1)7 CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF A.H. Wright Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924081310470 i^> AND -^JtJTA>-T-Gi;NER*L, S. N. Y., 1.S55. Brevet Major-Gkneral, S. N, Y., I"i>r "MrrltAtrioas Services," [first and only general officer receiving such an honor (the highest) from S. N. Y., and .the only- officer thus breveued.(Major-General) in the United States.] by " Special Act," or ^'Concarrcni Revulution, New Jork State LugislatuTc, April, 1866. LAWS OF NEW YORK, Vol. 2.— 89th Session, 1866, Page 21i2. Concurrent R/'sohition Tcqueatlng tlip Oovmwr to confer upon Brigadier-General J, WATTS BE PUYSTER [de Peijit':r\ the brevet rank of Major* {General^ in the National Guard of New York. Resolved, (if tlie Senate concur,) That, it being a grateful duty to acknowledge in a suitable maTiTi()V the services of a distinguished citizen of this State, rendered to the National Guard and to the United Statos prior to and durin" the Rebellion, the Governor be and lie is hereby authorized and requested to confer upon Brigatfier-General J. WATTS DE PUYSTER [de Peyster] the brevet rank of Major-OuiiKral '\n the National Guard of New York, for meritorious services, which mark of honor shall be stated in the Coinmission conferred. State of New York, in Asaemhli/, April 9th, 1866. The foregoing resolution was duly passed. Bij order of the Aaaembly, J. B, CusiiMAN, Clork. State of New York, in Senate, April 20th, 1866. The foregoing Resolution was duly passed. By order of the Senate, Jab. Thrwilliger, Clerk. * So in original. ^^^^^^^^^^^^^ MILITARY AGENT, S. N. Y., (in Europe.) 1851-'o3. Honorary Member of tlie MtLiTAuv (Jrder of the Loyal Legion of the United States. First IIoxorary jNIemder Third (Army of the Potomac) Corps Union. Member — 10th June, 1S72, Diuucron — of tho Gettysburg Battlei-leld Memorial Association . MEMBER of the Ni;TnERLAM>isH Literary Association \_Maalachap}'lj der Nederlandsehe Lelterkimde'] at Leyden, Holland. RECIPIE>fT, 1856, of Three Silver Medals from II. R. M. O'-car, King of Sweden and Norway, &c., for a Military Biography of Leonard Torstenson, Field Marshal, Generalissimo ; of a Gold Medal, in 1852, from Washington- Hunt, Governor S. N. Y., for " Efforts to Improve the Military System of New York," ikc, &c,, and Suggestions for a Paid Firo Department, with Steam Fire Engines, &c., &c. ; of a Gold^Medal, in 1852, from the Field and Staff Officers of his Command, 9th Brig., 3d Div., N.Y.S.Troops, " In Testimony of their Esteem and Appreciation of " Efforts towards the Establiahinent of an Efficient Militia, &c.; lu 1870, of a Magnitieent Badge, Medal .and Clasp, voted at the Annual Meeting of tlie Third Corps (Army of the Potomac) Union, held at Boston, Mass., Thursday, 5th May, 1870, when "A Resolution was adopted to present a Gold Medal of the value of $500 to Gen. J. Watts dk Peyster, of New York, as a testimonial of the appreciation by the Corps of his etninent services in plauinj;; upon record the true history ot its achievements, and in defending its commanders and their men from written abuse and misrepresentation ;" — and of several other Badges, Medals, etc., for services in connection «ith the military sen'ice of the State of New York. HONORARY MEMBER of the New Jkksgy and of the Minnesota Historical Societies, and of the Phrenokosmian Sociktv of Pevxsvlvania College, Gtni/xhiir-j ^ of the Philosophtan Society, Mtssionanj Institute, Selin'a Grove', and of tho Euterpkan Society, MaUenhcrg Ciil/cout 2 mi. from their mouths. Mohawk River was boatable from Schenectady to "Fart Stan- loia;," now Rome, with several interruptions. The principal obstructions were the "Six Flats Rift," 6 mi. above Sche- nectady; "Fort Hunter Rift;" "Canghnawaga Rift," at Cantyoharie; "Ehlcs Rift," near Fort Plain; "Kneisherns Kift," near the Upper Indian Castle; and the "Little Falls," which was a complete bar to upward navigation and re- quired a portage around it. Saeondaga River is navigable for small steamers from Hadlcy to Northampton, — a distance of 20 mi. In and around New York and Long Island the bays, creeks, and inlets are nearly all navigable in high tide. laconic River is navigable to Riverhead. Byram River is navigable to Port Chester. Bronx River is navigable to West Farms, a distance of 3 mi. Harlem River can be Navigated by small craft from East River to High Bridge. 1 TIDE TABLES. The follofl^Dg table, prepared by A. D. Bache, Superintendent of the Coast Survey, shows the progress of-tho tidal wave up the Hudson. The time is that after the last preceding transit of the moon across the meridian at Sandy Hook. The plane of reference is mean low tide. Time after last preceding transit at S. H. Riseofhighest tide above planeof reference. Fall of lowest tide below " " " Pall of mean low water of spring tides below plane of reference Height of mean low water of neap tides above plane of reference Mean rise and fall of tides , " " " " " springtides " " " " " neap tides Mean duration, reckoning from Tof rise... the middle of one stand < offall... tothemiddleof the next, (ofstand 1 i ^ 5 s .1 ■2 , § 1 f 3 1 a . 1 ! 1 1 1 H. M. H. M. H.M. H. U. H. H. H. M. H. M. B. M. H. M. H. M. 7.2!) 8.14 9.24 10.10 11.5 13.0 13.60 16.41 16.64. 17.45 1 7.1 ft. 6.1 ft. 6.0 ft. 4.7 ft. 4.9 ft. 6.6 ft. 6.4 ft. 6.0 ft. 4.9 ft. 6.4 ft. 1.4 2.2 0.9 0.8 0.8 1.1 1.6 1.6 0.8 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.4 4.8 4.3 3.69 3.12 2.71 3.24 3.95 3.67 2.66 2.46 6.8 6.1 4.5 3.8 3.4 4.0 4.8 4.3 3.3 3.2 4.0 3.4 2.7 2.5 2.0 2.4 3.0 2.8 1.8 1.1 H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. H. M.- n. M. H. M. H. M. H. M. 6.10 6.0 6.5 5.25 6.28 6.41 5.40 6.18 6.1 4,26 6.15 6.25 6.18 7.12 7.10 6.44 6.54 7.02 7.23 8.4 0.21 0.28 TieU tabu for the sJu»-es of Long Island and adjacent places in New York, Time after moarCs transit andplane of reference asaiiove. Interval between time of moon's /Mean interval transit and time of higli water. tWff- between greatest and least interval. fSpring tides Rise and fiill. -j Neap tides (^Mean Flood tide.. Mean dniation. -^ Ebb tide.. (Stand.. H. H. 8.20 1.11 2.4 ft. 1.8 1.9 H. M. 6.7 6.7 0.31 B. M. 9.38 1.7 2.3 ft. 2.9 2.5 H. H. 6.1 6.21 0.37 H. M. 11.7 0.61 9.2 ft. 6.4 1Z H. M. 6.8 6.24 « H. M. 11.13 0.31 8.9 ft. 6.4 7.7 H. M. 6.66 6.30 0.14 H. M. 11.22 0.32 8.6 ft, 6.6 7.6 B. W. 5.51 6.35 0.12 11.20 0.39 9.2 ft 6.1 7.3 H. M. 5.50 6.33 0.43 Report of Ooast Survey, 1866, i>. 122, GEOLOGY. Our knowledge of the geology of the State is derived from the survey made understate authority from 1836 to 1843, and from the investigations of several eminent geologists who have examined particular localities.^ Rocks. — The geological formations of the State include the igneous or primary rocks, and all the strata lying between them and the coal measures of Penn. The classification adopted by the State geologists, embracing all the rocks above the primary, is known as the " New York system," the rocks being identical with the Silurian and Devonian system of the English geologists. The igneous or primary rocks, including granite, gneiss, and other varieties destitute of organic remains, occupy the greater part of the mountainous region in the n. e. part of the State, the Highlands upon the Hudson, and a considerable portion of the country below, including Man- hattan Island. A portion of these rocks are imperfectly stratified, and are generally found in broken and disrupted masses with the strata highly inclined. The remaining portions of the State are occupied by series of stratified rocks, generally extending e. and w. and varying in thickness from a few inches to several hundred feet. The strata overlie each other, and have a slight dip toward the s., so that a person in traveling from the n. border of the State to the Penn. line would successively pass over the exposed edges of the whole series. Toward the e. these strata all are bent, and appear to be arranged around the primitive region in the same order in which they lie elsewhere. The highest of the series of rocks found in the State forms the floor of the coal measures ; so that it is perfectly futile to search for coal within the limits of the State. The rocks are distinguished by their color, quality, and situation, and by the fossils which they contain. In many instances a stratum disappears entirely, and in others strata of several hundred feet in thickness in one place are but a few feet thick in another. In places where many strata are wanting and two rocks usually widely separated are found in contact, the geologist is obliged to depend entirely upon the fossils which they contain to determine their classification.^ 1 In 1799, Dr. Samuel K. Mitchell, under the auspices of the "Society for Promoting Agriculture, Arts, and Manufactures," published an essay upon the rocks in the State. While the Erie Oanal was in process of construction, Stephen Van Rensselaer employed Prof. Amos Eaton to prepare an account of the rocks along the canal route. This was published in 1824. Prof. Eaton's work was one of great merit ; and to him we are indebted for the first accurate knowledge ever obtained of the general system of rocks in the State. On the 15th of April, 1836, an act was passed authorizing a geological survey of the State. The State was divided into four districts, to each of which were appointed a geologist and an assistant. A zoologist, botanist, minei'alogist, and paleontologiat were appointed for the whole State. The First District included the counties of Albany, Columbia, Delaware, Dutchess, Greene, Kings, New York, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rensselaer, Richmond, Rockland, Saratoga, Schenectady, Schoharie, Suffolk, Sullivan, Ulster, Washington, and Wes^ Chester. Wm. W. Mather was appointed Principal Geologist, and Caleb Briggs, jr., Lang Cassels, and Seymour, Assistants. The Report, in 1vol. 4to, was published in ISis. The Second District, consisting of the counties of Clinton, Es- sex, Franklin, Jefferson, St. Lawrence, and Warren, was placed under the charge of Dr. Ebehezer Emmons, Principal, and Jas. Hall and E. Emmona, jr., Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842. The Third District, consisting of the counties of Broome, Cayuga, Chenango, Cortland, Eulton, Herkimer, Lewis, Madison, Montgomery, Oneida, Onondaga, Oswego, Otsego, Tioga, and the E. half of Tompkins, was placed under charge of Lardner Van Uxem, Principal, and Jas. Eights and E. S. Can, Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842. The Fourth District, consisting of the counties of Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Chemung, Erie, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Niagara, Ontario, Orleans. Seneca, Steuben, the w. half of Tompkins, Wayne, Wyoming, and Yates, was assigned to Jas. Hall, Prmcipal, and J. W. Boyd and E. N. Horsford, Assistants. The Report was published in 1 vol. in 1843. TAe MineralogicdL Department was assigned to Dr. Lewis C. Beck, Principal, and Wm. Horton and L. D, Gale, Assistants. The Report, in 1 vol., was published in 1842. Thfi ZooUgical Deipartmerd was assigned to Dr. Jas. B. De Kay, Principal, and John W. Hill, Draftsman. The Report, in 6 vols., was published in 1842-43 :— Vol. I, Mammalia, with General In- troduction by Gov. Seward ; VoL II, Ornithology; Tola. Ill and IV, Reptiles and Fishes ; Vol. V, Mollusca and Crustacea. The Botanical D&partment was assigned to Dr. John Torry The Report, in 2 vols., was published in 1843. Tlie Agrictdiural Departrtient was assigned to Dr. Ebenezer JEmmona. The iteport, in 5 vols., was published from 1846 to 1854,— Vol. I, Soils and Climate; Vol. II, Analysis and Results of Experiments ; Vole. Ill and IV, Fruits ; Vol. V, Insects. The Paleontolngical Department was assigned to T. A. Coni-ad, in 1837. He resigned in 1843, and was succeeded by Prof, Jas. Hall. The Report, to consist of 5 vols., is in process of publica- tion. Two vols, are already issued ; and the third is in press. A geological map, accompanying the Reports, is issued with this work. 2 The following is the classification of the New York system, with the position which the different strata occupy in the classi- fication of English geologists. The order of the arrangement is from below upward : — Primitive or Igneous Rocka. Taconic System. Potsdam Sandstone. Calciferous Sandstone. Chazy Limestone. Birdseye Limestone. Black River Limestone. Trenton Limestone. Utica Slate. Hudson River GroTip, Lorraine Shales. Oneida Conglomerate, Shawangunk Grit. Medina Sandstone. CUnton Group. Niagara Group, Coraline Limestone in the east. {Red ShaJes. Green Shales. Gypsum, waterlime Group. Pentamcrus Limestone. Delthyris Shaly Limestone. Upper PentameruB Limestone Oriskany Sandstone. Cauda Galli Grit. Schoharie Grit. Onondaga Limestone. Corniferous Limestone. Marcellus Shale. {Ludlowville Shales. Encrinal Limestone. MoBCOw Shales. Tully Limestone, Genesee Slate. rCoshaqua Shales. Portage Group.-j Gardeau Flag Stones. (Portage Sandstone. . Chemung Group. ; Old Red Sandstone. Conglomerate of the Coal Measures. a p t h^l s 1.^1 ' M ">i M \ & « o ^x ^ M fc 1 P GEOLOGY. 25 The Catskill Mts. are composed principally of Old Red Sandstone ; and the tops of some of the higher peaks are covered with the conglomerate of the coal measures. New Red Sandstone is found in a few localities along the Hudson, below the Highlands. Trap, a rock of volcanic origin, forms the Palisades upon the Hudson ; and trap dikes are common in the primitive region of the N. Tertiary clay, in deep strata, extends along the valleys of Lake Champlain and St. Law- rence River. Drift, including loose deposits of boulders, gravel, sand, and clay, is found in most parts of the State, in some places covering the rocks beneath to the depth of several hundred feet. The character of this drift, the peculiar forms which it has assumed, and the position which it occupies, all give evidence of some great general moving power which existed after the stratified rooks were lifted from their original beds, and ages before the present order of things was instituted. Within more recent periods, considerable changes have been wrought by the action of present streams of water and the wasting agencies of the atmosphere and frost. From these are derived marl, alluvium, and the greater part of the soils. The thickness of the rock strata is generally determined by its outcrop along the ravines of the streams, and by Artesian wells, which have been sunk to a great depth in different parts of the State.' metallic Minerals. — The principal metals in the State are iron and lead, the former only of which is found in sufficient quantity and purity to render its manufacture profitable. Iron ore is found in three distinct varieties, viz., magnetic oxide or magnetite, specular oxide or red hematite, and hydrous peroxide or limonite. Magnetic ore is widely diffused throughout the primitive region. It is usually found in beds between the rock strata, parallel to the mountain ranges ; and sometimes it is blended with the rock. The beds in many places are immense in extent, and the ore is 75 to 95 per cent, pure iron.^ Specular iron ore is found in narrow beds between the igneous and sedimentary rocks. It is principally found in St. Lawrence and Jeffer- son cos.^ A variety of this ore, known as argillaceous iron ore or clay ironstone, is associated with the lower strata of the Clinton group, extending from Herkimer to Monroe co. It is found in beds 2J feet thick and about 20 feet apart, and its general form is that of flattened grains. Limonite is found also associated with the igneous rocks and in various other localities. It is usually in the form of shot or bog ore, or yellow ocher. It is wrought to a considerable extent in Richmond, Orange, Putnam, Dutchess, Columbia, Washington, Franklin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, and Lewis cos. Bog ore is probably found, to a greater or less extent, in every oo. in the State. The iron made from it is usually tough and soft.* Lead ore is found in St. Lawrence, Ulster, Dutchess, Westchester, Orange, Columbia, Lewis, Jefferson, and Sullivan cos. ; and in several of them the mines have been worked to some extent. The Rossie Mines, of St. Lawrence, are the only ones now wrought.* Copper ore in the form of New Red Sandstone. Tertiary. biluvial or Drift. Quaternary. The Taconic system is claimed by some as corresponding to the Cambria^ system of Mr. Sedgwick, and by others to be newer formations changed by heat. 1 TABLE , Showinff the depths of Hie principal Artesian wells in the State. COCNTT. Locality. Depth. Peoduot. Albany Cayuga Columbia Delaware-... Jefferson Livingston- New York... " " ... 128 617 200 228 394 127 60 626 448 280 314 600 400 80 to 390 140 250 400 " Ferry St Montezuma Mineral water. Brine. Elk Brook Watertown York Jresh water Weak brine and gas. U S Hotel Fresh water. ByManhatt'nco. XJtica a it Onondaga. ... « Orleans Wayne (I li a i( u (( (( Brine. Oak Orchard Weak brine. Little Sodas and CaydB " " and gas. The deepest Artesian well in the U. S. is at St. Louis, Mo., and is 2199 feet deep. A well at Louisville, Ky., is 2086 feet deep ; and another at Columbus, Ohio, 1900 feet deep. 2 The principal mines which have been worked in the northern primitive region are in Warren, Essex, Clinton, St. Lawrence, and Franklin coa. So common are particles of iion in the rocks of this region that the iron sand upon the banks of the streams ia sufficiently pure to repay the labor of collecting for the forge. Magnetic ores are also abundant in Orange co., and mines have there been worked since the earliest periods. This ore has also been found among the igneous rocks of Rockland, M'estchester, Putnam, Washington, Saratoga, Hamilton, Herkimer, Jefferson, and Lewis coa. 8 The principal mines in St. Lawrence and Jefferson cos. yield this variety of ore. It is most abundant in the towns of Gouver- neur, Rossie, and Antwerp, and is there usually associated with crystaline sulphuret of iron, spathic iron, and quartz. The ar- gillaceous ore supplies the furnaces in Oneida, Oswego, and Wayne cos. It is red, and imparts a dull red color to whatever it comes in contact with. In the region of mines and furnaces the clothing of the laborers, the trees, fences, and vehicles employed, are all colored by it. It is used as a paint, under the name of " Spanish Brown." 4 Bog ore is deposited in swamps, the bottoms of which are clay, hardpan, or some other strata impervious to water. It is continually accumulating, so that it may be removed two or three times in a century. It has various shades of color, from yellow to a dark brown. In the primitive region it sometimes assumes a stalactital or botryoidal form, with a fibrous texture and a glossy black surfece. A loamy variety, when used in high furnaces, is liable to blow up. This is caused by the mass molt- ing away below, leaving a crust above, and, as the support at last gives away, the moisture contained in the mass is suddenly con- verted into steam by the intense heat, and the liquid iron below is thrown out with great force, sometimes destroying the fur- nace. 6 A vein has recently been opened in Orange co. that promises great richness. Lead ore is usually found in the form of sul- phurets, or galena. It is often associated with crystalized mine- rals of great beauty. 26 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. a sulphuret has been found in Washington, Jefferson, and St. Lawrence cos., hut not in sufficient quantities to render mining profitable. Zinc ore in the form of a sulphuret, or blende, is found, associated with lead, in St. Lawrence co. Manganese, titanium, nickel, and several other metals, have been found in small quantities, though they have never been reduced except in the labora- tories of the chemist.' aron-MetalUc Minerals. — The most valuable non-metallic minerals in the State are limestone, gypsum, waterlime, pipeclay, clay and sand suitable for common and fire brick and pottery, graphite, talc, and slate. Nearly every part of the State is well supplied with building stone ; and in most of the counties extensive quarries have been worked. Lime, waterlime, and gypsum are, also extensively quarried.* mineral Spring's are numerous, and are found in neai-ly every oo. in the State-. The most celebrated of these are the salt springs of Onondaga, the medicinal springs of Saratoga, and the thermal springs of Columbia co. Sulphur and chalybeate springs are common, and many of them have considerable notoriety for medicinal properties.' In the w. part of the State springs emitting nitrogen and carburetted hydrogen gas are numerous. In the limestone regions of the State the water is generally more or less impregnated with carbonate and sulphate of lime ; and in many places tufa is deposited in large quantities by the water. The slow dissolving of the limestone rocks has given a cavernous structure to several localities, and in others it has formed deep holes in the ground. The caves of Albany,-Schoharie, and Jefferson cos. are doubtless formed in this manner; and the peculiar sink-holes and cratean lakes of Onondaga are probably formed by the breaking of the superincumbent mass into the caverns beneath. SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. The Seat of Government was originally fixed at New York City, and remained there until the Revolution, vrith occasional adjournments of the General Assembly and Executive Department on account of prevailing sickness. Such of the public records as related to the immediate interests of the crown wore removed, by order of Gov. Tryon, in Dec. 1775, to the armed ship Dutchess of Gordon, and remained on board till Nov. 1781, when most of them were returned to the city.* In June, 1776, the other public records were removed to Kingston, and, on the approach of the enemy in Oct. 1777, they were hastily taken to Rochester, Ulster county.* They were soon afterward taken to Poughkeepsie, and in 1784 to New York. In 1797, commissioners were appointed to erect a build- ing for the records in Albany, and an order dated July 31, 1798, authorized their removal thither* and the permanent location of the seat of Government at that place. The State House was begun in 1803 and finished in 1807, at the joint expense of the city and county of Albany and the State of New York. The original cost exceeded $120,000, of which 1 In many of the original patents of the mountainous regions upon tlie Hudson, reservations were made of all the gold and silver that might he found. To this day, however, these metals have not been found ; though it is said that traces of silver have been discoveved in several places. 2 The following is a list of the most important quarries in the State:— Oypauvn is found in Cayuga, Madison, Onondaga, Wayne, Or- leans, and Genesee. Limesicne is quarried in most of the counties of the State ex- cept those along ibe Penn. line. Water-LimesUme is quarried in Erie, Jefferson, Jjewia, Madison, Montgomery, Niagara, Onondaga, and Ulster. Flagging is found in most of the southern counties, and in various other localities. The thin bedded sandstone of the Portage group furnishes the be^t varieties. Building^ stone of excellent quality is found in nearly every section of the State. Granite and gneiss are extensively quarried in New York and Westchester and in the N. E. cos. of the State. The Potsdam sandstone, Black Kiver lime- stone, the gray and Medina sandstone, and the Onondaga limestone all furnish excellent building stone. Most of the locks upon the Erie Canal are built of the last named stone. The shales of the Portage and Chemung group are separ rated into strata by hard, compact sandstone, excellent for building or flagging. Martle is found and quarried in Westchester, Putnam, Dutchess, and Orange cos. Hoofing stote is quarried in Washington, Kensselaer, Columbia, and Dutchess cos. ' The principal of these springs are those of Messena, St. Lawrence co, ; Kichfield, Otsego co. ; Avon, Livingston co. ; Sharon. Schoharie co. ; New Lebanon and Stockport, Columbia CO. ; Chittenango, Madison co. ; and Alabama, Genesee CO. * Six years' close confincmeut on shipboard damaged some of these records almost beyond remedy. The most valuable were transcribed in 1798, under the direction of commissioners appointed by law. 6 The first State Legislature, then in session, hastily adjourned and met in Jan. at Poughkeepsie. The citizens of Goshen tendered the hospitalities of their village and the use of rooms if the Legislature chose to remove thither. In March 1778 a concurrent resolution directed the Secretary of State and the clerks of counties to put their records into strong and lieht enclosures, to be ready for instant removal in caae of danmir. The Legislature held its sessioni at Poughkeepsie, Kingston or Albany, oa suited convenience, until 1784, when it removed to New York. Two sessions were afterward held at PoughkeoDsie. tim"" "* ■^"'^°^' ^'^^°" *" *"'^' removal to the latter plaw 6 Philip Schuyler, Abraham Ton Broeck, Jeremiah Van Eens- sela^r. Darnel Halo, and Teunis T. Van Vechten were appoint^ commissioners. The edifice stood on the site of the nrS Geological and Agricultural Hall, and was torn down in 1865 SEAT OF GOVERNMENT. 27 $34,200 was paid by the city and $3,000 by the county of Albany. It continued to be used for city, county, and State ofices and courts until about 1832, when the State became the exclusiYe owner and the Capitol wa^ fitted up for legislative and other public purposes. It stands at the head of State Street, 130 feet above the Hudson, and has in front a park of three acres enclosed bj an iron fence. It is substantially built of stone faced with Nyack red freestone.^ The State library is a fireproof building in the rear of the State House and connected with it by a long corridor. It is built of brick and iron aiid faced on its two fronts with brown freestone. It is already nearly filled with books, manuscripts, and maps, which the State has been collecting for many years.^ The State Hall, situated upon Eagle Street, fronting the Academy Park, was erected in 1842. It is built of cut stone, with a colonnade in front, supported by six Ionic columns, and is surmounted by a dome.» It contains the offices of the Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Auditor of Canal Department, Canal Appraisers, Canal Commissioners, State Engineer and Surveyor, Division En- gineers, Clerk of Court of Appeals, Superintendent of Public Instruction, Superintendent of Bank Department, Attorney General, and State Sealer of "Weights and Measures. Tlie State Geological and Agricultural Hall, corner of State and Lodge Sts., is the depository of the specimens collected during the geological survey, and also contains the cabinet of the State Agricultural Society.* 1 It is 90 feet broad, 50 high, and was originally 115 feet long. In 1854, 15 feet were added to the w. end. The eastern front haa an Ionic portico with four columns of Berkshire marble each 3 feet 8 inches in diameter and 33 feet high. The north and south fronts have each a pediment of 65 feet base ; and the doorways are decorated with columns and angular pediments of freestone. The entrance hall is 40 by 50 teet and 16 feet high, the ceiling of which is supported by a double row of reeded columns, and the floor is vaulted and laid with squares (rf Italian marble. Upon the north side of the hall are the oflSce of Actjutant General and the Assembly Library, and on the south side the Executive Chambers. The remainder of the first story is devoted to the Assembly Chamber with its lobbies and postofBce. This chamber is now 56 by 65 feet and 28 feet high. The Speaker's desk is on the w. side, and the desks of the clerks are upon each side and in front of it. Desks of members are arranged in semi-circles in front. Upon the e. side is a gallery supported by iron pillars. The ceiling is richly orna- mented in stucco. Over the Speaker's seat is a copy by Ames of a fiill length portrait of Stewart's Washington. In the second story, over the entrance hall, is the Senate (Camber, 40 by 50 feet and 22 feet high. The President's desk is upon the 8. side, and the desks of the Senators are arranged in a circle in front. On the n. side are the library and cloak room of the Senate, and on the s. the postoffice and room of the Sergeant at Arms. Over the President's seat is a crimson canopy, and oppo- site are the portraits of Gov. Geo. Clinton and Columbus. The latter was presented to the Senate in 1784 by Mrs. Parmer, a grand-daughter of Gov. Leisler, and had been in her family 150 years. Over the Assembly lobbies is the room of the Ckmrt of Appeals, and in the third story are the consultation rooms of this court, committee rooms of both houses, and part of the Senate Library. The courtroom of the Court of Appeals contains portraits of Chancellors Lansing, Sandford, Jones, and Walworth, Chief Justice Spencer, Abraham Van Techton, and Daniel Cady. The inner Executive Chamber has a full size portrait of Gen. La Fayette, painted when he was in the city in 1825. The roof of the State house is pyramidal, and from the center rises a circular cupola 20 feet in diameter, supporting a hemi- spherical dome upon 8 insulated Ionic columns. Upon the dome stands a wooden statue of Themis, 11 feet high, holding in her right hand a sword and in her left a balance. * The State Library was founded April 21, 1818, and for nearly forty years was kept in the upper rooms of the Capitol. Its growth was comparatively slow until 1844, when its supervision was transferred from the State officers who had been ex-officio trus- tees to the Regents of the University. Their Secretary, the late Dr. T. Romeyn £eck, was eminently fitted for the task of building up an institution of this character. The library at the time of the transfer contained about 10,000 volumes. The number has increased during the subsequent 15 years to about 53,000. The present building, erected in 1853-54, is 114 feet long by 45 broad, was built at a cost of $91,900, and opened to the public Jan. 2, 1855. The first floor is supported by stone pillars and groined arches, and the second floor and galleries by arched spans of iron filled with concrete. The roof, rafters, trusses, pillars, shelves, and principal doors are of iron, and the floors are paved with colored tile. The first story is devoted to the law department, and the second story to the general library, in- cluding a large number of costly presents from other Govern- meata, a valuable series of MSS. and parchments relating to our colonial and early State history, and an extensive collec- tion of medals and coins. The office of the Regents of the Uni- versity is in the library building. The library, formerly known aa the "ChaTiceOar^ Library," was divided in 1849, and, with additions since made, now forma two public libraries, called the " Libraries of the Court of Ap- peals," one of which is located at Syracuse and the other at Rochester. They consist chiefly of law books, and are in charge of librarians appointed by the Regents and paid by the State. There is also a small library, for reference, in the consultation room of the Court of Appeals. Each of the judges of the Su- preme Court and the Vice Chancellor of the Second District, under the late Constitution, held libraries owned by the State, which are for the use of the four judges of the Court of Appeals elected by the people of the State at large, and their successors in office. There is also a small library for the use of the At- torney General ; and means are annually provided for the in- crease of each of these collections, chiefly from the income of moneys known as the "Chancellors' Library Fund" and " In- terest Fund," which are kept invested by the Clerk of the Court of Appeals for this purpose. 3 This building is 138 by 88 feet and 65 feet high. The ceilings of the basement and of the two principal stories are groined arches, and all the rooms, excepting in the attic story, are fireproof. The basement and attic are each 19 feet, and the two principal stories each 22 feet, high. The building cost about $350,000. * In 1842 the old State Hall was converted into a geological hall, and rooms were assigned in the same buildiDg to the State Agricultural Society. The old buildingwas torn down, and the present Geological and Agricultural Hall erected in its place, in the summer of 1855. The Agricultural Rooms were dedicated Feb. 12, 1857, and the Cabinet was opened to the public Feb. 22, 1858. The present building is of brick, and is 4 stories high, besides the basement. In the rear is a spacious wing, of the same height as the main building. It contains a lecture room, the spacious geological cabinet, and the rooms of the State Geological Society. The basement is occupied by a taxidermist and a jani- tor. The building itself is subject to the order of the Commis- sioners of the Land Office. The Cabinet originated in the Geo- logical Survey, and in extent and value it ranks among the first in America. Within the past year a series of English Jbssils has been given to the State by the British Government ; and a valu- able collection of shells, embracing several thousand species, has been recently presented and arranged by Philip P. Carpenter, an English naturalist. The Museum is designed to embrace a complete representation of the geological formations of the State, with their accompanying minerals and fossils, and of its entire native flora and fauna. The birds and quadrupeds are preserved by a skilful taxidermist, with the attitudes and appearance of life; and the reptiles and fishes are principally preserved in al- cohol. Connected with this cabinet is a historical and anti- quarian department, embracing numerous aboriginal antiquities and specimens of modern Indian art, relics of battle fields, and other objects of historical interest. The whole is under the charge of a curator appointed by the Regents. The museum of the State Agricultural Society, in a separate department of the building, contains a large collection of obsolete and modern im- plements of husbandry, specimens of agricultural and mechanical products, models of fruits, samples of gi*ains and soils, drawings illustrating subjects connected with the usofiil arts; and it is designed to include an extensive collection of insects, made with especial reference to showing their influence upon the fruit and grain crops of the State. The entomological department is in charge of Dr. Asa Fitch, who has been for several years employed by the society in studying the habits of destructive insects, with the view to ascertaining the means of preventing their ravages. The whole of these collections are open to the public on every weekday except holicUiys. The meetings of the Executive Com- mittee of the State Agricultural Society, and the winter fairs, are held la their rooms in this bmlding. STATE GOVEKl^MENT. The State Government consists of the Legislative, Executive, Judicial, and Administrative Departments ; the powers and duties of the several officers being defied by the Constitution and regulated by law. LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. The State lieglslature is composed of a Senate and Assembly. The Senate consists of 32 members, chosen by single districts every two years, the whole number being chosen at once. The Lieut. Governor is ex officio President of the Senate, and has a cast- ing vote in case of a tie. The Senate appoints a President pro tew,., who presides in the absence of the Lieut. Governor, and becomes ex officio Lieut. Governor in case of a vacancy in that office. The Senate with the Judges of the Court of Appeals forms a court for the trial of impeachments, and it ratifies or rejects the nomi- nations of the Governor to a great number of offices. The Senate elects the following officers : a clerk, sergeant-at- arms, assistant sergeant-at-arms, doorkeeper and assistants, libra- rian, and such other officers as may be deemed necessary.' The Assembly consists of 128 members, elected annually by single districts. The districts are re-apportioned once in ten years, after the State census is taken. The Speaker, or Pre- siding Officer of the Assembly, is elected by the members from their number, and usually appoints all committees. All bills upon financial matters must originate in the Assembly. The Assembly elects the following officers : a Speaker, clerk, sergeant-at^arms, doorkeeper and two assistants. The Speaker appoints an assistant sergeant-at-arms, a postmaster and assist- ant, a janitor, keeper of the Assembly chamber, and several doorkeepers and pages.' 1 The B6rgeant-at-arms is also librarian. The clerk appoints his depnties and assistants, and the President appoints a janitor, superintendent of the Senate chamber, and pages. Committees are usually appointed by the Lieut. Gov. The appointments are made for two years. About half a dozen reporters are admitted to seats within the Senate chamber. Standing committees in the Senate consist of 3 members. SENATE DISTRICTS. 1. Queens, Richmond, and Suifolk Counties. ;2. 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 7th, 11th, 13th, and 19th Wards of Brooklyn. 8. 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 12th, 14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, and 18th Wards of Brooklyn, and the towns of Kings County. 4. 1st, 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and 14th Wards of New York. 5. 10th, nth, 13th, and 17th Wards of New York. 6. 9th, 15th, leth, and 18th Wards of New Vork. 7. 12th, 19th, 20th, 21st, and 22d Wards of New York. 8. Putnam, Rockland, and Westchester Counties. 9. Orange and Sullivan Counties. 10. Greene and Ulster Counties. 11. Colnm'bia and Dutchess Counties. 12. Rensselaer and Washington Counties. 13. Albany County. 14. Delaware, Schenectady, and Schoharie Counties. 15. Fulton, Hamilton, Montgomery, and Saratoga Counties. 16. Clinton, Essex, and Warren Counties. 17. Franklin and St. Lawrence Counties. 18. Jefferson and Lewis Counties. 19. Oneida County. 20. Herkimer and Otsego Counties. 21. Oswego County. 22. Onondaga County. 23. Chenango, Cortland, and Madison Counties. 24. Broome, Tioga, and Tompkins Counties. 25. Cayuga and Wayne Counties. 26. Ontario, Seneca, and Yates Counties. 27. Chemung, Schuyler, and Steuben Counties. 28. Monroe County. 28 29. Genesee, Niagara, and Orleans Counties. 30. Allegany, Livingston, and Wyoming Counties. 31. Erie County. 32. Cattaraugus and Chautauque Counties. 2 The clerk appoints his assistants and deputies, a librarian and assistant, a bank clerk, and a clerk's messenger. These officers are appointed for the session, except pages, who are changed in the middle of each session. Standing committees of the Assembly consist of 5 members, except those upon Ways and Means, the Judiciary, and Canals, each of which has 7 members. About 20 reporters are admitted and provided with seats within the bar. They usually share with members in extra appropriations for books, and in the privilege of mailing documents at the public expense. ASSEMBLY DISTRICTS. [Those Counties not enumerated in this list form but one District.] ALBANY COUNTY.— Four Disteigts. 1. 1st Ward of Albany, Bethlehem, Coeymans, New Scotland, ReuBSelaerville, and Westerlo. 2. 9th and 10th Wards of Albany, Bern, Guilderland, and Enox. 3. 2d, 3d, 4th, 6th, 6th, and 8th Wards of Albany. 4. 7th Ward of Albany and Watei-vliet. ALLEGANY COUNTY.— Two DISIEICTS. 1. Allen, Almond, Angelica, Belfast, Birdsall, Burns, Caneadea, CenterviUe, Granger, Grove, Hume, New Hudson, Eushford, and West Almond. 2. Alfred, Alma, Amity, Andover, Bolivar, Clarksville, Cuba, Friendship, Genesee, Independence, Scio, Ward, Wellsville Willing, and Wirt. ' CATTARAUGUS COUNTY.— Two DiSTMOTS. 1. Allegany, Ashford, Carrolton, Elgin, Farmersville, Franklin- ville. Freedom, Hinsdale, Humphrey, Ischua, Machias Glean, PoptviUe, and Yorkshire. ' STATE GOVERNMENT. 29 The sessions of the Legislature commence on the first Tuesday in January, and members cam only receive pay for 100 days. The business of each year begins de novo; but if an extra session is called by the Governor, bills are taken up where they were left at the last previous adjourn- ment. Bach house decides upon the qualifications of its own members; and both houses must concur in the election of U. S. Senators, Regents of the University, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. Bills, except measures of finance, may originate in either house, and must be '.!. Buctlootb, Coldspring, Connewango, Dayton, Ellicottville, East Otto, Great Valley, Leon, Little Valley, Mansfield, Napoli, New Albion, Otto, Perrysburgh, Persia, Randolph, and South Valley. CATTJGA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. BmtuB, Cato, Conquest, Ira, Mentz, Montezuma, Sennett, Sterling, Throop, Victory, and the 1st and 4tb Wards of Auburn. 2. Aurelins, Meming, Genoa, Ledyard, Locke, Moravia, Niles, Owasco, Scipio, Sempronius, Springport, Summer Hill, Venice, and the 2d and 3d Wards of Auburn. CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY— Two Districts. 1. Busti, Chautauque, Clymer, Ellery, French Creek, Harmony, Mina, Portland, Ripley, Sherman, Stockton, and Westfield. 2. Arkwright, Carroll, Charlotte, CSierry Creek, EUicott, Elling- ton, Gerry, Hanover, Kiantoue, Poland, Pomfret, Sheridan, and Villenova. CHENANGO COUNTY.— Two Disteiots. 1. Columbus, Lincklaen, New Berlin, North Norwich, Norwich, Otselic, Pbarsalia, Pitcher, Plymouth, Sherburne, and Smyraa. 2. Afton, Bainbridge, Coventry, German, Guilford, Greene, Mc- Donough, Oxford, Preston, and Smithvjlie. COLUMBLi COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Ancram, Claverack, Clermont, Copake, Gallatin, German- town, Greenport, Hudson City, Livingston, and Tagh- kanick. 2. Austerlitz, Canaan, Chatham, Ghent, Hillsdale, Kinder- hook, New Lebanon, Stockport, and Stuyvesant. DELAWARE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Colchester, Delhi, Franklin, Hamden, Hancock, Masonville, Sidney, Tompkins, and Walton. 2. Andes, Bovina, Davenport, Harpersfield, Kortright, Mere- dith, Middlcton, Roxbury, and Stamford. DUTCHESS COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Amenia, Beekman, Dover, East Fishkill, La Grange, North- east, Pawling, Pine Plains, Stanford, Union Vale, and Washington. 2. Clinton, Hyde Park, Milan, Pleasant Valley, Poughkeepsie, City of Poughkeepsie, Red Hook, and Rhinebeok. ERIE COUNTY.— Four Districts. 1. 1st, 23, 3d, 4th, 6th, and 13th Wards of Buflalo. 2. 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th, and 12th Wards of Buffalo. 3. Alden, Amherst, Chicktowaga, Clarence, Elma, Grand Island, Hamburgh, Lancaster, Marilla, Newstead, Tona^ wand£L, and WeSt Seneca. 4. Aurora, Boston, Brandt, Colden, Collins, Concord, Bast Hamburgh, Eden, Evans, Holland, North Collins, Sardinia, and Wales. HERKIMER COUNTY.- Two Districts. 1. Fairfield, Herkimer, Little Falls, Manheim, Newport, Nor- way, Ohio, Russia, Salisbury, and Wilmurt. 2. Columbia, Danube, Frankfort, German Flats, Litchfield, Schuyler, Stark, Warren, and Winfleld. JEFFERSON COUNTY.- THREE DISTRICTS. 1. Adams, BrownviUe, Ellisburgfi, Henderson, Hounsfield, Lor- raine, Rodman, and Worth. 2. Antwerp, Champion, Le Bay, Philadelphia, Rutland, Water- town, and Wilna. 3. Alexandria, Capo Vincent, Clayton, Lyme, Orleans, Pamelia, and Theresa. KINGS COUNTY.— Seven Districts. 1 Flatbush, Flatlands, Gravesend, New Lots, New Utrecht, and the 8th, 17th, and 18th Wards of Brooklyn. 2. Ist, 6th, and 12th Wards of Brooklyn. 3. 4th and 10th Wards of Brooklyn. 4. 2d, 3d, and 6th Wards of Brooklyn. 5. 9th and 11th Wards of Brooklyn. 6. 13th, 14th, and part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn. 7. 7th, 16th, 16th, and part of 19th Wards of Brooklyn. LIVINGSTON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Avon, Caledonia, Coneaus, Geneseo, Groveland, Leicester, Lima, Livonia, and York. „ j /> • „ _x a. Mount Morris, North DansvUle, Nunda, Ossian, Portage, Sparta, Springwater, and West Sparta. MADISON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Brookfield, De Buyter, Eaton, Georgetown, Hamilton, Leba-' non, Madison, and Nelson. 2. Cazenovia, Fenner, Lenox, Smithfield, Stockbridge, and Sullivan. MONROE COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. Brighton, Henrietta, Irondequoit, Mendon, Penfield, Perrin- ton, Pittsford, Rush, and Webster. 2. The City of Rochester. 3. Chili, Clarkson, Gates, Greece, Ogden, Parma, Riga, Sweden, Union, and Wheatland. NEW YORK CITY AND COUNTY.— SetenteeK DISTRICTS. 17 districts, corresponding to Aldermanic districts. NIAGARA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Lockport, Pendleton, Royalton, and Wheatfield. 2. Cambria, Hartland, Lewiston, New&ne, Niagara, Porter, Somerset, and Wilson. ONEIDA COUNTY.— Four Districts. 1. Deerfield, City of Utica, and Whitestown. 2. Augusta, Bridgewater, Kirkland, Marshall, New Hartford, Paris, Sangei^eld, Vernon, and Westmoreland. 3. Camden, Florence, Rome, Verona, and Vienna. 4. Amesville, Ava, BrownviUe, Floyd, Lee, Marcy, Remsen, Steuben, Trenton, and Western. ONONDAGA COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. Camillus, Clay, Elbridge, Lysander, Marcellus, Skaneateles, Spafford, and Van Buren. 2. Cicero, Salina, and Syracuse. 3. De Witt, Fabius, Geddes, La Fayette, Manlius, Onondaga, Otisco, Pompey, and TuUy. ONTARIO COUNTY.— Two DISTRICTS. 1. Farmington, Gorham, Hopewell, Manchester, Phelps, and Seneca. 2. Bristol, Canadice, Canandaigua, East Bloorafield, Naples, Richmond, South Bristol, Victor, and West Bloomfield. ORANGE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Blooming Grove, Chester, Cornwall, Monroe, Montgomery, Newburgh, and New Windsor. 2. Crawford, Deerpark, Goshen, Greenville, Hamptonburgh, Minisink, Mount Hope, Walkill, Warwick, and Waway- anda. OSWEGO COUNTY.— Three Diotriots. 1. City of Oswego, Hannibal, Oswego, and Scriba. 2. Constantia, Granby, Hastings, Palermo, Schroeppel, Volney, and West Monroe. 3. Albion, Amboy, Boyleston, Mexico, Orwell, Parish, Redfiei3, Richland, Sandy Creek, New Haven, and Williamstown. OTSEGO COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Cherry Valley, Decatur, Exeter, Maryland, Middlefleld, Otsego, Plainfield, Richfield, Boseboom, Springfield, West- ford, and Worcester. 2. Unadilla, Burlington, Butternuts, Edmeston, Hartwick, Laurens, Milford, Morris, New Lisbon, Otego, Oneonta, and Pittsfield. QUEENS COUNTY ^Two Districts. 1. Flushing, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. 2. Hempstead, Jamaica, and Newtown. RENSSELAER COUNTY.— Three DISTRICTS. 2. Berlin, Grafton, Hoosick, Lansingburgh, Petersburgh, Pitts- town, and Schaghticoke. 3. Brunswick, Clinton, Greenbush, Nassau, North Greenbush, Poestenkill, Sand Lake, Schodack, and Stephentown. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. Do Kalb, De Peyster, Fine, Fowler, Gouverneur, Macomb, Morristown, Oswegatchie, Pitcaim, and Rossie. 2. Canton, Colton, Edwards, Hermon, Lisbon, Madrid, Norfolk, Pierrepont, and Russell. 3. Brasher, Hopkinton, Lawrence, Louisville, Massena, Parish- ville, Potsdam, and Stockholm. SARATOGA COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Ballston, Charlton, Clifton Park, Galway, Halfmoon, Malta, Milton, Stillwater, and Waterford. 2. Corinth, Day, Edinburgh, Greenfield, Hadley, Moreau, North- umberland, Providence, Saratoga, Saratoga Springs, and Wilton. 30 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. passed by both, and receive the signature of the Governor, — or, if vetoed by him, the votes of two- thirds of both houses, — ^to become laws. The original laws of the Legislature, bearing the signa- tures of the presiding officer of each house and of the Governor and Secretary of State, are bound, and preserved in the Secretary's oiEce. All general laws are published in such newspapers in each county as may be designated by the Board of Supervisors. Besides the State Legislature, a limited power of enacting laws is possessed by the boards of supervisors in the several counties, by the common councils of cities, and by citizens generally assembled in town and school district meetings. The Board of Supervisors meets annually at the county seat, on the week following the general election, to canvass the votes for State and county officers ; it may hold special meetings at any time. It has power to appoint a clerk of the board, a county sealer of weights and measures, special commissioners for laying out roads, printers for publishing the general laws, inspectors of turn- pike and plank roads, and, in some counties, the Superintendent of the Poor, and other officers, and to fix the salaries of the county Judge and Surrogate, and of School Commissioners, (above $500, allowed by law,) and, in some counties, the salary of the District Attorney ; to establish the bounds of assembly and school commissioner districts, to fix upon town meeting days,' to make orders concerning property owned by the county, and to repair or rebuild the county buildings ; to audit and settle charges against the county, and the accounts of town officers ; to equalize assessments and levy taxes to meet county expenses, and for such special purposes as may be directed by law. It also has power to alter the bounds of towns, and to erect new towns ; to change the location of the county seat and purchase sites for the erection of new buildings ; and to examine annually the securities held by loan commis- sioners. It may pass laws for the preservation of game or fish, and for the destruction of noxious animals, and perform such other duties as may be from time to time authorized by law. STEUBEN COUNTT.— Theez Disteiotb. 1. Avoca, Bath, Bradford, Conhocton, Prattsburgh, Pulteney, TJrbana, Wayne, and Wheeler. 2. Addison, Cameron, Campbell, Caton. Corniog. Erwin, Hornby, Lindley, Rathbone, Thurston, and Woodhull. 3. Canisteo, Dansville, Fremont, Greenwood. HornellsviUe, Howard, Hartsville, Jasper, Troupsburgh, West Union, and "Wayland. SUFFOLK COUNTY.— Two DISIKIOTS. 1. £ast Hampton, Biverhead, Shelter Island, Southampton, and Soutbold. 2. Brookhaven, Huntington, Islip, and Smithtown. ULSTER COUNTT.— Three Districts. 1. Hurley, Kingston, and Saugertiea. 2. Esopus, Gardiner, Lloyd, Marbletown, Marlborough, New Paltz, Plattekill. Roaendale, and Shawangunk. 3. Denning, Hardenburgh, Olive, Rochester, Shandaken, Wa- warsing, and Woodstock. WASHINGTON COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Argyle, Cambridge, Easton, Fort Edward, Greenwich, Jack- son, Salem, and White Creek. 2. Dresden, Fort Anu, Granville, Hampton, Hartford, Hebron, Kingsbury, Putnam, and Whitehall. WAYNE COUNTY.— Two Districts. 1. Butler, Galen, Huron, Lyons, Rose, Savannah, Sodus, and Wolcott. 2. Arcadia, Macedon, Marion, Ontario, Palmyra, Walworth, and Williamson. WESTCHESTER COUNTY.— Three Districts. 1. East Chester, Morrisania, Westchester, West Farms, and Yonkers. 2. Greenburgh, Harrison, Mamaroneck, Mount Pleaaant, New Rochelle, North Castle, PeLham, Poundridge, Rye, Scars- dale, and White Plains. 3. Bedford, Cortlandt, Lewisboro, New Castle, North Salem, Ossining, Somei-a, and Yorktown. 1 TOWN MEETINGS. Town meetings are held on the same day throughout the county ; and the time may be changed once in 3 years. The town meetings must come between the 1st day of Feb. and the let of May. They are at present all held on Tuesdays, as follows :— Counties. Tuesdays upmiwhicli Town Meetings are held. Counties. Albany 2d in April. ' Herkimer.... Allegany. ... 2d in March. Jefferson Broome 2d in Feb. Kings Cattaraugus Last in Feb. Lewis Cayuga Ist after 1st Mon. in Mar. Livingston... Chautauque 3d in Feb. Madison Chemung.... 2d after 1st Mon. in Feb. Monroe Chenango... Ist in March. Montgomery Clinton 1st in March. New York... Columbia.... 1st in March. Niagara Cortland ... . 3d in Feb. 2d in Feb. Oneida Delaware.... Onondaga.... Dutchess 2d in March. Ontario Erie let in March. Essex 1st in March. Orleans Franklin 1st in Feb. Oswego Fulton 2d in Feb. Genesee 1st in March. Putnam Greene 1st in Feb Queens Hamilton ... 1st in Feb. Rensselaer... Tuesday fi upon which Tovm Meetings are held. 1st in March. 3d in Feb. Ist in April. 3d in Feb. 1st in April. Ist in March. Ist after lat Mon. in Mar. 2d in Feb. 2d in April. Ist in March. 3d in Feb. 1st after 1st Mon. in April. 1st in March. 1st in April. 1st in March. 1st in March. 1st aft«r Ist Mon. in April. 1st in April. 1st in March. Counties. Richmond ... Rockland St. Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie ... Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins ... Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Wyoming.... Yates Tuesdayn upon which Town Meetings are held. 2d in Feb. 2d in April. 2d in Feb. 1st in March. Ist in April. 3d in Feb. 2d in Feb. 2d in March. 2d in Feb. 1st in April. 1st after 1st Mon. in Mar. 1st in Feb. 1st in April. 1st in March. 1st in April. 1st in March. 1st in March. Last in Marth. Last in Feb. Last in Feb. At these meetings are elected, by ballot, a supervisor, town clerk, 4 justices, (with exceptions named on page ,) 3 assess- ors, (for 3 years, 1 annually,) a collector, 1 or 2 overseers of poor, (at the option of the town, excepting Montgomery and Kings cos. that are not included in the general law,) 1 or 3 com- missioners of highways, (if 3, one elected annually for 3 years,) not more than 5 constables and 2 inspectors of election for each election district, a third being appointed by the pre- siding officer of the town meetings from the two havinir the next highest vote. The town of Manlius elects 7 coi> stablea. Each town at its annual meeting also elects by ayes and noes, or otherwise, as many overseers of highways as there are road districts, and aa many pound masters as the elertorH may determine. STATE GOVERNMENT. 31 The Common Council in each of the cities has jurisdiction over municipal affairs -within limits fixed by law, and observes the usual formalities of legislative bodies in its proceedings. Two aldermen ai-e generally elected from each ward, who, with the mayor, constitute the Common Council ; but the organization of no two cities is in this respect exactly alike.' The enactments of the Common Council are usually termed " ordinances," and have the force of law. The council usually has the appointment of a large class of minor city officers, including the keepers of parks and public buildings, inspectors of various kinds, and in some instances the officers and members of the police and fire departments. These appointments are usually held at the pleasure of the appointing power. Town Meetings may pass laws regulating roads and bridges, the height offences, the support of the poor, the range of animals, the destruction of noxious weeds, the preservation of town pro- perty, and for such other purposes as may be directed by special acts. Every town is a corporate body, may sue and be sued, may hold and convey lands within its limits for purposes specified by law, and may appropriate moneys for public objects within the town. Scbool Districts, at regular meetings, may pass rules concerning the support of schools, employment of teachers, repairs, supplies, and similar affairs, which have the force of law. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Tiie Governor is elected once in two years.' He is commander- in-chief of the military and naval forces of the State, and possesses the sole power of granting pardons and commutations of sentence after conviction.^ He issues requisitions for the return of crimi- nals in other States, and he is authorized to offer rewards for the arrest of criminals within this State. He annually communicates to the Legislature, at the commencement of each session, a state- ment of the condition of the public departments, and such other matters as he may deem necessary. On extraordinary occasions he may convene the Senate or Legislature.* Within ten days after its passage by the Legislature, he may veto any act, by returning it to the house in which it originated, with his objections ; and such act can become a law only by the concurrence of two-thirds of both houses.' The Governor nominates, for appointment by the Senate, a large class of State and county and a few military officers,* and may fill vacancies occurring in these offices during the recess of the Senate. Some other classes of officers are appointed by the Governor alone, — ^generally for specific terms, but in some cases during pleasure. He may also fill vacancies occurring in elective offices, and 1 In New York, the Common Council consists of two branches,— the Board of Aldermen, consisting of 17 members, chosen for 2 year's ; and the Board of Councilmen, consisting of 24 members, chosen annually, 6 from each senatorial district. Each of these branches elects one of its own nuSnber president ; and the mayor possesses a veto power upon their laws analogous to that of the (ioYcrnor upon those of the State Legislature. 2 To be eligible to the office of Governor a person must be a citizen of the U. S., a resident of the State for the last 5 years previous to election, and must have attained the age of 30 years. The colonial governors of N.Y. were appointed by the crown. Under the Constitution of 1777 they were elected for 3 years and were required to be freeholders. Under the Constitution of 1822, the governor was elected for 2 years, and, in addition to the pre- sent qualifications, was required to be a native of the U. S. and a freeholder. Under the first State Constitution electors were cla^siiied, apd only those owning freehold property worth $250 and upward were allowed to vote for Senators and Governor. The aggregate of the several classes at different periods has been as follows : — ■8 o w J, . Yeaks. 1 o s If? 1 Total. ^d fe il il Ill 1 1-790 -. 19,369 23,426 14,674 138 67,606 1795 36,338 4,838 22,598 243 64 017 1801 52,058 5,264 28,622 63 86,907 1807 71,169 6,800 44,330 88 121,289 1814 87,491 6,231 59,104 20 161,848 1821 100,490 8,986 93,036 20 ■ 202,610 3 In cases of treason and impeachment the Governor can only suspend aentence until the next session of the Legislature, that body alone possessing the pardoning powerin such cases. Under the Constitution of 1777, the same restriction was applied in cases of murder. * He also possessed under the Constitution of 1777 the power to prorogue the Legislature for a period not exceeding 60 days in one year. This was once done by Gov. Tbmpkina, to defeat the passage of a bank charter, but withoxit success. 6 The first court created a council of rcTision, consisting of the Governor, Chancellor, and judges of the Supreme Court, who sat with closed doors and observed the usual formalities of legie- lative proceedings. During the continuance of this council it rejected 144 bills, several of which became laws notwithstanding. *> The following ofBcers are appointed by the Governor and Senate : 1 Superintendent of Bank Department, 1 Auditor of Canal Department, 3 Canal Appraisers, 1 Superintendent of Onondaga Salt Springs, 6 CommiBsioners of Emigration, 5 Com- missioners of Metropolitan Police, 11 Harbor Masters, 9 Wardens of the Port of N. Y., 2 Special Wardena to reside at Quarantine, 1 Harbor Master at Albany, 1 Health OfBcer at Quarantine, 1 Physician of Marine Hospital and not less than 4 assistants, 1 Resident Physician and 1 Health Commissioner for the city of New York, 1 Agent for the Onondaga Nation, 1 Attorney to Seneca Nation, directors in certain banks of which the States holds stock according to the amount held, aa many Hellgate pilots as -the Board of Wardens may recommend, 6 trustees of the Idiot Asylum, 9 trustees of State Lunatic Asyliim, 2 com- missioners in each co. for loaning moneys of the United States, as many notaries public as the law may allow or the Governor determine, and such other officers and special commissioners as are required from, time to time by law. He appoints field offioera of regiments and generals of brigades, when such regi- ments and brigades are not fully organized. Under the first constitution, almost every civil and military ofiBce was filled by the Council of Appointment, consisting of the Governor and 4 Senators, chosen annually by the Assembly. In 1821, 8,287 32 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. may remove, under limitations prescribed by statute, most State and county officers.^ He has a private secretary, with a salary of SP2000. a clerk and a doorkeeper The Lieutenant Governor is elected at the same time as the Governor, and must possess the same qualifications. He discharges the duties of Governor when a vacancy occurs in that office He is President of the Senate, having the casting vote in that body, a Commissioner of the Canal Fund and of the Land Office, a member of the Canal Board, a trustee of ^^e Idiot Asylum and of Union College, a Regent of the University, and a trustee of the Capito and S^^te Hall. ^ ^ The Secretary of State^ is keeper of the State archives ; is a Regent of the University, a Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, a trustee of the State Idiot Asylum, of Union College, of the Capitol, and of the State Hall. He has specific duties in relation to the publication and distribution of the laws ; the issuing of patents for land, of commissions, par- dons, and peddlers' licenses ; the filing of the declarations of aliens, and the articles of association of companies under gene- ral laws; issuing notices of elections, receiving and reporting statistics of pauperism and crime from sheriflfs and county clerks, and furnishing certified copies of laws and other docu- ments in his office. He administers the oath of office to members of the Assembly, and other ■ State officers. His deputy is ex officio Clerk of the Commissioners of the Land Office. Tlie Comptroller^ is the auditor of the public accounts, excepting those payable from the Canal and Bank Funds ; a Com- missioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund ; a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of the Idiot Asylum, of Union College, of the Capitol and State Hall. He has responsible duties in relation to the payment of appropriations made by the Legislature, the collection of taxes, and sale of lands sold for taxes, the management of funds, supervision of fire and life insurance companies, loaning of moneys, and other duties connected with the finances of the State. He reports annually to the Legislature the condition of the public funds, the receipts and expenses of the State, the condition of insurance companies, and upon such other matters as he may from time to time be called upon by the Legislature for information. He has a deputy, an accountant, and about a dozen clerks. Tlie Treasurer* receives all moneys paid into the treasury, and pays all warrants of the Comp- troller, Auditor of the Canal Department, Superintendent of the Bank Department, and Superintendent of Public Instruction. He is a Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College. He has a deputy, and two or three clerks. Tlie Attorney G-eneraP is the legal prosecutor and adviser in behalf of the State. He is a military and 6,663 civil officers held under this appointment, and most of them at will. From 1822 to 1846, the Governor and Senate appointed, in addition to most of those it now appoints, all judicial officers, except justices. Masters and Examiners in Chancery, Supreme Court Commissioners, inspectors for com- mercial purposes, Commissioners of Deeds, several city officers, and State Prison Inspectors. 1 Representatives in Congress and members of the State Legis- lature can lie elected only. The Governor appoints, on his own authority, Commissioners for taking acknowledgments of Deeds in other States and countries, wreck masters, and certain com- missioners directed to be appointed for special purposes. £ The Secretary of State was formerly Clerk of the Council of Appointment and of the Council of Revision, and from 1823 to 1854 was Superintendent of Schools. In colonial times he was appointed by the crown; from 1777 to 1822, by the Council of Appointment ; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Legislature. 8 This office was created in 1797, in place of tibat of Auditor General, formed by the Provincial Convention; but it was not permanently organized until 1812. The Comptroller was ap- pointed by the Council of Appointment until 1822, when the appointing power wae changed to the Legislature and the tenure of the office fixed at 3 years. 4 The office of Treasurer, under the colonial government and early years of state government, was a very important one ; and for many years after 1777, the Treasurer was appointed by spe^ cial act from year to year. About the beginning of the present century, the defaulting of a Treasurer occasioned a revision of the law creating the department ; and, from his being the prin- cipal financial officer of the government, the Treasurer became the most unimportant, and Ms powers were narrowed down ^ the payment of the drafts of other officers. For many years previous to 1822 he was appointed by the Council of Revision ; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Legislature. The accounts of the Treasuret are annually compared with those of the Comptroller, Superintendent of Bank Department, and Auditor of the Canal Department, by a commissioner appointed for the purpose ; and these officers thus become a check upon each other. The Trea- surer may be suspended for cause, by the Governor, in the recess of the liegislature, 6 This office has existed almost from the beginning of the Colonial Government. It was filled Ijy the Council of Appoint- ment from 1777 to 1822, and by the Legislature, with a term of 3 years, fttim 1822 to 1846. The Attorney General originally attended the circuits of Oyer and Terminer, as prosecutor in criminal suits, until 1796, when the State was )£vided into 3 districts, to each of which an assistant Attorney General was appointed, except in New York, where the head officer officiated personally. In 1818 each co. was made a separate district, and a District Attorney was appointed in each. The Attorney General still occasionally attends upon important criminal trials ; but his time is chiefly occupied in civil suits in which the State is a party. STATE GOVERNMENT. 33 Commissioner of the Land Office and of the Canal Fund, a member of the Canal Board and of the Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College, of the Capitol, and State Hall. He has a deputy and a clerk. Tlie State Engineer and Surveyor^ has charge of the engineering department of the canals and such land surveys as involve the interests of the State. He reports annually the statistics of these departments and of railroads. He is a Commissioner of the Land Office, a member of the Canal Board and Board of State Canvassers, and a trustee of Union College and the State Hall. He must be a practical engineer. He is assisted by a deputy and 3 clerks. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. United States Courts* — The second of the U. S. Courts comprises New York, Vermont, and Connecticut. A court is held twice a year in each State by a Justice of the Supreme Court and the District Judge of the district in which the court sits. The State of New York is divided into two Judicial Districts, in each of which is held a District Court.^ The officers of this court in each district are a District Judge, Attorney, Marshal, and Clerk. In the Southern District a term is held in each month, at New York; and in the Northern District one term is held each year at Albany, Utica, Auburn, and Buffalo, and one term annually in St. Lawrence, Clinton, or Franklin co., as the Judge may direct.' These courts have nearly concurrent original jurisdiction in all matters in which the United States is a party; and they take cognizance of offenses against the laws of the U. S. An appeal lies from the District to the Circuit Court, and thence to the Supreme Court. State Courts. — The State Courts consist of a Court for the Trial of Impeachments, the Court of Appeals, the Supreme Court and Court of Oyer and Terminer, the County Court and Court of Sessions, Justices Courts, and City Courts. Tlie Court for tlie Trial of Impeacbments consists of the Senate and the Judges of the Court of Appeals. Its judg- ments extend only to removal of officials and to disqualification for holding office.* Parties impeached are liable to all the penalties of the civil and criminal laws. This court is a court of record ; its meetings are held at Albany. county, Union. Tlie Court of Appeals,^ instituted in 1847, is composed of 8 j udges, 4 of whom are elected, (one every 2 years, ) and 4 of whom are the Judges of the Supreme Court, having the shortest term to serve. The judge elected having the shortest term to serve is Chief Judge ; and 6 judges constitute a quorum. This court has power to correct and reverse all proceedings of the Supreme Court, or of the former Supreme Court, and Court of Chancery. It holds 4 terms a year at the Capital; and every 2 years one term must be held in each Judicial District. Its clerk has an office in the State Hall, where the records of this and former State and Colonial Courts are preserved. The State Reporter prepares for the press and pub- lishes the decisions of the court, copies of which are sent to each and franked, under the Governor's hand, to each of the other States and Territories of the 1 Thia ofBce takes the place of that of " Survr.yor General," which existed nnder the colony. In the earlier years of the State Government, numerous and responsible duties were im- posed upon this officer, under acts for the sale and settlement oflands, the adjustment of disputed titles, boundaries, and In- dian claims, laying out roads, and business relating to the salt springs, reserved village plats, and other State property. These duties were discharged from 1784 to 1834 by Simeon De Witt, with great integrity and success. The Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney ■ -il, and State Engineer are elected biennially at the same ^beir election occurring on alternate years from those ■tion of the Governor and Lieut. Governor, "'dfe* District Cmtrti. — There are two Districts within ■'. Southern District embraces Columbia, Greene, Ulster, Sullivan, and the counties South. The Northern Dis- trict embraces the remainder of the State. 8 The United States has caused or ordered buildings to be erected in part for the accommodation of these courts at New York, Utica, BuflFalo, Ogdenehurgh, Canandaigua, and Platts- burgh. These edifices are of the most substantial kind, and generally iireproof. * This court has assembled but once. In 1853 it was con- vened for the trial of impeachment of John C. Mather, Canal Commissioner. He was acquitted. 6 ComtitvtUm^ Art. VI, jSec. 2. This court takes the place of the former " Gffurt for the Correction of JBrrors" and in some respects fills that of the old Supreme Court and Court of Chan- cery. 3 34 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Tlie Supreme Court. — The State is divided into 8 Judicial Districts,' in each of which, ex- cept the first, 4 justices are elected. The clerks of counties are clerks of this court. It has general jurisdiction in law and equity, and power to review the judgments of the County Courtfl and of the former Court of Common Pleas. This court has three distinct branches, — General Terms, Special Terms, and Circuits. The General Term held by three or more of the Supreme Judges, including the presiding judge, is an appellate court for the review of cases from the courts below, and for deciding solely upon questions of law. Special Terms are held by one Supreme Judge, without a jury, for the decision of equity cases ; and Circuit Courts are held by one Supreme Judge, with a jury, for the trial of issues of fact. At least four general terms of this court are held in each district every year. Every county (except Hamilton) has at least one special and two circuit courts annually. A general term of the Supreme Court is held at the Capital in January of each alternate year, for the purpose of arranging the terms of all the Circuit Courts and Courts of Oyer and Terminer, of assigning the business and duties of the justices, and revising the rules of the court. County Courts are held by the County Judge,^ assisted by two justices of the peace elected annually for the purpose. The judge performs the duty of surrogate, except in counties where the population exceeds 40,000, in which the Legislature may provide for the election of a separate officer as surrogate.' The Legislature may direct the election of local officers, not exceeding two in any county, to discharge the duties of judge and surrogate in case of inability or vacancy in that office, and to exercise such other powers as may be provided by law.* Judges and surrogates receive a salary fixed by the Supervisors, and which cannot be increased during their term of office. County Courts have jurisdiction in civil cases when the real estate, or all the defendants, or all the parties interested are within the co., and where the action of debt assumpsit or covenant claimed is not above |2,000, or in actions for injury to the person, or trespass upon property, where the damage claimed does not exceed $500 ; or in replevin suits where the value claimed is not above 11,000. These courts have equity jurisdiction for the foreclosure of mortgages, the sale of the real estate of infants, the partition of lands, admeasurement of dower, the satisfaction of judgments over 175, and the care and custody of lunatics and habitual drunkards. Surrogate's Courts are held by the County Judge or Surrogate, (in counties where the latter is elected,) and have the ordi- nary j urisdiction of Courts of Probate. Justices' Courts are held by justices of the peace, who have jurisdiction in civil suits where the sum claimed does not exceed $100 in value.* They have jurisdiction in criminal cases for im- posing fines to the amount of |50, and of inflicting imprisonment in the county jail for a term not exceeding 6 months." Tribunals of Conciliation may be established, and their powers and duties prescribed by law ; but their judgments are not obligatory unless the parties previously agree to abide by such decision.' City Courts. In each of the cities and in several of the larger villages are courts of local jurisdiction organized under special laws.' 1 New York Staie Judicial Districts under the Act of May 8, 1847:— 1. City and Onnnty of New York. 2. Duchese, Kin^a, Oranse, Putnam, Qiicenn, Richmond, Roclc- land, Suffolk, and Westcliester Counties. 3. Albany, Columbia, Greene, Rensselaer, Schoharie, Sullivan, .and Ulster Counties. 4. Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Fnlton, Hamilton, Montgomery, St. Lawrence, Saratoga, Schenectady, Warren, and Wash- ington Counties. 6. Herkimer. Jefferson, Lewis, Oneida, Onondaga, and Oswego Counties. 6. Broome, Oliemnnp:, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, Madison, Otsego, Schuyler. Tioga, and Tompkins Counties. 7. Cayuga, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Seneca, Stenben,Wayne, and Yates Counties. 8. Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chawtauque, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, - Orleans, and Wyoming Counties. 2 From 1777 to 1822 Judges were appointed by the Council of Appointment; and from 1822 to 1846, by the Governor and Senate. One in each co. was styled " First Judge ;" and a fixed number (subsequently 4) of others were called Judges. 8 Surrogates are elected in Albany, Cayuga, Chautauqne, Columbia. Dutchess, Erie, Jefferson, Kings, Monroe, New York, Oneida, Onondaga. Ontario, Orange, Otsego, Rensselaer, St. Law- rence, Saratoga, Ulster, Washington, Wyoming, and Yates cos. * Omstitutim, Art. VI, Sec. 15. Special acts have been passed fcr this purpose, as follows •.—Spfcidt Judge and Special Surro- gate in Cayuga, Chautauqne, Jefferson, and Oswego, 1849; Washington, 1855. Special Judge in Oneida, Orange, St. Law- rence, and Tioga. 1849 ; Ulster, 1860; Chenango, 1861 ; Sullivan, 1854; Essex, 1867; and Tompkins, 1858. The term for which these officers are elected is 3 years, except in Chenango, Tomp- kins, and Ulster, in which it is 4 years. 5 There are 4 justices elected iu each town except Champlain, EUisburgh, Fort Ann, Hanover. Harmony, Hector, Lenox, Niag- ara, Pomfret, and Potsdam, which have each 5. and Brook- haven, which has 8. Justices were appointed by the Council of Appointment from 1777 to 1822, and by the Supervisors and Judges from 1824 to 1827, since which they have been elected. » Bmised Statutes, Art. I, Title 4, Chap. 2, Part 3 ' Chmtitution, Art. VI, Se.c. 23. ' The principal City Courts are as follows :— In Albany.— A Mayor's Omrt, held by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or the Mayor and Recorder, jointly, or either of them smgly. It is practically held by the Recorder only ; a Omirt of Special Sessions, held by the Recorder or County Judge, with one or more Justices; a Justices' Omrt, held by 3 Justices elected for the purpose. Two Police Justices elected. In Auburn.— Justices' and Police Omrts. Three Justices of the Peace elected. In Brooklyn.-'TbB OUy Court, held by the City Judge; Po- lice Courts and Justices' Courts, toi whose convenience the city IS divided into 5 districts ; a Omrt of Si.'^cial Ses- sions, held by a Justice or Police Justice. In Buffalo.-- A Supericr Court, held by 3 .Tustices; JmHces' and Police Omrts. Eight Justices of the Peace and one Police Justice elected. STATE GOVERNMENT. 35 The officers in each county, auxiliary to the judiciary, are as follows :— Tbe District Attorney ^^ who is the official prosecutor in all criminal cases coming before the county courts, and has general duties in relation to suits in which the county has an interest. TUe Stieriff^^ who is charged with the preservation of the public peace and the execution of the orders of the courts. He has charge of the jail and prisoners, and appoints as many deputies as he may deem necessary. He can hold no other office, and is ineligible to the same office for the next 3 years after his term expires. He is required to give bonds, in default of which tlie office becomes vacant. The County Clerlt, who is made the keeper of the county records. He attends the courts and records theiT proceedings, records deeds and mortgages, files papers and documents required by law to be preserved in his office, and is the medium of communication between State and town officers. He is the clerk of the Supreme Court for his county. He appoints a deputy, who, when duly sworn, may discharge all his duties. Four Coroners, who are charged with the duty of inquiring into the cause of sudden deaths. Upon being notified, it is their duty to attend at the place where a dead body is found, summon a jury and witnesses, examine into the causes, and make a written report to the county clerk. They also have tJie sole power of issuing writs against shei*iffs. A Register, performing that part of the duties of county clerks relating to the recording of conveyances and mortgages, is elected in New York, Kings, and Westchester counties ; and each of these appoints a deputy. Commissioners of Deeds, to take acknowledgments of deeds and legal documents, are ap- pointed by the Common Councils of cities in such numbers as they may decide, except in New York, where the number is limited to 300. In towns the duties of the office are performed by justices.^ IVotaries Public are appointed by the Governor and Senate for a term of 2 years, and have authority to demand and accept payment of foreign bills of exchange, and to protest the same for nonpayment, and to exercise the customary duties of this office. Their number is limited to 400 in New York, 25 in Troy, and in other cities and towns as many as the Governor may deem proper. Criminal Courts. Courts for the trial of criminal cases consist of the Court of Oyer and Terminer connected with the circuit of the Supreme Court, the Court of Sessions connected with the County Court, City Criminal Courts, and JusticeV Courts.* Courts of Oyer and Terminer consist of a Justice of the Supreme Court associated with tiie County Judge and two Justices of the Sessions, {except in New York City,) the Supreme Judge and two of the others constituting a quorum for trials. This court has original and general jurisdiction. Courts of Sessions are held by the County Judge and two Justices of Sessions. They have jurisdiction over cases in which the imprisonment in case of conviction is less than ten years. The inferior City Courts and Justices' Courts have jurisdiction over petty criminal cases. In Hudson. — A Mayor's Cnurt, held by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or the Mayor and Recorder joiptly or singly ; a Justices' Oourt, held by 2 Justices. One Police Justice elected. In Neuj York. — The Superinr Omrty consisting of a Chief Justice and 6 Justices ; the Omrt of Common Pleas, com- posed of 3 Justices ; the MaHne Omrt, composed of 3 JuBtices; the Court nf Oyrr avd IWminer, held by a Justice of the Supreme Court; the Court of Offered Ses- sionSf held by the Recorder or City Judge; the Oourt of fecial (SfesawWM, held by the Recorder or City Judge with- out a jury ; Police Omrts, held by Special Justices in 4 separate districts; and Justices' or JJislrict Courts, held in 6 separate districts. In Oswpgo. — A Mecordcr's Covn-t, held by the Recorder, or, in his absence, by the Mayor or any two Aldermen ; a Court of Special Sessions, held by the Recorder. Two Justices elected. In PougWceepeie. — Juttices^ amd Police Courts. M Mochester.r— Justices* and Police CouHs. Three Justices of the Peace and 1 Pollee Justice elected. In -ScTienectady.r-^ustices' and Police Courts. Four Justices elected. In Syracuse. — Jusidce^ and FoUee Oourts. Three Justices of the Peace and 1 Police Justice eleeted. In Tro^/.— A Mayor's Gmirt, held by the Mayor, Recorder, and Aldermen, or the Mayor and Recorder jointly, or either «ingly. Praetically it is held by tbe Recorder; a Justices' a>Mrt,.held*y 3 J^istices elected for the purpose. In IBica.— A Secarder^s Oourt, held by the Recorder; a Court of Special Sessions, held by the Recorder and 2 Aldermen. Four JuBticaa tmd 1 Police"Ju8tice elected. 1 By. an Aci .passed April 14, 18S2, the supervisors may deter- mine whether this shall be a salaried office, and may fix the com- pensation. Tn the absence of such action, the District Attorney is paid by fees. 2 Qmstituti&n, Art. X., Sec. 1. From 1777 to 1822 sheriffs were appointed annually by the Governor and Council, and could not hold the office more than 4 successive years. They have boen elected since 1822. 8 Special commissioners for this service were Appointed in the several cos. by the Council of Appointment under the first Con- stitution, and by the Governor and Senate under the Constitu- tion of 1821. The Governor may appoint, for a term of 4 years, any number of persons not exceeding 5, in any city or co. of other States and of Canada, to take acknowledgments of instruments or conveyances to bo recorded in this State. The consuls, vice- consuls, and ministers of the U. S. in foreign countries, the mayors of London, Liverpool, and Dublin, the provost of Edin- burgh, and persons appointed by the Governor, not exceeding 3 in each of the cities of London, Liverpool, Glasgow, Paris, and Marseilles, may also perform this duty, and administer oaths or affirmations substantiating proofs to documents requiring to bo recorded or to be produced in evidence within this State. * In 1829, CO. clerks were required to report to the Secretary of State a transcript of all convictions and the sentences thereon. The intention of this act was to establish evidence iu case of the trial of the same person for a second offense, in which the punish- • ment for the same crimes is enhanced in severity. In 1837, the Secretary of State was required to report a statement of all con- Tictions reported under this act, and annually afterward to lay before the legislature a like summary. In 1839, sheriffs were also required to report the name, occupation, age, sex, and native country of every person convicted, and such other information as might indicate degree of education, the effect of home influ- ences, and such other details as might be required. Dnder the administration of E. W. Leavenworth, the statistics of crime 36 NEW YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENT. Under the head of the Administrative Department are classed the officers charged with the general administration of the affairs of canals, of State prisons, of the salt springs, of academic and common school education, and other public interests, each of which is particularly noticed elsewhere. It also includes a variety of other offices, the principal of which are as follows : — The County Treasurer is charged with the duty of receiving all moneys collected by tax, or otherwise payable into the county treasury, of paying all orders issued by the Supervisors, and of accounting to the Comptroller of the State for such moneys as are due to the State treasury. He is required to give bonds ; and in case of vacancy the office is filled by appointment of the Super- visors until the January following the next general election. Superintendents of tlie Poor have charge of the county poor and of the poorhouses, unless otherwise provided by law. The Supervisors may elect to have 1 or 3 superintendents. In several of the counties, special laws exist with regard to this office.' Commissioners of Excise are appointed by the County Judge and the two Associate Justices, except in New York, where the Chief Justice of the Superior Court, the presiding Judge of the Court of Common Pleas, and the Recorder, have the appointing power. They meet annually on the third Tuesday of May, to grant licenses for selling liquors and keeping inns under restrictions fixed by law. This office was created April 16, 1857. Twenty freeholders must unite in a peti- tion for a license ; and the same person can sign but one petition. Licenses cost |30 to $250 each. from the first reports to, and including, 1854 were published, which gave the following results : — JV«w York State Prison received from 1798 to 1827 inclusiTe, 5,879 prisoners : died,765; e8caped,25; sentence expiated, 1,262; pardoned. 3,160; removed, 348 : natives of N.H., 99; Tt., 114; Mass., 392; R.I., 110; Ct., 301; N.Y., 2,426; N.J., 314; Penn., 234; Del.,21; Md., 76 ; Va., 69 ; other States, 43 ; B.A,,87; W.I., 141; S.A.,12; Eng.,247; Ire., 666; Scot., 79; Ger.,68; Hoi., 22; Fr., 49; Spain, 6; Italy, 13; Portugal, 6; Sweden, 10; Norway, 2; other European countries, 18 ; Africa, 26; E.I., 8; unknown, 152; crimes against the person, 280 ; against property, with vio- lence, 291; without violence, 4,016; forgery, and against the cur- rency, 728. Sentence varied from 7 mo. to life, the most being as follows : 1 year, 242 ; 2 years, 269 ; 3 years, 581 ; 3 years 1 day, 278; 4 years, 604; 6 years, 764; 7 years, 820; 10 years, 294; 14 years, 230; life, 603. Convictions in Courts of Record from 1830 to 1856. ^ 1 i - §■ k IS ^ Years. Is, Hi III III 1 s ^ Years, 1 II i III 15 . ■ill o* 1830.., 237 101 502 74 141 1,059 1845,,, 471 177 467 64 620 1,689 1831.,, 243 93 464 63 94 956 1846,,. 384 138 471 38 440 1,471 1832 „ 289 79 440 60 98 966 1847... 386 132 390 24 408 1,295 1833... 362 76 462 61 163 1,113 1848... 437 120 612 33 425 1,627 1834.,, 217 99 365 53 148 869 1849... 397 160 645 44 404 1,540 1835... 287 92 426 34 237 1,076 1850... 397 199 621 36 410 1,668 1836... 316 86 379 32 150 963 1851... 409 148 476 49 401 1,482 1837... 393 124 477 62 145 1,191 1852... 412 228 480 48 434 1,602 1838... 296 112 472 42 164 1,086 1853... 483 185 673 62 553 1,846 1839... 287 115 479 61 186 1,118 1854... 432 189 691 75 835 2,122 1840... 463 120 437 49 274 1,343 1856... 397 278 686 37 644 1,842 1841,,. 458 121 460 49 427 1,516 1856.,, 432 248 573 49 212 1,614 1842... 484 176 504 63 376 1,602 1867,,, 475 360 607 64 158 1,664 1843,,, 408 244 504 78 336 1.570 1868,,, 436 332 617 90 237 1,712 1844,,, 394 172 489 60 312 1,427 Of the 1712 conTicted in 1858, 1582 were males and 130 females. The number of convictions reported by BherifFs falls short of that by clerks for the obvious reason that many who are fined pay down their penalties and never come Into the sheriff's hands. The excess reported by clerks from 1839 to 1854 varied from 172 to 1.000 annually. Males form about 94 per cent, of all con- victions reported by clerks, 93i per cent, of those reported by sheriffs, and 85 per cent, of those convicted in courts of special sessions. The results of trial compared with total indictments have varied in different years within the following limits : — Katio of convictions to indictments 593 to 689. " acquittals " 249 to 380. " disa^eement of juries " 013to.025. " convict'ns on confess'n " .182to.390. The least number of convictions reported from 1829 to 1855, in 4)roportion to population, was in 1834, when it was 1 to 2,444. The greatest number was in 1845, when it was 1 to 1,542. ilzrtioms.— The number of pardons granted from 1778 to 1854 inclusive, was 8,793 ; of which 160 were from fines, 160 from fines and imprisonment, 1,285 from jails and local prisons, 5,747 from State prison for term of years, and 559 from State prison for life. Of the whole number, 1,640 were conditioned mostly to leaving the State or TJ. S., 807 were restored to rights of citizens, 59 were respited from capital offenses. The pardoning power has been exeicised as follows: — Wm. L.Marcy...... 834 Wm. H. Seward 377 Wm. C. Bouck 279 Silas Wright 282 John Young 268 Hamilton Fish ; 97 "Washington Hunt 346 Horatio Seymour 456 Myron H.Caark 530 John A. King. 426 where there is but one in J George Clinton 308 John Jay 160 Morgan Lewis 213 Daniel D. Tompkins 1,693 John Taylor 223 De Witt Clinton 2,289 Joseph C.Yates 291 Nathaniel Pitcher 228 Martin Tan Buren 34 Enos T. Throop 416 1 The salary of these oflBcers, county, is fixed by the Supervisors ; but in those counties where there are 3 they are usually paid for the time employed. Albany has none. Chemung, Clinton, Dutchess, Essex, Frank- lin, FuUtniy Genesee, Kerkimer, Jefferson^ Montgomery, Orange, Orleans, Otsego, Putnam, Schenectady, Schuyler, Sullivan, and Ulster, have each one; and those in italic are appointed by Supervisors. In early times each tovm supported its own poor, and where persons who had not acquired residence became chargeable, they were sent from town to town back to the place where they had formerly resided. A very able report was pre- sented to the Senate by J. V. N. Yates, Secretary of State, Feb. 9, 1824, upon the subject of the "laws for the relief and settle^ ment of the poor," in which he advised the erection of one or more houses of employment in each co., in which paupers might STATB GOVERNMENT. 37 be mambuned and employed at the county charge, and that children at suitable ages should be put out to some useful trJe. An act was accordingly passed Nov. 27, 1824, authorizing the cstabliehment of county poorhousee. In mo^t of the counties such institutions were established within a few years. Thev were located upon farms, which were designed to be worked, ^ far as practicable, by the inmates. The towns in Queens and i«u8<)lk counties have mostly town poorhouses, and in these there are , no county estoblishments of this Idnd. The county of Albany supports its poor at the city almshouse. In most counties a distinction is made between town and county poor, the former including those who have gained a resi- dence ; and this distinction may be made or not, at the option of the Board of Supervisors. Temporary relief may bo extended in oases where the pauper cannot be removed, or for other causes satisfactory to the Superintendents. Towns may vote at town meetings the sum estimated to be necessary for the support of their own poor. The following tables and summaries are from the last annual Report of the Secretary of State :— Statistics of Poorhouses and of the Support of the Poor, for the year ending Dec. 1, 1858. Counties. Allegany Broome Cattaraugus . Cayuga Chautauque.. Chemung Chenangou... Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Hi Franklin Fulton Genesee. Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson. Kings Lewis Livingston.... Madison Monroe Montgomery., New York Niagara Oneida. Onondaga Ontario Orange. Orleans Oswego Putnam... Queens Rensselaer .... Richmond Rockland St. Lawrence . Saratoga Schenectady.. Schoharie Schuyler. Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington... Wayne Westchester .. Wyoming Yates 183 130 200 96 171.8 175 172 90 UMi 118 200 106 154 100 134 130 65 107 "m 118 172 134 150 120' 150 36i 212 267 107 60 170 196 144 125 47 130 200 113 110 126^ 200 100 60 100 140 200 174 193 165 111 123 $10,000 00 8,000 00 6,500 00 20,000 00 12,000 00 13,000 00 5,000 00 3,000 00 35,000 00 6,800 00 6,000 00 16,000 00 49,091 00 4,500 00 4,639 75 8,000 00 8,000 00 10,000 00 i6,6o6 "60 14,000 00 400,000 00 3,600 00 18,000 00 16,600 00 40,376 16 7,600 00 12,000 00 8,100 00 16,000 00 21,200 00 26,000 00 10,113 76 4,350 00 16.350 00 10,000 00 29,000 00 21,000 00 11,000 00 7,200 00 6,000 00 8,000 00 5,000 00 16,000 00 10,000 00 1,500 00 6,000 00 6,000 00 9,000 00 2,600 00 12,000 00 7,620 00 ^6,600 00 6,000 00 5,500 00 Total 7,208.8 $1,059,339 66 $29.484 66 $250 00 200 00 200 00 800 00 2,521 00 449 76 250 00 1,000 00 180 00 250 00 3,600 00 200 00 200 00 600 00 600 00 742 00 500 00 1,600 00 200 00 700 00 350 00 400 00 1,000 00 1,380 00 700 00 1,600 00 375 00 600 00 300 00 600 00 800 00 700 00 500 00 300 00 128 00 100 00 300 00 275 00 200 00 750 00 600 00 500 00 100 00 765 00 325 00 1,160 00 160 00 200 00 $1 02 69 1 12 S3 787 894 72 89 1 09 72 90 1 00 70 1 00 42 S^ 11,1 life 686 1 10 76 2 22 93 74 1 035 70 1 637 ■'■"si" 1 00 916 68 985 1 07 1 14 42 58 lis" 1 45 805 737 B4 94 77 " 855 1 00 1 00 83 84 72 70 49 60 1 275 1 018 801 96 $ 90.5 243 1,335 160 2,778 4,106 245 109 2,738 665 250 136 1,771 1,292 44 84 112 176 97 21 4,908 1,464 37,730 126 280 II 223 "219 2,868 1,063 3 980 8,102 2,460 2,753 1,679 865 747 556 966 1,881 384 2,931 605 403 67 144 1.635 1.175 66 360 240 99 1,280 82 2,629 1,385 1,312 170 66 103,499 6,915 223 66 117 2,817 1,733 381 3,678 206 369 113 417 49 1,191 |ll emu .sea 223 1,178 271 3,725 103 2,685 5,916 136 66 17 4,666 1.015 29.881 70 4,614 lio,'822 3,687 7,062 ;3.538 2,402 1,330 510 3,330 342 3,986 1,642 636 2,499 297 160 1,164 870 226 296 667 148 2,047 2,332 1,163 4* $5,879 68 3,727 01 2.726 44 9,393 21 6,094 65 2,850 48 3,997 33 3,076 02 12,168 15 2,960 62 3,096 93 16,965 09 36,028 73 2,695 47 1,316 79 3.701 44 3,079 68 3,178 46 400 00 7,309 10 6,440 95 146,499 66 3,564 41 4,630 62 6,954 37 18,432 62 9,680 76 351.152 10 5;322 80 13,271 67 10,159 82 6,795 93 9,288 36 3,781 97 5,126 74 4.702 40 1,388 84 22,303 15 16,172 00 9,467 82 3.099 07 6,990 24 7,460 42 7,174 72 2,471 70 3,647 87 3,913 89 4,420 89 12,008 79 3,367 03 3,040 81 3,271 16 6.721 72 1.241 76 4.051 40 8,887 78 15,98t 09 3.416 02 3.1C2 80 £■2 s 23,206 207,207 $884,119 78 $607,271 60 l$l,491,S91 28 $2,676 41 8,260 01 6,136 14 16,968 47 5,846 68 6,613 63 1.078 19 6,362 84 2.422 61 2,948 62 300 00 20,474 90 2,273 4.5 1,489 11 922 00 2,192 46 250 00 100 00 16,219 04 11,960 67 32,110 47 661 26 4,094 01 11,781 23 28,815 88 13,330 00 139,731 64 7,662 OS 31,298 (A 40,384 84 7,065 80 10,765 09 4,140 10 43,199 99 3,974 70 2,690 63 2,287 76 30,764 00 3,496 42 2,417 21 13,914 38 " 5 8 « -S 2.166 49 4,610 44 1,400 00 4,019 73 6,729 07 4,260 00 4,132 93 6,462 06 647 6.1 9,791 36 2,368 92 6391 49 8,280 36 140 98 620 22 112 69 $8,686 09 11,977 02 8,861 68 26,361 68 10.941 23 9,364 01 5,076 62 9,438 86 12,158 15 5,373 13 6,046 55 16,265 09 65,603 68 4,968 92 2,804 90 4,623 44 5,272 14 3,428 46 600 00 22,618 14 18,401 62 178,610 13 4125 67 8,724 60 18,736 00 47,248 60 2:1,010 76 490.883 64 12 876 78 44,ii70 32 on 644 66 ]:!.861 73 20,043 44 7,922 07 48,326 73 8,677 10 3,979 37 24,690 90 46,926 00 12,984 24 6,816 28 20,943 62 7,460 42 9,331 21 6,982 14 4,947 87 7,938 62 10,149 96 16,268 79 7,489 96 9,498 87 3,918 66 16,513 08 3,610 67 10,442 89 17,168 14 16,181 07 4,036 24 8,276 49 Other Stuiisties for the year ending December 1, 1858. Of the total number of inmates of the poorhouses, 38,682 were received during the year, 38,400 were discharged, 1,107 ab- sconded, 849 were bom. 2,584 died, and 646 were bound out. Amounts Paid for County Poorhouses. Superintendents, for services $27,619.87 Keepers and poorhouse officers 91,764.40 Constables and other officers 3.241.63 Supplies for County Poorhouses 649.894.91 Transportation of paupers 12,073.14 Physicians, for attendance and medicine 34.264.43 Miscellaneous expenses 66.301.50 Total expenses of County Poorhouses $884,169.78 Expenses of Temporary Relief. To Overseers of Poor, for services $57,309.11 Justices of Peace, for services 2,550.42 For relief of indigent persons 547,411.97 Total expense of temporary relief. $607,271.60 In Poor- Tffmporarihj Itoiuie. Relieved. Inmates, — Male, 6,219; Female, 7,203; Total 13,422 Foreigners 6,603 58,709 Lunatics 1,838 2,408 Idiots 437 696 Mutes 36 62 38 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Xoan Commissioners' are appointed in each county by the Governor and Senate, except in Onondaga, where they are elected. They are paid i to | of one per cent, on all moneys loaned, and are obliged to give bonds and report annually to the Comptroller. Scliool Commissioners are elected one in each Assembly District, and under certain circumstances another may be added. They are required to examine and grant certificates to teachers, visit schools, apportion the public moneys, and report to the Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Board of Supervisors in the counties have the power of arranging the several commissioner districts and of increasing the salary of the commissioners above $500. All cities, and many villages, are under special laws with regard to schools, and are more or less exempt from the jurisdiction of County School Commissioners.'' Sealers of Tf"eiglits and Measures are appointed for the State and for each county and town. The State Superintendent has an office at Albany, and he furnishes to the several counties and towns standard sets of weights and measures.' The County Sealer keeps the Standards Children under 16,— Males, 2,776; Females, 3,045. Total, 6,821. Number of children instructed, 3,219. Average 8 months in the year. Nativities of Persons relieved in 1858. United States Ireland Germany England Car ada France Scotland Total Causes of Pauperism, as far as ascertained. Intemperance direct Children of intemperate parents.. Wives with intemperate hus- bands Total intemperance Debauchery Debauchery of parents.., Idleness Vagrancy Idiocy _ Lunacy Blindness Lameness Sickness Decrepitude Old age Total from all causes reported.. 48, Males. 45,174 42,212 12,601 4,183 1,995 1,094 1,268 108,527 16.669 6,133 21,802 643 392 6,682 1,417 431 1,206 363 1,329 12,667 668 1,948 Females. 69,670 60,604 16,173 3,371 2,013 1,996 1,068 134,694 9,164 3,140 16,444 622 375 4,080 904 441 1,533 165 662 10,167 447 2,077 36,917 243,221 26,833 8,273 3,140 37,246 1,165 767 9,662 2,321 872 2,739 618 1,991 22,834 1,115 4,025 85,266 1 The first State loan -was made by an act passed April 18, 1786, creating bills of credit to the amount of $600,000, the most of which was apportioned among the counties in propor- tion to their supposed wants, and loaned by officers appointed for the pui-pose. These bills were of convenient denominations and circulated as money. They were receivable in payment of taxes, and for some purposes were legal tender. This loan vras distributed among the counties then existing, as follows : — Albany $66,000 New York.. $80,000 Suffolk $26,000 Dutchess 42,600 Orange 25,000 Ulster 31,000 Kings 11,250 Queens 28,760 Washington 7,600 Montgomery 30,000 Kichmond.. 11,260 Westchester 23,760 The sum of $79,447.63 remained due on the loan of 1786 at the beginning of 1810, and the whole was finally called in in 1830. By an act of March 14, 1792, another loan of $500,000 was made and distributed among the counties, as follows : — -Ubany $41,000 New York.. $48,260 Saratoga.... $26,000 Clinton 3,600 Ontario 3,000 Suffolk 24.000 Columbia 40,760 Orange 27,260 Tioga 6 600 Dutchess 68,000 Otsego 7,600 Ulster 40,600 Herkimer.... 7,000 Orleans 21,600 Washington 33,600 Kings 4,750 Kensselaer. 83,600 Westchester 35,260 Montgomery..23,500 Richmond.. 4,760 A third loan of $400,000 was authorized to the several counties, excepting New York, Kings, Queens, Eichmond, Suffolk, and Westchester, in proportion to the number of their electors. In case the Supervisors of these counties applied for a share a further sum of $50,000 was authorized to he issued. In 1819 the above loan was transferred to the Common School Fund. In 1860 the office of Loan Commissioner for the loans of 1792 and 1808 was abolished, and the loans remaining in their hands were transferred to the custody of the commissioners for loanine the U S. Deposit Fund. * The U. S. Deposit Fund originated as follows: An Act of Congress, passed June 23, 1836, directed the surplus in the trea- sury on the 1st day of Jan. 1837, excepting $5,000,000, to be deposited with the several States in proportion to their repre* sentation. The amount thus deposited was $37,468,869.97, of which N. Y. received $5,352,694.28. This was apportioned to the several counties according to population, aa fblldws : — Albany Allegany $147,107.48 86,681.22 49,698.81 61,504.43 121,113.45 110,447.53 42,991.07 100,337.93 51,057.58 Cattaraugus Chautauque Chemung Chenango Columbia Cortland ... 100,298.54 59,491.87 84,165.51 124,810.71 141 770 83 Erie Essex 50,961.74 Herkimer Jefferson _. Kings -. Lewis Livingston 80,110.77 18,921.82 23,867.24 103,501,02 93,668.65 39,051.06 70,174.02 66,697.62 101,994.65 69,698.02 JMontgomery..-. New York Niagara. Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Kensselaer.... Kichmond .... Kockland St. Lawrence. Saratoga Schenectady. Schoharie .... Seneca „ Steuben Suffolk Sullivan , Tioga Tompkins , Ulster Warren Washington . Wayne Westchester.. Yates $33,868.70 40,699.86 93,568.80 98,363.76 29,622.36 96,803.13 93,017.26 96,483.74 48,728.95 130,679.06 78,910.08 39,613.81 76,634.68 102,747.79 142,979.45 119,038.36 664,839.06 65,206.61 190,814.86 149,928.42 100,603.77 111,006.31 66,362.39 94,142.19 124,131.32 23,433.43 61,868.89 136,653.25 1 1n Utica and Schenectady the care of schools is intrusted *» "Commissioners of Common Schools ;" in Buffalo and Hudson the Common Councils are ei cffida Commissioners of Schools; and in Albany, Astoria, Auburn, Brooklyn, Castleton, and Southfleld, (Clifton,) College Point, East Chester, Flushing, Jamaica, Lockport, Medina, Newburgh, New York, Oswego, Port Byron, Poughkeepsie, Pulaski, Rochester, Salem, Syracuse, Iroy, Waterford, Westfarms, and Whitestovm, schools are under a Board of Education, usually elected, but in some of the cities appointed by the Common Council. In most cities a bupermtendent, who is clerk of the Board, is appointed by the Board of Education for the more immediate supervision of schools and inspection of teachers. In Buffalo the Sunerin- tendent is elected. 8 A County Standard consists of— 1. A large balance, comprising a brass beam and scales, vrtth stand and lever. 2. A small balance, with a drawer stand for tmall weights 3. A set of large brass weights, namely, 601b., 201b., 101b 61b 9iir iV « email brass weights, avoirdupois, namely, 41b., ^Ib., lib., 8oz., 4oz., 2oz., loz., ioz., ^oz. jj » t^'J'}'^^ ''M measure, graduated to feet and inches, and the first graduated to eighths of an inch, and also decimallv • with a graduation to cloth measure on the other side- in a case 6. A set of liquid measures made of copper, namely, 1 gallon, i gallon, 1 quart, 1 pint, i pint, 1 gill ; in a ckse. * ' 7. A set of dry measures of copper, namely, i bushel 1 tieck i peck, 2 quarts, 1 quart; in a case. ''' * ' ^^'^' There are also cases to contaiu the large brass weiffhts and tt.en«essary packing boxes included, etc.* ThTcosTof tie "et of1,„rZ! '^'<','!<'<"-'^.'J»<^™ i" some particulars, as consisting of but one medium sized balance, the large weights heinir of iron in place of brass; the yard measure bfing a cast metnllio Kquare rod, without decimal graduation, etc.; and '^kewlTe with out cases, in general. The cost of the set is $126. ■'"'^'^'= ^"''" STATE GOVERNMENT. 39 furnished by the State, and is required to have them compared with the State Standard once in 3 years. The Town Sealer is required to examine all weights and measures in use once a year.^ The Mayors of cities are administrative officers of State laws and executive officers of city ordinances. They are elected annually, except in Albany and New York, where they hold their offices for two yeai's. The Supervisors of towns are administrators of the general laws relating to towns. The President and Trustees of villages have charge of every thing pertaining to the welfare of their respective localities within the limits of the charter of incorporation. Trustees of School Districts are the officers recognized by law to whom is intrusted the administration of the school laws within their districts. Turnpike Inspectors are appointed in every county in which there are turnpikes, the acts of incorporation of which do not require the appointment of special inspectors. They are 3 to 5 in number, and must have no interest in any turnpike in the State. Plank Road Inspectors are appointed in every county having plank roads. Their duties are analogous to those of the inspectors of turnpikes ; and they are chiefly intended to protect the public against the collection of tolls when plank roads are unsafe or difficult to travel from laeglect or other cause. Commissioners of Hi^h^^ays have the power of directing repairs, laying out and altering roads, discontinuing old roads, and of ordering new bridges to be built and kept in repair.^ They must annually divide the towns into road districts, and assign such inhabitants to work upon them as they may deem proper ; and they must deposit an accurate description of all new roads in the Town Clerk's office for record. Overseers of Hi^hvrays^ or " Pathmasters," have charge of road districts.* 1 The statute defines the State Standard of Weights and Mea- sures to be the same as that approved bj Congress June 14. 1836, and furnished by the U. S. to the States in 1842. The set fur- nished consisted of a yard, sets of Troy and avoirdupois weights, the wine gallon and* the half bushel and their Bubdivisions. The unit of length and surface, from which all other measures of extension are derived, whether linear, superficial, or solid, 1b the yard, which is divided into 3 feet of 12 incheB each, except for cloths or other aiticlea Bold by the yard, when it may be divided into halves, eighths, and Bixteenths. The rod contains 5i- yards, and the mile 1,760 yards; the acre is 160 square rods; the chain for land siurveying is 22 yards long and subdivided into 100 links ; the Troy pound is to the avoirdupois as 5,760 tc 7,000, the one containing 12 and the other 16 ounces; lOOlbs. avoirdupois form a hundredweight, and 2 OOOlba. a ton. All ipeasurca of capacity not liquid are derived from the half bushel, the subdivisions of which are obtained by dividing repeatedly Ijy 2. Coal, ashes, marl, manure, corn in the ear, fruit, and roots, are sold by heap measure. The Standards now in use do not vary essentially from those established by the State Govermnent before standards were fur- nished by the U. S. As formerly defined, the unit of linear mea- sure was the yard, which bore the ratio of 1,000,000 to 1,086,140, to a pendulum beating seconds in a vacuum at the tempera- ture of melting ice at Columbia College. A cubic foot of water at its maximum density in vacuo was declared equal to 1000 ounces avoirdupois. The liquid gallon to contain Slbs., and the dry gallon lOlba., of distilled water at its greatest density and mean pressure at sea level. Weights of articles per biishel as fixed by Standard, ARTICLES. LBS. ARTICLES. LBS. ARTICLES. LBS. „ 62 60 53 43 43 Flaxseed Oats 55 32 60 60 Eye 56 66 44 60 Cloverseed Salt Peas Timothy Wheat Buckwheat Barley Potatoes 2 Roads extending through several towns may be laid out by commissionera appointed by the Supervisors ; and those extend- ing through several coiihtieB are usually laid out by special com- missioners appointed by law. The commi-sBionera of highwaya are required to report annually, at town meeting, their receipts and expenditures, and a statement of what improvemonta are necessary, and the cost of ohtaining them. These estimates are referred to the Board of Supervisors, and assessed as other town charges. They may eummou jurors and witnesses in opening and closing roada. Roads through improved lands must be cer- tified as necessary by the oath of twelve respectable freeholders ; and a like certificate to the contrary is required in closing roads. [ Every owner may obtain a road to his land. New roads cannot he laid through orchards or gardens of more than four years' growth or use, or through buildings or yards, and enclosures of mills and factories, without the owner's consent. The law requires the commissioners of highways to erect mileboards along the line, and guideboards at the crossing nf nost and such other important roads as they may deem proper; and the de&cing of these is punishable as a misde- meanor. Every owner or occupant of lands in any town, and every male inhabitant above the age of 21, must be assessed for highway labor. The whole number of days' labor annually ex- pended in the town must bo at least three times the number of taxable inhabitants ; and every male inhabitant over 21, except ministers, paupers, idiots, and lunatics, must be assessed at least one day. The residue is assessed upon the property of in- dividuals and corporations. Labor may be commuted at the rate of 62^ cts. per day ; and the moneys so paid must be ex- pended in the district. 8 Overseers of Highways are required by law to warn out to work all persons assessed for highway labor in their respective districts ; keep their roads in order; auperintend work; receive and apply commutation moneys ; cause the noxious weeds upon the wayside to be cut down or destroyed once before July and once before Sept. of each year; remove obstructions ; and collect all fines, whether for neglect of work, idleness, or putting up of gates contrary to law. They may require additional labor, to the amount of one-third of the first tax. All roads must be fenced by the owners of adjacent lands, unless liahle to be over- flowed by streams, when the overseers of highways must erect, and keep in repair, good swinging gates at the expense of tlie lands benefitted ; and persons leaving such gates open are liable to triple damages. All rivers where the tide ebbs and flows are public highways, without special law. Many other streams have been so declared by acts, and obstructions in such streams and in highways are punished by fine, notwithstanding a plea of title. Such obstructions may be abated aa imisances ; and the persons causing them are liable to actions for damage. Persons owning lands upon roads 3 rods wide, or more, may plant trees on the roadside adjacent to their line, and may prosecute for damages to such trees. They may also construct a sidewalk, with a railing. Trees falling into the road from enclosed lands must be removed by the occupant within 2 days, after notice by any person, under a fine of 50 cts. a day. Assessors and com- missioners of highways are ex officio fence viewers in their sev- eral towns. In ease of fires in the woods of any town, it is the duty of the supervisor, justices, and commissioners of highways to order such and so many inhabitants, liable to work upon the roads, as may be deemed necessary, and reside near, to assist iu checking the fires, under penalty of $50, and liability to prose- cution for misdemeanor, and further fine not over $100 or im- prisonment not more than 60 days. Persons aggrieved at the decision of commissioners may ap- peal to referees appointed by the county judge or justices of sessions. Kings, Queens, and Suffolk cos. havp from an early colonial period had a road law peculiar to themselves. It diflfers by fixing the number of days at twice the number of persons assessed, in granting private roads for limited periods, in allow- ing roads through gardens and orchards of less than ten years' use or growth, by allowing appeals to the county judge, and in a few other minor details. Richmond co. has also a special law, which requires asBessments in money only, to be collected wth the geiieral tax, and the repairs of roads to be let out at public auction by districts from year to year and to the lowest bidder There are many other special laws, chiefiy applicable to cities and villages, but too numerous to mention here. 40 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. SUMMARY OF THE SEVERAL STATE, COUNTY, AND TOWN OFFICERS. United Statea Senators Representatives in Congress.... STATE OFFICERS. Legislative — State Senators.! Members of Assembly Executive — Governor Lieutenant Governor. Secretary of State Comptroller Treasurer Attorney General State Engineer and Surveyor... JUDICIAl — Judges of the Court of Appeals'* Justices of the Supreme Court Clerk of the Court of Appeals.. State Reporter ADarmiSTRATivB— rSupt. of Public Instruction... 1 Regents of the University* ... Supt. of Banking Department. Inspectors of State Prisons Canal CommiBsioners Auditor of Canal Department.. Canal Appraisers Supt. of Weights and Measures COUNTY OFFICERS. County Judge ....■ Surrogate (in certain counties) Special Judges and Surrogates" Justices of Sessions District Attorney Sheriff Coroners Treasurer County Clerk ..... CommissionerB for loaning moneys of the U. S School Commissioners'^ Superintendents of the Poor.... Commissioners of Excise- County Sealer of Weights and Measures Notaries Public < Total Ifo. in State. Turnpike Tnapectorse.... Plank Road Inspectors . TOWN OFFICERS. Supervisor Town Clerk Inspectors of Election/ Justices of the Peace ConstablesA Assessors' Collector Overseers of the Poor? Commissioners of Highways... Overseers of Highways -I Pound Masters Town Sealer of Weights and Measures SCHOOL DIST. OFFICERS. Trustees* District Clerk Collector Librarian 32 128 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 33 1 1 19 1 3 3 1 3 JVo. in each Co. 1 1 1 2 1 1 4 1 1 lor 3 3 Fixed by Gov. 3 3 No. in ea. toion. 1 1 3 to 18 4ff lto5 8 1 lor 2 lor 3 1 to each road dis. Indef. No. in each difit. lor 3 1 1 1 Tears in Office. Indef. l2 Cormnence- ment of term of Office. March 4. January 1. Date of appt. January 1. Date of appt. January 1. lat Tues.Aug January 1. Date of Appt. January 1. Date of Appt. Bow filled. Legislature. Election. Vacanciefs how filled. Governor. Special election. Lieut. Gov. Pre8.p.«. of Sen. Governor. f Gov., Lt. Gov., \ & Atty. Gen. Legislature. Gov. & Senate. Election. Gov. & Senate. /Got., Lt.Gov., j_& Sec. of State. 2d Tuea. Oct. Gov. & Senate. Election. f Judges and 1 \ Just, of Sess. J Supervisors. Gov. & Senate. Supervisors. See note J. Election. Superv. & j. p. Election. Gov., Lt.Gov.,\ & Atty. Gen. J Governor. Legislature. Governor. Gov., Lt. Gov., & Sec. of State. Compensation. Supervisors Governor. County Judge. Supervisors. Judge & Justices Supervisors. Governor. Supervisors. Sped, town meet. f Superv. town \ \ clerk, & jus. J Governor. Specl. town meet. Superv. & 2 jus. Specl. town meet. Com. highways. Justices. Superv. &. j. p. Supervisor. Trustees. $3,000 and mileage. J per day and mileage. 14,000 and house rent. £6 per day and mileage, $2,500. $2,000. $2,600. $2,500 before 1857 ; $3,500 since. Ditto. $2,000. $2,500. None. $5,000. $1,600. $2,000. $2,500. $2,000. $500. Sal. fixed by Supervisore. Per diem. Fees or salary. Fees. Per diem. Percentage. Fees. Percentage. Not less than $500. Per diem or s^dary. Per diem. Per diem. Fees and per diem. Per diem. Per diem. Percentage. Per diem. Fees. Fees. None. o 4 elected for 8 yrs., and 4 senior Justices of Supreme Court. * 4 others are ex officio Regents. « Regulated by special acts. ■i One in each Assembly district. « In certain counties. / 2 inspectors are elected and 1 appointed from the next high- est ticket, to each election dist. by tbe chairman of town meet- ings. In cities there is 1 such dist. if under 600 inhabitants ; 2 if from 500 to 800 ; and there may be more if above 800. In towns of over 500, the supervisor, assessors, and clerk meet annually to designate or change these distracts. If vacancies of supervisors, assessors, commissioners of high'w'ayB, or overseers of the poor are not filled within 15 days, the justices may ap- point; and, if from any cause there be less than 3, they may asso- ciate justices of neighboring towns in making appointments. ff Towns in Sullivan co. may have 1 or 3 ; and if 1, he is chosen annually. . Oyster Bay, Oswegatchie, and Watervliet have 5, and Southold 6. A Towns may decide upon the number. Manlins has 7. » In Seneca co. 1 in each town. j' See exceptions on p. — . * Annual school meetings determine whether to elect 1 or 3. Among the oflBcers of local jurisdiction, not included in the foregoing lists, are harbor masters, wardens, health officers, and others connected with sanitary supervision, pilots, wreck mas- cers, superintendent of Onondaga salt springs, and officers charged with duties relating to Indian affairs. PRISONS. For a great number of offenses criminals are sentenced to be confined at labor for different periods of time, and the State hag provided prisons at several places for the security of these offenders against law.^ The principal of these are the three State Prisons, an Asylum for Insane Convicts, two Houses of Refuge, and several penitentiaries and jails. The Auburn State Prison is located upon a lot of — acres near the center of the city of Auburn. It consists of the prison proper, containing — cells and a large number of workshops, all surrounded by a high and strong wall. Tlie Sln^ Sing" State Prison is located upon a lot of 130 acres upon the Hudson, in the village of Sing Sing. It contains a prison for males and another for females, the latter the only one in the State. It has an aggregate of 1,000 cells and a great variety of workshops.^ The Clinton State Prison is situated upon a lot of 250 acres in the town of Dannemora. About 25 acres are enclosed within the walls of the prison. It contains workshops, forges, and farnaces, and has an aggregate of 396 cells.^ The general supervision of the State Prisons is intrusted to a Board of 3 Inspectors, one of whom is elected each year for a term of three years.* They appoint all the officers of the several prisons and renew them at pleasure.^ The discipline of the several prisons is rigid and uniform, and all convicts are treated alike, irrespective of their former standing in society or of the crimes of which they are convicted. The rules for the general conduct of prisoners are rigidly enforced. In the administration of discipline a leading object is to secure the reform of the criminal and his return to society with regular and industrious habits and correct moral principles.^ All convicts in health are required to labor in shops by day, under rigid supervision, and without exchanging words or looks with each other or with those who may visit the prison. They observe strict silence upon all occasions when not addressed by some person allowed the privilege. In passing to and from the cells, shops, and dining rooms, they march in close single columns, with their 1 By an act of March 26, 1796, John Watts, Matthew Clarkson, Isaac Sloatenburgh, Thomas Eddy, aod John Murray, jr. were appointed commissioners to build a State prison in New York City. This prison, styled "jyewgate" was located on a lot of 9 acres on the Hudson, at the foot of Amos St. with its principal front on Greenwich St. It was 204 feet long, and from each end a wing extended to the river. It had 54 rooms, each for 8 persons, and cost $208,846. It was opened Nov. 25, 1797, and continaed in use until May, 1828, when it was sold. Convicts were employed in shoe and nail making and other work in leather and iron, and as carpenters, tailors, weavers, spinners, and gardeners. A second prison was ordered, in 1796, to be built at Albany, but the act was repealed in 1797. The limited accommodations and wretched moral influences of the New York prison led to the ordering of another prison, in 1816, which was located at Auburn. The south wing waa complied in 1818, and in 1819 the north wing was ordered to be fitted up with single cells. The prison was enlarged in 1824. 2 An act passed March 7, 1824, ordered a prison to be erected at Sing Sing. Work was begun May 14, 1825, and the prison was finished in 1829, with 800 cells, to which 200 were added in 1830. It waa finally completed in 1831. The grounds here occupy 130 acres, and include marble quarries, upon which it was designed to employ the convicts. The State Hall at Albany is built of magnesian marble or dolomite quarried and dressed at this prison. The prison for females is built of rough marble in the Ionic style of architecture. It stands on elevated ground and is entirely distinct from the male prison in its ofiices and management. Previous to its erection, in 1835-40, female con- victs were kept by the city of New York at their prison at Bellevue, at an annual cost to the State of £100 each. 3 Clinton Prison was buUt. in 1844-45, under the direction of Ransom Cook, with the design of employing convicts in iron mining and manu^ture. * These Inspectors must visit all the State prisons four times a year, in company, inspect their management, discipline, and financial affairs, keep minutes of their proceedings, and report annually to the Legislature. They establish rules for the ob- servance of the oflScers of the prisons, and may examine witnesses. One prison is assigned to each Inspector for three months, and he is required to spend at least one week in each month at the prison in special charge, and to inform himself minutely concerning its details. The Inspectors are successively charged to other prisons. Inspectors can make no appoint- ments of relations within the 3d degree, and they can have no interest in contracts. Their salary is $1600.— CkmstittUion, Art V, Sec. 4. 6 The olBcers of each prison consist of the followmg: — 1. An Agent, or Warden, who is the principal fiscal officer of the prison. He receives a salary of $1,250 to $1,500, and is re- quired to give a bond of $25,000. 2. A Principal Keeper, who has charge of police regulations and discipline of the prison, and must live upon the premises. He keeps a journal of every infraction of rules, records, punish- ments, complaints, &c., and reports monthly to the Inspectors. Salary, $ — — . 3. Keepers under the direction of the Principal are appointed, not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. Salary, $ — — . 4. A Clerk, who records all commitments and discharges, keeps the accounts, and reports annually to the Se^fetary of State. Sajary, $1,000 at Sing Sing and $900 at the other prisons. 5. TJie CJwplain visits prisoners in their cells, devotes a stated time each Sabbath to religious services, keeps the prison library, and allows the use of books, under proper regulations, and is expected to counsel and assist convicts in the formation of settled resolutions for reform upon leaving the prison. Through him they may obtain whatever is allowed of correspondence with friends. Salary, $900. 6. A Physician and Surgeon, who has charge of the Hospital and attends at all times when his services are required. Salary, $700 at Sing Sing and $600 at the other prisons. 7. Instructors, of which there are 2 each at Auburn and Sing Sing, 1 at Clinton, and 1 at the Female Prison, who give all ne- cessary instruction to the prisoners in their several occupations. 8. A Store Keeper, who has general charge of the provisions and clothing and other property belonging to the prison. 9. A Guard, under the command of a sergeant, who are stationed in the prison and upon the walls to prevent escapes. The ninnber of privates is 20 at Auburn, 25 at Clinton, and 30 at Sing Sing. They are armed and equipped from the State arsenals, and are held legally justified if they shoot down prisoners attempting to escape. 10. ^ Jfairon, who has charge of the Female Prison. Assistant matrons are appointed, not to exceed 1 for every 25 prisoners. 6 Solitary confinement without labor was tried at Auburn in 1821, but with the most unhappy results, and in 1823 the present system was adopted upon the suggestion of Capt. Elam Lynds and John D. Cray. Capt. Lynds deserves particular notice from the energy and firmness with which he brought his favorite system into successful operation and to a degree of perfection scarcely conceivable to one who had not witnessed it. This plan has been adopted in many prisons and has received the name of the " Auburn System." The labor not required in the domestic affairs of these prisons is hired upon contract to manufacturers, who put up the requisite machinery and employ agents and foremen to superintend the work. Williul violation of the rules is punished by the lash, ball and chain, yoke, strait Jacket, shower bath, dork cell, and similar means. 41 42 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. faces turnea to the side on which their keeper walks. Their shops have narrow openings in the walls, through which they may be seen without the possibility of knowing it. They are con- fined at night in solitary cells ; and guards with woolen socks tread silently around their cells at all hours of the night. The fare is abundant, but coarse ; and all convicts are required to wear a costume peculiar to the prison.' An Asylum for Insane Convicts is located at Auburn, in the rear of the prison. It is under the general charge of a medical superintendent.'' Tlie Wew York. House of Refuge, situated upon Randalls Island, near New York City, is an establishment for the reformation of juvenile offenders. It is partly a State and partly a city institution.' The Western House of Refug'e, located upon a farm of 42^ acres in Roche.ster, is another juvenile establishment of a similar kind. It is entirely under State patronage. These institutions are under rigid discipline ; and the inmates receive instruction in the elementary branches of education during certain hours of the day, and are required to labor during certain other hours. The New York institution was established in 182 i, and receives both sexes. The Rochester institution was started in 1849, and receives boys only.* The Prison Association of IVew Yorli was formed Dec. 6, 1844, and incorporated May 9, 1846. It has for its objects the amelioration of the condition of prisoners, whether detained for trial or finally convicted, or as witnesses ; the improvement of prison discipline and of the govern- ment of prisons, whether for cities, counties, or States ; and the support and encouragement of reformed convicts after their discharge, by affording them the means of obtaining an honest liveli- hood and sustaining them in their efforts at reform." The association is supported entirely by private contribution. The members pay $10 annually. The payment of $25 constitutes a member .PATISTICS OP STATE PRISONS. 1 OOSTICTS. EXPENSED, INCLDDINQ IMPROVEMENTS. J SingSiTig. 1 i j "^ 1 J 1 -^ 1 j ^^ i .S 1843 497 664 80 146 1,387 $53,456.71 $61,652.77 $5,649.46 $110,668.94 $66,960.41 $97,221.41 $39,900.98 $204,082.80 1849 612 637 76 167 1,382 63,021.64 63,052.83 13,210.97 139,286.34 66,777.99 81,850.28 60,126.47 188,764.74 1850 661 661 84 119 1,525 68,737.31 71,178.99 18,461.95 168,368.25 71,164.07 96,828.64 37,698.97 204,686.68 1861 752 723 V3 114 1,662 73,494.91 88,385.27 17.664.10 179,544.28 88,646.26 79,606.82 37,958.13 206,011.20 1852 759 788 81 126 1,763 64,986.29 99,380.12 29,736.20 194,102.61 86,291.73 86,414.42 39.826.20 211,631.35 1863 753 866 96 186 1,900 81,160.24 99,082.89 37,207.77 217,440.90 80,516.37 120,818.73 49,483.14 260,818.24 1854 747 933 110 199 1.989 81,994.74 96,345.34 41,674.04 219,014.12 72,417.82 136,142.24 61,088.76 269,648.81 1855 730 915 111 219 2,005 74.948.63 90,904.71 32,372.19 198,226.43 67,783.16 116,774.37 48,83242 233,339.94 1856 686 862 101 364 1,963 72,763.48 86,440.89 38,100.76 197,306.13 69,916.46 100,623.39 66,032.74 226,471.57 1857 678 976 84 2V8 2,016 69,954.08 94,946.97 26,882.58 191,783.63 74,180.35 109,686.53 47,947.29 231,714.17 UtiQ surplus expenses of the State prisons are paid from the Introduction to Natural History 2 Until 1859, persona cbArged with crime and proved insane were sent to the State Lunatic Asylum at Utica. An act for the erection of the present asylum was passed April 13, 1855, and the building was completed in 1858. 8 The New York Asylum is conducted by a close corporation, consisting of 30 managers, who serve without pay and report annu- ally to the Common Council of New York and to the State Legis- lature. It is supported by the labor of its inmates, an annual appropriation from the Mlivrine Hospital fund, theater and circus licenses, school moneys from the Board of Education, and grants from the City and State of New York. It can accommodate 1,000 inmates. In 1858 there were received 378; of which num- ber 304 were boys and 74 were girls. The former are engaged in making shoes, chair-seats, wire cloth, weaving, &c. ; and the latter in needlework. Each day 7 hours are devoted to labor, A^ to school, IJ to meals, 9i to sleep, and IJ to recreation. * Statistics of Homes of Refuge fm- 1857. N&w York. Rochester. *S5 31 $9,119 $13,414 75 16 mo. 59 3 97 4 13t $330,441 $42,006 $96 22 $8,3«5 $12,000 75 13i $110,000 30,000 general fund. For a fuller account of those iustitutions, see of New York, Vol. I, pp. 181-188. The Western House of Refuge is supported by the labor of its_ inmates, the product of its form, and an annual State appro- priation. Its managers ai-e appointed for a term of 3 years by the QoTernor and Senate, and are so claasifled that 6 are ap- pointed annually. Its rules require half an hour more at laber and an hour less at school than is required at the New York Asylum; and 10 hours are allowed for sleep. In 1869, 608 boys were received at this institution. Of these, 128 were employed in making chains, 171 in making shoes, 37 in mailing brushes, 7 upon the farm, 20 in the sewing rooms, and 23 as domestics. Ji The condition of prisoners has from a remote period enlisted the sympathies of the benevolent and led to associated efforts for their relief. A society was formed in New York, soon after the Revolution, for the relief of imprisoned debtors. "The Philadelphia Society for alleviating the miseries of Public Prisons" was formed over 80 years since by the Friends ; and the Prison Discipline Society of Boston is nearly 20 years older than that of similar objects in Now York. The Prison Association of ftT * ''"^ ™°° February, 1865, issued a bulletin called the Monthly Record." The female department for some years maintained a Home for the temporary residence of discharged temale prisoners until other means of support could be found. 1 his association has for several years appointed committees for visiting county jails; and the facts reported show abundant reason for continuing efforts for reform in their management. Ihe aid furnished by this association to discharged convicts annng the last three years reported has been as follows; — Number. of discharged persons aided with 1864. 1865. 1856. money 230 439 282 Number supplied with clothing isj 147 ^38 Number provided with situations .' 62 165 112 Total.. 413 741 632 MILITARY. 43 for life ; of $100; an honorary member of the Executive Committee for life, and $500 a life patron. A department, consieting of ladies, has in charge the interesta of prisoners of their sex. The managers of the association receive no pay for their services. They usually report to the Legisla- ture annually; but no reports were made in 1856 and 1858. Office. 15 Center Street, New York. MILITARY. The Governor is Commander-in-Chief of the land and naval forces of the State. In time of peace the supervision of the militia and military establishments are intrusted to the Adjutant General, who has an office of record at the capital, issues, under his seal, all military commissions, keeps a register of the names and residences of the officers of militia throughout the State, issues all general orders of the Commander-in-Chief, prescribes the manner of reporting from the several subordinate divisions, and reports the statistics thus obtained — through the Governor — to the Legislature annually.^ He has the rank of brigadier general ; and his assistant has the rank of colonel. The militia of the State are organized in 8 divisions, 26 brigades, and 62 regiments, embracing 220 companies of infantry, 126 of artillery, 41 of cavalry, 37 of rifles, and a total of 18,107 officers and privates.' All able-bodied white male citizens between the ages of 18 and 45, not exempt by law, are 1 OFFICERS OF THE NEW YORK STATE MILITIA. I Major Generals I Brigadier OeneralB.. £ < p^ t. rt ■< Pm o S P ^ > fa §13 B pa ^ e M H A S 5 5 pi a K M -* "ft Adjutant General , Assistant A(]jutant General Division Inspectors ^Colonels),., Brigade Inspectors (Majors) Ac^utants (Lieutenants) Inspector General.^ 0>.3imissary General.. Assistant CommiBsary General.. Engineer-in-Chief JHvision Engineers (Colonels) Brigade Engineers (Majors). Regimental Engineers (Captains).. Judge Advocate General Division Judge Advocates (Colonels).-.. Brigade Judge Advocates (Majors) Surgeon General Hospital Surgeons (Colonels) Surgeons (Captains) Surgeon's Mates (Lieutenants).., Quartermaster General I Division Quartermasters (Lieut. Cols.) Bri<3:ade Quartermasters (Captains) Regimental Quartermasters (Lieutenants). Saw i Paymaster Gener&l Division Pa3Tna8ters (Majors) Brigade Paymastera (Captains) Begimental Paymasters (Lieutenants).. Aide-de-Camp r. Staff CoHPa. Colonels.. lieutenant Colonels.. Majors Captains First Lieutenants , Second Lieutenants Non-Commissioned Staff Company Non-Commissioned OflBcers, Mu- sicians, and Privates r Sappers and Miners (attached to Engineer Department).. Total .. eg 60 58 402 460 143 15,874 103 18,107 The ofUce of the Adjutant General was- made an ofSce of record in 1827, previous to which commissions were issued by the Secretary of State, under the privy seal of the Governor. 2 In Jan., 1859, the division districts were as follows : — 1. New York and Richmond cos. 2. Kings, Orange, Putnam, Queens, Rockjand, Suffolk, and Westchester cos. 3. Albany, Columbia, Dutchess, Greene, Rensselaer, Saratoga Sullivan, Ulster, and "Washington cos. 4. Clinton, Essex, Frankliu, Jefferson, Lewis, St. Lawrence, and Warren cos. 5. Broome, Chenango, Cortland, Delaware, EultQU, Hamilton, Herkimer, Madison, Montgomery, Otsego, Schenectady, and Schoharie cos. 6. Cayuga, Oneida, Ononda^ Oswego, Schuyler, Seneca, Tioga, and Tompkins cos. 7. Chemung, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Steuben, Wayne, an4 Yates cos. 8. Allegany, Cattaraugus, Chautauque, Erie, Genesee, Niagara, Orleans, and Wyoming cos; The estimated number of enrolled militia, at the beginning of 1859, was 350,000. Those included in regiments were as follows : — Infantry..... 7.490 privates, and 8,094 including officers. Artillery ....5.365 « •' 5,760 Cavalry 1.590 " " 1,733 « « Rifles 1,429 " « 1,528 " '* 44 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. liable to military duty ; and enrollment is made annually by the assessors.^ Militia officers are chosen by election f excepting major generals and the Commissary General, who are appointed by the Governor and Senate. Staff officers are appointed by the commanding officer of the forces to which they are attached.* The Adjutant General, Judge Advocate General, Quartermaster General, Paymaster General, Surgeon General, Engineer-in-Chief, and one Instructor of Artillery and one of Cavalry to each division, are appointed by the Governor.* Arsenals* An arsenal is provided for each division of the Militia, and an armory for each regiment. The general custody and supervision of the military property of the State is intrusted to the Commissary General, who has his office in New York, and reports annually through the Governor to the Lesrislature.'* ^ The laws of the U. S. exempt fcom military service the Vice President, the Judicial and Executive officers of the Govern- ment of the U. S., members and officers of both Houses of Con- gress, customhouse officers and clerlts, post officers and stage drivers in charge of mails, ferrymen on post roads, inspectors of exports, pilots and mariners in actual sea service. The State exempts, besides the above, persons in the army and navy and those lionorably discharged therefrom, preachers of every sect, commissioned officers and privates of unifoi-med companies who have resigned after seven years' service, and certain firemen. All others may commute by paying 50 cts. annually, except in Kings and New York cos. and the cities of Albany and Buffalo, where the commutation is fixed at 75 cts. These moneys are paid to the collectors of taxes and applied to the military fund, — from which the officers and men of regi- ments are paid, from $1.25 to $4, according to rank, for every day's military service. Persons going to, remaining at, or re- turning from military duty are exempt from arrest upon civil process. Previous to the act of 1846, the State contained 33 divisions, 66 brigades, 272 regiments, and 1836 companies, and numbered 141,436 officers and men. The number of enrolled militia had been as follows, at diflForent periods : — 1 1806 f 1 1 1 ^1 1 Total. 74,429 1,700 1,862 77,982 181U 86,673 2,619 3.385 92,077 1815 90,883 6,364 2.168 98,906 18:^0 112,760 6,638 3,132 123 Horse ArtiU'y. 122,663 1826 181,661 4,432 2,605 646 146,806 1830 166,614 12,803 6,814 1,763 188,610 1836 168,786 11,698 7,817 1,174 192,088 1840 168,300 9,082 7,836 Ifi.ii.lnri 184b 141,436 9,369 3,849 4,276 1621427 zUnder the Constitution of 1777, neai-ly every military oa well 8.3 civil officer in the State received his appointment from the Council of Appointment, and mostly held during their pleasure The Constitution of 1822 introduced the following system now muse:— "Militia officers shall be chosen or appointed, as fol- lows : Captajns, subalterns, and non-commissioned officers shall be chosen by the written votes of the members of their re- spective companies ; field officers of regiments and separate battalions, by the written votes of the commissioned officers of the respective regiments and separate battalions; brigadier generals and brigade inspectors, by the field officers of their re- spective brigades ; m»,ior generals, brigadier generals, and com- manding officers of regiments or separate battalions shall ap- point the staff officers to their respective divisions, brigades regiments, or separate battalions."— CIj»m(«m *'°™«'' contain less than 6 companies the field ofBcers are appointed by the Governor; and if the brigades are not within the requirements of the law, the brica. dier generals are also appointed by the Governor 'The staff of the Commander-in-Chief consists of the Adiu- • 'J'i?T?'i^°Ti='°'' Soneral, Commissary General, Englneor- ;^^?«ib ''^? Advocate General, Surgeon General, Quarter- master General, Paymaster General, Aids-de-Camp, and MUitarv Secretary, who severa ly rank in the order here given. The precedence and gradation of officers and non-commfisioned offi- cers in the militia is as follows : — 1. The Commander-in-Chief. 2. Major General. 3. Brigadier General. 4. Colonel. 6. Lieutenant Colonel, 6. Major. ", Captain 8. First Lieutenant. 9. Second Lieutenant. 10. Sergeant-Mnjor. 11. Quartermaater Sergeant. 12. Fust Sergeant. 13. Sergeant. 14. Corporal. .. — r._.„. ^.t. vjoi^jorai. In ea«h grade precedence is given by priority, date of elec- tion, or appointment. * The instructors, with the rank of colonel, are attached to the headquarters of the division, and hold by the same tenure as commissioned officers of the line. Instructors and division engineers must pass an examination as to special qualification before a board of not less than five officers, convened by the Commander-in-Chief. Appointments to this office have hitherto been made entirely fi-om among the graduates of West Point. 6 The Constitution of 1777 ordained that a proper magazine of wai'like stores, proportionate to the number of inhabitants, should be established in every county of the State ; but this pro- vision wa.s never fully carried out. An arsenal was built at New York at an eaily period, and another at Albany soon after, the latter on the site purchased for a State prison. Under an act of Feb. 12, 1808, entitled " An Act for the defense of the northern and western frontiers," and by subsequent acts, otlj- nals were erected at Canandaigua, Batavia, Onandoga Hollow, Rome. M'atertown, Russell, Malone, Plattsburgh, and Elizabeth- town. The arsenal at Plattsburgh was burned in 1813 or '14, and the one at Rome, which occupied the present site of St. Peter's Church, was burned with its contents a few years since. Neither has been rebuilt. In 1844 the State longed of the city of Buffalo a market building on Batavia St. for an arsenal. Magazines were also located at New York, at Albany, and on Staten Island. In 1860 these arsenals were mostly ordered to be sold, togetiier with such arms and other property as had become unserviceable for military purposes. An arsenal occupying the site of an old powder magazine of the Dutch, between Center, Elm, Franklm, and White Streets, New York, was authorized to be sold in 1844, and a new one was directed to be built. The site was purchased by the city for $30,000, and a now city armory was built, on the corner of White and Elm Streets. In 1808 the city of New York conveyed to the State a tract of ground upon llfth Ave- nue, between Sixty-Third and Sixty-Fifth Sts., upon which a magazine was erected. In 1844 the Legislature authorized a new arsenal to be erected on these premises with such moneys as might be paid by the U. S. for the miUtary works upon Staten Island. The sale was completed in April, 1847, for $37,284.87, of which $33,284.87 was applicable to the arsenal. The Work was commenced, but in Mai-ch, 1848, was suspended by the Commissioners of the Land Office, to whose charge and that of the Commissary General the work had been intrusted. It was alleged that the latter officer had expended moneys most un- warrantably; and subsequent observation has proved that the stmcture was unfit for this or, in fact, for any other purpose.— ' Assembly Doc. 1866, No. 141. Senate Doc. 1848, No. 64 In laying out tlie Central Park, the premises consisting of 162 biulding lots, valued in 1866 at $266,000, were included in the proposed improvement, and an act wos possed, April 16 1867 ?" I'Ln * ""^ property, which the State purchased in 1808 *li^'^'^!!S coD^yed tack to the city for $276,000. Of this sum $100 000 WM made applicable to the purchase of the D. S. arsenal at New York ; $45,000 for an arsenol at Buffalo ; $40,000 for an arsenal in Brooklyn; $26,000 for the improvement of the ai senal at Albany and the erection of an armory ; $17,000 for the purchase of the U. S. arsenal at JRome ; $14,000 for an arsenal at Snnn"*; Tt "JJ^^'nf 'i ^''^ »' Rochester, $5,000 at Troy, $4,000 at Auburn, $4,000 at Syracuse, $4,000 at Otica, $3,000 at Ballston Spa, $3,000 at Dunltirk, $3,000 at Ogdensburgh Is OOO ^ Oswego, and $3,000 for the pur^h^e of astS forUn sSS for an armory. The arsenal in Albany, by act of April 17 1868 ™rcetf ar/l?mi^""' f^'°' " »"» ™ HudtoTandC streets, and $5,000 toward an arsenal and armorv buildi^ which were erected in 1868-59. During the summer of lafs' buildings at Albany, Auburn, Ballston sUBroXlTconS ?ortSkSnTrbed °o*r ='h"^^' r.«'™^^^^^^^^ couti act and finished, or far advanced, the mime year The stone ort or church at Schoharie was purchasXhutM steps we?c taken for the erections authorized at Troy, Kochester (l«\ve«, and Utica. The new arsenal built at New York in 1868 wm located on Seventh Avenue, corner of Thirtv Fifth s* n„H IJ! nearly completed, when the roof fell on tL'^mo''rJng'S N™ i. ' K''«*'ly injuring the building. "■">"£ oi hot. Most of the structures erected under this act ore of substantial workmanship and elegant architectural style. Thev were buHt under the direction of commissioners appointed bVfarwi en completed, they will he placed in choi-M of tiT. J?~ ■ General, who llso attend"^ to the" saf^ keeping ''o?°SSrS MILITARY. 45 The rortlflcatlons within the State are owned and supported by the United States, although several of them were built by the State of New York under an arrangement for the settle, ment of the Revolutionary debt.' military equipmenta belonging to the State. He keeps his office in New York. Summary of tJte ordnavce arms in the hands of the troops and in the arsenofa o/«ie State on the 1st dan (^January, 1869. ^^ix pounders 101 Nine pounders 3 Twelve pound howitzers 5 Twenty-four pound how- itzers Mountain howitzers 13 Flint muskets and bayo- nets 671 Percussion muskets and bayonets 11,976 Flint rifles 563 Percussion rifles 1,365 Flint pistols 114 Percussion pistols 2,254 Musquetoons 222 Carbines 340 Cavalry sabres 1,337 Artillery sabres 1,188 Artillery swords 1,344 Cartridge boxes and plates 10,744 Cartridge box belts and plates 10,813 Bayonet scabbard belts and plates 9,890 Waist belts and plates... 9,258 Cap pouches 7,155 Pistol holsters 1,553 1 In Feb. 1801, there was due from the State of New York to the United States, on account of Revolutionary expenses, the sum of $2,074,846. An Act of Congress, passed February 15, 1709, allowed any State to discharge its debt by payment into the treasury befbre April, 1800, or by expending a like amount within five years in the erection of fortifications. New York was the only State that chose to extinguish its debt by erecting defenses upon its own soil ; and a committee of Congress reported in February, 1801, that no other States had shown any disposi- tion to pay the balances reported against them. The amount credited to New York was $891,129.31, and the remainder of the indebtedness was subsequently released. — American State Papers, Finance, I, 697. The amount of moneys reduced to specie vejue received by, or paid to, the State of New York irom the beginning of the Revo- lution to April, 1790, was as follows, in dollars : — Received from State $1,646,889 Paid to State 822,803 A descriptive and historical notice is given of the several forti- fications in the localities where they occur. The latest ofliciul summary that has been published, dated in 1851, is given below: — United States Fortifications. Fort Schuyler Fort Columbus Castle Williams.... South Battery Fort Gibson Fort Wood Fort Richmond.... Fort Tompkins.... Battery, Hudson... Battery. Morton... Fort Lafayette Fort HamQton Fort Montgomery, Fort Ontario Fort Niagara Fort Porter Throggs Neck Governors Island Eilis Island Bedloes Island Staten Island Reef, near Long Island- Long Island Rouses Point Oswego Mouth of Niagara River Black Bock 1833 1S31 1831 1831 1841 1841 1847 1S41 1841 1812 1824 1841 1839 1840 1842 1846 1844 1846 1846 1,250 350 1,000 370 800 500 300 300 300 $873,013 "269,467 6,096 245,680 506,808 20,081 3,508 348,573 634,752 411,497 83,013 84,027 160,000 't'S.fe $848,013 259,467 6,006 213,000 206,606 20,081 3,508 341,941 614,752 187,366 78,013 59,027 116,600 If- $26,000 io,'6'6o 32,689 300,202 20,000 224,142 6,000 25,000 33,600 nil $225,040 103 749 79.332 12184 18.672 76.540 124 ao2 69.209 57.000 10.605 75.778 86 757 132.384 18.610 12961 51,208 The forts on Staten laland ai'e being rebuilt on an extensive scale. Fort Schuyler, on Throggs Neck, has einco been finished, a site purchased for a fort at Wilkina Point, directly opposite, and an immense fortress has been commenced on Sandy Hook, for the more effectnal defense of New York Harbor. These works will effectually defend the approaches to New York by water, but would not prevent an attack by land should an enemy effect a landing upon Long Island. To guard against this, it hoa been proposed to erect a line of redoubt.s across the island from Wilkins Point to H'ort Hamilton at such intervals as would secure this object. The General Government has appropriated large sums of money during many years to the construction of a floating battery for the defense of New York Harbor. It is building at Hoboken, and is said to be nearly completed. It is of iron, of great strength and tliickness, with its outer deck oval, and every part proof against cannon ball. It is to be mounted with heavy guns and propelled by steam. No official account of its construction has been published ; and, for obvious reasons, the details of its plan are kept secret. It is reported that it has a capacity to accom- modate 3000 men, with the necessary supplies of fuel and military stores ; and it is thought that of itself it might oppose an effectual barrier against theapproach of a hostile fleet in any passage which it might be brought to defend. This mighty en^ne of war was planned by the late John C. Stevens. The other military establishments of the National Government in New York ore, — The Military Academy at West Point. The Navy Yard. Dry Dock, Naval Hospital, and Labo- ratory at Brooklyn. The Arsenal at Watervleit for the manufacture of gun car- riages and other heavyfurnitui-eof artillery for the field and fort. The Arsenal of Deposit, at Rome. Plattsburgh Barracks. Madison Barracks, at Sackets Harbor. Buffalo Barracks. A few years after the lost war with Great Britain, a military road was surveyed and partly opened by the United States from Plattsburgh to Sackets Harbor ; but this work from the first ha.^ been kept in repair by the towns as a common highway. Fort Montgomery is the only work now under construction on the northern frontier. The Canadians have the following fortifications adjacent to New York : — Ii\)rt Wellington^ at Prescott, erected in 1812-15. JH/rt Henry, at Kingston, with several Martello towers and batteries, for the protection of the harbor and town and defense of the north channel of the St. Lawrence. They were partly built in the War of 1812-15, and partly in 1837-40. Fort Carl- ton, now within the United States, commanded the south chan- nel, and portions of the work, executed a century ago, (and since the Revolution entirely negected,) might still be made available upon short notice. J^hrt Massasaugoj at Niagara, directly oppt^lte the American fort, is of modern origin. LANDS. The absolute property of all the lands in the State is vested in the respective owners, liable only to escheat and to the reservation of gold and silver mines in such as derive title from Colonial patents.^ The law prohibits the leasing of agricultural lands for a longer period than twelve years.^ The care and sale of lands belonging to the State are entrusted to the Commissioners of the Land Office. These commissioners have also the sole right of dealing with the Indians for the sale and surrender of reservations, excepting within the territory whereof the pre-emptive right of purchase was ceded to Massachusetts and is -now held by the Ogden Company. The Coimnissioners of tUe I^and Office were created by an act of May 11, 1784, to carry into execution the promises of bounty lands for Revolutionary services which had been made by the Legislature in 1780. As now formed, this Board consists of the Lieutenant Governor of the State, Speaker of Assembly, Secretary of State, Comptroller, Treasurer, Attorney General, and State Engineer and Surveyor. The Deputy Secretary of State is ex officio Clerk of the Board, and the meetings are held in the Secretary's office, upon the call of the Secretary of State. "When State lands are to be sold, they are first surveyed, appraised, and advertised for sale at auction, and their minimum bid affixed. The lots that remain without a bid are liable to be taken by the first applicant upon payment of one-fourth of the price and giving bonds for the residue. If they remaiu unsold any considerable time, they are re-appraised and offered at a lower rate.* The lands under water in the bays around Long Island are in most cases the property of the townships, by virtue of original patents ; and the privilege of fishing and taking oysters and clams is by some towns held as exclusively belonging to their inhabitants.* 1 The Dutch Government Bometimee granted lands in the Ckilony without the formalities of Indian purchase; but it was the rule of the English to first extinguish the aboriginal title. It was customary to apply to the Governor and Council for leave to purchase. If granted, a treaty was held and an Indian deed obtained, a warrant was issued to the Surveyor General tbr a survey, and the map and field notes were reported. Thti Attorney General was then directed to prepare a draft of a patent, which was submitted to the Governor and Council, and, if approved, was engrossed upon parchment, recorded, sealed, and issued. The fees incident to procuring a patent were im- portant sources of revenue to the officers concerned. Only 1,000 acres could he granted to one person ; but this rule was evaded by associating great numbers of merely nominal parties ; and the officers through whose hands the papers passed were often larg:;ly interested in the grants. The Colonial Government in this resptjct became exceedingly corrupt, and stood greatly in need of a reform like that wrought by the Revolution. In a few isolated cases grants of land were made directly by the crown, and no records appear in our offices. Of this class was the Koyal Grant to Sir Wm. Johnson, n. of the Mohawk. Patents for land were generally very formal, and abounded in repetitions. The grants were ''in fee and comjnon socage," as in th3 manor of East Greenwich, in the co. of Kent, and in- cluded with the land all "houses, messuages, tenements, erec- tions, and buildings, mills, milldams, fences, inclosures, gardens, orchards, fields, pastures common ofpastures, meadows marshes, swamps, plains, woods, underwoods, timber, trees, rivers, rivii- iL'ts, I'uns, streams, water, lakes, ponds, pools, pits, brachen, quarries, mines, minerals, (gold and silver [wholly or in part] excepted,) creeks, harbors, highways, easements, fishing, hunt- ing and fowling, and all other franchises, profits, commodities, and appurtenances whatsoever." This enumeration of rights, more or less varied, was embraced in all land patents. Colonial grants were usually conditioned to the annual paj-ment of a q-vitrcni. at a stated time and place named in the patent. This payment was sometimes due in money, and often in wheat or other commodity. Others were conditioned to the payment of the skins of animals or a merely nominal article, as Simply an acknowledgment of the superior rights of the grantors. The quitrents lormed an important source of revenue, and, after the Kevolution. became due to the State. In 1786 it was pro- vided that lands subject to these rents might be released upon payment of arrears, and 14 shillings to every shilling of the annual dues. Large amounts of land wpon which arrears of quitrents had accumulated were sold from time to time ; and laws continued to be passed at Irequent intervals for the regu- lation of these rents until 182t, when an act was passed for the final sale of all lands which had not been released by commuta- tion or remitted by law. Such lands as then remained unre- deemed were allowed to be released by payment of $2.50 to each shilling sterling due. The last sale took place in March, ] 826. The arrears for quitrents, then amounting to $53,380, were in 1819 taken from the general fiind and given in equal portions to the Literature and School Funds. 40 2 This feature was adopted to prevent the recurrence of anti- rent difficulties. The Legislature, in 1846, enacted a law pro- viding that all lands previously rented for a life or lives, or for more than 21 years, should be taxed as the personal property of the persons receiving the rents, to an extent equal to a sum that at legal interest would produce the annual rent. Such taxes were made payable in the cos. where the lands lay; and this unpleasant encumbrance has largely contributed to reduce the amount of lands thus held. 8 Unappropriated lands in the counties of Clinton, Essex, Franklin, Hamilton, Montgomery, Saratoga, St. Lawrence, Washington, and Warren may be sold by the commissioners in quantities of not less than 160 acres, if already surveyed, at such price as they may be found worth. Jf over 1,000 aires, they may be surveyed and sold for their value, and may not be assessed at a higher rate for five years. Lands sold under fore- closure of loan mortgages are bid in by the Loan CoromissionerB if liable to go for less than the sum due. They are then sold by auction, or otherwise, for the best interests of the State, under the regulations above stated. Land under water may be conveyed by the Commissioners of the Land Office, under regu- lations fixed by law. Notice of application for such grants must be advertised for six weeks in the co. newspaper where the lands Uo, and posted on the courthouse door. These notices must describe the adjoining lands and give the names of their owners. Applicants must make affidavit that they intend to appropriate the lands applied for to commercial purposes. The CO. judge, or supervisor and town clerk, or two assessors of ttte town where the lands lie, must make affidavit that the land is not more than is necessary for the purposes of commerce, and that the per.sons applying are believed to be honajide. applicants for the purposes stated. Applicants must also produce an accu- rate map of the proposed grant and the adjacent lands owned by them, certified by the oath of a surveyor ; aud also a correct description in writing, with courses and distances, and the soundings for every 50 feet on the exterior line. The map must show the general course of the shore lor a mile each way, and the particular course at the point applied for, and include idl docks, bulkheads, or other improvements, the names of owners of lands adjoining, and the width of the channel or river if less than two miles. The deduction of title and proof that the lands belong to the State must also be produced, with claim of owner- ship by the applicant, or by himself and those under whom he claims. The patent is conditioned to occupation in the mode agreed upon within years, and the fees are $5.00. Grants under the waters of navigable rivers and lalces can only be made to the owners of the land along the shores; and the com- missioners are restricted in their powers so fer as relates to New York City and the Hudson River R.R. * Around Staten Island the owners of the shores possess the right of using or leasing the adjacent lands under water for planting oysters. The custom of granting laiftls under water without the restrictions here enumerated has led to serious encroachments upon the harbor of New York, the detaQs of which are stated on page . LANDS. 47 The public lands are greatly reduced in quantity, and belong to the several permanent funds to ■which they have from time to time been granted.' Gospel and Scbool I^ands.— Under an act of 1782, a lot of 400 acres was to be reserved in each township of the Military Tract for the support of the gospel, and tvro lots of 200 acres for schools.'' In each of the Twenty Towns of the Chenango Tract a lot of 250 acres (usually Lot 45) was reserved for the gospel, and another (Lot 46) of like extent for schools ; but these lots were sold with the lands, and the Canastota Tract, in Sullivan and Lenox, adjoining Oneida Lake, was in 1805-08 given ia lieu, and apportioned among the Twenty Towns.' In each of the Ten Towns on the St. Lawrence a mile square (usually Lot 55) was granted fcr gospel and schools, and in some towns was applied in early years to both these objects.* Besides these grants for schools by the State, land proprietors have in some instances conveyed certain lots for this purpose, to encourage settlement. In nearly every instance these lands have been applied for the benefit of the original townships within which they were granted, and in their subdivision the local school fund has been equitably divided. Other lands were subse- quently granted, as elsewhere noticed ; and in 1822 the Constitution gave all the public lands not specially appropriated to the school fund.* 1 The quantity now owned forms about 4J per cent, of that held in 1823, and compares between the two periods as follows : — Jan. 1, 1823. Jan. 1859. Lands belonging to the School Fund 991,659A. 9,4634. " " Literatore Fund 17j946 " 640 " " " Canal '• 129,769" " " " General « " 39,269" " " Salt " " 209" Total 1,139,374" 49,681" s These lots were designated by the supervisors of Onondaga and Seneca cos., under acts passed in 1796 and 1808, as follows : — Gospei and School Lands oftha MiUtary Tract, Okigihal Town- ship AND ITS NUMBBBS. 1. Lysander.... 2. Hannibal.... 3. Cato. 4. Brutus 5. Camillus .... 6. Cicero 7. Manlius 8. Aurelius 9. Marcellus... 10. Pompey 11. Romulus.... 12. Scipio 13. Sempronins 14. TuUy 15. Fabius 16. Ovid 17. Milton 18. Loclie 19. Homer 20. Solon 21. Hector 22. Ulysses 23. Dryden 24. Virgil 25. Cincinnatus 26. Junius 27. Oalen 28. Sterling „ o'.) frj ^^ o^ ■^ 9 100 5 14 25 89 87 53 72 15 14 16 74 18 60 36 22 19 67 30 50 66 1 82 52 25 76 69 3 36 30 23 24 66 15 94 34 85 22 41 1 6 5 24 29 63 86 20 53 49 78 79 45 .33 73- 88 Present IFcnona sharing in Profits of School Lot. Lysander and part of Granby. Hannibal, Cicero, parts of Os- wego City, and Graoby. Victory. Ira, and parts of Con- quest and Cato. Brutus, and parts of Sennet, Mentz, Conquest, and Cato, Camillus^ Elbridge, and Van Buren. Clay and Cicero. De Witt and Manlius. Owasco, Fleming, Auburn, and parts of Aurelius, Sennet, and Mentz. Marcellus, Skaneateles,and parts of Spafiford and Otisco. Pompey, Lafayette, and part of Otisco. Romulus, Varick, Fayette, and parts of Seneca Falls. Scipio, Venice, and part of Niles. Semprontus, Moravia, and part of Niles. TuUy, Preble, Scott, and parts of Spafford and Otisco. Fabius and part of Traxton. Ovid, Lodi, and Covert. Genoa and part of Lansliig. Groton, Summer Hill, and Locke. Homer and Cortlandville. Solon and part of Truxton. Hector. Ulysses, Enfield, Ithaca, and part of Lansing. Dryden. Virgil. Cincinnatus, Freetown, Marar thou, and Willet. Junius, Tyre, Waterloo, and part of Seneca Falls. Oalen and Savannah. Sterling, Butler, Wolcott, Huron, and llose. a Exchanffed for No. 17 by Chap. 177, Laws of 1812. 8 In each of the following townships a lot of 640 acres was reserved for schools, viz.: — Hiyette, now Guilford, and part of Oxford ; Clinton, now Bainbridge. Afton, and part of Coventry ; Greene, now parts of Greene, Smithville, and Coventry ; Warren, now parts of Colesville, Sandford, and Windsor ; Chenango, now parts of Port Crane, Conklin, Colesville, and Windsor ; Sidney, now parts of Binghampton and Vestal ; Randolph, now parts of Sandford, Windsor, and Conklin ; and Harnhden, now parts of Vestal, Owego, and Nichols. * In Plattsburgh 640 acres waa reserved for the gospel, and 460 for schools ; and in Totten and Crossfield's Purchase 16 lots of 640 acres each. The latter have been selected under the Sackets Harbor and Saratoga R. R. Grant. In Benson Town- ship (Hope and Lake Pleasant) 4 lots of 160 acres each were given for schools and literature. 6 The lands of the school fund were, Jan. 1869, as follows : — 4,270 acres in Hamilton, 2,861 in Essex, 1,680 in Clinton, 350 in Wayne, 105 in Schoharie, 75 in St. Lawrence, 30 in Washing- ton, 28 in Oneida, 25 in Fulton, 16 in Montgomery, 12 in Her- kimer, 6 in Dutchess, and 5 in Onondaga cos. lyUerature Lands have been reserved as follows : — 1 ml. square in each of the townships of Fayette, Greene, Clinton, Chenango, Warren, Sidney, and Hampden. Townships 1, 4, 5, 8, 13, 11, 17, 19, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 38, 41, in Totten and Crossfield's Purchase. Lot No. 56 in each of the Ten Towns of St. Law- rence CO. A lot of 550 acres (less 50 for survey) in each of the 28 towns of the Military Tract. These lots were appropriated as follows : — MiUtary 3Vac^— Townships 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 15, 16, 17, and 20, to Union College. Township 13, to Oxford Academy, Chap. 112, Laws of 1800. 5, " Pompey " " 119, » 1813. 3, " Cayuga " " 71, " 1814. 1, " ODondaga " " 200, " 1814. 19, " Cortland " " 10, " 1822. 28, " Auburn " •' 266, " 1826. 22, " Ithaca " 308, " 1825. The remainder were sold for the benefit of the Literature Fund. Clinton Township, granted to the town of Jericho, Chap. 3, Laws of 1822. All other townships in Broome and Che- nango cos. were sold for the benefit of the Literature Fund. Ten Towns in St. Lawrence Oo. — In Potsdam, granted to St. Lawrence Academy, Chap. 148, 1816. In Canton, granted to Lowville Academy, Chap. 134, Laws of 1818. The re- mainder was sold, and $1,000 given to Middlebury Aca- demy in 1823; $1,000 to Redhook Academy in 1824; $2,500 to St. La^vrence Academy in 1825; and the remainder passed to the Literature Fund. Ibtten and Crossfield's Purchase.— 10,2i0 acres absorbed by S. H. & S. K. R. In Benson Township, 4 lots of 160 acre? each remain unsold. Of the unsold lands of the State in Jan. 1859, there were 39,269 acres; of which 19,020 are in Clinton, 5,133 in Hamilton, 6,111 in Essex, 4,728 in Fratik- liii, 1,643 in Warren, 1,147 in Delaware, and the same in Erie, 780 in Herkimer, 212 In Cortland, 175 in Seneca, 116 in Sullivan, and 57 in Washington cos. The &iU Springs Lands are, by Article 7, Sec. 7 of the Consti- tution of 1846, declared &a belonging inalienably to the State, and comprise the grounds upon which salt is manu- factured, whether by solar evaporation or artificial heat. The Commissioners of the Land Office may sell, under au- thority of law, certain portions for the purpose of pur- chasing other lands, so that the amount shall not be dimi- nished. Since 1846, 114.85 acres have been sold, for $163,039.50, and 543.12 acres purchased, for $154,161.79. 48 NEW YORK GAZETTEER. With certain exceptions' all property, both real and personal, is liable to taxation whether owned by individuals or corporations. Real estate is taxed in the town where it hes, unless adjacent to lands of the same owner or occupant in another town where he resides. Personal property is taxed where the owner resides, and corporations in tte towns where ther property lies Stocks of corporations are taxed to the company and not to the holders. Propertr may be sold for the payment of taxes, and lands upon which the taxes remain unpaid are returnee by the CO. treasurers to the comptroller, and so much of each parcel is sold at stated periods, as is necessary to pay the taxes, interest, and charges that accrue thereon.^ _ The pre-emptive title to the lands of the State w. of a meridian passing through the 82d mile- stone on the Penn. line, was conveyed to Massachusetts, (except a mile strip along the Niagara,) at a convention held at Hartford, Dec. 16, 1786. These lands amounted to about 6,000,000 acres. Ten towns of 234,400 acres, in Broome and Tioga cos., called " The Massachusetts Ten Towns, were also conveyed at the same time. Large tracts of land remained in possession of the government when it became a btate. liiese and other portions derived from forfeitures, escheats, tax sales, Indian purchases, and foreclosure of loan mortgages, have been sold in small parcels, as parts of large tracts, having a general name and system of survey. Sometimes as many patents have been issued for these tracts as they had lots, and in others many lots have been conveyed to the same person. The largest grant ever made by the State to citizens was that of Macomb's Purchase, in Frank- lin, St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Lewis, Herkimer, and Oswego cos. It embraced 3,693,755 acres, and was patented to Daniel McCormick and Alexander Macomb in 1791-8. The State, in accordance with Indian treaties, has conveyed sundry tracts, the principal of which are Penet Square, (10 mi. sq.,) in Jefferson co., and Revaches, Kirkland, and other minor tracts, in Oneida co. Others, for like cause, have been assigned for missions and other specific objects. The Legislature has also by acts directed the land commissioners to convey extensive tracts for the promotion of roads, rail- roads, and canals; colleges, academies, schools, and other institutions, and to reward military or other services to the State. Of the latter class was a grant of 16,000 acres in Oneida co. to Baron Steuben, in 1794. Of patents to citizens not included in either of the preceding lists, the principal are Scriba's 500,000 acres in Oswego and Oneida cos. Adgate's, Coxe's, Machin's, Oothoudt's, Remsen's, Dean's, and other tracts in Oneida ; Vrooman's, Noble's, &c. in Herkimer; and Watkin's & Flint's in Che- mung and adjoining counties. Numerous grants of land to communities, with privileges of gov- ernment, were made upon Long Island, and in the counties bordering upon the Hudson, which will be specially noticed in the localities to which they refer. Several of the cities have special laws for the sale of real estate for taxes, and such sales are made under the direction of the fiscal officer of the corporation. All other tax sales occur at Albany once in three years, and are duly advertised by the comptroller and in each co. by such newspapers as are designated by the supervisors. 1 The real estate not subject to taxation compriseB property belonging to the State and United States; buildings and grounds for public uses owned by counties, cities, Yillages, and towns ; colleges, academies, and incorporated seminaries ; churches, school houses, and the property of corporations for reform of offenders; public libraries; bank stock owned by State and by literary and charitable societies; Indian resei-va^ tions, and the property of Indians living thereon; the property of clergymen to the extent of $1,500 each, and property not liable to sale under execution for debt. The last named in- cludes (if owned by householders) a spinning wheel, a loom, stoves put up or in use, the family Bible, family pictures, and school books in use, books not exceeding $50 in value, a seat or pew in church, ten sheep with their fleeces, and the yarn or cloth made therefrom, one cow, two swine, and their necessary food, all necessary pork, beef, flsh, flour, and vegetables pro- vided for femily use, and fuel for 60 days, all necessary wearing apparel, beds, bedsteads, and bedding for the family, arms and accouterments required by law to be kept for service in the militia, necessary cooking utensils, one table, six chairs, table furniture for six persons, one crane and its appendages, one pair of andirons, a shovel and tongs, tools of mechanics to the value of $29, a team worth $150, and land set apart for a private bnrying ground not more than J acre. A building and lot worth $1,000 occupied as a dwelling by the owner and his family may be exempt by causing a description of the premises to be recorded in the co. clerk's office, but such record does not ex- empt from sale for taxes, and property generally is liable for debts contracted in its purchase. Where a homestead is ex- empted the privilege continues for the beneflt of the widow and family after the death of the head. Such of the above articles as ai-e movable continue exempt while the family to whom they belong are removing from one place of residence to another. 2 £ach parcel is held up at auction, and those persons com- peting at the sale name the least amount of land in a square, usually in the N.w. corner, that they will accei>t, and pay the taxes and charges due. The sale is declared in favor of the person naming the least quantity, and the pur- chaser receives a ceTtificate naming the time when a deed will be due. If not paid, the controller may in 3 months cancel the certiiicate and give to another upon payment of the same amount, and any person may redeem within 2 years by paying the taxes, charges, and 10 per cent, in addition. Specific or undivided parts of tracts of land may bo sold. If not redeemed in 2 years the comptroller issues a full deed to the purchaser. The portion sold to pay taxes is designated by the comptroller and varies with circumstances. If a village lot, it is located bo as to front upon a street, and in long narrow tracts it is taken off from one end. A tax sale takes place in 1859, and triennally thereafter. LANDS. 49 TABLES OP MANORS, COLONIAL PATENTS, PURCHASES, AND LAND GRANTS. Manors offhe Colonial Period in New York and its Dependencies. nuixa. PATSNIEBS. DATM. LOCATION ASB BEMARKS. Capt. Ch'r BiUop May 6, 1687 Mar. 20,1687 June 17, 1697 Sept. 6,1694 May 21,1667 Mar. 10, 1639 June 22, 1668 AprU20,1685 May 9,1697 Oct. 25,1687 AprU 1,1680 April 2,1675 1630-37 Oct. 6, 1693 Mar. 21, 1701 July 26, 1672 July 8,1761 S. W. part of Staten Island, sometimes called "Billop Manor." N. part of Staten Island. N. part of Westchester co, had 1 Rep. in Oen. Assembly. Canceled. Annexed to Kingston, Mar. 12, 1787. With full power as an independent town. Columbia co., had 1 Rep. in Oen. Assenxbly. Since annexed to Massachusetts. S. point of Westchester co. S. B. border of Westchester co. Putnam co. Plnm and Qull Islands. Fully organized; represented in Gen. Assembly, confirmed Oct. 17, 1686, May 20, 1704. In town of BrookhaTen, Suffolk co. Westchester co. Prudence Island, B. I. Disallowed by B. I., and authority resisted. Marthas Vineyard, now a part of Msasachusetts. Cortlandt Col. Stephanus Cortlandt Fletcher Fox Hall (Jardners leland Capt. Thos. Chambers Earl of Stirling Marthas yineyard.... Col. Lewis Morris Pelham John Pelh „.. Frederick Philipse Philipeburgh Plumme Island BensBelaerwyck St. George Samuel Willes..'