captaik Spry on the " Challenger's '' Visit to Ne-w Guinea. — In February, 1875, H. M. S. " Challen- ger," ■which was on a soientifio voyage round the world, reached Humboldt Bay in New Guinea, where no mission- aries had yet labored. Captain W. J. Spry, in his narra- tive, entitled " The Cruise of the ' Challenger, '" thus refers to the visit : " This was our first view of the shores of New Guinea, and all gazed with profound interest at what seemed the portal (as it were) to the most unknown and, up to this date, the least explored region of the earth. It is well- known that but few Europeans (if any) had ever trodden the shores we gazed upon, the exploration of which ap- peared so flattering to the imagination, so likely to be fruitful in interesting results, whether to the naturalist, the ethnologist, or the surveyor; and altogether so well calculated to gratify the enlightened curiosity of an adven- turous explorer, that all were in high spirits at the appar- ent prospect of getting into the interior of New Guinea, for its plants, birds, animals and inhabitants would be entirely a new study; so speculation ran high on what the- next few days would bring to light as we neared the anchorage. "As soon as we anchored all our boats were got out, as it was intended to spend a week here and make a survey of the bay ; and great were the preparations among the nat uralists and others at the prospect of exploring the beauti- ful forests, &c., stretched out around us, where altogether everything was likely to be new. " On the first of the boats approaching the shore, it was closed upon by a number of savages in their canoes, and all that could be stolen they laid hands on. A second boat was similarly treated, and they evidently opposed any landing being made with hostile demonstrations, bending their bows and intimating their intention to shoot if we 136 THE GREAT VALtTE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. persisted in the attempt. Very judiciously we gave way, although all were fully armed, and the boats returned to the ship, every one feeling disappointed at the result.'' The Tragic Beginning of the MissioNAEr Work. — New Guinea is surrounded by countless islands, some of which are of considerable size. On some of them in Torres Straits the London Missionary Society commenced operations in 1871, principally on Murray Island. Native Christians from the Loyalty Islands were taken there by Ee Messrs. Murray and Macfarlane, who believed that they would prove to be the better pioneers on account of the special ill-feeling of the natives toward white men, caused by the outrageous conduct of those on board of some Euro- pean vessels which had touched there. Of the first band of Polynesian evangelists, some were murdered and others died from the efiF«cts of the malarious climate, and even of the second and subsequent bands some were killed. But volunteers to take their places were numerous, not only from the Loyalty Islands, but also from Taliiti, Samoa, Savage Island, Earatonga, &c., and so eager were the na- tive Christian teachers on these islands to go, that in some cases, it had to he decided iy lot who should siai/.* Tlio * The Rev. James Chalmers says in the Sunday at Home for September, 1887 : " The enthusiasm was especially great when it became known among a band of newly arrived teachers that we proposed to reopen the Mission at Kalo, where the natives had massacred their teachers, with their families, in all twelve persons. The Samoans volunteered for the forlorn hope. The Eaiateans, too, earnestly begged to go. The Earotongaiis went privately to Mr. Gill, who had bronght them from Sydney, and urged him to intercede that the post of honor and peril might not be given to others. So he said : ' As Earotongana were martyred, let Rarotongans have the preference.' " Mr. Chalmers went with them and slept soundly the first night amonfc the murderers, and instead of harming him or his at- tendants, the people were pleased nt the courage shown. NEW GUINEA. 137 Rev. Mr. Lawes went himself to tlie mainland of New Guinea, and he was followed ten years ago by the Rev. James Chalmers, an exceedingly able man, and a most heroic missionary, who is now generally called " The Apostle of New Guinea." The -Rev. Mr. Murray, Dr. Macfarlane, and Rev. Mr. Savage have labored on the islands in Ton'es Straits, with headquarters at Murray Island. Already there are no less than seventy stations on the mainland of New Guinea, besides those on the islands in Torres Straits, and the baptized converts num- ber 5,000. The Rev. James Chalmers, who labored on other islands of the Pacific before he went to New Guinea, says : " I believe no mission connected with the London Missionary Society, or any other society, can compare with this of New Guinea in results, whether you regard it merely from a social standpoint and try to estimate the repressive influ- ence exercised on the evil ways of the people, or judge it by direct conversions and the principles of active Christi- anity which the new disciples exhibit." The Change in Toeees Steaits. — As a boy, one of my earliest remembrances is of being told the tragic history of the " Charles Eaton." A large merchantman of that name, bound for China, was wrecked among the dangerous reefs of Torres Straits. A raft was hastily made, on which the crew and passengers all escaped to a small island, where they were treacherously welcomed by the natives. On the first night after their arrival, the savages, having seen that all their visitors were asleep, set upon them with clubs. With the exception of one little boy, every one of the white men was killed, and the bodies were eaten. The child was carried off, with the skulls of the murdered peo- ple, to Murray Island. A schooner sent out by the British Government rescued the boy ; and finding the skulls piled 138 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. as a trophy, brought them to the Cape of Good Hope, where they were buried. The facts are impressed on my mind because an uncle of my own was one of the victims, and his death must have occurred about the same time I was bora. Now, through, the heroism of missionaries who, fearless of its evil reputa- tion, and of the blood of some of their own number, per- sisted in occupying that ill-omened region for Christ, MuiTay Island is civilized ; it has become an educational centre ; industrial and other schools are planted there, regular re- ports are issued of the work carried on by native teachers, and it is a well-known place of call for traders. It is quite as safe to-day for a stranger to be wrecked in Torres Straits as in Boston Harbor; and a merchant is in mora danger of being clubbed on Broadway than on those once murderous shores. — Br. T. Harwood Patiison, quoted in the Sunday at Home, March, 1887. Testimonies of Lord Lofxtts and Others as to THE Change on the Mainland. — The London Mis- sionary Society has recently issued a leaflet concerning its New Guinea Mission, which contains some excellent testi- mony as to the value of the work done among the rude savages in that distant land. Rev. Mr. Lawes, who went to New Guinea in 1871, was recently given a reception at Sydney, at which Loftus, the governor of New South Wales ; Commodore Erskine, commander of the Britisli fleet in the South Seas ; Sir H. B. Loch, governor of Vic- toria, and Sir E. Strickland, a Roman Catholic bai'onet, gave the warmest testimony to the value of the work done by Lawes and his coadjutors in the vicinity of Port Mores- by. Ten years ago the natives of that region were suspi- cious, thieving and quarrelsome. Now, these men declare that the people are orderly, attentive to religious instruc- tion, and honest. It is pleasant to have the testimony of NEW GUINEA. 139 an eminent naval ofiioer, in view of the fact that men of the sea have been known to disparage Christian Missions. Commodore Erskine said he was glad to have an oppor- tunity of informing the people of this country, as he had already informed Her Majesty's government, that he srtiould have been totally unable to carry out the orders he had received had it not been for the influence exerted in New Guinea by Mr. Lawes. He was glad to have an opportu- nity, coming as he did from the scene of Mr. Lawes's labors, of testifying to the noble work and good results which had been achieved during his (Mr. Lawes's) time on the island. With regard more especially to the work he himself had been ordered to carry out, he thought the result of that work was a sufficient proof of the good work My. Lawes had done. Mr. and Mrs. Lawes visited the island of New Guinea some ten years ago, at which time they could not, and dared not, communicate with the people of the coun- try. But at the time he (Commodore Erskine) visited the land — a short time ago — he found that the influence ex- erted by Mr. Lawes was very gi-eat, and he thought that any crowned head might be proud to exercise such influence over any people. He did not intend to go into the pnnci- ples of missionary life as connected with the difierent sects, bat he had, as a naval ofiicer, during the last few years, seen the good work which had been done on the islands, and he was glad to testify to the good results which had been achieved at New Guinea. Hugh Milman, a magistrate who had visited the south- east coast of New Guinea, also bore this testimony : " The indomitable courage that was required and shown by them in getting a footing on the great densely populated conti- nent is deserving of all praise, and the benefits to the natives that have already arisen from contact with them during the short space of some seven or eight years, are 140 THE GEEAT VALUE AND SC'CCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. immense ; inter-tribal figlits, formerly so common, being entirely at an end, and trading and communication, one tribe with another, now being carried on without fear.'' Mr. Milman also tells of an old chief with whom he was conversing as to whether the missionaries Lad done them good, who gave some illustrations of their work. Pointing to some natives from other islands who had come ashore, this chief said : " Why, a few years ago, these people, if they had been landed here, would have been killed and eaten ; now they can land in safety, and we take cai-e of them and send them on their way to their homes." — Mis- sionary Herald, June, 1885. A Missionaet's Geeat Infittence. — The Eev. James Chalmers, Mr. Lawes's great coadjutor, has recently visited England. The London Christian, in a sketch of him and his work, says : " The influence of the tribal chiefs in New Guinea had been quite undermined by sor- cerers until scarcely any are left to wield authority. Now, however, the real power along the coast covered by the mission stations is exercised by Mr. Chalmers, and also in many places far inland, for, under the name of ' Tamate ' (teacher) he is beloved by all. Everywhere ' maino ' (peace) follows the footsteps of Tamate. He settles their quarrels ; often he is sent for from very long distances to act as the arbitrator among tribes which are at war. As an English naval officer testified lately : ' Everywhere Tamate's influence is supreme ; ' he soothes their excitable minds, calms and drives away their fears with a power which to those simple people seems wonderful, so that the very name ' Tamate ' has come to signify ' peace.' " Steange Peoofs of Ebgaed. — An old chief who was much attached to Mrs. Chalmers brought her a very dainty bit, the breast of a man, as proof of his affection. It was laid at her feet. She spoke kindly to her cannibal friend, NEW GUINEA. 141 gave him a present, and asked him to take with him that which he had apportioned as her share, saying that we never partake of such, and hoped he would soon give it up. I do not think the old man again tasted human flesh until the day of his death, whicL happened some years after. * * * * " The old man who wished to initiate Mrs. Chalmers into cannibalism was very anxious that I should really be a chief, and said that I could not be so until I had more than one wife. He brought his daughter as a first instal- ment, saying to Mrs. Ohalmens, " You are queen, all tlie others will simply be secondary and do your work ; other chiefs will bring their daughters, and then ' Tamate ' will be a very great chief." He received a present, and took his daughter back, but thought it very strange that we would not consent to become really great in that particu- lar way. He once travelled with me, and on starting out said, " You will see I am a great chief, as in all the vil- lages we visit I have a wife and home." At one village he presented me with a splendid snow-white cuscus and would take no return present for it, saying, " it was his wife's pet, anil she was so glad to see him with a great white chief that she was anxious I should have it." — From " Life in New Guinea," hy tlie Rev. James Chalm£rs. What the Gospel oe Cheist has Done. — From the address of the Rev. James Chalmers, at the last annual meeting of the London Missionary Society, we take the following : " There are twelve New Guinea teachers in oar Eastern Branch Mission, young men and women, five of whom were cannibals when. I went to New Guinea. The others were at Port Moresby, and were what is called savages when I went there; and to-day — what? The fruit — the summer fruit already ! "We gather it in ; they have gone up to the front to help us in this great work. 142 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIOXS. Although we have now fifty mission stations in our Easteni Branch, those are manned by those grand men, the South Sea Island teachers. Oh, they are noble "men. When the news was taken to the South Seas of the Kalo massa- cre, of the poisoning of Eso Eso, and of the deaths of one after another, still the enthusiasm was there, and noble naen and women offered themselves for service. Some who had returned on account of ill-health came back to take up the work and cawy it on. " Twelve months last December I visited South Cape, when I was left there by Sir Peter Scratchley, the first special commissioner appointed by Her Majesty to the Protectorate. He left us to go to the Australian coast to die. A man full of interest and of earnestness in the work already undertaken, who thoroughly appreciated the posi- tion in which we stood on the island, and thoroughly thanked us for doing such great things for the Master and for the government. Whilst I was there, on the first Sun- day in December, I met with a large company of Christian men and women, and I sat down and partook of the Lord's Supper, administered by a native pastor — one of our South Sea Islanders. There I was united with, and shed tears of joy with, men and women who only a few years before sought our lives. What did it ? It is the old story still of the Gospel of Christ." A Letter from a Naval Officer. — In a recent number of the Mission Field there appeared a letter written by a young ofiicer who was with the naval force sent from Australia to proclaim the British protectorate over the southern coast of New Guinea. This officer gives his im- pressions of men and things met with during that expedi- tion. '' After posting my last, we weighed from Port Moresby, where, however, I was fortunate enough to go on shore one NEW GUINEA. 143 afternoon when an examination was going on at the mission school, and saw all the children. They seemed a most in- telligent, bright set, and wonderfully well educated, espec- ially in geography, which they quite enjoyed. One day we anchored at Kerepenu, a very large village with two thousand inhabitants, where we found all most friendly ; indeed, the south-eastern tribes which have been brought under missionary influence, seem to welcome men-of-war most warmly. One Sunday I had a pleasant stroll through the village, but too late for the service held by the native teacher, and as the latter could not speak English I learned but little of the mission work. That little, however, was exceptionally good, a local English trader giving most striking testimony in its favor. "We have been fortunate, too, in carrying with us Mr. Chalmers, the oldest missionary in New Guinea — a truly noble fellow, of the Livingstone stamp. He knows everj"^ yard of these 500 miles of coast, roughing it in an open boat, sleeping in any shelter, or in the open air, witk only just the luggage he can carry, making long expeditions inland where no. other white man's foot has ever trod ; trusting himself unarmed and alone amongst the wildest tribes, yet well-nigh worshipped by even cannibals. That is, indeed, a marvellous personal influence spread over such a vast extent of savagedom, and the wildest seem to brighten up at the sight of him. He is a short, broad-built man of about fifty, with hearty laugh and ready wit, and a good story for every one, the delight of our mess, and the hero of our lower deck, yet with a manly piety which car- ried great weight. On Sunday he gave us a ten minutes' sermon, short, pithy, and to the point, full of quaint Scotch phrases, yet instinct with earnest pleading which touched alike of&oers and men. He sits with us talking hv the hour, with such a ready fund of anecdote, wit, and general 144 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. information that ' all hands ' vote him the best companion they have ever known, neither dress nor language showing aught but the rough explorer and well-read man of the world, till some remark brings forth a reply which shows what is the source of all his happiness, and ' the hope that is in him.' " NEW HEBRIDES. Great Difficulties and many Makttes. — The mis- sionary work in the extensive New Hebrides group has been more difficult than in any other part of Polynesia. The natives are exceedingly treacherous and cmel ; the climate is very unhealthy, and the languages are numerous. Many have been the Christian martyrs, both European and Polynesian, in this group. On one of the islands that great missionary, the Rev. John Williams, and also the Gordons, were killed, and on another, the noble and de- voted Bishop Patteson. H. M. S. " Challengee " at one of the Unevast- GELiZED Islands. — The following is from " The Cruise of the ' Challenger,' " by W. J. J. Spry, R. N., 1877. " On the evening of the 17th we sighted some of the east- ern islands of the New Hebrides, passing very near to Mai or Three Hill Islands, and a small cluster known as Shepherd group. The next day we were off the island of Api. * * * When a landing was effected, a large number of natives hove in sight. Among them were two bearing palm- branches, supposed to indicate their friendly intentions, but the rest of the crowd had clubs, spears, bows and arrows. They had none of their women or children with them, and that is not usually a good sign. NEW HEBRIDES. 