. .... Killian Tan Kensselaer... Col. Wm. Smith Caleb Heathcote Thos. Mayhew Several of these existed only in name ; perhaps a few other patents bore the name of Manors, upon which active settlement were not begun under the Colonial Government. Table of the more important Patents GraTtUd under the English OHUmial Omemment, in the eattem part of New York. Nams or Patent. Adaquataugie Patent.... Amherst Tracts Anaqnassacook Patent .. Argyle Patent Axieskjll Patent Artillery Patent Babington's Patent Bagiey's Patents Bal&ur's Patent.. Banyar's Patent .. Batavia Patent.... Bayard's Patent .. Becker's Patent Bedlington Patent Beekman's Patent Beekmantown Patent... Belvidere Patent Bishop's Patent Bleecker's Patent Blenheim Patent Bradshaw's Patent Bradt's Patent Bufi^ngton Patent Bumetsfield Patent... Cambridge Patent Campbell's Patent...^: Catskill Patent Caughnawaga Patent... Clarke's Patent Clans's Patent Caterskill Patent Cheesecock's Patent.... Cherry Valley Patent .. Clifton Park Patent.... Cobns Kill Patent Corry's Patent Cosby's Manor Cosby'e Patent Coxbnrgh & Carolina... Coxe'B Faient Cro^han's Patent Dartmouth Patent.... Dean's Patent De Bender's Patent.. De Jiancey's Patent ... Edmeston'B Patent.... (( (( Franklin Patent Otsego Hamilton..v.s. Washington . Caimty. Montgomery Washington Delaware.- Schenectady Mon^omery Ham. k Warren. Otsego & Scho.... Greene Oneida ft Herk... Schoharie Delaware. Dntchess Clinton Otsego ft Scho... Hamilton Montgomery .... Schoharie Washington .... Schenectady... Schoharie...... Herkimer Washington . Hamilton Greene Montgomery .™ Delaware. Fulton Greene .» Orange Otsego Saratoga Schoharie « Mont, ft Scho.... Oneida ft Herk... Schenectady.. Oneida Date. Bxtettt in Acrei. May 8, 1770 AprU 6, 1774 May 11, 1762 March 13, 1764 Nov. 12, 1737 24,1764 22, 1770 17, 1737 9,1838 March 6,1776 April 14,1753 April 24,1736 June 12,1771 Oct May June Feb. Otse^ Hamilton Clinton Delaware Montgomery .. Otsego.. March May Jane March July April Sept. Nov. May Feb. Dec. July April July July April July Nov. May Sept Nov. March April Sept Jan. Nov. June Feb. May May Jan. June Oct July May Nov. Aug. July July June 19, 1764 24, 1770 25, 1703 2!, 1769 6, 1769 6, 1774 22,1729 28. 1769 18, 1762 14, 1738 16, 1737 13. 1770 30, 1725 21,1761 11, 1764 5,1784 U, 1767 4,1714 22, 1770 29, 1770 1, 1699 26,1707 18,1738 23,1708 15, 1770 19,1737 2,1734 9, 1738 30, 1770 30, 1770 5, 1776 29, 1770 4,1774 11. 1769 22. 1770 12,1737 23,1737 21,1770 20, 1770 20, 1770 26,000 40,000 10,000 47,450 10,000 24,000 2,000 4,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 4,200 60,000 6,000 27,000 30,000 100,000 14,000 4,300 40,000 23,000 4,000 3,870 4,000 9,400 31,500 6,000 4,000 35,500 2,000 2,000 3,000 7,050 aijm 25,000 22,000 6,000 47,000 29,000 18,000 18,036 30,000 2,000 10,000 5,426 6,000 5,000 9,000 FateHtees. Sir William Johnson and others. Sir Jeffery Amherst, {2 tracts.) R. J. F. A W. Schermerhorn and others. Duncan Reid and Others. James De Lancey. Joseph Walton and others. Charles Babington. Timothy Bagley and others. (( it (( Henry Balfonr, (Totten ft Crossfieid's Pur.) Ooldsbrow Banyar and others. Vincent Matthews and others. Wm. ft Bob. Bayard and others, (Freemasons' Patent) Johannes Becker and others. John Leake and others. Henry Beekman. William H. Beekman. George Croghan and others, (2 tracts.) Wm. Bishop, (T. & C. Pur.) Rutger Bleecker and others. John Weatherhead and others. James Bradshaw. Erent Bradt and others. (( u (( David Bnffington. John Joost Petrie and others, (German Flats.) Colden, Smith, Banyar, and others. Allen Campbell. Duncan Campbell, (T. ft C. Pur.) Martin Garretson Van Bergen and others. John ft Margaret Collins. James Clarke. Daniel Claus. Jacob Lockerman. Ann Bridges and others. John Lindsey and others. N. Hermanse and others, (Shenondehowa Pat.) Stephen Skinner and others. Wm. Corry and others. Joseph Worrell and others. Alex., Ph. & Wm. Cosby. Daniel Coxe and others, (s. w. of Mohawk.) " " " (E. of Susquehanna.) Geo. Croghan and others, (s. of Mohawk.) Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. Elkanah Dean. John De Bernier. James De Lancey and others, (s. of Mohawk.) " " " (N. of Mohawk.) Robert Edmeston. William Edmeston. Walter Franklin and others. 50 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. NAME OF PATENT. Franklin Township Frank's Patent Frazer'B Patent Freeman's Patent Friswell's Patent Gage'B Patput Qlazier's Patent wlen's Purchase Goldehorough To^ynship .. Grant's Patent Greenwich Patent Guerin's Patent Half Moon Patent Hanson's Patent Hardenhnrgh Patent- Harper's Patent Harrison's Patent Hartwick Patent Haeenclever's Patent... Henderson's Patent.... Herkimer's Patent Holland Patent Hoosick Patent Huntersfield Patent.... Hurley Patent Huyk Patent Hyde Township.. Ingoldsby'e Patent Jerseyfield Patent Jessup's Porchaae Johnson's Patent Judd's Patent Kakiate Patent Kayaderosseras Patent.. Kellet's Patent Kempe's Patent Kennedy's Patent Kinderhook Patent Kingsborougb Patent.. Kingsbury Patent Kingsfield Manor« Klock's Patent Kortright Patent Lansing's Patent Lawyer's Patent Leake's Patent Leggi^'s Patent Lindsley's Patent.. Lindsley & Livingston's Patent ., Lispennrd's Patent Livingston's Patent Lett's Patent Ludlow's Patent.. Lyne's Patent McCijllock's Patent ., Mcintosh's Patent... McKee's Patent McLeod'sPntcnt... McNeile's Patent. Magin's Patent Markham's Patent... Matthews's Patent... Maunsell's Patent.... Mawighunk Patent.. Mayfield Patent Menzies's Patent Middlefield Patent... Middleton's Patent... Minisink Patent Montresor's Patent... Mooney's Patent Morris's Patent Munroe's Patent.... Vestigione Patent.. Settlefield Patent... Cinwrfy. Delaware Herkimer Greene Schenectady.. Clinton Oneida Schoharie Saratoga Delaware Washington .. Montgomery . Saratoga Delaware & SuU. Delaware Montgomery Otsego Herkimer.. Oneida. Rens. & Wash Schoharie Ulster Columbia Warren Schenectady Herkimer & Fult Warren Washington . ■Essex Warren Columbia , Fulton Washington . Herkimer. Essex Rockland , Saratoga & War. Montgomery . Delaware Herkimer Schoharie Delaware .. Essex Otsego Herkimer Otsego Herfc. & Mont- Fulton & Sara.. Fulton Orange. Herkimer Montgomery... Washington .... Delaware.. Fulton Otsego Herkimer Fulton Hamilton Greene Washington Columbia Fulton & Ham.. Washington Feb. Sept June July May July Sept. Aug. June Aug. Nov. Aug. Oct. July AprQ Dec. Oct. Nov. Oct. Oct. Sept July April Sept. April June Nov. Aug. May Aug. Aug. May Dec. Dec. Feb. June Dec. Feb. Aug. May June Aug. Aug. Oct Aug. Sept. Feb. Nov. Sept. Oct Jan. Aug. May Aug. Jan. April Sept. April Aug. Extent in Acres, SuU. & Orange.. Essex Washington Montgomery Schoharie Montgomery.., Otsego _.... Waahington.... Saratoga Otsego... 26,1770 6, 1765 17, 1765 3, 1736 7, 1765 6, 1769 10, 1772 24, 1770 15, 1770 17. 1764 11, 1763 29, 1735 13, 1665 17, 1713 20, 1708 8. 1769 11. 1735 March 18, 1722 April 22,1761 Feb. 27, 1769 1739 April 13,1752 March 17, 1769 June 3, 1688 3, 1714 19, 1708 6. 1731 lo; 1774 20. 1737 12, 1770 March 21, 1768 April 10,1772 ~ ■ 27, 1765 16. 1765 25, 1696 2, 1708 7. 1764 3,1764 7,1764 26, 1774 March 14, 1686 June 23, 1753 18, 1762 12, 1695 21,1754 24, 1770 23, 1753 29. 1768 6. 1753 14, 1761 22, 1770 26. 1769 18. 1738 18, 1738 7, 1741 24,1730 6. 1770 10, 1762 8,1760 16, 1761 18, 1731 2. 1754 12. 1736 3,1765 7. 1765 16. 1770 30, 1770 29, 1770 5, 1769 15, 1761 March 31, 1761 April 5, 1774 April 24,1736 Mareh 7,1771 Aug. 4, 1743 June 25, 1703 Sept 11,1764 AprU 18,1761 Feb. 24, 1770 28,1704 6,1765 28,1765 23,1722 30,1723 24,1726 Aug. June Oct. Oct June May Sept. April 1769 23,1764 22, 1708 March 31, 1770 30,000 5,000 2,000 5,000 3,000 18,000 3,000 45,000 6,000 3,000 10,000 4,000 2,000 22,000 4,000 12,000 21,500 18.000 6,000 2,324 20,000 10,000 6,000 40,000 10,000 94,000 11,650 2,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 10,200 2.000 2,000 20,000 26,000 16,000 22,000 6,000 36,600 2,640 7,000 5,000 6,000 7,050 11,965 2,000 3,000 9,000 20,000 4,000 20,000 4,000 20,000 2,000 4,000 3,000 40,000 18,000 ;3,ooo 5.928 4,000 6,000 5,000 4,200 5,000 2,000 2,000 29.000 5,000 3,000 2,000 6,000 6,000 3,500 2,000 , 2,000 13.000 Thomas Wharton and others. Coenradt Frank and others. Hugh Fi-azer. Thomas Freeman. John Friswell. Thomas Gage. Beamsley Glazier. John Glen, jr. Edward Tudor and others. Robert Grant. Donald Campbell. Maynard & Elizabeth Guerin. Petersen Philip Schuyler and otheni. Hendrick Hansen and others. Johannes Hardenburgh and others. John Harper, jr. Edward Harrison and others. Francis Harrison and others. Christian John Hartwick. Peter Haaenclever. James Henderson and others. Joost Johan Herkimer and others. Lord Henry Holland. Maria Van Rensselaer and others. Myndert Schuyler and others, (Schoharie Pat.) Cornelius Cool and others. Burgar Huyk. Edward Jessup & C. Hyde. Geo. Ingoldsby and others. Henry Glen and others. Ebenezer Jessup and others, (2 tracts.) Guy Johnson. James Judd. Daniel Honan and others, (Yachtaucfce.) Manning Hermanse and others, (Qncensboro.) Roger Kellet. John Tabor Kempe. John Kennedy. Robert Kennedy. John Hendrik De Bruyn and others. Arent Stevens and others. James Bradshaw and others. George Klock and others. Lawrence Kortright. Jacob Lansing and others. Johannes Lawyer and others. Robert Leake. Francis Legge. John Lindsley and others. a tt i( John Lindsley & Ph. Livingston. Leonard Lispenard and others. Philip Livingston and others. Abraham Lott, jr., and others. Gabriel Ludlow. John Lyne and others, (I a « Nathaniel McCullock, (2 tracts.) Alexander Mcintosh. Alexander McKee and others. it 1( u Norman McLeod. John McNeile. « if Sarah Magin and others. William Markham. Vincent Matthews and others, (3 tracts.) John Maunsell. Stephen Bayard and others. Alexander Menzies. Thomas Menzies. Godfrey Miller and others. Peter Middleton. Matthew Ling and others. John Montresor and others. David Mooney. Lewis Morris and others. " " Jr. and others. (( (C il u stoats liong Morris. Harry Munroe. John Rosie and others. Richard Loudon and others. • Twenty-four miles above Schenectady. LANDS. 51 KAME OF PATENT. Niue Partoers (Great, or Lower)... " " (Little, or Upper).. Northampton Patent Oblong Patent , Oothoudt's Patent.. Ord's Patent Oriekany Patent Otaego Patent Otsquaga Patent- Palmer B Patent..,, Panton Tract Piuefield Patent... Preston Patent , Prevost Patent Provincial Patent Queensbury Patent Rhinebeck Patent ..i. Riirhtmeyers Patent Roberts's Patent Rochester Patent Ross's Patent Royal Grant Rumbout's Patent Sacondaga Patent Sadachqueda or Saghquate Patent.. Salem Patent Saratoga Patent Sawyer's Patent Schaghticoke Schermerhorn's Patent Schneider's Patent Schuyler's Patent.. Schuyler's Patent- Scott's Patent Seaton's Patent Servians Patent Sherriff's Patent......... Skeenesboro' Patent.... Skeene's Patent Skeene's Little Patent.. Skinner's Patent , SmalPs Patent Spaight's Patent Spomheyer's Patent.... Sprinfftield Patent Staley's Patents Stamberg'B Patent Steward's Patent.. Stewart^s Patent... Stone Arabia Patent.... Stone Heap Patent Stony Hill Tract Stony Point Tract Stoughton's Patent Straabnrgh Township .. Stringers Patent Sutherland's Patent..... Swallowfield Patent... Ten Eyck's Patent Timberman's Patent.. Totten & Croasfield's Purchaae*. Tnrloch Patent Upton's Patent.... Van Bergen's Patent Van Dam's Patent Van Rensselaer Patent Van Slyck's Patent..;. „- Vaughan's Patent.. Wallace Patent.. ■ Walloomsac patent Walter's Patent Walton's Patent •••{ Qmnty. Dutchess... Fulton W. Chester, Put. & Dutch. Otsego Ijlsaex Oneida Montgomery.. Richmond Warren. , Delaware Hamilton. Greene Delaware.. Orange Warren Dutchess Scho. & Greene.. fulton Ulster Essex Herkimer.-.. Dutchess Fulton & Ham... Oneida Washington Wash. & Sara.... Wash. & Sara... Wash & Hens Washington Rennselaer Herk. & Oneida.. Wash. & Bens... Otsego Washington Rennselaer Schoharie Greene Oneida Warren- Washington Essex Washington Schoharie Schoharie Otaego Herkimer Schoharie Clinton Hamilton Greene Mont.& Fult... Mont. Sc Scho.. Schoharie Rockland Essex Delaware Schoharie. Washington.... Westchester — SchohE(rie.i Herkimer Herk. Ham.Bs- sex, Warren, j Schoharie , Otsego Greene Orange Sara. 4 Fult..—, Montgomery..,.. Herkimer Hamilton Washington. ...»' Westchester Herkimer Delaware Jan. April Feb. Nov. Sept. Sate. May 27, 1697 April 10,1706 Oct. 17, 1741 1 Junes, 1731, J mei sea. Aug. 18, 1741 31, 1775 18, 1706 3, 1770 30, 1760 22, 1729 March 31, 1687 Oct. 18, 1775 June 22,1776 June 27, 1770 Aug. 16, 1768 March 10, 1768 1770 18, 1775 2,1764 20, 1762 8, 1703 6,1764 29, 1770 25, 1703 16, 1765 Extent in acres. Jan. May May June May Sept. June April Oct. Dec. June Aug. Nov. Oct. July May Aug. March May June July July Jan. Jnly Feb. Oct. March July July Jan. April Nov. Aug. Nov. June Sept. March May May Sept. Oct. Sept. March July July Dec. Jan. Sept. Aug. April May May 7,1686 2, 1741 26. 1736 7,1764 4,1684 29, 1708 23. 1761 11. 1762 23,1764 24, 1762 1766 19. 1737 3. 1766 18, 1740 29, 1737 2,1770 18. 1767 28. 1769 18, 1776 31, 1766 30, 1771 6, 1771 16. 1770 6, 1774 6. 1767 23,1764 4, 1741 14, 1766 30. 1769 19, 1769 7, 1766 27, 1766 7, 1771 19, 1728 16. 1770 25. 1768 13, 1743 25,1764 4, 1770 12, 1769 6,1764 7,1764 22, 1708 30, 1739 30, 1766 Feb. 21, 1762 March 8,1770 July 11, 1767 March 23, 1709 Oct. 4, 1774 Sept. 1, 1716 ■ •■ 24,1770 11, 1770 16, 1739 14, 1701 12, 1768 April April June Feb. Aug. March 16, 1770 6,000 60,000 13,000 6,000 69,000 100,000 4,300 6,100 2,000 30,000 14,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 26,000 23,000 8,000 2,000 2,000 93,000 28,000 6,000 25,000 61,000 10,000 2,000 10,000 43,000 11,260 43,000 12,000 2,000 42,600 3,000 26,000 4,000 25,000 3,000 9,000 40,000 6.000 2,000 2,000 17,000 34,000 3,000 3,000 2,000 24,000 2,ooa 12,700 16,600 18,000 2,000 37,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 7,630 3,600 3,000 18,000 20,000 35,600 _ 3,000 28,964 2,000 8,000 6,365 12,000 6,000 12,000 20,000 Caleb Heathcote and others. Sampson Boughton and others. Jacob Mase and others. Thomas Hawley and others. Volkert Oothoudt and others. Thomas Ord. Thomas Wenham and others. Charles Read and others.. Geo. Croghan and 99 others. Rutger Bleecker and others. Capt. John Palmer. Francis Panton. John Rapa^e and others. AcIiiUes Preston and others. Augustine Prevost. James Prevost. William Cocltroft and others. Daniel Prindle and others. Henry Beekman. . .,, Ury Rightmeyer and others. Benjamin Roberts. James Ross. Sir John Johnson. Francis Rumbout. Lendert Gansevoort and others. Frederick Morris and others. Alexander and James Turner and others. Peter Schuyler and others. Isaac Sawyer. Cornelius Van Dyck and others. Ryer Schermerhorn. George Schneider. Hendrick Schneider. David Schuyler and others. Abm. David Schuyler and others. David Schuyler and others. John Schuyler and others. John Morin Scott and others. Sir .IJenry Seaton. Peter Servis and others. Charles Sherriff. Philip Skeene and others. Philip Skeene. Stephen Skinner and others. John Small. William Spaight. Ernst William Spornheyer and others. John Groesbeck and others. Rudolph Staley and others. Jacob Starnberg and others. Lambert Starnberg and others. Peter Steward. James Stewart and others. Walter Stewart. John Chr. Garlock and others. John Bowen and others. Michael Byrne and others. Richard Bradley and others. John Stoughton. John Butler and others. Samuel Stringer. Erick Sutherland. Nicholas Sutherland. George Booth. Hendrick Jacob Ten Eyck and others. Jacob Timberman and others. Jacob Borst and others. Clotworthy Upton and others. Martin Qarretson Tan Bergen's and others. Rip Van Dam. Jeremiah Van Rensselaer. Harman Van Slyck. John Vaughan and others. Hugh Wallace and others. Edward Collins and others. Robert Walters. William Walton and others. « This tract, embracing 50 townships, was surveyed just be- fore the Revolution, but small portions only were granted until •iter the war. Among those who received patents for large portions after that period were Robert G. Livingston, Isaac Nor- hm. .Tnhn O.T.i!«ke. Abiiah Hammond, Frederick Eylander, Macomb, Ph.KockafeIler, VOiite Matlack, Enos Mead, Zephaniah . Piatt, Goldsbrow Banyar, Peter V. B. Livingston, Joshua Mer- sereau, Jonathan Lawrence, Thomas Franklin, Effingham Law- rence, Stephen CrossSeld, and others. Extensive tracts have been repeatedly sold for taxes. 52 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Name of Patent. Watkins's Patent Wawayanda Patent Wawieghnunck Patent.. Weir'B Patent Wharton's Patent Whiteboro Township Winne'8 Patent Williams Patent Wilmot Patent Windecker's Patent.. Wriesberg Patent Young's Patent County. Washington..., Orange Columbia ~ Essex Delaware - Herkimer Montgomery... Essex Otsego & Scho.- Herkimer. March April Aug. Feb. April March Oct. Oct. Aug. Aug. Nov. Feb. Oct. Aug. 2, 1775 29, 1703 4,1743 18, 1775 15, 1765 10, 1770 6, 1741 10, 1741 29, 1735 29, 1735 12, 1731 18, 1775 11, 1752 25, 1752 Extent in Acres. 2,000 "4,380 3,000 3,000 38,000 2,000 4,000 14,000 2,000 2,000 3,000 20,000 14,000 John Watkins Dr. John Bridgen. William and Stephen Bayard. Archibald Weir and others. John Wharton. Henry White and others. Peter WInne. Peter Winne and others. Charles Williams and others. Anne Wilmot. Hartman Windecker. Daniel Wriesberg. Frederick Yonng. Theobald Young and others. SUBDIVISIONS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS PUKCHASE Of ahoui 6,000,000 acres of Lands ceded to Massachusetts by the State of New TorJc at the Hartford Qmvention, Dec. 16, 1786. Tracts. Phelps and Gorham" ., Morris Reserre Triangular Tract Connecticut Tracf" Cragie Tract Ogden Tract Cottinger Tract Forty Thousand Acre Tract Sterritt Tract Church Tract Morris Honorary Creditors' Tract. Holland Co's Purchase Boston Ten Towns.. Parties. Massachusetts to Pheljw and Gorham... " to Robert Morris Morris to Le Roy, Bayard, & McEvers. " Watson, Cragie, & Greenleaf. " Andrew Cragie " Samuel Ogden " Gerrit Cottinger « Wilhelm and Jan WiUink ... " Samuel Sterritt « John B. Church " Creditors « Agents of Holland Co Massachusetts to Settlers Nov. 7,1787 230,400 Pate. Not. 21, 1788 May 11,1791 1792-93 2,600,000 500,000 87,000 100,000 50,000 50,000 50,000 40,000 150,000 100,000 58,570 3,600,000 Cbunties. Allegany, LlTingston, Monroe, Ontario, Schuyler, Steuben, Wayne, and Yates. Allegany. Monroe. Orleans and Geneaee. Genesee. Wyoming. Wyoming and Allegany, Wyoming & Livingston, Allegany, Allegany. Allegany & Livingston. Chautauque, Cattarau- gus, Allegany, Wyo- ming, Erie. Genesee, Orleans, and Nii^ara. Broome and Tioga. a Phelps and Gorham originally contracted for the whole tract at $1,000,000, payable in a kind of scrip called " Consolidated Securities," then much below par. A rise to par prevented them from fulfiUiug the agreement. 6 In 1801, conveyed in undivided halves to the State of Conn, and Sir Wm. Pulteney, the former using part of her School Fund in the purchase. Divided by alternate lots in 1811. c»taoo(OcDMwt3»cooo4iosotoKtaoi'-^(Oroooii--'o>-5c55ow ■'MtOtOtai^tOMWKltOtOtiltOMM'-'tO ooi»^(Ooiaoboo)-' OOODOO W O C Tco b3 MOO : co: .. -. ,, _-_n*wtOCC»-^&3(DOi)fi.OMGOtD©CJb3' tOOaOiMM»e'Oi00030Mfc006MMi-J|fkC»lP.tffcOO)taWCO-^StOC»hP--'; foCJitSC0C;>®0)l-'Fi.|^MCDiDQM6^ g: >^Ot-fl(OCnC;iCJ»WO>Oii- ■* M ** » -Tjo *>- oi^ *». oi i;^ CO t0l-'(-'mC"Olfi-C0(000t0-JO>pQ00>O- dSCROO(D&5COi(i.Ol-^C»eD^C«l-iM&3COC ^ <0 O O to O OS 00 iffl >- "oow'too'lD'VsOs'to'eo'tO^il Oi "** CJi T-' h SSS3S s as M CO )f^ ui e J«^jF.CJipiMpOptO 'Tti^bococo^co-~7co!fhcrtcubo^ S&OOSOSVOSViOOODCOW-ltS -"-"-' - eOfc3 0DOi9totoaoa>cn~7-£riUt-'Q>to^toto MSw^oeSf-'i-'^oifcoogMai.eapiow C0 09MO~Ti-iS.-4Q«paotaaoMt^.oiioooso>: oioipotspi-iScocaMoopEcWM^fcatS: COwEsi-iOO-^Ooi^tSOl'flf'-WCOOitfkCOtS* WMkObSbOMMtatota lu-os co ti^ eo to h-> oo coi^-3-JSto.MOoK>-JiHrqi-j(3s-;c»p*jiS a)e7<-4M^t->-Jta30tf^«taooooh->pco3^ COttS«eo>en^jRotj^_^ea^i 'bo1-»"io'ce cp'cn'cn'bs p | pCOOOCODOOtbOSKI. f-'enbtoto^bsb^; p CO p M M (F*- lO to bS to M CO CO W CO M^CO^O W>3 M„tO M^ M ?_.'i..'i,Tw':.»t^^j^(4 Tji t.ahaoj-»0)iF"P-r'P~2 *■ ot o> a to >(^ 6 ooo-aej* c 5 OS W GO !D c; Ki en -4 o en CO bO feiooi-'OCotiDCJit-'oi 5SoC«SoP-^fco-^to .EHe CteTial. C^tarnplain Oancd. Oswego Chnal. Ckiyiiga (£ Seneca Canal. Chemwng Cawd. Ofodked Lake CanoX. Chenango Canal. Genesee VaUeu Canal, Oneida laJce CancH. Seneca River Towing JPath. Oneida River Improver ment. Cayuga Inlet. Black River Canal. BaldswinsvWA Canal. I I s- •« c <§ H s- > 1^ ^ SM H g5 O s •^ H s O a t-i & t* «• W J* > 58 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Tlie Erie Canal, connecting the Hudson with Lake Erie, was'conMnenced at Rome, July 4, 1817, and was completed Oct. 26, 1825. As first constructed, it was 363 mi. long, 28 ft. wide at the bottom, 40 ft. wide at the top, and 4 ft. deep. The locks were 90 ft. long between the gates, and 15 ft. wide. The original cost of the whole was $7,143,789. 86.' The number of boats upon the canals at different periods has been— in 1843, 2,136; in 1844, 2,126; in 1847, 2,725; in 1863, 3,401 ; and in 1869, about 3,600. The following numbers of new boats have been registered: — 1853, 690 1 1866, 364 1854,760 1857,329 1856, 471 I 1858, 255 1844,378 I 1847,1,466 I 1860,162 1845,297 1848, 467 1861,213 1846, 477 I 1849, 216 | 1852, 271 Some opinion may be formed of the class of boats nsed from the numbers built. These were, in 1857, of scows, 106 ; decked scows, 23; lake boats, 95; bullheads, 102; and packets, S. None of the last named were built in 1858 ; and the day for traveling upon the canals maybe considered as virtually passed, unless steam canal boats — now being introdnced into use — prove successful competitors in speed with steam upon railroads. The largest boat registered in 1844 was 90 tons. In 1849, soma were as high as 135 tons; in 1850, 170 tons; in 1863, 250 tons; and in 1858, 300 tons. The average tonnage of boats has been as follows : — 1849 76 1850 80 1861 87 11852 88 1853 97 1854 105 1866 102 1866 107 1857 114 1858 109 General average 100 Structures upon the New York State Canals at the close of 1857. Lift Locks'. Guard Locks Weigh Locks.... Aqueducts Waste Weirs Culverts Guard Gates Road Bridges.... Farm Bridges... Tow Bridges Total Bridges'.. Dam8<= 609 10 •lis 4 23 27 52 76 13 140 II 116 1 19 21 52 212 12 ^5^ no 1 6 12 18 II = Si ^6 iirS 17 34 103 103 102 9 214 5 674 23 5 84 163 466 3 1,296 51 <» Double locks, side by side, are counted as one. The number upon the Erie Canal, when completed, will be two less, by dis- pensing with those now at Montezuma. 6 Farm bridges are gradually lessening in number, as the claims of individuals are from time to time commuted, or the damages appraised from failure to rebuild them. The principal increase of bridges is in cities and villages, from the opening of new streets ; and in these localities permanent iron bridges are now generally built upon the principal thoroughfares. « Of the 10 dams in the first column, 8 are feeder dams. 1 Plans for improving the navigation of the Mohawk were proposed in 1726, but nothing was done to this end till March 30, 1792, when the " Western Inland Navigation Company" was incorporated, with powers to improve the channel and build canals and locks to Lake Ontario and Seneca Lake. The cost to Oneida Lake was estimated at £39,500. This work consisted mainly of the following : — 1st. A canal at Little Falls, 4,762 feet long, of which 2,550 feet were through solid rock. Upon it were 6 locks, with a total rise of 44i feet. 2d. A canal ly miles long, with a lock, at Wolf Rift, German Flats. 3d. A canal, li miles long, at Rome, con- necting the Mohawk with Wood (>eek ; and, 4th, four locks upon Wood Creek, with a total depth of 25 feet. The work was begun at Little Falls, in 1793, but the want of ftrnds delayed the work until 1794, when a subscription of 200 shares was obtained from the State. Boats first passed the canal and locks at this place Nov. 17, 1795, and on that day and the next 8 large and 102 small boats were passed, at a toll of £80 10s, exclusive of 9 that passed free the first day. The chambers of the locks were 74 Ijy 12 feet, and allowed boats of 32 tons to pass ; but other im- pediments limited boats to a burden of 30 or 11 tons. Light boats could go from Schenectady to Fort Stanwix and back in 9 days ; but the larger boats required 14 days to make the trip. In 1793, Wood Creek was cleared out, and 13 isthmuses were cut across, shortening the channel 7 miles. In 1796, boats passed through to Oneida Lake; and the work, in 1797, had cost $400,000, of which the State paid $92,000. The great cost re- quired high tolls: and in 1812 but 300 boats passed, with 1,600 tens, at Little Falls. The company gave up its rights west of Oneida Lake in 1808, and sold out to the State, in 1820, for $152,718.62.— J?epor( of Weston, tlu. iinaineir, 1796; Spafford's GazeUter, 1813 ; Hist. N. Y. Gmals, II, 40. It is entirely uncertainwho originated the first idea of con- structing a chain of water communication through the State. All of the early efforts were directed to effecting a passage through the Mohawk, Wood Creek, Oneida Lake, and Oswego River to Lake Ontario. The Western connection was sought by locking around Niagara Falls. In 1800, Gouverneur Morris first suggested the idea of a direct canal from Lake Erie to the Hudson, through the center of the State. His plan was to tap Lake Erie, and have a continuous slope from the lake to the high land that borders upon the Hudson, and a series of locks thence to the river. In 1803 he stated the outline of his plan to .the Surveyor-General, Simeon De Witt, who looked upon it as chimerical. The next year Mr. De Witt, in a conversation with James Geddes, then a land surveyor of Onondaga county, stated the plan of Mr. Morris as one of the impracticable schemes which had been advanced. Mr. Geddes, however, looked at the matter in a different light, and, after some little reflection, he concluded that the plan, with some modifications, was by far the best that had yet been suggested. He counseled with Jesse Ha.wley upon the subject and the latter, convinced of the feasi- bility of the project, wrote a series of papers which were pub- lished in the Genesee Messenger from Oct. 1807, to March, 1808, These essays were signed "Hercules," and were the first ever printed in favor of the Erie Canal. In 1808, Joshua Forman, an intimate associate of Mr. Geddes. then a member of the As- sembly, introduced a resolution for the survey of a canal route, to the end that Congress might be led to gi-aut moneys for the construction of a canaL The sum of $600 was granted for surveys under the direction of the Surveyor-General. James Geddes was intrusted with this service, and was directed to level down from Oneida Lake to the month of Salmon Creek, to ascer- tain whether a canal could be opened from Oswego Falls to Lake Ontario and to survey the best route for a canal around Niagara Falls. He was also directed to survey a route eastward from Lake Erie to Genesee River, and thence to the waters flowing east mto Seneca Lake. He finished this work, and made a report showing the practicability of the last named route and Its great superiority over the others which had been proposed. This report at once excited general attention, and secured the influence of De Witt Clinton, then a member of the Senate, and many other prominent men. In 1810, commissioners, at the head of whom was De Witt ainton, were appointed to explore a canal route through the center of the State. On the 8th of April, 1811. an act was passed to provide for the improvement ot the mternal navigation of the State, and efforts were made to obtam aid from the General Government, but without success. Ihe report of the commissioners stated the importance of this measure with such force and eloquence that a law was passed the next year continuing the commissioners, and authorizing them to borrow and deposit money, and take cessions of land for the proposed canal; but the war suspended active operations. Ihe project, however, continued to be discussed, and an act was passed on the 17th of April, 1816, providing for a definite survey. The canal was begun at Rome, July 4, 1817, and on the 22d of October, 1819, the first boat passed from Utica to Rome The completion of the canal was celebrated by extrairdinarv oANALS. 59 The enlargement of this canal was ordered May 11, 1835, and has been going on more or less rapidly since, except during a few years of suspension commencing under Gov. "Wright's adminis- tration. It was estimated by the State Engineer and Surveyor, in Jan., 1859, that $1,565,077.75 would complete the enlargement upon the present plan, making the total cost of that work $23,000,000. The length of the Erie Canal when enlarged will be reduced to 349.74 mi. Its sec- tion gives a breadth of 70 ft. at the surface of the water, 52J ft. at the bottom, and a depth of 7 ft. civic and military ceremonies throughout the State, and espe- cially in New York City, on the 4th of Not. 1825. As the first boat, vrith Governor Clinton on board, entered the canal, at Buffalo, at 10 o'clock, (Oct. 26,) a line of cannon, previously ar- ranged a few miles apart, passed a signal along to Albany, and down the Hudson to Sandy Hook, from whence it was returned in like manner. The signal was heard at New York, at 11.20. The flotUla with the Governor was everywhere greeted with en- thusiastic rejoicing. Upon reaching New York it passed down to Sandy Hook, and the waters of the lake were mingled with those of the ocean -vfith imposing ceremonies. The Canal Commissioners under whom the Erie and Cham- plain Canals were constructed, were Stephen Van Rensselaer, De Witt Clinton, Joseph Ellicott, Samuel Young, and Myron HoUey. Henry Seymour was appointed in place of Ellicott in March, 1819, and William C. Bouck was added to the number in March, 1821. The chief engineers were James Geddes, of Onon- daga CO., and Benjamin Wright, of Rome, neither of whom had ever seen a canal, or enjoyed means of acquiring a practical knowledge of engineering other than that obtained from survey- ing land. The precision with which their canal surveys were executed, under the circumstances, may be regarded as truly wondei-fnl. Among the assistant engineers were Peacock, David Thomas, Nathan S. Roberts, David S. Bates, Canvass White, Davis Hurd, Noah Dennis, Charles T. Whippo, William Jerome, Henry G. Sargent, Frederick C. Mills, Isaac J. Thomas, Heiu'y Farnam, Alfred Barrett, John Bates, William H. Price, John Hopkins, and Seymour Skiff. The Canal Board have adopted the following table of distances from place to place upon the Erie Canal. The elevations above tide are those shown by the lockages, and do not take into account the descent given to cause a flow of water between locks, which does not vary much from an inch to a mile. The long level is supposed to be perfectly imiform in elevation above tide, StafionSj Distances, and Elevations above Tide on the Erie Canal. -3 Albany West Troy. Junction Cohoes Crescent Upper Aqueduct Schenectady Hoffmans Ferry. Port Jackson Schoharie Greek AuriesTllle FultonTille Yatesville Sprakers Canajoharie Fort Plain St. Johnsville , MindeuTllle ;... East Canada Creek Little Palls Mohawk Ilion Frankfort Fergnsons Utica York Mills Wbitesboro Oriskany Rome New London HigginsTille Dunbarton Loomis Dnrhamville Lenox Canaatota New Boston Lauding... Canaaeraga Landing ... Chittenango Bolivar Pools Brook KirkTiUe Manlius Limestone Feeder Orville Feeder. Lodi •.... Syracuse Geddes Bellisle Nine Mile Creek CamilluB Canton Peru Jordan ».... Cold Spring 7 7 11 14 26 30 40 46 51 S3 66 62 66 63 71 76 78 82 87 95 93 101 106 110 113 114 117 125 131 136 136 137 140 143 145 149 160 151 162 164 155 168 159 161 165 166 168 172 174 175 180 182 185 186 362 345 345 341 338 326 322 312 306 301 209 296 290 287 284 281 276 274 270 265 257 254 251 246 242 235 227 221 217 216 216 212 209 207 203 202 201 200 198 197 194 193 191 187 186 184 180 178 177 172 170 167 166 269.5 295 301 309 403 424 427 427 II Weedsport Centerport Port Byron Montezuma Pitt Lock Clyde Lock Berlin Lyons — . East Arcadia Lockville Newark Port Gibson Palmyra ~ Macedon Wayneport Knappville Falrport , Fnllam's Basin , BuahnelPs Basin Cartersville Pittsford TxjckNo. 65 Brighton Rochester Greece (6-mile grocery) Brockways Spencerport Adams Basin Cooleys Basin Brockport Holley Hulberton Broekville Hindsburgh Albion Gaines Basin Eagle Harbor Knowlesville Medina Shelbys Basin Middleport - Reynales Basin Mabees ~ Gasport Orangeport Millards Lockport Sulphur Springs, Q. Lock ., Pendleton Pickardsville Martinsville __ Tonawanda Lower Black Rock Black Rock Buffalo S 5 1^ 190 192 194 199 205 210 214 217 220 223 224 227 232 236 239 241 244 245 248 250 251 253 266 259 266 269 271 274 277 279 284 287 303 306 309 313 314 315 316 818 321 340 348 349 352 :?(^ 162 160 158 163 147 142 138 135 132 129 128 125 120 116 113 111 108 107 104 102 101 43 39 38 37 36 34 31 26 24 19 16 12 4 8 ■is ^•§.s 391 397 471 509 60 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The number of locks will be 74, or 10 less than the original number.* The banks of the enlarged canal are protected from washing by slope walls, consisting of stone firmly packed upon the sloping sides. The canal will allow the passage of boats of 200 to 250 tons burden. Steam has been introduced to some extent in propelling boats, and the success of the experiment has been so great that probably steam power will ultimately supersede horse power. Tlie Clianiplaiii Canal, extending from the Erie Canal, near Cohoes, to Lake Cham- plain, was begun June 10, 1818, finished to Waterford Nov. 28, 1822, and completed Sep. 10, 1823, at an original cost of $875,000, exclusive of the feeder to Glens Falls. It is 64 mi. long and has a navigable feeder of 7 mi. to Glens Falls, with a slackwater navigation 5 mi. further upon the Hudson.^ Tlie Cbenango Canal^^ connecting the Erie Canal at Utica with the Susquehanna River at Binghampton, was authorized Feb. 23, 1833. It is 97 mi. long exclusive of 13f mi. of feeders, none of which are navigable, Tlie Black. River Canal and Erie Canal Feeder extends from Rome up the valley of the Mohawk and of Lansing Kil to Boonville, and thence it descends the valley of Black River to a point below the High Falls. From the latter point is a river navigation 42J mi. to Car- ^ The chambers of the enlarged locks are 110 by 18 feet, and their lift variea from 3 to 15J feet. The canal leaves Lake Erie at Buffalo, follows the river bank to Black llock, and communi- cates with the dam at that place. At a point 10 mi. below Buf- falo it enters Tonawanda Creek, follows its channel 12 mi., and crosses thence, through a rock cutting, to the brow of the mountain ridge, at Lockport, where it descends 55.83 feet by 5 combined locks. It continues thence, eastward, from 1 to 3 mi. 6. of the ridge road, to Rochester, crosses the Genesee upon a stone aqueduct, makes a circuitous sweep across the Irondequoit valley, along the top of a natural range of hilla, and finally delivers the waters of Lake Erie into Seneca Kiver, after supplying 153 mi. of the Erie Canal, and affording a large amount of water-power at various points along its course. It then rises by 2 locks, descends into the Onondaga valley by 1 lock, and then rises by S locks to the long level which extends from Syracuse to Utica, from whence it descends the Mohawk valley, mostly on its 8. side, to the Hudson. Below Schenectady, it twice crosses the Mohawk, upon stone acqueducts. It is Continued down the bank of the Hudson to Albany, where it terminates in a epar ciouB basin. At West Troy it also opens into the Hildson. The total lockages going w. are 612.9 feet up, and 43.5 feet down, or a total of 658.4 feet. The canal is fed by numerous streams along its course, and by 9 reservoirs, all of which, with a single exception, are upon the middle division. They are as follows: ErieviUe* Hatchs Lake Eatops Brook Bradley Brook..... Leland Fond Woodmana Lake.. Madison Brook.... Skaneateles Lake Cazenovia Lake... Total ^ Acres in ■i 1 •S area. "S WW ■fi' 11^ &« l^«, 340 46 214 134 15 10 254 60 60 134 30 25 173 13 8 148 18 11 235 65 45 8,320 6 1,778 H 11,516 08fi 8 30 2* 9 10 150J o Built in 1857, at a cost of §10,884.73. In Nelson, Madison CO. * Leads to Bradley Brook reservoir, c Leads to Eaton Brook feeder. Besides these are the reservoirs upon the Black River Canal, which is itself but a feeder to the long level of the Erie Canal. Several of the feeders to the middle and western divisions of the Erie Canal are navigable for short distances. Connected with the canal at Buffalo ar-e Main and Hamburg street canals, the Clark and Skinner Canal, the Ohio basin, and several slips con- nected with the canal, and a ship-lock channel at Black Rock. At Tonawanda is a side-cut for a river-lock. 2 A company styled the " Northern Inland Navigation Co." ■was formed at the same time as the Western Co. ; but failed to raise funds to accomplish its objects. A natural water commu- nication, interrupted by portages, extended along the route of this canal, which was used by the natives with their canoes. The canal was built of the same dimensions as the Brie. It crosses the Slohawk in a pond formed by a dam 1,700 feet in length, and follows near the w. bank of the Hudson to Schuyler- viile, where it crosses into Washington co. by another dam 700 feet long, and continues near the east bank to Fort Edward. Here it leaves the river and crosses to the valley of Wood Creek, and thence, partly in the bed of that stream, to Whitehall. When this canal was first opened slackwater navigation upon the Hudson was used 8 miles above and 3 miles below Fort Miller, with a short canal and 2 locks around the falls at that place. It was fed from the Hudson by means of a high and costly dam near Fort Edward. The use of the channel of the Hudson is now entirely superseded by a canal along its bank, built in 1826-27 ; and the high dfim has given place to a feeder to a point above Glens Falls, where there is a dam 770 feet long and 12 feet high. The feeder enters the canal at the summit level, 1^ Iniles K.E. from Fort Edward. The canal communicatea with the Hudson above the State dam at Waterford by a side- cut with 3 locks. It has 7 locks between the lake and the sum- mit, with 54 feet total lift, and 14 locks, with a total of 134 feet, between the Summit and the Hudson at Waterford. The locks on this canal are being enlarged to a capacity of 15} by 100 feet. Staiions, Distance, and EUvaMons upon tJie Champlain Canal. Albany West Troy Junction Waterford Mechanicaville Stillwater Village Bleeckers Basin Wilburs Basin. Van Deusens Landing... Schuylerville Saratoga Bridge Fort Miller , Moses Kil , Fort Edward , Glens Falls Feeder. Bakers Basin , Smiths Basin Fort Ann , Comstocks Landing. , Whitehall S-S 1^ 42 47 49 60 66 69 63 71 71 64 64 61 63 49 47 46 40 37 35 82 29 24 22 21 16 12 100 110 131 140 160 Glens Falls Places. Champlain Canal.... Sandy Hill Glens Falls Head of ths Feeder.. Head of the Pond.... Total.. MUes from place io place, 2 3 2 6 12 3 This canal is supplied by Chenango River and 6 rtservoira, «z.,— Madison Brook, Woodmans Pond, Lelands Pond, Bradleys Brook, Hatches Lake, and Eaton Brook ReBervoirs,— all of which are in the south part of Madison co. The canal extends across to and up the valley of Oriskany Creek to the summit level, and down the valley of Chenango River. It was begun in 1833 and finished In 1837, at a cost of $1,737,703. From Utica to the ?™'T"A'* '■„T' '"*' ^^^* '■y ^^ '""=''=' *'"* from thenoe it descends ii03 feet by 38 looks to the Susquehanna. Of its 116 locks, 2 are stone and the remainder composite. Upon the feeders are 12 road and 18 farm bridges. CANALS. 61 thage, on the line of Jefferson co. At Boonville the canal receives a navigable feeder 12 mi, long, ■which derives its water from Black River. Length of main canal 36.62 mi., of feeders 12.48 mi., and of reservoirs 12.95 mi.^ Tlie Oneida Lake Canal^ connects the Erie Canal at Higginsville (3| mi.) with Wood Creek, and by slackwater, 2i mi. on that stream, with Oneida Lake, a total distance of 6 mi., and a descent of 56 ft. The Oswego Canal^ extending from Syracuse to Oswego, was authorized Nov. 20, 1824. A loan of $160,000 was allowed April 20, 1825 ; it was begun in 1826, and was completed in 1828, at a cost of $525,115.' It is 38 mi. long and includes 19 mi. of slackwater navigation in Oswego and Seneca Rivers, with a towing path on the e. bank. Connected with this work are the Oneida River Improvement, extending the whole length of that stream from Three River Point to Fort Erewerton, at thd outlet of Oneida Lake ; the Seneca River Improvement, ex- tending from Mud Lock, on the Oswego Canal, to Baldwinsville, by slackwater navigation ; and Stations, Distances, and Ulevations upon the Chenango OancU. Uticfl- Boad leading from New Hart- ford to Whitesboro Clinton Beansville. Oriakany Palls SolsviUe Bouckville Pecks Basin HamlltOB Lebanon Factory. Earlpville..., Sherburne Nortb Norwich. Plastorville Norwich Oxford HayTies Mill Greene Forks Pond Brook Port Crane Crockers Mills Binghampton 1 ^ st i *;s 1. 1.1 1 II 11 II 1 97 427 3 3 94 6 9 88 672 5 14 83 775 5 19 78 956 3 22 75 1,109 2 24 73 1,128 2 26 71 4 SO 67 1,112 2 32 65 4 36 61 1,078 5 41 66 1,033 4 45 62 1,018 2 47 60 4 61 46 996 9 60 37 968 10 70 27 4 74 23 924 g 82 16 881 2 84 13 5 89 8 1 90 7 . 7 97 814 1 This canal was authorized April 19, 1836, and began the next summer. The summit level is 693 feel above the canal at Rome, to which it descends by 70 locks. Northward the canal descends 386 feet, by 39 locks. The feeder has but one level. The State has caused reservoirs to be formed by damming the outlet of tVoodhnll, Chub, North and South Branch, and other lakes in Herkimer co. The Eight Lakes near the source of Moose River are available as reservoirs to supply Black River with water, withdrawn to feed the canal southward. Table of the principal Lakes whicfi are med or reservoirs. ivaOable as Lakes. Area in acres. Feitahmie tUe. Chub Lake Sand " 530 1,236 518 423 "m 175 166 1,979 9 53 1,609 309 1,699 1,793 Mud " . 1,799 Woodhnll Lake 1,854 South Branch 2,019 North « ^ Jocks Lake 1,821 2,188 Moose « ~ 1,772 1,684 Second " Third " 1,684 1,684 1,687 1,691 Sixth " ~ 1,760 1,762 EiKhtb " 1,776 In September, 1857, the Canail Board abandoned its plans for Improving the channel of Black River by wing-dams and piers, and ordered a dam and lock to be built at the mouth of Otter Creek. The river has no towing path, and boats are towed by steamers. The State has buUt a dam and bridge at Carthago, and the piers of two other bridges, of which the superstructure is built by the towns. Stations, Distances, and Elevations upon the Black Miver Canal, PUOES. ^1 Rome Ridge Mills Lock No. 7 Walworth's Storehouse Westernville Wells Brook Aqueduct Stringers Creok Lansing Kil Lock No. 31 Lansing Kil Dam or Feeder . Lower Falls, Lansing Eil Upper Falls, Lansing Kil .... Lock No. 70 Boonville Sugar River Little Falls, Black River Port Leyden Lock No. 97 Lyons Falls Is ^^ 595 643 683 1,130 1,120 734 Boonville Feeder. Hawkinsville, on Feeder 3 miles from Boonville. A. Lee's, on *' 5 " R. B. Miller's, on « 6 « State Dam, on " 10 « Head of Reservoir 12 " 2 This canal was completed in the fall of 1835 by a company incorporated March 22, 1832 as the "Oneida Lake Canal Co." The company having to use the waters of the Erie Canal from the long level, were required to supply an equivalent amount. A feeder waa constructed 5 miles west, drawing its waters from Oneida Creek. It is 2 miles long, and not navigable. The company had authority to extend its improvements 4 miles up Wood Creek, but nothing was ever done in that direction. By an act of May 11, 1840, the Canal Commissioners were authorized to purchase it at a cost not exceeding $50,000, which was done April 12, 1841, and Stjite stock bearing 5 per cent, interest, and redeemable in 10 years, was issued in payment. The first cost of the canal and feeder was $78,824.86. This canal forms an important link in the internal water communication of the State, extending navigation from the Erie Canal to Oneida Lake, and by the Oneida Outlet to the Oswego Canokl and River. Before the Erie Canal was built the Oneida Lake route was the great thoroughfare for the transporta- tion of goods westward. 8 The act did not originally anthorize a connection with the Erie Canal, but only a communication with Onondaga Lake. The connection was reoommended by the commissioners in 1827, and it was authorized soon after. This canal has a fall of 123 feet by 18 locks. The Oneida River Improvement has 2 steamboat locks, one of 3 and one of Zk feet lifl^ 120 feet long and 30 wide, passing boats drawing 4 feet of water. It also has one dam and one draw bridge at Oak Orchard and Brewerton. 62 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. thence by a canal three-fourths of a mile long, with one lift and one guard look, and by slack- water on the Seneca River to Jacks Reef. Cayug'a and Seneca Canal connects the Erie Canal at Montezuma with Cayuga Lake at East Cayuga and with Seneca Lake at Geneva. About half of the canal is formed by slaokwater navigation upon Seneca River, and the remainder is a channel parallel to the river. As enlarged, this canal admits the passage of large boats from the Erie Canal to the head of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes.^ Crooked I^ake Canal connects Crooked Lake at Penn Tan with Seneca Lake at Dresden.' CIieniun§r Canal and Feeder connects Seneca Lake at Watkins with Chemung River at Elmira, with a navigable feeder from Knoxville on Chemung River to Horseheads, on the summit level of the Chemung Canal, including slackwater navigation from the dam and guard lock at Gibson to Knoxville.' Tlie Genesee Valley Canal extends from Rochester up the Genesee Valley to Olean upon the Allegany. The summit level is 978 ft. above Rochester and 86 ft. above the Allegany River, at Olean, and from it 97 locks descend toward the N. and 9 toward the s.* Stati(ms, Distances, and JE^evatians upon the Oswego Gaiial. Syracuse ^lina Liverpool ... Mud Lock Cold Spring New l!h*idge Three River Point. Phoenix Sweet's Lock Ox: Creek Fulton Braddock's Rapid.. Tiifiiny's Landing.. High Dam gi S g n .? ? 5 1 i§i :§§• ^5 3S a 2 36 3 .■i 33 •2 7 31 1 8 .30 6 1,e bottom hmds Pond 6 62 *r ^"^S""? to "s enti-ance into MiU Grove CANALS. 63 Besides the foregoing navigable improvements by the State, the following have been placed under the direction of the Canal Commissioner for construction : Tlie 0-%vasco I^ake Improvement^ ordered in 1852, and designed to make this lake a reservoir for supplying a water power for the machinery in Auburn State Prison.^ TBie draining of Cayug'a Marsbes, for reclaiming a large amount of land, estimated at 40,000 acres, at the outlet of Cayuga Lake and along Seneca River. By an act of April 12, 1853, the channel of the river was ordered to be lowered, and the lands benefitted to be taxed for the expense. Surveys have been made and the work partly accomplished under the direction of the Canal Commissioners.^ Several companies have been incorporated for the purpose of constructing navigable canals, but, with two or three exceptions, none of these have at present a corporate existence. Tiie Oela'rt'are and Hudson Canal, extending from Rondout on the Pludson to Hones- dale, Penn^, is the most important of these. It is connected with the Lackawanna coal region by a R. R. 16 mi. long, and is one of the principal routes by which coal is brought to the market upon the Hudson.^ stations, Distances, and Etevations upon tlxe. Genesee Talley Canal. Rochester Ka^ids (LoctNo. 1) Tone's Basin Scottsville Canawaugus (ATon road) Sackett's Basin— Fowlerville Road. —. Barclay's Mill Piffardinia -- ■ Spencer's Basin.„_ Tracy's Basin Cuylerville Leicester, Moscow Landing Genesee River Dam Mount Morris Shaker Settlement — Brushville - Nunda Messenger's Hollow . — Genesee Falls (Tunnel section) Portageville - Lock No. 61 MixTille Landing, Wiscoy Feeder., Fillmore Burrrille .■ Caneadea Center Oramel Belfast - KockviUe Caseville....- Black Creek Corners.^ Cuba Ischua Feeder Hinsdale .- Olean » s_=? g j; s 5-3 Si >S^ :^s n 107 9. 2 105 fi 8 99 4- 12 95 s 20 87 9. 22 85 9. 24 83 •?. 28 81 a 29 78 1 30 77 9, 03 75 1 83 74 1 34 73 2 36 71 1 37 70 4 41 66 S 46 61 5 61 66 9. 63 64 4 6T 60 9. 69 48 5 64 43 1 66 42 4 69 38 fi 75 32 1 70 31 9. 78 29 2 80 27 3 83 24 1 84 23 4 88 19 S 93 . 14 B 99 8 1 100 7 7 107 637 689 600 796 947 1,152 1,222 1,315 1,410 DansviUe Branch. Places. Shaker Settlement— Fitzhugh's BaBia Kysorville Rock Spring Sherwoods Landing... Steam Sawmill McNnirB Landing , Woodville Commonsviile Dansville Miles from place ifi place. Total ., 1 This work was 2 years in cliarge of the Agent of tlie State Prison and tlie Mayor of Auburn, but in 1855 it was placed in the hands of the Canal Commissioners. The work, up to 1857, was greatly injured by a Spring flood. From 1852 to 1857 in- clusive, $33,486 had been appropriated for this work. 2 In 1824, and several times afterward, the drainage of these marshes was made the subject of legislative enactment, but mthout other results than surveys. A concise history of this movement is given in Senate Doc. 36, 1853. The work was placed in 1853 under the direction of George Geddes, and up to 1858, $175,000 had been appropriated al5a mostly expended. — Report Canal CaiMtlissioners, 1858, p. 110. 3 The Delaware and Hudson Canal Company was incorporated April 23, 1823, with a capital of $1,600,000, with the right of using $50,000 in banking until 1844. The credit of the State was loaned for $800,000, in stock, bearing interest of 4| or 5 per cent. The canal was begun in July, 1825, and opened for use in Oct. 1828. Its length from Rondout to Port Jervis, on the Dela- ware, is 59 miles ; and from Port Jervis, up the Delaware to the mouth of the Lakawaxen, 24 miles. It crosses the river at the latter place, and extends 20 miles further to Honesdale. Its highest summit between the Hudson and Delaware Rivers is 585 feet above tide. Its descent to the Delaware is 80 feet; its rise along the Delaware is.l 48 feet; and its rise between the Delaware and Honesdale 187 feet. The aggregate number of locks is 107, and the total rise and fall is 950 feet. The railroad to the coal mines is also owned by the Canal Company. The original cost of the New York section of the canal was $1,424,994, and of the Penn. section $612,123. The company own most of the boats used upon the canal, and conduct the mining operations at Car- bondale. Present capital, $7,600,000. The canal was originally constructed to afford 4 feet of depth, and to accommodate boats of 30 tons. In Sept., 1842, a plan of enlargement was adopted, and Sfeetofwaterwasobtained, accommodating boats of 40 tons each. In 1861 a further enlargement was completed, obtaiuing 6 feet of water, and accommodating boats of 120 tons. The locks are now constructed with a single gate at the upper end, which turns down upon hinges like a door. It is found to be very serviceable, and much quicker to operate than the double Annual lieceipis of Tolls on tlie Delaware and Hudson Canal since its completion. 1830, 1831. 1832. 1833. 1S34. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838, 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842, 1843. 1844. 422,44 554,64 717,51 ,004,68 ,948,07 154,73 164,73 ,832.42 ,328,38 ,096.28 ,460.48 19 .894.93 ,996.53 ,626.61 1845, 1846, 1847. 1848 1849, 1860, 1851, 1862, 1853, 1854, 1865, 1856, 1867. 1858. ,880.92 ,068.66 ,971,34 ,548.64 ,817.95 .999,15 ,441.96 ,174.67 ,479.83 ,349.52 ,362.94 .737.86 ,198.44 64 NEAV YOEK STATE GAZETTEER. Distances on the Delaioare and Hudson Canal. Names op Places. Eddyville ,. Greenkill Hornbeck's Bridge Head of Pond Hardenburgh's Basin Le Pever's Falls IlOBendale Lawrence's Mills Marble Quarries High Falls Hasbrouck'e Basin Philip Hasbrouck's Clove Church Alligerville John S. Depuy's Basin... Enoch Freeland's Stony Hill Aqueduct Port Jackson David Yenooy's C. P. Hornbeck's Mountain Brook Middleport Bruyn'B Basin Poit Hyxson Port Benjamin Heirstard's Bridge Southwick's Brick Yard Terwilliger's Feeder Ellenville Cutler's Basin Broadbead'a Brickhill.... .Tared Ritche's Penney's Basin Bed Bridge Phillipsport Davis — Summit Level.... Beatyshurgh Log House in Swamp South Side of Swamp.... Guraare's Brook Wurtsboro' Sneed's Basin £ • s.a = o ■& ■ •k^ ll ^1 No. 1 108 1 2 S 107 106 105 2 to 4 6 4 104 6 6 103 7 6 102 Sand 9 7 101 10 and 11 8 100 12 to 19 9 99 20 and 21 10 98 11 12 13 97 96 96 22 23 14 94 16 16 93 92 24 17 IS 19 20 21 91 90 89 88 87 25 22 23 86 85 26 27 24 84 25 20 83 82 28 29 and 30 27 81 31 and 32 28 80 33 29 79 24 30 78 35 and 36 31 77 37 and 38 32 76 39 to 41 33 75 42 to 61 34 74 62 to 64 35 73 36 37 33 39 40 41 72 71 70 69 68 67 Names op Places. Graham's Basin Manerza Smith's Brown Haven Oak Brook Aqueduct. Indian Spring Tunnel Uill ■Westbrookville Samuel Staunten's Yan Inweigen's Basin Cuddebackville Neversink Aqueduct Piersonville Solomon Van Etten's Bridge. Canal Store Hornbeck's Culvert Bird's Nest Rock :. Stop Gate— Pine Woods Benjamin Cuddeback's Port Jervis Stop Gate— Westfall's Basin. Sparrow Bush Brook Honesville Bolton Butler's Falls Mongaup Dickerson's Eddy Stairway Brook Yanaukin's Bridge Fish Cabin Brook Tucker's Aqueduct Pond Eddy Yan Tuyl's Broolc Yan Tuyl's Basin Craigsville , , Buttermilk Falls Handsome Eddy David Johnston's Barrysville Panther Brook Beaver Brook Stop Lock Delaware Dam 69 and 70 h 72 and 73 ^1 Table of Companies ivhich have been organized for Constructing Canals and Extending Navigation in the State. Names op Canals. Allegany River Slackwater Na- vigation Co. Auburn Canal and R.R. Co Auburn & Owasco Canal Co Binghamton, Owego, & Penn. Slackwater Navigation Co. Black River Canal Co Black Eiver Navigation Co Cassedaga Navigation Co Cattetunk Dock Navigation Co., Cayuga & Seneca Canal Co Chenango Junction Canal Co... Chittenango Canal Co Delaware & Susquehanna Na- vigation Co. KUicotts Creek Slackwater Na- vigation Co. Gowanus Bay & East River Great Chazy Navigation Co Granville Canal Co , Harlem Canal Co Harlem River Canal Co , Hudson River & Channel Co Jefferson County Canal Co....... Junction Canal Co Date of Organization. April 7, 1S57 April 24,1832 April 21, 1828 April 9, 1855 March 20, 1828 April 5, 1810 April 16,1827 March 3,1815 April 20,1815 May 12, 1846 March 1,1818 April April April May April April April 20, 1825 23, 1S20 24, 1837 11, 1S36 18, 1825 15, 1826 16, 1827 April 4, 1800 April April l.'^, 1828 21; 1S2,S Capital. !0,000 150,000 100,000 400,000 10,000 20,000 550,000 500,000 300,000 100,000 Connections. Auburn and Erie Canal Auburn and Owasco Lake Erie Canal and Black River Browuville and Lake Ontario.... Montezuma and Seneca Lake.... Binghamton to State line Chittenango Yillage and Erie Canal. Delaware and Susquehanna River. City of Brooklyn may cause to be constnicted. Lake and Lower Bridge at Cham plain. Champlain Canal and Bishops Corners. East River and Manhattan ville. Spuyten Duyvel Creek and Har- lem River. For raft navigation on upper water, Carthage and Sackcts Harbor.... From Eric Canal near Cham- ])Iain Junction to Hudson Kiver. To improve Allegany River he- low Glean. Nothing done. Charter renewed in 1S34; not finished. Act amended in 1857. Nothing done. Not constructed. ToimproveCiissedaga Creek; not completed. To improve Cattetunk Creek from its mouth to n. it. branch. Nothing done. Rights purchased by the State. Nothing done. Assumed by the State, and used as a navigable feeder to Erie Canal. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partially improved. Nothing done. Partly done and abandoned. Surveyed but not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. CANALS. 65 Table of Companies which have been organized for Constructing Canals and Extending Navigation in the State, continued. Names of Canals. Junction Canal Co Long Island Canal Co.... Irf)ng Island Canal & Naviga- tion Co. Manlius Canal Co Mohawk & Hudson Lock Navifcation Co. Neversink Navigation Co New York & Sharon Niagara Canal Co Northern Inland Lock Naviga- tion Co. Northern Slacfcwater & Rail- way Co. Oneida Lake Canal Co Onondaga Canal Co Ontario Canal Co Orange & Snsaex Canal Co. Oswegatchie Navigation Co Owasco & Erie Canal Co Peconic River Lock Navigation Co. Rochester Canal & R.R. Co St. Lawrence Lock Co Salmon River Harhor Canal Co.. Scottsville Canal Co Seneca Lock Navigation Co Seneca & Snsqnehanna Lock Navigation Co. Sodns Canal Co Susquehanna & Chenango Wallabout Canal Co Wallabout Canal Co Weatem Inland Lock Navigar tionCo. Date of Organization. May 11, 1845 Apra 15,1828 AprU 8, 1848 April 16,1828 April 17,1816 April 16,1816 April 19jl823 April 5, 1798 March 30, 1792 May 13, 1846 March 22, 1832 Nov. 25, 1824 March 31, 1821 April 11,1825 April 25,1831 $200,000 300,000 50,000 500,000 50,000 May April 1,1829 8, 1808 March 26, 1831 April 1, 1808 May 16, 1837 AprU 30, 1829 April 6, 1813 March 31, 1815 March 19, 1829 May 20, 1836 April 9, 1828 April 18,1838 March 30, 1792 Capital. 100,000 150,000 30,000 350,000 15,000 50,000 300,000 200,000 '20J066 25,000 Connection. Prom Chemung Canal at Elmira to State line to connect with North Branch Canal. To connect Bays on s. side and to cross Canoe Place to Peco- nic Bay. The same Erie Canal and Manlius Slack- water Navigation. Cohoes Falls and Schenectady... From Sharon, Conn., to tide water to any point on the Hudson or in the City of New York. Lake Erie and Lake Ontario Hudson River and Lake Cham- ploin. Port Kent and Saranac Erie Canal and Onondaga Hollow. Canandaigua Lake and Erie Canal. From Columbia, on the Delar ware, through Orange co., to the Hudson. From the St. Lawrence to Black Lake and Canton. Owasco Lake and Erie Canal To construct Locks and Dams in Peconic River. Rochester and Lake Ontario For building Locks at Isle an Rapid. Lake Ontario and Port Ontario.. Scottsville and Genesee River. For improving navigation between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes. From Seneca Lake to Chemung River near Elmira. From Seneca River or Canan- daigua outlet to Great Sodus Bay. From river to Chenango Canal. Wallabout Bay and Tillory St. Brooklyn. Wallabout Bay to Kent Avenue Brooklyn. To open navigation on the Mo- hawk, Wood Creek, Oneida, and Oswego Rivers to Lake Ontario. Completed in 1858. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done. State Canal Feeder. Nothing done. The project failed. The State loaned its credit for $10,000 and lost the whole sum. Surveyed nearly on the present line of the Hudson R. R. Nothing uone. Work commenced but no part completed. Nothing done. Finished in 1835, and purchased by the State in 1841. Not constructed. Nothing done. The right granted in 1828 to build a R, B. on the line. Nothing done on either. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Railroad only constructed. Locks completed but too small for general use. Never completed. Merged in Cayuga & Seneca Canal. Nothing done. Partly constructed, but never used. Not constructed. Completed to Oneida Lake in 1797. The rights were after- ward vested in the State, and such as were available were used for the Erie Canal. EAIL EOADS. The first Rail road in the State, and the second in the U. S., was opened from Albany to Schenectady in 1831. Although rudely constructed, at great and much needless expense, the advantages of this means of communication became so apparent that within 3 years rail roads, duly chartered by law, were projected in every part of the State.^ These early grants were gene- rally limited to 50 years, and work was required to be commenced within 3 years, the State being allowed to become purchaser at the expiration of the charter. The charters contained the neces- sary provisions for the taking of property by appraisements, named the commissioners for opening subscriptions, and sometimes for locating and surveying the road, which in a few instances was done at the expense of the State. At an early period the aid of the General Government was solicited, in view of the utility of these roads in the transportation of the mails, and, in case of war, of military supplies ; but, with the exception of surveys made in two instances, no aid was obtained from this source. The State has 'Alliany, Vermont, Sb Canada Rail Road, for merly the Albany Northern R. R. Company organized Feb. 12, 1851. CJonnects Albany and Eagle Bridge, lload opened through about the 1st of July, 1S53. It was sold under foreclosure of mortgage Oct. 16, 1856, and assumed its present name Nov. 7, following. Albany, Vermont, and Gajiada Sail Roacb. Stations and Distances. Stations. Albany Cemetery...- West Troy , Cohoes Waterford Saratoga Junction, Scliaghticoke Pittstown Johnsonville Buskirks Eagle Bridge Distances in Miles. BeXween From From Stations. Albany. EagkS'dg. 33 4 4 29 2 6 27 3 9 24 2 H 22 1 12 21 10 22 11 1 23 10 3 26 7 6 SI 2 2 33 Albany &, West Stockbridge Rail Road, for- merly Castleton & West Stockbridge R. R. Company or- ganized April 19, 1830, but nothing was done under tlie first name. Present name assumed May 5, 1836. Road opened ftom Greenbush to Chatham Dec. 21, 1841, and to the State lino Sept. 12, 1842. It was leased to the Western (Mass.) R. K. Nov. 18, 1841, for the term of its charier; and has since been operated as a part of that road, including the . ferry at Albany. The city of Albany, at different times, issued its bonds for SI. 000,000, to aid in building the road, the lessees paying the interest and $10,000 annually toward the sinking fund. It connects Albany with Springfield and Boston. Western Rail Road. Stations and Distances. Albany Greenbush Schodack Kinderbook I Chatham Center Chatham Four Corners... East Chatham Canaan State Line Pittsfleld, Mass Springfield, " .._. Worcester, " Boston, " Distances in Miles. Between Pram Stations. Albany. 1 7 8 3 4 6 6 5 11 63 64 44 1 8 16 19 23 28 33 38 49 102 166 200 From Boston. 20O 199 192 184 181 177 172 167 162 161 98 44 A.tlantlc & Great TVestern Rail Road Co. was formed May 18, 1869. The line extends from the New York & Erie R. R. at Little Valley to the 8. line of Chautauqua county. 66 AtttxxL <& HomersviUe RaU Road. Company incorporated May 14, 1846 ; capital $750,000. Time extended April 11, 1849. Other roads allowed to take stock April 9, 1851. Capital in- creased and company allowed to purchase the Buffalo & Rochester R. R., from Attica to Buffalo, and to change its name March 3, 1851. Name changed to Buffalo & New York aty R. R., April 16, 1861. Black River &, Utica Rail Road. Company formed Jan. 29, 1853. Road opened to Trenton Jan. 1, 1865, and to Boonville Dec. IS. 1855. The city of Utica has is- sued its bonds for $250,000, to aid in the construction of the road. It is designed to connect Utica and Clayton. Black River <£• Ulica Matt Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Utica. Marcy SloydRoad StittsTilie Holland Patent. Trenton.- Trenton Falls ... Prospect _... Remsen Alder Creek Boonyille Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 2 2 2 4 li 1 2J 7 7 From Utica. 6 3 10 12 16 17i 18i 21 From Btonvilte. 27 25 23 19 17* 16* 14 7 Bloasburg &. Corning Rail Road, formerly the Corning & Blossburgh R. R., and previously the Tioga Coal, Iron Mining, & Manufacturing Co. R. R. Was leased for a term of years to the Tioga (Pa.) R. R. Co. In 1864 it was sold for $260,000, subject to a mortgage of $245,000 and a ten years lease to the Tioga Co. It is operated at present by the lessees. Blossburg and (yarning Baitroad. Stations. Coming Erwin Center... Lindley Town Blossburg Distances in Miles. Between Stations. From Coming. 41 Brooklyn City Rail Road. Company formed Doc. 16, 1853. Opened as follows : Flushing Avenue Route. Fulton St. to Throop Avenue in j„iy 1554 Fulton Avenue Route. Ferry to Washington Avenuein July 1854 Myrtle Avenue Route. Fulton St. to Nortram Avenue in July 1854 Greenwood Route. Fulton St. to Gowanus Creek Washington Avenue to Brooklyn Avenue in.!."*. Sept 1854 Kent Avenue to Bushwick Creek in Oct' 1854 Gowanus Creek to 36th St. in .','." Nov. 1854 Nortram Avenue to Division Avenue in .'.*.* Nov! 1854 RAIL ROADS. 67 upon several occasions loaned its credit to r. r. companies by issuing stock and retaining a lieu upon the roads, which in some cases was afterwards relinquished, and in others sacrificed by sale at nominal prices. Throop Avenue to Division Avenue in April, 1S55 Hamiltou Avenue Koute, Court St. to Ferry in May, 1855 Thia road is used for pasaengera only, and horse power ia exclusively employed. 36th St. to City Line July, 1S66 Bushwick- Creek to Keot St. in Oct. 18.56 Kent St toFurman St. in Dec. 1865 City Line to Yellow Hookland in July, 1856 Brooklyn &> Jayuaica Rail Road. Company formed April 25, 1832, In 1836 the road wiia leased to the Long Island R. K. Co. for the term of its charter. The leaaees built a tunnel 2.550 feet long under Atlantic St., hought access to the river, erected buildings and ducks at a cost of over $300,000, and have since maintained and operated the road in connection with the Long Island R. R., of which it is virtually a part. Buffalo, Bradford, &. PittsTrargfe Rail Road Co- was formed 1S59, by the consolidation of the Buffalo & Bradford and Buffalo & Pittsburgh K. R's. Buffalo o Hornellsville , Almond Alfred Tip Top Summit Andover. Elm Valley Genesee Scio Phillipsville Belvidere Friendship Cuba Summit Cuba Hinsdale Glean Allegany Tunungwant.— Great Valley Bucktooth Little Valley Cattaraugus Persia Turnout Dayton Perrysburg Smiths Mills Forestville Sheriden Dunkirk Distances in Miles. 8VS .97 4.43 4.00 3.37 3.88 4.69 6.40 6.31 3.S3 6.70 1.8^ 2.07 5.21 3.98 6.36 6.01 3.74 4.76 0.19 6.92 3.66 6.92 6.76 4.68 6.61 2.63 4.91 7.28 4.03 2.81 1.38 8.28 5.61 8.64 8.65 6.67 6.82 6.43 4.42 2.42 6.91 4.78 6.77 7.00 4.09 6.98 1.84 6.76 1.65 9.21 5.11 7.63 8.19 4.92 4.21 4.94 4.17 3.66 4.80 2.68 6.01 3.72 4.14 3.65 4.43 4.04 4.81 6.82 6.66 3.41 7.20 6.36 3.81 6.27 7.31 6.11 3.29 2.93 6.92 ?,M 8.49 4.66 41.26 46.69 49.69 63.06 56.94 61.63 68.03 74,34 78.17 83.87 85.73 87.80 93.01 96.99 102.34 108.36 112.09 116.86 122.04 1E8.96 182.61 139.53 146.29 149.87 155.48 168.01 162.92 170.20 174.23 177.04 178.42 186.70 192.31 200.95 209.50 216.07 222.89 228.32 232.74 236.16 242.07 246.86 262.62 269.62 263.71 269.69 271.63 277.29 278.84 288.06 293.16 300.79 308.98 313.90 318.11 323.05 327.22 330.77 336.67 338.26 344.26 347.98 352.12 365.67 360.10 364.14 368.95 375.77 381.32 384.73 391.93 397.29 401.10 407.37 414.68 430.79 424.118 427.01 433.93 437.80 411.29 445.95 55.03 69.46 63.46 66.83 70.71 75.40 81.80 88.11 91.94 97.64 99.60 101.57 106.78 110.76 116.11 122.12 126.86 130.62 136.81 142.73 146.38 163.30 159.06 163.64 169.26 171.78 176.69 183.97 188.00 190.81 192.19 200.47 206.08 214.72 228.27 229.84 236.66 242.09 246.51 248.93 265.84 260.62 266.39 273.39 277.48 283.46 286.30 291.06 292.61 301.82 306.93 314.56 322.76 327,67 831.88 336.82 340.99 344.64 349.34 352.02 358.03 361.76 365.89 269.44 373.87 377.91 382.72 389,54 396.09 398.50 406.70 411.06 414.87 421.14 428.46 434.66 437.86 440.78 447.70 451.57 455.06 469.72 l« 404.69 400.26 396.26 392.89 389.01 384.32 377.92 371.61 367.78 362.08 358.16 352.94 S48.96 343.61 337.60 333.86 329.10 323.91 316.99 313.34 306.42 300.66 296.08 290.47 287.94 283.03 275.76 271.72 268.91 267.53 259.26 253.64 246.00 236.46 229.88 223.06 217.63 213.21 210.79 203.88 199.10 193.33 186.33 182.24 176.26 174.42 168.66 167.11 167.90 162.79 146.16 136.97 132.05 127.84 122.90 118.73 116.18 110.38 107.70 101.69 97.97 93.83 90.28 85.85 81.81 77.00 70.18 64.63 61.22 64.02 48.66 44.85 38.68 31.27 26.16 21.87 18.94 12.02 8.15 4.66 Neir York & Harlem Rail Road* Company formed April 2, 1831. Work was coiiiiiMMic-d Feb. 24, 1832, and the first mile opened in Oct. following. The company was dllxiwed to extend the road north of Harlnm river, to meet the New Tork & Albany R. K,, at such point as might he agreed upon, in May, 1840; and to continue to Albany, May 14, 1845,, The road was opened to Chatham 4 Corners Jan, 19, 1852, counectiug at that place with the Albany & West Stockbridge R, E. New York <& Harlem Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (OfflciaL) Stations. White and Center Sts., N.Y. 26th Street Yorkville Harlem Mott Haven Melrose Morrisania Tremont Fordham Williams Bridge West Mt. Vernon Bronxville Tuckahoe Scarsdale Harts Corners White Plains Wafihingtons Quarters Kensico... Unionville Pleaaantville Chapequa Mount Kisco Bedford Whitlockville Goldens Bridge Purdys Croton Falls Brewsters.- Dykemans Towners Paterson Pawlings South Dover Dover Furnace Dover Plains Waj!saic Amenia Sharon Station Millerton Mount Riga Boston Corners Copake Hillsdale Bains Martindale Pbilmont Ghent Chatham Four Corners East Albany Distances in Miles. Between Stations, From New York. 2J 2* 2i i 1 i li 11 li 2i 2 * 3 li 2 2 3 ii 2i 2* 2 2 2 2* 3 2i 8J 6 2J *J- 4i Sir 3i 4J 3i 3* 6i 4 2i 3i 3i 6 2i 2* 6i 7* 8i .^ 10 12i 14 16i 18i 19i 22i 24 26 28 28J. Sii 34 36 40i 424 45i 47i 49i 61i 66J 58i mi 63i 67i 731 76 80J- 84i 88 911 103 1081 1121 116 118} 1221 1281 130} 163} Prom Cliathavi 4 Comers. 130} 128 125i 123 1224 1214 120} 1194 1181 116} 114 112 1111 1081 106} 104} 102} 102 99 96 94} 904 88J: 864 834 814 794 761 724 694 67 634 674 64} 604 46 42} 814 27} 224 184 16} 12 84 2i Ife-w Yorlc & 3Ve-vr Haven Railroad. This com- pany was allowed to extend their road from the State line to the Harlem R. R. near Williams Bridge. The com- pany run their trains 15 miles on the Harlem track for which tbey pay that company the net profits. The road was opened Dec. 28, 1848. New York & New Haven RaUroad. Stations and Distances, Stations. Twenty-seventh St., New York Thirty-second St Harlem Williams Bridge Mount Vernon New Rochelle Mamaroneck Rye Port Chester Greenwich Cos Cob Stamford (Conn.) Norwalk " Bridgeport " New Haven " Distances in Miles. Between l^om From New Stations. New York. Haven. 14 18 3 7 13 17 20 23 27 29 31 33 36 63 69 66 63 49 47 46 43 40 32 18 72 NEW YOEK STATE GAZETTEER. OgdcusliUTgli Railroad. This conip'any was formed by the second mortgiij^e bondholders of the Northern K. R-, from wliich its name was changed. Tiie road extends from Oijdensburgh to Rouses Point, and includes a branch to Cliamplain Landing, Ogden&hurgli {Northern) Railroad. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Ogdensburgh Lisbon Madrid Potsdam Knapps Brasher Fails & Stockholm. Lawrence Moira Brush's Mills Bangor Malone Burke Chateaugay Summit Brandy Brook EUenburgh Chazy Centerville ^looers Perrys Mills Champlain Rouses Point Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 84 n 3 H 6* 6* 2i Si 6 H 4t n 1 4i From Off- densburgji. H m 24* 27* 36i 41i 47 49} 65J- eij- 68} 73i 80* 97J 102* loej 113i 118 From Souses Point. 118 109i 100* 931 90^ 82i 76* 71 68i 62* 66* 49i 44* 37i 29* 28* 20* 16i 11* 4} Osivego &. Syracuse Railroad. Company formed April 29, 1839. Route surveyed during the summer of that year. The company was fully organized March 25, 1847, and the Road was opened in Oct. 1848. Oswego & Syracuse Railroad. Stations and Distances. (OfEcial.j Oswego Minetto Fulton South Oranby, Lamsons Baldwiusville Syracuse Distances in Miles. Between From From Stations. Oswego. Syracuse. 854 4i 4i 31 61 llf 24i 4* 16J 19» 2f 18i IH 4* 23 124 m 35} I Plattslmrgli &■ Montreal Railroad. Company formed Feb. 25, 1850. Road commenced in Aug. 1851, and opened July 20, 1852. It connects with the Lake, St. Louis, & Province Line R.R. It crosses the Ogdensburgh R. R. at Mooers Junction. Plattsburgh and Montreal Railroad, Stations and Distances, Stations. Plattsburgh Eeekmantown "West Chazy , Sciota , MooRra , Montreal (Canada). Distances in Miles. Between From From Stations. Plattsburgh. Montreal. 5 5 5 5 42 5 10 15 20 62 67 52 47 42 Sackets Harl>or &> Hllist>iirgli Rail Road- Company formed May 23, 1850. Road opened June 1, 1853. It connects with W. R. & C. V. R. R. at Pierrepont Manor. Sachets Harbor Saratoga Rail Road. Company formed April 14, 1832. Fully organized in May, 1833, and surveys commenced the same year. Opened from Waterford to Ballston Aug '19, 1836, and to Troy in the spring of 1836. The Co. leases and runs the Saratoga and Schenectady R. R. Rensselaer tS Saratoga Sail Road. (Official.) Stations and Distances. Troy Union Depot.. Green Island Waterford , A. Junction Mechanicville Ballston Saratoga Distances in Miles. Between From From Stations. Ti-oy. Saratoga. 82.3 .877 .877 31.423 3.676 4.663 27.747 1.402 6.965 26.345 6.630 12.486 19.816 13.108 25..593 6.707 6.707 32.8 Rocliester &- G-enesee Valley Rail Road. Com- pany formed June 7, 1851; allowed to extend their road to Portap:e. Woi-k was commenced in 1852, and the road opened to Avon in 1854. It connects at Avoa with the Buffalo, New York & Erie R. R. Rutland & 'WasUln.gton Rati Road extends from Rutland to Eagle Bridge, 63 mi. We have not been able to obtain statistics of this road, as it has made no report for seve- ral years. Rutland <§ Washington Rail Road. Stations and Distances. Distances in Miles. ^ Stations. Between Stations. From Eagle Bridge. From Rutland. Albany 10 23 6 6 7 18 2 6 7 11 10 83 39 44 61 69 71 77 84 95 95 86 62 66 61 44 26 24 18 11 Troy Eagle Bridge Cambridge .miuBh-qn Granville North Granville Poultney, Vt Castleton " Rutland " Saratoga &. Sclienectady Rail Road. Company formed Feb. 16, 1831. Work commenced in Sept. 1831. Road opened to Ballston July 12, 1832, and to Saratoga Springs in 1833. The road is leased and operated by the Rensselear & Saratoga R. R. Co. Saratoga <£ Schenectady Rail Road. (OflBcial.) Stations and Distanceg. Schenectady .... Halfway House Ballston Distances in Miles, Bptween Stations. 8 From Schenec- tady. 15} 22 From Saratoga. 22 . 14 6} ^- RAIL EOADS. 73 Saratoga <& Washington Rail Road. Chartered May 2, 1834. Capital, $600,000. Company organized April 20, 18S5. The work was begun and over $60,000 expended, when it was stopped in 1836. The time was extended April 18, 1840, May 4, 1844, and AprU 4, 1860, and the stock was increased $260,000 April 7, 1847. Company allowed to extend the road east to Tt, March 7, 1848. A new route was in part adopted upon resuming work. Began laying rails April 10, 1848. Koad opened to Gansevoort Aug. 15, 1848, to Whitehall Dec. 10, 1S48, and to Lake Station April 9, 1861. Sold Feb. 27, 1856, on foreclosure of second mortgage, and name changed to Saratoga & tVliltehaU Rail Road. Company formed June 8, 1866. Capital $600,000. This company leases and runs the Kutland and Whitehall R. B. to Castleton, Yt. Saratoga da WhitehaU Rail Road. Stations and Distances. Stations. Distances in Miles. Betw&en Stations. From Saratoga. From WhitehaZl. Saratoga 10.66 6.3 .8 3.32 4.6 3.91 3.91 6.6 1.88 6.62 1.86 1.75 3.28 10.66 15.96 16.76 20.08 24.68 28.49 32.4 39 40.88 46.82 47.47 49.22 62.6 39 28.34 22.24 18 92 Whitehall Junction 188 Hydeville " 10 22 Second Avenue Rail Road Company of the City of JSew York was formed Jan. 19, 1853. Road to extend from Harlem River to Peck Slip. In 1866 the company were allowed to bridge Harlem and Bronx Rivers, to discon- tinue the road from Chatham St. through Oliver and South Sts., and to lay a new track on Bowery to Pearl St. Sixth. Avenne Rail Road Company of the City of New York was foi-med Dec. 7, 1861. The road extends from Chambers St. to Harlem River, and was opened from Broad- way to Sortv-Fourth St. Aug. 19, 1862. S'vracuse, Bingbamton, &, IVevr York Rail Road. Company originally formed July 2, 1861, as the Syracuse & Binghamton E. R. Road opened through Oct. 23, 1864. It was sold Oct. 13, 1866, on foreclosure of mortgage, and name changed to the Syracuse & Southern R. R. Its present name was assumed under act of March 31, 1867. In 1858 the company were authorized to purchase the Union R. R- to the canal at Geddes. Syracuse, Binghamton^ <&Ne.vi TorP. Rail Road. Stations and Distances. (Official.) Syracuse Jamesville La Fayette Apulia TuUy Preble Little York Homer Cortland Blodgets Mills State Bridge Marathon Killawog Lisle Whitneys Point... Chenango Forks.. Chenango Binghamton Distances in Miles. Between Stations. From Syracuse. 14.36 19.46 21.43 26.76 29.47 83.73 36.4 39.94 46.19 60.09 62.99 66.64 68.78 68.06 74.2 79.33 Fi'om Binghmn- ton. 79.33 72.64 64.97 69.87 67.9 62.57 49.86 46.6 42.93 39.39 33.14 29.24 26.34 22.69 20.65 11.27 5.13 Tllird Avenne Rail Road Company of the City of New York was formed Oct. 6, 1863. The road extends from the intersection of Park Row and Broadway through Park Bow, Chatham St., Bowery, and Third Avenue to Harlem River It was opened from Ann to Sixty-First St. m 1863, and to Wghty-Sixth St. July 4. 1864. Troy &, Bennington Rail Road. Company formed May 16 1851. Workcommencedin June, 1861. Road opened Au" 1 1862. Connects the Troy & Boston R..R. with the Western Vt. R. R. It is leased to the Troy & Boston R. R. Co. Troy & Boston Rail Road. Company formed Nov. 20, 1849 Work commenced in Juno, 1860. Road opened from Troy to Hoosick Falls in Aug. 1863. Most of the remainder to the State Line is graded. The company leases the Troy & Troy (£ Bennington Rail Road. Stations and Distances. Stations. Troy Lansingburg Junction Schaghticoke Pittstown , Johnson ville Buskirks Bridge Eagle Bridge Hoosick Falls Junction Hoosick Falls Hoosick Corners Petersburgh North Adams, Mass Distances in MiLfis. Between Stations. 3 6 4 2 2 6 2 2 2 3 2 16 From Troy. 3 8 12 14 16 21 23 25 27 80 32 47 Western Vermont Rail Road. Stations. From. Noi-th Hoosick. From 2 4 54 2 6 60 Wallomsac North Bennington, Vt Rutland " Troy &■ Greentousli Kail Road. Company organized May 14, 1845 nndci- a lease from the New Yorli: & Albany E. R. The read had been commenced about 1S42, and opera^ tions suspended. It w.is opened in June, 1845. It is operated by the Hudson Eiver R. R. Co. under a lease. Troy &■ Etiitlaiid Rail Road. Company foi-med March 6, 1851. The road extends from Hoosick near Eagle Bridge to Salem. It was opened June 28, 1852, and leased to the Rutland & Washington (Vt.) R.R., until March, 1855, when it was placed in the bands of a receiver, and run by the Albany Northern R.R. Troy Union. Rail Road. Company formed July 21, 1851. Road commenced in Peb. 1853, and opened Feb. 22, 1854. It is owned by parties representing the interests of the Troy & Greenbusb, Troy & Boston, Rensselaer & Saratoga, and New York Central R. Roads, and is used by the above com- panies in common. Union Rail Road. Company formed Jan. 10, 1861. The road extends from Patterson and Ramapo (N. J.) to the New York & Erie R. R. at Sufferns. It is operated by the latter road under a lease. Union Rail Road. Company formed Nov. 13, 1856. The road extends from the 6th Ward in Syracuse to the Erie Canal in Geddes. By an act of April 16, 1858, the Co. were authorized to sell the road to the Syracuse. Binghampton, & N.Y. R. R. Co. "WatertOTvn & Rome Rail Road. Company formed April 17, 1832. Work commenced at Rome in Nov. 1848. Road opened to Camden in 1849, to Pierrepont Manor in May, 1851, to Watertown in Sept. 1851, to Chaumont iu Nov. 1861, and to Cape A'incent May 1, 1852. Watertovm, Rome, d- Cape Vincent Rail Road Stations and Distances. (Official.) Stations. Cape Vincent Three Mile Bay Chaumont Limerick Brownville Watertown Adams Center Adams .- Pierrepont Manor.. Mannsville Sandy Creek Richland Albion Kasuag Williamstown West Camden Camden McConnelsville Taberg Rome Distances in Miles. Between Stations. 4 4 10 3 5 2 5 5 5 6 5 2 11 From Oxpe Vin- cent, 11 17 21 25 85 38 43 45 50 55 V4 79 97 Fi-nm Rome. 80 76 72 62 59 54 52 47 42 37 31 28 23 18 13 11 ■Williamsport&.Elmira Rail Road. Incnrpoiated by IV'nn. April 9, 1850, and allowed to extind tho road to the New York & Erie R. W . at tlmira. The village of Elm pra waa authorized to loan its credit for $100,000 toward the con- -j. *j..„ vi^i.4- milnci nf tho rnnrl nrft in t.llifi State. 74 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Official Summary of Bail Road Statistics Albany, Termiont & Canada Albany & West htockbridge Black River &. Utica -•■ Blossburgh & t oining Brooklyn City Buffalo, New York & Erie Buflalo & State Line Cayuga & Susquehanna Cbemung Eighth Avenue ElQiira, Canandaigua & Niagara Falls,. Flushing Hudson & Boston Hudson River Long Island New York Central New York k Erie New York & Harlem. New York & New Haven Ogdensburg. Oswego &, [Syracuse Potsdam & Wiitertown Rensselaer & Saratoga Rochester & Genesee Valley Sackets Harbor & EUisburgh Saratoga Sl Schenectady Saratoga & Whitehall Second Avenue Sixth Avenue Syracuse, Binghamton & New York..., Third Avenue Troy & Bennington Troy & Boston Troy &■ Greenbush Troy & Rutland Troy Union Watertown & Rome = s Total 2,520.69 32.96 38 34.94 14.81 20.16 142 68.34 34.61 17.36 6 46.84 7.80 17.33 144 96 656.88 446 130.75 62.25 118 36.91 78.36 25.22 18.45 18 21 40.86 8 4 81 6 6.38 27.23 6 17.27 2.14 96.76 3.39 34 1.60 19.95 11.33 18 3.49 2.06 2.90 .39 .50 106.60 10.08 311.80 282.60 28.84 63.82 17.75 2.21 2 2.01 1.25 1 1.57 3.87 8 4.38 7.09 6.50 .28 3.23 .04 2.75 2.14 11 "sis $ 600,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 250,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 1,300,000 1,500,000 380,000 800,000 300,000 200,000 175,000 4,000,000 3,000,000 24,182,400 10,600,000 8,000,000 3,000,000 4,571,900 350,000 2,000,000 610,000 800,000 175,000 300.000 600,000 800,000 760,000 1,201,300 1,170,000 80,000 1,000,000 276,000 325,000 • 30,000 1,500,000 I. S 3 i a. $ 439. 1,000, 804. 250 1,000. 680, 1,913, 687, ,004.97 ,000.00 ,647.99 ,000.00 ,000.00 ,000.00 ,000.00 ,000.00 ,000.00 ,000.00 131,339.90 175,000.00 3,768,466.59 1,852,715.79 24,182,400.00 11,000,000.00 6,717,100.00 2,980,839.33 .12 $79,626,600 396,340.00 633,077.15 610,000.00 666,450.10 167,485.89 300,000.00 600,000.00 627,200.00 750,000.00 1,200,130.00 1,170,000.00 76,358.00 668,297.22 278,000.00 249,939.50 30,000.00 1,498,400.00 a< $ 1,575,098.79 1,289,933.98 682,600.00 220,000.00 "2,469,693.88 1,049,000.00 473,000.00 70,000.00 236,500.00 8,842,000.00 639,497.67 14,402,634.69 26,438.016.66 6,151,287.21 2,163,600.00 197,006.66 818,600.00 140,000.00 150,000.00 278,400.00 86,600.00 396,000.00 350,000.00 1^566,066.66 60,000.60 171,200.00 797,500.00 111. $ 1,626,098.79 1,269,933.98 716.070.60 220,000.00 2,674.5.32.19 1,221,378.49 480,402.28 70,000.00 269,913.32 680,000.00 688,600.00 9,297,003.04 653,263.02 14,402.634.69 27,170,274.41 6,298,927.88 2,194,061.07 213,414.94 998,638.47 140,000.00 180,417.13 306,810.47 86,500.00 400,455.94 380,000.00 1,763,486.80 90,600.00 172,295.37 1,028,582.99 680,000.00 769,250, $67,368,192.43 $71,926,162.77 | $74,692,936.63 | The Plattsburgh &. Montreal R. R., 23.17 mi.; Champlain & St. Lawrence R. R., 2.5 mi. to Canada line; and Williamsport 4 Elmira K. R., 8 mi. to Pennsylvania line, are not included in the above table, from default in reports. The gauge of the New York & Erie R. R. and of the connecting roads is 6 ft., the same as that of several roads in Penn. The New York Central R. R. General Summary of Bail Road Statistics for the year ending September 30, 1858. Length of roads in miles 3,124.71 Length of roads laid 2,442.91 Length of roads in operation, excluding city roads 2,397.62 Length of double track, including sidings 970.48 Length of branches owned by company and laid 373.44 Length of double track on same 6.37 Length of equivalent single track, exclusive of city roads 3,709.08 Number of engine houses and shops 183 Number of engines 738 Number of firstKjlass passenger cars, rated as eight. wheeled 1,071 Number of secondnjlass and emigrant cars 175 Number of baggage, mail, and express cars 239 Number of fi-eight cars 9,014 Excluding City Roads. MiUs. Average rate of speed of ordinary passenger trains, inclu- ding stops .". 20.72 Average rate of same when in motion 25.53 Average rate of speed of express passenger trains, including stops _ 25.44 Average rate of same when in motion 29.39 Average rate of speed of freight trains, including stops 10.69 Average rate of same when in motion * .13.95 Tms. Average weight in tons of passenger trains, exclusive of passengers and baggage 73.09 Average weight in tons of freight trains, exclusive of freight 129.27 Miles run by passenger trains 11,578,746 The same, excluding city roads 6,145,862 Number of passengers of all classes carried in cars... 43,786,579 The same, excluding city roads 11,250,073 Number of miles traveled by passengers, or number of passengers carried one mile, city roads not in- cluded .-. 373,169,179 Miles run by freight trains 6,417,466 Number of tons carried on freight trains 3,473,725 Total movement of freight, or number of tons carried one mile 420,604,609 Classijuiatist ofCbnstruction and of Equipment. Grading and masonry $68,355,306.85 Bridges 2,396,300.42 Superstructure, including iron 28,165,443.55 Passenger and freight stations, buildings and fix- tures. .:. 4,777,786.65 Engine and car houses, machine shops, ma- chinery and fixtures 1,920,498.40 Land damages, and fences 9,047,417.34 Locomotiyes and fixtures and snow plows 6,884,506.70 Passenger and baggage cars 2,670,501.01 Freight and other cars 6,586,736.19 Engineering and agencies 12,102,948.10 Total cost of construction and equipment 131,907,445.21 Total cost of same, excluding city roads 126,873,010.70 Exchuling Oity Rail Roads, tliefottoming deductions per Mile. Average cost per mile $52,918.23 Average cost single track per mile 84,206.05 Average number of miles traveled by each passenger 33.17 Average number of passengers to each train 60.72 Average distance each ton of freight is transported in miles 120.91 Average number of tons in each freight train 77 .54 Average number of trains over each track daily. ... 8.54 Average Cost per Mile of Road. For maintaining of road way $1,511.70 Forrepairs of machinery 892.47 For operating road 2,415.49 Average Cost per Mile of Single Track. For maintaining of roadway $ 877.19 For repairs of machinery....; -. 577.45 For operating road 1,561.42 Average amount received for passengers per mile, 1.98 cts. Proportion of passengers killed to miles traveled, 1 to 18,867,959. Proportion of passengers killed to passengers traveling, 1 to 662,604. Proportion of expenses to earnings, 63 to 100,32. 76 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Sail Roads Projected, Abandoned, and merged in other Beads. Names of Rail Roads. Adirondack Albany, Bennington & Rutland Albany Northern Albany k Cohoes Albany & Saratoga Albany k Saratoga Springs Albany £ Schenectady. Albany k Susquehanna.. Albion k Tonawanda Atlantic k Great Western.. Attica & Allegany Valley.... Attica k Ruftalo Attica k HornellsTille May 14, 1845 Attica k Sheldon Auburn & Canal Auburn & Ithaca Auburn k Rochester. . Auburn & Syracuse.... Date of Organization. AprU 1, 18S9 AprU 23,1860 Seb. 12, 1851 Co. not organ'd June 28, 1862 Sept. 20, 1862 April 19,1847 Capital. April April Sept. May 2, 1851 17, 1832 1, 1868 16, 1852 3, 1836 Aurora k Buffalo Batavia & Cheektawaga Bath k Coney Island. Bath k Crooked Lake Bingham ton k Susquehanna.. Black River Black River Black River Brewerton & Syracuse Broadway R. R. Co. of Brooklyn Brooklyn, Fort Hamilton Buffalo International.. Buffalo, New York 4 Erie... Buffalo & Allegany Valley... Buffalo k Batavia Buffalo k Black Eock Buffalo k Conhocton Valley Buffalo, Corning k New York Buffalo k Brie Buffalo k Hinsdale Buffalo k Lake Huron (Canada) Buffalo k Lockport Buffalo k New York Buffalo & New York City... Buffalo, Tonawanda & Niagara rails ._.... Buffalo k Niagara Falls Buffalo k Pittsburg Buffalo, Pittsburg k St. Louis... Buffalo k Rochester CanandaiguaRailway k Trans- 1 portation Co j Canandaigua k Corning 21, 1836 24, 1832 21, 1836 13, 1836 May 1, 1834 May April May April Aug. 14, 1832 17, 1850 March 24, 1831 April 29,1833 April 17,1832, May Jan. 21, 1836 27, 1853 y 1, 1836 Aug. 11, 1868 May 12, 1836 Feb. 25, 1867 Sept. 1, 1867 May 21, April 18, April 29, June 26, March 18, April 14, May 12, 1853 1838 1833 1850 1862 1832 1846 April 27, Jan. 16, 1852 1851 Canandaigua k Elmira, .. April 8, 1851 June 23, 1863 May 3, 1834 7, 1862 Oct. 11, 1862 Oct. 8, 1850 AprU 12,1828 May 11, 1848 Sept. 11, 1863 $100,000 400,000 335,000 "360,006 200,000 4,000,000 200,000 160,000 1,000,000 360,000 760,000 50,000 160,000 600,000 2,000,000 400,000 300,000 300,000 20,000 160,000 900,000 200,000 120,000 80,000 200,000 160,000 160,000 1,500,000 300,000 600,000 100,000 1,400,000 660,000 600,000 600,000 350,000 260,000 110,000 760,000 i,826,'666 Qmnections. Adirondack Iron Works and ") Clear Pond f Albany, Bennington, and 1 Rutland ] Albany and Troy, and Rutland R. R. at Eagle Bridge. Albany and Cohoes Albany and Green Island f Albany Northern R. R. and 1 \ Saratoga Springs / Albany and Schenectady 60,000 1,600,000 Albany and Binghainton Albion and Batavia f Buffalo k New York Central 1 \ R. R . and Penn. State Line j Attica to Penn. State Line Attica and Buffalo Attica and Hornellsville... Attica and Sheldon Auburn and Canal Auburn and Ithaca. Auburn and Rochester.., Auburn and Syracuse.... Remarks. Aurora and Buffalo Batavia and Attica k Buffalo R.E. Bath and Crooked Lake Binghamton and Penn. S. Line f Rome or Herkimer and River 1 \ St. Lawrence j Clayton and Carthage Clayton and Mohawk Village.... /Outlet of Oneida Lake and) 1 Syracuse | Through a part of Brooklyn ("Buffalo and proposed inter-"! ■< national bridge, opposite V i. Squaw Island J /Buffalo, New York k Eriel \ R. R. at Corning j /Buffalo and Attica & Alle-"} I ganyR. R ] Buffalo and Batavia. Buffalo and Black Rock / Buffalo, New York k Erie R. R. \ at Corning. Buffalo and Erie, Penn.. Buffalo and Hinsdale Buffalo and Lockport.. Buffalo and Attica. Buffalo and Hornellsville.. Tonawanda and Black Eock Buffalo and Niagara Tails /Buffalo and State Line nearl 1 Clean | Buffalo and Rochester... Canandaigua and Watson.. Canandaigua and Elmira.... Canandaigua and Niagara Edge. Nothing done. Merged in Albany Northern E.R, Sold, and succeeded by Albany, Vermont, k Canada E. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Changed from Mohawk & Hud- son, and merged in the New York Central R. R., May 17, 1853. Partly graded. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partly graded. Consolidated aa Buffalo k Roches- ter, afterward as Buffalo k N. York City R, E., at present as Buffalo, New York, k Erie. Consolidated, and is now the Buf- falo k New York City R. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated in New York Cen- tral R. R. Consolidated in New York Cen- tral E. R. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. {Consolidation of the Buffalo, Corning, and New York K. R. and part of Buffalo k New York City R. R. Partly done. Not constructed by this organi- zation. Horse-power. Since abandoned. Now the Buffalo, New York k. Erie R. R. Name changed from Buffillo k Conhocton Valley R. E. Surveyed and located. Nothing done. Allowed to purchase real estate in 1867. Consolidated with New York Cen- tral R. E., 1853. Connected with Attica & Hornells- ville R. R., and name changed to Buffalo k New York City R. E. Consolidation of Attica k Buffalo E. R. and Buffalo k New York E.R. Not constructed. Leased to New York Central E. R. Co. in 1853. Reorganized as the Buffalo, Pitts- burg 4 St. Louis R.R. Partly graded. Formed by union of Tonawanda and Attica & Buffalo E. Eoads. /Connected with Chemung R. E. \ to Elmira. Formed from Canandaigua kCoron ing and Chemung R. Eoads. Leased to New York & Erie E. E. Co. Leased to New York Central R. K. Co. in 1868. RAIL ROADS. Rail Roads Projected, Abandoned, and merged in other Roads, continued. 77 Names op Kail Roads. Date of Organization. Capital. Connections. Jiemarks. Canandaigua A Niagara Falls.. Canandaigua & Syracuse Cassadaga & Erie Castleton & West Stockbridge.. Catskill & Canajoharie Catsklll & Itbaca Chautaiique County Chemung & Ithaca Cherry Valley & Susquehanna. Clifton & South Clifton Clyde & Sodus Bay Coeymana Cold Spring Cooperstown & Cherry Talley... Coming & Blossburgh Dec. Not. May May April April July May May March Jan. May April Corning & Olean Coxaakie & Schenectady... DansviUe & Rochester .... Delaware DiTision Avenue Dunkirk & State Line Dutchess Dutchess Elmira, Canandaigua, & Nia-) gara FaUs j Elmira & Williamsport Erie & Cattaraugus Erie & New York City.,... Fishhouse & Amsterdam Fishkill Landing & State Line.. FredonJa & Van Buren Genesee Valley Genesee & Cattaraugus...., Genesee & Hudson River.. , Geneseo Geneseo & Pittsford Geneva & Canandaigua Gilboa Goshen & Albany Goshen & New York. Great Ausable Greene Harlem & High Bridge.. Herkimer & Trenton Honeoye Hudson & Berkshire Hudson & Delaware Ithaca & Geneva Ithaca & Owego Ithaca & Port Renwick.. Jamesville '. Johnstown 10. 1850 26, 1853 21. 1836 6,1834 19, 1830 21, 1828 23. 1851 16. 1837 10, 1836 8, 1853 22, 1853 21, 1836 30, 1839 $1,000,000 1,000,000 250,000 300,000 600,000 1,500,000 50,000 200,000 500,000 350,000 150,000 75,000 2,500 Canandaigua and Brie Canal.., Canandaigua and Syracuse... f Cassada^ Creek and Penn. \ State Line , Caatleton and West Stockbridge Catskill and Canajoharie May 15, 1837 April Feb. May March May March April March May Jordan & Skeneateles , Kingston Turnpike & R. R. LakeChamplain & Ogdensburgh Lake Ontario, Auburn & New "^ York Lake Ontario, Auburn A IJ^w York **J. Lake Ontario A Hudson River, Lake Ontario & New York.. Lansingburgh A Troy Laneingbnrgh A Troy Lebanon Springs Lewiston May L 5, 1851 5, 1853 15, 1837 22, 1832 21, 1836 1, 1853 15, 1850 28,1832 25, 1836 April 24,1857 April 21,1832 May 15, 1837 July 11, 1851 April April May June May Dec. April May April April April May April 26, 1832 12, 1848 21. 1836 2, 1856 15. 1837 11. 1852 11, 1848 11, 1836 21. 1S28 15, 1839 12, 1842 13, 18o7 17, 1828 April 18,1838 Aug. 25. 1P53 May 13, 1836 May 21, 1836 April 21,1858 April 19,1830 April 9, 1832 Jan. 28, 1828 16, 1834 21, 1836 April May May 13, 1836 6, 1837 May April -4pril April May April 23, 1835 20, 1832 15, 1851 9, 1856 Aug. 20, 1^52 May 19. 1^36 Nov. 13, 1P53 Dec. 1. 1«51 6, 1836 850,000 500,000 300,000 400,000 500.000 500,000 600,000 1,000,000 75,000 200,000 750,000 250,000 Catskill and Ithaca J New York A Erie R. R. and 7 \ Penn. State Line J Head of Cayuga and Penn. Line f Utica A Syracuse R. R. and ) 1 New York A Erie R. R f I Clifton and Vreeland Farm, 1 I on Lower Bay j Clyde and Lake Ontario Landing and Moss Hill Quarries In Cattaraugus co (Cooperstown and Canandai-1 \ gua A Syi'acuse B, R j [Corning and Blossburg Coal \ Region in Penn. Corning and Olean Coxsakie and Schenectady DansviUe and Rochester Delhi and Deposit Brooklyn Dunkirk and State Line Poughkeepsie and State Line f Poughkeepsie and Mass. or ) \ Conn, line j 12,000 300,000 400,000 7,000,000 15,000 150,000 100,000 150,000 1,500,000 150,000 150,000 20,000 1.50,000 200,000 250,000 350,000 500,000 800,000 150,000 15,000 25,000 75,000 20,000 20,000 3,000,000 1,500000 1,500,000 40,000 10,000 500,000 Elmira and Suspension Bridge... Elmira and 'WilUamsport, Penn, f Attica A Buffalo R. R. and ) 1 Genesee A Cattaraugus R.R. r J Little Valley Creek and \ \ Penn. State Line j" Fishhouse and Amsterdam , Fredonia and Van Buren Avon and Mount Morris f Attica and New York A ) I ErieR. B J Rochester and Albany Geneseo and Canal in York Geneseo and Pittsford Geneva and Canandaigua Gilboa to Canajoharie Albany and Goshen Goshen to New Jersey State line Port Kent and Ausable Forks... /Greene and New York Al t ErieR. R / East River and High Bridge Herkimer and Trenton Erie Canal and Honeoye Lake... Hudson and Berkshire Newburgh and Delaware River.. / Ithaca and Geneva A Cauan- \ \ daigua R.R J Ithaca and Owego. Ithaca and Cayuga Lake Jamesville to Erie Canal {■Johnstown and Utica A Sy-1 1 racuse R. B J /Jordan and terminus Ske-| \ neateles R.R / Esopus Creek and Kingston Ogdensburgh and L.Champlain . /Little Sodus Bay and Clyde A \ Sodus R. B. The same f Lewiston and mouth of Ni- \ \ agara River / Lansingburgh and Troy The same ; Lebanon Springs arid Chatham.. Lewiston and Niagara Falls Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done under this organi- zation. Partly constructed, and after- wards abandoned. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done. Nothing done. Intended for lum bering purposes. Nothing done. Changed in 1854 to Blossburg & Corning R. R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed. Nothing further done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Formed by connection of Ca- nandaigua A Elmira and Ca- nandaigua A Niagara Falls R. Roads. Nothing done by this Corporation. Nothing done. Partly graded. Nothing done. Company never organized. Nothing done. Trains commenced in March 1859. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing none. Merged in Hudson and Boston R.R. Graded, but nothing further done. Not constructed. Changed to Cayuga and Susque- hanna R. R. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Not constructed. Surveyed, but not constructed. Grading commenced, but no part completed. /Work resumed, bnt no part 1 completed. Name changed from Sackets Hai^ bor A Saratoga E.R. No part completed. Nothing done. Nothing done. _ Nothing done. Grading commenced, but no part completed. Leased to the New York Central R. R. Co. 78 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Eail Roads Projected, Abandoned, and merged in other Roads, continued. Name of Kail Roads. Date of Organisation. CapUaX. Semarks. Lockport & Batavia Lockport & Niagam Falls.. Lockport &. Youngstown..,. Madirion County Maiden . Manhattan Manbeim& Salisbury.. Mayville & Portland Medina & Darien Medina & Lake Ontario.. Mohawk Valley Mohawk & Hudaon Mohawk & Moose River Mohawk & St. Lawrence K. R. & Xavigation Co Newark New York City New York & Albany New York & Connecticut New York & Newbui-gh New York & New Rochelle New York & Troy New York & Western Niagara Bridge & Canandaigua. Niagara Falls, Buffalo, & New York Niagara Falle & Lake Ontario Niaga.Ki Falls & Lewistown ... Niagura Kiver , Northern Northern (N. J.) Northern Slackwater & Railway Ogdensbnrgh Ogdensburgh, Clayton, & Rome. Orange & Sussex Canal Co Oswego. Einghamton,& New York Oswego Noi'thern & Eastern.. Oswego & Troy Oswego & Utica Otsego Owego & Cortland Penfleld & Canal Piermont West Shore.. Plattsburgh & Rouses Point Port liy;oii & Aubu-n Rochester, Lockport. & Niaeara FaUs :. ., Rochester & Canal Rail Road.. Rochester & Lake Ontario Rochester & Lockport Rochester & Pittsburgh.. Rochesit'-'r & Southern Rochest-er & Syracuse Rome & Port Ontario Rutland & Whitehall Sacketa Harbor & Saratoga. . May 21, 1836 April 24,1834 May 21, 1836 AprU 17,1829 May 13, 1837 Nov. 28, 1853 AprU 28, 1834 March 29, 1832 May 15, 1834 May 13, 1836 Jan. 11, 1851 April 17,1826 April 14,1857 May 11, 1837 May 21, 1836 May 12, 1851 AprU 17,1832 May 12, 1846 March 27, 1854 Feb. 18, 1852 Jan. 30, 1852 June 10, 1853 Aug. 23, 1858 $ 175,000 360,000 70,000 310,000 75,000 150,000 100,000 200,000 2,000,000 300,000 Lockport and Batavia Lockport and Niagara Falls.. Lockport and Toungstown.... Chlttenango and Cazenovia... TMalden and junction -; Smithbush and Esopui [ Roads , Manhattanville and South Ferry Little Falls and' Nicholsville. 5 June 4, 1852 Sept. 3, 1852 Sept. 1, 1847 July 3, 1852 May 14, 1845 April 15,1858 May 13, 1846 Dec. 31, 1857 Feb. 19, 1853 AprU 9, 1829 Aug. 14, 1855 Jan. 12, 1853 Feb. 21, 1854 May 1.3, 1,S36 AprU 26, 1832 May 21, 1836 May 6, 1837 Dec. 4, 1857 March 17, 1851 AptU 17, 1829 Dec. 10, 1850 March 26, 1831 May 3, 1852 15, 1837 1,000,000 100,000 120,000 3,000,000 150,000 500,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 12,000,000 1,000,000 250,000 100,000 150,000 175,000 2,000,000 May SacketB Harbor & Watertown... July 18, 1853 Dec. 27, 1852 Aug. 1, 1850 May 13, 1837 May 21, 1S36 AprU 10, 1848 Aug. 25, 1855 Mayville and Portland.... Medina and Alexander...... Medina and Carlton Utica and Schenectady Albany and Schenectady.., {Nevp York Central R. R. in') Montgomery county and > Moose River Lakes J NicholsvUle and Piaeco Lake Vienna and Lake Ontario / Lower part of the city and \ \ Macombs Bridge j New York and Albany Ridgefield, Conn., and Harlem... 'Newburgh and New Jersey) State line J New Rochelle and New York \ City / New York & Harlem R. R. [ in Ghent and Troy j State Line in Rockland Co. \ and Canandaigua j Niagara Bridge and Canandaigua 1,538,500 2,000,000 400,000 400,000 2,000,000 750.000 200,000 500,000 12,000 40,000 500,000 50,000 30,000 100,000 400,000 1,000,000 200,000 4,200,000 350.000 100,000 2,000,000 110,000 Suspension Bridge and Buffalo... Niagara Falls and Youngstown.. Niagara Falls and Lewiston Niagara Falls and Lewiston Rouses Point and Ogdensburgh. Piermont and Jersey City., Port Kent and Booneville.. Ogdensburgh and Rome.... Nothing done. Merged in the New York Central R. R. Nothing done. Preliminarysurveys made. Noth- ing else done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Name changed to Mohawk & St. Lawrence R. R. | Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed, but not constructed. Name changed to Albany & Sche- nectady R, R. First R. R. in the State. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. No part of the road completed by this Company, Nothing done. Nothing done. No part constructed.. Oswego and SjTacuse / Oswego andWhitehall & Rut- > \ landK.R J Oawego and Troy Oswego and Utica Coope'rstown and MUford Owego and Cortland or Homer ... Penfield and Erie Canal ("Piermont and terminus of") ^ Northern R.R.(N.J.) at ^ I State Line J Plattsburgh and Rouses Point... Auburn and Port Byron Rochester and Niagara Falls Rochester and Lake Ontario Rochester and Charlotte Rochester and Lockport /Genesee Valley R. R. andl j. Allegany Valley R.R f Rochester and Meridon Rochester and Syracuse '."., Rome and Port Ontario Whitehall and Put'and [ Sackets Hai-bor and Saratoga. ... Sackets Harbor and Watertown Nothing done. Surveyed, nothing further done. Changed from Canandaigua & Niagara FaUa R. R. Leased to New York Central R. R. Nothing done. Graded and rails laid, but not used. iNoihiug done. Nothing done. Since changed to Ogdensburgh K, R. Al lowed to extend from State Line to Piermont. Constructed. Route explored, nothing farther done. Name chiinged from Northern. Partly graded, and abandoned. Allowed to build a r. e. on the line of their route. Nothing done. Nothing done beyond surveys. Nothing done. Nothing done but survey. Nothing done but survey. Notliini; done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Superseded by extension of Nortii- ero K. R. to Piermont. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated in New York Cen- tral R. 1{. Completed to near the Landing in 18. 2. Leaded to New York Central R. R. Co. on consolidation. Nothirg done imder this organi- zation. Not constructed. Not constructed. Consolidated with New York Cen- tnil in 1S55. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partly graded. Name changed to Lake Ontario and Hudson I R. R. Surveyed, but nothing further done. RAIL ROADS. 79 Bail Boads Projected, Abandoned, and merged in other Roads, continued. Kames of Railroads. Daie of Organization. Capital, Connections. Remarks. Salina & Port WatBon Saratoga SpriQ^ & Schuylerville Saratoga & Fort Edward Saratoga & Montgomery Saratoga & ■Washington Schenectady & Catskill Schenectady & Susquehanna Schenectady & Troy April 27, April 6, April 17, May 6, May 2, May 13, May 13, May 21, Schoh.irie & Otsego Scottsville k Canandaigua.. Scottavillo & LeRoy Sharon & Root.. SkaaeateleB & Jordaji Sodus Point & Southern .. Staten Island..... Staten Island Syracuse. Cortland & Bing- hamton Syracuse Stone Syracuse & Binghamton Syracuse & Southern.. Syracuse & TJtica Syracuse & Utica Direct Tioga Coal. Iron Mining, &,\ Manufacturing Co. / Tonawanda....' Trent'n & Sackets Harhor..., Troy Tunpike & Rail Road.. Troy & Ctica Troy & West Stockbridge Tyrone & Geneva Ulster Cocaty. Unadilla & Schoharie.. Utica &. Binghamton... Utic;i &. Schenectady... Utica & Susfiuehanna Uti a & Syracuse Straight Lina, Utica & Waterville. Warrt-n bounty ■Wars9,w & LeRoy Warwick Wasbington County Central.. Watertown & Cape Vincent... WatPrvlict & Schenectady.. Westchester County We-,t Side Whitehall & Plattsburgh... Wliitehall & Rutland.. 1829 1832 1832 1836 1834 1846 1846 1836 April April May 25, 1832 12, 1838 21, 1836 April 18,1838 May 19, 1836 March 13, 1838 March 8, 1852 May Aug. May May July $ 375,000 100,000 200,000 150,000 600,000 1,000,000 1,500,000 500,000 300,000 100,000 200,000 50,000 Oct. 13, 1856 May Jan. April May April Feb. May May May Williamsburgh, Brooklyn, \ liushwick & New Lots J " 21, 1836 2, 1851 21, 1836 13, 1836 2, 1851 11. 1836 20, 1853 1841 14, 1832 15. 1837 18, 1831 10, 1853 10. 1836 16. 1837 21, 1836 May 9, 1836 May April April ";ept. June April May May Dec. 18. 1853 29,1833 25, 1832 18, 1852 26. 1854 17, 1832 5,1834 13, 1837 8, 1853 May 13, 1836 May Nov. Feb. Dec. April June 21, 1836 7, 1856 1854 15. 1852 26, 1833 29. 1853 Syracuse and Port Watson /Saratoga Springs and Schuy-l I lerville J Saratoga and Fort Edward J Ballston Spa and W, branch "1 1. of North River | Sai-atoga and Vt, State Line Schenectady and Catskill f Schenectady and New York ) \ &ErieR.R J Schenectady and Troy /Catskill & Central R.R. and) \ Susquehanna J Scottsville and Canandaigua Scottsville and LeRoy 350,000 250,000 300,000 500,000 75,000 1,200,000 1,000,000 600,000 500,000 500,000 100,000 2,500,000 600,000 500,000 500,000 1,000,000 2,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 300,000 250,000 100,000 100,000 200,000 50,000 500,000 500,000 6,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 {Branch of Catskill & Cana-) joharieR.R ] Skaneateles and some pointi on Skaneateles & Jordan > B.R J Skaneateles and Jordan /Sodus Point and Catskill & 1 Ithaca R. R. /From near Quarantine to\ 1 opposite Amhoy J Clifton and Tottenville Syracuse and Binghamton Syracuse and Stone quarries- Syracuse and Binghamton Syracuse and Binghamton Syracuse and Utica.. Syracuse and Utica... / Bituminous coal region and 1 \ Chemung Canal J Rochester and Attica Trenton and Sackets Harbor.. Troy and Bennington, Vt Troy and Utica Troy and West Stockbridge... {Geneva and New York & 1 Erie R.R Kingston and New York &1 £ri6R.R J Mouth of Unadilla River] and New York & Erie ' R.R Utica and Binghamton Utica and Schenectady Utica and Susquehanna Utica and Syracuse Utica and Waterville Glens Falls and Caldwell Warsaw and LeRoy / Branch of New York & Erie 1 \ near Chester J Pittstown and Greenwich Watertown and Cape Yincent.. West Troy and Schenectady Harbor River and New Rochelle. Albany and Sufferns Whitehall and Plattsburgh Whitehall and Rutland, Vt WiUiamsburgh and New Lots... Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done by this company. Nothing done. Name changed to Saratoga & Whitehall R.R. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated with New York Cen- tral K. R. in lb53. Nothing done. Nothing done. Partly constructed but afterwards abandoned. Nothing done. Constructed, but since abandoned, Changed from Skaneateles R.R, Partly graded; work stopped in 1854. Not constructed. Not constructed. Surveyed. Nothing further done. Nothing done. Opened in 1854. Name changed to Syracuse &. Southern R.R. Successor of Syracuse & Bing- hamton R. R. Name changed to Syracuse, Binghamton, & New York R.R. Consolidated with New York Cen- tral R. R. in 1853. Not constructed. Soldin 1852, and named changed to Corning & Blossburgh R.R. Consolidated with Attica & Buffalo R.R. in 1850. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Consolidated with New York Central R.R. in 1853. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Not constructed. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed and nothing farther done. Surveyed and nothing^ further done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Nothing done. Surveyed, but not constructed. Not constructed by this company. Allowed to build Horse R. Road, for 21 j^ars. COEPORATIONS. Corporations were generally formed under special acts until the adoption of the Constitution of 1846, which directed that general laws should be passed for this purpose, and forbade special legis- lation, except for municipal purposes and in cases where the purpose to be attained could not other- wise be effected. The Legislature has power to alter and repeal the powers of any corporation formed under the general laws. The articles of association or declaration of intention must in all cases be filed in some office of record specified in the general acts ; and limitations of time, capital, and location must be specified. The stockholders of the more important classes of corporations are personally liable to an extent equal to the amount of stock owned. Under the present Con- stitution, general acts of incorporation have been passed for a variety of purposes, all of which belong to one of 4 general classes.^ Class I. includes those whose articles are filed in the office of the Secretary of State. 1. "An Act to provide far the Incorporation of Companies to construct Planlt Roads and TurnpiUes."^ 2. " An Act to authorize the formation of Companies fm- Mining, MecUanical, and Cliemical Purposes" was passed Feb. 8, 1848.' 3. "An Act to authorize the formation of Gas liig'lit Companies" was passed Feb. 16, 1848.* 1 Constitution, Art. VIII, Bemsed Statutes. Previous to 1846, general laws existed for the organization of religious societies, (1784;) colleges and academies, (1787 ;) public libraries, (1796 medical societies, (1806;) manufacturing companies, (1811;) banks, (1838 ;) and agricultural societies, (1819, 1841.) 2 Several hundred of these corporations were formed and several thousand miles of plank road built in 1848-52. It is probable that lees than 5 per cent, of these are now in use, Laving mostly been abandoned and divided into road districts as public highways. The companies were required to report, but generally neglected to do so ; and few general statistics are preserved concerning them. 3 These companies, though quite numerous, were not required to report; and statistics concerning them cannot be obtained. Many companies that tiled their ad-ticles never went into operation. * Oas Light Companies. A * indicates companies not in operation. Names of Companies. Albany Gas Light Consumers' Co.* Albion Gas Liglit Co.* Albion Gas Light Co Astoria Gas Co ..„ Auburn Gas Light Co Batavia Gas Light Co Binghamton Gas Light Co Brockport Gas Light Co Brooklyn Gas Co.* Brooklyn Consolidated Gas Light Co , Buffalo City Gas Light Co Buffalo Gas Light Co Canandaigua Gas Light Co Catskill Gas Light Co Citizens' Gaa Light Co. Citizens' Gas Light Co. of the City of Rochester. Citizens' Independent Gas Co Cohoes Gas Light Co ElmiraGaa Light Co Fishkill Gas Light Co Flushing Gas Light Co Fulton Gas Light Co Gas Light Co. of Syracuse Geneva Gas Light Co Glens Falls Gas Light Co Green Point Gas Light Co« Harlem Gas Light Co Hempstead Gas Light Co Hempstead Gas Light Co Hudson Gas Co Hudson Gas Light Co.'* Ithaca Gas Light Co Jamaica Gas Light Co Johnstown Gas Light Co Lansingburgh Gas Light Co Lockport Gaa Light Co Lyons Gas Light Co Manhattan Gaa Light Co Morrisania Gaa Light Co NewburghGas Light Co New York Mutual Saving Gas Light C!o.'*= Ogdensburgh Gaa Co Ogdensburgh Gas Light Co Ogdensburgh Gaa Light & Coke Co Oswego Gas Light Co Owego Gaa Light Co Date of Organization. Feb. March May Dec. Jan. June June .Tan. Oct. Oct. March Feb. Aug. July Oct. Jan. June Sept. May July July June Feb. Nov. June Nov. Feb. April April Feb. May Oct. June March Feb. March Jan. Oct. Oct. May Sept. Aug. June June April March 18. 1866 IS, 1856 13, 1?68 1, 1853 29, 1860 11, 1S55 25, 1863 17, 1!=69 21. 1848 24, 1866 12, 1863 29, 1848 3, 1863 13, 1855 26, 1S58 22, 1862 13. 1859 13, 1862 8, 1862 20, 1868 15, 1865 12, 1858 9, 1849 24. 1852 17, 1864 29, 1853 6, 1866 18. 1867 9, 1859 23, 1863 22, 1862 28, 1862 2, 1856 16, 1857 28, 1853 17, 1851 26, 1869 i, 1855 28, 1852 17, 1852 20, 1862 23, 1864 16, 1863 11, 1854 22, 1862 24, 1866 Original Capital. 575,000 20,000 30,000 20.000 20,000 32,000 60,000 200,000 600,000 160,000 160,000 60.000 40,000 1,000,000 60,000 60.000 60,000 16,000 40,000 12,000 100,000 76,000 36,000 100,000 120,000 16,000 60,000 60.000 76,000 30,000 18,000 100,000 17,000 200,000 60,000 1,600,000 76,000 100,000 76,000 65,000 40,000 Present Capital. ■676,000 20.000 30,000 20.000 60,000 32,000 60,000 200,000 600,000 160,000 760,000 50,000 40,000 1,000,000 60,000 60,000 60,000 16,000 61,000 12,000' 100.000 76,000 35,000 40,000 860,000 16,000 50,000 60,000 76,000 20,000 18,000 100,000 40,000 2,000,000 200,000 70,000 1,500,000 75,000 100,000 75,000 66,000 40,000 CORPORATIONS. 81 4. "An Act for the incorporation 0/ Benevolent, Cbarltable, Scientific, and Mis- sionary Societies" was passed April 12, 1848.' 5. "An Act to provide for t?ie incorporation and regulation 0/ Telegraph Companies" was passed April 12, 1S48, and amended June 24, 1853." 6. "An Act for the incorporation of Vuilflins, Mutual LiOan, and Accumulating Fund Associations" was passed April 10, 1851.^ 7. " An Act to provide for the formation of Insurance Companies" was passed April 10, 1849.* Oas Light Companies, continued. Names of Companies. Date of Organization. Original Capital. Bresent Capital. 12,600 12,600 40,000 31,000 70,000 70,000 200,000 360,000 100,000 200,000 20,000 30,000 66,000 66,000 76,000 76,000 60,000 70,000 60,000 60,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 80,000 35,000 86,000 160,000 160,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 80,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 80,000 12,000 12,000 20,000 20,000 200,000 200,000 100,000 100,000 80,000 449,600 70,000 70,000 Palmyra Gas Light Co Peekskill Gas Light Co , Plattshurgh Gas Light Co Poughkeepsie Gas laght Co. , Richmond County Gaa Light Co J^ochester Gaa Light Co Rome Gas Light Co Readout & KingtoDB Gas Light Co.» Saratoga Gas Light Co Schenectady Gas Light Co Seneca Falls Gas Light Co.* Seneca Falls & Waterloo Gaa Light Co Sing Sing Gas Light Co Sing Sing Gas Manufacturing Co Staten Island Gas Light Co Syracuse Gas Light Co Tarrytown and Irvington Union Gas Light Co The Consumers* Gas Light Co. of Saratoga Springs.. Troy Gas Light Co UticaGas Light Co Waterford Gas Light Co Watcrtown Gaa fight Co West Farms Gas Light Co West Troy Gaa Light Co Williamshurgh Gas Light Co Yonkers Gas Light Co Oct. 29, 1866 JulY 18, 1866 July 6, 1869 Dec. IS, 1860 April 26, 1866 May 12, 1848 Uen. 28, 1860 May 27, 1864 Aug. 4, 1863 June 19, 1849 July 17, 1866 Dec. 24, 1866 May 3, 1864 July 26, 1866 March 14, 1866 Nov. 30, 1848 March 4,1869 Aug. 23, 1868 April 6, 1843 Nov. 23, 1848 Oct. 4, 1858 Feb. 28, 1862 Not. 18, 1862 Jan. 31, 1863 July 6, 1860 May 12, 1864 1 These companies are not required to report. 2 These companies make no report ; and there is no official knowledge concerning those now existing. Several of those formed never went into operation, and others have been con- solidated. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. have a telegraph lor regu- lating the trains upon that road. The N. Y. Central and some other roads have the exclusive or preferred use of telegraph wires along their route for like purposes. Telegraph Companies. A * indicates companies not in operation. Name. Date of Organiiiation. Capital. Name. Date of Organization. Capital. Albany, Springfield & Boston Di- rect Telegraph Co American Telegraph Co.* ;... Atlantic k Pacific Telegraph Co.*.. Baldwinsville Electro Magnetic Telegi-aph Co.* Buffalo, Corning & New York Telegraph Co Central & Southern Telegraph Co.* Eaatern & Western Telegraph Co.* Erie & Central Junction Tel. Co.* Erie & Central Junction Tel Co... Genesee Valley Turnpike Co Long Island, Marine & Inland Telegraph Co Merchants' Telegraph Co.* New York, Albany 4 Buffalo Elec- tro Magnetic Telegraph Co New York, Albany 4 Buffalo Tele- graph Co.,incorp. by special act* New York 4 Canada House's Print- ing Telegraph Co New York & Mississippi Tel. Co.* .. New York A Mississippi Talley Printing Telegraph Co.* New York 4 Montreal Printing Telegraph Co.* May Dec. June 19, 1864 12. 1866 16. 1867 Dec. 4, 1862 Jan. Nov. May April July April 26, 1858 13, 1864 30. 1866 24. 1862 19. 1863 10. 1867 March 24, 1868 Sept. 23, 1852 May 31, 1848 Jan. 25, 1866 Nov. 19, 1865 April 8, 1851 Feb. 21, 1864 Sept. 15, 1863 $ 36,000 200,000 300,000 400 15,000 11.260 20,000 11.260 11,250 80,000 40,000 40,000 260,000 40,000 360,000 170,000 60,000 New York 4 Montreal Telegraph Co.* New York 4 New England Tel. Co.*.. New York & New England Tel. Co New York 4 I'hiladelphia Branch Telegraph Co New York & Sandy Hook Telegraph Co New York & Washington Printing Telegraph Co New York 4 Western Union Tele- graph Co New York, St. Louis 4 New Orleans Junction Telegraph Co New York State Printing Telegraph Co.* New York State Telegraph Co.*.. Otsego Telegraph Co Syracuse, Oswego 4 Ogdensburgh Telegraph Co Transatl^tic Telegraph Co.* Transatlantic 4 Submarine Tele- graph Co Troy, Albany 4 Boston Telegraph Co.. Utica 4 Oxford Magnetic Telegraph Co West Troy, Lansingburgh,Waterford 4 Cohoes Telegraph Co Oct. April July April Aug. May Dec. Aug. July May Sept. Sept. May. Jan.. Jnly Aug. Jnly 23, 1852 26. 1849 3, 1862 24, 1848 13, 1862 26, 1862 22, 1852 26. 1850 15, 1850 15, 1850 30, 1861 22. 1865 19,1857 18, 1868 26, 1867 2, 1882 14. 1866 J 40,000 42,300 30,000 16,000 26,000 200,000 10,000 200,000 200.000 25,000 4,000 20,000 100,000 100,000 50,000 6,400 3,000 8 These associations were chiefly limited to the vicinity of New York, numbering 72 in New York co., about 40 in Kings co., with a few in Queens, Richmond, and Westchester. Their ope- rations consisted in raising money by subscription of the mem- bers, to be loaned to that member who would allow the highest premium,— the avowed intention being to afford to people of hum- ble means the opportunity of securing for each a home. This absurd fiiUacy found multitudes of dupes ; and in the competition for loans the premiums paid in some instances ran as high as one half of the amount loaned. The mode of appropriating loans varied. It appeared in evidence before the legislative committee of 1855 that in one instance it was as follows :^" The names of all the shareholders who are not more than four wefks in arrear are put in the end of a quill, and all put into a bottle ; the whole is then shaken, and the niime which first coinea out on reversing the bottle has the right to the appropriation." Nearly or quite all of tiiese associations have been abandoned, a few only being kept together by the complexity of theii- intm- eBt8andobligationB,whi^ ace not readily adjusted. A statement showing the operation of these associations was reported by a spe- cial legislative committee fn 1856.— ^S5em. i)oc., 1866, No. 4f ,p. 16. 4 This act relates to Marine Insurance Companies which make no report. A list of them will' be found in the general list of Insurance Companies, p. 82 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. 8. " An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to JiTavIgate the Ocean by Steamsblps" was passed April 12, 1852.' 9. "An Act to authorize the formation of Companies for Ferry Purposes" was passed April 9, 1853.2 10. '" An Act for the Incorporation of Companies formed to Navigate the Waters Of Liake Georg-e by Steamboats" was passed January 14, 1854.' 11. "An Act for the Incotporation of Companies formed to Hfavigate tbe L.alies and Rivers" was passed April 15, 1854. Cos. report annually to the State Engineer and Surveyor.' I Pre-riouB to 1852, Steamship Coh. were incorp. by special acts ; since that time they have organized under the general act. Ocean Steam Navigation Companies. Names op Companies. Date of Or- ganization. Capital. Names op Companies. Date of Or- ganization. Capital. Amazon Steamship Co. Amer. Atlantic Steam NaT. Co.... Dec. 26, 1863 /Feb. 23, 1839,1 1& May 8, 1845; Jan. 6, 1864 May 26, 1855 Oct. 1, 1868 Oct. 1, 1869 July 7, 1862 Jan. 26, 1863 Oct. 27, 1852 April 19,1828 March 16, 1863 Sept. 6, 1863 March 11, 1863 •Jan. 14, 1859 $65,000 2,000,000 300,000 686,000 600,000 400,000 1,600,000 120,000 160,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 100,000 Jan. 13, 1855 Jan. 16, 1869 Sept. 12, 1864 April 14,1827 Sept. 29, 1863 AprU 10,1860 May 1, 1839 May 8, 1846 May 6, 1839 April 7, 1819 Bee. 26, 1863 March 17, 1863 June 26, 1869 March 13, 1864 March 8,1866 $700,000 860,000 100,000 600.000 300,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 260,000 1,000.000 60,000 100,000 160,000 N. Y. & Matanzas Steamship Co.... N. Y. & New Orleans Steamship Co. X . Y. South American Steamboat Co N. Y. & Southern Steamship Co N. Y. & Virginia Steamship Co North American Steam NaT. Co.... Cal., N.Y., & Burop. Steamship Co. Cal., N.T., & Enrop. Steamship Co. Cent. Amer. & Cal. Steamship Co.. Mexican Ocean Mail & Inland Co. N. Y., Bait. & Alex. Steamship Co.. N. Y. & Boston Steamboat Co N. Y. & California Steamship Co... N. Y. & Galway Steamship Co.... N. Y. Harbor Steam Freight Co... N. Y. & Havana Steamship Co Staten Island & N.J. Steam NaT. Co. TJ. S. & Cent. American Transit Co. W. India & Venezuela Steamship Co 2 5Jhe Terry Companies are required to report annually to the Secretary of State; but the reports are not published. Ferry Companies formed under the General Act Names op Companies. Date of Or- ganization. Capital. Names op Companies. Date of Or- ganization. Chpital. Feb. 26, 1855 Not. 7, 1864 April 19,1863 June 29,1869 Jan. 21, 1864 May 9, 1869 June 20, 1859 $100,000 3,000 600,000 12,000 People's Ferry Co. (N. Y. to Wil- April 21,1863 Sept. 6, 1863 May 7, 1863 April 26,1863 April 26,1865 Oct. 26, 1863 Not 9 1854 $300,000 60,000 8,000 250,000 100 900.000 800.000 Esopus A Hyde Park Ferry Co... Fort Montgomery Ferry Co Flushing. College Point & N. Y. Piermont & Dearman Ferry Co Khinebeck & Kingston Ferry Co... Eosevelt 4 Bridge St. Ferry Co. (N Y to Brooklyn) Garrison A West Point Ferry Co. Lone Island Ferry Co. (N. Y. & Staten Island 4 N. Y. Ferry Co..... TTnion Ferry Co. of Brooklyn Navy Yard Ferry Co 8 The only Company formed under this act is the Lake George Steamboat Co., incorp. Jan. 20, 1854. It has a capital of $20,000. * Inland Steam Navigation Companies. Names op Companies. American Steamboat C-o Amei-'ican Transportation Co." Arcliimedean Propellt-r Co Black Ifiver steamboat Co'. Slack RiTor Steamboat Co Blanchard Stenmboat Co Buffalo & Toledo Transportation Co. Catskill Steamboat Trafisport. Co.. Ciiynga Lake & Inlet Steamboat Co. Cliaut-auqne Steamboat Co Crooked Lake Steamboat Co rhiteho'=;s & Orange Steamboat Co.. Ea^ex ?team Navigation Co Flushing Steamboat Co Fulton Steamboat Co Harlem & New York Nav. Co. Hudson lliver Steamboat Co Hiulsnn Tiiver Steambnat Co Lake Cbamplain Steamboat Co.^... Lake Chaniplain Steamboat Navi- gation Co Lalce Erie Steamboat Co.. Lake Frie Transportation Co Lfrke Erie & Buffalo Steamboat Co. Lake Ontario Steamboat Co"..* Date of Organization. Capital. Feb. 3, 1858 $80,000 Jan. 11, 1855 640,000 June 1, 1859 200,000 April 12,1848 26,000 April 24,1856 10,000 Feb. 25, 1856 26,000 May 6, 1856 120,000 Aug. 16, 1864 20.000 Feb. 26, 1828 60,000 May 4, 1829 10,000 April 18,1826 6,000 April 20,1826 100,000 April 24, 1829 20,000 April 21.1829 16,000 April 18,1816 260,000 Jan. 14, 1866 27,000 April 20,1825 200,000 Sept. 16, 1866 20,000 March 12, 1813 200,000 May 11, 1835 100,000 March 10, 1820 114.000 Nov. 20, 1856 100,000 March 23, 1869 60,000 Jan. 28, 1831 100,000 Names of Companies. Lake Navigation Co New York Transportation Co.... New York & Albany Propeller Line New York & Western Towing Co.. Niagara Falls Steamboat Assoc Northern Transportation Co Northern Transportation Line North Eiver Steamboat Co. <* Old Oswego Line Oneida Lake & RiTer Steamboat Co.» Ontario Steam & Canal Boat Co-f... Ontario Steamboat Co Ontario & St. Lawrence Steam- boat Co.ff Orangetown Point Steamboat Co... Poughkeepsie Steamboat Co St. Lawrence Steamboat Co Seneca Lake Steamboat Co_ Suffolk Steamboat Co Susquehanna Steam NaTigation Co. Troy Steamboat Co tTnited States Mail Steamship Co... Western Transportation Co. Date of Organization. Feb. April Dec. Sept. Sept. Feb. April March May April 20. 1866 15, 1854 1. 1866 21. 1867 2, 1864 6, 1866 6. 1867 10, 1820 2, 1866 2, 1838 1842 May 12, 1869 1848 16, 1830 30, 1827 1842 6, 1826 25, 1829 n, 1836 31, 1825 6, 8, 1866 April March April March May March April Dec. Oxpital. 600,000 100,000 40.000 55,000 60,000 800,000 69,600 600,000 300,000 10,000 100,000 10,000 60,000 20,000 8,000 50,000 80,000 1,600,000 800,000 " Capital reduced to $270,000 Jan. 16, 1859. 6 Charter expired April 11, 1838. The first steamboat on lake Champlain was in 1810. Merged io the Ontario & St. Lawrence Steamboat Co. in 1848. Exclusive indiTidnal and corporate rights for steam navigap tion upon the waters of this State hsTe been granted under special acts, as follows : — An act was passed March 19, 1797, granting to John Fitch the sole right of steam naTigation in the waters of the State for a period of fourteen years. HaTing '' Charter expired April 11, 1838. - • Charter lunited to 20 years. Reincorporated April 12, 1842. / Merged in the Ontario & St. Lawrence Steamboat Co. in 1848. » Merged in the American Steamboat Go. in 1868. done nothing for ten years, this act was repealed in 1798. An act was passed March 27, 1798, granting to Robert R. LiTingston the sole right of naTigating by steam for twenty years, con- ditioned to building a boat of at least 20 ton s, capable of moving four miles per hour against the current of Hudson River. This CORPORATIONS. 83 12. "An Act for the Incorporation of Associations for Improving the Breed of Horses" was passed April 15, 1854.^ 13. " An Act to facilitate the formation of Agricultural and Horticultural Socie- ties" was passed June 8, 1853, and amended April 15, 1855.'' Class II. includes all those whose certificates are required to be filed in the Comptroller's office. 1. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation of lAfB and Healtb Insurance Com- panies, and in relation to Agencies of such Companies," was passed June 24, 1853.' 2. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation o/Fire Insurance Companies" was passed June 25, 1853.* 1 The following; companies have been formed under this act :- - Names. Place. When formed. Newtown- Newtown... Goshen Jamaica.... Nov. 26, 1855 May 29, 185i July 31, 1855 July 31, 1858 Orange County Central Horse Co. ' For Table of Agricultural Societies, see p. privilege was extended two years, March 29, 1799, to enable NicholaB J. Rosevelt to complete experiments. By act passed in 1798, Robert R. Livingston and Robert Fulton secured the exclusive right of navigating by steam for a period of twenty years ; and by an act passed April 11, 1808, an extensionof five years was granted for each new boat — the whole time, however, not to exceed thirty years. This monopoly was contested in the State and Federal Courts, in a suit begun in 1819, and finally decided in the Supreme Court of the U. S. in Feb. 1824, as repugnant to the Constitution, which authorizes Congress to regulate commerce. So far aa these 'acts prohibited vessels licensed by the laws of the United States from carrying on a coasting trade, they were void. — JohnsarCs Reports, IV, 148 ; Cowan^s Reports^ III, 713 ; Wheaton's Reports, IX, 1. 8 These companies report annually to the Comptroller. A list of them is given in the general list of Insurance Companies. * These companies were formerly created by special acts, — generally for periods of 20, 21, or 30 years. Until about 1834 they were almost invariably upon the joint stock principle. For many years this class of investments was considered extremely reliable, and large dividends were often paid to the stock- holders. The great fire in New York in Dec. 1835, proved a heavy disaster to almost all the Insurance companies then formed, and many of them were prostrated by it. This event soon led to the formation of Mutual Insurance Companies in almost every county in the State : most of these companies have since become insolvent. A graphic and truthful statement of the operations that ruined these companies is given in the Comp- trollers Report on Fire Insurance Cos. of 1854. A general law. passed April 10, 1849, provided for the incorporation of these companies, under which risks of every kind might be taken. The frauds perpetrated under this system rendered a revision indispensable; and in 1853 two general laws were enacted, — one for the formation of companies for insurance of life and health, and the other against loss by fire, or inland navigation, and transportation. The articles of association (under the law of 1849, required to be filed in the Secretary's ofiice) were, by those acts, filed in the Comptroller's office, and general powers were conferred upon the Comptroller, with the view of protecting the public from any frauds that might be attempted, and to secure the equal and unifoi'ra operation of the laws relating to insurance". Annual reports are made to the Comptroller, and by him to the Legislature, under each of these laws. Marine In- surance companies are still filed in the Secretary's office, but are required to make no report. Insurance companies formed under the laws of other States or countries cannot establish agencies in this State without first depositing with the Comptroller a certified copy of their charters, and of the vote or resolution creating the agency, a statement of their condition, and proof that their capital is equal to that required, by the laws of this State, and, if a Life Insurance company, securities to the amount of $100,000, for the benefit of policy holders. Foreign Marine Insurance companies are required to pay 2 per cent, upon all premiums received by any agent; and a bond in the penal sum of $1,000 is required of every agent of such companies for the pay- ment of this tax. This tax was first collected in 1858, and amounted to $3,742,55. Several companies are not required to report their statistics to the Legislature. The aggregate reports of Fire Insurance Companies for 1857 show the following results : — Capital invested ^6,731 ,010-.00 Cash premiums received 6,051,304.87 Gross amount of income 7,577,872.62 Losses paid 2,898,106.11 Dividends paid 2,240,434.72 Taxes paid 243,062.79 Gross expenditures 6,855,953.88 Unpaid claims 968,683.00 The following tables comprise the companies which have been incorporated under special acta or the general laws of the State. Foreign companies authorized to transact business in the State are not included in the list:— Insurance Companies in the State on 1st day of Jan. 1858. iEtna Fire Insurance Co. of New York.«... Adrintic Fire Insurance Co Atmcultural Mutuil Insurance Co.* Albuny Insurance Co." American Fire Insurance Co Arctic Fire Insurance Co Astor Fire Insurance Co Astor Mutual Insurance Co Atlintic Fire Insumnce Co Atlantic Mutual Insurance Co Bpeknian Fire Insurance Co Brtvoort Fire Insurance Co Broadway Insurance Co Brooklyn Fire Insurance Co Chautauque County Mutual Insurance Co. Citizens' Fire Insurance CoA. Ciiy Fire Insurance Co. New York... New York... Watertown Albany New York... New York... New York.., New York.., Brooklyn.... New York... New York.., New York.., New York- Brooklyn..-, Fredonia.... New York.., New York,. Date of Act, or of filing arti- cles of associ- ation. March 31, Nov. 24, Sept. 25, March 8, April 21. July 16, June 11, April 18. Feb, 20, April 11, March 4, Feb. 4, Oct. 2, April 3, April 1; April 28, April 26. 1824 1858 1851 1811 1857 1853 1851 1843 1851 1842 1853 1857 1849 1824 1836 1836 1833 Expiration ofcJiarter. March Nov. Sept. Fi-b. April July June 31, 1878 24, 1888 25, 1881 18, 1881 21, 1887 16, 1883 11, 1881 Feb. April Mnrch Feb. Oct. April April April April 20, 1881 11, 1872 4, 1883 4, 1887 2, 1879 3, 1866 1,1876 28, 1860 26, 1863 Present capital of sinck companies. t. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. t.a. m. f n. m. n. f.n. f.n. f n. f. f. f. f. $200,000 150,000 125,000 200,000 260,000 160,000 150,000 200,000 160,000 200,000 102,000 160,000 210,000 • Kerorganized Feb. 1 2, 183fl, nnder act of Feb 12, 1836. > Henioved from Kvana Mills April 10, 1855. • Reorganized Feb. 18, 1861. Capital, 1100,000. Originally Albany Fire Insurance Co. Capital, $100,000, and allowed to take fire, marine, and life risks. Once extended. Expired June 1, 1861. •i Changed to Citizens' Fire Insurance Co. April 5, 1849. 84 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Existing Insurance Companies, continued. Clinton Fire Insurance Co Columbia Fire Insurance Co Columbian Insurance Co Commercial Insurance Co Commercial Fire Insurance Co Commonwealth Fire Insurance Co Contineotal Fire Insurance Co Com Exchange Fire & Inland NaT. Ins. Co Dividend Mutual Insurance Co Dutchess Co. Mutual Insurance Co Eagle Fire Company of New York." East River Insurance Co.^.. Empire City Insurance Co Empire Insurance Co Everett Fire Insurance Co Excelsior Fire Insurance Co Exchange Fire Insurance Co Farmers' Fire Insurance Co Farmers' Mutual Insurance Co Firemens' Fund Insurance Co Firemens' Insurance Co.« Franklin Co. Mutual Insurance Co Fulton Fire Insurance Co.'' ". Gallatin Fire Insurance Co Gebhard Fire Insurance Co '. Glen Cove Mutual Insurance Co Globe -Mutual Insurance Co Goodhue Fire Insurance Co.. Great Western Marine Insurance Co Greenwich Insurance Co Grocero' Fire Insurance Co Hamilton Fire Insurance Co.«. Hanover Fire Insurance Co Harmony Fire Insurance Co Home tire Insurance Co..„ , Homestead Fire Insurance Co Hope Fire Insurance Co. (The) , Howaid Insurance Co./. Humboldt lire Insurance Co , Huntington Mutual Fire Insurance Co.p Income Insurance Co Indemnity Fire Insurance Co , Irving Fire Insurance Co Jamestown Farmers' Fire Insurance Co Jefferson Insurance Co , Kings County Fire Insurance Co Kingston Mutual Insurance Co Knickerbocker Life Insurance Co. Knickerbocker Fire Insurance Co. of N. Y.* Lafarge Fire Insurance Co La Fayette Fire Insurance Co Laman Fire Insurance Co Lenox Fire Insurance Co Long Island Insurance Co Lorillard Fire Insurance Co Manhattan Life Insurance Co Manhattan Fire Insurance Co.* Market Fire Insurance Co Mechanics' Mutual Insurance Co Mechanics' Fire Insurance Co Mechanics' & Traders' Fire Insurance Co.„ Mercantile Fire Insurance Co Mercantile Mutual Insurance Co , Merchants' Insurance Co Metropolitan Fire Insurance Co Monroe Co. Mutual Insurance Co Montauk Fire Insurance Co Montgomery Co. Mutual Insurance Co Mutual Ins. Co. of the City and Co. of Albany Mutual Life Insurance Co Nassau Fire Insurance Co National Fire Insurance Co.> New Amsterdam Fire Insurance Co NewAVorld Fire Insurance Co New York Bowery Fire Insurance C!o„ New York Equitable Insurance Co.* Location. New York....... , New York.... New York..- Albany „ New York... New York..- New York.. , New York..„ , Glens Falls , Poughkeepsie.... New York..„ , New York , New York... Union Springs... Cayuga co. N. Y. New York..- New York,.- Meridian Buffalo New York New York..- Malone New York New York..- New York..- Glen Cove New York..- New York„_ New York..- New York.., New York..- New York..- New York..- New York New York..- New York-- New York.. New York..- New York Hunting^ton New York..- New York-- New York Jamestown New York..- , New York , Kingston , New York , New York— , New York , Brooklyn , New York New York Brooklyn New York , New York , New York , New York Troy Brooklyn New York , New York New York Now York New York Rochester. Brooklyn Canajoharie Albany New York Brooklyn New York New York New York New York New York Date of Act, or ofjiling arti- cles of associa- tion. July 9, 1860 Marci 9,185; Aug. 8, 1867 lS6f May 14, 186C 1853 March 9, 186E Feb. 16, 186a April 15, 1860 April 12, 1836 April 4, 1806 April 24, 1833 Sept. 17, 1860 Dec. 22, 1861 Dee. 16, 1868 July 26, 1853 May 20, 1863 April 28, 1863 May 14, 1845 May 1, 1868 April 18, 1825 May 12, 1836 Feb. 23, 1863 Aug. 11, 1857 Aug. 6, 1857 March 29, 1857 March 22, 1866 Aug. 29, 1867 Aug. 29, 1866 May 6, 1834 Jan. 16, 1860 May 22, 1862 April 1, 1862 Dec. 1853 April 11, 1863 Dec. 16, 1868 June 16, 1866 March 9, 1826 May 6, 1867 April 2, 1838 April 17, 1868 April 11, 1856 Jan. 9, 1862 Aug. 25, 1851 March 4,1824 Oct. 19, 1868 March 12, 1836 March 29, 1863 March 23, 1798 May 9, 1863 Dec. 23, 1866 Dec. 10, 1866 April 1, 1863 April 26, 1833 Jan. 16, 1852 May 17, 1860 March 23,18211 Jan. 26, 1863 May 14, 1836 May 6, 1857 I'eb. 4, 1863 Dec. 24, 1861 April 12, 1842 Feb. 20, 1850 Oct. 1, 1862 March 21, 18361 May 19, 1867 March 30, 18361 May 3, 1836 April 12, 1842 Oct, 31, 1861 April 9, 1838 Feb. 28, 1853 ;)ct.. 13, 1866 April 24, 1833 April 23, 1823 Erpiraiiffn of charter. July 9, 1880 March 9, 1883 Aug. 8, 1887 March 14, 1880 1883 March 9, 1883 Feb. 16, 1883 April 16,1880 April 12, 1876 Unhmited. Sept. Dec. Dec. July May April May May 17, 1880 22, 1881 16, 1888 25, 1883 20, 1883 28, 1883. 14, 1866 1,1888 May 12, 1876 Feb. 23, 1883 Aug. 11, 1887 Aug. 6, 1887 March 29, 1877 March 22, 1886 Aug. 29, 1887 29, 1886 6,1864 16, 1880 1 22, 18S2 1, 1882 1883 11, 1883 16, 1888 16, 1886 16, 1866 6, 1887 2, 1868 Aug. May Jan. May April Dec. April Dec. June June May April April 11,1886 Jan. 9, 1882 Aug. 26, 1881 March 12,1876 March 29, 1883 May Dec. Dec. April April Jan. May 9, 1883 10, 1886 1, 26, 1863 16. 1882 17, 1880 1866 26. 1883 14, 1876 6, 1887 4, 1883 24, 1881 12, 1872 20, 1880 1, 1882 March 21, 1876 May 19, 1887 March 30, 1876 May 3, 1886 Till repealed. Oct. 31, 1881 Feb. 28, 1883 Oct. 13, 1886 April 24, 1863 1866 Jan. May May Feb. Dec. April Feb. Oct. S. ^^■5 f.n. f.n. a. f.n. s. f.n. s. f.n. s. f.n. M. f.n. M. f. S. f. S. f. f n. f. f.n. f.n. f. f.n. f. f. f n. f n. f n. f n. m. f.n. m. f. t. t. t. f.B. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f n. "tn." f.n. f n. f. f.n. I. f.ia.' f n. f n. f.n. f. f.n. 1. f.n. f n. t. f.n. f n. f n. m. n. f.n. f n. £ f n. f. f. 1. f n. f n. f n. f n. f. f 1. o Original capital S600,000. Special relief on account of fire of July 19, 1846, granted by act of May 12, 1846. » Organized March, 1835. Allowed to take inland transporta,- tion risks April 29, 1840. Changed to Bast Eiyer Mutual In- surance Co. April 12, 1842. ' Original capital $300,000, reduced May 12, 1846, by the fire of July, 1846. ■i Allowed to remoye from TVilliamshurgh April 13, 1865. Changed from Williamsburgh City Fire Insurance Co. • Changed from Building Association Fire Insurance Co. March 8, 1863. f Reorganized 1836. Original capital $300,000. » Organized March, 1840, under act March 12, 1840. " Changed from Mutual Insurance Co. of the aty of New York, May 12, 1846, haying been twice extended. Originally named the Mutual Insurance Co. of New York ' Reorganized June 7, 1836. ' Changed May 24, 1841, from Seyenteenth Ward Fire In- surance Co. Amended charter March, 1867 * Reduced from $300,000 Feb. 18, 1848 CORPORATIONS. Existing Insurance Companies, continued. 85 Name. New York Ifire and Marine Insurance Co." New York Indemnity In>urance Co.* New York Life Insurance Co." New York Life Insurance 4 Trust Co New York Mutual Insurance Co New York & Erie Insurance Co Niagara Fire Insurance Co North American Insurance Co Northern New York Mutual Insurance Co North Eiver Insurance Co."* North Western Insurance Co.« Ocean Insurance Co/.._ Ocean Insurance Co. Ontario & Livingston Co. Mutual Insurance Co.. Orange Co. Mutual Insurance Co Orien Mutual Insurance Co Pacific Fire Insurance Co Pacific Mutual Insurance Co Park Fire Insurance Co « People's Fire Insurance Co Peter Cooper Fire Insurance Co Phoenix Fii-e Insurance Co PouL^hkeepsie Mutual Fire Insui'ance Co Kelief Fire Insurance Co Republic Fire Insurance Co Resolute Fire Insurance Co Richmond County Mutual Insurance Co Rutgers Fire Insurance Co St. Lawrence Co. Mutual Insurance Co St. Marks Fire Insurance Co St. Nicholas Insurance Co Schenectady Insurance Co.ff „ Security Fire Insurance Co Star Insurance Co Stayvesant Insurance Co Suffolk County Mutual Insurance Co...., Sun Mutual Insurance Co Tradesmen's Fire Insurance Co Union Mutual Insurance Co United States Fii-e Insurance Co United States Life Insurance Co Wall St. Fire Insurance Co Washington Insurance Co - Waterville Protection Insurance Co Wayne County Mutual Insurance Co Westchester County Mutual Insurance Co Western Farmers' Mutual Insurance Co. Williamsburgh City Fire Insurance Co.- Wyoming Coimty Mutual Insurance Co LocaUon. New York.... Albany New York.... New York.... New York.... Middletown.. New York.... New York.... Plattsburgh. New York.... Oswego New York.... New York.... West Bloomfleld.. Goshen New York New York New York New York New York New York Brooklyn Poughkeepsie.... New York New York New York Richmond New York Ogdensburgh New York New York Schenectady New York Ogdensburgh New York Southold New York New York New York New York New York New York New York Waterville Newark New Rochello...„ Batavia. Willjameburgh... Warsaw Date of act, or of filing arti- cles of a^sodcu- turn. April 18, July 29, May 21, March 9, March, Nov. 29, June 22, Jan. 1, Sept. 18, Feb. 6, April 26, Jan. 29, April 3, March 21, March 16, Jan. 18, AprU 17, Dec. 18, Feb. 1, April 22, March 30, March 14, July 30, Deo. 17, March 22, July 10, March 30, Sept. 12, May 12, July 14, July 23, May 26, June 20, Nov. 30, Jan. 7, April 30, May 22, Dec. 20, May 14, March 31, Jan. 26, Oct. 19, Feb. 11, Feb. 3, April 1, March 14, AprU 23, Dec. 13, Nov. 26, 1832 1851 1841 1830 1851 1862 1860 1836 1862 1822 1832 1863 1866 1836 1837 1869 1851 1854 1863 1851 1853 1863 1860 1866 1862 1857 1836 1853 1836 1863 1862 1841 1861 1853 1861 1836 1841 1868 1846 1824 1860 1868 1850 1851 1863 1837 1844 1852 1861 JBxpiration of charter. April 18,1862 July 29, 1881 Unlimited Unlimited March, 1881 Nov. 29, 1882 June 22, 1880 Sept. Feb. Jan. Jan. April April Dec. Feb. April May July July May June Nov. Jan. April 18. 1882 6, 1862 1, 1877 29. 1883 3, 1885 March 20, 1876 March 16, 1877 Jan. 18, 1889 7, 1881 18. 1884 1, 1883 11. 1881 March 30, 1883 Mar-ch 14, 1883 July 30, 1880 Dec. 17, 1886 March 22, 1882 July 10, 1887 March 30, 1876 Sept. 12, 1883 12,1876 14, 1883 23. 1882 26, 1891 20, 1886 30. 1883 7, 1881 30, 1876 22, 1861 Dec. May April Jan. Oct. Feb. Feb. April 14, 1876 1, 1884 26, 1880 19, 1888 11, 1880 3, 1881 1, 1883 March 14, 1877 April 23,1864 Dec. 12, 1882 Nov. 25, 1881 M. M. M. M. S. M. f.m. f.n. 1. 1. m. n. f.n. f.n. f. f.n. f.n. f.n. m. f. m. n. f. f. m. n. f.n. m. n, f.n. f.n. f.n. f n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f.n. f. f.n. f. f.n. f.n. f. f n. f.n. f. f. f. m. n. f.n. f m. f. 1. f n. £n. f.n. f.n. f. f. f. i. Present capital of stock companies. $200,000 108,800 100,000 200,000 260,000 350,000 160,000 300,000 300,000 200,000 200,000 150,000 150,000 200,000 100,000 160,000 160,000 200,000 200,000 160,000 160,000 200,000 160,000 200,000 160,000 260.000 100,000 200,000 200,000 o Changed from New York Fire Insurance Co. May 10, 1847, and allowed to take marine risks. 6 Removed from Broadalbin April 15, 1857. « Changed from Nautilus Insurance Co. April 5, 1849, and limited to life risks. First organized April 12, 1845, and allowed m. n. and f. risks. Capital, $200,000. <* Reorganized July 18, 1862. Originally allowed marine risks. " Organized Jan. 1834. /Enjoinder. Changed from Schenectady County Mutual Insurance Co. April 7, 1868. Obsolete Insurance Companies in the State, Jan. 1, 1859. Namk, Location. Date of act of incorporation or of filing articles. II Remarhs. March 14, 1861 May 3, 1836 April 13,1867 April — , 1857 April 80,1839 April 10, 1843 April 18, 1825 June 18,1812 .Tune 12,1866 Sept. 6, 1852 March 30, 1832 April 23, 1850 April 1, 1843 AprU 5, 1826 Feb. 27, 1824 M. M. M. M. 8. M. S. S. M. M. M. S. s. Receiver appointed Jan. 1854. Closed. Closing business. No receiver. Cap. $260,000. f. m. f. n. Cap. $300,000, 21 years ; AprU 20, 1832, $200,000, 30 years. Successor to Marine Ins. Co., 16 years, from May 12 ; cap. $260,000. In 1814, marine, not exceeding $1,000,000. Extended to May 12, 1867. Closed in 1846. m. Receiver appointed AprU, 1866. f. Receiver appointed Deo. 1864. f.m. Changed from La Fayette Ins. Co. of the City of New York. m. Cap. $600,000. Discon. in 1828; al- lowed to close up and reorganize new company. Albany County Mutual Ins. Co Allegany Mutual losurance Co Allegany County Mutual Ins. Co New York Amei-ican Fire Ina. Co. of New York- American Ins. Co. of New York American Insurance Co. of the City New York American Manufacturers' Mutual American Mutual Insurance Co American Mutual Insurance Co Amsterdam New York Atlantic Insurance Co. of New York. . New York 86 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete Insurance Companies^ continued. Atlas Insurance Co. of New York... Atlaa Marine Insurance Co Atlas Mutual Insurance Co Auburn Co Bowery Fire Insurance Co Broome County Mutual Ins. Co Brooklyn Firemen's Insurance Co,. Buffalo Fire & Marine Insurance Co. Bufifalo Mutual Insurance Co Building Association Fire Ins. Co. Canal Insurance Co Canal Ins. Co.of theCityof NewYork Cattaraugus County Mutual Ins. Co. Cayuga County Mutual Ins. Co Chatham Fire Insurance Co. of the City of New York Chelsea Insurance Co Chemung County Mutual Ins. Co.. Chenango County Mutual Ins. Co. Cherry Valley Mutual Ins. Co Clinton Fire Insurance Co. of the City of NewYork Clinton Insurance Co. in the City of Albany Clinton & Essex Mutual Ins. Co Columbia County Mutual Ins. Co..... Columbian Fire Insurance Co. of \ the City of New York J Columbian Insurance Co Columbian Insurance Co Commercial Insurance Co Commercial Insurance Co Cortland County Mutual Ins. Co... Croton Insurance Co Croton Mutual Insurance Co Dunkirk Marine Insurance Co Dutchess County Insurance Co Eighth Ward Fire Insurance Co... Eighth Ward Mutual Insurance Co. Emmet Fire Insurance Co Empire State Mutual Insurance Co. Enterprise Insurance Co. Farmers' Fire Ins. & Loan Co Farmers' Ins. Co. of Oneida County.. Farmers and Merchants' Ins. 1 Co. of Western New York j" Farmers' Mutual Insurance Co. of Sherburne Fifth Ward Fire Insurance Co. of 1 the City of New York f Firemen's Insurance Co. of the) City of Albany J Fii*emen*s Insurance Co Franklin Fire Insurance Co.. Franklin Fire Insurance Co. in the City of NewYork Franklin Fire Ins. Co. of New York.. Franklin Marine & Fire Insurance Co. of New York Fulton Fire Insurance Co. in thei City of NewYork ' Fnltnn Fire Insurance Co , General Mutual Insurance Co Geu'see Mutual Insurance Co Girard Fire Insurance Co. of the City of New York Globe Fire Insurance Co Globe Insurance Co- New York.. New York.. New York- Auburn .... New York- Brooklyn.. Buffalo Buffalo New York.. New York EllicottviUe.. Aurora , New York.., New York.., Cherry Talley.. NewYork Albany Keeseville.. Hudson New York.... Amsterdam . New York.... New York Cortlaudville... New York New York Dunkirk Poughkeepsie.. New York New York New York Sarato{?a Springs New York , New York.. TJtica Rochester . Sherburne . New York... Albany .... Brooklyn.. Date of act of incorporation or of filing articles. April 8, 1825 April 14, 1836 April 10,1843 March 14, 1825 April 24,1833 April 10,1837 May 25, 1836 April 1, 1830 March 17, 1837 May 3, 1852 March 14, 1825 May 25. 183ri May 17, 1837 March 20, 1837 April April April May April 16, 1822 29, 1839 2,1838 3, li^38 12, 1842 April 26,1831 "May :vray May May 4, 1829 12, 1836 12, 1836 25, 1836 March 21, 1801 June 4, 1851 April 4, 1805 April 12,1842 May April April May April April 12, 1836 10, 1849 10, 1843 9, 1837 15, 1814 25, 1836 April 30, 1836 April 6, 1839 Dec. 8, 1849 Aug. — , 1855 Feb. June 28, 1822 26, 1851 Oct. 29, 1850 May 13, 1845 April 13, 1836 April 3, 1831 April 29,1833 March 13, 1818 NewYork April 2,1819 Saratoga Springs March 5, 1851 Saratoga Springs April 12,1852 Globe Insurance Co Granite Insurance Co.. Greene County Mutual Insurance Co. Catskill ., Greenwich Fire Insurance Co New York,. Good Hope Ins. Co. of New York New York.. Guardian Insurance Co NewYork.. Hamilton Fire Insurance Co. of the City of New York JNew York. NewYork April NewYork Miiy NewYork ^lay Le Roy !May New York.. New York.. Utica New York.. 2, 1819 14, 1840 25, 1841 3, 1836 March 4, 1R39 May 2, 1837 March 18, 1814 June 5, 1852 Oct. 21, 1852 March 30, 1836 March 31, 1824 April 25, 1852 AprU 24,1833 April 25,1836 Remarks. f. n. f. f. f. m. u. f. n. £ f.'l. m. f. 1. n. f. m. 11. {'• f. m, u. Cap. |300,000. Cap. $350,000. ReTlved April 14, 1838. Cap. $160,000. Cap. $300,000. Cap. $150,000. Successor to Firemen's Insurance Co. Cap. $100,000. Changed March 8, 1853, to Hamilton Fire Insurance Co. Cap. $300,000. Eeyived April 21, 1828, cap. $150,000. Cap. $300,000. Closed hnsiness in 1853. Cap. $400,000. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $300,000 ; time extended 1 832-33. Cap. $300,000. Receiver appointed Jan. 1854. Cap. $300,000. RflTiTed April 5, 1839, cap. $260,000. Cap. $600,000. Receiver appointed Jan. 1853. Cap. $250,000. Extended 21 years April 3, 1811. Changed June 16, 1853, to Commercial Mutual Insurance Co. Closed about 1862. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $200,000. Original cap. $300,000. Changed to Trust Fire Ins. Co. April 25, 1839. Cap. $250,000. Receiver appointed June 1855. Enjoined Dec. 28, 1855; injunction re- moved Jan. 31, 1856. Closing. Cap. $600,000. Receiver appointed Nov. 1854. Changed to Rochester Insurance Co. March 20, 1862. Receiver appointed. Cap. $600,000; reduced to $200,000 April 21, 1837. Cap. $150,000. M. risks allowed April 20, 1S32. To expire June, 1861. Cap $150,000. Changed to Rrooklyn Firemen's Ins. Co. May 25, 1836. Cap. $600,000. Reduced one-half, 1828. Continued in 1836 to '56. Reduced by the great fire of 1835. Cap. $600,000. Receiver appointed June, 1855. Receiver appointed Sept. 1854. Cap. $500,000. Cap. $250,000. Receiver appointed Oct. 1851. Cap. $260,000. Cap. $600,000. Company oflike name incorp. July 24, 1861, cap. $200,000. Cap. $1 000,000. Reduced one-half March 17, 1836. Receiver appointed August, 1855. Removed from Utica April, 1859. Re- ceiver appointed Feb. 1856. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $300,000. Cap. $500,000. CORPORATIONS. Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. 87 Hamilton Mnrhio Insurance Co.. Harmony Fiie Insurance Co New York.. New York.. Date of act of incorporation Of of filing articles. Harmony Fire & Marine Ins. Co.. New York.. Henry Clay Fire Insurance Co Herkimer County Mutual Ins. Co... Hope Insurance Co New York.... Little Falls- New York.... Householders' Mutual Insurance Co. Howard Life Insurance Co... Hudson Fire Insurance Co.. Hudson Insurance Co Hudson Insurance Co. of the City of New York Hudson River Marine & Fire Ins. Co. Hudson River Mutual Insurance! Co, at Waterford J Indemnity Fire Insurance Co. of the City of New York. Insumnce Company of Firemen.. International Insurance Co Jackson Marine Ins. Co. of the City") of New York J Jefferson County Mutual Ins. Co Kings County Mutual Insurance Co, Knickerbocker Insurance Co New York.. New York.. New York.. New York.. Crescent.... New York.. New York- New York.. La Fayette Ins. Co. of the City of 1 New York j Lewis County Mutual Insurance Co. Long Island Farmers' Ins. Co. in the Co. of Queens Long Island Mutual Insurance Co, Madison Co. Mutual Ins. Co Madison Marine Ins. Co. of the City of New York Marine Insurance Co. of New York., Watertown . Brooklyn .... Waterford..., New York..., Hempstead . Brooklyn .... Cazenovia ... Mechanics'Tire Ins. Co. of the City"! of New York J Merchants' Fire Insurance Co Merchants' Mutual Ins. Co. of Buffalo Merchants & Householders' Mutual \ Ins. Co J Merchants' Ins. Co. in the City of Albany ■ Merchants' Insurance Co Merchants' Marine Insurance Co.... Merchants' Mutual Insurance Co.... Metropolis Ins. Co. of the City of ) New York j Metropolis Insurance Co Metropolitan Insurance Co Mohawk Insurance Co. of New York Mohawk Valley Farmers' Ins. Co.... Mohawk Valley Insurance Co Monroe Fire Insurance Co Mutual Assurance Co. of New York New York.. Buffalo New York.. Mutual Insurance Co. of Buffalo.. Mutual Protection Insurance Co. Mutual Protection Ins. Co. of Rnches- ter Mutual Safety Insurance Co National Exchange Insurance Co. National Insurance Co National Insurance Co National Protection Insurance Co. Nautilus Insurance Co New York Central Insurance Co.. New York City Insurance Co New York City Insurance Co New York Contributionship Ins. Co.* New York.. New York.. Albany Buflfalo New York.,.. New York.... New York.... New York.... New York..,. New York.... Scotia Amsterdam . Rochester New York.... Buffalo New York.. April 4, 1838 ^1 Dec. 29, 1855 April 28, 1836 Jan. 26, 1821 May 25, 1841 June 29, 1852 April 6, 1838 April 4, 1811 AprQ 8, 1825 June 1, 1852 Aug. 8, 1850 April 13,1836 May 2, 1810 AprU 11,1855 April 23,1831 March 8,1836 April 15,184-1 May 15, 1852 April 8, 1825 Feb. 27, 1837 AprU 29,1833 April 30,1836 March 23, 1836 April 8, 1825 March 16, 1802 Rochester New York New York New York New York Saratoga Springs. New York Cherry Valley,. New York New York New York April 7, 1819 AprU 2, 1819 Feb. 4, 1850 April 17,1843 April 7, Feb. 4, April 26, April 10, Jan. 29, April 29, Oct. 2, April 3, June 27, June 6, March 9, March 23, 1824 1851 1836 1843 1839 1852 1824 1851 1851 1825 1798 Aprn 18,1843 May 25, 1841 May April May, April April Feb. 7,1844 17, 1838 1855 14, 1815 9, 18.38 22, 1851 Jan. 16, 1851 Nov. 13, 1852 March 22, 1825 April 5, 1824 s. f. m M. f. m S. \ H. S. H. M. M. S. M. t f. m. Cap. S250 000. f. Changed to Harmony Fire & Marine Insurance Co. April 17, 1858. f. m. u. Changed from Harmony Fire Insu- rance Co. April 17, 1858, Receiver appointed Dec. 1855. Receiver appointed 1853. Changed fi-om New York Firemen's Insurance Co. Cap. $300,000. f. (Pictures, furniture, Ac.) Repealed April 17. 1843. Changed to Merchants & Householders' Mutual Ins. Co. 1. Discontinued issuing policies 1856 or '57. See Comp. Rep. 1859, p. 53. f. n. Cap. $200,000. Reduced to $150,000 April 17, 1843. Cap. $200,000. Cap. $300,000. Receiver appointed Aug. 1854. Business transferred to Hudson River Marine & Fire Insurance Co, Cap. $500,000. Changed from Kings County Mutual Ins. Co. Cap. $400,000. Reduced to $300,000 April 2-1, 1840. Reduced to $200,000 and fire risks allowed. Changed to International Ins. Co- April 11, 1845. Receiver appointed July, 1855. Cap. $300,000. Changed to Anchor Ins. Co. of the City of New York, April 8, 1826. Took but one insurance. Never fully organized. Cap. $50,000. Revived May 2, 1835. Closed under act of Jan. 25, 1854. Cap. $300,000. Cap. $250,000. Closed up under act of June 18, 1812, by the American Ins. Co. of New York having become in- solvent. Original cap. $500,000. Reduced to $300,000 Jan. 12, 1828. Cap. $300,000, Reduced to $250,000. MiMie assignment and diss, Jan, 1852. Changed from Householders' Mutual Ins. Co. Cap. $250,000. Closed. Cap. $400,000. Changed to Ocean Ins, Co. of the City of New York April 3, 1855. Cap. $250,000. Cap. S500,000. Never organized. Cap. $500,000. Receiver appointed Oct. 1854. Receiver appointed Jan. 1855. Cap. $250,000. Revived April 17, 1826, Renewed 1808 as Mutual Ins. Co. of New York. Cap, $350,000. To con- tinue till repealed. Changed to Knickerbocker Fire Ins. Co. of New York May 12, 1846. f. m. n. f. m. n. Cap. $200,000. Extended April 12, 1843. Receiver appointed Sept. 1855. Original cap. $100,000. Cap. $150,000. Receiver appointed Aug. 1855. April 5, 1849, changed to New York Life Ins. Co. and limited to life risks. Closing up. No new policies issued. Receiver appointed Sept. 1855. Cap. $250,000. Cap. 1300,000. Similar act May 6, 1844. a The New York Contributionahip for the Insurance of Houses & Property to above. from Loss by Fire, incorp. April 5, 1822. Changed NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete Insurance Companies^ continued. Location. Date of act of incorporation or of filing arttcles. Remarks. New York Fire Ins. Co. of the City ) of New York j New Yurk Protection Insurance Co.. New York State Mutual Ins. Co.... Nl'w Yurk Uniim Mutual Ins. Co.. New York J^'iremen Insurance Co.. New York.. Kome Newark Johnstown.. New York... July 23, 1849 Oct. 31, 1849 May 9, 1850 March 2,1810 New York Guardian Insurance Co.. New York Insurance Co New York La Fayette Ins. Co New York Marine Insurance Co New York Mechanics' Life Ins. &] Coal Co j New York Mutual Insurance Co New York Northern Fire Ins. Co... New York State Marine Ins. Co New York.. New York.. New York.. New York.. New York.. New York- April April April April 6, 1838 2, 1798 14, 1825 2, 1798 Oneida County Mutual Ins. Co Oneida Insurance Co Oneida Lake Mutual Insurance Co.. Onondaga County Mutual Ins. Co.... Ontario Insurance Co Orange Fire Insurance Co Orleans Insurance Co Oswego County Mutual Ins. Co Pacific Insurance Co. of New York... Palladium Fire Insurance Co New York Union Mutual Ina. Co Neptune Ins. Co. of the City of New l York ]" Neptune Bell Marine Ins. Co. of") New York j Niagara County Mutual Ins. Co North American Fire Insurance Co.. North American Insurance Co .... North American Mutual Ins. Co. Northern NewYork Live Stock Ins.Co Northern New York Mutual Ins. Co. Northern Protection Insurance Co... Ocean Insurance Co New York... Johnstown.. New York... Pelican Mutual Insurance Co Phcenix Insurance Co. of New York Phoenix Fire Insurance Co People's Ina. Co. of the State of N. Y. Pou(j:hkeep8ie Insurance Co Protection Fire Insurance Co Renovation Fire Insurance of the City of New York Kenaselaer County Mutual Ins. Co Rensselaer Insurance Co Rensselaer & Saratoga Ina. Co." Rochester Insurance Co Saratoga County Mutual Fire Ins. Co. Salem Fire Insurance Co Schenectady & Saratoga Ins. Co Schenectady County Mutual Ins. Co, Schoharie Mutual Insurance Co.... Schoharie County Mutual Ins. Co... Sea InauranceCo , Seneca County Mutual Ins. Co , Seventh Wai-d Fire InauranceCo.. Seventeenth Ward Fire Ins. Co Steuben County Mutual Ins. Co Steuljen Farmers & Merchants' In- surance Co Susquehanna Fire Insurance Co.* Bath Albany .... Syracuse Insurance Co Syracuse . Tioga County Mutual Insurance Co.. Owego New York.. Lockport ... New York.. Feb. 28, 1822 March 28, 1809 May 4, 1829 AprU 8, 1825 May 9, 1850 April 11,1825 AprU 22,1831 April 13,1837 AprU 8, 1836 New York AprU Brasher FaUs May Plattsburgh Plattsburgh Camden New York... Utica Utica Cleveland BaldwinsvUle.. Geneva Newburgh Albion Mexico New York New York New York.. New York.. New York.. Kingston Poughkeepsie... New York New York Lansingburgh ... Lanaingburgh ... Troy Rochester Saratoga Springs Salem Schenectady.. Schoharie... OobleakiU... New York.. Waterloo.... New York.. New York.. July Sept. Nov. 13, 1826 26. 1851 8, 1851 17. 1852 14, 1851 March 2,1810 April 28, March 23, March 8, AprU 13, March 21, AprU 1. June 1. April 28! April 14, April 20, 1836 1832 1853 1836 1825 1819 1850 1836 1815 1832 AprU 10,1843 Feb. 20, 1807 March 29, 1823 May April April March April AprU AprU March 14. 1851 8, 1825 7,1824 31, 1836 29, 1836 15. 1852 15, 1819 20, 1852 May 5, 1834 July, 1852 May 6, 1834 May 26, 1841 AprU 22, 1831 Dec. 3, 1850 May 5, 1834 AprU 12,1839 April 29,1839 AprU 9, 1838 March 29, 1837 Sept. 29, 1851 Aug. 1854 AprU 26,1833 April 1, 1837 f. n. 1. Changed May 10, 1847, to New York Fire & Marine Ins. Co. Made assignment Jan. 1852, and closed up. Keceiver appointed. Receiver appointed July, 1855. Cap. $500,000. Closed by losses 1818 and reorganized. Changed to Hope Ina. Co. Jan. 26, 1821. Cap. §300,000. Expired 1820. Extended to Jan. 1860. Cap. S200,000. Cap. §500,000. Cap.S600,000. Changed AprU 15, 1823, to Life & Fire Ins. Co. Changed from Sun Fire Ins. Co. Cap. $240,000. Cap. S400,000. Revived April 25, 1831. Cap. $300,000. Cap. S25O,0OO. Changed to Neptune Bel] Mutual Ins. Co. of New York, April 22, 1831. Changed from Neptune Ina. Co. Cap. $250,000. Revived April, 1832. Cap. $250,000. Changed from Phoenix Fire Ins. Co. Allowed to take inland navigation risks May 7, 1845. Cap. §300,000. Receiver appointed June, 1855. Receiver appointed Oct. 1854. Q. Cap. $500,000. Extended to Jan, 1860. Capital reduced to $350,000. Closed. f. n. Cap. $250,000. Closed. Closing up. f. n. Cap. §250,000. Cap. S400,000. Receiver appointed March, 1852. Cap. $500,000. f. Cap. $300,000. Reincorporated May 3, 1839. Cap. $250,000. f. 1. m. ju. Cap. $500,000. Original cap. $250,000. Changed to North America Fire Insurance Co. April 8. 1836. Receiver appointed March, 1854. f. D. Cap. $100,000. Cap. $300,000. Reorganized Oct. 11, 1851. Receiver appointed Feb. 1855. Cap. $50,000. Cap. originally, $500,000. Closed up. Changed from Farmers & Merchants' Insurance Co. of Western N. Y. f. Li. f. f. f. f.n. f. f. f.n. Receiver appointed Jan. 1857. Cap. $100,000. Stopped issuing poli- cies by act May 25, 1841. Changed by dropping "County Mu- tual" AprU 7, 1858. Extended 30 years. Revived May 9, 1836. Receiver appointed. Cap. $250.(100. Time for final divi- dend extended 1840 to June 28, 1841. Cap. fi.so.ooo. Cap. $200,000. Changed to National Fire Insurance Co. May 24, 1841. Receiver appointed Nov. 1856. Changed from Cooperstown Feb. 1855. Receiver appointed. Cap. $100,000. to^i-j^fu^rt^/rori^iTs '° ^^^'^^^'^^ ^ CORPORATIONS. 89 Class III. includes those whose certificates are filed in the Banking Department. " An Act to authorize the Business of Banking" was passed April 18, 1838, and was modified April 12, 1851, upon the creation of a Banking Department. Reports previously made to the Comptroller are now made to the Legislature. In 1853 the articles of association previously filed in the Secre- tary's oiEce were transferred to this department.^ Individuals or copartners may obtain bills from the depart- ment for circulation as individual bankers, and are liable to the full extent of their property for the redemption of the notes and the payment of the debts of such private banks. The name of individual banks must now be that of their owners ; and the privilege cannot be sold, or the bills be signed by an agent. It may, however, be Obsolete Insurance Companies, continued. Location. Date of act of incorporation or of filing articles. Remarks. Tompkins County Mutual Ins. Co.... Traders' Ins. Co. in the City of N. Y. Tradesmen's Insurance Co. in the City of New York Triton Insurance Co Ithaca New York.. New York- New York.. AprU 26,1840 March 9, 1826 March 14, 1825 AprU 4, 1838 f. n. f. m. n. Tontine Fire Insurance Co... Troy Insurance Co Troy Mutual Safety Insurance Co.... Trast Fire Insurance Co Tempest Insurance Co Trust Fire Insurance Co.. New York.. Troy May, April 1865 5, 1831 Troy New York.. Meridian.... New York... Unadilla Mutual Insurance Co Union Fire Insorance Co. of the City of New York Union Insurance Co New York.. New York.. Union Mutual Ins. Co. at Fort Plain United Insurance Co United Ins. Co. in the City of N. Y.. United States Insurance Co. of the 1 City of New York J United States Mutual Insurance C< United States Insurance Co Utica Insurance Co New York... New York... New York.. West Potsdam, Saratoga Springs UtiCa Utica Live Stock Insurance Co Washington County Mutual Ins. Co. Washington Insurance Co Washington County Insurance Co... Washington Marine Insurance Co. 1 of the City of New York J Washington Mutual Assurance Co. of the City of New York Washington Mutual Insurance Co... Wayne County Mutual Ins. Co.... Webster Fire Insurance Co Western Fire Insurance Co Western Insurance Co. of Clean., Western Insurance Co. of the village of Buffalo Western New York Agricultural Live Stock Insurance Co. Williamsburgh Fire Insurance Co.... Yates County Mutual Insurance Co. Utica Granville.. New York.. May 7, 1844 AprU 26,1830 Jan. 29, 1863 April 25,1839 May 12, 1836 April 24, 1833 March 18, 1818 May 21, 1850 t May 14, 1840 March 10, 1798 March 31, 1837 Nov. 8, 1850 Feb. 22, 1861 March 29, 1818 April 12,1852 AprU 22,1837 29, 1839 24, 1832 AprU AprU New York.. New York.. New York.. New York Canandaigua.. Clean Buffalo. Cleveland, Oswe- go CO Williamsburgh... AprU 27,1833 March 30, 1802 AprU 11,1842 May 12, 1836 Mareh, 1865 AprU 3, 1824 Jan. 22, 1863 AprU 7, 1817 AprU 16,1852 AprU 17, 1843 March 9,1837 f. n. f. Cap. $250,000. Cap. $200,000. Cap. $260,000. Keduced to $150,000 May 26, 1841. Receiver appointed Oct. 1856. Cap. $200,000. Directed to close up by act of AprU 21, 1840. Cap. $160,000. A committee appointed in 1855 could not find the books or Secretary of this Co. Changed from Eighth Ward Fire Ins. Co. Cap. may increase $200,000. f. 1. ann. m. D. f. I. m. f. m. n. Cap. $400,000. Cap. $500,000. In 1837 extended to Jan. 1, 1862. Changed to Union Insurance Co. July 8, 1851. Cap. $600,000. Cap. $500,000. Twice extended. Cap. $1,000,000. Fire risks allowed May 6, 1840. Receiver appointed Feb. 1855. Receiver appointed Feb. 1869. Receiver to be appointed by act of May 26, 1841. (insured live stock.) Cap. $26,000. Reorganized Dec. 13, 1849. Receiver appointed Sept. 1856. Cap. $250,000. f. Cap. $50,000. Cap. $300,000. Reduced to $100,000, 1833, and changed to Marine Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Allowed to take fire risks April 27, 1833. f. Referee appointed Sept. 1856. f Cap. $260,000. Receiver appointed Dec. 1855. f. m. n. Cap. not over $400,000. 1 The first bank organized in the State was the Bank of New York, which had existed several years previously aa a private partnership. In many of the earlier banks the State reserved the right of subscribing stock, and of appointing directors to represent their interest in proportion to the amouut held. Bank- ing powers could only be enjoyed by special act of the Legiala- tmeT and were commonly limited to a period of 30 years. In 1838 a general law was enacted, allowing the organization of as- Bociations for banking, upon depositing the requisite securities with the Comptroller and filing articles of assooiation in the Secretary's Oflice. Up to the date of the general law, 106 banks t,.^ KooT, nrMtBd-— of which 31 are BtiU in existence, 38 have reorganized, and 39 have failed, closed, or changed their names The Manhattan Co., created " for supplying the city of New York with pure and wholesome water," and the New York Dry Dock Co. possess perpetual banking powers. Other corporations for manufkcturing or commercial purposes were allowed like privileges for Umited periods, all of which have expired. In 1829 a " safety fund" was created, by requiring an annual con- tribution of i per cent, of its capital paid in from each bank formed or extended after that time, until each had paid 3 per cent. This fund was placed in charge of the Comptroller, and applied to the redemption of the bUls of insolvent banks con- tributing to this fund, after their other means had been ex- 90 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. bequeathed. All banks, excepting those in New York, Brooklyn, Albany, and Troy, must have an agency in New York, Albany, or Troy, for the redemption of their bills within one-fourth of one per cent, of par. hausted. The bank fund has long since been exhausted, the draft upon it far exceeding the income. In 1848, 11 insolvent banks that ha 1 contributed but §86 2S2 to this fund, had drawn from it $2,577,927.— Chn(i)(ro/to-'s Bepoi-t, 1848, p. 55. The s.ime l^w provided for the appointment of 3 Bank Com- missioners, who were required to vi'-it the banks thrice annually, to ascertain their condition, take measures to secure the public against fraud or loss, and report annually to the Legislature. This office was abolished April 18, 1843, and the Comptroller was invested with general powers relating to banks, from which he was reliived by the creation of a special Bank Department in 1851. This department is under a superintendent appointed by the Governor and Senate for 3 years. It has the custody of all plates for printing bank bills ; registers, numbers, and issues to banks such bills as their charters and securities entitle them to; destroys the same whea withdrawn from circulation; and destroys Ehe plates when the bank is closed. It appoints special agents for examining the condition of doubtful banks, directs prosecutions in behalf of the State, sells the securities of broken banks to redeem their circulation, and reports the condition of banks to the Legislature annually. Banks can only obtain bills for circulation by depositing New York State or United States stocks bearing interest equivalent to 6 ptr cent., or bonds and mortgages of not over ^,000 each upon unincumbered improved lands at two-fifths value, exclusive of buildings, and bearing 7 per cent, interest. Closing banks, after calling in 90 per cent, of their circulation, may withdraw their stocks or mortgages, and substi- tute cash for the redemption of the remaining 10 per cent, of circulation. Stockholders of banking associations are personally liable to an extent equal to their capital stock. Experience has shown that under our free bank system bonds and mortgages have realized but about 88 per cent, on the sum for which notes were issued, while the aggregate securities, including stocks, have almost always sold for more than enough to redeem the circulation based upon them. — R&port, 1859, p. 8. Bank Note Engraving is now done by a company, formed in 1858, by the union of most of the establishments previously ex- isting. The Bank of the United States had branches for discount and deposit at New York, Utica, and Buffalo, in this State. Specie payment has been generally suspended three times by the banks of New York State. In the fall of 1814 all the banks of the Union, except those of New England, suspended until the spring of 1817. In May, 1837, there was a second suspension, which continued until the spring of 1838. On the 13th of Oct. 1857, a third suspension took place in all the banks of New York City, with one exception, (Chemical Bank,) and this was soon followed by the banks of the State generally; but specie payment was resumed in about 60 days. The following tables, derived from returns in the Bank De- partment, are corrected up to Jan. 1, 1859, The amo unt of capital is reported for Dec. 18, 1858 : Existing Banks in the State, Jan, 1, 1859. Corporate Name. Addison Bank Albany City Bank Albany Exchange Bank American Exchange Bank.. Artisans' Bank*' Atlantic Bank Atlantic Bank of the City of New York Auburn City Bank Auburn Exchange Bank.... Ballston Spa Bank Bank of Albany^ Bank of Albion Bank of Amtrica" Bank of Attica Bank of Auburn'' Bank of Bath Bank of Binghamton Bank of Canandaigua Bank of the Capitol Bank of Cavuga Liike^ Bank of Cazenovia Bank of Centr.il .New York Bank of Chemung Bank of Chenanyo/! Bank of Cohoes Bank of Commerce in New York Bank of Commerce of Put- nam County Bank of Cooperstown.... Bank of thuComraouwealth Bank of Corning Bank of Coxsackie Bank of Dansville Bank of Fayetteville Bank of Fishkill Bank of Fort Edward ... Bank of Geneseec Location. New York.. Carmel Cooperstown ., New York Corning Coxsackie Dansville Fayetteville.... Fishkill Fort Edward.. Batavia OfjlUng artir Deo. 12, 1838 Oct. 1, 1838 Aug. 22, 185ff MliT 27. 1863 July a, 18.53 Feb. 16, 1866 Jan. 31, 1839 Dec. 16, 1854 July 16, 1839 Den. 30, 1862 April 24, 1850 Jan. 2, 1850 Not. 17, 1862 Feb. 28, Sept. 17, Dec. Dec. 1863 1847 1866 1838 1862 1866 1869 Feb. 15, Feb. 1, March 22, Jan. 17, March 14, June 10, Jan. 19, Feb. 28, Oct. 3. Dec. 22, 1868 1863 1839 1858 1889 1884 1860 1861 1861 Of heginnivg business or of act of incorpo- ration. May April Jan. Sept. July 17, 1856 SO, 1834 1, 1839 14, 1838 10, 1866 Maich 10, 1830 July 2, July 25, Feb. 1, Deo. 10, Deo. 80, .July 16, Dec. 1, March 1, Deo. 81, April 11, July 29, April 4, Feb. 1, Sept. Feb. 21, Sept. 8, Jan. 1, Dec. 31, 1863 1853 1866 1838 1854 1839 1852 1860 1849 1854 1852 1864 1863 1847 1866 1838 1863 1866 Jan. 1, 1839 April, Jan. 1, March 1, Jan. 12, March 4, June 10, Jan. 9, June 1, Oct. 1, Deo. 1, 1863 1853 1863 1839 1863 18.39 1364 1860 1851 1861 Of expiration of charter or privilege. Jan. Jan. Sept. July Jan. July July Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1864 1, 2600 14, 1038 1, 1950 1, 1866 2, 1963 6, 1963 1, 1956 10, 1938 1, 1904 2,21 1, 1968 1, 2000 1, 1960 Jan. Jan. 1, 2000 i, 2666 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1900 16, 1889 1, 1893 1, 1956 Jan. 1, 1889 Jan. 1 19.53 March 1, 19.53 Jan. 12, 1939 .Tan. 1 191 III June 10 19.39 Jan. 9, 19,'i4 Dec. 31 1899 In year 1961 Dec. 31 1961 ■8.1 600 100 600 600 600 400 200 160 100 360 100 2,000 160 200 150 156 120 100 100 120 150 760 117 120 100 110 120 100 100 Present capital. « Articles amended May 11, 1867. » First incorp. April 10, 1792; cap. $40,000; allowed to reduce two-fifths April 4. 1820. and shares reduced from $100 to $80 April 17, 1880; twice extended; expired Jan. 1, 1866; State re- served right to subscribe stock at first. ' First incorp. June 2, 1812; cap. $6,000,000, and late United States Bank allowed to take five-sixths of the stock ; reduced to $4,000,000 March 20, 1813 ; once extended. $ 50,000 600,000 311,100 4,999,660 600,000 600,000 400,000 200,000 200,000 126,000 600,840 100,000 8,000,000 260,000 200,000 60,000 200,000 26,000 619,600 10,000 120,000 110,200 60,000 150,000 8,861,760 63,012 200,000 760,000 78,500 142,000 150,260 116,400 160,000 200,000 160,000 S.E. S. S.B. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.E. S.B. S.E. S.E. S. E. S. E. S.E. S. E. •' First incorp. March 31, 1817 j cap. $400,000: once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1860. r , , « Started at Ithaca. f First incoi-p. April 21, 1818; cap. $200,000; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1866. ,r , , 1862^'"" ''"'°'^' '^^"' ^' ^^^°' ""■P- ^lOO.OOO; expired Jan. 1, COKPORATIONS. 91 JExisting Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Bank of G6neva<» Bauk of Havana Bank of the Interior Bank of Kent Bank of Kinderhook Bank of Lansingburgh^ Baok of Lima Bank of Lowrille. Bank of Malooe Bank of Newark Bank of Newburgh" Bank of Newport Bank of Now York'' Bank of North America" ... Bank of Norwich Bank of Old Saratoga/. Bank of Orange Countyff.... Bank of Owego Bank of Pawling. , Bank of Port Jervis , Bauk of Ponghkeepsie/.... Bank of theRepnblic„ Bank of Rhinebeck. Bank of Rome Bank of Bondout Bank of Salem. Bank of Salina. Bank of Saratoga SpringB^. Bank of Seneca Falls. Bank of Silver Creek. Bank of Sing Sing Bank of the State of New York Bank of Syracuse Bank of Tioga Bankof Troj* Bank of Ulster. Bank of tIticaJ. Bank of Vernon Bank of Watertown... Bank of WaterTille.... Bank of Westfleld Bank of West Troy.... Bank of Whitehall*.... Bank of Whitestown.. Bank of Yonkers Black River Bank Brigga Bank of Clyde. BroiSway Bank Brockport Exchange Bank.. Brooklyn Bank. Broome County Bank' Buffalo City Bank -. Bull's Head Bank of the City of New York Burnet Bank Butchers & Drovers' Bank in the City of New York" Cambridge Valley Bank at North White Creek., Canajoharie Bank Canastota Bank Cataract Bank Catskill Bank".....