143 " The natives are very dark, almost approaching to black, and are considered as belonging to the Papuan race. They are described as hostile and treacherous in all their intercourse with the white men ; therefore, although their manners seemed favorable, they were not to be trusted, and it was not considered advisable to ramble beyond the beach, or out of sight of the boats and the armed crew. In consequence, none of the villages or houses were seen. The missionaries report the islanders as being among the worst they had to deal with in the South Pacific; those who have been laboring among them during the past few years have been treacherously killed and eaten. It was considered unsafe to remain long among such people, and on the boats returning, it was decided to proceed for Torres Straits, distant 1,500 miles, and having a capital breeze after us, the land wa^ soon out of sight." The Outlines oj? a Glorious History. — The Rev. Joseph Annand, of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, who has labored many years in New Hebrides, stated the fol- lowing deeply interesting facts in the course of an address before the International Missionary Union, at the Thousand Islands Park, in August, 1886 : " The islands of the New Hebrides group contain a population of 70,000, speaking more than twenty languages or dialects. The mission to the New Hebrides was begun by John Williams in 1839. The third day that he was in the group, and after having settled three Eastern Island teachers there, he and James Harris were murdered and devoured by the Eromangans. The next year Mr. Heath followed in Williams' steps and settled four teachers on the group. In 1847 another determined eflfbrt to plant the Gospel re- sulted only in the murder of seven out of nine intrepid mis- sionaries. But in the year 1848 the mission was estab- lished again, when Rev, John Geddie, from Prince Edward 10 Ii6 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOEEIGN MISSICXS. Island, settled. After four years of patient labor, amid great difficulties and dangers, he baptized ten natives and formed the first church in Melanesia. Mr. Inglis, from Scotland, joined Mr. Geddie that year, and they labored on jointly for twenty years. The whole island (Aneityuro) was brought in ; cannibalism gave way to Christianity ; strangulation of widows and infanticide passed away ; all th3 horrors and depravity of paganism were changed to the joys and happiness of affectionate homes. " Every man among the natives of these islands carries weapons : for it is impossible, owing to the feuds which divide the people, for him to go even half-way across his own island in safety. Every wife (these statements refer to the former condition of all, and that at present of the yet unevangelized islands) wore a string about her neck always, with which she was to be murdered when her hus- band should die. Eromanga Island had five martyrs : Rev. John Williams and James Harris, Rev. George Gor- don and his wife, and James Gordon. But there have been other laborers here, and the population of the island now does not include a heathen. " Ephati Island we lived upon three j'ears. In 1874 Mr. McKenzie and I spent five days here ; our informa- tion and experiences were interesting. We met one man who had thirty-five wives, and had eaten sixty-seven human beings ! We slept in a low grass house thirty to fifty feet long, and eight feet high, with a door two and a half feet high ; just outside the door was a gutter of filth ankle deep. We had cocoanut mats to sleep on. The oven was open near us, and we could not, in consequence, ■ eat some of the food cooked there. We had a shelf on the wall to lie upon, two feet and a half high, by as many wide, for two of us to sleep on, and thin mats to cover us. The mosquitoes and fleas cannot be imagined. Each leg of KEW HEBRIDES. 147 our bedstead-shelf had a pig tied to it, which tugged so that we feared a great fall. An old woman, who slept on the stove, however, belabored the pigs all night to keep them quiet. In the morning we were awakened by the crowing of a cock, which was right beside us. The census of this dwelling for the night was : Thirteen pigs, seven people ; rats and fowls ! Four or five months later the enemies of our entertainers came down upon them, and cooked and ate every person in the family ! " Yet on that island now, one-half the people are at worship this moment. Mr. McKenzie on the southern and Mr. McDonald on the northern side have both strong churches. Let me tell you an illustration of the change in this island : In 1852 a vessel was wrecked there ; the following morning the chief told the mariners that he would take them to the neighboring island ; formed them into a procession, each warrior preceded and followed by a native warrior. On the way every one was killed, and their bodies were distributed and eaten ! In 1878 another ves- sel was wrecked there, with one hundred and twenty natives OH board. They were all rescued ; thirty were taken to one village, thirty to another, and so on about the island, and sheltered and fed for six months, until the arrival of a convenient vessel, upon which they were all kindly pro- vided with safe passage to Fiji. " Nine of these islands are now occupied by mission- aries. Churches are organized on seven islands. Ten languages have been reduced to print, and the work is going on well. Efate and Nynna have large Christian churches and active workers." Women in the Holt Wae. — I give another story to show that women were not wanting in this holy war. I have already noted that the wives always accompanied the teachers. In Rarotonga a native teacher once expressed 148 THE GREAT TALCE AXD srCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. to his missionary liis desire to get married, " akaipoipo vaine.'' The missionary expressed his concurrence, and asked if he had thought of any one. " Yes," he said, " I have been thinking of Maria, the daughter of another teacher." On being asked if he had made known his de- sire to her, he replied that he not spoken to her, but that he had been looking at her for a long time. On being told that something more than looking was necessary, he produced a letter, which ran as follows : ' I, Akatangi, have been appointed to go as a native teacher to the heathen in the dark lands westwards. I have been looking at you for a long time, and I desire that you will go with me. If you love Jesus, if you love the heathen, and if you love me, let us go together. Think of this and let me know. Blessings on you from Jesus. Amen. "Na Akatangi." A deacon of the Church conveyed this letter to Maria, who, on being told whence it came, betrayed an expression of countenance which showed that his looking at her had produced no unfavorable impression, and, on reading it she was pleased to accept, with her parents' consent. They w«re married, went to Eromanga, the scene of the murder of John Williams, the two Gordons, and Mrs. Grordon, and lived with and converted the murderer of John Williams. — Bdbert N. Oust, Esq., in C. M. Intelli- gencer. NEW ZEALAND. Sublime Sceneet but Baebaeoits People. — New Zealand is distinguished for its rich and varied scenerj', and for everything which naturally strikes the eye as beau- tiful or sublime ; but the European discoverers of it found NEW ZEALAND. 149 that tliough every prospect was pleasing, man was very vile and cniel. Children were taught by their parents, and even by the priests, to be cruel, war-lilie, liars, thieves, and, in a word, to be guilty of almost every crime. At tljo time of the naming of the child, small pebbles, about the size of a pin's head, were thrust down its throat to malse its heart hard and incapable of pity. The Maories loved fighting above all things, and they tortured and made slaves of their captives, or killed and ate them. When Captain Cook visited New Zealand, the people were always engaged in intertribal wars, and they were quite ready to attack their foreign visitors. In 1772 they killed twenty-eight men belonging to a French ship. In 1782 ten sailors were seized, cooked and eaten in triumph. In 1809 the whole crew of H. M. S. " Boyd " were mas- sacred. Gkeat Success after Patient Labors. — We do not suppose that these white visitors were altogether blameless. Indeed we know of one chief, Ruatara, who was cruelly de- ceived and ill-treated by them. The Rev. Samuel Marsden met with this chief at Sydney, was kind to him, accom- panied him to his home in New Zealand ; and, by bis aid, succeeded in beginning missionary work there. On the night of December 20th, 1814, Marsden, through the influ- ence of Ruatara, slept in safety on New Zealand soil, the natives laying around with their spears' heads buried in the ground in proof of their friendship. The missionary preached his first sermon on Christmas day, on the words, " Behold, I bring you glad tidings," Ruatara acting as in- terpreter. But the time of success was slow in coming, the natives being more anxious to get guns wherewith to fight other tribes, than to learn the truths of the gospel of peace. Indeed vears went on and no converts were made. In 150 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. 1822 the Eev. H. WilliainB, and in 1825, the Eev. W. Williams, afterwards Bishop of Waiapu, arrived from England. In the latter year the first conversion was made, but it was five years more before there were any further baptisms, but after this the progress was very rapid — so rapid, that when the elder Bishop Selwyn arrived in New Zealand, in 1842, he wrote : " We see here a whole nation of pagans converted to the faith. . . . Where will you find, throughout the Christian world, more signal man- ifestations of the presence of the Spirit, or more living evi- dences of the Kingdom of Christ ? " The baptized converts connected with the Church Mis- sionary Society's mission now number about 20,000. There are 27 native clergy and 280 voluntary workers. The missions of the Wesleyans have also been successful in New Zealand. "The Standing Miracle of the Age." — We can only glance at New Zealand. Tn 1837, Marsden, its de- voted apostle, paid his last visit to its shores. At his first visit it was so cannibal and savage that no ship captain could be found adventurous enough to bring him there, so he had to purchase a brig at his own expense, and land with only a single companion. Look at it to-day — a precious gem in the British Crown, with its native Church, its three missionary bishops ; its twenty-seven native pastors, its native church council, and, notwithstanding past wars and defections, its 20,000 Christian natives; cannibalism un- known, heathenism well nigh extinct, and such a state of social progress attained as led Karl Ritter, the great geo- grapher, to call it " the standing miracle of tlie ago." — Bishop W. Pakenham Walsh. Bishop Selwyn Founds the Melanesian MikSsion. — Besides his zealous labors among the Maories and the English colonists in Now Zealand, Bishop Selwyn founded NEW ZEALAND. 151 the Episcopal Melanesian Mission. Between 1848 and 1852, the Bishop visited more than fifty islands, and brought from them scholars speaking ten different lan- guages to the school at Auckland. Under his successor, Bishop Patterson, the headquarters of the Melanesian Mission was transferred to Norfolk Island. In 1871 the noble and brave Bishop Patterson was killed by tho natives of Nakapu, in revenge for -the cruel wrongs they had endured from those on board some of the " labor ves- sels," which had visited the islands. Bishop Selwyn, the younger, is now head of the Melanesian Mission. Pekils Encounteeed. — As illustrations of the perils encountered when first visiting un evangelized islands, take the following from an English book, entitled '' Under His Banner,'' page 255 : " In 1852 the Bishop of Newcastle accompanied the Bishop of New Zealand in his yacht, the ' Border Maid.' Visiting or sighting fifty-three islands, he was able to hold intercourse with the people of twenty-six, and from eleven of them he was allowed to take away scholars. This work was attended with many dangers. At Fate, one of the New Hebrides group, a plot was formed to cut him off and to seize his schooner, but adverse winds prevented him from approaching the island, and thus providentially his life was spared. " At Malicolo, in the same group, the Bishop had gone ashore with a boat to procure water, leaving on board the Bishop of Newcastle, the mate and two or three sailors. Many canoes surrounded the ship, and the natives, who were very savage in their bearing, endeavored to board, but were overawed. At last they consulted together and made for the shore — the boats were lying near the beach, one man being left in each, while the Bishop and his party had gone inland. On the beach were about a hundred men fully 152 THE GREAT VALUE AND STCCBSS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. armed ; it was evidently intended as soon as the canoes readied land to seize the boats and prevent tlie Bishop's escape. It was an anxious moment ; the Bishop of New- castle consulted with the mate, and found that, as far as material weapons went, they were powerless; the little company on board joined fervently in prayer for the deliv- erance of their friends, and on the island Bishop Selwyn had detected the evil loots of the people and retreated, getting into the boats amid a shower of arrows, which providentially did no harm." Mb. Darwin and the Enchantee's Wand. — The late Mr. Charles Darwin, in the course of his voyage round the world in H. M. S. " Beagle," visited Waimate, in New Zealand, and this is what he wrote concerning some of the results of missionary labors there : " At length we reached "Waimate. After having passed over so many miles of an uninhabited, useless country, the sudden appearance of an English farm-house and its well-dressed fields, placed there as if by an enchanter's wand, was exceedingly pleasant. Mr. Williams not being at home, I received in Mr. Davis' house a cordial welcome. We took a stroll about the farm ; but I cannot attempt to describe all I saw. There were large gardens, with every fruit and vegetable which England produces, and many belonging to a warmer clime. Around the farm-yard there were stables, a threshing barn, with its winnowing machine, a blacksmith's forge, and on the ground ploughshares and other tools ; in the middle was a happy mixture of pigs and poultry, lying comforta- bly together as in every English farm-yard ; and at a little distance a large and substantial water-mill. " All this is very surprising when it is considered that five years ago nothing but the fern flourished here. More- over, native workmansliip, taugln by the missionaries, has effected this change. The lesson of the missionary is the NEW ZEALAND. 153 enchanter's wand. The house had been built, the win- dows framed, the fields ploughed, and even the trees graft- ed by the New Zealander. When I looked at the whole scene I thought it admirable. Several young men, re- deemed by the missionaries from slavery, were employed on the farm ; they had a respectable appearance. Late in the evening I went to Mr. Williams' house, where I passed the night. I found there a large party of children, col- lected together for Christmas day, and all sitting around a table at tea. I never saw a nicer or more merry group ; and to think that this was the centre of the land of canni- balism, murder and all atrocious crimes ! I took leave of the missionaries with thankfulness for their kind welcome, and with feelings of high respect for their gentlemanlike, useful and upright characters. I think it would be diffi- cult to find a body of men better adapted for the high ofiice which*they fulfill." Me. FEOurbE's Statemeitts iit " Oceaita." — In the Diocese of Wellington there are uo extensive Christian districts as in Auckland and Waiapu ; but much good work is done in the south and on the Lower Wanganni ; while Te Whiti is still followed by many on the upper parts of that river. It is easy, therefore, for a very partial and one-sided view of Maori Christianity to be formed in good faith, according to the particular district visi ed. Most English visitors see nothing of real Maori life. They only come across the waifs and strays that hang about the chief towns, and such little bands as are met with in the lake tourist district south of the Bay of Plenty, who are mostly Hauhaus ; while of the numerous flourishing congregations in the far north and far east they hear nothing at all. This seems to have been the case with Mr. Froude, whose new and Avidely-circulated book, "Oceana," gives a sad account of the few Maori wanderers 154 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. be clianced to see around the lakes. — Annual Eeport of Hie Church Missionary Society, 1886. NORTH AMEEICAN INDIANS. Our Nation's Dishonoeable Oondtjct Towaeds THE luDiAirs. — The hundred years of our existence as an independent nation have been called " A Century of Dis- honor," on account of the unjust treatment of the many Indian tribes in our wide domain. The great majority of the treaties made with the different tribes have been vio- lated. By these treaties the vast territory of the United States has been acquired, but when the Indians yielded to the pressure brought to bear upon them, and gave up their broad lands to go on restricted reservations, it was only on the condition that the Government should compensate them by money annuities, or their equivalents in articles needed by the Indians ; by providing for the instruction of Indian children, and by keeping white intruders from the reserva- tions. Towards many of the tribes the conditions have been almost entirely disregarded, and there are scarcely any tribes to whom they have been more than partially ful- filled. In consequence of this, Indian wars have been numerous, and the resultant expense to the Government has been a hundred fold greater than if the conditions had been com- plied with, and our nation's record had been an honorable