-?.... Caynga County Bank- Geneva Havana Albany LudingtonviUe... Kinderhook Lansingburgh.... Lima Lowville Malone Newark Newburgh Newport New York New York Norwich Schnylerville Goshen PawUng Port Jervis.... Ponghkeepsie . New York Rhinebeck Rome Rondout Salem Syracuse Saratoga Springs Seneca Falls... Silver Creek... Sing Sing. New York Syracuse Owego Troy Ulster Village.. Utica. Vernon Watertown. Waterville Westfield West Troy , Whitehall. Whitesboro Yonkers Watertown Clyde New York Brockport Brooklyn Binghamton.... Buffalo. New York.. Syracuse... New York White Creek.. Canrajoharie ... Catfastota. Locfcport Cat'skilL Auburn A. I. A. A. A. A. I. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. C. C. A. A. A. A. A. C. A. A. C. A. I. A. A. C. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. I. A. A. A. A. A. I. A. I. C. A. A. A. I. A. A. A. A. A. C. Dates OffMng ajrti- cUs. Nov. ?0, 1862 June March Dec. Juno 4, 1867 16, 1866 19, 1838 22, 1865 Dec. Aug. April Deo. April Deo. AprQ Feb. Jan. 26, 1838 18, 1861 6, 1854 17. 1860 2, 1868 21, 1852 11. 1861 21, 1866 23, 1858 Of heginning business or of act of incor- poration. Nov. 15, 4 1 27; 15, 1, 6, 18, 6. 1 1 April Feb. Dec. Jan. June 4, 1849 4, 1853 31, 1867 26, 1860 1, 1863 Oct. May 6,1848 17, 1863 May 11, 1862 Oct. July 26, 1839 13, 1863 Sept. June Nov. June Deo. Jan. Jan. Dec. 26. 1838 20, 1866 6, 1852 17, 1852 18, 1849 14. 1839 26, 1839 10, 1838 April June Feb. Dec. June Feb. Dec. Aug. April Jan. March 28, Dec. 22, April 10, July 16, Jan. 1, April 6, May 21, Sept. 3, March 1, Dec. 31, Feb. 1, June 1, April 16, Sept. 1, May 10, April 20, May 1, May, Oct. 16, Aug. 1, May 18, Sept. 15, June 14, Dec. 1, Ofexpiraiion of charter or privilege. April June Feb. June June 1852 1861 1867 1856 1838 1856 1867 1838 1851 1864 1851 1858 1862 1851 1856 1866 1813 1886 1849 1863 ,1857 1851 1863 1832 1848 1863 1832 ,1852 1864 ,1839 ,1863 May 1, 1957 Feb. 27, 1965 Jan. 2, 1839 July 1, 1966 Jan. July Jan. Jan. Jan. Sept. Aug. 15, 1849 Dec. Feb. July 18, 1854 26, 1862 14, 1859 28, 1839 26, 1864 16, 1851 17, 1854 22, 1853 July Dec. 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 17, Oct. 1, AprU 12, May 1, Feb. 25, July 10, June 1, Sept. 21, Aug. 9, July, Feb. 24, Dec. 31. March Ij Nov. 1, 2301 Jan. 1, 1900 Dec. 31, 1900 Jan. 1, 1951 March 26, 1908 Jan. 1, 1953 1, 1961 1, 2056 1, 1968 1, 1862 1, 1866 3, 1899 March 1,1963 Jan. 1, 1958 1, 1961 31, 1899 1, 1862 6, 1898 1, 1960 1, 1862 1, 1962 Jan. Dec. Jan. Sept. Jan. Jan. May In year 2500 Dec. 31, 1953 Deo. 16, 1852 June Nov. Feb. Sept. Deo. 20. 1855 30. 1856 28, 1866 16, 1858 28, 1852 1836 1838 1856 1852 1852 1849 1839 1839 1838 1848 1852 1839 1854 1851 1866 1849 1852 1832 1864 1853 Jan. Sept. June Jan. June Jan. Jan. Jan. Oct. Oct. 1854 12, 1862 Dec. 22, 1862 Sept. April April Sept. Deo. 3, 1866 3. 1865 1. 1866 20, 1868 31, 1862 March 14, 1833 1, 1866 16, 2338 14, 1966 1, 1962 1, 1960 1, 1960 1, 1939 17,2340 1,2 May 1, 1900 Feb. Dec. Jan. 25, 2839 31, 1963 1, 1890 700 100 126 120 "ioo 100 100 200 100 2,000 1,000 125 110 * 200 125 120 200 1,000 125 100 100 100 150 100 Present capital. Aug. 9, 1060 Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1860 1, 1954 1,2000 Dec. 31, 1963 Dec. 31, 1963 Jan. April Jan. Sept. Jan. Jan. 1, 1905 3, 1955 1,2000 1, 1968 1, 1899 1,1883 100 126 2,000 100 100 440 100 600 100 100 100 "260 100 150 100 200 100 100 115 100 110 100 t 260 205,000 60,000 261,660 111,940 250,000 160,000 60,000 102,460 196,800 100.000 300,000 60,026 2,838,976 1,000,000 126,000 106,860 105,660 200,000 176,000 130,000 200,000 2,000,000 125,000 100,000 150,000 138,000 160,000 100,000 80,000 100,800 150,000 2,000,00(r 200,000 100,000 440,000 160,000 600,000 100,000 47,779 120,000 50,000 250,000 120,000 150,000 100,000 62,611 1,000,000 60,000 160,000 100,000 277,700 173,300 93,400 800,000 168,339 126,000 110,000 40,000 128,962 250,000 o First incorp. March 28, 1817 ; cap. $400,000 ; once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853. ^ ^ ^ 'First incorp. March 19, 1813; cap. $200,000 ; once extended; expired July 1, 1865. c First incorp. March 22, 1811. ^ ^ ^^„ ■i First bank in State; incorp. March 22, 1791 ; cap. $900,000; thrice extended; expired Jan. 1,1863. »i„„nnn ■ A bank of similar name filed Jan. 7, 1839 ; cap. $100,000 ; did not organize. / Begun as an individual bank. ff Once extended. ft Individual bank of this title begun 1847. (First incorp. March 22, 1811; cap. $500,000 ; allowed to open * $106,660. ofBces of discount and deposit at Waterford and Lansinburgh ; once extended; expued Jan. 1, 1853; State reserved right to take stock. . , , i First incorp. June 1, 1812 ; cap. $1,000,000; once extended ; allowed to open a branch at Canandaigua April 10, 1816 ; State reserved right to take stock. * Organized in place of Safety Fund Bank of same name whose charter expired June 13, 1869. J First incorp. Apr. 18, 1831 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1865. m Butchers & Drovers' Bank incorp. April 8, 1830 ; cap. *300,000, increased to $600,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1863. » First incorp. March 26, 1813; cap. $400,000; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1853. t $110,007. 92 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Existing Banks, continued. CoRPORATB Name. Central Bank of Brooklyn.. Central Bank at Cherry Valley* Central Bank of Troy Central City Bank* Chatham Bank Chautauqua County Bank.. Chemical Bank Chemung Canal Bank Chester Bank Chittenango Bank Citizens' Bank" Citizens' Bank City Bank of Brooklyn City Bank of New Yorkti ... City Bank Clinton Bank of Buffalo Commercial Bank of Al- bany« Commercial Bank of Clyde. Commerciid Bank of Glens Falls Commercial Bank of Roch- ester Commercial Bank of Sara- toga Springs Commercial Bank of Troy.. Commercial Bank of White- hall Continental Bank Corn Exchange Bank Croton Elver Bank Cuba Ba»k Cuyler's Bank Delaware Bank Deposit Bank/. Dover Plains Bank East River Bankff Elmira Bank Essex County Bank^ Exchange Bank at Lock- port Fallkill Bank. Farmers' Bank of Amster- dam Farmers Bank of Attica... Farmers Bank of Hudson- Farmers Bank of Lansing- burgh Farmers Bank of Saratoga County Farmers Bank of the City of Troy* Farmers' Bank of Washing- ton County Farmers & Citizens' Bank of Long IslandJ Farmers & Drovers' Bank.. Farmers & Manufacturers' Bank Farmers & Mechanics' Bank of Genesee* Farmers & Mechanics' Bank of Bochester , Flour City Bank , Fort Plain Bank , Fort Stanwix Bank. , Frankfort liank Frednnia Bank Frontier Bank , Brooklyn , Cherry Valley.. Troy Syracuse New York Jamestown , New York Elmira , East Chester.... Chittenango...., Fulton New York Brooklyn New York Oswego , Buffalo Glens Falls.. Saratoga Springs Troy Location. Albany . Clyde Whitehall New York New York Brewster Station Cuba Palmyra Delhi Deposit Dover New York Elmira Keeseville Lockport Poughkeepsie... Amsterdam .... Attica Hudson Lansingburgh.... Troy Fort Edward.. Williamsburgh... Somers Poughkeepsie.. Buffalo Rochester- Rochester... Fort Plain . Rome Frankfort.., Fredonia..... Potsdam III Bates Of fMng art-i- des. April 9, 1863 Bee. Feb. 13, 1884 6, 1853 12, 1862 6, 1861 Jeb. 6, 1844 May rob. Sept. May Nov. May Dec. July 11, 1846 4, 1853 8, 1863 8, 1851 6, 1850 26, 1862 17, 1849 8, 1866 July 3, 1847 AprU 28,1863 AprU 8, 1839 Feb. Jan. 18, 1856 8, 1839 Aug. 5, Jan. 24, Dec. 21, March 21, June 20, April 9, March 21, Nov. 12, Feb. 12, Sept. 11, April 22, 1849 1853 1862 1866 1865 1853 1839 1866 1867 1862 1864 Nov. 12, 1851 June 17, 1852 April 26,1839 Feb. 7, 1839 March 31, 1854 Nov. 13, 1852 June 30, 1866 June 21, 1852 July 16, 1839 Dec. 13, 1838 March 16, 1839 March 4,1866 Jan. Nov. Feb. July April 2, 1839 6, 1847 6, 1854 2, 1856 29, 1854 Of beginning business or of act of incor- poration. Aug. 1, 1863 Dec. May May Feb. April Feb. April May April Aug. May Dec. July Nov. Aug. July Nov. 14, 1864 1, 1863 12. 1862 20, 1851 18, 1831 24,1844 9, 1833 1,1846 1, 1863 20. 1863 1, 1861 14, 1860 1, 1862 1, 1849 1, 1866 1, 1847 1860 Jan. May May Jan. Jan. Jan. May Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Nov. July Jan. April 28,1853 Nov. 7, 1838 Feb. Jan. 1, 1856 6, 1839 Jan. 1, 1964 Nov. 7, 1938 Feb. 1, 1966 In year 2000 Aug. 15, Jan. 24, Jan. 1, March 16, June 1, April 15, Jan. 1, Oct. 1, March 16, Sept. 8, Nov. 1, April 25, 1853 1863 1866 1855 1863 1839 1866 1868 1862 1863 1832 July April 1. 1851 1. 1852 April 10, 1839 May 7, 1856 March 1,1839 April 1, 1864 Dec. 1, 1852 Jan. 1, 1856 July 3, 1852 March 16, 1839 April 26, 1834 Nov. 1, 1838 Feb. 12, 1839 March 1,1856 Jan. Nov. May Aug. April 1, 1839 6, 1847 16, 1854 1, 1866 30, 1864 Of expiration of charter or July 31, 1963 1, 1955 1,2353 12, 1952 1, 1899 1, 1860 1, 1899 1,2600 1,2000 31, 1953 1, 1961 1, 1960 1, 1952 1, 2049 1, 2000 1,2000 Jan. 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, March 16, June 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, March 1, Sept. 18, Jan. 1, Jan. 1, 2600 1963 1960 1966 1900 1900 1939 1969 2000 1952 1953 1862 In year 2000 July 1, 1962 AprU 10,1939 Dec. 31, 1900 April 1, 1964 Jan. Jan. 1, 1960 1, 1966 July 3, 2000 In year 1960 Jan, Nov. Jan. Jan. Jan. Nov. May May Jan. 1,1864 1, 2000 1, 3838 1, 1956 1, 2001 3,2347 15, 2354 1,2000 1, 1899 Is' .Si's 200 200 200 110 300 100 300 200 100 106 126 300 160 800 126 250 160 400 126 100 1,600 500 100 100 . 100 100 126 100 300 200 100 160 160 100 166 360 200 200 t 300 100 100 200 100 110 106 100 100 Present capital. 200,000 200,000 300,000 126,200 460,000 100,000 300,000 200,000 126,500 160,000 166,100 400,000 300,000 1,000,000 276,400 250,000 500,000 26,000 136,400 600,000 126,000 300,000 108,200 2,000,000 1,000,000 107,600 100,000 74,000 160,000 125.000 100^000 206,525 100,000 100,000 160,000 200,000 118,000 54,533 300,000 171,300 200,000 350,000 168,660 200,000 111,160 160,000 126,000 300,000 160,000 150,000 106,000 100,000 100,000 a.Cherry Valley Bank incorp. April 21, 1818 ; cap. $200,000 ; changed to Central Bank ; once extended ; expired Jan, 1, 1866, * Changed from Crouse Bank Feb, 3, 1857, c Removed from Ogdensburgh, rf City Bank incorp, June 16, 1812 ; cap. $2.000,000 ; twice ex- tended ; expiredJulyl,1852; cap, reduced one half March 24, 1820, and afterward to $720,000, < Commercial Bank incorp. April 12, 1826 ; cap, $300,000 ; once extended; expired July 1, 1847, « $108,200, f An individual bank merged in association, e Allowed to reduce cap, to $313 918 March 7, 1836, A Allowed to increase cap, to $400,000 May 10, 1836, < Farmers' Bank incorp, March 31, 1801; cap, $250,000; State reserved right to take stock; twice extended; expired Jan, 1, 1853, ' Increased to $300,000 March 9, 1854 ; afterward reduced. * Bemoved from Batavia June 3, 1852 t $111,160. CORPORATIONS. 93 Existing BanJcSt continued. CoKPoiiATE Name. Fulton Bank, in the City of New Yorko. Fulton County Bank Genesee County Bank.... Genesee River Bank Genesee Valley Bank Geo. Washington Bank.. Glens Falls Bank Goshen Bank Greenwich Bank of the City of New York* Grocers' Bank in the City of New York Hamilton Bank Hanover Bank Herkimer County Bank..... Highland Bank H. J. Miner & Co.'s Bank... H. T. Miner's Bank. Hudson River Bank^^ Huguenot Bk. of NewPaltz Hungerford'a Bank** Ilion Bank Importers & Traders' Bank International Bank. Iron Bank Irving Bank in the City of New York , JamestowTi Bank. Jefferson County Bank«... J. N. Hungei-ford's Bank J. T. Raplee's Bank Judson Bank*' Kingston Bank Lake Mahopac Bank Lake Ontario Bank Lake Shore Bank Leather Manufacturers' B'k Leonai-dsville Bank. Lockport City BankA Long Island Banki? Lyons Bank^ Manhattan Company*. Manufacturers' Bank of Brooklyn-i'. Manufacturers' Bank of Troy Manufacturers & Traders' Bank Marine Bank of Buffalo Marine Bank, at Oswego.,.. Marine Bank of the City of New York Market Bank Market Bank of Troy. Mechanics' Bank of Brook- lyn Mechanics' Bank of the City of New York* Mechanics' Banking Asso- ciation* Mecbanlcs' Bank of Syrar cuae Mechanics & Farmers' Bank of Albany™. Mechanics & Traders' Bank in the City of New York. Locaiitm. New York Gloversville , LeRoy. Mount Morris.. Geneseo , Corning Gltins Falls , Goshen New York.. New York.... Hamilton..... New York..,. Little Falls... Newburgh..., Dunkirk Hudson , New Paltz Adams Ilion New York Buffalo Plattsburgh.., New York Jamestown Watertown Corning PennYan Ogdenaburgh.- Kingston Mahopac Oswego Dunkirk New York Leonardaville.. Lockport Brooklyn Lyons New York Brooklyn ., Troy Buffalo... Buffalo .. Oswego.. New York.. New York.. Troy Brooklyn... New York- New York- Syracuse.... Albany. New York.. ^11 0-«!i-i Dates OfjUiitg artir das. Jan. April Dec. Oct. May 16, 1844 28, 1852 19, 1838 1, 1863 6, 1851 Oct. Sept. 31, 1851 26, 1860 May 30, 1865 Aug. Feb. April 16, 1861 19, 1853 2, 1861 Feb. '24, 1869 April 23, 1866 AprU 26, 1863 Sept. 17, 1863 6, 1852 28, 1865 11, 1864 Feb. Nov. May March 29, 1851 Oct. 21, 1853 March 16, 1869 Aug. 1, 1864 March'l7!'l857 April 26, 1866 May 13, 1869 June 16, 1845 April 19,1863 Aug. 12, 1862 June 26, 1866 July 16, 1850 June 26, 1856 March 23, 1863 Oct. 19, 1852 July 5, 1863 Aug. 12, 1852 Dec. 18, 1854 Aug. 1, 1838 Sept. 29, 1851 Nov. 4, 1852 Dec. 30, 1866 Of beginning business or of act of incor- poration. March 1, 1844 March 23, 1852 Jan. 1, 1839 6, 1863 10, 1861 1864 31, 1851 1, 1861 Oct. May Oct. Nov. June 4, 1866 Aug. March April 1, 1851 1, 1863 2, 1861 March 14, 1833 April 26,1834 May June Sept. Feb. Dec. June July, 1856 1863 1863 1852 1866 1854 1863 March 31, 1861 Feb. 1863 Dec. 31, 1863 Feb. 9, 1869 July 16, 1868 July 1. 1864 May 18, 1836 April 16, 18S4 March 12, 1867 Jan. 1855 April 23, 1832 Feb. 27, 1856 June 16, 1846 Deo. 1843 April 2, 1799 March 6, AprU 22, 1863 1852 July Aug. 1856 1850 Aug. 20, 1866 Jan. 1, Aug. 30, Sept. 2, Aug. 10, Jan. 1, Aug. Aug. Dec. Jan. 1853 1852 1853 1862 1855 1838 1861 1852 1867 Of ecepiration of charter or privilege. Jan. 1, 1899 March 23, 1962 Jan. 1, 2000 Oct. 6, 1919 Jan. 1, 2000 Sept. Nov. 1, 1962 1, 1961 June 7, 1954 Jan. Jan. April Jan. Jan. 1, 1960 1, 2063 2, 1961 1, 1863 1,1864 May July July Feb. Jan. Jan. 10, 1966 1, 1953 1, 1963 3,2362 1, 1966 1, 1964 Jan. 1, 1960 600 Jan. 1, 1900 200 July"""iri904 Jan. 1, 1866 132 200 March 12, 1957 260 June i, 1862 Feb. 27, 2366 600 100 July 1, 1890 200 Unlimited ly 1, 1903 July 1, 1952 Jan. 1, 2000 Jan. 1, 2000 Aug. 20, 2866 Jan. 1, 1963 Aug. 30, 1951 Jan. 1, 1963 Jan. Jan. Aug. Jan. Jan. Jan. 1, 1952 1. 1966 1, 1938 1, 1960 1, 1950 1. 1967 600 160 100 130 120 "iM 110 160 110 600 200 200 200 125 126 100 1,000 400 2,000 260 200 200 170 126 600 660 200 200 2,000 140 360 400 Present capital. $600,000 160,000 200,000 130,000 160,000 60,000 112,000 110,000 200,000 240,000 110,000 1,000,000 200,000 200,000 26,000 260,000 125,000 126,000 100,000 1,600,000 400,000 60,000 600,000 92,916 2,000,000 60,000 122,000 200,000 40,860 326,000 89,200 600,000 100,000 400,000 48,609 2,060,000 160,000 250,000 496.000 300,000 186,000 659,100 1,000,000 300,000 300,000 2,000,000 316,000 140,000 360,000 400,000 « Fulton Bank incorp. April 1, 1824; cap. $500,000; increased to *760,000 March 16, 1827 ; expired March 1, 1844. MJreenwich Bank incorp. April 17, 1830; cap. $200,000; ex- nired June 6, 1853. « First incorp. March 29, 1830; cap. $100,000; increased to $150,000 April 16, 1832; expired June 12, 1866. ^ Originally an individual bank. erirst incorp. April 17, 1816; cap. $400,000, and located at Adams • failed ; removed to TJtica Nov. 19, 1824, and cap. re- duced to $100,000; increased to $200,000 May 10, 1836; once ex- tended ; expired Jan. 1, 1864." , X T , t .. /Niagara River Bank, Buffalo, removed to Lockport, and name changed May 13, 1869. ff First incorp. April 1,1824; cap. $300,000; once extended; expired July 1, 1845. A Begun under the name of Palmyra Bank; changed name March 31, 1867. i Chartered for supplying city with water, with perpetual banking privileges. s' Changed from Mechanics' Bank of Williamsburgh, and cap. reduced April 16, 1868. * Mechanics Bank first incorp. March 23, 1810 ; cap. $1,600,000 ; reduced to $1,440,000; once extended; expired Jan 1, 1866; State reserved right to take stock. i Under Chap. 183, laws of 1868 ; original cap. $128,176. w First incorp. March 22, 1811 ; cap. $600,000 ; reduced one- fourth April 4, 1820 ; once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853; 94 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Existing Banks, continued. Corporate Name. Location, ■Sse Medina Bank Merc;iutile Bank* Mercantile Bank of Platts- burgh Merchants' Bank of Albany. Merchants" Bank of Erie County Merchiints' Bank in the City of Newyork Merchants' Bank in Pough- keepsie Merchants' Bank Merchants' Bank of West- field Merchants' Exchange Bank in the City of New York* Merchants &Farmera'Bank Merchants & Mechanics' Bank of Troy Metropolitan Bank Middletown Bank Mohawk Bank of Schenec- tadyc Mohawk River Bank Mohawk Talley Bank Monroe County Bank Montgomery County Bank-^ Mutu il Bank Nassau Bank ',.... Nassau Bank of Brooklyn- National Bank of'Albany... National Bank in the City of New York" New York County Bank of the City of New York New York Dry Dock Com- pa'iy/ New Yurk & Erie Banks'... New York Exchange Bank in the Citv of New York, New York State Bank* Niagara County Bank North River Bank in the City of New York*. Ocean Bank in the City of New York Ogderi^burgh Bank Oneida Bank Oneida Central Bank Oneirla C 'unty Bank Oneida Valley Bank Ononrlaga Bank Onondagi County Bank. Oriental Bank Oawegatchie Bank Oswe.i^o Bank Oswego River Bank Otsego County Bank-?'..... Pacific Baik Park Bank People's Bank of the City of New York Perrin Bank , Phoenix Bank of the City of New York* Pulaski Bank (iuassaick liaiik Randall liank Medina New York.., Plattsburgh .. Albany Ponghkeopsie.. Syracuse , New York.. Ithaca Troy New York S. Middletown.. Schenectady.. Fonda Mohawk Rochester Johnstown.... Troy. New York Brooklyn Albany New York- New York.. Buffalo New York.., Albany Lockport New York.. New York Ogdensburgh.. Utica Home Utica _ Oneida. Syracuse Syracuse New York Ogdensburgh .. Oswego , Fulton Cooperatown .. New York New York Vew York.. Rncheater... Vew York Pul.iski Xewburgh Cortlandville.. C. A. A. A. A. Jan. 8, 1850 Jan. 24, 1856 Jan. 22, 1853 OffiUng arti- cles. Dec. 24, 1856 Jan. Feb. 19, 1845 21, 1851 AprU 24,1849 Oct. 24, 1838 Dec. 15, 1853 April 10,1851 May 17, 1839 Oct. 13, 1852 Jan. 2, 1856 March 28, 1839 May 26, 1857 30, 1856 3, 1853 28, 1852 28, 1859 8, 1856 Dec. Jan. Oct. Jan. Feb. Of banning business or of act of incor- poration. May, Jan. Jan. March May, Jan. July Dec. April, June Oct. 1854 8, 1850 1. 1856 21, 1853 1844 2. 1857 2, 1845 31, 1850 Jan. 1, 1950 Jan. 1, 1956 March 1, 1953 Jan. 1, 1957 July 1, 1895 Dec. 31, 1950 1, 1849 15, 1838 Dec. 15, 1853 April 10,1850 July 1, 1839 Dec. Jan. July May Dec. Feb. Nov. 1. 1852 1, 1856 1, 1839 23, 1857 31, 1856 1. 1853 1, 1852 Jan. 16, 1856 Dec. 22, 1856 Jan. 2, 1857 June 25, 1855 June 1, 1855 Aug. 12, 1852 April 14,1851 Oct. 26, 1850 May 7, 1856 July 1, 1842 Dec. 22, 1849 April Sept. April Dec. May Oct. May Sept. May 29, 1863 2, 1853 2?, 1862 1, 1864 July Oct. 6. 1853 3. 1854 Oct. 3, 1855 Dec. 30, 1853 Oct. 8, 1850 March 12, 1866 Feb. 27, 1851 Deo. 27, 18.58 Sept. 16, 1853 March 19, 1862 12, 1826 1, 1852 21, 1861 31, 1850 1, 1866 Of expiration of charter or privilege. Jan. Jao. Jan. Jan. May Jan. Jan. Jan. May Jan. Feb. Nov. 1, 1899 1, 2040 1, W.M 1, 1960 1, 2130 1, 1962 1, 1966 1, 2839 23, 2667 1, 1956 1, 1963 1, 1962 Jnne 1, 1842 Dec. 10, 1849 April 30, 1829 May 14, 1836 19, 1863 10, 1863 22, 1852 1, 1864 Jan. 16, 1956 Jan. 1, 1957 June 1, 1966 Unlimited Jan. 1, 2000 Jan. 1, 1900 Jan. 1, 1950 Before 2600 Jan. 1, 1899 Sept. May Sept. May Jan. Jan. Jan. Sept. Jan. Sept. May July 11, 1863 Oct. 10, 1864 March 14, 1831 Jan. 1, 1866 Dec. 31, 1863 June 17, 1860 Match 1, 1856 AprU 1, 1851 Sept. 29, 1855 Jan. 2, 1864 Sept. 1, 1S63 March 19, 1862 Aug. 1863 100 260 1, 1960 1, 1869 1, 1866 19, 2000 2, 2600 2, 1902 1, 1954 1,600 110 135 1,000 160 300 260 100 125 100 100 100 100 200 500 1,500 200 120 250 250 200 600 100 400 160 125 106 160 Present capital. July Oct. Jan. Deo. Jan. Jan. 11, 1963 1, 1954 1, 1859 31, 1965 1, 1954 1. 1950 March 1,1956 April 1, 1960 Jan. 2, 1954 Dec. 31, 1899 Jan. 1, 1962 300 200 160 126 200 600 2,000 250 1,200 100 130 i 50,000 1,000,000 100,000 400,000 60,000 2,638,975 150,000 180,000 40,000 1,235,000 80,000 300,000 4,000,000 125,000 200,000 100,000 160,000 100,000 100,000 234,600 979,200 600,000 1,600,000 200,000 200,000 300,000 130,000 360,000 100,000 316,000 1,000,000 100,000 400,000 173,600 126,000 106,000 96,200 150,000 300,000 200,000 160,000 114,500 200,000 422,700 2,000,000 412,600 1,800,000 100,000 300,000 60,000 a Succe'^sor to Bank of Tthica. » First incnrp. April 29, lSi9- rap. $760,000. "Milhiiwk B!mkincorp.Mirihl3,1807; cap. $200,000 ; allowed to reduce Vpril 4, 1820; twic,' extended; expired Jan. 1, 1853. •I First incorp. March 16, 1831 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1867. • Nation;il Bank incorp. April 30, 1829 ; cap. $1,000,000 ; ex- pired Jan. 1, 1867. /Dock Co., with perpetual banking powers. e Removed from Dunkirk March, 1854. » First iii.-orp. March 19, 1801; cap. $460,000; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1851 ; State reserved right to take stock. 'North River Bank incorp. March 23, 1821; cap. $600,000; expired July 1, 1842; judgment dissolving an injunction filed Sept. 25, 1858. > First incorp. April 8, 1830; cap. $100,000; expired Jan. 1, * Incorp. .Tune 16, 1812, cap. $1,000,000, as New York Manu- facturing Co., for maldng wire and cards ; amended Sept. 26, 1814, with banking privileges to extent of $150,000 besides $360,000 in manufacturing; changi'd to Phoenix Bank, Feb. 2, 1817; once extended; expired Jan. 1, 1854; increased to $1,000,000 April 29, 1834, and reduced May 7, 1841. CORPORATIONS. Existing Banks, continued. 95 CORRORATE NAME. RenBseliier Coxmty Bank ..; R.M. (.{uddard & Co.'s Bank Roche-jter Bank Roclieater City Bank Rome i.xchange Bank St, Nicholas Bank Salt Springs Bank Sarati ga County BaDk".... Schem'ctady Bank Schoharie County Bank SeiK'ca County Bank Seventh Ward Bank Shoe & Leather Bank„ Smith's Bank of Perry Spralier Bank State Bank of Troy State of New York Bank... Steuben County Bank. Stissing Bank& Suffolk County Bank Susquehanna Valley Bank. Syracuse City Bank Tanm-rs' Bank Tompkins County Bank..... Tradi'smen's Bank of the City of New York" — Traders' Bank of Rochester** Troy City Bank Ulster County Bank. tJnadilla Bank Union Bank of Albany, Union Bank of Kinder- hook Union Bank of the City of New Yoi'k« Union Bank of Rochester. Un io n Bank of Sullivan County Union Bank of Troy Union Bankof Watertown., Utiort City Bank Wallkill Bank Washingtnn County Bank., Watertown Bank & Loan Company Waverly Bank Weedsport Bank Westchester County Bank. West Wiiifleld Bank White's Bank of Buftalo.... Wiiliamsbuigh City Bank.. Wooeter Sherman's Bank... Worthington Bank Wyoming County Bank. Locatitm. IP LansiDgburgh..... CautoD, Rochester. Kochester Rome. New York Syracuse Waterford Schenectady Schobarie Waterloo New York New York Perry Canigoharie Troy Kingston Batb Pine Plains Sag Harbor Bingham ton Syracuse Catskill Ithaca. New York.. Rochester .. Troy Kington..., UnadiUa.... Albany New York.. Rochester... Monticello Troy Watertown Utica Middletown Union Village... Watert»wn Waverly Weedsport PeekskiU WestWinfleld Buffalo Williajnsburgh... Watertown — Cooperstown Warsaw -.. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. A. C. A. A. A. I. I. I. Of ping arti- 9lts. Dec. 7, 1862 April 29,1859 March 31, 1864 Feb. 18, 1851 Nov. 25, 1862 Feb. 4, 1862 Not. 28, 1866 Dec. 30, 1862 May 31, 1853 May 20, 1852 July 9, 1853 June 8, 1858 Jan. Deo. 31, 1856 21, 1849 Dec. 28, 1854 June 1, 1869 June 8, 1863 June 23, 1853 Dec. Jan. 21. 1852 20. 1853 March 3,18.51 Jan. 20, 1861 June 14,1862 Aug. 30, 1848 June 9, 1857 March 8, 1839 Jan. 21, 1839 Aug. 20, 1856 July 12, 1864 Of beginning imsinesss or of act of incor- porations. Jan. 1, April 1, May 18, Feb. 18, Not. 16, Jan. 3, Dec. 1. April 16, April, March 12, April 30, Dec. 3, Sept. 22, June 1, April 27, Sept. 6, March 9, May 29, April Jan. 10, Oct. 26, March 14, May 14, 1864 1836 1851 1862 1862 1866 1832 1862 1833 1833 1862 1868 1853 1852 1863 1832 1858 1844 1865 1849 1831 1836 Jan. Jan, Jan. Jan. Not. Jan. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Deo. June Jan. Sept. Jan. Jan. Jan. 2, 1855 April 19,1833 March 14, 1831 July, 1844 July 4, 1853 June 23, 1863 Dec. 22, 1862 March 1, 1863 March 1,1861 Jan. 1, 1851 July, Sept. Aug. July March 10, 1864 April 9, 1853 Feb. 26, 1862 1, 1862 1, 1848 3, 1867 1, 1839 Jan. 20, 1839 Aug. 6, 1865 July 3, 1854 March 21, 1833 Feb. 16, 1854 April 6, 1863 Feb. 4, 1862 Dec. 1841 Dec. 18641.., Not. 1861 ... Of expiration of cJiarter 1. 1963 1. 1964 1, 1866 1, 1951 16, 1962 3, 1962 1, 1966 1, 1862 "'i','l863 1, 1863 2, 1962 " i, 1953 1, 2000 6, 1893 1, 1862 1, 1900 Jan. Oct. Jan. Jan. Jan. 9, 1956 26, 1949 1, 1860 1, 1866 1, 1950 Jan. 1, 1863 June 1, 1861 July 4, 1953 Jan. 1, 1900 Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. July Jan. Aug. 1962 1953 1, 1899 1. 1961 1. 1962 1, 1898 8, 1967 In year 2060 Jan. Aug. Jan. Jan. Feb. In year Feb. 4, 1, 6, 1955 1, 1954 1, 1868 16, 2364 2000 1962 .1* 100 400 100 600 126 100 160 '206 600 600 "io6 260 100 160 120 106 100 100 250 300 100 "266 125 1,000 400 110 250 100 126 125 100 100 100 100 200 100 100 200 Present capital. J 200,000 200,000 400,000 100,000 760,000 200,000 160,000 160,000 100,000 200,000 600,000 1,600,000 60,000 100.000 250,000 126,000 160,000 60,000 20,000 100,000 160,260 100,000 250,000 800,000 300,000 100,000 125,650 600,000 200,000 1,600.000 600,000 160,000 300,000 187,900 200,000 126,000 200,000 100,000 106,100 100,000 200,000 126,000 200,000 600,000 60,000 50,000 50,000 =5^ ^- ^1 I IS S.B. S.B. S.B. S. S.E. S.B. S.E. S.B. S.E. S. S B. S. S.B. S. S.B. S.B. S.B. S.B. S.B. S.B. S.E. S.B. S.B. S.B. « First incorp. March 29, 1830 ; cap. $100,000 ; expired Jan. 1, 1867. * SuccfHsor to Pine Plains Bank. " Triidesmen's Bank incorp. March 29, 1823 ; cap. |600,000 ; re- duced to $400,000 March 26, 1827 ; once ext. ; exp. Jan. 1, 1866. d Formed by the consolidation of the Manufacturers' Bank and the Eagle Bank by special act of 1859. e Union Bank incorp. March 8, 1811; cap. $1,800,000; once extended ; expired Jan. 1, 1853 ; successor to Jersey Bank, in- corp. by State of New Jersey. Ohsnlete and Closing Banks. (Those marked with a * are redeemed by the Banking Department.) Adams Bank.. ,..°f} ♦Agricultural Uerkimer— ... Allegany County Bank Aquednct Aasociatiou in"! Village of Catskill / Locatioru Ashford.. Angelica.. Catskill .. Ill Date of charter or beginning of business. Aug. 1860 Jan. 11, 1839 May 18, 1840 April 21,1818 Capital. $ 100,000 JRemarks. Redemption expires June 2, 1860. Geo. Jones, N. Y. ( Failed June 4, 1868. Red. at -J New York State Bank, Al- (. bany. /Changed to Greene County \ Bank Feb 6, 1819. 96 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. American Bank . ♦AstorBank Atlas BaBk of New York... Amenia Bank Bank of America at Buffalo . Bank of Bainbridge. Bank of Brockport Bank of Buffalo Bank of Carthage Bank of Columbia Bank of Commerce of Buf- falo Bank of the Empire State.. *Bank of Homellsville Bank of Hudson Bank of Lake Erie.. Location. Mayville.... New York.. Clymer Leedeville .. Buffalo Penu Yan.. Brockport . Buffalo Hudson.. Buffalo Fairport Homellsville.. Hudson Buffalo I. Bank of Lodi Lodi, (Seneca co..) Bank of Lyons Lyons Bank of the Metropolis New York Bank of Monroe , Bank of New Kochelle ., Bank of Ithaca . Bank of Niagara Bank of Clean Bank of Orleans Bank of the I*eople Bank of Plattsburgh Bank of Rochester Bank of Tonawanda Bank of the Union *Bank of the Union in the City of New York.... Bank of the United States in New York Bank of Warsaw Bank of Washington & Warren Bank of Waterford , Bank of Western New York. Bank of Whitehall Binghamton Bank Bowery Bauk of the City of New York Camden Bank Rochester . Bolivar Ithaca.. Buffalo Olean Albion LowTille Plattsburgh . Rochester. Wheatfield.... Belfast , Canal Bank ♦Canal Bank of Lockport... Cattaraugus County Bank. *Central Bank of the City of New York. Chemical Manufacturing ) Co ..; Chemung County Bank Chelsea Bank. City Bank of Buffalo- City Trust & Banking Co... Clinton Bank. Commercial Bank of Buf- falo Commercial Bank of New York Commercial Bank of Os- Cortlaud County Bank.. Cortland County Bank.. Grouse Bank. Champlain Bank... New York.. New York.. Warsaw .... Albany Lockport..., Randolph.. New York.... New York ... Horseheads ., New York., Buffalo New York . New York ., Buffalo , New York ., Commercial Bank.., Oswego Truxton CincinnatuB.. Syracuse BUenburgh ., Lockport.. SaDdyHiU C. Waterford Rochester .... Whitehall , Binghamton . New York . Camden Dats of charier or beginning of business. June, June June, Sept. April, 2, 1862 1847 1844 26, 1839 1847 Not. 13, 1839 March 14, 1831 July, 1862 March 6, 1793 Aug. 27, 1839 June, 1848 March 1, 1866 March 26, 1808 Sept. 1847 Capital. Jan. 8, 1839 May 14, 1836 Mai-ch 31, 1851 April 22,1 Jan. 1846 April 29,1829 April Feb. April Sept. April Feb. Dec. March, 17, 1816 13, 1840 SO, 1834 1862 7, 1817 19, 1824 16, 1838 1862 May 26, 1863 Aug. Jan. April Jan. July April Dec. Aug. Jan. May April 13. 1838 1, 1839 7, 1817 1, 18.39 4,1'" 30, 1829 26, 1838 16, 1847 27, 1848 2, 1829 10. 1839 Jan. 23, 1840 Jan. 17, 1853 April 21,1824 Sept. 14, 1866 Jan. May March Feb. AprQ April May Sept. Sept. May Oct. Aug. 8, 1839 21, 1836 10, 1839 10, 1840 26, 1834 28,1834 19, 1836 30, 1839 1848 12, 1862 1846 $ 200,000 100,000 160,000 200,000 160,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 100,000 200,000 100,000 300,000 400,000 100,000 200,000 3oo,'6o6 260.000 100,000 200,000 100,000 400.000 100,000 180,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 112,650 300,000 200,000 300,000 400,000 1,000,000 400,000 100,000 100,000 400,000 600,000 260,000 100,000 S-8 Us. Jtemarks. S. 97^8. B. 76 Par S.76,S. E.78 S. 83, S. E. 97 Par S.par,S.E.81 S.87, S. B.74 Closing. Red. by Henry Keep untUNov.16, 1861. Closing. Failed 1847. Red, by Geo. Jones. N. Y., until Sept. 14, 1861. ' Failed. Closing. Red. by H. B. Bennett until March 26, 1863. Failed. Failed. Closed. Red.until April 29, 1863. Failed 1829. Xwjce extended. Failed. Closing. Red. until Oct. 7, 1862. Closing. Originally individual. Failed 1820. Allowed office of discount at CatskiU. Closing. Red. until March 21. 1862. Failed. Failed, Scarcely begun business. Got one plate engraved. Charter expired Jan. 1, 1860. Failed Oct. 1, 1851. Time expired for redemp, Jan, 8, 1859, Charter expired Jan, 1, 1860, Removed to N, Y,, and now Mercantile Bank of New York. Failed 1826. Failed. Failed. Elizur Hart receiver. Closing. Red. until Oct. 28, 1862. FaUcd 1825. Charter expired July 1847. Failed 1840. Closing. Red. until June 2, 1864. Closing. Par Closed 1843. S. 76. 100,000 S.75, S.E. 74 Par . Par . 40.... Par . S.84, S.B.77 Par Par Par Par . Par . Failed 1825. Failed. Failed. Charter expired June 13, 1869. Failed. Failed. Jno. A, Stewart receiver. Closing, Red, by Edwin Rock- well until Jan, 1, 1864, Failed July 11, 1848, Closing, (See Rep, Comp. 1848, p, 70,) Failed, Failed, f Charter expired. Merged in \ Chemical Bank, Failed March 23, 1868, Red, hy Bank Dept, until Sept ~ 1864, Failed in 1840, Failed 1839, ( 1848, p, 76,) aosed 1841. Failed 1844. Failed. FaUed. Failed. Closing, Red, until Deo, 2, 1859. Changed to Central City Bank Feb. 3, 1867 Closing. (See Rep. Comp. 1848, p, 76,) Red, until Nov, 16, 1861. Closing. Red. until Aug. 26, 1861. *" ' See Comp. Rep CORPORATIONS. 97 Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. Nams. Commercial Bank, Alle-) gany County , j Clinton County Bank ♦Dairymen's Bank Delaware & Hudson Canal 1 Co ]■ Dutchess County Bauk Dutchess County Bank Drovers' Bank of St. Law-"! ence County ]" Dunkirk Bank Eagle Bank Eagle Bank of Rochester... Eighth Avenue Baok^. *Empire City Bank..... *EichangeBankof Grenesee Batavia. Exchange Bank of Boches- ter Farmers' Bank of Ovid Farmers' Bank of Hamilton County Farmers' Bank of Geneva.. Farmers' Bank of Malone.. Farmers' Bank of Mina Erie County Bank Excelsior Bank *Exchange Bank of Buffalo Locaiion, Friendship.... Plattsburgh . Newport Poughkeepsie.. Amenia Ogdensburgh.. Dunkirk New York Rochester. New York . New York . Buffalo Meridian... Buffalo.... ♦Farmers' Bankof Onon-) daga / Farmers' Bank of Orange 1 County J Farmers' Bank of Orleans- Farmers' Bank of Penn Tan Farmers' Bank of Seneca County Farmers & Drovers' Bank of Erie County Farmers & Mechanics' Bank of Ogdensburgh...., Farmers & Mechanics' Bankof Onondaga Franklin Bank of Chau- tauqu© County Franklio Bank Franklhi County Bank Farmers' Bank of Saratoga County Freemen's Bank of Wash- ington County Genesee Central Bank Globe Bank Globe Bank in the City of New York Greene County Bank ♦Hamilton Exchange \ Bank of Greene j Hartford Bank H. J. Miner's Bank of Utica. Henry Keep's Bank. ♦Holliater Bank of Buffalo.. Howard Trust & Banking Co Hudson River Bank ♦Island City Bank Ithaca Bank ,... James Bank Rinderhook Bank ,.•- Knickerbocker Bank Knickerbocker Bank of) the City of New York J Kirkland Bank r^a Fayette Bank Rochester . Ovid Arietta.. Geneva . Malone . Mina Onondaga Valley, Warwick^.. Gaines Penn Yan . Romulus.... Buffalo Ogdensburgh .. Fayettevilla.... French Creek ., New York Malone Hebron Attica Seneca Falls.. New York.. Catskill Greene Hartfbrd .. Fredonia... Watertown.. Buffalo Troy. New York . New York.. Itjiaca Janlesville.... Kinkerhook.. ^enoa New York .... Clinton THevfYoTli...- Date of Charter or beginning of business. I. A. A. A. A. A. I. I I. A. I. A. I. I. I. A. A. A. I, A. A. I. C. I. I. A. I. A. C. I. A. July, May Nov. Nov. 1847 18, 1836 1,1865 19, 1824 AprU 12,1825 Aug. 1849 Dec. 1843 July, 1851 April 5, 1839 March 27, 1852 Sept. 1, 1853 Jan. 1, 1852 Sept. 1, IS.-iS Feb. 1851 April, 1844 Jan. 8, 1849 Oct, Oct. April, July Oct. May, July, Aug. Oct. Aug. April Oct. Aug. Aug. (hpiial. '■■5 Us 31, 1839 6, 1838 1850 18, 1839 1844 18« 1852 April Aug. 1842 29, 1838 20, 1839 20, 1839 1843 28,1843 24,1839 1847 21, 1818 1846 April 1, 1861 Oct. Dec. Deo. April Feb. Aug. June, Feb. Sept. Feb. 1850 11, 1838 23, 1839 11,1840 6, 1819 1849 1860 1847 1, 1850 April 16,1839 Deo. 6, 1838 June 1, ISSi 31. 1838 7, 1839 25. 1839 1848 1, 1861 Dec. Feb. Jan. Sept. Oct. Deo. 1845 April 18,1834 $200,000 100,000 600,000 150,000 Par . Par. 100,000 200,000 100,000 500,000 100,000 100,000 ' 166,000 "io6,'666 200,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 250,000 "sooVooo 200,000 166,066 100,000 26,000 100,000 100,000 100,000 300,000 250,000 106,000 200,000 "6'66,'666 Par . Par . S. E. 94... Par S.62, S.E.72 Par Par Par . 85.... Par S.par,S.B.74 Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Remarks, Closing. Red. until July 22. 1862. Failed. Failed May 1868. Bed. at New York State Bank at Albany until Nov 6,1804. r Banking privilege expired 1 Nov. 19, 1844. Charter expired July 1, 1845. Closing. Ked. until Nov. 6, 1863. f Closed. Removed from Catta- t raugus CO. Closed. Failed. Merged in the Traders' Bank of Rochester June, 1859. Failed Nov. 1854. Red. at Bank Dept. Failed. Red. at North River Bank. Failed. Closing. Ked.untilNov.16,1861. Failed. Red. at Albany City Bank. Closing. Removed irom Alex- ander June 24, 1850. Closed. Closing. Red. until July 16, 1863. Closed. ■Worthless. Closing. Red. until Mar. 9, 1864. f Failed May 1853. Ked. at .< Bank Dept. at 85 until Nov. I j2 1859 faosedl843.. Worthless. (See t Comp. Rep. 1844, p. 61.) Failed. Wortliless. Closed 1843. Failed 1840. Failed 1846. Worthless. Closed. Closed 1841. Closing. Red. until Aug.25, 1861. Failed 1830. aosed 1852. Still redeeming its own noteSr Closing. Red. until Dot. 2, 1881; Failed. FaUed 1826. ( Redeemed at Bank Dept.'at 84 1 until June 23, 1864. Closing. Red. tmti) July 14, 1862. Closing. Still redeems it»e>wn Red. until , Sept. 17, Red. at Commercial notes. Closing. 1859. Failed. Bank at Albany: Closed 1344. Failed Oct. 1857. Red.' at Man- hattan Co. until ApHli22, 1864, Failed Oct. 1, 1-851. Worthless. Closing. Red.untilNov;16,1861. I Failed. Red. at North liiver t Bank. Closing. Red.untilJune3, 1863. Failed. 98 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. Le Roy Bank of Genesee Lewis County Bank Liviijgston County Bank... Lockport Hank Lockport Bank & Trust Co. Lumberman's Bank *Luther Wright's Bank Mclntyre Bank Madison Co. Bank Manhattan Exchange Bank Manufacturers' Bank of Ulster Co Manufacturers' Bank of Rochester Mechanics' Bank Mechanics' Bank of Buffalo Mechanics' Bank of Wil- liamsburgh ^ Mechanics & Farmers' Bank Mercantile Bank of Schenec- tady .„., Merchants' Bank Merchants' Bank of Ontario County Merchants' Banking Co, Merchants' Exchange Bank of Buffalo. Merchants k Farmers'Bank *Merchant8 k Mechanics' "I Bank of Oswego J Middle District Bank Millers' Bank of New York *Monroe Bank of Rochester New York Banking Co New York Bank of !?aratoga New York City Bank Leland Bank New Lebanon... Le Roy ...., Martinsburgh.. Geneseo Lockport Lockport Wilmurt Oswego Adirondac Cazenovia New York New York Manufacturing \ New York City Trust &. Banking Co New York Security Bank... New York Stock Bank *New York State Stock [ Security Bank J *Nc\v York Traders' Bank \ of Washington Co J Niagara River Bank^.... Saugerties..,, Rochester.... Watertown.. Buffalo Willi amsburgh.. Ithaca Schenectady . Mina Naples , New York.. Buffalo.. Carmel.. North Granville. Poughkeepsie .... Clyde Cuba New York Hadlev New York , New York.. New York... Hope Falls.. Durham North American Bank.. North American Trust & Ba.iking Co , Northern Bank of New York Northern Exchange Bank., Northern Canal Bank North River Banking Co ... ♦Oliver Lee & Company's j Bank j Onondaga County Bank Ontario Bank Ontario Bank, and Directors (President of) ♦Ontario County Bank. Oswego County Bank Palmyra Bank of Wayne 1 County j" Pachiii Bank Phcenix Rank Phcenix Bank at Buffalo.... 'vPine Plains Bank North Granville. Buffalo New York.. Madrid Brasher Falls.. Fort Ann New York Buffalo Syracuse Canandaigua . Utica Phelps Meridian .., Palmyra.... Buffalo Bainbridge , Buffalo Pine Plains, ?T1 Date of charter or beginning of business. I. A. A. A. A. I. I. A. A. I. July, Jan. April April April Oct. 1852 1, 1R39 30, 1833 7, 1830 22, 1S29 31, 1838 March, 1861 March 28, 1846 Sept. 1847 March 14, 1831 April 1, 1839 Capital. Sept. JnlT ept. Jan. 10, 1840 28, 18S6 1861 25, 1839 March 1,1863 Oct. 24, 1838 March 26, 1839 Feb. 1847 March Sept. Sept. Oct. July 1846 4, 1839 20, 1838 1845 1862 March 22, 1811 Dec. 1, 1838 Oct. 1852 March 23, 1839 Feb. 1851 May 6, 1840 Sept. 26, 1814 Aug. June 1848 1846 Nov. 30, 1838 Sept. 1851 March 15, 1863 Nov. Feb. July Aug. Deo. Jan. Jan. 21, 1839 6, 1838 1847 1847 1848 4, 1839 1,1844 1,1854 March 12, 1813 Dec. Nov. Oct. Dec. Oct. June Oct. March 29, 1856 1866 1843 1, 1847 1850 30, 1839 9,1839 $100,000 100.000 100,000 100.000 600,000 300,000 100,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 200,000 300,000 160,000 '260,666 160,000 100,000 2,000,000 100,000 100,000 150,000 600,000 1^5 s = •- "i is 3 m S 8 RcTnarks. Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Par .. S. E. Par . Par . Par . Par . Par . Closing. Ked. until July 16, 1864. Failed Nov. 4, 1864. Charter expired July 1, 1855. Charter repealed May 16, 1837. Closing. Ked. until Nov. 12,1863. Closing. Eed. until Oct. 24, 1861. Closing. Closing, Red, until Feb. 27. 1861. Charter expired Jan. 1, 1858. Closed. ( Merged in The Traders' Bank i of Rochester June, 1859. Closing. Eed.untilSept.23,1861. Failed. ( Changed to Manufacturers' I. Bank of Brooklyn, 1868. Closed 1844. Closing. Eed. until Oct. 17, 1861. Closed Closed VJIOSI fFai 100,000 600,000 100,000 » Removed from Tonawanda, Sept. 24, 1867. S. 81, S. E. 66 Failed 1840, Par Closing. Ked,nntilMay30,lS62, '"'ailed March 1864, Eed, at Eaiik Dopt, at 77 xintil Sept. 28, 1860, Failed 1829. S, Par, S,E,94 F.iilcd 1840, Par Closing, S, 42 Failed, Par Closing. Eed. untU April 1, 1862, (Merged in Phcenix Bank Feb, 21, 1817, Incorp, June 16, 1812, for manufacturing l_ cards and wire. Closed 1840. Closing. Eed. untU Aug. 16, 1861. Closing. Eed. until July 19, 1862. rClosing. Eed. at New York 1 State Bank, Albany. jCIasing, Ked. at New York \ State Bank, Albany. Eemoved to Lockport May 13, 18r)9, and name changed to Lockport City Bank. Closed 1841. Failed. Closing. Eed.untUNov.1,1860 Closing. Eed. until March 1, 1862 Closing. Eed, until Oct. 13, 1862 /Failed. Eed. at Albany City t Bank. Closed. Charter expired .Tan. 1, 1856. Allowed to establish Branch at Utica April 10, 1816, and this continued until charter ex- pired as Ontario Branch Bank of Utica. Failed. E. A, Wetmore, receiver. Failed March, 1868. Eed. at Union Bank, Albany, until Aug. U, 1864. Closing. (1864.) Eed. untU Sept. 6, 1860. f Changed to Lyons Bank March 1 31, 1867. Closed. Red. by A. D. Patchin until Feb. 28, 1862. Closed. Failed. Eed. until Sept. 2, 1863. Failed April 1858. Reorganized Bank. Par . Par . Par . Par Par Par S.E.Vs, Par CORPORATIONS. 99 Savings Banks are institutions intended to receive in trust small sums of money, generally the surplus earnings of the laboring classes, and to return the same with moderate interest at a future time. They are banks of deposit only ; their officers serve without pay, and the money received on deposit can be invested only in m ortgages upon real estate, public stocks, or such other securities Obsolete and Closing Banks, continued. Name. Locaiion, oa>iy Exchange Savings Bank... Alb ny Savings Rank Aulttirn Savings Institution PanU fitr Savings in the City of New York . Rlnnmingdale Savings Bank Bowe y livings Hank Rruadway Savings Institution Brnikport Saving- Bank Bro klyn Pavings Bank BufT;ilo Savings Bank Ceijtnl City Savings Institution Central Savings Bank of Troy C«ho''S Savings Institution Co'iimercial Savings Bank of Troy. Dry D ck Savings Institution East River Savings Instituiion Elmira Savings Hank Emigrant Industrial Savings Bank Albany Albany Albany Auburn New York.. New York.. New York.. New York.. Brockport .. Brooklyn... Buffalo Utica Trny Cohoes Troy New York.. New York.. Elmira New York.. Date of incorporation. March April March March March April May .Time July AprU May June April April April April 29. 1860 18, 1856 24, 1820 12, 1949 26, 1819 17, 1854 1, 1834 20, 1861 18, 1853 7,.1827 9, 1846 20, 1861 16, 1P67 11, 1861 12, 1865 12, 1848 April April 17, 1864 10, 1860 Amount depositors. $ 168,181 27,987 998.924 71,238 8,701,923 66 300 7,818.143 841,346 2,439 2,660.981 872,681 28 431 26,712 34.734 60 031 1,118.876 785,782 1.973 1,628,784 Resources. % 168,181 27,987 1,049,804 71,415 9,259 996 67.599 8,274.445 872.967 2611 2^16.817 924,863 30,688 34.734 60,031 1,169,401 829.560 2,107 1,696,951 7* 100 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. as may be approved by law. They can be organized by special act of the Legislature, and their charters are perpetual. The total number of savings institutions incorp. prior to 1859 vi^as 75, of which 57 reported their statistics in 1858. They are placed under the care of the Superintendent of the Banking Department, who has general powers for the protection of the interests of deposi- tors, and is required to report their condition annually to the Legislature. Most of these institu- tions bear names closely resembling those of banks of discount and circulation, and are kept in the same building and have the same persons as officers of both.' Class IV. includes those whose certificates are filed in the County Clerks' offices. Most of the corporations already described are required to file their articles in the clerk's office of their respect- ive counties, in addition to depositing them in the departments of the State Government. " An Act to provide for the Incorporation o/ Religious Societies" was passed April 6, 1784.2 " An Act authorizing the Incorporation of Rural Cemetery Associations" was passed April 27, 1847. " An Act to provide for ike Incorporation of Villages" was passed Dec. 7, 1847.' Savings Banks, continued. Emigrant Savings Bank of Buffalo Erie County Savings Bank Fi>hkill Savings Institute Greenwich Savin);s Bank HudSijn City Savings Institution Institution fjr the Savings of Merchants' ClerkS.. Irving Savings Institution IManhattan Savings Institution IVIanniacturers' Savings Bank of Troy Mariners' Savings Institution Mechanics & Farmers' Savings Bank of Albany... Mechanics & Traders' Savings Institution Monroe County Savings Institution Mutual Savings Bank of Troy Newburgh Savings Bank Niagara County Savings Bank Onondaga County Savings Bank Poughkeepsie Savings Bank Rochester Savings Bank Kome Savings Bank Rose Hill Savings Bank SavintJS Bank of Utica Schenectady Savings Bank Seamen's Bank for Savings Sing Sing Savings Bank Sixpenny Savings Bank of Albany Sixpenny Savings Bank of the City of New York, South Brooklyn Savings Institute Southold Savings Bank State Savings Bank of Troy Syracuse Savings Bank Troy Savings Bank Ulster County Savings Institution Union Savings Bank of Albany Westchester County Savings Bank Wesiern Savings Bank WUliamsburffh Savings Bank Yonkers Savings Bank Buffalo Buffalo FishkiU New York Hudson New York New York New York Troy New York Albany New York Rochester Troy Newburgh Lockport Syracuse Poughkeepsie, Rochester. Rome New Yoric Utica Schenectady .. New York Sing Siug Albany New York Brooklyn Southold Troy Syracuse Troy Kingston Albany Tarrytown Buffalo Brooklyn Yonkers Date of ificorporation. April Apxll Feb. April April April July April April April April April April April April April April April April June April April April Jan. March April June April April April March April April April July July April April 17, 1868 10, 1854 25, 1867 24,1833 4,1850 12,1848 1, 1861 10, 1860 15, 1867 16, 1862 12, 1S56 16. 1862 8, 1860 16, 1867 13, 1862 10, 1851 10, 1865 16, 1836 21, 1881 30, 1851 17, 1864 28, 1839 29, 1SS4 31, 1829 9, 1864 17, 1864 4, 1853 10. 1850 7, 1858 18, 1856 30, 1849 23,1823 18. 1851 13, 1854 21. 1863 9, 1861 9, 1861 3, 1864 Amount due depositors. $ 5,490 542,641 21,497 3,628,861 44,010 1,509,889 719,498 1,782,067 61,988 419,689 179,049 361,612 266,679 23,637 91,188 1,669 129,601 247,505 1,371,911 33,621 71,864 334,262 211,886 7,349,474 35,410 10,601 112,361 522.360 6,970 47,479 237,680 634,904 62,436 15,187 103,734 77,048 1,086,882 47,406 Resturces. % 4,218 649,722 21,705 3,678,180 45,206 1,529,810 736,323 1,839,785 61,988 430,141 179,049 372,417 269,341 23,637 92,993 1,636 130,262 263,619 1,476,426 36,289 72,285 368,499 227,569 7,825,443 35,711 10,601 113,548 638,664 7,001 47,479 238,619 671,716 63,622 15,187 108,729 77,048 1,119,001 48,089 1 The first savings bank in England wag formed in 1804, and the first in New York in 1819, under the auspices of the " So- ciety for Prevention of Pauperism." A public meeting was called and the plan discussed and approved Nov. 29, 1816. The first deposits were made July 3, 1819, and $2,807 were received the first evening from 80 depositors, in sums of from $2 to $300. Within 6 mo., $163,378.31 had been deposited, by 1,627 persona, and but $6,606 had been withdrawn. Up to 1867, $47,630,067.61 had been intrusted to the care of this institution. — Common Council Manual, 1858, p. 623. The first savings hank in Albany was established in 1820; In Troy, in 1823 ; in Brooklyn, in 1827 ; and in Buffalo, in 1836. iMost of these banks were originally required to report to the Legislature; but their returns were seldom published. Under the act of March 20, 1867, they arc required to report to the Supenutendent of the Banking Department. Sixteen savings banks have been incorp. that never organized. Only two of the whole number chartered have ever failed. The " Knicker- bocker Savings Institution," of N. Y., incorp. April 8, 1861, failed and went into the hands of a receiver in 1864; and the Sixpenny Sayings Bank of Rochester," incorp. July 13, 1864, 2 This act was amended, so far as it related to the Ref Prot. ?=„^°';'SJ'„^^' '^"J"'' ''' ^''^- '^'•'^'^ amendments were made in 1801, 1813, and 1828. For statistics see p . 8 Previous to this act, villages were incorp. by special acts of the Legislature, and the articles were filed in the State Depart ment : but since, the filing of articles has become a mere local affair; and it is extremely difficult to obtain a complete list of the incorporated villages of the State. AGRICULTURE. The climate of the State is adapted to the cultivation of most of the crops and fruits of the temperate zone. The improved lands comprise a little more than one-half of the entire area of the State, and of these 37 per cent, is devoted to pasturage and 25 per cent, is occupied by meadow lands. The principal crops, in the order of relative amount, are oats, corn, wheat, buckwheat, rye, and barley, together occupying 37 per cent, of the cultivated lands,— leaving 1 per cent, for the minor crops and gardens. The northern cos. of the State and the highland regions along the s. border and upon the Hudson are much better adapted to pasturage than tillage ; and the people in these sections are almost exclusively engaged in stock and sheep raising and in dairying. Little more grain is raised than is strictly necessary for a proper rotation of crops ; and the greater part of the grain for home consumption is imported from other sections of the country. The low lands that surround the great lakes and occupy the greater portion of the surface in the w. part of the State are best adapted to grain growing. Several sections of the State are found peculiarly adapted to particular products. The Mohawk Valley intervales have been long almost exclusively devoted to the cultivation of broom corn. The Chemung Valley parts of Onondaga co. and several other sections are becoming known as tobacco raising districts. Hops are extensively cultivated in Madison, Oneida, Otsego, and Schoharie cos. The Hudson Valley below the High- lauds, the N. shore of Long Island, and the s. extremity of several of the lake valleys in the cen- tral portion of the State are well adapted to the culture of grapes. Maple sugar is largely pro- duced in the northern cos. and in the central highland districts. Upon Long Island and in West- chester large sections are devoted to the cultivation of vegetables for the New York market. The people of Orange, Rockland, Westchester, Putnam, and Dutchess cos. are largely engaged in fur- nishing the city of New York with milk.^ The IVew York State Agricultural Society was formed by a convention held at Al- bany in Feb. 1832 ; but for several years it received no support from the State and held no regular fairs. In 1841 the society was re-organized, and measures were adopted for raising funds and hold- ing annual fairs. On May 5 of that year, an act was passed by the Legislature, appropriating ^8,000 for the encouragement of agriculture, $700 of which was to go to the State Society, and the re- mainder was to be divided among the co. societies in the ratio of Assembly representation. This appropriation has been continued until the present time. The society is required annually to re- port to the Legislature a full account of its proceedings, and such facts concerning the agricul- tural condition of the State as may be of general hiterest. The volumes of Transactions are published by the State, and are widely distributed among the farming population. The annual fairs are held in different parts of the State, and are largely attended.^ They usually succeed in 1 Hay fa most largely produced in St. Lawrence, Oneida, Che- nango, Otsego. Chautauque, Delaware, and Orange counties; wheat, in Livingston, Monroe, Genesee, Niagara,Outario, and Jef- ferson counties ; oats, in Onondaga, Montgomery, Oneida, Cayuga, and Otsego; rye, in Columbia, Rensselaer, Ulster, Orange, Albany, Saratoga, and Washington ; barley, in Jefferson, Onon- daga. Ontario, Cayuga, and Wayne; buckwheat, in Schoharie, Montgomery, Otsego, Saratoga, and Tioga ; corn, in Onnndaga, Cayuga, Monroe. Wayne, Oneida, and Ontario; aud potatoes, in WashingtoD, Monroe, Oneida, St. Lawrence, Rensselaer, and Tranklin. The counties having the greatest number of cows are St. Lawrence, Jefferson, Oneida, Orange, Chenango, Her- Kimer, and Chautauque; and the greatest number of sheep, Ontario, Livingston. Bteuhen, Cayuga, Washington. Wyoming, Monroe, and Genesee. The counties that producH the greatest quantity of butter are St. Lawrence, Delaware, Chenango, Jef- ferson, Chautauque, Orange, and Otnego; and the greatest amount of cheese, Herkimer. OneitJa, Jefferson, Madison, Erie, Cattaraugus St. Lawrence, and Otsego. 2 The earliest agricultural exhiliirion on record within the present limits of the State was a ''.Httle fair, held at New Am- sterdam, Oct. 15. 1641. An act pas od \ov. 11, 1692, entitled "An act for settling fairs and marUi-ts in •-.n-h respective city and CO. throughout this province," r'*ninined in force until re- pealed by the Stite Legislaturo. March 12. 1788. A special act was passed fnr the fairs of Albany umlierland. and Tryon cos., March 8, 1773, bat scarcely took rffect before the Revolution. Acts applying to particular tow 'S were passed by the earlier State Legislatures; but the custom of holding fairs soon fell into disuse. These lairs wero more properly market days; no pre- miums were offered, and no ind ucements to competition existed beyond the ordinary atimnlueof trade. The products oi farm culture being placed side by side, their comparative excellence was left to the decision of the purchaser, which doubtless contri- buted to excite emulation among the producers. These fairs were generally held semi-annually, upon fixed days, under the direction of "Governors and Valers," appointed in colonial times by the Governor, and afterward by the judges of the co. courts. The expenses were defrayed by tolls, usually 1 per cent., upon the commodities sold, half of which was paid by the buyer and half by the seller. The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Manu- factures was instituted Feb. 26, 1791, and iucorp. March 12, 1793. For more efficient action, it in 1801 divided the State into as many agricultural districts as there were cos., in each of which a secretiiry was appointed, to convene the members of the society within his district, inquire into the state of agriculture and manufactures, receive communications and arrange and tran-mit them to the President of the society. The transactions of this body were printed by the State, and the society numbered among its members nearly every person of eminence throughout the State. Its charter expired in 1804; and its corporate powers were revived and continued April 2 of that year, unde' the name of the Suciety for the Pi-omotion of the Useful Ai tf The atfairs of the new body were managed by a council of 9 meii.bers, and State patronage was continued in the printing of its Trans- actions. In 1808-12 liberal premiums were offered for the best cloths of household manufacture, a part of which were awarded by the co, judge and a part by this society. The samples, upou which $10,000 were thus paid, are still preserved in the library of the Albany Institute. After beingonce extended, the Society for Promoting Agricultural Arts was superseded, in part, by a Board of Airriculture, but continued as a local instiluiion of Albany until merged, with the "Albany Lyceum of Natural His- tory," in the -'Albany Institute," in 1829. The latter has most of the books, papers, and efft-cts of its predecessors; and tracing back through its change it is the oldest scientific society in the State. " An act to improve the agriculture of this State," 101 102 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. awakening a great local interest in agricultural matters. The office of the society is kept at the Agricultural Rooms, corner of State and Lodge Sts., Albany, where it has a museum and hbrary. County and Town Societies.— The act of 1853 allows county agricultural societies to purchase and hold real estate to an amount not exceeding $25,000 and personal property not ex- ceeding $1,000, for the purposes set f:.rth in their articles of incorporation, and for no other pur- poses. Town and other societies may hold real estate to the amount of |10,000 and personal property to the amount of $3,000. Each county or union society must have at least one director or manager for each town ; and each town, village, or city society must have not less than 10 directors, who are elected annually by ballot. Upon application of two-thirds of their members to the Supreme Court of the district in which they are located, these societies may obtain an order for the sale of a part or the whole of thei^ property. An amendment to the act was passed April 13, 1855, by the provisions of which the number of directors was changed to 6, 2 of whom are elected each year for a term of three years. Any person may become a life member by the pay- ment of a sum not exceeding $10; and the officers are jointly and severally liable for all debts due from the society contracted while they are in office, if suit be commenced within one year passed April 7, 1819, created a board of agriculture and appro- priated $10,000 annually for 2 years, to be distributed for the pro- motion of agriculture and family domestic manufactures in the several cos., on condition that a similar sum should be subscribed by the co. societies formed under this act. A board, formed of the pi-psident, or a delegate chosen fi'om each co. pociety, met annually at Albany, elected officers, examined reports, and selected for publication such returns as they deemed proper. These were published by the State. Three volumes of Memoirs were issued, and the board continiiediu existence but little longer than the appropriation was continued. County societies, on the plan of the Berkshire Co. Agricultural Society, began to be foi-med in 1817 ; and, by the exertions of Do Witt Clinton, El- kanah AVatson, and other friends of the measure, they were extended to most of the cos. These societies, after a brief period, fell into disuse; and that of Jeflferson co. is the only one of this class that can trace an unbroken descent from that period. The first officers of the present State Agricultural Society, formed in 1832, were Le Eay de Chaumont, President ; E. P. Lij'ingston, Jacob Morris, and Robert L. liose, Vice Presidents; P. S. Van Rensselaer, Secnrding Secretary ; Jesse Buel, Corre- sponding Secretary; Charles R. Webster, Treasurer; and H. W. Delavan, John Townsend, and H. Hickox, Uxecutivp. Committee. County societies were again instituted in many of the coh. under the influence of this society; but most of them were short lived. The "Cultivator" was begun in March, 1834, by Je^se Buel, under the guarantee of Stephen Van Eensselaer and James Wad^worth, as the organ of the society and medium of commu- nication between the friends of agiiculture; and it has been con- tinued ever since, under private auspices, but entirely devoted to the interests of agriculture. It has for many years been pub- lished by Luther Tucker, of Albany. • Any person a citizen of the State may become a member of the State Society upon payment of $1 annually, or a life mem- ber by payment of $10 at one time. Presidents of co. societies - and one delegate from each are ex officio members. The officers of the society ai-e elected annually in Feb., and consist of a President one Vice President from each of the Judicial Districts, a Recording and a Corresponding Secretary,a Treasurer, and an Executive Committee, consisting of the above and 5 others chosen for the purpose. Premiums aie awarded in money, plate, medals, books, and diplomiis: and the society embraces within the field of its patron- age not only stock, fai-m, and garden products and implementa of husbandry, but a wide range of useful and ornamental mauii- factures. particularly those which are the products of homo in- dustry. The places and times of holding the State fairs, names of Presidents, and total receipts of the State society have been as follows : — s >• Place of haldxng fair. Tiine of holding fair. Presidents. Receipts. ^M^ Sept. 29, SO Sept. 27, 29 Sept. 20. 22 Sept. 18, 19 Sept. 17, 19 Sept. 1.5, 17 Sept. 14, 10 Sept. 6, 7 Sept. 11, 13 Sept. 3, 6 Sept. 10, 19 Sept. 7, 10 Sept. 20, 23 Oct. 3, 6 Oct. 2, 5 f Sept. 30, 1 \ Oct. s; Oct. 6, 9 Oct. 6, 8 Oct. 4, 7 Joel B. Nott Jas. S. Wadsworth Jas. S. Wadsworth J. B. Bcekman B. P. Johnston J. M. Sherwood (Tree.) Sl,29610 3,000.00 3,650.00 4,370.18 4,333.17 4,034.22 6,272.86 8,144.55 10.406.61 11,956.25 8,125.41 6,009.90 9,218.70 11,527.25 8,010.00 16,073.89 10,815.81 1S43 1844, 1845 Rochester Poughkeepsie- Utica 1S46 1S47 1S4S Saratoga Spg's Buffalo. Lewis E. Allen. John A.King Ezra P. Prentice... John Delafield Henry Wager Lewis G. Morris.-. Williiim Kelly Samuel Cheever... Theod're S. Faxton Alonzo S. Upham. Wm. T. McCoun... 1849 Syracuse 1861 ISi'' Rochester 1853 1864 1S66 Saratoga Spg's New York 1866 1S1Y Watertowu Buffalo 1868 1869 Syracuse Town and Union Agricultural Societies. (For County Societies see p. 103.) Bainbridge Agricultural Society Brookfield Agricultural Society Caiiaseraga Agi'icultural & Mechanical Society, Dansville Cbautanque Farmers' & Mechanics' Union at Fredmiia Connewango Agricultural, Horticultural, & Me^ chanical Society Connewango Union Agricultural k HorticultU' ml Society Constantia Town Agricultural Society , Coventry Agricultural Society Dryden Agricultural Society Ellisburgh, Adams, & Henderson Agricultural Society Farmers' Club, of Little Falls Fai'mers" & Mechanics' Association of Cazenovia Farmers' k PJechanics' Association of Fenuer. Galen Agricultural Society Gorham Agricultural Society Guuverneur Agricultural k Mechanical Society Hamilton Agricultural k Hoilicultural Associa- tion of Harpoisfli-M Union Agricultural Society Ilartbiud -Agricultural Society Hornellsville Agricultural Society Bate of organization. Jan. Jlarch 3, 185' 5, 1856 March March 10. 1858 14. 1859 Sept. Oct. March Aug. Dec. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Jan. Feb. Aug. April Feb. March May 13, 1856 4. 1858 19, 18.-,7 23, 1S5T 16, 1856 28, 1855 8, 1858 12, 1859 3,1857 3, 1857 13, 1857 9, 1859 22, 1857 5. 1859 2, 1856 31, 1S56 Jefferson Agricultural Society, Schoharie Co... Lebanon Agricultural Society Leon Agricultural Society Lodi Agricultural Society, of Nelson Farmers & Mechanics Association Oswego City Agricultural Society ^ Otselic, Pitchei-, Pharsalia, & Lincklaen Agricul tural Society Eusbville Union Agricultural Society St. Lawrence International Agricultural & Mechanical Society, Ogdensburgh Siindy Creek, Richland, Orwell, & Boylston Agri- cultural Society Sangeifield k Jlai-shall Town Agricultural So- ciety Somerset Agricultural Society Susquehanna Valley Agricultural & Horticul- tural Society Union Agricultural Society, (Broome and Dela- ware cos.) Union Agricultural Society, of Palmyra , iVirgil Agricultural Society jWilson Agricultural Society |Winfield Union Agricultural Scciety ,Wi!^lvoy Agricultural Society, Genesee Falls. I Pike, & Eagle ; Dal^' of organization. Feb. Aug. Sept. Aug. June 23, 1858 19, 1850 15. 1856 22. 1857 5, 1858 March 19, 1859 June Feb. 27, 1857 9, 1855 June 21, 1856 March, 20, 1859 Nov. 10. 1857 Jan. 27, 1857 April 4, 1857 March 29, 1859 June 26, 1850 Feb. 26, 1867 June 10, 1859 April 18,1859 Dec. 6, 1855 AGRICULTUEE. 103 of the time when due. Each society formed under these acts is obliged to report annually to the State Society.^ An examination of the returns of the census of 1855 shows that Cattaraugus excels all other counties in the production of millet ; Columbia in pears, rye, garden seeds, and onions ; Dutchess in plums and quinces, and in number of swine ; Herkimer in cheese ; Jefferson in spring wheat and barley ; Livingston in fallow lands, in winter wheat, and in wool ; Monroe in value of farms and nurseries ; Montgomery in lint ; Oneida in value of stock and amount of apples and honey ; Onondaga in acres plowed and quantity of oats, corn, tobacco, and cider ; Ontario in sheep ; Orange in milk ; Orleans in beans ; Otsego in hops and in domestic linen ; Queens in garden seeds and strawberries ; Rensselaer in flaxseed ; St. Lawrence in pasture and meadow lands, quantity of peas, sugar and butter, number of horses and cows, and yards of fulled cloth, flannel and other ^ Summary of County Agricultural Societies. (For Town and Union Societies see p. 102.) Counties. Dafe of present organization. Albany^ Allegany. Broi/me Cattaraugus ... Chautaiique.. Chemnng... Chenango.. Clinton. Columbia... Cortland.... Delaware.., Dutchess .. Erie Franklin Fult. & Ham.. Genesee Greene Herkimer Jejftrson Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery... Niagara Oneida Oniindaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsi'go Futuam Qw*ms Rensselaer Richmond. Kockland. St. Lawrence.. ^ chenectady. Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk. ^ Sullivan Tioga Tomplcins Ulster Warren Washington... Wayne Westchester. Wyom rates. Au& 9, 1853 AprU 27,1858 Jan. 28,1855 June 21, 1856 1851 1845 March 8,1856 1838 1841 16, 1841 2, 1856 1850 30, 1856 18, 1838 26, 1857 li; 1856 4, 1841 7,1854 Oct. July, Oct. June Dec. July Oct. May Oct. Sept. Dec. June Feb. Dec. April, Jan. May Oct. Dec. Jan. 1841 30. 1855 8, 1856 March 19, 1856 Oct. 13, 1841 2, 1858 1841 25. 1856 18. 1854 1841 17, 1856 27. 1855 22. 1856 1851 30. 1857 7, 1855 Xov. Jan. First President. James W. Jolly.. P. TenBroeck... H.Howland. Joseph Warren.., D. R. Wheeler Wm. Richardson, T. B. Campbell... Simeon L. Rood. Abram Perlee.... E. Livingston W. Bewry Samuel A. Law.. Henry Staata Lewis F. Allen... W.C.Watson S. Lawrence Kliaa Prindle T. C Peters Lewis Sherrill.... A. Loomis J.D.LeRay E. Merriam Aaron Barber.... J. D. Lcdyard Willard Hodges.. T.J.VanDeville. Pomeroy Jones.. Wm.Hildieth.. T. C. Bailey.., D.H. Little T. B. Aiden E. Lawrence.... Jos. Hastings.., June June June 29.1844 21, 1556 24, 1841 Oct. 26. 1841 March 14, 1855 Jan. 24,1^56 22, 1853 Juno Nov. Aug. Jan, Jan. March Aug. May July Jan. 9, 1847 11, If- 55 8, 1858 7, 1858 5, 1867 4, 1841 5, 1855 20, 1856 13, 1855 First Secretary. A. J. Wynkoop.. A. Sanford Jas. M.Gifford.. D. McFarland Geo. Kneeland.... Warren Bryant.., R. S. Hale Harry S. House.. T. S. Persae C. P. Turner H.L.Day Aaron Petrie E.TenEyck Jos. Kershner.... A. S. Sloan D. D. T. Moore..., John Frey B. P.Johnston... Hiram Goff_.. Chaa. McLean Hugh C. Wilson.. A. G. Corll Luther D.Eddy.., Present place of holding annual fair. Albany. Little Valley.. Auburn Migratory.... Horaeheads.. Norwich f Chatham \ Corners . Waah. Hollow... Buffalo Elizabethtown. Malone Johnstown Bata^ia. Ilion Watertown f Turin and \ Lowville. Geneseo Morrisville...., Brighton Fonda. Utica and Rome. Syracuse. Canandaigua Albion .. Abrams Stevens.. iN. C. Blauvelt... H VanHensselaer Henry G.Foote.. John A. Corey.... Wm.C.Bouck... G. Denniston... Lotan Smith ... Henry Corgell.. Peter Crispell B. C.Butler Henry Holmes ... fDe Witt C. I I VanSlyck../ Jaa.C. Ferris John Hatmaker. Ralph Brewster. George S. Ellas,.. J. 0. Dunning..., Wm. Smythe C. H. Skillman . Asa Fitch, Jr.... P. P, Bradish,... L. W. Thayer. Darius A. Ogden.. Cooperstown . Lansingburgh..., New City. Canton. MechauicHVille. Bath,, Monticello, Owego. Lyons ,. Warsaw..., PennYan.. ill So,500 l^ ai ,000 per ann. 1,836 13,000 11,626 10,000 6,216 10,800 7,060 2,368 6,600 9.590 30,386 Fair Grounds. 3^~ ^ e 1866 1866 1866 1868 6,120 4,239 4,366 6,620 1864 Leased. $2,860 Leased. 1,600 Leased. 3,600 4,000 1,600 2,600 IS IS, $5,850 6,400 6,600 2,100 1,400 1,000 4,000 16,926,96 13,160 3,360 "iSocieties in Italics were organized under acts of 1863 and 1866. Most of them had been in existence many years under a previous organization. » Fairs in the town that ■Bill give most to pay expenses. « Fairs held alternately in different parts of the county, and generally at the place that contributes most toward expenses. d Fair held alternately at .Jamaica, Flushing, and Hempstead. Receipts the first 10 years, $3,632. 104 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. domestic cloths ; Schenectady in broom corn ; Schoharie in buckwheat, and about equal with Mont- gomery in clover ; Washington in potatoes ; and Wayne in peaches and dried fruits. In connection with the table of agricultural products, it should be remembered that these. Agricultural Products of the several Counties in the State Counties. Albany Allegany Broome Cattarangus. Cayuga Ihautaiique., Chemung Chenango ... Clinton Ci liimlia Cortland Delaware .... Dutche.sB Kiie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer .... .Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston... Madison Monroe Montgomery. New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Or;inge Orleans , Oswego _. Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer.... Kichmimd Kockland St. Lawrence Saratogi Schenectady . Schnharie Schuyler Seneca. StHuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga , Tompkins ..... Ulster ^Varren Washington.. AVayne Westchester... Wyoming Yates Total a) V,424 82,929 11.9-27J 21,721 193.729^ 6li.2Wi 63,754 4 660J 2,13si 7,972i 4,69(Ji 9.Wi 64.4704 238 812J 2.484 1,36-!* 8,844J 760,4iil 7,346 6 6,904i 70.509i 18.086 3 84-= i 1,094,779 2fl.3iOJ 810 363 2S,904J 30 689.911 20.439J 97,0.5FJ 62S.4'S 43 363-i 376 949 12.696 5.673 3 650} 402.169i 2 058 11 33.- J 2,945} 24 780i 14 82Bi 6,165J 18,645 80.4.31i 151.721 219,590 161,520i 1.472i 19,355 84,395J 19,370| 1.212 8 387 282,474} 33,75H aS2,498i 168.9694 "fe. 7,054,049i 2,033,363 6,927i 54,6704 66,4224 64 637} 8,1214 63,686 67.2784 62,540} 27,327 67,732 78,6864 106.672 18,624 24,941 20,2834 117,370} 57,172} 48,241 5874 66,103 24,381 66,7694 8,5.38} 103,8964 250 83,8784 46.913 98,0114 44,0094 39,130} 69.5594 37,6944 7,5004 33,903 11,164 41,398} 3,1754 68,6244 245 4,274 38,149 78,264} 428,672f 98,676 6,183 61,802 59.940 18,025 39,187} 52,777 63,2634 2.620 58,738} 18,9784 44,6324 157 6,386 41,1174 41,8834 124,9334 86.148 03,246| 27,669 42,448} 82 103,2114 2,206 34,6204 44,300J 68,138 63,4464 108,069} 27,766} 61,395 43 13.3834 68,567} 676 7,032 6 14,828 296,464 139.400 8,074 52,743} 6,3774 16,1864 23,074} 48,774i 33,139} 17,996- 11,379 20,879- 82,014 68,749j. 1294 41.606; 98 ■ 40,7lej 11.9384 38.401 i 32,642} 38,143i 815 64,796 4,286 22,088} 23,864 69.881 2,687 45,2714 1,497 90,496J 37.4974 68,4214 18,063 15,8604 3,266,9484 K| 496,1774 666 490 466.8704 697,6704 956,630 539,786 473,469 664.242 276,0804 643.034 382,786 416,6604 626,347 724,7474 2.^4,948 144.617 365,855 299,809 160,9074 16,701 724,685 456,230} 11,879 296,4454 261,990 671.637 792.370 997,605 435 3.53,398 976,8004 1,016,2274 626,9374 291,111 229,731 636.4324 903,647 66,922 199,618 668,377 16,9914 28,168 437,041 744,220 293,708 4: 10,0634 367,247 666,238 711,307 262,0674 109,883 452 978 812 a83 278,106 120,347 798,321 875.6244 204,769 496,837 160,467} 0^ ■fe" «5 27,015,296 186,667 2,834 20.548 2,3734 6,331} 2,808 3,,5,W 14,329 13.073 445.038 4,172 50 6274 239.003 24.9704 13.3574 20,1914 22,3834 1.149 72.232 '277 17,550 99.3914 4,800 11.3834 4,118 1,477 9,1664 39,1124 26 1.014 24,121 5,3404 16,002 202,301 2,777 46..5.57J 34,2134 22 8904 71.019 299.364 3,1314 31,6004 25.725 132 774} 44.7524 87,6924 6.1(^3 7,862 10,212 62,2124 75,163 25,8344 17,621 236,9934 10,9624 121,967 7,2594 61,404 2.7774 9,1264 28.4.544 2.337 14.096 30S,.3034 19,6684 23.862 22,229 6.877 3.801 45,0664 2 219 2.818 67,2664 1.1184 0.188} 14 704 69,819 1,7374 42 51,4'!94 392,6844 37.6134 123.2564 197.231 179;756 39,2624 79 693 137.430 371.-S54 320 375 179 36.071 23 054 43,889 "2,709 12.807 627 14 28,187 9,524 6,5694 44,138 60.507 104,856 78.873 10.974 1,0534 5.926 66,295 130 39 129444 229,496 646 68.207 152.134 3,683,540 «1 84,812} 39,2984 73,2144 26,183 64.0764 9,664} 69,0404 60,3044 30,66li 64.3344 28,1154 88.330 43,1244 24.6684 13.701} 13,6254 69,769 14,9134 33.0134 2.913} 42,875} 6,909} 236 10,4434 I3.88O4 13,8534 22,623} 141,6774 29.1614 64.7071 32,463} 18,325} 23,023} 12,903 31,006} 112,732} 10,7184 21,2244 52.821 1.325 8;7224 12,9124 108,8824 41,858 169,078 67,623 21,4364 89,9904 18,8564 65.6714 91,4024 74,305 70,676 19,214} 40,6584 39,7664 20,890} 20,277} 24,0074 2,481,0794 tq 193,6914 189.5884 214,998 309,762 868,643 668.5074 239.2864 354;4S0 92,667} 383.3394 240,7034 119.383 658,308 483,228 106,389 83,615 166,733 437,0624 99,204 7,151 283.748 321,779 54.179 92,3084 43L4644 419.583 805.811 247,6164 1,180 609,605 732,2944 907,463 617,4864 367,4904 436,975 603,812 340,1704 119,9194 337,886 393,4134 43.0374 61.873 220,693 479,449 92,279 161,1534 180,7804 387,9984 292,8894 604.767 102,694 260,074 372,202 242,2294 123,817 689,6784 766,6774 402.2384 234.008 174,181 19,290,6914 Ca^h value of farms $799,855,367 stock.... ..... $103,776,063 tools and implements $26,927,502 Acres plowed the year previous 3 377 471 Acres in fallow the year previous !."!.!!!!.".".'. '606'o30i Acres in pasture the year previous 4.9Ri'l14l Buahels of turnips harvested ''.'!. -' 9856221 Pounds of tobacco harvested !!!."!!". 946*502^ Talue products market gardens ..*.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.! 41 138682^ Pounds of maple sugarmade '. d'q-^f^'si (;i Gallons of Tuanle mnlnssea n.o/la *,»oj,oiOif Items not included in the above Tables. Gallons of maple molasses made.. 85,0914 18.181 267J $3,824 29,3324 Gallons of wine made. Pounds of cocoons Value of other textile fabrics .' Bushels of beeta '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. i»o V;due of cabbages *is'fify» Bushels of carrots W^^ Bushels of cherries i s'7SH Bushels of cranbenies '["' 87 Value of cucumbers *q«iq Bushels of currants BOB* Bushels of fruits (not speoiflod) !.".."!!.'.',"!!;,";.' 43 OT4 AGRICULTURE. 105 numbers refer to the yield of 1854, which was distinguished by a severe and prevalent drought. From 20 to 50 per cent, should be added to obtain the proximate results of years of ordinary pro- duction. of New York, as reported by the Slate Census of 1855. i FlAX. J 1 1 1 J X 1 1 1 ■fe "fe. •&■ "fe" "& ■fe. ■fe" "fe- •fe> 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 K| 05 ^ "^ 01 ^ l§ 0? K) 376,06ii 206,268 16,989i 22,844i 2,306 3,174* 2,676 879 2104 2054 7,440 2,768 234.251 214',130 6,038 2,983 1284 160.420^ 932i 9494 478 854 21,808 23,660 224,463 4,7474 300,245* 14,492A 4,4964 2,738 68f 488 1,770 177,1734 1,267 261,7181 6,665 6,6384 18,386 1,166 2,640 3,300 522,761 10,3624 282,451 7,693 4,038 4,684 3021 2,418 1,390 368,116 4,6244 181,291 1,360J 1,8694 130 66 102 33,607 107,364 2,961 270,642 4,018i 2,7634 16,638 203 163,832 650 663,664 7,6594 385,492 14645 6,9934 7,700 236 1,014 20 76,9364 8624 269,419J 1,836* 9,527 739 1,128 64i 418 210,342 9,480 3,738 166,389 1,7264 68,269 2,173* 2,637 40 351,975 209.667i 2,229i 670 2,1284 7884 1,477 667 26* 16 259,160 6,9184 8,247* 206,498 3,104 18,507 216,693 44S,360i 16,32U 6,124 6,026 2764 2,862 60 266,195 6,084* 318,021 11,625* 12,074^ 2,818 196 64 64,2004 9094 484,426 1,8394 704 64 231,217 163 26,273 3774 182,964 14 202 761i 8,5694 223,006 118,600 1,2164 6964 100,142 2,6704 167,274 8,797i 12,007 4,130 296,121 6,767 116,871 l,632i 6934 10,620 144 26 75 192,8144 3,9644 25,257 140 1544 1,616 6 000 3,459 18 257,876 27,864 308,060 4,241 610,033 115 333,901 8,418 289,031 68,338 4,2814 12,066 760* 28,995 3,691 216,431 3,4694 368,243 243 841 16,930 12,978i 7,042 64 1,0304 1,0034 65,782 90 1 666 8,870 14,265 72,198 1461 132,268^ '134 10 242,200 6,9284 224.278i 20,973i 4.8364 102,681 7364 1,312,308 13,680 631,677 7,4174 654,561 16,028i 14,342* 1,000 564 44,010 86,620 491,491 10,312 146,154 22,866i 3,941 1,016,929 7,746* 241,603 249 166,861 6,6084 1,808 276,448 624,648 646 9,2564 7,770* 322 13,010 266.997 4,4614 12.912^ 6,635 616,064 39,220 634.262 12,735 380,141J 34,916i 8,984 67,287 2,644* 13,427 654,987 624,5454 13,7264 188,900 16,297i 2,404* 2,070 1994 32,751 9,180 397,098 8,044 123,551J 230 3484 30 39 800 80,1804 3,1834 171,867 5,471 40,185* 19,030 286 16 22,871 281,7814 4,634 391.912i 11,116^ 4,326 37,109 749 29,206 16 425,916 8,1054 412,703i 29,935J 2,8114 98,5044 1,4244 3,122,2684 643 601,196 8,880 64,604 291,136 696,669 21 739 2104 33,444 1,674 410 22,2824 6 979 300 1 25 3,346 29 672,780 19,2664 1,616 131,241 28 4,364 166* 63 47,223i 604,023 487,672 49 3 3,263 47 69,016 6,466 1,2084 16,126 4 197,876 18.364 90,497 719 9724 616* 200 289,478 11,3864 106,132 6,561i 7144 206,200 2,348 2,600 160 106,561 2,8484 190,432^ a3,482i 1,6664 13,916 626* 440,764 16 222,182 3,6894 81,106 l,710i 1,931 8,068 4204 730 30 143,229 8,212 72,644 266,938 640i 26,006J 5731 629 811 7,036 306 16,600 176,278 4,629 2,6864 1,777 8,649 16,950 297,289 4,580 304,063 103,188* 142 1684 l,3S2i 6984 24 304 176 1,000 62 27,799 73,298 4274 1,6094 92 160,618i 3.9924 2,4964 712 1404 1,200 180 169,183 4,360 111,106 4,6694 2,1004 79,932 1,706 1,138 27,090 417,767 6,172 lS4.639i 2964 634 2,017 78 2,736 2,624 173,328 767,285 2,2704 14,2104 915* 7 20 68,772* 1,002 6,0754 839.420 23,003 62 2,390 189,103 5,8094 261,403 286,249 203,932 8,4664 13,3264 6,866* 2784 8,2324 23,260 5274 ■■■5I84 737 6 17,626 38,432 2,202 116 60,1374 323,290 8,8934 2,3264 4,6174 6,630 67,912i 1,444 745* 245,000 1,850 1,605 6,003 143,773 3,7604 15,191,8621 706,9674 244,079 4,907,6664 87,0934 7,192,264 946,6024 13,668,830* 273,639 Value of garden aeeds I'mna Bushels of grapes **'mo Value of melons *;;?„, Bushels of millet icnoi? Bushels of onions. tSsi Value of osier willow 9 o^^i Bushels of quinces *ir 7no Value of root crops (miscellaneous) q 'I ?i Bushels of rutabaga ^>ijl Pound.sof saffron • 071 j^uaUels of strawberries *i;,ofJ,Q Value of fhiit and ornamental trees *^f,'onS Miscellaneous $811,397 Neat cattle under one year old 311,474 Neat cattle over one year, exclusive of working oxen and cows 577,887 Number of cattle killed for beef 226.388 Gallons of milk sold 20,966,861 Pounds of wonl 9,231,9594 Value of poultry sold $1,076,698 Value of eggs sold $1,360,673 Yards of fulled clothmade 198,203 Yards of flannel made 379.9224 Yards of linen made 106,086 Yards of cotton Jind mixed cloths 245,464 Yards of carpeting 213,6174 106 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The State aopropriations for the promotion of agriculture, in 1819, through the Board of Agri- culture, and, since 1841, through the State and County Agricultural Societies, have been as shown in the table commencing at the foot of this page. Agricultural Products of the several Counties. •fe. I •& ^ ■fe. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus. Cayuga Chautauque. Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Eulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer ... Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston... Madison Monroe Montgomery New York..!.. Niagara Oneida. Onondaga .... Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer... Richmond,... Rockland St. Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady . Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk. Sullivan Tioga Tompkins .... Ulster Warren Washington.. Wayne Westchester.. Wyoming Yates Total 63,650 68.908 47,380 62,486 83,653i 63,466 39,191 48,702 61,469 31,618 66,148 101,671 38,603 69,659 27,342 19,622 23,761 32,369 32,940 6,610 38,347 18,444 11,912 26,693 65,616 46,038 68,671 27,206 138,476 81,575 63,135 25,111 23,113 47.700 93,020 13,237i 6,989 33,684i 475 8,667 61,614 45,2024 12,688 89,676 62,167 37.649 113,653 6,087 40,946 38,378 83,627 49.898 20.062 30,B00 68,204 17,692 36,248 29,260 2,667,876 3,436i 3,3214 2,1134 3,378 4,1664 4,142 1,6704 3,461 2,2384 1,466 3,6194 6,2854 1,830 3.220 1,419 919 1,300 1,668 2,2024 4014 2,9274 1,2904 "ssi" 1,9604 3,366J 1,842} 3,644 1,460" 3,4664 3,867} 2,468} 2,1284 1,1614 2,1424 4,665} 459 276 1,8404 22 1744 2,8144 2,499 7824 4.4964 2,076 1,6094 6,4294 414 2,3984 1,6124 4,075} 3,126 1,0614 1,946 2,8204 6,3704 2,000 1,6104 138,0334 23,247 47,332 37,644 68,489 46,178 76,890 20.899 68,391 25,656 27,676 37,671 66,181 44,126 66,439 23,667 23,677 19,922 24,786 26,239 2,466 49.820 79,249 3,204 29,748 29,383 44,924 39,646 30,602 3,323 28,238 77,832 60,228 33,962 67,602 23,412 42,172 63,798 16,607 14,326 29,601 2,260 7,198 96,408 34,769 8,614 38,771 19,004 16,996 62,483 24,215 27,346 29,664 30,847 34,140 14,282 40,410 38,464 33,132 39,048 16,784 1,813 8,392 3.631 4,137 2,606 4,616 1,610 3,887 1,484 3,701 1,709 4,780 6,263 3,794 2,081 1,869 1,173 1,417 2,349 360 785 2,622 41 2,423 1,761 1,874 1,944 1,046 2,106,466 2,068 3,476 2,464 2,113 3,489 1,164 3,093 2,942 3,200 1,926 2,704 400 673 6,676 2,625 697 2,440 1,128 677 4,351 2,006 4,266 2,323 1,666 4,671 1,423 2,100 1.762 6,427 2,674 747 144,697 13,332 19,009 17,116 23,633 19.822 36,046 9,690 30,939 11,284 14,600 21,668 34,484 24,684 29,831 8,749 10,919 10,268 10,541 12,692 862 86,663 49,472 2,834 19,161 10,980 24,067 17,664 16,801 719 11,708 47,794 24,801 14,202 40,187 8,921 21,983 34,713 7,851 9,240 16,864 1,189 4,708 62,161 16,778 6,768 18,213 7,676 7,136 20,284 10,833 10,776 12,964 14,672 17,832 6,161 18,689 16,769 20,078 16,737 7,260 1,068,427 1,173,527 1,700,775 1,763,417 1,967,183 2,082,022 3,389,837 924,645 3,990,664 891.4314 1,347,42? 2,379,267 4,026,676 1,681,695 1,866,132 625,642 1,060,040 840,397 919,130 1,191,930 83,282 1,305,377 3,949,608 17,425 1,576,615 1,045,591 1,840,298 1,643,516 1,211,385 r,03sJ67" 2,012,176 2,294,287 1,223.097 3,285,587} 912,013 2,036,174 3,076,206 493,696 441.9834 1,291,738 24,305 266,006 4,268,809 1,468,1364 61.6,662 1,832,257 798,953 706,574 1,976,129 634,406 931,927 1,365,783 1,645,947 1,669,631 482,786 1,625.138 1,446,080 1,116,689 1,333,948 717,2594 90,293,0734 Counties. 1819. 2 years. 1841. Counties. 1819. 2 years. 1841. $350 76 100 250' 50 $205 123 67 86 151 143 62 Chenango Clinton $200 125 300 125 200 400 $122 84 Allegany Columbia Cortl.md.... 133 76 106 167 186 Cattaraugus.... Cayuga Chautauque Chemung Dutchess Erie Appropriations for the Promotion of Agriculture. COHHTIEB. 1819. lymrs. 1841. Counties. 1819. 2 years. 1841. Essex $125 100 250 200 200 200 $71 60 60 179 91 112 183 K- $76 100 260 '400 660 $143 63 117 120 194 107 960 Franklin Fult.4 H.Hm Genesee Livingston Greene Montgomery... New York AGRICULTURE. 107 By an act of April 11, 1842, Genesee receives $92 and "Wyoming $87 annually ; and by another of April 13, 1855, the oo. of Schuyler was allowed to receiye a proportional share from the niuneys previously belonging to Chemung, Steuben, and Tompkins cos. Counties in the State of New York, continued. j k 8 { j s; E; ^ 1 ^ 1^ ■fe" ■fe" ■&■ 'a %" ■& •s- "S- "& 1 1 ■^ 1? ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 1 1 t^ 36,620 10,954 31 37,054 24,036 127 834i 3344 369 1,044,978 11,223 36 104,799 13,148 147 62 1,6924 40.896 5,998 7 40,894 12,261 13i 137i 11 14 ' 1,717,484 9,497 11 69,725 13,834 2i 6474 39 146 199,333 16,405 4 103,631 29,081 6,041 396 15 1,198,361 13,047 15 90,164 21,106 62 4,742 149 1354 7,861 4,856 6 21,364 9,853 i 924 27 190 1,212,644 10,971 10 86,923 18,092 66 105,906 8,444 36 38,361 7,868 26 87,167 9,103 211 87,649 32,568 4i i,999 769 313 708,679 7,410 27 41,321 12,302 1 66 43 11 61,186 9,140 6 71,316 15,870 384 11 6 64,119 10,829 29 73,687 42,986 1,072 278 1,780 2,038,392 16,983 10 65,085 24,791 2,616 139 207 93,694 6,149 43 47,664 6,504 23 143,916 6,029 3 23,958 7,536 679,079 5,829 1 16,969 10,614 1| 6 106,873 11,395 13 100,391 10,273 3,606 267 21,817 6,203 23 19,382 14,074 i 140 232 2,670 338 1,481 610 9,068,619 9,098 10 17,706 18,227 261 48 10 2,819,469 17,069 20 63,401 23,327 121 6,314 6,097 122 9 2 10,086 3,964 8,353 16 116 1 IJ 1,896,741 79,346^ 12,602 41 112,662 19,276 • ioi 618 2,087,694 11,753 32 66,547 16,794 5 486 131,253 18,013 16 116,817 34,727 22,134 240 1,638,664 8,836 3 29,661 18,834 266i 77 126 14,099 14,334 266 6 1,249 21,765 ^f 12,378 47 87 71,443 78,359 3,311,114 17,398 34 60,841 31,228 14i 860,644 17,330 8 94,202 31,639 i,i66 376 205,921 13,660 169 132,725 26,419 3,073 599 80,660 9,986 74 21.377 40,684 2,706 69 146 110,298 9,640 2 01,285 16,692 4,031 136 100 976,461 12,398 23 36,088 21,836 2,244 460 1294 1,638,493 14,662 17 109,937 22,368 84 624 3,475 1,938 1 6,804 6,997 765 7,964 178 9,714 14,228 111 60 538,462 10,184 10 64,609 25,007 48 392 341 341 846 3,716 26 170 57 926 1,726 3,185 8 6 2,600 1,672,999 20,261 20 86,454 24,286 152,001f 11,293 2 46,018 26,003 72,019 4,219 4 10,769 7,727 727 312 71,016 9,682 2 46,596 18,804 134i 28 32,168 6,700 4 48,913 9,451 3,195 13,812 7,497 6 47,634 17,532 i 6,777 203,329 13,899 40 111,363 24,164 1,148 1,580 7,111 163 28,016 19,727 1 1,330 4,698 3,002 87 12,691 8,231 i 608 60,367 6,678 13 36,162 11,248 686 60,128 9,443 3 61,036 14,368 1,919 520 9,893 68 29,841 34,026 1,721 144 64,634 3,341 6 16,472 6,703 634,491 11,707 11 118.533 30,305 ii 163.703J 14,928 6 104,846 29,799 7i 25,394 2,180 7,332 73 11,321 20,861 70 15 212 281 823,106 69,972 10,358 6,773 6 8 93,365 64,827 11,674 12,586 1,689 38,944,249* 679,716 2,264 3,217,024 1,069,792 l,609f 116,4104 7,6294 8,604 Appropriations for the Promotion of Agriculture, continued. CODHTIES. 1819. 1841. COTJNTmS. 1819. 2 years. 1841. im 300 600 300 'ioo' $93 265 204 130 152 76 131 148 $100 200 350 76 100 100 300 100 $38 91 180 34 36 170 121 61 Queens Oooudaga Rensselaer Richmond Rockland St.I.awrence.... Oswego "Otsego Schenectady.... CouKiiEg. 1819, 2 years. 1841. Counties. 1819. 2yeors. 1841. $200 160 160 200 100 160 160 $97 74 138 97 47 61 114 $250 100 360 '250 $137 40 123 126 146 61 700 Washington.... Westchester.... Yates Tompkins State Ag. Soc... 108 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. County societies usually require the payment of $1 annually from each member, or $10 for life membership without further payment. It is customary to restrict competition for premiums to members of the society, and to collect of all others an entrance fee to the exhibition grounds. Dwellings, Area, and Products. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugus Cayuga Chautauque Chemung Chenango Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene #. Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Richmond Rockland St. Lawrence Saratoga Schenectady Schoharie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tompkins Ulster Warren Washington Wayne Westchester Wyoming Yates Total Number op Dwulungs. 6 73 U 1 20 163 62 9 44 177 111 30 88 2 60 100 2 62 429 615 34 67 60 301 69 1,617 348 69 60 120 232 182 67 84 1 21 16 74 261 312 32 15 13 2 41 12 g 15 6 23 250 158 11 25 3,769 29 82 9 326 113 47 21 460 388 48 8 434 2,427 168 71 63 107 163 165 208 8,061 18 113 96 1,760 147 29,977 299 623 762 616 474 133 131 60 47 70 1,669 122 106 176 343 605 31 13 267 67 66 36 77 329 90 321 323 470 50 62 6,287 6,629 4,942 9,620 8,314 3,264 7,226 3,969 6,665 4,276 6,040 8,947 12,834 4,176 2.646 3,817 4,976 4,964 273 6,332 9,634 14.901 3,196 6,787 7,688 13,713 4,700 10,696 6,361 16,062 13,175 6,691 8,162 4,119 10,616 8,837 2,270 7,071 9,719 3,018 2,776 8,427 7,944 2,449 6,333 2,634 3,024 8,042 7,089 4,230 4,361 4,871 9,028 2,621 7,243 6,889 12.044 6,181 3,276 397,638 19 966 660 1,262 476 639 616 240 1,988 29 295 888 68 1,638 663 1,363 238 408 145 147 191 1,369 1,094 608 173 650 23 1,626 496 498 613 405 346 821 287 63 203 " "io 3,443 163 14 435 405 254 1,938 7 757 483 287 682 461 124 869 3 603 452 33,092 13,691 8,192 6,436 7,616 10,916 9,988 4,837 7,602 6,994 7,287 4,727 7,238 9.705 21,674 6,227 4,444 4,179 6,753 6,419 461 6,898 11,976 23,970 4,707 6,900 8,221 16,916 4,960 42,668 8,698 17,782 16,216 7,828 9,682 6,299 12,049 9,324 2,406 7,896 11,083 3,220 3,188 13,191 8,631 3,106 6,846 3,582 4,669 11,361 7,241 6,403 6,049 6,051 11,068 3,614 7,876 8,708 12,758 6,041 3,873 •fe" a22,32i> 3,639 5,392 3,926 6,441 4,299 6,647 1,948 6,203 3,661 3,242 3,388 6,468 3,797 7.257 2,715 3,247 2,288 3,003 3,145 404 3,447 6,992 398 3,945 3,375 4,680 4,879 2,852 48 3,968 8,315 6,336 3,943 3,982 2,454 6,720 6,109 1,368 3,113 3,869 876 1,221 8,940 4,208 1,328 4,011 2,446 2.238 7,042 4,338 3,683 3,088 3,628 4,861 2,146 4,192 4,767 3,722 4.131 2,242 Number of Acres. Improved. 242,736 280,863 198,839J 200,436} 316,796j 360,110 120,219} 347,828i 168,932J 304,277J 194,7361 364,400i 366,369f 34fl,307J 186,443* 144,627i 133,416} 219,012i 212,223J 16,676} 267,414i 465,222 16,871J 184,6404 262,462i 277,393J 216,840i 194.457J 1,160} 207.043J 436.800J 344,528 290,639} 308,699} 181,948} 244,120 428,9324 94,206i 119,649 292,21 2J 16,072} 46,481} 499,654 316,7284 93,448i 227,9041 134,336J 161,949} 361,460 163,818J 126,489i 164,894J 205,6161 240,641 lll,202i 333,0301 254,451} 209,146} 241,664J 156,642i 231,740 1 13,067,4 313,612{ 636,132J 404,048} 699,056} 603,032} 664255J 230,606 530,704} 570,018} 373,532} 308,309} 802,862} 464,4641 593,661} 969,638} 979,692 280.486} 294,744} 362,828} 783,t54} 773,072 716,613 21,466 681,686J 368,840} 388,898} 295,022} 241,178} l,974i 308,15aj 722,394} 459,229} 387.748} 498,214} 244,276} 672,173} 608,491} 138,653} 176,753 393,216} 22,674} 97,334} 1,385,086 456,677} 126,131} 369,960} 197,335} 197,886} 799,700} 424,389} 620,318} 203,317} 290,680} 618,843} 442,643} 476,685 356,513} 291,094} 864,418} 206,676} 26,768,183} 1 This column includes the four preceding ones, and also a miscellaneous class renortcd aa " Planks " " Tfnn,-.!. '■■ 4c. Of 4,196 dwellings, the material and value were not given. The value, so farT™poned,w^a^' toSZt- ' Shanties," Stone.. Brick .. Frame. Log Total.. 7,172 66,752 378,967 28,831 487,904 Total Valm. f49,lS4.819 12,151,135 297,463.492 1,330,168 664,899,967 Average Value. $6,857.89 6,600.26 784.90 46.13 1,362.76 MANUFACTURES. The manufactures of the State are very extensive, embracing an almost endless variety of articles. In many sections the manufacturing interests surpass those of agriculture or commerce. The lines of internal communication through the State have greatly facilitated the spread of manufactures ; and now manufacturing establishments are found in nearly every part of the State.^ The most im- ^ Manufacturing Establishments in the several Counties, as reported by the State Census 0/1855. COXJNTIES. Albany. AUegany Broonie GattaravguB.. CluLutauque.... Ohemung ChenaDgo Clinton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dntchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton , Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jeflferson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Montgomery... New York. Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario Orange Orleans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer lUchmond Rockland St. Lawrence .. Saratoga ■ Schenectady.. Schoharie Schuyler. Steuben , guffolk Sullivan , Tioga TompMns .... flster tTarren Washington., "VTayne Westchester... Wyoming Tates % Total.. 14 43 6 7 47 47 8 34 23 23 49 22 29 20 45 37 14 40 49 27 37 14 27 23 16 16 86 37 IB 28 15 29 26 26 36 31 8 7 7 34 42 10 7 30 30 34 20 71 24 72 63 29 20 26 29 64 12 8 25 6 5 37 29 9 21 16 13 28 18 10 17 34 9 7 24 22 62 34 15 1,467 I 128 269 616 114 ?.S Si 11 1,397 1,476 696 124 101 187 138 109 110 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. portant and extensive manufactories are those of iron and machinery, leather, articles of wood, and cotton and woolen goods. Such articles as relate to the professions and fine arts, to books, maps, and engravings, and to the heavy machinery used in ocean steamships, are principally manu- factured in New York City and its suburbs. Immense quantities of brick are manufactured on the Hudson for the New York and Southern markets. Lime, waterlime, and gypsum are largely manufactured on the Hudson and through the center of the State; and iron ware is produced in large quantities in the iron districts of Essex, Clinton, Dutchess, Orange, and Oneida counties. De- tails of the principal manufacturing establishments are given in the statistics of the cities or towns in which they are located.' ' Manufacturing Establishments in the several Counties, continued. Albany Allegany , Broome Cattaraugus.. Cayuga. Chautauque... Chemuijg Chenango Clinton Columbia- Cortland Delaware Dutehess Erie Essex Franklin i'liltoii Gen''3'^ Greene Hamilt' n Herliimer Jetterson Kings Lewis Livingston Madison Monroe Miintgoinery.. New i'ork Ni igm-a Oni'id.i Ononl.iga Ontario Ovaiige Oilans Oswego Otsego Putnam Queens Rensselaer Rictimond Rockland St. Lawrence.. Saratoga Schenectady. .. Schohirie Schuyler Seneca Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Tomjikins Ulster Warren Washington.... Wayne Westchester.... Wyoming , Yates ^"t-'^ 151 |109 |l+t 151 193 20O 4,948 262 212 143 560 863 43 183 169 169 79 184 99 110 110 21 68 224 12 151 73 85 90 46 62 23 94 101 2 95 35 75 65 43 13 41 238 81 64 21 33 218 142 2 7 91 7 138 80 13 US 84 16 238 11 146 146 97 96 68 49 86 31 77 19 ■S> Si 11 10 7 5 12 6 5 18 13 3 5 1 6 4 "8 19 6 4 6 10 12 7 54 5 21 17 13 9 6 10 10 2 9 13 2 1 14 6 2 6 6 7 6 3 3 2 5 2 4 11 10 480 130 J^! l!TrXS''SLf ^h^e^S^nr^X-mTe^crS COMMERCE. The position of New York in the confederacy of States gives it peculiar facilities for maritime affairs, and through its various ports a large proportion of the foreign and internal commerce of the nation is carried on. This commerce extends to every accessible port in the world, and in amount and variety excels that of all the other States of the Union. It is regulated by acts of Congress ; and the revenues arising from duties upon articles imported are collected by officers ap- pointed by the President and Senate, or subordinate to those thus appointed. These officers are accountable to the U. S. Treasury Department. Collection Districts.— The Federal Government has established 11 Collection Districts within this State for the collection of these revenues. Each of these has one port of entry, in charge of a collector, and several ports of delivery, at which one or more deputy collectors, inspectors, or other officers reside.^ The number of officers employed in collecting these revenues in New York City and its dependencies is nearly 800. Duties on foreign importations form much the largest item of revenue for the support of the General Government, and those collected at the port of New York form the largest part of the whole amount. The absolute and relative amounts of moneys collected from this source in the United States and State of New York have been steadily increasing, except as influenced by pecuniary embarrassments ; and now the former amount to about $60,000,000 annually.^ Collection Districts in New York. Dati of EstablishmerU. Principal Office. Subordinate Offices. SEia; Harbor .New Yui'k City.. Cbamplain July 31, July 81, Mar. 2, 1789 1789 1793 Sag Harbor.... New York Plattsburgh .. Oswegatcbte... Cape Vincent.. Sackets Harbor.. Oswego Genesee Niagara Buff ilo Creek.., Dunkirk Mar. 2, AprU 18, Mar. 3, Mar. 2, Mar. 3, Mar. 2, Mar. 3, July 27, 1811 1818 1803 1799 1806 1799 1806 1864 Ogdensburgb.. Cape Vincent.. Sackets Harbor. Oswego Rochester LewlstoD^ Buffalo Dunkirk.. Greenport. Albany, Troy, Cold Spring Harbor, Port Jefferson. Whitehall, Rouses Point, Champlain, Perrysville, Stooers, Centerville, Cbateaugay, Burke, Trout River, Westville, Port Covington, Hogans- burgta, Malone. • Hammond, Morristown, Lisbon, Waddington, Louisville, Maasena. Alexandria Bay, Millens Bay, Clayton, Chaumont, Three Mile Bay, Point Peninsula. Dexter, Henderson, Sandy Creek. Big Sodus, Little Sod us, Texas, Port Ontario. Carthage Landing, Kelsey Landing, Pnltneyville, Charlotte. Niagara Falls, Niagara Bridge, Youngatown, Wilson, Eighteen Mile Creek, Oak Orchard. Black Rock, Black Rock Dam, Tonawanda. Schlosser. Barcelona, Irving, Cattaraugus Creek, Silver Creek. Albany was made a port of delivery in N. Y. Dist. July 31, 1789. Cape VincerU was made a port of delivery in Sackets Harbor Dist. Mar. 2, 1811. Hudson was made a port of delivery in N. Y. Dist. July 81, 1789. and a district and port of entry Feb. 26, 1796. Annexed to N. Y. Dist. May 7, 1822. OitiliU and Kinderhmk were made ports of delivery from Feb. -M. 1796, to May 27, 1796. JV:w Windsor, Newhurgh, PougUceepsie, and Esopus were made port! of delivery July 31, 1789. Niar/am.—Of&ce, removed from Ft. Niagara to Lewiston Mar. 2, ISll. 1 The following table exhibits the receipts for customs for the ports of the U . S. and N. y. for a aeries of years :— Receipts into Unital Slates Treasury. Ye.\r.s. Total from all sources. From Customs. VhiteA Stiles. New York. 1706 1800 1805 1810 1815 ISM 1826 18)0 lS-!6 18W 1815 1850 1855 1857 1858 $9,419,802.79 12,451,184.14 13,689,508.14 12,144,206.63 60,961,237.60 20.881,493.08 26,840,858.02 24,844.116.61 36,430,087.10 25,032,193.59 29,941,863.90 47,649,388.88 65,361,374.68 68,969,212.67 70.273,869.59 $6,688 461.26 9,080,932.73 12.936,487.04 8,583 309.31 7,282,942.22 15 006,612.15 20.098.713.45 21.922 391.39 19.391 310..59 13,49a.602.17 27,688.112.70 39,608 686.42 63,026,794.21 63.876,906.06 41,789,620.96 $2,717,361 3,611,688 6,963,008 6,223,696 14,646,816 6.606,616 15.7f'2,142 15.031,003 14,668,660 7.667,441 21,318,408 24,487,610 42,610,753.79 The amount of revenue from duties varies witli the amount of tariff, and the sura thus collected becomes a very uncertain measure of the amount of commerce. The present tariff was adopted March 3, 1857, and admits a large class of goods free of duty. The system of bonding, introduced in 18 i6, permits goods to be stored in Government warehouses until re-exported or sold, before the payment of duties are required. The State Govern- ment took early measures for establishing custom houses and regulating duties upon foreign importations. By an act of Nov. 18, 1784, Sag Harbor and New York' were made ports of entry and delivei^, and ofBcers were appointed by the Governor and Council of Appointment at each. The reluctance of New York to part with these revenues led to much delay in her ratifying the Constitution of the U.S. by which her revenues were sur- rendered to the General Government. Registered atid enrolled tonnage of the port of New York and of the United States at different periods. s Registered Tonnage. Enrolled TONNAGI. Total Tonnage. I" United Slates. JVcw York. United Slates. New York. United States. New York. 1825 1830 1836 1840 1846 1850 1865 1858 700,788 576,476 886,821 899,766 1,016.172 1,665,711 J.«6,l;6 2 577.719 13P,3f4 92,361 162,874 184,542 217,089 388,438 737,609 841,686 800,21 615,3n) 939,119 1,280,999 1.321,830 1,949,743 2,670,866 3,201,430 144.210 167,922 196,483 2ii,1U 2R8187 391,380 ;i , ,162 68t 488 1,423.112 1,191,776 1,824,940 2.180,764 2.417,002 3..636,464 6,212,001 5,049,808 280.594 260,283 369,367 429.316 606,276 779,818 1,275,671 1,422,174 111 112 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The Foreign Trade of New York from 1700, although fluctuating considerably, has exhibited a general progressive increase. The commerce of the country was suspended during the Revolution ; and no statistics of its amount have been preserved during the period in which the States formed each an independent sovereignty under the Confederation. The amount of imports has been reported separately by States only since 1821.' Amount of American as compared with Foreign Tonnage at different periods in t!ie District of New York. Teabs. Tonnage Entered. U.S. ^breiffn. Total. 1826 269,624} 20,665} 280,179* 1830 280,918 33.797i 314,718* 1835 373,466 90,999 464,464 1840 409,468 118,136 627,594 1846 472,491* 140,868} 613.360 1860 807,680} 441,756 1,249,337 1864 1,442,278} 477,034* 1,919,313} 1858 2,411,087 1,124,020 3,636,107 Tmks. Tonnage Cleared. U.S. Foreign. Total. 1825 245,612 17,914* 263,430* 1830 209,898} 33,686} 273,285 1836 289,561* 80,038} 369,690 1840 276,393} 117,204 892,697} 1845 377,163} 140,222} 617,386} 1860 708,162 407,054 1,112,216 1866 1,082,799* 446,305 1,628,104* 1868 2,162,835 1,132,668 3,285,403 Amount of Megistered, Enrolled, and Licensed Tonnage in tfie several Collection Districts, June 30, 1858. Districts. Registered. Enrolled and Licensed. Sag Harbor New York 7,408.72 841,685.35 7,057.94 593,599.73 888 02 11,866.60 6 129 88 1^321.22 46,420.19 3,704.31 1,272.31 73,478.80 5,382.50 Oswego Genesee Niagara Buffalo Creek Ammint of Roistered and Enrolled Tonnage of the United States and District of New York at different periods. Years. Registered. Enrolled and Li- censed, V. States. N. York. Zr. States. JV. YorJc. 1827 747,170 686,990 810,447 976,359 1,241,313 1,899,448 2,499,660 133,403 116,395 169,060 193,911 264,641 496,507 841,686} 873,438 762,460 1,086,237 . 1,117,035 1,697,733 2,238,992 2,550,742 165,642 162,419 216,351 247,023 337,381 448,674 693,600 1837 1842 1847 1852 1868 1 Trade of New York from 1700 to 1776. Number of Entries of Merchandise at tlte Port of New York for 10 years, ending} Jwne 30, 1866. 1847 40,418 1848 53,949 1849 54,606 I860 61,762 1861 71,068 1862 68,967 1863 83.470 1864 93.282 1856 76,448 1866 89,377 General Statistics for 1868. American Vessels. Foreign Vessels. Exports of American produce.... " foreign *' $ 66,037,159 12,430,460 123,928,283 4,471 67,240 4,976 73,866 $24,002,631 6,870,684 64,647,463 4,486 66.767 4,510 56,903 Crews " " Total Value. | Years. Total Value. Tears. Imports. Exports. Imports. Experts. 1700 $247,060 % 87,836 1739 $880,360 $ 92,295 1701 189,560 92,735 1740 693,888 107,490 1702 149.955 39,828 1741 602.160 106,710 1703 87,810 37,355 1742 837,966 67,680 1704 111,470 62,700 1743 672,436 78,336 1706 139,610 36,968 1744 599,600 72.636 1706 157,940 14,245 1748 274,785 70.416 1707 149,275 71,415 1746 433,860 44,205 1708 134,495 84,238 1747 689,940 74,960 1709 172,885 61,298 1748 716,6.56 61,790 1710 167.376 91,018 1749 1,328,865 117,065 1711 144,280 60,968 1780 1,336,650 178,160 1712 92,620 62,330 1761 1,244,706 211.816 1713 232,360 72,140 1762 970.150 203,290 1714 223.216 149,050 1763 1,389,320 202,765 1716 273,198 106,680 1764 637,485 133,315 1716 260,865 109,866 1765 755,368 146,276 1717 220,700 122,670 1756 1,262,125 120,365 1718 314,830 136,666 1767 1,766,655 95.840 1719 281,786 97,980 1768 1,782,778 71,800 1720 181,986 84,180 1769 3,183,926 108,420 1721 263,770 78.405 1760 2,400,630 106,626 1722 287,390 100,690 1761 1,447,860 243,240 1723 266,068 139,960 1762 1,440,230 294,410 1724 316,100 108,965 1763 1,192,800 264.990 1725 383,250 124,880 1764 2,677,080 268,485 1726 424,330 191,836 1766 1,911.745 274,795 1727 337,260 158,085 1766 1.864,146 336,100 1728 408,170 106,710 1767 2.089,786 307,110 1729 323,800 79,168 1768 2,414,660 486,675 1730 321,780 43,700 1769 374,690 367,430 1731 330,580 103,780 1770 2,379,988 349.410 1732 327.700 47,065 1771 3,268,105 479.375 1733 827,085 58,130 1772 1,719,850 413,636 1734 408,790 76,536 1773 1.446 070 381,230 1736 402,026 70,775 1774 2,189.686 400,040 1736 430,000 89,720 1775 6,140 936,090 1737 629,166 84,166 1776 11,690 1738 667.190 81,140 Trade of New Yorl since the adoption c / Federal Constitution. Years. Imports. Exports. Years. Imports. Exports. 1791 S 2,506,466 2,638,790 2,932,370 6,442.183 10,304,681 12,208,027 13,308,064 14,300,892 18.719,527 14,045.079 19,851.136 13,792.276 10.818,387 16.0P1,281 23,4S2,940 21,7li2,^45 26,367.963 ,5,606,058 12.681,662 17,242,3.30 12,266,216 8,961,922 8,185,494 209.670 10 676,.373 19.690.031 18,707,433 17,872,261 13,687,378 13,103,244 13,162.918 17,100,482 19,038.990 22,897,134 1825 1826 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 18.37 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 184.3* 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1861 1862 1853 1864 1856 1866 1867 1888 $49,639,174 .«.35.269.261 1792 38,118,630 38,719,644 41,927,792 34,743.307 36,624,070 67,077,417 63,214,402 56,918,449 73,188,694 88,191,306 118,253.416 79,301,722 68.483,206 99,8f2,438 60,410,780 75,713.426 67,S76;604 81,366,640 66,079.616 70,909,085 74.284.283 84,167,382 94,625,141 92 667.369 111,1 23' 624 141,648.638 132.329.306 178,270,999 198,427,933 164,776,611 210,160,464 236,493.486 178,476,786 21,947,791 23,834,137 22,777,649 20.119,011 19,697,98.3 25,536,141 26.000,916 28;396,117 13,849,469 30,345.264 28,920,1-38 27.338,419 23.li08,471 33;2r8.099 34,264.080 33,139.833 27,676.778 16,702,664 32,861,640 36,175,298 36,936,413 49,844,368 53,361.167 45 91-3,100 62,712,789 86,007,019 87,484.486 78,206;290 122,634,640 113,731,238 119,111,600 134.803,238 108,340,924 1794 1798 1796 1797 1798 1799 1800 1801 1802 1803 1804 1805 1806 1S07 1808 1809 1810 1811 1812 1813 1814 1816 1816 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 18-24 $23,629,246 35,445,628 23,421,319 36,113.723 * Prom Oct. 1, 1842, to June 30, 1843. The fiscal year was changed at tliia time, and now begins July 1. o ■a: > CO ^ i^ o < < ^ < CO ^J7 fj COMMERCE. 113 The reports of commerce and navigation do not specify the amount imported and exported in each collection district. The relative amount of the port as compared with the State of New York has been as follows at different periods : — Imports. | Exports. Itnportatiim of Dry Goods, i PoH ofN. T. State of N.r. Pm-tqf^'r.r. '^tflt.e.ofN.Y. Entered for Con- sumption. 1856. 1857. 1868. 1840 1846 1848 1855 1858 $56,846,924 68,032,207 89,315,968 162,639,783 171,473,336 $60,440,760 70,909,085 04,625,141 164,776,611 178,475,736 $30,186,470 34,196,184 45,863,916 62,918,442 100,667,890 $34,264,080 36,176,298 63,361,157 113,731,288 108,360,924 Manufactures of wool. " cotton. Bilk. " flax. Miscell. dry goods Total $22,671,010 13,226,234 27.738,090 7,760,145 6,675,816 $20,261,826 15,813,299 25,192,466 6,857,433 6,709,004 $17,035,1132 9,012,911 17,681 099 3.701,665 3,761,788 $77,970,296 $74,833,527 $51,092,386 Imports. 1866. 1867. 1858. Withdrawn from Warehouse. 1856. 1857. 1868. $150,088,112 29,668,.397 17,432,112 1,126,097 $141,430,109 62.275,673 16,036,630 6,441,855 $ 94,019,659 44,463.806 23,666.487 9,324,384 warenousing Manufactures of wool. " cotton. " sUk. « flax. Miscell. dry goods Total $2,025,697 1,888,678 2,241,785 1,131,408 607,676 $2,929,179 2,492,616 2,004,190 1,100,183 601,036 $6,369,118 4,018,693 6.394.970 2,216,427 1,386,173 Specie and bullion.... tal To $198,214,718 21,934,130 86,898,690 112,316,028 $226,184,167 27,960.212 92,699;088 133,485,079 $171,473,336 49,376,693 67,317,736 104,155,600 WitM rawn from $7,890,143 $9,127,103 $19,383,381 Drygc Genen Entered foe Ware- HODSE. 1866. 1867. 1858. l1 mervhandise. EXPOETS. 1866. 1867. 1868. Manufactures of wool. " cotton, silk. " flax. Miscell. dry goods.... Total $2,184,687 2,006,493 2,226,616 861,667 660,113 $6,081,605 3,780,715 4,497,447 2,228,768 1,247,126 $6,C2S,533 4,048,630 3,667,621 1,964,891 1,616,876 Domestic produce Foreign mdse. free ... " " dutiable Specie and bullion... $75,026,244 1,268,914 3,691,600 22,280,991 $75,928,942 2,396.903 3,932,370 44,348,468 $56,931,987 3,104,160 7,309,672 34,322,071 $7,929,496 T )tal $102,267,749 $126,606,683 $100,667,890 $17,836,661 1 $16,226,361 Commerce of New York with Foreign Countries fo • the year ending June 30, 1858. P0EEI8N ConNTEIES. ENTERED. | CLEARED. 1 1 American. FoEEIGN. 1 American. Foreign. 1 iS Tms. Crews. 1 Tom. Crews. 1 Tons. Crews. s Tons. Crews. 390 634 131 14 8 44 80 153 162 16 101 37 24 25 29 111 37 60 58 14 38 17 10 10 22 14 24 17 20 19 16 2 14 2 4 14 2 6 "V "2 3 7 8 1 441,043 227,463 136,408 21,966 5,122 7.315 48,990 32,336 35,690 9,289 29.997 33,664 28,910 23,140 23,912 20,849 13.258 13,870 13,966 8,721 14.522 10,743 9,416 6,333 7,436 6,':33 6.133 4,881 4,226 4,176 3,829 859 2,833 794 1,590 2,227 1,073 2,036 11,313 7,626 4,542 809 125 284 2,704 1,206 1,338 226 1,064 923 696 592 646 849 412 480 611 229 441 277 242 170 237 155 193 171 162 168 141 25 110 26 44 94 31 68 ""63 " "43 45 61 64 19 80 40 11 86 66 279 3 118 30 24 28 6 1 3 6 8 22 26 14 11 "4 1 6 1 4 1 '2 1 1 8 2 6 5 4 4 1 6 1 6 "i "i 8 130,016 11,288 3,926 58,564 52,797 43,869 819 17,321 6,715 31,2.31 7,811 3,464 603 4.195 2.867 1,717 6,1,16 6.741 2,936 7,657 6,959 445 163 1,993 2,067 1,746 27 748 227 1,469 284 109 16 193 87 70 216 231 120 214 ■■■47 8 65 10 30 8 '■"is 7 6 86 14 70 49 26 66 10 80 12 64 7 ■■"12 88 276 442 68 16 99 86 142 73 43 68 19 3 21 18 63 6 70 31 11 24 2 5 26 7 37 23 36 13 12 3 16 2 13 13 1 13 5 25 36 1 2 16 1 333,166 179,940 74,938 21,866 8,732 6.647 2,784 998 1,139 2,727 1,091 662 629 690 628 76 459 386 392 46 666 278 165 291 24 85 333 80 314 218 326 121 119 36 204 26 154 76 13 148 75 193 717 8 12 282 6 116 'I 61 42 400 3 99 9 23 4 1 3 12 5 6 24 2 22 4 1 2 2 1 1 1 3 4. 4 6 2 1 17 6 6 7 1 6 146.347 6.040 2.743 39,759 47,257 80.215 853 16,649 1,657 31,492 1,079 369 4,196 6,406 1,167 2,077 6,962j 41S 11.626. 1,068 1,715 636 426 118 247 360 987 1.369 1,137 1,021 467 382 3,868 905 4.762 2.061 346 813 6,436 227 122 1,542 1,878 2,806 34 744 67. 1,260 51 1« 194. 198 50. 77: 296' 19i 363- 491 72 , 23 25 9 9 10 32 48 44 18 17 15 138 46 1.S3 83 12. 46,1 41.830 64.766 28,919 14,492 23,360 16,585 18,127 9,449 10,429 14,041 8,926 1,347 20,054 6,810 6,.666 8,932 765 3,188 10,272 2,301 7,897 6,180 8,462 3,022 3,363 982 6,079 821 5,148 1,619 406 4,694 2,626 4,629 27,975 257 263 11,224 ■ 120 British West Indies Brazil Hayti 1,316 200 2,236 261 740 181 316 167 130 2,383 331 2.066 1,313 560 1,644 336 2,317 360 2,116 Africa (except Egypt and British Austria 1,767 1,987 1,567 1,542 1,293 766 260 380 1,006 French North American PossessionB.. 114 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. statistics of Aimrican and Fareign Trade. KXPORTS. Tonnage Cleared. American Foreign American Foreign St Produce. Produce. Ves:fels. Vessels. 1821 $ 7,896,606 $ 8,264.313 $ 168,174 $ 10.720 1826 20,661,668 14,607.703 265,878 19,861 1S30 13.618,278 6,079,706 229,341 36.674 1S35 21,707,867 8,637.397 689,865 343,078 1840 22,676.609 11.587,471 518,202 343,114 184S 26,929.904 10,246,394 926,280 414,688 ISSO 41,602,800 11,209,989 1,411,667 737,639 1855 96,414.808 17 316,430 1.861,682 1,140,197 1868 89,039,790 19,301,134 2,162,835 1,132,668 Value of Articles Imported for the year ending June 30, 1858. Dutyfree. Articles from B. A., duty free Produce U. S. brought back Bullion, gold " silver Coffee Tea Coin, gold '' silver Dye stuflfs Linseed Ground madder Guano Painting and statuary Rails, cotton and linen Seeds, trees, and plants Silks, raw or reeled. Tin, blocks " pigs Wool Tot.ll duty free Paying duty ad valorem. Coal Cotton, piece goods, plain '• hosiery " thread, twist, and yarn... " manufactured, not speci- fied " bleaclied or dyed Feathers and flowers Linens, bleached or unbleached... ■' manufactured, not speci- fied Currants Raisins Furs, undressed " hatters' Glass, plate " window Gems, not set Jewelry, real or imitation Goafs hair. Angora, and other piece goods Hats and bonnets, straw Hemp, manufact'd, not specified.. India rubber, not manufactured Indigo Iron, bar Cutlery Fire arms Iron, pig. " rail road " rod " sheet Sreel, shear, cast, and German.... " other Iron and steel, other manufac- tures .Tute and sisal grass Laces, embroidery " cotton Lead Gloves Skins, dressed Leather, sole and upper *' other manufactured Liquorice paste Molasses Musical instruments Opium Paper, writing Printed hooks, English % 624,060 1,024,992 269,833 271,027 6,730,168 6,414,700 8,096,a51 689,533 669,635 940,077 477,087 242,648 389,519 696,399 276,030 1,293,921 463,067 327,207 1,173,075 133,072,680 621,774 430,948 1,625,833 751,429 399,425 8,383,552 649,894 4,308,238 611,276 272,469 762,568 247,510 870,336 388,241 454,344 332,603 332,097 488,741 1,128,661 832,821 667,061 467,379 1,610,970 1,156,761 281,963 329,786 1,556,538 824,897 677,669 702,695 646,696 817,887 970,723 2,274,033 285,183 1,638,087 1,362,096 437,268 1,206,714 248,815 462,723 1,414,168 247,233 309,415 238,402 354,973 K States. $14,764,256 1,244,692 2,286,099 408,879 18,341,081 6,777,296 9,279,969 7,299.649 887.486 3,243;i74 643,642 626,376 604,634 971,126 392,440 1,300,065 470,023 594,268 3,843,320 $80,319,256 772,926 741,077 2,120,868 1,080,671 966,017 12,391.713 654,462 6,598,671 963,436 342,860 1,441,471 321,936 876,156 397,310 626,744 329,241 385,946 616,641 1,182,837 620,029 666,683 467,379 3,318,913 1,489,054 882,610 739,949 2,987,576 426,499 945,078 1,147,778 725,338 970,133 2,298,709 2,846,029 405.439 1,972,243 1,449,672 806,412 1,269,711 278,946 477,905 4,116,759 378.928 447,684 256,322 456,450 Valu^ of Articles Imported, continued. Raw hides and skins Salt Sill<, hosiery " piece _ " and worsted piece goods, " riiw " manufactured, not specified. Soda, ash " carb Spices, cassia. " nutmegs " black pepper Spirits, brandy " from grain Sugars, brown Tea and coffee from places not free by treaty Tin plates Tobacco, cigars " unmanufactured Porcelain, earthen, and stone ware Wine, sherry and St. Lucien " white, not enumerated " champagne Wool, blankets " carpeting " hosiery " piece goods " worsted. '* shawls " manufact'd, not specified .. Urhenumerated articles. At 4 per cent At 15 per cent At 24 per cent Total ad valorem Total unports $170,280,887 $282,613,150 NiW York. 5,629,029 282,644 341,62S 15,804,255 1,1F3,7*.8 240 601 2,032,614 615,700 267,097 823.041 235,168 209,466 1,410,426 706,945 13,514,098 442 910 3,042,162 2,040,898 1,078,666 1,756,011 286,954 237,710 679,421 976,018 1,196,004 1,378,660 0,719,713 9,192,641 1,742,396 494,916 1,046,6K8 836,423 $137,208,207 U. States. 9,884,358 1,124,920 417,168 16.121,895 1,249,365 242,130 3,207,043 1,211,306 373,699 356,614 378,267 631,723 2,232,462 1,158,617 23,317,436 484,520 3,842,968 4,123,208 1,255,831 3,215,286 343,100 285,126 880,942 1,574,716 1,542,600 1,837,561 7,626,830 10,780,379 2,002,653 663,373 1,367,425 2,314,065 1,465,074 $202,293,875 Value of TT. S^products exported during the year ending June 30, 1868. Ashes, pot and pearl Beef. Boards, planks, and scantling Butter Carriages &Dd rail road cars, &c . Cheese Cloverseed Copper and brass manufactures... Cotton Drugs and medicines Gold and silver coin " " " bullion Hams and bacon Hides Household furniture Indian corn Indian meal Iron castings " manufactures Lai-d Leather Majiufactured tobacco " cotton (white) " " other " wood Oil, spermaceti " whale Whalebone Pork Rice Rosin and turpentine Skins and furs Spirits from grain . " of turpentine., Staves and heading ... Sugars (brown) Tallow Tobacco (leaf) Wheat " flour Total of exports $83,403,664 N. T. % 627,867 1,312,967 761,334 236,928 626,831 661,461 232,764 1,706,426 8,368,600 452,929 14,917,685 12,466,256 1,486,968 831,281 1,.331,570 234,945 314,936 1,922,7.34 1,172,950 303,579 1,113,42« 473,838 1,358,779 413,806 1,046,453 412,999 1,106,223 1,169,707 664,969 1,219,653 822,986 243,118 387,084 904,242 060,390 231,879 258,226 1,482,970 5,461,491 7,017,790 U.S. $ 654,744 2,081,866 3,428,630 641,863 777,921 731,910 332,260 1,986,223 131,886,661 681,278 19,474,040 22,933,206 1,957,423 875,763 932,499 3,259,039 877,692 464,415 4,059,528 3,809,501 606,689 2,400,115 1,698,136 1,800,265 2,234,678 1,097,503 697,107 1,105,223 2,852,942 1,870,578 1,464,210 1,002,378 476,722 1,267,691 1,089,282 1,976,852 376,062 824,970 17,009,767 9,061,604 19,328,884 $293,768,279 COMMERCE. 115 Tonnage. — The size of registered American vessels engaged in foreign trade has been steadily increasing, and has more than doubled within twenty years. Steam vessels were first enrolled in 1823 and first registered in 1830. They now form 12 to 15 per cent, of the total amount of tonnage.' ^ Steamboats applying for registry, enrolment, or license must be inspected under the direc- tion of a Board of Supervising Inspectors. The United States is divided into 9 Supervising Dis- tricts, the 2d of which includes the seaboard, and the 9th the lakes of New York. Steamboats are required to be well guarded against fire, to have suitable pumps worked by hand and by steam, at least two boats, and large steamers more, in proportion to their tonnage, (except upon rivers,) one life preserver to every passenger, and a certain number of floats, and fire buckets and axes. Their boilers, engines, and hull must be examined and approved by inspectors appointed by the Col- lector, the Supervising Inspector for the district, and the Judge of the U. S. District Court ; and every requirement of the law must be found complied with. Pilots and engineers on steamers must be examined and licensed by the Inspectors. The present steamboat law was passed Aug. 30, 1852.2 TUe Coasting Trade of the United States is entirely restricted to American vessels, and the share belonging to New York is very great ; but from the want of ofBcial returns it cannot be definitely ascertained. Unless carrying distilled spirits or foreign goods, these vessels are not re- quired to report their entrance and clearance ; and, as they oftener leave than arrive with these articles, the number of clearances reported is disproportionately high.' 1 Average tannage qf vessels at different periods arriving at New York. Yes. American. Foreign, Yrs. American. 1835 1840 1845 246 280 319 193 263 267 1850 1866 1868 427 627 630 Ibreign. 338 223 462 Vessels huiU in New York for 1858. Districts. Class. 1 11 Is S3^ t 1 1 Tannage. Sag Harbor New York Oswegatchie Cape Vincent "7 "2 i 2 22 "e 3 10 1 2 84 1 "2 "4 1 26 "3 2 14 4 141 1 3 10 3 39 2 636.68 6,093.76 26.74 468.78 1,990.79 601.06 7,216.77 252.26 Niagara - Buffalo Creek.... Dunkirk Amount of roistered avd enrolled steam, tonnage of IT. S. at different pej^ds. Years. Registered. EnroUed. Total. 1S25 1R30 1835 1840 1846 1850 18.55 1858 23,061 63,063 122,474 319,527 481,005 655,240 661,363 23,061 1,419 340 4,165 6.492 44,942 115.045 78,027 64,472 122.814 202,3.39 SM,S47 770,947 970,890 Vessds built in the V. S. at differen periods. 1 Classes op Vessels. •8 t If ^ Tbnnage. >< « g g ■ga .^f" •? ^ 1*1 s i ^ 53 .g Bi ^ « s ^ ^ a 1R15 136 226 esl 274 1,315 154.624.39 1S20 21 60 301 152 624 47.784.01 1825 66 197 838 168 3ft 994 114,997.25 IR'IO 25 66 403 118 87 637 58,094.24 .1P35 26 50 301 100. 30 607 46.238.62 18 to 97 109 378 224 64 87'rn- wall, Bmu/iamott, and Lac?i'ne Otna^s extend around the rapids on the Tyt. Lawrence. Steamers usually pass down the rapids, but must return by the canals and pay toll both ways. Sail vessels pass both up and down by canal. These canals afford naviga- tion down to Montreal, to which point ships cnme up from the sea. The total fall by river without locks is 204J feet to Montreal and 13} feet thence to tide water at Three Rivers. The rapids of the St. Lawrence have beeu surveyed with the design of deepening them to afford a channel 200 feet wide and 10 feet deep, but nothing further has been done. These surveys make Lake Erie 534} teet above tide. C/iambly Caned extends from the foot of navigation on Lake Champlain to Cbambly Basin, and with a lock at St. Ours, upon Ilichlieu River, corapletes the line of navigation from the lake to the St. Lawrence. A ship canal has recently been proposed between these important navigable waters. The amount of tonnage on these canals, in which this State is interested, is very large ; and in the Welland Canal more than half the duties are paid by American vessals. Statistics oftlie Business of th& Canadian Canals for two years. Welland Canal. St. Lawkenoe Cabal. CHAMELy Canal. 1856. 1867. 1858. 1867. 1868. 1857. 276,919 699,637 31,3»4 52,100 34,716 116,582 200,373 341,225 245,256 666,816 67,476 29,128 137,574 163,217 280,546 245,266 131,430 603,106 6,274 33,888 6,380 15,612 213 306 134,382 469,270 4,493 30,866 9,328 3,766 17 3D 107,878 21,788 96,868 16,741 726 112,634 21,063 107,925 18,272 166 " ■' " down Canadian to American porta, up *' " " down " " " down American to American ports, np '• " " down Kevenues from tolls on property " *■ vessels £ s. d. 69,408 10 7 6,108 3 11 88 7 6 440 1 3 1,967 4 4 £ s. d. 52,2.39 16 5 6,919 9 7 82 3 2 165 1,504 5 7 £ s. d. 16,813 13 6 1,978 6 5 688 16 4 910 7 10 £ s. d. 13,741 10 3 1,898 8 11 579 10 4 203 10 4 1,603 19 10 £ s. d. 2,467 9 9 432 16 1 6 18 4 £ s. d. 2,677 6 8 443 19 10 10 11 60 10 4 28 5 Statistics of the Canadian Canals. Welland Feeder Broad Creek Branch 'Kideau Gal"ppB Point Iroquois Rapid Plat.„-. Fari'ans Point Cornwall Beauhariiois... , Laohine fChamblv.... \ St. Ours (lock) 28 ■! 21 14 126i 2 3 4 i 114 lU 84 114 1 330 I 8 457 114 4 48 824 44* 74 6 Size of Locks. 84 6 Width of Canal. I 81 In 86 75 90 90 90 90 90 150 120 120 60 It has been proposed to build a ship canal from Lake Huron to Lake Ontario at Toronto, by way of Lake Simcoe, 80 mi. A cutting to allow Lake Simcoe to pass southward would not ex- ceed 176 ft. in dKpth; and in the 8 mi. survnyed the principal obstacles would not averase over 40 ft. It has been estimated that the cost fir a canal 120 ft. wide at bottom, and 138 ft. at snrface, 12 ft. dwp, with 64 double locks 60 ft. wide, and 250 ft. long, would be $20,051,000, and that it could be constructed in 6 years. Great Wr stern Railway nf Canada, iram Suspension Bridge to Windsor, 229 mi., and thence by ferry to Detroit, was opened J(n. 27, 1864. Branches extend from Hamilton to Toronto, 88 IBL; from Harri.sbur(;l) 'o Ouelph. 23* mi.; from Preston to BMin, 104 mi. ; and from Kamoka, near London, to Port Sar- nlfL. 60 mi. Buffalo & Lake Huron Railway extends from Port Erie, op- posite Buffalo, to Godcrich Hai'bor, on Lake Huron, 165 mi. Erie de Ontario Railway extends from Chippewa to Niagara, 17 miles. Welland Railway, from Fort Dalhousie to Port Colborne, 27 min is on the eve of completion. Qi'and Trunk Railway of Cttnodaextends from Portland, Me., and Quebec to Richmond, and thence to Montreal, Toronto, and Port Sarnia, at the foot of Lake Huron. More than 700 mi. of this road are finished. A branch extends from Belleville to Peterborough; 50 mi , and others are proposed. Ontario, Simcoe (S; Huron Railway extends from Toronto to Collingwood, on Georgian Bay, 95 mi. Coburg rfj Peterborough Railway is 284 mi. long, with privi- lege of extending to Marmora Iron Works. Ottawa (6 FrescoU Railway extends from Prescott to Ottawa City, 54 mi. Montreal <* New York R. R. extends from Montreal to La- chine, 8 mi., and thence by ferry, 2 mi., always open, to Cangh- nawaga, the terminus of a road leading to Plattsburgh, 52 mi. This line is now united with the Cliamplain (& St. Lawrence R. J?., from St. Lambert, opposite Montreal, to Rouses Point, 44 mi. ; and the consolidated company is known as the Montreal (£ Cliamplain Rail Road Co. 2 Custom Houses of New York. Place. New York Plattsburgh Ogdensburgh Oswego Buffalo Total New York, Total TJ. States... Total appro- priation. $1,068,743 ■ 98,900 118,000 1.^1,100 290 000 $1,707,743 $24,104,799 Of site. $270,000 6,000 8,000 12,000 40.000 $336,000 $3,388,827 $1,106,313..''7 86,443.73 121,092.89 191,680.08 $1,604,630.27 $10,529,951.72 120 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. marine Hospitals. Since 1778, every American seaman has been taxed 20 cents per month for a Hospital Fund ; and in return he is entitled in case of sickness to assistance and support from the revenues thus collected. This fund is in charge of the U. S. Government, and is entirely independent of the various State and private hospital funds of New York City,^ Li^ttt fllouses.— The United States Government has erected 62 light houses, lighted beacons, and floating lights within the State of New York, for the benefit of navigation. Of these, 3 are upon the seacoast, 15 upon Long Island Sound, 4 within the Harbor of New York, 16 upon Hudson River, 3 upon Lake Champlain, 14 upon Lake Ontario and St. Lawrence River, and 7 upon Lake Erie. The Government has also erected buoys, spindles, beacons, and other signals to indicate channels or to point out dangerous localities.^ The site for the New York Custom House was purchased Jan. 9, 1S33, the Imilding was completed Feb. 22. 1842: it is used for a custom hourfe only. The site for the Plattaburgh Custom House was purchased Nov. 22, 1; 5'i, the building was completed M»y 19, 1858: it is used for a custom house, post office, and courthouse. The site for the tlgdeusliurgh Custom House was purchased Jan. 20, 1857, the building has not been commenced : it is designed to be used for a custom house, post office, and courtbuuse. The site for the Oswego Custom House was pur- chased Dec. 15, 1854, the bnildinjl " a^ completed Sept. 1, 1858 : it is used for a custom house and post office. The site for the Buffalo Custom House was purchased Jan. 26, 1855, the building was completed July 12, 1858 : it is used for a custom house, post office, and courthouse. Tlie Custom House in New York occupied before the present one was finished was erected in 1816. at a cost of $928,312 96. In 1850 the only custom house Imilding in the State belonging to the United States was at New York City. On the 19th of Feb. 1857, thu Federal Governinent purchased a site for stores at Atlantic docks, Brooklyn, for $100,000; but as yet no use has been made of it. J The Federal Governmpiii has built 34 marine hospitals, none of which are in this Stiite. Those entitled to aid are supported in this State in private families or local hospitals. The number of seamen relieved and supported in the several collection districts in the year ending June 30 follows : — 1868, was as Collection Dis- trict. 1 'a 1 J I'otal ex- penditures. Sbspital money col- lected. Sag Harbor New York Champlain Uswt'gatchie Cape Vincent... SacketB Harbor "824 "To 86 ' "i 76 "924 "'l2 98 ""■3 86 "2 "i $ 19.19 22,486.94 403.81 15.15 $ 289.63 42,676.78 412.60 644.93 263.60 60.70 976.42 98.00 92.19 2,320.50 269.88 142.15 3,632.21 183.86 3,770.92 Buffalo Creek... Dunkirk Total New York Total U. States.. 1000 1423 3 $30,653.23 $47,894.13 10,703 9,444 381 $358,020.53 $161,161.82 ' LigTit Souses. Location. ^ 1*. 51 . 85 160 25 70 66 74 27 29 34 63 31 34 30 110 32 40 34 67 6H 13S 34 4S 34 62 42 64 41 63 61 66 160 160 160 166 iJ9 1S9 83 106 46 S9 51 66 22 32 38 32 38 32 38 37 42 6: 1 1 1867 1 1856 6 1857 3 1856 1855 6 4 6 3 1855 18.^6 1867 1868 1856 1856 1855 4 3 6 4 4 4 6 1 1 1857 1855 1855 3 2 3 4 4 1866 5 1864 6 6 1864 6 1854 6 Montauk North Dumpling.... Little Gulls Island.. Gardners Island Plum Island Cedar Island Hortons Point Stratford Pt. Vessel... Oldfleld Point Eatons Neck Lloyds Harbor Great Captains Island Execution Hocks Sands Point Throggs Neck Great West Bay... Fire Island Swash Channel Bea- con Princess Bav Fort Tompkins Robhins Reef Stonv Point West Point Esopus Meadows.. Saugerties., E.pointof a.Branch, } , L.I I Fishers Taland Sound... (b. side main en-l \ trance Pound J N. point Tsland w. end Plum Island Entrance Sag Harbor... N. side of Southold /Middle ground ofl \ Stratford Shoals.. J Brookhaven E. of Huntinfrton Bay... Entrance of haibor Near Greenw'ch Point .. Off Sands Point E. of Cow Bay N.E.side of Fort Schuyler rPonquogue Poinfj < N. of Shinnecook >- ( Bay _ J E. of Eire Island Inlet... Staten Island, near \ Elm Tree Station./ s. of Staten Island w. of Narrows Off Tompklnsville fw. side entrance) \ Narrows j Gees Point, w. side Opposite Esopus, w. side f Mud flat. s. of N.en-" < trance creek w. I of river /w. of river, n. of \ Saugerties Flaahing.. Pixed White., Ked Revolving Fixed Brown .. White.. Red Straw col. White , Revolving Fixed Revolving 2 Fixed... Flashing . Fixed Brick.... Yellow... White, red. White 1795 1848 1806 1865 1R27 1889 1867 1837 1823 1798 1867 1S29 1848 1809 1826 1857 1858 1S56 1828 1828 1839 1826 1863 1839 1838 1835 f Fresnel lens ; flash \ 2 min. Fog bell. Machine. Flash 30 sec. Light on keeper's house. f2 reflector lights, I. Fog beU. Fog bell. Machine. Flash 30 sec. Fog Bell. Machine 7 per min. First light house built in 1826. Fog bell. On keeper's house. COMMERCE. 121 liifeboat Stations have also been established by the General Government upon the sea- coast and great lakes. On the shores of Long Island and the adjacent islands are 30 lifeboat sta- tions, the first of which were established about 1850. Each of these consists of a house, containing a lifeboat, boat wagon, life cars, mortar for throwing lines, and every fixture that could be used in affording aid to vessels in distress. The houses are furnished with stoves for warming them when necessary, and with fuel and matches for kindling a fire on short notice. They are each intrusted to a local agent, and are under the general care of a superintendent appointed by the Secretary of the Treasury. Their location is indicated on the map. Coast Survey. — A survey of the coast, with soundings of its adjacent waters, was ordered by the General Government about 50 years since ; but many years were necessarily employed in making preliminary arrangements. Active surveys were begun about 1832, and during the last 15 years they have been prosecuted with great effect. The triangulations of this survey are conducted with great precision, and extend up all rivers navigable from the sea as far as tide flows. Light Houses^ continued. Catskin Reach. Prymes Hook Four Mile Point Coxsackie Stuyvesant New Baltimore Five Hook Island... Coeymans Bar Schodack Channel.. Cow Island Van Wies Point Split Rock Cumberland Head.. Point au Roche Ogdensburgh Cross Over Island ... Sunken Rock , Rock Island Tibbetta Point Gfalloo Island Horse Island , Stony Point Salmon River.... Oswego Big SoduB Bay (Genesee Genesee Beacon Niagara Fort Black Rock Beacon Horse Shoe Reef..... Bufifalo Cattaruugns Dunkirk Dunkirk Beacon .... Barcelona , Location. {Half way Athens') and Catskill, E. ofV river ) 2 mi. N. Hudson, b. side fw, side. Half way^ < Athens and Cox- > 1^ sackie J J w. side. N. end of) \ Cow Island J E. side E. side on island Calvers Plat Island N. end Poplar Idland w. side Mulls Plat E. side near Castleton... (e. of dike below Al- 1 1 bany. w. side..../ Near Essex Near Plattsburgh w. of Lake Champlain.. Mouth of Oswegatchie.. Above Oak Point / In front of Alexan- \ \ dria Bay J Near Mullet Creek f Entrance of St.Law- ) \ rence J ff. side island Near Sacketa Harbor ... On Stony Point N. side entrance harbor.. w. pier harbor w, of Sodua Harbor w. of entrance to river.. End of w. pier Outlet of Niagara River. (Near head Nia^ra") \ River J Entrance Niagara River 8, pier. Harbor iW. pier. Cattaraugus ) Creek / arbor Pier w. side harbor Portland or Barcelona.. e i^ 1 K 1 !>. ■§ » 11 If "& ^1 Il 1 1 a 1 •& 13 Fixed White 32 38 1864 6 « " 32 38 1851 1864 6 « « 20 36 1864 6 « it 32 38 1829 1854 6 ct u 32 38 1829 1864 6 ti (C 20 21 25 1854 1857 6 6 . « a 25 1867 6 a « 25 1867 fi « « 20 21 1854 6 (( « 15 15 1864 6 16 u " ...I.. 32 100 1838 1856 4 12 " " 36 65 1837 1857 1856 6 4 13 « White 27 30 1834 1866 4 12 « « 25 37 1847 1866 4 9 « « 28 31 1847 1856 6 9 u " 27 39 1847 1865 6 14 a « 47 67 1827 4 U u F" 51 69 1820 1857 4 11 « 34 42 1831 1857 6 11 Revolving. « 34 39 1837 1857 5 9 Fixed « 46 49 1838 1856 6 U tt u 45 59 1837 1865 4 13 Revolving « 50 64 1825 1858 4 14 Fixed « 37 81 1822 1855 * K u it 22 28 1822 1865 6 14 n « 44 78 1813 1857 4 10 « « 13 26 1853 5 14 Flashing... « 60 60 1856 4 16 Fixed « 51 66 1828 1867 3 9 .. (C 35 44 1847 6 16 Flashing... (( 60 87 1837 1867 3 " 25 40 1837 1854 6 14 (C (( 40 80 1829 1857 4 RemarTcs. On keeper's house. Building. (1858.) Light on keeper'] house. Light on keeper'i house. Light on keeper's house. Rebuilt 1854. Shoal N. w. 1 mi. Light on keeper's dwelling. Light on keeper's dwelling. Light on keeper's dwelling. Lake coast light. Lake coast and har- bor light. Frame. Harbor light. On mess house. Fort Niagara. Lake coast light. Rebuilt 1867. Lake coast light. Harbor light on pier. Lighted with natural gas. No harbor at this place. Besides the above, there are nine State lights established in 1856 in the marshy "Narrows" at the head of Lake Champlain. Big Sodus Beacon was destroyed in a gale in 1857. A flashing light has been authorized at Crown Point. 122 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEEK. There are lifeboats on Lake Ontario at Tibbetts Point, Sandy Creek, Salmon River, Oswego, Sodus, Genesee River, and Niagara River, whicli were supplied by the U. S. Government in the summer of 1854. Several have also been placed on Lake Erie. None of them on the lakes have been provided with houses, except such as have been erected by the persons having them in charge. Immigration into the U. S. for many years past has been very great; but the proportion landing in New York has been less than the relative amount of trade. Other routes in some respects affurd superior facilities for immigration. The large number of ships arriving in Canada without cargoes favors immigration to a great extent ; and hundreds of thousands of immigrants have crossed into this State from Canada without their names ever appearing on the D. S. Govern- ment records. These immigrants have consisted chiefly of Irish and Germans ; though there has also been^ large number of English, Scotch, and Norwegians. The greater part of the immi- grants either locate in the cities or immediately pass on to the wild lands of the West. The En- glish and Scotch usually prefer to settle in Canada.' Assay Office. — By an act of 1853, the Secretary of the Treasury was directed to establish an assay office at New York, for the special accommodation of the business of the city. At this place the owners of gold or silver bullion, or of foreign coin, may deposit the same, have its value ascertained, and certificates issued payable in coin of the same metal as that deposited, either at the office of the assistant treasurer in New York, or at the Mint in Philadelphia. The metal assayed may, at the option of the owner, be oast into bars, ingots, or discs, of pure metal, or of standard fineness, and stamped with a device designating its weight and fineness. This office is under the general direction of the Director of the Mint, in subordination to the Secretary of the Treasury. The Assay Office is located on Wall St., adjacent to the Custom House, and is fitted up with every appliance for carrying on its operations upon a very extensive soale. Its lofty chimney, emitting dense, orange colored fumes of nitric acid, forms a conspicuous object in the district, About 50 men are employed upon the premises. Its officers are a superintendent, treasurer, as- sayer, melter, and refiner, with their assistants and clerks. The site of the Assay Office was bought Aug. 19, 1853, for $553,000, and the premises were fitted up and completed Oct. 9, 1854, at a total cost of $761,493.62.2 The Mail Service of the State of New York forms about 5 per cent, of the whole U. S. in miles, and 7 per cent, in cost, while the receipts from postage in this State amount to 22 per cent. FassRngers arriving hy Sea at New York since 1820. S i * S a. . % ■ » V-fc £ «K.£ » >.s » "fe^E 1 ^l' ^ d N^ ^1 In ^1 1820 3,834 1S30 13.748 1840 60,609 1849 213,736 1821 4,038 1831 10,737 1841 66,885 1860 184,882 1822 4.11fi 1832 28,914 1S42 74,014 1851 294,445 1823 4,247 Is.'iS 39,440 1843 38,930 1862 303,153 1S24 4,889 1-34 46.063 1844 69,762 1863 294,818 1826 7,662 1?35 32,715 1845 76,614 1864 327,976 1826 6,908 1P36 5S.617 1846 98,863 1866 161,490 1827 12.602 1837 61.676 1847 146,8.50 1866 162,108 1828 19,860 1838 24,935 1843 160,994 1867 203,600 1829 14,814 1839 47,688 Until 1850 theae returns were made up to Sept. 30 ; but since 1861 tliey began upon Jan. 1 each year. The number between Sept. 30 and Dec. 31, ] 850, not included in the above, was 38,831. The total number of passengers who arrived in tlieU. S. from 1820 to 1868 was 4,482,837, of which number 3,028,226 arrived in New Yorlt. 2 The establishment of a mint at New York has been repeat- edly urged, and the addition of coining machinery to the exist- ing Assay Office could be made at a moderate expense. Amounts Assayed at the K S. Assay Office in New York. Fine yint Years. Gold Value. Silver Value. iars. bars, 1864 822 $2,88a,0.';9.18 1866 6,182 20.441,813.63 1856 4727 19.396,046.89 62 *6,792.00 1867 2230 9,.335,414.00 650 123,317.00 1868 to June 30 7,052 21,798.691,04 894 171,961.79 Total 21,013 $73,860,024.74 1,496 $302,071.79 1864.. 1866.. 1856.. 1867.. Total Pieces. 822 6,182 4,799 2,780 1868 to June 30 7,946 Total 22,609 Amounts Deposited. Gold. From Oct. 10 to Dec. 31, 1854 $9,260,893.69 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 81, 1866 26,687,701.24 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1866 17,803,692.40 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1867 18,997,366.40 Total Value. $2,888,059.18 20,441,813.63 19,402,839.62 9,468,721.00 21,970,662.83 $74,162,096.16 Silver. $76,307.00 350,150.08 474,161.38 1,397,702.99 Total $72,749,662.73 $2,298,331.45 72,749,662.73 Total gold and silver $76,047,974.18 Proportion of the above payable in fine bars. $47,617,597.01! " " " coin 27,230,377.18 Total $75,047,974.18 Arnounts transmitted to tite Mint far Coining. Gold,. Silver, Prom Oct. 10 to Dec. 31, 1864 $5,142,262.60 $41,417.80 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1865 7,722,476.47 71,687.34 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1856 6,797,652.33 412,416.06 From Jan. 1 to Dec. 31, 1857 9,307,028.89 1,842,768.71 Total ,$27,970,260.29 $2,368,190.00 Cost of transportation from the Assay Office to the Mint and return : — On gold, $1 per $1,000 $27,834.17 On silver, $3 per $1,000 7,101.98 Total $34,936.16 COMMERCE. 123 of the whole sum collected, and exceed by over $300,000 per annum the expenses of the establish- ment within its borders. The total expenses in the U. S. overrun the receipts by about $3,500,000 annually.* There were four Distributing Post Offices in New York, Jan. 1, 1859, located respectively at New York, Albany, Troy, and Buffalo. The Troy post office was discontinued as a distributing; office July 1, 1859. 1 Post Office Summary for tlie year ending Jime 30, 1868. Exchange Offices under tite postal arrangement with Canada, JVew Ycn-k State. Vhited States. Length of routes in miles 13 078 4,961 $100,490 168 $7,298 2,S94 $333,163 5,055 $68,100 $618,060 2,430,792 108,944 3,961,798 1,468.312 7,969,843 828 702 66 11 2 815 260,603 $1,909,844 17,043 $1,233,916 24 431 " in steamboats, miles " " cost $2,828,301 166,429 $1,823,357 $7,795,418 19.666,734 4,669,610 26,763,452 28,876,695 " mode not specified, miles cost... Total cost of transportation " " Bteamboata .... « railroads " " modes not spe- cified " " every method. 78,765,491 8,296 7,044 440 *' contractors , 28 43 1,464 In the United States. Blaclc Rook Buffalo Cape Vincent Fort Covington.. Lewiston Mooers Morristown Ogdenaburgh Oswego Plattsburgh.. Kochester Rouses Point Sacketa Harbor.. Suspension Bridge.. Troy. Whitehall.. Toung.stown.. In Canada. Waterloo. Toronto, Hamilton. London, and Queenstun, (by through bags,) Fort Ttw. and Ports Denver, Simroe, Kowan, Bur- well, Yienua, and Stanley, Montreal. Kingston. Dundee. Queenston. Hemingford. Brockville. Prescott. Kingston. By steamer in sum- mer. Montreal, St. Johns. Coburg. By steamer in sum- mer. St. Johns. Kingston. By steamer in sum' mer. Suspension Bridge and Canada; Route agents. Montreal ; by through bag. St. Johns. Niagara. From New York City to every port and country with which the V. S, has postal arrangements. Mail Monies in New York by Railroad and Steamboat. Termini. Bt Raiieoad. (June 30, 1858.) New York to Dunkirk New York to Albany New York to Chatham Four Comers Brooklyn to Greenport Sufferns to Piermont...,..., Newburgh to Chester Hudson to West Stockhridge, Mass Albany to Buffalo Albany to Troy Albany to Eagle Bridge Troy to North Bennington, Vt Troy to Schenectady Troy to Saratoga Springs Eagle Bridge to Rutland,yt. Saratoga Springs to Ohstleton, Tt Plattsburgh to Canada Line...., Rouses Point to Ogdensburgh Watertown to North Potsdam Sackets Harbor to Pierrepont Manor Schenectady to Ballston Utica to BoonviUe Rome to Cape Vincent Syracuse to Kochester Syracuse to Oswego Syracuse to Binghamton Canandaigua to Elmira Canandaigua to Niagara Falls Rochester to Niagara Falls Rochester to Avon Batavia to Attica Buffalo to Lockport Buffalo to Lewiston Buffalo to Homellsville Buffalo to State Line Coming to Batavia Owego to Ithaca Bt Steamboat. (Sept. 30, 1868.) New York to Manhasset Albany to New Baltimore Whitehall to Plattsburgh Ithaca to Cayuga 460 144 1304 98 18 19 35 298 7 33 82i 22 32.81 624 54 23 119 76 184 16 35 97 104 364 80 684 97 75 13 11 22 29 91 69 100 18 15 95 40 No. of trips per week. 19 19 25 13 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 18 12 12 6 12 18 12 6 6 12 12 12 19 11 (for 7 months) Annucd pay. $92,000 32,400 6,693 8,226 772 814 1,760 61,600 1,050 2,829 3,250 1,850 3,281 6,250 6,400 986 9,700 3,800 792 800 2,625 8,329 20,800 3,043 3,429 6,1374 6,100 il,400 772 880 1,100 1,460 6.825 13,800 4,286 1,415 300 486 4,800 1,713 Total annual cost. $117,378 44,612 8,866 11,147 870 891 1,770 62,442 1,060 3,946 4,329 1,726 3,942 7,244 6,667 1,163 11,252 6,505 1,117 950 2,886 10, '■whole to be under the control of a board denominated "Eegents of the University." This board was to consist of the principal State officers, two persons from each co., and one chosen by each religious denomi- nation. The number of the Eegents was afterward increased by add- ing 33 others, 20 of whom resided in N. Y. City. This whole scheme was found to be impracticable; and by act of April 13, 1787, it was superseded by a system which has continued without essential change to the present time.' By this act the Governor, Lieut.-Gov- ernor, and 19 persons therein named were constituted Regents of the University, and required to visit and inspect all colleges and academies, and report their condition, annually. They might appoint presidents of colleges and principals of academies for one year, in case of vacancy, and incorporate new colleges and academies, pro- viding the revenue of the latter should not exceed the value of 4,000 bushels of wheat annually. In 1842 the Secretary of State, and in 1854 the Superintendent of Public Instruction, were made ex officio members of the Board of Regents. Vacancies are filled by the Legislature in the same manner that U. S. Senators are appointed; and Regents hold their ofBce dviring life, unless they resign or forfeit their place by removal from the State, by accepting the office of trustee in an incorporated college or academy, or by accepting a civil office the duties of which are incompatible with their duties as Regents:^ but the members maybe removed by concurrent resolution of the Senate and Assembly.' They receive no pay. Under a special act of 1791, the Regents appoint the faculty of the College of Physicians and Surgeons of the City of N. Y. and confer degrees upon its gradu- ates.* They confer the honorary degree of M.D. upon four persons annually, upon recommenda- tion of the State Medical Society, and may grant any honorary degree. They have exercised this right by conferring the degree of LL.D. upon 12 persons since their first organization.' In 1821 they were authorized to incorporate Lancasterian and select schools.' In 1844 the Regents were made trustees of the State Library, and, with the Superintendent of Schools, were charged with the supervision of the State Normal School. In 1845 they were made trustees of the State Cabinet of Natural History, and in 1856 were intrusted with what remained of the publication of the colonial history. Their secretary and the Secretary of State are commissioners to superintend the completion of the publication of the natural history of the State. The Regents annually apportion $40,000 of the income of the Literature Fund' among academies, in proportion to the number of students pursuing the classics or the higher English branches; 1 The authorship of this system has been generally ascribed to Alexander Hamilton, then in the Assembly. The original drafts of the act, still preserved, and the legislative journals of that period, show that Ezra rHommedieu, (hen in the Senate, was prominently concerned in its passage, if not the original mover. The bill was introduced in the Senate upon a petition from Clin- ton Academy, in Suffolk co. 2 What these offices are does not appear to have been aettled. On several occasions an appointment to the bench of the Supreme Court haa created a vacancy. Non-attendance at the meetings of the Board during one year has also been consti-ued to vacate the seat of a Regent. 8 This power has never been exercised by the Legislature. * A similar power existed with regard to the Western College of Physicians and Surgeons at Fairfield, during its existence. 5 The honorary degree of M. D. had been conferred upon 120 persons previous to 1859. Kesolutioos were passed, Oct. U, 1851, for conferring the degrees of Doctor of Philosophy and Doctor of Literature ; but none have been granted. » This right has been exercised four times, viz. : — Select School at Henrietta, Monroe co., July 2, 1827. Lewiston High School Academy, Niagara co., April 16, 1828. Fabius Select School, Onondaga co., Feb. 27, 1841. Hunter Classical School, Oreene co., June 23, 1851. Lancasterian schools were incorporated by special acts, as follows : — Albany, Lancaster School Soc., May 26, 1812. Catskill, Lancaster School Soc, March 14, 1817. Repealed April 20, 1830. Hudson, Lancaster Soc, April 15, 1817. Schenectady, Lancaster School Soc, Nov. 12, 1816. Poughkeepsie, Lancaster School Soc. 7 This fund originated with certain tracts of land reserved for literature, and was largely increased by four lotteries, granted April 3, 1801, by which $100,000 were to be raised for the joint beneiit of academies and common schools, but chiefly for the latter. In 1816, the avails of the Crumhom Mountain Tract, amounting to $10,416, were given from the general fund to aca- demies and common schools; and in 1819 the arrears of quit- rents, amounting to $53,380, were also thus equally divided. In 1827, $150,000 was given to this fund by the Legislature ; and on the 17 th of April, 1838, the sum of $28,000 was set apart annually, from the income of the TJ. S. Deposit Fund, for distribution among academies. The sum previously applied for this purpose was $12,000 annually ; and since 1834 a small part of the income, aside from this, haa been applied, from time to time, to the pur- chase of apparatus. This fund waa managed by the Regents until, by act of Jan. 25, 1832, it was transferred to the Comptroller for investmeni^ — the Legislature appropriating the proceeds annually, and the Regents designating the scale of apportionment. The principal of the fund amounted, Sept. 30, 1868, to $269,952 .12, aside from the U. S. Deposit Fund, and was invested chieflj in stocks and Comptroller's bonds. 126 126 COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. designate such academies as shall receive aid in establishing classes for instructing teachers of common schools; conduct exchanges of hooks and documents with other States and countries; maintain a system of meteorological observations at certain academies ;. and make full reports annually to the Legislature upon the condition of the colleges and academies of the State, the State Library, and the Cabinet of Natural History. The officers of the Regents are, a chancellor, vice-chancellor, and secretary. They appoint a librarian and assistants to the State Library, and a curator to the State Cabinet. Eight members form a quorum for the transaction of business. Their annual meeting is held on the first Thurs- day of January, in the Senate chamber, and is adjourned for short periods during the session of the Legislature. Most colleges report annually to the Regents, but are not uniformly subject to visita- tion, nor do they share in the income of the Literature Fund. They have generally been assisted by grants of land or money from the State. Colleges and Academies are entrusted to boards of trustees, veho possess the usual powers of coroorations, and usually fill all vacancies occurring in their number.-' They appoint professors and instructors, and remove them at pleasure, unless employed by special agreement. All degrees in colleges, whether honorary or in due course of study, are conferred by the trustees. By an act passed April 12, 1853, the Regents were required to establish general rules under which colleges, universities, and academies might claim incorporation, subject to such limitations and restrictions as might be prescribed by law, or which, by the Regents, might be deemed proper; and institutions thus formed should possess, in addition to the powers thus vested in them, the general powers of a corporation, under the Revised Statutes of this State. The trustees of academies 1 Genesee College, N. Y. Agricultural College, People's College, University of BuflFalo, and University of the City of N. Y., are owned liy sbareholders, who elect trustees, or officers analogous, for stated terms. The principal State ofBcers are ex officio trus- tees of Union College ; and the Mayor and Recorder of citi(-8 are, in some cases, trustees of medical colleges. The principal facts concerning colleges and professional schools may be classed as follows : — Literary and Medical Colleges. Name. Location. Date of Charter. Sow Incor- porated. Remarks. Alfred University Alfred New York Elmira Lima Clinton Geneva LeRoy Hamilton McGrawville Ovid Havana Fordham Canton Troy Schenectady Albany New York Ritchester Buffalo Albany New York New York Geneva New York New York Buffalo New York Mar. 28,1857 Oct. 31, 1754 April 13, 1855 Feb. 27,1849 May 26,1812 April 5,1824 April 3,1857 Mar. 26,1846 April 17, 1851 April 15, 1853 April 12, 1853 April 10, 1840 April 3,1856 April 12, 1855 Feb. 25,1795 April 17, 1851 April 18, 1831 May 3, 1846 May 11,1846 Feb. 16,1839 April 25, 1831 Mar, 10, 1807 AprU 8,1835 Mar. 27,1867 1850 May 11,1846 Feb. 1, 1837 Law Patent Law Law Regents Regents Law Law Law Law Law Law Law Regents Regents Law Law Law Law Law Law Regents. Trusts, of G. Coll. Law. Law Law Law. Seventh-day Bap., 33 trustees. Changed from Alfred Academy. Prot. E., 24 trustees. Formerly King's College. Changed from Elmira Collegiate Institute. Meth. E., 28 to 30 trustees, elected for 5 years by classes. N. S. Presb., 24 tmstees. Changed from Hamilton Oneida Academy. Prot. E., 24 trustees. Originally Medical Dep. con- nected. Changed from Geneva College April 10, 1852. N. S. Presb., 24 trustees. Changed from Ingham Collegiate Institute. Bap., 27 trustees. Theolo^cal Depart, connected. Located on a farm. Students not excluded on ac- count of sex or color. 10 trustees. In coui-se of erection. See Ovid. 24 trustees. In course of erection. Capital, £250,000. R. C, 9 trustees. Theological Depart, connected. Universal ist, 25 trustees. Theological Department only organized. Methodist B., 64 trustees. Charter conditioned to $100,000, which is obtained. 15 trustees, besides those ex rrgicio. Changed from Schenectady Academy. Law Department only organized. 32 tmstees. Medical Department connected. Bap., 20 trustees. Theological Depart, connected. Medical Department only organized. Two courses annually. For education of druggists. Does not report. Mayor and Recorder ex officio trustees. Medical Dep. only one organized. Full univ. charter. Elmira Female College Genesee College Hobart Free College. Madison University N. Y. Central College Assoc. N. Y. State Agric'l College People's Colli'Cita St. John's C'^llet^e St. Lawrence University... Troy University Union College Universitv of Albany Univ.oftheCityof N,Y.... Univei.^ity of Rochester Albany .Medical CoIleKe* ... College of Pharmacy of aty College of Physicians and Surgeons of N. Y Mediciil InsL ofGenevaColl. Metropolitan Modieal Coll.,« New York Medic d College, Univ.of EuTalo. Med.Uep.."* Universit-y of the City of Now York. Med. Dep.".... " Trustees elected for 6 years. Students and teachers expected to labor from 10 to 20 hours each week. Located on a farm of 200 acres. ' Mayor and Recorder of Albany ex irfficio tmstees. Building erected for Laocasterian school, and leased by the city at a nominal rent. « A college of similar name. Incorp. March 28, 1827, did not organize. See Regents Meport, 1858, p. 168. ■* Capital limited to $100,000. Proprietors elect council of 16 for 4 years, besides which each department elects one to the council to hold at their plea.<;ure. « The council of the Univei-sity of the City of New York con- sists of 32 shareholders elected for 4 years, besides the Mayor of New York and 4 of the Common Council designated for the purpose. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 127 possessing a capital stock, may be elected by the proprietors for such terms as shall be fixed. The capital stock of an academy may not exceed $50,000, and that of a medical college formed under the general law cannot be less than $50,000, nor more than $200,000. All such charters, except- ing those containing provisional conditions, are psrpetual. Theological Seminaries in the State of New York.' Naue. Denomination. Date of Entab' lishment. General Theological Seminary of P. E, Church Hartwick Seminary (Theological Department) , Martin Luther College n?heological Department) Kochester Theological Seminary 3t. Joseph's Theological Seminary St. Lawrence UniverBity (Theological Dep.) Theological Department Madison XJnivei*sity Theolngical Seminary of Auburn Theological Seminary of Associate Reformed Church.. Union Theological Seminary New York Hartwick Buffalo Rochester Fordham Canton Hamilton Auburn Newburgh New York P. E. Lutheran Lutheran. Baptist R. C. Universalist Baptist N. S. Presb. A. R. Presb. N. S. Presb. 1817 1816 Nov. 4,1850 1846 1858 1820 April 14, 1820 1836 1836 11,963 1,260 5,500 7,500 6,000 3,200 18,000. « Mostly upon authority of the American Almanac of 1859. Several of these possess liberal endowments, and defray the per- sonal expenses of the students attending them. Tuition fees are, it is believed, in no cases required from those receiving in- struction. All the above are now in operation. The following institutions have been established or projected : — Name. Dateof Incorp. Remarks. Albany College Albany Medical College Auburn University Auburn Female University Brockport College Cayuga College Central Medical College and Syracuse Medical \ College - j Clinton College, Fairfield College of Physicians and Surgeons of Wes-) tern District, Fairfield / Flushing College Ithaca College Kingston College Medical Department of Columbia College N. Y. College of Dental Surgery, Syracuse New York Free Academy Richmond College, Kichmond co.. St. Paul's College, College Point,Flu8hing,L.I. Troy Mt>dical College University of Western N.Y., Buffalo Washington College Richmond co Westminster College, Buffalo Feb. 26,1826 Jan. 29, 1852 March 4, 1830 1849 Mar. 25, 1816 June 12, 1812 Aprii*r6jl822 1793 Aprai3,1852 Aprii'i8,"l838 May 9, 1840 Aprii"8,"l836 Jan. 27, 1827 April 17, 1851 Applications were made for a college in 1795, but refused. Applications refused in 1820, 1824, and 1833. Provisions of charter not complied with* Never organized. Never organized. Applications made Feb. 15, 1802. Refused, j After a few courses of lectures, these institutions were \ abandoned. Conditions not complied with. /Courses of lectures were held until 1840, the Regents con- i ferring the degrees. Applications refused Feb. 20, 1845. Conditions not complied with. Applications refused in 1779, 1804, and 1811. Discontinued in 1814. Discontinued in a short time. Application for power to confer degrees refused, June 10, 1853. Never organized. Closed in a short time. Application refused, Feb. 16, 1824. Never organized. Conditions not complied with. Never organized. Besides these, several institutions bearing the name of col- legeB have been established, but of which no general statistics have be<*n obtained. Among them are the "Martin Luther Col- leg-j " at Buffalo, the '■ College of St. Francis Xavier," (R. C.,) m New York ; " Franciscan College and Convent," inaugurated Oct. 4^ 1858, at Allegany, Cattaraugus co. ; the " De Yeaux CoUege for Orphan and Destitute Children," incorporated April 15, 1853, and located at Suspension Bridge, Niagara co. ; and the "St. Peter's College," (R. C.,) in course of organization, at Troy. Most of these are unincorporated, none of tb(;m possess the right of granting degrees, and they generally partake more of the character of acjSemies than of colleges. Tabular Summary of Colleges as reported Jan. 1859, /or- the year previous. Name. Albany Medical College College of Physicians and Surgeons, N- Y Columbia College Genesee Coll'-ge Hamilton College Hobart Free Colle^ Madison University Medical institute Geneva College -..■•. Medic-il Department of University of N. Y.... Medical Department of University of Buffalo. Metropolitan Medical College New York Central College New York Medical College St. John 3 College Troy University Union College UniversityofCity of New York University of Rochester .S3 3 90,000 114 336 24.600 125 000 36,000 18,700 16,049 70,000 14,000 30,6()6 60,000 74,200 100,000 70,998 200,000 38,201 0-1 II 6,616 1,464 Free. 2,402 ],497 10,177 12,207 6,360 1^ •s.1 44,160 6,260 8,019 4,696 7,285 4,000 12,151 11,160 10,835 ^5, $606 636 •199 1,736 84 335 1-i $1,120 1,325 160 3,840 132 1,110 128 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Statistics of Academies from the Begenis* Report of 1859. Academy at Little Falls Academy of Dutchess Co Albany Academy Albany Female Academy Albion Academy -. Alfred Academy Amenia Seminary _ Ames Academy Amsterdam Female Seminary. Argyle Academy Auburn Academy Augusta Academy Aurora Academy Ball Seminary Binghamton Academy Brockport Collegiate Institute Brookfield Academy Brooklyn College A Polytech. Inst.. Buffalo Female Academy Cambridge Washington Academy... Canajobaiie Academy _. Canandaigua Academy Canton Academy _. Cary Collegiate Seminary Cayuga Academy Champlain Academy Cherry Valley Academy Chester Academy Cincinnatus Academy _. Clarence Academy Claverack Academy & H. R. Inst... Clinton Grammar School Clinton Liberal Institute Cortland Academy CortlandTille Academy _. Bansville Seminary „. Deaf and Dumb Institution Delaware Academy Delaware Literary Institute De Ruyter Institute Dundee Academy East Bloomtield Academy Ellintcton Academy Erasmus Hall Academy Fairfield Academy Falley Seminary Farmers' Hall Academy _. Fort Covington Academy Fort Plain Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute Franklin (Malone) Academy „. Franklin t^Prattsburgh) Academy.. Fredonia Academy Friendship Academy Cralway Academy Gene.see Conference Seminary Genesee Wesleyan Seminary Genesee and Wyoming Seminary... Geneseo Academy Geneva Union School Gilbertsville Academy & Coll. Inst. Glens Falls Academy Gloversville Union Seminary Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary.... Grammar School Columbia College Grammar School Madison Univ Grammar School N.T. Cent. Coll... Granville Academy Greenville Academy Groton Academy Hamilton Academy ; Hamilton Female Seminary Hartwicfc Seminary HoUey Academy H'jdson Academy Ithaca Academy Jamestown Academy , JefferBon County Institute Johnstown Academy Joneaville Academy Jordan Academy ^M 131 181 243 200 1.3 g^ i 13 ZZ4 476 7 168 2 80 4 45 S 99 3 136 1 41 2 226 2 113 R 182 7 351 •2 95 19 507 10 169 3 172 4 186 fi 145 2 129 S 210 6 107 3 148 9 210 3 90 3 133 2 111 14 433 4 127 7 67 6 394 4 234 3 10 225 9 261 3 139 4 230 3 60 3 210 3 103 10 389 11 383 1 56 3 168 7 264 3 287 4 170 4 2S1 3 166 9 103 4 235 11 587 7 210 fi 218 13 921 2 103 4 233 I 265 6 340 7 90 1 43 6 135 77 1 86 2 193 3 130 6 168 2 88 4 264 2 100 6 346 3 185 4 165 3 205 8 216 2 168 92 110 116 136 133 385 126 67 35 71 95 18 101 33 101 148 71 240 82 87 69 106 87 76 64 29 98 47 367 70 22 1-^ ^S^.Sv Total Values. 306 186 206 64 106 63 113 52 308 191 41 106 167 146 148 171 91 99 146 495 104 168 43 46 127 60 166 71 23 108 48 26 93 67 117 88 100 62 216 120 126 119 153 125 $178.52 213.44 226.68 263.89 268.57 688.84 234.79 130.21 64.03 137.77 170.75 34.93 195.98 62.09 194.64 287.68 131.94 461.81 169.11 133.89 190.18 168.81 114.48 203.74 168.81 147.47 124.18 66.26 184.34 91.20 712.12 133.89 42.69 667.40 312.40 '693.76 360.91 397.78 124.18 206.69 100.90 219.26 97.02 697.64 370.62 79.56 203.74 824.64 281.36 287.18 331.81 176.68 192.10 283.30 960.49 201.80 326.98 83.44 89.26 238.67 116.42 302.70 137.77 36.86 201.80 93.14 60.44 180.46 130.00 213.44 170.76 194.04 100.90 419.12 238.86 244.49 230.90 296.88 242..52 $10,200 11,000 90.000 83.347 7,100 17,266 18,600 2,440 9.000 3,100 8,214 2,487 2,900 3,810 6,600 30,000 3,000 60,764 66,000 4,280 6.680 12,600 3,600 15,140 10.000 6,604 13,000 2,960 3,183 6,000 36,330 2,600 80,300 6,000 2,800 8,043 26,000 21,000 8,800 2,360 6,000 3.660 9,600 20,200 17,800 3,360 2,160 24,000 8,000 10,000 4.500 8,126 •fe. 27,500 8,881 11,200 10,000 4.600 4,600 17,497 6,800 2,900 2,500 6,850 3,775 8,513 7,800 2,900 8,200 12.600 4,400 11.060 • 3,000 9,652 3 800 310 1,631 1,028 606 680 1,696 275 400 242 332 368 610 197 400 1,022 170 367 360 660 260 690 440 646 8,027 842 223 370 174 182 178 200 1,775 1,000 711 164 1,183 1,053 426 267 6S8 228 2.604 1,044 686 881 205 152 3.18 1.261 2,111 214 '"210 2,366 864 708 1,000 668 240 160 432 560 '250 238 2."il 411 828 410 1.579 243 177 4.37 283 1,445 240 441 ■fe. $684 681 2,917 2,416 360 1,376 1,267 200 405 160 600 289 400 485 488 377 156 1,876 1,742 566 244 1,345 327 600 879 662 762 234 206 161 846 176 476 1,000 600 170 630 396 642 178 478 160 497 1,280 1,062 228 262 456 415 457 762 168 162 2,319 702 600 616 466 886 168 939 222 260 46 100 626 473 368 2'i2 228 200 900 740 1,666 282 366 860 $1,295 8,116 6,717 6,662 2,139 12,124 10,302 742 674 1,330 1,478 260 1,601 607 1,612 3,204 700 30,458 6,970 1,700 1.284 3,139 1,094 4,078 1,622 1.440 4,768 1,180 1,282 886 13.214 6,059 1.668 8,978 1,762 674 2,286 4.144 1,101 2,.308 718 971 2,196 14,807 4.632 649 1,049 8,169 1.767 2,280 2,177 1.198 3,417 1,893 4.603 1,906 3,699 6,434 1,101 1,216 2,631 2,449 6.990 611 1,403 443 816 1.502 774 4,906 1,818 1,761 702 8.328 1.317 2136 1,530 6,447 1.583 $1,196 2,928 10,062 7,608 2,138 10,989 10,301 712 760 1,319 1,477 260 1,412 614 1,611 3,244 700 80,813 6,078 1,696 1,406 3,189 1,094 4,078 1,665 1,440 4,768 1.196 i;066 776 11,385 6,165 1,668 4.208 1,819 720 8,250 8.976 991 2,440 713 964 1,858 13,024 4,632 641 1,017 4.359 1,819 2.f46 2.469 1,198 3.339 1.476 4.644 1.886 8,923 4 440 702 1215 2,631 2,134 4,167 600 1,404 473 768 1,330 ],.''41 4 862 1.734 1,761 706 3,181 1.317 2,1?5 1.529 5.447 1684 COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. Siatisiies of Academies from the Regents' Heport of 1859, continued. 129 Names. Si.S 1'^ Total Values. I •& •fe. SI KeeBeville Academy Kinderhook Academy B^ngaboro' Academy Kingston Academy Liberty Normal Institute Lockport Union School towTille Academy „ Lyons Union School Macedon Academy Manlius Academy Marion Collegiate Institute Mayville Academy..... Medina Academy Mexico Academy Middlebury Academy Monroe Academy Montgomery Academy „ Monticello Academy Moravia Institute Mount Morris Union Free School- Mount Pleasant Academy Munro Collegiate Institute New Paltz Academy New York Conference Seminary.... New York Free Academy North Granville Female Seminary. North Hebron ] nstitute North Salem Academy Norwich Academy Nunda Literary Institute Ogdensburuh Academy Oneida Conference Seminai-y Onondaga Academy Ontario Female Seminary Oswego High School Ovid Academy Ow ego Academy Oxford Academy Packer Collegiate Institute Palmyi-a Classical Union School.... Peekskill Academy Perry Academy Peterboro' Academy Phelps Union Classical School Phipps Union Seminary Plattsburgh Academy Pompey Academy Ponghkeepsie Female Academy.... Prospect Academy Pula-^ki Academy Kandolph Academy Red Creek Union Academy Rensselaerville Academy Richbnrgh Academy Rochester Female Academy Rogersville Union Seminary Rome Academy Rural Seminary Ruahford Academy Rutgers Female Institute Sag Harbor Institute St. Lawrence Academy Saugerlies Academy Sauquoit Academy Schenectady Union School Schoharie Academy Schuylerville Academy Seneca Falls Academy SoduB Academy Spencertown Academy Springville Academy S. S. Seward Institute Starkey Seminary Susquehanna Seminary Troy .Academy Troy Female Seminary « Trumansburgh Academy Unadilla Academy Union Hall Academy ■"Union Literary Society Union YlUago Academy 378 106 66 209 115 491 267 128 240 99 168 78 171 223 229 152 77 163 122 98 82 134 61 460 613 114 60 311 309 161 351 128 121 273 249 300 673 282 101 127 42 408 217 216 43 119 87 170 184 250 91 86 122 96 233 122 201 278 320 293 179 115 206 112 169 193 129 78 166 157 161 232 45 319 168 80 220 209 216 114 9 181 176 68 179 26 74 49 164 169 142 76 28 60 63 70 59 96 33 226 667 132 32 222 241 116 268 196 109 166 375 134 60 49 14 91 176 160 24 61 87 168 30 51 62 76 110 77 141 156 61 126 60 87 143 91 123 98 72 62 86 101 112 192 28 212 34 21 143 173 140 461.81 130.00 219.26 17.46 361.21 279.42 131.94 347.33 48.61 141.66 95.08 318.22 308.62 275.64 146.63 50.46 116,42 102.84 135.83 114.48 182.40 62.09 488.63 1,100.70 266.14 "82.98 430.77 467.64 226.68 600.62 "211.60 166.23 360.91 211.60 318.22 727.75 226,68 97.02 85.88 27.17 176.58 310.46 310.46 76.67 190.18 38.81 118.36 168.81 291.56 68.21 93.14 120.30 147.47 213.44 149.41 273.60 302.70 118.36 236.73 97.02 168.81 260.61 176.68 238.67 168.81 131.94 102.84 166.87 105.98 217.32 364.79 54.32 411.36 66.97 40.75 277.48 335.69 271.66 3,600 4,000 3,700 15.000 1.250 13,000 7,600 15,000 6,055 3,000 11,500 3,750 6.200 14,000 5,600 5,466 6,000 4,350 2,200 'i7,iio6 21,600 7,900 20.000 117,324 19.000 2,400 3,000 8,400 2,900 11,000 26,000 12.700 20,000 11,000 16,600 5,000 9,360 121.765 12.000 17.000 16,750 4,628 5.200 10.200 5 600 6.400 15.963 2,900 9,028 6.420 9,660 2,610 3.200 6.000 7,860 10,600 4,100 6.963 27,500 2,400 10,000 5,000 2,600 41,000 4,000 2,860 3,000 8,300 2,760 3,600 10,000 10,360 37,000 7,576 12,100 4,300 3,660 16,400 10,500 4,581 227 600 417 667 185 259 860 746 207 410 248 194 360 630 930 168 200 261 362 222 1,467 869 486 360 9,296 228 40 636 400 174 601 2,327 616 931 2,600 360 601 953 1,338 674 646 567 207 316 471 229 351 678 312 301 388 176 203 172 186 160 420 647 283 2,314 210 784 162 192 4.000 361 211 496 184 192 200 262 853 168 240 1,374 163 266 634 731 306 200 624 566 400 164 600 627 403 736 200 692 206 235 826 499 160 300 170 361 193 300 719 653 250 8,988 375 137 250 899 184 579 2,694 306 924 500 600 180 790 1,596 250 446 210 174 201 212 474 160 760 326 175 278 175 165 186 170 174 860 287 837 3,138 187 493 185 186 200 161 400 600 283 210 410 160 668 4.57 275 903 160 151 369 481 187 2,328 1,294 570 3,176 701 4,469 "2,170 1,767 2,482 978 1,546 889 1,839 2,001 2,016 1,369 811 2,369 830 710 7,033 1,639 981 19,939 59,783 13,372 110 487 2,123 1,902 4,686 4.321 4,855 3,784 2,373 2,131 30,674 2,438 2,387 1,225 334 1,996 3,674 1,948 602 4,497 294 2.667 1.263 1.6B0 375 927- 2:224 '939 2,060 r,08r 1,631' 10.397 1,646 2,484 1,117 712 10,278 1,.S06" 1,073 1,879 919 993 1,002 4,045 1,220 2,376 2,486 8,743 766 630 3.686 2,778 1,938 2,328 1,294 667 3,068 683 4,622 2,046 1,807 2,471 812 2,603 910 1,967 2,083 1,976 1,368 806 2,443 830 710 6,650 1,266 980 20,473 50,671 10,034 110 440 2.114 1,703 4,449 4,502 4,854 8,625 2,344 2,149 24,474 2,385 2,185 1,736 319 2.063 3.073 1,948 518 4,60r 317 2.614 1,263 l;669 436 866 2,224 939 2,131 1,081 1,531 12.272 1,621 1,925 1,347 743 19,532 1,337 1,094 1,863 1,106 871 961 2,108 1,483 2.479 2,409 8,270 1,061 629 3,632 2,414 1,941 231 680 286 620 189 144 1,119 986 177 417 196 186 349 627 862 141 480 216 366 316 1,376 722 447 360 6,628 368 112 262 600 171 1,248 1,946 636 896 470 402 1,285 1,128 I 1,094 609 347 184 604 405 148 866 634 3T6 298 320 200 223 132 171 120 506 678 162 3,032 206 936 180 92 2,904 331 216 293 133 240 IfiO 129 1,268 138 244 1,065 200 266 667 604 373 130 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Statistics of Academies from the Regents' Report of 1859, continued. TJtica Academy Utica Female Academy Vernnn Academy Wallkill Academy Wiilton Academy Walworth Academy Warsaw Union School Wjirwick Institute WaBhiniton Academy Washington Co. Seminary & C. I... Waterloo Union School Waverly Institute Webster .Icademy Westfield Academy West Winfield Academy Whitehall Academy Whiteatown Seminary Wilson Collegiate Institute Windsor Academy Yates Academy Yates Poly technic Institute Total 949 35,009 20;812 $39^11.66 gf 188 179 162 198 131 84 160 112 124 777 608 176 92 260 367 187 400 232 69 167 261 el 110 73 ■35 137 62 63 612 27 43 47 113 166 77 286 138 36 43 109 308.62 133.89 186.28 213.41 141.66 67.91 265.83 91.20 122.24 993.98 62.39 83.44 91.20 219.26 293.60 149.31 554.96 267.77 69.85 83.44 211.50 Total Talues. 7,000 23,000 4,000 6.610 3429 8,440 4,800 6,300 6.000 14,100 6,600 7,364 4,300 4,300 10,000 3,660 12,600 2,685 3.780 2,760 10,000 I 313 189 464 340 409 200 279 160 271 646 436 166 166 540 778 260 1,306 785 488 480 242 $2,009 076 $111,438 |101,693 $595,125 "fe. 760 2.i7 683 190 473 789 461 160 700 947 475 178 168 300 926 603 1,236 546 190 619 868 3,947 3,861 891 2,811 1,899 998 1,396 1,382 1,109 9,192 3,090 1,391 743 1,216 3,142 1,058 3,635 1,210 606 795 3,182 3.944 3,728 890 2.811 1,685 866 1.306 1,320 1,103 9,191 3,372 1,680 738 1,161 3.142 1^040 3,612 1,209 578 840 3,182 $582,136 93,969 169 127 630 423 222 130 231 104 366 549 789 166 112 610 600 220 1,193 790 689 332 296 Academies incorporated since the organization of a State Government in 1777. Name. Location. Jncorp. by Legislature. Jncorp. hy Regents. Remarks. Academy of the Sacred Heart- Academic Department of Union School Adams Collegiate Institute Addison Academy Rochester, Monroe co April 11, 1849 Jan. 11, 1866 April 22, 1855 Feb. 8, 1849 Mar. 4, 1813 Jan. 29,1828 April 16, 1828 Extinct. Extinct. Merged in Alfred TTni. Sold, fall of 1868. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Diss, by act Apr. 21, 1846. Albany Female Academy Albany Female Seminary Albany Pearl Street Academy. Feb. 16,1821 April 9,1828 April 23, 1836 May 1, 1837 May 6, 1334 Albany, Albany co Albion, Orleans co Feb. 27, 1841 Feb. 6, 1839 Jan. 31, 1843 Mar. 29, 1836 Feb. 5, 1839 Feb. 16, 1841 Feb. 1, 1856 May 4. 1841 Feb. 13,1844 Feb. 14, 1816 Feb. 11,1840 Feb. 28, 1842 Jan. 29,1839 Feb. 27,1841 Aprilll, 1843 Mar. 21, 1808 Feb. 6, 1839 Alexander Classical School Alfred, Allegany co Ames, Montgomery co Amsterdam, Montgomery co April 22, 1837 Mar. 29, 1S39 May 12,1836 Amsterdam Female Seminary- Antwerp Liberal Lit. Inst Auburn, Cayuga co Auburn Female Seminary" April 18, 18.38 Aurora, Erie co April 30, 1S33 April 30, 1836 Ball Seminarv" Hoosick Falls, Rensselaer co Ballston, Saratoga co Ballston Academy Batavia Female Academy. Mar. 5,1838 April 8,1826 Mar. 8,1833 Mar. 29, 1841 Bedford, Westchester co Bedford, Westchester co. Bern, Albany co Bedford Female Institute Bemville Acad. & Fern. Sem... Feb. 28, 1842 Aug. 23. 1842 April 1,1811 AprU 16,1828 Feb. 16,1842 April 17, 1847 April 7,1864 Jan. 14,1847 Jan. 10, 1860 Oct. 14,1861 Blooming Grove Academy Bridpiewater Academy Brockport Collegiate Institute. Brookfield Academy. Brooklyn Coll. &Polytech.Ins. Brooklyn Coll. Inst, for Young April 8,1826 April 23, 1829 May 8,1845 April 30, 1839 Brooklyn Female Academy Broome Academy Brownville Female Seminary... Buffalo Female Academy Buffalo Female Seminary Buffalo Literary 4 Sci. Acad**.. Brownville, Jefferson co ■.... Buffalo, Erie co April 23, 1831 April 17, 1827 Buffalo, Erie co a Jan. 29, 1852 and Jnly 21, 1853. The Institution had be- come extinct under its first charter. 6 Incorp. as the '* Aurora Manual Labor Seminary." Name changed April 16, 1838. " Named from L. Chandler Ball, principal founder of the In- stitution. <* Incorp. as the " Buffalo High School Aeaociation." Namo changed. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 131 Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. Location. CJambridge ■Waabington Acad... Canajoharie Academy Canandaigua Academy Canton Academy Carlisle Seminary Gary Collegiate Seminary Catsliill Academy CatskiU Female Seminary Cayuga Academy Champlain Academy Charlotteville Seminary Chautauque Coll. Inst Cherry Valley Academy Chester Academy Cincinnatus Academy Clarence Academy Clarkson Academy Claveracfc Academy Claveracfc Acad. & Hud. R. Ids. Clermont Academy Clinton Academy Clinton Grammar School Clinton Liberal Institute Clinton Seminary Clover Street Seminary Collegiate Inst. City of N. Y... Collinsville Institute. Columbia Academy Cooperstown Female Academy Cooperstown Seminary and Fe- male Coll. Institute Cortland Academy Cortland Female Seminary Cortlandville Academy Coxsackie Academy Dansville Seminary. De Lancey Institute Delaware Academy. Delaware Literary Institute De Euyter Institute De Riiyter Institute Dover Academy Dundee Academy : Dunkirk Academy Dutchess County Academy East Bloorafield School ;... Eastern Coll. Inst. City of N.Y. Ellington Academy Elmira Academy Elmira Collegiate Seminary.... Erasmus Hall ^ Essex County Academy Fairfield Academy Palley Seminary" Farmer's Hall Payetteville Academy Fayetteville Seminary Fern. Acad, of the Sacred Heart Fishkill Education Society Flushing Institute Fonda Academy Fort Covington Academy Fort Plain Seminary and Fe- male Collegiate Institute Franklin Academy* Franklin Academy. Fredonia Academy Friendship Academy Gaines Academy Galway Academy Galway Academy Genesee Conference Seminary... Genesee Manual Labor Sem"... Genesee Seminary Genesee Valley Seminary Genesee "Wesleyan Seminary**... Genesee & Wyoming Seminary Geneseo Academy*. Geneva Academy Geneva Union School Genoa Academy GilbertsviUe Acad. & ColLInst. Glens Falls Academy. Gloversville Union Seminary... Gouvemeur Wesleyan Sem/.... Cambridge, Washington co Canajoharie, Montgomery co.. Canandaigua, Ontario co Canton, St. Lawreuce co Carlisle, Schoharie co Caryville, Genesee co Catskill, Greene co Catsltill, Greene co Aurora, Cayuga co Champlain, Clinton co Charlotteville, Schoharie co.... Stockton, Chautauque co Cherry Valley, Otsego co Chester, Orange co Cincinnatus, Cortland co Clarence, Erie co Clarkson, Monroe co Claverack, Columbia co Claveiack, Cohimbia co Clermont, Columbia co East Hampton, Suffolk co...... Clinton, Oneida co Clinton, Oneida co Clinton, Oneida co Brighton, Monroe co New York City West Turin, Lewis co Kinderhook, Columbia co Cooperstown, Otsego co Cooperstown, Otsego co Homer, Cortland co Cortlandville, Cortland co Cortlandville, Cortland co Coxasckie, Greene co Dansville, Livinffston co Hampton, Oneida co Delhi, Delaware co Franklin, Delaware co De Euyter, Madison co De Ruyter, Madison co Dover, Dutchess co Dundee, [Stai-koy] Yates co..., Dunkirk, Chautauque co Poughkeepaie, Dutchess co East Bloomfield, Ontario co.... New York City Ellington. Chautauque co Elmira, Chemung co Elmira, Chomung co Flatbush, Kings co Westport, Essex co Fairfield, Herkimer co Fulton, Oswego co Goshen, Orange co Fayetteville, Onondaga co Fayetteville, Onondaga co New York City Fishkill, Dutchess co Flushing, Queens co Fonda, Montgomery co Fort Covington, Franklin co.. Fort Plain, Montgomery co... Malone, Franklin co Prattsburgh, Steuben co Fredonia, Chautauque co..... Friendship, Allegany co Gaines, Orleans co Galway, Saratoga co Galway, Saratoga co Pike, Wyoming co Bethany, Genesee co Batavia, Genesee co , Lima, Livingston co Alexander, Geneseeco Geneseo, Livingston co Geneva, Ontario co Geneva, Ontario co Genoa, Cayuga co GilbertsviUe. Otsego co Glens Falls, Warren co Gloversville, Fulton CO Gouverneur, St. Lawrence co... Incorp. by Legislature. April 13, 1826 AprU2^ijl837 Mar. 24, 1820 April 25, 1831 Aprli26,*1834 Mar."28,"i8i7 April 29, 1834 Aprii"77i848 July 10, 1851 May 2, 1837 Apriil5,"i822 April 18, 1828 May 5, 1837 Incorp. hy Begents. April 23, 1835 Mar. 30, 1836 May 9, 1835 May 1, 1837 April 9,1838 May 7, 1844 May 1, 1834 May "24, 1836 May""*i'lS37 .iiiiy "9, IRsi May U. 18.15 April 16, 1827 May 13, 1845 April 21, 1831 Nov. 25, 1824 April 14, 1827 May 26,1836 April 13, 1832 May 11,1836 April 30, 1833 Mar. 10, 1827 Aprill5,1853 April 5,1828 Mar. 30, 1815 Feb. 26,1828 Mar. 4,1795 Jan. 23, 1840 Oct. 20,1853 May 16,1845 Mar. 12, 1804 Mar. Aug. Jan. July Feb. Feb. April Oct. Mar. Feb. June Feb. Nov. Feb. Mar. Feb. Feb. 1801 1842 1857 1857 1796 1844 1857 1864 1835 1839 1854 1839 1787 1826 1836 1842 1849 Mar. 13, 1797 June 14, 1854 Feb. 2, 1819 Jan. 31, 1843 Feb. 6, 1839 Jan. 14,1858 April 13, 1842 Feb. 2, 1820 Jan. 29, 1839 Jan. 30,1838 Dec. 3, 1847 Mar. 22, 1855 Feb. 1, 1792 Jan. 23, 1840 Feb. 11, Mar. 31, Oct. 20. Nov. 17, Mar. 6. Mar. 15, Feb. 5. Jan. 21, Feb. 5, April 21, 1853 1840 1853 1787 1838 1803 1839 1791 1839 1857 Provisional ichartei. Extinct. Oct. 11,1845 Oct. 20,1853 April 28, 1831 Feb. 23,1824 Feb. 23,1«30 Feb. 8, 1849 Jan. 26,1830 Jan. 29, 1839 Oct. 11,1845 Feb. 1, 1856 Jan. 8, 1857 Mar. 9, 1836 Mar. 27, 1845 Feb. 7, 1829 Mar. 29, 1813 Feb. 4, 1847 May 4, 1841 Jan. 12, 1842 Jan. 11, 1865 Feb. 19,1829 Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Provisional Charter. Provisional Charter. Provisional Charter. Extinct. Extinct. Provisional Charter. Merged in Genesee Coll. Merged In Geneva Coll. o Incorp. as "Fulton Female Seminary;" name changed to "Fulton Academy," April 11, 1842; to the "Falley Seminary of the Black River Conference," April U, 1849 ; and to the name m«oT, fi>,nvo Mnrnh .'i. IRFtT . It is now a Drivate institution. c See aflt of March 27, 1834. <* See act of March, 1836. « Incorp. as the "Livingston County High School." Name changed May 13, 1846. /Incorp. as the "Gouverneur High School." Name cnanged 132 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. Name. Incorp. }>y Legislature. Incorp. hy Eegents. RemarTcs. Grammar School Colum. Coll« Grammar School Madison TJni. Grammar School University ofCitv of New York« Gram. School of N. Y. Cen. Coll. Granville Academy Greenbush & Schodack Acad... Greenville Academy Groton Academy Half Moon Academy Hamilton Academy Hamilton Female Seminary.... Hamilton Oneida Academy Harlem Lit. & Sci. Academy... Hartwick Somina.ry Hedding Literary Institute Hempstead Institnte Hempstead Seminary Herkimer County Academy Highland Grove Gymnasium... Hobart Hall Inatltute Holland Patent Academy Holley Academy Hubbardeville Academy Hudson Academy Hudson River Agricult. Sem... Ingham Collegiate Institute*,.. Ithaca Academyc .Tamestown Acudemy Jefferson Academy Jefferson County Institute^ Johnstown Academy Jonesville Academy Jordan Academy Keepeville Academy Kinderhnok Academy Kingsborough Academy Kin-iston Academy Knoxville Academy La Fayette High School Lancaster Academy Lansingburgh Academy Laurel Bank Seminary Le Roy Female Seminary Lewiston High School Acad.... Liberty Normal Institute Literary & Sci. Inst, of Tork... Little Falls, The Academy at... Lockport Academy Lockport TTnion School Lowville Academy. Lyons Academye Macedon Academy Manlius Academy Mansion Square Female Sem.., Marion Academy Marion Collegiate Institute Mayville Academy Medina Academy Mendon Academy Afexico Academy/. Middl-ebnry Academy Millville Academy Montgomery Academy. Monticello Academy Moravia Institute Moriah Academy Mount Pleasant Academy Mount Pleasant Academy Mount Pleasant Female Sem... Monroe Academy Monroe Academy Munro Academy. Nassau Academy New Berlin Academy Newburgh Academy New Paltz Academy New Paltz Academy New Rochelle Academy Newtown Female Academy New Woodstock Academy New York Conference Sem New York Free Academj' Nevr York Free College New York City Hamilton, Madison co.. New York City McGrawville, Cortland co. Granville, Washington co East Greenbush, Rensselaer co., Greenville, Greene co Groton, Tompkins co Half Moon, Saratoga co Hamilton, Madison co Hamilton. Madison co Kirkland, Oneida co , Harlem, New York City Hartwick, Otsego co Ashland, Greene co Hempstead, Queens co Hempstead, Queens co Herkimer, Herkimer co Fishkill, Dutchess CO Holland Patent, Oneida co Trenton, Oneida co Holley, Orleans co Huhbards Corners, Madison co.. Hudson, Cohimbiaco Stockport, Columbia co Le Roy, Genesee co Ithaca, Tompkins co Jamestown. Chautauque co. Jefferson, Schoharie co Watertown, Jefferson co , Johnstown, Moutgomery co Clifton Park, Saratoga co Jordan, Onondaga co Keeseville, Clinton co Kinderhook. Columbia co Kingsborough, Fulton co Kingston. IJlater co Knox, Albany co La Fayette, Onondaga co Lancaster, Erie co Lansingburgh, Rensselaer co Deposit, Delaware CO , Le Roy, Genesee co , Lewiston, Niagara co Liberty. Sullivan co York, Livingston co Little Falls. Herkimer co Lockport, Niagara co Lockport, Niagara co...... Lowville, Lewis co Lyons, Wayne co Macedon, Wayne co , Manlius, Onondaga co Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co ,.. Marion. Wayne co Marion. Wayne co. Mayville, Chautauque co Medina, Orleans co Mendon, Monroe co Mexico. Oswego co Middlebury, Wyoming co Millville, Orleans co Montgomery, Orange co Monticello, Sullivan co Moravia, Cayuga co Moriah, Essex co Mount Pleasant, Westchester co.. Mount Pleasant, Westchester co.. Sing Sing, Westchester Henrietta, Monroe co Henrietta, Monroe co Elbridge, Onondaga co Nassau, Rensselaer co New Berlin, Chenango co Newburgh, Orange co New Paltz, Ulster co New Paltz, Ulster co New Rochelle, Westchester. Newtown, Queens co Cazenovia, Madison co Charlotteville, Schoharie co New York City New York City. Mar. 31, 1828 April 25, 1831 May 6, 1837 Jan. 24,1829 May 2, 1836 April 11,1831 Mar. 16, 1839 April 24, 1834 May 6, 1837 April 6,1852 Mar. 24, 1823 April 16, 1836 Nov. 27, 1824 May 25,1836 April 1,1850 May 4, 1R35 April 3,1824 May 9, 1837 April 23, 1836 April 10, 1849 Mar. 27, 1839 May 26,1841 Mar. 18, 1850 Mar. 29, 1837 April 11, 1842 April 13, 1835 Mar. 15, 1849 Mar. 27, 1839 April 24, 1S34 April 10, 1850 April 20, 1836 April 13, 1826 April 25,1840 Mar. 24, 1820 May 11,1835 April 12. 1833 AprU 13, 1826 Mar. 15, 1822 May 2, 1834 May 7, 1847 April 17, 1838 June 17, 1853 April 17, 1838 April 16, 1830 Feb. 27,1841 Feb. 27,1816 Jan. 29,1839 Feb. 14,1851 Feb. 23,1824 Jan. 17, 1856 Jan. 29,1793 Aug. 13,1816 Oct. 12,1854 Jan. 14,1858 Jan. 29, 1839 Feb. 11, 1840 Jan. 23, 1840 Mar. 28, 1850 Feb. 14,1850 Mar. 3,1807 Jan.' 28, 1853 Feb. 5, 1839 Jan. 22,1833 Jan. 30, 1838 Jan. 27, 1794 Oct. 26,1850 Jan. 12, 1842 Feb. 5, 1839 Feb. 19,1828 Feb. 5, 1839 Feb. 3, 1795 Feb. 15,1842 Jan. 22,1846 Feb. 8, 1796 Mar. 17, 1854 Feb. 16. 1841 April 16, 1828 Sept. 20, 1849 Oct. "17,1844 Merged in Madison Univ. Merg. in Ham. Coll., 1812. Extinct. Extinct. Merged in Ingham Univ. Merged in Public Schools. Merged in Ing. Coll. Inst. Mar Jan, 21 30 1808 184.5 Jan. 29 1839 Feb. 6 1»89 April 26 1851 Feb. h 1839 Feb. 26 1828 Jan. 26 1819 J'eli. 16 1841 Jan. 21 1791 Apri 1 1862 Jan. •a, 1840 Feb. 16, 1841 Apri 3, 1S27 Mav 10 1R38 Jnly 2.1S27 1 Heb. 7, 1843 April 23, 1839 Feb. 13, 1844 VTar. 3, 1806 >t. 11. 1845 April 29, 1836 1 I Oct. 26, 1850 >X. 31, 1849 jyiar. 24, 1864 Private School. Provisional charter. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. » See act of above date, 6 Changed to the Ingham University, April 3, 1857. « Entitled to share in Literature Fund, by act of AprU 17 <* Incorporated as the « Black River Literary and Theological Institute." Name changed May 12, 1846. » Again incorp. by statute May 7, 1840. /Incorp. as the "Rensselaer Oswego Academy." Name changed May 14, 1845. COLLEGES AND ACADEMIES. 133 Academies incorporated since VIll, continued. New York Inst. Deaf & Dumb* North Granville Female Sem... North Hebron Institute North Salem 4-cademy Norwich Academy Norwich Union Seminary Nunda Literary Institute. Ogdensburgh Academy* Olean Academy Aasociation Oneida Conference Seminary^.. Oneida Inst, of Sci. & Industry Oneida Seminary Onondaga Academy .v... Ontario Female Seminary Ontario High School Orleans Academy Oswegatchie Academy Oswego Academy Otsego Academy Ovid Academy Owego Academy Oxford Academy Oyster Bay Academy Packer Collegiate Inetitute Palmyra Academy Palmyra High School Peekskill Academy Pembroke & Darien Classical School Penfield Seminary Perry Academy Perry Center Institute Peterboro Academy Phippa Union Seminary Piermont Academy Plattsburgh Academy Pompey Academy Poughkeepsie Collegiate School Poughkeepsie Female Academy Poughkeepsie Female Seminary Prattsville Academy Preble High SchooL Princetown Academy Prospect Academy Pulaski Academy Randolph Acad. Association..... Red Creek Academy Redhook Academy Rensselaer Institute Rensselaerville Academy. Rhinebeck Academy Rlchburgh Academy Richmondville Union Seminary & Female Collegiate Inst Ridgebury Academy Riga Academy Rochester Collegiate Institute- Rochester Female Academy Rochester High School Rochester Inst. General Ednc. Rochester Inst. Practical Fduc. Rockland County Female Inst. Rogersville Union Seminary.... Rome Academy Rome Academy Royalton Center Academy Rural Academy Rushford Academy Rutger's Female Institute^. Rye Academy Sag Harbor Institute St. Lawrence Academy St Paul's College, The Propri- etors of. Sand Lake Academy Saratoga Acad. & Sci. Inst Sangerties Academy Sauquoit Academy Schaghticoke Seminary Schenectady Academy^. Schenectady Lyceum k Acad/.. Schenectady Young Ladies' Sem Schoharie Academy New York City Granville, Washington co Hebron, Washington co North Salem, Westchester co Norwich, Chenango co Norwich, Chenango co Nunda, Livingston co Ogdensburg, St. Lawrence co Oloan, Cattaraugus co Cazenuvia, Madison co Whitesboro', Oneida co Oneida, Madlsou co Onondaga, Onondaga co*. Canandaigua, Ontario co Tictor, Ontario co Orleans. Jefferson co - Ogdensburgh, St. Lawrence co.. West Oswego, Oswego *co Cherry Valley, Otsego co Ovid, Seneca co Owego, Tioga co Oxford, Chenango co Oyster Bay. Queens co Brooklyn, Kings co Palmyra, Wayne co Palmyra, Wayne co Peekskill, Westchester co. Pembroke, Darien, Genesee co.. Penfield, Monroe co Perry, Wyoming co Perry Center, Wyoming co Peterboro, Madison co Albion, Orleans CO. Piermont, Kockland co Plattsburgh, Clinton co Pompey, Onondaga co Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co Poushkeepaie, Dutchess co Poughkeepsie, Dutchess co Prattsville, Greene co Preble, Cortland co Princetown, Schenectady co Prospect, Oneida co Pulaski, Oswego co Randolph, Cattaraugus co Red Creek, Wayne co Redhook, Dutchess co Troy, Rensselaer co Rensselaerville. Albany co lihinebeck, Dutchess co Richburgh, Allegany co Richmondville, Schoharie co.. Minisink, Orange co Riga, Monroe co Rochester, Monroe co Rochester, Monroe co Rochester, Monroe co Rochester, Monroe co Rochester, Monroe co Oi-angetown, Rockland co... Rogersville. Steuben co , Rome, Oneida co Rome, Oneida co Royalton, Niagara co Montgomery, Orange co.... Rushford, Allegany co New York City Rye. WeFtchester co Sag Harbor, Suffolk co Potsdam, St. Lawrence co- Flushing. Queens co Pa'jd Lake, Rensselaer co Saratoga Springs SaugiTties, Ulster co Sanqunir, Oneida co Schaghticoke, Rensselaer co,... Schenectady, Schenectady co.. Schenectady. Schenectady co.. Schenectady, Schenectady co,. Schohnrie. Schoharie co In&yrp, hy Legislature. April 15, 1817 Mar. 16, 1837 April 20,"i836 April 6, 1825 April 14, 1825 April 6,1830 Aprii26,*1833 April 25, 1833 Apriil3*1826 Mar. 19, 1853 April 11, 1842 Mar. 28, 1829 April 16, 1838 April 6,1838 April 21, 1828 May "26,' 1836 May 10,1836 Mar. 19,1834 April 24J 1834 June 4, 1853 Mar!"27*,i839 AprU 23, 1823 May 8, 1837 April 30, 1839 April 21, 1837 Mar. 15, 1827 Aprill9,1828 April 14, 1832 April 2S, 1835 Jan. 28, 1848 April 9,1839 April 10, 1838 April 13, 1826 May 9, 1840 April "28,"i835 May "4,*is36 Mar.' 21, 1837 Mar. 22, 1837 April 28, 1837 Incorp. by Regents. Feb. 10,1854 Mar. 17, 1864 Feb. 19,1790 Feb. 14,1843 Jan. '30,"is45 Feb. 5, 1839 April 11, 1853 Jan. 29,1828 Mar. 24, 1829 July 9,1857 April 10, 1813 Jan. 29,1828 Feb. 5, 1851 Feb. 8, 1796 Jan. 26,1830 April 16, 1828 Jan. 27, 1794 Mar. 15, 1803 Jan. 11,1855 July 2,1833 Feb. 5, 1839 Oct. 8, 1857 April 7, 1S54 Jan. 31, 18J:3 Jan. 23, 1853 Feb. 11, 18J*0 Mar. 15, 1842 Mar. 4,1829 Mar. 11, 1811 Feb. 9, 1839 Feb. 28,1837 Jan. 31,1850 Oct 20,1853 Jan. 24,1851 Jan. 24,1851 Feb. 5, 1846 Feb. 23,1829 Feb. 5, 1846 Jan. 30,1845 Feb. 23,1841 AprU 12, 1850 Feb. 10,1854 Feb. 11,1840 May 11,1846 Feb. 26,1839 Feb. 5, 1839 April 19, 1831 Oct. 12, 1855 Jan. 28,1853 Mar."i5,"i849 April"l,"i852 Mar. 4, 1852 Jan. 23,1840 Jan. 20,1848 Mar. 25,1816 Feb. 19,1846 April 7,1854 April 6,1849 Jan." 29, 1793 Feb. 5, 1839 Feb. 5, 1839 Feb. 5, 1839 Extinct. Merged in Public Schools. Extinct. Provisional Charter. Provisional Charter. Became private Inst. 1855. Extinct Merged in Rochester Col- legiate Institute. Extinct Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Merged in Union Coll. 1795 « Entitled to a share of the Literature Fund by act of April 15, 1830. ^ „ , , ft Merged in the Public School System of Ogdensburgh by act of April 13, 1857. „ ^ « Incorp. as the " Seminary of the Genesee Conference ;" name changed to " Seminary of Genesee and Oneida Conference" March 24, 1829, and to the present name May 8, 1835. <* Re-incnrporated March 16, 1858. fl Revivedbyactof April 17,1818. Seealsoactof April25,1831. /Allowed to feducate females by act of March 28, 1839. 134 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Academies incorporated since 1777, continued. Schiiylerville Academy Scientific &. Military Academy of "Wosteru District Seneca Falls Academy Seward Female Seminary of Kochester Sherburne Academy Skaneateles Academy Sodus Academy Southold Academy Spencertown Academy Springville Academy S. S. Seward Institute Starkey Seminary Steuben Academy Stillwater Academy Stillwater Seminary Sullivan County Academy Susquehanna Seminary Syracuse Academy Ticonderoga Academy Troy Academy Troy Episcopal Institute Troy Female Seminarj'. Trumausburgh Academy Turin Academy Unadilla Academy Union Academy Union Academy Union Hall Union Literary Society Union Tillago Academy Utica Academy Utica Academy Utica Female Academy Vernon Academy Victory Academy Wallabout Select Gram. School of the 7th Ward in the City of Brooklyn Wallkill Academy AValton Academy Walworth Academy Wamerville Union Seminary & Female Institute Warsaw Union School "Warwick IcBtitute Washington Academy Washington Academy Washington County Seminary & Collegiate Institute'* Waterford Academy IVaterford Female Academy..., Waterloo Academy Waterloo Union School W^atertown Academy* Waverly Institute Weedsport Academy Westfield Academy West Hebron Classical School.. Westtown Academy AVest Winfteld Academy AVhitehall Academy Whitehall Academy Uhite Plains Academy. AVhitesboro' Academy Whitestown Seminary Wilson Collegiate Institute Windsor Academy Windsor Academy Yates Academy Yatea County Academy & Fe- male Seminary Yates Polytechnic Institute Schuylerville, Saratoga co.. Whitesboro', Oneidaco.... Seneca Falls, Seneca co. . Rochester, Monroe co , Sherburne, Chenango co Skaneateles, Onondaga co. Sodua, Wayne co Southold, Suffolk co Spencertown, Columbia co , Springville, Erie co ^ , Florida, Orange co Starkey, Yates co Steuben, Oneida co. Stillwater, Saratoga co Stillwater, Saratoga co Bloomingburgh, Sullivan co.... Binghamton, Broome co Syracuse, Onondaga co Ticonderoga, Essex co , Troy, Rensselaer co , Troy, Rensselaer co Troy, Rensselaer co Ulysses, Tompkins co , Turin, Lewis co , Unadilla, Otsego co , Stone Arabia, Montgomery co.., Granger, Allegany co Jamaica, Queens co , Belleville, Jefferson co Union Village, Washington co.., Utica, Oneida co Utica, Oneida co Utica, Oneida co Vernon, Oneidaco Victory, Cayuga co. Brooklyn, Kings co Wallkill, Orange co Walton, Delaware co.... Walworth, Wayne co... Warnerville, Schoharie co. .. Warsaw, Wyoming co Warwick, Orange co Salem, Washington co Warwick, Orange co Fort Edward, Washington co.. Waterford, Saratoga co Waterford, Saratoga co Waterloo, Seneca co Waterloo, Seneca co Watertown, Jefferson co Waverly, Tioga co Weedsport, Cayuga co Westfield, Chautauque co Hebron, Washington co Westtown, Oi'ange co, West Winfield, Herkimer co... Whitehall, Washington co Whitehall, Washington co White Plains^ Westchester co.. Whitesboro', Oneida co Whitesboro', Oneida co Wilson, Niagara co , Windsor, Broome co Windsor, Broome co Yates Center, Orleans co , Penn Tan, Yates co Chittenango, Madison co.. Tncorp. by Legislature. AprillT, 1826 April 27, 1837 April 5,1839 Apriil4,*1829 April 21, 1837 May 13, 1845 Mar. 19, 1827 May 7, 1847 Apriil7,"i826 April 5,1828 Aprii 28,1835 May"'5,*1834 April 13, 1839 May 6, 1837 Aprii 30,"i839 April 13, 1826 May 26,1853 April 28, 1S37 April 18, 1838 May 21,1836 May 4, 1839 May 26,1841 May 12,1841 April 28, 1834 April ii',' 1*842 May 2, 1835 ApriilsVlSSS May 5, 1837 Aprii 18,' 1839 April 20,"i839 April 19,' 1828 May 16,1837 April 17, 1828 Incorp. by Regents. Jan. 23,1840 Jan. 9, 1829 Feb. 5, 1839 Feb. 11, 1840 Jan. 23,1840 Jan. 11,1855 Dec. 3, 1847 Jan. 26, 1830 Feb. 4, 1848 Feb. 25,1848 Jan. 29,1828 Jan. 29,1839 Feb. 25, 1848 Mar. 31, 1831 April 7, 1854 Feb. 5, 1839 April 8,1858 Feb. 5, 1839 Jan. 30,1838 July 6, 1854 Ai)'r'ii' 1,1852 Mar. 31,1795 Jan. 11, 1855 Feb. 29,1792 Jan. 5, 1830 Jan. 23,1840 Mar. 14, 1814 Feb. Jeb. 5, 1839 5, 1839 Feb. 13, 1842 Feb. 10,1854 April 19, 1843 Jan. 27,1854 Jan. 11,1855 Mar. 17,1854 Feb. 15, 1791 Mar. 25, 1811 July 6, 1854 Feb. 5, 1839 Mar. 19,1819 Aug. 23, 1842 Oct. 11, 1855 Jan. 21,1858 Feb. 5, 1839 Mar. 22, 1855 Jan. 30, 1840 Feb. 14,1851 Oct'.'"'27,"i848 Jan. 26, 1830 Mar. 23, 1813 Mar. 27, 1845 Feb. 19,1846 Mar. 15,"i849 Aug. 23, 1842 Jan. 25,1830 April 11, 1853 Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. Extinct. « At first conditional. An absolute charter granted Dec. 24, 1 b Charter repealed Feb. 19, 1841 I I-iterary & Religious InsUtute. Merged in Black River PUBLIC SCHOOLS. Ample provisions have been made by the State for the establishment and support of public schools throughout its borders. To this end the whole inhabited portions of the State have been divided into convenient districts, in each of which a school is taught some portion of the year and is open to all and within the reach of all. These schools are supported in part by money derived from the State, in part by a rate bill collected from parents of children attending school, and in part by a tax upon the property of the district.' School Districts are formed and altered by school commissioners. These districts are so formed as to best accommodate all the inhabitants of the various localities and at the same time secure efficiency in school organizations. Each district has a sohoolhouse and a library. Its monetary affairs are arranged, and its officers elected, at annual meetings of all the taxable in- habitants. Its officers are trustees, a clerk, a collector, and a librarian.^ School Gommlssloners are elected in each of the Assembly districts of the State outside of the cities, and have the general supervision of schools. They examine and license teachers, visit the schools, and in every possible way endeavor to advance the general interests of education. They report annually to the State department of education. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction is the administrative officer of the school department. He has an office in the State Hall at Albany, and has a deputy and the necessary number of clerks. He hears and decides appeals from the decisions of Com- missioners, and has the general supervision of the common schools, Indian schools, the Institution for the Deaf and Dumb, and all similar institutions in the State. He is ex officio a member of the Board of Regents of the University and of the Executive Committee of the Normal School. He also apportions the school fund among the several counties and districts as the law directs. The school fund of the State, derived from a variety of sources, in 1859 yielded a revenue, of $264,500.' This sum, and the amount derived from the f mill tax, is divided among the schools as follows : — One-third is divided among the districts in proportion to the number of teachers employed, and the remaining two-thirds are distributed to the several counties in proportion to their population, and thence distributed to the districts in proportion to the number of children between the ages of 4 and 21. District lilbraries were established in 1838; and from that period to 1850, with few inter- missions, the sum of |55,000 was annually appropriated for the purchase of books. The law establishing district libraries required that 20 per cent of all the public moneys apportioned to the common schools should be applied to the purchase of library books. In 1850 the annual amount was reduced to 5 per cent. These libraries, free to every person in the district, generally comprise books on scientific and literary subjects and affijrding means of information which would otherwise be unattainable.* 1 In 1859 the amount divided by the State among the several districts was $1,316,607.18. Of this eum 81,062.107.18 was de- rived from tlie J mill State tax, and $264,500 from the interestof the common school fund. A record is kept of the attendance of each pupil, and the amount due for teachers' wages above that received from the State is assessed in proportion to tliis attendance. Cost of fiiel, repairs, and the amount of rate bills abated to indigent parents are met by a tax upon the property of the district. 2 District Meetings decide upon questions of building and re- pairing scboolhouses, furnishing them, providing fuel and facili- ties for teaching, within the limits of the law. The annual meetings for the election of officers are held on the second Tuesday of Oct. throughout the State. The Board of Trustees, consisting of 1 or 3 at the option of the district, constitute the executive officers of the district. The Trustees enpiase teachers, properly famish the schoolhouse, provide fuel, and execute the wishes of the district as expressed in the district meetings. They have also the care of the district library. Tlie Cleric preserves the records of the district and calls district meetings. ' The school fund was chiefly derived from the following sources: — .«,„„„„„ 1799, Seven-eighths of four lotteries of $100,000, aggre- ' gate * 87,600 1801, One-half of lotteries of $100,000, aggregate 60.000 1806, Proceeds of 600,000 acres of land sold. " Stock subscribed in Merchants' Bank, and in- creased in 1807 and '08. 1816, One-half of the proceeds of the Crnmhora Moun- tain Tractof 6^44i acres, amounting to 6,208 1819, One-half of the arrears of quitrents $26,690 " An exchange of Bfcurities between general and common school fund, by which the school fuud fiained 161,611 " Proceeds of escheated lands in Military Tract given. 1822, By the Constitution, all public lands, amounting to 991,669 acres, were given to the school fund. 1827, Balance of loan of 1786, amounting to 33,616 " Bank stock owned by the State 100,000 " Canal " " " " 160,000 1838, From the revenue of the United States deposit fund, annually 110,000 An additional sumfromthesamefundforlibraries 55,000 The sum of $26,000 from the revenues of the United States deposit fund is iinnually abided to the capital of the common school fund; and the capital of this fund is declared by the Con- stitution to be inviolate. Iti directing the sale of the public lands, the State reserved certain lots in the 10 Towns of St. Lawrence co. and in the Che- nango 20 Townships, for (lospel and school purposes. The pro- ceeds from the sales of these lands have formed a local fund for the benefit of the towns in which they lie. Many other towns have small funds, derived from fines and penalties, applicable to schools. See p. . 4 The following directions are given in the selection of books ; — "1. No works written professedly to uphold or attack any sect or creed in our country claiming to be a religious one shall be tolemted in the school libraries. ''2. Standard works on other topics shall not be excluded 135 136 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. Tlie State IVormal School was established in 1844, for the instruction and practice of teachers of common schools in the science of education and the art of teaching. It is supported by an annual appropriation from the literature fund, and is under the immediate charge of an executive committee consisting of the Superintendent of Public Instruction and the Regents of the University. Each county in the State is entitled to send twice as many pupils to the school as it sends members to the Assembly. The pupils receive tuition and the use of textbooks free, and also receive a small amount of mileage. The school is located at the corner of Howard and Lodge Streets, Albany.^ The law makes provision for the establishment of Union Free Schools wherever the inhabitants may desire it, and for the formation of Colored Schools in districts where the presence of colored children is offensive to a majority of the people of the district.^ Previous to the Revolution no general system of education was established. All the schools that had been founded were of a private character or the result of special legislation. The necessity and importance of common schools had not been recognized, and education was princi- pally confined to the wealthier classes. At the first meeting of the State Legislature, in 1787, Gov. Clinton called the attention of that body to the subject of education, and a law was passed providing for the appointment of the Regents of the University. In 1789 an act was passed appro- priating certain portions of the public lands for gospel and school purposes. In 1793 the Regents in their report recommended the establishment of a general system of common schools; and in 1795 Gov. Clinton in his message to the Legislature strongly urged the same.^ On the 9th of April of that year a law was passed "for the purpose of encouraging and maintaining schools in the several cities and towns in this State, in which the children of the inhabitants of the State shall be instructed in the English language, or be taught English grammar, arithmetic, mathe- matics, and such other branches of knowledge as are most useful and necessary to complete a good English education." By this act the sum of £20,000, or $50,000, was annually appropriated for 5 years for the support of these schools.* The beneficial result of this system, imperfect as it was, became at once apparent ; and from time to time measures were taken to increase the funds and to improve the system.^ The successive Governors nearly all strongly recommended the passage of new laws for the encouragement and support of schools f but nothing definite was accomplished until 1811, when 5 commissioners were because they incidentally and indirectly betray the religious opinions of their authors. " 3. Works, avowedly on other topics, which abound in direct and mireserved attacks on, or defense of, the character of any relig:ious sect, or those which hold up any religious body tocon- tempt or execration by singling out or bringing togetiier only the darker parts of its history or character, shall be excluded from the school libraries. In the selection of books for a dis- trict library, information, and not mere amusement, is to be rejjardefl as the primary object. Suitable provision should, howtver. be made for the intellectual wants of the young, by furnishing thorn with books which, without being merely juvenile in their character, may be level to their comprehension and sufficiently entertaining to excite and gratify a taste for reading. It is useless to buy books which are not read." — Code of Public IriRt., 1856, p. 326. 1 Mitlps are admitted at 18 and females at 16 years of age; and upon entering each one is required to sign a pledge that he intends to become a teacher of common schools. The num- ber of graduates up to the close of the thirteenth year, 1856-57, was 9'')9, and the number of pupils at that time was 223. The schoi'l for several years occupied the building near the head of State Street, now known as " Van Vechten Hall.'' In 1848 the presi'nt building was erected, at a cost of S25,000. The experi- mental school tansht by the graduating class numbers some- what over 100 pupils. These pay tuition, and are elected or appo'nted by the Executive Committee. '^ UniKr the Uninn Free School law a large number of schools havn b'en established in different parts of the State. These schoLils are supported by a direct tax upon the property of the district, and the rate bill system is discarded. Free schools are established in all the cities and in most of the larger village.s in the State by special laws. In most cases the free schools are graded, and romprise 3 or 4 distinct departments, furnishing initructiou from the primary to a full academic course. Being entirely free and within the reach of all, they afford to every chilli, regardless of his position in life, an opportunity to secure a thorough English education. These free schools rank among the best public schools in the country; and they have thus far proved superior to those in which the rate bill system is re- tained. 3 In his message Governor Clinton uses the following lan- guage —"While it is evident that the general establishment and liberal endowmput of academies are highly to be com- mended and ai-6 attended with the most beneficial consequences, yet it cannot be denied that they are principally confined to the children of the opulent, and that a gieat portion of the commu- nity is excluded from their immediate advantages. The esta- blishment of common schools throughout the State is happily calculated to remedy this inconvenience, and will therefore en- gage your early and decided consideration." 4 The principal features of the system inaugurated by this act were as follows: — 1. The public money was to be appropriated to the several counties in the proportion of their representation in the Legis- lature, and to the towns in proportion to the number of taxable inhabitants in each. 2. The Boards of Supervisors were required to raise by tax one-half as much as they received from the State. 3. Each town was to elect not less than 3 nor more than 7 commissioners, to take general charge of the schools, to examine teachers, and to apportion the public moneys in the several dis- tricts. 4. The people in each district were authorized to elect 2 of more trustees, to employ teachers, and to attend to the special interests of the school. 5. The public money was to be divided among the various districts in proportion to the number of days' instruction given in each. 6. Annual reports were to be made from the districts, towns, and counties. The returns of 1798 show a total of 1,352 schools organized and 59,660 children taught. 6 An act was passed in 1799 authorizing the raising of $100,000 by 4 lotteries, S^7,500 of which was appropriated forthe support of common schools. In 1801 $100,000 more was raised by lottery for school purposes, of which sum $50,000 was devoted to com- mon schools. In 1800 a bill appropriating $50,000 to the sup- port of common schools passed the Assembly, but was defeated in the Senate. « Gov. Jay, in 1800, Gov. Geo. ainton, in 1802, Gov. Lewis, in 1804 and '05, and Gov. Tompkins, in several successive years, urged upon the Legislature the necessity of revising the school laws and of making more liberal appropriations for the support of schools. Several bills were introduced into the Lefjislkture ; but they were all defeated in either the S^'nate nr Assembly. In the moan time the school moneys gradually increased, and were funded by the Comptroller, laying the foundation of thepresent large school fund. PUBLIC SCHOOLS. 137 appointed to report a complete system for the organization and establishment of common schools. The commissioners made a report, accompanied by a draft of a bill, Feb. 14, 1812. The report was accepted by the Legislature, and the bill became a law.^ Under this act, Gideon Hawley was ap- pointed Superintendent, and continued in office from 1813 to 1821. The great success which this system met with, and the firm hold which it speedily attained, is mainly due to the administrative abilities and indefatigable exertions of Mr. Hawley. Several important changes were made in the law during his administration, all of which tended greatly to improve the schools. In 1821 the office of State Superintendent was abolished, and the superintendence of schools was made an ap- pendage to the department of Secretary of State. Every successive year the Governor and Secre- tary of State urged upon the Legislature the necessity of systematizing the schools and of correcting obvious defects in the existing laws.' In 1835 a law was passed providing for the esta- blishment of teachers' departments in 8 academies, 1 in each of the Senatorial Districts of the State.^ In 1838 the District Library system was eatablished by law ;* and in 1841 the office of County Su- perintendent was created.^ In 1843 the Board of Town Inspectors and School Commissioners was abolished and the office of Town Superintendent was substituted. May 7, 1844, an act was passed for the establishment of a State Normal School ; and the school was opened at Albany on the 18th of Dec. following.^ On the 13th of Nov. 1847, the Legislature abolished the office of County Superintendent, — al- though the act was strongly resisted by many of the best friends of education in the State.'' During the same session Teachers' Institutes, which had existed for several years as voluntary associa- tions, were legally established.^ On the 26th of March, 1849, an act was passed establishing free schools throughout the State. By the conditions of this act the rate bill system was abolished, and the whole expense of the schools beyond the State appropriation was made a tax upon the property of the district. This act was submitted to a vote of the people and was sustained by a majority of 3 to 1. In consequence of the inequality of the laws in regard to taxes, it was found that the Free School system did not work well in practice. Kemonstrances poured in upon the next Legislature from all parts of the 1 These commisBionera, appointed by Gov. Tompkins, were Jedediah Peck, Joho Murray, jr., Samuel l\ussel, Koger Skin- ner, and Samuel Macomb. The principal features of this bill ■were, — 1. $50,000 was annually to be divided among the counties of the State. 2. The Boards of Supervisors were obliged to raise an equal sum, to be distributed among the towns and districts. 3. Tliree commissioners were to be appointed in each town to superintend the schools and examine teachers. 4. Three trustees were to be elected in each district to engage teachers and otherwise provide for the local necessities of the school. 5. The whole system was to be placed under the charge of a State Superintendent. 2 In 18 — the office of School Inspector was created, and three school inspectors were annually elected in each town, with the same powers and duties as school conimiasioners. Bills were introduced from time to time to place the whole system again under the charge of a distinctive officer, to provide tor more efficient supervision of schools, to secure more competeut teachers, and to establish a seminary for the instruction of teachers ; but they all fe-iled of receiving the necesj-ary support. The laws that were passed corrected the most obvious abuses; but no great step was taken in advance until 183S. 3 Erasmus Hail Academy in Kings co., Montgomery Aca- demy, Orange co., Kinderhook, St. Lawrence, Jairtield, Oxford, Canandaigua, and Middlebury Academies, were the institutions in which this department was established. 4 On the 13th of April of this year, the foundations of the District School Library were laid by "an act authorizing the taxable inhabitants of the several school districts to impose a tax not exceeding $20 for the first year and §10 for each suc- ceeding year, for the purchase of a district library, consisting of such books as they shall in their district meeting direct." This bill was ably advocated in the Senate by Col. Young, of Ha- ratoga, and the Hon. Levi Beardsley, of Otsego; and its friends were indebted for its success to the untiring exertions and ex- tensive influence of James Wadsworth, of Oeneseo,— an eminent philanthropist, who lost no opportunity to aid by his ample wealth and enlightened intellect every means by which the menUl and moral advancement of the youth of the State might be promoted. In 1838 an act was passed requiring 1555,000 of the school moneys to be distributed among the school districts and ex- pended by the trustees in the purchase of suitable bouks for district libraries, aoi the residue for the paymt^nt of the wages of duly qualified teachers. An equal amount was also required to he raised by taxation on the several counties and towns and applied to the same purposes. The first definite proposition to establish district libraries was made by A. U. l^lagg, in his report of IbSO. 5 In 1S39, John 0. Spencer, buperiutendeiit of Schools, recom- mended a plan of couuiy supevvidion. which " was urged upon the department and the Legislature; and under the saong re- commendation of the Supeiintendent, backed by the exertions of several of the most eminent Irienda of popuUr education, — among whom may be enumei'ated the lion. JabezD. lliimmund, who as early as 1»35 had given to the public the details of a plan essentially simihir; the Kev. Dr. W Litehouse, of lioch- ester ; i'rancis Uwigbt, Esq., editor of the iJistrict bchool Jour- nal, then ul Ueueva; Professor Potter, of Union College; and James Wadswurih, Esq., of (Jeneseo, — this project became, in lb41, by the nearly unanimous action of the Legislature, incor- porated with our system of common schools."' — HanUaU's CoTti- vmn Sc/iool System, p. 44. 8 The establishment of a Normal School for the professional education of teachers was strongly advocated by tjeveral buper- inteudents, and had been a favorite measure of many distin- guished friends of the cause for many years. The bill tor the establishment of the Normal fcchool was introduced March 22, 1844, by Hon. Calviu T. Hurlburd, of tet. Lawrence. The bill, as passed, appropriated $9,600 fur the first year, and $10,000 per year for five years, for tJje suppoit of the ecliool, uuder the di- rection of the State Superintendent and Kegents of the Uni- versity. The Superintendent of Schools, (Samuel Young,) Kev. Alonzo Potter, liev. W. 11. Campbell, llou. Gideon Hawky, and irancis Dwight, Esq., were appointed an executive committee to attend to the interests of the school. The comniiitee pro- ceeded to organize the school by the appointment of David P. Page, Principal; Frederick I, Ilsley, Teacher of Music; and J, a. Howard, Teacher of Brawing. Only 29 pupils were in at- tendance the first day; but the number speedily increased to 100, and since that time the school has been an uuinterrupted success. J This office had become very unpopular in some sections of the ttate, in consequence of appoiniments having been fre- quently made by the Board of Supervibore upcjn political con- siderations merely, without the least regard to the qualifica- tions of the appointees. Under the supervision of the County Superintendenis the schools had progreshcd more rapidly than ever before, in the Siime period ; and after the abolishment of that office they steadily retrograded for several yeais. « The first Teachers Institute in the State was held at Ithaca, Tompkins co.,\April 4, 1843, under the diiection of James S. Dennian, County Superintendent. Immediately afterward, in- &titutis were held in other counties; and in a lew .^e;^rs they became a txed institution. Inlti47 they were recognized by the Legislature, and appropriations were made tor their sup- port. 138 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. State ; and in 1850 the law was again submitted to a vote Of the people and again sustained, — though bj a decreased majority. In April, 1851, the Free School Act was repealed and the rate bill system was reinstated.^ During the session of 1853 a law was passed allowing Union Free Schools to be established under certain conditions.^* On the 30th of March, 1854, the office of Superintendent of Public In- struction was created, — thus substantially restoring the original system of general supervision.^ On the 13th of April, 1855, a law was passed allowing the Regents of the University to designate certain academies in the several counties in which a teachers' class might be taught free, the State allowing SIO for each pupil so taught, to a number not exceeding 20 in each academy. 1^ At the time of the repeal of the Free School acta provision was mjide for raising $80i.i,000 annually by a State tax, which in niLiny of the rural districts practically made free schools. This tiix was afterward made a ^ mill tax upon all the property of the .^tiite. producing a sum somewhat larger in the aggregate, and one increasing with the wealth and wants of the State. 2 Tlie law for the creation of Union Vree Schools was a recog- nition of the free school principle and an important step in the progress of education. 8 While the School Department was a subordinate branch of the Department of State, it was impossible to give to it that character and efficiency necessary to the best interests aud wel- fare of the schools. Since the change, every department of edu- cation haa felt a new impulse and has been constantly improv- ing. The administration of the schoolg has beeu much more perfect, the reports have been more regular and reliable, and the standard of teaching haa materially advanced. School Statistics from the Report of the Superintendent of Public Instruction for 1859. Albany AUegmy .... Broome Cattaraugus... Caynga- Chautnuque... Chemung , Chenango Clinton Columbia Cottland Del;iware Dutchess Erie Essex Franklin Fulton Genesee Greene Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Lewis , Livingston..., Madison Monroe MontfTOmery . New York Niagara , Onpida , Onondaga. Ontario Orange , OrlLMUs Oswego Otst'go Putnam , Queens Rei'sselaer .... Richmond .... Rockland , St. Lawrence Sarntoga Schenectady.. Schoharie Schuyler , Seneca. Steuben Suffolk Sul'ivan Tiuga Tomplcins Ulster Warren Wsi-hington.. Wayne Westche-iter . Wyoming .... Yates Total ■s •s"? 'a ^1 ^1 170 169 243 262 259 262 211 214 221 253 266 255 248 247 278 305 307 318 114 116 127 271 277 286 182 182 189 187 1S8 199 182 182 183 332 337 337 218 217 2+7 326 327 497 180 187 182 156 167 166 110 111 113 146 151 161 163 164 172 28 33 29 198 19B 203 373 376 398 47 47 355 176 178 179 193 196 207 238 239 264 244 244 336 120 126 129 96 96 1,360 171 163 197 39T 408 458 297 296 369 207 201 224 184 179 201 134 132 143 298 297 344 319 320 320 65 65 68 76 76 111 199 210 273 24 24 38 39 41 43 464 464 482 267 230 245 63 68 83 203 203 204 112 112 112 104 102 117 360 365 364 148 150 161 169 163 163 159 169 166 166 165 183 219 223 231 130 132 123 238 241 247 219 219 252 169 148 211 191 189 197 106 106 110 1 1.6r.O 11.617 14,286 No. of chil- dren between 4 and 21. 39,569 16.411 13,510 16,121 19,438 19,935 10,611 11747 18,327 16,503 9,261 15 696 21,446 60,773 11,4110 11,299 10 561 10,641 11689 1,046 14.136 26.767 60,772 10,358 14,055 15,654 34,370 12,033 200,000 18,051 38,465 32.478 15,375 21,661 10.614 27,248 18.0-27 6,489 17,058 28,372 8,133 6,939 31.219 18,145 7,281 12,024 7,108 10,164 25,717 16.192 12,280 10,874 11,993 26.758 7,812 16,296 17,052 27,738 12.072 7,636 No. of vol- umes in dis- trict library. .Apportionment of State moneys for 1869. 27,018 20,196 17,311 20,869 46,109 33,260 11,671 31,941 18,203 21,719 18,588 28.076 33,916 46,445 17,893 11,868 12,308 17.842 21.061 1.464 24,676 41,636 37,529 15,628 28,010 30,446 36,518 18,048 4.000 23,764 64,588 44,978 27.248 82,929 16,082 31,311 35 009 9.064 23.023 30.382 7,025 9,.365 42,898 31,228 9,537 22,578 13,092 16,347 32,010 23.999 12,619 17 872 21.088 32,632 9,896 30,743 26.240 31,803 2,5,114 12,170 $34,766.46 18,443,07 16,680.38 17,869.93 21,647.28 22.937.75 10,727.63 18,622.61 16,418,91 17.196.20 11,686.07 19.703.21 22.672,83 49,419,62 12.252.48 11.126 18 9,236.79 12.312.75 12.793.84 1.616.11 15,766 92 28,161,96 68.798.02 11,580.04 16,664,48 18,480,01 34,972,62 11,619.21 207,332 95 18,106.71 41.891 72 33.261.15 17,391,78 21,131.10 11,302,71 28,162,08 21,994.48 6,319.28 16.261.77 28,962.64 6,617.81 6,311,17 33,173,93 19,624.40 7,394.20 14.606.51 7.912.37 9,968.53 26.672.33 16,123.09 12.004.20 11.737.21 13,272.69 24.249.37 8.832 63 18:626.88 19,301.57 26,908.02 13.921.49 8,263.32 $1,316,607.18 Total receipts. $122,068.91 28,818.51 24,123.23 27,601.80 48.636.41 40,786.66 19,119.92 29,311.34 23,629.05 34,767.79 17,266,64 28,757,16 46,222.93 138,417.98 19,337.32 15,637,73 14,102.19 23,487.48 22,016.69 2,106.87 27,366.26 49,186.46 246,461.75 17.348.67 26,662,77 31,694.17 112,104.41 23.430.67 961,178.40 37,950.86 72,376.16 80,114.64 36,443.60 53,077.70 19,289.66 72,476.06 32,171.15 9,103.17 42,606.25 14,029.12 16,871.63 12,295.09 68,331.46 34,626.32 17,979,08 21,844.73 13.628,71 24,109.69 42,912.11 38,766,60 19,238.68 19,627.49 24.286.06 43,763.04 12,963.77 31.963.60 37,833.48 84,648.40 21,756.20 19,089.09 $3,277,265.14 Total expenses. $124,673.71 32,258.36 27,629.65 33,362.17 69,294.50 45,440,26 20,568.93 32.606.47 26,198.33 36.898.14 20,937.05 33,603.46 61,889,61 197,466.83 21,271.85 20,802.87 18,713.68 28,726.57 27,027.94 2,364.82 33,633.20 68,063,32 230,877.31 19,408.64 34,072.68 34,847.48 107,480,57 23,430.67 951,178.40 37,960.86 72,376.15 80,114.54 36,443.60 63,077.70 19,239,56 72,476.06 32,171.16 9,103.17 42,606.29 14,029.12 16,871,53 12,296.09 58,331.45 17,979.08 21,844.73 13,628.71 21.109.69 421912.11 38,755.50 19,238.68 19,627.49 24,285.06 43,763.01 14,063.80 36,966.24 45,994.11 96,166.04 27,744.76 16,417.96 $3,792,948.79 CHURCHES. 139 The office of School Commissioner was created by law April 12, 1856, and by the same act the office of Town Superintendent was abolished. This substantially reinstated the office of County Superintendent, the abolishment of which in 1847 was so disastrous to the interests of education.^ On the 15th of March, 1856, an act was passed directing that the school laws should be digested and codified. 2 By act of April 12, 1858, the school year was changed so as to commence Oct. 1, and the annual district school meetings were directed to be held on the second Tuesday of Oct. annually. Mercantile Colleg'es, especially adapted to instruction in opening, conducting, and closing business accounts of every kind, and an elucidation of the laws and customs that have been esta- blished concerning them, have within a few years been opened in most of our cities. They de- pend entirely upon individual enterprise for support, and instruction is usually given by oral illus- trations, lectures, and examples.' CHURCHES. The various church organizations in the State are independent of each other and are supported entirely by private contributions. The aggregate amount of church property in the State, and the amount annually raised for religious purposes, is immense. The following is a list of the different denominations, arranged in alphabetical order: — The African Metliodist Episcopal (Zion) Churcli vras formed in 1820. The State of New York forms one conference, having in 1852 1,928 members. Tlie American IS'fi'edenbor^an Association was formed in 1857, and has its ofl&ce in New York City. A Printing and Publishing Society of this denomination, formed in 1850, collected in the year ending in 1858 $3,108.25. It owns the stereotype plates of all the theological writings of Swedenborg. The Anti Mission or Old School Baptist, in 1855, had in the State 18 churches and 1,101 members. The Associate Presbyterian Church, in 1855, had 26 churches and 3,926 members. This church belongs to the Associate Synod of North America. The Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church has 38 churches and 5,634 members. The Baptist Church has in the United States 565 associations, 11,600 churches, 7,141 ordained ministers, 1,025 licentiates, and 923,198 members. Of these 43 associations, 812 churches, 738 ordained ministers, 90 licentiates, and 84,266 members are in New York. Its general Benevo- lent Associations are the "American Baptist Missionary Union," "American Baptist Publication Society," "American Baptist Historical Society," "American Baptist Home Mission Society," "American and Foreign Bible Society," " American Baptist Foreign Mission Society," " Southern Baptist Convention," 1845, and "Southern Baptist Publication Society," 1847. It has in this State 2 colleges and 2 theological seminaries, and has 5 periodicals devoted to its interests.* 1 The School Commissioaera have generally succeeded in awakening a new interest in their respective districts by per- sonally visiting the schoolB and teachers, by encouraging the formation of teachers' associations and institutes, and by re- quiring a higher standard of qualification on the part of teachers. The pchools under their supervision are steadily improving. 2 The expense of this codification of the school laws was de- frayed from the library fund. 8 These institutions are almost indispensable in every mer- cantile community. They afford instruction upon every depart* ment of business accounts, and iocldentally upon methods of conducting business generally. Courses of lectures are usually given, in which are unfolded the laws relating to all business matters, and a vast amount of information is given relating to all departments of commercial transactions. The moat exten- sive of these colleges are thoae of Bryant & Stratton, 7 in num- ber, of which 3 are in this State,— 1 at Buffalo,! at Albany, and 1 at New York,— Eastman's Colleges, at Rochester and Oswego, and Baasett'fl College, at Syracuse. There are various other institutions of the kind in the State, of good local repute, and of great value to the villages and towns in which they are es- tablished. * TJie Missionary Union was formed in 1814; its receipts for 1857-58 were $97,808.77. It has 19 missions, 80 missionaries, and over 300 churches. The headquarters of the Society are at Boston. The Baptist Publication Society was foi-med in 1824, and has its depository at Philadelphia. It supports 63 colpor- teurs, and its receipts for 1857-58 were $60,585.12. The Amer- ican Baptist Home Missionary Society was formed in 1832, and has its oflBce in New York. It employs 99 missionaries and supplies about 250 stations. Its receipts for 1857-58 were $52,093.33. Tfie American and Foreign Bible Society, formed in 1838. has its office at New York. Its receipts for 1857-58 were $57,049.98. Madison University, at Hamilton, and the University of Rochester are Baptist institutions; and attached to each is a theological seminary. The papers published by this denomi- nation are, — The New York Examiner, New York Chronicle, American Baptist, (newspapers,) and the Home Mission Record, and Mothers' Journal, (magazines,^ all published in New York City 140 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER Tlie Christian Connexion^ divide the State into the New York Eastern, New York Central, New York Western, Northern, Black River, and Tioga Christian Conferences, each having distinct boundaries. Thej have in the U. S. and Canada over 1,500 ministers and 335 commu- nicants. The census reports 85 churches in this State and 9,825 persons usually attending them. The Congregational Cliurclies of the Union number about , with ministers and members. Of these churches, ministers and memoers, are claimed within the State of New York.^' The Cong'reg'ational Methodists^ were first composed of seceders from the Methodist Episcopal Church, in 1820. They have 3 churches in the State. The Disciples of Christ have in the Union over 1,700 churches, 1,100 ministers, and 130,000 members.* In New York they reported, in 1855, 28 churches and 2,015 members. The New York State Convention embraces, besides the State, parts of Connecticut and Vermont. The dvang'elical liUtheran Church embraces 35 synods in the U. S., of which 25 are connected with a general synod. It numbers 1,083 ministers and 1,920 congregations,^ and has of general societies the Parent Educational, Home Missionary, Foreign Missionary, Church Extensinn, Lutheran Historical, and Lutheran Publication, for the purposes indicated by their respective titles. It has within this State a Theological Seminary and Academy at Hartwick, Otsego county, and Martin Luther College, with a theological department, at Buffalo. The Free "Will Baptist Church in the U. S, has 28 yearly and 129 quarterly meetings, 1189 churches, 957 ordained and 164 licensed preachers, and 55,209 communicants.^ This State comprises 5 whole yearly meetings and parts of 2 others. As no attention is paid to State lines The Fifty-First Annual Report of the Baptist Missionary Convention of the Ptate of New York (Oct. 185S) gives the fol- lowing statistics of this denomination in New York. The dates of organization ai-e from the Baptist Almanac : — Associations. Black River Broome &, Tioga Buffalo Canisteo Kiver Cattaraugus Cayuga Chemung Kiver Chenango Cortland Deposit Dutchess Erie Essex & Champlain... Franklin Genesee Genesee River Harmony Hudson River North, Hudson River South., Lake George Livingston Madison Mohawk River Monroe New York Niagara Oneida Onondaga Ontario , Orleans Oswego Otsego Rensselaerville Saratoga Seneca Stephentown Steuben St, Lawrence Union Washington Union ... Wayne Worcester Yates .". 1 S ■9? -c .S-s IS s o g o^ 1808 32 35 1823 25 19 1815 21 21 1835 10 9 1835 23 18 1800 19 17 1842 20 17 1832 29 21 1827 19 18 ISn-t 15 11 1834 20 19 1847 19 13 1834 14 7 1811 17 12 1811 17 16 1828 15 13 1838 20 16 1861 29 21 1S61 41 67 1809 11 10 1812 10 8 1808 19 18 1837 10 9 1827 24 19 1791 35 33 1824 14 12 1820 23 28 1822 21 17 1814 19 19 1843 11 9 1832 16 13 1795 17 16 1799 12 11 1805 23 25 1821 15 13 1832 12 10 1817 19 21 1813 23 20 IRIO 15 16 1834 23 18 .1834 16 13 1830 17 12 1842 8 6 ^ 2 958 2.756 2,612 381 1,634 2,106 1,866 2,671 2,188 992 1,738 1,344 1,079 1.702 1,908 1,436 1,868 4.986 9,013 646 693 2.290 731 3,066 6.532 1.563 2,.'i49 1.866 1,644 1,061 1.670 1,398 1,372 3,268 1,797 1,139 2.149 2.168 2.2S2 3.(191 1.723 1,286 804 1 Otherwise nivmed "Unitarian Baptists." They ori'^inatecl between 1793 and 1801, in secessions from Baptists, Methodists, and PresbyteT-iKns. Each church is independent in Eovernment • and full statistics are not accessible. ' 2 Tlif. General Associatim of New Tm-Jc includes the Oneida, Blacli Kiver, Essex, St. Lawrence, Western New Yoric Long Island, New York, & Brooklyn, Ontario, Susquehanna, Albany, and Puritan of Wynming & Allegany Associations. The Ameri- can Congregational Union has for its object the aid of feeble churches. In the year ending in 1868 it expended $6,154.05 for this purpose. 3 Otherwise known as "StifweUites" 4 Sometimes known as " Caniphellites," from Rev. Alexander Campbell, the founder. — Fox (£: HayVs Quad. yieg,y 1852,^. 263. ^ From the Lutheran Almanac, 1859. The synods embraced in New York are as follows : — Synods. When formed. Ministers. Cmgrer - gations..^ New York Ministeiiau 1785 1830 1838 1839 69 25 24 16 55 33 SO 16 Of these the last two are not connected with the General Synod. These synods have no definite boundaries, but overlap each other, and in some instances extend into neighboring States. The Kirchliches Informatnrium and Historische Zeitblatt, of Buffalo, and Der Lutheiischo Herold, of New York, are the oflBcial organs of this denomination. 6 The Free Will Baptist Register for 1859 gives the following statistics. To those extending partly into neighboring States a star is prefixed; and those entirely out of the State are in ANNUAL M&ETINQS. Holland Pui^ chase *Susquehanna... *New York and- Penn. St. Lawrence Union Central N.Y QUAUTERLT M£ETINaS. Cattaraugus, Catta- raugus Center, Chautanque,Erie, ♦French Creek, and Genesee . 'Rochester, Monroe," Union, Wayne, - Freedom '*Owego, Gibson^ Spafford, *Wal- ton Yates and Steuben, '^Potter Co.,Brad- fnrd and Tioga, *Tuscarora Lawrence, Jefferson.... iMcDonouffh, Che-l nango, Otselic j Whitestown. Os-*^ we;.'0, Rensse- laer, Lake George. 40 5^ 2,170 1,666 1,262 826 2,163 CHURCHES. 141 ip these divisions, the exact numbers in the State cannot be determined from the reports. Its general institutions are 3 mission societies, an anti-slavery society, a biblical school and insti- tution at New Hampton, N. H., and a seminary in this State. The Friends or Quakers have, since 1827, been divided into 2 distinct branches, known as " Hicksite" and " Orthodox." The Hicksites have a general meeting for the United States and Canada, which is divided into 6 yearly, 33 quarterly, and 138 monthly meetings in the U. S., and 2 half-yearly and 6 monthly meetings in Canada. This State is embraced vrithin the New York and the Genesee yearly meetings, the former of which extends into New Jersey and the latter into Canada. There are of the New York yearly meeting in this State 7 quarterly and 31 monthly meetings ; of the Genesee yearly meeting 2 quarterly and 8 monthly meetings. The Orthodox Friends divide the United States and Canada into 8 yearly, 1 half-yearly, 65 quarterly, and 222 monthly meetings. The New York yearly meeting comprises 1 half-yearly, 15 quarterly, and 43 monthly meetings, of which 9 entire and a part of 1 other quarterly and 28 monthly meetings are within the State, the remainder being in adjoining States and Canada.^ The German Methodists^ originated in the year 1800, and number about 20,000. They have in New York about 15 churches and 3,000 members. The Mennonites have in the Union 300 churches and 36,280 members: of these, 6 churches and 442 members were reported in Western N. Y. in 1855. The Methodist Episcopal €hurch in the United States was divided in 1844 into the Church North and the Church South, forming two independent organizations, differing only upon the question of slavery. The Church North embraces 49 annual conferences, 5,365 traveling, 769 superannuated, and 7,169 local preachers, and 820,514 members and probationers. The total number of preachers in both divisions is 20,644, and of members 1,476,291. This State embraces 5 entire and parts of 4 other conferences, which are subdivided into districts and cir- cuits, each vrith definite boundaries. The Sunday School Union of the ,M. E. Church North re- ports 11,229 schools, 120,421 officers and teachers, 639,120 scholars, and 2,054,253 volumes in S. S. libraries. Its Tract Society has auxiliaries in each conference, and distributes large quantities of tracts and a small paper called " The Good News." Its Missionary Society supports 44 foreign mis- sionaries and 76 helpers, and 302 missionaries and 214 helpers among the Indians and foreign populations. Its " Book Concern" carries on an amount of publication equaled by that of few private firms in the country, including books, papers, and magazines. This denomination has within the State 1 college and 10 seminaries, in connection with annual conferences.' The Methodist Protestant Church was formed Nov. 1830. It divides the Union into conferences, stations, and circuits. The census reports as belonging to this denomination in this State, in 1855, 46 churches and 1,605 members. The Presbyterian Church existed as one body until 1837, when it was divided into "Old School" and " New School," which form two distinct organizations, with similar professions of faith but different views of discipline. The Old School General Assembly of the U. S. report 33 synods, 159 presbyteries, 2,468 ministers, 3,324 churches, and 259,335 communicants. During The misaionary societies under the charge of this society are the Free Will Baptist Foreign Mission Society, which supports 3 missionaries and their families at Arissa, India, the Free Will Baptist Home Mission Society, and the Free Will Baptist Female Missionary Society. The Whiteslown Seminary, occu- pying the premises erected for the Oneida Institute, formerly a manual labor school, is under the auspices of this denomination. 1 The names of quarterly meetings within the State, with the number of monthly meetings in each, according to Foulke's Primds' Almanac for 1868, are, in the iNew York yearly meet- ing, Westbury, 6, Purchase, 3, Nine Partners, 3, Stanford, 4, Easton, 6, Saratoga, 6, Duanesburgh, 6; in the Genesee yearly meeting, Farmington, 5, Scipio, 3. The quarterly meetings within the yearly meeting, according to yfboas Book of Meetings, 1868, are as follows, with the date of establishment and number of monthly meetings in each: — Westbury, (1676,) 2; Purchase, (prior to 1746,) 3; Nine Part- ners. (1783,) 3; Stanford, (1800,) 3; Ferrisburgh, (partly in Ver- mont, 1809,) 1; in New York, 2; in Vermont, Farmington, (1810,) 5 ; Butternuts, (1812, under the name of Duanesburgh, changed in 1838,) 3; Saratoga, (1793, in 1795 changed to Easton, in 1815 divided into Saratoga and Baston, and in 1835 the latter was discontinued,) 3; Scipio, (1825,) 2; Le Ray, (1830,) 3. The first meeting within New York was established at Oyster Bay, by Richard Smith and others who were banished from Boston in 1666. The persecutions of that colony drove others to Rhode Island and Long Island, and meetings were established at Oys- ter Bay, Gravesend, Jamaica, Hempstead, Fiushiog, and other plai es, at an early period. 2 Oorrrotly known as Evangelical Association, or Albrights. 8 The following is a summary of the Conferences in New York. Those marked with a star are partly in other States. New York Genesee Oneida *Troy Black River *Bri6 East Genesee *New York East ♦Wyoming 1810 1829 1833 1836 1836 1848 1849 18.52 Preachers. Members m Society. ^ 26.666 9,611 16,380 22,990 16,972 20,306 16,861 22,236 11,662 4,477 1,133 2.134 .%382 3,128 2,607 2,267 3,029 2,485 31,143 10,644 18,514 26,372 20,100 22,913 19,118 26.266 14,137 ^^ 16,245 3,883 108 11,632 3,542 6,445 4,693 27,289 3,225 The districts within the State of New York forming the above Conferences are ; — New rbWo-Poughkeepsie, Ehinebeck, Prattsville, Monticello, N. Y. German Mission, Rochester, and German Mis- sion. 142 NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. the year ending May, 1858, $2,544,692 was raised for various religious and benevolent objects. Its general objects of promotion and extension are conducted by Boards ; and it has various funds for special objects. The State of New York embraces the greater part of 3 synods.' The li'ew Scliool Presbyterian General Assembly of the United States reports 26 synods, 114 presbyteries, 1,595 ministers, 1,679 churches, and 139,115 communicants. During the year ending , $ was raised for domestic and foreign missions, education, and publication. It has several committees for the promotion of its general objects, and has in this State 2 theological seminaries and several periodicals.^ The Primitive lUethodists have 2 churches and about 500 members in this State. They have in the Union over 1,200 members. The Protestant Episcopal Church embraces in the Union 31 dioceses and 4 mis- sions, 1,995 parishes, 39 bishops, 1,979 clergymen, and 127,953 communicants. Total contribu- tions for missionary and charitable purposes, $1,265,642.96. Its general institutions are the "Gene- ral Theological Seminary," New York, the "Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society," the " General Protestant Episcopal Sunday School Union and Church Book Society," the " Protestant Episcopal Historical Society," the " Western Church Extension Society," and the " Prot. E. So- ciety for the Promotion of Evangelical Knowledge." The Diocese of New Yorit* embraces all e. of the e. lines of Broome, Chenango, Madi- son, Oneida, Lewis, and Jefferson cos., and comprises 275 parishes, 321 clergymen, and 22,411 communicants. Genesee — Buffalo, Niagara, Genesee, Wyoming, and Olean, Oneida — Oneida, Chenango, CortI;ind. Auburn, and Cazenovia. Troy — Troy, Albany, Saratoga, Plattsburgh, and 3 in Vt. Black River — Rome, Syracuse, Oswego, Adams, Watertown, Ogdensburgh, and Putsdam. Erie — rredonia. The remainder in Ohio and Penn. East Genesee. — Geneva, Rochester, West Kochester, Bath, Corn- ing, Elmira. and Lima. New Tork Ea^t — New York, (B. district,) Long Island, and 2 io Conn. Wyoming — Binghamton and Owego, in part; the remainder in Penn. The offices of the several Missionary Societies and of the Book Concern are at 200 Mulberry St., N. Y. The periodicals issued from that e-^tablishment are the Christian Advocate and Jour- nal, a weekly newspaper; the Quarterly Review, the National Magazine, and the Ladies' Kepository, octavo magazines ; and the Sunday School Advocate, The Good News, and the Blission- ary Advocate, small newspapers. The Northern Christian Ad- vocate, at Auburn, is also an official publication of this denom- ination. Under the auspices of this Churi-h are the Genesee College, at Lima, Livingston co. ; the Amenia Seminary, Dutchi'ss CO. ; Ashland Collegiate Institute. Greene co. ; Char- lotte Boarding Academy, Schoharie co.; Falley Seminary, Ful- ton, Oswego CO.; Genesee Wesleyan ?eminiiry. Lima, Livingston CO.; Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary, St. Lawrence co.; Jones- ville Acadt'my. Saratoga co.; New York Conference Seminary, Charloiteville. Pchoharie co. ; Oni.'id.i Confereoce Suminary, Cazenovia. Midison co. ; and the Susquelianna Seminary, Bing- hamtun, Bronme co. Besides these, a large number of institu- tions, inclu'ling several of the incorp irati'd academies, are owned and patronized mainly by members of this df nomination. 1 The names of presbyteries and Ktatistifs of churches of this branch in the State are reported in the Old School Presbyterian Almanac for 1S59 as follows:^ Synods. 6 Prcshyte.ries. 1 6 •J, a !! Albany Buffalo.. New York.... 1803 1843 1788 Londonderry, Troy, AI- 99 60 169 64 62 130 Ogdensliurgh. Genesee K., Butfalo City. Michigan, 6,028 17,495 Hud'^on. North River, Bedford, Long Island, New York, New York 2d, Canton, Ninjipo, Connecticut. Nas.-^au, Western Africa The Board of Domestic Missions has 610 missionaries and 990 chnrchps and missionary stations. Receipts for the year ending March 1, 1858, £105,277.52. Its offices are locked in Philadelphia and Louisville. The Board nf Education is divided into ministerial education and education in schools, academies, colleges, and parochial schools. Under the auspices of this denomination are 22 col- leges, 60 academies, and 100 parochial schools. The receipts for 1857 were $56,492.06. Its office is at Philadelphia. The Board of Foreign MissioTis has 69 m inisters, 30 male and 90 female assistant missionaries, and 23 native teachers. The receipts for 1857 were £223,977.79. Its office is at the corner of Center and Reade Sts., N, Y. The Board of Publication issues tracts, books, newspapers, and other periodicals in great numbers. Its receipts for 1857 were $126,960.28. Its office is at Philadelphia. 2 The following summary of the New School Presbyterian Church in New York is from the American Presbyterian Al- manac for 1859, and other authentic sources: — Stkods. 1 Albany 1803 1829 1812 1866 1863 Geneva Onondaga..... Susqueh'nna Genesee 1821 N.Y.&N.J. 1788 Presbyteries. Champlain, Troy, Albany, Columbia, Catskill St. Lawrence, Watertown, Oswego, Utica Onondaga Otsego, Chenango, Dela- ware Genesee, Ontario, Koch- ester, Niagara, Buffalo, Angelica Hudson, North Kiver, Long Island, New York 3d, New York 4th, Brooklyn, and 4 others not in the State. The various societies under the care of this denomination are in charge of the Presbyterian Publication Committee, Foreign Mission Committee. Permanent Committee on Education, and Church Extension Committee. Young men preparing for the ministi-y are educated at the Union Theological Seminary, of New York City, and Auburn Theological Seminary, of Cayuga ■ CO. The newspapei-s of the denomination are the Evangdiat, of New York, and the Genesee Evangelist, of Rochester. 8 Its institutions are the " Society for the Promotion of Be- ligion and Learning," the " Corporation for the Relief of Widows and Children of Clergymen," the "Prot. E. Tract Society," the "New Yotk Bible and Common Prayer Book Society," the " New York Prot. E. City Mission Society," the " Prot. E. Chris- tian Mission Society for Seamen in the City and Port of ^^ew York," the " Prot. E. Brotherhood of New York," the " Northern Missionary Convocation," the " Bible and Common Prayer Book Society of Albany and its Vicinity," the "Brotherhood of St. Barnabas," (Troy,) "Columbia College," "Trinity School," (N. Y.,) " St. Luke's Hospital," (N. Y.,) "St. Luke's Home for Indigent Christian Females," the "Church Charity Founda* lion," (Brooklyn,) and the " Pastoral Aid Society." CHURCHES. 143 Tlie Diocese of TVestern STew Yorfe' embraces the remainder of the State, comprising 149 parishes, 129 clergymen, and 10,551 communicants. Ttoe Reformed Methodists originated in 1814, in Vt. Their church government is Congregational. They report in the State 8 churches and about 500 members. Tlie Reformed Presbyterlaas, or Covenanters, is derived from the church of the same name in Scotland. In 1855 it numbered in the State 15 churches and 2,274 members. The Reformed Protestant Dutch Church of the State belongs to the General Synod of the Ref Prot. Dutch of N. A. It is subdivided into the particular Synods of New York and Albany, the former embracing 16 and the latter 14 classes, of which 19 are entirely within the State and 1 partly in New Jersey. In 1855 it reported 364 churches, 348 ministers, 130,120 per- sons attending congregations, and 38,927 communicants. Of these, 260 churches, 259 ministers, 21,027 families, 97,553 total of congregations, and 31,208 communicants, were in this State. The Roman Catholic Church divides the Union into 7 Provinces, 43 Dioceses, and 3 Ticariites Apostolic. The Province of New York comprises the New England States, New York and New Jersey, and the dioceses of New York, Portland, Burlington, Boston, Hartford, Brook- lyn, Albany, Buffalo, and Newark. Four of these are within this State. There are 3 theological seminaries, 1 preparatory seminary, 2 colleges, and a large number of benevolent and educational institutions belonging to this denomination within the State, and 9 periodicals devoted to its interests.^ The Seventh Day Baptists have in the United States 67 churches, 70 ordained ministers, and 7,250 members. Of these 36 churches are in New York. In 1835 the denomination was divided into associations, of which the Eastern, Central, and Western are embraced wholly or in part in this State. De Ruyter Institute and the Alfred Academy are under the patronage of this denomination. Shakers, or the "United Society of Believers," otherwise called the "Millennial Church,'' numbers in the Union 18 communities and about 6,000 members. They live in "families," and in New York they are principally located at New Lebanon, Watervliet, and Groveland. The Unitarians number in the Union 293 clergyman and 250 societies, mostly in Massa- chusetts. They have within this State 10 societies. Their only periodical within the State is the " Christian Inquirer," a weekly newspaper in New York City, published under the auspices of the " Unitarian Association of the State of New York."' The Universalists United States Convention is composed of clerical and lay delegates from each State and Territorial Convention, and meets on the third Tuesday of Sept. annually.* The denomination has a Historical Society, composed of all preachers and laymen in good standing who sign the constitution. It also has a General Reform Association, that meets in Boston on the 1 Its institutions are Hobart Free College, at Geneva ; and De Teaux College, at Suspension Bridge. There are besides several incorporated and private academies supported by members of this denomination. — Church Almanac for 1859, jyj. 32, 47. 3 The following statistics are upon the authority of the Catholic Almanacs of 1859. General Statistics far 1858. Churches Chapels Stitloi B Clergymen on missions '* otherwise em- ployed Ecr-lesiastical institutions... Seminaries Cleric )I students Liter-'iry institutions for young men Liternry institutioDS for young ladies Charitable institutions Ho°pit il:j and infirmaries ... Houses of protection House of the Good Shepherd Orphan as^'lum Parochial and other schools KeliLTiouB communities Religious in.>:titutions Catholic population » 'fe' = "t? s s i5^ l5i~ q^ 69 34 113 9 5 30 7 50 89 Isii 84 35 J I 84 13 1 19 18 13 4 2 12 1 10 1 1 1 2 2 27 "7 9 380,940 102 ""36 98 114 14 2 The Diocese of New York, formed in 1808, comprises Delar ware, Dutchess, New York, Orange, Putnam, Richmond, Eock- land, Sullivan, Ulster, and 'Westcneater counties. The Diocese of Brooklyn, formed in 1853, compriaes Kings, Queens, and Suf- folk counties. The Diocese of Albany, formed in 1847, compriaea the remainder of the State b. of the west lines of Cayuga, Tompkins, and Tioga counties. The Diocese of Buffalo^ formed in 1847, comprises the counties w. of the west linos of Ca- yuga, Tompkins, and Tioga. The distinctive schools under the patronage of this denomi- nation are the St. John's College, at Fordham, Westchester co. ; College of St. Francis Xavier, New York City ; St. Joseph's Theological Seminary, Fordham; Ecclesiastical Seminary, Buf- falo ; Franciscan Convent, Allegany ; and Preparatory Seminary of Our Lady of the Angels, Niagara. The Catholic papers in the State are The New York Freeman's Journal and Catholic Register. The New York Tablet, The Pilot, (N. Y. and Boston,) Katholische Kirchen Zeitung, weekly, of N. Y. ; The Buflfalo Sentinel, weekly ; Catholic Institute Maga- zine, Newburgh ; Browupon's Quarterly Review, N. Y. ; Ameri- can Catholic Almanac and Clergy List ; and the Six Cent Catho- lic Almanac and Laity's Directory, of N. Y. 8 Year Booh of the Unitarian Cong. Omrches, 1S57 . * The New York State Ctmvention embraces the Centra,!, Nia- gara, Cayuga, Buffalo, Mohawk River, Ontario, Genesee, Black Kiver, St. Lawrence, Otsego, Allegany, Steuben, Chautauque, Chenango, Hudson River, and New York Associations, and con- tains 220 societies, 194 church edifices, and employs 107 preachers. It has a State Educational Society, with $40,000 subscribed, and $25,000 invested for the Theological School in Canton ; and has in charge the Clinton Liberal Institute. The Uni- versalisfc Paper and Book Establishment has assets amount- ing to $13,796, and unredeemed stock to the amount of $4,169. The profits of the concern are applied to the purchase of the shares, which will thus become the property of the State Con vpntion. It has a relief fund for aged and disabled preachers The Young Men's Christian Union, formed Jan. 1856, and the 144 NEW YOKK STATE GAZETTEER. last Tuesday in May. This denomination has organizations in 32 States and Territories, in 19 of which State Conyentions are held. It has 4 educational, 9 missionary, 1 tract, and 4 Sunday school associations, 1 relief fund, and 1 book and newspaper establishment,— all of which are of a State character. It has 85 associations, 1,334 churches or societies, 913 church edifices, 655 preachers, 18 periodicals, and 9 institutions of learning. Tlie Wesleyan Metliodlsts.' This denomination in the United States was formed by seceders from the M. E. Church, May, 1843. Besides these, there are churches in the State known as Bethels, Evangelical, German Evangelical Reformed, Jewish, Calvinistic Methodists, German Methodists, Moravians, French Evangelical Presbyterian, Protestant Community of Inspiration, Second Advent, True Dutch, Free, and Union, numbering in the aggregate a large number of church edifices and communicants.^ RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. Societies of a religious, humane, and benevolent character began to be formed in considerable numbers about 1822-25. The objects of these societies enlisted the co-operation of members of the different religious denominations and of other philanthropic persons, and annual meetings were held in New York for the several objects. The time of meeting has been usually in the second week in May, and the appointments were so made that the same persons could attend several of them in succession. These societies have become numerous, and "Anniversary week" thus becomes a season of interest to thousands. The assembling of so large a number of persons from distant sections of the Union has led reformers of every degree to appoint the anniversary meetings of their societies at the same time and place ; and there is scarcely a measure for the promotion of religion, morality, charity, or civil and social reform that is not thus annually brought to public notice, its operations exhibited, and its claims urged. The societies exclusively under the control of a single denomination are noticed under the reli- gious sects. The principal societies of a general character are as follows: — Tl»e American Bible Society, formed by a convention of 60 persons, mostly clergy- men, May 8, 1809, has for its object the publication and distribution of the Bible and parts N. Y. City Missionary Society are connected with this denom- ination. Its periodicals are the Christism Ambassador, at Auburn and New Vorli, and a monthly periodical by the female dopai'tment of the Clinton Liberal lustitute. 1 The M. E. Church in England and Canada is thus known. The church of this name in the U. S. differs from the others in rejecting the classification of the ministi-y as bishops, elders, and deacons. Their official organ is the True Wt-sleyan. 2 The following table shows the general statistics of churches in the several counties : — Church statistics. Counties. Albany Allegany Broome Cattaraugua.. Cayuga Chautauque.. Chemung Chenan-go CliDton Columbia Cortland Delaware Dutchesa Erie N^ a, Counties. III Counties. li Counties. ^1 129 76 63 61 100 106 S3 HI 45 85 61 92 132 166 61 36 $1,272,026 122,360 207,564 112,370 311,620 226,260 150,760 232,030 137,975 276,660 118,000 183,665 693,650 1,176,286 121,600 66,196 Fulton 39 61 74 5 86 127 149 54 86 94 141 62 252 74 201 $96,360 164,300 168,325 1,400 173,500 346,785 2,840,700 66,846 263,260 202,680 804,230 141,300 12,092,760 229,206 Ontario Orange Orleans R4 112 61 84 117 30 73 114 29 41 117 103 26 86 60 $283,730 443 865 228.600 234,715 231,962 85.000 492,1.H5 746,640 286.100 136.300 263,485 313,975 173,710 129,830 99,126 48 105 112 46 46 66 100 33 96 80 148 74 48 $144,333 161,438 278,260 60.000 lOOTOO 183,690 409,360 67,250 287,120 272,000 868,250 169,365 133,660 Genesee Steuben Suffolk Sullivan Tioga Hamilton Herkimer Jefferson Kings Otsego Putnam Queens... llensselaer.... Richmond Rockland St. Lawrence. Saratoga Schenectady. Schoharie Schuyler Tompkins Lewis Livingston.... Madison Mom'oe Montgomery. NewYork.... Niagara Oneida Onondaga Wai-ren Washington.. Wayne Westchester.. Wyoming Yates.....; .. Total 6,077 31,480,144 Franklin 142 663,610 ] RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 145 thereof without note or comment.^ A\isiliary to the American Bible Society are numerous county and local societies, through which the greater part of the funds are raised.^ The ABUerlcan Tract Society was instituted in 1825, by the several evangelical de- nominations, for the purpose of disseminating tracts and books upon moral and religious subjects.* Several of the religious denominations have tract societies of their own. TUe American Board of Coniniissioners for Foreign Missions was formed in 1809, for the purpose of supporting missions in foreign lands. Its central office is in Bjston ; but it has auxiliary societies throughout this State. It is chiefly supported by the Congregational and New School Presbyterian societies.* 1 The first society within the State for the griituitous distribw- tion of the Scriptures was the N. Y. Bible and Common Prayer Book Society, formed in 1809. A large number of co. societies was formed within the next five years. The present societj', formed in 1816, has gradually increased in wealth and influence, until its operations have extended to almost every section of the globe. It has a Bible house in New York, — one of the moat extensive publishing houses in the world. Its books are gra- tuitously distributed, or sold at cost; and -the total number of volumes issued up to May, 1858, was 12.804,014. These are produced in great varieties of style and in upward of forty difierent languages. The society h&a also published the Bible in English with raised characters for the blind. The Baptist and Protestant Episcopal denominations have separate societies for publishing the Scriptures, although many members belonging to both of these co-operate with the Ameri- can Bible Society. 2 The following table gives the names of these societies, the date of their organization, and the amount of their donations and remittances up ^^ May, 1858 : — Albany Co Allegany Co Amity i'emale Ansable Yalley. Brooklyn City Broome Co Buffalo City Caledonia Caledonia Female Carlton Cattaraugus Co Cayuga Co Chautauque Co Chemung Co Chenango Co Clinton Co Cold Spring Columbia Co Cortland Co Delaware Co Dutchess Co. Female Dutchess Co Erie Co Essex Co.™ Floyd and Western Welsh Franklin Co Fulton & Hamilton Co.... Geneva Genesee Co Genoa Greene Co Greene Herkimer Co Hudson Female Jasper Jefferson Co Lewis Co Lewis Co. Welsh Livingston Co liong Island Madison Co Montgomery Co Monroe Co.™ Newburgh New York Female New York Calvinistic Welsh New York Marine New York Niagara Co North Brooklyn North Seneca. Nyack Ref. D. Ch. Female Oneida Co Onondaga Co Donations. May, 1816 AprU, 1825 Sept. 1816 Dec. 1845 Feb. 1849 Feb. 1817 Nov. 1847 April, 1818 May, 1817 Jan. 1855 Aug. 1829 June, 1817 April, 1820 July, 1828 Nov. 1826 April, 1821 Aug. 1838 Oct. 1817 Aug. 1816 July, 1816 Oct, 1817 Oct. 1839 April, 1848 Jan. 1817 April, 1854 June, 1821 Dec. 1816 April, 1846 July, 1818 April, 1825 Sept. 1816 Mar. 1855 May, 1817 Oct. 1816 Aug. 1855 Jan. 1817 April, 1828 May, 1850 May, 1824 Sept. 1817 Oct. 1816 Dec. 1816 Oct. 1821 Sept. 1818 June, 1816 Remit- tances for Bibles. Sept. Feb. Mar. May, May, July, May, Jan. April, 1844 1817 1829 1830 1816 1852 1842 1817 1832 519,621.00 $16,386.20 1.526.49 3,326.92 32915 130.85 370.04 804.05 5,683.76 10,054.75 1,960.01 6,171.46 2.339.91 5,329.05 3,366.72 111.28 1,673.97 232.50 91.63 127.06 1,879.62 3,738.99 7.807.61 1,397.13 7,647.60 2,949.35 3,404.26 5,538.99 6,634.34 718.56 4,291.26 101.01 324.39 10,835.30 6,131.77 4,320.90 5,830.78 1,4,50.75 6,841.42 4,754.87 3,985.20 15,930.45 6,355.39 698.06 4,163.76 909.14 4,244.35 50.30 81.70 381.95 3,386.60 21,182.49 11,237.37 1.117.86 2,280.75 3,169.47 6,960.40 972.15 1,072.20 6,477.23 5.746.66 26.00 176.00 3,268.27 4,699.16 1,970.50 806.82 87.00 3,936.37 12,274.47 644.51 2,997.44 341.66 147.66 6,642.59 6,482.83 20,786.70 30,785.72 6,701J1 6,814.87 390.00 1,346.11 22,828.47 19,282.30 3,784.74 3,768.00 102,926.12 17,369.47 546.23 72.86 6,043.89 42,091.43 264,911.73 2,457.41 6,401.61 1.726.16 1,726.20 682.19 767.73 74.80 7.20 15,226.06 20,621.48 7,594.00 12.805.60 Onttirio Co Orange Co Orleans Co Oswt^go Co 0t8ego Co PeekskiU Female Ponglikeepsie Fein. Union Putnam Co liemsen Steuben Welsh and Vicinity Eensselaer Co Rockland Co Sandy Hill and Fort Ed- ward Saratoga Co Schenectady Co Schoharie Co Schuyler Co Seneca Associate Ref South Seneca South Steuben Steuben Co St. Lawrence Co Sullivan Co Tioga Co Tompkins Co Ulster Co. Utica Welsh and Vic Warren Co Washington Co Watervliet Wayne County Welsh B. S. of Nelson Welsh B. S. of Rome Welsh B. S. of Holland Patent Westchester Co Wj'oming Co Yatee Co Mar. 1817 June, 1816 July, 1830 Mar. 1826 June, 1816 Feb. 1817 Sept. 1860 May, 1828 Jan. 1817 June, 1816 July, 1816 Nov. 1848 July, 1816 May, 1823 Jan. 1817 Feb. 1866 May, 1846 Feb. 1846 June, 1S48 Feb. 1817 April, 1820 Aug. 1826 June, 1823 May, 1828 Nov. 1816 Jan. 1817 Sept. 1821 Mar. 1817 Jan. 1849 April, 1847 Sept. 1866 Mar. 1855 May, 1866 Aug. 1827 Feb. 1860 Deo. 1827 $ 8,405.15 24,141.22 3.230.82 2,488.15 3.116.79 713.59 1,080.81 120.00 3,893.68 35,452.61 1,985.72 164.64 12,779.61 2,741.66 3,934.40 368.50 319.71 1.736.67 1,267.86 2.085.38 2,115.40 2,388.90 4,272.81 4,044.04 11,145.91 4,479.71 194.44 19,092.11 3,720.58 3,731.48 12.00 228.08 184.48 19,614.17 2,310.82 4,372.10 Ratnit- iancesfor BWles. $ 4.870.93 6,426.71 4.068.08 7,286.94 7,673.77 166.76 316.16 2,141.06 22.2S9.21 2,2^9.1,4 243.93 7,277.96 4.454.40 3,982.19 613.23 16.08 1,077.02 1,264.36 6.201.34 14,193.70 3,168.16 6,373.82 6 24'.l.fU 2,191.24 2,460.12 2,300.38 7.4.')8.fll 2,117.34 4,776.31 63.35 132.73 77.40 6,977.71 4,684 73 3,468.60 8 This society has a large property vested in a publi.slnng house and ground.'?, corner of Nassau and Spruce Streets, New York, and in the stock, machinery, and materials usi-d in tli& manufacture of books and tracts. Its fiscal affairs are managed by a finance committee. It has 31 auxiliaries in the Ht;iti- of New York. The receipts up to May, 1858, were $5,866.711.05, — about three-fifths of which were derived from sales, and the re- mainder from donations. Previous to May, 1S58, tliis Botlcty had circulated 13,098,013 volumes, 188.971,408 pulilications, 4,763,741.673 pages ; including 140,701 volumes (9 831 set") of the Evanselical Family Library, 94,026 volumes (J,0.°9 si-t^) of the Christian Library, 48.638 volumes (1.990 sots) of thr leli- gious or Pastor's Library, 319.323 volumes (4 567 sets) of the Youth'sLibrary, and 160.921 volumes (20,044 seta) of the Y.iutli's Scripture Biography. The society publishes an Almanac, the American Messenger, (in English and German,) and Cliild s Paper, in large editions ; and issues books and tracts in the Kn';- lish, German, French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italian. Welsh, Dutch, Danish, Swedish, and Hungarian languages. It opcriit s through branch and auxiliary societies, general agents ;iiiil su- perintendents, and paid and volunteer colporteurs. The ^ iiier'- can Tract Society of Boston, which formerly co-operat d wllh this, is now a distinct organization. Societies of kindred character were formed in the Ftntr' pre- vious to this, — the more important of which was the New Yor'i Religious Tract Society, formed in 1812, with auxiliaries in v;ui- CFUS parts of the country. *This society has established 27 missions, 121 stition.s. anl 101 out stations in Africa, Greece, Western and Southern At-i i, China. Sandwich Islands, Mioronesia, and among the North American Indian Tribes. It employs 373 missionaries and .-is- sistants, and 624 native pastors and assistants, has 8 printing presses, and up to 1868 had issued 1,080,481,083 pases of tracts and religious books. These missions numbered 318 churches. and 27,740 members; and the educational department embraced 14G NEW YORK STATE GAZETTEER. The American Ilouie Missionary Society was formed May 1% 1826, for the purpose of supporting the ministry in feeble and destitute churches in the United States.^ Tlie American Sunday ScSiool Union was formed in 1824, for the purpose of en- couraging the establishment of Sunday schools and of supplying them with books. Its central office is at Philadelphia. The New York Sunday School Union, auxiliary to this, was established in 1816, and has numerous local subordinate societies in different parts of the State.^ Tlie American Seamen's Friend Society was formed in 1828, and endeavors to carry out the intentions expressed in its title by distributing Bibles and tracts, supporting the ministry, and otherwise promoting the moral welfare of seamen.^ T8ae American Betbel Society was instituted in 1836, for the purpose of opening chapels for boatmen and mariners, distributing tracts, and extending other means for their moral improvement. It established a magazine named the "Bethel Flag ;" and has auxiliaries in many places on the lakes, rivers, and canals. TIae American and Foreign Claristian Union was formed in 1849, for the special object of counteracting the influence of the Romish and other churches opposed to the class usually denominated "evangelical."* T5ie Central American Educational Society was formed for the purpose of assisting young men preparing for the ministry. In 1858, 111 students received aid from the society. Tlie American Colonization Society was formed at AVashington, Jan. 1817, for the emancipation of slaves and their settlement in Africa. Tlie We"w YorK State Colonization Society was formed at Albany, April 9, 1829, and has had numerous auxiliaries in different parts of the State. ^ Tlae Mational Compensating" Emancipation Society, formed in 1857, has for its object the purchasing of slaves for the purpose of giving them freedom. Tlae American Anti Slavery Society was organized Dec. 4, 1833, for the purpose of ameliorating the condition of slaves, preventing the extension of slavery, and in every possible way to weaken and finally terminate the institution of slavery. Auxiliary societies were formed throughout the State.^ Yonng Men's Christian Associations have been formed in most of the cities and 6 spminaries, 17 other boarding schools, 619 free schools, (of which 312 were supported by the Hawaiian G-OTernment,) and 17.020 pupils. The receipts in the year ending July 31, 1858, weie S.^34,018.48, the principal part of which was deriTed from Aun-.ttioos. —Forty-NintJi Heport A. B. O. F. M., 1858. 1 This society was formed by the union of two socio-ties pre- Tionsly formed by the Pre.^bytLn-ian and Reformed Protestant Putcli Churches. It is supported by the Congi-egationalists and New Scliool Presbyterians, and to some extent by the Reformed Protestant Dutch, Lutheran, and German Reformed Churches. In 1858. 1,012 persons were connected with this society or its agencies and auxiliaries, of whicli 133 are within this State. The number of congregations and stations fully or statedly sup- plied is 2,034: Sabbath school scholai-s, 65,500 ; contributions to benevolent objects, S24.272.28. The receipts in 12 months were $175,971.37; the p^iyments in the same time were $190,735.70. Total receipts in 32 years, $3 456,082 ; total years of' labor, 18-871; tnt>il additions to churches, 150.275. Tliere is a central and a western agency in this State, — the office of the former of which is at Utiea and of the latter at Gcnevi. Thn nuoiber of niissionarips aided within the yearwas 133 Total contributions, S39,347.96. 2 This movement was supported by most of the evangelical denominations; but several of them have since established Sun- day school organizations among themselves. The American Sunday School Union had, in 1858, expended about $2,500,000 in binks. and Sl,000,000 more in organizing Sunday schools. Its ri'c-ipts for the last year were $'''5,076.14; and it had formed 1,524 new schools, with 57,787 pupils and 9,694 teachers. The New Yorli Punday School Union had, in 1858, 210 schools, re- por!i_ng 60.000 pupils, 4.82-5 teachers, 82,294 books in libraries, anr] S13.089 r;\ised br contributions. Sunday schools in some form are s-unportPd by nearly every religious denomination, and are chiefly fur liiblical instru'-tion. A State Sunday School Teachers' Oonv-nhon formed in 1855, meets annnally. Its third report, niMde ocf. 1858, gave a total in the State of 1,895 schools, 22,263 oiBcM-s Jtnd teachei-s, and 212,312 pupils. 3 This society has 15 stations in various parts of the world, and grants aid to various Bethel operations not connected with it. The rcc-ipt^ for the year ending in 1858 were §25,236.20; and the total expenses in the seamen's cause about Sl0O,O0O; 2 257 mariners had been received at the Sailors' Home in New York, and the whole number receivedinto that institution from its estaljli-hment was 62,353. 4 The association has 61 home laborers ; and its receiptsin the year ending in 1858 were g76,603.'22. Its expenses in the same time were $79,604.33. It has agents, and supports chapels in several foreign countries. & The slave trade was abolished in 1807, and after Jan. 1, 1808, the cargoes of captured slaves were to be sold for the bene- fit of the State where they might land. By an act of March 3, 1819, the General Government appropriated $100,000 for the restoration of a large number of Africans to their native coun- try. By the co-operation of the Government with this Society a purchase was made in Bcc. 1821. in the neighborhood of Cape Montserado. on the w. coast of Africa, from which has grown the present Republic of Liberia, imder the special patronage of this society. Formal po'^se'^siou was taken April '2S>, 1822. Several of the subordinate State societies have been merged in anti-slavery and other more radical societies for the termi- nation of slavery. In the year ending in 18.iS the receipts of the New York Colonization Society were ?15,624.62. ^ The expenses of the society fur the year ending in 1858 were S17,052, including those of the Anti Slavery Standard, its pi*in- cipal organ. Receipts, §15,200 from the paper and donations, and $17,355 by auxiliaries. A New York State Anti Slavery Socipfy, with numerous aux- iliaries, was formed about 1834-36, and its friends soon oi'gau- ized themselves into a political party. The highest State vote of this party was in 1844, when it amounted, on tlie Governor's ticket, to 15,136. Slavery existed under the Dutch, and was continued through the English period of our colonial history. An act was passed March 31, 1817, declaring that every child born of a slave in this State after .Tuly 4, 1799, should he free at the age of 28 if a male, or at 25 if a female. Every child horn after the passage of the act was to become free at the age of 21, and measures were ordered for the education of children held in service. The importation of slaves was prohibited. The first emancipation under this law, therefore, took effect July 5, 1827, as the law fixed the period as after instead of upon the 4th of July, as wag perhaps intended. The 5th of July has sometimes been celebrated as their anniversary of independence ; and henco arises the slang expression of " Fourth of July one day ari&i'P ■ Those bom before the above date remained slaves till their death, and the census of 1855 reiwrted one such as living in the State. The number of slaves in New York at different periods haa been as follows : — 1790 21,324 1 1810 15,017 f 1820 10,046 1 1840.. 4 1800 20,613 1 1814 11,480 1 1830 75 1850 — RELIGIOUS, LITERARY, AND BENEVOLENT SOCIETIES. 147 large villages in the United States and British Provinces. They form a general confederation, the State of New York forming the fourth district. These associations embrace within their objects u, library, reading room, lectures and prayer meetings, and they are supported by evan- gelical denominations generally.^ The Young- Men's Christian Union of New York is supported by the Unitarian and Universalist denominations principally. 1'ouaig' Men's Associations for mutual improvement have been formed in various parts of the State and under various names. The plan of organization is essentially alike ; and it usually includes a library, reading room, cabinet, lecture course, and debating club. Most of these associations have been organized by special acts, and their affairs are managed by esecutive committees chosen annually by the members. They can hold a limited amount of property for the special objects of their organization.^ In most of the large villages, associations have been formed for the support of lectures at stated intervals in the winter months. They are generally of a temporary character, are re-organized every season or are attached to academies or other existing institutions. The IVe^v Yorli State Temperance Society was formed April 2, 1829. Its objects were to suppress intemperance and limit the traffic in intoxicating liquors. It received the support of a large number of the best and most philanthropic citizens, and its influence spread rapidly throughout the State.^ Since the formation of the first society, efforts to suppress intemperance have been made upon an extended scale, and the strong arm of the law has been invoked to pro- hibit the trafBc in alcoholic liquors. Fraternity of Free and Accepted Masons. " The Ancient and Honorable Fra- ternity of Free and Accepted Masons" of the State of New York is under the government of a Grand Lodge, composed of its Grand Officers and the representatives (the Master and Wardens) of every lodge in the jurisdiction. As at present constituted, the Grand Lodge dates from 1785. when Chancellor Kobert K. Livingston was elected Grand Master, and continued in office till 1801.* In 1859 there are 430 chartered lodges in the State, (numbered to 474,) with about 33,000 mem- bers, numbering among them a very respectable class in all the walks of life. Tliere is at least one lodge in every county in the State, (except Hamilton ;) 93 of the lodges are in the city of New York; and a lodge is located in every considerable town and village. The annual receipts of the 1 In July, 1858, associations of this kind were in active ope- ration in Albany, Albion, Black Piock, Brooklyn, Buffalo, Cats- till, Flushing, Hudson, Jamestown, New York, Oswego, Pough- keepsie, Eondout, Saratoga Springs, Stapleton, Troy, Vtica, and Waterford. Those in Italics belonged to the confederation. 2 The first organization of this kind in the State was the Al- bany Young Men's Association, formed Dec. 13, 1833, and in- corp. March 12, 1835. The following ia a list of these associa- tions in the State formed under special acts : — Albany, Albany co.. Buffalo, Erie co , Name and Location. « " (German) Elmira, Chemung co.... Fulton, Oswego co Geneva, Ontario co Port Byran, Cayuga co. Sackets Harbor, Jefifer- son CO Saratoga Springs, Sara- togaco. Franklin Institute, "| Syracuse, Ononda- > gaco J Schenectady, Schenec- tady CO Troy, Kensaelaer co TJtica, Oneida co Watertown.Jefi'eraonco. Date of incorporation. March 12, 1835 March 3,1843 May 12, 1846 April May April April 11, 1842 13, 1846 17, 1839 10, 1844 March 2,1843 May 14, 1840 Dec. 1849 March 9,1839 April 10, 1835 March 25, 1837 April 17, 1841 Remarlcs. Fully organized. Li- brary 7,000 vols. Library in 1855, 7,500 vols. Library in 1855, 1,800 vols. Closed. f Library in 1859, i about 3,000 vols. Fully organized. Closed. Burned out in 1849. 8 The fourth report of the State Society, in 1838, gave 1,538 flocieties and 231,074 members. Its principal organ, the Temper- ance Recorder, was begun March 6, 1832, at Albany, and issued manv years. It also published almnnacs, tracts, and circulars to a large extent. Tlie American Society for the Promotion of Temperance, formed in 1827, was in 1S36 succeeded by the "American Temperance Union." The latter, in the year ending In 1858, received $1,987.20. It'- principal organ is the Journal of the American Temperance Union, at New York. Both this and the State Society are still in operation. About 1841-45 the ""Washingtonian" temperance movement, originating among reformed inebriates, spread over the State, and seveial thousand independent societies were formed under it, — most of wliich, how- ever, died out with the enthusiasm under which they were created. The secret orders of "Eechabites" and " Sons of Temperance" originated in New York, about 1842. and subse- quently those of "Cadets of Temperance," "Daughters of Tem- perance," " Good Samaritans," '' Daughters of ?amaiia," " Knights Templar," " Social Circles," and other apsocisitions of a similar class were formed for the avowed purpose of pio- motlng temperance reform. Numerous lodges or encampments were formed, and these societies at one time tmbraced large numbers of members. Several of them have been giveu up en- tirely; and it is believed none of them are , increasing. TliL-y required a form of initiation and pledge of secrecy, had fix Tliis library was incorp. Feb. 14, 1792. It contains about 5000 vols. ^ ... i. J ,.. « . ' Prof. Henty, of the Smithsonian Institution, read his first scientific papers before this association, and performed his first original experiments while a pupil at the Albany Academy The Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Ma,nufMtures, was established in 1791,ineor. 1793, and expired in 1804, by limrtalion of charter. Bevived as the Society for the Promotion of Useful Arts : incor. 1804. These were State Institutions, and became local on the establishment of the Board of Agnculture, in 1819, and continued a city institution until its union with the Albany Lyceum of Natural History in 1829. ,,.,,. 'Thelibrarvandcabinetarekeptin the Albany Acad, building. « The building is in the form of a cross, 86 by 70 feet. Aniong the instruments is a calculating engine, made by C. Scheutz, a Swede, and purchased by John B. Kathbone. It is the only one in existence. A large class of calculations is performed by its use, and the results are impressed upon leaden plates, ready to electrotype and print. This noble institution is involved in an unhappy controversy between the trustees and council, which has embarrassed its plans, and prevented it from being brought into full operation. 6 The city contracts to support county paupers at $1.26 per week each. A school connected with this institution is kept throughout the year. 6 Built at an expense of $12,000, and with accommodations for 80 inmates, ' Cost $6000. 8 This building was erected by the city for a jail. 9 The whole cost of the institution has been about $60,000. 8 NEW YORK GAZETTEER. The first Prot. E. Churcli (St. Peter's) was erected in 1715, on a site granted by the governor of the colony It stood in the center of State St., opposite Barrack (now Chapel) St., and was demohshed in 1802, and the present edifice huilt by Philip Hooker. The communion plate of this church was presented to the Onondagas by Queen Anne. The most imposing and costly church edifices in the city are the Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception, corner of Eagle and Lydius Sts., and St. Joseph's (R.C.) Church. There are now (1858) 48 churches in the city.^ At an early period Albany acquired much importance from being the principal center of the Indian trade, and afterward the place where the great military expeditions against Canada were fitted out.=* Its importance as a military station led to its being fortified at an early period; and, although it was often threatened with invasion, no hostile army ever reached it.^ It became the permanent seat of the State government in 1797. For 30 years after the Revolution, Albany was the seat of the entire trade of the western part of the State, the produce being brought m by sleighs in winter. The first great impulse to its commercial prosperity was given by the successful trip of the Clermont,-* the first steamboat of Eulton, in 1807, and the improvements in steam navigation which immediately followed. The steamboats now upon the Hudson River are among the very largest that navigate any inland waters.^ The completion of the Erie Canal, in 1825, and of the various lines of raib-oads since that time, have each essentially added to the growth and prosperity of the city.« Business is principally centered upon Broadway, State, S. Pearl, and Washington Sts, The Dutch language and customs, which continued until long after the Enghsh conquest, have almost entirely disappeared. Yery few families retain any characteristics of their origin, although many occupy the same lots that were conveyed to their ancestors two centuries ago. The peculiar Dutch architecture has now nearly disappeared, and within the limits of the city there are not more than a dozen houses with the sharp gables fronting even vrith the street, the tile roof, and antiquated appearance, so common but a few years ago. The city has been visited by several disastrous fires,' and the lower part has often been inundated by water.^ BERK®— was formed from Rensselaerville, March 17, 1795. Knox was taken off in 1822. It lies near the center of the western border of the county. The Helderbergh Mts., 1200 feet above tide, form the eastern border. Grippy and Irish Hills, two broad mountains, with steep declivities and rolling summits, 900 to 1000 feet above tide, occupy the center. The s. and w. parts are hilly, and the n. rolling. The principal streams are the Foxen Kil and the Switz Kil. These streams flow N. w. through narrow valleys bordered by steep hill sides. Werners and Thompsons Lakes, in the N.E., are small sheets of water. In the lime rock, in the n.e. part, are numerous small caves and sink holes.^** There are several sulphur springs in town. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam interspersed with clay. Bernville (Bern p.o.) contains 50 houses;" E. Bern^^(p.v.) 15 ; S. Bern (p. v.) 15 ; and Reidsville (p. v.) 12. Peoria is a small village on the line of Knox. Settlement was begun about 1750 by a few German families. In 1777, a company of 85 militia were raised in this town, of which the captain and 63 men joined the British, and the remainder the Americans at Saratoga. Bernville, then called ^'Beaver Dam,'' was fortified during the war, and sentinels were posted at night to prevent surprise by the Indians.^* The place at one 1 Of these there are 8 Meth. E., 7 Bap., 5 Prot. E., 5 Presb., 5 R. C, 3 Ref. Prot. D., 3 Jewish Syn., 3 Bvang. Luth., 2 Wes. Meth., Cong., Evang, Ger. Abso., Evang. Prot. Ger., Abbo. Presb., Triends, Unit., and Univ. 2 On the 19th of June, 1754, the first Congress of the colonies assembled at Albany, to devise a general plan of union and measures of defence, in view of the French and Indian hostilities, then just commencing. Tliis Congress consisted of delegates from N. H., Mass., R. I., Conn., N. Y., Penn., and Md. The " plan of union" drawn up by Dr. Franklin was adopted, but it was afterward rejected by the British government as being too demo- cratic, and by the colonies as giving too much power to the king. 8 The first fort was built by the Dutch, in 1614, on the island below the city, which is hence called Castle Island. In 1617 a fort was built at the mouth of the Normans Kil ; and in 1628 another was erected near the present steamboat landing, in the B. part of the city, and named Fort Orange, in honor of the reigning prince of Holland. A quadrangular fort, called "Fort Frederick," was afterward built on the high ground, now State St., between St. Peter's Church and the Geological Ball, with lines of palisades extending down Steuben and Hudson Sta. to the river. These fortifications were demolished soon after the Revolution, and the only evidence of their existence now re- maining is the curved outlines which they have given to the streets in the older parts of the city, * The Clermont was 100 feet long, 12 feet wide, and 7 feet deep. The first voyage to Albany was accomplished in 28 hours and 45 minutes. This boat was afterwards enlarged, and her name changed to the " North River." 6 As a contrast to the "Clermont," it may be stated that the Isaac Newton," of the People's Line of Steamers, is 404 feot long. 75 wide, and 47 deep, and has sleeping acconimodations for more than 700 passengers. * The sloop " Experiment," of 80 tons, Capt. Stewart Dean, sailed in the fall of 1785 from Albany to China. This was tlie second vessel from the U.S. to Canton. She was absent 18 months, and returned with a cargo of teas, nankeens, damask silks, and 13 sets of China ware, to order, for family gifts. T A fire in 1797 burned 96 dwellings, and rendered 150 fami- lies houseless. Aug. 17, 1848, a most destructive fire broke out, which destroyed a considerable portion of the commercial part of the city bordering upon the river,and also many boats in the basin. 8 Upon the breaking up of the ice in the river, Feb. 9, 1857, the water completely submerged the lower part of the city, and came up so high that it covered Broadway in front of the Ex- change. The damage to property was immense. 8 Named from the native place of Jacob Weidman, first settler and mill owner. 10 In one of these caves, dnring the war, a notorious tory and spy named Salisbury was concealed for some time, but was at last arrested. The place is still known as "Tory's Hole."— Simm^s Schoharie, p. 525. 11 In 1825 an extensive ax factory was erected here; bat it was soon after removed to Cohoes. 12 Formerly called " Philadelphia," and still locally known as « Philla." 18 The family of Johannes Deitz, consisting of 8 persons, were murdered by the Indians. — iSimTti^s Scfioharie, p. 499. ALBANY COUNTY. 9 time became a rendezvous for tories.' The Re£ Prot. D. Church of Beaver Dam was formed in Jan. 1763. The first settled pastor was Johannes Schuyler, in ll&T.'' BETHLEHEM— was formed from Watervliet, March 12, 1793. New Scotland was taken off in 1832. It lies on the bank of the Hudson, s. of the center of the county, and includes the islands w. of the main channel of the river. Its surface consists of a rolling upland, ending upon the river in steep bluffs 100 to 150 feet high. Near the center of the town are a few sand ridges and rocky knolls. The principal streams are Coeymans Creek, Vlamans Kil and Normans Kil. The declivi- ties of the upland are broken by numerous deep guUeys worn by streams flowing into the Hudson. There are two small caves, several sulphur springs, and quarries of coarse brown sandstone, in town. The soil is sandy, interspersed with clay.' Crroesbeck. is a suburb of Albany. Pop. 1232. Kenwood, near the mouth of the Normans Kil, is a small village, containing an extensive mill and a manufactory of silver and Britannia ware. Upper Wollow, Adaius- ville, IVormanskil, (p.o.,) JSetbleliein Center, (p.o.,) Beckers Corners, Cedar Hill, (p.o.,) and S. Betlllebem are hamlets. On the brow of the hills overlooking the Hudson below Albany are several fine villas and country residences. The first settlement was made upon Castle Island,* in 1614, and a fort was erected the same year. As this island was liable to over- flow, in 1617 another fort was built at the mouth of the Normans Kil.* Agricultural improvements commenced in 1630, by tenants under Van Rensselaer. Mills were built on the Normans Kil and Beaver Kil at a very early period. A part of the house known as "Whitehall," near the Delaware Road, was built by Gen. Bradstreet, and during the Revolution is said to have been a secret rendez- vous for tories. Cherry Hill, just out of Albany, on the river road, was the residence of Gen. Solo- mon Van Rensselaer. A Ref. Prot. D. church was formed in colonial times, and in 1794 S. Van Rensselaer gave the society 100 acres of land, known as the parsonage farm.* COETM A]VS — (Quee'mans) was formed from Watervliet, March 18, 1791. A part of Westerlo was taken off in 1815. It was named from the patentee. It is the s. E. corner town in the county, and includes the adjacent islands in the Hudson. Its surface consists of an upland, 200 to 400 feet above the river, broken by ridges and hills rising 100 to 400 feet higher. The principal streams are the Coeymans' and Haanakrois Creeks. In the former, at Coeymans village, are two falls at which the stream descends, in the aggregate, 75 feet. Lawsons Lake is a small sheet of water in the N. w. part of the town. A stratum of marble or limestone extends through the town 3 or 4 mi. from the river. In the N. E. part are two caves, the largest extending 40 rods into a perpendicular ledge. Feuri-Spruyt Kil, a small stream in the N. part, disappears, and flows for half a mi. in a subterranean passage, coming to the surface again in New Scotland. At the place where the stream disappears it falls perpendicularly into a deep cavity, forming a considerable water power. Another brook, in the w. part, flows in a similar manner under ground for 40 or 50 rods. There are several mineral springs in town, impregnated with sulphate of magnesia. In the E. the soil is sand mixed with clay, and in the w. it is gravel and clay. The fossil remains of an elephant were found on the farm of Mr. Shears, 4 mi. w. of the river. Large quantities of hay are sent annually from this town to the New York market. Coeymans Liandlng', (Coeymans p.o.,) on the Hudson, is a village of considerable trade. Pop. 650. Coeymans Hollow, (p.o.,) Stepbensvflle, and Indian Fields (p.o.) are small villages in the valley of the Haanakrois. Keefers Corners is a p.o. Barent Peterse Coeymans, an emigrant from Utrecht in 1636, settled under the patroon as miller, and leased the mills upon the Patroon Creek and Normans Kil. In 1673 he bought the territory included in this town of the Catskill Indians, and a patent was granted him April 17, 1673, by Gov. Lovelace. Van Rensselaer had previously bought the same lands of the Mohawks ; and a conflict of titles ensued. The matter was finally settled in 1706, by Coey- mans ao-reeing to receive title under the patroon and pay a small annual quit rent.* Settlement commenced early in the last century.' The first mills were erected by the patentee at Coeymans island, and on some old maps, it is called Martin Gerrittsen's Island. 5 A map dated 1630 gives the name of "Godyns Kil" to this stream. The Indian name was Ta-wal-sou-tha. The present name is derived from Albert Andriessen Eradt de Noorman, the lessee of the falls at an early period, and one of the first settlers. 8 The census reports 5 churches ; 2 R. P. D., 2 M. E., 1 Presb. 7 The Indian name of this creek is said to have been O-nis-ke- thau, and of the flats at Coeymans Hollow Ach-que-tuck. B This arrangement was confirmed by patent from Queen Anne, Aug. 6, 1714. B Andreas and Leudert Whitbeck were early settlers near Ach-que-tuck ; Daniel Traver and Balthus Keefer near Keefers Corners; and John and Thos. Witbeck near Indian Fields. 1 Cornelius Schermerhorn kept a tory rendezvous, and at one time an abscondini; paymaster from Burgoyne's army is said to have been murdered at his house. 2 A parsonage farm was given to this church by S. Van Rens- selaer, midway between Bemvllle and Peoria, and a church was erected upon it. In 1835 the society was divided, and a new edifice was erected at each of the villages, the farm being held in common by both societies. The census reports 13 churches in town ; 4 M. B., 3 Christian, 3 Eef. Prot. D., and one, each. Bap., Evaug., Loth., and Friends. ~ j j s The proximity of this town to Albany has afforded an ex- cellent market for produce, and much of the land has been de- voted to the production of milk, butter, and culinary vegetables. i T_ -.../.a m<„_.:_ rt t**t,^^ Van Tlorrrfn had fl leaSe OI thlS 10 NEW YORK GAZETTEER. Falls. Tlie first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was built in 1797, 1 mi. west of Coeymans Landing. This church was organized March 5, 1793, Rev. Jacob Sickles first pastor.^ CUIIiOERIiAaifO— was formed from Watervliet, Feb. 26, 1803. It lies near the center of the northern border of the county. Its surface is greatly diversified. In the w. rises the precipitous wall of the Helderberghs to a height of 800 feet above the general level of the valleys. The central part is undulating, and the eastern is occupied by numerous sand ridges. The Normans Kil with its branches, the Bozen Kil,' Black Creek, Wildehause Kil, and Hunger Kil, are the principal streams. The lower course of the Normans Kil in this town is through a narrow ravine, with steep clayey banks. The soil is light and sandy in the E., and gravelly loam mixed with clay in the w. A mineral spring is found upon the farm of Wm. McGowan. Hamlltonvillc, (Guilder- land p.o.,) formerly known as the "Glass House,"' is situated on the old turnpike, 8 mi. w. of Albany. Cullderland Center, (p.v.,) locally known as "Bangall," contains 18 houses. Dunns ville,* (p.o.,) HLnoTrersville,* (p-o.,) and Frenclis Mills/ on the Normans Kil, are small villages. During the Revolution, a portion of the inhabitants sided with the British ; and the feuds which grew up between families and neighborhoods have not yet entirely subsided.' The Ev. Luth. church (St. John's) was organized Oct. 13, 1787. Heinrich Moeller was the first pastor.' H.1VOX — named from John Knox, the Reformer — ^was formed from Bern, Feb. 28, 1822. It is the N. w. corner town of the county. Its surface consists of a high plateau region broken by a few small hills. Its eastern part constitutes a portion of the Helderbergh region ; but the declivities are so gradual that they only serve to give to the town a moderate inclination towards the n. and w. The Bozen Kil, forming a part of the B. boundary, with its tributaries, and the Beaver Dam Creek, are the principal streams. There are two caves, supposed to be of considerable extent, about IJ mi. N. of Knoxville. The soil is principally gravel and clay, with hard pan underneath. Knox- ville' (Knox p.o.) contains 23 houses. W. Township, (p.o.,) E. Townsliip, and Peoria, on the line of Bern, are small villages. This town was settled by Germans before the Revolution. During the war the people became divided in politics, and after the defeat of Burgoyne many of the tory families went to Canada." Saml. Abbot and Andrew Brown, from Conn., settled in town in 1789 ; and soon after 20 to 30 families came in from the same State. The first church was a Ref. Prot. D." NEW SCOTXAWD— was formed from Bethlehem, April 25, 1832. It is the central town of the county. The eastern and central parts are high and rolling, with occasional isolated hills and ridges ; and the western border is occupied by the Helderbergh Mountains. The principal streams are Normans Kil, Vlamans Creek, and Coeymans Creek, (or Oniskethau Kil,) and several of their tributaries. Upon the side of Bennett Hill, in the s. w. part, is a strong sulphur spring. Near Clarksville are two caves, extending respectively i and J mi. under ground. Streams flow through each of them. The outlet of Lawsons Lake, in the s. w. part, about 1 mi. from the lake, falls into a deep cavity and flows J mi. in a subterranean passage, and in its course it receives a considerable tributary." At the northern foot of Copeland Hill, near the same locality, are remark- able sink holes, 5 to 8 feet in diameter, and extending down through the soil and lime rock to a depth of 10 to 20 feet. A subterranean stream connects the bottoms of these cavities." The soil is a gravelly loam mixed with clay. Clarksville (p.v.) is finely situated at the foot of the Helderberghs, on Coeymans Creek, and contains 50 houses. New Salem (p.v.) contains 27 houses; and Wew Scotland (p.v.) 15. rnionvllle, (Union Church p.o.,) Feuribusli, Since the Revolution, a small number of Indians belonging to the Oneida tribe lived in this town. They removed, but re- turned for a short time in 1812. An acot. of £10 was audited in 1792, for building stocks and a whipping post. 1 The census reports 6 churches in town; 3 M. E., K. P.D., R. C, and Union. 2 From " Boos," angry, because of its rapid descent and severe freshets. ' A glass factory was erected here in 1792; aud in 1793 the State loaned the proprietors £3000 for 8 years,— 3 years without interest and 6 at 6 per cent. In 1796 the project was conceived of establishmg here a manufacturing town, and the ground was laid out into streets and lots, under the name of Hamilton. To encourage the project, the company and workmen wore exempted from taxation for 6 years. The works were discontinued in 1815 for want of fuel. — MunselVs Annals, vol. iii. p. 157. * Named from Christopher Dunn, original owner; locally known as *' Hardscrabble." 5 An inn was kept here during the Revolution by Jacob Aker It was the seat of a fitctory in 1800. « Named from Abel French, who built a factory here in 1800. A clothing works was erected here in 1796, by Peter K. Brocck. ' The news of Burgoyne's surrender was celebrated by the whigs hy burning a hollow chestnut tree on a hill. A barrel of tar had previously been turned down the hollow trunk and branches. 8 A R. P. D. church was formed Dec. 14, 1793. The census reports, besides thoso already mentioned, 3 churches : 2 Presb., and 1 M. B. » Knoxville was formerly known as « Union Street," and is still locally called " The Street." 1" Capt. Jacob Van Aernden was an active leader of the whigs of this section during the war. " The census reports 6 churches ; 3 M. B., R. P. D., Luth., and Bap. 12 This cavity has been explored, and in it are found beautiful stalactites, and thousands of bats clinging to the roof 18 This passage has been explored, and is found to contain several rooms of considerable size. Some years ano a notorious thief used tJiis cavitv au ft flw„nDitn,.« ft... o,-.,! „„j- -, j_.. _ ALBANY COUNTY. 11 and Ouisketliau (locally known as "Tarryto-Vm") are hamlets. Tennis Slingerland, from Holland, was the first settler on the Oniskethau flats. He purchased 9874 acres, and built a dwelling near the center of the tract, and erected the first mills.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. B.) was organized at New Salem about 1786.^ RE]VSSEIiAER.VIIjlurg^ are post-offices.* The town was mostly settled by emigrants from New England soon after the Revolution. Michael Brandt, a German from Schoharie, lived in tovm during the war.^** Daniel Shay, the leader of the revolt known as Shay's Rebellion, moved to this town in 1795. 'Maj. John Edmonds, a Revo- lutionary officer, was also a settler in this town. The first church (Presb.) was formed in Nov. 1793, and the edifice erected in 1796." Rev. Samuel Fuller was the first pastor. "WATERTIilET— was formed March 7, 1788, and included the w. district of the manor of Rensselaerwyck." Rensselaerville was taken off in 1790, Coeymans in 1791, Bethlehem in 1792, Guilderland in 1803, and Niskayuna in 1809.^* It lies at the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk, in the n.e. corner of the county. Its surface is mostly an upland, 200 to 300 feet above the river. The declivities of this upland are broken by numerous guUeys worn by the small streams. A fine intervale, nearly half a mile in width, extends along the Hudson, At Cohoes, on the Mohawk, the river flows over a rocky declivity 78 feet in height, of which 40 feet is perpen- dicular.^* The banks, both above and below the falls, are high and precipitous. The Erie Canal rises, by a series of 18 locks, from the Hudson, through the village of Cohoes, to the most northerly angle of the town 3 mi. above, and 188 feet above tide. At this point it crosses the river into Sara- toga CO., in a stone aqueduct, 1188 feet long, 26 feet high, and resting upon 26 piers. The soil is a deep, rich alluvial upon the river intervale, and a light, sandy loam upon the upland. Sulphur and chalybeate springs, and bog iron ore, are found in town. The quarries of graywacke furnish an excellent flagging and building stone. This is the most populous town in the State. West Troy, (p.v.,) incorp. April 30, 1836, is a commercial and manufacturing village opposite the city of Troy. Pop. 8306. It is especially noted for the extent of its lumber trade, and for being the seat^* long time eluded the Tigilance of those wlio were Bearching for him. At length he was tracked to bis hiding place, and the existence of the cavity was made known. I Among the other first settlers were Daniel Pangbnrn and Wm. Van Walter, at Stoney Hill ; Ehenezer Wands, John Watt, Geo. SwaD, and Wm. Kirkland, Scotch eniigrants, near New Scotland; and Geo. Reed, John Patterson, Saml. Kamsey and BODS, James McMuUin, David Allen, Wm. McCulloch, and Brant in other parts of the town. 3 There are in town 8 churches ; 4 Ref. Prot. D., 3 M. E., Presh. The Friends organized a meeting in 18T2. 8 Samuel Jenkins, the first settler, located here February 22, 1788. ^ Opened Jan. 17, 1847. 6 Named from the family of first settlers, who came in soon after the Revolution. a Formerly called « Halls Mills," or " ffaJIs Hollow:' t Named from Saml. Potter, who, with bis sons and brothers, were first .settlers. 8 Named from Thomas B. Cook, who purchased land here in anticipation of business from the Catskill and Canajoharie R. R., which was completed to this place from the Hudson. The road was run two years, when the rails were taken up. 8 Upon the farm of Ezra Lester, in a place known as Willow Glen, formerly stood a village, known as '* PecJcham Bbllow," consisting of 2 stores, 2 smith's shops, and 14 houses. For a time it was a rival of Bensselaerville ; but now not a vestige of it remains. 10 At the time of the Indian incursion into Bern, Mr. B. had gone to Catskill Landing, leaving his family alone. On their return, the savages parsed close by with their scalps, prisoners, and plunder, hut offered no molestation. Truman Beman was the first pastor. A Bap. church was formed at Preston Hollow in 1800 ; a Friends meeting at Potters Hollow in 1808 ; and Trinity Church (P. E.) was organized in 1816. There are besides, in town, 2 M. E. churches. 13 The manor was divided into the East and West Districts, March 5, 1779, the river being the separating bounds. This district, as defined by act of March 24, 1772, embraced all that part of the manor north of an E. and w. line from Beerin Island north to Cumberland co., except the city of Albany. 18 It includes the former village of " Gibbonsvilte" (incorp. April 23, 1823,) aiyJ places known as " Washington" and "Jhri 1* Tbe ca-ticade is in full view from the R. e. bridge, a few rods below Cohoes. The Cbamplain Canal cros.sea the Mohawk a short distance below, in a pond formed by a dam 1650 feet long and 7 feet high, and unites with the Erie Canal 2 mi. s. of this point. 15 The arsenal grounds loccupy about 100 acres, which are crossed by the Troy and Albany turnpike and Erie Canal, the latter furnishing water power for the machinery of tbe arsenal. The grounds are enclosed by a high wall, excepting the part be- tween the river and the turnpike. This is the principal govern- ment manutactory of gun carriages, machines, equipments, ammunition, and military supplies for the troops and forts of the United States. The building of this establishment was begun in 1814, under Col. Geo. Bomford, of the Ordnance de- partment, and it was for many years under the charge of Maj. Jas. Dalliba. The Watervlict Arsenal tow consists of more than thirty buildings, of brick and stone, mostly large shops and storehonses, — the former of which will accommodate, in case of need, more than 600 workmen. The stores deposited 12 NEW YORK GAZETTEER. of an extensive U. S. arsenal. It has a bank, printing of&ce, 8 churches,^ and extensive manu- factures of woolen goods, bells, butts and hinges, castings, carriages, and malt. The annual aggregate value of manufactured products is about 11,000,000.^ Green Island (p.v.) was incorp. Oct. 14, 1853. Pop. about 2000. It contains 2 churches,^ a car factory, brass, malleable iron, and 2 iron foundries, and r. r. machine shops. It is also the seat of considerable lumber trade.* Colioes, (p. v.,) incorp, under general act, is a manufacturing village upon the Mohawk.^ Pop. 6106. A dam is here erected across the Mohawk,® and the water is con- ducted by canals to convenient places for factories. The whole fall is 103 feet, and the water is used 5 times from canals of different levels. The annual aggregate of manufactured products is nearly |2,000,000.' The village contains a savings bank, 6 churches,^ and n large number of stores, shops, &o. Boght^ (p.o.) contains 15 houses. The Ref. Prot. D, church of this place was organized April 14, 1784, by Rev. E. "Westerlo. £.tslias Kil, Newton ville^^" and Ireland Corners" are hamlets and p. offices. r.oudonville is a hamlet, 2^ miles from Albany. Ti'VOli Hollow, on Patroon Creek, adjoining Albany, has extensive manufactures of ag. implements, bolts, and hollowware. Wortli Albany lies on the river, north of the city, and contains 40 houses. It includes a portion of the " Lumber District" and several manu- factories. Spencerville, or West Albany, is the name applied to the recent establishments of the N. Y. C. R. R., 3^ mi. n. w. of the city, including the cattle and w^ood yards and car and engine houses of the company. The SbaRer Settlenient,^^ in the w. part of the town, consists of about 300 persons, living in 4 distinct families, in a manner peculiar to that people. Town House Corners, a populous neighborhood near the center of the town, is the place where town business has usually been transacted. The Albany Rural Cemetery, located in this town," was incorp. April 20, 1841, and the site selected April 20, 1844. The premises were dedi- cated and consecrated Oct. 7 of the same year. Haver (Dutch for ' ' Oat" ) and Van Schaicks Islands, in the Hudson above Green Island, are separated from each other and the main land by the " Sprouts" of the Mohawk. Upon the approach of Burgoyne, in the summer of 1777, Gen. Schuyler retired to these islands and threw up fortifications to check the advance of the enemy expected from both the n. and w. Upon the retreat of St. Ledger from the siege of Fort Stanwix, no farther trouble was apprehended from the direction of the Mohawk Valley ; and Gen. Gates, upon assuming the command of the northern army, advanced into Saratoga County. The traces of the fortifica- tions are still visible. "WESTERIiO^* — was formed from Coeymans and Rensselaerville, March 16, 1815. It lies upon the center of the southern border of the county. Its surface is broken and hilly, with a general southerly inclination. The highest point in the northerly part of the town is 800 feet above tide. The hills are very steep and irregular, and the valleys are mere narrow ravines. The streams are Haanakrois, Basie, "Wolf, Fly, and Eight Mile Creeks and their branches. These are all rapid streams, and are liable to severe freshets. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, inter- Ordnance department forms the guard of the arsenal, and the men are also employed in the shops. Most of the employees are citizen mechanics. A large number of trophy cannon are de- posited upon the premises. 1 Bap. org. 1827 ; Kef. Prot. B., 1844 ; P. E., CTrinity,) 1835 ; 2 R. C, (St. Patrick's, 1839, and St. Bridget's, 1S51,) and 2 M. E. 2 The village is built on land formerly held by the Bleeker fiimily. It was purchased by a company of Troy capitalists and laid out as a village, and has mostly grown up since the com- pletion of the canals. ^ Presb. and M. E. * It is situated upon an island in the Hudson directly op- posite the city of Troy, of which it forms a suburb. & The Cohoes Co. was incorp. March 28, 1826, with a capital of $260,000, afterward increased to $500,000. This co. built the dam, and constructed the canals, for the purpose of leasing the water power. 6 This dam is half a mile long, and the canal 2 miles long. 7 The foUowingmanufactories were reported here in the census of 1855: 6 knitting mills, value of product $647,100 2 cotton factories 618,000 lax and edge tool factory 210,000 2 bedstead factories 45,000 1 veneering factory 42.000 2 mills 28^000 1 machine shop and foundry 34,200 1 tobacco factory 21,450 1 shoddy mill 21.840 1 wheel fectory 9.000 1 straw paper factory 9,000 1 bobbin shop 6,000 There are now a considerable number of manufactories not in- cluded in the above list. 8 M. E., Ref. Prot. D., Presb., P. E., (St. John's,) Bap., and E. C, ^t. Bernard.) ^ The Dutch for " bend," in reference to ihe bend in the Mo- hawk; sometimes called "Groesbeck Corners," from ^m. G. Groesbeck. One of the earliest settlements iu the county was made in this neighborhood. ^0 Named ffom J. M. Newton. n Named fi-om B.II. Ireland, innkeeper. 12 This community was formed in 1776, by Ann Lee and her followers, by whom she is regarded as the spiritual mother of mankind. It is the oldest of the kind in the U. S,, and now owns 2540 acres, including about 300 acres of alluvial land on the Mohawk at tlie mouth of the Schoharie Creek and on Shaker Island, which are annually fertilized by the floods of the Mohawk, and chiefly devoted to the raising of broom corn. The whole number of buildings in the settlement is about 150, several of which are of stone or brick. They have a commodious church, (built in 1848,) 3 offices, 1 schoolhouse, 8 dwellincs, (suitable for 50 to 100 persons each.) 2 grist mills, 3 saw millfl, 3 machine shops, for turning, sawing, Ac, and numerous other shops and storehouses. Their pursuits are agriculture, horti- culture, the manufacture of brooms and medicines, and such mechanical trades as their own wants require. The females are employed in household work, dressmaking, spinning, weaving, braiding whiplashes and bonnets, and in making small salable articles, They keep 40 to 50 horses, 80 cows, 16 yoke of oXen, 500 sheep, and young stock in proportion. " Mother Ann" (as their founder is aff'ectionately named) was buried in the cemetery near the church family. i3 This cemetery is located upon the hills west of the Troy and Albany Koad, 4 miles from the city. The grounds are taste- fully laid out, and contain many elegant monuments. 14 Named in honor of Rev. Eilardus ■Westerlo, of Albany, ALBANY COUNTY. 13 Bpersed with clay and underlaid by hard pan in town. Chesterville^ (p. v.) contains There are several fine quarries of flagging stone 35 houses. Dormansvllle,' (p-o.,) South fVesterlo, (p.o.,) l.anibs Corners, and Van Lienvens Gorners,^ are hamlets. Settlement commenced before the Revolution.* A Bap. church was organized, about 1800, at Chesterville ; Roswell Beckvrith was the first pastor.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Scliools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures of Albany County. Names of Towns. Acres of Lanb. Taidatioh of 1858. 1^ Albany Bern Bethlehem Goeymans Gudderland Knox... New Scotland- BenSBelaerville. Watervliet Westerlo Total 2,968 31,171 26,804} 22,663 32,690 21,136 19,012 31,601t 26,897i 29,101 1,630J S,115i 6,616i 10,066 9,T01J 6,115i 8,114 6,603 8,193} 6,721 27,661 1,678 2,646 1,486 1,687 939 1,680 1,607 10,246 1,827 29,672 1,628 2,606 1,477 1,601 949 1,647 1,681 10,643 1,321 560 492 852 612 684 2,734 501 8,686 674 981 664 664 844 613 582 2,730 499 2,767 476 476 343 411 812 263 466 1,626 440 21,600 1,300 1,806 1,134 1,288 730 1,337 1,126 8,407 981 242,736 70,777i: 50,667 68,024 13,601 16,983 80,669 Names of Towns. Albany Bern Bethlehem Coeymans Quilderland Knox. New Scotland.., ^^nsselaerville. Watervliet Westerlo Total 1,224 1,172 1,156 790 1,416 790 749 952 1,724 972 10,964 297 1,618 927 931 1,180 969 682 1,463 884 1,074 9,916 640 1,772 1,629 699 1,691 1,032 966 1,632 1,912 1,459 13,332 144 6,686 1,722 1,767 2,824 6,246 1,914 12,003 1,034 8,716 87,064 860 2,002 3,693 1,943 3,836 1,189 2,663 2.602 3,306 2,242 24,035 AORICDLTXHIAL PBODUCTS. Bosh, of Gbain. 3,714 6.870i 39,010 26.836 60,273i 5,620 30,677 6.639 16,069 10,692 193,991 9,484 99.842} 123.045 42J6834 160,411 83,686} 60,3874 71,780} 101,813 66,407 808,031 4254 5,3114 8,9274 6.0164 7,9524 3.0364 6 7384 4,421 5,228 7,622 64,6794 3(£ 15,236 18,876 94,686 9,104 46,929 10,6304 13,768 13,448 143,023 10,167 375,6544 786 22,016 16,239 10,977 38,004 18,092 20,266 37,176 17,273 44,482 BAOtV Pboducth. is £K1 284,261 7,126 162,166 124,210 93,262 166,666 90,630 100,060 171,440 124.751 144,448 1,173,627 4,699 100 410 1,285 2, 472 11,636 6,503 8.790 36,620 i^S 2,7064 1.665 1,106 2,9614 2,9254 2,479 874} 1,618 1.744 17,9604 Distances from Albany. Bern. Bemville 22 Hast Bern 18 Peoria 244 South Bern 204 Bethleh£ni. Adamsrille 44 Sonth Bethlehem 7} Upper Hollow 24 Oneymcms 11} Indian Fields 18} MILES. ... 17} Stephen ville GuHderland. Guilderland Center 114 Uamiltonville 8} Knowereville 14 Knox. KnoxTille 20} JVew ScoiXaTid f Caarksville 124 Boght.. MILES, Feuribush 94 New Salem 114 UnionTille 8 SenssdaerviUe 234 Cooksburg 32} *otterB Hollow 33} Preston HoUow 32} MILES. Cohoes 9 Ireland Corners 4 Loudonville 34 Shakers 8 Town House Corners 7 West Troy 6 Westerlo. Chesterville 194 Dormansville 184 South Westerlo 224 1 Named in honor of Rev. John Chester, former pastor of 2d Presb. Ch. of Alhany. ' Named from Daniel Dorraan, former inn and store keeper. 'Named from Isaac Van Leuven. First called "Sockets a>mcr»," from Jas. Sacket, and afterward « P>-esi!ons Corners," from an innkeepernamed Preston. * Among the early settlers were Nicholas Stoddard, PhUip Meyer, and Lodowyck Haynes. Apollus Moore, afterward first judge of the county, taught school in 1788. Robt. 0. K. Bemrt taught a school in 1790. Grant & Eadie kept a store and mfldo potash at Chesterville in 1798. Lobdell & Baker built the first mill, about 1795. B The Ref. Prot. D. Ch. was formed about the same time. Emanuel Church, (P. E.,) at S. Westerlo, was formed in 1854. There are Also 1 Christian and 2 M. E. churches, and a society of Friends, in town. COETLAND COUNTY. This county was formed from Onondaga, April 8, 1808, and embraces the original townships of Virgil, Cincinnatus, Homer, Solon, and the south half of Tully and Fabius^ in the s.B. corner of the Military Tract. It was named in honor of Pierre Van Cort- landt, first Lieut. Gov. of the State of N. Y.^ It lies near the center of the State, upon the northern spurs of the Alleghany Mts., and just s. of the watershed between the Susquehanna and Lake Ontario. It contains an area of square miles, and is centrally distant 145 miles from Albany. Its surface is very hilly and broken, consisting for the most part of sharp ridgea with the narrow valleys between them. The highlands are divided into three general ridges extending through the county in a northerly and southerly direction. The first of these occupies the extreme eastern edge of the county, and is bounded on the w. by the valley of the Otselic River ; the second lies between the Otselic and Tioughnioga Rivers ; and the third embraces all the highlands lying w. of the Tioughnioga. These highlands are all divided laterally by the valleys of small streams, and in many places they are but little more than a collection of sharp ridges separated by narrow ravines. The northern portion of the county spreads out into a high plateau, broken by hills in many places, but containing a considerable amount of level land. This level has an average elevation of 1100 to 1200 feet above tide, and the ridges rise from 200 to 500 feet higher. Toward the south the valleys rapidly decline and contract until they become deep ravines, and the hills, attaining about the same absolute elevation, are relatively much higher and steeper than those in the north. The highest points in the county are Mount Toppin, in Preble, and the Owego Hills, in Virgil and Harford, which attain an elevation of 1600 to 1700 feet above tide. The drainage is nearly all through the Tioughnioga River, which flows through near the center of the county. In its upper course, it consists of two principal branches, the eastern entering the town of Truxton from Madison county, and the western taking its rise in the small lakes in the northern part of Preble and the southern part of Onondaga county. The principal branches of the Tioughnioga are the Otselic, — which flows through a deep vaUey in the eastern part of the county from Chenango county, — Trout, Cheningo, and Labrador Creeks, and Cold and Factory Brooks. The Skaneateles Outlet drains the northwestern, the branches of Fall Creek the extreme western, and Owego Creek the southwestern, parts of the county. The only considerable bodies of water in the county are the Skaneateles Lake, which borders upon the n. w. corner, and several small lakes in the northern part of the Tioughnioga Valley. The Hamilton group of rocks — consisting of calcareous shale, with limestone and slate inter- mixed — covers the northern portions of the county ; and successively above this, toward the south, appear the Genesee slate, and the Portage and Chemung groups. Quarries of sandstone and limestone, affording excellent building material, are worked in Homer, Cortlandville, Truxton, and several other parts of the county. A little s. e. of Cortlandville are several small lakes, containing deposits of marl, from which an excellent quality of lime is maniifactured. The soil upon the hills is principally a sandy or gravelly loam ; and that of the valleys is of the same character, with a large mixture of disintegrated slate, shale, and limestone. From its considerable elevation above tide, the climate of this county is colder than the lower regions n. and w. The winters are long, and snow falls to a great depth. The people are almost exclusively engaged in the different branches of agriculture. Spring grains are largely produced in the valleys, but the whole county is better 'adapted to pasturage than tillage. Dairying and stock raising are extensively pursued. The production of wool also receives considerable attention. The more hardy fruits generally flourish, but are liable to injury from early and late frosts. 1 The foUowiDg lots in these towns were set apart for the sup- port of the gospel and schools: — In Tully, 69,76,81; Fabius, 55, 68 ; Homer. 4, Si, 70, 86, 98, 98 ; Solon, 22, 26, 30, 41, 64, 98 ; Virgil, 20, 36, 51. 86. 91, 99; CHnoinnatns, 1, 16, S7, 49, 63, 62. The terri- tory of the " Boston Ten Towns," lying immediately south of this, was found to overlap or extend over a portion of this tract, and to embrace nearly all of the two southern tiers of lots 14 in Virgil, and 4 lots in the s. w. corner of Cincinnatus. Two ad- ditional townships (Junius, Cayuga CO., and Galen, Wayne co.) were set apart by the Land Commissioners, July 31, 1790, to sup- ply the deficiency thus occasioned in the Military Tract. 2 Gen. Van Cortlandt was an extensive owner of lands upon the Military Tract in this and adijoining counties. CORTLAND COUNTY. 15 Manufactures are of limited extent. The completion of the Syracuse, Binghamton, and New York R. R. through this county has given an additional impulse to every branch of business, and has greatly enhanced the value of the farms by furnishing an easy and direct avenue to market.^ Cortland Village, the county seat, is situated upon the Tioughnioga, near the center of the town of Cortlandville. The county clerk's office and the court house are finely situated in the e. part of the village.* The jail is located in the basement of the court house, the floors of the cells being 4 or 5 feet below the surface of the ground. The average number of prisoners is 2. The poor house is situated upon a farm of 118 acres, 3 mi. n. e. of Cortland Village. The average number of inmates is about 50. The farm yields a revenue of |600. There are four papers published in the county.' Few events of general interest have occurred in this county. Settlement began in Homer in 1791, in Virgil and Cortlandville in 1794, and in several other towns before the commencement of the present century. Being remote from the great routes of travel, its settlement advanced but slowly for many years, and the fertile but more distant valley of the Genesee had been mostly taken up by immigrants before civilization spread over the hills and along the valleys of Cortland county. The fear of Indian massacre then had not entirely subsided, and at times occasioned distress almost as real as if hostilities actually existed. The wild beasts often claimed a share of the little flocks and herds of the pioneers ; and long, weary forest roads to distant mills and markets, for many years, proved a heavy burden to the early settlers in this and many other sections of the State not favored with navigable streams. ClarCIWlVATUS— was formed from Solon, April 3, 1804. It embraced the township of Cin- cinnatus, or No. 25 of the military tract, a name applied by the Laud Commissioners upon its first survey. The present town is one-fourth of its original size, — having been reduced by the erection of Freetown, Willett, and Marathon, in 1818. It lies upon the eastern border of the county, s. of the center. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of the Otselic River and of the high ridges which rise upon each side. Deep ravines, forming the valleys of small tributaries to the river, extend laterally far into the highlands, dividing nearly the whole surface of the town into steep and sharp ridges. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and best adapted to grazing. Cinclniiatus (p.v.) contains about 290 inhabitants, and liOwer Clncinnatus 160. The former contains 3 churches* and an academy.* The first settlers were Ezra and Thos. Rockwell, from Lenox, Mass., who located upon lot 19 ; and Dr. John McWhorter, from Salem, N.Y., on lot 29, in 1795.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed by a union of the people of Cincinnatus, Solon, Taylor, and Pitcher, Chenango co. 1 This roart is built aloDg the Tioughnioga Valley, connecting withtheN.Y.CR.R. at Syracuse, and with the N.Y. 4E.R. E. at Binghamton. It has stations at Preble, Little York, Homer, Cortlandville, Blodgets Mills, State Bridge, and Marathon. 2 The county courts were first directed to be held at the Bchoolhouse on lot 45, in Homer. By an act of April 5, 1810, Joseph L. Richardson, of Auburn, Nathan Smith, of Herkimer, and Nathaniel Locke, of Chenango, were appointed commission- ers to select the site for a court house, and $2000 was appro- priatedforthe erection of the building. The first county oificers were John Keep, First Judge; Wm. Mallory, Sheriff; and John McWhorter, Surrogate. 8 The Cbrtland vmirier was established at Homer in 1810 by Jas. 4 SamL PercivaL In 1812 H. R. Bender & R. Wash- burne became the proprietors, and changed its name to The Farmers Journal. They sold it to Jesse Searl in 1813, by whom it was issued as The Qyrtland Eepositort/j and continued until 1825. Then Milton A. Kinney became proprietor, and changed its title to The CorOand Observer. It passed into the hands of S. S. Brad- ford in 1833, and in 1836 into those of Holmes, by whom its title was changed to Tlie Bimer Eagle. In 1837 it was united with the CorUand Be- publicanj and issued by R. A. Reid aa The Republican and Eagle, and continued until 1852. E. B. Gould then became proprietor, and changed it to Tlw OmOand Qmnty Whig. In 1856 it was sold to J. R. Dixon, and by him it is now published as The Cortland County Republican. The Protestant Sentinel was started at Homer in 1831 by John ^ Maxson, and continued until 1833. The Cortland Republican was commenced in 1815, at Cortland Village, by James Percival, and was continued by him, by Osborn A Campbell, and by the CampbeU Bros., until 1821. The Western Courier waa founded at Homer in 1821 by Roberts & Hnll, and was soon after removed to Cortland Village. In 1824 it aoDeared as Tlte Cortland Journal, and in 1832 as T/tc Cortland Advocate. It was published successively by C. W. Gill, H. S. Randall, and David Fairchild, and m 1846 it was styled The Cortland Democrat. Seth Haight & H. G. Cranch have been interested in its management; and it is now pub- lished as The Cortland Gazette, which name it received in 1857. The Cortland Chronicle was started in 1826 by Reed & Osborn. It was sold to R. A. Reed in 1832, and by him called The Anti-Masonic Republican. In 1833 it was styled The Cortland Republican^ and in 1837 it was united with The Homer Eagle. The Liberty Herald, semi-mo., waa published at Cortland Village in 1844 and '45 by B. F. Graham. The True American and Religious Examiner was started in 1845, at Cortland Village, by C. B. Gould. The follow- ing year it passed into the hands of S. R. Ward, was issued by him as The True American, and continued until 1848. Tlio Republican Banner was started in 1858 by E. D. Van Slyke & P. H. Bateson. The South Cortland Luminary was published in 1840, at South Cortland, by M. Reynolds. The Morning Star waa published at McGrawville in 1850, and The Central Reformer in 1858. i Cong., Bap., Meth. B Cincinnatus Academy waa chartered by the regents, April 21, 1857. •J Eb'r Crittenden, from Barrington, Mass., removed to the pre- sent town of Willett in 1793, and to the present limits of this town in 1797. The first child born was Sally Rockwell, the first marriage that of Dr. McWhorter to Katy Young, and the first death that of Daniel Hartshorn. — all in 1796. Mrs. IT. Buebe taught tlie first school, in 1797 ; Col. John Kingman, the first inn ; Elijah Bliss, the first store: and Eph'm Fi.';h biijlt the first mill, in 1814. 16 CORTLAND COUNTY. CORTIiAMDVILiLiE— was formed from Homer, April 11, 1829, and embraces the southern half of the original township of Homer, and a small portion of the N. E. corner of Virgil. The name was applied to the town from its being the county seat of Cortland county. It is situated at the junction of the eastern and western branches of the Tioughnioga River, and extends from the central portion of the county to the extreme western border. The surface along the river valley is level; but the remaining parts of the town are hilly. From an eminence just w. of Cortland Village can be seen 7 distinct valleys, separated by ranges of hills radiating in different directions. The ridges are 200 to 400 feet above the valleys ; and the western part of the town is a broken upland region, the hills being arable to their summits. The tributaries of the Tioughnioga in this town are Trout Brook from the e. and Dry and Otter Brooks from the w. A small part of the western portion of the town is drained by streams flowing westward into Cayuga Lake. In the s. w. part of the town are three small ponds, fed by springs, and furnishing an almost unlimited supply of marl, from which an excellent quality of lime is manufactured.^ The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Cortland Villa^e^ (p.v.) is finely situated upon the Tioughnioga, near the center of the town. It contains an academy,' 5 churches, 3 hotels, and 12 stores. Pop. 2117. McGravFVille (p.v.) is situated upon Trout Brook, 4i mi. E. of Cortland Village. It contains 3 churches and several manufacturing establishments, and is the seat of the N.Y. Central College.* Pop. 558. South Cortland, (p.v.,) in the s.w. part of the town, contains 161 inhabitants. Blodgets Mills is a p.o. The first settlers of this town were Jonathan Hubbard and Col. Moses Hopkins, — the former upon the lot where Cortland Village now stands, and the latter upon lot 94.* The census reports 9 churches in town.* FREETOWW — was formed from Cincinnatus, April 21, 1818, and embraces the N. w. quarter of that township. Lot 20 of Virgil was annexed in 1850. It is situated upon the ridge between the Otselic and Tioughnioga Rivers, s. E. of the center of the county. It is high and hilly, and its surface is much broken by the narrow ravines of the watercourses which flow N. and s. A considerable part of the more hilly portions is yet covered with the original forests. Its soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, and is best adapted to pasturage. Freetown Corners (p.v.) has 2 churches and about 100 inhabitants. Robert Smith, a soldier of the Revolution, drew lot 2, and, accompanied by his son-in-law. Ensign Rice, took possession of it in 1795.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1810, by Elder Caleb Shepard, of Lisle, who was the first preacher.' HARFORO — ^was formed from Virgil,' May 2, 1845, and it embraces the s.w. quarter of that township. It is the s. w. corner town in the county. Its surface consists of a high, broken upland, 500 to 700 feet above the valleys and 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The Owego Hills, in the southern part, are the most elevated portions. The declivities are usually steep, and often rooky, and the summits are crowned with forests. One half of the town is yet a wilderness. The streams are mere brooks. The soil is a moderately productive sandy and gravelly loam, best adapted to pasturage. Harford (p.v.) contains 30 houses, and Souttt Harford 20. The first settler was Dorastus De Wolf, in 1803." Religious meetings were held as early as 1804; but the first church (Bap.) was not organized till 1815.'^ HOMER— was formed March 5, 1794. Solon was taken off in 1798, Virgil in 1804, and Cortlandville in 1829. It lies upon the w. border of the county, n. of the center. Its surface 1 Crandalls Pond covers an area of 15 acres ; Swains, 6, and Chatterdona, 4. The marl is generally of an ash color when first taken out from the vegetable matter which it contains, but it whitens upon exposure to the air. When partially dried, it is moulded into the form of bricks, and these are thoroughly dried and burned. The greatest known thickness of these deposits of marl is about 20 feet.— GpoI. Third Dist., p. 291. 2 Incorp. 3 The Cortlandville Academy, incorp. Jan. 13, 1843. * This institution was incorp. in 1850. It was originally started as a manual labor school, and is open to all, without dis- tinction of color or sex. 6 In 1795, Thos. Wilcox, from Whitestown, located upon lot 94; Keuben Doud, from New Haven, Jas. and John Morse, and Joseph Lee, upon lot 75. In 1796-97, Aaron Knapp located near Cortland Village, ■ Ilotcbkiss upon lot 73, and Snml. Inglis and son on lot 75. In ISOO, Wilmot Sperry (from Woodbridge, Conn.) settled on lot 73; and a few settlers came yearly until 1810, when the growth became more rapid. The first school- house stood on tlie present site of the Eagle Hotel. The first inn was kept by Saml. Inglis, in 1810. • 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Presb, Christian, Ref. Presh., and Univ. 7 About 10 years after. Smith and ilice sold their improve- ments to Saml. G. Hathaway and Saml. Jennings; and about the same time Caleb Shepai-d and David H. Munro, from Wash- ington CO., settled on lot 22. In 1806, Remembrance Curtias set- tled on lot 12 ; and Curtis and Chas. Richardson, from Saratoga CO., on lot 32. Henry Gardner, Wm. Tuthill, .lacob Hicks, Gideon Chapin, Simeon Doty, John Backus, and Amos Eaton, were among the other early settlers. The first marriage was that of Robert Smith, jr., with Amity Smith. The first school teacher was Don A. Robertson. The first store waa kept by Peter McVean, at ''The Corners." The first permanent merchant was Hon. W.llter Sweetland, still a resident of the town. 8 The census reports 3 churches ; 1 Bap., 2 M. E. " The p.o. of " Worthington" was established in this part of Virgil in 1825 or '26. Its name was changed to Hai-ford about 10 years after. From this the town derives its name. 10 Among the other first settlers were Thos. Nichols, in 1804, John Green, in 1805, Eben Burgess, Barns, Gordon Bui-- lingame, Nathan Heaton, Theodore Hunt, and Lewis Moore. Theodore E. Hart kept the first store, in 1824. The first birtl^ was that of Dr. Chas. Barns ; the first marriage, that of Obeir Gi-aves and Alice Munroe; and the first death, that of Dorastus Do Wolf. Betsey Carver taught the first school, in 1806 ; LewLs Monro kept the first inn ; and Nathan lleaton built the first giTst mill, in 1814. 11 The census reports 3 churches; Christian, Cong., and Union. CORTLAND COUNTY. 17 is very uneven, consisting of the valleys of the two branches of the Tioughnioga River and the ridges which border upon them. The valley of the vrestern branch is about one mile wide, and elevated 1096 feet above tide. The eastern valley is much narrower. A ridge of hills, 200 to 500 feet above the river, separates the two valleys ; and a similar ridge occupies the s. e. corner of the town. The western part is a hilly upland, 1500 to 1600 feet above tide. The principal branches of the Tioughnioga are Cold and Factory Brooks, from the w. The valleys of these streams open northward into corresponding valleys, through which flow streams emptying into Otisco and Skaneateles Lakes. The soil upon the river intervales is a deep, rich alluvial and dark loam, well adapted to tillage ; among the hills, it is a sandy or gravelly loam, better for pasturage. Homer' (p. V.) is finely situated on the Tioughnioga, 3 mi. n. of Cortland V&lage. It contains 5 churches, a printing office, and several manufacturing establishments, including the only cotton factory in the county. It is the seat of Cortland Academy,^ an old and very flourishing institution. Pop. 1625. East Homer (p. v.) contains 25 houses, and L.lttle York. (p. v.) 15. Spencer Beebe and his brother-in-law, Amos Todd, were the first settlers of this town, and of Cortland county, in 1791.' The first religious meetings were held in 1793, when there were but 6 families in town ; and all attended. The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1801, chiefly through the influence of Mrs. Hobart, wife of Lieut. Hobart.* 1iAPI:ER — was formed from Virgil, May 2, 1845, and embraces the s. e. quarter of that township. It lies upon the high ridges w. of the Tioughnioga River, on the s. border of the county, w. of the center. The declivities of the hills bordering upon the river are very precipitous. "Luce HiU," in the northwestern part of the town, is the highest point, and is 1600 to 1700 feet above tide. The streams are all small brooks. Upon the Owego Creek, near the s. border of the town, is a wild and beautiful cascade, 71 feet high, known as Hunts Falls. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Nearly one half of the town is still unsettled. Hunts Corners contains 10 houses. Lht. Knight, (from Mon- mouth, N. J.,) Hugh Stewart, (from Colei-aio, Mass,,) John JeflFrey and Enos Phelps, (from N.J^) Billy Trowbridge and Dr. John Miller, (&om Dutchess co.) The last named was the first physician, and is stiU living, (1858,) aged 82. The first child bom was a son of Samuel Benedict; and the first death was a child in the same family. A, W. Baker taught the first school, in 1799; Bowen Brewster kept the first inn, in 1801, and Stephen Hedges the first store. » The census returns 4 churches; 2M. E^ Bap^ Presb, * Mr. Chaplin was engaged to open a road from Oxford to Cayuga Lake, which he commenced in 1792 and finit^hed in two years. This road was 60 mi. in length, and it became the thoroughfare for emigrants. Mr. Chaplin brought in his family from Oxford in the winter of 1794-95. Among the other first settlers were John M. Frank. John (Jee, John E. Roe, James Wright, Jas. Knapp, Jas. and John Glenny, Joseph Bailoy. and Enos Bouton. The first flock of sheep, brought in by Mr. Frank, were all destroyed by the wild auinial.s. Mr. Roe and Capt. Knapp kill^ 15 wolves in one year. The first child born was a son of Joseph Chaplin ; the first marriage was that of Biilufl" Whitney, of Dryden, and Susan Glenny, in 1800; and the first death was that of a stranger, named Chailes Hoffuian, who was found dead in the woods in April, 1798. Chas. Joyce was the first teacher; Peter Vanderlyn and Nathl. Knapp built the first grist mill, in 1805 ; Daniel Edward bnilt the first saw mill in 1801, and DanL Sheldon kept the first store, in 1807. As early as 1828, in a series of articles in the " Cortland Observer," Nathaniel Bouton, a &rmer in thjs town, strongly advocated the construction of a R. R. through the southern tier of counties. From the proceed- ings of a " Festive Gathering" of the early settlers and iuhabit- ants of the town of Virgil we make the following extracts :— "The patents issued to the purchasers of the military lots con- tained the whole mile square; yet the State reserved to itself the right to retain 100 acres in the s. e. comer of each lot and give an eijual amount of land in Ohio. This reserved lot was known as * The States Hundred.* By giving notice that he wished to retain his land together, and paying $8.00 for the sur- vey, the patentee could retain the whole lot. In default of the payment, the St'ite retained 50 acres in the S.B. corner, ctilled the * Survey of Fifty Acres.' " As an illustration of the hard- ships to which the pioneers of this town and co. were subjected, we extract the following: — "In the spring of 1797, John E. Koe came on from Ulster co. and made a beginning on his lot, — the same occupied till recently by himself and family, — boarding with Mr. Frank. He cleared a spot, put up the body of a log house, split plank and laid a floor, peeled bark for a roof, aud agreed with a man in Homer to put it on. He also cut and cured some of the wild grass growing in the swamp, for hay, and returned. -Preparations were then made for moving on ; which was done in the winter following. He and his wife came in a sleigh, with a young cow following them. When they came to the river, opposite Mr. Chaplin's, they found the water high, and the canoe that had been used in crossing carried away. Mr. Chaplin's hog trough was procured, and Mrs. Roe was safely cari'ied over in it. She then stood upon the bank to await the crossing of what remained. The horses, being urged in, swam across with the sleigh, the cow foUowing, and came near beiug carried away with the current, but, after a hard struggle, made the shore in safety. They put up for the night, the horses being fastened to the sleigh, (as no accommodations could be procured,) and they ate out the flag bottoms of the chairs to allay the keen demands of appetite. The snow was two feet deep, with no track, and the whole day was consumed in coming fiom the river to their new home. When they arrived, they were surprised to find their house without covering, con- sequently the snow as deep in it as out of it. Persons of less perseverance would have been disheaitened. But no time was to be lost. The snow was cleared away from a portion of the floor, a fire built against the logs, some blankets drawn acr-'ss the beams for a covering, the horses tied in one corner, with some of that coarse hay before them; and thus theh first and several successive nights wei'e passed." 6 The census leports 5 churches; Bap., F.W. Bap., Cong., M. K, Union. 20 CORTLAND COUNTY. loam DyerSTille (WiUett p.o.) contains 20 houses. The first settler was Ebenezer Crittenden, from Barrington, Mass., in 1793.^ The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1816. There is also a Cong, church in town. ^^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Pop-ulation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live StocJc, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cortland County. Names of Towns. Cincinnatus.. Cortlandville. Cuyler Freetown Harford Homer Lapeer Marathon PreWo Scott Solon Taylor Truxton' Virgil...; Willett Total.... N.4MEa OF Towns. Cincinnatus. CortlantlvilL Cuyler Freetown.... Harford Homer Lapeer Marathon... Preble Scott Solon Taylor Truxton Virgil Willett Total.. Acres of Laitd. 10,368 24,150 10,848i 7,064i 21,676 9,371 9,630} 10,7134 8,772i 10,244 32.7071 20;766i 8,097 1 I 3,015 S,3994 5,169 r,812 167f ,654i 462 ,920 ,081 ,663 787 ,064J- ,789} ,798i 194,7361 113,662J Valuation of 1858. 551 2,127 484 477 1,807 383 686 614 670 549 616 1.736 1,094 464 12,267 12,318 668 2,202 471 449 1,978 367 656 606 623 608 686 1,708 1,137 461 220 827 188 180 732 142 249 240 247 206 226 646 446 178 247 879 137 190 477 149 275 268 259 206 232 766 466 182 4,722 4,212 179 749 164 168 673 133 214 212 225 188 221 601 410 175 Schools. 600 1,690 356 1,274 371 619 428 617 465 827 318 Si 363 227 930 840 338 478 890 446 328 1,044 813 266 978 1,648 619 1,924 884 862 920 775 816 1,053 2,406 1,449 1,164 2,833 1.233 628 2,390 802 1,008 1,032 766 1,170 1,133 4,724 1,909 837 7,410 16,003 21,668 41,321 12,302 2.221 4,918 2,062 1,961 3,488 1, 3,260 2,301 2,058 1, 2.226 5.002 6.800 1,663 487 1,976 626 380 1,851 460 673 966 614 63' 502 1,966 V" 437 AORICULTtmAL PEODUCTS. EUBH. OF Grain. 2,397} 226 1,306 664 263 406 784 206 23 169i 1,6764 399{ 29,020 117,7724 34,936 32,646 90,381i 29,411i 27.774 80,7094 44,317 30,607 29,640 77,661 90,0624 18,1664 8,868i 732,884} 66,769J 3,621 6.964 1,5034 5,6534 2,644 2,887 2,078 2,080 3,646 3,643 12,712} 4,721 2,6274 l« Daiky Pboduots. 21,375 8.414 6,260 21,600 6,676 6,937 11,411 9,841 8,537 7,806 26,177 12.486 6;411 14,015 64,928 13.860 10,295 65,062 8,671 17,627 24,840 18,020 21,788 13,61' 60,686 30,474 8,212 £=1 118,760 319,229 108,690 72,305 279,626 76,970 135,009 141,030 91,826 140,976 161,886 416,246 "243,423 83,285 155,389 361,975 2,379,267 708,679 21,8004 3,070 28,021 71,680 16,220 28,622 10,620 8,101 4,640 7,604 300 6,836 617,281 4,390 2,696 i1 ■s.s s 1,3474 971 1,0004 903 1,664 2,786 329 1,227 1,130 1,8044 2,1474 8.749} 1,883 Distances from Cortlandville.^ MILES. Cincinnaitts 18} Lower Cincinnatus 164 Cortland. McGrawville 44 Freetown 9} Freetown Corners 164 MIU.S. H.irfari 13} South Harford 154 Homer 2} Little York 7 Loptzr. Hunts Corners 13 MILES. Maratlum 13 PreMe 9} Baltimore 9} SaM 10 Solrm 8J MILES. Taylor 16 Union Valley 18 Trvixbm. 10} Cuyler 164 yirgH 64 East Virgil 9} wma 184 1 Mr. Crittenden embarked, with hia wife, child, and goods, upon a rude boat, at Chenango Forks, and with a paddle and Getting-pole worked his way up the rapid current of the Tioxighnioga and Otselic Kivera to his place of settlement. For 9 years he was the sole inhabitant of the town. Among the other first settlers were Jabez Johnson, (from Vt.,) Benj. WilHon. ffrom Westchester co.."t John Fisher. Thos. flavlev. Thos. Leach, Phineas Sargent, and John Covert. The first birth was that of a child of Eb'r Crittenden. The wives of Solomon Smith, Danl. Roberts, and Edward Nickerson all died in 1812j and these were the first deaths in town. The first school was taught in 1814. Benj. Wilson kept the first inn and built the first mill, and John E. Dyer kept tho first store. S See Table of R. R. diatancea. n. T.SOt.'-W"' < O- < ESSEX COUNTY. This county was formed from Clinton, March 1, 1799, and a corner was taken off in the erection of Franklin co. in 1808. It lies upon Lake Champlain, in the n.k. part of the State; is cen- trally distant miles from Albany, and contains square miles. It is by far the most broken and mountainous county in the State. With the exception of a narrow strip of level land along the shore of Lake Champlain, nearly the whole co. is of an Alpine character. High, rocky peaks, and immense mountain masses, abounding in wild, broken crags and stupendous preci- pices, and separated by narrow ravines and deep gorges, form the general characteristics of the landscape. With the exception of the Black Mountain, of North Carolina, and the White Moun- tain group, of New Hampshire, the mountains of this co. attain a higher elevation than any others belonging to the great Appalachian system; and, taking into consideration their great number of lofty peaks, they surpass in magnitude all other groups E. of the Mississippi. The mountains seem thrown together without regard to order or system; and from this fact, and the frequent misapplication of names, much confusion has arisen in attempting to describe them. The 5 mountain ranges n. of the Mohawk valley extend through portions of this CO., and terminate upon the shores of Lake Champlain. They all have a general n. e. and s. w. direction, rising successively higher toward the N. until they culminate in the most northerly range. The axes of these ranges are nearly parallel, and are respectively about 8 mi. apart. They are not always distinct and continuous, but in some places their lateral spurs interlock, and in others their continuity is broken by the intervention of valleys and brief intervals of lowland. They are not regularly serrated, but appear to consist of groups of sharp pointed peaks connected by immense ridges. The principal mountain masses appear to extend in a due N. and s. direction, and ai-e thus placed obliquely in the range of which they form a part. Single mountains are often sufftciently large to occupy the whole intervening space between the ranges, thus destroying the continuity of the valleys and reducing them to narrow, isolated ravines. This arrangement of mountains, in regard to the ridges, affords the key to the peculiar plan of the construction of this whole moun- tain system. The most southerly of the 5 ranges barely enters the extreme s. E. corner of the co. It is known as the Palmertown or Luzerne Mts. It has also sometimes been called the Black Mountain Range and the Tongue Mts. It constitutes the highlands which rise upon both sides of Lake George and upon the narrow peninsula between the Lake George outlet and Lake Cham- plain. Mt. Defiance, liie extremity of the ridge, has an elevation of about 750 feet above the lake. The second range, known as the Kayaderosseras, extends through the s. e. part of Schroon and the center of Crown Point, ending in the high cliff which overlooks Bulwagga Bay, and is elevated about 1150 feet above the surface of the lake. Along the course of this range, in Schroon, is a cluster of mountain peaks, the highest of which, Mt. Pharaoh, is 3500 to 4000 feet above tide. The third range occupies the w. and N. parts of Schroon, and extends through the n. part of Moriah and the center of Westport, ending in the high promontory of Split Rock, in the s. part of Essex.^ Bald Mountain, in Westport, one of the most noted peaks of this range, attains an elevation of 2065 feet above tide. This range takes the name of the Schroon Mts. from the principal lake which lies at its foot. ■ The fourth range extends through the central parts of Minerva and N. Hudson, the s. E. corner of Keene and Lewis, the n. w. part of Elizabethtovm, and the center of Willsborough, ending in the high bluffs which border upon Perou Bay. It might with propriety be called the Boquet Range, from the principal river which flows at its base. Dix Peak, in N. Hudson, the highest mountain in this range, attains an elevation of 5200 feet above tide, and, next to Mt. Marcy, is the 1 The name of Split Rock was applied to this promontory in conseqnence of about 1 acre of the extreme point being de- tached from the mainUnd by a chasm 10 feet wide, extending downward to near the water's edge. It was once supposed that this mass was split oif from the mainland by some great i„: £•.._* '„,! „,„'^..-a liavo (rrAvpIv RRserted that 500 feet soundings have been taken in the chasm ; but it is probablo that the fissure was formed by the disintegration of the rock, which at this point contains iron pyrites and is easily acted upon by the elements. The height of this dissevered mass above the lake is about 30 feet. 22 ESSEX COUNTY. highest point in the co. Nipple Top has an elevation of 4900 feet. Karen Hill, in Elizabethtown, and Mt Discovery, in Lewis, each attain an elevation of over 2000 feet. The fifth range extends through Newcomb, Keene, Jay, Lewis, and Chesterfield, ending in the rocky promontory of Trem, bleau Point. It has sometimes been called the Clinton Eange, but it is more widely known as the Adirondack Range.' Mt. Marcy, the highest peak of this range, and the highest land in the State has an elevation of 5467 feet above tide. Mounts MoMartin, Mclntyre, and San-da-no-ne, belonging to this range, are each upward of 5000 feet high. A spur of this range extends north- ward on the borders of Jay and Chesterfield, in a high, unbroken ridge, with a mean elevation of about 2000 feet above tide. North of the Adirondack Range the mountains are not disposed in regular ranges, but are scattered in groups over a large space of country. These groups, however, lie in a line parallel to the other ranges, and for convenience of description they might be considered under the head of the " Au Sable Range." Mt. Seward, the highest peak, 5100 feet above tide, is situated just beyond the limits of the co. "Whiteface, in Wilmington, has an elevation of 4900 feet. The rocks of Essex co. are primary, consisting of granite, gneiss, and hypersthene. The moun- tains generally are composed of huge masses of naked rocks, more or less disintegrated by the action of the elements. Nearly the whole mountain region is composed of this primitive rock. Along the base of the mountains, on the E., appear the Trenton limestone and Utica slate; while upon the immediate borders of the lake are found the clayey masses of the tertiary formation. In the primary rocks, among the mountains, are immense beds of rich magnetic iron ore, some of which have been extensively worked, though generally in a very rude and primitive manner. The iron produced from this ore has been subjected to the most severe tests, and has been pronounced equal to the best which is produced in the world. The s. w. portion of the co. is drained by the Hudson and its principal branch, the Schroon River. These streams take their rise upon the highest peaks of the Adirondack and Schroon Ranges, and flow through the winding valleys that lie at their base. Upon the E. Putnams Creek drains the region between the Luzerne and Kayaderosseras Ranges; Mill Brook, between the Kayaderosseras and Schroon ; and the Boquef" River, between the Schroon and Boquet Ranges. The Au Sable, flowing along the N. base of the Adirondack Range, drains the N. portion of the co. The valleys of these streams are generally narrow, and are bounded by steep banks, which are not unfrequently huge masses of precipitous or overhanging rocks. Lakes Champlain and George lie partly in this co., and more than 100 small lakes lie wholly within its limits. The greater part of these are comprised in three groups, lying near the base of the principal mountain peaks. The first of these groups surrounds Mt. Marcy; the second, Mt. Pharaoh; and the third, Whiteface. Many others are found scattered along the whole course of the mountain ranges. These lakes are generally long and narrow ; and Prof. Emmons says "that, instead of occupying shallow basins scooped out of the softer materials, — as earth and the ordinary slates and shales, — ^they lie in chasms formed by uplifts and fractures in the primary rock." Many of these lakes have precipitous banks, presenting a great variety of wild and pictu- resque scenery. The soil along Lake Champlain consists of a stiff, hard clay, alternating with a dark loam and gravel, and, in the narrow valleys, of disintegrated rocks. Upon the mountains the soil is thin and light, many of the peaks being masses of naked rocks, destitute of both soil and vegetation. The declivities of the hills are generally wooded, but not very heavily. Three-fourths of the entire surface of the co. is too rough and broken for cultivation. Farming, iron mining, and the manufacture of iron from the ore, constitute the leading pursuits; and the immense mineral wealth of this section must for centuries continue to afford an object of profitable investment. In the infancy of the settlement, and until the supply became exhausted, the manufacture and exportation of lumber and staves to the Quebec market formed the leading, and, in some neighborhoods, almost the sole, objects of industry. Rafts of great size were formed in the coves and sheltered points along the lake shore, and were wafted by sails and oars to the Richlieu River, and down that stream and the St. Lawrence to Quebec, where they were transferred to ships for the British market. The completion of the Champlain Canal gave a new impulse to lumbering; but the timber suitable for exportation is now nearly exhausted, except on the extreme w. borders of the co. The logs of this latter region are floated down the Saranac, 1 Tile name Adirondack is strictly applied only to the gronp of elevated peaks of which Mt. Marcy is the center, but by common usage it is now made to comprehend the whole system of mountains N. of the Hohawk. 