one. We are not alone in this injustice. Accounts are almost as prevalent in Canada concerning the wrong coui'se of the authorities and the unjust treatment of the Indians, as they are here. De. Sundeeland on the Otiteagegus Tbeatment OF THE Indians, — Dr. Byron Sunderland, of Washing- NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 155 ton, the president of the Indian Defence Association, has been examining the Government records, and after liis in- vestigations, in one article of a series in the New York Ob- server, he says : " Tlie assertion is here ventured that there is not a tribe or band of Indians, however large or small, existing to-day in the country to whom the G-ovemment does not owe far more than any amount which it annually spends for their support. Pages might. be filled with ex- amples of the most outrageous treatment of most of the tribes at the hands of the Government." A Brave Government Agent. — Dr. Sunderland cites as a recent case the Pembina band of Chippewas, the Gov- ernment agent to whom received a letter from the Indian Office at Washington, in the Spring of 1886, requiring him to impress it heavily on the minds of the Indians that " the time had come when they must either support themselves or starve." During a previous administration these Indians had been forced from the wide lands belonging to them, and cooped up in two small townships, and with only a miserable pittance of money. To the heartless and cruel announcement which the agent received, he replied in the following courageous and faithful manner : " This reads nicely, and to parties ignorant of Indians and their condition, sounds as if the nail was being struck squarely on the head. But to me and all agents who are not ignorant as to the condition of the Indians, it sounds like a great flourish of trumpets — windy — because it re- quires something more than words to convince an Indian that you are in earnest when he is told that the one great object the department has now in view is his civilization, and to enable him to support himself as soon as possible. If the Indian is to become civilized and support himself by agriculture, must he not first be furnished with the neces- sary animals and implements before you can tell him to 156 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. work or starve 1 It is just as consistent to tie a man np in' a sack and pitch him overboard in mid-ocean, and tell him to swim ashore or drown, as it is to pen up a lot of Indians on a reservation, and tell them to work or starve, without first furnishing them the means to work with. " Now the Indians on the Turtle Mountain reservation cannot v/ork and support themselves for lack of means, and from what is known of them, they will not be likely to starve while there are large herds of fat cattle now graz- ing upon lands to which they have as good a title as any Indians ever had to lands in the United States, but which were thrown open to settlement without their knowledge or consent. Are these people to be driven to desperation by starvation and want, before anything is done to ameliorate their condition ? They have time and again visited Wash- ington to try and make arrangements to relinquish and ex- tinguish the title to their lands in order to get the neces- sary assistance to support themselves in agricultural pur- suits, but have not succeeded further than to hear some good promises and an advice to wait. Too bad the Indians are not the direct and lineal descendants of Methuselah, and inherit his longevity, coupled with the patience of Job, that they might live to see some of the just obligations es- tablished by precedent and treaty obligations, fulfilled by the Government ! " President Seelte ok the Government Failure to Solve the Indian Problem.— Dr. Julius H. Seelye, the distinguished president of Amherst College, in an ad- dress at the annual meeting of the American Missionary Association in 1886, said : " In the Report of the Commissioner of Indian Afiairs for 1868, there is an estimate of the expenditure of some late Indian wars, from which we learn that it has cost the United States Government on an average one million- of KORTH AMEHICAX INDIANS. 157 dollars, and the lives of twenty-five white men to kill an Indian. ' There is no good Indian but a dead Indian/ said General Sheridan, Lieutenant-General of our army, but the process of making the Indians good in this way is at least a costly one, and the prospect of success can hardly be considered hopeful. " It may be doubted whether any Government efforts yet made to subdue or civilize these people have essential- ly improved either the Indians themselves or their relations to us. * * * I am not speaking here of what Govern- mental efforts should have been, or should now be, but I speak of the actual facts of the past and the present, and I say that the Governmental procedure thus far, instead of solving the Indian problem, has only increased prodi- giously the difficulty of its solution. Incidents illustrative of this might be cited by the hour, but would be imperti- nent in an audience as intelligent as that here assembled." The Eesults of Christian Missions. — " And yet the solution of the Indian problem is not a matter of theory or of speculation, but is an accomplished fact. It has been wrought out before our eyes. Wild, savage Indian tribes, as fierce, as lawless, as intractable as any now existing, have been tamed, have been taught the arts and ways of peace, have subjected themselves to law, and are now living in orderly, peaceable, industrious communities. The Ohero- kees, and the Delawares and Shawnees now united with them, the Choctaws, the Chickasaws, the Creeks, and the Seminoles — who are known as the five civilized tribes— now have their constitutions and laws, their supreme courts and their district courts, their well-arranged public-school sys- tem, and indeed every provision of law and organization requisite in a State founded on the consent of the governed, controlled by officers chosen by the people, and suited to an advancing civilization.'' (U. S. Senate Kep., I.: XVII.) ISa THE GREAT VALUE AND SCCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. " Pauperism among them is untnown, and, by tlie best reports, crime is less frequent in proportion to numbers than among the adjoining whites. The Report of the United States Senate Committee on Indian Affairs made to the Senate, July 4, 1886, says of the Cherokee nation, that ' It is difficult, after a searching criticism, to point out any serious defects in their constitution or statutes. In some respects several of our State constitutions could be amended with advantage by adopting some of the provis- ions of the Cherokee constitution. Their situation, and that of each of the five tribes, was full of difficulties, but they have met them ekillfuUy." (I. : XVII. ) " Fifty years ago," iu the language of this same report, " these five nations — now blessed with a Christian civilization, in which many thousands are active and intelligent workers, while the common sentiment of the whole people reverently supports their efforts, and approves their influence — were pagans." " Fifty years ago the Sioux, now gathered at Santee and Sissiton, in Christian communities, and homes and schools, with churches enrolled on the same records as those of New York and Philadelphia, in connection with Presbytery, and Synod and General Assembly, were sav- age hordes, roaming through the Northwest as wild as the wildest. These savages have been changed. The facts are before our eyes. How was the transformation wrought ? The answer is clear. No one can, no one does mistake it. The United States Senate Report, from which I have quoted, acknowledged these to be the results of Christian missions. Where the Government has totally failed, the voluntary efforts of the churches have been crowned with this success. The preaching of the Gospel lias done this work, and it alone." — Ibid.* * From the Eeport of the address in the American Missionary. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 159 A Few Telling Facts.— Twelve j'ears ago the Mo- doc Indians were uncivilized heathen. Now they are a community of industrious farmers, with half their number professing Oliristians. It cost tlie United States Govern- ment $1,848,000 to care for 2,200 Dakota Indians seven years, while they were savages. After they were Chris- tianized, it cost for seven years $120,000, a saving of $1,728,000. This is a fact that should tell with the politi- cal economist. E. J. Garvie, himself one of the Sioux tribe, in a recent address, spoke with Indian eloquence of Indians whom no torture could make groan, but who weep at the story of the Cross. He said there ai-e 2,000 living Sioux converts, and as many more who have died in the faith. A full- blooded Indian, a recent graduate of the Yale divinity school, has translated the book of Malachi into Choctaw, with an exegetical and critical commentary. The American Missionary for December, 1887, contains the Keport on the Indian work presented at the last annual meeting of the American Missionary Association. From it we extract the following : " The Indians are a people whom a Judge of the Supreme Court called ' a despised and rejected class of persons ; ' handicapped and hindered in all their eflPorts by the suspicions and hatreds developed by centuries * of injustice, robbery and cruelty t from a * The injustice began early in the Colonial days. t Similar testimony to that given in this Report, and in Dr. Sunderland's series of articles before referred to, has been borne by the venerable Bishop Whipple, who has labored so long among the Indians ; by General Harney, who has, we believe, been longer in the military service on the frontier than any other officer: by Herbert Welsh, the Secretary of the Indian Rights Association ; by Mrs. Helen H. Jackson, (" H. H.") the distinguished amtkoiesa, who resided some years in Colorado and California, and many other high authorities. In her IGO THE CREAT VALUE ASD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. Government that claimed to he civilized and Cliristian, and also by the reservation system, which puts the mission- ary and the teacher under the absolute control of the Indian Agent, who may be a mere political tool and a man of no character, yet has despotic authority ori the reserva- tion. Yet in spite of all obstacles the missionaries have remained faithful amid dangers and difficulties, till, through their labors, there are now nearly 29,000 Indian church members." For twenty-one years Bishop Bompas has been making journeys of thousands of miles on snow and ice, or in ca- noes, in the sub- Arctic regions of Athabasca Lake and the Mackenzie River ; only once has he been to England in all that time. Since he went to northern British America 5,000 Indians have been brought into the Church in those inhospitable regions. This in the English Church Mission- '' Century of Diahonor," Mrs. Jackson presents the shameful facts. We remember hearing Wendell Phillips quote General Harney as saying that "he had never known the United States Government to make a treaty with the Indians which it did not violate." In the old slavery days Thomas Jefferson said that when he thought of God and the wrongs of the slave he trembled for the future of his country. Bishop Whipple has used similar lan- guage when referring to the wrongs of the Indians. Mr. Spurgeon, the Earl of Shaftesbury, the Archbishop of York, and other eminent Englishmen, have used much the same lan- guage of their own country when referring to the terrible wrong done to China by the enforced and nefarious opium traf- fic. It has really seemed as if the keeping of faith with the Indians and the treating them rightly has been as much beyond the averages Y. American statesman, as the acting just] j- toward the Chinese has been beyond the average British voter or mem- ber of Parliament. Really Christian people in both countries, and a large minority of the legislators, have been opposed to the unrighteous policies, but they have been unable to prevent the adoption of them. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 161 ary Society's missions alone. The Canadian Methodises and Presbyterians have also been successful in the same field. If we go from the northern to the southern portion of our Continent, we find the Moravian missions very suc- cessful among the Mosquito tribe of Indians in Nicaraagua. There are 2,500 converts, and it is hoped that the whole tribe will soon be Christianized. Testimony of Commissioner Ehoads and Me. IIekbert Welsh. — The Eev. Dr. H. L. Wayland, of Philadelphia, recently read a paper upon the Indian ques- tion before a conference of Baptists of that city. In this paper he grouped many facts, testifying to the suscepti- bility of the Indians to Ohristianization and civilization. Among other statements he said : " Dr. Ehoads, of the Indian Commissioners, stated at the Mohonk Conference that, of the 264,000 Indians in the United States, not in- cluding Alaska, 140,000 wore citizens' dress, and 70,000 know English enough to be understood. The five civilized tribes in the Indian Territory live in 16,000 houses, and outside of the territory there are 14,250 Indian houses. In the Indian Territory a prohibitory law is enforced. The Cherokees pay a higher sum for schools per child than any other community on earth. My friend, Mr. Her- bert Welsh, Secretary of the Indian Rights Association, saw 700 Sioux among the Indians in Dakota gathered in one hundred families, who five years ago were blanketed savages, now living in log houses, drawing reduced rations, having each a little farm of ten to fifteen acres, supporting themselves. He saw an Indian, who was one of the band of Sitting Bull, who was in the fight in which Custer fell, who now is a Christian, civilized, helping in the elevation of his people. At Crow Creek Mr. Welsh saw a convoca- tion of representatives of thirty-six Episcopal churches of Sioux Christians. The meetings were delightful ; during 11 162 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGK MISSIONS. the year they have given from their poverty $1,800 toward the support of their own churches and the wort of missions. Twelve years ago they were all wild savages. — Spirit of Missions, 1886. The Change at White Eakth Eeseevation. — Twenty years ago we began with a small number of Indians at White Earth Reservation. They were wild folk, used only to savage life. Now there are 1,800 people living like civil- ized beings. They are self-supporting. It is an ordinary, law-abiding community. The laws are administered by an Indian police. This year they raised 40,000 bushels of wheat, and 30,000 bushels of oats. They have a herd of 1,200 or 1,500 cattle, several hundred horses, swine, sheep and fowls. They are proud of their homes, and are living in them like white people. They are as neat and orderly as old-fashioned Dutch housekeepers. They are excellent cooks, too ; they never need to be shown twice how to cook anything. Their sewing is the most beautiful I ever saw ; it is impossible to see the stitches. They have made all the carpets and bedding I have in my house. The con- trast, therefore, between these White Earth people and the scattered bands of Chippewas shows plainly what can be accomplished with them by adopting right methods. The latter are utterly degraded. — Bishop Whipple. "A Student or Civilization'' on Bishop Haee AND HIS Work. — One of the most recent pamphlets pub- lished by the Indian Rights Association is " The Latest Stud- ies on Indian Reservations," by J. B-. Harris. In it is the following mention of Bishop Hare and his work : " I know of no man who has accomplished more for the civilization of the Indians of Dakota, or for the advancement of all improving and civilizing influences in the country adjacent to the reservations, than Bishop Hare, of the Protestant Epis- copal Church. Some religious workers on the frontier are NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 163 successful by means of mere rudo strength or physical vigor. They influence men all the more because of the coarseness of taste and fibre which is common to them and to many of the people among whom they live. But here is a man made up of all gentle and pure qualities ; at home in ' the still air of delightful studies ; ' who would be a leader among the best anywhere ; who unites to a soldier's fearlessness and invincible devotion a spirituality so lofty and tender that one shrinks from characterizing it wliile he is still in the flesh, who is laying the foundations of Christian civili- zation on broad and far-reaching lines in a region large enough to be a mighty empire. He long ago saw the need and opportunities of the time, and answered to its call. I am not a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. It is only as a student of civilization that I have written of any of the missionary enterprises among the Indians. But this man ought to have whatever he wants of means for his work, with remembrance and honor from all good men." The Last Lake Mohonk Conference. — The recent convention of friends of the Indians, held at Lake Mohonk, adopted a series of resolutions relative to the work of civil- ization now going on among them, of which the first was as follows: " We congratulate the country on the notable progress toward a final solution of the Indian problem which has been made during the past year. The passage of the Dawes bill closes the century of dishonor ; it makes it possible for the people of America to initiate a chapter of national honor in the century to come. It offers the Indians homes, the first condition of civilization, proffers them the protection of the laws, and opens to them the door of citizenship. We congratulate the country on the public sentiment which has made this bill possible, and the action of Congress responding promptly to a sentiment 164 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. all too tardily aroused, and to the action of the Executive welcoming the hill and the policy which it inaugurates, initiating the execution of its provisions in a just and hu- mane spirit, and pledging its co-operation with philan- thropic and Christian societies in the endeavor to prepare the Indian for the change that this hill hoth contemplates and necessitates." The remaining resolutions declare the opinion of the