2 Pron. bo-kw6t. Probably firom the Trench "baquet," a trough. It is also said to have been named from Henry Boquet, an English officer; but the name appears on French maps pre- vious to his residence in the country. ESSEX COUNTT. 23 Racket, Hudson, and other streams, to some convenient place for sawing; and large sums have been appropriated by the State for improving the channels of these rivers for this purpose.^ Tan- neries, vrithin the last few years, have greatly increased in the woody sections of the State, and about a dozen of them are located in this co. The iron manufacturing business of this region was commenced at Willsborough Falls in 1801,2 ^^^ ^^^ ^^^.^^ ^^^ ^f ^^^ leading pursuits of the people. Iron ore is exported from this co. in large quantities to Pittsburgh and other distant localities, t^) be mixed with other ores.^ The manufactui-e of sash and blinds, tubs, pails, and other articles of pine and cedar, starch, paper, and black lead, receives considerable attention. Ship- building, to some extent, has been carried on in Essex and Willsborough. The county seat is located at Elizabethtown,* situated upon the Au Sable, about 8 mi. w. of the lake. It contains the court house, jail, and county clerk's office.^ These buildings are plain and substantial. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres, in Essex, 10} mi. n.e. of Elizabethtown. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a cost of 62 cts. per week each. The farm yields a revenue of about $1200.® There are 2 papers now published in the county.' In 1609, Samuel Champlain, with two attendants, accompanied a party of Canadian Indians on an expedition against the Five Nations. On the 4th of July his party entered the lake which now bears his name, and on the 30th they met their enemies. A sanguinary battle ensued, the fate of which was decided by the firearms of the whites, then for the first time used within the limits of the State. This act of unprovoked hostility on the part of Champlain laid the foundation for the long and bloody wars between the Five Nations and the French, and rendered the former the willing and steadfast friends and allies of the English. The whole region bordering upon the lake was claimed, by constructive title, by both France and England ; and during the wars that ensued it became the great battle ground for supremacy, and the principal highway for war parties in their mutual incursions upon the defenseless frontier settiements. Fort Frederick was erected by the French at Crown Point in 1731. This measure was met by remonstrance, but no open resistance, on the part of the English. Previous to the erection of the fort, French settlements had commenced in various places along both shores of the lake. These settlements had made considerable progress, 1 ${K)00 were appropriated in 1853, and $5000 in 1854, for im- proving the log navigation of the Au Sable River. A lighthouse has been erected at Split Rock by the General Government. The proposed Sacketts Harbor and Saratoga R. R. has been sur- veyed across the 8. w. corner of the co., and another route has been projected from Plattsburgh to Whitehall; but there is little prospect of either of these lines being soon finished. " In that year George Throop and Levi Higby, In connection vrith Charles Kane, of Schenectady, began the manufacture of anchors at Willsborough Falls. For the first 10 years the ore was obtained in part from Canada, but principally from Ver- mont. A bed at Basin Harbor was the only one then known within the co. Mill and steamboat irons were afterward made, and the foundry was finally converted into a forge. Early in the present century W. D. Roes erected a rolling mill on the Boquet, for making nail plates for the factory at Fair Haven, Vt. About 1809, Archibald Mclntyre and his asso- ciates erected works on a branch of the Au Sable, in the present town of N. Elba, designated as the " Elba Iron Works," which were at first supplied from the vicinity, and afterward from the Arnold mine, in Clinton co. The forge was abandoned in 1815, after several years of prosperous business. The iron interest rapidly extended after the completion of the Champlain Canal, and several large manufactories were erected in the valley of the Au Sable and the surrounding region. The forges, rolling mills, and nail factories of this section are among the most extensive of the kind in the country. Bar, pig, and bloom iron of superior quality are produced in large quantities. "Within a few years, anthracite coal has nearly superseded the use of charcoal io the furnaces along the lake shore. These establish- ments afiford a home market for a large part of the agricultural products of the co. Most of the above dates and facts are con- densed from Watson's Ag. Survey of Essex €b., 1852, p. 814. 8 The principal ores in this co. are magnetic, and they are separated from the stone by water and by magnetic machines. Hundreds of bbls. of iron sand are collected upon the shores of Lake Champlain and sold to the N. Y. stationers. * David Watson and John Savage, of Wash, co., were appointed commissioners to locate a site for the co. buildings, which were to be erected under the care of 3 commissioners appointed by the supervisors. The first co. officers were Daniel Ross, First Judge; Stephen Cuyler, Clerk; Thos. Stowers, Sfwriff; and Wm. Gilliland, Surrogate. . s When the co. was formed, the new blockhouse in Essex, then Willsborough, was used as a courthouse and jail. By an act passed April 7, 1807, Elizabethtown was selected as the co. seat, and to this place the courts and clerk's office were trans- ferred upon the completion of the proper buildings, in 1814. * This establishment is old, and in some respects inconve- nient; but it is spoken of as exti-emely well kept, and in this respect is one of the best in the State. T The Jieveille, the first paper in the co., was started at Elizabethtown, about 1810, by Luthef Marsh. The Essex Patriot was published at the same place, in 1817-18, by L. and 0. Person. I^e Essex County Times was started at Elizabethtown, by R. W. Livingston, and in 1833 sold to Macomb, who con- tinued it about 15 months. It M'as printed on an old " JSamo^e" press brought from Skaneateles, Onondaga CO. Another paper was commenced at Elizabethtown, in Jan, 1849, by D. Truair, and removed to Keeseville in about 4 months. Tlie Elizabethtown Post was established by Robert W. Living- ston in 1851, and was subsequently united with the Northern Standard, of Keeseville. Tlte Keesemlle Herald was commenced in 1825 by P. P. Allen, and soon after passed into the hands of A. H. Allen, by whom it was continued, with a few interruptions, until 1841. The Keeseville Argus, edited by Adonijah Emmons, was begun about 1831, and continued 5 or 6 years. Tile Essex County Republican was established at Keeseville in 1839, and is now published by J. B. Dick- inson. The Au Sable River Gazette was started at Keeseville about 1847, by JD. Truair, and continued 6 or 6 years. The Old Settler^ mo., was commenced at Keeseville by A. H. Allen in 1849, and was afterward removed to, Saratoga Springs. The Northern . Gazette was started at Keeseville in 1851, and continued several years. Tbe Xortliern Standard was established at Keeseville in 1854 by Wendell Lansing, and is now published by A. W. Lansing k Son. The Essex Omniy Republican was started at Essex about 1822 by J. K. Averill, and was continued by him, and by Walton & Person, until 1833. The Berean Guide was started in 1840, at Essex, by Rev. M. Bailey, and continued 1 year. The Westport Patriot and R In 1784, Gilliland returned to his ruined settlement and endeavored to retrieve his waning fortunes. Eelinquishing his ideas of manoria,l greatness, he offered his lands for sale; but adverse lawsuits and treacherous friends soon dissipated the rem- nant of his wealth and brought his existence to a miserable close.^ The progress of settlement at first was not very rapid. In 1795 there were in Clinton cc— then embracing Essex— but 624 legal voters. From that time forward, however, settlement progressed with great rapidity, and several public roads were opened to facilitate it.' Soon after the war an arsenal was erected at Elizabeth- town. During the patriot excitement it was robbed ; and since, it has been sold. CHESTERFIEIjD— was formed from "Willsborough, Feb. 20, 1802. It lies in the n.e. corner of the co., upon the shore of Lake Champlain. Its surface is broken and mountainous. The Jay Mountains, a northern spur of the Adirondack Kange, extend northward through the w. part. This range is a continuous, high, rocky ridge, without a single pass, forming an almost impassable barrier between Chesterfield and Jay. The main Adirondack Range extends through the center of the town from s. w. to n. e., ending at Trembleau Point, a high, rocky bluff 1200 to 1500 feet above the surface of the lake. Bosworth Mountain and Poke-a^Moonshine, each attaining an elevation of about 3000 feet, are the two principal peaks within the limits of the tovm. The s. e. part is hilly. The N. e. part is a rolling table land, with a light, sandy, and unproductive soil. There are several lakes in the interior, the principal of which are Augur and Buttermilk Ponds. Not more than one half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The principal valuable minerals that have been found are iron, graphite, and a beautiful light brown marble. Schuyler Island, in the lake, belongs to this town. The Au Sable Kiver, upon the N. border, affords a large amount of hydraulic power, and some very attractive scenery. The falls at Birmingham have a descent of 90 feet, including the rapids above the main fall.* Keese- ville (p.v.) is situated on both sides of the Au Sable River, its northern part being in Clinton co.* It is the seat of extensive iron works and other important manufactures. The iron from the ore is made into nails, horseshoes, merchant iron, edge tools, and machinery. The village has a bank, an academy, and 5 churches. Pop. according to last census, 2569, of which 1370 were in Chester- field. Port Kent,* (p-f-.) on Lake Champlain, contains 25 houses; Port Doug-las 5; and Blrilliii^lia.ni 6. The first settlers were Matthew Adgate and sous, who came in about 1792.' The first church was Cong., and the first preacher was Rev. Cyrus Comstock.' CROWRf POIWT^was formed March 23, 1786, and named from the old French fortress,' situated on the lake, within its limits. Elizabethtown was taken off in 1795, Schroon in 1804, and Moriah in 1808. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, s. e. of the center of the co. A strip of nearly level land, about 4 mi. wide, extends along the lake shore. The central part of the town is broken, the hills gradually rising into the Kayaderosseras Mts. in the w. Putnams Creek, the principal stream, takes its rise in the ponds and lakes among the mountains, and upon its course are nmnerous falls, furnishing an abundance of water power. The soil upon the lake shore is a deep, rich, clayey loam; and in the interior it is of a light, sandy nature. Abundance 1 For a long time there was a great mystery connected with these movements, which was afterward explained by the publi- cation of the negotiations which toott place between the Gov. of Canada and the " Vt. Council of Safety." 2 For some time he was confined in N.Y. for debt ; but, regain- ing hia freedom, he returned to the scene of his former enter- prise. Here meeting with new disappointments and treachery, and becoming partially deranged by his misfortunes, he wan- dered into the wilderness and perished of cold and exposure. 8 Among these public roads were one from Willsborough Falls to Peru; another, known as the "Old State Road," from Sandy Hill, along the Schroon Valley, to Canada Line; and another across the s. w. corner of the county from Canton to Chester. In 1790, Piatt Rogers established a feri-y across the lake, at Basin Harbor. He also built several roads, and a bridge over the Boquet at Willsborough Falls. For constructing these and other public works, Rogers and his associates received a grant of 73,000 acres of unappropriated land. * See page . 6 The first settler of Keeseville waa Robert Hoyle, who built the first bridge and sawmill and kept the first store, in 1802. It was first called " Long Chute." About 1812 the pro- perty came into the hands of Richard and Oliver Keese and John W. Anderson, who erected a woolen factory and iron works in 1813. The name was first changed to " Ande.rs(ms Falls" and afterwards to Keeseville. See Clinton co., towa of Au Sable. s Both Port Kent and Keeseville are centers of extensive and important iron districts. ' Alva Bosworth, Elihu Briggs, Edward Palmer, Levi Cooley, Dr. Clark, John and Benj. Macomber, John Page, and Norton, were among the first settlers. The first child bom was Thos. Baugham, and the first death that of Abel Handy. 8 The census reports 5 churches ; P. W. Bap., M. E., Preab., Prot. E., and H. C. * The point which contains the ruins of this fortress is sup- posed to have been an important commercial mart previous to the French War; but now it contains only a single farm bouse. ESSEX COUNTY. 27 of rich iron ore is found; and in connection with it are beds of natural phosphate of lime. Graphite and black clouded marble are also found in great abundance. On the shore of the lake is a mineral spring, containing sulphates of lime and magnesia. The manufacture of iron is carried on to a great extent; and, besides, there are considerable establishments for the manufacture of lumber, shingles, pails, sash and blinds, and woolen goods. Uaiumoiis Corners (p. v.) contains 35 houses, and Ironsdale (late " Penjield") W. The first settlement was made at a very early period by the French. The country around Fort St. Frederick, upon the point, seems to have been once the seat of thriving villages, the remains of which are still plainly visible.' All these settlements were completely obliterated during the French war of 1755-60. During the peace which followed, settlements were again made, and in 1777 were again destroyed." Religious services were early held in the chapel of the fort, and were continued during its military occupation.* EIiIZABETHTO^WlV— was formed from Crown Point, Feb. 12, 1798, and was named in compliment to Elizabeth, wife of Wm. Gilliland. Moriah and a part of Keene were taken off in 1808, and "Westport in 1815. A part of Jay and Lewis were annexed Jan. 31, 1844, and a part of Lewis, Nov. 17 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little n. of the center of the co. The Boquet Mts. occtpy the n. w. and the Schi-oon Range the s. e. corner of the town. Raven Hill, an offshoot from the former range, in the n. E. corner, is 2100 feet above tide; and the "Giant of the Valley," the highest peak of the latter range, has an elevation of 2500 to 3000 feet. A perpendicular precipice of 700 feet lies on the northern declivity of this mountain. The Boquet River flows in a ir. E. direction through near the center of the town. Its valley, one-fourth of a mile to a mile in width, comprises the greater part of the arable land. Not more than one- fourth of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Extensive beds of iron ore are found in various parts of the tovm. In the s. e. part, a hill, 200 feet high, covering 40 acres, is supposed to be nearly a solid mass of iron, except a slight covering of drift. An extensive bed of kaolin, or porcelain clay, is also found in town. The manufacture of iron is one of the leading pursuits : there are several forges in town. The soil is a sandy or gravelly loam. EllzabettatOTvn^ (p. V.) is pleasantly situated upon the Au Sable River, near the foot of several high peaks. It is the CO. seat, and a place of considerable trade. Pop. about 500. Wew Russia (p. v.) con- tains about 100 inhabitants. Among the first settlers were Jonah Hanchett, Sampson Smith, Herman and Joel Finney, Wareham Barber, Nathan Lewis, Hez. and Ira Phelps, Wm. Kellogg, and Gardner Simouds, who came in about 1792. The first school was taught by Dr. Kincade. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1796 or '97.' ESSEX — ^was formed from Willsborough, April 4, 1805. It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, n. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling in the E. and mountainous in the w. Boquet Mt., in the n. w. part, has an elevation of about 1000 feet above the lake. Split Rock, the extremity of the Schroon Mountain Range in the s. e. corner of the town, has already been described.' The Black River limestone crops out in this town, and is used both for building pur- poses and for the manufacture of lime. The Boquet River flows northerly through near the center of the town. Upon it are several falls, affording abundance of water power. The soil is a ' clayey loam upon the lake, and a light sandy loam among the mountains. Manufactures, con- sisting of wrought iron, nails, spikes, lumber, and woolen goods, are carried on. Essex' (p. v.) has a population of about 700, Wliallonsburg-Ii (p. v.) 250, and Boquet 200. The town was first settled by Wm. Gilliland, in 1765.' Wm. McAuley, a relative and coadjutor of Mr. G., located upon the site of the present village of Essex.' This settlement was broken up during the Revolution.'" The first church (Prot. E.) was organized in 1805." 1 The Swedish traveler Ealm mentions the existence of this early settlement ; and the " Journal of Major Rogers" speaks of villages, well filled barns, herds of cattle, and fields of grain. Chimney Point, upon the eastern shore of the lake, derives itfl name from the remains of early habitations found there by the present race of settlers. 2 Among the first settlers after the Kevolution were George Trimble, James Morrow, Aaron Town send. Dennis Meagher, Andrew Hardy, Saml. Foot, and Elisha Hhodes. The first mill was a windmill^ a short distance 8. of the fort. James Morrow erected the first mill and kept the first inn and store after the Revolution. Waahington visited Crown Point in 17S4. ' Bonj. Wooster was the first preacher after the Revolution. The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1804. The census tBports 4 churches; 2 Cong., M. E., Union. * Elizabethtown was named " Pkamnt VaUey" by the first settlers, and is now locally known a« " The Valley." 6 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., Cong., M. B. 6 See page .. ^ A blockhouse was bnilt in this village in 179T, in con- sequence of the alarm occasioned by St. Clair's defeat; and in 1799, upon the organization of the co., it was used for a co. courthouse, and continued as such until the erection of the co. buildings at Elizabethtown, under the act of 1807. 8 See page . fl Among the first settlers after the Revolution were Danl. Ross, (first merchant and mill owner,) Isaac and Ben). Sheldon, Bei^. Stafford, Danl. Murray, Hen. Van Ormand, Dr.Colborn Clemens, (first physician,) David, Abram and Abner Reynolds, Nehemiah Payn, and James Eldrich. The first school was taught by IWisa Towner. The first male teacher was Enoch P. Henry. 10 In Oct. 1777, in this town, the retreating British garrison of Ticonderoga was attacked by a party of "Green Mountain Boys," under Capt. Ebenezer Allen, and 50 men and all the military stores were captured. ^ The census reports 6 chs. ; M. E., Wea. Meth., 2 Bap., 2Pre8b. 28 ESSEX COUNTY. JAY'— was formed from -Willstorough, Jan. 16, 1798. A part of Keene was taken off, in 1808, of Wilmington (as "Damville") in 1821, and a part of Elizabethtown in 1844. Parts of Peru (Clinton CO.) and Chataugay (Franklin co.) were annexed, March 22, 1822. It lies upon the N. border of the CO., w. of the center. The Au Sable Mts., extending through the w. part, gradually decline toward the N. Mts. Hamlin, Clark, and Bassitt, each 2000 feet above tide, are the highest peaks ; the Jay Mts., a N. spur of the Adirondacks, lie along the E. border. The extreme s. angle of the town is oc- cupied by some of the most lofty and rocky peaks of the Adirondacks. The e. branch of the Au Sable flows through near the center of the town. Veins of black lead have been found, but not worked. Iron ore is found in abundance. The soil is a light, sandy and gravelly loam. A mineral spring, near Upper Jay, contains iron and sulphur. The manufacture of bar iron, nails, and bloom iron is extensively carried on. Au Sable Forks, (p.o.,) an iron manufacturing village, contains 70 houses ; Jay (p. v.) 50, and Upper Jay (p. v.) 20. Nathaniel Mallory was the first settler, about 1796.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1797; the first preacher was Solomon Brown.^ K-EEHTE— was formed from Elizabethtown and Jay, March 19, 1808. North Elba was taken off in 1849. It extends from the center of the co. toward the n. and w. The Adirondack Mts. extend through the center of the town and occupy nearly its entire surface, leaving little or no arable land. The principal peaks are Mt. Marcy, 5467 feet above tide; Long Pond Mt., 3000 feet; and Pitch Off,* 2500 feet. The Au Sable, flowing N., forms the principal drainage. The valley is so narrow that there is scarcely room for a road between the mountain and stream; and freshets often occur that sweep every thing before them, and sometimes cut deep channels in the earth down to the solid rocks.^ Iron is found in numerous veins along the course of the river, and is manufactured to some extent. Keene (p. v.) contains about 30 houses. The first settle- ment was made about 1797.*^ The only church (M. E.) was organized in 1800.' IiE"WIS — was formed from Willsborough, April 4, 1805, and named in honor of Morgan Lewis, then Governor of the State. Parts of Elizabethtown were taken off in 1844 and 1854. The Adiron- dack Mts. occupy the N. w. and the Boquet Mts. the s. e. part of the tovm. The latter range is not a continuous ridge through this town, but consists of several isolated peaks, the principal of which is Mt. Discovery, 2000 feet above tide. The remaining parts of the town consist of steep rocky hills and narrow valleys, and not more than one-third of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Numerous beds of iron ore are found ; but none have been extensively worked. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. In the n. w. part is a mineral spring of some notoriety. lieTfis (p. v.) contains 20 houses. Wm. Hinckley made the first purchase of land and the first settlement, in 1796.* The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1804, and the first preacher was Rev. Mr. Burbank.' MIWERTA — ^was formed from Schroon, March 7, 1817 ; a part of Newcomb was taken off in 1828. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a high, broken upland, bordered by mountain ranges. The Boquet Range traverses the N. w. border, and the Schroon Range the s. E. The intermediate portion is hilly, with a mean elevation of 1200 to 1500 feet above tide Nearly the whole town is still covered with forests, the settlements being confined to the s. E. corner. The soil is cold and hard, and only moderately productive. On Orrin West's farm is a cave of considerable extent. Lumbering is the leading pursuit. OlnisteadviHe'" (p. v.) contains 20 houses ; Minerva is a p. o. The first settlers were Ebenezer West, and his sons Nathan, Bbenezer and John, in 1804." The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810, by Elder Fort." MORIAH — ^was formed from Crown Point and Elizabethtown, Feb. 12, 1808. A part of 1 Named from John Jay, then Governor of New York. 2 Among the other first Bottlers were J. W. Southmaid, Joseph Storre, John Pumiort, Robert Otis, Ezekiel Lockwood, Nathl. Ray, Josiah Way, and Joseph Fowler. Wm. Mallory built the first mill. 8 The census reports 6 churches ; Bap., Cong., and 4 M. E. * A perpendicular cliff on the north side of this mountain, 300 to 500 feet high, gives to it its singular name. ^ A moat destructive flood occurred from excessive rains, Sept. 30,1856; and the damage which this occasioned was increased by the breaking away of the State dam across the 8. branch of the Au Sable, in this town. The testimony relating to this acci- dent (forming a vol. of 368 pp.) was printed by order of the Canal Board, in 1868. a Among the first settlers were Beiy. Payne, Timothy Pang- burn, Thos. Roberts, Zadock Hurd, Eli Hall, Thos. Taylor, Gen. Reynolds, and David Graves. The first child born was Betsey Payne; the first marriage, that of Thos. Dart and Cynthia Gris- wold ; and the first death, that of Eli Bostwick. Asa A. Andreas taught the first school, and Zadock Hurd kept the first inn. y Among the other early settlers were Dea. Putnam, Samuel Bishop, Charles, Saml., and Noah Lee, Ishmael H. Holcomb, Hooker and Timothy Woodi-uff, Ziba Westcott, and Ziba Flagg. The first child born was Oliver Holcomb ; the first marriage, that of Timothy Woodruff and Eunice Newell; and the first death of an adult, that of Mrs. John Smith. Levi Parsous taught the first school. 8 The census reports 1 M. E. eh. ^ A Meth. church was formed in 1808. 10 There is an extensive tannery at Olmsteadville, which makes the village. 11 Among the other first settlers were Wm. Hill, (first mill owner,) Thos. Leonard, Richard Miller, Abner Talman, James Cary, Philo Hawley, and A. P. and Asa Morse. The first settle- ments were chiefly made along the line of the Canton and Chester Road. The first child born was Francis West ; the first marriage, that of Richard Miller and West; and the first death, that of Elizabeth West. 12 The census reports 8 churches ; Bap., M, E., R. C. ESSEX COUNTY. 29 Newcomb waB taken off m 1828, North Hudson in 1848, and a part of Westport was annexed, April 9, 1849 It lies upon the shore of Lake Champlain, s. of the center of the co. A narrow strip ot level land extends along the shore of the lake, from which the surface gradually rises to a Height ot about 500 feet, where it spreads out into a hilly plateau region, rising into mountains on the w. border. About one-half of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. The soil upon the lake J8 a clayey loam, and in the hilly regions a light, sandy loam. This town is very rich in minerals. Jiourteeu veins of iron ore have been opened, producing iron of a very superior quality ;! the supply seems to be inexhaustible. Black lead, and a beautiful variety of verd antique serpentine, are also found The manufacture of iron forms one of the leading pursuits. Morlata (p. v.) contains Moriah Academy and a pop. of 275, and Port Henry^ (p. v.) contains a pop. of 503. The first settlers after the Revolution were Wm. MoKenzie, Abel Butler, James McClane, Jabez Carpenter, G. H. and John Havens, and Joseph Curtis.' The first church formed was a Cong.* JVE-WCOMB— was formed from Minerva and Moriah, March 15, 1828. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. The Adirondack Range extends through the center of the town and occupies more than one-half of its entire surface. The principal peaks, copi- mencing on the s. w., are Mts. Goodwin, Moore, Sandanona, Henderson, Mclntyre, and McMart;in, each 3000 to 5000 feet above tide. The remaining parts of the surface consist of a broken upland, with a hard, sour, unproductive soil. Among the gorges in the mountains are great numbers of smaU lakes. Lake Colden, upon the n.e. border, is 2851 feet above tide; and Avalanche Lake, just n., is 50 feet higher. The noted Adirondack or Indian Pass, partly in this tovra and partly in N. Elba, is a deep gorge between Mt. Mclntyre and Wallface. The bottom of the pass is 2800 feet above tide, and the mountains on each side are 1000 to 1500 feet higher. Wallface, forming the w. border of the pass, is bounded by a perpendicular preci- pice a mile in length and 800 t» 1000 feet in height. The Adirondack iron beds, near Lakes Sanford and Henderson, are among the most extensive in the world. One of them has been traced upon the surface for a mile in length, 700 feet in width, and has been penetrated to the depth of 40 feet without any signs of diminution in quantity or quality of ore. It forms a bar across the river, the water literally falling over an iron dam. This ore yields 75 per cent, of pure metal, is easily worked, and makes an admirable quality of iron. For the manufacture of steel it surpasses all other ores in America, and equals those of the most celebrated mines of Sweden and Russia. The mountainous character of this town, and its remoteness from the great routes of public improve- ment, have prevented the development of its immense mineral resources. There is very little tillable land in the town. Adirondack has about 15 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1816, by Joseph Chandler.^ A M. E. church was formed in 1843, and a Wes. Meth. in 1845. nrORTH EL.BA— was formed from Keene, Dec. 13, 1849. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. The Adirondack Range occupies the s. part, and a branch of the Au Sable traverses the tr. e. part. "Whiteface,' belonging to the latter range, has an elevation of 4855 feet above tide. At its foot lies Lake Placid, a beautiful sheet of water, 4J mi. long by IJ broad, and nearly divided in the center by 3 islands. Bennetts, Connery, and Round Ponds are in the imme- diate vicinity. The central portion of the town is a hilly upland, and the N. w. part a rolling table land, known as " The Plains." The Au Sable and Saranac Rivers form the principal drainage. The soil is a thin, sandy and gravelly loam. The people are principally engaged in lumbering. IVortb Elba is a p. 0. Settlement was commenced about 1800, by Elijah Bennett.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1824, and the first preacher was the Rev. Cyrus Comstock. 1 In 1852, 26,800 tons of ore were exported from Moriah to Penn., Vt., Va., Me., and Md. The quantity contracted for ex- portation from that town, in 1863, amounted to 107,600 tons, of which 16,000 were to Penn., 10,000 to Mass.. 3600 to Va., 1600 to Ohio, 1600 to N. J., and 1000 to Me.—Tr. N. T. S. Jg. Soc., 1862, p. 827. ' The Bite and water power of Port Henry were granted to Beiy. Porter in 1766. It is supposed that he erected a mill soon after, which was destroyed during the Revolution. After the war, he returned, and, in connection with Robt. Lewis, of Albany, rebuilt the mill, which has remained up to a recent date. One of the first furnaces in the co. was erected here in 1824, by Maj. James Dalliba. It was a cold blast furnace, and was used for the manufacture of pig iron, and the casting of hollow ware and agricultural implements. Several pxl;en8ive anthracite coal furnaces have lately been put in operation. 8 The first child born was Alex. McKenzie, in 1788 ; the first marriage, that of John Ferris and Deborah Wilcox : and the first death, that of John Atwater, (by drowning.) Miss Abi Collins taught the first school. The first authorized ferry was granted to Robert Lewis, April 3, 1811. for 10 years. 4 The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., M. E., Presb., K. C, Union. 6 James Chandler, Collins Hewitt, and Wm. Butler came in to reside in 1818. Among the other first settlers were Elisha Bissell, Abner Belden, David Pierce, Cromwell Catlin, and James Ramsey. The first child born was Nathl. P. Hewitt ; the first marriage, that of Abner Belden and Bershelia Butler ; and the first death, that of Eliza Butler. Harriet Chandler taught the fir-'t .school. "t No. II. of the Macomb Purchase. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 35 Lawrence Turnpike.' Religious meetings were first held by Alexander Proudfit, in 1808. A Cong, society was formed at N. Bangor at a very early period.^ BEI*l,MOHrT»— was formed from Chateaugay, March 25, 1833. Franklin was taken off in 1836. It occupies a wild, rocky region on the e. border of the co., n. of the center, and has a general inclination toward the n. The Owls Head is a prominent elevation upon its w. border. Its streams are Chateaugay, Trout, and Little Trout Rivers, and the e. branch of Salmon River. Among the hills are several beautiful lakes, the principal of which are Lower Chateaugay and Ragged Lakes, and Ingraham and Round Ponds. A considerable portion of the town is unfit for agricultural purposes, and valuable only for its timber. The settlements are chiefly confined to the vicinity of an e. and w. road extending thi-ough the n. part.' The town has no village, p. o., or church edifice. There is a Presb. society in town, formed from the church at Malone. BOMBAY^ — ^was formed from Fort Covington, March 30, 1833. It lies in the n.w. corner of the CO., and one corner borders upon the St. Lawrence. The surface is generally level, and the soil is sandy in the s. and a deep, fertile, clayey loam in the N. The principal streams are the Racket, St. Regis, and Little Salmon Rivers, and Pike Creek. The St. Regis is navigable to Hogansburgh, at which place is a good water power.' Hog'aiisburg'Ii' (p. v.) lies at the head of navigation on the St. Regis River, 2 mi. from its mouth. Pop. 250. St. Regis is an Indian village, in the Indian Reservation,' on the State line, lying mostly in Canada. Pop. in this co. 200. Bombay Corners (Bombay p. o.) is a hamlet. The first improvement was made in 1811, by Michael Hogan, who had acquired the title to tovmship No. 1 of Macomb's Purchase.' In 1818, Hogansburgh was laid out as a village and considerable improvements were made. In the same year a road was laid out across the Indian Reservation to Fort Covington. The title to the township passed from Hogan to Robert Oliver, of Baltimore. In 1822, settlers began to arrive quite rapidly, and in two or three years most of the land not covered by the Reservation was taken up. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and R. C. A Prot. E. church was also commenced ■ some years since, but is not yet finished. BRAIVBOJV"— was formed from Bangor, Jan. 23, 1828. It lies a little w. of the center of the CO., and embraces a territory 8 mi. wide and 45 mi. long, extending to the s. border of the co. The n. part is moderately, hilly, and has a general inclination toward the N. ; the s. part is broken and mountainous, and mostly unfit for cultivation. The principal streams are the Little Salmon, Deer, E. Branch of the St. Regis, and Racket Rivers, all flowing across the town in a n. w. direction. A great number of lakes and ponds lie among the mountains in the central and Bouihem parts. The waters of the Saranac Lake and Stony Creek Pond are separated only by a narrow strip of land, forming the only portage for canoes between Lake Champlain and the Racket River. The soil is generally light and sandy and poorly adapted to cultivation. Along the river courses and borders of the lakes the soil may be cultivated at some future period. The settlements are confined to the extreme n. border. Within the past few years the lumber trade has received considerable attention here, and large numbers of pine logs have been floated dovm the Racket River. Tiie first settlement was made in 1820." There is no village, p. o., or church in town. BURH.E" — ^was formed from Chateaugay, April 26, 1844. It lies on the n. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is undulating and has a general inclination toward the n. It is watered by Trout and Little Trout Rivers. A considerable swamp extends along the n. border. The soil is a mixture of clay, sand, and loam. Burke (p. o.) is a hamlet on Little Trout River. Burke Hollow (Andersonville p.o.) is a small village on the 0. R. R. The first > Among the first settlers were Benj. Seeloy, Joseph Plumbs, Jehial and James Barmirn, Chester Tnller, Kobert Wilson, Joel Griffln, G. Dickinson, H. Conger, J. Bowen, and h. Sylvester. At this time Daniel McCormack owned the N. half of the town, Wm. Cooper the 8. E. quarter, and Asahel Baker the s. w. quarter. Samuel Kussell taught the first school, in 1808. ' Two buildings, erected by tlie town in 1834.36, are used for religions meetings. A Christian church was formed in 1818. » Named in honor of Wm. Bell, an early proprietor. It mcludcs township 8, and parts of 7 and 9, of the old Military Tract. * Recently settlement has commenced upon No. 9, in the a. part. ' Named by Hogan, whose wife had resided at Bombay, in India. It embraces " Macomb," or No. 1 of Great Tract No. I. of Macomb Purchase, and the St. Regis Indian Reservation. ' A controversy in regard to title has prevented the full Im- provement of this power. T Formerly " Gray'i Mills." It was the residence of the late Rev. Eleazar Williams, the reputed Bourbon Louis XVII. 8 The lands of this reservation are partly leased to whites ; but the cultivation of all is extremely slovenly and improvident. 8 Previovis to the settlement, most of the valuable timber had been stolen by parties from Canada. w Named from Brandon, Vt., from which place the first settlers emigrated. It embraces the townships of " St. Patrick," " Wes- terly," " Ennis," " Gilchrist," " Margate," " Killamey," and " Cove Hill," or Nos. 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, and 26, of Great Tract No. I. 11 Josiah Hastings, Aaron Conger, Wilson Spooner, Luther Taylor, and John Thomas, settled in town in 1820 ; and Andrew and Henry Stevens, Levi Conger, G, W. Taylor, Clark Adams, Daniel K. Davis, Jonathan H. Tarr, and Orrin Wellington, in 1821. 13 Named in honor of Edmund Burke, the British statesman. 36 FRANKLIN COUNTY. settlement was made in 1796-98, by Jelnal Bamum, Noah Lee, and others. There are 3 churches in town.^ CHATEAITGAY^— was formed from Champlain, March 15, 1799. "Harrison" (now Ma- lone) was taken off in 1805, Bellmont in 1833, and Burke in 1844. A part was annexed to Jay, (Essex CO ) in 1822. The surface is rolling, with a northerly inclination. The principal streams are the Chateaugay River and its branches. The river has worn a deep channel through the drift_ deposits and Potsdam sandstone, forming a wild and peculiar feature in the landscape. Half a mi E of the villac'C of Chateaugay is an intermitting spring, rising from the sand, sometimes flowing in sufficient quantities to carry a mill, and at others perfectly dry. It has no regular periods of intermission, sometimes flowing steadily one or two years, and again only a few weeks. Bubbles of nitrogen gas are emitted with the water. There is a constant gas spring 1 mi. n.e. of this. The soil is a clayey loam interspersed with clay. CUateaugay' (p. v.) Ues on the plain, a Uttle E. of the deep, narrow valley of the Chateaugay River.^ Pop. 360. The first settle- ment was commenced in 1796, at the village, and was the first in the co." Within the next fire years many families came in from Vermont. In 1812 a blockhouse was built for protection against invasions by the enemy. In the fall of 1813, Gen. Hampton was encamped here for several weeks, with a force designed to co-operate with Gen. Wilkinson in the invasion of Canada; but late in Nov., he returned to Plattsburgh without accomplishing his object. In the spring of 1814 the enemy invaded the place, pressed teams, and took away a considerable amount of pro- visions left by the American army. There are 4 churches in town.' COlVSTABIiE' — ^was formed from "Barmow," (now Malone,) March 13, 1807. Fort Covington was taken off in 1817, and Westville in 1829. The surface is rolling, with a northerly inclination. The streams are Trout River and its tributary Little Trout River. The soil is principally a light, sandy loam. A strip of sand lies along the s. border, and of swamp along the n. Constable (E. Constable p. o.) is a small village upon Trout River. The first settlement was made near the s. line, in 1800." The first church (Presb., organized as Cong.) was formed in 1817." DICRIHifSOlV" — ^was formed from "Harrison," (now Malone,) April 4, 1808. Bangor was taken off in 1812, and Moira in 1828. It lies on the w. border of the co., and is 45 mi. in length. The N. part is rolling and hilly, and has a soil of sandy loam of good quality; the central and s. parts are mostly sterile and rocky mountain regions. It is watered by the same streams as Brandon, and among the hills are great numbers of small lakes. Dickinson (p. o.) is on the St. Lawrence Turnpike, and S. Wicfeinson (p. o.) on the Port Kent Road. Thomasville is a small settlement on Deer River, founded by John Thomas in 1839. The principal settlements are in the n. part.^^ There are in town 2 churches, M. E. and F. W. Bap., the former only having a church edifice. DUABTE'^ — ^was formed from Malone, Jan. 24, 1828. Harrietstown was taken off in 1841. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co., and embraces a territory 8 mi. wide by 20 long. Its surface is broken and mountainous, and the soil is light and sandy. Much of the greater part of the town is unfit for cultivation. The principal streams are the Deer and Salmon Rivers and their branches. Magnetic iron ore has been found in considerable quantities. There is no village or p. o. in town. James Duane, of Schenectady, son-in-law of Wm. Constable, acquired by marriage the title to this town, and began settlement here in 1823-24. A forge was built in 1828, and a high furnace in 1838, both of which were run a few years and supplied with ore found 1 Bap., Presb., and M. B. 2 Pronounced Shat-a-ghS ; probably of French origin. 8 About a mile above the village this ravine is 200 feet deep, and in it is a waterfall of 50 feet. * On the 30th of June, 1856, a destructive tornado passed over the village, more or less injuring every building in it. In the course of 6 mi. 185 buildings were destroyed, unroofed, or moved from their foundations; and several lives were lost. 6 The E. H. crosses this valley on an embankment 160 feet above the river, and 800 feet long. 6 The first settlers were Benj. Roberts, Saml. and Nathan Bee- man, Levi Trumbull, Joshua and Kincade Chamberlain, Ethan A. Roberts, and Jared Munson. Nathan Beeman in his youth resided near Ticonderoga, and acted as guide to Ethan Allen when he surprised that place in May, 1775. He died in this town in 1850, David Mallory built the first giist mill in the CO., on Marble River, li mi. N. E. of the village. In 1803-04 a forge was built, by Wm. Bailey, 3 mi. above the village, and run a short time, being supplied with bog ore. 7 Bap., M. E., Presb., and R. C. 9 Named from Wm. Constable, agent and part proprietor. It embraces the E. part of township No. 3 of Great Tract No. I. 8 Among the first settlers were Jona. Hapgood, (1800,) Chris. Austin, (1800,) Wm. Cooper, Solomon Cook, Eli Titus, Saul Clark, and James Welch. A. Mead taught the first school, in the summer of 1806. Dr. Solomon Wyman was the first phy- sician. The first sawmill was built by James Welch, in 1803, and the first grist mill, soon after the war, by Joseph Col- burn. 10 There are in town 3 churches ; Presb., Bap., and M. E. " This town embraces the townships of " Aonaatown," " Wil- liamsville," " Dayton," " Johnsmanor," "Clieltenham," "Iiongh- nea!2;h," and Mount Morris, " or Nos. 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, and 25, of Great Tract No. I. 12 Among the first settlers were William Thomas, Jonathan and Jesse D. Rice, and Reuben Cady. 18 Named from James Duane, proprietor and first settler. It embraces the townships of " Ewerettaville," " Fowler," and " Brighton," or Nos. 12, 16, and 18 of Great Tract No. I. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 37 in the town.' After making about 600 tons of iron, the works were abandoned, with the loss of the entire capital invested in them. There is but one church (M. B.) in town. FORT COVIJVGTOW^— was formed from Constable, Feb. 28, 1817. Bombay was taken off in 1833. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is level, or gently undulating. Salmon River, the principal stream, is navigable to Fort Covington Village. .The soil in the n. is a rich, clayey loam, and in the s. a light, sandy loam. Fort Covington^ (p. V.) is situated in the n. w. part of the town, upon Salmon River. Pop. 894. The first settlements were made by French families, about 1796, around "French Mills." Settlers from Yt. began to arrive about 1800.* Much of the timber near Salmon River was stolen before this, and sold in the Montreal market. Soon after the battle of Cryslers Field the American army passed up Salmon River and took up winter quarters at "French Mills.'"' In Feb. the place was evacuated," and im- mediately taken possession of by the enemy.' The Fort Covington Academy, incorp. April 21, 1831, has been changed to a district school. The census reports 4 churches.* FRAMKliiar'— was formed from Bellmont, May 20, 1836. It Ues on tne e. border of the CO., s. of the center. Its surface is broken and mountainous, and it has an elevation of 1200 to 2000 feet above tide. The principal streams are the Saranac, which flows across the s. E. corner, and the head branches of the Salmon River. Among the mountains are numerous ponds and lakes. The soil is sandy, and scarcely fit for agricultural purposes, except along the streams. Iron ore abounds, and has been worked to some extent. The settlements are mostly confined to the s. E. comer, and the people are chiefly engaged in lumbering. The old Port Kent and Hopkinton Road passes diagonally through the town, and a plank road extends from Franklin Falls to Keese- vUle. FraulLlin Falls'" (p. v.) contains 12 houses, and Vermontville (p. v.) 20. Alder Brook and Merrillsville sue p. offices. The first settlement was made at Franklin Falls, in 1827, at which time a forge and sawmill were erected." In town are 5 large gang sawmills, and several small manufactories of buckskin leather, mittens and gloves. There are 2 churches in town, — M. E. and R. C. HARRIETSTOWW'' — ^was formed from Duane, March 19, 1841. It is the s. E. corner town of the CO. Its surface is very rocky and mountainous, and ite soil a light, sandy loam, generally unfit for cultivation. Mt. Seward lies along the s. border.'' It is the least populous and wealthy town La the co. It is principally drained by the Saranac. Among the mountains are a great number of small lakes, the principal of which are the Lower Saranac, Big Clear, and St. Regis. There are no villages or churches in town. Saranac liake, in Essex co., is the nearest p. o. The first settlers located on the North West Bay Road, about 1812." MAIjOSTE'* — ^was formed from Chateaugay, March 2, 1805, as "Harrison." The name was changed to "Ezraville" April 8, 1808, and to Malone, June 10, 1812. Constable was taken off in 1807, Dickinson in 1808, and Duane in 1828. It is an interior town, lying n. of the geo- 1 By an act of May 20, 1841, a company was chartered by the name of " The Franklin Native Steel Manufacturing Co.;" but it was never organized. The making of steel directly from the ores of this region has proved to be practically a failure. A few years since, silver was said to be discovered ; but it has never been successfully worked. 2 Named from Brig. Oen. Leonard Covington, who was mor- tally wounded at Chryslers Field and buried here. It embraces the w. part of the township of " Cormachas," or No. 2 of Great Tract No. I., and a' part of the original St. Regis Keservation, since ceded to the State. » Formerly called " Frmch. MOls." It is situated on a mile square reserved by the Indians in 1796. This tract waa leased by the Indians to Wm. Gray, in 1793, and assigned to Jas. Robertson, of Montreal, in 1798. These Indian leases occasioned mnch difflculty concerning title, which was finally settled by eommissioners, after the purchase of the E. part of the reserva- tion, in 1816-18 ^Soj^grft'j Hut. of St. Lam. and Frank. Ofs. * Mills were built at a very early period, and were swept away by a flood in 1804. 6 Here a fearftal mortality occurred among the troops, on account of exposure to the rigors of a northern winter in tents and slight board shanties. The medicines and hospital stores had been lost or destroyed on the passage down the St. Lawrence, nor could fresh supplies be obtained nearer than Albany. The surrounding country was mostly a wilderness ; and the army of Gen, Hampton the fall previous had exhausted the resources of the inhabitants, and. consequently, provisions wore of a bad quality and were procured with difficulty. « As an appropriate iinale to an imbecile enterprise, the r^ treating army destroyed the boats on the river, sunk 60 tons of biscuit, and destroyed aU the public property too heavy for transportation. The enemy soon completed the work of de- struction. 7 A few years after the war, an extensive series of frauds upon government was perpetrated at this place. They consisted of fictitious claims for damages, in which the documents were forged, and the parties, witnesses, and magistrates were perj ured. « Asso. Ref Presb., (Scotch,) Wes. M., Bap., and R. C, (St. Mary's.) 8 This town includes No. 10, and a part of No. 9, of the old Military Tract. 10 Formerly called " McClenathans Falls," from the proprietor. On the 29th of May, 1852, the entire village, consisting of 23 houses, store, tavern, extensive lumber mills, and a large amount of lumber, was destroyed by running fires. Loss. $30,000. 11 Among the first settlers were Wm. McClenathan, Jas. Mal- lory, Horace Gould, John GrifBn, Harry Wood, Richmond and Davis Spaulding, Simeon French, and John Hough. The first birth was that of Sanford Hough; and the first death of an adult, that of Mrs. H. Wood. McClenathan kept the first inn and store and built the first mill and forge. 12 Named from Harriet, daughter of Wm. Constable and wife of Jas. Duane. It embraces the townships of '* Harrietstown," " Barrymore," and *' Tipperary," or Nos. 21, 24, and 27 of Great Tract No. I. 13 Mt. Seward, named from Wm. H. Seward, was called by the Indians " Orh^o-warv-laJi," the big eye. 1* Among the first settlers were Isaac Livingston, Isaiah C. Flanders, Pliny Miller, Wm. Kelly, and Nehemiah White. 16 Named " Harriscm" from Richard Harrison, proprietor ; " EzravilU" from Ezra L'Hommedieu, of Suffolk CO. ; and Malone from a family related to Harrison. It embraces the townships of " Malone" and " Shelah," or Nos. 6 and 9 of Great Tract No. I. 38 FRANKLIN COUNTY. graphical center of the co. and s. of the center of population. Its surface is level in the N. and broken and hilly in the s. The principal stream is the Salmon River, which flows northerly through the town in a deep valley worn by its waters, and nearly its whole course in town is a succession of rapids and cascades. Along the N. border are extensive pine plains. The soil in the N., where not covered by light drift deposits, is fertile and well improved, but in the s. it is sandy and unproductive. An iron ore, from which a paint resembling sienna may be manufactured, ha8_ been discovered in the s. part. Potsdam sandstone, of an excellent quality for building, has been extensively quarried near the village. Malone,' (p. v.,) the co. seat, and the only incorp. village in the co., is pleasantly situated on Salmon River. Pop. 1993. It is the seat of the Franklin Academy,^ and is the most important intermediate station upon the Ogdensburgh R. R.^ The vil- lage is supplied with spring water by an incorp. company.* Titusville (p.o.) is a small village at the Great Falls, on Sahmon River in the s. part of the town.* The first settlements were made near Malone Village, about the beginning of the present century, by emigrants from Vt.' An arsenal was built at the village in 1812, and sold in 1850.'' In 1813-14 the place was visited and plundered by the British. The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1806-07, by Ebenezer Hibbard and Amos Pettengill. Rev. Ashbel Parmelee was the first pastor, and the first settled minister in the co.* IttOIRA'— was formed from Dickinson, April 15, 1828. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. The surface is generally level, with a slight inclination toward the N. The principal streams are Little Salmon River and Pike Creek. The soil is a light, sandy loam, gene- rally fertile. IMoira Corners (Moira p.o.) is a small village near the center. Bruslis Mills,'" (p.v.,) on Little Salmon River, is an important wooding station on the b. b. This town feU to the share of Gilchrist and Fowler, upon apportionment, and was first settled by Appleton Foote, as agent, in 1803." Luther Bradish," Robert Watts, and Peter Kean afterward became the owners respectively of the n., middle, and s. thirds of the town. There are 3 churches in town.'' ■WESTVIliIiE" — was formed from Constable, April 25, 1829. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. The surface is nearly level, with a slight inclination toward the n. It is drained by Salmon River, upon which are several falls, afibrding a good supply of water power. The soil is a fertile, clayey loam. Bog iron ore, found on the s. border, has been used to some extent in forges in the town. A sulphur spring, of some local notoriety, lies near the center of the N. border. 'WestviUe (W. Constable p.o.) is a small village on Salmon River. This town was held by the Constable family ; and for many years Wm. Bailey, of Chateaugay, and Albon Mann, were agents. In 1822 the unsold portions were sold to Edward Ellice, of London. The first settlements commenced about 1800, by emigrants from Vt.'* There are 4 churches in tovm." 1 Incorp. 1863. 2 The academy liuJldiDg is finely located in the yf. part of the village. 8 The machine and repair shops of the R. R., located here, are on a magnificent scale, and are fitted up in a superior style. The repairs of the Potsdam and Watertown R. R. rolling stock are also done here. * The Malone Water Works Co., incorp. March 23, 1857. Capital, $16,000. 6 Henry B. Titus commenced improvements in this part of the town, by building mills and a scythe factory, in 1831. After several years' suspension, improvements and settlements have been renewed under James H. Titus, of N. Y. 6 Among the first settlers were Enos, Nathan and John Wood, Nowell Conger, Luther Winslow, Jehia) Berry, Noah Moody, Roswell Wilcox, and David and Lyman Sperry. The first child born was Malone, daughter of L. Winslow. The first sawmill was built in 1804, by N. and J. Wood. 7 The proceeds of this sale were applied to the improve- ment of the arsenal green and parade ground; and a further sum of $500 was appropriated for the same purpose in 1858. 8 The census repoi-ts 6 churches ; Cong., Prot. B., Union, M. E., Bap., and R.C. In Nov. 1867, Rev. Barnard McCabe, Catholic priest, was accidentally burned to death. 6 Named from the Earl of Moira. Embraces " Moira," or No. 4 of Great Tract No. I. The Dame was applied to the township long before the incorporation of the town. 10 Named from Henry N. Brush, an extensive proprietor of lands in this vicinity and resident of the village. It Among the first settlers were Berg'. Seeley, Jonathan Law- rence, Joseph Plumb, and David Bates. Schools were esta- blished in 1807. 1* Mr. Bradish resided here for several years. He represented the CO. in the Assembly in 1828-29-30-36-37-38, and was a resident here when elected Lieut. Gov. in 1838. IS Cong., R. C, and Union, (the last belonging to the M.E. and Christian denominations.) ^* Named from the village, so called from its location in the old town of Constable. 1^ Among the first settlers wore Amos Welch, Haskins, Elisba Sabins, Saml. Fletcher, John Reed, Alex. McMillen, Silas Cushman, John Livingston, Jas. and Thos. Wright, and Alric and Albon Mann. The first sawmill was built by Amos Welch. The first school was taught by Samuel Russell, in 1806. w Presb^ M.E., Univ. and Union. FRANKLIN COUNTY. 39 Acres^ of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Franklin County. Naues of Towks. BaDgor Bellmont Bombay Brandon Burke Cbateaugay Constable Dickinson. Duane Fort Covington.. Franldin Harrietstown.... Malone Moira. WestYille TotaL Acres of Land. 13,931 6,345 13,177} 4,957 9,175 13,840 9,473J 8,651 2,015 14,290 4,170 842^ 26,663 ll,031i 8,165 Ui,Wi 15,609 82,708i 9,889 177,890 9,115 12,682 11,005 181,017 89,790 6,759J 97,088 83,613 33,646 16,452^ 8,800 834,964t Valuation of 1858. e* !^ 1,101 463 1,168 361 967 1,344 746 654 171 1,252 503 158 2,598 747 704 12,927 12,660 1,063 410 1,144 367 943 1,332 697 601 154 1,307 444 148 2,688 712 660 395 160 376 135 339 466 254 230 44 430 165 58 871 274 247 421 62 377 141 339 440 259 241 44 448 169 66 943 296 247 336 135 229 228 278 283 198 230 43 312 136 56 653 203 223 3,642 157 11,860 942 437 981 339 876 1,201 686 696 98 1,033 301 96 2,399 686 702 Names op Towhs. Bangor Bellmont Bombay Brandon Burke Cbateaugay Constable Dickinson Duane Fort Covington.. Franklin. Harrietstown.... Malone Moira West Wile Total 568 195 591 123 611 670 382 314 66 634 114 24 1,084 391 372 SS ii.= 1,249 428 1,461 312 620 703 159 1,424 329 92 1,879 1,183 944 1,002 336 1,158 253 866 990 538 662 91 1,422 251 75 1,842 872 572 6,029 12,769 10,919 23,968 7,535 2,040 692 2,551 706 1,1 2,194 1,368 1, 191 2,260 179 139 4,462 1,548 2,096 578 243 702 169 634 766 471 389 85 1,111 218 69 1,342 420 459 AORICDLTUBAL FboDUCIS. Bush, ov Goain. fe: 863} 124 l,056i 430 1,287 1,293 2,7 84i 2,473 193 607 2,39U 36 4,696 1,183 2,139 ^ 33,483} 9,662i 35,1961 7,281 19,002 22,760 14,018 20,268 7,605J 41,889 ll,067i 6,llli 67,822 21,631i 24,931 3,156 1,334 3,612 771 2,9384 3,386 3,481i 1,765 304 4,768 800 286 6,224 2,9114 1,779 21,646i 331,6194 37,6944 484,426 26,273 mo. 65,963 12,631 21,349 33,962 30,221 58,716 28,366 29,950 6,233 18,843 20,569 6,365 94,772 33,581 22,924 2,822 165 1,054 66 2,626 2,349 4,048 440 4,042 7,619 635 407 D.uay Pbosdcts. 11 80,438 29,560 268,671 17,883 61,066 66,146 46,885 67,400 7,448 123,055 17,966 6,010 135,962 77,876 64.696 8,685 2,160 10,716 1,760 13,620 4,762 4,861 12,344 2,849 440 67,190 22,430 2,120 1,060,040 143,916 23,2144 ■■=11 1 1*^ 1,740 1,222 2,482 663 2,2834 2,136 1,404 2,292 92 1,9464 1664 68 2,026 2,604 2,101 Distances from Malone. HILES. Battgw. 6} North Bangor 54 West Bangor„ 7} BeU-numt. GbateaugayLake 13^ UlLES. Bombay 19 South Bombay 15 Burlce. Andrewsville. 7} North Burke 14 Chateaugay 12} UlLES OmstabU. Trout River 11 JHchinson. Dickinson Center 13} East Dickinson. 114 Ihutne. 16 Fart Comngton 164 Ft. Covington Center... 13 Moira 134 Westvilie 11 JEEFEESON COUNTY. This county was formed from Oneida, March 28, 1805, and named in honor of Thomas Jefferson. Its bovinds have heen changed by setting off a portion of Kodmau to Lewis co. in 1809, and by annexing a portion of Lewis co. to Wilna in 1813. It lies in the angle formed by the St. Lawrence River and Lake Ontario, is distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The s. w. part is marshy, but at a short distance from the lake the land rises in gentle undulations, and, farther inland, by abrupt ter- races, to the highest point, in the town of Worth. A plateau, about 1000 feet above the lake, spreads out from the summit, and extends into Oswego and Lewis cos. An ancient lake beach, 390 feet above the present level of the lake, may be traced through EUisburgh, Adams, Watertown, and Rutland. North of the Black River the surface is generally flat or slightly undulating : in the extreme N. E. corner it is broken by low ridges parallel to the St. Lawrence. With the exception of a few isolated hills, no part of this region is as high as the ancient lake ridge mentioned above.' The rocks of the co. belong to the primary formation and the lower strata of the N. Y. system. Gneiss is the underlying rock of the E. border in Wilna and Antwerp, of the Thousand Islands and the shore at Alexandria Bay, and of two strips of land extending from the E. border, one toward Theresa Falls, and the other toward Evans Mills. Next above this is a thick deposit of Potsdam sandstone, extending through Wilna, Antwerp, Philadelphia, Theresa, Alexandria, Orleans, and Clayton, the margin of which may be traced along its entire extent by a low mural precipice. The soil upon this rook is thin, and principally derived .from drift deposits. The rock itself is almost indestructible, and preserves diluvial scratches and marks with great distinct- ness. Above this is a thin deposit of oalciferous sandstone, extending through parts of Cape Vincent, Lyme, Clayton, Orleans, and Le Ray^ The soil upon this rock is deeper than that upon the Potsdam sandstone, and is derived principally from disintegration. The Black River limestone overlies this, and forms the surface rock in most of the remaining parts of the co. u. of the river, and in a part of Champion and Rutland, s. Above this is the Trenton limestone, appearing on the lake shore at Cape Vincent and extending in a s. E. direction through Lynie, Brownsville, Watertown, Rutland, and Champion. This rock is of great thickness, and it forms the principal declivities of the plateau in the s. part of the co. About midway in this strata is found the ancient lake ridge before noticed. The caves near Watertown are in the lower strata of this rock. Next above come the Utica slate and Lorraine shales, forming the summit of the irregular table land which covers the s. " peak" of Champion, the s. border of Rutland, the greater part of Rodman, a corner of Adams, the E. part of EUisburgh, and the whole of Lorraine and Worth. These shales are easily decomposed, and produce a deep, rich soil. Along the streams that flow from this formation the water has worn deep and often highly picturesque ravines, sometimes miles in length, and almost through the soft and yielding strata. The rounded outUne of the slate hills, the abrupt terraces of the limestone, and the sharp, wall like margins of the sand- stone, afford characteristic features to the country underlaid by these several formations. Alluvial deposits uniformly occur where the streams from the slate flow out upon the limestone ; and drift deposits are scattered promiscuously over the whole co. The most remarkable of these is the " Pine Plains," a sand barren several miles in extent in Wilna and Le Ray. The lake shore in EUisburgh consists of drifting sand, behind which are marshes. From Stony Point to Cape Vincent the shore is bordered by the level edges of the Trenton Umestone ; but farther down the river it presents that alternation of rounded ridges of rooks, intervales, and marshes peculiar to the primary formation. The highest point in Worth is about 1200 feet above the lake. The streams are Black,^ Indian, and Perch Rivers, the two Sandy Creeks,^ Stony, Catfish, Kent, French, Pleasant, and Black Creeks, and their tributaries. Hungry Bay* (including Henderson, 1 An isolated hill in Pamelia formerly bore a crop of red I a Indian name Ka-hu-ah'-go, great or wide river, cedar ; and, as this timber is now only found upon the islands in ' Called by the Indians Te-ka'-dao-ga'-he, sloping banks. the lake, it IS supposed that the hill was an island at a time * Called by the French " La Famine." when at least three fourths of the county was covered by water. 10 JEFFERSON COUNTY. 41 Black River, and Chaumont Bays) has a coastline of great length; and the Thousand Islands present many attractions from their romantic scenery and historical associations. Several small lakes, fiUing deep gorges, in Antwerp, Theresa and Alexandria,— one in Rutland, two in Hen- derson, Perch Lake in Pamelia and Orleans, and Pleasant Lake in Champion, constitute the other waters of the co. Iron ore abounds in Antwerp. Traces of lead and copper are found in the primary region ; limestone, capable of a great variety of uses, water limestone and barytes are also abundant. The Black River enters the co. at Carthage, where commence a series of cas- cades and rapids which continue ahnost to the lake, with a total fall of 480 feet. Indian River affords water power at half a dozen places, and most of the streams s. of Black River are available for the same purpose. The flat country along the St. Lawrence at times is affected by drouth, which is never felt on the uplands ; while the latter are somewhat noted for the great depth of their snows. The mirage has been frequently seen on the lake, bringing into view places beyond the horizon. One form of this refraction, in which a line of clear sky appears along the shore, is almost a constant attendant upon clear, pleasant days in summer. Waterspouts, attended vrith dark clouds and a roaring noise, have been seen upon the lake and its bays. In the primary regions the intervales are remarkably fertile, while the ridges are often naked rock. The soil over a part of the sand- stone is too thin for cultivation, but the barren region is comparatively limited. The limestone and alate districts are exceedingly fertile, and particularly adapted to dairying and the raising of spring grains. Of these, barley, within a few years, has become the most important. Winter wheat is raised less than formerly ; oats, corn, rye, and peas are staple products. For many years manufactures have received much attention and employed a large amount of capital. They consist of iron from the ore, castings, machinery, cotton and woolen fabrics, paper, leather, and flour, and have been chiefly carried on along the line of the Black River, and in Antwerp, Theresa, Philadelphia, Adams, and EUisburgh. Rafting, shipbuilding, and lake commerce form prominent pursuits at several points along the St. Lawrence. Upon the erection of the co., in 1805, Watertown was selected for the co. seat.* A coni- bined courthouse and jail was erected in 1807 and burned in 1821. Soon after, separate build- ings, of stone, were erected, which are still in use. In 1816 a fireproof clerk's ofBce was built, and occupied until 1831, when the present one was erected. The jail having become unfit for use, and having been oflScially complained of, a writ was issued, Dec. 1, 1848, by the Supreme Court, ordering its immediate improvement.^ This led to the erection of an additional building, with ex- cellent arrangements for both the security and conveniencfe of prisoners. The first poorhouse was erected on the Dudley Farm, in Le Ray, about 5 mi. n. of Watertown, in 1825 ; and it was used until 1833, when the present spacious buildings were erected in Pamelia, 1 mi. below Watertown. In 1852 a special act was passed for the supervision of the poor in this co. The first newspaper in the co., called the "' American Eagle," was established at Watertown, in 1814, by Henry Coffeen. Its name was soon after changed to the "American Advocate."^ 1 The commissioners appointed for the selection of the co. seat by the Oov. and Council were Matthew Dorr, David Kodgers, and John Van Benthu3'sen. The iirst conrt and the first hoard of supervisors met at a schoolhouse on the site of the present Univ. Church. The first co. officers were Augustus Sacket, First Judge; Joshua Bealls and Perley Keyes, Judges; Thomas White, Lyman Ellis, Wm. Hunter, and Ethni Evans, Assistant Justices; Henry CofTeen, Clerk; Abel Sherman, Sheriff; Benj. Skinner, Surrogate and Treasurer; and Hart Massy, Amhrose Pease, and Pairchild Hubbard, Coroners. At the time of its erection most of the taxes of the co. were paid by non» residents. 2 In 1807 the jail liberties were first established, which were so extraordinary as to demand a passing notice. " They covered a small space around the courthouse and part of the public square, and influded most of the houses of the village ; while between these localities, along the sides of the roads, and some- times in the center, were paths, from 4 to 8 feet wide, with oc- casional crossings; so tliat, by carefully observing his route, turning right angles, and keeping himself in the strict ranges which the court had established, a prisoner might visit nearly every building in the village; but if the route was, by any ac- cident, obstructed, by a pile of lumber, a pool of mud, or a loaded wagron, he must pass over, through, or under, or else expose himself to the peril of losing this precarious freedom, by close imprisonment, and subjecting his bail to prosecution for the violation of his tmat."— Bough's Hist, of Jeff. Co.. p. 31. « The Jeferson ami Lewis Gazette was startedat Watertown in 1817 by D. Abbey 4 J. H. Lord, Jr, and continued until 1819. The Independent JfepuMican, commenced in 1819 by S. A. Abbey, was continued until 1825. T?ie Herald of Salvation, semi-mo., (Univ.) was commenced in 1822 by Kev. Pitt Morse, and continued 2 years. The Watertown Freeman was established in 1824, and continued until 1833, and was then changed to Tile Democratic Standard. In July, 1835, it was united with the Watertown Eagle, and became The Eagle and Standard. Thursday's Post was commenced in 1826 by Theron Parsons ft Co., and in 1828 sold to Henry L. Harvey, who changed it to The Register. It was afterward united with the Genius of Phi- lanthropy, and in 1830 it became the Watertown Register and General Advertiser. In 1831 it passed into the hands of B. Cory, and in 1835 it was changed to the North American. It was published by J. Huxton a short time, and afterward by H. S. Noble, by whom in 1839 it was The Watertown Register. In 1843 Joel Qreen became proprietor, and changed it to The Elack River Journal, and continued it until 1846. Tlie Genius of Philanthropy was started in 1828 by Henry L. Harvey, and was allterward united with The Register. The Censor was started at Adams in 1828. by Theron Parsons, and was soon after removed to Watertown. In 1830, Enoch E. Camp became its proprietor, and changed it to The Anti-Masonic Sun. Shortly after. Dr. R.Goodale, becoming proprietor, changed it to The OonsteUation, and continued it until 1632, when it passed into the bands of Abner Morton, who punished it as The Jefferson Reporter until 1834. It was then discontinued. 42 JEFFERSON COUNTY. This CO. is all embraced in the Macomb purchase^ of 1791, except the islands in the lake and river, a small reservation at Tibbetts Point near Cape Vincent, and a tract 10 mi. square, vrith one comer extending to the St. Lawrence at French Creek, reserved by the Oneida Indiana in the treaty of 1788 for Peter Penet, and called "Penets Square.'' That part n. of a line running e. from Chaumont Bay, in the line of the s. bounds of Diana, was known as Great Tract No. IV., and was sold to the "Antwerp Company," of Holland. Gouvemeur Morris became the first agent, and afterward Jas. D. Le Ray de Chaumont became extensively interested in the title, and under him much of it was settled. The land between No. IV. and Black River (210,000 acres) was purchased by Peter Chassanis, of Paris, for » company of capitalists ; a romantic scheme of colo- nization was formed, and settlement begun at its southern point, near the High Falls, in Lewis co. A few years after, the emigrants returned to France. Ellisburgh was mostly purchased by Marvel Ellis, of Troy, in March, 1797, but it afterward reverted to Constable. A tract known as the '* Eleven Towns" was purchased in 1795 by Nicholas Low, Wm. Henderson, Richard Harrison, and Josiah Ogden Hoffman : it was divided by them and sold by their agents. Penets Square waa mostly settled by squatters, vrith whom the owners afterward had much difficulty. "With the exception of Carlton Island, the first settlement in the co. was made in Ellisburgh, in 1797, and within 10 years nearly the whole of this town and of the "Eleven Towns" was taken up by actual settlers. Settlement commenced under Le Ray in Wilna, Antwerp, Le Ray, and Philadelphia, about 1806, and in the n. part of the co., along the St. Lawrence, after the war of 1812-15. But a small part is now owned by the original purchasers or their heirs, much the greater portion having long been owned in fee by actual settlers.^ The embargo and non-intercourse laws were quite unpopular along the n. frontier, and met with open hostility or secret evasion in many cases. The declaration of war filled the co. with alarm, and some families hastily prepared to leave. Ft. Carlton,^ within the American bound- ary, had been held until this time by the British, and was immediately captured by a small volunteer party and the buildings burned. A regiment of drafted militia, under Col. C. P. Bel- linger, was stationed at Sackets Harbor in May. A fleet of 5 sail of the enemy was repulsed from that place July 19, with loss. On the 30th Capt. Forsyth was stationed there with a fine company rfte Indepemdent Republican and Jnti Masonic Recorder was published at Watertown, from 1828 until 1830. TJie Voice of Jeffemon was published during the summer and fell of 1828. TAe Watertown Eagle was commenced in Sept. 1832, by J. Cal- houn. In 1833 Alviu Hunt became associate editor; and in 1835 it was united with the Democratic Standard, and issued as The Eagle and Standard. Id 1837 it was changed to The Jeffersonian, and afterward to The Watertown Jeffersonian, and continued until 1855, when it was united with the Democratic Union^ and appeared as The Jefferson, County Union. By this title it is now published by E. J. Clark & Co. The Veto was published during the campaign of 1832. The Spirit of Seventy Six was published a few months in 1834. T/ie Patriot and Democrat was published during the campaign of 1838. The Aurora was published by Alvin Hunt during the campaign of 1840. Tfie Daily Journal was started in 1843, by Joel Greene. It was soon after changed to 7'fte Watertown Journal, tri-w., and continued until 1846. The Democratic Union was started in 1846, by T. Andrews, and continued until 1855, when it was united with The Jeffersonian. The Northern State Journal was started in August, 1846, by Ambrose W. Clark. It was afterward changed to The Xorthern Xeiv Yorlc Journal, and is now published by A. W. Clark and John Fayel. Tlie Watertown Spectator was established in Jan. 1847, by Joel Greene, and continued until 1849. The New York Reformer was commenced in Aug. 1850, by Ingals, Burdick & Co., and is now published by Ingals & Haddock. The Daily Jeffersonian was published about six months in 1851. The Monittrr and The Student were issued a short time. All of the above were published at M'^atertown. The Saclcets Harbor Gazette and Advertiser, the first paper pub- lished at Sackets Harbor, was commenced in March, 1817, by Geo. Camp. In Feb. 1821, it was changed to The Jefferson Republican, and was continued about a year. The Farmers Advocate was started in 1824, by Truman W. Has- call, and continued until 1828. The Co^iripr, afterward called The Sackets Harbor Courier, was published by J. Howe. The Jefferson County Whig was published in 1837, by E. H, Purdy. TJie Sackets Harbor Journal was established in Oct, 1838, by E. M. Luff, and continued until 1851. The HarHsonian was published by E. M, Luff during the cam- paign of 1840. The Sackets Harbnr Observer was founded in Mai-ch, 1848, by 0. H. Harris. In 1852 it was changed to TheJeiferson Farmer, and continued 2 or 3 years. The Carthaginian was started at Carthage in Dec. 1839, and in 1843 it was changed to The Black River Times. It was discontinued soon after, TJte People^s Preas was commenced in 1847, by M. I', Wilson; it was published only a short time. The Carthage Standard has been published since Jan. 1858, by Merrill. The Jefferson County Democrat was established at Adams in June, 1844, by J. C. Hatch. In 1847 it passed into the hands of E. J. Clark. It is now published by Eddy A Co. as The Jefferson County IN'e'vrs* The Theresa Chronicle wjis started Jan. 14, 1848, by E. C, Burt, at Theresa, and continued about six months, 1 Alexander Macomb, Daniel McCormick, and Wm. Constable, of New York, were the parties owning this purchase. The first two failed, and Constable became chief agent and party to the sales that were subsequently made. See Hough's Histories of St. Lawrence and Franklin Q)'s. 2 The present names of these towns are in moat cases different from those applied by the landholders. Their names, numbew, and owners under the allotment of 1790 are as follows. Harrison and Hoffman held their interests in common until several yeaw later. No. Original Names. Present Names. Hounsfield, Watertown. Rutland. Champion. Denmark. Henderson. Adams, Rodman. Pinckney. Harrisburgh. Lowville. The several tracts were appraised by Benj. Wright, of Romej the surveyor, and their value equalized itom a part of Worth. 8 On Carlton or Buck Island. It was built by the French, and during the Revolution waa an important rendezvous for Hesiod. Leghorn. Milan. Howard, Mantua. Henderson. Aleppo. Orpheus. Handel. Platina. Lowville, Owners. Har. & Hoff. Low. Henderson. Har. & Hoff. Har. & Hoff. Henderson, Low. Har. A Hoff. Henderson, Har. & Hoff. IjOW. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 43 of riflemen, and, Sept. 20, made a descent upon Gananoqui, Canada, and destroyed a large quantity of provisions. The details of the operations upon the n. frontier belong to general history. Sacketa Harbor became the principal seat of military and naval preparations, and from this post were fitted out the armaments that captured Little York and Ft. George, and the disgraceful expe- dition, under Gen. Wilkinson, that descended the St. Lawrence late in the fall of 1813.' Large bodies of troops were stationed here during most of the war ; and a fleet of frigates of the largest class was fitted out at this point, to cope with one, equally formidable, built at Kingston. The enemy were repulsed in an attack upon Sackets Harbor, May 29, 1813, and were subsequently defeated at Cranberry Creek and Sandy Creek and in several minor engagements. After the war the costly navy was left to rot, or was sold for commercial purposes ; and, in accordance with the provisions of the convention of April, 1817, but one armed vessel was left afloat upon the lake. Extensive barracks were built in 1816-19 at Sackets Harbor. A considerable body of regular troops was stationed here until withdrawn for service in the Indian wars of the Northwest and of Florida. In the abortive scheme known as the "Patriot War," in 1837-40, this co. became the scene of intense excitement, and the seat of many grave as well as ludicrous events. "Hunter Lodges" were formed in every village to promote the Patriot cause, and large sums raised for the same purpose found their way into the pockets of the leaders, most of whom evinced a cowardice as little creditable to their honor as was their financial management to their honesty. The earliest market of this co. was down the St. Lawrence, which has ever been the route of the lumber trade. Several State roads were built through the co. before the war, and a military road was laid out and partly worked from Sackets Harbor to Plattsburgh. Soon after the introduction of canals and railroads many projects of internal improvement were formed, and surveys were made in this co., without result. The Watertown and Rome R. R. extends from Cape Vincent s. through Lyme, Brownville, Pamelia, Watertown, Adams, and Ellisburgh, connecting with the N. Y. Central at Rome. The Sackets Harbor and Ellisburgh R. R., a branch of the preceding, extends from Sackets Harbor through Henderson to Pierrepont Manor. The Potsdam and Water- town R. R. extends N. E. from Watertown through Pamelia, Le Ray, Philadelphia, and Antwerp, forming a connection with the Ogdensburgh R. R. at Potsdam. In 1848-51 about 170 mi. of plank road were built vrithin the co., by over 20 companies ; but most of the lines have been surrendered to the towns in which the roads were laid. Steam navigation commenced upon Lake Ontario in 1816, and commodious lines have since been run, touching at Sackets Harbor, Cape Vincent, Clayton, and Alexandria Bay, within this co. 1 The followiDg is a chronological list of the principal eyents which took place at Sackets Harbor and vicinity during the war : — 1812, May. — ^The Lord NeUon^ a British scliooner, was taicen, and condemned, for violating the revenue laws. Her name was changed to " Scourge." « Col. C. P. Bellinger was stationed here with a regiment of militia. " June 14, Schooner Oniario taken, and discharged. " July 19, Village attacked by 5 vessels of the enemy. No injury done to the Americans, and the British retired with loss. " July 30, Capt. Benj. Forsyth arrived with the first regular troops. " July 31, Schooner JvUa sailed for Ogdensburgh, and en- countered 2 hostile vessels at MoiTistown. " Aug. 20, Col. Bellinger's regiment were disbanded before they were paid. " Sept. 20, Capt. Forsyth started upon an expedition against Oananoqui. " Sept. 21, Gen. Dodge arrived, and ordered Gen. Brown to proceed to Ogdensburgh. " Oct. Commodore Chauncey and Gov. Tompkins ar- rived, the former having been appointed com- mander of the naval forces on the lake. " Oct. 12, Capt. Forsyth's company and others were sent to Ogdensburgh. " Nov .8-14, Com. Cliauncey cruised upon the lake before Kingston, and took several vessels. " Nov. 26, ShipJifadtsoJi was launched 45day8aftercommence- ment. Fort Tompkins and barracks were com- plete$l about the same time. 1813,March.— Gen. Dearborn arrived and took command. " April 7, Brig Jefferson launched. " " 10, Brig Jones launched. " " 19, The GrauiUr sailed to reconnoiter. " " 22, Gen. Pike's forces embarked for Little York. " « 25, Expedition sailed. " May 13, Expedition returned laden with spoils. '< « 22, Com. Chauncey sailed with the fleet for Niagara. " « 29, Sackets Harbor attacked by the enemy, who were repulsed with the loss of 150 men. The 1813 , June 1, " 12, " 14, « July 2,— " 3, " 14, (C " 20, it Aug. 26, a Sept. 5, Oct. 26, " Nov. 2, Dec and Jan. 1814 , May I.- (( June 15, « 26, " July 31, « Sept. X4. « « 30, stores, includiug the spoils of Little York, from the accidental burning of the storehouse. Com. Chauncey returned with the fleet. Ship Pike launched. Lieut. "Wolcott Chauncey went on a cruise, and took a schooner ladeu with stores and arms. •M^. Gen. Morgan Lewis arrived and took com- mand. A secret expedition to burn the PiJce was defeated. The Nppiune and Fox sailed on a privateerine expedition down the St. Lawrence. (See p .) Com. Chauncey, with the JHke, sailed for Nia^ gara. The Sylph (built in 33 days) accompanied him. Gen. Wilkinson held a council to decide upon offensive measures. Gen. Armstrong, Sec. ofWar, arrived. Gen. WilUinson sailed on an expedition down the St. Lawrence, with disastrous results. The Pilcp. and other armed vessels sailed on a cruise among the Thousand Islands. The j-emaining part of the fall and winter was spent in ship building and in strengthening fortifications. -Frigate Superior, of 66 guns, was launched in 80 days from the commencement of building. The crew of the ship Ckmgress began to arrive from Portsmouth. An expedition under Lieut. Gregory sailed, and a few days after captured the gunboat Black Snake in the St. Lawrence, for which act Congress awarded $3000 in 1834. Another expedition, under the same, sailed, and in a few days burned a vessel on the stocks aud a quantity of stores near Prescott. The American fleet sailed for Niagara. Gon. Izard arrived from Lake Champlain. A gig belonging to the Superior captured several boats laden with groods for Kingston. Great alarm was felt for the satifty of the harbor, which led to the assembling of large bodies of militia. 44 JEFFERSON COUNTY. ADAMS^— was formed from Mexico, April 1, 1802, and named in honor of John Adams, Ex- President. Rodman was taken off in 1804. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, and generally inclined toward the lake, and, with the exception of its s.e. border, is underlaid by Trenton limestone. Several remarkable upheavals of this formation occur along its n. and w. borders, and a bold terrace extends into Watertown and Rutland. It is well watered by the N. Sandy and Stony Creeks. The soil is a clayey loam, with occasional sand and gravel, especially along the ancient lake ridge, which may be traced through this town. It is very productive, and equaUy adapted to dairying and the cultivation of grains. Manufactures are car- ried on to some extent. Adams, (p. v.,) situated on North Sandy Creek and the W. & R. R. R., con- tains 4 churches, a bank, a seminary, printing office, and several small manufactories. Pop. 963.^ Adams Center (p. v.) and SmitUville (p. v.) have each about 250 inhabitants. Appling^ and IVortli Adams are p. offices. The town was mostly settled under Isaac "W". Bostwick, agent of Nicholas Low, the proprietor.* The first sermon was preached in 1802, by Rev. Mr. Woodward, a missionary.* A private academy— now called the Philharmonic Institute— has been taught at Adams Village for many years. The remains of several ancient fortifications are found in town. AIjEXAIVDRIA— was formed from Rrownville and Le Ray, April 3, 1821, and named from Alexander Le Ray, a son of the proprietor. Theresa was taken off in 1841. It lies on the St. Lawrence, in the n, extremity of the co., and embraces the e. part of Wells Island and a, con- siderable portion of the Thousand Islands. The surface underlaid by gneiss is rough and rocky, but that portion underlaid by sandstone is level, with a thin, clayey and sandy soil. A vein of lead has been discovered near Redwood, and examined to the depth of 40 feet. Alexandria Bay* (Alexandria p. 0.) contains 24 houses, Plessis^ (p. v.) 32, and Red-wood^ {p. v.) 100. Settle- ment commenced in this town, in 1811, under Le Ray. An engagement took place within the limits of this town during the war of 1812.^ An elegant Ref. Prot. D. church was erected at Alex- andria Bay in 1848-51.^<> ANTWERP — ^was formed from Le Ray, April 5, 1810, and named from the Antwerp Com- pany." It is the extreme e. town in the co. The n. and e. portions are broken by low rocky ridges parallel ix) the river. The s. w. part is more level. The soil in the valleys is a clayey loam, and is very fertile.^^ The ridges are made up of masses of gneiss,^^ white crystalline limestone," and sandstone.^^ Between the gneiss and sandstone in this town are several of the richest iron mines in the State. The "Sterling Mine"^® lies about 3 mi. n. of Antwerp Village; another, of less extent, 1 mi. N. ; a third, known as the " Keene Mine,"" on the borders of St. Lawrence CO.; and a fourth, known as the " Parish Mine,"^^ immediately adjacent. In this same range are found the mines of Rossie and Gouverneur, which have furnished most of the ore used at the furnaces in this region. Bog iron ore is found near Ox Bow.^^ One or two sulphur springs are found in town. Antwerp, (p. v.,) on the P. and W. R. R,, was incorp. July, 1853. It contains 1 Aleppo, or No. 7 of the Eleven Towns. 2 This village was first settled by David Smith, about 1800, and for many years it was known as " Smiths MilW lucorp. Nov. 11, 1851. 3 Named from Moj. Daniel Appling, the hero of the battle of Sandy Creek. * The first settlers came on for permanent residence in 1800 ; among them were Nicholas and Alexander Salisbury, Solomon Smith, Daniel Comstock, Daniel Smith, Abram Kipley, Jonathan Cable, Stephen Shippey, and Enon D'Estaiag. The first inn was kept by Abel Hart, and the first store by Jesse Hale. Daniel Smith erected the first grist and saw mills in 1801-02, the former superseding the stump mortars of the first season. The first birth was that of Edmund Salisbury; the first marriage, that of Daniel Ellis to Mrs. A. Salisbury, widow of Alexander Salis- bury, in 1802; and the first death, that of Alexander Salisbury, drowned in 1801. Schools were first taught in 1803. 6 Rev. Chaa. G. Finney, Pres. of Oberlin College, was a law stu- dent in this town. The census reports 9 churches; 3 Bap., 2 Seventh Day Bap., 2 Cong., M. E., and Prot. E. 8 This place was surveyed and laid out as a village for Le Kay in 1818. A custom house was established here in 1828. Sunken Kock Lighthouse was built in 1847. It is an important wooding station for steamers, and within a few years has become a favor- ite resort for fishing and excursion parties among the Thou- sand Islands. 7 Named from a town in France. Formerly called "Flat Rock," from the naked sandstone in the vicinity. A grist mill was built here in 1817 for Le Ray. Wm. Merrill, the first innkeeper, was murdered in 1826. 8 A glass factory was established at this place in 1833, by John S. Foster. It is devoted to the manufacture of cylinder glass, and is now carried on by a joint stock company known as the Redwood Manufac. Co. A stream a few rods in length, flowing from Mud to Butterfield Lake, has here a fall of 94 feet, and furnishes water power to a grist and saw mill. 8 The "Neptune" and "Fox," two small American armed vessels, captured a brigade of bateaux belonging to the enemy, July 20, 1813, and took their prizes into Cranberry Creek, iu this town. They were pursued, and a sharp skirmish ensued, resulting in the retreat of the British with considemble loss. 10 This church was built through the agency of Rev. G. W, Bethune, of Brooklyn, and is called " The Church of the Thou- sand Isles." A parsonage was built in 1852. The sites for both edifices were given by Francis Depau. The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Prot. E., Bap., M. E., Presb., and R. C. 11 This land company, formed in Holland, bought Great Tract No. IV., within which this town is situated. For particulars see Hough's ffist. Jeff. Co., p. 58-61. 12 According to the last census, this town produces more butter than any other town in the co. ; and, with one exception, it has the greatest number of cows of any town in the State. 13 From 1805 to 1828 about 100 pairs of millstones were manu- factured from this rock in this town. 1* This limestone is especially valuable for Lime and as a flux for iron ore. 16 This sandstone furnishes an excellent building material, and is used for the lining of furnaces. 16 Discovered by Hopestill Foster ; owned and worked by Jas. Sterling. 1' On the farm of Hiram B. Keene, and owned by a company. 18 Owned by Geo. Parish, of Ogdensburgh. 18 This ore is of the red specular variety. The re^on in which it is found is one of the richest in the country for speomens of rare minerals. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 45 The Antwerp Liberal Institute^ and 3 churches. Pop. 621. Ox Bow' (p. v.) is situated on the Oswegatchee Eiver. Pop. 240. Sterllnsburgli,^ 1 mi. above Antwerp, and Spragnes Corners, on the line of St. Lawrence co., are hamlets. The first improvements were made in 1803, at the Ox Bovi^, under the direction of Lewis R. Morris, the original proprietor.* In 1808, Morris sold 29,033 acres to George and David Parish, under whose agents the greater part of the settlements were made. A party of militia was stationed here in 1808, to enforce the embargo, and a blockhouse was built at the village in 1812. The first church was built, in 1816, by Parish.5 BRO'WJVVIlil.E — ^was formed from Leyden, April 6, 1802, and was named from Gen. Jacob Brovrn, its founder. Le Ray was taken ofi' in 1806 ; Lyme, in 1818 ; Pamelia, in 1819 ; and Orleans, and a part of Alexandria, in 1821. It is situated on the n. side of Black River and Black River Bay. Its surface is level or gently undulating. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Sulphate of barytes is found on Pillar Point, and the vein has been worked to some extent for lithic paint. Upon the w. bank of Perch River, a few rods below Limerick, is a cave extending 150 yards into the bank and 30 feet below the surface. Manufactures receive considerable attention. BroTvnville, (p. v.,) on Black River, 4 mi. below Watertown, was incorp. April 5, 1828. It has a valuable water power, and contains 3 churches, a cotton factory, and several foundries and machine shops. Pop. 621. Dexter' {p. v.) is situated at the head of navigation on Black River. It is the seat of an extensive woolen factory built in 1836.' Pop. 429. Liimericli. (p. o.) and Moffat ville (p. o.) are villages of about a dozen houses each. Pillar Point (p. o.) is situated across the bay from Sackets Harbor. Pop. 50. Gen. Jacob Brown began the settlement of the town in 1799, as proprietor and agent.' During the war Brownville village became the seat of a hospital; and on different occasions large bodies of troops were posted in the vicinity. For several years it was the residence and headquarters of Maj. Gen. Brown, commander in chief of the N. department, and afterward of Col. Edward Kirby,' his son-in-law. There are 10 churches in town." CAPE TUVCEBfT— was formed from Lyme, April 10, 1849, and named from Vincent Le Ray, son of the proprietor. It is the N. w. comer town of the co., and embraces Carlton and several smaller islands in the St. Lawrence. The surface is level, or slightly undulating, and the soil is a clayey loam. Kent Creek is the principal stream. There are 2 or 3 sulphur springs in town. Considerable attention is paid to ship building. Cape Vincent,^' (p-'^-i) tlie terminus of the W. and R. R. R., near the head of the St. Lawrence River, is a thriving commercial village. Pop. 1026. Saint Eawrcnce and Millens Bay are p. offices and hamlets. ■ The first settlement in the town and co. was made upon Carlton Island,^' at about the time of the Revolution. A regular forti- fication, known as " Fort Carlton,'"' was erected upon the island, and a tract of 30 acres was cleared and cultivated, and long known as the "Kings Garden." The first settlement upon the main- land was commenced in 1801 at Port Putnam, 2 mi. below Cape Vincent, by Capt. Abijah Putnam." Count Real, Chief of Police under Napoleon, and other French families of note, resided in this town for some time. A custom house was established in 1819. Upon the shores of Grenadier Island,'* 1 This institution is not yet fully organized. s This name is derived from a remarkable bend in the Oswe- gatchie Eiver, upon which the village is situated. The village waa settled by Scotch emigrants. 3 Sterllngburgh, 1 mi. above Antwerp Tillage, is the seat of an iron furnace built by Jas. Sterling in 1846. A forge was built here for David Parish in 1817. * The first settler was Wm. Lee. Mills were built at Antwerp Vaiage in 1806-07, for Morris, by John Jenniaou. The first school was taught in the Poster Settlement, by Benj. Cook. 6 This church was the second in the co., and for many years was used by all the denomioations in town. It is now in pos- session of the R. C. There are in town 8 churches ; 2 Bap., M. E., Wes. Meth., PreA., Asao. Kef. Presb., R.C., Union. « Named from S. Newton Dexter, of Whitesboro', one of the proprietors. It was formerly known as " Fish Island." During the war the mills at this place furnished lumber for the public works at Sacketa Harbor. The steamer " Brownville," built in 1827, and designed to run between this place and the lake poi-ts, was burned upon her first trip. The Black Eiver Nav. Co., incorp. in 1810, built locks here, which were little used. Piers for the improvement of navigation were built at the mouth of the river by the Gen. Government ; but they have resulted in injury. , .. ,« I This factory is of stone, and cost $140,000. It is fitted for 10 sots of machiner}-, and employs 76 hands. ' In 1800, Gen. Brown built a sawmill, and m 1801 a small grist mill, at the mouth of Philomel Creek. A bridge was built in 1802, and a dam acroaa the river in 1806. In 1828, Henry Evana was hung near Watertown for murder committed in this town, — the only execution by civil authority that ever took place in the co. fl Col. Kirby held the oflSce of paymaster in the army from 1824 till his death, April 18, 1846. 10 2 M. B., 2 Prot, E., 2 Univ,, 2 Presb., 1 Bap., 1 Union. 11 Called " Gravelly Points' by many of the old inhabitants. It was first settled in 1809, laid out as a village in 1817, and incorp. in 1853. A lighthouse waa built at Tibbets Point, 2 mi. distant, in 1826. The R. R. company have built here a wharf 3000 feet long, 2 immense freight houses, a grain elevator, &c. The Ontario Line of Steamers touch at this point, and ferry boats run regularly to Kingston. A few years since, a canal waa dug across Wolf or Grand Island, to alTord a more direct route for this ferry. This place received several visits from the enemy during the war. 12 This island contains 1274 acres. A military class right (see page ) of 500 acres was located here in 1786. Por several years after 1822 it was a thriving lumber station, where rafts were made up for the Quebec market. 13 This fort commanded the s. channel of the river, and was an important post during the Revolution. It waa mostly exca^ vated in the rock, and the materials taken out were used in the construction of the rampart and escarpment. 14 Mr. Putnam establiahed a ferry from this place to Wolf Island. In 1803 a State road waa opened to this place, and in 1804 a village plot was laid out, but Boon after abandoned. IB This island was the rendezvous of Gen. Wilkinson's army on their way down the river in 1813. At the eastern extremity js a 46 JEFFERSON COUNTY. and of the mainland opposite, are valuable seine fisheries. A town ag. soc. was formed in 1850.^ There are 3 churches in town.^ CH AMPIOIV^— was formed from Mexico, March 14, 1800. A part of Harrisburgh was taken off in 1803. It is the central town on the s. e. border of the co. The surface is broken and hilly. The most elevated portions are the slate hills in the s. angle, (known as the ''peak,") which are about 1700 feet above tide. From their summits the land descends in a series of broken and irregular terraces to the river. The n. part is more level. The soil is generally a clay loam, but near the river in some places it is sandy. Cliampioii (p. v.) contains 20 houses, Oreat Bend (p. v.) and West Cartilage* about 30 each. Champion Soutli Road is a p.o. The first settlement was begun in 1798, by Noadiah Hubbard, as agent for Storrs. The first settlers came by water down the river as far as the High Falls, and the town was settled with great rapidity.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1805.^ Cr-AYTOIV — ^was formed from Orleans and Lyme, April 27, 1833, and named in honor of John M. Clayton, U. S. Senator from Del. It is centrally situated on the n. w. border of the co. It embraces two-fifths of Penets Square, a gore w. and another n. of that tract, and Grindstone and several smaller islands in the St. Lawrence. The surface is level, or slightly rolling. Water lime has been manufactured in considerable quantities. Clayton,' (P-"^->) situated at the mouth of French Creek,^ is largely engaged in the lumber trade and in ship building.^ Pop. 896. Oepauville^° (p-"^0 is situated at the head of navigation on Chaumont (Sha-mo) River, for Catfish Creek,) 6 mi. from the bay. Pop. 386, Settlement commenced in 1803; but little agri- cultural improvement was made until after the war. For many years the titles to the portions included in Peneta Square and the islands became the subject of much controversy and litigation. In early times the shores of the St. Lawrence in this and adjoining tovras became the scene of many lawless adventures in the prosecution of smuggling.^^ In 1813, the enemy attacked the advanced guard of Wilkinson's expedition, commanded by Gen. Brown, at Bartlets Point, but were repulsed. The census reports 7 churches in town.^^ ErililSBURGH^^— was formed from Mexico, Feb. 22, 1803. Henderson was set ofi'in 1806. It is situated in the s.w. corner of the co., upon the shore of Lake Ontario. The surface is rolling and inclined toward the lake. A range of low sand hills extend along the shore, and these are succeeded by a wide marshy region, producing wild grasses that in dry seasons may be mown. North and South Sandy Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is sandy on the w., clayey through the center, and a slaty loam in the e. There is a sulphur spring in town. This is the wealthiest agricultural town in the co,, and is surpassed by but few in the State. I^llis Village,^* (EUisburgh p.o.,) situated on S. Sandy Creek, 4 mi. from its mouth, has a limited amount of manufactures. Pop. 230. BellevilSe,^^ (P-"^-*) is situated on N. Sandy Creek, 3 mi. from Ellis Village, and on the S. H. & E. K. R. Pop. 363. The Union Literary Society (academy) is located here. Pierrepont Manor/^ (p-'^-O at the junction of the W. & R. and S. II. & E. R. R., contains 255 inhabitants. "WoodviUe," (p.v,,) is situated on N. Sandy Creek. Pop. 180. Mannsville/^ (p-^-j) on Skinners Creek and the W. & R, R. R., has a population capacious bay, known aa " Basin Harbor," which affords a shelter for boats. The whole island is now a single dairy farm. 1 This society is open to the citizens of Lyme, Clayton, and Wolf Island. 2 presb., Prot. E., and R. C. 8 No. 4, or "Howard," of the "Eleven Towns." It fell to the share of Harrison and HofTman. and by them was sold to Gen. Henry Champion, of Colchester, Conn., and Lemuel Storrs. It was settled under Judge Noadiah Hubbard and Alfred Lathrop, agents of the last named proprietor. The name was given in honor of Gen. Champion, who pi-esented the town with a bell for the compliment. 4 Considerable amounts of lumber, oil, flour, and cloth are manufactured in this village. 6 Among the first settlera, who came in in 1798-99, were John, Thos. and Salmon Ward, David and Saml. StiuT, Joel Mix, Ephm. Chamberlain, Jonathan Mitchell. Bela Hubbard, and David Miller. The first school was taught by E. Chamberlain, in 1800. The first sawmill was built in 1802, by John EgglesoQ and Wm. Hadsall. The first grist mill was bnilt at West Car- thage, by David Coffeen, in 1806. A furnace was built at the same place in 1S34-, and about 1000 tons of iron produced. Several prominent la'wyers, among whom were Moss Kent, brother of the chancellor, Egbert Ten Eyck, and Henry K. Storrs, settled in Champion, in expectation of its becoming the co. seat of the new co. to be erected from Oneida. 6 Rev. Nathl. Dutton was the first regular settled pastor in the town and co. There are 6 churches in town ; 2 Cong., 2 M. E.. Bap., and Union. 7 Formerly called '• Corndia,^'' and still frequently called "French Crcet." A party of Patriots made this place their rendezvous in preparing to invade Canada. The same party took possession of Hickory Island; but upon the approach of the British they fled, leaving their armament behind. 8 This stream is called by the Indians "Wet-er-ingh-ra-gu-en-tG-re, or " Fallen Fort," from a fort taken by the Oneidas from another tribe long before the advent of the whites. s The timber is brought in vessels from the upper lakes, and here made up into rafts. Most of the steamers belonging to the American line have been built at this port and at Wolf Island. 10 De-po-viUe. Named from Francis Depau, an early pro- prietor. The place was formerly known as " Caijish Falls." Stephen Johnson built the first mill and opened the first store at this place, in 1824. '^ During the embargo of 1808 a road was cut through the woods, and immense quantitieH of potash were taken to Canada without restraint. ^2 4 M. E., and one each Bap., R. C, and Union, 1^ " Minos," of the "Eleven Towns." Named from Marvel Ellis, an early proprietor, and Lyman Ellis, the first settler. 1* The oldest settlement in the co. IS Named from Belleville, in Canada. 1*^ It is the residence of Hon. Wm. G. Pierrepont, from whom the village derives its name. IT Named from Ebenczer, Ephraim, and Jacob Wood, the first setilers, 18 Named from Col. H. B. Mann, who erected a factory at this place, but which was afterward burned. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 47 of 315. Rural Hill,^ (p.o.,) 2 mi. w. of Belleville, is a hamiet. Lyman Ellis and a large number of others made the first settlement, in 1797.^ A tract of 3000 acres in the s.tv. comer of the town was sold by Wm. Constable, in 1796, to Brown and Eddy, and was settled by squatters. Upon the advent of the first settlers, near Ellis Village, on Sandy Creek, were found numerous traces of an early occupation by civilized races.' During the war an engagement took place near the mouth of S. Sandy Creek, between a party of 150 American regulars and a few militia and Indians, under Maj. Appling, and a party of 200 British, who were pursuing a flotilla of boats, commanded by Lieut. Woolsey, laden with stores for Sackets Harbor. The British were defeated, and nearly the whole party were killed or taken prisoners.* The census reports 11 churches in town.^ HElVOERSOar^— was formed from Ellisburgh, Feb. 17, 1806. It lies on Lake Ontario, s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling ; and it is deeply indented with Henderson Bay, formed by a long rocky point known as Six-Tovm Point.^ There are in town two small lakes and several marshes. Stony and Little Stony Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is clay and loam. Henderson^ (P-"^-) is situated on Stony Creek, near the center of the town. Pop. 404. Kenderson Harbor^ contains 12 houses; and SmitKvllie,^^ (p.o-0 on the line of Adams, 40. Settlement was begun in 1802, under Asher Miller, agent for the proprietor." At the head of Henderson Bay is a curved embankment or bar of stone, 100 rods long, and a little above the water, known as "Indian "Wharf;" and from this point to Stony Creek there was an Indian trail or portage. The census reports 5 churches in town.^^ HOlJ]VSFIEL.I>i3_^as formed from Watertown, Feb. 17, 1806. It is situated on Black River Bay, on the w. border of the co. Its surface is very level, and the soil is a clayey and sandy loam. Ship building and manufactures have received considerable attention. Jackets Har- bor" (p. 0.) is the principal village. Pop. 994. This was the principal military and naval station on the northern frontier during the last war with Great Britain, and millions of dollars were spent in fortifications and in building vessels. East Hounsfield (p.o.) and Stofvells Corners (p.o.) are hamlets. Amaza Fox was the first settler. In 1802 there were 30 families in town.^^ In 1805 several English families came in.^^ During the war this town was the center of important military events. Several expeditions were here fitted out against Canada; and, in turn, the tovni was invaded on several occasions.^' Large bodies of troops were fre- quently quartered here, and the citizens became familiar with the lights and shades of military life.^® After the war most of the troops were withdrawn, leaving only enough to keep the 1 Formerly called " Bttck BiU." 2 Among the first settlers were Caleb Ellis, Robert Fulton, Elijah Richardson, Hez. Pierce, Chauncey Smith, Wm. Root, Vial Salisbury, Isaac Waddle, and Abram Wilcox. The early settlers suifered much from sickness. The first child bom was Ontario Pierce, and the first death, that of Caleb Ellis. Lyman Ellis built the first sawmill, in 1797, and the first grist mill, in 1803. 8 It is probable that the French expedition, under De La Barre, aj^ainst the Onondagas in 1684, met with their terrible disasters from fkmine and sickness within the limits of this town. * The stores were taken by land from this point to the " Harbor." Among them was a cable weighing 9600 lbs., which was too heavy for loading upon any wagon that could be ob- tained. It was accordingly placed on the shoulders of 250 men and carried to its place of destination. As the bearers approached the Harbor, the sailors met them with loud cheers, relieved them of their burden, and marched triumphantly into the village. 6 3 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. E., Presb., Prot. E., Univ., Union. 8 No. 6 of the " JEleven Towns." Named from Wm. Henderson, the proprietor. 7 Upon this point are the remains of a small 4 sided fortificar tion, evidently built during the French or Revolntionary War. 8 Formerly called '^Salisburi/ Mills;' from Lodowyck Salisbury, an early merchant and mill owner. 9 The bay upon which this place is situated was called the " Bay of Naples'* by Henderson, the proprietor. 10 Named from Jesse Smith, who, from a common laborer, became one of the most extensive lumber dealers in the county, and a man of influence. 11 Among the first settlers were Anthony Sprague, Levi Sco- field, Jedediah McComber, Samuel Hubbard, Moses Barrett, Wm. Petty, and Daniel Spencer. Willis Fellows kept the first inn and built the first saw and grist mills. The first child bom was Betsy Scofield, and the first death, that of a child of Hosea Heath. Elisha Skinner taught the first school. A small woolen factory was erected in 1814. A Scotch settlement was made in 1803-07, on the bay. A lighthouse was erected on Stony Point in 1837. 12 2 M.E., Ev. Luth., Univ., and Union. WThe town embraces No. 1, or "Hesiod," of the "Eleven Towns," and was named from Ezra Hounsfield, one of the early proprietors. In the division it fell to the share of Harrison and Hoffman ; and by them the w. half was sold to Champion and Storrs, and the remainder to Peter Kemble and E. Houns- field. It was called '* Newport" in early documents. Gull, Snake, Great and Little Galloo, and Stony Islands belong to this town. Upon Galloo Island a lighthouse was erected in 1820. 1* Named from Augustus Sacket, the first settler. Called by the Indians Garhti-a-go-je-twa-da^S,-lote, fort at the mouth of Great River. Incorp. April 15, 1814. A collection district was formed in 1805. Madison Barracks, built in 1816-19 at a cost of $85,000, are the principal military works. Upon a point in the harbor is the hull of the frigate New Orleans, sheltered by a house built over it. It was commenced during the war, but has never been finished. It measured 3200 tons, and was pierced for 110 guns. The frigate Chippewa, of like dimensions, built farther up the bay, has been taken down. 15 Among these were John and Wm. Evans, Squire Reed, Amasa HoUibut, and Charles Baird. 16 Among these were Saml. Luff, his sons Edmund, Sam!., Jr., Joseph, and Jesse, David Merritt, William Ashby, John Roots, Henry Metcalf. and Geo. Slowman. Dr.Wm. Baker, who settled in 1803, was the first physician ; Ambrose Pease and Step. Simmons were early innkeepers, and Loren Buss and Hezokiah Doolittle, early merchants. In 1808 Samuel F. Hooker brought in a stock of goods worth $20,000. Meetings were first held by Edmund Luff, who built a church, and preached many years without fee or reward. Elisha Camp settled in 1804, as a lawyer and agent, and has since been more prominently concerned in the affairs of the town than any other person. Samuel Lulf built the first grist mill, Augustus Sacket, the first sawmill, and Solon Stone, the first cotton factory, on Mill Creek. The first child born in town was Wealthy Robison, At an early period, John Jacob Astor and other capitalists invested large sums here in the manufacture of potash, that article commanding $200 to $350 per ton in the Montreal market. 17 See page . 18 About a dozen military executions took place here during the war. A duel was fought with muskets, June 13, 1818, between two soldiers, one of whom was killed. During the com- mand of Col. Brady at this station, the remains of Gens. Zebu- Ion M. Pike and Leonard Covington, Col. John Tuttle, Lieut. 48 JEFFERSON COUNTY. works ia repair. In 1832 a canal, for hydraulic purposes, was completed from Huntington's Mills, above Watertown, to Sackets Harbor ; but in about 10 years it was abandoned.' Dr. Samuel Guthrie, one of the discoverers of chloroform, and inventor of the percussion compound for firearms, which has superseded flints, resided at Sackets Harbor. A Union school was established in the village in 1840. There are 5 churches in town.^ liE RAY'— was formed from Brownville, Feb. 17, 1806. Antwerp was taken off in 1810, a part of "VVilna in 1813, and a part of Philadelphia and Alexandria in 1821. It is an interior town E. of the center of the co. The surface is level, or gently rolling, and the soil is principally a clayey loam. A strip of barren sand, once covered with pine, but now almost a desert, extends along Black River. The streams are Black and Indian Rivers, Pleasant Creek, and several .small brooks. lie Raysville* (p. v.) contains 22 houses. Evans Mills' (p. v.) is situated on Pleasant Creek and the P. & W. R. R. Pop. 410. Sandfords Corners, (p. v.,) on the P. & W. R. R., contains a dozen houses. Black River,* a village of 50 houses, is partly in this town. The first settlement was made in 1802, by a party under Benj. Brown, agent for Le Ray.' Le Ray removed to this place in 1808, and began a liberal system of settlement, by opening roads and building bridges and mills. The census reports 6 churches.* liORRAIlVE' — ^was formed from Mexico, March 24, 1804, as "Malta." Its name was changed April 6, 1808. Worth was taken off in 1848. It is the central town on the s. border of the CO. The town is elevated, and is underlaid by slate and traversed by immense gulfs. The surface is rolling, and the soil is a clay and loam. It is mostly drained by Sandy and Skinners Creeks. Im Rut- land, Vt., the former home of an early settler. 6 Named from John Felt, who purchased the site in 1813, and still resides here. Formerly the seat of an extensive lumber manufactory ; now changed to a tannery. 7 Locally known as "Lockport." 8 Named from Josiah and Frederick Tyler, early settlers. fi On some maps called •* Brooksville," from Curtis G. Brooks, a former citizen. It is never known by this name in town. 10 17,549 acres were sold, in farms within 3 years, for $50,738. n Among the settlers who came in during the first and second years were Levi Miller, Perley and Wm. Keyea. David and Gold- smith Coffeen, Amos Stebbins, Riiphacl Porter. Israel Wright, Jonathan and Chirk Koss, Jaa. Kilham, Chas. Kelsey, Jephtha King, John Dale, C. Cummings, Gardner Cleveland, Warren Foster, and John Cotes. Miss A. Porter taught the firat school, in 1803. Levi Butterfield kept the first inn, and Jacob Williams the first store. David Coffeen built the first grist mill in the CO., near the mouth of Mill Creek, in the present village of Felts Slills, in 1801, and a sawmill in 1802. The first child born was in the family of Chas. Kelsey, and the first death, thai of Mrs. Francis Towne. 12 2 M. E., 2 Union, and Cong. 15 Fluorspar, sulphate of barytes, sulphurets of iron and copper, phosphate of lime, zircon, feldspar, tourmalines, hyalite, pyroxene, Rensselaerite, idocrase, calcite, phlogopite, and other minerals, are found in tliis locality, and some of them are beau- tifully crystallized. Iron ore has been found in considerable quantity. 1* The river here descends 85 feet within a quarter of a mile. From this place to Rossie its banks are low, and large tracts are ofi;en overflowed, causing-much sickness. A small steamer has run upon this pai't of the river. IB Among the first settlers were James ShurtlifiF, Anson and Jeremiah Cheeseman, M. B. Ashley, Sylvester Rodman, Azariah Walton, Col. Bull, Abram Morrow, Joseph Miller, Archb. Fisher, James Lake, Ebenezer and N. W. Lull, J. D. Davidson, and Sylvester Boardman. Mr. Lull built the fii-st store, in 1820. Dr. Jas. Brooks, the first physician, settled in 1822, and died the next yeai". The first school was taught by Lindley Gibbs, at Hyde Lake. Michael Lewis was the first child born. The first marriage was that of Ebenezer Lull and Alniira Barnes. The first death was that of Mr. Casselman, who was drowned. A grist mill and inn were erected in 1819 for the proprietor. 16 Presb., M. E., and Prot. B. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 52 fTATERTO^I^Wi— was formed from Mexico, March 14, 1800. Rutland was taken off in 1802, and Hounsfield in 1806. It lies upon Black River, s. w, of the center of the co. The surface in the s. e, part is broken by the irregular terraces of the Trenton limestone, and in the n. it is level or rolling. The river bank is rocky throughout its whole extent ; and in the village, about 3 mi. below, are several extensive caves. It is an important agricultural town; but it is chiefly distinguished for the extent of its trade and manufactures. In amount of business it is unsur- passed by any town in Northern N.Y. "Water to wn^^* (p-v.,) the co. seat, pleasantly situated upon the s, bank of Black River, was incorp. April 5, 1816. Pop. 5873. It contains an academy,' 3 newspaper offices, 5 banks, and 9 churches. Black River here flows, for the space of a mile, in a succession of rapids over the limestone terraces, affording an abundance of water power, which is largely improved, making the village one of the most important manufacturing places in the State.* Three roads and 2 r. r. bridges cross the river within the limits of the village : one of the former is a wire suspension bridge. An ice cave, near Whittleseys Point,^ extends under a part of the village. By an act passed March 22, 1853, a board of water commissioners was created, with power to borrow $50,000 for the construction of water works for the village. The work was finished during the following summer. The water is taken from the river, near the upper part of the village, and thrown by water power into a reservoir 200 feet above the village, and about 1 mi. distant; and from the reservoir it is distributed through the streets. A beautiful fountain is constructed in the center of the principal square.^ At an early day, two rectangular pieces of land were given by the owners of the adjacent lots for public use;' and these now constitute beautiful public squares.* Burrville* (p. o.) is a hamlet, on Sandy Creek, in the s. part of the town. Henry Coffeen and Zachariah Butterfield were the pioneer settlers, in 1800 ; they located upon the present site of the village.^" An arsenal was built at Watertown in 1809, and a building for an academy in 1811 ; the latter was used as a hospital during the war. The census reports 10 churches.^^ "WIXWA" — ^was formed from Le Ray, and Leyden (Lewis co.) April 2, 1813. It lies upon Black River, in the extreme e. part of the co. Its surface is somewhat broken. It is chiefly under- laid by the primary rock, which rises into low, naked ridges, and by calciferous sandstone. Black River forms its w. boundary ; and upon it are a series of rapids, forming an abundance of water power." The Indian River, in the n. part, also affords water power at several places. At Natural Bridge this stream flows beneath the surface through passages worn in the coarse white lime- stone which here forms the surface rock. Several interesting minerals are found at this place. 1 Its present Umit8 embrace No. 2, or " Leghorn," of the " Eleven Towns." It first contained Nos. 1, 2, and 3. ^ First settled in ISOO ; and became the co. seat in 1805. In 1849 the business portion was almost destroyed by fire, but it recovered from the disaster in 2 years. * The Watertown Acad, was iucorp. May 2, 1835, and a large academic building was erected in a gi-ove in the B. e. part of the village. It was soon after merged in the Black River Literary and Religious Institute, founded under the joint auspices of the Watertown Presbytery and B. R. (Cong.) Assoc, in 1836. In May, 1846, its name was changed to the Jefferson County Institute. * During the war a factory was built, at a cost of $75,000, for the manufactare of cotton and woolen cloths. In 1827, Levi Beehe purchased Cowans Island and erected upon it an im- mense stone cotton ftctory. It hart just been put in operation when, July 7, 1833, it was burned, under suspicious circunv- stances. The loss was $200,000 ; and the site has since remained a min. The manufactures of cotton and woolen goods, flour, paper, iron castings, machinery, leather, agricultural imple- ments, lead pipe, sash and blinds, and furniture, are extensively carried on. « Named from the wife of Samuel Wliittlesey, who in 1S15 threw herself from this point into the river, and was drowned. Her husband, a lawyer, and paymaster to the drafted militia, had received in N- Y. the sum of $30,000, in bills, and while returning to Watertown was secretly robbed of ^700 by hie wife. He was greatly alarmed, but was persuaded by her to keep quiet, as it would be difficult to convince the public that a thief would have left so large a portion, and. as they must them- selves be suspected of having taken a part, they might as well keep the whole. Her logic succeeded upon the weak-minded old man, and befor« reaching home she had matured plans for con- cealment and eraaion. He started with his portmanteau for Oneida co., leaving appointments along the road for paynig on his return; but on arriving at Treu ton he found he had been robbed. The news of the robbery spread quickly over the country; but the most active inquiry and very liberal rewards failed ta bring the thief to justice. On his return home he met his femily frantic with grief; but there was an inconsistency m his Btory, and upon a searching conversation, licld separately, latter were convinced that there was fraud. By an ingenious course of inquiry and eavesdropping, they were not only con- firmed in the belief, but assured that the family soon intended to remove, and that summary means must be employed to re- cover the money. They accordingly invited W. to take a walk, which led as if by accident to a lonely spot near the village, previously prepared, where they suddenly charged him with the robbery and threatened instant drowning unless he disclosed. He was twice submerged and life nearly extinguislied, when he confessed and was liberated. The money was tbund sewed into a pair of drawers fitted to be worn by either husband or wife. Mrs. W. immediately after slipped away from the crowd unob- served, rushed down to the river, and was drowned. — Sough's Hist Jtff. Co., p. 263. * An Artesian well was bored 127 feet deep upon Factory Square in 1829, and a copious supply of water was obtained, slightly impregnated with sulphur and iron. 7 These lots are respectively 12 by 28 and 9 by 32 rods. e The principal business of the village is located around the Square and upon Court St. 9 Named from John Burr & Sons, who settled here iu 1804 Hart Massey built a saw and grist mill here, in 1801, for Low, the proprietor. w Oliver Bartholomew came in the same year, (1801,) and in 1802, about 80 families arrived. Jonathan Cowan built the first grist mill, in 1802, and Dr. Isaiah Massej' opened the first inn the same year. In 1803, a bridge was built near the present court- house. Tu 1805, Wm, Smith and John Paddock opeufj^ the first store; and a dam was built across Black River the same year. The first birth was in the family of Moses Bacon; and the first death, that of Thornton, who was killed by a falling tree. n Two Prcsb., 2 M. E., Bap., Wes. Meth., Prot. E., K. C, Union, and Univ. 12 Named from Wilna, in Russia, then fresh in memory from its battle. 1* After affording 42 mi. of navigation, the river here com- mences to descend by a series of rapids, extending to the lake, falling, in all, 480 feet. The " Long Falls" here descend 55 foet in a distance of 5090; and in the rapids are about 50 small islands. The State Dam, built at this place, is 900 feet long, and the State Brldice 500. 52 JEFFERSON COUNTY. The soil is sandy and moderately fertile. Carthage' (p. v.) is finely situated upon Black Eiver, at the lower terminus of the B. R. Canal improvement. It contains 5 churches and a private academy,^ and is the seat of important manufactures." Pop. 785. STatural Brtdgre,' (P- v.,) on the Indian River, contains 40 houses. '^Vilna and afortli frilna are p. offices. Settle- ment was commenced in 1798, at Carthage, by Henry Boutin, one of the French Company.^ The village and town were chiefly settled under Le Ray. The census reports 7 churches.* ■WORTH' — was formed from Lorraine, April 12, 1848. It lies upon the high, slaty, and shaly ridges in the s. part of the co. It is 1200 to 1500 feet above tide, and is the most elevated land in the co. It is subject to deep snows and early frosts. Wherever the surface is exposed to the action of running water, deep gulfs have been worn in the soft and yielding rock. There are several sulphur springs in town. The soil is principally derived from the disintegration of the underlying rooks, and is well adapted to grazing. About one half of the town is settled. ' Worth ville is a hamlet, and is the only p. o. The first settlement was made in 1802, by an association from Litchfield, Herkimer co., who bought the n. w. quarter, balloted for the lots, built rude mills, and began small improvements.* A part of the settlers left during the war, and during the succeeding cold seasons of 1816-17 the whole settlement was abandoned. Settlement was not recommenced until several years after. The census reports 1 church, (M. E.) > Formerly called '^Lmg Falh." Incorp. May 26, 1S41. A bridge waa erected here in 1813, by Ezra Church, for Kussell At- water and David Parish. ^ Erected by Harrieon Miller in 1842 ; now owned and taught by B. F. Bush. 3 Consisting of iron, leather, lumber, BtaTes, heading, &c. * Joseph Bonaparte, having purchased a large tract of land in this town and Diana, made this village, his residence for two summers. It was laid out in 1818. 6 Jean B. Bossout, familiarly known aa " Battice," kept the fii-st inn and ferry. 6 2 Presb, 2 Prot. Meth., Bap, M. E, and E. C. 7 Named in honor of Gen.Wm. J. Worth. It comprises No.2, or "Fenelon," of the Boylston Tract. The e. part was divided among several proprietors, to equalize the division of the " Eleven Towns." s Among the first settlers were Amos and Ab^jah Qilletk, Nathan Matoon, W. Flower, Lodowyck Edwards, John 6ri»- wold, Asa Sweet, Abner Rising, and Fhineas Koee. The first school was taught in a log barn in 1806. The first death was that of £lisha Sweet. L. B. Gillett kept the first iuu and store. JEFFERSON COUNTY. 53 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Jefferson County. Najixs of Towns. Adams _ Alexandria.... Antwerp BrownviUe..... Cape Vincent. Champion Clayton ISllisbnrgh..... HeuderBoa Honoefield..... LeKa.7 Iiarraine. Lyme Orleans.- Pamelia. Pbiladelphia.. Rodman Rutland Theresa Watertown.... Wilna Worth Total Acres of Lano. g' 19,399i 19,168 41,099 26,636 20,631 18,716t 29,257i 36,327* 16,885 21,622 38,264^ 13,1924 20,803 13,7 66i 19,810 16,093 15,749 20,76Si 15,667 20,013J 17,372i 3,981 466,222 261,291 6,745i 18,263 30,424 8,216 10,661} 7,275 19,9864 12,2424 6,616 6,168J 14,592 6,678 8,109 15,157 8,836 6,747 6,848 6,470 9,937 6,1864 20,396 21,8354 Valuation op 1858. I! 1,603 1,629 1,801 1,816 1,663 32,992 82,428 602 639 676 592 384 2,090 797 2,662 1,018 1,048 393 1,680 620 1,537 603 683 296 1,269 456 1,368 472 1,227 420 845 316 870 338 1,016 391 1,130 397 3,918 1,299 1,468 577 236 96 663 623 676 697 639 402 772 1,084 419 646 685 297 564 687 442 336 363 400 418 1,387 698 103 11,976 1 12,6; 574 315 681 831 322 443 615 230 326 436 223 267 819 383 890 687 416 90 9,063 375 25,767 1,161 1,653 1,404 1,629 1,393 761 1,817 1,968 810 1,221 1,247 681 987 1,208 884 611 584 731 1,063 2,648 1,339 177 Names of Towns. Adams Alexandria.... Antwerp Brownville..... Cape Vincent. Champion Clayton Ellisburgh Henderson Qounsfield Le Ray. Lorraine Lyme Orleans Pamelia. Philadelphia.. Rodman Rutland Theresa. Watertown.... Wilna Worth Total Lite Stock. Agmcoltdbai Pbobucts II 1 1 = 1 III 1,467 j 2,452 1^68 Bush, c F GiLAm. i 3,4924 '^5 il 05 -< Daibv Pboducts. 1 E 1 1y ri 822 1,827 12,4964 82,3044 15,707 17,802 99,766 369,109 770 1,761 2,200 2,689 1,022 7,838 61,9261 6,0564 7,518 982 183,209 48,366 1,086 1,753 4J!93 2,260 1,446 1,844 86,2714 7,798 12,246 1,492 379,109 186,215 1,090 1,493 2,762 3,682 1,366 14,178 121,8024 6,096 9,608 10,490 267,182 118,666 899 1,693 2,054 2,050 1,280 7,892 88,4274 4,7364 18,107 9,419 169,146 24,800 649 1,032 1,941 1,082 736 4,670 48,5114 2,949 28,440 10,262 160,696 148,718 978 1,997 3,011 2,S01 1,782 15,018 91,9304 7,503 13,816 2,770 206,861 179,476 1,472 3,312 3,761 4,260 2,446 23,1704 214,6994 6,3865 84,662 60,666 261,311 842,406 776 1,621 1,368 3,976 836 7,360 71,899 3,2194 12,016 21,682 138,048 36,937 90S 1,227 1,842 4,021 969 17,6864 84,4724 3,982 12,688 10,147 148,966 60,118 998 1,628 3,258 i7,7SV 1,530 11,999 87,962J 6.242 16,769 7,322 249,898 287,182 395 843 1,(»1 1,279 592 887 67,3764 3,437 13,381 9,489 94,323 211,822 867 1,370 1,716 2,379 982 6,306 120,3804 4,731 6,870 4,478 120,497 91,716 909 1,806 2,662 2,269 1,262 12,874 100,2614 5,488 7,631 1,681 212,976 8,320 584 1,006 14)90 1,687 891 8,886 61,079 4,729 7, 7 SO 1,529 151,117 192,427 664 848 1,729 1,181 634 2184 80,641 2,994 6,762 88 152,784 90,790 640 1,200 2,149 2,830 896 2,018 68,289 3,872 11,964 12,716 181,236 121,326 668 926 2,643 966 928 3,623 42.0864 4,206 16,832 18,943 234,065 247,331 486 1,066 1,808 861 869 2,427 40,000 4,1774 5,067 640 163,776 93,780 966 963 2,808 1,499 1,078 8,0224 55,329 4,3054 11,706 25,122 222,247 111,240 645 731 1,66* 1,322 713 1,7974 36,604} 8,0684 24,983 318 142,220 47,850 109 17,069 245 406 169 120 11,7904 1,016 6,583 289,031 111 22,298 30,818 29,777 49,472 68,401 23,327 169,901 1,672,8964 98,576 216,431 3.949,608 2,819,469 1,789 3,9034 9684 2,382 2,8774 1,126 2,796 4,164 1,661 1,877} 4,312 1,368 2,289 8,047 1,626 691 2,179 1,815 2,324 817 1,4764 586 Distances from Watertown. UILE9. Adams 18} Adams Center. 94 SmithTille 12 Mextmdria. Alexandria Bay. 28} Plessis 224 Redwood 26 Antwerp^ 234 Oxbow 274 BrownviUe. 44 Dexter li Limerick - H PUlar Point 134 Perch River lOi Cape Vincent.. 25 Champion 114 Clayton 22 Clayton Center. 18 DepauTille 14^ BtUsburgh 224 Belleville 19 Mannsville 214 Pierrepont Manor. 19} Wardwell 18 Woodville 224 Hounifield. Sackets Harbor 10} ITenderson 174 Henderson Harbor 18 MILES. Le Say. Evans Mills 10 Le Raysville 94 Lorraine. 174 Lyme. Chaumont 134 ThreeMUe Bay 10} Orleans. La Fargeville 16} Omar 21} Orleans Four Comers 164 Stone Mills 114 Pamelia. Pamelia Four Corners.... 84 Philadelphia 174 Sterlingville 16} UlLES. Sodman 11 Whitesville 94 Unionville 9} Rutland. Rutland Center. 64 Tylerville 84 Theresa. ISJ West Theresa 18 Wilna, Carthage 16} Natural Bridge 28 Woods Settlement 224 WorOi. WorthviUe 164 EENSSELAEE COUIfTY. This county was formed from Albany, Feb. 7, 1791, and named from the Rensselaer family.' It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains an area of sq. mi. Its surface is very broken and hilly. Two distinct ranges of mountains extend through it N. and s., known as the Taghkaniek and Petersburgh Mts. The Taghkanick I Range occupies the extreme e. borders of the co., and is divided from f the Petersburgh Mts. by the long, deep yalley through which flow Kinderhook Creek and Little Hoosick and Hoosick Rivers. These mountains are wild, rugged, and rocky, rising to a height of 1000 to 2000 feet above tide, and affording wild and picturesque scenery. Their declivities are usually precipitous, and their summits are crowned with forests or masses of naked rocks. These mountains are composed of the slate, quartz, sandstone, and limestone which constitute the Taconic rocks of Prof Emmons. The quartz exists in the form of injected veins, and in many places the slate has been decomposed and washed away, leaving the quartz veins in the form of sharp pointed rocks, or of isolated masses. Upon the summits and sides of the mountains the soU is thin and poor ; but in the valleys it consists of gravelly loam, and is moderately fertile. The Petersburgh Mts. occupy the whole central part of the co. They are wild, irregular, and broken mountain masses, with precipitous sides on the E., but with more gradual declivities on the w. In some places the summits spread out over a wide surface, constituting a high, sterile plateau broken by hills and rocks. They are composed of the graywacke slates and limestone belonging to the Hudson River group. An extensive tract among these mountains, comprising a portion of Stephen- town, Berlin, Sand Lake, and Poestenkill, is still covered with forests. The soil is generally hard and sterile, consisting of a stiff clay and disintegrated slate, largely underlaid by a retentive hardpan. Hudson River is on the w. boundary of the co. ; and along its bank extends an intervale varying from a few rods to a half mile in width, and bounded by a series of bluffs 100 to 200 feet in height. From the summits of the bluffs to the foot of Petersburgh Mts. the country assumes the character of a broken, hilly upland. This region is composed of the drift deposits mixed with disintegrated slates, in some places the clay, and in others the sand, predominating. The valley of Kinderhook Creek, Little Hoosick and Hoosick Rivers extends through the E. part of the CO. The summit level in this valley at S. Berlin, between the waters flowing s. and those flowing N., is 600 feet above tide. The numerous streams that flow from the Petersburgh Mts. westward to the Hudson have worn deep ravines through the clay bluffs, forming lateral valleys, which extend eastward from the valley of the Hudson. Among the wild and rooky regions of the Petersburgh Mts. are numerous small lakes and ponds, forming a peculiar and beautiful feature of the landscape. Several interesting mineral springs are found within the county. The narrow intervales, and a large portion of the uplands, are adapted to grain, and produce liberal crops, chiefly of corn, oats, spring wheat, potatoes, and flax ; but the soil is generally best adapted to grazing and dairying, especially along the E. towns, where these occupations form the leading pursuits. Manufactures are extensively carried on at Troy and in the Hoosick Valley, and commerce has received much attention at Troy, and, at an earlier day, at Lansingburgh. The principal works of internal improvement in the co. are the Troy & Greenbush R. R., a con- tinuation of the Hudson River R. R. to Troy ; the Albany & West Stookbridge R. R., extending from Greenbush in a s. E. direction, through Bast Greenbush and Schodack, to the s. bounds of the CO., 7 mi. from the river; the Troy & Boston R. R., extending from Troy n.e. through Lansing- burgh, Schaghticoke, Pittstown, Hoosick, and a corner of Petersburgh, to the Vt. line ; the Troy & Bennington R. R., forming a branch (5/(/^ mi. long) of the Troy & Boston R. R., and extending from Hoosick Station to the State Line toward Bennington, Vt. ; and the Albany, Vt., & Canada R. R., extending through Schaghticoke across the N. w. corner of the CO., terminating at Eagle Bridge, where it connects_ with the Vt. roads. Besides these lines, which are within the CO., several others communicate with Troy from the w. side of the river. Among these are the A. V. & 1 This CO. included a large ahare of the Renaselaer Manor e. of the river, and the present towns of Hoosick, Pittstown, Schagh- ticoke, and a part of Lansinghurgh. RENSSELAER COUNTY. 55 C. R. R., which sends a branch to West Troy; a branch of the N. Y. Central R. R., extending to Schenectady ;* and the Rensselaer & Saratoga R. R., extending from Troy to Saratoga. Tho Northern and Erie Canals also both connect with the Hudson at Troy, and there is an uninter- rupted steamboat navigation to New York.^ The first newspaper in the county was established at Lansingburgh, in 1787.' The county seat is the city of Troy, situated at the head of sloop navigation on the Hudson,* The courthouse — ^built at the joint expense of city and co., and containing the courtroom and co. and city offices^ — is situated on the corner of Congress and Second Sts.® The jail is on Ferry, corner of Fifth St A house of industry, for the support of paupers, located on a farm of 140 acres 2 mi. s. E. of the city, was founded in 1821, on the plan of Count Rumford. In 1857 the co. poor- house was reported as being located upon a farm of 152 acres. The co. poor were let, by contract, at $1 per week, the contractor having free use of the farm, and the services of the paupers as far as they were able to labor.'' The greater part of the co. was included in the patent of Killian Van Rensselaer, in 1630 ; and the first settlement was made by tenants under him the same year.^ The lands were held by the same tenure as those in Albany co., and similar difi&culties have frequently occurred in endeavoring to enforce the collection of rents. Upon the death of the late Stephen Van Rensselaer the manor was divided, the portion e. of the river passing into the hands of his son William P. ; and since that time a considerable portion of the leased land has been conveyed in fee.^ During 1 A It, R. bridge 1600 feet long, upon this road, crosses the Hudson at Troy. Coiinected with it is a common road bridge. 3 These ample facilities for travel are in striking contrast to the condition of things 60 years ago. By an act of March SO, 179S, Alexander J. Turner and Adonyah Skinner, for a period of 5 years, obtained the exdiaive right of running a stage wagon, drawn by at least two good horses, at intervals of one week, (unless prevented by badness of roads,) from Troy to Hampton, on the border of Vermont. They were allowed to charge 5 cts. per mi. for passengers, and a like sum for every 150 lbs, of baggage over 14 lbs. * T/w Northtrn Cerdind and LansiTtghurgh Advertiser was started at Lansingburgh, May 15, 1787, by Claxton & Babcock; it was subsequently removed to Albany. The Ijauslug1jnrsl& Gazette, started in 1798, was sub- sequently for many years published as The Rensselaer Om/nty Gazette, but it is now published under ita first title by Alexander Kirkpatrick. The Farme>'^ Register was started in 1798 at Lansingburgh by Francis Adancourt ; it was removed to Troy a few years after, where it was published until 1832. Tlie LansingburgU Democrat was commenced in Dec. 1S3S, by Wm. J. Lamb, by whom it is still published. The Golden Ride was established at Lansingburgh in 18-11 by the Rev. R. W, Smith, and was published several years. The Juvenile Pearl, of the same place, was started Sept. 1, 1845, by Rev, J. A, Pitman. The lUrmer^ Oracle, started at Troy by Luther Pratt in 1796, was of short duration. Tlie Nortliern Budget was started at Troy in 1798 by Robert Moffitt and Col. "Wells, and has been con- tinued to the present time, with slight changes of name. It is now issued as a daily and weekly by C, L. Mc Arthur, Tht Troy Gazette was founded in 1802 by Thomas Collier, and was discontinued before 1818. The Troy Past was commenced Sept. 1, 1812, by Parker & Bliss, and was changed July 15, 1823, to The Troy Sentinel, senii-w., and continued until Jan. 1, 1833. From May 1, 1830, to Aug. 1S31, a daily edition was issued. The Evangelical Restorationist, semi-mo., was commenced in 1825 by Adolphus Skinner. The Troy Revriew, or Religious and Musical Repository, began Jan. 4, 1826, and continued 2 years. The Evangelical Repository (Univ.) was published in 1828, Th£ Troy Republican (Anti-Masonic) was started in 1828 by Austin & Wellington, and was continued about a year. The Northern Watchman (Anti-Masonic) was commenced in 1831 by B, Wellington. In 1832 it was styled The Troy Watchman^ and was continued one or two years. Tlie Gosprl Anchor, (Univ,,) started in 1831, was published by John M. Austin, and afterward by H, J. Green; it was continued until 1834. The Troy Press was started in 1832 by Wm. Yates and Seth Kiehards, and was continued until July 1, 1834. From 1833 a daily edition was issued. The Troy IVhig, da. and w., was founded in July, 1834. by James M. Stevenson, and is still continued. The weekly since Sept. 1855, has been published as Tlie Troy American, by F. B, Hubbell. The Troy Statesraan was commenced in 1834, by T, J. Suther- land. T?te Bntanic Adooaiie was published in 1834 by Russell Buckley. The Trojan, da., was started in 1835, and continued a few months. TTie State Journal was issued in 1836 by Richards A Mastin, and continued 1 year. The New York State Journal was published in 1837 by T, Hax- tun. The Troy Daily MaU was started in 1837 by W^ellington & Nafew, and was continued until 1841. The Troy Daily Bulletin was started in Dec. 1841, by R. Thomp- son, The Troy Daily Herald was published in 1843 by Isaac D, Ayres. Tlie Troy Temperance Mirror was issued in 1843 by Bardwell & Kneeland. The Pamily Journal was started in 1844 by Fisfc & Co. In Sept. 1848, it appeared as The Nevr York Family Journal, and it is still continued. The Troy Post was commenced by Alexander McCall, and in 1845 it was superseded by Tlte Troy Traveler, da. and w. Fisk & Avery were the pub- lishers, and Wm. L. Avery editor, T?ie Trtyjan was started in 1845, and continued several years. The Rensselaer County Temperance Advocate was begun in 1846 by S. Spicer, Tlte Daily Telegraph was published at Troy in 1846. The Journal of Temperance was started in 1846 by Wm. Hager. The National 'Watciinian was commenced in 1847 by Allen & Garnet, and is still published. The Troy Daily Tinnes was founded in 1851 by J. >X. Francis, and is still published. La Ruche CktnadienTie was established at Troy in 1851 by Dorian & Mathiot, TJte Nassau Gazette was started in Dec. 1850 by J. M. Geer, and continued a short time. The Lutheran Herald, semi-mo., was started at West Sand Lake by H. L. Dox, in 1844. The Greenbush Guardian was commenced in Aug. 1856 by A, J. Qtwdrich. by whom it is still continued. * By an act of Jan. 11, 1793, tho sum of £600 was appropriated for the erection of a courthouse and jail, to be built under the direction of Cornelius Lansing, Jacob C. Scbermerliorn, Abraham Ten Eyck, Mahlon Taylor, and Jacob Vanderheyden, who, with others, had pledged £1000 for that purpose. In 1794 a further sum of £800 was granted; in 1797, $5500 ; and in 1798, $500. 6 The first co. officers were Anthony Ten Eyck, Judge; Moss Kent, Surrogate; Nicholas Schuyler, Clerk; and Albert Paw- ling, Sheriff. B This building was begun in 1828 and finished in 1831, It is in the Grecian style, modeled from the temple of Theseus at Athens, omitting the side columns, and is built of Sing Sing marble. The first building was of brick, on the present court- house site. 7 Senate Doc. No. 8, 1857. The committee making this report were very severe in their censure of the manner in which this establishment was kept, the inadequacy of its arrange- ments, and the treatment of its inmates, 8 See page , 6 The proportion of leased land in the several towns in 1858 is stated by the agents as follows : — In Stephentown nearly all leased ; in Grafton, Nassau, Schodack, E.Greenbush, N . G reenbush, and Brunswick, each about two-thirds leased ; Berlin and Peters- burgh, each about one-half leased; Poeatenkill, nearly all free- hold ; and Sand Lake, one-third originally deeded, and one-third of the remainder now leased. 56 RENSSELAER COUNTY. the French wars, the n. border of the co. was repeatedly ravaged by the enemy and the settlements were broken up. Upon the approach of Burgoyne's army, in 1777, the American families hastily fled with such property as could be easily removed, leaving the houses and farms to be plundered by the enemy. Scouting parties of the British penetrated as far s. as Lansing- burgh. The battle of Bennington was fought within the limits of the CO., Aug. 16, 1777;' and from that moment the American cause daily grew brighter.^ The proprietor of the manor extended every possible assistance to the distressed families flying before the invaders, proving to them a sincere friend in their hour of need. BERI.I1V— was formed from Petersburgh, Schodack, and Stephentown, March 21, 1806. A portion of Sand Lake was taken off in 1812. It lies near the center of the E. border of the co. Its surface consists of 2 ranges of mountains separated by a narrow valley extending n. and s. The hilly region is wild and broken, and the declivities are generally precipitous. The principal streams are Kinderhook Creek, flowing s., and Little Hoosick River, flowing n. The head- waters of these streams are but a few rods apart, near S. Berlin. The w. part of the to-mi is covered with forest, in which are several fine lakes. The soil in the valley is a gravelly loam, but among the mountains it is a hard sterile clay intermixed or covered with fragments of rock. Berlin, (p. v.,) eontaining326 inhabitants, Soutb Berlin (p. v.) and Center Berlin, (p. v.,) are all situated in the valley of the Little Hoosick. The first settler was Godfrey Brimmer, who ^located near N. Berlin in 1765.^ The first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was formed at N. Berlin in Dec. 1780, and Wm. Coon was the first preacher.* BRU]VS"WICK. — was formed from Troy, March 20, 1807. A part of the town was reannexed to Troy, April 15, 1814. It lies a little N. w. of the center of the CO., upon the hilly region w. of the summits of the Petersburgh Mts. The most elevated portions of the tovrn, in the extreme e. and in the n. w. parts, are 800 to 1000 feet above tide. The principal streams are Poesten Kil, its tributary Quacken Kil, and Tomhanick Creek. The soil upon the summits of the hills is hard and sterile, but in the valleys and lowlands it consists of a fertile, gravelly loam intermixed with clay. The people are largely engaged in furnishing milk, vegetables, and hay to the Troy market. Bruns-wiclt Center, East Bruns-wicU,^ MillviUe, (Eagle Mills p.o.,) and Cropseyville* (p-o.) are small villages. The first settlement was made about 1760, by a company of Germans.' This town suffered greatly upon the approach of Burgoyne in 1777, and after the battle of Saratoga many families of royalists withdrew to Canada, and but few returned. There are 4 churches in town.* EAST GREEHIBUSH— was formed from Greenbush, as " Clinton," Feb. 23, 1855, and its name was changed April 14, 1858. It lies on the bank of the Hudson, s. w. of the center of the CO. The bluffs which border upon the river rise from the edge of the water to an elevation of 100 to 300 feet. The principal one of these, opposite Albany, is knovra as Pon-o-kose Hill.' From the summits of these bluffs the surface spreads out into a rolling upland, rising toward the E. The chief streams are Tierken Kil,'" or Mill Creek, in the central, and Moordeners Creek in the s. w. part of the town. The soil consists of sand, gravel, and clay, and is very fertile. There are several sulphur springs in town, the principal of which is opposite Albany and is known as " Harrowgate." A large island called Papskanee" lies in the river, and belongs to this town. East Greenbusli (p.o.) is the only village. It contains the Greenbush and Schodack Acar demy'^ and about a dozen houses. Settlements are supposed to have commenced here as early as 1 See p . 2 From this time the timid were emboldened, the secretly dis- satisfied overawed, and great numbers before undecided now committed their fortunes to the cau'^e of freedom. 8 Among the other early settlers were Reuben Bonesteel and a family named Richer, who came in soon after Mr. Brimmer. In 1769, Peter Simmons and John 0. Cropsey lived at the Hollow, and in the same year David Hull and Joseph Green came into town. Col. Beutley settled near N. Berlin, and Thos. Sweet, a blacksmith, at S. Berlin. Jas. Green, a son of Joseph Q., died in 1857. aged 100 years, David Hull kept the first tavern before the Revolution, and Hezekiab Hull opened an inn soon after the war. Caleb Bentley built the firet grist mill, and Amos Sweet the first saw-mill, in 1780. Dr. John Forbes, the first physician, located at S. Berlin in 1775. Soon after the battle of Lexington, two companies were formed in this and the adjacent towns, a part of whom were stationed at D. Hull's for local pro- tection ; the others were engaged elsewhere in active service. ^ The census reports 2 churches ; Bap. and Christian. 6 This village is the seat of a cotton batting and a sash and blind factory. 5 A woolen factory and tannery are located here. 7 Among the early settlers were David Coons, and families named Hardwick, Braunsehweiger, Springer, Borck, Hayner, Outhout, Van Arnam, Hogg, Fisher, Benn, Watson, Fret, Quackenboss, MuUer, Goeway, and Clum. A man named File kept the first inn, near the Lutheran Church, in 1790, and Henry Chim the first store at Cropseyville. Tlie first factory was erected by a company at "Albia," now a part of Troy. The first mill was built by Cross, in 1792, with no tools but an ax, saw, and auger. 8 2 M.E., Kv. Luth., and Presb. 8 Name as given by an aged Stockbridge Indian. 10 Signifying "blustering or noisy creek." " Sometimes written " Poepskenekoes" and " Papakenea." w This academy is now nearly extinct. RENSSELAER COUNTY. 57 1630.^ During the war of 1812, extensive baxraoks were erected on the hiUs e. of Greenbush Village ; and for several years the place was the center of active military preparation, and the rendezvous of large bodies of troops.* Edmund C. Genet, Minister of the French Republic to the U. S., was long a resident of this town, and died here July 14, 1834. There is but 1 church {Ref. Prot. D.) in town. GRAFTOaf— was formed from Troy and Petersburgh, March 20, 1807. It lies n. of the center of the co., upon the summits of the Petersburgh Mts. Its surface is very rocky and broken, and a large part of it is yet covered with forests. The summits of the hills are 800 to 1200 feet above tide, and many of them are covered vrith huge and jagged masses of graywacke. Among the hills are 25 ponds, several of which cover an area of several hundred acres each.' The Quacken Kil is the principal stream. The soil is chiefly clay, underlaid by hardpan, and is wet, cold, and hard of cultivation. Mineral paint is made from the red argillite at Quackenkill. Con- siderable quantities of wood, tan bark, and charcoal are sent from this tovm to Troy. Grafton* (p.v.) contains 14 houses, East Grafton (p. v.) 12, and Quackenkill (p.o.) 10. The first settlements were made by tenants under Van Rensselaer; they paid an average annual rent of 10 bushels of wheat per 100 acres.* The census reports 2 churches ; Bap. and M. E. GREEJVBUSH^ — was formed from " Renssdaerwyck," April 10, 1792. Another act of incor- poration is dated March 17, 1795. A part of Sand Lake was set off in 1812, and " Clinton" (now E. Greenbush) and N. Greenbush in 1855, leaving but the corporate bounds of the village as defined by the act of April 9, 1852. Its surface consists of the flat intervale on the river and a portion of the adjacent hillsides. The soil is clay mixed with sand and alluvial deposits. Greenbusb (p.v.) was incorp. April 14, 1815.' Pop. about 3303. The upper part of the village, locally known as "East Albany," contains the dep6ts, freight houses, and machine shops of the several railroads which terminate opposite Albany, and is a place of considerable business.' The first settlement was made previous to 1631.* A ferry was established at the mouth of Beaver Creek in 1642, and was first kept by Hendrick Albertsen. The country around " Beverwicl-" was thrown into alarm by the news of the Indian massacre at Esopus in June, 1663, and the settlers took refuge in Fort Cralo, on the patroon's farm, and a night watch was established.'" There are 4 churches in the village.'' HOOSICR'* — was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. It lies in the n.e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of the narrow valley of Hoosick River, and the wild, rocky regions of the Taghkanick and Petersburgh Mts., rising respectively on the E. and w. The two highest peaks are Fondas Hill in the s.e. and Potters Hill in the s.w. each about 900 feet above tide. The valleys are very narrow, and are bordered by steep hillsides. A belt of dark slate, which is quarried for roofing, extends along the E. bank of the river. Bast of the river, the rocks consist of a slaty shale and limestone, the latter furnishing lime. The principal streams are Hoosick and Walloomsac" Rivers, Punch Kil, White Creek, and Shaw Brook. The soil among the mountains is hard and sterile, but in the valleys it is principally clay, mixed with disintegrated slate. In the s. E. corner are 3 springs, from which issue nitrogen gas.'* Flax is very extensively cultivated.'* Considerable attention is also paid to manufactures. Hoosick 1 Among the early settlers were the names of Van Bnren, Van Hegen, Staats, Bits, Vandenburgh, Witbeck, Cuyler, and Tan a The cantonments contained accommodations for 4000 troops. There were also hospital accommodations for 100. This elevated position, sometimes called " Mount Madison," was supposed to be a very healthy locality; but during the first year of its occu- pation much sickness occurred, in consequence of the unavoid- able expo.inres of the camp.— See Mmn's Medical Sketches. Several military executions for desertion took place here durmg the war. The old barracks have nearly disappeared. 8 These ponds are noted for the wild beauty of their locality, and they are favorite resorts of sportsmen. 4 Often called " Grafton Center," and formerly "Foiroms MiTU. ' Among the first settlers were families named Coon, Dim- mons, and Owen.». Stephen McChesnoy kept the first store and inn, in 1800. A grist mill was built at an early day by the pa- troon at the Center. . «_ iv • « It was named Greme Bosch by the Dutch, from the pine woods which originally covered the flats. Called by the Indian names of Po-tu-qua-poen and Tuscum^a^tick m early docu- ™' The village was purchased and laid out in 1806, and for several years after, its growth was quite rapid. Durmg the war of 1812 it contained 50 to 70 houses. » In that year it is mentioned that Gerrit Teunissen de Keus occupied a well stocked farm. Cornelius Maessen Tan Bnren, an early settler on the river below, died in 1648. Evert Pels Tan Steltyn lived on Mill Creek at an early day. 10 The following names of persons constituting this watch have been preserved. Chief Officer, Cornelius Tan Kess ; Cornelius Stephenson Mullen, Adam Dingermans, Gerrit Van Ness, Jan. Juriaensen, Jan .Van Ness, Jacobus Jansen, Tyman Hendricksen, Wm. Bout, (Corporal,) Jan. Outhont, Hendrick Van Nes, Hen- drick Maessen, (Van Bnren,) Gerret Teunisaon, Hans Jacobseu, Hendrick Williamson, and Claes Claessen. 11 Presb.. R. C, (St. Johns,) Prot. E., and M. B. 12 Variously spelled Hoosack, Hosack, Hoosick, Ac. By some it is said to be an Indian name, and by others to be derived from Alexander Hosack, an early settler. 18 In early maps and documents variously spelled "Wallora- sock," "Wailamsock," " Wallomschock," "WaJmscock," "Wal- lamschock," " Wallamsac," " Walmseec," " Walloomscoick," and '* Walmsook." 14 This gas is not combined with the water, but seems to come from the gravel beds beneath. By pressing upon a surface equal to 4 or 5 Inches square, a quart of gas con be collected in 10 seconds.— iSifcm's Geol. Survey, Bens. 0!.,p.29; Seck's Mineral- ooy of N. r., p. 134. » In 1864 the product of the flax crop was over 260,000 lbs. of lint and 8300 bush, of seed. 58 RENSSELAER COUNTY. Falls (p.v.) was incorp, April 14, 1827. Pop. 1200. It contains BalUs Seminary, 2 foundries, 2 cotton factories, 2 reaping and mowing machine factories, and 1 establishment for the manufacture of machinery for cotton and woolen factories. IVortli HoosicK^ (p.v.) contains 175 inhabi- tants, and Buskirks Bridge (p.v.) 125; Hoosick Comers (Hoosickp.o.) contains 30 houses, Eagle Bridge (p.v.) 14, Walloomsac^ 12, -West Hoosick (p. o.) 10, and Potter Hill (p. o.) 7. This town was included in the Hoosick Patent,* granted June 3, 1688, and the Walloomsac Patent,* granted June 15, 1739. The first settlements were made upon the Hoosick Patent by several Dutch families.^ A Dutch church was founded, and known as the " Tyoshoke Church," at San Coick, near the N. border of the town. The settlement at Hoosick was entirely broken up by a party of French and Indians on the 28th of Aug. 1754. Two persons were killed, and the houses, barns, and crops were destroyed.^ The next day the settlement of San Coick, s. of Hoosick, was also destroyed. The battle of Bennington was fought in this town, Aug. 16, 1777.*^ There are 6 churches in town.^ liAlVSIJVGBlIRGH^— was formed from Troy and Petersburgh, March 20, 1807. A tract was annexed from Schaghticoke in 1819, and a part of Troy was taken off in 1836. It occupies a narrow strip of land extending about 6 mi. along the bank of the Hudson. In the s. part, the river intervale is one-fourth of a mile in width ; but in the n. the bluffs rise directly from the water. In the N. E. is a high, rocky hill, 400 to 600 feet above the river. The high bluff e. of the village is called Diamond Rock. The streams are Deepi Kil and KoolaKil. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. The people are largely engaged in the manufacture of brushes, oilcloths, flax cordage, and malt liquors. A lock at Troy admits the passage of sloops up to this place.^** Lansingburgh^^ (p.v.) contains extensive brush, oilcloth, and other manufactories, the Lansingburgh Academy,^^ a Female Seminary, ^^ 6 churches, 2 printing offices, and about 4000 inhabitants. A covered bridge 1 On some maps called " McNamarasville." It ia the seat of a paper mill and machine shop. 2 This village contains a paper mill. s This patent was granted to Maria Van Rensselaer, Hendrick Van Ness. Jacobus Van Cortlandt, and Gerrit Finnise. The patent extended from the Schaghticoke Tract, a distance of 2 mi. each sidejjf the river, up to a "certain fell, called Que- quick ; and from said fells, up the creek, to a place called Nach- a-quick-^uack." * This patent contained 12,000 acres, on both sides of Walloom- sac River, and lying partly in Washington co. and Tt.: it was granted to Edward Collins, James De Lancy, Gei-ardus Stuy- vesant, Stephen Van Rensselaer, Charles Williams, and Frede- rick MoiTis. 6 Among these early settlers were Adam Vrooman, (an Indian trader,) Henry Van Ness, Abraham Fort, Lewis and Peter Yiele, John Van Buskirk, "Walter Van Vechten, Geo. B. Nichols, Jacob Odekirk, Daniel Bradt, and Reykert Borie. 6 The invaders were supposed to be Schaghticoke Indians, who a little time before had abandoned their settlements and gone to Canada. The loss of the two settlements was estimated at £4000. — Smitlt's Hist, of JV. T., Alb. ed., p. 307; Tram. Ag. Soc., 1848, p. 909; BaU's Hist. Eastern Vt., p. 66. 7 The Battle of Bennington was one of the most important of the military events connected with the expedition of Burgoyne in 1777. About the first of Aug. the British army reached the Hudson and took possession of Fort Edward. For several weeks they had been engaged in repairing the bridges and in clearing the roads from the impediments left by the retreating Ameri- cans; and, upon their arrival at the Hudson, Burgoyne con- gratulated himself that his troubles were at an end. His greatest source of embarrassment was in securing provisions for hip army and in obtaining means of transportation. With 15 days' hard labor he was only enabled to bring 10 batteaux and 4 days' provisions from Lake George. Learning that the Ameri- cans had collected a targe quantity of military stores, cattle, and horses at Bennington, he was persuaded by Maj. Skene, against the advice of his most experienced officers, to send a party to cap- ture them. The detachment consisted of 500 Hessians, Canadians, and tories, under the command of Col. Baurae. They were in- structed ■' to try the affections of the county, to mount Reidsel's dragoons, to complete Peters's corps, [of loyalists,] and obtain a large supply of cattle, horses, and carriages." This accom- plished, he was to scour the country from Rockingham to Otter \ Creek, go down as far as Bnittleboro, and join the main body by \the great roiid to Albany. The detachment left the camp at ^ort Edward, Aug. 13; and on the evening of the same day ^ Ahey surprised and captured 5 Americans at Cambridge. On Ithe 14th they advanced as far as the mill upon Walloomsac iRiver, in the n.e. part of Hoosick and within 12 n i' "f Ben- •nington. Gen. Stark, who commanded the American lorces at Bennington, learning of the approach of the enemy, took imme- diate measures for defence. He sent an order to Col. Warner, at Manchester, to march immediately with his regiment of Green Mountain Boys; he rallied the neighboring militia, and on the 13th he sent out an advance guard of 200 men, under Lieut. Col. Gregg, to impede the progress of the enemy. On the morning of the 14th he marched with his whole force to the support of Gregg, and abo ut 5 _mi. from Bennington he met i Gregg in full retreat, with^tbe enemy 'within 1 mi. of him. ( Both armies chose strong positions and threw up temporary intrenchments. Baume, alarmed at the number of Americana, sent for a reinforcement. On the 15th a heavy rain set in; and the day was spent in skirmishing and in preparing for the battle. Col. Warner's regiment arrived at Bennington in the evening, and there stopped to dry themselves and recruit after their fatiguing march. Stark, fearing the enemy might receive reinforcements, resolved to attack them early on the morning of the 16th. Previous to the signal for attack he made the follow- ing laconic speech to his men: *' See there, men! there are the red-coats. Before night they are ours, or Molly Stark will be a widow." The attack was at once made simultaneously at all points. Tlie Indians fled at the beginning of the conflict, and the tories were soon driven from their posts, leaving the Hes- sians to sustain the weight of the engagement. After 2^ hours of hard fighting the enemy gave way at all points, and com- menced a disorderly retreat. While the Americans were busy in plundering the abandoned camp of the enemy, and in de- tached parties were engaged in pursuit. Col. Breyman, with a reinforcement of 500 men, arrived. He met the flying fugitives about 2 mi. from the scene of action, and immediately charged upon the broken ranks of the Americans. The tide of battle now turned, and Stark had the mortification of seeing his army driven helplessly from the field where they had so lately been victorious. At this moment Col. Warner's regiment arrived from Bennington and checked the advance of the British. Stark rallied his broken forces behind the fresh troops, and soon the battle again became general. At sunset the British fled toward the Hoosick and were pursued by the Americans until dark. The Americans lost about 30 killed and 40 wounded. The British loss, in killed, wounded, and prisoners, was 934. The result of this battle was disastrous in the extreme to Bur- goyne, and contributed more than any other event to his final surrender at Saratoga. 8 2 M. B., Bap., Ref, Prot. B., R. C, and Union. ^ The town was named from the village, and the latter was named from Abraham Jacob Lansing, its founder. 10 This lock was completed and opened for use Sept. 10, 1823. About 1800 the State expended large sums for the improvement of navigation to this place, and granted a lottery for that pur- pose. " Formerly known as "New Oily." It was once claimed by Vermont as within its jurisdiction. See page . 12 The Lansingburgh Academy, chartered Feb. 8, 1796. By an act passed Feb. 20, 1816, the trustees of this academy were authorized to subscribe 1000 shares to the Sank of Lansing- burgh. A. Reed, from New Windsor, Conn., commenced school here in 1793, in a gambrel roofed building, used as the first meeting house. Rev. Dr. Lee taught the languages at the same time. 18 In Oct. 1857, Rev. Salmon Hatch opened a private female seminary and boarding school. It has about 100 pupils, and employs 9 teachers. RENSSELAER COUNTY. 59 here crosses the Hudson to Waterford. The Troy & Boston R. R. passes through the town. The village was founded by Abraham Jacob Lansing, about 1770. It was first organized under the name of "Stone Arabia" in 1771.' In May, 1775, 50 of the citizens— at the head of whom was A. J. Lansing, the proprietor— signed articles of association pledging themselves to sustain the measures recommended by the Continental or Provincial Congress. The first act of incorporation under the State government was passed April 5, 1790, at which time the village was included in the town of " Rensselaerwyck."^ In 1791 it was included in the town of Troy. The place rapidly increased in population, and early became an unportant trading and commercial village. The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was organized in 1784; and reorganized in 1792 as a Presb. church.' Spei^letoiv^n is a village of 15 houses.* SfASSAU— -was formed from Petersburgh, Stephentown, and Schodack, March 31, 1806, by the name of " PhUipstown."^ Its name was changed April 6, 1808. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. Its surface is very broken. Snake Hill, in the s. w., is about 800 feet above tide. The principal streams are Kinderhook and Tsatsawassa* Creeks, and Valatie Kil. There are several fine lakes among the hills, the principal of which are the Tsatsawassa and the Pattawassa. The Psanticoke Swamp, w. of the center, covers several hundred acres. The soil is clay and gravel under- laid by hardpan. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town.' IVassan, (p. v.,) incorp. March 12, 1819, is the seat of Nassau Academy. Pop .300. fVest JVassau' has 57 houses. East nrassau (p. V.) 45, Hoag-s Corner (p. v.) 25, Alps (p. v.) 24, IXorttk Nassau (p. v.) 15, and Millers Corners 10. Brainards (p. v.) contains a female seminary and 20 houses." The first settler was Hugh Wilson, who located on the site of Nassau Village in 1760.i» At that time a few families of the Stockbridge Indians were living where Mr. Hoag's orchard now stands." The Indians conveyed to Joseph Primmer a tract of land n. of Hoags Pond," and another tract s. of it to Hugh Wilson, May 16, 1760." Within the last 20 years a considerable quantity of land has been allowed to produce a second crop of timber. There are 7 churches, in town." IVORTH GREEIVBIISH— was formed from Greenbush, Feb. 23, 1855. It lies upon the Hudson, directly w. of the center of the co. The clay blufi's, 100 to 200 feet high, rise from the edge of the water, leaving little or no intervale. From the summits of the bluffs the surface spreads out into a, rolling upland, broken by the deep gulleys of the streams. The principal stream is Wynants Kil, in the N. E. Aries Lake, on the e. border, is a fine sheet of water. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam interspersed with patches of clay. The people are extensively engaged in supplying the markets of Albany and Troy with garden vegetables and milk. Batll,'^ opposite the upper part of Albany, contains about 12 houses, Defriestville'' (p. v.) 12, andfVynants- h-ill (p.v.) 15. The first settlement, made by tenants under Tan Rensselaer, was among the first in the manor." There are 3 churches in town.'* PETJERSBURGH"— was formed from Stephentown, March 18, 1791. Its boundary on the line of Berlin was changed, Jan. 4, 1793 ; parts of Berlin and Lansingburgh were taken off in 1806, and parts of Nassau and Grafton in 1807. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface consists of two precipitous mountain ridges separated by the narrow valley of Little Hoosiok River. The highest peaks are 1000 to 2000 feet above tide. _The mountain regions are barren and almost inaccessible. The Hoosick River breaks through the Taghkauick Mts. in the N. E. part. The soil in the valley is a gravelly loam. Petersburg'Il, (p.v.,) formerly "Rena- 1 At the first meeting in " Stone Arabia," held Jan. 1, 1771, it was voted that A. J. Lansing and his heirs forever should he a committee of the village, with a power equal to each of the four annually chosen by the people. 2 By an act of 1790, John Van Rensselaer, Charles Tillman, £lgah James, Aaron Ward, Stephen Goreham, Ezra Hickock, and Levinus Lansing, were appointed trustees, to take charge of the waste lands of the village and to perform certain munici- pal duties, their successors to be elected annuall}'. 3 The census reports 8 churches ; 2 M. E , 2 tresb.. Bap., Af- rican Meth., Prot. E., and R. C. 4 The first settlers of this village were Charles W. Douglass and John Follet. 6 Named from Philip Van Rensselaer. fi Sometimes written " Tackawasick." ' There are a foundry and machine shop at Nassau Village, a paper mill at Brainards, a carding machine and chair tactory at Hoags Corner, and a hoe factory at Dunhams Hollow. 8 Formerly *■ Unirni Village P. O." » Formerly "Brainards Bridge P. 0." Transylvania Institute was established here in 18S7. W Among the early settlers were Thos. Ilicks, Henry Post, John McCagg, Danl, Litz, Titus Ilemsted, Abrain Holmes, Jas. Marks, Jobn U. Schermerboro, Miy. A. Brush, Reuben Batemao, Nath'l Gillet, David Waterbury, McNeil, and Wiltsie. Wm. Primmer is said to have been the first child born. Tlie first gnstmill was built on the outlet of Tsatsawassa Pond, by Mr. Schermerhorn, before the Revolution. The first inn was kept by Hicks before, and the first store by Hoag & Vail a little after, the Revolution. 11 They called their village On-ti-ke-ho-mawck ; and their chief was named Kesh-o-mawck. 12 This pond was called bytheearly settlers the "5eavCT*Z>am." 13 The former of these deeds is still preserved. M 2 M. B., 2 Presb., Bap., Ref. Prot. D., and Union. 16 Named from a mineral spring in the vicinity. It was laid out as a village by the Patroon toward the close of the last century. In 1800 the traveller Maude, in his " Visit to Niagara,'^ says that it is likely to soon surpass Troy and Lansingburgh in trade, and Ballston and Saratoga as a watering place. 16 Sometimes called " Blooming Grove." The first settler was Martinus Sharp. II Among the early settlers were John Cranel, Juriah Sharp, Rugner Van Alstyne, Marte, David, and Philip Defriest, Philip Wendell, Rutger Vandenburgb, Cornelius Van Buren, John Fonda, Ed. Hogg, and Lawrence Rysdorf. 18 2 Ref Prot. D., Free Dutch. 19 Named from Peter Simmons, one of the first settlers. 60 RENSSELAER COUNTY. selaer Mills," contains 40 houses, and Petersburgh Four Corners 12. The first settlers were Dutch, who came in about 1750, as tenants under Van Rensselaer.' A few years later, many families came in from Rhode Island. The census reports 3 churches.^ PITTSTCWHf then constituting a part of Schaghticoke — was erected as a township by patent, July 23, 1761, and was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Its boundary was changed Feb. 14, 1793. It lies in the center df the N. part of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and E. and gradually declines into a moderately hilly region in the N. The highest summits, in the s. E., are 800 to 1000 feet above tide. Nip-moosh Hill is the principal elevation in the N. E. The soil is principally a gravelly and slaty loam. Flax is extensively cultivated,' and there are several manufactories in town.* Jolmsonvllle (p. v.) contains 35 houses, Raymer- town (p. V.) 27, Pittstown Corners (Pittstown p. o.) 22, Boynton 20, Valley Falls (p. V.) 16, and UTortli Pittstown 8. The first settlement was commenced about 1650.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1784; Elder Isaac Webb was the first preacher.* POESTElVItir.li' — ^named from its principal stream — was formed from Sand Lake, March 2, 1848. It lies near the center of the co., upon the western declivities of the Petersburgh Mts. The central and e. portions are rugged, rocky, and mountainous, and the soil is cold, sterile, and unpro- ductive. The w. part is hilly, with a gravelly loam well adapted to pasturage. Snake Hill, near the center, is one of the principal elevations. Upon the Poesten Kil is a fall of about 80 feet One mi. w. of the falls is a medicinal spring, with a local celebrity for the cure of eruptions and cutaneous diseases.* PoestenhLill (p. v.) contains 300 inhabitants, East Poestenklll (p. 0.) 10 houses, and Barberville 16. A union academy was formed in this town in 1854, but it is not under the regents. The census reports 4 churches.' SAND IiAK-E — was formed from Greenbush and Berlin, June 19, 1812. Poestenkill was taken off in 1848. It is an interior town, lying a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rooky and mountainous in the e. and hilly in the w. Perigo Hill, in the N. E. comer, is 900 feet above tide, and Oak Hill, near the center, is but little less in height. The E. part of the town is mostly covered with forest.'" Wynants Kil, flowing N. w. through the center, and Tsatsawassa Creek, in the E., are the principal streams. Along the valleys of these streams are several fine' lakes, the principal of which are Sand, Glass, and Crooked Lakes, and Big Bowmans Pond. The soil among the mountains is a hard, sterile clay, but in the w. it is a good quality of gravelly loam. Three- fourths of a mi. E. of W. Sand Lake is a chalybeate spring. Large quantities of cordwood, charcoal, and tan bark are carried to the Troy and Albany markets. Sand Liake (p. v.) con- tains the Sand Lake Academy, a boarding school," foundry, cotton warp factory, knitting mill, and 300 inhabitants. West Sand L.alte" (p. v.) contains 300 inhabitants, Sliters Cor- ners 106, and Glass House 200,'' South Sand Fiake is a p.o. Settlement commenced before the Revolution.'* The census reports 7 churches in town.'* SCOAGHTICOKE'«— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Pittstown was taken off, March 7, 1788, and a part of Lansingburgh in 1819. It lies on the Hudson, in the n. w. corner of the co. The surface is principally a rolling upland, about 200 feet above the river. The summits of the hills in the s. are 800 feet above tide. Hoosick River, 1 Among the early settlers were Wm. Prendergast, John Brimmer, Jacob and Godfrey Brimmer, John Spencer, Hans and Peter Bachus, Johannes Ruyter, Henry Litcher, Hans Lautman, Barent Hogg, Jacob Best. Petrus Vosburg, Bastian Deel, Frans. Burn, Juriah Kreiger, Henry Young, Schoolmaster Watson, and Long Andries. John Spencer built a log gristmill before the Revolution, at S. Petersburgh ; and Barber &, Murray built a carding mill about 1800. Several of the settlers were killed or taken prisoners during the French War, — probably by the same party that destroyed the Hoosick settlements in 1754. 2 2 M. E., Seventh Day Bap. 8 The census of 1855 reports that, in 1854, more than 250,000 lbs. of flax and 7000 bush, of flaxseed were raised, and that there were 13 flax mills in town. < There are two manufactories of cotton bags at Shermans Mills, a paper mill at Valley Falls, and manul&ctoriea of cordage and axes at Johnsonville. s Wm. Prendergast, Stephen Hunt, and Edmund Aiken were among the first settlers near Johnsonville ; Ludovicus Vielo at Valley Falls, in 1772 ; and Christian Fisher and Michael Vander- cookatCooksborough. Inl770,Wm.Shepard (from New England) Battled on 500 acres: in 1778-80, Benj. Aiken (from Dutchess CO.) on 950 acres : and in 1785. Alex. Thompson, on 500 acres. Wm. Hammond kept a school at N. Pittstown in 1785, and JRebecca Thompson at Shermans Mills in 1789. « The census reportslS churches; 6M.B.,3Presb.,2Christian, Bap., Ev. Luth., Friends, Union. ^ Pronounced '* Poos-ten-kill." It is a Dutch word, signifying '* puffing or foaming creek." 8 A bathing establishment erected here was swept away by a freshet. 8 Bap., F. W. Bap., Disciple, and Ev. Luth. 10 This town is a favorite resort of hunting and fishing parties. " The Sand Lake Collegiate Institute was established in 1855 by Wm. H. Schvam. 12 Formerly called "TJlinesvilU," fl-om Bernard Uline, who built the first house. His son, of the same name, was first innkeeper. ^ This village was formerly the seat of an extensive glass fac- tory, and was called " Renisdaer Village^ The company was organized in 1805, incorp. in 1806, and discontinued in 1852. In 1813 100 men were employed by the co. 1* Among the early settlers were Abram Frere, Nicholas Fel- lows, Andreas Barent, Fred. Shaver, Abram Bristol, Bph. Quinby, John Carmichaol, Andreas Weatherwax, and Stephen MDler. Joshua Lockwood and Wm. Carpenter built the first grist mDl in 1768, at W. Sand Lake. « 2 M. B., 2 Ev. Luth., Ger. Meth., Bap., Presb. l« Pron. " Skat-i-kook." In old documents it is Tarionsly spelled *' Schetekoke," " Schactekoke," " Scahwahook," and " Scbagcogue." It is said to be an Algonquin word, signiiying " landslide." The Stockbridgc Indians called it " Pah-harkoke." RENSSELAER COUNTY. 61 flowing tlirough ihe n. part, is bordered on a portion of its course by steep banks 200 feet high. Upon this stream, at the mouth of Tomhanick Creek, is a beautiful circular valley, three-fourths of a mi. in circumference, and bounded on nearly every side by steep hills.^ The soil is generally a fertile, sandy or gravelly loam. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town;=* Scbagrbti- cofee Point (Schaghticoke p.o.) contains a pop. of 1148. Sclia^bticoke Hill contains 25 houses, The Borou^b 8, Tlie Junction 17, and Old Scliagliticoke 6. About 1670, Gov. Andros settled a remnant of the Pequots and other Eastern tribes, under the name of " Schaghticokes," in this town, on land given them by the Mohawks, as a barrier against the Northern Indians.^ By the charter of 1686 the city of Albany was allowed to purchase of the natives 500 acres of land in this town ; but, neglecting to do so, Hendrick Van Rensselaer obtained the same privilege in 1698. He sold his right to the city the next year, and in 1707 an Indian deed was obtained for a tract 6 mi. square, mostly within the limits of this town. In Oct. 1709, the city conveyed the land to actual settlers.* The early settlements suffered greatly from Indian hostilities. A fort was built in 1746 at Old Schaghticoke and garrisoned by 2 companies of soldiers. The whole settlement was abandoned on the approach of Burgoyne ; but, through the influence of the royalists, the place was not burned, though held for some time by the British and Hessian outposts.^ The Schaghticoke Seminary was incorp. May 4, 1836. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1714.® SCHODACK'^— was formed March 17, 1795, at the time of the division of "JRensselaerwyek ;"^ parts of Berlin and Nassau were taken off in 1806. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. w. corner of the CO. Erom the river the surface rises in a series of bluffs 200 feet high, from the summits of which it spreads out into an undulating upland inclined toward the w. Bunker Hill, the highest point, is about 500 feet above tide. The surface is intersected by numerous deep gulleys of small streams. The principal streams are Vierdee Kil,^ Moordeners Kil,^^ Vlockie Kil, Muitzes (Mitch-es) Kil, and Valatie (Vola-she) Kil." The soil in the e. is clay, and in the w. a fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Castleton^^ (p. v.) is a fine village upon the Hudson. Pop. 431. Scliodack Landing (p. v.) contains 250 inhabitants, Muitzes Kil 20 houses, Scliodack Depot (p.v.) 18, East Scliodack (p. v.) 15, and Bunker Hill 9. Scbodack Center and SoutU Scbodack are p. offices. This vicinity seems to have been thickly inhabited by native tribes at the time of Hudson's visit in 1609.*' The first settiements were made by tenants under Van Rensselaer. Over 40 settlers are mentioned in Bleeker's survey of 1767." The census reports 7 churches.'^ STEPHE]VTO"W]V*«— was formed from ''Rensselaei^ych," March 29, 1784. Petersburgh was taken off in 1791, and parts of Berlin and Nassau in 1806. It lies in the s.e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of 2 rocky mountain ranges separated by the valley of Kinderhook Creek. The highest summits are about 1800 feet above tide. The principal peaks are Round Mt., and "Whitney and Butternut Hills, E. of the valley, and Brockway Hill and Webster Mt. w. A con- 1 A ftmall Btream called the Dwaas Kil (stream mnDing both ways) flows from the Hudson into the mouth of the Hoosick. When Hoosick River suddenly rises, the current of this stream is often changed; and it is not uDcommon to see it running n. in the morning and 8. at night. — Fitch's Ag. Sure. Wiish. Co., 1849, p. 939. 2 The mann&ctnrea consist of cotton and linen goods, flax, powder, plaster, and agricultural implement-s. 8 A portion of these removed to Kent, Conn., in 1728, and the remainder, numbering 400, joined the French in Canada. * These were Johan de Wandelaer, Jr., John Heermans Vischer, Corset Voeder, Daniel Kittlehuyn, Johan Knickerbacker, Louis Viele, and Derick Van Veghten, who went there to reside, and were joined soon after by Martin de Lamont, Wortter Quacken- bosch, Peter Yates, David Schuyler, Wouter Groesbeck, Philip Livingston, Ignace Kip, Comeliua Vandenberg, and many others, whose descendants still reside in the vicinity. s Col. John Knickerbacker, of this town, raised a regiment during the Kevolution. « A new church was built in 1760, and Rev. Elias Bunschooten was installed pastor. This quaint edifice was 60 by 40 feet, with low side walla and a high pitched mansard roof and turret, sur- mounted by a weathercock over the southern gable. There was no burial ground attached, and the oldest is that of the Knicker- bocker family, on the site of an Indian cemetery. The first European burial occurred in 1715. A few rods b. e. of this spot is the " Wittengemoet," or "Council Tree," a remarkably vigorous and symmetrical oak, more than 15 feet in circum- ference. The census reports 8 churches ; 2 £v. Luth., 3 M. E., 1 Presb., 1 Ref. Prat. D.. and 1 E. C. 7 Sometimes written "Shodac" or " Schoddack.'* 8 A confirmatory act of incorporation was passed March 17, 1796. » '* Fourth Creek," reckoned from Albany. 10 '< Murderers Kil," from an obstinate battle fought between the settlers and a band of robbers at an early day, (traditional.) 11 " Little Fall Creek." Another small creek in town is named Adams Killetye, (Little Creek,) from Adam Moll, who was taken prisoner by the Indians while drinking of its waters. 12 Named from an ancient Indian castle on the adjacent hills. It was firat settled in 1792, and incorp. April 13, 1827. Formerly called " Morriches Hdstie," (Maria's Dooryard.) 18 « On the evening of the 15th he arrived oppoaito the moun- tains which lie ftvm the river side, where he found *a very loving people and very old men,' and the day following reached the spot hereafter to be honored by bis own illustrious name. One day more wafts him up between Schodac and Castleton ; and here he landed and passed a day with the natives, greeted with all sorts of barbarous hospitality ; the land ' the finest for culti- vation he ever set foot on;' the natives so kind and gentle that when they found he would not remain with them over night, and feared that he left them — poor children of nature I — because he was afraid of their weapons, — he, whose quarterdeck was heavy with ordnance I— they * broke their arrows in pieces and threw them in the fire.' " — Mverett's Address, Inauguration Dud- ley Observatory, p. 54. 1* Among the names of the early settlers are Tan Buren, Bar- hndt, Van Valkenburgh, Sprusteen, Schermerhorn, Janze, Ketel. Poel, Miller, Schevors, Lodwick, Huyck, Beekman, Mills, Molls, Salsberg, Witbeck, and Nolton. The first mill was built before the Revolution, bolow Castleton. Barhydt hept the first inn, in 1778. A car..ing mill was erected on Muitzes Kil in 1800. 16 3 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Bap., and Ev. Luth. IB Named from Stephen Van Rensaelaer. 62 RENSSELAER COUNTY. Biderable portion of the town is covered with forest. The principal streams are Kmderhook and East Creeks, Black River, and Black and Roaring Brooks. The soil is hard and sterile among the mountains, but a gravelly loam in the valleys. jStephentOWn (p. v.) contains 15 houses. Stepbentown Flats contains a cotton wadding and batting factory, a machine shop, and about 20 houses. Wortli StepHentown, South Steplientown, and West Ste- pbentown are p. offices. Settlement was commenced here in 1766.1 The first church (Bap.) formed in 1782, under Rev. Justus Hall. Rev. Robt. Miles was the first pastor.' TKOY CITY — was formed as a, town from " Bensselaei-- wyck," March 18, 1791. Brunswick, and parts of Grafton and Lansingburgh, were taken ofi' March 20, 1807, and a part of Brunswick was annexed in 1814. The first village charter was passed in 1791 f and another, granting more extended powers, was passed Feb. 16, 1798. The village was formally incorp. by acts passed April 2, 1801, and April 9, 1805. The city charter was granted April 12, 1816. A portion of Lansingburgh was annexed May 24, 1836. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface comprises the alluvial flat, three-fourths of a mile wide, upon the river, and the high blufi's which border it on the E. The high land immediately E. of the city is known as Mt. Ida, and that on the N. e. as Mt. Olympus. Mt. Ida is principally clay, and has been the scene of several destructive landslides. Poesten Kil and Wynants Kil both break through these hills in narrow ravines and in a series of cascades, forming an excellent water power. The first religious meetings were held in a store, and afterward in a schoolhouse, about 1785. The first framed house of worship was erected in 1791, now the First Presb. Church ; Rev. Jonas Coe, of Lansingburgh, was the first pastor. Therp are now 33 churches in the city.* The Public Schools are under the charge of 20 commissioners, elected for two years.' In 1857 the city was divided into 25 school districts, and employed 76 teachers, — 14 males and 62 females. The number of children, between 4 and 21, was 11,200, of which 7228, or 63 per cent., attended the public schools during some portion of the year.° The Troy Academy, incorp. May 5, 1834, and received under the regents Feb. 5, 1839, -has mostly been superseded by the city schools. > The 2Vo!/ Female Seminary,'' situated on Second Street, between Congress and Ferry Sts., was first established at Middlebury, Vt., in 181^ removed to Waterford in 1819, and to Troy in 1821. It was incorp. May 6, 1837, and received under the regents Jan. 30, 1838. It has gained a national reputation under the charge of Mrs. Emma Willard. The Beiisselaer Polytechnic Institute,^ endowed by Stephen Van Rensselaer, is situated near the head of State St. It was organized in 1824, and was originally designed for the education of teachers. It is now more particularly devoted to science and its application to engineering and the arts. It numbers 14 professors and has about 100 students. Next to West Point, this institute has the best reputation, in its special departments, of any school in America. The Troy Lyceum of Natural History was incorp. March 7, 1820. Its cabinet) is kept-'iBr-tbe rooms of the Polytechnic Instituted ' ' ,-. .'" /' ' <•• ;.>• - , .. --'■[ The Troy University'^ is located upon Mt. Ida, a beautiful situation, overlooking the city and valley. It is under the charge of the M. E. denomination,fbuti8.n6t^trfuHy-»rganTzed;j St. Peters College is located at the foot of Mt. Ida. It is under the charge of tlie R. C. denomi- nation, and is not yet fully organized. 1 Asa Douglas, his son Wm., and his grandson Benj., Nathan Hose, Elnathan Sweet, and Joseph Rogers, settled near the center of the town," Joshua Gardiner in the E. part, Edward Carr near Kinderhook Creeli, John Mills. — — Hasted, Lewis. Berry, and others, towaid the N. part. The first inhabitants were chiefly from Rhode Island. Wm., grandson of Asa Douglas, was the first child born in town : and he married the first white female born in town. Hon. Stephen A.Douglas is a descendant of the first settler of this town. 2 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 F. W. Bap., Bap., Christ. Cong., and Presb. 3 The first ti-ustees named in the act of incorp. were Jacob D. Vanderhoyden, Benj. Covill, Anthony Goodspeed, John l^ease, Ephraim Morgan, Chris. Ilutton. and Saml. Gale. * Of these tliere are 7 M. E., 5 Presb., 4 Prot. E., 3 Bap., 3 R. C, 2 Wes. Meth., 2 Asso. Ptesb., Ger. Mission, Unit., Univ., Cong., Friends. Disciples, and Jews. fi A Lancasterian school was established here at an e.irly period, and continued until superseded by a special school system. The present school law was passed April 4, 1849. 6 The total receipts and expenditures for 1867 were $38,074 36. ' More than 7000 pupils have been educated here, a large number of whom have become teachers. 8 Rev. Saml. Blatchford was its first President, and Amos Eaton its first senior prof., under whom the school obtained a high and merited reputation. * The grounds of this institution cover 36 acres, .^ii.' main building is in the Bj'zantine style of aixhitecture, and .6 259 feet long on an average 58 feet broad, and 4 stories high. RENSSELAER COUNTY. 63 Si. Joseph Academy, under the charge of the R. C, was founded, in 1842, as a free school. In 1852 it was enlarged, and a boarding house was annexed. The Troy Hospital, a charitable institution, was inoorp. March 1, 1851. It was founded chiefly through the exertions of Rev. P. Hayermans, and is supported by the R. C. denomination. The nurses belong to the Sisters of Charity. Marshall Infirmary was incorp. in 1851. It was founded by Benjamin Marshall. The building and grounds cost $35,000 ; which sum was donated by its founder. St. Marys Orphan Asylum is an institution connected with St. Marys Church, (R. C.) The male department is under the charge of the " The Brothers of the Christian Schools," and the female, of " The Sisters of Charity." The Warren Free Institute, a school for indigent female children, was incorp. March 19, 1846. It was founded and endowed by the Warren family. A free church, (Prot. E. Church of the Holy Cross,) fbr the pupils and their parents, is connected with the Institute. The Troy Water Works were built by the city in 1833-34, and they have been subsequently ex- tended. The water is drawn from Piscawiu Creek, and the reservoir is sufficiently high to throw the water to the top of most of the houses. The works are under the charge of water commissioners, and the rents are charged to property owners and collected with the taxes. The city is 150 miles from New York, with which it is connected by e. r., and, in the season of navigation, by lines of steamers. Its commerce is extensive, and it has a large trade with the region n. and E. The Union R. R. Co. have erected a magnificent depSt in the central part of the city for the accommodation of the various lines of roads that center here.^ The manufactures of Troy are extensive and various.'' Wynants Kil, on the s., furnishes 12 mill sites, with an aggregate of 2000 horse power ; Poesten Kil, on the n., has 10 sites, equivalent to 1000 horse power, and the dam across the Hudson furnishes 4000 horse power. Besides these there is an immense amount of steam power in use. In 1720, Derick Vanderheyden' acquired from Van Rensselaer the title to 490 acres of land, now included in Troy, at an annual rent of 3| bush, of wheat and 4 fat fowls.* The tract was occupied as a farm until about 1786, when a company of New Englanders induced the owners to lay it out as a town. It was surveyed between 1786 and '90, and was variously known as "Ferry Hook," " Vavderheydens Ferry," and "Ashleys Ferry." In the spring of 1789 the place contained 5 small stores and about a dozen dwellings. The name, Troy, was adopted at a meeting of the freeholders, Jan. 5, 1789. The first settlers came in soon after the war.' The completion of the Erie Canal gave an impulse to this place that speedily raised it from a com- paratively obscure village to a large and important city." Several destructive fires have occuiTed, occasioning great losses.' 1 The Troy Union R. R., M.4,mi. long, was built by a com- pany, composed of persons chofibn by, and representing the in- terests of, the Hudson R., N. Y. Central, Troy * Boston, and Rens- selaer 4 Saratoga R. Hs. The depSt, built in 1853-54, is 400 by 160 feet, walls 27 feet, and roof a single arch, (Briggs's patent,) supported only by the walls. It is built for 10, and has 7, pai-allel tracks its entire length. Tower, 115 feet high. Four complete suites of rooms and oflBces. 2 The iron manufactures consist of B. R. iron, rolled iron, spikes, nails, stoves, firearms, malleable iron, steam engines, safes, agri- cultural implements, 4c. The business is carried on by more than 30 firms, and gives employment to 2600 men. The Troy nail works are among the most extensive in America. Besides these, there are 6 large flouring mills, 3 grist mills, several breweries and distilleries, and establishments for the manu- fiicture of cotton and woolen goods, hosiery, paper, carriages, clothing, &c., in the aggregate employing about 7000 hands. One establishment for the manufacture of shirts, bosoms, and collars employs 670 hands; 3 others employ 1070 hands, and 17 others 2750 hands. The most extensive mathematical instrument manufactory in the TJ. S. is located in this city. 3 A descendant of his was known as the " Patroon of Troy. * Brandt Tan Slechtenhorst, director of the " Colonic of R«ns- Belaerwyck," in 1646, purchased for the Patroon two additional tracts of land E. of the Hudson : one, called " Paanpaack," (Field of Corn,) included the site of Troy; and the other, called Pau- hoosick, farther N. — BrodheasPs Hut. of N. JT., pp. 420-534. fi The upper part of the city belonged to Jacob Vanderheyden. and the southern to Matthias Vanderheyden. Stephen Ashley and Benjamin Covin were the earliest settlers under the Van- derheydens. They came in about 1786; and the former kept an inn in the old farmhouse of Matthias Vanderheyden for several years. Dr. Saml. Gale, the first physician, came from Guilford, Conn., in 1787. Among the other early settlers were Eph. Mor- gan, John Boardman, Beiy. Smith, Phil. Heartt, Anthony Good- speed, Mahlon Taylor, Eben'r and Saml. Wilson, Moses Vail, Lewis Richards, Eben'r Jones, Howard Moulton, Amasa Pierce, Jere'h Pierce, Townsend McCoun, Nathan and Steph. Warren, David Buel, and Benj., John, Saml,, and Wm. Gale. « The following table shows the increase of the population of Troy for each semi-decade since 1810 :- 1810 3,896 1815 4,841 1820 5,264 1826 7,869 1830 11,566 1835 16,959 1840 19,334 1845 21,709 1850 28,785 1856 33,269 7 The fire of June 20, 1820, destroyed property to the amount of $370,000, and another, Aug. 25, 1854, to the amount of $1,000,000. 64 JRENSSELAER COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Rensselae:r County. NiMES or Towns. Berlin Brunswick East Grreenbush... Grafton Greenbush Hoosick Lansingburgh Nassau Nortli Greenbnsli Petersburgli Pitts town Poestenkill 8and Lake Scliaghticoke Schodack Stephentown Troy City Total AcBBB OP Land. 19,437 i 23.51-2i ll,b74 16,122i 31,341 3,672^ 20,281i 10,374 17,076 33,857f 14,206 15,268i 21,979 31,531 20,982 1,898 292,2121 101,002, 16,769 4,264 2,789i 13,017i 8,339 l,212i 6,764 2,181 7,388 6,311 4,247 6,696 4,474 8,039J 9,404 Valuation of 1858, 1,089 1,533 829 962 1,642 2,029 2,697 1,470 901 809 1,762 966 1,261 1,660 1,978 1,188 16,223 38,988 1,078 1,568 777 926 1,661 2,091 3,003 1,630 911 864 1,840 813 1,337 1,643 1,869 1,209 I 397 17,046 343 324 658 901 676 309 316 662 672 431 3,767 40,246 1 111,683 465 670 227 370 709 736 1,120 687 368 313 707 403 622 608 767 481 6,495 289 370 131 254 299 327 391 423 137 192 497 223 291 318 1 612 323 1,482 16,418 I 6,469 1 1213 773 1,132 431 771 1,374 1,663 2,113 1,187 2,217 640 1,163 710 966 1,217 1,177 882 11,428 29,744 Names of Towns. Lite Stock. w AGRICtJLTtJRAL PRODUCTS. BUBH. OF Gkain. fe: iS ■Si" DaIEY PaoDUCTB. 14 OS ft,tq Berlin Brunswick East Greenbush.. Grafton Greenbush Hoosick Lansingburgh.... North Greenbush.. Petersburgh Pittstowu , Poestenkill Sand Lake Schaghticoke Schodack I Stephentown I Troy City 449 973 492 368 314 644 445 606 1,050 428 635 712 1,036 676 813 601 785 1,465 178 1,176 304 780 1,604 641 646 1,265 936 1,104 84 1,187 1,638 1,101 734 1,243 290 1,188 999 770 1,772 667 997 1,1.37 1,576 1,305 361 1,' 632 1,017 22,394 651 3,468 252 5,708 11,340 804 742 6,910 3,977 2,707 118 766 2,667 1,128 537 2,674 690 1, 863 828 2,983 878 1,218 3,064 3,111 966 1,007 760 36,360 17,350 728 14,306 8,439 22,242 19,739 627 36,004 10.238 16,063 55,055 60,203 4,071 1,288 38,638 107,400 47.234 18,726 132,088i 20.286 57,110 40,265 43,222 157,037 30,741 41,884 149,629 106,182J 41,034 6,979 3,280 6,082J 3,469 3,461^ 6,356 769 3,803i 2,715i 2,861 6,630 2,530 3,224 3,247i 6,097 4,751 290 1_ Total.. 48,361 25,760 33,671 9,605 24,136 56,125 22 643 47,924 37,261 36,882 61,860 43,224 24,716 11,344 15,375 11.232 4^990 4,780 5,694 1,550 12.634 3,959 10,338 6,757 4,896 10,693 4,740 17,682 16,611 410 69,071 112,767 63,765 66,209 69,325 10,173 124400 64,590 45,543 168,629 66,305 90,848 96.098 16i;630 107,940 7,966 250,646 125 4,070 8,726 82,820 29,616 2,780 1,072 3,663 118,556 296 454 534 364 299 978 715 333 685 40 10,184 12,737 16,864 64,609 25,007 302,622 1,038,365 58,557J 596,569 131,241 1,291,738 538,462 4,949 Distances from Troy? MILBB. Berlin 19i Berlin Center 2li South Berlin 23^ Brunswick. Brunswick Center 4 East Brunswick 8 MillYille 4 East Greenbmh.... Si Bath 6i Greenbush. 7^ Grafton. Grafton Center 13^ East Grafton m MILES. HooHck. Buskirks Bridge 22J Hoosick Falls 22^ Hoosick Corners 22^ North Hoosick 241 Walloomsac 24^ Lansingburgh 3 Speigletown 6 J^assau. Alps 13 Brainards Bridge 194 Hoags Corners 15^ East Nassau 19$ West Nassau. 16$ MILES North Greenbush. Dofriestville 3J Wynanfskill 4i Peiersburgh 18$ North Petersburgh 22^ jnttstmim 14} Boynton 15 North Pittstown 16$ Pittstown Corners 13 Raymertown 10 Tomhannock 13J PoestenhiU 6J Columbia 11$ UILE8. Sand Lake. 9$ Glass House 11 Sliters Corners lOi WestSandLake 6$ ScJiaghticoke 13^ SchaghMcoke Hill 11$ Schodaek. Castleton 14$ East Schodack 12$ Schodack Landing 18^ StepJi£ntmvn 20$ 1 For R. K. distances see p. - SCHENECTADY COUNTY. This county was formed from Albany, March 7, 1809. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The greater part lies between Mohawk Biver and Schoharie Creek, — one town only lying n. of the Mohawk. The surface consists of the Mohawk Valley and an upland, generally much broken by ridges and isolated hiUs, 200 to 350 feet above the river. The highlands are the northern continuation of the Helderbergh and Schoharie Mts. The underlying rock is generally the shales of the Hudson Biver group, which crop out in the valleys and the bottoms of the ravines. In portions of Gleuville and Duanesburgh this rock is underlaid by birdseye limestone, from which are obtained both lime and stone for building. The greater part of the surface is covered with a thick deposit of drift, consisting principally of clay in the w. part and sand in the E. The rocks crop out on the banks of the streams and form the declivities of the steeper hills. The soil in the w. part is a tenacious, clayey loam, underlaid by hardpan on the hills, and in the e. a light, unproduotive sand. The valley of the Mohawk consists of a deep, rich alluvium, well adapted to tillage, and extensively devoted to the cultivation of broomcorn.' The principal streams are Mohawk Biver, Schoharie Creek, and Normans Kil, and their branches. The valleys of these streams are generally bordered by the steep declivities of the uplands, rising to a height of about 300 feet. Many of the smaller streams have worn deep gulleys in the loose drift deposits, giving to the surface a very broken character. These small streams are mostly dry in summer. The fine alluvial flats near Schenectady, extending 5 mi. w. on the s. side of the river, were called by the first settlers " TJie Bouwland."^ A tract 2 mi. in extent, N. of the river, was called the " Maalwyck ;'" and a tract on both sides, 4 mi. w. of the city, was known as the " Woesiina."* A region immediately about Schenectady was called " OrOTi-nygTi-vmrrie-gughre ;" the hills s. were known as the " Yan-ta-puch-a-her.g ;"^ and those on both sides of the river above the city were called " Tcm-ar-e-M-ne." The streams of " Woestiria" were " Werf Kil,"^ Zantzee Kil,'' and " Mighelbrigh Kil."^ The valleys are best adapted to tillage and the hills to pasturage.' Manufactures are chiefly limited to the city of Schenectady." In Glenville are about a dozen broom factories, employing 150 persons. The county seat is located at Schenectady City." The courthouse and clerk's office are both situated on Union St. : the former contains the courtroom, jail, sheriff's and supervisors' rooms," and the latter the clerk's and surrogate's offices. The poorhouse is located on a farm of 116 acres, on the Albany Bead, just e. of the city. It has, on an average, about 75 inmates, and the farm yields a revenue of $1200. There are 4 newspapers published in the co." 1 One-half of the entire hroomcorn crop of the State ia raised within thia co. A conaiderable portion of the broomcorn land ia annually overflowed, rendering it continually fertile; and many tracts have produced this crop alone for many yeara. 2 " Arable Land." 3 " Whirl-back," from the tortuous courae of the Mohawk. 4 " Wilderness." ' Uixed Indian and Dutch, signifying " John-ear-of-corn-hill." « " Paint Creek," from the yellow earth along the hanks. ' " Sea^Sand Creek." » ■' Eail-bridge Creek." • At an early period the Mohawk Valley was celebrated for its large wheat crops ; but now very little ia raiaed. w See pa^e . " By the terms of the act making Schenectady the co. seat, the courthouse was to be built at the expense of the city. The first county offlccra were Gerrit S. Veeder, Mrst Judge; Peter V. Veeder, Cleric; Jas. V. S. Kider, Sheriff; and Wm. J. Teller, Surrogate. M The first courts were held in the City Hall, and afterward in the West College. 13 The following ia a nearly complete list of the newspapers m the CO. : — The. Western Spectator was issued prior to 180T. The Schemxtady OMnel was commenced in Jan. 1809, by Isaac Riggs. In 1850 it passed into the hands of S. S. Kiggs, who continued it until 1857. The Wtistem Budget was issued a short time in 1809. The Mohawh Advertiser was published in 1810, by Ryer Scher- merhorn. The Schenectady Gazette was published in 1812, by Ryer Scher- merhom. The Schenectady County Whig was issued in 1830, by C. G. and A. Palmer, and was continued until 1834. Tlie Schenectady Standard was published in 1831, by T. J. Sutherland. The Schenectady Democrat was begun in 1828, by C. G. and A. Palmer. T. W. Flagg became its publisher in 1837, and the same year it was changed to Tlie Reflector and Sclienectady Democrat* It has been successively published by G. Yates, E. H. Kin- caid, and A. A. Keyser, and ia now oubliahed by Fred. W. Hoffman. Tlie Cfe?MOT* was published in 1834, by the students of Union College. The Farthemi, mo., was published the same year, by the college students. The Mnhaivher was published in 1835, by Biggs &. Norris. The Protestant Sentinel was commenced in 1835, by Rev. John Maxson, and continued 2 'years. Tlie Wreath was started in 1835, by W. H. Burleigh, and con- tinued 1 year. Freedwn's Sentinel was issued during the campaign of 1840, by Stephen S. Rigga. The Antiquarian and General Bevienv, mo., was started in 1845, by Rev. W. -Arthur, and continued 2 years. The Scroll, mo., was published a short time in 1849. The Schenectady Democrat waa founded in 1863, by Wm, M. Colbonrne and W. N. Clark, and since 1867 it baa been published by Alex. J. Thompson. 66 SCHENECTADY COUNTY. The great flat upon the Mohawk w. of ''Fort Orange," and where the city of Schenectady now stands, was bought of the natives in July, 1661, in the name of Arent Van Corlear;i ^nd settlement was commenced during the same year. It was under the charge of 5 commissioners until Nov. 1, 1684, when Gov. Dongan granted a patent confirming previous rights and extending the territory.^ On the night between the 8th and 9th of Feb. 1690, N.S.,» the settlemeni^^hen consisting of about 80 houses— was surprised by a party of about 300 French and Indians, and nearly every house was burned. Sixty-three persons were killed, and 27 were carried to Canada as prisoners. The night was intensely cold, and the nearest place of refuge was Albany, to which a few escaped after much suffering,* In 1702 K. Schermerhorn became sole trustee; and in 1705 a new patent was issued, conferring certain township privileges. On the 23d of Oct. 1765, tlie place was created a borough, with the rights and immunities incident to these corporations.^ From 1726 to the Revolution the township of Schenectady sent a representative to the General Assembly. During the war the village was fortified and garrisoned at the public expense, and many families from the Upper Mohawk sought protection here from the incursions of the tories and Indians.^ For several years after 1779 a large number of friendly Oneida and Tuscarora families, driven from their homes by the hostile tribes, were supported in this vicinity at the expense of the General Government. At the return of peace the settlement shared in the general prosperity. A new impulse was given to business by the improvements effected by the AYestern Inland Navigation Co., which enabled large boat-s to make longer voyages.^ Upon the completion of the Erie Canal the MohawK navigation was entirely superseded. For several years after the completion of the r. r. from Albany in 1831, large quantities of merchandise were sent here to be shipped on the canal, saving the delay of the cir- cuitous route and numerous locks on the canal between Schenectady and Troy.^ In 1832 a r. r. was built to Saratoga, in 1835, to Utica, and in 1843, to Troy. In 1849 several plank roads were built, which since have been mostly abandoned. OTAIVESBIJRGH^ — ^was erected as a township, by patent, March 13, 1765, and it was first recognized as a town March 22, 1788. It lies in the s. e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of an upland, broken by the narrow valleys and guUeys of small streams. Schoharie Creek forms a portion of its w. boundary, and Normans Kil flows through the s. part. The hills that border upon these streams are steep, and in some places rocky. The other principal streams are Corrys Brook, Chuctanunda Creek, and Bosa Kil. Maria Pond and Featherstons Lake are 2 small bodies of water in the n. e. part, about 250 feet above the canal. The soil is principally a stiff, clay loam, with a slight intermixture of gravel. It is best adapted to pasturage. I>uanest>ur^li (p. v.) contains about a dozen houses, Quaker Street^" (p.v.) 30, Mariaville" (p. v.) 20, and Bramans Corners (p. v.) 18. Eatous Cor- ners is a hamlet. Large tracts in this town were purchased by different parties between 1736 and 1770,^^ but no active measures of settlement were taken till about the time of its organization in 1765. During that year Duane, who had become an extensive proprietor, con- Tlit Sc7ienectadp Morning Star was started Feb. 24, 1854, by W. M. Chadbourne and W. N. Clark, and changed in Sept. 1854, to Tlie Evening Star, da., now published by W. M. Col- burne and Isaac M. Gregory. The Schenectady Repuliiican haa been published Binoe Sept. 1857, by W. M. Colbourne and judson S. Landon. 1 The grantoi-s were 4 Mohawk chiefs, named Cantuque, Bonareetsie, Aiadane, and Sodachdrasse. This grant was con- firmed the next year, and the tract was surveyed in 1664. The inhabitants of Fort Orange, wishing to monopolize the Indian trade, presented to the settlers, before the land was received from the surveyor, a written pledge to abstain from trading with the Indiana. A remonstrance against this injustice was signed by the following early settlers, viz. : A. Van Corlaer, Philip Hendrickson, Sandei-a Lendertsen Glen, Simon Volcrertson, Pieter Soghmaekelyk, Tennis Cornelissen. Marte Cornelise, Wil- lem Teller, Bastiaen De Winter for Catalyn, widow of Arent Andries de Voss, Pieter Jacobse Borsboom, Pieter Danielse Van Olinda, Jan Barentse Wemp, and Jaques Cornelise. Their re- sistance occasioned several yeai-s' delay in the survey of the lands. 2 Wm. Teller, Ryer Schermerhorn, Pweer Tunison, Jan Van Eps, and Myndert Wemp were appointed trustees under this grant. The tract embraced the present city, and the towns of Glenville, Rotterdam, and part of Niskayuna. 8 Previous to 1752 time was reckoned tn England by "Old Style," the year commencing on the 25th of March. AU dates previous to that time between Jnn. 1 and March 25. are reckoned in 1 year by " Old ^tyle," and in the following year by " New Style." * Colden's Five I^atimis, 3d ed., I. p. 120. 6 This and West Chester were the only boroughs in the colony. « The place was never visited by a hostile army after 1690. The colonial statutes contain frequent provisions for the re- building, repairs, and supplies of this fort. 7 This company cleared the river of impediments to navigation aa much as possible, built a lock at Little Falls, and in 1796 built a short canal connecting the Upper Mohawk with Wood Creek, which flows into Oneida Lake, opening a direct water communication with the chain of lakes in the interior of the State, and with Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence. The boats employed, called " Durham boatsy" were propelled up stream by setting poles, and were floated down by the current. 8 This business was stopped by the i-epeal of the statute pro- hibiting the R. R. from carrying freight w. of this place, « Named from James Duane, the principal proprietor. It was first joined with Schoharie, as " the united district of Duanes- burgh and Schoharie." It was made a separate district, March 24, 1772. Mr. Duane took an active part in public affairs during the Revolution and the earlier years of the State Government, and was a liberal benefactor of the town. 10 Boots and shoes, wagons, aad sash and blinds, are manu factnred here. 11 Named from a daughter of James Duane. 12 Among the purchasers were Thos. Freeman, in 1736, Timo- thy Baglcv. in 1737, A. P. and William Cosby, in 1738, Walter Butler, in 1739, and Jonathan Brewer, in 1770. Wm, North, an officer of the Revolution, married a daughter of Duane and re- sided several years in this town. SCHENECTADY COUNTY. 67 tracted with 20 Germans from Penn., of whom 16 came on and made a permanent settlement.' The first church (Christs Ch., Prot E.) was formed Aug. 3, 1795, and the church edifice was erected by Judge Duane. Rev. David Beldeu was the first rector." CrLi£]VTHiliC — ^was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820. It is 'the only town in the CO. N. of the Mohawk. The central and w. parts are occupied by rugged and wooded hills abruptly rising from the valley of the river to a height of 300 feet. The E. part is nearly level. The streams are Crabbs Kil, Chaugh-ta-noon-da, Aalplaats,* and Jan Wemps Creeks, and Verf Kil. The soil among the hills is a stiff clay, underlaid by hardpan, with an occa- sional outcrop of slate ; and in the E. part it is a sandy and gravelly loam. The Mohawk intervales are very fertile, and are chiefly devoted to the culture of broomoom. denvllle (p. v.) con- tains 2 churches and 20 houses, Scotia* (p. v.) 2 churches and 266 inhabitants, ReeseTille 12 houses and a broom factory, and Hig^Il Falls 13 houses, a grist mill, and woolen factory. Hofimans Ferry' (p.o.) is a hamlet and station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. A covered bridge connects this tovm with Schenectady, and another with Niskayuna. The first settlements were made about 1665, and were among the earliest in the eo.' The Sanders House, in this town, was spared by the enemy when Schenectady was destroyed." There are 5 churches in town.' )VISH.AYU]VA'»— was formed from Watervleit, (Albany co.,) March 7, 1809. A part of Schenectady was annexed in 1853. It lies upon the Mohawk, in the E. part of the co. Its surface is mostly upland, terminating in steep bluffs upon the river valley. The intervales are very rich and productive. A strip of land about 1 mi. wide, extending back from the summits of the bluffs, has a hard, clay soil, and a considerable portion of it is swampy and imfit for cultivation. Further s. the soil is sandy. 'Watervleit Center (p. o.) is within the limits of this town. The first settlements were made about 1640.^' The canal crosses the Mohawk into this town upon a mag- nificent stone aqueduct. The locality was formerly known as "Alexanders Bridge."^'' There is 1 church (Ref. Prot. D.) in town. PRiarCETO'War"— -was formed from Schenectady, March 26, 1798. It lies a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a broken upland, gently descending toward the s. e. The streams are Normans Kil in the s. and Zantzee Kil in the N." The soil is a heavy clay loam, underlaid by hardpan, and is best adapted to grazing. Princetofirii (p. o.) is a hamlet. The town was chiefly conveyed ia Geo. Ingoldsby and Aaron Bradt, in 1737. Wm. Corry afterward became owner, and formed a settlement, which was long known as " Corryshush." The town was thinly settled at the time of the Revolution. The Princetown Academy, a Presb. institution, was opened here, on an extensive scale, in 1853, and was discontinued in 1856. There are a Presb. and a Ref. Prot. D. chnrch in town. ROTTERDAM — ^was formed from Schenectady, April 14, 1820. A part of the city was aimexed in 1853. It lies near the center of the co., upon the s. bank of the Mohawk. The surface consists of a broken, hilly region in the N. w., a level intervale extending from the center toward the s., and a high plain in the E. The soil upon the w. hills is a tough clay, underlaid by shale, which frequently crops out. The central valley or plain, 5 mi. in extent, — called by the Dutch the " Bouwlandt" — is one of the most fertile regions in the State. The soil is a deep alluvium. The e. plateau is sandy and barren. Rotterdam is a hamlet.'^ The first settlements were made about 1661.'' The first church was organized Aug. 29, 1800 ; Rev. Thos. Romeyn was the first pastor." J The tract embraced about 60,000 acres, and the lands were rented at the rate of $16 per 100 acres, on long leases. The agents of Sir Wm. Johnson excited a prgudice against these lands -which retarded their settlement. 2 There are in town 5 other churches ; Cameronian, Bap., Univ., Presb., and Quaker. ' Named from the original patentee. ■4 "Eel Place." ^ Locally pronounced " Sco-chy." « Harmanus Tedder established a ferry here about 1790, and it waa called Vcdders Ferry until 1836, when it was bought by John Hoffman and the name was changed. T In 1665 the country around Scotia was granted to Sanders Lendertsen Glen, a native of Scotland, who removed to Holland in 1645 on account of religious persecutions. After several years there spent in mercantile pursuits, he migrated to "New Si-iherlaruh." Van Slvcks Island was granted to Jaques Van Slyck, Nov. 13, 1662.— Sarfter's Hist. doll. 8 On a former occasion a party of French, sent against the Mohawks, became reduced to the extremity of want, and were obUged to seek assistance of the EngUsh. The kindness shown them by Mr. Sanders was remembered, and his house was spared. A stone house built in 1713 is still owned by the Sanders family, ^ fl O Dor !>..«*■ n 9 M TJ! nnd Rin. 10 Said to be a corruption of Nis-ti-gi-oo-ne, or Co-nis-ti-gio-ne, by which it is known on the old maps. The name is said to sig- nify " extensive corn flats." The term was also applied to por- tions of Watervleit and Half Moon. Upon the advent of the whites this place was occupied by a tribe of Indians Itnown as the " Omistigmne."— Barber „ * t. 4 Besides these, the census reports 10 churches; 2 Itef. Prot. P., 2 Meth. E., Univ., R. C, Presb., Bap., A£ Meth., and a Jewish SvnaGToeue. 6 Ldier of Sir Wm. Johnson. « A Lancasterian school was incorp. Nov. 12, 1816, and was taught 25 years. It was superseded by the present system of public schools. 7 The Vale Cemetery, containing 50 acres, is located in a beautiftil vale about one-fourth of a mi. from the city. It is covered with pines, and is finely laid out aud ornamented. 8 In 1699, 70 men took the test oath. In 1710 there were 16 English and 100 Dutch femilies. In 1714 the census reported 591 persons. In 1790 there were s. of the Mohawk (in Schenectady, Prince- town, Rotterdam, and apartof Niskayuna) 8472 persons. The fol- lowing table shows the progress of population since 1820 :- 1820 3939 1825 4068 1830 4268 1836 6272 1840 1845 1860 1865 6784 6655 8921 8389 ULLIVAN COUNTY. This county -n-as erected from Ulster, March 27, 1809, and was named in honor of Maj. Gen. John Sullivan, of the ReTolution. It contains an area of sq. mi., and is centrally distant mi. from Albany. The surface is generally very hilly, and along the E. border mountainous. In the s. and w. it consists chiefly of i ridges separated by narrow ravines ; but in the middle and n. it i assumes more the character of a rolling plateau. The highlanda of this CO. may be considered as the s. slope of the Catskills; and near the N. borders of the co. they divide the waters that flow into Hudson and Delaware Rivers. From this elevated por- tion numerous ridges extend toward the Delaware, giving the co. a general southerly inclination. The Delaware cuts these ridges diagonally, its valley forming the only division between the Catskills and the mountains of Eastern Penn. The highest points in the co. are the hills in the town of Rockland, which are estimated to be 2100 to 2400 feet above tide. Walnut Hill, in Liberty, has an elevation of 1980 feet. The lowest summit of the Shawangunk* Mt., between Bloomingburgh and "Wurtzboro, is 1271 feet above tide, and the highest summit is about 500 feet higher. This range of mountains at a distance presents a striking uniformity of outline, which is due to the evenness of stratification of the rock composing it. The lowest point in the co. is upon *he Delaware, at the mouth of the Mongaup, which has an elevation of 550 feet above tide. The co. line on the Rondcut is elevated 773 feet. With the exception of a small district on its e. border, through which flow the upper waters of Shawangunk Kil and Lackawack Creek, this co. is drained by the Delaware and its branches, the largest of which are Neversiuk^ and Mongaup' Rivers, Beaver Kil and Bashers Kil, and Callicoou (Caw-li-coon) and Ten Mile Creeks. The Neversink flows entirely across the co., having for its tributaries Bashers Kil, Wyncoop Brook, Bush Kil, Cherry-meadow Brook, and several minor streams. Most of these streams are rapid, and afford at numerous points a great amount of water power. In the valleys and forests of the co. are about 100 small lakes, which form peculiar and often picturesque and highly beautiful features in its scenery. Most of these ponds and streams abound in fish, of which trout is the most common. Pickerel have been introduced into several of them. The geological formation of the co. is exceedingly simple. The whole surface is underlaid by the red sandstone of the Catskill Group and the Shawangunk Conglomerate. These rocks extend southward into Penn., and form the floor of the coal measures. Of these rocks the latter possesses an economical value for millstones,* building stones, and the manufacture of glass. The soU is mostly a reddish loam mixed with gravel, and is generally stony ; in the s. e. portion there is some clay. Grass is the staple production, and the hilly character of most of the co. seems to adapt it to grazing rather than to tillage. The facility with which the products of the dairy can now reach the great markets, by means of the N. Y. & E. R. R., has within a few years given an impetus to the prosperity of the co., while tbe erection of tanneries, which the same thoroughfare has encour- aged, has created a home market of great advantage to the farmer. In 1855 there were in the co. about 40 tanneries, producing over |2,000,000 worth of leather annually and employing about 750 laborers. The lumbering interests also employ large amounts of capital and labor. Winter wheat, formerly considered a sure and abundant crop, is found to yield smaller returns and with less cer- tainty as the country becomes older ; and other crops, less valuable but more certain, have been substituted to a great extent. The surplus wheat of Sullivan co. was formerly transported by land to the Hudson, where it found a profitable market; but, with the increase of manufactures, there is now less raised than is consumed in the co. Grass seed of a fine quality is raised in considerable quantities. The fruits are limited to apples, pears, plums, cherries, and a few peaches. The timber along the Delaware Valley is mostly hemlock, pine, oak, and chestnut; and on the highlands it is hemlock, beech, maple, birch, ash, and basswood. The oUmate is cool and bracing, and the co. is remarkably healthy. 2 0^°i;ntw;ITi,,'''i77Q t^°.'^^r"""'?°'°^^^^^^ „. , I *Esopu8 millstones, formerly in high repute, were made torn 2 On Siiuthier s Map, 1779. Mahaickamack, or Nevfr-Sink. the Shawangunk Erit » r -i 8 On Santhier's Map, 1779, Mangawping, or Mingwing. \ SULLIVAN COUNTY. 71 The CO. seat' is located at Monticello, in the town of Thompson. The co. buildings, consisting of a courthouse and jail, are substantial stone edifices, erected in 1844 in place of the original co. buildings, which were burned.' The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 100 acres 3 mi. e. of Monticello. The average number of iimiates is 56, supported at a weekly cost of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of 1400. A school is kept during 3 mo. in the year. No religious instruction is afforded. The house is too small, is poorly ventilated, is not furnished with water, and vrill not admit of a proper classi- fication of its inmates. The 2 great works of internal improvement within the limits of the co. are the Delaware & Hudson Canal,' extending through the s. e. part, and the N. Y. & E. R. R., built along the valley of the Dela- ware.* The former opens an easy and direct communication between the Hudson at Rondout and the Penn. coal mines at Carbondale ; and the latter forms one link of the great chain of western travel. Several plank roads have been constructed, as auxiliary to this great thoroughfare, greatly benefiting the sections of country through which they pass. The first newspaper in the co. was issued in 1821.* Little is known of the early history of the co. Many traces exist of its occupation long anterior to that by the present race of settlers. Upon the first advent of the present settlers, a road was found to extend s. w. from Bsopus, on the Hudson, along the valley n. of the Shawangunk Mts. It was known as the "Mine Road," and, according to traditional account, was built by a company of miners from Holland, before the English conquest of 1664.* Two mines are said to have been wrought, — one where the mountain approaches the Delaware, near the lower point of Panquaroy Flat ; and the other N. of the mountain, about halfway between the Delaware River and Esopus Creek. The Minisink Flat, on the border of Orange and Sullivan cos., is said to have been settled by Hollanders many years before the date of Penn's Charter ; and the settlement, which extended 40 mi. or more along both sides of the Delaware, had in a great degree become isolated from the rest of the world. When the present settlements were begun, there was a road from the E., near the central part of the co., called the "Porter Boad;" and in the n. part was another, called the "Hunter's Road." With the exception of the vague traditions of early settlement by the Dutch along the Delaware, the first location of a permanent white inhabitant is said to have been made about the year 1700, by Don Manuel Gonzales, a Spaniard, who, having married into a Dutch family in Rochester, (Ulster CO.,) removed to Mamakating Hollow, where he erected a house and raised grain. He opened a trade with the neighboring Indians, who were then friendly ; and other settlers were induced to follow. Mamakating Precinct was formed in 1743, and until after the Revolution it embraced nearly all of the present co. of Sullivan. About 1750 a number of German families settled upon the w. frontiers of Ulster co. They suffered greatly from Indian hostilities. The first Indian incursion took place in 1777, when the family of Mr. Sprague, in Mamakating, was attacked. The next year the family of Mr. Brooks was attacked, some members were killed, and others taken prisoners. On the 13th of Oct. 1778, a party of nearly a hundred tories and Indians, under Brandt, invaded the settlements, first falling upon the family of Mr. Westfall, and killing one man. They next attacked the house of Mr. Swartwout, who was at home with his sons, (the women having been previously removed to a fort,) and killed all but one, who escaped. The firing alarmed others, who fled to the forts at Gumars and De Witts, where, by a skillful display of force by Capt. Abra- ham Cuddeback, who commanded at the former, the enemy were deterred from making an attack. 1 By the act of incorporation tlie Gov. and council were to appoint 3 commisBioners to locate the county seat, and the Board of Supervisors 3 others to superintend the erection of the courthouse and jail. Wm. Koss, Jos. Morrell, and Abraham H. Scheuck were appointed for the former pui-pose, and David Hammond, John Linsley, Malachi West, John Newkirk, and Davies Martin successively for the latter. 2 The first buildings, erected in accordance with an act passed March 22, 1811, were burned Jan. 13, 1844. The first court was held, and the first Board of Supervisors organized, at the house of Curtis Linsley. The county officers first appointed were Wm. A. Thompson, Jlirsi Judge; Samnel T. Jones and Elnathan Sears, AssociaU Judges; John Conklin, Jabez VTakeman, and David Hammond, Assistant Justices ; James S. Dunning, Surro- gate ; Uriah Lockwood, Sheriff; and John P. Jones, Clerh. s The Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. was incorp, April 23, 1823. Tlie work was commenced in July, 1825, and completed in Oct. 1828. It was of great importance to the early set- tlors of the CO., as it opened an easy and cheap avenue to 4 This R. K. enters the co. in the town of Tusten from Penn. It having: been found difficult to construct the road on the N. Y. side of the river, the right of way for a short distance was soli- cited from Penn. The petition was granted, and for the sub- stantial benefit which the R. r. conferred upon that State, the company was subjected to an annual tax of $10,000. This road forms a direct and speedy communication with N, Y., and has been of great value to the co. in stimulating its settlement and developing its resources. ' The Sullivan County Whig was started at Bloomingburgh in 1821, by John J. Tappan, It was removed to Monti- cello in 1828, and its name changed to The Republican IVatcliinan. Frederick A. Devoe and James B. Wiuslow were successively its editors, and since 1843 it has been published by J. E. Quinlan. The Sullivan County Berald was commenced at Monticello in 1833, and published by M. Smith, S. Phelps, and others, about 4 years. Tht Sullivan County Whig was published at Bloomingburgh in 1844, by J. S. Brown, and subsequently by John W,aller. Jr. In 1855 it was changed to the Sulllvaii County Deiuocratlc Republican, under which title it is now published by Waller. Tlie Union Democrat was established at Monticello in 1854, by P. A. Devoe, and was afterward united with The Whig. « See Eager'! Hist. Orange Co., p. 60, where will be found a letter from Samuel Preston giving the substance of the tradi tion. It is from Hazard's Register, 72 SULLIVAN COUNTY. After firing most of the houses and barns of the settlement, the marauders retired, leaving behind them a melancholy scene of havoc and desolation at the verge of an inclement winter. ^ The dis- tress thus occasioned was very great. Major Phillips arrived soon aft€r the incursion with a com- pany of militia ; but the enemy had fled beyond reach. In 1777 or '78, Capt. Graham, with a party of 18 men, went to Chestnut Brook in pursuit of some Indians who had been committing depredations upon the settlements at Pine Bush. Haviog stopped to drink, Capt. Graham saw an Indian in the path, and the party fired a volley without effect. Upon this the Indians on the opposite banks returned the fire with fatal effect, and but 3 of the party escaped to tell the dismal tale. To deprive the enemy of sustenance and the means for further annoyance, the Legislature, in 1779,' enacted a law directing the Governor to cause the destruction of such grain and crops in the w. frontiers of Orange and Ulster cos. as could not be removed to a place of safety. In 1783^ the precinct of " MamacoUing" and the township of Rochester (the district of the regiment of Col. A. Hawke Hay, and that part of the Goshen regiment on the w. side of the Minisink Mts.) were exempted from a levy then made for the defense of the n. and w. frontiers.' Several traces of Indian occupation were found in the first settlement of the co. About 4 mi. from the Delaware, on the Flat, was found a brass or copper tomahawk, with a steel edge, and a handle perforated for smoking. ^Stone axes, flint arrows, &c. were frequently found. In 1793, an Indian living in Rockland, at a place called " Pocaiocton," (meaning a river almost spent,) removed to Niagara. He is supposed to have been the last of his race that inhabited the co. Indian trails were found along the Delaware, the Beaver Kil, and in other sections. The part of this co. s. of the s. bounds of CaUicoon and Bethel is comprised in the Neversink Patent, conveyed to Matthew Ling and others Aug. 28, 1704; and the remainder of the co. in the great tract granted to Johannes Hardenbergh and others April 20, 1708, and known as the " Hardenbergh Patent."* The Newburgh and Cochecton Turnpike (incorp. March 20, 1801) was opened across the co. in 1808, and gave the first impulse to its prosperity by making it accessible to settlers. This section continued, to receive emigrants from New England and the older sections of the State until its growth was checked by the completion of the Erie Canal to the Genesee country and the great lakes, by which emigration was diverted to the new and fertile lands of the West. Real estate in consequence declined materially in value, and many of the early settlers aban- doned their locations and joined the westward current. In 1819 or '20 the Orange Branch Turnpike was made, from Montgomery, (Orange co.,) crossing the Shawangunk Mt. at Roses Gap, and extend- ing across the barrens through Wakemans Settlement to the Neversink Falls, and thence to Liberty. The charter of this road was long since given up, but the route is maintained as a district road. BETHEli — was formed from Lumberland, March 27, 1809. Cochecton was taken off in 1828. It lies upon the high ridges which form the watershed between Delaware and Mongaup Rivers, a little s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, and many of the declivities are steep and rocky. It is watered by a large number of small streams, mostly tributary to Mon- gaup River ; and it has many small lakes, which form a beautiful and romantic feature of the land- scape. White Lake, near the center, — ^named from its white sandy shores and bottom, — is noted for the beauty of its scenery.' The other principal lakes are Birch Ridge Pond in the n. w.. Horse Shoe and Pleasant Ponds in the N., MaUory Pond in the e., Indian Field Pond in the s., Big and Wells Ponds on the s. line, and Chestnut Ridge Pond and Black Lake and Lake Superior near the center. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, intermixed in places with clay. The settlements are comparatively new, and the people are chiefly engaged in the raising of neat cattle, dairying, lumbering, and tanning.^ IMongaup Valley (p. v.) contains 35 houses, and Betliel (p. v.) 15. John Fuller was the first settler in the "Fuller Settlement," in 1806-07.' The first preacher (Presb.) was the Rev. Mr. Green.' 1 October 17. 2 February 21. » Incidents connected with these events, and the details of the memorable battle of Minisink in July, 1779, are given in our account of the towns in which they occurred. * Portions of the Hardenbergh Patent were settled upon leases of long term ; and during the anti rent excitement, a few years since, the clamor against this tenure prevailed extensively, but without acts of open violence. The refusal to pay rents, which this feeling occasioned, led to a great amount of litigation. Although the excitement has subsided, the question is not fully settled. 6 This lake is noticed in one of the poems of Alfred B. Street, by the reime of '• Kon-ue-on-ga." • A tannery at Mongaup Valley, in 1866 manufactured 50,000 sides of leather, valued at $187,000. It consumed about 5000 cords of hemlock bark, and employed 70 men, at a cost of $12,000. There are about 102,000 sides of leather manufactured annually at different tanneries in this town. ^ G. and C. Hurd were the lirst settlers at the Ilurd settle- ment; Adam and Eve Pentler near Bethel; and Potter and Mattiaon near White Lake. The first school at Mongaup was taught by G. P. Price, and at Bethel by Dr. Copeland. Gillespie & Hook kept the first store at White Lake, and J. K. Beeman built the first saw and grist mill, on White Lake outlet. The iirst birth was that of Catharine Fuller, in 1807, and the first death that of a child of Stephen Northrup. 8 The census reports 4 churches; 2 M. E., Presb., and Bet. Presb. SULLIVAN COUNTY. 73 CAIililCOOW— was formed from Liberty, March 30, 1842. Fremont was taken off in 1851. It is the most westerly town in the co., and lies about the sources of the N. branch of Callicoon Creek. It is watered by numerous streams flowing into the Delaware, the valleys being mostly narrow ravines, and the hills rising in steep declivities 200 to 600 feet above them. In the n. e. are Shandler and Sand Ponds, the latter affording a pure white sand, formerly used in making glass. The soil is mostly a sandy loam, and the hillsides and summits are generally capable of a good degree of cultivation. The settlement is recent, and the people are about equally engaged in lumbering, farming, and tanning.^ JeflersouvlHe, (p. v.,) on the line of Cochecton, has a population of 433, of which 305 are in this town. Youngsville, (p. v.,) IVortli Brancll, (p.v.,) and Callicoon Center (Callicoon p.o.) have each about 30 houses. The first settlers were Wm. Wood and his sons, Gerrett, Edward, and David, who arrived in town May 19, 1814, and lived 15 years in the wilderness.' Eev. Mr. McClary, pastor of the Asso. Kef. church of Bethel, was the first preacher.* COCHECTOIVS— was formed from Bethel, March 25, 1828. It is situated upon the bank of the Delaware, in the w. part of the co. Kidges of hills, with narrow valleys between, cover the entire surface of the town. The principal streams are the Callicoon and its branches, and several small tributaries of the Delaware. The mouth of the Callicoon is 777 feet above tide. Pike Pond in the E., Perry Pond in the s., and Mitchells Pond and Lake Huntington in the center, are the principal sheets of water. A large part of the surface is still covered with forests. The soil is mostly a gravelly loam, and best adapted to pasturage. Lumbering and tanning form the leading objects of industry. Cocbecton (p.v.) contains 269 inhabitants, Pike Pond (p.v.) 188, CaUicoon Depot (p.v!) 207, and Cochecton Center (p.v.) 209. Beecli Woods is a p. o. Small settlements were begun on the Delaware before the Revolution, but were broken up. The pioneer settler was N. Mitchell, who located near Cochecton Village.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1839, and the Rev. Mr. Cummings was the first pastor.' FALiliSBURGH — was formed from Thompson and Neversink, March 9, 1826. It derives its name from the falls in Neversink River at Fallsburgh Village. Its surface is hilly and rolling. It is drained by the Neversink and its branches. Sheldrake Pond, (named from the wild ducks that formerly frequented its waters,) Smith, Hill, and Brows Ponds in the w., and East Pond, in the E., are the principal lakes. The soil is a gravelly loam. The people are chiefly engaged in lumbering, dairying, and tanning.' 'Woodbourne (p.v.) contains 30 houses, JVever sink Falls (PaUsburghp.o.) 25, Hasbroucii (p.v.) 25, Sbeldrake (p.v.) 15, and Sandburgb (p.v.) 15. It is said that settlement was commenced in this town by Germans previous to the Revolution,' but the settlers were driven off during that war. Soon after the peace 3 brothers by the name of Baker located in town and commenced the first permanent settlement.'" The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was built at Hasbrouck." FORESTBURGH — ^was formed from Thompson and Mamakating, May 2, 1837. It lies principally upon the high ridges between Neversink and Mongaup Rivers, and has a broken surface and an average elevation of 1400 feet above tide. In this town are several small lakes, the principal of which are Ruddicks Pond in the n. w., Beaver Pond in the s., and Panther Pond in the center. The town still retains the character implied by its name. Mongaup Falls, on Mon- gaup River, 3 mi. above Forestburgh Village, are worthy of note. The river here falls into a chasm 70 feet deep, and the banks below the falls are more than 100 feet high. Lumbering, tan- > Caw-li-coon. This name is said to signify " Turkey" in both Dutch and Indian. Tlie Dutcli for turliey is '■' Kalkoen." In the statutes and official publications of tlie State tbe name is com- monly written "Ci!nifc«)M."—flar^fr's JV^Frf-B. if.iJ.GMM*!,p. 84. 2 There are 5 large tanneries in town, which manufacture about 125,000 sides of leather annually. 3 Edward was a cooper; the others were farmers. The first child born was John Wood. Jacob Quick built the first saw- mill, and Samuel Young kept the first store and built the first mill, at youngsville. In 1833-34 settlers began to come in from Conn, and the !». ; and in 1840 Germans began to settle in the town in considerable numbers. The latter class now form about one-third of the population. /, ,. ii. * The census reports 2 churches : Luth., Asso. Ger. Meth. 6 Co-shek-tun. Originally called " Cusli^un^tunk," or low grounds. ^ .3 XT * T»- • Among the other early settlers were David Young, at Big Island; John Ross, at Callicoon Creek; Nicholas Conklin and Tyler, at Cochecton. Job Jones taught the first school, near Cochecton ; M^. Ebenezer Taylor kept the first tavern and store, at Cochecton ; and Mitchell Conklin built the first sawmill, on Mitchells Pond Brook. On Big Island, 2 mi. above Cochecton, was an extensive Indian burial place, of which traces are occa- sionally plowed up at the present day. There are about 900 Germans in this town. t The census reports 3 churches ; M. E., Presb., and Ref. Prot.D. 8 At Fallsburgh is an extensive tannery, that manufactures 40,000 sides of leather annually ; and another of the same size is located at Woodboume. B Fruit trees planted by these settlers are said to be still standing. 10 Thomas Rawson came in 1787 or '88 ; Thomas Grant located in 1789 ; Samuel Thaddous, Obadiah Brown, and James Hill settled a little n. of Fallsburgh, and James NicoU, Peter Ferdon, and Mr. Brush on the site of the village. The first sawmill was built in 1808, and the first grist mill in 1809, by Philo Buggies. Matthew Seeley kept the first inn, at Hasbrouck, and Robt. Reading the first store, at Fallsburgh. In 1797, the nearest mill was at Napanock, in Ulster co. ; and for many years the nearest market was Newburgh. In 1786 or '87 an extraordinary and destinictive flood occurred upon this valley. 11 This church was burned in 1837, and was rebuilt at Wood- bourne. The census reports 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E., and 1 Kef. Prot. D. 74 SULLIVAN COUNTY. ning,i and dairying constitute the employment of the people. Forestbur&H (p.o.) contains 10 houses, OaUland 15, and Hartwood 10. Settlement commenced before the Revolution, and recommenced in 1795 on the Mongaup River. Zephaniah and Luther Drake were pioneers in the s. w. part of the town, and Elisha Smith near Oakland.^ Rev. Isaac Thomas (Meth.) was the first preacher.^ FREMOjVT— was formed from Callicoon, Nov. 1, 1851, and named in honor of John C. Fremont. It lies in the extreme w. part of the co., upon the banjk of the Delaware. Its surface is broken and hilly, the summits rising 600 to 1000 feet above the valley and 1500 to 1800 feet above tide. Its waters are Basket and Hawkins Creeks, a great number of smaller streams, and numerous small lakes, the principal of which are Long Pond, Round and Basket Ponds in the n., Lox Pond in the e., and Trout Pond near the center. "A large share of the surface is still a wilder- ness and is too rough for tillage. Tanning and lumbering form the principal employments of the people. Fremont Center (p. v.) contains 141 inhabitants, and Obernbur&li (Fremont p.o.) 20 houses. The first settlers were Joseph Green, at Long Eddy, John Hawkins, at Hawkins Depot, Benj. Misner, at Long Pond, and Zach. Ferdon, at Round Pond.* HIGHliAWI*— was formed from Lumberland, Dec. 17, 1853. It is an interior town, lying in the s. part of the co. It is named from the character of its surface, which consists of high ridges between Delaware and Mongaup Rivers, 600 to 1000 feet above the canal at Barryville, and 1200 to 1600 feet above tide. There are a great number of small lakes in town, the principal of which are Big and Weils Ponds on the n. line, Mud and Hogans Ponds in the e., York Pond in the s. w., Big Pond, used as a canal feeder, and Blind, Little, and Montgomery Ponds (named from Henry Montgomery, an early settler) near the center. The people are chiefly engaged in lumbering and the rudiments of farming, Barryville^ (p-O.,) a canal village, contams 25 houses, and liUmberland (p. v.) 15. The first settler was John Barnes, who located at Narrow Falls.^ Rev. Isaac Sargent (Cong.) was the first preacher, about 1797.^ The battle of Neversink, in the Revolution, took place within the limits of this town.^ IjIBERTY — ^was formed from Lumberland, March 13, 1807, and Callicoon was taken off in 1842. It is an interior town, lying a little n, of the center of the co,, upon the watershed between the Mongaup and Beaver Kil. Its surface is rough and broken. "Walnut Hill, s. of Liberty, is 2000, and Libertyville 1467, feet above tide. The n. and w. parts of the town are still covered with forests. The principal sheets of water are Lillie Pond in the n., and Broadhead Pond near the center. The soil is good, but stony and hard of cultivation ; and the people are chiefly engaged in lumbering, dairying, and tanning.® I^iberty (p. v.) contains 364 inhabitants, ParliSVille (p. V.) 40 houses, and Ubertj Falls (p. v.) 25. RobertsouTille is a p.o. The Liberty Normal Institute, at Liberty, is a flourishing academic institution,^ The first settlement was made by Stephen Russell (from Conn.) near Liberty, in 1793 or '94.^° Rev. Wm. RandaU (Bap.) was the first preacher.^^ IjUMBILRIjAXD — was formed from Mamakating, March 16, 1798, embracing all the co. w. of Mongaup River and s. of the present n. lines of Liberty and Callicoon. From it were erected Liberty in 1807, Bethel in 1809, and Highland and Tusten in 1853. Its surface is rugged and 1 About 100,000 sidea of leather are annually manufactured in this town. 2 Miss Moore taught the first school, at Drakestown ; S. Co- nant kept the first inn, and Thomas AIsop the firat Btore, at Forestburgh. The first sawmill was built at Oakland. 3 There are no church buildings in town. * Savah Phillips taught the first school ; John Ranfiesen kppt the first inn, and John Hawkins kept the first store and built the first sawmill. About one-third of the population are Ger- mans. The census reports 1 church ; R. C. 6 Among the other first settlera were John Carpenter, Wm. Seeley, N. Patterson, and Wm. Randall, at Beaver Brook ; and Beuj. Hayne at Handsome Eddy. John Carpenter employed Nath'l Wheeler to teach the first school, before the public schools were organized. G. Ferguson kept the first inn, in 1830, and Phineas Terry the first store, in 1828. N. Patterson built the first sawmill, on Beaver Brook. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; Cong., M. E., Union. ? This battle took place on the n. side of Beaver Brook, on lot 17 of the 7th div. of the Neversink Patent. The scene of the action is the top of a hill 3 miles from Barryville and half a mile N. w. from Dry Brook. The battle took place between a party of tories and Indiana, under Brandt,— who were retreat- ing, after having destroyed the settlement of Neversink,— and a party of American militia, who pursued them. The battle was long and bloody, and resulted in the retreat of the Americans with the loss of 44 killed. In 1822 the bones ol the slain were collected and interred beneath a monument at Goshen, An ad- dress was delivered on the occasion by Gen, Hatheru, who had taken a leading part in the engagement. 8 About 106,000 sides of leatlier are annually manufactured in this town. » Incorp. by law, April 12, 184S; the Hon. John D. Watkins, the founder, being sole corporator. 10 Among the other first settlers were Nathaniel Pinney, Josiab Whipple, and Nathan Staunton, who came from Preston, Coun., in the spring of 1795, and settled on lot 12; John Groton and Edward Swan, who settled on lot 3 ; Ebenezer Green, on lot 4; Isaiah Whipple, on lot 10, of tract known as the 3000 acre lot ; and Stephen Benton, who located at Benton Hollow. A viar Whipple taught the first soliool, at Blue Mountain Settlement; Roswell Russell kept the first inn, Stephen Russell the firet store ; and Chas. Broadhead built the first grist and saw mill, on the moun- tain, in 1797. The first child born was Sally Staunton, in 1797 ; the first marriage, that of David Rowland and Aviar Whipple, in 1797 ; and the first death, that of Sally Staunton, or a son of Wil- liam Aby, in 1798. The first house was erected about half a mile s. of where the Presb. ch. now stands. Most of the first settlers afterwBi-d removed wt-st. n The census reports 4 churches ; 1 Bap., 2 M. E., and 1 Pi-csb. SULLIVAN COUNTY. 75 broken, and much of it is yet a wilderness. The name of the town still suggests the leading pur- suit of the people. A large number of small lakes, with their outlets, form the principal waters. The principal of these lakes are Lebanon Pond in the n., Kound, Sand, and Hogais Ponds in the w., and Long Pond in the center. Metauques, in the E., lies about 2 mi. w. of the Mongaup, and 300 feet above it. On its outlet is a beautiful cascade. There are no villages in town ; and there is but one church, (M. E.) The Delaware and Hudson Canal extends through the town along the course of the river. It is supposed that settlement was commenced before the Revolution ; but the names of the first settlers are not preserved.' In the survey of the Minisink Patent by Charles Webb in 1762, mention is made of " Eeeve's Sawmill.'"' MAMAK.ATI1VG,' said to have been named in honor of an Indian chief, was erected into a precinct by the General Assembly, Deo. 17, 1743, and embraced all the present territory of Sulli- van CO. and a portion of Orange. It continued as a precinct until organized as a town, March 7, 1788. It was reduced to its present limits by the erection of Deerpark (Orange co.) and Lumber- land in 1798, Thompson in 1803, and a part of Forestburgh in 1837. It lies upon the highlands between Neversink and Shawangunk Creeks. Two parallel ridges, separated by the valley of Bashers Kil, extend through the town in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The eastern of these ridges is known as Shawangunk Mt. The declivities of this mountain are gentle upon the e., but abrupt and broken on the w. It attains an elevation of 1100 feet above the summit level of the canal, and about 1700 feet above tide. In the n. w. part of the town is a mountain of nearly equal eleva- tion, known as Panther Hill. The principal streams are Shawangunk, Bashers, and Pine Kils, the last of which is the outlet of a small lake in the w. part of the town, known as Yankee Pond. The summit level of the Delaware & Hudson Canal, 17 mi. long and 525 feet above tide, is con- structed through the valley of Bashers Kil. Hasten Pond, in the w. part, is used as a reservoir. About 2 mi. N. of Wurtzboro a vein of lead was discovered several years since, and was worked to a considerable extent. After an abandonment of several years, preparations are again being made to work it. The soil is a sand and gravel loam, in some places intermixed with clay, and best adapted to pasturage. The census of 1855 shows that this town is second only to Thompson in the amount of dairy products. Bloomlligbur^ll* (p. v.) contains 365 inhabitants, "Wurtzboro^ (p-'^-) 491, Summltville 20 houses, and PUillipsport (p.o.) 10: the three last named lie upon the canal. Burling'Iiain (p. v.) contains 130 inhabitants, and 'West Brookville (p.o.) is a hamlet of 10 houses. The early settlement of this town has already been noticed in the historical sketch of the co.,* but most of the details have been lost. On the approach of the Revolution the Indians became hostile, and several blockhouses were erected on the frontiers of Ulster co., one of which was at Wurtzboro. On account of the distressed con- dition of the people by reason of Indian hostilities, they were favored by the supervisors in the apportionment of taxes. Many persons in those days accounted wealthy were reduced to poverty, and but little that could be destroyed remained on the return of peace. Gonzales, the pioneer settler, is said to have built the first sawmill, at Wurtzboro. In 1792 this town contained 182 taxable persons, of whom 34 were in the present towns of Lumberland, Tusten, and Highland. In 1794, Capt. David Dorrance removed from Windham, Conn., and purchased 1000 acres imme- diately s. of the site of Wurtzboro.' John Dorrance, with Elijah Perry, also from Conn., erected the first bark mill in Sullivan co. Rev. Mr. Freleigh was the first pastor of the Eef. Prot. D. Church, built in 1793.8 HTETERSIIVK'— was formed from Rochester, (Ulster co.,) March 16, 1798. Rockland was taken ofi" in 1809, and a part of Fallsburgh in 1826. The whole town is elevated, and the surface 1 Among the early settlers since the Kevolutjon were John Showers and Joshua Knight, at Mongaup. S. Gardner and El- nathan Corey, at Pond Eddy, P. Van Vauken, above Monganp, and John Bincll and Wm. Ryarson, in other parts of the town. The first school was kept in a barn by Mr. Jarnham; the first inn was kept by E. Ctorey, at Pond Eddy. . ,. , , ., 2 Mr. Webb lived at Otisville, (Orange oo.,) and died at an ad- vanced age in 1814. „ . . j 8 Written Mame-Kating, Mame<;otink. &c. in early records. 4 This village was settled by J. Newkirk, .ibout 1,80 and was incorp. April 26, 1833. It contains 3 churches, i hotels, and 6 "s'^Named from Maurice Wurtz, grantee of a canal privilege in Penn., afterward merged in Del. and Hudson Canal Co. T A ro^^wir7on8tnicted at an early day, by Ananias Sacket, fVom Mamakating westward, passingabnnt three-fonrths of a mi s. of Lords Pond, and continuing to Nathan Kinne's Wa's. fr™' which place Capt. Dorrance made a road to Cochecton for i,6 per mi. This road opened a communication from the Hollow to the Delaware River, a distance of about 33 mi. A poj-tion of it is still in use, but the greater part was taken up by the Newburgh & Cochecton Turnpike. ITie village of Wurtzboro is built upon a tract of 1000 acres bought by Johannes Masten, who cleared the land and erected a sawmill. Westhrookville (formerly " JiashslmsviVe^') was settled about the same time, and the first house was built of stone and used as a ibrt to shelter the set- tlers. Mr. Felton was a pioneer near Burlingham, and J. New- kirk at Bloorainghurgh. The early town records have been lost. The first school was kept at Bloomingburgh in 1784, by Mr. Campbell. Wm. Harlow kept the first inn, 2 mi. N. of Blooming- burgh; Wm. Wighton opened the first store, 1 mi. s. of the same pl,«i; and H. Newkirk built the first gristmill, on the Shawan- gunk, within this town. 9 The census reports 11 churches; 6 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., 1 Bap., 1 R. C, 1 Asso. Ref. Presb. 9 This name, first applied to the river, is said by some to be derived from the Indian " J^e-wa-sink" or Mad River, and by 76 SULLIVAN COUNTY. is very hilly and to a considerable degree covered -with forests. It is watered by the Neversink and its branches, and by the Lackawack, or w. branch of the Rondout, which flows to the Hudson. Denman Hill, 3300 feet, and Thunder Hill, 2500, above tide, are the principal elevations: the latter received its name from the fact that one of the early settlers was frightened away from the place by loud thunder. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and best adapted to pasturage. The people are chiefly engaged in lumbering, tanmng,i g^jj^ dairying. Qrataamsville^ (p. v.) contains 40 houses, Weversinfe Flats (Neversink p.o.) 35, and Claryville (p. v.) 30. The first settle- ment was commenced on the Lackawack, 2 mi. below Grahamsville, by the Hornbecks, Cliues, Clearwaters, and Lowes, who obtained an Indian title in 1743, and were driven off during the Revolution. Mr. Larrabee, on Thunder Hill, and Benj. Gillett, John Hall, and Wm. Parks, on the 1000 acre lot, were the pioneer settlers after the war.' The first church (Meth.) was located at Grahamsville ; and the first preacher was Rev. Samuel M. Knapp.* ROCKl » 2 JW%s. Meth., and I, each. Bap., Presb., Cong., Prot. B., Univ., R. C. and'Af. Meth. w There waa transhipped from the Del., Lackawanna & Western R. R. cars to the Chenango canal boats, in 1857, 61,700 gross tons of coal, and from these boats to the cars 25,895 tons of Clinton CO. iron ore. BROOME COUNTY. 81 situation. Pop. 8818. Hawleyton (p.o.) is situated in the s. part, near the Penn. line, ihe tii-st settlement was made in 1787, by emigrants mostly from New Bngland.i The first reli- gious services were conducted by Rev. Mr. Howe (Bap.) in 1788. Hon. Daniel S. Dickinson is a resident of this town. 1 a^'*'^*^*^**' "^""^ *"°™^'^ ^™'" ^'^^^' ^P"^ 1^' 1831. A part of Greene was annexed April 28, 1840. It lies upon Tioughnioga River, n. w. of the center of the co. The surface consists of a high, broken plateau region divided into two distinct parts by the valley of the river. The declivi- ties of the hills are too steep for cultivation, but their summits spread out into a broken region generaUy covered with timber and adapted to pasturage. The highest point, in the N. w. part of the town, IS about 1400 feet above tide. The river valley is very narrow, but the limited amount of intervale is excellent land. Halfway Brook flows through a narrow valley in the e. part of the town. lathis valley brine springs have been found; and here also the unsuccessful boring for salt was made.' The soil in the valley is a rich alluvium and gravelly loam, and that upon the hills is a clayey loam mixed with disintegrated slate and shale. Cbenango Forks (p. v.) is situated mostly in this town, at the fork of Chenango and Tioughnioga Rivers. It is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. Pop. 506,— in Barker 287, in Chenango 127, and in Greene (Chenango co) 92. Barker is a p.o. in the central part of the town. The first settlement was made in 1791, by John Barker, from Branford, Conn.* There are 3 churches in town.^ CHEWAIVCIO— was formed Feb. 16, 1791. Windsor was taken ofi' in 1807, Conklin in 1824, and Binghamtou and Port Crane in 1855. A part of Union was annexed Feb. 26, 1808, and a part of Maine, Nov. 27, 1856. It lies upon the w. bank of Chenango River, a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the river intervale and several high ridges extending in a N. and s. direction and separated by the narrow valleys of small streams. The declivities of the hills are steep, and tiieir summits are 300 t» 600 feet above the valleys. Castle and Kattel Creeks, tributaries of Chenango River, are the principal streams. The former was named from the location of an Indian castle near its mouth, and the latter from a family of early settlers. The soil upon the N. hills is a gravelly loam mixed with disintegrated slate and underlaid by hard- pan, but farther s. it becomes a deeper and richer gravelly loam. It is productive, but, from its uneven character, it is largely devoted to grazing. Stock growing and dairying form the leading branches of agricultural interest. Castle Creek (p. v.) is on the creek of the same name, in the w. part of the tovm ; pop. 185. Crlen Castle, (p. o.,) on the same stream, is in the central part. Ckenan^o, (p. o.,) on Chenango River, is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. Kattel- vllle is a hamlet on Kattel Creek. The first settlement was made in 1787, by Thos. Gallop.* There are 4 churches in town.' COliESVILiliE'— was formed from Windsor, April 2, 1821. It lies upon the Susquehanna, E. of the center of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high and broken upland divided into 2 parts by the deep valley of the river. The summits of these uplands are 400 to 700 feet above the valley, and considerable portions are still covered vnth forests. The declivities are gene- rally too steep for cultivation. The soil upon the river bottoms is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam, and upon the summits of the hills it consists of clay and slate. It is generally much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. Harpersville, (p. v.,) on Susquehanna River, contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 230. Center Village," (p. v.,) on the Susquehanna, has a pop. of 147. HTewr Ohio, (p.o.,) in the N. part of the town, Osborne Holloir, (p.o.,) in tiie w. part, ■West ColesvlUe, (p.o.,) in the s. w. part, Colesville, (p.o.,) s. of the center, Susque- banna, (p. o.,) and JVineveb, (p. o.,) on the Susquehanna, are hamlets. The first settlement"' lAmongtheearlysettlerswereCapt. Joseph Leonard, Col. Wm. Eose, the two brothers Whitney, Lyon, Jesse Thayer. Peter »nd Thos. Instersoll, Saral. Harding, Capt. John Sawtell, Butler, and Solomon Moore. The first birth was that of Amasa Leonard, Sept. 23, 1788; the first marriage, that of Ezekiel Crocker and Polly Benton; and the first death, that of Mrs. Blunt, in 1787. Lewis Keeler opened the first inn, and Delano & Monroe the first store. Ezekiel Crocker erected the first grist- mill, in 1794. The first school was taught by Col. Wm. Rose, in 1794. For details of early history see WUIdnsj John Lampliere, from Watertown, Conn. The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Joseph Badger, in 1793. There are 10 churches in tovm.^ CO]VKi:.IHf'— was formed from Chenango, March 29, 1824. A part of Windsor was taken off in 1831, and a part was annexed from Windsor in 1851. It lies upon the Susquehanna, s. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the fine broad intervale of the river and high, broken uplands which rise upon each side. The summits of the hills are 600 to 700 feet above the valley. The declivities upon the w. side of the river are very steep, but upon the E. they are generally more gradual. Snake Creek flows in an easterly direction through the s. w. part of the tovra. Its valley is narrow and is bordered by steep hills. The soil upon the summits of the hills is a hard, cold, clayey and gravelly loam largely intermixed with fragments of slate. In the valley the soil is a deep, rich alluvium and gravelly loam. Kirfewood (p. v.) is situated on the e. bank of the Susquehanna, in the s. part of the town. It is a station on the Erie R. R., and contains 25 houses. Conklin Center and Corbettsville are p. offices, and Millburn and Conklin are hamlets. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1788, at the mouth of Snake Creek, by Jonathan Bennett, Ralph Lathrop, and Waples Hanth.' The first religious services were conducted by Revs. David Dunham and John Leach, Methodist missionaries. There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Presb. LiISliE*— was formed from Union, April 7, 1801. Nanticoke, Barker, and Triangle were taken off in 1831. The line of Berkshire was altered in 1812, and a part was annexed to Union in 1827. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. The surface is mostly a hilly and broken upland, divided by the valley of Tioughnioga River into 2 unequal parts. The summits of the hills are 400 to 700 feet above the river, and their declivities are generally very steep. Yorkshire Creek flows in an easterly direction through near the center of the town, its narrow valley breaking the continuity of the w. ridge. The soil along the valley is a rich, gravelly loam, but upon the hills it consists of clay and a slaty gravel underlaid by hardpan. The declivities of the hills are usually too steep to admit of cultivation, and the soil upon the summits is so hard that a large share of it yet remains unculti- vated, liisle (p.v.) is situated on the w. bank of the Tioughnioga. It is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R., and contains about 30 houses. The old Catskill & Ithaca Turnpike, built in 1796, crossed the river at this point. Yorlisllire, (Center Lisle p.o.,) near the center of the town, contains about 30 houses. ILillnwog, (p.o.,) in the rr. part, on the Tioughnioga, is a station on the S. B. & N. Y. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1791, by emigrants from N. B.* The first religious services were conducted in 1795, by Rev. Seth Williston. There are 5 churches in town.* MjIIjVE — ^was formed from Union, March 27, 1848. A part of Chenango was taken off in 1856. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface consists of ranges of hills divided by numerous narrow valleys, the principal of which extends in a N. and s. direction. These hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valley of Chenango River. The principal streams are Nanticoke, Bradley, and Little Choconut Creeks. The soil is a gravelly loam largely intermixed with the underlying slate. Maine, (p. v.,) situated on Nanticoke Creek, w. of the center, contains 3 churches; pop. 220. East Maine is a p.o. The first settlement was made in May, 1797, by Daniel Howard, Alfred and Russell Gates, and Winthrop Roe.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 M. E. and Cong. WAHfTICOKE'— was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface consists of an upland broken by a few narrow ravines and in Merchant, Bateman S. Dickinson, Wilmot, Daniel Crofoot, and Titus Humiston, in 1795 ; John Ruggles and Isaac Tyrell, in 1796 ; and Kli Osboi-ne and Peter Warn, in 1800. The first birth was that of Louisa Badger, May 28, 1788 ; the first death, that of John Lamphere, the same year; and the first marriage, that of Beiy. Bird and Mrs. John Lamphere, in 1794. Benj. Bird Itept the first ion, in 1794, and Bateman S. Dicliinson the first store, in 1805. The first school was taught by Job BunneL 1 4 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Union, Prot. E., Presb. 2 Named from Judge John Conltlin, one of the early set- tlers. 3 Among the early settlers were Gerret Snedaker, David Bound, Daniel Chapman, Peter Wentz, Asa Rood, Nathaniel Tagot, Asa Squires, Jolm Bell, Silas Bowker, Lamoreaux, Abraham Snyder, David and Joseph Compton, Abraham Miller, Ebenezer Park, Noel Carr, and Thoa. Cooper. The iirst birth was that of William Wentz, Feb. 18, 1795; the first marriage, that of Noel Carr and Sally Tousler, in 1803; and the first deaUi. that of Silas Bowker. The first gristmill was built at " Fitcbs Creek," in 1790. The first school was tauaht by George Lane, in 1801. * Named from Lisle, in France. ^ The first settlers were Josiah Peterson, Ebenezer Tracy, Edward Edwards, David Mannering, Eliphalet Porsons, and Whittlesey Gleason. The first birth was that of Henry Patter- son, in 1793; the firat marriage, that of Solomon Owen and Sylvia Cook ; and the first death, that of Wright Dudley. The first gristmill was built in 1800, by Jacob Hill. The first store was kept by Moses Adams, and the first tavern by 0. Wheaton, in 1815, at Killawog. « 2 Bap., Cong., Presb., and M. E. 1 Russell Norton settled in the town in 1798. The first birth was that of a daughter of Winthrop Roe, in July, 1797. The first school was taught by Ruth Atkins, in 1802. Daniel Howard built the first gristmill, in 1815, and Oliver Whitcomb kept the first store and tavern, in 1829. 8 This name is derived from the Indian name of Nanticoke Creek. BROOME COUNTY. 83 places rising into steep, rocky peaks. The summits of the highest hills are 1200 to 1500 feet above tide. The town is drained principally by the two branches of Nanticoke Creek, which flow s. through the central portions of the town. The soil upon the hills is a slaty loam underlaid by haidpan. The settlements are prinoipaUy confined to the vaUeys, the hiUs being generally covered with the original forests. Kanticoke Springs,^ (p. v.,) in the central part of the town, con- tains about 12 houses. Glen Aubrey is a p.o. The first settiemeut was made on Nanticoke Cieek in 1793, by Philip Counselman and John Beachtie, from Luzerne co., Penn.' There axe 2 churches in tovm; Bap. and M. E. PORT CRAJSE'— was formed from Chenango, Deo. 3, 1855. It lies upon the e. bank of Chenango River, extending from the central portions of the co. n. to the borders of Chenango. Its surface consists principally ot a high and broken upland region. The valley of the Chenango is very narrow, and the hills rise steeply to an eleyation of 500 to 700 feet above the river. Page Brook fiows in a southerly direction through the center of the town, dividing the uplands into 2 distinct ridges. The soil upon the hills is a clay and slaty loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys it consists of a fine, rich gravelly loam and alluvium. Port Crane, (p. v.,) on the Chenango Canal, in the s. part of the town, has a pop. of 193. Doraville, in the s. part, is a p.o. The first setflement was made in 1788, by Elisha Pease.* The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Camp, in 1798. There is a M. E. church in tovra. SA]VI>FORI>— was formed from "Windsor, April 2, 1821. It is the s. e. town of the co., bor- dering upon Delaware River. Its surface is principally occupied by the high, mountainous range that extends between Delaware and Susquehanna Rivers. The summits of the hills are 600 to 900 feet above the valley, and the declivities are usually very steep.^ The deep, narrow valley of Oquaga Creek, flowing s. through the center of the tovm, separates the highlands into 2 parts. This valley and that of Delaware River are both bounded by nearly precipitous mountain declivi- ties. In its course the creek has numerous falls, furnishing an abundance of water power. The soil in the valleys is a fertile, gravelly loam, but upon the hills it is a cold, clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. Considerable portions of the central and s. parts of the town are still unsettled. Lumber and leather are largely manufactured. Deposit (p. v.) is situated parfly in this town and partiy in Tompkins, (Delaware co.) The dep6t, several hotels, and about half of the dwellings are in this town. Pop. 1249,^56 in Sandford, 593 in Tompkins.' Sandford, in the central part of the town, Bf. Sandrord, in the n. part, and GuLf Summit, in the s., are p. offices. Settlement commenced in 1787, by Wm. McClure, from N. H., Whitaker, and Capt. Nathan Dean.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and R. C. TRIAlVOIiE^ — ^was formed from Lisle, April 18, 1831. It is situated in the extreme N. part of the CO., bordering upon both Cortiand and Chenango. Its surface consists of a broken and hilly upland divided into ridges by the valleys of Otselic River, Pages and Halfway Brooks. The summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys. The whole region is rough, and the soil is generally a gravelly loam best adapted to grazing. "Wliitneys Point,' (p. v.,) situated at the junction of Otselic and Tioughnioga Rivers, contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 205. Upper lilsle, (p. v.,) on the Otselic, in the N. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 35 houses ; and Triang^le, {p. v.,) on Halfway Brook, in the s. e. part, 3 churches and 175 inhabitants. The first settiement was made at "Whitneys Point in 1791, by Gen. John Patterson, from Berkshire co., Mass.'" The first religious services were conducted by Dea. Josiah Lee, in 1792, and the first sermon was preached by Rev. Seth Williston, in 1795. There are 8 churches in town.'' 1 Locally known as " Lamis Onmers." s The first birth was that of Betsey Stoddard, in 1796, and the first death, that of Miss Bird, sisttr of Mrs. Stoddard. 3 Named from Jason Crane, one of the engineers on the Chenango Canal. * Jared Page and Vining were among the first settlers. The first birth was that of Chester Pease, in 1793 ; the first marriage, that of Gardner Wilson and Polly Rugg, in 1800; and the first death, that of Mrs. Pease, in 1789. Elisha Pease erected the first sawmill, in 1797, and Thomas Cooper liept the first store, in 1813. The first school was taught by Ozias Masch, in 1800. 'The highest point between the two riTers, by the State Boad Survey, is 1688 feet above tide. * See page , ' Among the first settlers were Daniel Pace, Noah Carpenter, Nathan Austin, Simeon Alexander, Bnssel Farnham, S. P.Green, Anthony West, Joseph Page, John Pinney, J. P. Appleton, Silaa Seward, Capt. Parker, Isaac Denton, and Dexter May. The first marriage was that of Conrad Edict and Ir^lizabeth Whitaker, in April, 1787 ; the first birth, that of Phebe Edict, in 1788 ; and the first death, that of Stephen Whitaker, Oct. 23, 1793. Capt. Dean built the first sawmill, in 1791, the first gristmill, in 1792, opened the first store, in 1794, and kept the first inn. The first school was taught by Hugh Compton, in 1793. 8 This name was applied to the tract s. of the Military Tract and " Twenty Towns" and between the Chenango and Tiough- nioga Rivers. It was bought by Col. Wm. Smith, at 3 shillings 3 pence per acre. The Chenango Triangle embraces Smithville and part of Greene in Chenango co., and Triangle and part of Barker in Broome. 8 Named n*om Thos. Whitney. 1" In 1792, David Seymour and family settled at Whitneys Point; and between 1794 and 1797, Timothy Shepherd, Asa Rodgers, Benj. and Hendrick J. Smith, and John Sanders, set- tled at Upper Lisle. The first death was that of Mrs. Hannah Lee, in 1791. The first school was taught by Martha Seymour, in 1793. " 4 Bap., 2 M. B., 1 Cong, and 1 Univ. 84 BECOME COUNTY. rWIOlV— was formed Feb. 16, 179 1. A part of Norwich and Oxford {Chenango co.) were taken off in 1793, a part of Greene (Chenango co.) in 1798, Tioga (Tioga co.) in 1800, Lisle in 1801, a partof Che- nango in 1808, Vestal in 1823, and Maine in 1848. A part was annexed from Tioga, (Tiogaco.,) April 2, 1810, andapart from Lisle, April 11,1827. It lies upon the N. shore of the Susquehanna, s.w.of the center of the co. The surface consists of the Susquehanna intervale and the hilly region N. of it. The highlands are nearly centrally divided by the deep valley of Nantiooke Creek. The soil in the valley consists of a mixed clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam and alluvium, and is very pro- ductive. The hills have a rich soil of slaty and gravelly loam, and are cultivated to their summits. Union, (p. v., ) situated near the Susquehanna, in the s. part of the town, is a station on the N. Y. & E. R. R. The Union News is published at this place. Pop. 520. Union Center, (p. v.,) on Nantiooke Creek, partly in this town and partly in Maine, contains 2 churches and about 40 houses. Hooper, (p. 0.,) in the s. part of the town, is a station on the Erie R. R. The first settlement was made in 1785, by Joseph Draper, Nehemiah Crofoot, Bryant Stoddard, Nathan Howard, Jabesh Winchop, Caleb Merriman, and Winthrop Roe.^ The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was organized in 1789, at Union Village, and Rev. John Manley was the first settled preacher. There are 3 churches in town.^ VEST All — ^was formed from Union, Jan. 22, 1823. It lies upon the s. bank of the Susque- hanna, and is the s. w. comer tovm of the co. The surface consists of the river intervale and the hilly region immediately s. of it. The soil upon the hills is a fine quality of slaty loam, and in the valley it is a deep, rich, gravelly loam and alluvium. It is adapted to both grain raising and grazing. Vestal, (p. v.,) near the mouth of Big Chooonut Creek, contains 1 church and about 45 dwellings, Vestal Center, (p. v.,) on the same stream, 1 church and about 20 houses, and Tracy Creeli, (p. v.,) in the w. part, 1 church and about 15 houses. Settlement was com- menced in 1785, by emigrants from New England.^ The M. E. church at Vestal was the first religious organization in town.* WIWDSOR^ — was formed from Chenango, March 27, 1807. Colesville and Sandford were taken off in 1821, and a part of Conklin in 1851. A part of Conklin was annexed April 18, 1831. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., s. e. of the center. Its surface is principally occupied by 2 high ridges separated by the valley of the Susquehanna. Upon the E. side of the valley the hills attain an elevation of 600 to 1200 feet above the river, and culminate in several distinct peaks ; on the w. the hiUs are less elevated, though the highest summits attain an elevation of 400 to 800 feet above the valley.* The declivities of these hills are generally very abrupt. Oquaga HiU, in the N. E. part of the town, is one of the highest peaks, and it has some historical notoriety. {See p. .) The valley of the river is generally narrow. The soil is a deep, rich, gravelly loam in the valleys, and a cold, hard, slaty loam underlaid by clay and hardpan upon the hills. Considerable portions of the E. and s. parts of the town are yet uncultivated. fVindsor, (p. v.,) situated on the Susquehanna, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches and Windsor Academy. Pop. 339. Stillson Hollow (West Windsor p.o.) contains about 20 houses. Randolph Cen- ter' {p. 0.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on the Susquehanna, at the mouth of Doo- little Creek, in 1786, by John Doolittle, from Conn.* The first church (Cong.) was organized Aug. 15, 1793, by Rev. Mr. Judd. There are 5 churches in town.' 1 Among the early settlers were Joseph Mevereau, Gen. Orange Stoddard, Nehemiah Spaulding, Walter Sabin, Capt. Wm. Brink, Moses Chambers, Ezekiel and OUver Crocker, Jeremiah and Beiy. Brown, Amos Patterson, Abner Rockwell, and Medad and Elisha B. Bradley. The first death was that of Mary J. risk, June 13, 1V89. James Boss and Jabesh Winchop built the first gristmill, in 1791, and the latter opened the first tavern, the same year. The first school was taught by Flavel Sabin, in 1787. 2 2 Presb. and 1 M. E. 8 Samuel and Daniel Seymour, David Barney, Daniel Price, Wm. Coe, Buggies Winchel, and Asa Camp, were the first set- tlers. Saml. Coe kept the first inn, in 1791, and R. Winchel built the first grist mill, in 1786. The first school was taught by John Boutch, in 1793. * The census reports 3 churches; Bap,, M. E., and Ref. Meth. 5 Named from Windsor, Conn. ^ The surface of the Susquehanna in this town is about 910 feet above tide. 7 So called from its being the center of Randolph's Patent. 8 David Aniaphad and Cyrus Hotchkiss, John Gurnsey and Swift, settled in town in 1787. The first birth was that of David Doolittle, Dec. 27, 1786; the first marriage, that of Capt. English and Miss Moore ; and the first death, that of Mi-s. Ash- ley, the interpreter at the Oquaga Mission, in Aug. 1787. Josiah Stow opened the first inn and store, in 1788, and Lane built the first gristmill, in 1797. The first school was taught by Seymour, iu 1789. « 2 M. E., and 1 each P. W. Bap., Ref. Meth., and Presb. BROOME COUNTY. 85 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Broome County. Nambs of Towns. AoBES OF Land. 1 1 Taxtjation of 1858. 1 Population. 11 1 ? 1 Schools. | 1 ■| 1 1 OS ■§1 a 1 J e 4 E .1 14 12 27 17 18 13 7 20 9 12 17 19 22 if Barker Binghamton* Chenango. ColesviUe Conklin Lisle 13,156 29,486 27,023i 16,041* 13,493 13,879i 6,020 14,350i 16,830 14,167 12,026 22,367J 9,299 21,040i 20,102 19,513 10,963 17,001i 8,424 40,609i 8,676 6,061 13,919 29,801 305,712 1,829,290 326,076 636,669 608,901 373,229 317,916 119,895 198,867 478,626 342,724 684,699 345,166 . 492,960 13,410 606,609 20,100 30,806 22,160 18,260 22,620 1,760 1,600 3,840 30,160 33,886 14,151 30,086 310,122 2,434,899 346,176 667,866 631,061 391,489 340,636 121,646 200,467 482,266 372,874 668,085 369,307 523,046 639 6,626 1,613 1,340 926 1,008 426 1,604 912 1,269 997 1,337 686 6,502 1,622 1,199 890 971 393 1,466 872 1,204 970 1,300 266 1,94E 706 465 253 393 162 665 340 471 378 619 257 2,306 644 483 376 406 160 669 374 498 370 630 234 1,362 660 403 382 366 129 434 283 383 363 480 6,348 2,876 470 1,234 1,032 744 784 277 1,160 '362 696 1,046 872 930 Nanticoke Sandford Union..,.^ Vestal . Total 198,8391 206,208* 6,710,609 847,717 7,668,326 18,686 17,964 6,436 6,962 212 12,483 lilVl SlOOK. 1 Agricultural Products. | 1 ^1 , 1 CD 741 2,192 1,342 1,194 688 742 286 673 922 1,322 908 1,241 BiTSH. OF Gbaot. 1 .a 1 II It Dairy Pkoductb. 1 5 di M i°6 Barker Binghamton* Chenango ColesviUe Conklin Lisle 284 1,230 740 624 460 396 173 344 603 448 369 627 1,379 2,669 2,738 1,722 1,442 1,621 642 1,630 1,868 1,264 963 2,610 1,326 2,706 2,207 1,233 1,212 1,131 670 1,067 1,745 1,26C 64rd«*of,th«„Uact.-and lonn an almost impassable barrier bi I maining parts of that town. between this and the ro- Thus entirely isolated from the 88 COLUMBIA COUNTY. The surface is broken and hilly. In the e. part the hills range in a N. and s. direction, but else- -ffhere they are irregular. Koeliff Jansens KilLi'orosses the town in a s. w. direction. A narrow intervale, bordered by steep, irregular hills, extends along its course. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Iron ore has been obtained at diflferent places from the hills upon the E. border of the town,^ and j^d_oreJs mined at Hot Groun(^ Ancram,* (p. v.,) situated on Eoeliff Jansens Kil, in thewTparFoi' the town, contains 2 churches, a paper mill, a sawmill, and about 30 houses. Hot Cround ( Leadmines p.o.) and Boston Corner, (p.o.,) a station on the Harlem B. K, areT^lets. The town was first settled by the Duteh, in the neighborhood of Ancram Village. There are 3 churches in town.^ AUSTEKIilTZ — was formed from Canaan, Chatham, and Hillsdale, March 28, 1818. It lies on the E. border of the co., N. of the center. The E. and central parts are broken by irregular ranges of hills, and the w. part is undulating. The principal streams are Green River in the E. and Punsit Creek in the w. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed in some parts with slate and clay. The hills are mostly arable to their summits. Spencerto-wn, (p. v.,) on Punsit Creek, in the w. part of the tovm, contains 2 churches, an academy,' and 2 gristmills. Pop. 225. Austerlitz, (p. v.,) in the valley of Green River, contains 2 churches and 150 inhabitants. Fpper Oreen KiTer is a hamlet in the s. e. part of the town. The first settlements were made about 1745 to 1750, by squatters from Conn.' Disputes concerning the ownership of lands thus appropriated arose ; and on the 31st of May, 1757, the settlers appointed a committee to adjust the difficulties. About 1774, Nathaniel Culver and Jas. Savage were sent to England to secure a grant of these lands to the settlers ; but, owing to the trouble existing between the mother country and the colonies, they were unsuccessful. The land titles were finally settled by the act of March 22, 1791. The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1750, and Rev. Jesse Clark was the first pastor.' CAWAAIV — ^was formed as "Kings District," March 24, 1772, and its name was changed March 7, 1788. A part of Chatham was taken off in 1795, and New Lebanon and a part of Austerhtz in 1818. It is situated on the e. border of the CO., between Austerlitz and New Lebanon. A range of mountains or hills separates it from Massachusetts. The surface is broken and hilly. Whitingg Pond, in the E. part of the town, is about 2 mi. in circumference. Its outlet is tributary to Kin- derhook Creek and affords several valuable mill sites. The soil is a gravelly or slaty loam and clay. The hills are mostly arable to their summits. Near the center of the tovm is a slate quarry.' Canaan Four Corners, (p. v.,) a station on the A. & W. S. R. R., contains 1 church and 32 dwellings ; Flat Brook, (p. v.,) a station on the same E. B., contains 1 church and 15 dwellings. Canaan (p.o.) and Canaan Center (p.o.) are hamlets. Queecbr, on the outlet of Whitings Pond^ contains 1 church, 2 paper mills, a, sawmill, a gristmill, and 21 dwellings; and Red Rocll^'iin the s. w. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 30 dwellings. Two families of Shakers, consisting of about 75 persons, reside in the N. E. part of the town. They are chiefly engaged in farming, and their estate consists of over 1400 acres. They raise garden seeds to a limited extent, and manufacture brooms, mop sticks, and other similar articles. The settlement of the town was commenced about 1756." At a meeting of the citizens of "Kings District," (June 24, 1776,) held for the purpose of choosing delegates to the Provincial seat of civil authority, it became the resort of fugitives from justice, prize fighters, and others of like character, who bade defiance to the laws and practiced their unlawful acts with im- punity. In Dec. 18-18, the inhabitants petitioned to be annexed, to N.Y._ The g;i;.-^te of Mfy^a, consented^ in May,J £&3. The] cession was accepted by New York, July 21 WTEFsame yearj confirmed by Congress, Jan. 3, 1855, and the Corner was an-j nexed to this town, Apiil 13, 1857. — N. T. Assem. Docs., 54 194, 1849. 1 Called "Ancram Creek" Jn this town. 2 Tftese -nfln^riiiive be6n worked many years. Considerable quantities of ore are obtained on the land of A. McArthur and sent to Millerstown (Dutchess co.) on the Harlem R.R. An ore bed N. of this, owned by the Empire Co., is connected with the E. R. by a track 1^ ml. long. 3 This mine was discovered on land leased by the keeper of the Livingston Manor. Kobt. R. Livingston purchased the lease, and sold it to a N. Y. Co., by whom the mine was worked until within a few years. A shaft has been sunk 100 feet, and galleries openedin diflferent directions. The mine is on land now owned by H. Mclntyre. * This place was formerly celebrated for its iron works. These were erected as early as 1756. The ore was obtained from Salis- bury, Conn., and from mines in the E. part of this town, and pig and bar iron of a superior quality was made. 5 Evang. Luth., M.E., and Presb. 6 The Spencertown Academy was established mainly through the exertions of Rev. Dr. T. Woodbridsre. 7 Among the early settlers were John Dean, John Williams, Seth and Truman Powell, Jas. Sexton, Ephraim Kidder, and families by the names of Osborne, Lawrence, Spencer, and Whit- more. 8 The census reports 4 churches in town; Christian, Cong., M. E., and Presb. s This quarry is on the land of L. D. Eord. The slate is of a dark blue color, and plates of any required size or thickness may be obtained. ^0 So nanied from a large i-ock by the roadside, painted red, and surmounted by a wooden column about 10 feet high, hearing the date " Jan. 1825." 11 Among the early settlers were fiuniliea named Douglass, Warner, Whiting, Alesworth, Baldwn, and Hawley. The first mill was built byWm. B. Whiting, about 1775. This mill, stored with grain belonging to the government, was burned by tories during the war. In the first book of records is a memorandum, without date or signature, stating that "the town records were kept on loose paper previous to 1772, but not probably but a few yeai*s. The deed from the Indians of 6 mi. eq. was executed in 1758. The compensation was £250, that being paid for the 6 mi. sq." The record is continuous since May 6, 1772. COLUMBIA COUNTY. 89 Congress, it was voted to recommend to that body the passage of a declaration of independence.' There are 7 churches in town.^ CHATHAM — ^was formed from Canaan and Kinderhook, March 17, 1795, and parts of Aus- terlitz and Ghent were taken off in 1818. It lies near the center of the n. border of the co. The surface is moderately hilly, the ranges generally extending n. and s. The principal stream is Kin- derhook Creek, upon which are numerous mill sites. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay, and upon the hills it is slaty. The valleys are broad and fertile, and the hills arable to their summits. Near New Concord is a sulphur spring. Cbatbam Four Cor- ners (p.v.) is situated partly in this town and partly in Ghent. It is an important station on the A. & W. S. R. R. and the H & B. R. R., and is the terminus of the Harlem R. R. The depSts of these roads are in Ghent. The village contains 3 churches, a machine shop, and 3 foundries. Pop. 697. East Cliatham, (p.v.,) a station on the A. & W. S. R. R., near the line of Canaan, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and candle factory. Pop. 245. Xew Concord contains 1 church and 109 inhabitants ; Cliatliani, (p. v.,) 1 church, a furnace and plow factory, gristmill, and saw- mill, and a pop. of 214 ; Rayvllle a Friends meeting house and 13 houses ; Cbatbam Cen- ter, (p.v.,) 1 church and 127 inhabitants; Maiden Bridge, (p.v.,) 1 church, a paper mill, sawmill, and tannery, and a pop. of 193 ; and Ryders Mills, a gristmill, sawmill, and 12 houses. HTortll Cbatbani, (p.v.,) contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, and plaster mill. Pop. 179. The settlement of this town commenced about 1725. The settlers were from Kinder- hook, but originally from Holland. A company from Connecticut settled at New Concord in 1758.' The census reports 11 churches in town.* CliAVERACK.* (Claw've-rack) — ^was formed as a district, March 24, 1772. Hillsdale was taken off in 1782, and Hudson in 1785. It was recogiiized as a town, March 7, 1788. A part of Ghent was taken off in 1818. It lies near the center of the co. The surface in the w. part is undulating, and in the E. hilly. Claverack Creek, upon the w. border of the town, and its tribu- taries, are the principal streams. The soil is a rich loam in the w., and a gravelly loam inter- mixed with slate in the e. ClaveracU, (p. v.,) in the w. part of the town, .a station on the n. & B. R. R., contains 2 churches and the Claverack Academy and Hudson River Institute ;« pop. 496 ; Mellenville, (p. v.,) a station on the H. & B. R. R., contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and •30 dwellings ; and Pliilmont, (p.v.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., contains several manufac- turing establishments' and 35 dwellings. Soutli Bend Mills, Martindale Oepot, (p. o.) and Humpbreysville (p. o.) are hamlets. Smofey Hollow (p. v.) contains several manu- factories' and 25 dwellings, and Clmrcbtown (p. v.) 1 church and 14 dwellings. The Ref. Prot. D. church, Claverack, was organized in 1716, and the present edifice was erected in 1765. There are 6 churches in town.' CliEBMOBTT — was formed from the Livingston Manor, March 12, 1787." It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is undulating. Roeliff Jansens Kil forms the e. boundary. The soil is a fertile loam, and in some places sandy. Clermont, (p.v.,) near the E. part of the tovm, has a pop. of 155. The first settlement was made at an early day by Germans, who occupied the lands as tenants. A school was established, in 1791, by a special act of the legis- lature, before any general school system had been adopted in the State." Robert R. Livingston, a prominent statesman of the Revolution and the first chancellor of the State, was a resident of this town. A German Lutheran church, about 3 mi. w. of the viUage of Clermont, is the only church in town. COPAH.E— was formed from Taghkanick, March 26, 1824. It lies on the e. border of the CO., between Hillsdale and Ancram. Its surface is broken by ranges of hills separated by broad 1 William B. Whiting, Asa Waterman, Philii) Erisliie, Martm Beebe, Elisha Pratt, Capt. Baldwin, Daniel Buck, Eli.iah Bost- wick, Gideon King, Jarvis Mudge, Saml. Johnson, Saral. Oillet', L A Ilerrick, Joseph Wood, John WooJworth, and Saml. Baily were appointed a committee to prepare a memorial making such recommendation to Congress. > 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Christian, Cong., and Presb. , „ , » Among these were John Beebe, and others named Cady, Hurlburt, Palmer, and Davis. A little w. of Chatham Center was a stone house, used as a defense against the Indians during the Kevolution. A man named Vosburgli, who lived near this house, was killed and scalped ; but his family escaped. « 6 M. B., 2 Bap., Christian, Cong., and Ref. Prot. D. « This town formerly extended to the Hudson, and the bluffs on the bank were named the " Klauvers,' (clovers,) whence » Claver-reach," or "Claverack."— BeMon'J Memmr, p. «. « This institution is located upon a beautiful eminence in the N. part of the village, and commands an extensive view of the surrounding country and of the distant Catskills. It is under the charge of (tiia ja^3leiJpuJ>»ti®n) and is one of the most a^ , flourishing institutions in the State. It has accommodations for 500 to 600 pupils. 7 Three paper mills, a carpet factory, woolen factory, sash and blind factory, furnace and machine shop. 8 A woolen factory, cradle factory, gristmill, and sawmill. » 2 Ref. Prot. D., Bap., Evang. Lnth., M. E., and Prot. E. 10 By an act of legislature passed March 2, 1858, a triangular tract, now constituting the N. part of Germantown, was taken off from Clermont. n An academy was incorp. April 26, 1834, and received under the regents Feb. 26, 1837, but it was never successfully organ- ised. 90 COLUMBIA COUNTY. and fertile valleys. A high and nearly unbroken range extends along the e. border. In the town are several small lakes, the principal of which are Copake Lake in the w., and Robinsons, Snyder, and Rhoda Ponds in the s. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Near Copake Station are several iron mines.i CopaUc Station, (Copake Iron Works p.o.,) on the Harlem R. R., contains 1 church, a blast furnace, and 26 houses; Copake Flats (Copake p.o.) contains 1 church and 20 houses; and Balnes Station, (North Copake p.o.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., 15 houses. The settlement of this town commenced about the middle of the last century.^ A Ref Prot. D. church was the first church organized, and Rev. Jeremiah Romeyn was the first pastor.' GAIiliATKV*— was formed from Ancram, March 27, 1830. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. The surface is broken by several ranges of hills, which extend in a n. and s. direction. The highest point is Mattashuk Hill, s. of JLake Charlotte. Roelifi" Jansens Kil is the principal stream: its banks are Se^"andTn some' places rooty. Charlotte Lake, in the n. part of the town, is a fine sheet of water, surrounded by gentle slopes cultivated to the water's edge. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam, and moderately fertile. Gallatin vllle, (p. v.,) on Roeliff Jansens Kil, contains a gristmill and 11 houses ; "Weaver Hollow, Jacksons Corners, (on the line of and p. o. in Dutchess co.,) and Union Corners, (partly in Livingston,) are hamlets. The town was settled at a very early day by emigrants from Holland and Germany .* A Ref. Prot. D. church was organized in 1748, and the Rev. Mr. Freymoot was the first pastor.' GHEIVT'— was formed from Chatham, Claverack, and Kinderhook, April 3, 1818 ; and a part of Stockport was taken off in 1833. It is an interior town, N. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly in the e. and undulating in the w. The town is watered by several small streams tribu- tary to Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks. The soil is mostly a gravelly loam, but in some parts it is clayey. Gkent,' (p. v.,) in the e. part of the town, is a station on the H. & B. and Harlem R. Rs. It contains 2 churches and 18 houses. West Crbent (v.) contains 1 church and 16 houses. The first settlement was made about 1735, by emigrants from Holland and Germany.' There are 4 churches in town." GREEBfPORT — was formed from Hudson City, May 13, 1837. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly. Beacrofts Mt., in the E. part of the town, is nearly precipitous upon its w. side. Merino Point," near the Hudson, has an elevation of 250 feet above the river. Claverack Creek forms the e. boundary of the town, and a small tributary of this stream and Kahseway Creek are the principal watercourses. The inter- vale of the latter is broad and fertile. The soil is clayey along the river and a sandy and gravelly loam in the interior. Limestone is extensively quarried on the E. side of Beacrofts Mt. Oak Hill (p. 0.) is a station on the Hudson R. R. R. in the s. w. part of the town. A steam ferry connects this place with Catskill Point on the opposite side of the Hudson. Settlement commenced in this town about the middle of the last century.'^ There is but one church (Ref Prot. D.) in town. GERMAIVTO'WIV — was formed as a district April 1, 1775, and recognized as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Clermont was annexed, March 2, 1858^ It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. part of the co. The surface is undulating. Roeliff Jansens Kil forms the N. boundary. The soil is a rich, fertile loam, sandy in a few places. Germantown (p. v.) contains 1 church and 19 houses, and East Camp 17 houses. The first settlement was made in 1710, by German Palatinates, under the patronage of Queen Anne. The first arrival was in 1710; and on the 1st of May, 1711, there were 1178 settlers in town, and the fiur villages " Huniersiown," " Queenshury," "Annsberg," and " Haysburgh" had sprung into existence.'^ A school was estab- 1 The ores otitajned from these mines are hematites. A now ore bed, that promises an abundant supply of an excellent quality, has recently been opened to the depth of 13 feet. 2 Families by the names of Snyder, Briese, and Lampman were among the early settlers. 8 The census reports 3 churches ; M. B., Presb., and Prot. E. 4 Named in honor of Hon. Albert Gallatin. ^ ^^„^ "icfc^nbacker 3 and the Snyders were among the first settlePfi]' A'Bi*lflgWB(!man, named Rosa, was one of the first set- tlers in the neighborhood of Gallatinville. There are 2 churches in town; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. 7 Named from Ghent, in HoUandT'"**''*'*'*^''*' 8 The Indian name of this locality w.'xa " Scom-pa-^muck." » Among the first settlers were John, Cornelius, Andrew, and Lawrence Sharp, and Abraham Hogeboom, who located near Ghent Village. A man named Cox had settled near the same place a short time before. M 2 Ref. Prot. D., Evan;?., Meth,, and 'Frionds. " This point was formerly CiiUcd ■' Rorahuck" Its present name was derived from the fact that a large sheep farm was established here many years ago. 12 Jacob Johannes Van Hoesen and Erneric Plaice settled in the town as early as 1763. 13 Named " East Camp" and " German damp" in some early records. '^ "That part annexed was almost isolated from the rest of CleM mont, and lay N. of this town. IB A tract of 600O acres, forming the present town of German- town, was purchased, on the 9th of Sept. 1710, of Robt. Living- ston by Gov. Hunter, for the use of these people. It was de- signed to employ them in raising hemp and making tar, pitch, and I'osin for the royal navy, and they wore furnished with pro- visions and tools. The management of their affairs was_ In- trusted to a board of commissioners, consisting of Robt. Living- ston, Richai-d Sackot, John Cast, Godfrey Walsen, Andrew Bag- ger, and Herman Schureman. John Peter Kniesltem was ap- pointed "master" in Hunterstown, John Conrad Weiser in Queensbury, Hartman Windecker in Annsberg, and John Chris- COLUMBIA COUNTY. 91 The Ref. Prot D. church was formed in 1728, and Johannes Van Driesen was the lished in 1711. first pastor.^ HIKiIiSDAIii: — ^was formed from OlaveracK, as a district, March 26, 1782, recognized as a town March 7, 1788, and a part of Austerlitz was taken off in 1818. The surface is broken by ranges of high hills extending in a N. and s. direction and separated by narrow valleys. Green River crosses the n. B. corner; and several small streams, which form the head wafers of Roeliff Jansens and Claverack Creeks, take their rise in the town. The soil is a gravelly loam and clay. Hillsdale, (p. v.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., in the s. part of the town, contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 225 ; HarlemvlUe (p. v.) contains 1 church and 225 inhabitants, and Oreen Klver (p.v.) 1 church and about 12 houses. The town was settled at a very early day, — the s. part by immigrants from Mass. and the N. by Dutch settlers.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized June 23, 1787, and Rev. Stephen Gano, D.D., was the first pastor. There are 6 churches in town.' HUDSOJV CITY — was formed from Claverack, and incorp. as a city, April 22, 1785.* A part of Stockport was taken off in 1833, and Greenport in 1837. It lies upon the e. bank of the Hudson, at the head of ship navigation, near the center of the w. border offfie^ co. TEF surface ' is a rolling upland. A slate bluff rises abruptly from the river to the height of 60 ft., and from its summit a beautifully rolling ridge extends eastward and slopes gradually upward for a distance of one and a half mi., termi- nating in Prospect Hill, a high, rounded eminence 300 ft. above the surrounding lands and 500 ft. above the river. This ridge is from 6 to 50 rods in width, and is bounded on the N. and s. by gradual and uniform slopes. North and South Bays (two shallow bodies of water) extend about 1000 ft. inland from the river, converting the w. extremity of the ridge into a promontory.' A public square, containing an area of about an acre and a half, has been laid out upon the summit of the bluff overlooking the river, and furnishing one of the most beautiful public promenades in the country. From the summit of Prospect Hill an extensive view is obtained of the windings of the Hudson, with distant Catskills on the one side, and the Green Hills of Mass. on the other. In the river, opposite the city, is an extensive mud flat, through which a canal has been cut for the Hudson and Athens Ferry, This city is the western terminus of the Hudson & Boston R. R., and an important station on the Hudson R. R. R. The manufectures are extensive, consisting principally of iron and clothing.' A considerable amount of commerce is carried on by means of the Hudson.' The Citi/ Sail is a brick building, situated on Warren St. near the center of the city. The lower story is used for mercantile purposes. The Public Schools are in a flourishing condition. In 1857 the city was divided into 5 districts, and gave employment to 21 teachers, — 5 males and 16 females. The number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 was 2562, of which 1095 (or 42| per cent.) were in attendance some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for that year was $4448 38 ; total receipts, the same ; number of volumes in district libraries, 700. A Lancasterian School Society was incorp. April 15, 1817, and it maintained a school many years.* The Hudson Academy building, a plain, 3 story brick edifice near Prospect Hill, was erected in 1805. tian Tucks ia Haysbnrgh. The enterprise was uneuwessfnl, and many of the settlers removed to the Mohawk and Schoharie Val- leys. In the snmmer of 1711 a company of 25 men from " Hun- tersUnon" volunteered in the expedition against Canada- In 1725 the tract was granted hy letters patent to the inhabitants of "EaMOamp," to be divided equally in fee after reserving 40 acres for church and school purposes. 1 The census reports 3 churches in town ; Evang. Luth., jM E., and Ref. Prot. B. 2 Among the early Butch settlers were families named Shower- man, Blackman, Kinyon, Fregers, Evarts, and Shurts. - — - Foster waa one of the first settlers near Hillsdale Village. The State surrendered its claims to the lands actually occupied, March 12, 1793. » 3 M. E., Bap., Christian, and Presb. * The express object of this incorporation waste facilitate com- mercial operations. The charter included all the territory n. of Livmgston Manor and w. of Claverack Creek, extending 180 feet into the Hudson. B Warren St., the principal sireetof the city, extends along the crest of this ridge from the foot of Prospect Hill to the prome- nade grounds on the bluff. Few .streets in any city have a finer location than this. 6 The Hudson Iron Co. have a double blast furnace, driven by an engine of 300 horse power : 80 to 90 men are employed, and 40 to 50 tons of pig iron turned out per day. At the Columbia Iron Works about 40 men are employed, and 20 to 25 tons of pi^ iron made daily. The ore used in these furnaces is obtained from Weston, Mass., and from DutclieBS, Orange, and Essex cw. Clark's ClotliingManufactoryemploysabout400hands. Inl858, sales were made to the amount of $130,000, mostly for the Soutli- ern market. Beside these, there are in the city 2 machine shops, 2 iron foundries, a stove foundry, gunshop, cutlery manufactory, bookbindery, flouring mill, brewery, and brickyard. 7 An immense quantity of pressed hay, annually Bent to the New York market, forms the principal export of the co. 8 By act of May 11, 1835, this society was allowed to raise $400 annually. 92 COLUMBIA COUNTY. The Hudson Female Academy was organized in 1851, and occupies a substantial stone edifice formerly used as a private lunatic asylum. The Orphan Asylum was established in Oct. 1843, and is in charge of a board of lady managers. Forty to 60 children are provided for. It is supported by private donations, assisted by an annual stipend of ^1000 from the co. Beside these, there are in the city 11 private schools, 2 public libraries, 3 banks, and 3 newspaper offices. A lunatic asylum was established here in 1832, but it was given up upon the opening of the State Asylum at Utica.' The fii'st religious organization (a society of Friends) was formed in 1784, and a meeting house was built in 1785. There are now 11 churches in the city.' Hudson was formerly known as " Claverack Landing." ' The foundation of its future prosperity as a city was laid by Seth and Thos! Jenkins and their associates, in 1783C1> It grew with great rapidity, and soon became the center of a very extensive commercial business. In 1775 it became.^ a port of entr^l'^nd at an early period its commerce extended to the West Indies and Europe^L' Shad and herring, from the river and coast fisheries, ship timber, and country produce were ex- ported, and numbers of sliips were employed in the whale fisheries. The embargo, and the war which followed, destroyed this trade. The whaling business was afterward resumed, and for some time prosecuted with success; but it has since been entirely abandoned. A daily line of steamers plies between this city and Albany, and the day line between Albany and New York touches here. KIIVDERIIOOH.' — was formed as a district, March 22, 1772, and reorganized as u town March 7, 1788. A part of Chatham was taken off in 1795, a part of Ghent in 1818, and Stuyvesant in 1823. It occupies the central part of the N. border of the co. The surface ia level or undu- lating. Kinderhook Lake, in the N. jo. part, is about 4 mi. in circumference. The principal streams are Kinderhook Creek and the outlet of Kinderhook Lake. The soil is a fertile, sandy, and gravelly loam. KinderliooU, (p. v.,) situated on the creek of the same name, waa incorp. April 18, 1838. It contains 4 churches, the Kinderhook Academy, a newspaper office, 2 banks, and several manufacturing establishments.' Pop. 1078. liindenwald, the residence of Ex Pros. Martin Van Buren, is about 2 mi. s. of this village. Valatle,' (vol'a-che, p. v.,) situated at the junction of Kinderhook Creek and the outlet of Kinderhook Lake, was incorp. June 30, 1856. It contains 4 churches, 5 cotton factories,'" and several other manufactories." Wlver- vllle, (p.v.,) on the outlet of Kinderhook Lake, is a station on the A. &"W. S. E. R. It contains a wadding factory, batting factory, gristmill, and 21 houses. Settlements commenced under the Dutch Government.'^ The rights of certain settlers were confirmed by the act of Marfih 12, 1793. A controversy concerning the patent of John llendrick De Bmyn, granted in 1686, was settled by commissioners June 8, 1812. A Ref. Prot. D. church was organized in 1712. Rev. Johannes Lydius, of Albany, conducted the first religious services, and Rev. J. Van Driesen was the first settled pastor. There arc 8 churches in town." IiIVIWCiSTOW— was gi-anted as a manor," July 22, 1686, formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and organized as a town, March 7, 1788. Clermont was taken off in 1787, and Ancram and Taghkanick in 1803. It is situated in the s. w. part of the co., bordering on the Hudson. The surface is generally undulating. Claverack Creek crosses the N. E. corner, Kleina KiP flows through near the center, and lloeliff Jansens Kil forms the s. w. boundary. In most of its course 1 Established by Dr. 8. White. It was continued 6^ years, and during that time 297 patients were admitted, 2 Blip., M. E., Presb.. Prot. B., Ref. Prot. D., R. C, Univ., Wes. Meth., Af. Meth., and 2 Friends meeting houses. 8 In 1783, Peter Hogeboom, Peter Van Iloeson, Caspar Tluyck, John Van Allen, and John, Jacob, Jonathan, and Leonard Hen- dricks lived at this place. Van Allen kept a store, and Conrad Flock kept a canoo ferry to Loonenburgh. * Seth and Thomas Jenkins, and 2S others, that year formed themselves into an association for commercial purposes, and selected " CUiverack Landing" as the seat of their operations. A city plot was at once surveyed, docks wore built, and shipbuild- ing commenced. The following year the Hudson, a ship of 300 tons, was launched by Jenkins & Gelston. Cotton Qelstoii opened a store the same year, and in 1786 Thomas Jeukins and Josiah Alcott built a ropewtilk, 600 feet long. Josiah Barnard built a wind gristmill on Prospect Hill, In 1787 ; and Thos. and Seth Jenkins and Stephen Paddock, a hemp ducking factory, in B Henry Malcomb, the first collector, was appointed June 12, 1195. /^ 8 It is said that at one time a greater amount of I owned at this port than at New York. ^ — '■'A Butch name, signifying *' Childrona Point." Tliero are fleveral versions of the origin of this name : one is, that it was hipping was given by Hudson ft-om the number of Indian children congre- gated to see his vessel at a point above Stuyvesant Landing ; and another, that it was derived from the number of children belong- ing to a family residing at the forks of an Indian trail, whore the village of Kinderhook uow is. » A steam cotton factory, gristmill, sawmill, 2 hat factories, and a candle factorv- 1 A Dutch word, signifying " Little Falls." There is a liillbon) of about 16 feet ; and hence the name. lo There are about 400 looms in these factories, and 400 to 600 persons employed : warp and wiciiing exclusively are made at one of them. " A paper mill, furnace, machine shop, plaster mill, and saw- mill. Pop. estimated at about 1600. IS A record belonging to the Ref. Prot. D. church, dated 1T29, and signed by Johannes Van Driesen, gives the names of 100 families then residing in town. Among these are the names Van Alsteyn, Van Alien, Van Schaack, Van Durjron, Van Der Pool, Conyn, Iluljk, Vosburg, Schermcrhom, Klauw, Gardonier, Van Valkenburgh, Van SleUk, Wiober, and Mulder. >» 2 M. B., Bap., Bvang. Luth, Presb., Prot. B., Ref. Prot. D, and R. 0. I 1* The manor, of which this town is a part, waa granted to "Robert Livingston. » Little Greelc. gOLUMBIA COUNTY. 93 this last stream flows through a broad and fertile valley, but near the Hudson its banks are steep and rooky. The soil is a fertile, sandy loam. Johnstown, (Livingston p.o.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 1 church, a parochial school, and 28 houses. Glencoe Mills, (p.v.,) on Claverack Creek, contains a free chapel, 2 sawmills, and 16 houses. Bakers Mills, (p. 0.,) on Roeliif Jansens Kil, contains a woolen factory, 2 paper mills, a gristmill, and 10 dwellings. Elizavllle, (p.o.,) Blue Store, and liinlittago are hamlets. Settlement commenced soon after the patent was grantedJ^ There are 4 churches' in town." HTE'W l4EBA]y01V — ^was formed from Canaan, April 21, 1818. It is the n.e. corner town of the CO. The surface consists of steep hills separated by broad, irregular valleys. The Taghkar nick Mts., upon the e., separate this town from Mass. The Wyomanock or Lebanon Creek is the principal stream. The soil is a graveUy and slaty loam intermixed with clay. The valleys are generally narrow and the hills arable to their summits, liebanon Springes, (New Lebanon Springs p.o.,) in the e. part of the tovra, is celebrated for its thermal spring^Z^ It contains 2 churches, 4 hotels, and a gristmill, and has a pop. of 278. Tildens (New Lebanon p. o.) con- tains 1 church, a barometer and thermometer manufactory, a laboratory for the preparation of medicinal extracts,* and 35 houses. Wefr I^ebanon Center (p.v.) contains a gristmill, saw- mill, tannery, apd 22 houses; Moffatts Store, (p.v.,) 1 church and 23 houses; and ]VeiV Britain, (p.o.,) 1 church and 6 houses. In the e. part of the town, about 2 mi. s. of Lebanon Springs, is a large Shaker community.* The first settlement was made about 1760, by immigrants mostly from Mass. and Conn.' There are 8 churches in town.' STOCK.PORT— was formed from Hudson, Ghent, and Stuyvesant, April 30, 1833. It lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. The surface consists of a high table land, rising from the river in bluffs and descending with a moderate slope toward the e. Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks unite near the center of the town. The valleys of these streams are narrow and their banks often steep and rocky. Near Stottsville are 4 mineral springs, known as the Columbia Springs.* Stockport, (p.v.,) situated at the junction of Kinderhook and Claverack Creeks, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,' and 44 dwellings. Cbittendens Falls contains 1 church, 2 paper mills, and 14 dwellings, and Stottsville 2 woolen factcries and 21 dwellings. Co- lamttiaville'" (Stockport station on the Hudson R. R. R.) is situated on the Hudson. This town ■was settled at an early period by the Dutch. There are 4 churches in town.'' STUYVESAWE""— was formed from Kinderhook, April 21, 1823, and a part of Stockport was taken off in 1833. It is the n. w. corner town of the co., is situated on the bank of the Hudson, and includes the adjacent islands E. of the middle of the river. The surface is generally level, except along the river bank, where it is broken by ravines and low hills. Kinderhook Creek crosses the s. part of the town. The soil is generally clayey, but in some places it is a light, sandy loam. Stuyvesant Falls, (p.v.,) on Kinderhook Creek, contains 1 church; several manufac- tories," and 35 houses. Stuyvesant lianding', (Stuyvesant p. o.,) on the Hudson, contains 1 church, a flouring mill, a foundry, 2 coal yards, a lumber yard, and 34 houses. It is a steamboat 11 On Beatty'B map of 1714, the manorhouse and mill are located within this town, near the Hudson, and the residences of families named Witbeck, Claaa, and Brusie near Claveraclc 2 2 Ref. Pr ot. P., Eyang. Lnth., M. B. 8 'I'he eprtS^ IS lU l^STln diameter and 4 feet deep, and dis- charges 16 barrels of water per minute. The water is wholly tasteless, and has a temperature of 73° at all seasons. Accord- ing to an analysis made by Dr. Meade, 1 pint of water contains 1.25 grs. solid matter, as follows :— 0.25 grs. chloride of calcium, 0.44 grs. chloride of sodium, 0.19 grs. carbonate of lime, and 0.37 gra. sulphate of lime. Bubbles of gas constantly rise from the bottom of the spring, giving it the appearance of boiling. This gas is composed of 89.4 parts nitrogen and 10.6 parts oxygen, and is given out in the proportion of 5 cubic inches from a pint of the water. So great is the volume of water discharged that it not only supplies several baths, but 2 or 3 mills are kept run- ning by it both summer and winter.— i. C. Becl(?s Report, 1848, p. 48, and Geology 1st Dbt., p. 105. The medicinal properties of these waters were first brought to the notice of the public by Jafl. Hitchcock. There are several similar springs of less volume in the vicinity. ^. , , * Tilden & Co. have nnder cultivation 40 acres of medicinal plants,— chiefly dandelion, hyoscyamus, lettuce, belladonna, stra-' moniuBi, yellow dock, burdock, poppies, digitalis, aconite, liore- honnd, wormwood, and valerian. They also use large quantities of conium, gathered from the surrounding country, as well as imported medicinal herbs and roots. Sixty persons are employed in the preparation of their extracts. • There are 600 to 600 persons in this community. They own about 2000 acres of land in this State, besides a considerable tract in Mass. They have a large meeting house, a laboratory furnished with steam power, a gristmill, 4 sawmills, 2 machine shops, 8 dwellings, and several other buildings. They are prin- cipally engaged in farming, and in preparing extracts, roots, herbs, botanic medicines, and garden seeds. They also manu- facture brooms, sieves, and fancy baskets. About 200,000 lbs. of medicinal articles and garden seeds are put up annually. The neatness of their grounds and premises is prdverbial. 6 Among the first settlers were families named Gilbert, Cor- nell, King, Skinner, Mudge, Gurnsey, Jones, Waddams, Sanford, and Patchin. An inn was kept at Lebanon Springs for several years before the close of the Revolutionary War, The house is still standing, and is supposed to be nearly a century old. 7 3 M. E,, Bap., Christian, Presb., R. C, and a Shaker meeting house. 8 The waters of these springs have never been analyzed, A hotel and bathing houses have recently been erected near them, and they are now much frequented. * 2 cotton factories, a matrass factory, machine shop, and sash and blind factory. 10 Columbiaville was incorp. Feb. 21, 1812, but the act of in- corporation was repealed April 20. 1833. It was formerly a manufacturing place of considerable importance. In 1813 it had a cotton factory of 1500 spindles, 2 paper mills, 4 cording mills, 2 fulling mills, together with grist, saw, and plaster mills. " M. B., Presb., Prot. B., and Univ. 12 Named in honor of Gov. Peter Stuyvesant. 18 3 cotton factories, a woolen factory, a gristmill, sawmill, machine shop, and an agricultural implement factory. 94 COLUMBIA COUNTY. lauding^ and a station on the Hudson R. R. R. Coxsacfeie Station, on the Hudson R. R. R., has half a dozen houses. At this place is a ferry to Coxsackie, (Greene co.,) on the opposite side of the river. The first settlement was made by the Butch about the period of the English conquest.* There are 3 churches in town.' TAGHIiAJVICH.* — ^was formed from Livingston as " Granger," March 19, 1803. Its name was changed March 25, 1814, and Copake was taken off in 1824. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly. Taghkanick Creek is the principal stream. Its banks are low and rocky, and upon it are numerous mill sites. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. The hills are generally arable to their summits, although some are wooded and rocky. West Ta^hfeanich. {p. v.) contains 1 church, a gristmill, and 14 houses. Tagbkanfck (p.o.) and STeTP Forge are hamlets. The first settlements were made by German and Dutch settlers, among whom were families named Brises, Shurts, and Shoefelts. A tract of about 600 acres, called Taghkanick, included in this town, was purchased by Robert Livingston in 1685. The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1843. There are now 2 churches in town; Evang. Luth., and M. E. 1 2 propellers, owned by parties here, ply on the Hudson and run from this place. 2 Among the early settlers were families by the names of Van Alstyne, Van Allen, Van Ness, Van Slyke, Van Dyke, Van VaUcenburgh, Vosburgh, and Schermerhorn. ' ETang. Luth., Kef. Prot. D., and M. B. 4 Pronounced Toh-kon'nick, and supposed to signify " Water Eoough." Upon this side of Mt. Tom, in Copake, was formerly a spring which was a favorite resort of the Indians; and hence the name " Taghkanick" for the locality. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellint/s, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Columhia County. Names of Towws. Ancram Austerlitz Canaan Chatliam Claverack .. Clermont Copake Gallatin Gerinantown... Qhent Greenport Hillsdale. Hudson Kinderhook.... Livingston New Lebanon. Stockport Stuyvesant Taghkanick. ... Total Acres of Land. 21,135 22,606 16,601 26,866 25,055 10,231J 1S.3M 17,583 5,768 22,506 9,866 21,058 373 15,865 20,648 16,218 6,650 10,820 16,991 304,2778 5,784 4,987 6,218 4,381 4,910 2,047 4,624 6,161 673 6,420 1,549 6,641 77 2,811 2,055 3,804 901 2,448 5,068 69,255 Valuation of 1858. $626,3U0 401,800 447,810 1,094,908 927,201 279,067 433,820 288,924 220,407 881,504 357,280 462,830 1,000,600 721,867 692,072 286,090 233,818 450.762 283.980 II $49,900 68,460 66,100 271,730 138,353 151,331 100,250 126,069 100,305 92,103 222,600 132,060 1,360,042 994.240 254,500 104.000 64.260 203,000 63,106 $9,989,970 $4,552,379 $14,542,349 21,867 $675,200 470,260 513,910 1,366,098 1,066,564 430,388 634,070 414,993 320,712 973,607 679,880 694,880 2,350,642 1,716,097 846,572 300,090 298,068 663,752 347,086 929 796 9S9 2,030 1,664 538 838 778 573 1,272 686 1,101 3,120 1,800 1,026 1,161 776 974 872 822 967 1,993 1,709 620 782 739 668 1,266 098 1,093 3,600 2,064 1,039 1,178 845 963 837 22,534 323 359 724 569 183 Z71 260 176 412 216 394 895 671 328 362 282 316 274 7,287 _i_ 323 354 426 821 519 183 269 272 193 471 242 366 1,366 743 370 370 304 354 291 8,236 8 _^ 171 228 2S5 460 444 136 180 16« 132 237 146 273 600 161 204 291 125 287 178 4,664 188 10,603 §1 gj 767 674 684 1,497 1,179 SS3 542 672 446 700 445 979 2,390 1,528 932 821 519 Names of Towns. Ancram Austerlitz Canaan Chatham Claverack..... Clermont Copake Gallatin German town. Ghent Greenport Hillsdale Hudson _ Kinderhook. .. Livingston.... New Lebanon. Stockport Stuyvesant.... Taghkanick... Total 610 614 464 697 f41 f78 436 620 220 S.S5 1,208 800 690 1,338 904 289 981 1,036 189 962 366 866 7 642 697 833 203 347 852 827 678 1,462 1,113 596 804 837 435 981 118 639 996 926 327 650 881 13,170 14,600 ^ 11,381 8,485 8,711 6,579 4,673 2,530 7,211 5,135 243 4,469 740 6,900 3,865 3,954 9,230 87 1,442 3,005 3,835 1,193 1,013 2,921 2,'" 1,366 2,837 2,630 723 2,272 926 2,186 512 1 1,869 072 260 632 2,123 87,649 STSOS AORICUUEnRAl. Pboducts. Bush, of Gbain. fe 22,2984 12,821 12,325 40,844 49,049 14,867 40,774 28,431 6,736 60,172 12,324 26,367 160 33,911 49,238 8,809 2,784 10,662 31,546 e? 101,274 47,664 60,779 110,398 68,701i 22,806i 71,464 65,373 7,920 71,132 19,9154 73,928 936 99,730 49,446} 51,296 9,786 27.619 37,114 453,0084 987.1724 3,383 3,698 3,078 4,283 6,050 3,242 3,011 2,848 2,229 4,816 3,926 4,258 178 2,802 4,997 4,783 1,1 2,934 2,094 So 21,006 17,066 13,790 17,706 20,076 13,084 2,617 13,428 6,177 19,353 232j 20,050 9,519 16,868 4,114 21.236 9,019 65,103 269,4194 210,-342 |5 'S SI, 1^ 14,680 12,520 14,702 17,532 18,681 6,608 11,671 7,662 3,959 7,914 9,493 26,585 270 7,876 9,440 22,436 6,170 6,689 7,748 Dajhy Pboducts. 91,036 98,665 76,080 130;876 107,676 42,046 72,295 69,076 33,068 104,023 46,088 98,767 1,700 64,640 90,246 84,022 26,173 46,468 67,688 ft,e 300 8,300 12,385 10,284 1,168 1,220 760 100 250 6,061 626 144 26,794 266 630 1,347,428 67,167 5>i 151 1,017 321 622 487 306 1,208 106 13 139 3,016 8,576 GREENE COUI^TY. This county was formed from Albany and Ulster, March 25, 1800, and named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Greene, of the Keyolution. Parts were annexed to Ulster co. May 26, 1812. It lies upon the w. bank of Hudson Kiver, centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is very broken and mountainous. The main range of the Catskill Mts. commences 8 to 10 mi. w. of the Hudson and extends along the s. border of the co. to Delaware co. These mountains are 3000 to 3800 feet above tide.^ Their summits are broad, wild, and rocky, and their declivities steep and often pre- cipitous. A branch from the main ridge extends in a n. w. direction through the co., separating the towns of Durham and Cairo from Windham and Hunter and dividing the co. into two nearly equal parts. This ridge is 2500 to 3000 feet above tide. It has a steep and wall like front on the e., and on the w. it sends off numerous spurs, which extend to the valley of Schoharie Creek. The whole intermediate territory consists of high, rocky ridges separated by narrow valleys. The declivities are generally steep on the n., but more gradual on the s.^ Another branch from the main range extends northward through the extreme w. part of the co., between the towns of Halcott and Lexington, and forms the series of highlands that rise upon the w. bank of Schoharie Creek. This range forms the watershed between Schoharie Creek and Delaware Kiver. The e. half of the co. is hilly and broken. An irregular line of bluffs extends along the Hudson, with an average elevation of about 100 ft. Parallel to these bluffs, and 2 to 4 mi. further w., is a range of hills 500 to 700 ft. above the river. These highlands are known as the Potick Hills in the town of Athens. Between this ridge and the E. foot of the Catskills the surface is moderately hilly, gradually sloping toward Catskill Creek. The principal streams of tie co. are Hudson Biver, forming its E. border, Schoharie Creek and its tributaries, draining the w. slope of the mountains, and Catskill CreeF and its principal tributary the Kaaterskil, draining the E. slope. Small branches of these streams flow through narrow, rocky ravines, which break entirely through the mountains and form passes locally known as " cloves." The principal of these cloves are the Kaaters Kil, opening westward from the Hudson into the valley of Schoharie Creek, and the Bushkil Clove, Stoney Clove, Mink Hollow, and Platte- kil Hollow, opening southward from Schoharie Creek into the valleys of Ulster co. In many places these ravines are bordered by naked cliffs, nearly perpendicular, and 1000 to 1700 ft. above the streams. The small streams that drain the w. slope of the range in Halcott form branches of the Delaware. Schoharie Creek rises near the Mountain House, within 12 mi. of the Hudson, flows w. and n., and forms a branch of the Mohawk. The streams are mostly rapid, and are subject to sudden and violent freshets. The E. slope of the mountain and the outcropping strata of the Catskill and Kaaterskil Creeks present to the geologist one of the most interesting and compre- hensive fields of investigation to be found on the continent. Within the distance of 12 mi. from the village of CatskiU to the Mountain House may be seen nearly all the strata composing the New York system. The gray grits and conglomerates forming the floor of the coal measures are found 110 ft. deep at the summit of the Pine Orchard. The depth of the whole series, within the 12 mi. referred to, is scarcely less than 4000 feet. Few or no metallic veins or valuable minerals, except building and flagging stone, are found in the co. The soil on the w. slopes of the Catskill is chiefly a reddish, gravelly or shaly loam extensively underlaid by hardpan. The surface is stony, except upon the river bottoms, where the soil is fertile and productive. North and e. of the mountains the soil is greatly diversified by sections of gravelly, shaly, clayey, and sandy loams ; but a stiff clay predominates. Where properly culti- vated, it is moderately productive. The whole region is best adapted to grazing ; and the principal agricultural exports are butter, cheese, and pressed hay. Oats, barley, and potatoes are extensively cultivated, but, like most of the other eastern course, the grain grown is insufficient for the consump- > High Peak has an elevation of 3804 fee t above tide. Round Top 3718 feet, and Pino Orchard 80UO leet. The Catsldll Moun- tain House is situated upon the iBSt-nwnred mountain. ' The N. sides of these spurs are generally rocky and bare, and the 8. sides covered with vast deposits of drift, indicating that a great current of water from the N. once swept over them. Nearly all the valuable land in this section lies upon the N. side of the valley. 8 Named by the Dutch fi-om wild cats found iu this vicinity. Knaters Kil has a similar signification, but is limited to the male animals. 96 GREENE COUNTY. tion of the population. The principal manufactured products are brick, leather, and paper. Brick are extensively made on the hanks of the Hudson, in Catskill, Athens, and Coxsackie, for the New York market. The co. has a considerable interest in the commerce of the Hudson, but less, per- haps, than it had many years ago. No co. has been more seriously damaged in its commercial and manufacturing prospects by the public works of the State than Greene. Before the Erie Canal was completed, Catskill, the co. seat, commanded the trade of the adjacent cos. w., and of the s. tier through to Lake Erie, and some portions of Northern Penn. It was a large wheat market ; and at the falls of Catskill Creek, 3 mi. w. of the village, were the most extensive flouring mills in the State.^ The canals and railroads have limited the commercial transactions of the co, strictly to home trade. A change scarcely less marked and important has taken place in the industrial pursuits of the mountain towns. About 1817, soon after the discovery made of tanning leather in 90 days, tanners rushed into the Catskill Mts., purchased large tracts of mountain lands covered with hemlock timber, and erected extensive tanneries. The valleys of Schoharie Creek, Batavia, and West Kils soon teemed with a numerous, active laboring population, and the solitude of the deep mountain glens was made vocal by the hum of industry, the buzz of the waterwheel, and the rattling of machinery. Villages of considerable magnitude, with churches, schools, stores, and taverns, rose up in the wilderness as if by magic. Thirty years ago Greene co. made more leather than all the State beside. The supply of bark in this region was soon exhausted, and the pro- prietors gradually abandoned their establishments and followed the mountain chain s., erecting new factories in Ulster and Sullivan cos. ; and their successors are now pursuing the hemlock into the heart of the AUeghanies. The result of all this was to facilitate the occupation of the lands in the mountain towns, and in many cases to carry cultivation to the summits of the most lofty ranges, thereby opening one of the finest dairy and wool growing regions in the State. The county seat is located at Catskill, on the Hudson.^ The first courthouse was a wood building, erected under act of May 26, 1812.^ Some years since, this building was burned, and a new brick edifice was soon after erected in its place. It contains the court and jury rooms, and district attorney and CO. clerk's offices. A stone jail was erected in 1804, and a fireproof clerk's office in 1812. The 00. poorhouse is located on a farm of 130 acres in Cairo, 10 mi. w. of Catskill. The farm yields a revenue of $900. It has on an average 130 inmates, supported at a weekly expense of | .75 each. A school is taught in the house most of the year. The condition and adaptation of the building, and the management of the inmates, are not thought creditable to the co. authorities. Six weekly newspapers are published in the co.* More than two centuries have elapsed since the settlements in the valley of the Hudson com- menced at various points between New York and Albany. It was 150 years later when a few. 1 Of this place Spaflford'a Gazetteer (ed. of 1813) says, "Cats- kill has considerable trade already, and must probably expe- rience a rapid growth as the market town of an extensive back country. At some place in this vicinity, and on the w. bank of the river, future ages will probably find the third, if not the second, city on the Hudson, in wealth, population, and com- mercial importance." 2 Ira Day, Isaac Dubois, Grin Day, Joseph Klein, Ezra Haw- ley, and Lyman Hall., having executed to the supervisors a bond, under a penalty of $16,000, to procure a lot and build a court- house, an act was passed May 26, 1812, allowing the judges to accept the premises when completed. Courts were previously held at the academy, and the prisoners confined in Albany co. jail. 8 The first co. officers were Leonard Bronk, First Judge ; Eben- ez&v 'Soot. District AUorney ; James Bill, Cb. C&rfc ; George Hale, Sheriff; John H. Cuyler, Surrogate. * T/ie Catskill Packet, the first paper in the co., was published prior to 1800. The Catskill Recorder was started in 1801 by Mackey Croswell. In 1817 Edwin Croswell assumed its control, and con- tinued it until 1822. In 1827 it was published by Field & Faxton, and in 1828 it was issued as The CatskOl Recorder and Greene Co. Republican, by Faxton, Elliott & Gates. In 1849 it was united with TJie Demo- crat, and issued aa Tlie Catskill Recorder and Democrat, under which name it is still published by Joseph Josebury. The American Eagle was published at Catskill in 1810 by N. El- liott & Co. The Oatskill Emertdator was commenced in 1813, and continued a short time. The Greene and Delaware Washingtonian was commenced at Catskill in 1814, by Michael J. Kappel. In 1816 it was changed to The Middle District Gazette, and published by Wm.L. Stone. The Greene Co. Republican was established at Catskill in Nov. 1826, by Hyer. In 1827 it was sold to Ralph John- son ; in 1828, to C, Hull ; and in 1829 it was merged in y/ifi Catslcai Recorder. The CatakiU Messenger was started in 1830, by Ira Dubois. It was subsequently issued by Wm. Bryan, C. H. Cleve- land, and Trowbridge & Gunn. In 1849 it was changed to TJte Greene Co. Whig ; and in 1857 to The Catskill Kxaminer, by which name it is now published. T7te Oztskill Democrat was started in 1843 by Joseph Josebury, and in 1849 it was united with The Recorder. The AmeHcan Eagle was removed from Prattsville to Catskill in 1854 by E. & H. Baker. In 1855 its name was changed to TAe Banner of Industry, and published by Jas. H. Van Gorden. In 1857 it was sold to Henry Baker, by whom it is now published as The Catskill Democratic Herald, Thx. Cfreene Co. Advertiser was started at Coxsackie in 3832, and published for a time by Henry VanDyok. In 1836 it was changed to T?ie Standard, and published by Thomas B. Carroll. It was subsequently issued a short time as The Coxsackie Standard. The Coxsackie TJulon was established in 1851 by Fred. ^V. Hofl'mau. In Jan. 1857 it passed into the hands of D. M. & B. S. Slater, by whom it is still published. TJie S^atts^nlle Bee was started in 1852. The Baptist Library was started at Prattsville in 1843 by L. L. & K. H. Hill. In 1846 it was removed to Lexing- ton. The PrattST-llIe Ad-vocate was established by John L. Hackstaff in 1846, and is still published by W. B. Steele. The Mountaineer was published at Prattsville in 1853 by Chas. II. Cleveland. The American Eagle was established at Prattsville in 1854, but it was soon after removed to Catskill. The Windham Journal was started at Windham Center, Marob 21, 1857, by W.B.Steele, GREENE COUNTY. 97 smaU, isolated settlements were made in the valleys of tie streams in the interior of Greene co. The great Hardenburgh Patent, granted by Queen Anne, covered nearly all of that portion of the CO. lying w. of the mountains. The n. line of this grant commenced at the headwaters of the Kaaterskil, being the head of the upper lake at Pine Orchard, and ran a due w. course to the head- waters of the w. branch of the Delaware, in Stamford, Delaware co. This line was run at three different periods, near the close of the last century, by three different surveyors, no two of them agreeing by the width of whole farms. This disagreement has proved a prolific source of litigation in the courts of the State for 60 years. The patent included all that part of Delaware co. lying e. of the w, branch of Delaware River, and nearly all of Ulster and Sullivan cos. When the settle- ments commenced, the tract was owned by a great number of individuals, who had purchased by townships. At an early period, Stephen Day (from Conn.) purchased a large tract in Greene co., embracing a considerable portion of the old town of Windham, now forming the towns of Wind- ham, Ashland, Jewett, and a portion of Lexington and Hunter. This tract was principally settled by immigrants from Connecticut. ASHLiA.HfI>— named from the home of Henry Clay— was formed from Windham and Pratts- ville, March 23, 1848. It lies in the n. w. part of the co. Its n. and s. borders are occupied by two paraUel spurs of the Catskill Mts., 800 to 1000 ft. above the valley. Batavia Kil flows westward through the town at the foot of the s. range. This stream is bordered upon the n. by steep bluffs 150 to 200 ft. high; and from their summits the surface gradually slopes upward to the s. foot of the n. ridge near the n. border of the town. Lewis Creek and several smaller streams are tributaries of Batavia Kil. About two-thirds of the land in the town is improved. Asliland, (p. v., ) on Batavia Kil, in the s. part of the town,coutains 2 churches and a collegiate institute.^ Pop. 400. East Asll- land is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the valley of Batavia Kil, previous to the Revo- lutionary War, by a few Dutch families from Schoharie co. During the war, being harassed by the Indians and tories, the settlers returned to Schoharie co. The first permanent settlement was made in 17-88, by Blisha Strong and several brothers named Stimpson.^ There are 6 churches in town.' ATHEIVS— was formed from Catskill and Coxsackie, Feb. 25, 1815. It is situated on the Hudson, near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface is broken by several rocky hills and ridges lying parallel with the Hudson, with uneven or undulating intervales befrn-eeu. A range of high clay bluffs borders upon the river ; and a high rocky ridge, known as Potick Hill, extends through the w. part of tahe town. Several small streams flow southerly through the town, and Potick Creek forms its w. line. In the w. part of the town are 3 small lakes. In their vicinity, 4 or 5 mi. w. of the Hudson, are extensive beds of the Ilelderbergh limestone, large quantities of which are quarried for building purposes and for the manufacture of lime. Near the river the soil is a tough clay, bordered by sand ; elsewhere it is a sandy and gravelly loam of a good quality. Brick and lime are the principal articles manufactured, and these, with hay, form the exports of the town. Atbens,* (p. v.,) incorp. April 2, 1805, is situated on the Hudson, opposite the city of Hudson. Pop. 1747. The E. part of the town was settled at a very early period by immigrants from Holland.^ There are 5 churches in town.* CAIRO — was formed from Catskill, Coxsackie, and "Freehold," (now Durham,) March 26, 1803, as "Canton," and its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is situated at the e. foot of the Catskill Mts.,. the crest of the mountain forming its w. boundary. Its central and e. parts are broken by several high, rocky ridges. Round Top, near the foot of the mountains, is a rocky, isolated hill 500 ft. high. The Catskill Creek flows s. e. through the town, and receives from the n. John Debackers Creek and Plattekil, and from the s. Shingle and Hagel Kils. The soil is a clayey, gravelly, and shaly loam, fertile in the valleys and of'medium quality among the hills. Cairo, (p. v., ) situated near the center of the town, on the Old Susquehanna Turnpike, contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- lishments. Pop. 353. Acra, (p. o.,) in the w. part of the town, and Cairo Forge, about 1 mi. s. of Cairo, are hamlets. Settlements were made on the Shingle Kil previous to the Revolution.' A Presb. church was organized May 22, and a Bap. May 25, 1799. There are 7 churches in tovra.' 1 The Ashland Collegiate Institute was founded in 1854, under the care of the M. E. denomination. The present number of boarding pupils (1858) is 100. * Among the early settlers were Agabus White, John Tuttle, Jaims Strong, Solomon Ormsbee, Dr. Thomas Benham, and Medad Hunt, most of whom were from Connecticut. The first birth was that of Deborah Stone, in 1789. Sandford Hunt kept the first store, and Medad Hunt the first inn, in 1795. Ex Gov. Washington Hunt, son of Sandford Hunt, was bom in this town. » 3 M. E., Prot. B., Presb., and 11. C. 7 * Formerly called '^ LoonenhurgK^ and "jEsperaTwa." The steamer Swallow, on her way to New York with a large number of passengers, was wrecked in the river opposite this place on the evening of April 7, 1845, and about 20 persons were lost Senate Doc, No. 102, 1845. 6 A tannery was erected in 1750 by Nicholas Perry. « Bap., Friends, Luth., Prot. B., and Ref. Prot. D. 7 A family by the name of Strobe, living on the Shingle Kil were murdered by the Indians during the war. ' 8 3 M. B., Bap., Presb., Prot. B., and Union. 98 GREENE COUNTY. CATSK.IL,L,'— was formed March 7, 1788, as part of Albany co. It was annexed to Ulster co. April 5, 1798. A part of Woodstock (Ulster co.) was annexed March 25, 1800 ; a part of Cairo was taken off in 1803 and a part of Athens in 1815. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. E. corner of the 00. The surface is broken by several rocky ridges paraUel to the Hudson : these ridges are principally composed of shales and gray grit. In the latter formation are extensive quarries, from which a fine quality of flagging stone is obtained and largely exported. A swamp, covering an area of several hundred acre's, extends along the Hudson below Catskill Village. The CatskiU Creek flows s. E. through the N. e. corner t» the Hudson, and receives the Kaaters Kil after the latter has pursued an irregular course through the center and s. w. part of the town. The other streams are Kiskatora Creek, Jan Vosent and Corlears Kils. The soil is chiefly tenacious clay, with sections of gravelly and shaly loam. Hay is the principal agricultural export. Large quantities of brick are manu- factured and exported. Catskill Village being the chief entrepSt for the co., commerce forms one of the leading pursuits of the people. Catskill, (p. v.,) the co. seat, was incorp. March 14, 1806. It is situated on the Hudson, at the mouth of Catskill Creek. It contains 5 churches, 3 newspaper ofiBces, 2 banks, and a large number of mercantile and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 2520. liCedS, (p.v.,) situated at the falls on Catskill Creek, contains 2 churches and several manu- factories. Pop. 450. Palensville, (p.v.,) on the Kaaters Kil, in the w. part of the town, con- tains 2 tanneries, a woolen factory, and 18 dwellings. Settlements were made upon the banks of the Hudson, vrithin the limits of the town, at a very early period, by immigrants from Germany. The flats in the valley of Catskill Creek w. of Leeds were first settled by Martin G. Van Bergen and Sylvester Salisbury, who in 1677 purchased the Indian title to an extensive tract. There are 9 churches in town.^ COXSACK.IE'— was formed, as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Dur- ham was taken off in 1790, a part of Cairo and Greenville in 1803, New Baltimore in 1811, and a part of Athens in 1815. It lies upon the Hudson, n. e. of the center of the co. A range of clay bluffs about 100 ft. high extends along the course of the river, and a range of hills 500 ft. high through the center of the town. The surface is level or undulating in the e. and is hilly and broken in the w. The principal streams are the Coxsackie, Potick, and Jan Vosent Creeks. The soil in the E. is clayey and sandy, and in the w. it is a gravelly, shaly, and clayey loam. Brickmaking ia extensively pur- sued. Coxsackie, (p.v.,) situated near the Hudson, contains 6 churches, an academy, a news- paper office, a bank, and several manufactories.* Pop. 1800. Jacksonville, in the w. part of the town, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by the Dutch, about 1652, on a tract about 6 mi. sq. purchased of the Indians. There are 8 churches in town.^ DURHAM — was formed from Coxsackie as "Freehold," March 8, 1790, and its name was changed March 28, 1805. Parts of Cairo and Greenville were taken off in 1803. It lies near the center of the N. border of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken, the N. E. corner being occupied by the s. slopes of the Helderbergh Mts., and the w. Border by the Catskills. The principal streams are Catskill Creek, flowing s. E. through the B. part, and its tributaries Fall, Bowery, Posts, and Brink Street Creeks. The soil is generally a heavy clay, with occasional sections of gravel. There are several mills and tanneries on Catskill Creek, which stream affords a fair amount of water power. Oak Hill, (p.v.,) on Catskill Creek, has a pop. of 320. Durliam, (p.v.,) 1 mi. w. of Oak Hill, contains 2 churches and 30 houses, East Durkam (p.v.) 17 houses, Cornirall- ville, (p. V.,) in the central part of the town, 15 houses, and Soutll Durbam (p. o.) 10 houses. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1776. Capt. Asahel Jones and Rozel Post, from Conn., settled in 1788.* There are 7 churches in town.' CrREElVTIliIiE — was formed from Coxsackie and "Freehold," (now Durham,) March 26, 1803, as "Greenfield." Its name was changed to "Freehold" in 1808, and to Greenville, March 17, 1809. It lies on the N. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is hilly, — the southern extremity of the Helderbergh Mts. occupying the central and w. parts of the town. The principal streams are Potick, John Debackers, and Basic Creeks. The soil is chiefly a heavy, clay loam, well adapted to grazing ; but much of it has been exhausted by too frequent croppinga with hay. About 1 mi. w. of Greenville Center ia a sulphur spring. Cireenville, (p.v.,) n. of the center 1 Grent Imbocht District, including this town, waa formed Marcli 24, 1772. ! 3 M. E., 2 Kef. Prot. D., Bap.. Prosb., Prot. E., and Union. 8 Pron. Coolc-sock'ey. Derived fruni an Indian word signify- ing " Owl-hoot." * Shipbuilding wjia formerly carried on at the lower landing. near this place ; and several of the early Hudson River steam- boats were built here. s 2 Ref. Prot. D,, 2 M. E., Prot. E., R. C, Union, and At M. E. 6 Mr. Do Witt built the flrst gristmill, in 1788, and Jared Smith the first sawmill, about the same time. I 2 Cong., 2 M. B., Bap., Presb., and Prot. E. GREENE COUNTY. 99 of the town, contains 3 churches, tiie Oreenville Academy, and 35 houses; Freebold, (p.v.,) in the s. w. part, 1 church and 24 houses ; BTorton HiU, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, 16 houses ; Green- ville Center 15 ; and East Greenville 1 church and 10 houses. Gay Head is a p. office. In 1768 the British Government granted 2 patents — one for 2000 and one for 5000 acres, located together in the w. part of the town— to Major Augustine Prevost, of the 6th British infantry, who served in this country during the Old French War.> Stephen Lantinau, Godfrey Brandow, and Hans Overpaugh, who settled in the town in 1774, were among the earliest settlers.^ There are 7 churches in town,' OAL.COTT— was formed from Lexington, Nov. 19, 1851, and named from George W. Hal- cott, then sheriff of Greene co. It is situated in the s. w. corner of the oo., and is separated from the other towns of the co. by a mountain ridge 1000 feet high. This ridge is crossed by difficult and unfrequfinted roads. A considerable portion of the territory is covered with forests. The sur- fece is mountainous, comprising four valleys, in which rise the sources of the E. branch of the Delaware. The soil is chiefly a gravelly loam of medium quality, and stony, but is well adapted to grazing. From its isolated position among the mountains,* the chief avenue of communication with the outside world is on the s., by way of Middletown, Delaware co. Halcott (p. o.) is situated in the central part of the town. The first settlement was made on the Bush Kil in 1790, by Reuben Grysler, Thurston, Joseph Brooks, and Timothy Tyler.' There are 2 churches in town; O. S. Bap. and M. B. HUSfTER'— was formed from Windham as " Greenland," Jan. 27, 1813. Its name was changed April 15, 1814, a part of Saugertiss was taken off in 1814, and a part of Jewett in 1849. The surface is roeky and mountainous, not more than one-fourth being susceptible of cultivation. Several of the highest peais of the Catskills — among which are High Peak, Round Top, and Pine Orchard — lie within the limits of this town.' Two narrow valleys extend quite through the mountains and cross each other at nearly right angles near the center of the town. The first of these is the valley of Scho- harie Creek and its southerly continuation, that of the Plattes Kil ; and the second, that of the Kaatei-s Kil and Stony Clove, The soil is generally a heavy, clayey and shaly loam, very stony, and poorly adapted to agriculture. Hunter, (p.v.,) situated on Schoharie Creek, in the n.w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 393. Tanners- ville, near the center, is a p. office. Settlements were made during the Revolution, by "cowboys" from Putnam co. Their property was confiscated by the Whigs.* Col. Wm. W. Edwards and his son Wm. W., from Northampton, Mass., moved into tovm in July, 1817, and erected the first ex- tensive tannery in the State in which the then new method of tanning was adopted. Within a few years after, other tanneries were built, and a very large amount of leather was made in the town annually for a long series of years, until the hemlock bark was exhausted. Most of the estabUsh- ments are now abandoned. There are 3 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., and R. C. JEW^ETT — was formed from Lexington and Hunter, Nov. 14, 1849. It lies near the center of the w. half of the co. Its surface is principally occupied by high and rocky spurs extending w. from the principal N. branch of the Catskills. A high and almost precipitous ridge extends along the s. w. border of the town. Schoharie Creek and its tributary East Kil are the principal streams. The soil is a heavy, reddish, gravelly loam of medium quality, often stony and rocky, and largely underlaid by a tough hardpan. Jewett,' (p.v.,) in the n.w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 14 houses. Je^vett Center, at the junction of East Kil and Schoharie Creek, 1 Mi^lor Prevoat erected a fine mansion on one of these tracts, a little w. of the Wilage of Greenville, in which he resided until his death. 2 Abraham Post, Eleazar Knowles, Betha,el ninman, Peter Curtis, and Edward Lake, from Conn., settled in the town in 1783. Dayid Hickocfc and Davis Denning erected the first grist- mill, in 1785. * 2.Bap., 2 M. E., Prot. E^ Presb., and.Chriatian. * Wild game is still fonnd in the mountains, and the pure, limpid streams aljound in trout. * Kalpb Coe and Henry Hosford built the first sawmill, in 1820. Ralph Coe kept the first inn, and Henry Hamican the first store. There is now no tavern, lawyer, nor doctor in town. Named from John Hunter, an early proprietor of a part of the Hardenburgh Patent. 