assemblage that the Dawes bill has not wholly solved the Indian problem, but only created the opportunity for its solution ; that the work of assigning the lands in severalty to the Indians must occupy several years' time ; and that ■i^'hile this will change the Indian's political status it will not change his character. They assert that his character must be changed by the continued prosecution of religious work among his people, through mental education and spiritual culture. — Spirit of Missions for Noremher, 1887. An Unpaealleled Government Order. — The Chris- tian friends of the Indians cannot, however, relax their vigilance and their efforts because the Dawes bill has be- come the law of the land, for even since the passage of this bill a very ill-advised and arbitrary order has been issued by the Indian Department of the general Government. All teaching of the Indians in their vernacular languages has been prohibited, and all schools ordered to be closed in which any language but the English is used as the medium of instruction — even those schools which are sup- ported entirely by Christian people through their mission- ary societies, as well as those which are supported in whole or in part by Government funds. Now as no nation has ever been reclaimed from supersti- tion and barbarism except by the teaching and preaching of the Gospel of Christ in the native language, and the giving to the people the Bible and other Christian books NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 165 in that language, and as this has been the course followed in the various missions among the Indians, the obstructive and tyrannical character of the order is evident. It puts an end to the only effectual way of Christianizing and civilizing the Indians. The Rev. Dr. Samuel C. Bartlett, President of Dart- mouth College, has an article in the Independent on the subject. He says the effort to reach and permanently benefit the great mass of any people by first teaching them all a foreign tongue is contrary to' all. precedent, and he doubts if any government in the civilized world would now dare to attempt such a thing, even with their conquered provinces. " The Turks did indeed attempt to crush out the lan- guage of the Armenians in Turkey : but that was centu- ries ago. The Norman conquerors, though they made French- the court language, did not venture to interdict the use or teaching of the Saxon tongue. The Egyptian Grov- emment does not forbid the use of Coptic in the mission schools. The Turkish Government would not be tolerated in ruling out the use of Armenian and Greek in the schools of Turkey. The Czar would not undertake to root out the native language from the schools of Poland. Such proceedings are now unknown. Christians and philan- thropists encounter them nowhere among the nations. It woald of course be competent for the Government of the United States to rule out the Indian languages and Indian books /rojw its own schools, though it would be a grave mistake to do so. Bat for any functionary of the Govem- ment, or for the Government itself, to prohibit all other schools in the Indian Territory from using any book, no matter how excellent or indispensable, except in a language unknown to the great body of the people, is a stretch of power, not only unworthy of an enlightened age and a free 166 THE GREAT VAI,UE AKD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. country, but in conflict with the first principles of wisdom and justice. It is a wrong that requires to be speedily rfictjfied." It has required the outspoken opposition of the press, especially of the religious press, petitions to the President, and the waiting upon him of a deputation of distinguished men, representing the Bible and the Missionary Societies, to get a modification, as regards the missionary schools, of the obstructive and unbearable order of Indian Commis- sioner Atkins, an order which has been sustained and en- forced during Mr. Atkins' absence from Washington by General Upshaw, the Assistant Commissioner.* The Wonderful Change at Metlakahtla. — The American Magazine for July, 1887, contains an exceeding- ly interesting account, by Mr. Z. L. White, of the wonder- ful transformation which has been effected at Matlakahtla, in British Columbia, almost entirely through the instru- mentality of one man — Mr. William Duncan. We extract the following from it : The Alaska tourist, steaming along the coast of British Columbia this summer, about seventeen miles south of Fort Simpson, may, if the weather is clear, perceive upon a beautiful peninsula what appears to be a thriving Kew England village. Unlike the Indian settlements he has seen, which are strung along the beach with no attempt at regularity of arrangement, the neat frame houses are built _^ * * Since the above was written Mr. Atkins has ceased to be. the Indian Commissioner, and the President has caused new orders to bo issued. Though these are an improvement upon the modifications of the obnoxious ones of Mr. Atkins, still they are not entirely satisfactory, as there is in them the exercise, though in a much more limited degree, of the assumed right of. the Government to interfere with the methods of iustruction in the purely missionary schools. NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS. 167 upon regular streets. A large salmon cannery stands upon the shore, and a church, of imposing architecture, looms up ahove the smaller buildings, the most prominent object in the place. If the steamer comes to anchor, a canoe will probably soon put off to it, but while the occupants give evidence by their dusky faces and well-marked features that they are full-blooded Indians, the blankets have given place to a European costume ; their hair is cut short, the paint and savage ornaments have disappeared, and they will probably hail the captain in good English, instead of in the Chinook jargon. If the tourist goes ashore, he will see on every side evidence of thrift, industry, and a high state of civili- zation. The houses are neat, giving evidence of having been constructed by expert mechanics, and each has its little garden attached, in which vegetables- for family use are raised. These dwellings are comfortably furnished, and supplied with the conveniences of civilization. Pho- tographs, chromos, and ornaments of home manufacture adorn the walls. The lumber from which the village has been constructed is supplied by a saw-mill situated a few miles out in the country, and connected with the village by a telephone line. In a blacksmith shop the iron implements used in the village are made ; a brickyard supplies an excellent building material, and a planing-roill and sash and door factory furnish finished lumber, doors and sashes ready for glazing. The cannery has a capacity of 10,000 cases a year, and is marketing about 6,000 cases of salmon. Skins are tanned into leather, and that is made ■ into boots and shoes. Ropes and many other articles, are also manufactured. The women spin and weave the fleece pf mountain goats into shawls, blankets .and heavy cloths, for which there is a ready market among the surrounding 168 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. tribes of Indians. Tbere is a co-operative store, in wljich all kinds of groceries, dry goods, etc., are sold at a slight advance above cost. A small vessel taies tlie produce of the village — salmon, oil, furs and manufactured goods, to Victoria, and returns with such articles as are needed. The church, which will seat one thousand people, is the largest and best in British Columbia. It was built by the people of the village, entirely from materials of domestic production, except the glass in the windows, and it cost $12,000. The school house is a commodious building, com- fortably furnished, and supplied with the necessary books and apparatus. The young men of the village are formed into a fire company, uniformed in red shirts and appropriate hats, and armed with patent fire extinguishers. The old men consti- tute a town council, and administer the public affairs of the village. On holidays they wear green sashes as badges of their office. A brass band of fifteen or twenty pieces has been instructed by a teacher from Victoria for that purpose, and they make very creditable music. The laws are executed by a magistrate and police constabulary, and there has never been a murder in the village since its foun- dation twenty-five years ago. The village I have described is Metlakahtla ; its population is about eleven hundred, and the people are full-blooded Indians — the once degrad- ed savages that Dr. Duncan found at Fort Simpson in 1857. Commendations of Lord Dufferin and Others. — The Missionary Eeview for September, 1887, after giv- ing the testimony of the Bishops of British Columbia and Athabasca, Archdeacon Woods and others, as to the spirit- ual character of the work, and the religious earnestness and evident sincerity of the converts, says : . Lord Dufferin, when Governor-General of Canada, visited NORTH AMERICAX INDIANS. IGit Metlakalitlu in 1870, with Lady Dufferin, and after much and careful observation, near the close of a long address, said : "Before I conclude I cannot help expressing to Mr. Duncan, and those associated with him in his good work, not only in my own name, not only in the Government of Canada, but also in the name of Her Majesty the Queen, and in. the name of the people of England, who take a deep interest in the well-being of all the native races throughout the Queen's dominions, our deep gratitude to him for thus having devoted the flower of his life, in spite of innumerable difficulties, dangers, and discouragements, of ■which we, who only see the result of his labors, can form onlj' a very inadequate idea, to a work which has resulted in the beautiful scene we have witnessed this morning." Our readers should understand that the testimonies we have quoted are the merest fragment of the spontaneous commendations given by distinguished men and observers of every class and rank in society, to which may be added the book entitled " Metlakahtla," published and widely circulated by the Church Missionary Society. Mr. Duncan and His Indians aee now in Alas- ka.— Mr. William Duncan, to whose remarkable work among the degraded savages of Metlakahtla, in British Columbia, frequent reference has been made in our col- umns, has solved the difiioulties of ths situation by actu- r.lly removing his colony over the line into Alaska. "Without stopping to discuss the merits of his contro- versy with the Church Missionary Society and the Domin- ion Government, it is enough to say that when he appeared in the United States a j'ear ago, with his petition to our Government and to the churches for encouragement and aid in his enterprise, few regarded the scheme as at all feasible. The expense involved in transporting a thousand Indians seemed an insurmountable barrier. The loss in- 170 THE GREAT VALCE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. volved in forsaTsing a settlement which had teen furnished Wtth all the appliances of civilization in schools and churches, saw-mills, canning factories, hladksroith shops, flotir-mills, etc., was enough to stagger the faith and the purpose of any hut the most intrepid. But the simple fact now is that Mr. Duncan and his colony are in Alaska. By what means this has been ac- complished we cannot say. We hope that wisdom will be given to this remarkable leader, and that whatever errors there may have been in his ecclesiastical theories may be corrected as a result of experience and severe trial. Above all, may the time be distant when the rush of American enterprise shall elbow tliis Indian colony out of its posses- sions, as has been done in so many instances under that American ilag to whose protection the exiles have fled. — Tfte Church at Home and Abroad, for December, 1887. The New Mission in Alaska Welcomed by the Governor.— Port Chester, on Annette Island, has been chosen as the site of the new Metlakahtla. Governor Swineford has welcomed Mr. Duncan and his people to Alaska, and in company with Dr. Jackson, the Commis- sioner of Education for the territory, has promised assist- ance and co-operation. At a public meeting the Hon. N. H. E. Dawson, United States Commissioner of Education, addressed the people, " assuriug them,'' as an American lady who was present, writes, " that they should have the protection of the United States Government, and welcom- ing them to American soil, where they should not be dis- turbed in the possession of any lands upon which they might build their houses. The encouraging remarks were very grateful to the Metlakahtlans, and they showed their appreciation of Mr. Dawson's kindness by hearty applause. One of the leaders of the people responded most fittingly to the speech of Mr. Dawson, showing by his well-chosen PERSIA. 171 words and his excellent command of English, to whatnoMe manhood Christian education can raise this people." PERSIA. United States Ministbe Benjamin on the Growth and Power op the Missions. — S. G. W. Benjamin, lately Minister of the United States to Persia, in a work, published this year, entitled, " Persia aiid the Persians," bears the following testimdny to the value and results of the Arueriiian missions in that country : The American mis'sibnaries have now beeii lab6ring fifty years in Persia. There are captions persons who ask, " Well, how many converts have they made 1 would they not do more by staying at horae ? " Although this is not a Strictly fair way to judge of the value arid results of mis- sionary effort, yet I have no hesitation in aflSrming that the missionaries in Persia have made the same number of converts as an equal number of clergymen settled in towns of the United States during the same period. But even if they had been less successful in this fespeidt, it would work no ^prejudice, nor serve as ah a;rgtinieht against the necessity a;nd importance of missions. For, in the first place, years are required for breaking ground, for acquiring the language, for translating the Scriptures and other devotional and educational works, and for establish- ing schools. But the true method for judging the result of missioriarv labor is that which regards it, not like a prairie fite that sweeps rapidly over the plains, devouring all within its range, and so swiftly dying out, but rather as a inighty, silent influence, like the quiet, steady forces of nature, which carry the seed and deposit it in the soil, nursing it 172 THK GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF POREIGST MISSIOXS. with sunshine and with rain year after year, until an oak springs up and reaches out its growing arms over the sod, and in time scatters the acorns, until a mighty forest waves its majestic boughs where once were rocks and thistles. Ages passed while nature was producing this great evolu- tion ; and they who judge superficially by the few acorns first produced might have sneered at the slow but sure re- sults that were to come after they had mouldered in the grave. Men do not reason about other great movements as they do about missions. Is it fair, is it just, is it sensible to make an exception in this case ? American missions in Persia may be seemingly slow, but they are an enduring influence both for secular as well as for religious progress. Their growth is cumulative and their power is mighty. Colonel C. E. Stewaet on the Striking Contrast IN Thirteen Yeaes. — We have also the testimony of an eminent Englishman concerning some results of the labors of the Rev. Dr. Brace and the other members of the Church Missionary Society's mission in Persia. We quote from the April number for 1887 of the London Sunday at Home : Colonel C. E. Stewart, speaking of what he had himself seen, stated that on his first visit to that country twenty years ago, he had found about 26,000 Nestorian Christians, and 25,000 belonging to the Armenian Church. These Christians were very degraded, and required mission- ary work among them quite as much as the heathen. In spite of the prohibition against wine he considered the Persians a most intemperate people. In six small towns there would be found no le^ than one hundred public houses, and it was a regular thing for the Mohammedans to resort to them and to get drank. When Colonel Stewart told Dr. Brnce of this at Ispahan, Lis reply was, " What you have told me only presents an PERSIA. 173 inducement to me to go." Upon bis returning there, after tlie Doctor had heen lab'oring there thirteen years, the contrast was striking indeed ; he had never seen such a change in Ms life. He found that every boy in the town could speak English, and he was perfectly astonished at the wonderful work that had been accomplished in the short space of thirteen years. A church had been built, schools had been opened, and the pupils could pass an ex- amination equal to that of Oxford and Cambridge. There was now a school of 116 girls. The public houses had all been closed, and all the time he was there he saw only one drunken man, who was a Mohammedan. Mark of Distinction feom the Shah. — The Echo de Perse, a French paper published at Teheran, contains an article, of which the following is a translation, sent by one of the missionaries to the Church at Home and Abroad (August, 1887) : We learn with great pleasure that by imperial firman his majesty the Shah-in-Shah has authorized the American missionaries to establish at Teheran a hospital, where, without regard to religion or nationality, all seeking relief shall be received for treatment. Dr. Torrence, physician to the mission, has been appointed director of this estab- lishment, which is destined to render great service to our cosmopolitan population. His imperial majesty, desiring at the same time to reward the zeal and devotion of Dr. Torrence, who for long years past has been gratuitously relieving so much suffering and distress, has named hira Grand Officer of the Order of the Lion and Sun of Persia, Dr. Torrence's many friends will be gratified to hear of this high mark of distinction having been accorded him. 174 THE GREAT VALUE AND SCCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. POLYNESIA. the field genekally.