5' The Catakill Mountain House, upon Pine Orchard, is situated upon a precipice overlooking the Hudsou, and is 2212 ft. above tide. It was built by the Cf^kill Moun tain Asso'n, at a cost of $22,000, for the accommodation of visitors. Among the hills, 4 mi. w. of the house, are 2 small lakes, each li mi. in circumference, —their outlet formlpg the Kaatera Kil. Upon this stream, a little below the lakes, are the Kaaters Kil Falls, where the stream plunges down a perpendicular descent of 175 ft., and, in a few rods, another of 85 ft., falling into a deep, rocky ravine or clove, and finally finding its way into Catskill Creek. The views from the Mountain House, and the scenery among the mountains, are among the finest in the country, and the place is visited annually by thousands of tourists. s Samuel, Elisha, and John Haines, and Gershon Griilin, en- tered the mountains by way of Kingston and Mink Hollow, and settled on Schoharie Kil. Their location was discovered a year or two after by some Dutchmen from the E. aide of the moun- tain, while hunting bears. They were followed, in 1786, by a number of Shay's followers, from Mass., who, on the suppression of his rebellion, fled to the mountains. James and Jacob Carl settled in the town in 1785 ; Saml. Merritt, and Saml. and Wm. Hayes, in 1791. Roger Bronson was the first settler at the village of Hunter. The first birth was that of John Haines. Mr. Olm- sted built the first gristmill, in 1794, and subsequently the first tannery, and kept the first store and inn. ^ Formerly called *' Lexmgton Hdghts." 100 GREEXE COUNTY. and East Jewett, are p. offices. The first settlement was made near Schoharie Creek in Gass, a Scotchman.' There ai-e 4 churches in town ; 3 M. E. and Presb. was formed from Windham as "Keio Goshen," Jan. 27, 1813, and its name was changed March 19, 1813. A part of Jewett was taken off in 1849, but reaanexed in 1858^ and 1783-84, by Wm. l,EXI]VGTOX a part of Halcott was taken off in ISol. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. More than one-half of the surface is occupied by the lofty peaks and ridges of the CatskiUs. Schoharie Creek, flowing through the n. e. corner of ibe town, is bordered by high and steep rocky ridges. West Kil, its principal tributarv, drains a valley 9 mi. in length, everywhere bordered by lofty mountains except on the w. Bush Kil Clove is a natural pass in tie mountains, extending from the Schoharie Valley s. into Ulster co. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam. Only about two-fifths of the surface is susceptible of cultivation. Eexington, (p. v.,) on Schoharie Creek, n. of the center of the town, contains 2 churches and 27 dwellings, and West Kill, (p. v.,) on the sti-eam of the same name, 1 church and 31 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1788, on tlie flats of Schoharie Kil." There are 3 churches in town ; 2 Bap. and M. E. IVEW BAETIMORE— was formed from Coxsackie, March 15, 1811. Scutters, Little, and Willow Islands were annexed from Kinderhook April 23, 1823. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. The general surface is hilly and broken. A line of high, rugged clay and slate bluffs rises from the river to a height of 100 to 200 feet, and a range of high, broad hills ex- tends s. through the center of the town. The w. part is comparatively level. The principal streams are Haankrois Creek in the N.w. corner. Deep Clove Kil, Cabin Bun, and the e. branch of Potick Creek. Nearly all these streams flow through narrow and rocky ravines. The soil is chiefly a heavy, clay loam, with limited patches of sand and gravel. IVew Baltimore, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, in the x. part of the town, contains 2 churches, and has a pop. of 709. Med-»vay is a p. office. Settlement was commenced upon the Coxsackie flats at an early period. The Broncks, Houghtalings, and Conyns were among tlie first settlers. There are 9 churches in town.' PRATTSVIEEE— was formed from Windham, March 8, 1833, and named from Col. Zadook Pratt. A pai-t of Ashland was taken off in 1848. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its sur- face is principally occupied by broad mountain uplands bordered by steep and rocky slopes. Schoharie Creek and Batavia Kil flow thi-ough wild and narrow mountain gorges. The soil is a heavy, reddish, gravelly and clayey loam, moderately fertile and profitable only for grazing. Prattsville, (p. v.,) on Schoharie Creek, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 617. Ked Falls, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, contains a, cotton fac- tory, a paper mill, and several other manvifacturing establishments. Pop. 231. Settlements were made on the flats at Prattsville by Dutch immigrants from Schoharie co., during the period between the close of the Old French War in 1763 and the breaking out of the Revolution in 1776." During the latter war the settlement was attacked by a body of Indians and tories led by a British officer. The inhabitants rallied, and a battle took place upon the bank of Schoharie Kil, a little below the Windham Turnpike Bridge, n. of the village, in which the Indians and their allies were routed. Rev. Cornelius D. Sohermerhom was the first settled preacher. There aa-e 3 churches in town ; Ref. Prot. D., Prot. E., and M. E. WIIVDH AM— was formed from AYoodstock, (Ulster co.,) as part of Ulster CO., March 23, 1798. "Greenland" (now Hunter) and Lexington were taken off in 1813, Prattsville in 1833, and a part of Ashland in 1848. A part of " Freehold" (now Durham) was annexed March 26, 1803. It lies upon the w. declivities of the Catskills, n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is very broken and hilly. A high range of mountains extends along the s. border, at the N. foot of which flows Batavia Kil,° in a deep, rocky valley. The central and y. parts are occupied by mountain spurs divided by narrow ravines. The soil is a heavy, gravelly and clayey loam,- of which disintegrated shale forms a large 1 Zephaniah Chase, from Marthas Vineyard, (Maps.,") settled in the town in 1787 ; and Chester Ilnll, from Walliugford, Conn.. a soldier of the Revolution, in 1789. Anions those who settled soon after were Theophilus and Samuel Peck, Jibenezer, David, and Stephen Johnson, Laban, Ichabod, Abraham, and Amherst Andrews, Benajah, John, and Jared Kice, Henry Goslee, Justus Squii-es, Daniel Miles, Adnah Beach, Isiuic and Munson Buel, Gideon, Reuben, and Joel Hoaford, and Samuel and Daniel Mer- vin. Thefirstbirthwasthat ofHenryCoslee, Jr. Wm.Gasskept the first inn, in 1790, Elisha Thompson the first store, in 1795 , and Laban Andrews built the first gristmill the same year. 2 Among the early settlers were Amos Bronson, Saml. Amos, Richard Peck, David and Benj. Bailey, and Benj. Crispell. .Tohn T. Bray built the first tannery, in 1791 or '92; Thaddeua Bron- son the first gristmill, in 1792; and Ricliard Peck opened tbo first inn, in 1795. 3 3 Friends, 2 M.B., Bap., Christian, Ref. Prot.D., and Prot. Mcth^ * At this place is the extensive tannery of the Hon. ZadockA Pratt, at which 60,000 sides of sole leather have been tanned ."ind ) 6000 cords of bark consumed annually for 25 years. 6 Among the firat settlers were John Laraway and his sons John, Jonas, Derick, and Martimie, Isaac Van Alstyne, — ^ Vrooman, .Tohn and Peter Van Loan, John Becker, and a family by the name of Schoonmaker. The first school was taught by Mr. Banks, in 1790. Martinna Liiraway kept the first inn, soon after the Revolution, and, with bis brother John, erected the fli-at gristmill. * The Indian name of this sti-eam was Choitgh-tig-lug-Dick. GREENE COUNTY. 101 part, 'Windham Center, (p. v.,) on Batavia Kil, in the w. part of the town, contains 3 churches, and has a pop. of 350. HensonvlUe, (p. v.,) on the same stream, s. of the center of the town, contains 124 inhabitants, and Bigr Holloi^', (p. v.,) in the s. part, 2 churches and 12 houses. The first settlement was made in 1790, by Geo. Stimpson, Abijah Stone, and Increase Clafliu.' Rev. Henry Stimpson was one of the earliest settled ministers. There are 5 churches in town.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Greene County. Najos of Towns. Ashland Athens Caira Catskm Cozsackie Durham Greenville. Halcott Hunter Jewett.. - -Lexington.. New Baltimore. FrattsviUe. Windham Total Acres of Laih). .S g,846i 10,351i 22,541 19,146J 17,698i 23,166i 20,273J 7,137 10,26tJ 16,167 14,727} lS,279i 8,784 14,840i 4,198 4,9024 10,982 17,613 4,516 5,865 6,6364 4,007 40,4564 10,468* 21,600 6,124i 4,864 9,892 212,2a3^ 160,6044 |6,127,961 Valuation op 1868. $135,080 499,308 666,377 1,487,035 782,710 394,146 580,315 84,775 136,396 136,200 227,639 804,699 111,200 244,283 11.0. $9,600 64,060 88,175 532,312 166,334 68,300 70,632 9,900 10,642 25,620 41,160 103,820 29,250 41,100 $1,249,796 $144,680 663,368 643,562 1,969,347 948,044 462,446 660,947 94,676 146,037 161,820 268,689 908,429 140,450 286,883 $7,377.756 665 1,470 1,290 2,812 1,891 1,239 1,088 246 833 678 788 1,248 746 807 15,591 584 1,400 1,267 2,898 1,791 1,301 1,085 228 761 661 807 1,164 842 877 16,646 692 482 415 86 268 206 319 426 267 327 235 661 478 1,094 603 491 460 89 276 220 217 455 290 268 6.707 140 343 841 544 432 393 342 79 207 176 285 306 226 188 il 603 1,046 827 2,020 1,364 935 909 207 736 491 601 865 666 631 Names of Towns. Ashland. Athens- Cairo Catskill Coxsackie Durham Greenville. Halcott Hunter Jewett- ~ Lexington New Baltimore. Prattaville Windham Total Lite Stock. 251 393 714 713 636 746 698 162 192 236 354 810 239 271 SSS 897 349 998 910 623 1,299 741 496 1,019 1,401 1,667 517 680 1,160 727 609 1,040 1,076 791 1,352 1,051 626 606 1463 1,144 991 750 867 6,203 12,647 12,692 19,382 14,074 «5 962 164 1,069 1,616 397 3,507 1,779 1,390 1,205 1,869 2,013 1,248 608 1.666 487 886 1,663 1,723 1,566 2,244 1,443 200] 286 467 691 1,569 384 666 AaRICtTLTOnAL PSODUCTS. BtJeH. op GrSAIN. 1,9364 4,2804 13,8044 12,6384 8,7054 7,064 7,6664 830 870 1,869 2,449 13,4714 2,075 2,0194 'S' 12,252 23,373 27,991 39,3374 36,0914 35,087J- 37,193 11,917 3,610 8,978 13,176} 36,0934 6,4614 11,6614 2,3444 4,4934 4,360 7,692 6,609 3,998 6.067 1,907 2,495} 3.391 4;468 6,4984 1,834 nic 7,524 6,099 8,264 9,245 17,009 6,8214 6,679 1,348 8,264 6,8844 6,902 21,789 3,636 10,636 79,678 301,2134 68,6244 118,871 192,8144 1,191,930 21,317 8.6114 ai-^ 11,366 10,935 22,771 16,153 18,318 25,806 25,703 2,490 2,6404 13,611 13,128 19,361 3,380 8,263 Daiky PRODnCTa. II 69,815 42,776 96,675 90,720 83,736 121,917 109,908 60,916 52,311 113,620 106,290 90,689 73,780 79,980 ess 1,025 300 937 6,876 2,079 60 130 4,928 1,286 60 3,667 «.= 283 262J 1,114 617 590 7114 1,011 1,104 684 146 779 7204 385 244 i Perez Steel and his son Perez, from Tolland, Conn., settled in town in 1795, and Joshua Jones, Wm. Henderson, and Lemuel Hitchcock (from New Haven co., Conn.) in 1796. The first marriage was that of Daniel Perry and Mamva Hitchcock ; and the first death was that of Mrs. Lemuel Hitchcock, in 1804. Nathan Blanchard taught the first school, in 1809 ; Tobias Van Dusen built the first gristmill, in 1793 ; Van Orden kept the first inn, in 1796 ; and Bennett Osboru built the first tau- nery, in 1822. 2 2 Presb., 2 M. B., and Prot. E. MONTGOMEEY COUNTY. This county was formed from Albany, March 12, 1772, under ihe name of " Tryon Co."^ Its name was changed April 2, 1784. On- tario was taken off in 1789, Herkimer, Otsego, and Tioga in 1791, Hamilton in 1816,^ and Fulton in 1838. It lies on both sides of the Mohawk, centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The general system of highlands which forms the con- necting link between the northern spurs of the Alleghany Mts. on the s. and the Adirondacks on the N. extends through this co. in a N. E. and s. w. direction. Mohawk Biver cuts through the upland, and forms a yalley 1 to 2 mi. wide, and 200 to 500 ft. below the sum- mits of the hills. The yalleys of several of the tributaries of the Mohawk extend several mUes into the highland district at nearly right angles to the river valley. The hills bordering upon the river generally rise in gradual slopes, and from their summits the country spreads out into an undulating upland, with a general inclination toward the river, into which every part of the surface of the co. is drained. The principal tributaries of the Mohawk are the East Canada, Garoga, Cayadutta, Chuctemmda Creeks, and Evas Kil, on the N., and Cowilliga, Chuctenunda, Schoharie, Auries, Flat, Canajoharie, and Otsquaga Creeks, on the s. The highest point in the co. is Bean Hill, in Florida, and is estimated to be 700 ft. above tide, and the lowest point is the bed of the Mohawk, on the E. line of the co., 260 ft. above tide. Gneiss, the only primary rock in the co., is found in patches, the principal locality being *t " The Noses," on the Mohawk.* Besting directly upon this are heavy masses of calciferous sandstone, appearing mostly on the N. bank of the river and extending into Fulton co.* Next above this are the Black Biver and Trenton limestone, not important as surface rocks, but furnishing valuable quarries of building stone. The slates and shales of the Hudson Biver group extend along the s. border of the co. and are found in a few places n. of the river. Drift and boulders abound in various places. The soil along the river consists of alluvial deposits and a deep, rich, vegetable mold, and upon the uplands it is mostly a highly productive sandy and gravelly loam. The pro- ductions are principally grass and spring grains. The uplands are finely adapted to pasturage, and dairying forms the leading pursuit. Upon the Mohawk Flats immense quantities of broomcorn are raised. There are several important manufactories in the co., consisting chiefly of woolen goods, carpets, paper, agricultural implements, sash and blinds, and castings. Quarrying is ex- tensively carried on.^ The principal public works are the Erie Canal, extending along the s. side of the Mohawk, and the N. Y. Central B. B.,* on the N. bank. A wire suspension bridge crosses the Mohawk at Fort Hunter, and wooden bridges at Amsterdam, Fonda, Canajoharie, Fort Plain, and St. JohnsviUe. An iron bridge was built at Fort Plain, in 1858. The county seat is located at Fonda, a pleasant village on the Mohawk, built on the site of the ancient Dutch settlement of " Caughnawaga."'' The courthouse is a fine brick edifice, containing the usual co. ofBces.* The jail is a stone building, adjacent to the courthouse.' The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 150 acres situated in Glen, about 3 mi. e. of Fonda. The building is old and poor, and has few arrangements for the health, comfort, or convenience of its inmates. The average number of inmates is 125. The farm yields a revenue of f 1000. The first newspaper in the co. was established at Fort Plain, in 1827.'" 1 Named from Wm. Tryon, ColoDial Governor. Present name given in honor of Gen. Kichard Montgomery, of the Revolu- tion. As first formed, this CO. embraced all of the State w. of Delaware Kiver and a line extending N. through Schoharie, and along the E. lines of the present cos. of Montgomery, Fulton, and Hamilton, and continuing in a straight line to Canada. 2 Taken off with Herkimer in 1791, and restored to Mont- gomery March 31, 1797. * This rock here contains pink colored garnets. 4 This rock often contains in its cavities quartz and nodules of anthracite coal, which has led to foolish expenditures of large sums in mining for coal. Near Sprakers Basin traces of lead have been found. 6 Stone from these quarries were used in the construction of canal locks and other public works. 8 Formerly " Schenectady <£• Utica R. E." The Catskill & Canajoharie R. R., incorp. in 1830, was opened to CooksburKh 102 from Catskill at a cost of $400,000. In 1842 it was abandoned, the track sold for $11,000 and taken up. ' "Cavffhnawaga'* was one-half mi. e. of the conrtbouse, but is now included within the incorporation of the village of Fonda. The CO. seat was removed from Johnstown in 1836. The condi- tions of the removal were that a subscription of $4500 should be raised, and a site of not less than 3 acres donated to the CO. This removal occasioned great dissatisfaction, and led to the division of the co. in 1838. 8 By an act passed March 19, 1778, the sherifiF'a mileage in Tryon co. was directed to be reckoned from " Thelfoses," which practice appears to have been continued for some time. ^ The jail is so constructed as not to answer the requirements of the law in the classification of prisoners. The courthouse and jail were erected at a cost of $30,500. 1" The Watch Tcwer was begun at Fort Plain in 1827 by S.M. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 103 The early history of this co. is full of incident and intej-est. At the time of the first advent of the whites it -was the principal seat of the Mohawks, one of the most powerful tribes of the Five Nations. The p olicy adopte d by the eadj.JBBich_jettlers of the colony, and continued by their English successors, strongly at tached j . majority of JJi^e savages toj^Qii.interests ; and the unpro- voked attack of Champlain, iril6097made them hate the French in Canada with intense bitterness. In the wars that ensued, the Five Nations proved faithful allies to the English, and on many occa- sions shielded them from hostile attacks. In 1665-66 a French expedition, consisting of 600 men, under De Courcelles and De Tracy, was sent against the Indians, and proceeded as far as Schenec- tady ; but, after much suffering and the loss of many men, the army returned to Canada without affecting any thing. "Within the next few years several French expeditions were sent against the western tribes of the Five Nations, and in return the Indiana made a descent upon Montreal in 1689, laid waste whole plantations, and destroyed many lives.^ In retaliation, Count Fronteuao sent several expeditions against the Indians and English, one of which destroyed Schenectady in 1690.* In the winter of 1692-93 the French again invaded the Mohawk country, surprised and destroyed two of their three castles,' and took about 300 prisoners. In the engagement at the third castle they lost 3:0 of their number; and in their retreat they were pursued by Maj. Peter Schuyler at the head of 200 regulars and militia, who succeeded in killing 33 and wounding 26 of their number and in rescuing 50 prisoners. Favored by the severe cold, the remainder escaped and fled to Canada through the great northern wilderness. Their sufferings on this journey were intense. As early as 1642-43, a French Jesuit visited the Mohawk settlements ; and between that date and 1678, 10 missionaries of this order labored to bring over the Indians of this region to the French interests and the Catholic religion. Though attended with great hardships, and in one or two instances with death, these labors were in some measure successful, and in 1671 a large number of Indians removed from Caughnawaga to Canada.* A military post, known as Fort Hunter, was established near the mouth of Schoharie Creek in 1711. About the same time a large number of German Palatinates, sent over by Queen Anne, settled upon the Hudson, and shortly after removed to Schoharie and the Mohawk Valley and set- tled upon lands given them by Government. At about the same period a considerable number of Holland Dutch, fl-om Schenectady and vicinity, found their way into the co. and extended their improvements up the valley. In 1730 the first mill n. of the Mohawk was built on the site of "Cranes" Village by two or three brothers named Groat; and this for a time served the settle- ments at German Flats, 50 mi beyond.* The laud grants in this co. were made in comparatively small tracts. The first were issued as early as 1703. On the 19th of Oct. 1723, a patent of 12,000 acres, called " Stone Arabia," s. of the S. GraDt, who was sncceeded by Joha Calhoun & Piatt In 1830, it was published as Thi Fart Plain Smlinel. The Ibrt Plain Gaxtte was begun in 1833 by H. L. Gros. - The Fort Plain Republican was begun in 1835 by E. W. Gill. It waa succeeded by The Tocsin in 1836, H. Link, publisher. T fie Fort Plain Journal was commenced in 1838 by W. L. Fish. It changed owners several times, and was finally merged in The Lutheran Herald, which continued a short time. T/ie Students Gleaner, by students of the Fort Plain High School, was issued from The Journal office. The Montgomery Phcmic was begun at Fort Plain Feb. 3, 1841, by L. F. Backus, publisher, and D. F. Young, editor. In Feb. 1854 it was changed to Tlie Molia-«v]£ Valley Register, under which name it is now published by Webster & Wendell. The Afohawk Farmer was published at Caughnawaga at an early period. The Qimijoharie Tdegraph was published by Henry Hoogh- kirk in 1825-i26. The CaTiajoharie Sentinel was published in 1827 ; Samuel Cold- well, editor. The Canaiohai-ie JtepuhVean was published in 182Y-28 ; Henry Bloomer, editor, and afterward John McVean k D. F. Sacia. The ityntgamery Argus -wae published by J. McVean in 1831-32, and continued by S. IM. S. Grant till 1836. The Canajoharie Investigator was published from 1833 to '36 by Andrew H. Calhoun. The Radii was begun in 1837 by Levi S. Backus, a deaf mute; in Nov, 1840, it was burned out, and removed to Fort Plain; in 1854 it was removed to Madison co., but has since returned to Fort Plain. For several years the State made appropriations for sending this paper to deaf mutes throughout the State. The Mohawk VaUey GaMtte. was published at Canajoharie by W. H. Riggs from 1847 to '49. The Montgomery Union was published at Canajoharie by W. S. Hawley, 1850-53. Four numbers of another paper were published at the same place in 1854 by S. M. S. Grant. T7ie Mohawk Advertiser, published at Amsterdam by Darius Wells, was changed to The Intelligencer and Mohawk Advertiser in 1834. In 1835 it was published by John J. Davis, L. H. Nicholds, editor. In 1830 it was published by S. B. Marsh, and, after several changes, it was changed in 1854 to Tile AiuBterdam Recorder, which is now issued by H. Haywai-d, editor and publisher. The Mohawk Gazette was published at Amsterdam by Jonah A. Nooman in 1833-34. The Fonda Herald was issued by J. Reynolds, Jr., in 1837. Tlie Fonda Sentinel was begun in 1845; it is now pub- lished by Clark & Thayer. The American Star, commenced at Cant^'oharie April 5, 1855, by Wm. S. Hawley, waa removed to Fouda May 17, 1856. In 1857 it was changed to The Mohawk Valley American, and published by C. B. Freeman. In 1858 this title was changed to Tlie American Star, which is now published by Wm. S. Hawley, original proprietor. * The Montgomery Whig was begun at Fultonville in 1840 by B. F. Pinkham. It passed into the hands of Thos. Horton, and in 1855 its name was changed to Tlie Montgomery Republican, and is now pub- lished by V. R. Horton. We are indebted to Prof 0. W. Morris, of New York, and to the files of The Phoenix, for the above list. Many changes of ownership are not stated. 1 ColderCs Five yaiions ; Smith's Hist. N. T, » See p. . » The " Lower Castle" was situated at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, the " Middle Castle" at the mouth of the Otsquago. and the " Upper Castle" at the mouth of the Now-a-da-ga or Indian Castle Creek, in Danube, Herkimer co. 4 An Indian village named Caughnawaga, 9 mi. above Montreal, is the result of this emigration. 6 SimTos's "Hist. Scholiarie?' 104 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. Mohawk, was gi-anted to Jolm Christian Garlock and others for the benefit of the Palatinates. The principal grants were made between 1730 and 1740 ; and in 1762 there remained little, if any, un- patented land in the co. About the year 1735, the British Admiral, Sir Peter Warren, acquired the title to a large tract of land known as " Warrensbush," mostly in the present town of Florida, and sent out his nephew, Wm. Johnson, then but 21 years of age, as his agent. Johnson first located at the mouth of Scho- harie Creek: afterward he removed to 3 mi. above Amsterdam, and finally to Johnstown. Through the influence of his uncle he received the appointment of Agent of Indian Afiairs, which gave him great facilities for intercourse and traflic with the natives. Applying himself industriously to the study of the character and language of the Indians, and adopting their habits and dress whenever it suited his convenience, he gained an ascendency and influence over them never before enjoyed by any white person. His easy and obliging manners made him equally a favorite with the white settlers ; and until his death, which took place on the 24th of June, 1774, the events of his life are intimately interwoven with the history of the co.' His title and estates descended to his son. Sir John Johnson ; but his commanding personal influence could not be inherited. Guy Johnson, son- in-law of Sir William,^ Col. Daniel Clans, and Col. John Butler, were attached to the interests of the Johnson family, possessed large estates, and lived in what were then considered sumptuous residences in the Mohawk Valley. They had considerable influence with both whites and Indi.ins. In the controversy between the colonists and the mother country which resulted in the Revolution, the Johnsons and their adherents strongly espoused the cause of the King, from whom they had received so many favors. As a class, the German Palatinates sided with the colonies, and a majority of the other settlers entertained similar sentiments ; but for a long time they were overawed, and their efforts at organi- zation were thwarted by the zeal and activity of the tory leaders. In the spring of 1775, while the court was in session at Johnstown, through the influence of the tories the signatures of most of the grand jurors and magistrates were procured to a document opposing the measures of the Continental Congress.' This proceeding, coupled with others of a more aggressive and personal character, tended greatly to organize the opposition forces, to separate the friends and enemies of freedom, and to kindle feelings of bitter and vindictive hatred, which naturally led to all the horrors of civil war. " Tryon eo" was divided into 6 districts ;* and, for the purpose of a more thorough organization, delegates were appointed in each by the Patriots to form a committee of public safety. Upon a meeting of these delegates a significant remonstrance was addressed to Col. Guy Johnson, Indian Agent, for his aggressive and partisan acts; he withdrew in June, 1775, to Crosbys Manor, above German Flats, under pretense of holding a council with the Indians in the w. part of the co. ; and in a short time he fled to Montreal, by the way of Oswego, accompanied by a large number of dependents and followers. He continued to act as Indian Agent during the war, and by liberal rewards and still more liberal promises he greatly stimulated the natural ferocity of the Indians, and incited them to more active hostility. He was joined in Canada by Joseph Brandt, a distiuT guished and educated Mohawk chief, and John and Walter N. Butler, 2 tories who afterward gained an infamous notoriety. At the head of marauding parties of tories .and Indians, they after- ward returned and committed the most inhuman atrocities upon their old friends and neighbors. Sir John Johnson remained at "Johnson Hall," but continued active in his intrigues, and kept up a correspondence with Col. Guy Johnson in Canada. His preparations to fortify "Johnson Hall" ex- • cited alarm; and in Jan. 1776, a committee, consisting of Gen. Philip Schuyler, Gen. Ten Broeck, and Col. Varick, was despatched from Albany to consult with the local committee of safety and satis- factorily arrange matters. Gen. Herkimer called out the militia ; and the affair was finally settle^ by the surrender of Sir John as prisoner, and an agreement that his Scotch tenants should be disarmed. He was sent to Fishkili;-but, being released on parole, he soon returned to Johnstown and resumed his intrigues. In May, Col. Dayton was sent with a regiment to again arrest him ; but, being warned of their approach. Sir John and his followers fled to the woods, and finallv reached Canada by the way of Sacondaga and Racket Rivers, after 19 days of fasting and sufferin£^ Sir John received a commission as colonel in the British service, raised a regiment of tories known 1 For his Bervices while in command of the expedition which resulted in the defeat of the French under Dieskau, at the head of Lake George, ho received the title of Baronet and a gift of £5000 from Parliament. From this time until hia death he lived in ease and opulence, devoting his time to the management of puhlic affairs and the improvement of his estate. 2 Succeeded Sir William as Indian Agent. s ^nnah of Tryon CO., p. 46. I, 6 Xhe Indians"at St. Regis still preserve a tradition of this » These districts were " Molmwh," adjoining Albany, " Canajo- levent, and state that the party were reduced to the utmost ex- hant, on the 8. side of the Mohawk, and "Palaline," on the n., [Jtremity before they reached the inhabited region, extending up the river to Little Falls, " Gin-man Flats,' and *' Kingsland," still farther up the river, and " Old England Dis- trict," w. of the Susquehanna. The first 5 of these districts were formed March 24, 1772. On the 8th of March, 1773, the original uame — "Stone Arabia" — was changed to "Palatine," "German Jlats" to "KingslaTid," and "Kingsland" to "German FlatF." Old Fngland Dist. was formed April 3, 1775. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 105 as "Johnson's Greens," and was active and bitter in his hostility throughout the war.' Through the influence of the Johnsons, all of the Five Nations, with the exception of a portion of the Oneidas and TuBoaroras,^ were attached to the British interests, and were liberally aided by arms and pro- visions in their frequent incursions into the frontier settlements under the Butlers and Brandt.' In the summer and fall of 1777, this oo., in common with the whole northern and western fron- tier, was the scene of great alarm and of stirring military events, produced by the expedition of Burgoyne. Gen. St. Ledger, at the head of a large body of tories and Indians, was dispatched by the way of Oswego to reduce the rebel posts and settlements on the Mohawk and join the main army at Albany. On the 3d of Aug. they laid siege to Fort Schuyler, upon the site of the present village of Bome. The militia of Montgomery co. were called out, and, under Gen. Herkimer, marched to the relief of the fort. On the way the bloody battle of Oriskany was fought, in which 200 of the brave patriots of the co. were killed and as many more carried into Indian captivity.* In the latter part of the same month, Genls. Arnold and Learned, at the head of 900 troops, marched up the river, and St. Ledger hastily abandoned the siege and fled.^ The destruction of the valley was thus averted, and for several months the inhabitants were allowed to remain undisturbed, save by small scalping parties, that hung round the unprotected frontiers and cut oif the defenseless inhabitants. In the spring of 1778, Gen. La Fayette, accompanied by Gen. Schuyler and Col. Duane, went to Johnstown and held a conference with a body of Indians, which resulted in a treaty of considerable subsequent benefit to the settlers. In the following sununer the horrible butcheries at Wyoming, Harpersfield, German Flats, and Cherry VaUey were perpetrated ; and in the summer of 1779 the army of Gen. Clinton marched from this co. to join Gen. Sullivan's expedition against the chief villages and farming grounds of the Onondagas, Cayugas, and Senecas. On the 21st of May, 1780, Sir John Johnson, at the head of 500 Indians and tories, suddenly made his appearance at Johnson Hall. He arrived about sunset on Sunday, and, dividing his force into two parties, at daylight the next morning he made a simultaneous attack upon Tribes Hill and Caughnawaga. Several persons were killed and others taken prisoners, and every building upon the route, except those belonging to tories, was burned. The militia began to collect in considerable numbers, and toward night Sir John hastily retreated, and safely reached Canada by the way of the wilderness w. of the Adiron- dack Mt^L'' Near the last of the July succeeding, the militia of the co. were employed to convey a provision train sent to the relief of Fort Schuyler; and on the 2d of Aug., while they were absent, Brandt, at the head of 500 Indians and tories, made an attack upon the settlements in the neighbor- hood of Fort Plain. Fifty-three dwellings were burned, 16 persons slain, and 60 women and chil- dren carried into captivity. Upon the approach of the militia from Johnstovm and Schenectady, the party retreated. On the 15th of the following Oct. a large party of tories, Indians, and Cana- dians, under Sir John Johnson, Brandt, and Cornplanter, made their appearance in the Mohawk Valley, at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, after having laid waste the Schoharie settlements above. From this point they marched up the valley, burning the houses, destroying the property, and murdering or taking prisoners all that they met. The militia under Gen. Robert Van Rensselaeri hastily came together and marched to attack the invaders. On the 18th of Oct., Col. Brown, who ' commanded a small stockade fort at Stone Arabia, acting under the order of Van Rensselaer, marched out with 150 men to attack the enemy ; but, receiving no support from the main army, the j little detachment was soon routed, with the loss of the commander and 30 to 40 men killed. Sir' John halted at Fox's Mills, about 8 mi. above Fort Hunter, in the town of St. Johnsville, and erected a temporary breastwork. At a late hour in the day he was attacked by a detachment under Col. Dubois, and the Indians under his command were defeatedC, The Americans, under Van llensselaer, fell back 3 mi. and encamped; and the next morning, upon marching forward to renew the atSc^TKey fomi3 "tffat the enemy had fled.' Sir John finally succeeded .in making his escape, 1 AmidU of Tryan Oo. ; Simirufs Hist. Schoharie Oo. Hist. St. Law. Oo. ; Dunlaj^s Hist, of JS. T. ; Smton's Hist. Berk. Co. ' About 160 Oneidas and 200 Tuscaroras joined the British.— Annals of Tryon Oo. , 8 The Americans made several efforts to attach the Six Nations to their interests, or at least to indace them to remain neutral. In the winter of 1776-77, Col. Harper was sent to ascertain the object of the assembling of a large body of Indians at Oquago, on the Susquehanna. In the succeeding June, Brandt, with a party of Indians, made a levy upon the settlers of the Unadilla; and many fled to a place of safety. Gen. Herkimer, at the head of 380 militia, marched to meet him ; and on the 27th of June, 1777, a conference was held between the general and the chief, but without producing any definite results. All efforts to propitiate the Six Nations were then abandoned, and all conferences ceased until the close of the war, when the Indians were called upon, as vanquished enemies, to confirm the surrender of most of their lands as an atonement for their hostility. * There was scarcely a hamlet in the valley that did not lose one or more of its inhabitants. 6 For further particulars concerning these transactions, see page . * The principal object of this incursion was to obtain the ^ lilver plate which had been buried by Sir John on his first hasty 'flight from Johnson Hall. The plate was recovered and carried to Canada in the knapsacks of 60 men. ' This engagement is known as the battle of " Klocks Field." 8 Du Bois had nearly gained the victory, when Van Rensselaer I came up and gave orders not to renew the battle until the signal I should bo given from headquarters. The forces of the former I were under arms all night, momentarily expecting the promised « 106 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. though his force was greatly reduced by hunger, fatigue, and the continual, harassing attacks of the militia, which hung upon their rear. The prospects of the Mohawk Valley were now gloomy in the extreme. Nearly every settlement had been desolaled, and nearly every family had lost some of its members.^ In the spring of 1781, Col. Willett assumed the command of the American forces on the Mohawk, and, by his military skill, daring, and knowledge of Indian warfare, he not only successfully repelled all attacks made upon the Mohawk settlements, but carried the war into the enemy's own country. On the 9th of July, 1781, 300 Indians, under a tory named Doxtader, made a sudden attack upon the settlement of Curry town, (in the town of Boot.) After burning the buildings and collecting a large amount of booty, they retreated. Col. Willett, at the head of 150 militia, immediately pursued and overtook them at " Durlah," (Dorlach,) a few mi. over the border in Otsego co. A severe skirmish ensued, when the Indians fled, leaving 40 of their number dead on the field.^ The final incursion into the Mohawk Valley was made Oct. 24, 1781, by a party of 600 British and Indians, under Maj. Ross and "Walter N. Butler, and made their first appearance in the neighborhood of Warrens- bush. They marched to the vicinity of Johnson Hall and commenced the usual work of plunder and murder, but were arrested by a sudden attack by forces under Cols. Willett, Rowley, and Harper. A severe engagement ensued, resulting in the retreat of the enemy. Col. Willett pur- sued, and, coming up with the rear guard at West Canada Creek, another skirmish took place, in which the infamous Walter N. Butler was killed.^ The shattered remnant of the British forces escaped by way of Oswego. This afi'air practically ended the war in Tryon co., and the remaining . citizens, stripped of almost ^ eyerv thin g except the^il, were allowed to resume in peace their accua — tomed employments.* In a few years the ravages of the war were completely obliterated, and the fertile regions of Central and Western N. Y., which had become known through the military expe- -, ditions that had traversed them, soon began to fill up with a New England population. The (splendid domains of the Johnsons and other royalists were confiscated, and the feudal tenants of the colonial period were replaced by enterprising freeholders under the new government.^ AMSTJEROAIH®— was formed from" CaugTinawaga,"'^ March 12, 1793. Perth (Fulton co.) was taken ofi" in 1838. It lies on the n. bank of the Mohawk, in the n. e. corner of the co. Its surface consists of the intervale along the river, and a rolling upland gradually rising for the space of 2 mi. and attaining an elevation of 300 to 500 feet. The principal streams are the Kayaderosseras, 3 mi. w. of Amsterdam Village, Chuctenunda,^ at the village, and Evas Kil,^ near the e. border. The soil in the valley is a deep, rich alluvium, and upon the hills it is a fertile, gravelly loam. Near Tribes Hill are extensive stone quarries. A considerable amount of manufactures is carried on in town, consisting of mill machinery, agricultural implements, carriages, car springs, and carpets, at Amsterdam Village, and of woolen goods at Hagemans Mills. Amsterdam,^*' (p. v.,) incorp. April 20, 1830, contains 4 churches, the Amsterdam Female Seminary, a bank, printing signal ; ard they had the inexpressible mortification and chagrin to see the beaten foe slipping through the net in which they had been caught, without the possibility of preventing their escape. Had it not been for the indecision or cowardice o f Gen. Van Rensselaer, the whole party might have been taken. At the time, he was openly charged of cowardice or treachery by the Oneida chief, and he entirely lost public confidence. * 1 Some idea of the extent of these ravages may be formed fro] a etatement prepa red by the supervisors of " Tryon co.," dated Dec. 20, 1780, and addressed to the legislature. They therein state*'' that 700 buildings had been burned within the co. ; that 35' families had abandoned their habitations and removed; 61; persons had deserted to the enemy; 197 had been killed, 12! taken prisouera; and 1200 farms lay uncultivated by reason ol the enemy. This statement did not include Cherry Valley] Newtown-Martin, Middlefleld, Springfield, Harpersfield, am' Old England District, which bad been totally deserted am abandoned. The population of the co. at the beginning of thi war was about 10,000. While the sufferings of the colonistq] were thus great, the Indian loss was much greater. Their whole] country had been ravaged, their homes and crops destroyed and a large portion of their number had died in battle or bj , starvation. At the close of the war the miserable remnant of; the once powerful nations humbly sued for peace, and wer# content to accept terms that deprived them of almost their entire country. 2 By stratagem Col. Willett succeeded in drawing the Indians into an ambuscade. They fled so hastily that all their baggage and plunder was captured. On their retreat they murdered a number of prisoners to prevent their escape. 8 Walter N. Butler was one of the moat inhuman wretches that ever disgraced humanity. Ferocious, bloodthirsty, and : cruel, he seemed to revel in perfect delight at the spectacle of human suffering. He surpassed the savages in barbarity; and many a victim was saved from his clutches by the interposition of the Indian chief Brandt. * Special acts were passed in 1780, '81, and '83, directing the commissioners of sequestration to relieve certain distressed fami- lies. Rev. Daniel Gros, of Canajoharie, acted as almoner of the commissioners; and his acts are preserved among the public papers of the State. 6 For several years after the war, ghosts were reported as fre- quently seen stalking about the old residences of the royalists. The appearances which gave rise to these reports were doubtless the tories themselves, returned in disguise to obtain valuables which had been secreted upon their previous hasty flight. The settlers, who had suffered so much, were slow in forgetting the injuries they had i-eceived ; and for many years after, few, either Indians or tories, who had been engaged in the war, could show themselves in the settlement with safety. « Named by Emanuel E.DeGraff,a Hollander and early settler. 7 On the 9th of March, 1780, the portion oi Mohawk district N. of the river was set off and named '* Cktughnawaga." The first town meeting was held at the house of John B. Wimples. *' Caiighnawaga" was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. It em- braced all that part of Montgomery co. lying N. of the Mohawk and G. of a line extending from The Noses n. to Canada. This town was divided in 1793 into Amsterdam, Mayfield, Broadalbin, and Johnstown. 8 Signifying "Twin Sisters," and applied to the streams flow- ing into the Mohawk on opposite sides; in some documents spelled Chuct-to-us-ne-da. 9 Pronounced E-vaws-kll; named from Mrs. Eva Van Alstyne, who was wounded and scalped by the Indians in 1765, while crossing this stream. 10 Formerly called " Veedersburgh" MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 107 office, and several manufactories. Pop. 2044. Ha^emans Mills (p. v.) has 124 inhabitants, CranesviUe' (p. v.) 92, and Manys Corners 8 houses. Tribes UlU,' (p.o.,) on the Une of Mohawk, is a haanlet. A wire suspension bridge here crosses the Mohawk to Florida.^ The first settlem^t was commenced about 1710, by Butch and Palatinates. About 1740, SirWm. Johnson built a large stone mansion upon the w. side of the Kayaderosseras, 3 mi. w. of Amsterdam Village.* This building was fortified and named " Fort Johnson." Col. Daniel Claus and Guy Johnson, sons-in-law to Sir William, occupied fine mansions respectively 1 and 2 mi. below Fort Johnson,^ previous to the Revolution. The first settlers at Amsterdam Village were Albert Veeder, E. E. De Grafi",' Nicholas Wilcox, and Wm. Kline. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1792.fi The first settled minister was Rev. Conrad Ten Eyck, in 1799. There had been preaching in town at a much earlier period. CAWAJOHARIE'— was formed as a district March 24, 1772, and as a town March 7, 1788. Minden was taken ofi" in 1798 and a paiii of Root in 1823. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface consists of the low river intervale, and undulating uplands 200 to 600 feet above the valley. The principal stream is the Canajoharie, or Bowmans Creek.^ The soil is a gravelly loam, derived from the disintegration of the underlying slate, in some places intermixed with clay. The cultivation of hops receives some attention. A small woolen factory is located on Bowmans Creek. Canajoharie, (p-v-») incorp. April 30, 1829, contains 5 churches, the Canajoharie Academy, and a bank ; pop. 1500. A bridge crosses the Mohawk at this place, con- necting it with the village and r. r. station of Palatine Bridge. Ames,® (p. v.,) in the s. part of the town, contains an academy and 204 inhabitants, and Buel,'** (p. v.,) in the s.w. part, 25 houses. Sprout Brook, (p.o.,) mapletoa, and niarsliallville, are hamlets. The first settle- ment was made in town in early colonial times ; but the precise date is not known." During the Revolution the people warmly espoused the American cause, and were afterward among the greatest sufferers in the Mohawk Valley .^^ Gov. Clinton, while marching to join Sullivan in 1779, made this place his headquarters for some weeks.^' In Aug. 1780, Brandt made an incursion into the valley and destroyed nearly the whole settlement.^* During the war several other incursions were made ; and the people were often driven to the utmost extremity. Several small forts were built in the town, which afforded some protection to the people.^^ In 1795, Archibald and James Kane estab- lished themselves as merchants at this place, and commenced a business which soon grew to be one of the largest'in the interior of the State.^^ In 1823, the '* Central Asylum for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb" was located near Buel, in this town ; but in 1836 it was united with the one pre- viously established in New York City." The first church (Free Will Bap.) was organized at Ames, in 1796-97, by Rev. George EUiott.^^ CHARI.EST01V— was formed from Mohawk, March 12, 1793.^^ Glen and a part of Root were taken off in 1823. It is the most southerly town in the co., and the only one not bordering upon the Mohawk. It Hes upon the high plateau region immediately w. of Schoharie Creek ; and the 1 Named from David Crane, who settled here in 1804. 2 So named because the Indian tribes were wont to assemble here. 8 A Kemin^on suspension bridge built here some years since fell of its own weight before it was finished. * This edifice was richly ornamented with carringB of oak and mahogany; and at the time of its erection it was one of the finest mansions io the colony. It is still standing, and is the property of Algneyson Young, Esq. Sir William lived here for many yeai"8, surrouoded by numerous dependents, and was frequently visited by great numbers of Indians, by whom he was highly esteemed. He built a null upon the Kayaderosseras, near his mansion. 6 The former of these was burned, and its site is now occupied by the hotel of Cbas. Chase. The latter, known as " Guy Park," is still standing, between the R. E. and river, 1 mi. w. of Am- sterdam. It is now owned by Jas. Stewart. A tract 1 mi. square was originally attached to each of these residences, but the whole was confiscated and sold with the estates of the tories. 6 This Gbtrreh became Presb. in 1803. There are now 8 churches in town; 2 Presb., 2 M.JS., Bap., Kef. Prot. D., Prot. E., and Evang. Luth. 1 *' OznajoachaTie" in tbeact of incorporation. Indian name. Gar narjo-hi-e, said to signify a " a kettle-shaped hole in the rock," or «tbe pot that washes itself," and refers to a deep hole worn in the rock at the falls on the ereek 1 mi. from its mouth. 8 It is said that the Indian name of this stream is " Te-ko-hor ra^^a." The falls on this creek, about 1 mi. from its month, are Interesting to scientific men for the different geological forma- tions there exposed and the holes of various sizes worn in the rocks. « Named in honor of Fisher Ames. 10 Named in honor of Jesse Buel, of Albany. 11 An Indian school was taught at Canajoharie, in 1764, by Philip Jonathan. 12 At the battle of Oriskany many of the prominent citizens of tliis place were killed. Among them were Col. Cox, Lieut. Col. Hunt, Maj. Van Slyck, Capt. Henry Devendorti Robert Grouse, Jacob Bowman, Andrew Dillenback, Capt. Jacob Leeber,. Charles Fox, and Lieut. Wm. Leeber. 18 While Gov, Clinton was at this place, Henry Hare and Wm. Newbury, two notorious tones, were arrested and executed as spies. They had formerly been citizens of the town. A deserter named Titus was also shot here. 14 See page . ifi A fort was built here at an early period as one of the chain of fortifications to Oswego, It was 100 feet square, 15 ft. high, with bastions at the angles, and was armed with several small cannon. In 1781 the house of Philip Van Alstyne was palisaded, and named Fort Van Kensselaer. It is still standing. Fort Ehle stood Imi. E. of Canajoharie. An Indian burial ground occupied the hillside just w. of the village, and several skeletons have been found, in a sitting posture, facing the e. ifl In 1799 their purchases of potash and wheat amounted to $120,000. 11 This asylum was established mainly through the inatm- mcntality of Robt. Bowman, of this town, and its course of in- struction was modeled after that at Hartford, Conn. Prof. 0. W. Morris, now of the New York Asylum, was its last principal. 18 The census reports 11 churches ; 3 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 Evang. Luth., Presb., F. W. Bap., True Dutch, and Cnion. ifi By an act bearing this date, the old town of Mohawk was abolished, and its territory was erected into Florida and Charles- ton, The present town of Mohawk is of much more recent origin. 108 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. greater part of the surface is an undulating upland. On the E. it descends in steep declivities to the valley of the creek, which is here a narrow ravine. Its streams are small. The soil is gene- rally loam intermixed with clay, and is particularly adapted to spring grains and dairying. The town has a limited amount of manufactures, consisting principally of sash and blinds, woolen goods, and flour. Burtonsville,^ (p- v.,) on Schoharie Creek, in the s. e. corner of the town, contains 32 houses; Cliarlestoii Four Corners, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, 30; and Cliarleston, (p. v.,) near the n. border, 20. Carytovpn and Oak. Rid^e are hamlets. A portion of this town was included in the patent of 24,500 acres granted to Wm. Corry in 1637 ; and others were portions of the " Stone Heap Patent," granted to John Bowen and others in 1770, and Thomas Machin's Patent of 1787. The first settlements were probably made previous to the Revolution.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.' FliORIDA — was formed from Mohawk, March 12, 1793. It embraces that part of the co. lying s. of the Mohawk, and E. of Schoharie Creek. The greater part of the surface is a rolling upland, 600 ft. above the valley. Bean Hill, in the s. w. part, is the highest land in the co. The declivities bordering upon the streams are usually steep. The two principal streams vpithin its borders are Chuctanunda and Cawillaga* Creeks. The soil and productions are similar to those of neighboring towns. Several sulphur springs are found in town, the most noted of which is near Scotch Bush. The Erie Canal crosses the Schoharie Creek between this town and Glen, on a costly aqueduct. Broomcorn is one of the principal agricultural products, and brooms are exten- sively manufactured. Port Jackson (p. v.) is a canal village on the Mohawk, opposite Amster- dam. Pop. 369. Minaville, (p. v.,) on Chuctanunda Creek, near the center, contains 95 inhabi- tants. Fort Hunter,^ (p-o->) at the mouth of Schoharie Creek, and Scotch Uusb, (p.o.,) near the s. border, are hamlets. One of the 3 Mohawk castles was situated at the mouth of Schoharie Creek at the first advent of the whites. The first white settlement in this co. is supposed to have been made in this town. Fort Hunter* was built here by the whites in 1711. Queen Anne's Chapel was soon after erected, and was furnished with a valuable set of communion plate by Queen Anne.' The fort was garrisoned until after the French War, when it was aban- doned. During the Revolution the chapel was enclosed with palisades, and converted into a strong fortress defended by cannon. In Oct. 1780, several houses were burned on the opposite side of the creek by the forces under Sir John Johnson, but the fort was not molested. Before the close of the war several newly arrived German emigrants settled in town, and they were followed soon after by Scotch and Irish families.* The first preacher after the war was Rev. Thos. Romeyn, (Ref. Prot. D.,) in 1784. The census reports 5 churches in town.' eHiESfi" — was formed from Charleston, April 10, 1823. It lies in the s.w. angle formed by the junction of Schoharie Creek and the Mohawk. Its surface consists principally of uplands about 600 feet high, descending by abrupt declivities to the narrow intervales along the streams. The princi- pal streams are Auries" Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk, and Irish Creek, a branch of the Scho- harie." The soil is generally a clayey loam. One mi. e. of Voorheesville is a chalybeate spring." Fultonville" (p. v.) is situated on the Mohawk and the Erie Canal. Pop. 850. Toorliees- ville, (Glen p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 40 houses, and Auriesville, (p. v.,) a canal village near the mouth of Auries Creek, 170 inhabitants. The land bordering upon the river was granted in 10 patents to difi'erent persons in 1722 to 1726, and the greater part of the remainder to James De Lancey in 1737. Peter Quackenboss settled on Scott's Patent, near Auries Creek. 1 Buckwheat flour' for the New York market is extensively manufactured at this place. 2 Robt. Winchell, Nathan Tracy, Aden Brownley, and Joseph Burnhap settled near Kimballs Corners, Abia Beamau near Charlestown P. 0., Henry Mapes, Abner Throop, and David and Nathan Kimball at Charleston. Thomas Machin, Capt. John Btanton, John Eddy, and Ezekiel Tracy were also early settlers. s Bap., M. E., Ref. Prot. D., Christian, and Union. * Said to signify " Willow." 6 The Indian name for this place was iKjan-de-ro-ga, or T&K)n- da-lo-ga, "two streams coming together." The first Indian castle, which stood near this place, was called " Os-stv-ne-wm," or " Otir 6-cynrgon^e" — iV. T. Colonial Hist. « The contracts to build this fort, and one at Oswego, were taken Oct. 11, 1711, by Garret Symouce, Barent and Hendrick Vroman, John Wemp, and Arent Van Patten, of Schenectady. The walls of the first were 150 feet square and 12 feet high, and were formed of logs pinned together. It was afterward enlarged and strengthened. ' This chapel was for a long time under the cliarge of the " So- ciety for Propagating the Oospel in Poreign Parts." and a mis- iionary and Indian school were supported here. The chapel was demolished in 1820 to make room for the canal. The parsonage, still standing, is probably the oldest building w. of Schenec- tady. It was sold a few years since for $1600, and the proceeds were divided between the Prot. E. churches at Port Jackson and Johnstown. fl Wm. Bent kept the first store at Port Jackson. The first bridge of any importance over Schoharie Creek was built in 1796, by MaJ. Isaiah De Puy. The route s. of the Mohawk was the one principally traveled for a great number of years. An Indian school was taught at Fort Hunter in 1769. » 2 Ref. Prot. D., M. E., Aseo. Prosb., and R. C. 10 Named from Jacob S. Glen, a prominent citizen of the town. 11 Auries Creek is the Dutch for "Aarons &eek." It was named from an Indian in the vicinity. The Indian name was Ogh-rack-ie. 12 Upon Schoharie Creek, about 2 mi. above its mouth, is a high bank formed by a landslide, and called by the Indians Co-dan^- ri-ty, signifying " steep bank," or " perpendicular wall."— SinwiM's Hi^t. Schoharie. 1' In early days fruitless attempts were here made to obtain iron. 1* Named in honor of Robert Fulton, The village site was known as " Van l}pps Swamp" during the Revolution. — Simms's Hist. Schoharie. MONTGOMERY COUNTY. 109 soon after it was secured, and was probably the first white inhabitant of the town. About 1740, 16 Irish famiUes, under the patronage of Sir Wm. Johnson, settled on Corry's Pateiit, a few mi. s.w. of Fort Hunter. After making considerable improvements, they abandoned their location and returned to Ireland in consequence of threatened Indian disturbances.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Glen ; Rev. Henry V. Wyckoff was the first pastor.^ This town was the scene of many interesting incidents connected vrith the war. It furnished its full proportion of victims at the battle of Oriskany, and sustained an equal share in the losses and sufferings from Indian incursions.^ The last council within the co. previous to the Revolution was held between the Indians and Americans Oct. 13, 1775, on the farm now owned by John S. Quacken- boss, on the Mohawk Flats, 2 mi. e. of Fultonville. MIIVDEIV— was formed from Canajoharie, March 2. 1798. Danube (Herkimer co) was taken off in 1817. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, in the extreme w. part of the co. Its surface is principally an undulating upland, with steep declivities bordering upon the streams. The principal streams are the Otsquaga* and its tributary the Otsquene. Prospect Hill, called by the Indians " Ta^a-jo-rMes,"^ lies upon the Otsquaga opposite Fort Plain. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and clayey loam, and is particularly adapted to grazing.^ Fort Plain, (P-v.,) incorp. April 5, 1832, is situated upon the Mohawk, in the e. part of the town. It contains an academy,' bank, printing office, and 4 churches. Pop. 1502. lUinclenville, (p. v.,) on the Mohawk, in the w. part of the town, contains 30 houses, and Fordsbusli, (Minden p.o.,) on the w. border, 25. Ilallsville,^ (p.o.,) Freysbusli,^ (p.o.,) and Hessville, are hamlets. In this town are found the remains of one of those ancient fortifications which are so common in Central and Western New York and throughout the Western States, showing that the co. was inhabited long prior to the advent of the Indians.^° During the French War, Fort Plain was erected on the summit of the hill, half a mi. n. w. of the village." During the Revolution, several other forts were built to protect the people from the sudden attacks of the Indians.^^ The first settlements in this town were among the first in the co. The early settlers were Germans, among whom were the Devendorf, Waggoner, and Gros families, Andrew Keller, and Henry H. Smith.^^ John Abeel, an Indian trader, settled here in 1748." In common with the other valley towns, these settlements were ravaged by Brandt and Johnson in 1780. At the time of Brandt's incursion the men were mostly absent, and the women were shut up in the forts for safety. Upon the 1 A son of the first settler married Annie, daughter of Capt. John Scott, the patentee, and settled on the site of the present CO. poorhouse. Their son John, born about 1725, waa the first white child bom on the s. side of the Mohawk, between Fort Hunter and German Flats. Comeliua Putnam settled at Ca- daughrity, Richard IIofF 1 mi. w. of Glen, Nicholas Gardiner and John Van Epa on the Mohawk, and Charles Van Eps at Fulton- ville. Near the house of the Van Eps a small blockhouse was erected toward the close of the Revolution, Hazard taught the first school, at the house of J. S. Quackenhoss ; Wni . Quacken- boas kept the first inn at Auriesville, in 1797, and Myndert Starin one still earlier at the present Tillage of FultonTille. John Smith opened the first store in Glen, in 1797. Isaac Quackenboss kept a store on. the Mohawk, e. of Fultonville. Peter and Simon Mabie built the first sawmill and carding machine, in 1797, and Peter Quackenboss a gristmill, on Auries Creek, soon after. 2 The census reports 4 churches in town; 2 Ref. Prot. B.^M.E., True Dutch. 3 In the fall of 1779 George Ouck, a noted tory, who had often led scalping parties of Indians to the homes of his old neigh- bors, was seen lurking about, and at one time was fired upon and narrowly escaped. It was supposed that he had returned to Canada; but toward spring it became known that he was con- cealed at the house of John Van Zuyler, a kinsman and brother tory. A party surrounded the house, dragged Cuck from his hiding place and shot him, and arrested Van Zuyler and sent him prisoner to Albany. In the fall of 1780 the whole settle- meut was ravaged, and many of the people were murdered. One day Isaac Quackenboss, while out hunting, discovered three hos- tile Indians sitting upon a log. He fired, and killed two, and mortally wounded the third. * Mohawk, Osquago, signifying "under the bridge.'* 6 Said to signify " Hill of Health," or " Fort on a hill." 8 The daii-y products of tJiis town are greater than those of any other in the co. Hops are also largely cultivated. ' The "Fort Plain Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute" is chiefly under the patronage of the M, E. denomination. The academic building is a fine stmcture, situated upon a command- ing eminence overlooking the village and valley. 8 Named from Capt. Robert Uall. 8 Named from John Froy, a lawyer and leading patriot who resided here during the Revolution. W Tlicse mounds and ruins are the most easterly of any of the kind yot discovered. They are situated 4 mi. s. of Fort Plain, on a tongue of land formed by the valleys of Otsquaga Creek and one of its tributaries. This tongue is 100 ft. above the stream?, and the declivities are almost piocipitous. Across the tongue, at its narrowest part, is a curved line of breastworks 240 ft. in length, inclosing an area of about 7 acres. A gigantic pine, 6 ft. in diameter, stands upon one end of the embankment, showing that the work must have been of groat antiquity. — Smithsonian Ccmiribidions, Vol. II. Art. 6. 11 This furt was builtby aFrench engineer for the Government, and was the finest fortification in the valley. It was octagonal, 3 stories high, each story projecting beyond the one below. In the lower story was a cannon, which was fired in cases of alarm to notify the people of danger. 12 Fort Plank was situated about 2 mi. N. w. of Fort Plain, on the farm now occupied by C. House. Fort Clyde was situated 2 mi. s. w. of Fort Plain, near the residence of Peter Devendorf, at Freysbush. Fort Willett was w. of Fort Plank. 18 Henry Hayse, a German, taught the first school; Isaac Countryman built the first griatmill, soon after the war, and Isaac Paris kept the first store, about the same time. A large stone dwelling was erected here for the sons of Gov. Clark in 1738, but was soon abandoned. It obtained the reputation of being haunted, and was given away, 50 years ago, on condition that it should be demolished. 1* In his previous intercourse with the Indians, Abeel had married the daughter of a Seneca chief, after the Indian fashion. A child of this marriage was the tamous chief Corn- plantor. Abeel subsequently married a white woman, and at the commencement of the war was living upon his farm. During the incursion of Oct. 1780, Abeel was taken prisoner by a party of Indians, and, while momentarily expecting death. Corn- planter addressed him as father and assured him of bis safety. He was given his choice either to accompany the Indians under the protection of his son, or to return to his white family. He chose the latter; and after the warCornplanter visited him, and was received by his Port Plain relatives with the civilities due his rank and manly bearing. The chief died at his residence in Penn,, March 7, 1836. Stone, in his Life of Brandt, says that Cornplanter was more than 100 years old at the time of liis death. Mr. Webster, of Fort Plain, a descendent of John Abeel, states that Abeel did not make hi? appearance in the Indian country until 1748, and that Cornplanter was born about 1750. This would make his ago about 30 when he accompanied the ex- pedition that took his father prisoner, and but 86 when ho died. 110 MONTGOMERY COUNTY. approach of the enemy the women showed themselves dressed in men's clothes, and the Indians thereupon kept at a respectful distance. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized at Fort Plain, long before the war. The census reports 9 churches in town.^ MOHAWK— was formed from Johnstown, April 4, 1837.2 It lies upon the n. bank of Mo- hawk River and near the center of the n. border of the co. The surface is uneven, and gradually rises from the river to the n. line, where it attains an elevation of about 400 ft. above the valley. Its principal streams are Cayadutta and Da-de-nos-ca-ra« Creeks. The soil is generally a good quality of gravelly loam. Fonda/ (p. v.,) pleasantly situated upon the Mohawk, is the co. seat. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 2 churches, a bank, printing offices, and several manufactories. , Pop. 687. Tribes Hill, (p. v.,) on the border of Amsterdam, contains 327 inhabitants. The ' site of the present village of Fonda was called " Oaughnawaga"^ by the Indians, and was one of the favorite resorts of the Mohawks. It was the scene of some of the earliest labors of the French Jesuits among the Five Nations, two of whom lost their lives here in 1646. The names of the first actual white settlers are not known. Nicholas Hansen^ settled at Tribes Hill before 1725, and others, by the names of Fonda, Vanderworker, Doxtader, and Fisher, at an early day."' Among the other residents of the town before the Revolution were Col. John Butler and his son Walter N., who afterward attained an infamous notoriety for their inhuman atrocities and for the vindictive hate which they seemed to cherish against their old whig neighbors.® The principal weight of the incursion of Sir John in May, 1780, fell upon the two settlements of Tribes Hill and Caughnawaga.^ In the autumn of the same year the second incursion of Sir John swept over the town, destroying the greater part of the property that escaped the first. A stone church (Ref. Prot. D.) erected in 1763 is still standing.^** Rev. Thos. Romeyu was the first pastor. In 1795 he was succeeded by Rev. Abraham Van Horne.^^ The census reports 3 churches in town; Ref. Prot. D., True D., M. E. 1 3 Evan. Luth., 3 M. E„ Ref. Prot. D., 2 Univ. ! 2 Care should be taken not to confound this town with one of the saine name 8. of the river, abolished in 1793. See Note 1 to Charleston. 8 Signifying " trees having excrescences." * Named from Dourw Fonda, who removed from Schenectady and settled here in 1751. At the time of the Revolution he was living on the flats, between the present turnpike and the river, a few rods e. of the road leading to the bridge, at whicli place he was murdered by the Indians under Sir Johu, May 22, 1780. At the time of his death he was 84 years old. In former years he had greatly befriended the Johnson family; but the ruthless Bavages led by Sir John spared neither friend nor foe. His three sons, John, JelHs, and Adam, were stanch whigs, residing in the neighborhood. Indian name, Ga-narwa-da, "on the rapids." 6 Meaning " stone in the water," or " at the rapids." 6 Patents of 1000 acres each, on the Mohawk, were granted to Nicholas Hausen and his brother Hendrick July 12, 1713. 7 The first birth n. of the river, of which there is any record, was that of Henry Hausen. Collins taught a school in 1774. Jellis (Giles) Fonda is said to have been the first merchant w. of Schenectady. He carried on an extensive trade with the native tribes, and with the whites at Forts Schuyler and Stan- wix and the forts at Oswego, Niagara, and Schlosser. His sales consisted chiefly of blankets, trinkets, ammunition, and rum, and his purchases of peltries, ginseng, and potash. At onetime before the Revolution his ledger showed an indebtedness of over $10,000 in the Indian country. John Chaley was an early settler at Tribes HiU. He was in the war, and found his own brother arrayed against him. 8 Alexander White, Colonial Sheriff of Tryon co., resided on the present site of the courthouse. He was a zealous tory, and was obliged to flee to Canada, He was succeeded by John Frcy, appointed by the Provincial Congress. 9 The detachment against Tribes Hill was led by Henry and "Wm. Bowen, who had lived in the vicinity. Passing the tory settlement of Albany Bush (Schenectady co.) withoxit molesta- tion, they proceeded to the home of Gerret Putnam, a stanch whig at Tribes Hill, and there by mistake murdered two tories, who had hired the place a short time before. From this place they went up the river, plundering the houses and murdeiing their old friends and neighboi-s. Every building was burned except the church and parsonage, and several slaves and white male prisoners were carried to Canada, The women were not particularly molested on this occasion. At the house of Col. Fred. Fisher they were warmly received by the Col.'s family, consisting of himself, his mother, and his two brothers John and Harmon. The Col.'s wife and children had been sent to Schenectady for safety ; and his two sisters and an old negro, on the first alarm, fled to the woods and escaped. The Indians made a desperate attack upon the house, and a constant firing was kept up by the inmates until their ammunition was ox- hau<li lifflUlilUlnu UW enemy. He had previously been paying his addresses to a daughter of Philip Bellinger, and upon a plan being formed to take the family of the latter prisoners, he forewarned them in timo to rally a party to their assistance. An ambuscade was formed, and the Indiana would have been killed or captured, bad it not been for the indiscretion of one of the party, who, upon their approach, yelled out, at the top of his voice, " Lord God Almighty, friends, here they are!" The Indians fled with the loss of only one. DELAWARE COUNTY. This county was formed from Ulster and Otsego, March 10, 1797.* It lies upon the headwaters of Delaware Kiver, from which it derives its name. It contains an area of sq. mi., and is cen- trally distant mi. from Albany. Its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland, divided into 3 general ridges by the valleys j of the 2 principal branches of Delaware Kiver. This upland region is a connecting link between the Blue Ridge upon the s. and the Catskill and Helderbergh Mts. on the n. In the s. part of the co. these ridges form a mountainous region, with lofty, rocky peaks and precipitous declivities broken by wild and narrow ravines. In the N. the highlands are less wild and precipitous, and the whole region assumes the character of a rugged, hilly upland.^ The main or w. branch of the Delaware' River takes its rise in Utsyanthia Lake,* a small sheet of water upon the N.E. line of the co. It flows 60 mi. in a s.w. direction to the w. border of the co., thence turns abruptly to th« s. and forms the s. E. boundary of Tompkins and Hancock. In its course in the co. it descends about 1000 feet. Pepachton River,' the e. branch of the Delaware, rises in Roxbury and flows 60 mi. s. w., uniting with the Delaware at Hancock. The Susquehanna forms a portion of the N. boundary of the co. Charlotte River and Ouleout Creek are tributaries of the Susque- hanna. The other streams are creeks and brooks, principally tributaries to the 2 branches of the Delaware. The valleys of these streams are usually narrow, and bordered by steep hills which often rise into mountains. The rocks of the co. mostly belong to the old red sandstones of the Cats- kill division. The mineral wealth of the co. is limited to stone useful for building and flagging, of which large quantities of a fine quality are found. Vague traditions of silver and lead mines have here, as in other counties, haunted the brains of dreaming adventurers. A brine spring is reported 4 mi. n. w. of Delhi Village, and 1384 feet above tide, another 3 J mi. from Colchester, and several chalybeate springs in various parts of the co. ; but none of them are important.' The soil is generally of a dark reddish color, composed of the disintegrated sandstone and shale. In the valleys are occa- sionally narrow strips of fertile alluvium. Dairying is at present the leading occupation of the people. The numerous fresh springs of water issuing from its hillsides,' the fresh herbage, and bracing mountain air, seem peculiarly adapted to this business.* Lumber was formerly rafted in large quantities to Philadelphia; but, although still extensively exported by E. B., the quantity is diminishing.' Since the completion of the r. r., tanneries have sprung up in favored localities, and will continue until the supply of bark is exhausted. The other manufactures are chiefly limited to the local wants of the inhabitants. The immense amount of water power in the co. will greatly facilitate the establishment of manufactories whenever the exigencies of the co. may demand them. 1 The w. branch of the Delaware waa formerly the boundary line between Otsego and Ulster cos. The line between this co. and Broome was run according to the treaty of Fort Stanwix of Nov. 5, 1768, and was known for a long period as the " Line of PropertT/" 2 The following is a list of elevations above tide, principally derived from the State Road Survey in 1825, and various R. R. surveys of more recent date : — Delaware River, E. border (estimated) 830 foet. Junction of the two branches of Delaware 922 " Hancock Station 943 " Delaware River at Hales Eddy 950 "- Dickinsons Station 963 " Deposit (State Road Survey) 1004 " Sidney Village 1010 " Month of Beaver Kil 1018 " Franklin Village 1240 " Arkville, near Margaretville 1345 " Courthouse Square 1453 " West Meredith (John Stittson) 1726 " Perch Pond 1765 " Stamford Village (Newburgh & Syracuse R. E. Survey) 1705 " K Pish Lake, near Delhi 1770 feet. Elk Creek Summit (3 or 4 mi. from Delhi) 1859 " Warner Pass (3 mi. w. of Stamford Village) 1887 " Head of Delaware, Stamford 1888 " Davenport Center 1898 " Lowest summit between Ouleout Creek and Delhi 2143 " Mt. Pisgah, Andes (estimated) 3400 " 8 Otherwise called the " Mohawk Branch of the Delaware," and by the Indians " Chokquago" or " Cacquago" * This lake is often mentioned in early documents. In colo- nial times it was at one of the angles of Albany co. •J Sometimes written Popacton, Papotunk. In the Govern- ment returns the p. o. named from the river is written Po- pacton. » Basils Mineralogy N. Y., p. 160. ' The first court held in the co. adopted as its seal the device of a " stream of water issuing from a high mountain." 6 In amount of butter this co. ranks second only to St. Law- rence. 9 In number of sawmills this co. is now surpassed by none but Steuben and Oneida. 113 114 DELAWARE COUNTY. The CO. seat is located at Delhi.* The present courthouse was erected in 1820.^ The co. clerk's office and jail' are in separate buildings, adjacent to the courthouse. The poorhouse is an old, twc story wood building, situated upon a farm of 175 acres about 2 mi. s. of Delhi Village. The average number of inmates is 65, supported at a cost of $1.00 per week each. The farm yields an income of |250. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. extends along the Delaware, and is the only r. r. in the 00. Soon after the completion of this road, in 1849, several plank roads were built, extending from several of the stations into the interior of the co.* The CO. has 7 weekly newspapers.* The great Hardenburgh Patent,^ embracing that part of the co. s. and e. of the w. branch of the Delaware, was granted April 10, 1708, to Johannes Hardenburgh, of Kingston, Ulster co., and associates, who had previously purchased the lands of the Indians. A tract of 250,000 acres, between the w. branch of the Delaware and a line a mi. e. from the Susquehanna, was bought from the Indians at ^'Johison Sail," Montgomery co., June 14, 1768, by John Harper, Sen., and Gen. Wm., Joseph, and Alex. Harper and others. On the s. e. side it extended from Utsyanthia Lake down the Delaware to the mouth of a small stream called Camskutty. Within this tract 5 towns, with full privileges of townships, were created by patent in 1770 ; but in none of them was an organization ever effected under this authority.*^ Most of the lands in this co. were settled upon leases f and this region shared largely in the excitement and mob violence which distinguished the anti-rent movement. Combinations to resist the execution of civil processes were formed in 1844, and open resistance began to be made in March, 1845, by armed bands in the disguise of Indians, and led by "chiefs^' named after the Indian fashion. They were pledged to secrecy and mutual aid ; and whenever the sheriff or his deputies appeared, to levy upon property for rent, they assembled in overpowering numbers and prevented the execution of the writs. An act was passed, Jan. 25, 1845, forbidding persons from 1 The courthouse was located by the judges, justices, and BupervisorB ; and the sum of $1200 was granted April 4, 1798, for the erection of the co. buildings, on a lot given by Levi Bax- ter and George Fish. Under an act of March 28, 1806, the sheriff's mileage was reckoned from the courthouse; and under an act of June 18, 1812, a tavern was allowed to be kept in the courthouse. The courthouse and jail was burned April 17, 1820, and a prisoner confined for some trifling offence perished in the flames. An act passed April 11, 1820, authorized a loan of $8000, for rebuilding, and the present edifice was erected in the sum- mer of that year. About a dozen prisoners, on " the limits" at the time the jail was burned, were released upon bail ; and it happened that while the co. was without a jail tliere was no occasion for its use ; hut within a few hours after a prison room was so far completed as to hold a prisoner, it was needed and occupied. 2 Supervisors' meetings and courts were held at the house of Gideon Frisbie until the courthouse wag completed. The first CO. officers were Joshua H. Brett, First Jvdge; Patrick Lamb, Wm. Horton, and Gabriel North, Judges ; Isaac Hardenburgh and Alex. Leal, Asst. Jitstices; Ebenezer Foote, ChrJc; Elias Butler, SMriff; and Anthony Marvin, Surrogate. 3 The jail is of wood, warmed by furnaces. It contains 4 rooms, and generally has 1 or 2 inmates. 4 During the first 10 years of this century several turnpikes were built through this co., and these tended greatly to pro- mote settlement, by opening routes to market. 5 Tlie Delaware Gazette was established at Delhi, Nov. 18, 1819, by John Jas. Lappan. In 1833 it was sold to A. M. Paine, by whom it is now published. The Delaware Republican was started at Delhi, July 4, 1822, by Elijah J. Roberts, and was continued about 2 years. The Delaware Journal was started at Delhi in 1834, by Geo. Marvine, and was continued 1 year. It was revived by Boune & McDonald, but was again discontinued. Tlie I>ela-ware f^xpress was started at Delhi, in Jau. 1839, by Norwood Bowne, the present publisher. Voice of the People, an anti-rent paper established at Delhi in 1845, and continued about 4 years. The Deposit Courier was started in March, 1849, by C. B. Wright, and was continued till May, 1853. Prom the same oflSce, in Sept. 1853, Sylvester D. Hulse issued The Deposit Union Democrat, and still continues to puljliah it. The Bloomville Mirror was begun May 28, 1851, by S. B. Champion. The first number contained hut 101 words, and till July no pride was fixed. The "office," located in the corner of a mill, consisted of 10 lbs. of type without a press; and the paper was "printed" by striking with a mallet on a block laid over the type. It has grown into respectable size, and has an Unusually large patronage for a country newspaper. It is now printed on a power press. Th.e Hobart Free Press was started Jan. 1855, by E.B. Fenn. The Wefldy Vis/tnr was commenced April 14. 1855, at Franklin, by Geo. W. Reynold.s. It has been changed to THe Franklin Visitor, and is still published. The Walton Journal, commenced in 1856 by E. P. Berray, waa continued 2 years. Tlie Village Record was established at Hobart in 1856, by G. W. Albright, The Walton Blade was commenced in 1856 by E. P. Berray, but was soon after discontinued. 6 Most of the Hardenburgh Patent waa surveyed by Ebenezer Wooster, in 1749 ; and in that year the proprietors released to each other certain lots, bounded by monuments on the Delaware and Papakunk Rivers. After the Revolution it was found that the monuments were lost, and an act, passed March 29, 1790, appointed Charles Tappen and Jas. Cockburn commissioners to make a survey of certain lines, to be properly marked by stone heaps every 2 mi. along the division lines. The tract waa divided into great tracts, numbered from 1 to 42. Of these. 35 to 42 lay between the branches of the Delaware, and parts of 3 to 8 s. of the E. branch. ' These towns were as follows : Names of Townships. Date of Patent. Acres. Patentees. Bedlington, Franklin, Goldsborough, Strasburgh, Whiteborough, May 24, 1770, Feb. 26, 1770, June 15, 1770, Dec. 4, 1770, March 10, 1770, 27,000 30,000 6,000 37,000 38,000 John Lake and asso- ciates. ThomasWliarton and Reese Meredith. Edward Tudor, Ber- nard Ratzer, and John Clarli. John Butler and asso- ciates. Henry White and as- sociates. The quitrents of these lands were fixed at 2 shillings sixpence per 100 acres, payable annually on the Feast of the AnnunciJt tion of B. V. M. There was generally in the patent 1 name to each 1000 acres of the grant, although the 6ona^^ owners were usually few in numbers. 8 A select committee of the Assembly, in 1846, reported the following tracts under lease in this co. : Kortright Patent, 20,000 acres, mostly leased in fee, at sixpence sterling per acre. It was offered for sale at $2 per acre. Desbros&ts Tract, (Harden- burgh Patent,) 60,000 acres, mostly leased in fee between 1790 and 1807, at 1 shilling per acre after the first 7 years. Farms from 100 to 200 acres. Morgan Lewi? Estate, 20,000 acres, about 15,000 under perpetual lease, at 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres after 15 years : for the fii-st 5 of the 15 years it was rent free, 6 years for one-balf rent, and 5 for three-quarters. G. o»d S. Yerplanch, 3 tracts, originally 50,000 acres, of which less than 20;000 were under lease. R. R. Livingston and Mrs. Mont- gomery, 20,000 acres, under perpetual lease, on a rent of 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres. Gen. Armstrong, 8,000 acres, under lease for 3 lives, at 20 bush, of wheat per 100 acres. JBunter^s and Overing^s large tracts hi this co,, Sullivan, and Greene, in fee, with a rent of 12^ to 15 or 18 cents per acre. DELAWARE COUNTY. 115 appearing disguised and armed, under a penalty of imprisonment in the co. jail for a term not ex- ceeding 6 months. Persons thus armed and disguised might be prosecuted under the fictitious names they assumed, if their real names could not he discovered ; and such persons assembling in public houses or other places to the number of three or more might, upon conviction, be imprisoned 1 year in the co. j ail. If convicted upon an indictment for a conspiracy or riot or other misdemeanor, 'U- eo n ^^ ^^^^ "^^""^ ^™®'^ "^* '^^'"^^^ weapons, they were further liable to a fine not ex- ceeding $250, Witt or without a year's imprisonment. To men inflamed by passion and intent upon the resistance to law in one form, its violation in other points was a matter of slight account; and the statute against the wearing of disguise was openly disregarded in the sections where the anti- rent spirit prevailed. An arrest under the above act was made in Koxbury, in Feb., and "Big Thunder," (Daniel W. Squires,) the culprit, was lodged in jail. The excitement which this arrest occasioned was so intense that the sheriff deemed it prudent to place a strong guard over the jaU ; and the decision with which the affair was conducted occasioned a temporary cabn. On the 7th of Aug. 1845, Osman N. Steele, deputy sheriff an active, fearless, and faithful officer, was shot in the tovm of Andes while in the performance of his duty, and died in a few hours.i The Governor immediately issued a proclamation declaring the co. to be in a state of insurrection, and placing it under martial law. A battalion of 300 militia, one-half of whom were mounted, were called out and placed at the disposal of the local officers.* They continued in service several months. The mounted men were actively employed the first 2 or 3 months in small detachments, aiding the civil authorities in making arrests, and -in patrolling day and night such districts as the exigency of the service required. The residue was employed in guarding the jail, and as foot patrols in the vicinity of Delhi on the occasion. On two occasions detachments of troops attended the sheriff to State prison with prisoners.' AHTUES*— was formed from Middletown, April 13, 1819. It lies on the s. e. border of the co., E. of the centOT. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, intersected by the deep, narrow ravines of the E. branch of the Delaware and its branches. The hills are high, rocky, and irregular, and are bordered by steep declivities.' The Delaware flows s. w. through near the center of the town. Trempers Kil, Bush Kil, and Shaw Brook are the other principal streams. The valleys of these streams are all narrow and tortuous and are bordered by steep, rocky hillsides. A considerable portion of the town is still covered with forests. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam underlaid by hardpan upon the hills, and a gravelly loam of good quality in the valleys. Andes, (p. v.,) on Trempers Kil, in the n. part of the town, contains an academy,' 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 2 tanneries. Pop, 350. Cabin mil, (p. o.,) in the N. w., is a hamlet. Shavertown and Trempers K.11 are p. offices. Permanent settlement commenced in 1784. A few farms were taken up prior to the Revolution, but were abandoned. The w. part of the town began to be settled in 1794^-96.' During the anti-rent excitement this town was the scene of much violence, and Deputy Sheriff Steele was murdered here by a mob, Aug. 7, 1845. Rev. Mr. House, of Col- chester, held the first religious meetings, in 1797.' BOTIIVA*— was formed from Delhi, Stamford, and Middletown, Feb. 25, 1820. It is an inte- rior town, lying directly e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of small streams. The highest summits are 1500 to 2500 ft. above tide. The streams are Little Delaware River, flowing w. through the center of the town. Bush Creek, the outlet of Teunis Lake, and Coulter, Maynard, Mountain, and Grants Brooks. The valleys of these streams 1 For full particulars see Cfnvemor's Message in 1846, aud GoulcPi Hvst. DeL Oo-j Chap, xiu Abont 90 persons were in- dicted for the murder, of whom one-third were arrested. Two (O'Conner and Tan Steenburgh) were convicted and sentenced to be executed, but their punishment was commuted to State prison for life by Gov. Wright, and they were fully pardoned by Gov. Young, The co, remained under martial law from Aup. 18 to Dec 22, 1846. The murder of Steele led to the speedy aban- donment of secret organizations aud Indian costumes. 2 A company of volunteers under Benj, T. Cook, and another under John R. Baldwin, were formed, and organized into a ba^ talion under Thomas Marvine as major. A company of light infantry from Unadilla, under Capt. Bolles, was also called out, and reported themselves to Maj. Marvine. * A^iutant General's Report; Ass&m. Doc. 6, 1846, The whole expense of this service was $63,683 20, which was charged to the CO,, but has never been repaid. Considerable tracts of land have since been o^nveyed in fee; and of others, the rent is now paid as formerly, and if in arrears, suits are instituted without diffi- culty. * * Named from the moantainons cliaractor of its surface. 6 " ML Pisgah" is the highest point between the two branches of the Delaware. By a R. R. survey from Oneonta by way of Elk Creek, Delhi and Fish Lali:e,the Fish Lake summit is ascertained to be 1640 ft. above tide. By another route, up the Jjittle Dela- ware and Coulters Brook, the highest point on the line was almost the same height. Mt. Pisgah measured 1800 ft. above this, or about 3400 feet above tide. ^ Erected by Henry Down in 1847. It is not incorp. ' Among the first settlers were James Phoenix, Olmsted, Peter Burgher, Joseph Ergkine, Silas Parish, E. Washburn. Eli Sears, Jacob, Adam, and Philip Shaver, and Philip Barnhart. The first birth was that of Philip, son of Adam Shaver, Oct. 9, 1786; the ftiat marriage, that of Henry Myers and Catharine Shaver, June 17, 1789; and the first death, that of Wm. .Tune, Wm, Washburn taught the first school, in 1792-93; Edward Sands kept the first store, Russell Comstock the first inn, and Robt. More built the first mill on Trempers Kil in 1797. 8 The census reports 8 churches ; 2 Abso. Ref. Prot., and 1 each Bap., 0, S, Bap., Cong., M. B., Presb., and Union. » Name applied by Gen. Brastus Root, from the Latin, in allu- sion to its fitness for grazing. 115 DELAWARE COUNTY. are narrow and avo bordered by steep, rocky hUMes. Tounis; and I^ndons I^^^^^ ^^1 bodies of water near the s. border. The sui-face is stony, and the soil is generaUy a clay loam, admirably adapted to grazing. BrusWand,^ {p. v.,) on the Litt e Delaware contains a tan- nery, griLilf and cfothing'works. Pop. 183. Bovina,Mp-.0 at the ji^ction of M^^^^^^ and Mountain Brooks, contains about a dozen houses. Mountain Broofe is a hamlet The first settlement was begun in 1792, by Elisha B. Maynard, and during the succeeding 3 years many families from Conn, and Scotland located in the valleys.^ Rev. James Richie conducted the first religious services, in 1795. The first church (Asso. Presb.) was formed in 1809. The census reports 3 churches; M. E., Asso. Presb., and Ref. Presb. COLCHESTER^— was formed from Middletown, April 10, 1792. A part was annexed to Walton in 1799 ; Hancock was taken off in 1806, and a part of Walton was annexed in 1827. It occupies a central position upon the s. e. border of the co. Its surface is a mountainous ^land, broken by the narrow valleys of the streams. The e. branch of the Delaware flows westward through the N. part of the town, dividing the highlands into two distinct parts. From the n. it receives West Trout, Downs, and Coles Brooks, and from the s. Clearwater and several smaller brooks. Beaver Kil flows through the s. w. corner, receiving Spring Brook as a tributary. The valleys of these streams are all narrow, and many hundred feet below the summits of the hills which rise on either side. The soil is a reddish clay, and is often very stony. A considerable share of the surface is still covered with forests. Lumbering is extensively pursued. I>OWns- ville,^ (p.v.,) on the Delaware, at the mouth of Downs Creek, contains 3 churches. Pop. 206. Pepacton and Colcltester are p. ofaces. The first settlement was begun in May, 1774.^ The first religious services (Bap.) were conducted by Elder Haynes, and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1803. There are now 2 churches in town; M. E. and Presb. BAVEWPORT^— was formed from Kortright and Maryland, (Otsego co.,) March 31, 1817. It lies along the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a broken upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of Charlotte River, which extends e. and w. through the center of ihe town. These ridges are subdivided by the narrow, lateral valleys of tributaries of Charlotte River. The soil is a chocolate colored clay loam mixed with slate. Ferguson ville,* (p.v.,) on Charlotte River, on the e. border of the town, contains an academy,^^ a church, and several manu- facturing establishments. Pop. 125. I>avenport, (p.v.,) 3 mi. below, contains a population of 95. Davenport Center (p.v.) contains a cradle and rake factory and 5 sawmills. Pop. 125. "West Davenport^* (p-v.) contains a woolen factory, 3 sawmills, and 90 inhabitants ; and Ouleout (p.v.) about 40 houses. The first settlers were Daniel Farnsworth and Press, who located upon the present site of Davenport Center in 1786.^^ At that time an Indian trail, of suffi- ' cient width to admit the passage of wagons, extended along the Charlotte River. Elder Mudge (M. E.) conducted the first religious services, and commenced regular preaching in 1813.^* I>E1-Hr*— was formed from Middletown, Kortright, and Walton, March 23, 1798. A part of Bovina was taken off in 1820, and a part of Hamden in 1825. A part was annexed to Walton in 1 This lake lies at the foot of Mt. Piagah, and its shores are muddy, and covered with bushes and coarse grass. It was named from a friendly Indian who saved the early settlers of Middletown from massacre by giving them a timely warning. His hut was near the lake, and he remained several years after the war. Tradition attributes to this region rich lead mines known only to Indians. 2 Named from Alex. Brush, first settler and proprietor. 8 Locally known as •' Butt End." * Francis Coulter, Levi and Jacob Mabie, Jas. Kidzie, Andrew Chifiholm, Jas. Ray, and Thos. Liddle were early settlers along the Little Delaware. The -first birth was that of Elisha H., sou of Elisha E. Maynard, Aug. 26, 1793 ; the first marriage, that of James Kusaell and Nancy Richie, in 1802 ; and the first death, that of Aaron, son of Abraham Nichols. Abel Adams taught the first school, in 1810; James Wetmore kept the first inn, at the *' Honl- ;" James McClure the first store, at Bruahland ; Stephen Palmer built the first mill, in 1796, for Gov. Lewis; and John Jerome the first factory, in 1808. 6 Name applied by Joseph Gee, from Colchester, Conn. fl Named from Abel Downs, who erected there extensive tan- neries and mills. " ' Timothy Russell, Thos. and John Gregory, (from Westchester CO.,) Frederick Miller, (still living, 1859, aged lUO years.) Jas. and S. Shaver, Silas Bowker, Peter, Harry, and Nehemiah Avery, Jacob Bramhart, Daniel and Wm. Parish, and Wm. Rose, began settlement before the war, but were driven off by the Indians and tories. Before leaving they buried their iroii implements, breth, Nathan Elwood, Nathan Fuller, Joseph Gee, Caleb and Henry Sutton, Jas. Miller, and Dennis, Jared, and John Hitt. The first birth was that of Catharine, a daughter of Wm. Roe, Dec. 24, 1784; and the first death, that of Thomas Gregory. Adam J. Doll opened the first store, and built the first bridge across the river at the place now luiown as Brooks Bridge. Wm. Rose built a sawmill in 1790. On the farm of Wm. Early, near the mouth of Coles Brook, is the site of an Indian village, with many of the apple trees planted by the natives still standing. 8 Named from John Davenport, an early settler and first supervisor. fl Named from Messrs. Ferguson, who were largely engaged ra business here. 10 JErected by the Fergusons about 1848. 11 Called Ad-a-quigh-tin-ge, or Ad-i-quartan-gie, by the Indiana. 12 Among the other first settlers were Humphrey Denio, Geo. Webster, Daniel Olmatead, Van Valkenburgh, Harmon Moore, and Elisha Orr. Dr. Dan'l Fuller came in 1796, and waa the first physician. The first marriages were those of Harmon Moore and Mary Orr, and Richard Moore and M. Banks, in 1791, the two marriages taking place at the same time; the first birth was that of a child of Harmon Moore, who died in infancy; this was the first death. The first death of an adultwas that of Mrs. Harmon Moore, in 1796. Wid. Hannah Dodge taught the first school ; Dan'l Prentice built the first grist and saw mill, in 1792- 93, and it is believed he kept the first inn. Ezra Denio kept the first store, in 1800. 18 Tlie census reports 5 churches ; 3 M. E., F.W. Bap., and Presb. to preserve them. After the war several of the families returned, w Named through the influence of Judge EbonraerFoote. The and were joined by Wm. Horton, Abraham Sprague, Thos. Cal- I name of "J/opieton" was suggested by several prominent citizena. DELAWARE COUNTY. 117 1812. It occupies a nearly central position in the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The vr. branch of the Delaware flows s. w. through the center of the town, receiving from the n. w. Platners, Pecks, Steels, and Elk Creeks, and from the s. e. Little Delaware River. The valleys are generally narrow and bordered by steep hills. The soil is a clay loam, and the surface is very stony in places. Delhi, (p. v.,) the county seat, is finely situated on the N. bank of the w. branch of the Delaware. It was incorp. March 16, 1821. Besides the CO. buildings, it contains the Delhi Academy,' 4 churches, a bank, 2 printing offices, a woolen factory, an iron foundry, a gristmill, and a savrmill. Pop. 919. The first settlement was commenced by Abel and John Kidder, in 1785.^ The first religious meetings were conducted by Elder Kidder Beck, in 1786. The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1798.' FRASTKliIlV* — was formed from Harpersfield, April 10, 1792. Walton was taken off in 1797, and a part was restored in 1801. A part of Meredith was taken off in 1800, Sidney in 1801, and a part of Otego, (Otsego co.,) as "Bunisville," in 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by deep and narrow valleys. The principal streams are Ouleout* Creek, flowing w. through the N. part of the town, and its two tributaries from the s., Croton Creek and Handsome Brook. The soil upon the hills is a shaly loam underlaid by hard- pan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Franklin, (p. v.,) on the Ouleout, in the N. w. part of the tovm, contains the Delaware Literary Institute,' printing office, and 3 churches. Pop. 490. Croton (p. V.) is situated upon Croton Creek, near the line of Meredith. Pop. 200. Nortli Franklin is a p. o. Sluman Wattles, afterward judge, was the first white settler who built his cabin in the valley of the Ouleout. He came in 1785, and was accompanied by his brothers John and Roger and his sisters Sarah and Caroline. The town was surveyed under Judge Wattles, who acquired one of the 4 shares.' The first church (Bap.) was formed at the house of Gad Merrick by Elder Hamilton, in 1798.« HAMDEHT — ^was formed from Walton and Delhi as "Hampden," April 4, 1825. Its name was corrected March 17, 1826. It is the central town of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, divided into two parts by the valley of the w. branch of the Delaware. The s. part is covered by lofty peaks and ridges scarcely susceptible of cultivation. Baleys Brook, a tributary of the Delaware, and Cove Brook, in the s. E. part, are the other principal streams. The soil is generally a brownish clay loam underlaid by hardpan. Hamden, (p. v.,) upon the Delaware, near the center, contains mills, a woolen and satinet factory, and 2 churches. Pop. 191. lian- slngrvllle, IJ mi. above, on tlie s. side of the river, contains 2 churches and 116 inhabitants. The first settlers were Daniel Harrower and Benijah McCall, who came some time previous to 1795.' The census reports 4 churches in town." HAIVCOCK.'* — ^was formed from Colchester, March 28, 1806. It lies upon Delaware River, in the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, ending in high and nearly pre- cipitous bluffs upon the Delaware, and divided into two parts by the E. branch of the Delaware, which flows w. through the N. part. Beaver Kil flows into the E. branch in the E. part of the town. Sands and Hawks Creeks and Rieds and Baxters Brooks are tributaries of the e. branch of the Delaware, from the n. ; and Big Trout, Basket Pond, Giers, Sand Pond, Cords, and Holmes Pond 1 The first academic building was erected in 182(1, on the public square, near tbe courthouse. In 1856-57 a new site was procured, containing 20 acres, upon the w. banlc of Steels Brook, and a new edifice, with two spacious boarding halls, was erected. The site is commanding, and affords a fine view of the village. The institution has been endowed by moneys derived from the sale of escheated lands in the co. to the valueof $5114. Its total property amounts to $28,820. 2 Among the first settlers were Judge Gideon Frisbee, Thos. Farrington, Bartholomew Yandes, Joseph Denio. Geo. Fisher, John, Francis, and Levi Baxter, Preston, and Gideon Rath- bone and his sons John, David, and Gideon, jr. The first birth was that of Huldah, daughter of Gideon Frisbee, Juno 14, 1787 ; the first marriage, that of Philip Frisbee and Jerusha Harmon, In 1791 i and the first death of an adult, that of Dr. Philip Fris- bee, in 1797. Thos. Averill taught the first school. The first mills were built in 1788. 8 The census reports 8 churches; 2 Christian, 2 Presb., and 1 each Prot. E., Bap., M. B., and Aeso. Presb. *The township of Frnnltlin, embracing 30,000 acres, was patented Feb. 26, 1770, with the usual powers of a township, and a quitrcnt of two and sixpence for every 100 acres annually. The patentees were Thos. Wharton, Reese Meredith, and 28 others. It was named from Temple Franltlin, a natural son of I)r. Beiy. Franklin. 5 In the great Indian purchase of 250,000 acres, June 14, 1768, this stream is named Au-ly-oxi-let. « The buildings consist of one large stone ediiice, containing recitation rooms, &c., and two large boarding halls. The total property of the institution is valued at $20,000. ' Among the early settlers were Nath'l Edgerton, Jas. Follett, Alex. Smith, Daniel and Channcey, sons of Enos Parlcer. Gen. Aaron Chamberlain, Moses Clark, Asa Turner, Gad Merrick, Hugh Thompson, Eph'm McCall, Case, Turner and Daniel Clarke, Sol. Green, John Dewey and sons, Maj. Joel Gillett, Mix, Sharp, and Fitch. The first child born was Thos. Edgerton ; the first marriage was that of Judab Bartlett and Caroline Wattles; and the first death, that of Mrs. Alexander Smith, in 1796. Shuman Bartlett taught the first school, and Asa Turner kept the first inn and store. 8 The census reports 8 churches; 3 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Cong., and Union. 8 Among the first settlers were Joseph Fisk, Henry Tan Wag- goner, Jas. Mason, Reuben Ward, Henry Edwards, Henry and John Howard, Sam'l Robinson, Wm. Cornell, and John and Silas Grimes. Jas. Howard kept the first inn, in 1796, and Matthias Sweney built the first gristmill, in 1797. Gen. Ellas Butler was the first merchant near the Walton line. 10 Asso. Presb., Christian, Cong., and Presb. " Named in honor of John Hancock, President of Continental Congress. 118 DELAWARE COUNTY. Brooks, are tributaries of the Delaware. These streams all flow through narrow ravines bordered by steep, rocky hills nearly perpendicular. The valley at the junction of the two branches is 922 feet above tide, and at the mouth of Beaver Eil it is 1018 ft. above tide. The summits are 1000 to 1500 ft. above the valleys. A large portion of the surface is stiU covered vfith forests. The soil upon the uplands is a, hard clayey loam, scarcely susceptible of cultivation. Lumber, leather, shingles, and staves are largely manufactured. Hancock,^ (p. v.,) at the junction of the two branches of the Delaware, is an important trading and k. e. station. Pop. 502. Stockport Station and I.ordsville are r. r. stations and -p. offices. East Brancb, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Beaver Eil, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ; Ho'ward, 3 mi. above E. Branch, contains 15 houses ; Partridge Island, on the e. branch, at the mouth of Rieds Brook, and Cadosia Valley, (p. o.,) on Hawks Brook, 3 mi. above Hancock, are hamlets. Before the Revo- lution two families settled in town ; but they soon after left and never returned. The first perma- nent settlement was made soon after the close of the war by families from Dutchess co.^ In 1784, Oanope, a friendly Indian, was treacherously killed in this town by Ben Haines.' The first reli- gious meetings (M. E.) were conducted by Rev. Titus Williams.'' HARPERSFIEI-0 of Hoxbury, in 1789.— OomM's Hut. Del. 0>., 197-98^99. The firat child born was Qiarlotte, daughter of Nath'l Tiffany, in March 1792 ; and the first male child born was John GoUld, in Oct of the same year. David Smith taught the first school, in the winter of 179-t-96 ; Isaac Ilardenburgh owned the first store, John More kept tie first inn, and John Pierson built the first gristmill. ' Tho census reports 8 churches ; 3 M. E., 2 0. S. Bap., 2 Eef. Prot. D., and 1 Christian. 8 Named from Sir Sidney Smith, the British Admiral. The name was flrat applied by John Mandevillo, an English school- master, then living on Sidney Plains. " Named in memory of John Carr, a tory, who built a sawmill upon this stream at an early period. 10 At this place was the site of an old Indian fort. Three acres of ground were enclosed by mounds of earth surrounded by a ditch. From early times the place has been called " The Fmt Grounds.^' " The fli-st gristmill w. of Harpersfield was built, in 1778, by Abm. Fuller, on the Ouleout, near Wattles Ferry. An inn was opened at the ferry in 1786, by Nathaniel Wattles. The first raft was sent 'down to Ilarrisburgh in 1795, by Capt. David McMasters. In 1787 a great scarcity of provisions occasioned much distress in this valley, and the settlers were saved from starvation by a boat load of flour from Northumberland, Pcnn., got^to them through the exertions of Gen. Daniel Bates. 12 The contract for building this road was awarded to Nathaniel Wattles and Medad Hunt; but, proving ruinous, the parties were relieved, in 1793, by a further grant of £120. 12 Originally named " New Starnford," from Stamford in Conn. It is situated on Great Lot No. 42 of Uardeusburghs Patent. DELAWARE COUNTY. 121 and shaly loam. Stamford, (p. v.,) upon the Delaware, in the n. e. part 'of the town, on the line ot Uarperstield, contains a seminary,i 2 churches, and 2 woolen factories. Pop. 185. Mobart (p. V.) IS situated on the Delaware, 4 mi. below Stamford. Pop. 391. The first settlement was made m 1773; by Dr. Stewart and John and Alex. More, from Scotland.^ The first church (St Peters Prot. E.) was formed at Hobart, Dec. 8, 1799. Rev. Philander Chase, afterward Bishop ot Ohio and 111., the first pastor, was installed Aug. 1799.3 TOMPKIIVS*— was formed from Walton, Feb. 28, 1806, as " PinefieUr and its name was changed March 11, 1808. It is the central town on the w. border of the co. Delaware River flows westward through near the center of the town to the w. border, where it turns s. and forms a por- tion of tlie w. boundary. The portion of the town s. of the river is composed of broken and rocky mountam masses too steep and rough for cultivation. The n. part is broken and hilly and but partiaUy cultivated. The soil is a clay, slate, and gravelly loam, Deposit^ (p. v.) is situated on Delaware River, at the mouth of Oquaga Creek, on the line of Sanford, Broome co. It was incorp. April 5, 1811.® It is the center of a large lumber business, and is an important trading station and wood dep&t upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It contains a seminary,' printing office, sawmill, a large tannery, and 4 churches-. Pop. 1249,— of which 593 are in Tompkins and 656 are in Sanford, Broome co.: the dep6t and r. r." buildings are in. the latter town. Cannonsville,^ (p. v.) at the mouth of Trout Brook, on the Delaware, 7 mi. above Deposit, contains a sawmill, flouring mill, a large tannery, and 2 churches. Pop. 325. Hales Ecldy,^ (p.o.,) on the Delaware, 5 mi. below Deposit, Barbourville^ (P-o.,) on Cold Spring Brook, near the n. border, and Trout Creek^ (p. o.,) in the n. e., are hamlets. The first settler was Squire Whittaker, from Wyoming,^** Penn., who came in 1787 ; John Hulse,*^ from Neversink, (Sullivan co.,) came in April, 1789, and Philip Pine and Conrad Edict in 1791.^^ ^he first religious meetings were held at the house of John Hulse, by Rev. Hugh Compton, in 1794.^* "WAIiTOlV^^—was formed from Franklin, March 17, 1797. A part of Delhi was taken ofi* in 1798, Tompkins in 1806, a part of Hamden in 1825, and a part of Colchester April 14, 1827. A part of Colchester was set off Feb. 1, 1799, a part of Franklin March 13, 1801, and a part of Delhi was annexed June 17, 1812. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The deep valley of the Delaware divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The s. half is a broad, rocky, mountainous region with abrupt declivities and a surface too rough for cultivation ; the n. half is broken and hilly, but generally well adapted to pasturage. The principal streams are East, West, and Hydes Brooks. The soil is a shaly loam upon the hills and a fertile alluvium in the valley. Tanning and lumbering are extensively carried on. 'Walton^ (p. v.,) upon the n. bank of the Delaware, near the center of the town, contains the Walton Academy^^ and 3 churches. Pop. 430. IVevr Road is a p. office in the extreme n. part of the town. Dr. Piatt Townsend,^^ of Dutchess co., purchased a tract of 5000 acres in this town in 1784. He surveyed it the same year, and in 1785 he came in and located upon the present site of Walton Village. He was accom- panied by 5 families, of 20 persons, mostly from Long Island. A large number of immigrants ^ The Stamford Collegiate Institute was established here in 1851. 2 Jae. Stewart, Wm. Prazer and son Simon, from Scotland, came in 1775. During the war most of the settlers left, but re- turned in March, 1786. In 1789, a company consisting of 20 h^ids of ikmilies and 2 single men (principally from Fairfield CO. Conn.) came into Delaware co. to examine Che country and select locations. Several of them located in this town, and others soon followed. Dea, John Grant taught the first school, In the winter of 1788-89. Lieut. Paine kept the first inn and store, and Calden built the first mill, near Bloomviile, before 1780. Andrew Beers, the almanac maker, resided in this town. 3 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Asso. Ref. P., Prot. E., and Union. * Named from Daniel D. Tompkins, soon afterward elected Gtovemor. & Named from having formerly been an important station, or place of "deposit," for lumber preparatory to rafting in " the spring freshets." It was called by the Indians " Colecr one," (Owls Nest,) a name corrupted by the English into "Cookhouse," by which it is still designated by the old inhabi- tants, « The original corporate limits of the village were entirely withiQ the town of Tompkins. A part of Sanford, Broome co., was annexed in 1852, The charter was amended in 1858. T Laurel Bank Seminary was opened Dec. 14, 1853. It is a fine i building, situated s. of the river, on a commanding site over- looking the Yillage and valley. It has accommodations for 200 | boarding students. The recent death of the principal has cansed a temporary suspension of the school. 8 In 1786 Jesse Dickinson, of Philadelphia, made a purchase of an extensive tract of landinthisvicinity,and made preparations for the building of a city, to be called " JHckinsons Oity." He built a gristmill upon Trout Creek, and a largo hotel, which he called the " CWy Ball." The town meetings were held in this building for several years. Dickinson ruu the first raft that went from the w. branch of the Delaware. Upon his failure, Benjamin Cannon purchased the property, and from him the village de- rived its name. Named from the Hale family, who were early settlers. 10 Mr. W. was one of the survivors of the maasaere of Wyoming; and hia sons John and Benjamin, then children, remember many incidents of that event and the subsequent escape. He stated that Brandt was at Cherry Valley at the time of the massacre, and, of course, was not a participant in its atrocities. 11 The place where he settled is now (1859) occupied by his grandson. Martial R. Hulse. IS Mr. Edict was a soldier of the Revolution, The first birth was that of Polly Hulse, in 1789 or *90 ; and the first death, that of Dorcas, wife of Oliver Hale, about 1790. 13 The census reports 7 churches ; 3 Bap., 2 M. E,, and 2 Presb. 1* Named from Wm. Walton, a large land proprietor in this vicinity, Walton's Patent (20,000 acres) was granted in 1770. i& The academy building was erected in 1853, The institution has a good library and is in a fiourishing condition. 18 Dr. Townsend received 1700 acres for surveying, and paid $2.50 per acre for the remainder, receiving his deed in 1786. 122 DELAWARE COUNTY. from New Canaan, Conn., came in within a few years.» The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1793.2 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Delaware County. Names of Towns. Andes Bovina Colchester.,.. Davenport— . Delhi I'ranklin Hamden Hancock Harpersfield Kortright.... Masonville... Meredith Middlebury. Roxbury Sidney Stamford.... Tompkins.... Walton Total.. Acres of Land. 22,863 16,682J 14,1894 19,220i 22,020i 34,6U 17,310 6,329 16,002i 24,3074 13,619} 21,194 26,213J 34,635i 19,061 19,065i 18,7214 18,681 21,629 8,217 72,626 14,844 16,273} 14,499 13,783 98,648 6,711 9,3394 17,442} 10,8404 24,3314 18,0434 11,478 9,822 40,3144 36,8694 364,4004 438,4524 ViinATION OF 1868. >»,0s $407,233 $61,348 $438,681 1,337 240,763 67,926 298,679 638 242,931 18,450 261,381 1,237 1,123 376,633 40,164 416,687 1,113 1,120 668,490 237,467 908,967 1,336 1,376 728,726 92,710 821,436 1,681 1,605 349,910 28,044 377,964 967 924 373,640 7,900 381,540 1,335 1,177 338,660 69,378 408,026 722 768 435,515 73,262 608,767 968 1,058 259,292 14,207 273,499 801 742 339,470 46,900 386,370 738 765 364,512 61,600 426,012 1,490 1,466 648,603 102,664 651,057 1,276 1,267 405,210 14,000 419,210 920 877 378,488 119,313 497,801 780 817 600,629 127,100 627,729 1,671 1,619 478,636 74,634 663,169 1,202 1,202 7,437,119 $1,235.734 $8i"672,863 20,091 19,688 432 208 411 399 466 618 339 430 286 380 286 303 634 460 846 296 692 467 441 220 427 422 489 661 360 456 298 389 294 316 675 473 373 322 653 491 365 183 376 279 409 667 307 204 283 330 307 273 370 277 299 249 539 6,006 336 .11 §1 1,107 616 1,039 979 1,022 1,091 818 888 461 666 676 697 1,346 1,003 710 622 1,406 Names of Towns. Andes Bovina Colchester... Davenport..., Delhi Franklin Hamden Hancock Harpersfield Kortright.... Masonville .. Meredith — Middletown . Roxbury .... Sidney Stamford Tompkins.... Walton Total.. 698 414 349 563 626 871 440 192 439 613 870 474 762 677 502 434 490 436 ^^? :oC3 1,896 1,144 1,726 1,382 1,441 2,646 1, 696 1,583 1,865 1,703 1, 2,610 2,139 1,622 1,208 2,017 1,991 2,175 1,774 1,035 1,749 2,051 3,196 1, 494 1,775 2,385 1,291 1.763 2441 3,817 1,766 1,867 1,616 1,618 9,140 30,697 '34,484 71,316 16,870 6,710 3,673 3,201 3,446 4,644 6,930 6,926 816 2,614 3,976 3,699 2,826 4,138 3,346 4,449 3,809 3,583 3,731 933 706 736 973 870 1,602 693 408 764 1,064 667 823 1,118 1,696 907 791 736 724 Agricdltdral Products. Bush, of Gkaih. 4,001 4,029 3,0964 4,088 2,065 6,394 3,432 1,619 1,987 2,6664 2,896 1,509 4,269 6,495 2,888 1,997 1,688 4,083 g 44,7764 24,3244 24,619} 43,109 30,7314 66,666 26,6914 16,839 31,7164 36,672 36,314} 34,741 39,966 30,6164 54,517} 23,596 46,0414 26,7604 m ^ g 6,707 4,924 4,8054 4,462 6,002 9,476} 4,898 1,946 6.4564 6,629 4,6314 4,4344 7,069 9,078 5.342, 5;i034 6,861 6,190} 21 7,774 6,109 7,168} 13,926 7,847 26,699 7,146 7,489 13,180 9,661 14,3104 13,063 14,5064 9,7864 17,441 8,887 14,626 10,247 67,483 637,488 103,8964 209,6674 259,160 4,026,676 61,186 9,737 6,966 16,166 9,984 9,676 29,166 7,6261 5,835 20,635 20,646 18,700 11,722 21,276 21,379 17,471 11,460 13,206 12,623 Dairy Products. Il,cq 269,052 223,490 97,672 192,860 216,202 393,332 170,786 46,608 240,010 326,740 124,252 221,217 261,611 472.090 204,329 246,668 166,262 166,606 11 0.O 480 2,998 390 1,956 1, 12,249 1,146 3,364 1,310 6,171 3,777 820 2,116 7,i 2,980 11,800 1,27 "^.S 3,686 2,413 1,883 2,613 1,235 1,264 1,826 454 2,464 2,669 2.625 6664 6,020 4,335 1,909 7064 2,009 1,891} 39,667} 1 Among the early settlers were Gabriel and Robert North, Isaac and Wm., sons of Piatt ToWnsend, Wm. Famum, Joshua Pine and sons, Daniel and Joshua, Michael Goodrich, Beers, Cable, Thaddeus Hoyt, Chas. W. Stockton, Matthew Bene- dict. John £)ell8, Alan Mead, Lindal Fitch, Dan'l Weed, Nathan Kellogg, Cephas Bush, Eph'm Waring, Sam'l Hanford, jr., Seth Bermy, David and Sellick St. John, and Seymour Fitch. The proprietor ofiFered a lot of land to the first male child born in town who should be named Wm.Walton: and the prize was within reach of a sod of Mrs. Robert North, the first woman who came into town, but she had set her heart upon the name of Samuel, and a lot of land could not induce her to change her mind. The first marriage was that of Boutram Olmstead and Savory Good- rich. Lewis Seymour and Judd Raymond kept the first Store, in 1791; M. Goodrich built the first saw an^ gristmill, and Gabriel North the first fl-amed house. — Hist,of WalionAn NfisX b> 22, Vol. II. of " TiK Walttm Jour." Hon. Joel T. Headley, late Sec'y of State, was a native of this town. 3 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Cong., and 1 each M. E. and Prot. E. CHEMUN^G COUE^TY. This county was formed from Tioga, March 29, 1836.' A portion of Schuyler was taken off in 1854. It lies upon the s. border of the State, is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is principally a hilly upland broken by the , deep ravines of the streams. The highest points are 400 to 600 ft. ! above the valleys and 1300 to 1500 ft. above tide. The ridges extend 1 in a general n. and s. direction, and have steep declivities and broad and rolling summits. A deep valley, extending s. from Seneca Lake, divides the highlands into two general systems, and foriSas an easy communication between the Susquehanna Valley and the cen- tral portions of the State. Chemung Eiver flows s. e. through the s. -part of the co. and cuts the ridges diagonally. Wide alluvial flats, bordered by Steep hillsides, extend along nearly its whole course. Catharine Creek flows n. 'through the central valley and discharges its waters into Seneca Lake. The other principal steeams, aU tributaries of the Chemung, are Post, Sing Sing,^ Newtown, Goldsmith, Wynkoops,' and Cayuta Creeks frcan the n., and Hendy and Seely Creeks from the s. The valleys of these streams are generally narrow, and are bordered by steep hUls. The valleys of the smaller streams are mere ravines and guUeys. The principal rocks in the co. belong to the shales and sandstones of the Chemung group. In the N. part the rocks of the Portage group are exposed in the ravines. The sandstone is quarried in several places, and furnishes a good quality of stone for building and flagging. Bog iron ore and marl are found to a limited extent. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, intermixed in some places with clay. The valleys are covered with a deep, rich alluvium. The highlands are best adapted to pasturage. The people are principally engaged in agriculture. Until within a few years, lumbering has formed a leading pursuit ;* but since the disappearance of the fine forests this business has been mostly superseded by stock and wool growing and dairying. Since the com- pletion of the railroads and canals, commerce and manufactures have received considerable atten- tion, although they are still subordinate to the agricultural interests of the co. The county seat is located at Blmira, upon Chemung River.^ The courthouse and jail are located near the center of the village, e. of the canal. The jail is poorly arranged, and in construction it meets neither the requirements of humanity nor the law. The average number of inmates is 12, kept at a cost of $2 50 per week each. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 180 acres in the town of Horseheads, on the line of Erin. The average number of inmates is 70, supported at a cost of f .80 each per week. The farm yields a revenue of f 1000.* The Chemung Canal extends s. from Seneca Lake through the central valley to Chemung River at Elmira, forming a direct connection with the great chain of internal water navigation of the State. A navigable feeder from Coming, Steuben co., forms a junction with the canal on the summit level at Horseheads Village. Junction Canal extends several mi. along the Chemung, a,ffording n^igation at points where the river is obstructed by rapids and narrows. The New York & Erie R. R. extends aloisg Chemung River through Chemung, Southport, Blmira, and Big Flats. The Chemung R. R. extends N. from Elmira through Horseheads and Veteran. The Williamsport & Elmira E. R. extends s. from Elmira through Southport into Penn., forming a direct line to Philadelphia. One daily and 2 weekly newspapers are published in this co.' 1 Name derived ft-om tbe principal river, signifiea " Big horn,' or " Horn in the water.'' It is called by the Delawares Ck)nutcliesa Democrat, now published by Osborne & Killey. Tlie Republican Telegraph was first issued May 5, 1824, by "Wm. Sands & Isaac I'latt. In 1826 it was united with The Observer. The Dutchess Intelligencer was first issued April 30, 1828, by Chas. F. Ames & Fred. T. Parsons. It was afterward published by Piatt & Parsons and Isaac Piatt until 1833, when it was united with The Republican, and waa issued as Tlie Intelligencer and Republican, published by Piatt & Eamsey. In 1834 the name was changed to The Poughkeepsie Eagle; and in 1844 it was united with The Journal. The Dutchess True American was published at Poughkeepaie in 1828, by Peter K. Allen. Tlie Dutchess Inquirer was started in Aug. 1829, by Pet. K. Allen. In 1830 it was changed to The Anti Mason. It was under the charge of John M. Yethake and Stephen Butler until 1831, when it was discon- tinued. It was soon after revived by Eliphaz Fay, and was issued a short time as The Independence. The Dutchess Republican waa started in Aug. 1831, by Thos. S. Ranney. In April, 1833, it waa united with The Intel- ligencer. Tlte Poughkeepsie Casket waa published by Killey & Losaing in 1836. Tlie Branch was iasued a short time in 1836 by Job. H. Jackaon. Tlie Youth's Guide (semi-mo.) was issued in 1837 by Isaac Har- rington, jr. TJie Thomsonian (medical) was issued at Poughkeepsie in 1840 by Thos. Lapham. The Free Press was started at Fishkill in 1841 by Fred. W. Hit- ter. In 1842 it was removed to Poughkeepsie ; its name was changed to The Dutchess Free Press, and was continued until 1844. I'he Temperance Lifeguard was staffed at Poughkeepsie in 1843 by G. R. Lyman, and was continued 2 or 3 years. 130 DUTCHESS COUNTY. The first settlements in the co. were made by the Dutch at Khinebeck and Fishkill before 1690.^ Other settlements were made along the river in 1700; but for some years the progress of growth was very slow. About 1720 a considerable number of settlers came in ; and from that time the set^ tlements increased rapidly until all the lands of the co. were taken up.^ Among the early settlers were considerable numbers of French Huguenots, who had fled from the persecutions that followed the revocation of the Edict of Nantes. A portion of the co. was settled upon leaseholds, which here, as elsewhere, led to much difficulty.^ The first civil divisions were established in 1737.* This CO. comprises the greater part of the Oblong,^ Great and Little Nine Partners, Beekmans, Rumbouts, and Schuylers Patents.^ In 1777, the co. for a short time was in possession of the British, and for a considerable time during the Revolution it was the seat of the colonial convention and legislature. By an act of April 11, 1808, semi-annual fairs of sale were directed to be held in this CO. under the management of five commissioners to be appointed by the judges of Com- mon Pleas.'' AIHEWIA^ — ^was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. The Taghkanick Mts. extend along the e. border, and the highlands belonging to the Fishkill Range extend through the w. part. The wide valley separating these two ranges occupies the central portions. The declivities of the mts. are often steep, and their highest summits are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys, Amenia Station, on the Harlem R. R., is 540 feet above tide. The The Anti Barik Democrat (mo.) was issued from the office of The Free Press in 1843. IJie American was started in Nov. 1845, by Augustus T, Cow- man. It was soon changed to Tfte Pau^hkeepsie American^ and was published by Isaac Tomp- kins and Eliaa Pitts until 1853, when it was sold to £. B. Osborne, and changed to Thfi Dutchess Democrat. In 1S56 it was united with The Tele- graph. Tfie Safeguard (Temperance) was issued in 1845 by Wm. Patton. The Daily City Press was commenced at Poughkeepsie, May 1, 1852, by Nichols, Bush, & Co. It was soon after changed to Tlie Dally Press, under which name it is still issued by its originai proprietors. The Independent Examiner was started in Feb. 1855, by Henry A. Gill, and was discontinued in 1858. The American Banner was started at Poughkeepsie in 1856 by Chas. J. AckerL In 1857 it was removed to Fishkill, and was changed to Tlie Dii-tchess Co. Times, under which name it is still published by J. Carpenter Mills. The FlsliltQl Standard was started Aug. 2, 1842. at Fishkill Landing, by Wm. R. Addington, and is still issued by him. jT/w FishkiU Journal, started in 1853 by H. A. Guild, was dis- continued in 1855. l'?ie American Mechanic was started at Poughkeepsie in 1849 by Geo. W. Clark. In 1850 it was removed to Rhinebeck, and was united with The Gazette, under the name of The American Mechanic and Rhinebeck Gazette, It was soon changed to TIieRlilnebeck Gazette and Dutcliess County Advertiser. It was successively issued by Edward M. Smith and L. R. Blanchard, and is now published by Wm. Luff. r/ie Rhinebeck Gazette was established in 1846 by Smith & Car- penter, and in 1850 was united with The Mechanic. The Rhinebeck Advocate was published by Robert Marshall in 1840. It was subsequently changed to The Dutchess County Advocate., and was discontinued about 1850. Tlie American Citizen was commenced June 12, 1858, at Rhinebeck, by Geo. W. Clark, and is still published by him. The True Balance, a campaign paper, was published at Rhine- beck by C. J. Ackert in 1858. The Amenia Times was started at Ameniaville, April 7, 1852, under the charge of Joel Benson. It was sub- sequently issued by H. Livingston & Co., and Palmer, Vail & Co. In April, 1858, it became the property of J. W. Butcher, and is still issued by him. 1 The following copy of a letter, now in possession of T. Van Wyck Brinkerhoff, of East Fishkill, throws some Ught upon the early history of the co. "In the year 1823, I saw Isaac Upton, a coaster from Newport, who informed me that about 1760 he came up the North River to Poughkeepsie, and, in com- pany with another person, went to Mabbitt's store, in Washing- ton, on businese. That, on their return, they took a circuitous route from Pleasant Valley, and passed a German by name of Hoffman, who was then 118 years old. He supposed himself to be the first white settler in Dntchess CO.; and that, when young he deserted from a Dutch ship of war in New York, squatted whero he then lived; built him a shanty, and lived a number of years a solitary life without being able to find a white woman for a wife; that afterward, finding a German family at Rhine- beck, he married, and had lived where he then was to that ad- vanced age. I was informed that he died two years afterward, at 120 years. (Signed) Pacl Upton." 2 Smith, in his history, written in 1732, says of this co., *' The only villages in it are Poughkeepsie and the Fishkill, though they scarce deserve the name. The inhabitants on the hanks of the river are Butch, but those more easterly, Englishmen, and for the most part immigrants from Conn, and Long Island. There is no Epis. church in it. The growth-of this co. has been very ■sudden, and commenced but a few years ago. Within tbe memory of persons now living, it did not contain above 12 families ; and according to the Tate returns of the militia it will furnish at present above 2500 fighting-men."— '^m(. iV. J!, -4M>. M.,p. 304. 8 In 1766, the district now embraced in Rensselaer, Columbia, and Dutchess cos. was involved in a domestic war, arising from the confiicting jurisdiction of adjacent colonies and resistance to the claims of proprietors. In June of that year, the sheriff of Albany Co., with 105 men, went to a house on the manor to dis- perse a band of rioters, 60 in number. Several shots were ex- changed: Cornelius Ten Eroeck, of Claverack, was killed, and 7 others of the militia were wounded. Three of the rioters were killed, and many wounded, among whom was Capt. Noble, one of their leaders. In July, the 28th Regiment was ordered into Dutchess CO., to quell riots ; and a small body of light infantry was soon after fired upon, and 3 were wounded. One Pender- grast, a leader, was taken, tried before Judge Horsmanden for high treason, and sentenced to be executed, but was afterward pardoned. Fifty to 60 others were fined, imprisoned, or pilloried. Soon after the sentence of Pendergrast, an advertisement was issued, offering a good reward to any one willing to assist as the executioner, and promising disguise against recognition and pro- tection against insults.~Dunlap''s ffist. A^. T., 17., Appen. CXCIIL * By an act of the General Assembly, passed Dec. 16, 1737, this CO. was divided into 3 divisions. The s. division extended from below the Highlands to Wappingers Creek ; the middle division from the latter, N. to Cline Sopas Island, (Little Esopus Island ;) and the N. division from this point to the n. bounds of the co. Each of these divisions elected a supervisor. The subsequent formation of precincts is mentioned under the several towns. 6 The Oblong, a tract 580 rods wide, extending across the e. bor- der of this CO. and Putnam, was mostly granted to Thos. Hawley and others, in 1731 ; South, Beekmans, Crum Elbow, and North Precincts were extended across to the Conn, line, Dec. 17, 1743. The patent was divided into lower, middle, and upper districts, March 9, 1774, to facilitate the collection of quitrents. 8 Several of these patents were granted as follows: Rumhout, to Francis Rumhout and others, Oct. 17, 1685; Great or Lower Nine Partners, to Caleb Heathcote and others. May 27, 1697 ; Rhinebeck, to Henry Beekman. June 5, 1703; Little or Upper Nine Partners, to Sampson Boughton and others, April 10, 1706. ' These fairs were to be supported by a tax of 1 per cent, on all sales, one-half to be paid by the purchaser and one-half by the seller. 8 According to Benson, this term was applied ty Young, the American poet, in his " Gonqu^t of Quebec,'" in a description of the several provincial troops employed in that campaign. The precinct of this name was formed from Crum Elbow Precinct, March 20, 1762, and included a part of Amenia and North East, and tbe whole of Waahmgton, Pleasant Valley, Stauford, Clinton, and Hyde Park. DUTCHESS COUNTY. 131 principal streams are Wassaio Creek and Weebotuck or Westbrook and their tributaries. A low range of metafflorphic limestone extends n. and s. through near the center of the valley.* Iron ore has been extensively mined in the highlands w. of the valley.' The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. Amenlavllle, (Amenia p.o.,) N. of the center of the town, contains the Amenia Seminary,' 3 churches, and 30 houses. It is a station upon the Harlem R. R. Tlie City, (City p.o.,) in the n. w. corner, contains a church and 17 houses ; 'VTassalc, (p. v.,) a E. R. station, a furnace, sash and blind factory, and 18 houses; Amenia Union, (p. v.,) upon the Conn, line, 2 churches, a woolen fiictory, and 30 houses;* and Sonth Amenia (p. v.) a church and 14 houses. lieedsvllle (p.o.) is a hamlet near the e. border. The first settlement was made in 1711, by Richard Sackett, an old sea captain. He purchased large tracts of the Indians in this town and in Sharon, Conn., but failed of getting his title recognized by the crown, and died in poverty in 1748 or '49.^ During the Revolution a furnace and foundry for the manufacture of steel for the use of the army was established about 1 mi. s. of Wassaic. The site, known as "The Steel Works," is still covered by coal dust and cinders. There are 7 churches in town.' BEERIWAN— was formed as a town, March 7, 1788.' A part of " Freedom" (now La Grange) was taken off in 1821, and a part of Union Vale in 1827. It lies in the s.E. part of the co.,— one corner extending to the s. border. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. Pleasant Hill, on the u. border, is the highest summit. Limestone and slate crop out on the summits and declivities of nearly all the hills. The streams are small creeks and brooks tributaries of the Fishkill, and are bordered by wide; fertile intervales. Silver Lake is a fine body of water near the w. line.' Iron ore is found s. of this lake.' The soil is a productive, gravelly loam. Green Haven, (p.v.,) near the w. border, contains 1 church and 18 dwellings; Beekmanvllle, (Beekman p.o.,) near the center, 1 church and 12 dwellings; Poug'Iiquag (p.v.) 2 churches and 15 dwell- ings ; and Beekman Furnace, on the n. line, an iion manufactory and 10 houses."" The first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1710 ; but the early records are lost. A. Delong located in 1716, and kept an inn at an early day. Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter, Bishop of Penn., and his brother, Rt. Rev. Horatio Potter, Provisional Bishop of the Diocese of N. Y., were natives of this town. There are 4 churches in town.*' ClillVTOai"— was formed from " Charhiie" and Rhinebeck Precincts, March 13, 1786. Hyde Park and Pleasant Valley were taken off in 1821. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland considerably broken by hills in the n. and w. Shultz Mts., on the n. border, and Sippe Barrack, in the w., are the highest points.*' Wappingers Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near the center. Crum Elbow Creek forms a portion of the w. boundary. Several small lakes, the principal of which is Long Pond, lie in the n. part. The soil in the N. is a sandy loam, and in the center and s. it is a productive, slaty loam. Clinton Hollow, (p.v.,) near the center, contains 25 houses, Clinton Corners (p.v.) 25 houses, Sliulkyville (p.o.) a gristmill and 10 houses, and Pleasant Plains (p.o.) a church and 8 houses. The first settler is supposed to have been Derrick Van Vliet, who located about 1755. He kept an inn in 1775. There are 3 churches in town; Friends, Presb., and Prot. E. DOVER — ^was formed from Pawling, Feb. 20, 1807. It lies on the E. border of the CO., s. of the center. The E. and w. borders are occupied by hills and mts., and the center by a deep, wide valley. The valley is about 400 feet above tide, and the summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet higher. Ten Mile River flows s. from the n. line to near the s. boundary, thence turns e. and dis- charges its waters into the Housatonic. It receives from the s. Swamp River, a stream that is iTbia limestone is of a bluish color, hard and brittle; and ■where it crops out it is considerably disintepprated, covering the ground in the immediate vicinity with a white sand. 2 Ao ore bed i mi. w, of Ameniaville has been extensively worked for 26 or 30 years, and the supply of ore seems inex- haustible. Another ore bed has been opened 2 mi. N. w. of Was- saic. and another near the N. line of the town- 8 This institution has been under the charge of the M. E. de- lomination. * 1 church, the woolen fectory, and about half of the buildings are in Conn. s Mr. Saclcett was connected with the Livingstons in the settlement of the Palatinates at "German Camp," (now German- town; Columbia CO.) TJlric Winegar and his son, Capt. Garrett, were the next families. They removed from " Oenrum Camp" in 1724 and settled on the Oblong tract. The father died in 1754, aged 102 years. Delamater settled soon after the Winegars, n. w. of Amenia Union. Henry Nase, Stephen Hop- kins, Joel Oilleti^ Hez. King, Abm. and Joshua Paine, J. Howe, and Elisha Kinney settled previous to 1743. After this time the town rapidly filled up with settlers, mostly from New England, The first mill is supposed to have been built by John Delamater, at Leedsville, and the first inn to have been kept by Michael Hopkins, near the center of the town. « 3 Presb., 2 M. E., and 1 each Bap, and Prot. E. 7 The town embraced the land granted to Col, Henry Beekman, Beekman Precinct was formed Dec, 16, 1737, and Pawling's Precinct was set off in 1768, 8 The Indian name for this lake is A-poKjua-gue, signifying round lake, 9 Ore from this bed is extensively mined and taken to Pough- koepsie and Fishkill Furnace, 10 The furnace at this place is supplied with ore from Union- vale: 700 tons of iron are annually produced. » Bap,, M, B., Prot. B., and Union. 12 Named from Geo. Clinton, first Governor. 1* A slate quarry was formerly worked at the N. extremity of the Shultz Mta. ; but it is now abandoned. 132 DUTCHESS COUNTY, bordered by swamps upon the greater part of its course. The limestone ridge extends N, and s. through the center of the principal valley. Along its course several marble quarries have been opened.^ Iron ore is found in abundance.^ The soil is a fine quality of sandy, gravelly, and slaty loam. The small streams flowing from the w. hiUs have worn deep ravines, and in several places form beautiful cascades. The most noted of these is knovra as "Dover Stone Church."* Dover Plains, (Dover p.o.,) a b. r. station, in the n. part of the town, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, and plaster mill. Pop. 375. South Dover, (p. v.,) on Ten Mile River, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and 30 houses. Chestnut Rid^e (p. o.) and Wing Station (p. o.) are ham- lets. The first settlements are said to have been made by the Dutch from the river towns. Among the early settlers are found the names of Knickerbacker, Osterhout, Dutcher, and Van Duzen. The first settlers upon the Oblong tract were from Conn. The first church (Ret. Prot. D.) is said to have been formed about 1770.* EAST FISHH-II.li— was formed from Fishkill, Nov. 29, 1849. It is the center town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and e. and hilly in the n. and w. The highest points of the Fishkill Mts., in the s., are 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide.^ The principal streams are the Fishkill and its tributaries, "Wortel Kil and Sprout Creek. Black Pond is a small sheet of water near the s. Ime. The intervales along the streams are generally wide, and bordered by steep hillsides in the s. and more gradual slopes in the n. The soil is a gravelly loam. Fatting cattle for the New York market is one of the leading pursuits. £ast Fislikill^ (p-^v) near the center, contains a grist and sawmill and 15 houses; Jolinsville, (p. v.,) near the w. border, 1 church and 14 houses; Storm viUe, (p. v.,) in the e. part, 20 houses; Fistikill Plains, (p. V.,) in the n. w., 1 church and 15 houses ; and Slianandoati Corners, in the s., a church and 15 houses. PecUsville, Hopewell, (Adriance p.o.,) and Fisbkill Furnace^ are hamlets. The first settlers were Genetj Geo. and Isaac Storm, about the year 1730; CorneUus Wiltsie and Isaac Adrience came in about 1740. There are 4 churches in town."^ FISHRII^ri— was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. A part of '"Freedom" (now La Grange) was taken off in 1821, and East Fishkill in 1849. A part of Philipstown (Putnam co.) was annexed March 14, 1806. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. w. comer of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and hilly in the n. The Fishkill Mts., extending along the s. border, are high, rocky, and precipitous. Old Beacon and Grand Sachem, in the s. e. corner, the highest sum- mits, are respectively 1471 and 1685 ft. above tide. A break in these mountains, in the e. part, opening toward the s., is known as the Wiccopee Pass.^ The Fishkill flows s. w. through near the center of the town, skirting the foot of the mountains and separating them from the hilly region in the N. w. Wappingers Creek forms the w. boundary. A high rolling ridge lies between these two streams, and the highest point is Mt. Hope, 1000 ft. above tide, near the e. border.^ Sprout Greek, a tributary of the Fishkill, forms a portion of the e. boundary. A series of bluffs, 150 to 200 ft. high, extends along the river, broken by the valleys of the streams. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Fislik.ill L copse," or "Lot^ HiR" and the highrat on the e. border aa " Looking JRoek." ^ A furnace at this place manufactures jjg iron from the ore. It employs 40 hands, and makes about 400 tons of iron per annum. The ore is obtained from the mine near Silver Lake, in Beekman. A mine on the e. line, after being worked 20 years, was exhausted. ^ 2 Bap., M. E., and Ref. Prot. D. The last named has an endowment of $5000. 8 This pass waa carefully guarded during the Revolution, to prevent the British from turning the American works at West Point. A considerable American force was stationed at its upper extremity during the campaign of 1777. Mt. Hope ia | mi. s. of Myers Corners. A beautiful and ex- tended view is obtained from its summit. A beacon has been erected here by the Coast Survey, to serve as a point in the tri- angulation of the Hudson River Valley. 10 Among the most important of these are the following: — "The Seamless Clothing Mannf'g Co.," incorp. with a capital of $50,000. It gives employment to 95handB, and turns out ^50,000 worth of goods annually. The Matteawan Machine Works, incorp. with a capital of $100,000, gives employment to 200 hands, and turns out annually goods to the amount of $500,000. J. Rothey*s file factory employs 70 hands, and manufactures goods to the DUTCHESS COUNTY. 133 churches. Pop. 1476. Wappln^ers Falls, (p. v.,) at the head of navigation onWappingers Creek, 1 i mi. from the Hudson, lies partly in Poughkeepsie. It is largely engaged in manufacturing.' Wap- pmgers Creek here falls 75 feet, furnishing an excellent water power. The village contains 4 churches. Pop. 1819, of which 1139 are in this town. Hng-hsonvUle, (p. v.,) IJ mi. s. of Wappingers Falls, contains a church and a steam saw and grist mill. Pop. 245. STew Hackensack, (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 1 church and 15 dwellings; Fiskkill, (p. v.,) near the center, contains the Fishkill Seminary, the Fishkill Collegiate Institute, 2 private schools, a newspaper office, a bank, savings' bank, 3 churches, and 130 dwellings, eienliam, (p. v.,) 2J mi. below Fishkill, contains a woolen faotory,^ 3 churches, and 75 dwellings. Cartkage liandin?, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, 5 mi. above Fishkill Landing, contains 1 church and 30 dwellings. Myers Cor- ners, S^f^artoutville, and Brinkerkoflville are hamlets. The first settlement is sup- posed to have been made before 1690. The earliest records, dated in 1697,* are papers relating to lauds. The town lies within the tract granted to Francis Rumbout and others, Oct. 17, 1685.* In colonial times it formed a part of the Rumbout and Fishkill precincts. The first constitutional con- vention held a session in this town in the fall of 1776. There are 22 churches in town.* HTDi: PAKK.*— was formed from Clinton, Jan. 26, 1821. It lies upon the Hudson, a little N. of the w. border of the co. Its surface is principally a rolling and moderately hilly upland, terminating on the Hudson in a bluff 80 ft. high. Hog and Lloyds Hills, in the N. part, each about 500 ft. above the river, are the highest points in town. The principal streams are Crum Elbow Creek, and Fall Kil, tributaries of the Hudson. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by slate. Hyde Park, (p. v.,) finely situated upon an eminence half a mi. e. of the river, contains 4 churches, a gristmill, and 692 inhabitants. Staatsburgta (p. v.) is a R. R. station and hamlet in the N. part of the tovra ; Union Corners and Hyde Park Lianding are hamlets. Numerous elegant residences, occupying splendid sites, have been erected along the banks of the river. The first settler is supposed to have been Jacobus Stoughtenburgh, the owner of one of the nine " water lots ;" he came to the town about 1720. Gov. Morgan Lewis formerly re- sided upon the place now occupied by Hon. J. K. Paulding. The census reports 7 churches in town.' E.A CRAlVCrF^ — was formed from Beekman and Fishkill, as "Freedom," Feb. 9, 1821. Its name was changed in 1828. A part of Union Vale was taken off in 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland. Sprout Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near the center. Wappingers Creek forms the w. boundary. The valleys of these creeks are broad and very fertile. The soil is a gravelly loam. Eia Crran^evflle, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 2 gristmills and 14 houses ; and Freedom Plains, (p.v.,) near the center, a church and 14 houses. Sprout Creek (p. v.) is a hamlet in the s. part. Manchester Bridge, (p.o.,) on the w. line, is mostly in Poughkeepsie. Artliursburgta (p.o.) is a hamlet in the s. corner. The first religious society (Friends) was formed before 1800. There are 2 churches in town ; Friends and Presb. MHjAHT* — ^was formed from Northeast, March 16, 1818. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The declivities are generally gradual slopes, and the hills are arable to their summits. Roeliff Jansena Kil crosses the N. E. corner. The other streams are small and are bordered by fertile intervales. The soil is a clayey, gravelly, and slaty loam. Jacksons Corners, (p. v.,) on Roeliff Jansens amount of $45,000 annnally. Wiccopce, i mi. below Matteawan, was the seat of the Wiccopee Color Milla, since changed to the New York Rubber Co., engaged in the manufacture of rubber toys. This co. has a capital of $125,000, employs 125 men, and turns out $100,000 to $160,000 worth of goods per year. 1 The Dutchess Printing Co., incorp. with a capital of $300,000, employs 300 bands, and produces $750,000 worth of prints per annum. The Franklin DaleManuf'g Co., incorp. with a capital of $150,000, employs 250 hands, and turns out $150,000 worth of printing cloths per annum. There are, besides, a foundry, comb factory, and numerous machine shops. A large cotton factory was burnt here a few years since, and has not been re- built. 2 The Qlenham Woolen Co., incorp. with a capital of $75,000, employs 175 hands, and turns out $276,000 worth of goods an- nnally. It was first started in 1811. ' The first mill was erected at the mouth of Fi.shkiU, some time before 1709. A ferry to Newburgh was authorized in 1743. * The house now occupied by lion. Isaac Teller and his sisters at Matteawan— one of the Brst built in town— belonged to Roger Brett, a son-in-law of Rumbout. It was built about 1710. The house is one story, 87 by 36 ft., the sides and roof covered with cedar shingles. It was often filled with officers and soldiers in the Revolution, and salt was stored in its cellar for the army, 5 The first church (Ref Prot. D.) was formed at Fishkill Vil- lage early in the last century ; but the precise date cannot be ascertained. The earliest church records bear date of Sept. 30, 1727. Rev. Dr. De Witt supposed that the church was formed as early as 1716. The present edifice was built in 1786, in the place of one built in 1731. The old church was used for barracks by the American army daring the Revolution. A parsonage lot, held in common by this church and the one at " HbpeweW and Hackensack, was sold Feb, 17, 1806. The present churches are as follows :— Presb,, M. E., Ref Prot D., and Af. Meth. at Fish- kill Landing; Presb., Prot. E., Prot, Meth,, andR. 0. at Mattea- wan; M. B., Ref. Prot, D., and Prot. E. at aienham ; M, E., Ref Prot. D., and Prot. E. at Fishkill ; M, E,, Prot, B,, and Bap, at Wappingers Falls; Presb. at Brinkerhoffville ; M.B. at Carthage landing; Presb. at Hughsonville ; and Ref Prot, D. at New Hackensack. « Named bv Dr. John Bard from Hyde Park, London. ' Prot. B,, M. B,, Bap,, Presb,, Ref. Prot. D., R. C, and Friends. fl Named from La Fayette's residence in France. 8 This town is included in the tract known as the *' Little Niuo Partners." 134 DUTCHESS COUNTY. Kil in the N.E. comer, contains 1 church and 25 houses; RocfeClty' (p. v.) a grist and sawmill and 20 houses; MilanviUe (Milan p.o.) 12 houses; and I.a FayetteviUe (p.T.) 16 houses. SbookviUe and Thornville are hamlets. The first setflements were prmcipaUymade by tenants under the original proprietors, about 1760,^ and a large share of the land is still held by leasehold tenure. The first church (M. E.) was formed about 1790. The census reports 4 cliurches.' HTORTHEAST*— was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Milan was taken off in 1818, and Pine Plains in 1823. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. A tongue of land IJ mi. wide, upon the E. border, extends 4 mi. N. of the remaining part of the town. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. The Taghkanick Mts., extending along the E. border, are rocky and broken, and are 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. The highest point in the valley w. of the mountains, forming the sum- mit level of the N. Y. & H. R. R., is 771 feet above tide. "Weebotuck Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through nearly the whole length of the town. Chekomiko Creek flows N. through the w. part. Indian Pond, on the e. line. Round Pond, on the s. line, and Red Pond are the principal bodies of water. The valleys have generally a gravelly and clayey soil, but the hills in many places are rocky and fit only for pasturage. An extensive bed of iron ore has been opened 1 mi. N.E. of Millerton, near the Conn, line.^ IVortlieast Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses; Millerton, (Northeast Station p.o.,*) a k.r. station, 1 church and 27 houses; and Spencers Corners (Northeast p. o.) a church and 12 houses. Coleman Station is in the s. part. Federal Store is a p. o. The pioneer settlers were mostly from Conn., and located here from 1725 to 1730.' The first religious services were held at an early date, by Moravian missionaries, at an Indian mission house at the N. end of Indian Lake.* There are 4 churches in town.' PAtflilBrG'"— was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Dover was taken off in 1807. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. A high range of hills extends along the E. border, and another occupies the w. part. A fine, broad valley occupies the central portions and separates the two highland regions." Swamp and Croton Rivers take their rise in the valley, the former flowing n. and the latter s. "Whaleys and Little Ponds — the sources of the Fishkill — lie near the w. border, and Ob- long Pond lies in the N. E. part. The ridge of limestone from which marble is quarried extends into the N. part from Dover. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam. Large quantities of milk ai'e daily sent to the New York market. PaTTling, (p. v.,) a station on the H. & N. Y. R. R., con- tains a bank, 2 churches, and 25 houses. Campbellville, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 14 houses. Quafeer Hill (p.o.) and Farmers Hill (p.o.) are hamlets. Settlements are sup- posed to have commenced at Quaker Hill between 1720 and 1730, by Friends from N. J., who organized the first religious society soon after their arrival.''' There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., Bap., and Friends. PIWE PliAIWS"— was formed from Northeast, March 26, 1823. It lies on the N. border of the CO., E. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, the ridges being separated by broad valleys. The highest summit is Stissing Mt., in the w. part, 400 to 500 feet above the valleys. Its declivities are steep, and it is crowned with a mass of naked rock. Roeliff Jansens Kil crosses the N. w. corner, and the Shekomeko or Cheecomico flows N. through near the center. Thompsons, Stissing, and Mud Ponds lie at the e. foot of Stissing Mt., and Buttermilk Pond and several smaller ones are in the s. part. The soil is generally a productive, gravelly loam. Marl is found in several 1 Named from the rock which crops out in the ai^acent hills and along the streams. 8 In 1760, Johannes Rowe hought of Eobert Livingston 911 acres a little N. of La Fayetteville, and located upon it. Among the other early settlers we find the names of Clark, Stewart, Simons, and Herrick, a part of whom were from Conn. 3 2 M. E., and 1 each Christian and Union. * Named from its geographical position in the co. Northeast Precinct was formed from the North Precinct, Dec. 16,1746, and embraced the Little or Tipper Nine Partnei-s Tract. The North Precinct was extended across the Oblong Tract to the Conn, line, Bfo. 17, 1743. 6 The Dakin ore bed was opened in 1846 by the proprietor, who erected a furnace in the vicinity and run it until 1856. The mine is at the foot of the Taghkanick Mt., where it makes a bend into Conn., and about li mi. above the Salisbury (Conn.) mines. Trom 8000 to 10,000 tons of ore are taken out annually, and are mostly sent by B. r. to Hudson. Benedict's Furnace. 1 mi. N. w. of Millerton, makes 5 tons of pig iron daily, principally from Salisbury ore. A cupola furnace has also been ereeted here, and the manufacture of car wheels commenced. A slate company was Incorp. in this town in 1812. 6 Large quantities of milk are daily sent to the N. T. market. ^ Baltus Lott and Adam Showerman first settled in the s. part of the town. Barzillai Rudd, Elder Dakin, and Spencer were also early settlers. 8 The remains of this old mission house are still visible on the farm of Douglas Clark. 9 2M.E., Bap., and Cong. 10 Pawling Precinct was formed from Beekman Precinct, Dec. 31, 1768. " Mt. Tom, a prominent peak J mi. v. of Pawling Station, is about 300 feet above the valley. ^ The Friends meeting house on Quaker Hill was used as a hospital during the Revolution, and a considerable number of soldiers were buried in the vicinity. A body of troops were stationed here for some time ; and Oen. Wa^ingtQn spent a short time here in 1778. 18 This town formed a portion of the " Little Nine Partners" tract. Many ef the farms are still owned by the heirs of the original proprietors, and are leased to the occupants. All efibrts to convert the leasehold tenure into a freehold have proved unsuccessful. DUTCHESS COUNTY. 135 localities.! Pine Plains, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains a bank and 3 churches. Pop. 382. Hammerto'fvn contains an extensiye scythe factory and a dozen houses.^ Pul- vers Corner (p.o.) and mount Ross are hamlets. The first settlements were probably made about 1740.' A Moravian mission was established among the Indians at Shekomeko, 2 mi. s. of Pine Plains, in Sept. 1740.* There are 5 churches in town.' PliEASAWT VAI.L,EY— was formed from Clinton, Jan. 26, 1821. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surfaee is a rolling and hilly upland. Barnes and Dennis Hills, in the N. w., are the highest points. Wappingers Creek flows s. w. through near the center ; Sprout Creek takes its rise in a pond in the s. w. part. Slate crops out along the hills, and a vein of marble has lately been discoTered. The soilis a clayey and gravelly loam. Pleasant Val- ley, (p.v.,) in the s. w. part, was irioorp. April 15, 18l4; it contains a cotton factory* and 4 churches. Pop. 500.' Salt Poted, (p.v.,) on Wappingers Creek, contains a grist and plaster mill and 17 houses. IVasliin^on Hollow, (p.v.,) on the line of Washington, contains a church, cotton factory,* and 16 houses. Hibernla (p.o.) is a hamlet. Crum Elbofv is a p.o. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1765; Rev. Wheeler Case, the first pastor, was in- stalled Nov. 12 of the same year. There are 5 churches in town.' POUGHH-EEPSIEi"— was formed as a town March 7, 1788. The city of Poughkeepsie was taken o£F March 28, 1854. It lies upon the Hudson, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland. Wappingers Creek, forming the e. boundary, and Fall Kil, flowing s. through Poughkeepsie City, each furnish a considerable amount of water power. The soil is clayey in the w. and a sandy and gravelly loam in the remaining parts. Wevr Hamburgli, (p.v.,) on the Hudson, in the extreme s. angle, contains 2 churches. It is a, r. k. station, and is connected by a ferry with Marlborough, Orange co. Pop. 339. Cbanningville, opposite Wap- pingers Falls, contains a gristmill, 2 churches, and 50 houses. Mancbester, (Manchester Bridge p. o.,) on the line of La Grange, contains about a dozen houses." Rochdale, in the n. e. corner, contains 2 cotton factories and 15 houses. I>OCUst Crlen is a p. o. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, about 1700.*^ There are 4 churches in tovra; 2 M.E., Presb., and E. C. POUGHKEEPSIE CITY— was formed from Pough- keepsie, and incorp. as a village March 27, 1799, and as a city March 28, 1854. It is situated upon the Hudson, a little s. of the center of the w. border of the co. The ground gradually rises from the river to a table laud, 150 to 200 ft. high, upon whi6h most of the city is built, and about 1 mi. back into a hill 500 ft. high." Fall Kil, a small stream, flows in a tortuous channel through the city, affording a limited amount of water power. The city is finely laid out on the bluff overlooking the Hudson ; and, besides the co. buildings, it contains 4 banks, 1 savings' bank, 18 churches, and many other fine public and private buildings. Its location gives to the city commercial advantages vrhich are fully improved. During the summer daily lines of steamers run to New York and to 1 Upon draining Hoag Pond, ly mi. s. E. of Pine Plains Village, a very deep bed of marl, covering 6 or 8 acres, was found. Marl is also found in Buttermilk Pond. 2 Harris's Scythe Factory gives einployment to 50 hands, and turns out about 2000 dbzen scythes per annum, * In 1740, John Rau, a German, lived on a hill N. E. from She- komeko. John Tice Smith, Jaa. Graham, C. W. Bautz, Ebr. Dibble, and ' Snyder were also early settlers. 4 This mission was commenced in Sept. 1740, by Henry Randh, and on the 22d of Feb. 1742, the first 3 Indian converts were baptized. Before the end of 'the year, 26 more were converted, and a plaoe of worship was erected. 'This little comlnunity had not become fully settled befbre its quiet was disturbed by the intrusion of an armed force under ^he orders of the sheriff, at the instigation of intoleirant and bigoted neighbors ; and, al- though neither arms nor any thing else were found that could be construed info hostile designs against the Government, the missionaries were seized and brought before the Governor and CbuUcil at New York, under charge of being in the interests of the French and of endeavoring to seduce the Indians from their Uliance with the Kuglish. Upon refusing to take the oath of 'Allegiance, they Were reprimanded and discharged. Their ene- ' "tales, well knowihg their 'conscientious scruples in regard to oaths, In W44 obtained the passage of an act " for securing his majesty's government in New York," by which an oath of alle- giance'-fras mrtde obligatory. Rather than do violence to their consciences, the missionaries removed to Bethlehem, Fenn., followed by several of their Indian converts. The mission was visited by Count Zinzeudorf and Bishop David Nitschman soon 'after its location in this toWn. During the last 2 years, 62 native converts were baptized and admitted to the Church. Gottlieb 'Btiettuer, one of the missionaries, died. in Feb. 1745, at this jslace. — JBebkewelder^s Hist. Morav, MisSionSj 20 ; Doc. Hist. N. T.. HI. 1014; Davis's Shekomiko, p. 29. 's Bap., M. E., Presb., Prot. E„ and Friends. *'TbiB fabtory was built in 1815, by John' Gibbons. It con- tains 80 looms, and gives employment to 75 hands. ' The charter of this village is a dead leHer, as 'no election haa taken place in 10 yfears. The village records ai'e lost. 8 illiiB factory gives employment to about 40 ba^ds. • 2 M. E., Friends, Prot. E., and Prfesb. lO'poUghkeepsie Preciiiot was formed Dec. 16,' 1737. In early documents theuanieis spelled in avariety of ways,'as"i^'c£j>si" and "Pofc/prt." The original name is said to have been Apo- keep-sink, signifying "pleasant harbor." 11 A cotton factory" was foi'merly in operation here. In 1849 it was changed to a paper mill, which was run until 1857. 12 Near the s. line of the city is a house built before the Revo- lution and fonrierly owned by Philip Livingston. It still bears the marks of balls fired by the British. The dwelling of Gov. Geo. Clinton, Still standing, 6 mi. below the city, is now owned by Philip S. Van Rensselaer. Prof. S. F. B. IMorse, the Inventor of the electric telegraph, resides 2 mi, a. of the city. 13 About 1 mi. N. of this hill is another of about the same ele- 136 DUTCHESS COUNTY. Albany, and a considerable trade is carried on by barges and boats. The daily line of steamers between New York and Albany also touches here. A steam ferry connects the city with New Paltz. The manufactures are extensive and various. They consist chiefly of pig iron, carriages, carpets, pins, chairs, drugs, files, sewing silk, and ale.' The City Hall is a plain brick building, situated on Main St., a little w. of the courthouse. The Public Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 12 members, of whom 3 are elected annually. The schools are 6 in number, and employ 23 teachers,— 3 males and 20 females. In 1857 the number of children between 4 and 21 was 4329, of whom 1900 (or 44 per cent.) were in attendance at school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of tlie schools were $8444 13. The number of volumes in the district libraries was 4683. The Dutchess Co. Academy occumes a large 3 story brick building on Hamilton St.'' The Poughkeepsie Female Se^^teery, situated on Cannon St., was founded by a stock co., at a cost of 115,000. . . , , „ on The Poughkeepsie Collegiate School is situated on a hill | of a mi. E. of the city. A lot ol 80 acres is connected with the institution, and the building and grounds are valued at |75,000.» The Mansion Square Female Institute is a private institution, corner of Mansion and Catharine Sts. It has 9 teachers and 80 pupils. The Poughkeepsie Female Collegiate Institute, a private institution, is situated at the corner of Mill and Catharine Sts. It occupies a 3 story brick building, and has an average of If teachers and 100 pupils. The Cottage Hill Seminary, a private institution for young ladies, is^ located on a beautiful site upon Garden St. It is under the charge of a principal, assisted by ^^teachers and lecturers. A library of 2000 volumes is connected with it, and the number of pupils is limited to 50. The Law School, incorp. in 1851, and first located at Ballston Spa, was removed to this city in 1853, and its sessions are still held here. A Young Men's Association has been established, for the purpose of furnishing winter lectures. The Poughkeepsie Lyceum of Literature, Science, and Art was incorp. April 6, 1838. The Poughkeepsie Orphan Asylum and Home of the Friendless, having for its object the care of orphans and destitute children, was organized June 21, 1847. Besides these, there is a Rural Ceme- tery Association,^ a well organized Fire Department, and an Aqueduct Association. Population of the city, 12,763.5 The first settlement was begun in 1690 and 1700. Baltus Van Kleeck built the first house within the present limits of the city, in 1702, on land now owned by Matthew Vassar, near the Cong. Church.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed about 1700. Eev. Cornelius Van Schie was installed pastor of this church and the one at Fishkill in 1727.' The Van Kleeck House, a substantial stone building, was used for purposes of defence, and just under the eaves the walls were pierced with loop-holes for musketry. This building was after- ward the meeting place of the inhabitants to consult upon the public welfare when the Boston Port Bill and kindred measures awakened a spirit of resistance through the country. There the Committee of Correspondence of Dutchess held their meetings ; and there the pledge to sustain the Continental Congress and the Provincial Assembly was signed by the inhabitants of Poughkeepsie in June and July, 1775. -ration. Many beautiful and costly dwellings are built upon these table lands about tbe city, affording a fine view of the city and valley. The eye here has an uninterrupted range of view over 2500 sq. mi. of country. 1 The Poughkeepsie Iron Works were established in 1848, with a capital of $200,000 ; 76 hands are employed, and 10,000 to 11,000 tons of pig iron are manufactured per annum. The ores used are the hematite from Fishkill, and the magnetic ore from Essex CO. The Poughkeepsie Carriage Manufactory, with a capital of $36,000, employs 60 hands, and turns out $90,000 to $100,000 worth of carriages per annum, which are chiefly sold in tbe Southern markets. Peltou'a Carpet Factory, with a capital of $60,000, employs 60 to 70 hands, and produces 60,000 to 65,000 yds. of carpeting per year. A pin factory, in the same building, em- ploys 15 hands. The Poughkeepsie Chair Manufactory employs 300 hands, and produces $60,000 worth of chairs per year, which are mostly sent to South America. An establishment for the preparation of dye stuffs and drugs employs 30 hands, and manu- factures $200,000 worth of goods annually. A file factory, started in 1866, employs 12 men; and a sewing silk factory, started in 1858, employs 15 to 20 hands. M. Vassar & Co.'s Brewery and Malt Works, commenced in 1795, has a capital of $150,000, em- ploys 50 men, and manufactures 30,000 bbls. of ale per year. 2 ITiis building was erected in 1836, at accost of $14,000. 3 The building of this institution is of w9^, modeled after the Parthenon. It was orgauized under the charge of Chas. Bart- lett, N. P.Tallmage, and Cunningham. * The Poughkeepsie Rural Cemetery consists of 54 acres, situ- ated in the town of Poughkeepsie, a short distance below the city, between the Highland Turnpike and the Hudson. ^ The population of the town of Poughkeepsie (including the city recently organized) at different periods has been as fol- lows : — 1790 2,629 I 1814 6,673 I 1830 7,222 1845 11,791 1800 3,246 1820 6,726 1836 8,629 1850 13,944 1810 4,669 I 1825 6,936 | 1840 10,006 1866 15.873 *■ Among the early settlers were Dutch families named Van De Bogart, Van Benschoten, Van De Bergh, Van Wagener, De Graff, Le Koy, Parmentier, Messier, Oatrom, Hogeboom, Filkins, Swartwout, Frear, Hegeman, and Livingston. The first house stood until 1836. It was built of stone, and was furnished with loopholes for the use of musketry. During the Revolution the colonial legislature held several sessions in it. 7 In 1768, the controversy between the Cetus and Conferentie parties distracted this church, and led to its division in 1763. The former of these parties wished to sever their connection from the Classis at Amsterdam and become independent, and the latter wished to still preserve their connection with the mother church. The controversy divided nearly all the Ref. Prot. D. churches in America, and it was not entirely settled until about 1790, when a reconciliation took place. Thereare now 18 churches in the city; 4 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 Prot. B., (Christ's and St. John's.) 2 Bap., and Cong,, Presb., Univ., Ger. Luth., Af. Meth., Friends, R. C, and Jewish. DUTCHESS COUNTY. 137 As soon as the alarm occasioned by the inyasion of Sir Henry Clinton (in 1777) had subsided, Gov. Clinton called a meeting of the Legislature at Poughkeepsie. It assembled at the Van Kleeck House early in Jan. 1778. Various acts to complete the organization of the State Government were passed; provisions were made for strengthening the civil and military powers of the State; and it was during that session that the State gave its assent to the Articles of Confederation, the organic law of the Federal Union until our present Constitution was formed and adopted. The State Convention to consider the Federal Constitution assembled at the Van Kleeck House on June 17, 1788. There were 57 delegates present, and Gov. George Clinton was chosen President of the Convention. In that assembly were some of the most distinguished men of the Revolution, and the debates were of the most interesting character. In no State in the Union was hostility to the Federal Constitution more extensive and violent than in the State of New York. Forty-six of the 57 delegates, including the governor, were Anti-Federalists, or opposed to the Constitution. The principal advocates of the instrument were John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and Robert Livingston. Mr. Hamilton had been a leading member of the National Convention that framed the Constitution, and also one of the principal writers of The Federalist. He felt the responsibility of his situation, and the Convention readily acknowledged the value of his judgment. He was per- fectly familiar with every topic included in the wide range which the debates embraced, and he was nobly sustained by his colleagues Jay and Livingston. The hostile feelings of many of the Anti-Federalists gradually yielded, and on the 26th of July the final question of ratification was carried in the affirmative by a majority of 3 votes. Huddlestone, the famous spy, who was captured upon Wild Boar Hill, near Yonkers, West- chester CO., was tried, condemned, and hung in Poughkeepsie in April, 1780. The place of his execution was upon a verge of the plain on which the town stands known as Forbuses Hill. He was accompanied to the soaifold by the co. officers and u, small guard of militia enrolled for the purpose.^ ^.^ REDHOOftilr-^was formed from Rhinebeck, June 2, 1812. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. w. corner of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, terminating on the Hudson in a series of bluffs 100 to 150 ft. high. The e. part is hilly. Prospect Hill is a prominent peak a little s. of Upper Redhook Village. The streams are Sawkil and several other small creeks. The valleys of the streams are broad and their banks low. Long Pond, in the e. part, forms the source of the Sawkil. The soil along the river is a clay loam, and in tlie remaining parts a sandy, gravelly, or slaty loam. Redbook, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains a cigar and tobacco manu- factory and 3 churches. Pop. 625. Tivoli,' (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, is a steamboat landing upon the Hudson, and a E. k. station. A large forwarding business is carried on here. It is adja- cent to MyersviUe, the two places forming a continuous village. They contain 5 churches and about 600 inhabitants. Barrytown (p. v.) is a k. k. station, 6 mi. below Tivoli. It contains 1 church, and is a place of considerable trade. Pop. 250. Upper Redhook, (p. v.,) in the n. e. part, contains 1 church and 175 inhabitants. Cedar Kill, on the Sawkil, contains 1 church, a carpet yarn manufactory, a flouring mill,* and 175 inhabitants. The first settlements were made between 1713 and 1727, by the Dutch. There are 11 churches in town.^ Along the river are numerous elegant country seats. The old residence of Gen. John Armstrong is now owned by his son-in-law, William B. Astor. The former estate of Gen. Montgomery is now occupied by Mrs. Edward Livingston.* RHIIVEBECJK.' — was formed as a town, March 7, 1788. Redhook was taken off in 1812. It lies upon the Hudson, n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, terminating on the river in bluffs 100 to 150 fl. high. Landmans Creek, the principal stream, flows s. w. through near the center. Rhinebeck Kil is its tributary. Lake Sepasco is a small body of water in the n. e. corner. The soil is principally a fine quality of sandy loam. /•-»4os3ing'B Field Book, Vol. I., pp. 383, 384. yaJR v the Dutch called RjodoJIoeck. Tradition aacribes the "name of the town to a marsh near Tivoli, covered with ripe cranberries when first seen. » Pronounced Tiv'o-le. A ferry connects this place with Sau- gerties, Ulster co. < Erected in 18S6, at a cost of $30,000. 6 4 Prot. E., 3 M. E., Luth., Bap., Union, and Independent ; the last is the Sylvanian Chapel at Barrytown, owned by Robert DonalBon. „ ... :, „ at « Among the early settlers were families named Haeners, Shu- foldt, Zippertie, Hagerdorn, Wiederwax, Trauvs, Staats, Mcll- han, Bermar, Woldorf, Near, ViaOmTitai others, mostly from Germany. They first settled near Barrytown and Tivoli. The first marriage on record is that of Adam Shafler and Maria Schoett, July 31, 1746. The first baptism on the church record is that of Catherine Woldorf, April 23, 1734. 7 Rhinebeck Precinct, as formed Dec. 16, 1737, included the lands purchased of the widow Paulding and her children by Dr. Sam'l Staats ; all the laud granted to Adrian, Roosa, and Cotbe ; land patented by Col. Henry Beekman, June 5, 1703 ; and the land granted to Col. Peter Schuyler, called the Magdalen Island Purchase. The name is derived from the first settlers, who were from near the Rhine, in Germany, and Beekman, an original proprietor. 138 DUTCHESS COUNTY. Rblnebeck, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. April 23, 1834. It contains a bank, paper mill, 2 newspaper offices, a private academy,^ and 5 churches. Pop. 1051. Rbine- beck. Station, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, contains a paper mill and 18 houses. A steam ferry connects the place with Rondout, Ulster co. Monterey/ near the n. border, contains a church and 10 houses. The first settlement was made some time before 1700, but the precise date cannot be determined. The first family that came in was that of Wm. Beekman, the original proprietor." His homestead (known as the Beekman House, built on a high point above Ehinebeck Station) is still standing.* The first religious services are said to have been held in this house. The first church (Eef. Prot. D.) was formed May 23, 1724, at the present village of Monterey.^ The Lutheran church at Monterey was formed in 1730.