* Some of the Gbeat Results o'f Chuistian Ses- sions. — We use the word Polynesia as including all the Islands of the Pacific within the tropics east of Australia, and also the immense island of New Gruiriea. SeVentv years ago this extensive region was entirely heathen. Now more than 300 islands are Christianized ; there are more than 100,000 communicants ; 500,000 adherents ; hundreds of native pastors, and thousands of teachers are supported by their own people, and a large number of native mission- aries are sent to still unevangelized islsinds, especially to New Guinea and the New Hebrides group. These native evangelists have shown quite as rtiuch self- sacrificing devotion in the cause of Christ as any white missionary martyrs have done. Hundreds of them have been killed while at their work, and the bodies of the greater part of them have been roasted and eaten by the cannibals for whose conversion thej' were laboring, but the thinned ranks were quickly filled up by equally consecrat- ed volunteers. f On the majority of the more lately eVaii- geliised islands the native missionaries were thd pioneSers, but white missionaries were generally on the grotirid while yet the perils were great, and many of them met the same fate as the Polynesian martyrs. * For facts and testimonies conceming the Sjjecial divisions of the great Polynesian field see under Tij i, Micronesia, Ne^r Guinea, New Hebrides, New Zealand, Samoa, Tahiti and Tonga Islands. t The Rev. W. Wyatt-Gill, who has long labored in the Har- vey group, says that no less than sixty members of his church have been killed while acting as missionaries. POLtNESIA. 175 Before miegionaries went to the Pacific Islands there was not, nor could there he, any commerce, on account of the savage character of the natives, although the natives were not always the first offenders. Now, foreign commerce with these islands amounts to more than twenty million dollars annually. Then, the shipwrecked crews df the navigator's or whaler's ships were killed and eaten ; now, shipwrecked mariners are kindly and hospitably treated, and taken to the nearest port frequented by foreign vessels. "What the Missionaeies Have G-iven the Na- tives. — The progress which the Polynesiaiiis have made was really set on foot by the missionaries. They have had the greatiest influence upon the civilization of the Natives. They have taken their part and protected them when they could. They have further given them the fast foothold, the new, fresh object, motive and meaning of their whole existence, of which they stood so much in need. — HusseWs Polynesia, 1840. Missions Have Been the Peeseevation of the Polynesians. — Dr. Ohristlieb, in his " Protestant Foreign Missions," page 84, says : " The fact that we find people here at all, is the result of missions. They have been the preservation of these peoples, as the investigations of Meinicke, Waitz, Garlalid, -Oberlander and Darwin prove, by the suppression of cannibalism, human sacrifices and infanticide, by the introduction of the rights and laws of civilization, and of less savage methods of warfare, by the elevation of the marriage state, and the like; Even trav- ellers for pleasure, medical men seeking to obtain an in- sight into na:ture in its primitive state, in their reports, have been obliged, against their will, to become apologists of missions and of their civilizing influences."* * See also, under Sandwich Islands, the testimony of the Hon. Elisba Allen on this point. 176 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. The Life of a Savage. — It is often said, " Why not leave the savages alone in their primitive state ? They only are truly happy." How little do those who thus speak know what that life really is ! A savage seldom sleeps well at night. He is in constant fear of attacks from neighboring tribes, as well as the more insidious foes creat- ed by his superstitious mind. Ghosts and hobgoblins, those midnight wanderers, cause him much alarm, as their movements are heard in the sighing of the wind, in falling leaves, lizards chirping, or disturbed birds singing. If midnight is the favorite time for spirit movements, there is another hour when he has good cause to fear the first men- tioned enemies. It is the uncanny hour between the morn- ing star and the glimmering light of approaching day — the hour of yawning and armstretching, when the awaken- ing pipe is lighted, and the first smoke of the daj' enjoyed. The following will show what I mean : Some six years ago, the people of the large district of Saroa came in strong battle array, and in the early morn- ing ascended the Manukola hills, surrounded the villages, and surprised and killed men, women, and children, from the poor gray-headed sire to the infant in arms. About forty escaped to Kalo, but were soon compelled to leave, as Saroa threatened to bum Kalo if it harbored the fugi- tives. They pleaded for peace, but without avail. Saroa said, " Every soul must die." The quarrel began about a pig- Ah ! savage life is not the joyous hilarity some writers depict. It is not always the happy laugh, the feast and the dance. Like life in civilized communities it is varied and many-sided. There are often seasons when tribes are scattered, hiding in large trees, in caves, and in other vil- lages far away from their homes. Not long ago, inland from Port Moresby, a large huntiag party, camping in a POLTNESIA. 177 cave, were smoked out by their enemies, and all killed but one. Tbe people at Port Moresby say that now for the first time they all sleep in peace, and that as they can trust the peace of God's Word, they mean to keep it. This is significant, coming from those who not long since were the most noted pirates, robbers, and murderers along the whole coast of the peninsula. — Eev. James Chalmers in " Life in New Guinea." Oaptaik Macdonald on Safety to the Ship- WEECKED. — At a meeting in behalf of the British and Foreign Bible Society, held in 1860, at Sydney, in Aus- tralia, Captain Macdonald related the following incident : "When I was amongst the Fiji islands I came to a place where a vessel from California had been wrecked. The passengers and crew had no fear until their vessel suddenly struck on a reef, and became a complete wreck. Their horror can hardly be described, when, in the morn- ing, they found themselves helpless among cannibals, who were well known to regard whoever were cast on their coast as waifs and strays. Summoning all their courage they made for the shore, and went to the nearest hut, not knowing what-was to become of them. On entering, the chief officer saw lying on a board a dark colored object that particularly arrested his attention. It was not a club, or barbed spear, or tomahawk ; it was a Bible. 'We are safe,' he said to his companions, ' We are safe ! Wherever that Book is there is no danger to be apprehended.' The fact was that some little time before missiAiaries had been there, and such was the change wrought among these peo- ple that they not only spared the sailors, but entertained them hospitably, until, after three weeks, I arrived and took them away." LrviNG In a New Woeld. — More than a generation has passed away since the missionaries began their work in 12 178 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. the Pacific. In nothing is the contrast between the past and present more distinctly marked than in the matter of cleanliness. The Heryey Islanders in their original con- dition were never ai cleanly race. In most of the islands fresh water is scarce; so that their sin was venial. A saponaceous plant, known as the tutututu, was used in the early days of Christianity for washing clothes, instead of soap. The trunk of the tree, which grows in the interstices of the coral' rock near the sea, was scraped with a piece of hoop-iron or a knife; these scrapings mixed with water make a good lather, As commerce sprang up in the wake of Christianity, soap became plentiful and this saponaceous tree was allowed to. grow unmolested. At the beginning of our work I have known natives to wear a shirt day and night, until it fell to pieces. These wiseacres declined to use proffered soap, lest the precious garment should wear out the sooner! The increase of the soap trade in the Pacific is a fair index of the advance of our work on the side of civilization. In all Protestant native communities vast quantities of soap are disposed of. It is a pleasant thing on the Lord's day from the pulpit to survey tlie clean and neat appearance of the congregation in contrast with the dirt of former days. In those ea,rly days the exclusive use of well-oiled 1 native cloth was not favorable to cleanli- ness. At times the strong scent of these garments was overpowering to European nostrils, although agreeable enough to the islanders. To-day it seems as though we lived in a new world; so cleanly (comparatively speaking) have our converts become in respect to their persons and garments.-r-Ww. Wyatt Grill, B. A., in " Jotthigs in the Pacific." CiviLizATioK Without the Gospel Does not Civilize. — At the last annual meeting of the London Missionary Society, the Rev. James Chalmers, the " Aposr POLYNESIA. 179 tie of New Guinea," said : " Two years ago from thig country they sent out the British flag to that country, and they told the natives of New Guinea that the British Queen Victoria — God bless her!— rwas going to protect them. Have you considered it? I have had twenty-one years,' experience amongst natives. I have seen the semi-civil- ized and the unciyilized ; I have lived with the Christian native, and I have lived, dined, and slept with the canni- bal. I have visited the islands of the New Hebrides, which I sincerely trust will not be handed over to the ten- der inercies cf France ; I have visited the Loyalty Groiip, I have seen the work of, missions, in the Samoan Group, I know all the islands of the Society. Group, I have lived for ten years in the Hervey Group, I l^now a/ few of the groups close on the line, and. for at. least; nipe years of my life I have lived with the savages of New Guinea ; but, I have never yet. met with a. single man qr woman, or with a single; people, that your civilization, wjthout Christianity has civilized. For Go^'^ sakp let it be doflS *' OQ.ce l—r. Gospel and commerce, but remember this, it must lie thq Gospel first. Wherever there has been the slightest spark of civilization in the Southern Seas it has been where the Gospel has been preache.d ; and. T^l^srever you find in the island of New. Gw^ea a, fiiendly people or a people that will welcome you thp.re, it is where the missionaries of the Cross have been pre.aehing Christ. Civilization ! The rampart can only- be stormed; by those who carry the Cross," The WoNpEEruL Eesijlt of. a IfOTOTG Act. — ^Mra. Jennie F. Willing, in a late missionary address in N^'^ York city, related a. story of a. missionary and his wife in one of the South Sea Islands, where Dr. Crocker, of Mich- igan University, narrowly escaped being eaten by canni- bals. Dr. Crocker and a companion lived to tell the story 180 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. of their adventures in England. Moved by love, and under the guidance of the Holy Spirit, a clergyman and his wife decided to go out as missionaries to that very island. Embarking on a merchant vessel, they succeeded in inducing the captain to put them ashore when none of the inhabitants were visible. Seating themselves on a box that contained all their earthly possessions, they watched the ship spread its white sails and disappear below the horizon. When the savages, accompanied by their chief and his daughter, came on the scene, they felt the limbs of the missionary, and evidently thought that in him was material for a good dinner. The daughter ran her fingers through the long, silky hair of the lady, who, impelled by Christian love, drew the girl to her and imprinted a kiss upon her lips. That natural act won the heart of the daughter. For three days the debate on eating the unexpected guests went on, and at last was decided in the negative by the pleading eloquence of the chief's favorite child. The missionaries lived long enough to see the people of that island converted to Christ, and sending out missionaries to other islands still in heathen darkness. Thus that little act of love was the means, through God, of saving many precious souls. Cheering Scenes. — At a recent meeting in London, the Rev. James Chalmers, who is now on his way back to his work in New Guinea, said that he had often been cheered by what he had witnessed in the villages of New Guinea and the South Sea Islands. Just as the sun went down parents and children would assemble in their homes, and then would be heard the glad song of praise ascending to the throne of God. Speaking especially of Manikihi, he said, " The village is built round the teacher's house. This man was one of the many grand instructors these islands have supplied. When asked on one occasion by the I'OLYNBHIA. 181 French Governor of Lifu, ' Who told you to come here 1 ' he replied, ' My Master said to me, "Qo into all the world to preach the Gospel." That is what brought me here.' For this reply, pronounced impudent, he was imprisoued for three days, and then sent away. This man made it a rule, just as the sun dipped into the sea, to ring a bell. Parents and children all then went into their homes, from every one of which would ascend the hymn of praise, sung to some grand old English tune, to the Father of all man- kind. After about fifteen minutes devoted to reading of the Scripture and prayer, the people went into the open air and there conversed together for awhile. From that island of Manihiki some of the grandest Christian teachers have gone forth to evangelize their brethren, and many have laid down their lives for the sake of that Saviour whom as little children they learned to love.' Roman Catholic Aggressions. — The Roman Cath- olics have for some time been pursuing an aggressive, prose- lyting policy in the islands of the South Pacific. They have passed by whole groups of islands, and many single ones, on which were no missionaries, and have gone almost entirely to those where Protestant missions were establish- ed and flourishing. Failing in their efforts to entice many of the Christian converts to join them, or in bringing over many of the heathen, they have been persistent in their endeavors to bring these islands under the control of France and Spain, so that measures repressive of the Pro- testant missions might be put in force. First they induced the French governmer t to seize the Tahitian or Georgian group, then the Loyalty Islands, then many islands of the New Hebrides and rAher groups. About a year ago they persuaded Spain to take possession of the Caroline Islands, where American missionaries had been laboring for twenty-flve j'ears, and verj' successfully. 182 THE GREAT VALUE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. As soon as these islands were occupied by a foreign mili- tary force, or were in the power of a foreign fleet, the mis- sionaries, through the influence of the priests, were either deported, or, in a great measure, silenced. Teachers were seized, Christian chiefs, and other prominent men, and Church officers were imprisoned and otherwise ill-treated, because they would not become Roman Catholics. Exactly this was done to the English missionaries and their converts in the Georgian and Loyalty groups, and to the American missionaries and their converts in the Caro- line Islands. It required the sending of English and American war vessels, and energetic action on the part of the British and American governments to get even some modification of these outrageous measures. Many and great are the hindrances and annoyances which Protestant missionaries and the native Christians on these islands still have to endure from Eomau Catholic officials and priests. This seizure of the islands still continues, one of the latest cases being that of the comparatively large one named Mare. The Rev. J. Jones, the missionary of the London Society, who had been on the island thirty-four years, was forcibly removed therefrom about a year ago. When he first went there the people were cannibals and savages of the fiercest kind. The Chief sent him word that he would come and cook him and his wife, and for years these two missionaries were in constant and imminent peril. Subsequently, this Chief became a Christian, and was one of Mr. Jones' best friends. Not only have a large number of the natives been converted, but this island has furnished many missionaries for New Hebrides and New Guinea, while Bishop Selwyn, of Melanesia, has found faithful assistants from among these men who were once such fierce cannibals. SAMOA. 183 A deputation headed by Lord Brassey, the well-known voyager and ex-First Lord of the English Admiralty, has waited upon the Marquis of Salisbmy to protest against this latest outrage, and Lord Salisbury has made represen- tations to the French government on the subject, but, as yet, without favorable result. The Rev. James Johnston, the secretary of the late General Missionary in London, has published an account of the Roman Catholic missions, taken chiefly from Roman Catholic documents. It contains the following : " In the South Sea Islands, no effort has been spared by the Roman Church to encroach upon ground occupied by Protestant missions, and the secular arm of France — a strange ally for a Christian Church — has been used to the utmost, not only for extending Catholic missions, but for invading the weak and defenceless islanders; and Romish priests did not scruple to take advantage of their violent and unprincipled invasion. Their conduct was a disgrace to the civilization of France, and a scandal to the Christianity of Rome. It is necessary that all should know that even temperate men, who are determined to be just, and desire to be charitable, cannot speak smoothly of such proceedings." SAMOA. La Peeousb on the Baebaeism op the Samoans. — The native name of the group .of ten islands often called the Navigator Islands, is Samoa. There is no one island named Samoa ; the name is applied only to the entire group. The great French navigator, La Perouse, visited these islands in 1787, and, aftet the massacre of one of his oflScers and ten of his men, he writes as follows ; 184 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. " I willingly abandon to others the care of writing the uninteresting history of such barbarous nations A stay of twenty-four hours and the relation of our misfortunes, suffice to show their atrocious manners and their arts, as well as the productions of one of the finest countries in the universe.'' Other navigators who visited the South Sea Islands, in the interests of science or commerce, before tlieir evangeli* zation, have, after enduring similar treatment, written in a similar way. All the Samoan islands are now professedly Christian. The adherents of the London Missionary Society number 27,000, those of the Wesleyan Mission, 5,000, while the balance, 3,000, are followers of the French priests. Dr. Turner on some of the Great Results. — The London Chronicle for January contains an article of sixteen pages, by Rev. George Turner, LL.D , late of Samoa, concerning the work of the London Society in that group of Central Polynesia. These islands are about three thousand miles east of Australia, and some six or eight hundred miles north-east of Fiji. The earliest ex plorers found the people atrocious savages, and one place — where twelve white men were slain by the natives — is known as " Massacre Bay.'' The first missionaries, Wil- liams and BarfF, reached Samoa in 1830, and very rapid progress was made in the Christianization of the islands. At present heathenism is a thing of the past, and there are two hundred villages in which native pastors are supported by the people. Dr. Turner says that Samoa has a dark side, as has England. The principal difficulty has arisen out of rival claims for the chie.lainship. It is affirmed that on account of these feuds, not only the great bulk of the people, but the chiefs theuiselves, long for foreign help and protection. These are the islands, it will be re- SAMOA. 185 ijaembered, about which a stir has recently been made on account of the assumption of authority by a Giernian war- ship. A more recent proposal lias beeii made that the three principal islands of the group be given — one to Ger- many, one to England, and one to the United States. The missionaries early began to translate portions of the Scriptures, and thirty years from the time Williams and Barff landed in SamQa, the people were all nominally Christian and had a beautiful octavo reference Bible in their hands. From the beginning the natives were required to pay for all their Scriptures and other books. In less than seven years after the entire Bible was printed, an edition of ten thousand copies was sold, and the British and Foreign Bible Society has receiyed from sales the en- tire amount of its outlay — $15,571. After four years' revision work, another edition of ten thousand copies was printed, which has now been e:shausted, At the commence- ment of the mission the natives had never seen a piece of money. Now there are Fnglish, French, German and American stores, and from $250,000 to $500,000 worth of native produce goes into the stores of these merchants in exchange for clothing and other necessary articles. It is pleasant to record the fact that the population, which in 1843 was 33,900, has increased somevvhat, so that it now stands at 35,000. The native churches in Samoa, aside from supporting the native pastors, have within the last twenty years contributed on an average $6,000 per annum to the funds of the London Society. And yet there are gome people who do not believe in foreign missions ! — Missionary Herald, March, 1886. Captain Erskine on the Change Epi.'ected.— As long ago as 1850 an English naval ofScer, Captain Er- skine, wrote as follows concerning the change which had been effected in the character of the Samoans : " The first 186 THE QREAT VALUE AXD SnCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. circumstance which must strike a stranger on his arrival, and one which will come hourly under his notice during his stay, is the influence which all white men, but in par- ticular the missionaries, exercise over the minds of the natives. Among a people who from former accounts seem never to have had any definite notion on the subject of religion, a firm belief in a creating or prevailing Deity, or even in a future state, the introduction of Christianity, in the absence of evil foreign influence, was not likely to bo difiicult; and we find accordingly that this has been efiected to a great extent, not merely in increasing the number of professed adherents, but in softening the manners and purifying the minds even of the heathen portion of the community. " No unprejudiced person will fail to see that, had this people acquired their knowledge of a more powerful and civilized race than their own, either from the abandoned and reckless characters who still continue to infest most of the islands of the Pacific, or even from a higher class, en- gaged in purely mercantile pursuits, they must have sunk into a state of vice and degradation to which their old con- dition would have been infinitely superior. That they have been rescued from this fate at least, is entirely owing to the missionaries ; and should the few points of asceticism which these worthy men, conscientiously believing them necessary to the eradication of the old superstition, have introduced among the converts, become softened by time and the absence of opposition, it is not easy to imagine a greater moral improvement than would have taken place among a savage people." — " From Pole to Pole.'' SANDWICH ISLANDS. 187 SANDWICH ISLANDS. The Eaelt Navigatoes on the Savage Chaeac- TER OF THE NATIVES — Tho early navigators, naval of- ficers and otliers, speak of the gross immorality, cruelty, and treachery of the Sandwich Islanders before Christian missionaries arrived at the Island. La Perouse, remark- ing upon their last named trait, says : " The most daring rascals of Europe are less hypocritical than these natives. All their caresses were false. Their physiognomy does not express a single sentiment of truth. The one most to be suspected is he who has just received a present, or who appears to be the most in earnest in rendering a thousand little services." Hon. Richaed H Dana oh the Eemaekable Change. — And yet so longago as 1860, the Hon. Richard H. Dana, a distinguished lawyer of Boston, while on a visit to the Islands, was able to write : " Whereas the missionaries found these islanders a nation of half-naked savages, living in the surf and on the sand, eating raw fish, fighting among themselves, tyrannized over by feudal chiefs, and abandoned to sensuality; they now see them decently clothed, recognizing the laws of marriage, going to school and church mih more regularity than our people do at home, and the more elevated portion of them taking part in the constitutional monarchy under which they live." Miss Goedon-Cumming on Hawaii Without and With the Gospel. — Miss C. F. Gordon-Cumming made an extended visit to the Sandwich Islands, and published a work on them entitled " Fire Fountains." In one of a series of articles on the same group, in the London Sunday Magazine) she says : 188 THE GREAT VALUE A.VD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. " All they * knew of tlie Isles was that they were en- gaged in incessant inter-tribal wars ; that the gigantic stone altars reeked w-ith the blood of human victims ; that the life of a commoner was liable to be sacrificed to the merest caprice of his feudal lord, whose word was law, and who might at any moment seize everything belonging to his vassal ; that infanticide prevailed to an extent unparal- leled, even in the Society Isles, where the majority of the women made a common practice of putting their own off- spring to death. But whereas there the little innocents were disposed of as soon as possible, the Hawaiian women frequently spared the babies for a few weeks or months, and then, on the smallest provocation, suffocated them, and buried them beneath the earth-floor of their own homes. These were a few of the details of the social life of Hawaii, which the mission party detenoined to try and remedy, though expecting to meet with the most vehement opposition from the priests and the chiefs. * * * In the year 1868 it was computed that a total of about fifty thousand persons had joined the Church of Clu'ist since the commencement of the mission in 1820. Marvel- lous, indeed, was the change which had been wrought. A race of thievish, sanguinary savages had been transformed into a community of remarkably honest, neighborly people. Throughout the Isles there was not a cottage which did not possess its Bible and hymn book, and in which daily family prayer and the custom of thanksgiving at every meal and a highly moral code in daily life were not invarir able. The majority of the people could read and write. They had some notion of geography and mathematics, taught them by students at Lahaini College, which had already sent forth about eight hundred men. Some were *The first band of missionaries from Bpstoji, U. S. SANDWICH ISLANDS. 189 fairly started in secular professions, as sarveyors, lawyers, and even judges. In short, the work done in fifty years had been so effec- tual that the parent society in Boston decided that Hawaii could no longer be considered as a mission field, but must be treated as an independent, self-ruling Christian com- munity. It has given the best possible proof of vigorous life by its zeal for foreign missions to the isles still lying in darkness. Actually, one-fourth of the total number of Hawaiians who have been ordained to the ministry are now working as missionaries in various purts of Micro- nesia and in the Marquesas. Only thirty years elapsed from the day when the first American missionary set foot in Hawaii, ere a "Society Promoting Foreign Mis- sions," was formed at Honolulu by the very men who had themselves so recently offered loathsome sacrifices on idol altars, and now each congregation throughout the isles makes its monthly collection in support of the said mis- sions. Summary of a Geeat Work. — Statistics of Chris- tian work accomplished in the Sandwich Islands have been heretofore given in various places, but the following facts brought together by Rev. Mr. Forbes, Secretary of the Hawaiian Evangelical Association, will be of interest. The first Hawaiian pastor was ordained in 1849. Since that time ninety-five Hawaiians have been ordained, of vhom thirty-eight are at present pastors in the home field, and nine in foreign service, making forty-seven native Hawaiians who are now either pastors or missionaries in active service. Since 1852, when the first Hawaiians went to Micronesia in company with Messrs. Grulick, Snow and Sturges, not less than seventy-five Sandwich Islanders have gone as foreign raissionaries-T-th|irty-nine of them males ; thirty-six females. The total sum contribi(ted at 190 THE OREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOUEIGX MISSIONS. the islands for foreign missions has been $170,149.44. Of this amount $133,015.86 was contributed by native Ha- waiian churches, the remainder by foreign churches and individuals at the island. The contributions of the Ha- waiian churches for all purposes from the beginning, so far as can be ascertained, amount to $818,270.2.'). 7 his record should awaken our gratitude and stimulate our faith.— Missionary Visitor, November, 1887. Hon. Elisha H. Allen on the Missionaries Saving the Nation.— We learn from the Missionary Herald that the Hon. E. H. Allen, the Hawaiian Minister to the United States, in a letter dated Bangor, Maine, Sept. 26, 1882, gave the following strong testimony to the exceeding value of the services of the missionaries of the American Board in the Sandwich Islands : " I have a very high appreciation of the great work which the Board has accomplished. No one can fully appreciate it unless by a visit to the country which has been blessed by its labors. I went to the Sandwich Islands Ih 1850, and resided there till 1877, with occasional visits to the United States on special missions for the gov- ernment. I was for twenty years Chief-Justice and Chan- cellor of tbe Kingdom, and had occasion to visit often the different islands of the group. I became intimately ac- quainted with the missionaries and the people in their charge. They were a self-denying and devoted class of men, and the ladies of the mission rendered great aid in the good work. " The mission was established at a fortunate period. The islands, from their geographical position, have always been a favorite calling place for vessels which visit the North Pacific. It required this moral power to instruct the natives, and to resist the immoral influences which often prevail in those distant seas where there is no gov- SANDWICH ISLANDS. 191 emraent. Undoubtedly many good men engaged in com- merce and other pursuits were there ; but it required a dis- tinct class whose whole duty it was to educate the natives, and to be an example and teacher to the foreigners. They had great trials and great labor in the first years of their mission. They went to carry the gospel to a people of whose language they had no knowledge, and whose ideas, habits, manners and customs were, in many respects, ab- horrent to their Christian civilization. You can imagine how slow this progress must have been, and the almost special grace required to prosecute the work. It was a great triumph to have saved the nation, and to have brought it within the family of nations, which was so im- portant to Christian civilization, and to the commerce of the world, and more especially of the United States." Mb. M. D. Conway's Experiences in Honolulu. — One cannot help being amused at reading a letter of Mr. Moncure D. Conway's, the "Liberal" preacher of London, describing his experiences at Honolulu, at which port the steamer touched which was carrying him from San Francisco to Australia. The vessel stopped there only over a Sabbath, and the disgust of this traveller at the strictness with which the people kept the day is very great. He expected on landing to witness " merry scenes, islanders swimming around the ship in Arcadian innocence, the joyous dance and song of guileless children of the sun," but his anticipations were rudely destroyed bj' finding a " silent city,'' " paralyzed by piety." " Never in Scotland or Connecticut have I seen such a paralysis as fell upon Honolulu the first day of the week." This traveller found the stores shut, and in a druggist's shop they would not even sell him a glass of soda. No one being willing to show him the sights of the place, he was compelled to go to church in order to look upon the people. He was im« 192 THE GREAT VALUE AND SCCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. pressed by what ho saw there, especially at the Chinese Qhurch under the care of Mr. Damon, whose work in ele- vating the people he cannot help praising. But, after all, he can enjoy little where the Sabbath is kept so strictlyj and complains bitterly of the "pietistic plague" which prevails on the island. This testimony to the success of Christian efforts in the Hawaiian Islands is undesigned, but not the less valuable. — Missionary Herald, February, 1884. SIAM. The Hon. David B. Sickles on the GtKeat "Woee WHICH HAS BEEN ACCOMPLISHED. — The American Bap- tist and Presbyterian missionaries in Siam have not only accomplished a great work through the blessing of God, but they are also popular with all classes of foreigners, and also of the natives, from the King downwards. Not long since the King gave $1,000 to aid the work, and he has repeatedly contributed liberal sums before. He has also presented to Dr. Dean, the patriarch among the mis- sionaries, a gold medal, as " the special mark of the royal high favor and regard." The Foreign Missionary for May, 1886, quotes the following testimony of Hon. David B. Sickles, who had been for five years United States Consul at Bangkok : "The American missionaries in Siam, whom I have observed for several years, have accomplished a work of greater magnitude and importance than can be easily realized by those who are not familiar with its character and with the influence which they have exerted upon the Government and people. Largely through their influence slavery is being abolished, the degrading custom of bodily SIAM. 193 prostration, althougli still practiced, is not now compulsory. Wholesome and equitable laws have been proclaimed, criminals have been punished by civilized methods, litera- ture and art have been encouraged by the King and Minis- ters, an educational institution has been established by the Government, reforms have been inaugurated in all its departments, and Christian converts have been permitted to enjoy the same liberty of conscience that they do in our own land. A few months before ray departure from that country I visited the mission stations in the interior, and was highly gratified with the substantial evidences that I witnessed of the success of Christian work among the people. The missionaries themselves in Siam are, as a class, the most consistent, devout and diplomatic people among all the foreign residents in the Ivingdom. Although sincerely and energetically engaged ia their work, they do not hold themselves so much aloof from the men of rank and the educated foreign residents as to make themselves unpopu- lar. On the contrary they are the general favorites in the entire community, and 1 never heard, during my residence in Bangkok of nearly five years, the expression of an un- favorable opinion in regard to their character or their work. »At the palace they are more popular than any other for- eign residents, and in the homes of the merchants of other nationalities they always find a welcome. Before I went to th2fj,r E%st I WIS strongly prejudicsd against the mission- ary enterprise and against foreign missionaries ; hut, after a careful examination of their work, I became convinced of its immense value. The Favor of the Kihg and Queen.— A letter from Petchaburi,* in the New York Evangelist, dated JTeb- *An important town in the interior of Siam. 13 194 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. ruaiy 18, indicates a remarkable state of affairs in the relation of the government toward Christian missions. Dr. Thompson, of the Presbyterian mission, had rendered good service to several men injured in the explosion of a Japa- nese gunboat, and the king, through the prime minister, sent his thanks to Dr. Thompson. Later the king visited Petohaburi, with hundreds of princes, nobles and soldiers, and asked for a report of mission work, and called the mis- sionaries to an interview. The princes had a prolonged ■conversation with Messrs. Thompson and Cooper about Jesus and his mission on earth. When the audience room of the king was reached he held a full and free conference with his guests about their work and his own plans as to a system of free schools, which he hoped to establish at an early day. He spoke of his high appreciation of the ex- cellent and generous work accomplished by the Christian missionaries for the good of his people. He promised to always encourage their work, and calling the minister of education into his presence, he directed him to grant freely whatever aid the missionaries should apply for. An evi- dence that these utterances were sincere was furnished by two letters handed the missionaries as they retired, one from the queen to the ladies of the mission, and the other from the king to the gentlemen of the mission ; the for- mer containing a gift amounting to $960, and the latter a gift of $1,440 for the purpose of enlarging the mission hos- pital building. The king's letter concluded with these words : " His Majesty asks that you labor to complete this work, and that it may be finally established and ever prosper." — Missionary Herald, July, 1887. Secretary of State Bayard lately received a dispatch from the United States minister at Bangkok, reporting that the Siamese king and queen, who have lately returned from a visit to Petchabuj-i, express much gratification at the SIBEniA. 195 course pursued by the American missionaries there. Their majesties gave liberally of money to the hospital and to the missionary schools, and manifested in several other ways their high regard for the work which the American missionaries are doing in Siam. SIBERIA. The Work of Dr. Lansdell and Others. — Henry Lansdell, D.D., M.R.A.S., F.R.G.S., has visited Siberia several times, and has traversed the whole of this extensive country. He has circulated 00,000 copies of the Holy Scriptures, besides other books and tracts, among the Russian convicts, the Buriat natives, and others. The Russian . Government does not permit the permanent residence of any missionaries except those of the Russo-Greek Church, even among tribes in which this Church is doing nothing. Dr. Lansdell, in Harper^ Mag- azine for August, 1887, says : "The Buriats in 188G numbered 260,000 souls, the largest native population in Siberia, and the only one amongst whom the English missionaries have been allowed to labor. In the first quarter of the present century three men went out to Selengliinsk and Verchne XJdinsk, where tliey translated and printed the New Testament in the Buriat language. They had also a school, and tokens of success were not wanting. But the work was stopped hy the Russian Synod, the members of whicb were jealous of foreign interference, and found an occasion of dismissing all foreign missionaries ^from the Russian dominions, under the pretext that the Synod wished to do all its own mission work for its own heathen. The Englishmen, ■ therefore, about 18 iO, had to quit the country, leaving lOG THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIOXS. Lchind them, however, a sacred enclosure I visited in Selengliinsk, wliere lie the bodies of live members of their families, whose graves silently tell their own tale of British labor and Christian self-denial." De. Lansdell's Latest Book. — Some years ago Dr. Lansdell published " Russian Siberia," a work which received the highest praise. This year he has issued " Through Central Asia," in which he recounts his exper- iences and observations during his latest and most exten- sive travels and explorations. A notice of it in a London paper of Nov. 25th says : " In making preparations for such an enormous journey (it included Russia, Western Siberia, Bokhara, Khiva, Turkestan, and other governments and provinces), the first consideration involved the can-iage of over thirty boxes of books, &c., for distribution among hospitals, mines, prisons, educational institutions, and so forth. In other words, his prime motive for travelling in foreign lands was a combination of missionary and philanthropical duty. The spirit of the traveller naturally evoked re- ciprocal favors. Even the rigid ecclesiasticism of digni- taries of the Greek Church softened under the influence of the literary gifts offered to them, consisting of Bibles, or parts of it, printed in Russ, Sclavonic, Hebrew, Chinese, Mongolian, Kirgbese, Arabic, Turkish, Polish, German, and French, thus meeting the wants of all classes, bond or free. We must also give the Russian government every credit, as well as grateful thanks, for providing their travelling guest with a Crown podorjona, or authority, to have the first claim on all animals and vehicles en route throughout Russian Asia. No less than a thousand horses and camels were thus utilized by him in a journey of 8,000 miles. ******* " Perhaps the most important individual Dr. Lansdell SIBERIA. 197 met with in Asia was the late Emir of Bokhara. To get into Bokhara alive was one thing, to get out alive was a problem which few Englishmen ever solved. In the days of a former Emir, Dr. Wolff, the missionary, narrowly escaped with his life ; Colonel Stoddart and Captcin Conolly were put to death. So that Bokhara has a terri- ble reputation. Still ' Bokhara the Noble ' came in the way, and a successful visit would repay any amount of misfortune to effect such a desideratum. Hence the entry into Bokhara, the stay there, and how he got out again form one of the most interesting portions of the book. Nearly everything turned out most auspiciously ; but, of course, much circumspection and tact were always needed. "Everything in the remarkable city of Bokhara is full of interest. The mosque services, the strange buildings, and that strangely ubiquitous people, the Jews, command- ed the particular attention of Dr. Lansdell. "'Through Central Asia' is extremely well illustrated, no less than seventy-four engravings being given of places, persons and important buildings. A splendid map is also included amongst the many good things. If there were no other merits belonging to the volume than that of being a record of lasting work done in the Master's service, it is worthy of the highest praise; but considering that Dr. Lansdell has described in his works wide tracts of country unknown, or little known, before, and in every department — whether historical, geographical or personal — has given the plain record of what he has seen and heard, we must be grateful to him for his interesting work." A Letter i-eom the Convicts. — A correspondent of the Pall MaU Gasette writes as follows : " Some time ago I came across an enormous official-looking document which had been sent from Siberia, and in which a number of convicts had expressed, in t'onching words, their gratitude Ids THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOEEIGN MISSIONS. for the pampHets and portions of Scripture whicli the Ee- ligious Tract Society had sent out to them. At the foot of the neatly- written letter a long string of the names of the conyicts appeared. Some were written in a firm, clear hand, many more faintly and illegibly, while not a few of the condemned men had put the mark of the illiterate, which seems to be an x all the world over. " Those who have seen the detachments of prisoners making their weary way along the endless high road which, leads northward from St. Petersbm-g, who have watched the gloomy, sullen, helpless looks of the gray-coated men, whom the immense cross of orange cloth on their backs stamps as convicts, going to be buried alive in the Siberian mines and quarries, will understand that it is no mere for- mula when in their humble letter the convicts state that having lost all hope for this life, a new hope for the future one is brought to them by the leaflets and Scripture por- tions from the Tract Society." TAHITI. Admiral Wilkes on the Valite of Missionary Labors. — Tahiti was one of the first of the South Sea Islands to be reached by missionary efibrts, and as long ago as 1840, Admiral Wilkes, of the United States Ex- ploring Expedition, was able to write of Tahiti: "As a proof of the value of missionary labors, my experience warrants me in saying that the natives of Tahiti, once given to perpetual internecine broils and the worship of idols propitated by human saoiifioes, are bow honest, well- behaved and obliging ; that no drunkenness Or rioting is ^een, except when provoked by white visitors, and that tbtey ate obedient to the laws and to tlieir rulers." TAHITI. 199 Faithful Native Christians. — The population of the island to-day is about 10,000 natives, Europeans and Chinese. The eighteen Protestant Chui'ches have 2,337 native communicants, and the ten Koman Catholic Church- es, most of which have been established since the French assumed the Protectorate of the island, have not more than 200 native members. Nearly all the native Protestant communicants resist the efforts of the proselyting Roman Catholic priests, and the hold which true religion has over them is spoien of as wonderful. Against the baneful ex- ample of the foreign population, and surrounded with manifold temptarions, these native Christians are living faithful, prayerful and godly lives. The other islands of the group, Huahine, Porapora, Raiatea and Tahaa, are also Christian, having about two thousand communicants, and almost all the other people being adherents. The native Christians on all these Tahitian or Society islands not only support the native ministers and teachers, 225 in all, pay for church and school buildings and other local expenses, but they have also for many years given a large sum annually to the funds of the London Missionary Society. Me. Chaeles Daewin on the Moealitt and Religion of the Tahitians. — Here is what the late Mr. Charles Darwin wrote in his " Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries visited during the voyage of H. M. S. ' Beagle' round the world, under the command of Captain Fitzroy," 1839 : " Thus seated, it was a sublime spectacle to watch the shades of night gradually obscuring the last and highest pinnacles. Before we laid down to sleep, the elder Tahitian fell on his knees, and, with closed eyes, repeated a long prayer in his native tongue. He prayed as a Christian ehoold do, with fitting reverence, and without the fear of 200 THE GREAT tALCE AXD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. ridicule or any ostentation of piety. At our meals, neithe oftliemen would taste food without saying beforehand , short grace. Those travellers who think that a Tahitiai prays only when the eyes of the missionary are fixed oi him, should have slept with us that night on the mountaii side. * * * •" One of ray impressions, which I took from the tw( last authorities, was decidedly incorrect, viz. : that the Tahitians had become a gloomy race, and lived in fear of the missionaries. Of the latter feeling I saw no trace,, un less, indeed, fear and respect be confonnded under one name. Instead of discontent being a common feeling, il would be difficult in Europe to pick out of a crowd half sc many merry and happj' faces. " On the whole, it appears to me that the morality and religion of the inhabitants are highly creditable. There are many who attack, even more acrimoniously than Kotzebue, both the missionaries, their system, and the efifects produced by it. Such reasoners never compare the present state with that of the island only twenty years ago, nor even with that of Europe at this day ; but they com- pare it with the high standard of gospel perfection. Tiiey expect the missionaries to effect that which the Apostles themselves failed to do. Inasmuch as the condition of the people falls short of this high standard, blame is attached to the missionary, instead of credit for that which he has effected. They forget, or will not remem- ber, that human sacrifices, and the power of an idolatrous priesthood — a system of profligacy unparalleled in any other part of the world — infanticide, a consequence of that system of bloody wars, where the conquerors spared nei- ther women nor children — that these have been abolish- ed ; and that dishonesty, intemperance, and licentious- ness have been greatly reduced by the intjroduotion of TERRA DEL FCEQO. 201 Christianity. In a voj'ager to forget these things is base ingratitude : for shouhl he chance to be at the point of shipwreck on some unknown coast, he will most devoutly pray that the lessons of the missionary may have extended thus far." Testimony of Captain IIaetet. — Captain Harvey, master of a whaling vessel, who visited Tahiti in May, 1839, gave the following testimony to the good effects of missionary labor on the island : " This is the most civilized place that 1 have been at in the South Seas. It is governed by a queen, daughter of old Pomare, a dignified young lady about twenty-five years of age. They have a good code of laws. No spirits whatever are allowed to be landed on the island, therefore the sailors have no chance of getting drunk, and are all in an orderly state, and work goes on properly. It is one of the most gratif ing sights the eye can witness on a Sunday in their church, which holds about 5,000, to see the Queen near the pulpit, and her subjects around her decently appa- relled, and in seemingly pure devotion. I really never felt such a conviction of the great benefit of missionary labors before. The attire of the women is as near the English as they can copy." TERRA DEL FUEGO. European Government Eepeesentatives Com- mend THE Work. — The South American Missionary Society of the Church of England, was formed for the purpose of carrying the gospel, not only to the degraded Fuegians, but also to the Patagonians and other aborigines of South America, and also to the neglected foreign com- munities on that continent. The society now has many 202 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OP FOREIGN MISSIONS. stations scattered from Terra del Fiiego to Panama. The present headquarters of the mission is on Stanley Island, one of the Falkland group, and the bishop is the Rt. Rev. Waite H. Stirling, D.D., who was formerly a missionary in Fuegia and Patagonia. His work, and that of his colleagues, has recently been very highly commended at a meeting in London Mansion House, by representatives of France, G-ermany, and Italy, for the change that has been brought about in the treatment of wrecked crews by the Fuegian natives. Admiral Sullivan Writes to Daewin on the Wonderful Change. — Admiral Sullivan, of the English navy, found the transformation of character so great that he informed Darwin of the change in the natives who had been under the influence of the mission. As an illustra- tion, he said that during eleven years the mission fowl- houses had remained unlocked and not one egg had been stolen. Darwin replied that he " could not have believed that all the missionaries in the world could have made the Fuegians honest." Darwin had once maintained that all the pains bestowed on them would be thrown away, but he now acknowledged his mistake, and became a regular sub- scriber to the funds of the South American Missionary Society.* Lieutenant Bove's Testimony. — In the Fall of 1882 the Antarctic Expedition, commanded by Lieutenant Bove of the Italian army, was WTecked in Sloggett Bay, * Writing to the Secretary of the Society in 1870, ho says : " The success of the Terra del Fuego Mission is moat wonderfu], and charms me, as I always prophesied utter failure. It is a grand success. 1 shall feel proud if your Committee think fit to elect me an honorary member of your Society. I have often said that the progress of Japan was the greatest wonder in the world, but I declare that the progress of Fuegia is almost equal- ly wonderful." TERRA DEL F0EGO. 203 ofiF tUe coast of Terra del Fuego. The oflBcers and crew were not drowned, neither were they robbed and cruelly massacred by the natives, as the crew of the" Roseneath" were on the West Coast a few months before. They were happily rescued by the efforts of the crew of the " Allen Gardiner" and mission yawl, and by the Rev. Thomas Bridges and his Christian natives. Lieutenant Bove, in a recently published narrative, says : " The presence of English missionaries in Terra del Fuegp has undoubtedly modified the character of a great part of the inhabitantjj of the Beagle Channel. So rapid is the improvement, so great are the saoiifices which the good missionaries impose on themselves, that I- believe we shall in a few years be able to say of all the Fuegians what is now said of Palla- laia; he vvas one of the most quan-elsorae, the most dist honest, the most superstitions of the inhabitants of Terra del Fuego, and now he lives under the shadow of the Cross, a model of virtue, and a pattern of industry," The Italian Government decided to present to the South American Missionary Society a gold medal and an official letter of special thanks. The medal contains a likeness of the King and. a record of the occasion. A Cheistian Fubgian Village. — The mission sta- tion at Ooshooia, on the north shore of Beagle Channel, has become a Christian village, the natives having their cottages, gardens, and roads, while polygamy, witchcraft, wrecking, theft, and other vices have been abolished in the vicinity. In September, 1885, an English squadron arriv- ed at Ooshooia, and a distinguished naval oflS.cer reports that "a crew of six natives came out, the men as well dressed and well trained as the sailors of our seas.'' He describes the climate of Oooshooia as healthy and agreea- able, the slightly undulating land as " covered with good 204 THE GREAT VALUE ASD SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSICSS. grass and producing good potatoes, turnips, cabbages, pears, apples, roses, pinks, violets," etc. TONGA ISLANDS. The Results of a Long and Perilous Strug- gle, — The Friendly Islands, as Captain Cook designated them, or the Tonga Islands, as they are now generally called, consist of 150 smaller, and 32 greater islands, the chief of which is Tongatabu, or Sacred Tonga, which con- tains about 7,500 inhabitants out of a total popalation of 25,000. In 1822 the work of evangelization was begun by the Wesleyan Methodists, and after a lengthened and perilous struggle with the savage paganism of the inhabit- ants, it was crowned with success. There are at present more than 8,000 communicants, and more than 19,000 ad- herents. King George, the principal chiefs, and the majority of the people, have separated from the Wesleyan Church, and have organized the Tongan Free Church, which is Metho- dist in theology and church government. The King and his prime minister, Mr. Baker, were' guilty of acts of vio- lence in effecting this separation, which led to the appoint- ment by the English Government of a High Commissioner to examine into affairs, This Commissioner, Sir. C. Mit- chell, has made his report in a parliamentary paper. The Commissioner acquits the Wesleyan churches of fault, and shows that the king and his minister had violated the con- stitution, and recommends that the king grant amnesty to all prisoners and that he make proclamation that all men are free to worship as they please. The king accepts these recommendations, but Mr, Baker is not to be removed TONGA ISLANDa. 205 at present. Solemn promises are given that no persecution shall be allowed. The London Christian, for Nov. 25, 1887, says : " Sir Charles Mitchell's detailed report to Sir Henry Holland on the troubles in Tonga tells very decisively against Mr. Shirley Baker. The report makes it clear that there was persecution of a very persistent and cruel kind. The law was violated, and the most cruel outrages practiced in order to compel the Wesleyans to abandon their Church. Sir Charles Mitchell adds that " the patience with which the Wesleyans endured the brutal ill-treatment, accompa- nied with robbery, to which they were exposed, astonishes me, and I can only attribute it to the good influence of Mr. Moulton.'' The Fearless Energy of the Native Chris- tians. — Miss C. F. Gordon-Cumming gives, in the Lon- don Sunday Magazine, the following account of the fearless energy and sanctified zeal of the native Christians of the Tonga islands : " The fierce cannibals of Fiji owed their first impressions of a holy faith and life to the bold energetic islanders of Tonga — a powerful race both bodily and mentally. When these men received the foreigners, whose words brought them a new revelation of life, their own strong conviction of the truth seems to have impelled them to proclaim it every- where. They were then, as they are still, a race of fearless sailors, finding their way to many distant isles. " Thenceforth, whenever they travelled, they preached the new religion, and expounded the scriptures to all who would listen. Moreover, their own entirely changed lives spoke volumes In place of the wild orgies of olden days, the arrival of a Tongan boat was now marked by frequent meetings for prayer, by the singing of sweet unknown hymns, very different from their licentious heathen songs j ilUtJ THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. and the people listened in wonder, and many believed. " The bold, fearless energy of the Tongans had always secured to them great influencie amongst the neighboring races, notably amongst the Fijians, and a strong Tongan colony had established itself on one of the Fijian Isles — a colony of the very wildest spirits of Tonga, who here found an atmosphere of more unbridled license than Tonga could endure even in heathen days. So desperately bad were the lives of these men, that even their cruel cannibal hosts were afraid of them, aud spoke with awe of their evil deeds. " When the Great Light had dawned on Tonga she be- thought her of her sous at Lakemba (in Fiji), and soon canoes sailed thither, on which each sailor was a preacher of righteousness. These men told their brethren of the changes wrought in Tonga, and a conviction of the truth came home so forcibly to these prodigals, that many arose and returned to their own land, while others (repenting of the evil they had done in the far country) not only reform- ed their own lives, but went about explaining to their Fijian friends and neighbors the reason of their doing so" TURKISH EMPIRE. SUMMAKT OF THE MISSIONS; OI" THE AmEBICAN BoAjtD. — The summary of the missions of the American Board is as follows ! Missionaries from the United States, 156, of whom 52 are ordamed , stations, 18 ; out stations, 281; native pastors, 66, native preachers, 91, teachers and other native helpers, 455 ; churches, 105, with a mem- bership of 8,259, of whom 598 were added in the year 1884-5 ; colleges and high schools, 26, with 1,003 pupils , girls' boarding schools, 19; with 815 pupils; common TURKISH EMPIRE. 207 schools, 345, with 11,973 pupils ; total number under in- struction, 14,740. — Historical Sketch of the Missions of the American Board in Turkey, 1886. Sir Austen Lataed on the Judicious and Ear- nest Effoets of the Missionaries. — Sir Austen Layard says {Nineveh and Babylon, p. 404) : "A change of considerable importance, and which it is to be hoped may lead to the most beneficial results, is now taking place in the Armenian Church. It is undoubtedly to be attri- buted to the judicious, earnest and zealous exertion of the American missionaries. Their establishments, scattered over nearly the whole Turkish empire, have awakened amongst the Christians, and principally among the Arme- nians, a spirit of inquiry, and a desire for the reform of abuses, and for th« cultivation of their minds, which must ultimately tend to raise their political as well as their social position in the human scale." Lord Redoliffe on their Discretion Tempered ■with Zeal. — When Lord Stratford de KedclifFe, who was for a long time the British Ambassador at Constanti- nople, was about to return to England, the missionaries presented him with a farewell address in which they thanked him for the protection he had afforded them, and their helpers, and they commended his efforts in behalf of civil and religious liberty. In his reply to the address Lord Redcliffe said : " Among the testimonies of approving kindness which I have recently received, from those with whom my functions m this country long brought me into frequent and intimate relations, there is none more gratifying than the address which you did me the lienor of placing in ray hands a few hours ago. The cordial expressions by which you have identified my course of conduct with the progress of your labors ia a great and good cause, may well awaken some 208 THE GREAT VALUE AND SUCCESS OF FOREIGN MISSIONS. feelings of satisfaction, and even of pride, in my heart. At the same time, I fervently join with you, in tracing our mutual endeavors to that surer and higher Source, whence all wise counsels and all corresponding results originally proceed. But while I accept with pleasure your kind rec- ognition of my services here, it is only just that I should bear witness to your constancy in seeking to afford to all classes of the population in this vast empire, means and opportunities of approaching more nearly the pure foun- tains of our common faith. I have noted with deep inter- est, the discretion which, almost without an exception, lias invariably tempered your zeal ; the happy consequences which, in many important respects, have attended your exertions; and the still happier prospects which, though slowly, are nevertheless perceptibly opening for your en- couragement, in a most diflScult, and at times most hazard- ous field of duty." — Missionary Herald, Jan. 1859. The Earl of Shaftesbury on the Common Sense and Piett of the Missioijaries. — One of the most delightful instances of Christian magnanimity was displayed in England about this time. The financial troubles of 1857 in America had embarrassed the Board and threatened serious embarrassment in this mission. Noble Christians in England, of all evangelical communions, including ministers of the Church of England, came at once to the rescue. They formed the " Turkish Mission Aid Society," invited Dr. Dwight to present our cause to England, and raised money thenceforward, not to found missions of their own in Turkey, but to aid ours. At an anniversary of the Society in 18G0, the Earl of Shaftes- bury crowned this magnanimity of deeds by an equal mag- nanimity of words. He said of our missionaries in Turkey : " I do not believe that in the whole history of missions, I do not believe that in the history of diplomacy, or in the TURKISH EMPIRE. 209 history of any negotiation carried on between man and man, we can find anything to equal the wisdom, the soundness, and the pure, evangelical truth of the men who constitute the American mission, I have said it twenty times before, and I will say it again, for the expression appropriately conveys my meaning — that they are a marvellous combina- tion of common sense and piety." — Historical Sketch. The Missionaries Deserving op Unlimited Praise.— The English "Turkish Mission Aid Society" still exists. At the last annual meeting, in the absence of the Earl of Aberdeen, who had gone to India, the chair was occupied by Robert Needham Oust, LL.D., a member of the committee of the Church Missionary Society. Some handsome compliments were paid to the American mission' aries. Reference was made to the fact that the special field in which the society was interested was the very field which had heen consecrated by the labors of Paul and Barnabas and other apostolic preachers, and from which the- gospel came to western countries. To this field we owe a debt of gratitude, and it would be a disgrace to Protestant Christendom if it were neglected. The American mission- aries, the report stated, besides deserving unlimited praise for their own efficiency, have also the advantage that political motives cannot be imputed to them. Great Britain, France, and Germany are believed to be always ready to annex portions of the Turkish Empire, but no one ever supposes Americans to have any such designs. The record of American missionaries in the East has been to the last degree honorable. It was stated that the com- mittee had remitted funds to forty-four different portions of the field. The Hon. George P. Maesh oi > Gust, Eobert N., LL. D., 22, 23, 33.209. ' ' > Dalhousie, Lord, 82, 106. (233} 234 INDEX OF PERSONS. Dana, Hon. R. H., 2, 187. Darwin, Charles, 2, 8, 22, 29, 152, 199, 202. Dawson, Hon. N. H. R., 170. Dean, Rev. Dr., 192. De Morgan, Professor, 85. Denby, Colonel Charles, 21, 27, 60, 61. Doane, Rev. E. T., 132, 133, 134. Donavan, J. P., 2, £9. Draper, Rev. Dr. Gideon, 44. Drummond, Professor, 232. Duff, Rev. Dr., 169. Dnflerln, Lord, 21, 106, 168. Duncan, WUliam, 166, 168, 169, 170. Dwight, Rev. Dr., 208, 220. Edwardes, Major-General, 21, 84, 85, 86, 87, 93, 95. Ellenborough, Lord, 8l. Ellin wood, Rev. Dr., 19. Ellis, Rdv. Dr. W., 31. Elouis, J. J. H.,92. Ely, Hon. Alfred B., 223. Emm Bey, 25, 33. Ensor, Rev. George, 4. Erskine, Captain R. N., 73, 74, 185. Erstine, Commodore, 22, 138, 139. raiding. Rev. Dr., 16. Failer, Archdeacon, 26, 46. Farrar, Archdeacon, 4, 232. Feng, General, 67. Ferguson, Bishop S.D., 37. Fletcher, Miss, 132. Forbes, Rev. Mr., 189. Foster, Bishop R. S., 19. Frere, Sir Bartle, 98. Froude, James A., 29, 153. Geddie, Rev. John, 145, 146. George, King, (Tonga), 204. am. Rev. T. Wyatt, 136, 174, 177. Gobat, Bishop, 216, 220. Goldsborough, Commodore, 22. Goodell, Rev. Dr., 229. Gordon, Rev. George, 145, 146. Gordon, General, 25, 33. Gordon, Sir Arthur, 71. Gore, Admiral, 22. Gowan, Colonel, 109. Gracev, Rev. Dr. J. T.,53, 110. Graves, Hon. N. F., 126, 128. Gray, Rev. J. H., 92. Gritfin, Sir Lepel, 24. Grififis, William Elliott, 2, 10, 114. Haig, Major-General, 21, 44. Haines, Sir Frederick, 106. Hamlin, Rev. Dr., 220. Hannington, Bishop, 6, 26,43,44. Happer, Rev. Dr , 63. Hare, Bishop, 162. Harnam Singh, Prinse, 88 Harney, General, 159. Harris, J. B., 162. Harvey, Captain, 201. Hastings, Warren, 83. Henry, Rev. B. C, 12. Hepbnm, Dr. J. C, 114. Herrick, Dr., 211. Herschel, Sir John, 225. Hiraiwa, Rev. Y., 123. Hole, Canon, 90, 91. Holland, Sir Henry, 205. Hornaday, W. D , 50, 51. Hubbard, Hon. R. B., 123. Hiibner, Baron, 41. Hume, Rev. Robert A., 11. Hunter, Sir William, 103, 104. Jackson, Mrs, Helen H., 159, 160. Jay, Narain, Rajah, 185. Jefferson, Thomas, 160. Jeremiassen, Dr., 67. Jessnp, Rev. Dr. Henry H , 220. Johnson, Sir A., 124. Johnson, Mr. H. H., 9. Johnston, Rev. James, 183. Jones, Admiral Gore, 130. Jones, Rev. John, 182. Judson, Rev. Dr. Adoniram, 52, 80. Judson, Mrs. Annie, 52. _ INDEX OF PERSONS. 235 Kane, Dr. Eliaha, 22, 76, 77, 78. Kerr, Dr. (Canton),65, 125. Keshub, Chunder, Sen., 106. Kiernauder, Eev. Mr., 81. Kmcaid, Eov. Dr., 53. King, Mrs. M. D., 68. Knight, Alfred T., 120. Knight, Eev. T. 121. Lausdell, Eev. Dr. Henry, 195, 196, 197. La Peroase, 183, 187. Laurie, Eev. Dr., 223. Lawes, Eev. Mr., 137, 138, 139. Lawrence, Lord John, 21, 83, 97, 106, 231. Layard, Sir Austen, 207. Lenz, Dr. Oscar, 5, 8, 25, 46. Liggins, Eev. John, 112. Li Hung Chang, 63, 68. Li, Lady, 68 Limburg-Hirum, Count, 16. Livingstone, Eev. Dr. David, 6, 25, 31, 38. Lloyd. Eev. Llewellvn, 56. Loch, Sir H. B., 138. Loftus, Lord, 21, 138. Longfellow, the Poet, 10. Lowell, James Eussell, 6. Ludlow, Eev. Dr. J. M., 230. Lyth, Mrs., 73. Lytton, Lord, 106. Macdonald, Captain, 177. McDougal, Bishop, 49, 50. Macfarlane, Eev. Mr., 136, 137. MoGrregor, William, 75. Mackenzie, Bishop, 25. Maclav, Arthur Collins, 1, 117, 118, 119. McLcod, Sir Donald, 96. Main, Dr. Duncan, 67. Maltland, Sir P., 92. Marden, Eev. Henry, 213. Mar.iden, Eev. Samuel, 149, 150. Marsh, G. P., LL.D., 22, 209. Martin, Col. W. J., 109. M.irtin, Eev. Dr. W. A. P., 63. Medhnrst, Consul W. H., 27, 58,69. Mitchell, Sir Charles, 205, 206. Milman, Hugh, 139. Moffatt, Eev. Dr. Eobert, 6, 25, 38. Morgan, Lewis H., 22. Muir, Sir William, 98. Muller, Eev. Mr., 217. Munif, Pasha, 214. Miller, Dr. Hugh, 109. Murchison, Sir Eoderick, 76. Murdoch, Kev. Dr., 88, 91. Murray, Eev. Mr., 136, 137. Na Aaktangi, 148. Nana Sahib 85. Napier and Ettriok, Lord, 21, 97. Northbrook, Earl of, 21, 95. Noyes, Hon. E. F., 228. O'NeU, Consul Henry E., 32. Ousely, Sir W., 224. Pallalaia, 203. Palm, Dr. (Japan), 115, 116. Patteson, Bishop, 6, 144, 151. Pattison, Dr. T. Harwood, 138. Perkins, Commissioner H. E., 109. Phelps, General J. W., 21, 131. Phillips, Wendell, 160. Powell, G. M., 224. Prime, Eev. Dr. Eusebius, 19. Eama, Eev. T., 109. Eam, Chundra, 85. Eandle, Eev. Horace, 69. Eeade, Winwood, 25. Kedcliffe, Lord, 27, 207. Eein,Prof. J. J., 2, 116. Ehoads; Dr. (Indian Commis- sioner), 161. Eichards, Eev. W. J., 110. Eiggs, Eev. Dr., 220. Eipon, Marquis of, 106. Eitter, Karl, 29. 150, 225. Eowley, Eev. Henry, 31f Euatara, 149. Saker, Rev. Alfred, 2. 236 INDEX OF PERSONS. Salisljury, Marquis of, 183. Sarfogee, Rajah, 230. Schmeil, Dr. Shibley, 219. Schmid, Dr. H. Ernest, 112. Schwartz, Eev. C. F., 81, 230. Scratchley, Sir Peter, 142. Schweinfurth, Dr. George, 22, 25 32. Scott-Stevenson, Mrs., 28. Seelye, Dr. Julius H., 156. Seymour, Consul Charles, 125. Selwyn, Bishop, 6, 150, 151, 182. Shackleford, General, 27. Shaftesbury, Earl of, 68, 83, 208. Shaw, Rev. G. A., 31. Sheridan, Gen. Philip, 157. Shumway, A. L., 124, 125. Sibree, James, 130. Sickles, Consul David B., 192. Skene, Consul, 212. Silliman, Professor, 224. Smith, Eev. Azariah, M. D., 214. Smith, Eev. Dr. Eli, 219, 220. Smith, Dr. George, 102. Smith, Samuel, M. P., 94. Smith, Sir Thomas, 121. Speke, Capt. E. A., 25, 31. Spry, Capt. W. J., R. N., 135, 144. Spurgeon, Eev. Charles, 160. Stack, Eev. Matthew, 79. Stanley, Henry M., 25. Steere, Bishop, 25. Stevens, Rev. Dr. Abel, 20. Stevenson, Eev. Dr. W. F., 18. Stevenson, Mrs. Scott, 28. Stewart, Col. C. E., 21, 172. Stewart, T. McCants, 37. Sterling, Bishop W. H., 202. St. Julian, Sir Charles, 71. Stock, Eugene, 21. Stoddard, "Rev. D. T., 225. StricWand, Sir E., 138. Sullivan, Admiral, 22, 202. Sunderland, Rev. Dr. Byron, 154, 155, 159. Swineford, Governor, 170. Tancred, Sir Thomas, 29, 213. Taylor, Rev. J. Hudson, 69. Taylor, General, (India), 21. Taylor, Canon Isaac, 21. Temple, Sir Richard, 11, 79, 99, 100. Tenney, Rev. Charles, 63, Terrero, Emilio, 132. Thompson, Sir Augustus Elv- ers, 96. Thomson, Dr., Archbishop of York, 16. Thompson, Rev. Dr. (Siam), 194. Thomson, Mr. Joseph, 8. Thomson, Rev. Dr. W. M., 14, 220, 221. Thurston, J. B., 76. Torrence, Dr. (Persia), 173. Trowbridge, Rev. Dr., 214. Tucker, Judge, 13. Turner, Eev. Dr. George, 184. Upshaw, General, 166. Vanderkemp, Eev. Dr., 48. VanDycke, Rev. Dr. C. V. A., 14, 219, 220. Vldal, Bishop, 35. Vinton, Rev. Dr. J. B., 53. Walker, Rev. Augustus, 213. Wallace, Alfred Russell, 22, 55. Wallace, General Lew, 21, 210, 211. Walsh, Bishop W. P., 150. Warren, Sir Charles, 32, 39. Washburu, Eev. Mr., 14. Wayland, Rev. Dr. H. L., 161. Weeks, Bishop, 35. Welsh, Herbert, 159, 161. White, Z. L., 166. Whipple, Bishop, 155, 162. Whitney, Professor, 223, 225. WUberforce, William, 81. Wilkes, Admiral, 22, 70, 196. Williams, Rev. C. M., 112. INDEX OF PERSONS. 237 Williams, Rev. John, 144, 145, 146, 184. Williams, Bishop, W., 150. Willing, Mis. J. F., 179. Wilson, Rev. C. T., 216. Wilson, Rev, Dr. (Bombay), 107. Wilson, Rev. Leighton, 31. Wilson, Sir Charles, 21. Wolff, Rev. Dr., 197. Welters, Rev. T. F., 221. Zeller, Rev. John, 221. Ziege'nhalg, Bev. Mr., 81. A GREAT CONFERENCE. National Perils and Opportunities. -THE DISCUSSIONS OF THE GENERAL CHRISTIAN CONFERENCE, HELD AT "Wasliitigton, D. C, Deo. 7-9th, 1887, UNDER THE AUSPICES AND DIRECTION OF THE EVANGELICAL ALLIANCE FOB THE tTNITED STATES. 8vo., Paper, $1.00. Cloth, $].SO. An indispensable book to all who would keep abreast of current Christian thought and endeavor. Contains addresses by Pierson, McCosh, Strong, McPherson, Haygood, MacArthur, Storrs, Harris, Schauffler, Gladden, and many other equally prominent thinkers. "AH the prominent social questions which now confront the churches were discussed, and the foremost men in the churches were present to discuss them." — Christian Union, " One of the most notable religious gatherings ever held in this country." — Christian at Work, " Marks an epoch in the religious history of the Republic." — The Churchman. " The treatment of the various subjects presented was worthy of the attention of the whole country." — New York Observer. " Nearly all the papers were of the highest order in their various departments, and the meeting cannot fail to be of great influence in promoting the co-operation of Protestant Christians." — New York Christian Advocate. Sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by THE BAKER & TAYLOR CO., Publishers, 740 & 742 BROADWAY, NEW TOSS:. A Book for all who love God and Country. The 125th Thousand of "that Wonderful Book," OUR COUNTRY: ITS POSSIBLE FUTURE AND ITS PRESEN7 CRISIS. By Rev. JOSIAH STRONG, D.D. 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