° There are 6 churches in town.' P STAIVFORO^ — ^was formed from Washington, March 12, 1793. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The hills are generally rounded, and admit of cultivation to their summits. Slate crops out in numerous places along their declivities, and bowlders and water-worn pebbles are thickly strewn over a considerable portion of the surface. The highest point is Carpenter Hill, in the N. E. comer. Wappingers Creek, flowing s. w. through near the center, is the principal stream. Hunns Lake," in the N. E., and Uptons Pond, in the s. w., are the principal bodies of water. The soil is a good quality of gravelly and slaty loam. A considerable quantity of milk is sent daily to New York by the Harlem E. E. Stanford- Vllle, (p. V.,) near the center of the town, contains a gristmill, carriage axle factory, paper mill, 3 churches, and 35 dwellings. Bangall, (p. v.,) on Wappingers Creek, contains 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a foundry, 2 churches, and 30 dwellings. Attlebury, (p.o.,) StiSSingvlUe, and Old Attiebury'" are hamlets. Smith Thompson, U. S. Circuit Judge, was a native and resident of this town. There are 5 churches in town." USflOHf VALiE'^ — ^was formed from Beekman and "Freedom," (now La Grange,) March 1, 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface ij a hilly and broken upland divided into two parts by a broad valley which extends N. and s. through the center. Slate crops out upon the summits and the declivities of the hills. The Wortel Kil, a tributary of Fishkill Creek, flows s. w. through near the center. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. An iron mine near Clove p. o. supplies the Beekman Furnace, 2 mi. farther s. Terbanli, (p. v.,) in the N. w. corner, contains 2 gristmills, a paper mill, church, and a dozen dwellings. Osweipo Tillag'e, (p.o.,) near the w. border, contains a church and 10 dwellings. Clove, (p.o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and about a dozen dwellings. Crouse Store, in the s. part, and Mansfield, in the n. e. corner, are p. offices. Henricus Beekman, the patentee, conveyed 1000 acres to his son Henry in 1716, and settlement is supposed to have commenced soon after. There are 4 churches in town.'' WASHI)VGTO«f"— was formed March 7, 1788. Stanford was taken off in 1793. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a rolling and hilly upland. Slate crops out on the hills, and water-worn pebbles are thickly strewn over a small portion of the sur- face. The principal elevations are Muckle Hill, near the center, Molly Mt., in the N. w. corner, Plymouth Hill, in the s. E. corner, and Canoe Hill, near the N. line. The streams are small creeks and brooks. Bound and Shaw Ponds, in the N. part, form the sources of Wappingers Creek. A large quantity of milk is sent from the e. part to N. Y. by the Harlem E. E. The raising of blooded stock receives considerable attention.'^ Harts Village, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 grist- mills, 2 sawmills, a spoke factory, and 28 dwellings.'^ Mabbittsville," (p. o., ) 2 mi. e. of Harts 1 The Khinebeck Academy was formerly incorp., but ia now a private inBtitution. It employs 2 teachers, and has an average of 100 pupils. 2 Named by Geo. Pink, who was appointed first postmaster in 1849. The p. o. has since been discontinued. 3 Wm. Beekman came from Germany with his son, Henricus, in May, 1647 ; and with them came a number of poor families, who afterward settled in this town. Among the first families were those named Sipperly, Kipp, Pink, Schmidt, Shoptown, Backman, and ElsefTer. » This house was built of .stone, and was used as a fortress in early times. The brick used in the chimneys were brought frnm Holland. It is now owned by A. J. Hermance, Esq 6 About 1800 this church divided, by mutual consent of the members; one branch located at Rhinebeck and the other at Kedhook. The first baptism on record is that of John Schmidt .April 6, 1730, ' • Jred. Henry Quitman— father of Gen. Quitman, of the Mexi- can War— was for several years pastor of this church. He was born in the Duchy of Cleves, Westphalia, in 1760, and died in 1832 'Ref. Prot. D., Luth., Prot. E., M. E., and Bap. at Rhine- beck, and Luth. at Monterey. 8 This town was included in the Great Nine Partners Tract. ^ Formerly Thompsons Pond. 10 An immense spring of pure cold water near this place has considerable local notoriety. 11 Orthodox Friends, Hicksite Friends, Christian, Ban., and M.B. . , 1-. 12 This town constitutes a portion of the Beekman Purchase. 1* 2 M. E., Friends, and Christian. 14 This town ia mostly comprised within the Great Nine Part- ners Tract. 16 Saml. Thorn, of Thorndale, 1 mi. w. of Four Corners, is ex- tensively engaged in raising the short horn Durham cattle. His herd of 70 head, valued at $70,000, is the most valuable one in America. i« A mill was built at this place about 1760, and ia supposed to have been the first in town. IT Named from Jas. Mabbitt, a former proprietor. DUTCHESS COUNTY. 139 Village, contains 12 dwellings, lilttag-ovr, (p.o.,) near the E. line, 2 churches and 10 dwellings, MecbanlC, (Washington p.o.,) 2 mi. s. of Harts Village, a boarding school,^ 2 churches, and 15 dwellings, and I^ittle Rest, (p. v.,) in the s.e. part, 2 gristmills and 15 dwellings. Four Corners is a hamlet. 'Wasliin^on Hollo fv (p. v.) is on the line of Pleasant Valley. There are 4 churches in town.* Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Dutchess County. ■ Names, OP lo^fKS. Amenia. Beelsman. CliDton Dover. East Fishkill Fishkill Hyde Park La Grange Milan Northeaet Pawling Pine Plains Pleasant "Valley Ponghkeepaie Foughkeepsie City, Redhook Rhinebeck Stanford. Union Vale Washington Total Acres of Land. 17,709 13,003 19,C3S 17,482 22,611 25,672 17,090 22,528i 18,370i 18,056i 19,07 (if 14,235 17,4544 15,810* 1,176J 19,423 17,387J 26,067 12,0004 31,671 366,359t C,859 4,227 4,429 9,187 7,456 4,210 5.410 3,153 5,049 6,1934 9,773} 3,941 2,594 5,118 85 2,726 4,379 5,614 2,8754 4,977 ■- Valuation of 1858. .«>< $1,113,650 644,432 611,195 902,465 876,426 2,164,463 1,321,926 940,209 472,307 770,020 602,993 612,667 626,970 1,179,940 2,177,940 1,913,974 1,863,806 1,013,721 436,672 1,134,666 98,104} 121,170,239 11 . $274,760 177,660 206,830 206,713 367,307 1,265,057 340,600 247,020 128,676 126,400 271,960 179,305 167,200 333,350 1,925,282 409,500 604,603 237,479 70,630 271,600 $1,388,300 721,982 718,025 1,109,168 1,243,733 3,429,520 1,662,526 1,187,229 600,883 896,420 874,943 791,992 784,170 1,613,290 4,103,222 2,323,474 2,358,508 1,251,200 507,102 1,406,056 7,701,602 28,871,741 29,638 30,997 Population. 1,080 678 940 971 1,289 4,244 1,219 904 812 875 896 754 915 1,549 5,936 1,895 1,527 1,107 727 1,321 1,119 701 900 954 1,330 4,520 1,261 948 818 882 897 1,661 6,827 1,855 1,538 1,094 736 1,419 409 269 390 282 495 1,602 207 360 830 330 361 272 269 496 2,436 701 611 446 300 610 9,705 10,081 5,984 250 169 282 161 239 668 238 235 231 193 280 160 362 266 988 292 335 301 204 305 il 732 402 652 679 881 3,201 821 -819 663 763 650 505 750 969 4,337 1,274 1,097 795 679 887 21,446 Names op Towns. Amenia Beekman Clinton Dover Bast Fishkill Fishkill Hyde Park La Grange Milan Northeast Pawling Pine Plains Pleasant Valley Poughkeepsie Ponghkeepsie City. Redhook Rhinebeck. Stanford Union V^le Washington. Total Live Stock. 429 317 658 283 699 1,050 642 552 606 466 837 407 ■476 660 439 664 662 661 326 717 If. 1,111 1,111 905 1,283 1,737 1,291 824 899 .853 1,002 1,268 711 698 607 48 ,900 880 1,6! 1,592 796 1,369 1,285 1,681 1,646 1,366 1,166 873 1,161 1,479 678 1,067 1,819 264 962 1,167 1,680 693 1,870 10,839 19,642 24,584 73,687 42,986 4,647 2,027 2,986 1,480 2,760 2,738 911 3,418 4,916 7,497 2,689 5,723 2,142 1,242 8,151 2,141 12,116 3,177 8,037 « 1,666 1,663 3.103 i;276 2,806 2,671 2,171 2,113 2,300 2,077 1,269 2,117 1,896 2,329 504 2,204 2,165 4,162 1,192 3,432 Aqeicultubal Pboducts. Bdsh. ov Qbain. s 4,619 9,697 24,747 2,050 13,694 19,718 16,536 23,988 24,406 10,903 3,0614 14,9144 21,487 11,183 692 25,302 17,1664 26,614 7,638, 16,430 63,812 49,042 73,791 36,077 75,237 104,367 48,9934 73,8184 48,2444 74,939 30,1464 46,6184 66,097 59,7304 4,672 53,721 47,830; 109,180 ,46,099} 121,8984 1^ 6,109 3,422 3,324 4,464 6,770 7,003 3,867 4,242 3,049 3,476 5,210 2,369 3,720i 3,610 364 6,729 6,0984 4,266 3,1464 6,660 ■ss II a;tt, 14,716 7,530 9,715 9,632 12,318 8,779 6,703 6,129 11,486 18,273 18,099 11,006 6,942 4,072 1,335 10,742 9,699 14,503 6,481 20,339 293,634 1,232,3054 83,8784 205,498 216,693 1,681,595 54,119 3,193 16,436 6,868 6,184 4,431 6,990 3,227 11,147 6,166 7,716 31,611 7,999 6,319 5,938 1,137 830 14,887 13i267 24,898 11,392 30,821 Daiby Products. 85,055 66,665 122,844 65,961 160,087 105,548 93,560 89,460 90,910 62,826 89,460 39,990 106,786 48,058 1,350 ' 67,900 76,065 126,019 67,614 166,653 "S »■ 9,806 5,497 636 3,840 864 200 _ 720 100 1,782 8,269 960 6^88 8,116 1,767; 6,744 1^ 106 183 328 140 139 48 165 6064 149 7874 183 241 1 The Nine Partners Boarding School was founded at this place in 1796, by the Friends Yearly Meeting. A fiinn of 100 acres is attached to it, and it has a cash endowment of $10,000. It is devoted to the education of the children of Friends in indi- gent circumstances, and for many years it has had an average attendance of 100 pupils. 3 An Orthodox ,and, a Hioksite Friends At: Mechanic, and a M. £. and Prot. E. at Lithgow. GENESEE COUNTY. This county was formed from Ontario, March 30, 1802. It origin- ally comprised all that part of the State lying w. of Genesee River, and a line extending due s. from the point of junction of the Gene- see and Canascraga Creek to the s. line of the State. Allegany was taken off in 1806, Cattaraugus, Chautauque, and Niagara in 1808, parts of Livingston and Monroe in 1821, Orleans in 1824, and "Wyoming in 1841. A part of Covington was annexed to Livingston co. in 1823, and Shelby was added to Orleans in 1825- It is one of the western cos. in the State, separated by Orleans from Lake Ontario and by Brie from Niagara River. It is centrally dis- tant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is mostly level or gently undulating. The s. border is occupied by ranges of hills which extend N. from Wyoming co. and attain an elevation of 200 to 300 feet above the valleys and about 1000 feet above tide. A limestone terrace, bordered in many places by nearly perpendicular ledges, extends E. and w. through the co., N. of the center. At each extre- mity in the co. this terrace ranges in height from 50 to 100 feet, but it declines toward the center to a height of 20 to 40 feet. Tonawanda Creek' enters Alexander from the s., and flows in a n.e, direction to the village of Batavia, thence turns and flows in a general n. w. direction to the w. border of the co. Its course is very tortuous, and its current generally sluggish.^ Its principal tributaries are Little Tonawanda and Bowens Creeks. Oak Orchard Creek takes its rise near the center of the co. and pursues a winding course to the N. e. corner of Elba, thence turns w. and flows through the great Tonawanda Swamp, which occupies the N. part of Elba, Oakfield, and Alabama. Black Creek^ flows N. through near the center of Bethany, Stafford, and Byron, thence easterly through Bergen into Monroe co. Its tributaries are Bigelow and Spring Creeks. Oatka Creek flows across the s. e. corner of the CO., and Murder* and Eleven Mile^ Creeks across the s.w. corner. Tonawanda, Black, and Oatka Creeks form a series of fine cascades in their passage down the limestone terrace near the center of the co. The lowest rocks in the co. belong to the Onondaga salt group, extending along the N. border. Gypsum is quarried in Le Roy, Stafford, and Byron. This is succeeded by the hydraulic, Onondaga, and corniferous limestones, which form the lime- stone terrace extending through the co. Lime and building stone are extensively obtained from the outcrop of these rocks. Succeeding the limestone in order are the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, occupying the whole s. part of the co. The surface generally is covered thick with drift deposits, and the underlying rocks only appear in the ravines of the streams. Nearly all the swamps contain thick deposits of muck and marl, furnishing in abundance the elements of future fertility to the soil. Many- of the springs and streams are constantly depositing lime in the form of marl. Along the N. border are numerous wells yielding water strongly impregnated with sulphuric acid, and known as " Sour Springs." The soil is generally a very deep and fertile sandy or gravelly loam intermixed with clay and mostly underlaid by clay or limestone. This co. embraces a portion of the " Genesee Country," which from the first settlement has been famed for its fertility. The people are almost exclusively engaged in agriculture. For many years wheat formed the staple product; but of late the ravages of the midge have led to the more general raising of the coarser grains, and have turned the attention of farmers to the cultivation of fruit, wool growing, cattle raising, and dairying. The CO. seat is located at the village of Batavia." The courthouse is a fine stone edifice, 3 stories high, containing the oo. clerk's office and the other co. offices.' The jail is a new brick building, a few rods w. of the courthouse.^ The poorhouse is situated on a farm of 133 acres in Bethany, near 1 Signifying " swift running water," from the rapid current for 10 mi. below Batavia. 2 Between Attica (Wyoming co.) and Batavia this stream flows between two parallel roads about 1 mi. apart. The distance by the highway is 11 mL, and by the stream 43 mL 8 Indian name " Checkanango." * So named because the body of a man supposed to have been murdered was found in it by Joseph Peters, Esq., of Darien. 6 So named from crossing the old Buffalo Road 11 mi from Buffalo. 8 By the act of organization, the Holland Land Co. were re- 110 quired to donate 1 acre of land for co. purposes and erect the necessary co. buildings. Joseph Ellicott, agent of the company, complied with the requirement of the law, and erected the buildings in 1802. The first oflScers of the co. were Joseph Elli- cott, First Judge ; Daniel D. Brown, District AU&mey ; James W. Stevens, Cb. Clerk; Richard M. Stoddard, Sheriff; Jeremiah R. Munson, Surrogate. ' The new courthouse was erected in 1841-42, at a cost of $17,000. 8 The new jail was erected in 1861. The average number of mmates is 5. GENESEE COUNTY. 141 the s. line, and 9 mi. s. e. of Batavia. The average number of inmates is 90, supported at a weekly cost of $ .72 each, in addition to the income of the farm, which is about |1300. A school is main- tained 7 months in the year, and at suitable age the children are bound out. The general manage- ment is creditable to the co., and is far better than that of a large majority of similar establishments in the State.^ The N. Y. Central R, R. extends in a s. w. direction through Bergen, Byron, Stafford, Batavia, Pembroke, and the n. w. corner of Darien. A branch of this road extends s. from Batavia through Alexander to Attica. The Canaudaigua and Niagara Falls Branch extends w. through Le Roy, Stafford, Batavia, and Pembroke, crossing the main line at Batavia. The Buffalo, Corning, & N. Y. R. R. extends through Le Roy, Stafford, Batavia, and Alexander.^* Several plank roads have been built in the co. ; but most of them have been abandoned. An important canal feeder extends from Tonawanda Creek through the n. w. comer of Alabama. There are 5 newspapers published in the co.® This CO. embraced within its original limits all that portion of the State included in the purchase of Robert Morris. Phelps and Gorham, the original purchasers of the whole of Western N. Y., failed to meet the obligations to the State of Mass., and a large share of their tract reverted, and was purchased by Samuel Ogden for Robert Morris, May 12, 1791.* Morris sold the w. portion of the tract, constituting about seven-eighths of the whole, to the Holland Land Company, July 20, 1793,^ reserving to himself a strip of an average width of 12 mi., lying between the Phelps and Gorham and the Holland Purchases, and knovni as the Morris Reserve.® The Holland Land Com- pany, an association of capitalists in Holland, made this purchase through agents who were citizens 1 The poorhonse is a brick edifice, with a stoDe wing for the accODimodation of the insane. 2 A few years since, a route for a b. r. was surveyed from Batavia to the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek, on Lake Ontario. 8 The Genesee InteUige'ncer was commenced in the spring of 1807, at Batavia, by Elias Williams, and was the firat paper published w. of Genesee River. It was suspended in Oct. of the same year. In the spring of 1808 Beiy. Blodgett and Samuel Peck commenced The Oornua^ia, and continued it until 1811. The Republican Advocate was commenced in 1811, by Benj. Blodgett and David C. Miller. It soon passed into the hands of Mr. Miller, and was published by him until 1828. It was then successively in the hands of Charles Sentell, Chas. W. Miller, Edwin Hough, Andrew W. Young, Lewis & Brown, C. C. Allen, Waite & Cooley, and Daniel D. Waite. In 1854 it was merged in the Genesee Co. Whig, and was issued by Kimberly & Good- rich as the S^ublican Advocate and Genesee Oo. Whiff. In 1855 Mr. Good- rich withdrew, and the name was changed to The Republican Ad-vocate, and was continued by J. H. Kimberly until 1857, when the oflBce passed to Mr. Waite, one of its former proprietors, by whom the paper is still published. The Spirit of the Times was commenced at Batavia, Feb. 3, 1819, by Oi'an Follett. In May, 1825, it was sold to his bro- ther, Frederick Follett, who continued the publication until Aug. 1836. It was successively published by Nelson D. Wood, Fred. Follett, Lucas Seaver, Wm. Seaver & Son, and Charles Hardy, until 1856. Tlie People's Press was commenced at Batavia in 1825, by an association, Benj. Blodgett, editor. It was afterward issued by Martin, Adams & Thorp, Adams & Thorp, and Adams & McCleary, and was subsequently merged in the Spirit of the Times, and for some years was pub- lished as The Spirit of the Times and The PeopWs Press. The Chronicle of the Times was published at Batavia in 1827, by D. A. F. Morris. TTie Morgan Investigator was published at the office of the Republican Advocate during the Morgan excitement in 1826, and continued about a year. The Masonic Intelligencer, instigated by the same excitement, was published for about the same period from the ofBce of the People's Press. The Farmers and Mechanics Journal was commenced at Alex- ander, Nov. 4, 1837, by Peter Lawrence. In June, 1840, it was moved to Batavia and issued as The Batavia Times and Farmers and Medianics Jourval, by Frederick Follett and Peter Lawrence. Soon after, Fred. Follett became the sole proprietor, and publislied it until Sept. 1843, when it was sold to Lucas Seaver and was merged in the Spirit of the Times. Tfie Temperance ITerald, mo., was issued from the office of the Spirit of the Times, by Lucas Seaver, for one year from March, 1842. The I*e Roy Gazette was commenced in 1826, by J. 0. Balch. It was successively issued by Starr & Hotchkin, Henry D. Ward, Richard Hollister, Rufus Robinson, L. Goodrich, Seth M. Gates, Martin 0. Coe, and Cyrus Thompson, until 1840, when it passed into the hands of C. B. Thompson, its present publisher. The Genesee Mepublican and Herald of Reform, was commenced at Le Roy in 1829, and was published for 1 or 2 years by Freeman & Son,— Orestes A. Brownson, editor. ThA Genesee Courier was commenced at Le Roy in the spring of 1844, and was published about a year. It was resuBci- tated in 1853 by Edward Bliss, who published it a short time. The Genesee Herald was commenced at Le Roy in 1854, by Wm. C. Grummond. In Jan. 1857, it was removed to Batavia, where it is now published by A, J. McWain, The Genesee Dally Herald was issued from the same office in 1858, and is still published. The Le Roy Democrat was commenced in Dec. 1852, by Henry Todd. In Nov. 1853, it was removed to Bstavia and its name changed to The Batavia Dtmocratf Kimberly &. Goodrich, publishers. In Dec. 1856, it passed into the Jtands of John Bergen, by whom it was changed to The Genesee Weehly Democrat, and is still pub- lished. The Genesee Q). Whig was commenced at Batavia in 1852, by Kimberly & Tyrell, and was published by them until 1854, when it was merged in the Republican Advocate. 4 The E. line of the Morris Purchase commenced upon the Penn. line, 44 78-100 mi. w. of the pre-emption line, and ran due N. to an elm tree at the forks of the Genesee River and Cana- scraga Creek, thence northerly along that river to a point 2 mi. N. ofthe Canawagus Village, thence due w. 12 mi., thence n. 24° B. to Lake Ontario. 6 The line forming the division between the Holland Purchase and the Morris Reserve commenced upon the Penn. line, 12 mi. w. ofthe w. line ofthe Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and from thence ran due N. to near the center of Stafford, Genesee co., thence due w. 2.07875 mi., and thence due n. to Lake Ontario. This line is known as the Transit Line, from its being run by a transit instrument, then first used in surveys. The offset was made in this line to prevent the Holland lands from overlapping the Conn. Tract. The names of the members of the Holland company were Wilhelm Willink, Jan Willink, Nicholas Van Stophorst, Jacob Van Stophorst, Nicholas Hubbard, Pieter Van Eeghen, Christian Van Eeghen, Isaac Ten Gate, Hendrick Vol- lenhoven, Christina Coster, (widow,) Jan Stadnitaki, and Rutgsr J. Schimmelpennick. fi This Reserve was sold out in several large tracts to different purchasers. A tract containing 87,000 acres, lying immediately w. of Phelps and Gorham's ^^ Mill Yard," was sold to Le Roy Bayard and M. Bvers, and is known as the Triangular Tract. The Connecticut Tract lies immediately w. of the Triangle, and contains 100,000 acres. It was purchased by the State of Conn, and Sir Wm. Pultney and was divided between them. The Cr^e Tract, containing 60,000 acres, joins the Conn. Tract on the 8., and immediately e. is the 40,000 Acre Tract. South of these are successively the Ogden Tract, of 50,000 acres, the Cot- tinger Tract, of 50,000 acres, the Sterritt Tract, of 150,000 acres, and the Church Tract, of 100,000 acres. A small tract joining the 40,000 Acre Tract on the 8. is known as Morris's Honorary Creditors' Tract. 142 GENESEE COUNTY, of this country, as at 'that time aliens could not hold real estate. Immediately after the passmg of title measures were taken to extinguish the Indian titles and to survey ihe tract. A council of the Senecas was held at '^JBig Tree,^' now Geneseo, in Sept. 1797, at which time the Indians ceded most of their lands to the whites.^ The general office of the Holland Land Co. was located at Philadelphia. Theophilus Cazenove, the first general agent, took charge of all the business relating to the company from the first pur- chase of the lands until 1799. He was succeeded by Paul Busti, who took the chief management of afiairs until 1824.— a period of 25 years. His successor was John J. Yander Kemp, who con- tinued to manage the afiairs of the company until their final settlement. In July, 1797, Joseph Ellicott was engaged as principal surveyor of the Holland Land Co.^ In 1798, Mr. Ellicott and his assistants ran the e. line of the territory— since known as the Transit Line— from Penn. to Lake Ontario, forming the basis for the future surveys and divisions of the territory. The surveys were continued until the whole territory was divided into ranges and townships. The former numbered from E. to w. and the latter from s. to n. In 1798 the" first State roads were laid out from Conewagas, on Genesee River, to the mouth of Buffalo Creek, and to Lewiston, on Niagara River. A few settlers located in various places in 1798-99, but the settlements did not progress with great rapidity until after the opening of the Land Office in Oct. 1800. The first place of business opened was the *' Transit Store House," located on the present site of Stafi'ord Village, in 1798, to furnish supplies to the surveyors engaged in running the Transit Line. The land of&ce was first established at "Fine Grove,'' the residence of Asa Ransom, on the present site of Clarence Hollow, Erie co. Upon the organization of Genesee CO., in 1802, the office was transferred to Batavia, where it continued until the final closing up of the afi'airs of the company. In 1821, Mr. Ellicott resigned his agency, and was succeeded by Jacob S. Otto, who held the office until his death, in 1827. His successor was David E. Evans, who con- tinued in charge of affairs until 1837, when the business of the company was closed.* In 1811, Ebenezer Mix entered the service of the company as clerk, and for 27 years he had control of the entire sales and subdivisions of lands, — a post for which his mathematical abilities, a tenacious memory, and habits of order admirably qualified him. In 1835 the Holland Company sold all their remaining lands and all their interests to a new company, principally of Batavians, and a new order of things was established. Difficulties at once arose between the new company and the settlers in various parts of the purchase ; and, finally, mobs collected to destroy the land offices.* The opening of this new region to settlement, under the auspices of a liberal and wealthy company, instituted a new order of things in the general history of the co., and was of incalculable benefit to the settlers. Mills were erected, costly roads opened, and every thing done to facilitate settlement and to remove difficulties in the path of settlers. The lands were sold at fair prices and on the most liberal terms. The affairs of the company, both at their general and local offices, were conducted by gentlemen of liberal culture, enlarged views, and humane hearts. In consequence of the richness of the lands and the liberal terms offered by the company, the whole region rapidly filled up with an industrious, intelligent, and enterprising population. Many of the early settlers afterward occupied high official positions and became known throughout the State for their ability and integrity. 1 The tracts reserved by the Indians were the Cannawagus Reservation, of 2 sq. mi., on the Genesee, w. of Avon; Little Beards and Big Tree Reaervation, of 4 sq. mi., on the Genesee, opposite Genesee; Squakie Hill Reservation, of 2 sq. mi., on the Genesee, n. of Mt. Morris; Gardeau Reservation, of 28 sq. mi., on both sides of the Genesee, in Castile and Mt. Morris ; the Caneadea Reservation of 16 sq. mi., on both sides of the Genesee, in Allegany co. ; the Oil Spring Reservation, of 1 sq. mi., on the line between Cattaraugus and Allegany; the Allegany Reservation, of 42 sq. mi., on both sides of the Allegany JRiver, extending N. from the Penn. line; the Cattaraugus Reservation, of 42 sq. mi., on both sides of the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek; the Buffalo Reservation, of 130 sq. mi., ou both sides of Buffalo Creek; the Tonawanda Reservation, of 70 sq. mi., on both sides of l?ouawanda Creek, mostly in Genesee co. ; and the Tuscarora Reservation, of 1 sq. mi., 3 mi. B. of Lewiston, Niagara co. The titles to all these reservations, except the Tonawanda, Buffalo, Cattaraugus, Tuscarora, and Allegany, have since been ex- tinguished. 2 Mr. Ellicott took entire charge of the surveys of these lands, and completed them in 10 or 12 years. In 1800 he received the appointment of local agent, and for a period of more than 20 years he had almost exclusive control of the company's local business. Under his management an immense tract of wilder- ness was converted into one of the finest agricultural regions in the world. From his first advent into Western N. Y., he took a high position as an enterprising citizen, independent of his connection with the land office. He conducted the large and complicated business committed to his charge with marked ability, and he left a name highly honored throughout the ex- tensive domain over which he exerted so commanding an influ- ence. 8 In 1850 an act was passed directing the original field notes and maps to be deposited in the secretary's office for preservar tion and as legal proofs. In closing the affairs of the company, ■ it was found neccssai'y to obtain evidence of the death of certain original proprietors; and an act, passed May 13, 1846, du'ected the appointment of a special commissioner to visit Europe. Julius Rhoades was intrusted with this duty. * One of the principal causes of disturbance was a rumor that the new company intended to exact a certain sum for the re- newal or extension of every contract. This rule became very obnoxious; the extra payment received the name of the "Gene- see Tariff," and opposition to it was extensively resolved upon. The office at Mayville, Chautauque co., was broken open Feb. 6, 1836, and the books and papers were seized and burned in the public highway. On the 13th of May, a report reached Batavia that 700 armed men were on their way to burn the land office at that place. Mr. Evans, the agent, at once fortified the oflSce, and collected a force of 50 men, well armed, to protect it The militia were also called out. The mob soon came into town ; but, learning the preparations made to give thera a warm re- ception, and well knowing the resolute character of Mr. Evans, they concluded that " discretion was the better part of valor," and went away without offering any violence. Be- tween 50 and 60 of the ringleadera wore arrested ; but the diffi- culties were afterward amicably ac^usted, and the prosecutions were dropped. GENESEE COUNTY. 143 The location of the principal land office of the company at BataTia conveHed it at once into a place of business and consequence; and the subsequent selection of the village as the co. seat of the new co. of Genesee made it for many years one of the most important places in Western New York. Several other land offices were afterward established, but they were all subordinate to the one at Bataria. In the summer of 1826, Capt. Wm. Morgan, of Batavia, a royal arch mason, commenced pre- paring a work disclosing the secrets of free masonry, to be published by David C. Miller, of the same place. When this fact became known, his brother masons were much excited, and, finding persuasion and advice unsuccessful, took measures at once to suppress the book. A stranger was introduced to the printer, who, under the pretense of friendship, labored to gain an interest in the publication, and thus get possession of the MS.; and in this they were in some degree suc- cessful. Still, finding these measures inefiectual, they resorted to forms of law, before officials be- longing to the fraternity, and Morgan was arrested on a civil suit, and gave bail; but in Aug. 1826, his bail surrendered him to the sheriflf, and he was imprisoned over the Sabbath, while his lodgings were searched, and it is said some of his papers were seized. An attempt was also made to burn the office where the book was to be printed. It is said that a portion of the MS. was pre- served by the wives of some of the masons who were most prominent in their efibrts to destroy it. Mysterious preparations were, meanwhile, busily progressing ; and on Sunday, Sept. 10, a war- rant was obtained at Canandaigua, by Nicholas G, Chesebro, for the arrest of Morgan at Batavia, 50 mi. distant, on a charge of stealing a shirt and cravat, which he had borrowed of one E. C. Kingsley. The next day he was seized and hurried off in a stage coach to Canandaigua, but was discharged by the justice who had issued the warrant. He was immediately re-arrested, at the instance of Chesebro, on a claim of |2 for a tavern bill assigned to him by one Ackley ; and, although he took off his coat that the officer might levy upon it for payment, he was lodged in jail. On the evening of the 12th, while the jailer was absent, his wife, acting under the advice of Chesebro, re- leased the prisoner, as the claim upon which he was held had been paid by Loton Lauson, a pre- tended friend. As Morgan passed out of the jail, he was seized by Lauson and a man called Foster, gagged, thrust into a carriage, and driven toward Rochester. This was the last that was seen of him except by masons ; and whatever else is known was ascertained by judicial inquiry.^ 1 On the mominff of the 13thj (Sept.,) Morgan arrived at Han- ford LandiDg, on Genesee River, but was immediately taken to Lewiston by the Ridge Road. He was carried in a close carriage, driven by men who ordinarily were not engaged in euch occupa- tions, ihe carriage was prtjceded by persons who obtained relays of horses from men hviug along the road, and the changes were made at by-placos. From Lewiston he was conveyed to Fort Niagara, and in the succeeding night was taken across the river to Canada, it is supposed, for the purpose of delivering him to the Canada masons, to lie finally disposed of. No prepara- tions had been made; and at daybreak on the 14th he was taken back to the fort and confined in the magazine. During his confinement ho was visited by several masons of high stand- ing, and it is said that several stormy debates took place in regard to the final disposition to be made of him. 4- ^^'^ men, who had been prominent in effecting his arrest, were deter- mined, and finally he was delivered over to their tender mer- cies. On the night of the 19th he disappeared; and from the investigations afterward made, and part confessions on the part of the perpetrators of the deed, there is no doubt that he was drowned in Niagara River, The disappearance of Morgan, ex- cited suspicion, and led to an investigation, and, as the facts in the ease began to appear, an intense excitement followed. The citizens of Batavia, Le Roy, and other places along the route of the abduction, held meetings, appointed committees, and brought to light the facts sobstantially as above related, — except the crowning act of the tragedy, which was never judicially proved. Several persona were tried for participating in the abduction. Some plead guilty, and were imprisoned, and others escaped con- viction. The delays finally barred new prosecution, by the statute of limitation, except for murder. It is said that at least two who were supposed to have been the prominent actors in the final murder committed suicide. The excitement following the investigation, at first directed against the immediate par- ticipants in the outrage, was soon turned against the masonic fraternity. The idea that a powerful organization, bound by secret oaths, with their members occupying high official posi- tions, would perpetrate a crime of this ma^gnitude, excited alann, and led at once to the formation of anti-masonic organi- zations as a political party. The excitement spread through thd State and country, members of the fraternity seceded in large numbers, and a systematic effort was made to crush the order. In 1828, a law was passed authorizing the gov'r to appoint a commissioner to make a full investigation of the Morgan affair. Daniel Mosely, of Onondaga co., was appointed to this office; but upon receiving the appointment of Circuit Judge, in 1829, he resigned, and was succeeded by John C. Spencer, who made a report to the Legislature, in 1830, containing all the inforaia- tion upon the subject then known. The intense feeling con- tinued, and the mutual recriminations of the two parties entered into all the political, religions; and social relations of society until about 1832, when other political questions arose, and the excite- ment gradually died away, and now it is understood that mem- bers of the masonic order generally condemn the deed as heartily as others. The personal characters of the two men who were made the victims of these outrages would have ruined their schemes had they been made publicly known. Morgan was a bricklayer and stonemason of damaged reputation, and Miller a refugee debtor from N. H., and finally left Batavia under circumstances extremely inconsistent with honor. For details, see Hammond's Political Hist. N.Y., chap, xxxviii. ; Assembly Jour., 1828, p. 961 ; do. 1829, p. 469, and Appendix F; Assem. Doc's 1830, iVb. 67- 186; AnU-Masonic Almanacs, 1828-32; Proceedings of Anti- Masonic Conventions, 1828-32; Brown's Nai-rative of AnU- Masonic ExciteTmnt, t&c. In Sept. 1827, Jesse French, Roswell Wilcox, and James Hurl- burt were tried and convicted for assault and battery upon David C. Miller, and for false imprisonment and riot. In the evidence before the court it appeared that, on the 12th of Sept. 1S26, French, then holding the office of constable, came into the printingoflice of Miller, and arrested him upon a writ issued by Justice Bar- ton, of Le Roy. Although making no resistance, Miller was roughly handled, and not allowed to consult with his friends, but hurried into a carriage and driven off, attended by a large party armed with clubs, conspicuous among whom were Wilcox and Hurlburt. At Stafford ho was taken into a masonic lodge room, where efforts were made to frighten him, and he was threatened with the fate of Morgan. When taken out of the lodge room, a large number of his friends had collected, and he was there first permitted to see counsel, and to know the nature of the suit against him, which was a civil action for debt. Bail was re- fused, and repeated demands to be taken immediately before the magistrate were unheeded. From Stafford to Le Roy he was closely guarded by a large number of armed men and attended by an equally large number of his friends. Upon his arrival at Le Roy he resolutely insisted upon going before the magistrate, and, assisted by his crowd of friends, he was enabled to do so, taking the unwilling constable along with him. After a short delay, he was discharged. On his way back to Batavia several efforts were made to re-arrest him, which his friends prevented. While absent, his office was searched, and a part of Morgan's MS. seized and destroyed. French was sentenced to one year's imprisonment in the co. jail, Wilcox to 6 months, and Hurlburt to 3 mos. James Granson was tried and acquitted. The excite- ment following these events became so great that a civil war was anticipated. At the celebration of the Fourth of July following 144 GENESEE COUNTY. AliABAMA^ — was formed from Shelby (Orleans co.) and Pembroke, as " Gerry sville,''^ April 17, 1826. Its name was changed April 21, 1828. A part of ^Vales was annexed in 1832. It is the N. W, corner town of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating. The n. and w. por- tions are covered by marshes, forming a part of the Tonawanda Swamp. Oak Orchard Creek flows across the n.e. corner, and Tonawanda Creek across the s. w. corner. A limestone terrace,- 50 to 75 ft. high, extends across the s. part of the town. Tonawanda Creek flows down this declivity in a perpendicular cascade known as Tonawanda Falls, furnishing a, fine water power. Near the center of the n, part of the town, a few rods from the banks of Oak Orchard Creek, are the " Oak Orchard Acid Springs."^ The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam with a clay sub-soil. Alabama Center (Alabama p.o.) contains 2 churches and several mills. Pop. 166. "Wlieatville (p. v.) lies in the n. e. part of the town. Pop. 93. Smitliville (South Alabama p. o.) lies near the e. line. Pop. 147. The first settlement was made in 1806, by James "Walsworth.* The first church (E. "W. Bap.) was formed in the e. part of the town, in 1824, by Elder Samuel Whitcomb, the first preacher.^ The Tonawanda Indian Reservation occupies a section of land 2 mi. wide, lying on Tonawanda Creek and comprising about one-fourth of the area of the town. AI^EXAIVIJER® — was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is hilly in the center and s. and rolling in the n. The summits in_ the s. w. are 200 to 250 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Tonawanda Creek, flowing n. through the center of the town, Little Tonawanda, Huron, and Bowens Creeks, and several smaller streams. The soil upon the hills is a gravelly loam with a clay sub-soil, and in the valleys it is a rich alluvium. Alexander^ (p-"^-j) incorp. April 24, 1834, is situated upon Tonawanda Creek, near the center of the town. It contains a flouring mill, seminary,^ and 3 churches. It is a station upon the Attica branch of the Central R. R., and also upon the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. Pop. 345. Brookville (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Alexander Rea, in 1802.^ The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1835.^ BATAVIA — was formed March 30, 1802. Alexander, Bergen, Bethany, and Pembroke were taken off in 1812, and Elba and a part of Stafford in 1820. It is the central town of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. A limestone ridge, forming a terrace 20 to 50 ft. high, extends e. and w. through the n. part of the town. Tonawanda Creek flows northward from the line of Alexander to Batavia Village, where it turns westward and flows centrally through the town to the w. border. Huron Creek is tlie only other considerable stream. The soil is a deep, fertile, sandy and gravelly loam with a clay sub-soil. BataTia, (p-'^-O ^^ ^^- ^®^*> "^^^ incorp, April 23, 1823. Besides the co. buildings, it contains a female seminary,^^ union school,^^ bank, 3 the abduction, an incident occurred which showed the excited Btiito of feeling that pervaded the community. During the day, Frederick Eollett, late Canal Commissioner, a mason, while at- tending to hie duties as marshal of the day, suddenly found himself surrounded hy an infuriated crowd of armed men, evi- dently determined to kill him. lie drew his sword, put spurs to his horse, and succeeded in throwing off the gi'asp of two men upon the bridle, and escaped from the crowd ; but he was obliged to keep concealed during the remainder of the day. 1 Named from the State of Alabama, and said to signify " Here we rest." s Intended to be named in honor of David Uary, one of the early settlers; but through a cheat it was called " GerrysviUe" from Elbridge Gerry, Ex Vice-President. 8 These springs are 9 in number, and are all found within a circle of 50 rods. They issue from mounds, evidently formed by the action of the water, 2^ to 4 ft. above the surrounding surface. No two of these springs arealike; and in one instance three springs issue from a single mound within 10 ft. of each other, and the waters are essentially dissimilar. The following is an analysis of the waters of the three jprincipal springs: — No. 1, 63/ Profs. Silliman and Norton. Sulphuric acid 134.732 Proto-sulphate iron 28.623 Sulphate alumina. 21.690 " lime 74.891 " magnesia. 35.596 " potash 5.519 " soda 6.343 Chloride sodium 2.434 " silica 4.692 Grains 314.420 No. 2, by Prof. K Emmons. Sulphate lime 1.552 " iron 4.904 " magnesia 0.623 Free sulphuric acid 16.132 " organic matter 1.S6D " silica 0.230 TotalNo.ofgrs.inlpt. 24.801 No.Z. Free sulphuric acid 12.414 Sulphate lime 0.736 " iron 3.920 " magnesia 1.230 Organic matter O.lOO Silica, a trace 0.000 TotalNo.ofgrs.inlpt. 18.406 Large quantities of this water are annually bottled and sold for medicinal purposes. * Among the otherearly settlers were Robt. Harper, Jesse Lund, Dr. Smith, (from Vt.,) and Peter, Joseph, and James Holmes, (from Delaware co.) The first bu-ths were those of twin children of James Walsworth, in 1806; the first death was that of an un- known traveler, at the house of Mr. Walsworth, in 1808. He was buried without a coffin or religious services. The first school was taught by Henry Howard, in 1817 ; the first inn was kept by James Walsworth, in 1808 ; the first store, by NaJium Loring, in 1828 ; and the first sawmill was erected in 1834, by Sam'l Whitcomb, at Wheatville. s The census reports 4 churches ; 3 Bap. and 1 M. B. 6 Named from Alexander Rea, the first settler, and for several years a State Senator. 7 The Genesee and Wyoming Seminary was founded in 1834, through the efforts and liberality of Samuel Benedict and Henry Hawkins. In 1845, Mr. Hawkins bequeathed to the institution $4000, his private library, and a geological cabinet. It has now a respectable library and cabinet of natural history ; and its main building, erected of atone in 1837, has the capacity of accommo- dating 300 students. 8 John Oney, Lewis Diabrow, Geo. Darrow, and Mr. Blackman settled in the town in 1802-03. The first death was that of Wm. Whitney, in 1803, by the fall of a tree. The first school was taught by Mr. Jones, in the winter of 1805-06, at Alexander Vil- lage. Harvey Hawkins kept the first inn, in 1809, and the first store, in 1807. Alexander Rea and Joseph Fellows built the first sawmill, in 1804; and Wm. Adams the first gristmill, in 1807. 8 The census reports 3 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., and Univ. 1" Mrs. Bryan's Female Seminary, a boarding school for youi^ ladies. The school building is the former mansion of David E. Evans. 11 The Batavia Union Schoolbouse was erected in 1847, at a cost of $7000. It includes a higher English and classical de- partment. GENESEE COUNTY. 145 newspaper ofEces, 5 churches, an avsenal.i and a number of manufacturing establishments.' Pop. 2868. BushvlUe is a hamlet. In 1800, Joseph EUioott fixed upon the site of Batavia Village as the most eligible place for the location of the office of the Holland Land Co., and in the spring of 1802 the office was removed to this place. The land office building is still standing. The old courtr house and jail is now occupied as a public hall. In March, 1801, Abel Bowe came to the place and erected the first building, and immediately opened it as an inn.' The first church (Cong.) was formed by Rev. Royal Phelps, in 1809. Rev. Ephraim Chapin was the first preacher.* Batavia was the focus of the great anti-masonic excitement which followed the abduction of AVilliam Morgan in 1826.' BERGEW— was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. Byron was taken off in 1820. Its surface is gently undulating, and has a slight inclination toward the N. Black Creek flows E. through the town a little N. of the center. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Berg-en Cor- ners, (Bergen p. o.,) on the E. border of the town, contains 3 churches and 30 dwellings. ■Wardville, formerly called " Cork," on the Central R. R., J mi. n. of Bergen Corners, contains 443 inhabitants. Stone Cburcli (p. o.) is a hamlet on the line of Le Roy. ATortli Bergen (p. 0.) and 'West Bergen (p. o.) are hamlets. East Bergen is a p. o. The first settlement was made at Bergen Village, by Samuel Lincoln, from Conn, about 1805." The first religious meeting was held at South Bergen, in Sept. 1807; Rev. Calvin Ingals (Presb.) was the first settled minister.' BETHAHfT — ^was formed from Batavia, June 8, 1812. It lies on the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly in the s. and rolling in the N. Black Creek flovrs N. throiJgh near the center of the town, and Little Tonawanda Creek through the s. w. and n. w. corners. The soil in the B. is a dark, gravelly loam, and in the w. a heavy, clay loam. Weak brine springs have been found ; hut all attempts to procure salt water by boring have proved unsuccessful. Betlianj' Center (Bethany p. o.) contains 2 churches and 35 dwellings. East Bethany (p. v.) a church and about 20 dwellings, and Einden, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., a flouring and saw mill, a furnace, and 40 dwellings. West Bethany Mills is a p. o. Canada (for- merly "Bennetts Settlement") is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the n. E. part of the town in 1803, by John Torrey, from Cayuga co.' The census reports 5 churches in town.' BYROIV — named from Lord Byron — was formed from Bergen, April 4, 1820. It lies on the N. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is gently undulating, with a slight inclination to the N. Black Creek flows n. to near the center of the town, receiving the waters of Bigelow and Spring Creeks, then turns N. E. and flows into Bergen. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and sandy loam. A sulphur spring, from which issues carburetted hydrogen gas, is found on Black Creek a little n. of Byron. An acid spring, known as the " Sour Spring," is found in the s. w. part of the town.'" Byron, (p. v.,) located near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and about 150 inhabitants. ISoutll Byron" (p. v.) is a station on the Central R. R. Pop. about 200. Pumpkin mil'" is a hamlet. Beuham Preston, from Batavia, was the first settler, on lot 197, 1 This arsenal was erected by the State, at Batavia, under an act of 1808 for the protection of the northern and western fron- tiers. It continues in use as a depository of arras and military equipage. 2 This village is one of the most important a. H. stations in Western N.Y. From it three branches of the N. Y. Central R. R. extend w. and s. w., — one to Niagara Falls, one to BufTalo, and one to Attica ; and two toward the E., — one to Rochester and one to Canandaigua. The Buffalo, Corning 4 N. Y. Koad also passes through the place. s The village was named by Mr. Ellicott in 1802, the locality having previoui^ly been known as " The Bertd.^' The first road was opened through the village in Feb, 1802. Among the early settlers were Stephen Russell, Isaac Sutherland, Gen,Worthy L, Churchill, Col, Wm, Rumsey, John Thomson, John Lamberton, David B, Evans, James Brisbane, James W. Stevens, Richard Abbey, Jedediah Crosby, Gideon Elliott, Cotton Leach, Samuel r. Geer, Benajah Worden, and Hunger. The first marriage was that of Wm, Lestonand Lavinia How: and the first death, that of Harris, in 1807. Hannah Austin taught the first school, in 1806; Stephen Russell opened an inn, in 1801; James Brisbane kept the first store, in 1802 ; and Jos. EUioott erected the first sawmill, in 1801, and the first gristmill, in 1804, on the Tonawanda Creek, for the Holland Land Co. < The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Presb., Prot, E,, Bap., M, E,, and E. C. fi See page , • Amons; the early settlers were Jedediah Crosby, David Pot- ter, Wm, White, Jas, Landen, and David Franklin, (from Conn,,) who came in 1805-06; and Simon Pierson, (also from Conn, ) in 1808. The first child bom was Luther Crosby, in 1806; the first inn was kept at Bergen Corners by Samuel Butler, in 1810; the first store by Levi Ward, in 1808. Jared Merrill erected the first sawmill, in the K, w, part of the town, in 1811 ; and Titus Wilcox (from Conn.) taught the first school, in the winter of 1807-08, at Bergen Corners. ' The census reports 5 churches; 2 Cong., and 1 each Presb,, M, B„ and B, C, 8 In the same year Capt, Geo. Lathrop, from Conn,, settled on lot 40, in the N, part of the town, and Orscmus Kellogg, from Sheffield, Mass,, in the E. part, Lyman D, Prindle, from Hoosick, settled at East Bethany in 1805; Joseph Adgate, from Ulster CO., and Mather Peck, from Lyme, Conn., near East Bethany in 1806, The first birth was that of a child of Orsemus Kellogg, in 1803 ; and the first death, that of Solomon Lathrop, in 1806. Matilda M^edge, from New England, taught the first school, in 1808. Sylvester Lincoln kept the first inn ; Elisha Hurlburt, from Vt., the first store, in 1808; and Judge Wilson built the first gl-istmill, in 1811. » 2 Presb., and 1 each M. E,, Bap,, and F, W, Bap, 10 The acid spring issues from a hillock about 230 feet long and 100 broad, elevated 4 or 5 feet above the plain. The strength of the acid is increased by drouth, and in some places it is quite concentrated and nearly dry in its combination with the charred vegetable coat which everywhere covers the hillock to a depth of from 6 to 40 inches, — Beck's MmerdLogy iV", K, jp. 149. 11 Locally known as " Bi-vssdviUe." 12 Named from the fact that an early tavern sign at that place was painted yellow and resembled a pumpkin. 146 GENESEE COUNTY. in 1807.^ The first religious serrices were held by Rev. Royal Phelps, (Presb.,) from Cayuga co., in 1809. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810, by Elder Benjamin M. Parks.^^ DARIEUr— was formed from Pembroke, Feb. 10, 1832. It is the s.w. corner town of the co. The surface is hilly in the s. and rolling in the n. The streams are the Eleven Mile, Crooked, and Huron Creeks. The soil in the n. is a sandy and gravelly loam, and in the s. a clayey loam under- laid by limestone. Darien Center, (p. v.,) formerly ''Kings Corners," contains a church, seminary,' and 20 dwellings. Darien City, (Darien p. o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains a church and 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made near Darien City, by Orange Carter, from Vt., in 1803.* The census reports 4 churches in town.^ ELBA— was formed from Batavia, March 14, 1820. Oakfield was taken off in 1842. It is the central town on the n. border of the co. The surface is level or undulating. Oak Orchard Creek flows N.E. through the center of the town to the n.e. corner, and thence turns w. and flows through the N. part into Oakfield. The Tonawanda swamp extends along its course in the n. part of the town. The soil is a fertile, sandy, gravelly and clayey loam. Pine Hill (Elba p. v.) lies near the center of the town. Pop. 400. Transit/ (East Elba p. o.,) on the line of Byron, is a hamlet. I^an^tons Corners, Mills Corners, and I>a"WS Corners are farming neighborhoods. The first settlement was made at Daws Corners in 1801, by Samuel and Amos Ranger, from Vt.' The first religious meetings were held by Rev. Mr. Mitchell, (M.E.,) in 1807. The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder John Miner, in 1821.^ t.E ROY^ — was formed from Caledonia (Livingston co.) as "Bellona" June 8, 1812. Its name was changed April 6, 1813. A part of Stafford was taken off in 1820, and a part of Pavilion in 1842. It is the central town on the e. border of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. A limestone ridge, 40 to 100 feet high, extends through the n. part of the town. Oatka Creek, the principal stream, flows from the s. w. corner of the tovna n.e. to a point a little n. of the center, thence turns and pursues a s. e. course to the e. border. Buttermilk Falls, 90 feet high, marks its descent over the limestone terrace," The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Gypsum and Onondaga limestone, for building purposes, are obtained in this town. In the e. part, s. of Oatka Creek, is an extensive tract of oak openings, covered thickly with stone and hard of cultivation. KjC Roy (p.v.) was incorp. May 5, 1834. It is finely located on Oatka Creek, and contains a bank, 2 newspaper offices, a female seminary,*^ 5 churches, and several manufacturing establish- 1 Among the other first settlers were Hoskins, in 1808; EUsha Taylor, from Otsego co., (on lot 186;) Thester T. Hol- brook, from Cayuga co.; Wheaton Cai-pentor, from R. I.; and Elisha Miller, from Penn., on lot 2, in 1809; Nathan Holt, from Otsego CO., in 1810; and Asa Merrills, from Oneida co., in 1811. The first child born was a son of Elisha Taylor, in 1809; the first marriage, that of Saml. Montgomery and Polly Parks, in 1811 ; and the first death, that of a sou of Mr. Hoskins. Thester T. Holbrook taught the first school, in 1810-11; Ira Newbury kept the first inn, in 1815; Amos Hewett, thefirststore, inl813; Wrn. Shepard erected the first sawmill, in 1813; and Asa Wil- liams the first gristmill, in 1814. 2 The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Presb. and F.W. Bap. ' The Darien Seminary was established in 1860, by Robert Blennerhassett. * IsaAc Chaddock, from Vt., settled near Darien City in 1804. The fii-st child born was Harriet Carter, in 1805, Stephen Parker kept the first inn, in 1808. at Darien City ; and Stephen King the first store, in 1815, at Darien Center. The first saw- mill was erected by Amos Humphrey, in 1809, on Eleven Mile Creek. 5 Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap,, and M. E. 8 Named from its location on the E, transit meridian of the Holland Land Company's survey. 7 Samuel Clark, from Mass., and his son Samuel, settled at Pine Hill in 1802, and Samuel Hall, from Seneca co., and John Young, came soon after. The first death was that of David KingBley, in 1804; Mason Turner taught the first school, near the center, in 1811; and Stephen Harmon kept the first inn, in 1815, at Pine Hill. The first store was kept at the same place, by Saml. Lane, in 1819. Horace Gibbs erected the first aawmill, on a branch of Black Creek, in the e. part of the town, in 1810 ; and Comfort Smith the first gristmill, on the same stream, in 1S15. The widow of John Young gives the following account of snmeof the trials of pioneer life: — " My husband having the year before been out and purchased his land upon the Holland Pur- chase, in the fall of 1804 we started from our home in Virginia, on horseback, fiir our new locntiun. We came through Mary- land, crossing the Sus juelianiia at Milton, thence via Tioga I'oint and the then usual route. In cmssiog the Alleghany Mts. night (ame upnn n^ : the hors('i br came frightent-d by wild beasts, and refused to proceed. We wrapped ourselves in our cloaks and horse blankets, and attempted to get some rest, but had a disturbed night of it. Panthers came near us, often giv- ing terrific screams. The frightened horses snorted and stamped upon the rocks. Taking an early start in the morning, we soon came to a settler's house, and were informed that we had stopped in a common resort of the panther. My husband built a shanty, which was about 10 feet square, flat roofed, covered with split ash shingles ; the floor was made of the halves of split basswood ; no chimney. A blanket answered the purpose of a door for a while, until my husband got time to make a door of split plank. We needed no window ; the light came in where the smoke went out. For chairs we had benches, made by splitting logs and set- ting the sections upon legs. A bedstead was made by boring holes in the side of the shanty, inserting pieces of timber which rested upon two upright posts in front, a side piece completing the structure, peeled basswood bark answering the place of a cord, ■ We of course had brought no bod with us on horseback; so one had to be procured. "Wo bought a cotton bag of Mr. Bris- bane, and, stuffing it with cat-tail, it was far better than no bed. The second year we were in, I had an attack of the fever and ague, which confined me for nearly a year. That year my hus- band cleared four acres, besides taking care of me and doing the cooking. It was no uncommon thing, in the first years of settle- ment, for women in childbirth to be deprived of tlie aid of a physician; and often the attendance of their own sex had to be dispensed with, Mr. Young died in 1836." 8 The census reports 5 churches in town ; 1 each Bap., Cong^ M. E., Prot, M., and Friends. * Named in honor of Herman Le Roy, one of the oiiginal pur- chasers of the " Triangle Ti-actP w When the stream is low, the water sinks into the bed of the stream about 2 miles above the falis, and finds its way to the lower channel through a subterranean passage. 11 The Ingham University, late Ingham Collegiate Institute, was incorp. IS.'.T, The institution was first established at Attica, in 1835, by Miss Marietta Ingham, and a younger sister, Emily j E. Ingham, (now Mrs. Phineas Stanton,) from Mass, In 1837 it j was removed to Le Roy, and was established as the "Le Roy I Female Seminary" by the founders, aided and supported by j ^tepsrs. Saml. Comstock, Jonathan P. Darling, Sech M. Gates, ; Albert Brewster, A. S. Uphani, Enos Bachelder. A. P. Hascall, j Lee Comstock, Israel Rathbone, Richard llollister. and Wm, S. I Bradley. It was chartered in 1841; and in 1855 the whole GENESEE COUNTY. 147 ments. Pop. 2081. Fort Hill' is a hamlet The first settlement was made in 1797, by Charles Wilbur, near Le Roy Village.^ The first religious services (Prot. E.) were held at the riUage by the Rev. Davenport Phelps, in 1802.' OAKFIEI.I>*— was formed from Elba, April 11, 1842. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is level or gently undulating. Oak Orchard Creek, the principal stream, flows w. through the n. part of the town. A marsh, forming a portion of the Tonawanda swamp, extends along ita course. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by clay. Brine springs, from which salt was formerly manufactured, are found near the center of the town. Caryville* (Oakfield p. o.) was incorp. in July, 1858. It contains an academy* and 2 churches. Pop. 500. Oakfield and Mecbanicsville are hamlets. Most of the town was an Indian Reservation, and the lands were not sold to the whites until subsequent to 1832. The first settlers wer« Erastus Walcott, Gideon Dunham, and Christopher Kenyon, who came in 1801.' One mi. w. of Caryville are the remains of an ancient fortification known as the " Old Fort," consisting of a ditch and breastworks, including about 10 acres of ground. There are 2 churches in town • Presb and M. E. PATII^IOHT— was formed from Covington, (Wyoming co.,) May 19, 1841. Portions were annexed from Le Roy and Stafibrd, March 22, 1842. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface is hilly in the s. and undulating in the n. Oatka Creek, the principal stream, flows n. u, little w. of the center of the town. The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam underlaid by clay. Fruits are extensively cultivated. Pavilion (p. v.) is situated on Oatka Creek, near the s. border of the town. Pop. 216. Pavilion Center, (p. v.,) formerly " &m. Clerk ; Jeremiah Whipple, Sheriff; and Thos. H. Hubbard, Surrogate. In 1810, Cazenovia was selected as the site of the CO. buildings, and Col. John Lincklaen and Capt. Jackson were appointed to superintend the building of a courthouse. A brick building was erected, and the first court was held in it in Jan. 1812. In 1817 the co. seat was removed to Morrisville, and the first court was held there Oct. 7, 1817. ? Ellis Moss, Sam'l White, and Oliver Pool were appointed to superintend the erection of the courthouse. 8 This Institution consists of three two story stone buildings; the poorhouse proper, a lunatic asylum, and a hospital. 149 150 MADISON COUNTY, K. R., extending through Lenox and Sullivan, Among the hills are seV&ral large artificial reser- Toirs, used as feeders for the canal. Cazenovia Lake is used for the same purpose. There are seven weekly newspapers published in the co.' Nearly all the s. half of this co. belonged to the tract known as the "Chenango Twenty Towns/'^ A strip lying between this tract and the Military Tract, including De Ruyter and the greater part of Cazenovia, was embraced in the Lincklaen Purchase. The Oneida Indian Reservation, origin- ally embracing all the n. part of the co., was subsequently divided into several large tracts. The "New Petersburgh Tract," or purchase of Peter Smith, includes nearly all of Smithfield and Fenner, the n. part of Cazenovia, and a strip a mile wide across the s. part of Stockbridge. The remainder of Stockbridge was included in the reservation of the Stockbridge Indians. Lenox and Sullivan constituted the n. w. portion of the Oneida Indian Reservation. The first settlements were made by squatters upon the Oneida Reservation, in 1790.' The permanent settlements were com- menced about 1795, and the co. rapidly filled up with immigrants, principally from New England. 1 The Madison Freeholder ■was commenced at Peterboro, be- fore or in the early part of 1808, by Jonathan Bunce & Co. )t soon after appeared as The Freeholder, and was contiDued until 1813. It was then changed to The Madison County Herald, and was continued several years. The Christian and Citizen was published at Peterboro, in 1854, by Pmyn & Walter. The Pilot was established at Cazenovia, in Aug. 1808, by Oran £. Baker, and continued until Aug. 1823. The Republican Monitor was started at Cazenovia, in Sept. 1823, by L. L. Rice. It was published by John F. Fairchild from April, 1825, until Jan. 1832, by J. F. Fairchild & Son until July, 1840, and by J. F. Fairchild until March 4, 1841, when it was discontinued. The Students Miscellany, semi-mo., was published at Cazenovia, in 1831, by A. Owen and L. Kidder. The Union Herald was commenced in Maj', 1835, by L. Myi-ick and B. W. Clark. In 1836 Clark withdrew; and in 1840 the paper was discontinued. The Oizenovia Democrat was started in Sept. 1836, by J. W. Chubbuck & Co.; it was edited by J. W. Dwinelle. In Feb. 1837, it was discontinued. The Madison Ontnty Eagle was commenced at Cazenovia. in Feb. 1840, by Cyrus 0. Pool. In 1841 it was published by Thoa. S. Myriek and W. H. Phillips. In June, 1842, Myrick withdrew; and in May, 1845, its name was changed to The Madison County Whig. In Aug. 1848, Phillips was suc- ceeded by H. A. Cooledge, by whom the paper was changed to The Madison County News, in Oct. 1853. In May, 1854, it was again changed to The Madison County Whig ; and in Jan. 1857, it was discontinued. The Abolitionist was started at Cazenovia, in 1841, by James C. Jackson, and continued 2 years. The Madison and Onondaga Abolitionist was published in 1843, by Luther Myrick. The Madison Republic was commenced at Cazenovia, in Jan. 1850, by W. H. Phillips, and continued about 3 months. The Cazenovia Gazette was published by Baker & Debnam, from Oct. 1851, until May, 1852. The Progressive Christian was established in April, 1853, by A. Pryne, and was continued 2 years. Tlie Cazeno-rla Republican was commenced May 1, 1854, by Seneca Lake, its present publisher. The Gazette and Madison County Advertiser was established at Peterboro in May, 1817, by John B. Johnson and son. It was removed to Morrisville in 1819, and discontinued in 1822. The Madison Observer vfSis commenced at Cazenovia, in Jan. 1821, by Rice & Hale. It was removed to Morrisville in 1822; and in 1824 Bennett Bicknell became its pub- lisher. In 1829 it was united with The Hamilton Re- corder, and was issued as The Observer and Recorder. In 1832 it passed into the hands of H. C. Bicknell and Jas. Norton, and in 1834 into those of Jas. Norton. In 1835 it was changed to The Madison Obser-v^er. In 1839 J. and B. Norton became its publishers, and in 1856 Edward Norton, by whom it is still published. The Hamilton Recorder was started in 1817, by John G. Stower and P. B. Havens. In 1819 it passed into the hands of Stower & Williams, and afterward into those of John P. Van Sice. In 1829 it was removed to Morrisville and united with The Observer. The Madison Farmer was published at Hamilton, in 1828. bv Nathaniel King, "^ The Civilmn was started July 27, 1830, by Lauren Dewey. In Feb. 1831, It passed into the hands of Lewison Fairchild, and m Nov. 1831, it was discontinued. TJie Hamilton Courier was commenced by G. R. Waldron, in „, „ ^^- ^^^' ^^^ t'^fi following year it appeared as Tlie Hamilton Cbuner and Madison Co. Advertiser. It was con- tmued until 1838. The Hamilton Palladium was started in 1838, by John Atwood, and continued 6 years, a part of the time by J. & D. At- wood. The Hamilton FagU was published in 1839, by G. B.Waldron. The Literary Visitor was published at Hamilton about 3 months, in 1842, by Dennis Redman. TJte Democratic Reflector was started at Hamilton by G. R. Wal- dron, in 1842. and was published by Waldron & Baker from 1843 until 1854, and 2 years by Waldron alone, when it was united with The Madison Co. Journal, and appeared as Tbe Democratic Republican. It is now published by Waldron & James. The Madison County Journal was commenced in Sept. 1849, by E. F. & C. B. Gould. W. W. Chubbuck, F. B. Fisher, and T. L. James were afterward iaterested in its publi- cation ; and in 1856 it was united with The Democratic Reflector. The Mill Boy '\ were pnblished during the campaign of 1844, and >the former at the Palladiuxo and the latter at The Polker j the Reflector office. The Land Mark was published as a campaign paper in 1850. The New York State Radii was removed from Fort Plain, MMit- gomery co., in 1854, by L. S. Rackus, and continued about 18 mouths, when it was returned to Fort Plain. The Democratic Union was commenced at Hamilton, in 1856, by Levi S. Backus; and in 1857 it passed into the hands of W. H. Baker, its present publisher. Tlie Ginastnta Register was published in 1830, by Silas Judd and H. B. Mattison, and in 1831 by H. S. Merritt. The Canastfjta Times was commenced in 1857, by Geo. H. Mer- riam, and was diacontinaed the following year. The Canastota ISa-gle was started Nov. 4, 1858, by J.E. N. Backus, its present publisher. The Chitlenango Herald was established in 1832, by Isaac Lyon, and was published successively as The Chittenango Republican, The Phoenix, and The Democratic Gazette, until 1856, when it was discontinoed. The De Ruyter Herald was published in 1835, by C. W. Mason. Tha Protestant Sevitinel was brought from Schenectady to De Ruyter in Nov. 1836, and was published by J. & C. H. Maxon until the fall of 183T. It then passed into th» hands of Wm. D. Cochran, by whom it was issued as The Protestant Sentinel and Sefventh Day Baptist Journal In Feb. 1840, Joel Greene became its publisher, and changed it to The Seventh Day Baptist Register. In 1841 it passed into the hands of James Bailey, by whom it was continued until 1845. The National Banner was commenced at De Ruyter in Oct. 1847, by A. C. Hill, and continued 2 years. The Central New Yorker was published at De Ruyter, by B. F. & C. B. Gould, from Sept. 1848, until May, 1851. The Banner of the Times was started at DeRoyter, by Walker & Hill, and continued until 1855. The Oneida Telegraph was commenced at Oneida, in Sept. 1851, by D. H. Frost. In June, 1854, it passed into the hands of John Crawford, and was changed to The Ouelda Saebem, under which name it is still pnb- lished. The Circular was established in 1852, and is published weekly at the Oneida Community. 2 The following is a list of these townships within the limits of this CO. : Nelson No. 1. Eaton « 2. Madison " 3. Hamilton " 4. The Canastota Tract in this co. was granted in lieu of tho school lots reserved in the " Twenty Towns ;" but by some over- sight was sold with those lands. 8 See page . Lebanon.. No, 5. Georeetown " 6. Brookfield « 19 & 2 MADISON COUNTY. 151 ^nP'*'*****'''"'*^^''""^^^ formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) Maron 5, 1795; and Columbus (Chenango co.) was taken off in 1805. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of Unadilla River and Beaver Creek. UnadiUa River forms the e. boundary. Beaver Creek flovrs through near the center, and the e. branch of the Chenango through the N. w. part. Several smaller streams take their rise in the town. The soil is a gravelly loam. ClarkTille,' (Brookfield p.o.,) incorp. April 5, 1834, contains 2 churches, the Brookfleld Aca- demy, a hoe and fork manufactory, gristmill, and tannery. Pop. 578. L.eonardsville (p. v.) contains 1 church, a bank, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 366. Worth Brookfield (p. v.) has 275 inhabitants. Soutb Brookfield (p. o.) is a hamlet, and »e I.aiicy» a p. o. The first settlement was made by Daniel Brown, in 1791.* The census reports 6 churches in town." CAZE]VOVIA«— was formed from Paris and Whitestown, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1795. De . Ruyter was taken off in 1798, Sullivan in 1803, Smithfield and Nelson in 1807, and a part of Fenner in 1823. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Chittenango and Limestone Creeks. The summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys. Owahgena or Cazeuovia Lake, in the n. part of the town, is a beautiful sheet of water about 4 mi. long. Its outlet— Chittenango Creek — forms a part of tlie boundary between this town and Penner. In its course it has a fall of several hundred feet, afford- ing a great number of valuable mill sites. At the Chittenango Fall the water plunges in a beautiful cascade perpendicularly over a ledge of limestone rock 136 feet in heiglit. Limestone Creek flows across the s. part of the town. Hydraulic and common limestone are quarried near Chittenango Falls. The soil in the sr. and central parts is a gravelly loam, and in the s. a clayey loam imder- laid by hardpan. Cazenovla, (p. v.,) incorp. Feb. 7, 1810, is beautifully situated on Chittenango Creek, at the foot of Cazenovia Lake. It contains 7 churches, an academy,' a bank, and several manufactories.' Pop. 1177. Bfe w 'Woodstock (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 273 inhabit- ants. Cbittenango Falls is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1793, by John Lincklaen, from Amsterdam, Holland.' The first church (Presb.) was organized May 17, 1799, with 5 mem- bers ; and the Rev. Joshua Leonard was the first pastor. The census reports 9 churches in town.^" DE RUYTER" — was formed from Cazenovia, March 15, 1798. Georgetown was taken off in 1815, and German (Chenango co.) in 1806. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface con- sists of hilly upland, broken by the valley of Tioughnioga River. The summits of the hills are 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Tioughnioga River and its tributaries. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam on the hills and alluvium in the valleys. De Ruyter, (p.v.,) incorp. April 15, 1833, contains 3 churches, an academy,'^ and several manufactories." Pop. 727. Sbeds Corners is a p. o. The first settlers were Elijah and Elias Benjamin and Eli Colgrove, in 1793." The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Joel Butler, Nov. 5, 1799.15 EATOm"— was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It is an interior town, situated near the center of the co. The surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valley of Chenango River into two ridges, whose summits are 400 to 600 ft. in height. The Chenango flows s. through the center. The outlet of the Eaton Reservoir flows through a deep, narrow ravine, and affords a large number of valuable mill sites. Hatchs Lake and Bradley Brook Reservoir, and several smaller reservoirs, are in this tovm. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed with clay in the valleys. IttorrlsvlUe," (p.v.,) situated on Chenango River, was incorp. April 13, 1819. It contains 3 1 Named from Joseph Clark, formerly State Senator. 2 A fork manufactory, grJBtmill, sawmill, and tannery. 3 Named from John Be Lancy. * John and Elias Button, Lawton Palmer, Saml. H. Burdick, Saml. Billings, David Maine, Stephen Collins, Thoa. and James Rogers, and Paul and Perry Maxon settled in the town in 1792. Stephen Hoxie, Simeon, Nathaniel, and Eleaner Brown, Henry Clark, Robert Randall, Asa Erink, Ethan, Oliver, and Phineas Babcock, Ira and Nathan Burdick, and Youman York were also early settlers. John Button built the first gristmill, in 1792; aud Reuben Leonard opened the first store, in 1801 . The first school was taught by Asa Carrier, in the winter of 1796-97. 6 2 Seventh Day Bap., 2 M. B., Bap., Univ. 6 Named from Theophilus Cazeoove, the first general agent of the Holland Land Company. ' The Oneida Conference Seminary is a large and flourishmg institution, under the care of the Methodist denomination. 8 In and near Cazenovia, on Chittenango Creek, are a woolen factory, paper mill, oil mill, town clock factory, furnace, ma- chine shop. 2 gristmills, and a sawmill. 9 Archibald Bates, Wm. GiUett, Wm. Miles. BenJ. Pierson. Noah Taylor, Saml. S. Forman, Ira Peck, Nathan Webb, Shubael Broolis, aud others named Tyler and Auger settled in the town in 179.3 ; and Joseph Simms, Isaac Moss, Oideon freeman, aud David Fay soon after. The first birth was that of a child of Noah Taylor, in 1794. John Lincklaen built the first saw and grist mills, in 179-1. 1" 2 Bap., 2 M. B., Cong., Presb., Prot. B., Union, and Univ. " Named from Admiral De Ruyter, of the Dutch Navy. 12 The De Ruyter Institute is under the care of the Seventh Day Baptist denomination. 13 2 tanneries, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, oil mill, furnace, and cabinetware manufactory. 14 Joseph Messenger and Sam'l Thomson settled in the town in 1795. D.irius Benjamin, Justus, Jeremiah, and Ebonezer Qage, and Daniel Page were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Frederick Benjamin, about 1798: Joseph Messenger opened the first inn. in 1796 ; Samuel Uowen kept the first store ; Joseph Rich built the first sawmill, in 1807, and the first grist- mill, in 1809. The first school was taught by Eli Gage, in the winter of 1799. ifi There are 6 churches in town ; 2 Friends, and 1 each Bap., Seventh Day Bap,, M. E., and Presb. 1^ Named from Gen. Wm. Eaton, commander of the U. S. mili- tary forces in the expedition to Tripoli. 1' Named from a family of early settlers in town. 152 MADISON COUNTY. churches, a newspaper office, and several manufactories.* Pop. 715. Eaton, (p.v.,) commonly called "Log City,'' contains 3 churches and several manufactories.^^ Pop. 510. "West Eaton, (p.v.,) commonly called ''LeeviUe," contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, sawmill, and about 40 houses; and Pratts Hollo w» (p.v.) 1 church and about 20 houses. Pine ^Woods is a p. o. Settled in 1792, by John and James Salisbury, from Vt. ; but the first permanent settler was Joshua Leland, from Sherburne, Mass., in 1793.* The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1805.^ FENIVER^— was formed from Cazenovia and Smithfield, April 22, 1823. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland. Oneida, Canaseraga, and Chittenango Creeks have their sources in this town. The latter forms a part of its w. boundary. Extensive marl beds are found ; and on the bank of Chittenango Creek calcareous tufa is quar- ried and burned into lime. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Perry ville, (p.v.,) partly in this town, contains 2 churches and 25 houses. Fenner (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settle-, ment was made about the year 1793.' The first church (Bap.) was organized Aug. 23, 1801.^ GEORGETO"W]V— was formed from De Ruyter, April 7, 1815. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Otselic Creek into two ridges. The summits of the hills are 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Otselic Creek and its branches. The soil upon the hills is yellow loam, and in the valleys a gravelly alluvium. GeorgetOTvn (p.v.) contains 3 churches, and has a population of 280. The first settlement was made by Ezra Sexton, in 1804.^ Lewis Anathe Muller, a French refugee, settled in this town about 1810, and remained until the restoration of Louis Philippe." The first religious services were conducted by Ezra Sexton, at the house of Bethel Hurd, in 1805." HAMIETOIV— was formed from Paris, (Oneida co.,) March 5, 1795, and was named from Alexander Hamilton. Eaton, Lebanon, and Madison were taken ofi" in 1807. It lies upon the s. border of the co., between Lebanon and Brookfield. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Chenango River and its east branch. The soil is a gravelly loam in the valleys and a clayey loam upon the hills. Hamilton," (p.v.,) incorp. April 12, 1812, is situated on the Chenango Canal. It contains 4 churches, the Hamilton Academy, the Hamilton Female Seminary, 2 newspaper offices, and a bank. Pop. 1448. The Madison University, located at this place, under the care of the Baptist denomination, was incorp. March 26, 1846. It consists of a grammar school, a collegiate and a theological department. Nine professors are employed, and in 1857 31 theological students, 123 under-graduates, and 71 grammar school students were in attendance. The libraries connected with the university contain about 8900 volumes.^* Earl- viUe,"(p. V.,) on the line of Sherburne, (Chenango co.,) contains 2 churches, and has a pop. of 441, of which 233 are in this town. Poolville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses, and 1 A Bilk factory, distillery, tannery, iron foundry, machine Bhop, gristmill, and sawmill. There were formerly several woolen factories in and near MorrisTille, but they have been abandoned. 2 A woolen factory, a tool factory and trip hammer, distillery, tannery, gristmill, and sawmill. 8 Named from John and Matthew Pratt, early settlers. 4 John H. and Benj. Morris settled in the town in 1794; Benj. Morse, Daniel Abbey, Simeon Gillett, Levi Barney, and Elijah Hayden, in 1795; Joseph Moss, Wm. Mills, Lewis Wilson, Sam'l Sinclair, Humphrey Palmer, and McCrellis, in 1796; and Rawson Harmon, in 1797. Thos. Morris, Windsor and Ziba Co- man, Constandt, Bobert, and Cyrus Avery, Joseph French, and Abiathar Gates were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Col. Uriah Leland, Nov. 1, 1793 ; the first marriage, that of Lewis Wilson and Dorcas Gillett, in 1796 ; and the first death, that of Simeon Gillett, in 1796. Joshua Leland opened the first inn, in 1794, and erected the first saw and grist mills, in 1795. David Gaston kept the first store, in 1804. The first school was taught by Dr. James Pratt, in the winter of 1797-98,— the first month at the house of Joseph Moss, the second near Morrisville, the third near Log City, and the fourth near the residence of Joshua Leland. 6 The census reports 8 churches in town ; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., and 2 Cong. 6 Named from Gov. Fenner, of Rhode Island. 7 Among the early settlers were Alpheus Twist and James Munger, from Conn., who located a mi. s. of the center, Jona- than Munger and Page in the N. part, and Elisha Freeman. Ithuriel Flower, Ames Webster and Amanda Munger in the s'. part. The first birth was that of a child of Alpheus Twist; and the first death, that of the wife of Alpheus Twist. Elder Nathan Baker was the first preacher. 8 The census reports 5 churches ; 3 M. E., Bap., and Prot. E. 8 Matthew Hallenbeck, Joab Bishop, John C. Paine, and Bailey Carter settled in the town in 1804, and Mitchell Atwood, Wm. Paine, Bethel Hnrd. Joseph P. Harrison, and Josiah Purdy in 1805. Ebenezer Hull, Apolloa Drake, Elgah and Alfred Brown, Jesse Jerrold, Zadock Hawks, John Gibson, Hunt, David Parker, Pbiletus Stewart, Calvin Cross, Dr. Smith, Beiy. Bonner, Capt. White, and Alvord, were also early settlers. The first birth wfts that of Weston Paine, in 1805; and the first death, that of Mrs. Ezra Sexton, in 1807. Mitchell Atwood built the first sawmill, in 1806, and Bishop & Hunt the first gristmill, in 1807. J. C. Paine was an early innkeeper. w Muller settled on the hill, about 3 mi. w. of Georgetown, erected alargeaod spacious dwelling, laid out extensive grounds, excavated an artificial pond, and planted great nvimbers of fruit trees. He attempted the establishment of a village, by erecting 2 storehouses, several dwellings, a blacksmith shop, and a grist- mill. It is supposed that he brought with him to town not less than $150,000, and that he carried away not to exceed $1500. When Bonaparte abdicated, Muller returned to France, leaving his wife and children in New York. He afterward returned to dispose of his property here. When he reached Georgetown, his house was stripped of its furniture ; his stock and every movable article had disappeared; weeds covered the gardens, the walks, the roads, and fields ; his village was forsaken, and the mill de- sorted. The agent in whose charge he had left his property had sold every movable article and deserted the place. Muller sold the property and returned to France; and to this day no od« knows who or what he was. " Tliere are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and Union. 12 Formerly called "Pai/nesville" 18 The '* flciTJii'Won Theological Seminary^' was established in 1820, under the auspices of the Baptist Education Society of the State of New York. In 1834 a collegiate course was instituted, and the seminary assumed the name of the " JBdmilton Literary and Theological Seminary f and in 1846 the institution was in- corp. as the Madison University. The theological department is still under the control of the Baptist Educational Society. The aggregate number of graduates of the theological department is 3U2. and of the collegiate department 462. 1* Named from Jonas Earl, Canal Commissioner. MADISON COUNTY. 153 HubbardsvlUe' (p. v.) 20 houses. East Hamilton (p. o.) is a hamlet, and Soutb Ha- milton a p. o. The first settlers were John Wells and Abner Nash, from Mass., and Patrick Shields and John Muir, from Scotland, but late from Oneida co. They located upon Chenango, near EarlviUe, in 1792.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1796.» liEBASrOlV— was formed from Hamilton, Feb. 6, 1807. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, lying between the Chenango and Otselic Rivers. The summits in the w. part are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The valley of Chenango River, extending through the e. part, is about 1 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides. The other streams are smaU brooks. The soil is a yellow loam underlaid by hardpan upon the hills and alluvium in the valleys. K,ebanon (p. v.) contains 1 church, a sawmill, tannery, and 25 houses Smltbs Valley* and Aliddleport are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1792, by Enoch Stowell and Jonathan Bates, from Vt.* There are 4 churches in town.« liEWOX— was formed from SulHvan, March 3, 1809, and a part of Stookbridge was taken ofi' in 1836. It is the N. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is level in the N. and moderately hilly in the s. Canastota and Cowaselon Creeks flow through the town. Oneida Creek forms its e. boundary, and Oneida Lake a part of its n. boundary. The Cowaselon SwanTp occupies a portion of the sr. part. The soil in the n. is alluvium and in the s. a gravelly and clayey loam. In the town are beds of gypsum and of red fossiliferous iron ore. Near Cowaselon Creek is a small sulphur spring ; and in the marsh near Canastota is a salt spring.' Oneida (p. v.) is the principal station between Syracuse and Rome, on the N. Y. Central R. R. It is situated on Oneida Creek, and was incorp. June 20, 1848. It contains 5 churches, the Oneida Seminary," a newspaper office, and a, bank. Pop. 1713. Canastota, (p. v.,) incorp. April 28, 1835, is a canal village and a station on the N. Y. Central R. R. It contains 3 churches, a newspaper office, a, bank, and a manufactory of astronomical and optical instruments.' Pop. 1081. fVampsville, (p. V.,) a station on the N. Y. Central R. R., contains 1 church and 25 houses. Pine Busb, (Bennetts Corners p. o.,) Merrelsville, (Cowaselon p. o.,) and l.enox Furnace are ham- lets. Cl0Cli.viHe,i° (p. V.,) contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, 2 flouring mills, and a saw- mill. Pop. 279. Quality Hill (Lenox p.o.) is a thickly settled country street near Canastota. Oneida L7>in a^t.tlnil nP.tlT Ihfs n1(U!e. 11 See page . 12 This community was organized in 1847, under John II. Noyes, with whom their peculiar religious and social tenets mostly originated. They form a general community, holding a common interest in all things. The relation of the sexes is placed, not, like that of civilized society, on the basis of law and constraint, neither on the opposite one of mere freedom, hut on that of " iTispiration" They are principally engaged in garden- ing, the nursery business, milling, and the manufacture of steel traps, sewing silk, traveling bags, cravats, and palmleaf hats. The Circular, a weekly paper, is published by the Communists. 18 The Forbeses, Buyas, and Suyders were the early settlers. u 5 M. E., 6 Presb., 2 Bap., Cong., and R. C. 16 Named from Gov. Bouck ; formerly called "JohTisvUh." 16 Samuel and Francis Clemens, Stephen P. Blackstone, John Niles, Seth Snow and his son Seth, Wm. and David Blair, Jamos Collister, Daniel Perkins, Henry W. and Israel Bond, Elijah Blodget, Amos and Jesse Maynard, and Joel Crawford, settled in the town in 1793; Gen. Erastus Cleveland, Thos. Mellen. Abial Hatch, Jas. McClenathan, Geo,, Chas., and job Peckhand, Benj. Simmonds, Sylvester Woodward, Elijah Thompson, Sam'l Jones, Jas. and Alex. White, Luther, Abial, and Bphraim Clough, and Jonathan Sloan, were also early settlers. The first births in town were those of Marcena Collister and Stephen Blackstone, both in 1794. Gen. Cleveland built the first gristmill and kept tbe first store. Henry W. Bond built the first sawmill, in 17^ Sam'l Clemens was an early innkeeper. 154 MADISON COUNTY. The first cliureh (Cong.) was organized in 1795, and the Rev. Ezra Woodworth was the first pastor.^ UTELiSOlV— was formed from Cazenovia, March 13, 1807. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a rolling upland. The principal stream is Chitte- nango Creek. The Erieville and Eaton reservoirs are in this town. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. Erieville (p. v.) contains 3 churches and 191 inhabitants, and JVelson Flats (Nelson p. 0.) 2 churches and 146 inhabitants. The first settlement was made in 1794, by Asa and Jede- diah Jackson.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.' SMITHFIEIiD — was formed from Cazenovia, March 13, 1807. Fenner was taken off in 1823, and a part of Stockbridge in 1836. It is an interior town, lying N. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly and rolling upland. The principal streams are Cowaselon and Oneida Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Limestone and gypsum are obtained in the N. E. corner. Near Siloam is a small sulphur spring. Peterboro,* (p. v.,) on Oneida Creek, near the center, contains 3 churches and the Peterboro Academy. Pop. 350. Siloam (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settler was Jasper Alesworth, in 1795.* Judge Greene C. Bronson resided in this town for several years; and Hon. Gerrit Smith now resides in Peterboro. In 1858, Wm. Evans, of Boston, donated to this town the sum of $10,000, to be invested, and the proceeds devoted to the relief and support of the destitute and needy.' There are 3 churches in town.' STOCBlBRIDCiE — ^named from the Stockbridge Indians — ^was formed from Vernon and Augusta (Oneida co.) and Smithfield and Lenox, May 20, 1836. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valley of Oneida Creek, which extends in a n. and s. direction through near the center of the town. The summits of the hills are 500 to 800 ft. above the valley. The falls of Oneida Creek consist of a succession of rapids and low falls, affording numerous valuable mill sites.' Oriskany Creek takes its rise in the s. part. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Limestone is extensively quarried from the ledges that crop out upon the hillsides. Hydraulic limestone is also quarried near the falls of Oneida Creek. Gypsum is obtained near Cooks Corners. In this town are an ancient burial place and the ruins of an old fortification.' Munnsville,^'' (p. v.,) on Oneida Creek, contains 1 church and several manufactories.'' Pop. 287. Knoxville'^ (Stockbridge p. o.) contains 3 churches, and has a population of 138. CookS Comers (p. v.) contains 1 church, a plaster mill, and about 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1791." A mission church was erected on the Indian Reservation, near Cooks Corners, about 1800." SUEliIVASf'*— was formed from Cazenovia, Feb. 22, 1803, and Lenox was taken off in 1809. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is level in the N. and rolling in the s. The Cowaselon Swamp extends across the town from Chittenango Creek to the line of Lenox. South of this swamp is the Vlie, or natural meadow." Chittenango Creek flows through the town and 1 There are 6 churches in town; 2 M. E., Bap., Cong., Friends, and Univ. 2 Joseph Yaw, Ebenezer Lyon, Sam'l and Chas. Swift, Jonathan Buell, Samuel Kinney, and Mitchell settled in the town in 1794; Oliver Stone and James Hinman, in 1795; Joshua Wells, David Wellington, Israel Patterson, Rich. Karley, Dan'I Adams, Horatio Simms, Abner Camp, and Lemuel and Eldad Bichardson, In 1796. The first birth was that of Palmer Wells, in 1796 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Bishop, about 1800. Jedediah Jack- son kept the first inn, in 1794; Jeremiah Clark built the first sawmill, about 1800, and Oliver Pool the first gristmill. Daniel Kussell was the first storekeeper. Dea. Dunham was one of the earliest schoolteachers. ' 2 M. B., Bap., Cong., and Univ. * Named from Peter Smith. ^ Oliver Trumbull settled in the town the same year. Peter Smith was the proprietor of the soil, and settled at Peterboro at an early day. Among the early settlers were families named Cleveland, Coon, Babcock, Taylor, Messenger, Stone, Rich, Love- land, Loomis, Merrill, Spencer, Bump, Northnip. Lathrop, Soper, Shipman, Howard, Chaffer, Lyons, Moody, Spring. Myers, Brown, Austin, and Wright. Peter Smith built the first saw and grist mill, Jas. Livingston kept the first store, and Lewis Cook kept the first inn. Tabitha Havens taught the first school, in 1801. « The provisions of the benefaction are, that the amount shall be loaned in sums of not over $1000 each, upon good bond and mortgage security ; and that as soon after 1862 as the accumu- lated interest amounts to a sufficient sum, a farm, of not less than 60 acres, shall be bought, and suitable buildings erected thereon, to be used as a home for the destitute. T Bap., Presb., and Free. 8 About 4 mi. i. of Munnsville, near the center of the town, are several caves, in limestone, which have been explored but partially on account of noxious gases. In the rock that forms the bed of the stream are depressions resembling the footprints of men, cattle, and horses. The burial place is on the side hill, about 1 mi. s. e of Munns- ville. A small bono image of a woman, iron and steel axes, gun barrels and fragments of gun locks, brass kettles, and tobacco pipes have been found. The axes were hatchet shaped, and were marked under the eye with three stars. The ruins of the fortifl- cationare in the a. w. part of the town. 10 Named from Asa Munn, the first storekeeper in the town. 11 A woolen factory, a furnace, trip hammer and edge-tool factory, a sawmill, planing mill, and sash factory, and a gristmill. 12 Named from Herman Knox, an early resident. 18 Among the early settlers wore Oliver Steward, Nathan, Cal- vin, Barney, John, and Alfred Rdson. "VVm.. EHiah, and Joseph Devine, Wm. Sloan, Benajah House. Annos Bridge, Jas. Tafi't, Aaron. Jairus, and Matthew Rankin, Jonathan Snow, Isaac Chadwick, Talcott Divan, Watrous Graves, and Daniel Thurston. These settlers all located in the 3. E. part of the town. The first marriage was that of John Devine and Polly Edson, in 1793 ; and the first death, that of Widow Anna Hall, in 1795. The first saw and grist mills were built by the Stockbridge In- dians, on their reservation, about 1794. The first school WP-s taught by Edward Foster, in 1797. 14 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Cong., Bap., M. E., and Univ. IB Named from Gen. John Sullivan. 16 The Vlie Is covered to the depth of several feet with muck or peat underlaid by marl. It is destitute of timber, and sup- ports a rank growth of ferns and weeds. " A ditch cut by the side of the road shows vertical stumps 3 feet below the surfiice, and then a small growth near the surface ; so that it would appear that two forests have existed there." This land was origin- ally covered with water; but it is now partially drained by a ditch dug by the State. MADISON COUNTY. 155 forms a part of its w. boundary. The Canastota and Cowaselon Creeks unite in the swamp and flow in an artificial channel to the lake. These streams afford numerous valuable mill privileges. On the Canaseraga, near Perryville, is a waterfall 130 feet in height. Black Creek is a tributary of the Chittenango. Gypsum is found in numerous localities and is extensively quarried.' Water- lime is also obtained in the s. part.^ Marl and peat abound in the swampy regions. There are several mineral springs in town, the principal of which are the "White Sulphur Spring" and the " Yates Spring." The former— known as Chittenango Springs— is fitted up for the reception of visitors ; and the waters of both are celebrated for their medicinal properties.^ The soil in the N. is a clayey loam alternating with muck and marl, and in the s. it is a gravelly loam. CbittenangO, (p.v.,) on Chittenango Greek, was incorp. March 15, 1842. It contains 3 churches, the Yates Polytechnic Institute, a bank, a woolen factory, gristmill, and tannery. Pop. 916. Perryville* (p.v.) is partly in this town. Canaseraga (Sullivan p.o.) contains 1 church and 25 houses, and Bridgeport (p.v.) 1 church and about 35 houses. I^akeport is a p.o. The first settle- ment was made in 1790, by squatters from the Mohawk Valley.^ The census reports 9 churches." Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Montgomery County. Names of Towns. Acres OP Land. | Talcatios of 1868. Population. 1 1 1 .5 Schools. 1 1 (3 If 1 5 "& 1 J 4l It Brookfield Cazenovia 30,640} 23,2664 12,959 20,8284 15,021 11,3364 19,0801 19,9644 32,206| 17,468 20,931 11,820 15,512 26,3691 1S,664J 6,870 6,869 8,6164 3,501 10,276 6,3694 6,171 16,4964 4,812 6,1304 3,426 3,647 16,707 $699,120 999,660 338,086 776,285 387,606 226,170 721,330 618,640 1,690,330 640,250 456,450 327,100 321,010 1,433,000 $183,630 476,960 29,676 149,800 23,350 34,870 227,010 73,120 434,660 128,400 65,250 48,700 41,860 343,000 $782,760 1,475,500 367,760 925,035 410,966 260,040 948,.340 691,760 2,124,880 763,660 620,700 376,800 863,760 1,776,000 1,891 2,162 973 2,014 791 728 1,847 840 4,021 1,222 967 768 1,037 2,764 1,879 2,333 948 2,047 831 714 1,890 821 3.779 1,261 909 766 1,016 2,489 692 890 334 727 311 810 700 309 1,422 624 862 290 381 969 788 976 379 799 327 333 796 344 1,612 541 194 314 217 1,026 631 746 309 667 291 264 676 266 858 366 361 184 298 674 27 18 11 19 14 12 16 18 30 33 14 11 15 26 1,330 1,474 727 1,227 670 664 1,236 616 2,936 783 624 669 866 2,061 Eaton Total 277,393J 111,606} $9,432786 $2,254,166 $11,686,941 22,016 21,672 8,221 8,644 6,849 239 16,661 Names of Towns. Live Stock. *AGR1CULTURA1 PRODUCTg. II l| 2,029 1,640 638 2,112 1,069 634 1,679 1,748 2,566 1,227 1,325 866 1,327 2,117 1 § 1,710 1,678 677 1,209 876 399 1,208 1,068 2,677 828 1,083 801 863 1,928 Bush, o? Gbain. 1 ^8 ■BO II Daisy Prodocts. 1 ■1 e M Brookfield Cazenovia 1,055 1,062 448 892 631 311 1,092 690 1,688 5S6 630 670 681 1,428 2,4.36 2,167 1,131 2,147 974 812 2,022 2,09e 2,765 l,34e 1,793 1,24S 1,43C 1,71« 24,067 8,728 4,713 4,943 4,606 4,388 2,867 3,700 6,428 6,647 4,752 4.686 2,149 2,601 6,644 66,647 148 1,8614 308 642 382 11,8804 1,313 47 778 6,9564 7,491 99,2214 126,9404 44,108 80,666J 82,585 35,368 72,020 72,3764 236,679 67,761 68,6484 71,973 89,969 162,776 9,0534 6,127 3,756 6,284 2,520 3,4764 5,169 6,108 6,201 4,582 5,594 2,423 2,742 6,2374 80,179 20,669 8,398 16,788 9,342 7,800 15,660 11,463 26,627 16,866 17,867 9,590 11,976 22,688 63,627 49,768 28,387 r 45,402 45,740 9,509 39,152 31,845 48,418 40,860 60,864 17,850 173,670 186,705 76,976 169,410 84,740 70,906 118,423 137,488 219,062 118,046 160,978 96,414 94,895 147,587 260,146 186,366 106,660 290,775 62,705 69,686 186,750 161,492 75,966 113,490 209,207 122,078 187,666 64,888 8,1244 638 627 7024 642 731 886 844 1,26U 7684 3,008 216 1,768 1,978 17,1644 Stockbridge Sullivan 26,lf 34,1J B 4 Total 11,763 20,857 16.794 30,7974 1,800,8914 68,2634 224,278 i 631,677 1,840,298 2,087,694 1 Gypsum ia said to have been quarried here in 1800. S In this town is a bed of -waterlirae, — the first discovered in the State. The material was first quarried and burned for quick- lime to be used on the canal: but it was found that it would not Plack. Experiments were then made, and the material was discovered to be hydraulic lime. 8 Following is a statement of an analysis of a pint of water from each of these spring?. White Sulphur Spring. Yates Spring. CJarbonate of lime 1.33 Sulphate " " 8.22 Sulphate of magnesia 3.11 « " soda Chloride of calcium trace. . 0.8 [ 12.75 .. 1.66 .. 0.14 Organic matter tra<;e. trace. 6 These squatters were James and Joseph Pickard, Jacob, David, and Hon-Yost Schuyler, Jacob Seeber, Garrett and Geo. Van Sjycke, John Polsley, and John Preemyer. They settled on the Indian EeserTation near Canaseraga. The Indians com- plained to the Governor of their intrusion, and they were ordered to remove. They neglected to do so ; and in 1791, Col. Colbraith, the sheriff of Montgomery co., waa sent with a posse of 60 men to dislodge them. They still refused; aud their movables were taken from their dwellings and their houses burned. They then removed to the neighborhood of Chittenango and settled on lands that the State had lately acquired of the Indians. John G. Moyer, John Walroth, Capt. Timothy Brown, Solomon, Joseph, and David Beebe, Col. Zebulon Douglas, John Mathews, Philip Daharsh, Nicholas Pickard, Ovid "Weldon, Peter Dygart, John Keller, John Sower, Wm. Miles, David Burton, Timothy Freeman, and Peter Ehle settled in the town shortly after. The first birth was that of Peggy Schuyler, in 1791; and the first death, that of a child of David Freemyer. John G. Moyer built the first saw and gristmill, and Jacob Schuyler kept the first 3 Ban. IJniou. 2 M. E., Cong., 'Wes. Meth., Ref. Prot. D., and NIAGARA COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. Erie was taken off April 2, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the State, in the angle formed by the junction of Niagara River and Lake On- tario. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. It is divided into 2 distinct parts or terraces by a ridge extending E. and w. The lake shore is a bluff 10 to 30 feet high, and from its summit the lower terrace slopes gradually upward to the foot of an elevation known as the mountain ridge, where it attains an elevation of 100 to 150 feet above the lake. This ridge extends E. and w. through the N. part of Eoyalton and Lookport, and near the center of Cambria and Lewiston, and forms the N. declivity of the s. ter- race. At its w. extremity it has an elevation of 250 feet above the lower terrace, and is nearly perpendicular. This height gradually declines toward the e., and upon the e. line of the co. it has an elevation of 80 to 100 feet. Through the central part of the co. the ridge is divided into two declivities, separated by a plateau from a few rods to a half mi. in width. The upper ridge is limestone, and for many mi. presents the face of a perpendicular cliff. Throughout the co. the ridge is too steep for cultivation. The s. half of the CO., extending s. from the summit of this ridge, is very level. It has a slight inclination toward the s., and terminates in the Tonawanda Swamp. The whole inclination of the slope within the limits of the co., however, does not exceed 30 feet. The lake ridge — supposed to have been the ancient shore of the lake — extends w. from Orleans co. through Hartland and Newfane, thence turns s. w., and appears to terminate near Lockport Village. It appears again farther w., and at Cambria it is divided into two parts, the N. extending N.w. about 3 mi. and gradually declining to a level of the general surface, and the s. extending s.w. and uniting with the mountain ridge 4 mi. E. of Lewiston.' This ridge is composed of sand and gravel and the usual debris throvm up by a large body of water, and in character is essentially different from the surrounding surface. It varies from 5 to 25 feet in height, and is 20 to 150 feet in width. The n. descent is generally glightly longer and steeper than the s. The lowest rock in the CO. is the Medina sandstone, which crops out in the ravines along the shore of the lake. It is the underlying rock of the w. half of the co., and extends to the foot of the mountain ridge. This ridge is composed of the sandstones and limestones belonging to the Niagara and Clinton groups, the heavy masses of compact limestone appearing at the top. The Onondaga salt group occupies a narrow strip along the s. border of the co. Nearly the entire surface is covered with deep deposits of drift, the rocks only appearing on the declivities of the mountain ridge and in the ravines of the streams. Springs of weak brine are found in the ravines throughout the N. half of the co. They exude from the Medina sandstone ; but none of them are sufficiently strong to be profita,bly worked. The Medina sandstone which lies at the foot of the mountain ridge has been quarried at several places for paving and flagging. Above the sandstone is a layer of impure limestone, about 4 feet thick, from which water cement is manufactured. The Niagara limestone furnishes an excellent building material and a good quality of lime. The principal quarries are situated in the vicinity of Lock- port, and from them were obtained the stone for the construction of the canal locks at that place.' A vein of this stone filled with fossils admits of a high polish, and is used for ornamental purposes, presenting a beautiful variegated appearance. Niagara River forms the w. and a part of the s. boundary of the co. It flows almost due w. from the E. extremity of Grand Island to the Falls, and thence nearly due N. to Lake Ontario. It con- tains several small islands belonging to this co., the principal of which are Tonawanda, Cayuga, Buckhorn, and Goat Islands. In its passage from Lake Erie to Lake Ontario, a distance of about 1 This deflection in the course of the lake ridge must have been caused by a large bay that extended a. toward Lockport; and the N. branch of the ridge which terminates so abruptly in Cambria was undoubtedly a bar extending into the lake. Two large streams probably discharged their waters into this bay,— oue through the ravine in which the Erie Canal is located, and one through a deep ravine about 2 mi. w. of Lockport. At the 158 bead of the latter ravine is a nearly perpendicular precipice, at which point must have been a waterfall. 2 This stone is found along the whole course of the mountain ridge, and can be quarried in every town. The deep cut in the canal w. of Lockport is through this strata, and the perpendicular ledges of rock on each side present the most favorable localioa in the co. for quarrying. .■,"~f S"<1 k ^ z Ss — K > f- > ^ > k ' ■m NIAGARA COUNTY. 157 30 mi., the river descends 334 feet, the difference of level between the two lakes. Above Schlosser and belovr Lewiston the current of the river is not very rapid, and the descent is trifling, so that nearly the whole fall is condensed into a space of about 8 mi. The plateau in which the basin of Lake Erie is situated extends to the mountain ridge at Lewiston, the summit of the ridge being 34 feet higher than Lake Erie. The river originally must have flowed over the face of this preci- pice, at which time Niagara Falls were 7 mi. below their present position. By the wearing away of the rocks the falls have gradually receded, becoming lower at each period of their progress, and leaving a deep, rocky channel, with ragged and precipitous banks 200 feet high, to mark their course and attest their power.^ At the present time the falls are at the abrupt angle where the river changes from a w. to a n. course, and the water is precipitated in part over the front or ex- tremity of the chasm and in part over the side, the two parts of the fall being at nearly right angles to each other. Goat Island, having an area of about 70 acres, lies between the two falls, its w. edge being a continuation of the precipice over which the water flows.^ The principal fall at the head of the chasm on the w. side is known as the Canadian or Horse Shoe Fall,^ and the fall E. of Goat Island as the American Fall. The Canadian Fall is 2000 feet wide and 154 feet high, and the American Fall 900 feet wide and 163 feet high ; and it is estimated that 100 million tons of water flow over the two falls every hour. A mi. above the edge of the falls a series of rapids commences, the water descending CO feet before taking the final plunge.* From the foot of the cataract the river flows about 2 mi. in a comparatively still current, but from that point to Lewiston it is compressed within narrow banks, and flows through the tortuous, rocky channel in a perfectly tumultuous and resistless torrent. The immense body of water in Niagara gives to the falls, and to the rapids both above and below, a grandeur scarcely equaled by any other of nature's works. Here one of the largest rivers in the world, forming the outlet of the great internal fresh water seas of North America, plunges down the shelving rapids and leaps into the profound chasm below, and then whirls and struggles with an apparently almost irresistible force in its rocky channel for 7 mi., and at last emerges from its mountain barrier and spreads out into the calm and peaceful waters of Ontario. Scenes of surpassing sublimity and grandeur open upon the view at every point, and pilgrims from every part of the woi-ld flock hither to offer their devotions at one of the great shrines of universal nature. Tonawanda Creek forms the greater part of the s. boundary of the co. Along its course are a series of extensive marshes known as the Tonawanda Swamp.^ The other principal streams are 1 The precipice over which the water flows ig composed of solid, compact limestone, with shale above and below. The wearing away of the shale above has formed the rapids, and the disintegration of that below has left the limestone in over- hanging masses until they break off with their own weight. The dip of the rock is toward the s. ; and as the falls recede ths Burfe.ce of the limestone will come nearer and nearer the present bottom of the fall, until, at a distance of 4 mi. farther back, it will entirely disappear, and, the soft shales wearing away irre- gularly, the river will at some distant period of the future fall in a series of rapids. 2 Luna Island lies upon the precipice n. of Goat Island, and is ueparated from it by a stream 65 feet wide, which forms a dis- tinct fall. Beneath the shelving rock over which this small cataract flows is a recess of 30 feet, known as the Cave of the Winds. Three small islands lying near the head of Goat Island are called the Three Sisters. Bath Island lies between Goat Island and the American shore, about 50 rods above the falls. A bridge extends from the American shore to Bath Island, and another thence to Goat Island. The first bridge was built in 1817 ; but the next spring it was swept away by the ice. The one built in 1818, and rebuilt in 1839, was replaced by the pre- sent iron bridge in 1857. The cribs were sunk in the rapids from the end of a long platform projecting from the shore and heavily loaded with stone to kefep it firm. As one crib was sunk and filled with stone, the platform was pushed forward and another suuk at its extremity ; and so on to the island. Before the bridge was built, access to the island was attended with great peril, and very few persons had attempted it. It was done by shooting down in boats from above, a strong rope being fastened to the shore, by which the boat in returning was swung back. It is related that the first white person who visited the island was Israel Putnam, in 1755, while on a campaign against Fort Niagara.— DtrnfirA^'* Ti-aveU, IV. 88. The Indians appear tn have crossed occasionally, and traces of their graves are still seen. On the 23d of Feb. 1811, Augustus Porter applied for the pnrchase of the island, upon which to keep sheep, and alleged in bis petition that the wolves that infested tbe settlement ren- dered this business next to impossible without some asylum like this for their preservation. It was afterward bought by the Porters. . . , -, , xi_ 8 This name was given from the semicircular shape of the edge of the clifl" over which the rf-ater flowed. The shape now is nearly that of a right angle. ^ Numerous improvements have been made to afl'ord facili- ties to visitors. A staircase constructed at the n. extremity of the American Fall, some years since, was burnt and re- built in 1858; another, upon Goat Island, was built in 1829, and called the Biddle Staircase; and anothor near Table Kock, upon the Canada shore, by which visitors can descend to the bottom of the precipice. A row boat ferry crosses the river from the foot of the American Staircase, and a carriage road extends up the bank on the Canadian side. A little w. of Goat Island, in the midst of the rapids near the edge of the precipice, a stone tower 45 ft. high was constructed, in 1833, to afford a more ex- tensive view of tbe falls. The ^^ Maid of the Mist." a small steamer, makes trips upon the river from her dock, a little above Suspension Bridge, into the foam and mist just below the Cana- dian Fall. The awful majesty of this cataract is seen to great advantage in the winter season, when the spray settling upon all Objects in the vicinity covers them with a glittering crust of ice. The rocks below become loaded with immense masses; and in extremely cold winters the river below gets blocked in so as to form a natural bridge, over which people venture to cross to the Canada shore and even up to the island. In the winter of 1841-42 the river was passable for several months, and a small house was built near the center for the sale of retrosh- ments. The ice was estimated to be 100 ft. thick. A j'oar seldom passes without several fatal accidents happening at these falls, and an enumeration of those who havo been drawn into the rapids, or who have slipped from the precipice and been mangled upon the rockg below, would form a long and mournful cata- logue. In 1827 the Michigan, a condemned schooner, was sent over the falls, with several animals on board, in the presence of 15,000 spectators. She mostly went to pieces in the rapids. In 1829 the schooner Superior, and in 1841 the ship Detroit, were towed into the rapids, but the foi-mer lodged several days, and the latter was permanently grounded upon the rocks in the rapids. & This swamp could be drained if the State dam at the mnuth of Tonawanda Creek was removed; and this only is needed to convert the tract into the most productive region in the co. As the land is cleared, it becomes sulEciently dry for agricultuial purposes. The muck and marl which abound it the swamp, and the limestone and gypsum which underlie it, are all sources of great agricultural wealth. 158 NIAGARA COUNTY. Four Mile, Six Mile, Twelve Mile, and Eighteen Mile Creeks,— named from their respective dis- tances from the mouth of Niagara River,— Fish and Golden Hill Creeks, all emptying into Lake Ontario ; Mud Creek and East Branch, tributaries of Tonawanda Creek, and Cayuga and Gill Creeks, tributaries of Niagara River. The streams that flovf n. have all worn deep ravines in the drift deposits; and they are frequently interrupted by falls, furnishing abundance of water-power. A strip of land extending from the summit of the mountain ridge about 2 mi. s. is covered with a sandy loam, and the remainder of the upper terrace is clayey, largely intermixed with muck along the s. border. The soil between the mountain and lake ridges is a clayey loam, and along the lake ridge and N. of it it is a sandy and gravelly loam. The people are principally engaged in grain raising, for which the co. is most admirably adapted ; barley, oats, corn, and potatoes are the staple agricultural products.^ The manufacture of flour and other articles is largely carried on at Lockport, and the manufacturing interests at Niagara Falls are on the increase. The vast water power that can be made available at the falls will continually attract the attention of practical men, until eventually an immense manufacturing interest will be built up. The CO. seat is located at the village of Lockport.^ The courthouse is a stone building erected upon a fine lot in the w. part of the village.^ The jail, situated upon the same lot, is a well con- structed stone building, but destitute of means of ventilation. The average number of inmates is 27. The CO. clerk's office is a stone fireproof building contiguous to the courthouse.* The poor- house is located upon a farm of 130 acres 3 mi. n. w. of the courthouse. The average number of inmates is 95, supported at a weekly cost of 50 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $1000. A teacher is constantly employed to teach the children and to exercise a constant supervision over them. The insane are properly provided for, and are uniformly treated kindly.^ The Erie Canal enters the co. near the n. line of Royalton, and extends s. w. to Lockport, thence nearly due s. to Tonawanda Creek, and thence along that creek to its mouth. The heaviest and most extensive work upon the canal is at Lockport, where the passage of the mountain ridge is efiected. A series of combined double locks, 5 in number, overcomes an elevation of 56 ft., and from the summit a deep cut through the solid limestone extends several miles westward.** The Rochester, Lockport, & Niagara Falls Division of the N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Royal- ton, Lockport, Cambria, and Niagara, and a corner of Lewiston and "Wheatfield, terminating at Suspension Bridge upon Niagara River. The Buffalo & Lockport Branch R. R. extends s. w. from Lockport through Cambria, Pendleton, and Wheatfield. The Buffalo & Niagara Falls R. R. extends along Niagara River through Niagara and Wheatfield, and a n. branch is extended to Lewiston. The Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Branch R. R. unites with the B. & N. F. R. R. at Tonawanda.' Three daily and five weekly newspapers are published in the co.^ 1 Wheat formed the great staple of the co. until about 1850, when the midge commenced its ravages. 2 When the co. was first erected, tlie co. seat was fixed at Buf- falo. Tlie buildings were given up to Erie co. upon the erection of the latter county. 8 This building was erected in 1824. The first co. officers were, Augustus Porter, First Jitdgs; Louis S. Le Coiiteulx, Co, Cl The vessel sailed through Lakes Ki-ie and Iluron to Green Bay, where it cast anchor and remained some time. After being freighted with a rich cargo of furs, it started on its return voy- age; but from that time no tidings ever came of the vessel tu- crew. La Salle and Father Hennepin left the vessel on its up- ward voyage at Detroit, and afterward penetrated the western wilderness to the Mississippi River. 2 While Sir Wm. Johnson remained at this place he made a contract with Wm. Stedman to construct a road foraportnge from Lewiston to Scbloseer above the Falls. This road was finished in 1763; and on the 20th of June of that year the ct-n- tractor started with 25 loaded wagons from Lewiston, under the convoy of 50 soldiers. As the party were passing a deep gulf upon the very edge of the cliff known as the Devil's Hole, they were assailed by a large force of Senecas who were lying in wait for them, and the whole party except one were driven otF the precipice, which here has a perpendicular height of 180 ft. Wm. Stedman escaped by forcing his horse through the ranks of the Indians; and one soldier — a drummer — was saved by his belt catching in the top of a tree below and so breaking the Ibrce of his fall. The prisoners taken upon the war-paths were generally con- ucted to this place, where they were often obliged to submit the terrible ordeal of the gauntlet. A premium was also here iven for scalps, stimulating the Indians to murder. The tories ho rendezvoused here were usually moi'e inhuman than the ndians. ■* Col. Smith, who commanded this post at the time of its sur- ender, was the commanding officer of the British at the battle f Lexington. As Niagara was one of the very last posts snr- endered, Col. Smith may with propriety be said to have pnr- Icipated in both the opening and closing acts of the American, ■ I"*!"" 6 See page . U'volution. 160 NIAGARA COUNTY. American shore ; and great excitement prevailed in consequence. The steamer Caroline, engaged in furnishing re-inforcements and supplies to the insurgents, was cut from her moorings, on the night of Dec. 29, by a British force, set on fire, and sent over the falls. This event was the occar sion of a long diplomatic controversy between the Governments of the United States and Great Britain, and at one time war seemed almost inevitable. Since that time no event has occurred to disturb the peaceful progress of improvement. CAMBKIA— was formed from "Willinh," (now Aurora, Brie co.,) March 11, 1808. Ilart- land, Niagara, and Porter were taken off in 1812, Lewiston in 1818, and a part of Lockport in 1824. It°is an interior tovm, w. of the center of the co. The mountain ridgSirosses through the center of the town and divides it into two nearly equal portions. In the N. and s. the surface is level or undulating. The lake ridge crosses the N. part of the town. The principal stream is Twelve Mile Creek. The soil consists of alternations of sandy and clayey loam. Pekin (p. v.) lies partly in Lewiston, but principally in this town. It contains 2 churches and about 60 dwellings. IVortll Rid^e and Cambria, in the n. part of the town, are p. ofaces. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Philip Beach, from Le Roy.^ There are 2 churches in to-R-n, Cong, and M. E. HARTIiAWD^— was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812. Royalton was taken off in 1817, Somerset in 1823, and a part of Newfane in 1824. It is the central town upon the E. border of the CO. The surface is level or gently undulating, the greatest inequality being along the lake ridge, which crosses the s. part of the town. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile and Johnsons Creeks. The soil s. of the ridge is a clayey loam, and N. it is a sandy and gravelly loam. Jotau- SOn§ Creefe., (p. v.,) located on the creek of the same name where it crosses the lake ridge, con- tains 1 church and has a population of 114. Hartland Corners, (Hartland p. o.,) on the ridge in the w. part of the town, contains about 18 dwellings. Middleport* is partly in this town. The first settlement was made in 1803, by John and David Morrison.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized at Johnsons Creek in 1817. There are 5 churches in town.* LiEWISTOBf — was formed from Cambria, Feb. 27, 1818. It is the central town upon the w. border of the co. The mountain ridge extends through the town, dividing it into two nearly equal portions. Along the base of this ridge the surface is broken or rolling, but elsewhere it is level. Gill and Six Mil* Creeks, and several smaller streams, take their rise in this town, and Niagara River forms its w. boundary. The soil is a sandy loam. The Devil's Hole — a dark chasm, 150 ft. deep, upon the high bank of the Niagara, in the extreme s. part of the town — ^was the scene of a sanguinary battle during the Old French War.* Five mi. above Ft. Niagara, bordering upon the river, is a flat of several acres, about 65 ft. lower than the surrounding country. It is called Five Mile Meadow : it was here that the British forces landed the night before the capture of Fort Niagara, in Dec. 1814.' L.ewistoM,''' (p. v.,) incorp. April 17, 1822, was reserved by the State and patented by single lots. It is situated on Niagara River, at the base of the mountain ridge. It is the terminus of the Lewiston & N. F. R. R., and the head of navigation from Lake Ontario. It contains 4 churches and has a pop. of 1,014. The Queenstown and Lewiston Suspension Bridge across the Niagara River was commenced in 1850 and finished the following year." DicKer- sonville (p. o.) is a hamlet. Pekin lies partly in this tovm.'^ Fort Gray, a temporary fortifi- cation erected during the "War of 1812, occupied the verge of the mountain ridge just above the vil- lage of Lewiston. The Seminary of our Lady of Angels, a Catholic institution, is situated on 1 Upon the verge of this ridge, in theE. part of the town, are an ancient fortiiication and burial places, occupying about 6 acres. Rude iron implements, pieces of copper, fragments of earthen- ware, charred wood, and corncobs have been plowed up within the area. Nearly In the center, overlaid by sandstone slabs, was a deep pit filled with human bones, many of which ap- parently belonged to men of almost giant size. — Tumpys Hist. Holland Purchase, 2 John Forsyth and Walter Neal settled in the town in 1804, and Chapman Ilawley, Daniel Howell, Joseph Hcwctt, James Prentice, and Amariah Stoughton soon afterward. 'Ihe first birth was that of Philip Beach, jr., in 1803 ; and the first death, that of Neheraiah Street, a traveler, who was murdered in 1790. Philip Beach opened the first inn, in 1800, and Josbna Shep- pard the first store, in 1815. Joseph Hewett built the first saw- mill, in 1806, and Christian Ilowder the first gristmill, in 1815. The first school was taught by Mrs. Neal, in 18U8. 8 Named from Hartland, Yt. * See page . * Zebulon Barnum, Jcdediah Eiggs, Isaac Southwell, aDdDan'l Brown moved into town the same year, and Abel Barnum and Oliver Castle in 1805. The first death was that of Isaac South- well, in 1806 ; the first inn was opened by Jephtha Dunn, in 1809; and the first store, by Dan'l Van Horn, in 1816. The first school was taught by Nancy Judson, in the summer of 1813. « Bap., riieuds, M. E., Prot. M., and R. C. I Named from Gov. Morgan Lewis, at the suggestion of Judge Silas Hopkins. ^ ^ee p. , See p. . 1" An academy was established at this place in 1828. Besides piu'ticipating in the general fund, it was endowed by the Legis- lature with the proceeds of the ferry license, -which some years yielded $800 to $900. When the Lewiston Suspension Bridge was finished, the ferry was abandoned and the academy dis- continued. II This bridge was built by two joint stock companies, — one incorp. by the Legislature of N. York and the other by the Canadian I'arliament, The roadway is 849 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, and 60 ft. above the water. Cost of the stiucture, $58,000. 12 See page . s^ 1^ ^ i I: \ (ji a v^J —I s> ^ ^T NIAGARA COUNTY. 161 the river bank m the s. w. part of the town.^ The site of the village of Lewiston was occupied by the French at different tunes previous to and during the Old French War; but the first permanent settlements were made about the year 1800,^ The first church is said to have been founded by Brant, at the Mohawk settlement, a little e. of Lewistoifi. There are now 8 churches in town.* I.OCRPORT— was taken from Cambria and Royalton, Feb. 2, 1824. It extends from the central part to the southern bounds of the co. The surface in the northern part of the town, through which the mountain ridge extends, is broken and hilly ; in the central and southern parts It IS level Eighteen Mile and Mud Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is a clayey loam intermixed with marl, and in the n. it is stony. The Niagara limestone crops out along the mountain ridge, and extensive quarries have been opened in and near the village of Lockport.^ Underlymg tiiis is a stratum of hydraulic limestone, from which waterlime is made; and sand- stone belonging to the Medina formation is also quarried n. of the ridge.« The manufactures of the town are extensive, and consist principally of flour, lumber, leather, and machinery. Lock- port,'^ (p.v,) the CO. seat, was incorp. March 26, 1829. It is situated on the Erie Canal and the declivities of the mountain ridge. It is an important station on the Niagara Falls K. R., and is the terminus of the branch road to Buffalo. The water-power created by the canal locks at this place has given rise to numerous and extensive manufacturing establishments.^ The village contains 15 churches, a high school,^ 3 newspaper offices, 3 banks of issue, and 1 savings' bank. Pop. 8,939. ■fTriglits Corners, (p.o.,) in the n. part of the town, and Rapids, (p.o.,) in the s. part, are hamlets. Hickory Corners, in the w., is a p. o. The first settlement was made at Cold Spring, about 1 mi. e. of Lockport Village, by Charles Wilbur, in 1805.1° rpj^^^.^ ^^^ 21 churches in town.i^ Ex-Gov. "Washington Hunt is a resident of this town. WEffFAIVE— was formed from Hartland, Somerset, and Wilson, March 20, 1824. It extends from near the center of the co. to the lake shore. The surface is level. Eighteen Mile Creek crosses the town, dividing it into two unequal portions. The soil is generally a sandy loam ; but in some parts it is clayey. Olcott, (p.v.,) on the lake shore, at the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, contains 3 churches and about 30 dwellings. Claarlotte, (Newfane p.o.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and about 25 dwellings. Hess Road^ in the e., and Coomer, in the w. part, are p. offices. The first settlement-was made in 1807, by Wm. Chambers^^ and John Brewer, from Canada.^' The first religious services were con- ducted in 1811, by a colored Methodist minister from Canada. There are 5 churches in town.^* IVIAQAHA — ^waa formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812, as " Schlosser;" its name was changed Feb. 14, 1816. Pendleton was taken off in 1827, and Wheatfield in 1836. It is the s. w. corner town of the co., occupying the angle made by the abrupt northerly bend of Niagara River. Its 1 This Seminary is under the charge of the " Pi-iests of the Congregation of the Missionof St. Vincent du Paid Institution" and is designed to educate boys and young men for the priest- hood. It was incorp. in 1858. ThebniJdingsarenotyetcompletad. 2 Among the settlers who were in the town in 1800 were Jos. and John Howell, Mlddaugh, Henry Hough, Henry Mills, McBride, Thos. Hustler, Wm. Gambol, and J'red'k Wood- man. Geo. Howell was the first child bom in the town and in the CO., in 1799. Middangh kept tavern in 1788, and McBride built a tannery about 1799. The first sawtnill was built by Jos. Howell, in 1808, and the first gristmill by John Gray, in 1815. The Tuscarora Reservation is in this town. 8 This was probably some time during the Bevolutionary War- Brant was an Episcopalian ; and the services were usually con- ducted by some one attached to the British garrison at Ft. Nia- gara. The church was built of logs and had no belfry. The bell was hung upon a cross-bar resting in the crotch of a tree near by. * Presb., Prot. E., Univ., and K. C. at Lewiston, Cong, and M. E. at Pekin, M. E. at Dickersonville, and Indian church on the Reservation. 6 The principal of these quarries are along the canal, in the 8. part of Ixjckport Tillage. There are also quarries about a mile E. of the village, and others a little further w. This limestone is a very excellent building material, and large quantities are shipped to distant places. The locks at this place, and numerous culverts on the canal, are built of it. A cave of small extent exists under the village of Lockport. • The principal quarries from which sandstone is obtained are at Rattlesnake Hill, n. w. of the village. This stone is used principally for flagging and paving. T So named from there being a greater number of locks here than at any other place on the canal; and to these the village owes Its orig:in. I 8 Five flouring mills, with an aggregate of 30 run of stone, 7 sawmills, 6 stave and shingle lactones^ 1 sash, door, and blind | factory, 1 planing mill, 2 tanneries, a woohii factory, 2 machine shops and foundries, a plow factory, a distillery, and a plaster- mill. A hydraulic canal three-fourths of a mi. long has been constructed upon the declivity of the ridge, from which the water is distributed to various manufactories. Tbe water is taken from the upper level of the canal and returned to the lower. A con- siderable proportion of the water-power is obtained from the water taken from the lower level. 8 The " Zocfrpf>rt Union School" was incorp. March 31, 1847. Connected with it is an academic department, under the super- vision of the regents. The number of pupils in attendance in 1856 was 742. 10 Jedediah Darling settled in the town in 1808, Gregory in 1809, Thomas Miles, Silliman Wakeman, David Carlton, and Geo. Miller in 1810, and Alex. Freeman and John Dye in 1811. The first inn was opened by Chas. Wilbur, in 1800 ; the first sawmill was built by Alex. Freeman, in 1811, and the first grist- mill by Otis Hathaway, on Eighteen Mile Creek, This was a small mill, which was built in 20 days. L. A. Spaulding was then building, and soon after finished, a stone mill of 7 stories in height. Simeon Ford erected a woolen factory in 1828. The first school was taught bj-^ 01 inda Moore, in the summer of 1816, 11 Bap.. Cong., Friends, Luth., 2 M. B., 2 Presb., 2 Prot. E., 2 K. C, Univ., and 2 Af. Meth. at Lockport Village, and Dutch Evang., Dutch Ref , Luth., 2 M. E., and Wes. Meth, in other parts of the town. 12 Chambers removed to Grand Island; and about the year 1825, attempting to cross Niagara River above the cataract in a skiff, he was drawn into the rapids and can-ied over the falls. 18 Cotton settled in the town the same year, Burgoyne, Kemp, and Peter Hopkins in 1808, and Wm. and James Wisner in 1810. Levi Ellis built the firet saw and grist mill, in isil. for James Van Horn. Asa Douglas opened a store at Olcott, in 1812. Theflrat school was taught by Beza'^^l Smith, in 1815. H 2 M. E., Bap., Univ., and Wes. Meth 162 NIAGARA COUNTY. eurface is level. Cayuga and Gill Creeks are the principal streams. The soil is a heavy clay. Goat Island and the American part of Niagara Falls belong to this town. At Suspension Bridge, on the river bank, is a sulphur spring, vrhich has been fitted up for the accommodation of visitors, ma^ara Falls^ (p. >^.,)incorp. July 7, 1848, is situated on Niagara River, aij the cataract. It is the terminus of the Rochester & N. F. R. R., of tte N. F. & Lewieton R. R., of the Buffalo & N. F. R. R., and of the Canandaigua & N. F. R. R. It contains 5 churches, 1 nevs^spaper ■ offipe 11 hotels, and several manufacturing establishments.^ Pop. 2,976. The village owes its ex- ^ ij^Kfee to its proximity to the great cataract. Thousands of visitors, from every part of the U. S. find from almost every country in the world, annually visit this, one of nature's greatest wonders. y/i*fearly all the business of the community is connected with this periodical visitation, and consists of hotel keeping, livery business, and matters of a kindred nature. A large and by no means unimportant business has grown out of the sale of spar ornaments and fancy articles made by the Indians. ]Viagara City, {Suspension Bridge p. o.,) incorp. June 8, 1854, is situated on Niagara River, 2 mi. below the falls. The Rochester & N. F. R. R. connects at this place with the Lewis- ton & N. F. R. R., and with the Great "Western Railway across the Suspension Bridge.^ The vil- lage contains 6 churches, a newspaper office, 15 hotels, and a charitable institution known as the De Veaux College for Destitute Orphans and Children.^ Pop. 1,365. This place participates with Niagara Falls in the business made by the annual influx of visitors to the cataract. No place of equal size on the Continent has a greater amount of hotel accommodations than these, l^a Salle is a p. u. at the mouth of Cayuga Creek. In the fall of 1678 the French voyageurs La Salle, Tonti, and Father Hennepin, with their companions, established themselves at the mouth of Cayuga Creek and remained until the *' Griffin" was launched the following season.* Other places along the river were temporarily occupied by the French at different times ; but the first permanent settlement was made at Schlosser in 1759, by John Stedman, accompanied by his brothers Wm. and Philip.* The first religious services were conducted by Father Hennepin, at the time of the French sojourn at Cayuga Creek.® There are now 12 churches in town.' PEWDLETOW^ — ^was formed from Niagara, April 16, 1827. It is the central town on the s. border of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating. Tonawanda Creek forms the s. boujds of the town, and Sawyers Creek crosses the w. part. The soil is generally a clayey loam. Pendleton, (p. o.,) on Tonawanda Creek, contains 1 church and 16 dwellings. Pendleton Center, Beach Ridge, and Mapleton are p. offices. The first settlement 'was made in 1805, by Jacob Christman.^ There are 5 churches in town.^** PORTER"~was formed from Cambria, June 1, 1812. Wilson was taken off in 1818. It is the most westerly town on the lake shore. Its surface is level. Four Mile and Six Mile Creeks, and the w, branch of Twelve Mile Creek, cross the town in a northerly direction, and Niagara River forms its w. boundary. The soil along the lake shore is composed principally of a marly clay ; in the central and southern parts it is a sandy and gravelly loam. Besides the crops which 1 A hydraulic canal has recentlyteenconstructed from a point on Niagara Kiver about 5- mi. above the rapids, diagonally across the point of land upon which the village is situated, to near the river bank ^ mi. below the falls. Along the bank is a long basin, in which the canal terminates, and from which the water is discharged through a great number of races into the river below. This canal is 3^ of a mi. long, 70 ft. wide, and 10 ft. deep, and will maintain a running stream equal in quantity to 2436 cubic ft. per second. Th*company by whom the canal has been built was organized March 22, 1853, with a capital of $500,000. One of the largest paper mills in the tJ. S., on Bath Island, was burned during the past year, (1858.) 2 The Niagara Suspension Bridge, which crosses the river at this place, was commenced in 1852 and finished in 1855. It is 821 ft. in length from center to center of the towers, and 247 ft. above the water. It has 3 floors, — the lower for a carriage way, and the upper for a rail way, upon which 4 rails are so laid as to make tracks of 3 different gauges. The cost of the stnicture was about $400,000, and the stock of the company $500,000. The first line was got across the river at this place by the aid of a kite. With this a larger cord was drawn over; and finally a rope, upon which pulleys could be run, bearing the wires of which the bridge is composed. The chief engineer was John A. Koebling. 8 The De Veaux College was established according to the pro- visions of the will of Samuel De Veaux, who bequeathed for that purpose personal property to the amount of §154,432 and real estate valued at $36,213, besides 330 acres of inalienable land. The building was erected in 1855-56. It is built of stone, has 2 stories and an altic above the ground story, and a front of 100 ft., with a depth of 54 ft. The members of the school are supplied by the institution with food, clothing, and books. By the pro- visions of the will of Mr. De Veanx, the jjresident of the college must always be a clergyman of the Prot. B. Church, and the institute itself under the control of the Diocese of Western New York. Members of the school are appointed by the board of trustees, the children of parents belonging to the Prot. E. Church having the preference. When once received, the cbildren are under the sole charge of the trustees until they attain their ma- jority. See Senate Doc. 1858, No. 118. The college reports an- nually to the Legislature. * See page . 5 During the period of English occupancy a small settlement gi'ew up at Schlosser. There were, besides the Stedman house, (which was a lai-ge and spacious 2^^ story building,) about 15 other dwellings. The Stedmans moved away in 1795 and left Jesse Ware in possession. Judge Augustus Porter settled at ' Schlosser in 1806. The first sawmill was built by Johu- Stedman. The first school was taught by Ezekiel Hill, in 18U7. 8 In his account of their sojourn Father Hennepin says, '■! had one hut especially designed tor observing prayers in holy- days and Sundays." 7 Bap.. Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and R. C. at Niagara Falls, Cong., D. Ref. D., Evang., Prot.E., Presb., and M. E. at Niagara City, and M. E. at Cayuga Creek. 8 Named from Sylvester Pendleton Clark, Ex-Gov. of Grand Island. 9 Among the first settlers wore Martin Van Slyke and John and Adam Fulmer. The first death was that of Martin Van Slyke, in 1814. S. P. Clark kept the first inn. in 1822, and Jerrj; Jenks the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Dawson, in the winter of 1816. 10 2 M. E., Presb., Luth., and R.C. 11 Named from Judge Augustus Porter. NIAGARA COUNTY. 163 ate common to all parts of this co., considerable quantities of apples, peaches, and other fruits are i^isea. Youn^stdvrn,^ (p. t.,) incorp. Aug. 22, 1854, is situated on Niagara River, about one mi. from its mouth. It contains 3 churches and has a pop. of 768. Ransom vllle,'' (p. v.,) in the s. e. part of the town, contains 2 churches. Pop. 195. East Porter is a p. o. Fort Niagara^ is situated on the lake shore, at the mouth of Niagara River. Transient settlements were made at very early periods by the French at Ft. Niagara ; but no permanent settlement was made until the early part of the present century.* There are 7 churches in town.^ IROYAIiTOUir' — ^was formed from Hartland, April 5, 1817, and a part of Lookport was taken off in 1824. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface is generally level or undulating, except in the n. part, where the mountain ridge crosses the town. Johnsons, Eighteen Mile, and Mud Creeks take their rise in this town, and the Tonawanda forms its s. boundary. The soil is a clayey loam. Middleport' (p. v.) lies upon Johnsons Creek, partly in Hartland, but principally in the n. e. part o{ this town. It is situated upon the Erie Canal, and is a station on the R. & N. F. R. R. It contains 5 churches and has a pop. of 689, (586 in Royalton, 103 in Hartland.) Gasport," (p- v.,) situated on the canal near Eighteen Mile Creek, is a station on the R. & N. F. R. R. It contains 1 church and an academy.' Pop. 273. Oran^eport, (p. v.,) on the canal, in the n. w. part of the town, has a pop. of 224; Royalton, (p. v.,) in the central part, of 168; and Reynalls Basin, (p. v.,) on the canal, of 132. liocust Tree and South Royal- ton are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Thos. Slaytou and Gad Warner." The first religious services were conducted by a colored preacher from Canada, in 1806 ; the first religious society (Christian) was organized in 1817, and the first church edifice was built the same year." There are 12 churches in town.'^ SOMERSET — was formed from Hartland, Feb. 8, 1823, and a part of Newfane was taken off in 1824. It is the most eastern town upon the lake shore. The surface is level. Golden Hill and Fish Creeks cross the town in a n. e. direction. The soil is generally a sandy loam; but in some places it is clayey. Near the mouth of Fish Creek is a small salt spring, from which salt was formerly made. Somerset, (P-'^-i) ". of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and about 30 dwellings. County Lilne, in the e. part, and l.ake Road and TTest Somerset, in the w., are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Jacob Fitts and Zacharius Pat- terson(SI The first religious services were conducted by Daniel Shepardson, in 1816, and the first church (Bap.) was organized in 1820. There are 5 churches in town." IfHEATFIEIiD — ^was formed from Niagara, May 12, 1836. It is the most southerly town in the co., and lies partly on Niagara River and partly on Tonawanda Creek. The surface is level or gently undulating. Cayuga and Sawyers Creeks cross the tovra, the former in the western part and the latter in the eastern. The soil is generally a hard, clayey loam, difficult to cultivate. About a mi. e. of Tonawanda is a sour spring, and about 2 mi. n. a sulphur spring. A considerable part of the town is yet unimproved. The greater proportion of the population consists of immi- grants from Prussia and other parts of Germany .^^ Bergholtz," (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and about 80 houses; Martinsville, (p. v.,) in the s.e. part, 1 church I Named from John Yonug, the first merchant at the place. ' Named from Clark Kansom, one of the early settlers. ' See page . * John Lloyd, who was a soldier stationed at Port Niagara m 1Y99. settled In town in 1801, 3 mi. from the fort. SUas Hopkins settled in 1802, Thos. Brown, Elijah Doty, John Clement, and John Waterhouse, in 1803, and John Brown in 1805. Robert Gnrnsett kept the first inn, and John Young the first store, in 1808. John Clapsaddla built the first sawmill, in 1816, andthe first gristmill, in 1817. The first school was taught by Wm. Cogswell, in the winter of 1806. 6 3 M. B., Bap., Presb., Wes. Meth, and B. 0. • Named from Royalton, Vt. T So named from its being midway on the canal between "JVeioDort" (now Albion) and Lockport. e So called from the feet that gas escapes from the earth here. This gas is inflammable ; and at one time it was conveyed through iron pipes from the spring to a store, which was lighted by it. « Founded in 1864. . , , j ,, i» Joshua Slayton, Elsworth, Louden Andrews, and Alex. Haskins settled in town in 1804, Stephen Bugby, Stephen Hoyt, and Sam'l Capon, in 1805, and Barnum Treadwell in 1806. The first birth was that of Dan'l Vaughn; the first marriage, that of Henry Elsworth and Polly Cornish, in the spring of 1810; and the first death, that of Elsworth, in 1804. Gad Warner built the first sawmill. In 1817. The first tavern was opened in 1809. bv Fisk. ., „ „ , -n II This was one of the first churches upon the Holland Pur- chase. It was painted red, and was called " The Re.d Meeting House," u 3 M. E., Bap., Christian, Cong., F.W. Bap., Luth., Presb., R. C, Univ., and Wes. Metli. 1' Archibald Whitton, Philip Fitts, and Truman and David Mudgett settled in the town the same year. The first birth was that of Delilah Fitts, in 1811; the first marriajfe, that of John Sherwood and Rebecca Mead, in 1817 ; and the first death, that of Philip Fitts, in 1814. Josiah S. Bailey opened the first inn, in 1817, and Jog. M. Carpenter the first store, in 1823. The first saw- mill was built by John Randolph, in 1822, and the first gristmill by Archibald McDowell, in 1826. The first school was taught by Marston Sherwood, in the winter of 1817. " 2 Bap., Friends, Presb., and M. E. IE* They nearly all cultivate the soil; but their farms are usually very small, consisting generally of not more than 5 to 10 acres. They retain in a great measure their own manners, cus- toms, and nationality. They have their own churches and schools: their pastors and schoolmasters came from Germany with them, and German is the language of the pulpit and the schoolroom. Their houses are nearly all one story, rough framed buildings, unclapboarded, and filled in with uuburned bricks. Several of them are built of hewn log.s, the crevices filled with clay ; and some are clapboarded on the gable ends down as far as the level of the eaves. w These villages were named from places of the same names in Germany. 164 NIAGARA COUNTY. and about 60 houses; Johnsburg, in the central part, 1 church and about 50 houses; and fValmore ' (p. v.,) in the s.w. corner of the town, 2 churches and 12 houses. These are straggling German villages. ISliawnee,^ (p. v., ) in the n. e. comer of the town, contains 1 church and 15 houses. Tonawaoda, (p. t.,) on the line of Erie co., lies partly within this town. The first settlement was made by Geo. Van Slyke, in 1802, at the mouth of Tonawanda Creek.' There are 7 churches in town.* ■WII-SOJV^ was formed from Porter, April 10, 1818, and a part of Newfane was taken off in 1824. It is situated on the lake shore, N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is level. The e. branch of Twelve Mile Creek' crosses the town near the center, and the w. branch in the N. w. part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. fV^ilSOn, (p. v.,) incorp. June 25, 1858, is situated on the E. side of Twelve Mile Creek, near its mouth. It contains 3 churches and the Wilson Collegiate Institute. Pop. 666. East TVilson and Soutb 'Wilsoii are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Stephen Sheldon, Reuben Wilson, Goodman, John Eastman, and Gil- bert Purdy.' The first church (Presb.) was organized Jan. 18, 1819. There are now 3 churches in town, — ^Bap., Presb., and M. E. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, ScJiools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Niagara County. Names of Towns. Cambria Hartland.... Lewiston. ... Lockport.... Newfane Niagara Pendleton... Porter. B«yalton .... Somerset.... Wheatfleld.. Wilson Total... AcaES OF Land. 17,214 20,836i 16,812 21,813i 22,268 i 6,764i 9,843J 14,01i 27,748i 18,202 10.7 6S{ 21,768 207,043} 5.767 9,600 6,619} 13,684i 10,173 6,088 6,169J- 5,721 12,968 5,313 10,937 8,269J 101,110 Valuation op 1858. $760,657 839,722 724,371 2,689,229 818,182 1,448,126 420,049 597,697 1,263,211 655,161 866,310 802,867 11,776,382 COh $47,890 41,300 67,732 474.400 32,066 284,700 27,100 21,660 102,791 38,960 833,800 27,104 $808,447 1,125 1,091 881,022 1,627 1,606 792,103 1,665 1,695 3,163,629 6,676 6,711 860,247 1,641 1,628 1,732,826 2,913 2,644 447,149 972 854 619,147 1,362 1,281 1,856,002 2,698 2,332 694,111 952 971 1,700,110 1,641 1,611 829,971 1,739 1,553 1,999,382 13,774.764 24,810 23,472 392 608 530 2,364 618 808 374 484 905 379 616 660 I 407 642 681 2,286 619 967 359 484 931 378 675 287 523 280 1,613 840 439 272 336 600 275 622 492 5,979 165 727 1,160 1,214 6,011 1,217 1,986 772 979 1,561 780 1,070 1,268 17,725 Names of Towns. Cambria.... Hartland... Lewiston... Lockport. .. Newfane.... Niagara Pendleton.. Porter Royal ton... Somerset... Wheatfleld, Wilson Total.. _5. 946 1.301 2,798 1,634 1,177 662 592 824 1,635 966 606 1,293 = C)C3 1,768 1,696 1,161 1.666 1,837 636 813 1,064 1,900 1,376 992 1,853 ,1,018 1,196 746 1.640 1,082 486 588 720 1,479 816 887 1,161 14,334 16,530 11,708 78,369 21,765 6,316 9,090 6,034 6,834 8,243 800 2,111 6,327 12,460 9,929 2,028 11,197 !>1 1» 2,221 1.418 3,207 2,031 848 932 1,389 2,701 1,514 1,666 2, Agricultural Products. Bdsh. op Gkaik. fe 67,773 20,201 68,238 69,320i 66,661 21,637 28,640 69,291 41,480i 38,021 36,090 84,672 «■ 89,816 88,124 63,962 120,463i 94,5064 37,1764 62,9684 47,7074 171,280 54,6934 68,305 103,288 3,499 3,801i 3,436 6,400 3,3424 1,6764 1,627 2,8934 6,337} 2,4534 2,6964 4,056 22,343 33,865 18,884 29,613 29,714 6,905 8,626 18,724 80,8744 21,9274 19,476 34,697 590,926 1,002,271 41,1174 276,448 266,997 1,038,307 71,443 IS 36.852 22,514 26,900 30,191 15,441 5,934 6,939 19,868 49,217 18,005 4,629 20,947 Daibt FBODircTa. 9£ 98,077 110,460 76,322 124,266 91,246 22,386 46,434 66,779 164,271 70,063 60,516 127,499 1^ 12,280 12,363 406 4,170 3,460 1,351 3,607 17,813 6,711 820 =;-S 211 2,182 776 707 1.218 132 460 12 2,498 1,2144 574 l,606j 11,499 1 Bee note 16, p. 163. , 2 See page . > John Han'ey and Walton settled in the town in 1807, and Geo. Burgher, Jacob Stoner, and Wm. Scott, in 1809. James Field kept the first inn, in 1808, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, in 1822. The first sawmill was built by Col. John Sweeney. in 1826. •" 4 4 Bvang. Luth., Bap., M. B., and Mennonite. ' Named from Reuben Wilson, one of the earliest settlers, and the first supervisor. « In 1811, about 4 mi. from the mouth of this creek, in the lake, a few rods from the shoro, Mr. Goodman found a 4 lb. French swivel, loaded with a ball and 3 grape shot. A large pile of bul- lets and considerable quantities of ballast iron were subsequently found on the shore near by. ^ The first birth was that of Warren Wilson, in 1811. Joshua Williams and Daniel Sheldon built the first sawmill, in 1816, and Reuben and Luther Wilson the fir.st gristmill, in 1824. Benj. Douglas opened the first store, in 1817, and T. T. Upton the first inn, in 1818. The first school was an evening school for adults, tanght by Luther Wilson during Jan. and Feb. 1817. ROCKLAND COUNTY. This county was formed from Orange, Feb. 23, 1798. It is tri- angular in form, Hudson River, New Jersey line, and the s. bounds of Orange co. being respectively its e., s. w., and n. w. boundaries. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The Eamapo Mts., extending along the N. w. border, are the connecting link between the Blue Ridge of Eastern Penn. and N. J. and the Matteawan Mts. of Putnam co., e. of the Hudson. They are separated into numerous distinct spurs, ridges, and peaks, and occupy more than one-third of the entire surface of the co. They are generally steep, rocky, and barren, and the valleys between them are narrow, rocky ravines. The Palisade Range from N. J. enters the extreme s. angle of the co., and terminates abruptly s. of Piermont. A broken ridge, known as the Nyack Hills, forming a n. spur of this range, but without its continuous and wall like character, extends n. along the river to the n. part of Clarks- town, where it unites with Verdrieteges Hook, an e. spur of the Ramapo Range. The surface of the central and s. w. portions of the co., lying between these ranges, is rolling or moderately hilly. The highest summits in the N. w. part are 700 to 1000 feet above tide. The principal streams are Hackensack River, flowing s. through Clarkstown and Orangetown, Ramapo River, in the w. angle of Ramapo, and Minisceongo Creek, Minas Fall Creek, and Spar Kil, tributaries of the Hudson. The rocks of the Ramapo Mts. are principally primitive. Granite, gneiss, and metamorphic limestone abound. The hills along the river and Verdrieteges Hook are composed of red sandstone, known to geologists as the New Red Sandstone ; and the central and w. portions of the CO. are principally underlaid by limestone. These rocks yield an abundance of most excellent building material,' and from the white limestone in the n. e. corner of the co. large quantities of lime are manufactured.' Trap rock extends from N. J. into the s. border of the co. The people are largely engaged in fruit growing and gardening. MUk is sent from some parts of the CO. in considerable quantities to the New York market. The manufacture of lime and brick and the exportation of ice are important branches of the industry of the co. Large quantities of red sandstone for building are annually quarried and exported. The manufactures of the co. are also important and various, consisting principally of shoes, wooden ware, and woolen yarn. The CO. seat is located at the village of New City, in Clarkstown. A combined courthouse and jail, built of brick, is situated upon a beautiful eminence overlooking the village.' The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building adjacent to the courthouse. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 43 acres at Mechanicsville, in Ramapo, 7 mi. wj of the courthouse. The average number of inmates is 100, supported at a weekly expense of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $700. A school is taught during the entire year, and the house is well kept. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. extends through the w. part of Ramapo, and the Piermont Branch of the same road extends from Piermont, on the Hudson, to Su£Ferns, where it unites with the main track.* Two weekly newspapers are now published in the co.' This CO. was included in patents known as the Kakiate Patent, granted to Daniel Honan and Michael Hawdon, June 25, 1696 ; the Wawayanda Patent, granted to John Bridges, April 29, 1703 ; and the Cheescocks Patent, granted to Ann Bridges and others, March 20, 1707. The first patent recorded in the co. clerk's office is one granted to Samuel Bayard, bearing date Sept. 16, -See 1 See page . 2 This lime is used exclusively for agricultural purposes.- page . . 8 The first courthouse after the erection of the co. was built in 1798^9. The present house was erected in 1827, and the jail was added in 1856. The whole cost was about $16,000. The first CO. officers were John Sulfem, First Judge; David Pye, do. Olerh; Jacob Wood, Sheriff; Peter Talman, SumgaU. * A K. E. extends s. from Piermont to Jersey City. It was finished in 1859, and is intended to continue if. to Warren. 6 The. PaUadium was started at Warren, about 1812, by Eze- kiel Burroughs, and was continued a short time. The Xockland Register was commenced at Warren , in 1828, by Ezekiel Burroughs ; in 1830 it was changed to The Sockland Gazette, and in 1834 it was united with The Ad- TJte Rockland Advertiser was started at Warren, in May, 1833, by John Douglas ; and in 1834 it was united with The Gazette, under the name of The Sockland Advertiser and Family Gazette; and in 1843 it was published as The Rockland News and General Advertiser, by .John L. Eurtia. The North Sirer Times was started at Warren, in 1834, by Alexander H. Wells, and was continued a short time. The Mirrfft was published at Warren a short time in 1838. The Rockland County Messenger was established at Warren, in May, 1846, by Robert Marshall ; in 1852 it passed into the hands of Bobert Smith, by whom it is still continued. Tile Rockland County Journal was commenced in Ju'y, 1850, at Nyack, by Wm. G. Haeselbartli, and is still continued by him. 166 ROCKLAND COUNTY. 1703.^ The old courtiiouse, built about 1739 for that part of Orange co. s. of the mountains, was at Tappantown, opposite the old Ref. Prot. B. church, and was burned before the Revolution. The first settlers were Dutch, who located in the s. E. part of the co. from. 1690 to 1710.2 CI^ARKSTOWIV— was formed from Haverstraw, March 18, 1791. It lies upon the Hudson, and is the central town upon the e. border of the co. Verdrieteges Hook, a rocky ridge 500 to 800 feet above tide, extends along the n. line, and the Nyack Range occupies a considerable portion in the a. E. corner. The remaining parts of the town, comprising four-fifths of its surface, are rolling or moderately hilly. Hackensack River flows s. through near the center, and a narrow swamp extends along the greater part of its course. Rockland Lake, about 1 mi. from the Hudson, is a fine sheet of pure water, 3 mi. in circumference and 160 feet above the river. The soil is a reddish, sandy loam underlaid by clay. Considerable attention is given to fruit growing. Rockland I^ake,^ (P-'^-O in the e. part of the town, and extending from the lake to the river, contains a church, a foundry and machine shop, and a ship yard. Pop. 430. An extensive business is carried on at this place in preserving and exporting ice.* ^evtr City, (Clarkstown p.u.,) the CO. seat, a little n. w. of the center, contains the co. buildings, a church, and 28 dwellings. IVanuet, (P-v.,) formerly "Clarkstown Station," a station upon the Piermont Branch of the Erie^ R. R., in the s. w. part, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. ClarKsviHe, (Nyack Turnpike p.o.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 18 dwellings. Dutch Factory, a hamlet in the w. part, contains a cotton factory and 2 woolen yarn factories. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, at an early period. The first church (Ref. Prot, D.) was formed near Clarksville.^ HAVERSTRA'W® — ^was formed March 7, 1788.' Clarkstown and Ramapo were taken off in 1791. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. angle of the co. Nearly the entire surface is hilly and mountainous. The Ramapo or Blue Mts., extending through the n. w. part, are divided into numerous precipitous and rocky peaks, and spurs from the principal range extend to the banks of the Hudson.^ Verdrieteges Hook, a long, rocky ridge, forms a considerable portion of the N. border. The s. e. portion is moderately hilly. The valleys separating these mountains are mostly narrow, rocky ravines. Stony Point is a small rocky peninsula on the river, near the center of the e. border of the town,^ The principal streams are Minisceonga and Miners Creeks, flowing into the Hudson, and Stony Brook, a tributary of Ramapo River, a branch of the Passaic. The soil is a sandy loam underlaid by clay. Extensive beds of a fine quality of clay border upon the river above Warren, and from them are annually manufactured 150,000,000 of bricks, giving employment to over 1000 men. Limestone crops out near Tompkins Cove, from which large quantities of lime are manufactured. A gas spring is found 2J mi. s. of Stony Point.^*' "Warren," (Haverstraw p. o.,) situated upon the Hudson, in the s. e, angle of the town, was incorp. in 1854. 1 This tract is described as follows : — " A certain tract of va- cant land' within our county of Oi-ange called by the Indians Whorinims. Peruck, Gemakie, and Nanashunck, and is in several small pieces; and also another parcel of land, beginning at the south bounds of lands lately granted to Daniel Honan and Michael Hawdon, being a small creek that runs into Demaree's Creek to the southward of Nanashunck, and runs from thence by Demaree's said creek as it runs southerly to the lyne parting our said Province from the Jerseys ; and soe by the said parting line westward to a small river called Saddle River, thence by the said river northward until an east line doe run to the southwest corner of the said Honans and Hawdons land, containing by estimation two thousand acres of improvable land, &c. &c." Another deed on record commences, " To all X Tian People," (Christian People,) Johannes Mynne, of Haverstraw, &c. ic. to Albert Wynne, of Haverstraw, &c. &c., and dated 1694. Witness, Thomas Luirens, Frans Wessel, and Peter Jacobus Maurius. * Among these early settlers were Capt. Cornelius Cuyper, Capt. Cornelius Harring, Johannes Meyer, Gerhardus Clowes, Derrick Straat, .Tacobus Swartwout, Jonathan Ross, Thomas Pulling. John Gaile, Cornelius Smith. Jacob King, William Kur- track, John Ellison, Rinear Kisarike, Col. Vincent Matthews, Hendrick Ten Eyck. Guylbert Crora, Minard Ilogon Kamp, Garret Sneideker. Daniel Denton, Petress Decker, Jonathan Sea- mons, Thos. Maybee, Daniel De Clark, William Wyant, Evert Ilombeck. John Van Fliet, Johannes Blauvelt. Nicholas Concklin, Lambert Auriancey, Tenuis Van Uouten, and Teunie Talman. 3 The landing at this village is sometimes called Slaughters Landing. * 200.000 tons of ice are annually exported. The business p-ives employment to 1000 men during the season of securing the ice, and to about 100 men continually. 6 There are 4 churches in town; 2M. B., Ref. Prot. D., and &"rpderR. 8 Signifying Oat Straw. The name is said to be derived from the quantities of wild oats growing on the borders of the river when the town was first settled. "! The date of formation as a precinct was not ascertained. Their distance from Tappan occasioned an act, June 24, 1719, allowing the inhabitants to elect a supervisor, a collector, 2 assessors, a constable, and 2 overseers of highways, on the let Tuesday of April annually. 8 Tlie principal of these peaks arc the Dunderbergh and West Mts., in the N. E. ; Buchau, Barrack, Bulson, Pine, and CoUaberg Hills, near the center; Rock House Hill, Blackmine Ridge, and Horsepond Mts., in thew.; and Hasha Hill and Cheese CoatH Hill in the S. * 9 During the Revolution, Stony Point and Verplanks Point, on the opposite side of the Hudson, were strongly fortified, the two fortresses commanding the channel and Kings Ferry, the prin- cipal route between New England and the South. On the let' of June. 1779, Gen. Vaughn, at the head of a considerable British force, made an attack upon these places and captured both. The garrison at Fort La Payette, on Verplanks Point, consisting of 70 men, were taken prisoners; and that at Stony Point, cou- aisting of 40 men, evacuated the place on the approach of the British. Gen. Clinton immediately ordered the works strength- ened, and prepared for permanent occupation. Stony Point was surrounded on 3 sides by water, and on the fourth by a marsh covered at high tide, and crossed by a narrow causeway. On the night of July 16, 1779, this place was stormed and taken by an American force under Gen. Wayne. The loss of the Americans was 15 killed and 83 wounded, and of the British, 63 killed and 543 prisoners. This action was one of the most daring and bril- liant that occurred during the war. A light was erected on tlio site of the fort in 1826. 10 Geol.lstlHsLp.lO'i. 11 Locally known as Haverstraw. The large rolling mill of the Sampson Iron Co., 1^ mi. w. of this place, usually employing 100 to 150 hands, has suspended operations. ROCKLAND COUNTY. 167 It contains 5 churches, a ne-wspaper office, academy,^ paper. mill, ship yard, foundry, and a silk manufectory. Pop, ahout 1700. Tompkins Cove, upon the Hudson, is a village grown up around the extensive limeworks of 0, Tompkins & Co. It contains a church, a private school supported by the company, and 60 dwellings.^ Oarnerville^ 2 mi. n. w. of Warren, contains I church, the Rockland Print Works,' and 40 dwellings. North Haverstra'w, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 3 mi. n. of Warren, contains 2 churches and 28 dwellings. Tlilells Corner, 4 mi. w. of Warren, contains a needle factory, 2 gristmills, a church, and 15 dwellings. Mont- Tille, Caldwells K.andingr/ and Grassy Point are hamlets. Fort Clinton, the ruins of which are still visible, vras situated upon the river, in the n. e. angle of the town. The house in which Arnold and Andrfi met to consummate the bargain for the delivery of West Point to the British is still standing, about halfway between Warren and North Haverstraw. There are II churches in town.** \ ORAIVGETOIVIV — ^was formed March 7, 1788, and vras named from Orange co., of which it then formed a part. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. angle of the co. Its surface is broken by abrupt and rocky hills in the e. ; but in the center and w. it spreads out into a rolling or moderately hilly region. The Nyack Hills, extending along the river, are 300 to 500 feet high, with steep, rocky declivities upon the e., but more gradual slopes upon the w.^ Their summits are rocky and covered with a light growth of forest trees. Snake Hill, in the n. e. corner, upon the line of Clarks- town, is one of the principal peaks. The principal stream is Hackensack River, flowing s. through the w. part, Pascasck Creek flows through the extreme w. angle, and Spar Kil ia a tributary of the Hudson. Near the n. line are several bog or peat meadows, generally well drained and under culdvalion. The red sandstone which crops out on the e. declivities of the hills, within a few rods of the river, between Piermont and Nyaok, is extensively quarried and exported for building stoneJ The soil is a reddish, sandy loam intermixed with clay. Fruit growing and furnishing milk for the New York market have become leading pursuits. IVyack, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, in the n. e. corner of the town, contains 5 chiu-ches, 5 shoe manufactories,^ a steam tub and pail factory," the Rockland Female Institute,^** and a private academy.^^ Pop. 1458. Piermont,^^ (p'V.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. part, was incorp. May 21, 1850. It is tlie e. terminus of the Piermont Branch of the N. Y. & Erie R. R., — the one over which the. freight is carried. Nearly the whole business of the place is connected with the a. R. establishment. A pier 1 mi. long has been built into the river, where the freight is transferred to and from the cars and barges in the river. Upon each end of the pier are extensive oflBces for the transaction of the busi- ness of the road. At this place the a. r. co. also have a large iron foundry and extensive repair shops. Pop, 2204. Tappanto^rn,^^ (P-"^-*) near the N.J. line, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. This place was the scene of the trial of Andr6, and for a time in 1780 was the head- quarters of Gen. Washington." Rockland, (Palisades p.o.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. part 1 The Haverstraw Mountain Institute, a private institution, MfBLB established in 1S53. It employs 2 teachers, and has an average of 40 pupils. s This company have 40 limekilns, and manufacture 100,000 bnsh. of lime annually, giving employment to 100 men. The lime ia sent s. and is used for a^icultural purposes. • This establishment, incorp. in 1853, with a capital of $100,000, gives employment to 22Xi hands, and turns out goods to the amount of $700,000 per annum. • This place is just below the Highlands, and opposite Peoks- fciU, with whicli it is connected by a steam ferry. The day line of steamers between New York and Albany land here. About 15 years since, a company was formed for raising an old wreck at this place, said to be one of the pirate Kidd's vessels laden with treasure! A coffer dam was built, machinery erected, ami immense sums were expended in this insano project, — which, it is needless to add, resulted in nothing but a total loss to all concerned. 6 4 M. K, 3 Preeb., 2 Prot. B., Af. Metb., and R. C. « The valley of Spar Kil forms a break in these hills, through which the Piermont Branch of the Erie R. R. is con- structed. In the hill just n, of Piermont is an opening in the rocks, supposed by some to be the shaft of an ancient mine and by others to be a natural cave. It is divided into 2 passages, one extending 70 foet w. s. w. and the other 40 to 60 feet w. by N. The passage is very irregular, 4 to 6 feet in width and 3 to 9 feel high. At the extremity of the longer passage is an im- mense spring of clear, cold wuter. T The State House at Albany was built of this stone. • The manufacfure of women's and children's shoes at this place is an extensive business. It gives employment to about 600 hands in the vicinity, and 30 sowing machines are kept in constant operation. Goods to the amount of $225,000 are annu- ally produced. » This factory employs 30 hands, and produces $60,000 worth ^^ This institution is beautifully located upon a lot of 10 acres, upon the bank of the Hudson, in the s. part of the village. It is supplied with pure spring water from the mountain, is heated with furnaces and lighted with gas. It has accommodations for 100 boarding pupils. The institution owes its origin to the late Simon T. Sickles, of Nyack, who gave $25,000 toward the erection of the building. 11 The Nyack Classical School and Commercial Academy, iu- tended to prepare young men for college and commercial pur- suits, has recently been established. 12 Name derived from the Pier built by the r. r. company and the mountain in rear of the village. 1* According to Heckewelder, Tappan is from the language of the Delnwai'cs, and derived from Thuphane orTuphfeune, "Cold Stream," — Mrndton and Yates's ITi^L If. T. 1* The house occupied by Gen. Washington, still standing, is owned and occupied by Dr. Smith. It is a stone house, and is said to have been erected in IVOO. The house in whicli Andr6 was confined during his trial is now kept as a tavern, under the name of "The Old '76 House." The trial was held in the old Ref. Prot. D. Church. The scene of Andre's execution and burial was upon an eminence i mi. w. of the village, and about 20 rods ftom the N. J. line. In Aug. 1831, his remains were disinterred, under the superintendence of Mr. Buchanan. Uritish Consul at New York, and taken to England. A small ct diir tree that stood by the grave was also taken away, and a bnx was afterward made from its wood, lined with gold, and sent to Rev. Mr. Demarest, of Tappantovn, in acknowledgment of the Fer- viccs rendered by him at the disinterment. On the box was the following inscription :— " From his Royal Highness the Duke of ' York to the Rev. Mr. Demarest." No monument now remains to mark the spot of the execution or the grave. A boulder was, formerly placed to mark the spot; but this has been fcniken up and removed. 168 ROCKLAND COUNTY. of the town, contains 3 churches and 40 dwellings.' Orange Mills, Mlddletown, and Blauveltvllle (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement is supposed to have been made by the Dutch as early as 1680.'' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed Oct. 24, 1694, and the first preacher was Rev. Guilliam Barthoff.» The first church edifice was erected in 1716. There are 16 churches in town.* RAMAPO— was formed from Haverstraw, March 18, 1791, as "New Eampstead." Its name was changed to "Eampstead" March 3, 1797, and to Ramapo in 1828. It is the most westerly town in the co. The Ramapo or Blue Mts. extend N. E. and s. w. through the w. part.' They are steep and rocky, and the valleys between them are deep and narrow. Ranges of rounded and arable hills extend through the s. E. half of the town and occupy the greater part of its surface. The principal streams are Ramapo River, flowing s. through the w. corner, and its tributaries Maway River and Stony Creek. Niggar and Shepard Ponds, on the line of N. J., in the s. w. angle, are small bodies of water. The soil is generally a sandy loam. The people are principally employed in raising vegetables for the New York market. Ramapo, (Ramapo Works p.o.) in the w. part of the town, contains 1 church, several manufactories, and 50 dwellings.' SuflTerilS, (p. V.,) near the line of N. J., in the w. part, contains a rolling mill and 20 dwellings. It lies at the junction of the two branches of the Erie R. R., and is an important station. Sloatsburgb, (p.v.,) on the Erie R. R., in the extreme fr. part, contains a church, cotton twine factory,' hoe factory, and 180 inhabitants. Spring Valley, (p.v.,) on the Piermont Branch of the Erie R. R., contains a church and 18 dwellings. MechanicsviHe, near the center of the town, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Furmanville and Monsey Depot (Mousey p. o.) are hamlets. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed near the center of the town, Dec. 4, 1774; Rev. Peter Leyt was the first preacher.* Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Rockland County. Names op Towns. Clarkstown... Haverstraw., , Orangetown.. Ramapo Total.. Acres of Land. 16,903i 7,151 8,922 13,606i 46,48U 16,7424 14,481 3,184 16,445 60,862i Valuation of 1858. $1,147, 819, 1,692, l$4,565,S53 11 $227,388 74,950 372,994 303,300 $978,632 g $1,376,061 894,055 2,065,162 1,199,717 $5,533,986 1,831 3,706 2,896 1,723 10,155 1,681 3,041 2,943 1,691 9,366 643 974 743 ,263 ,210 644 498 348 668 400 61 1,120 2,386 2,012 1,477 6,995 NAMBg OF Towns. Clarkstown... Haverstraw.. Orangetown.. Ramapo Total., 677 1,873: 418 747 3,715 sss 350 791 1,111 97 1,647 4 732 82 1,218 743 4,708 926 876 483 515 1,311 3,186 AGEictjLTimAi Products. Bush, of GnADf, fe: 11,682 4,387i 6,065 12,621* 34,64ei 30,478 9,281 17,384 31,782i 88,896i 4,824i 2,685 3,213 4.206J 14,828 IS 7,956i 3,974 11,726 23,667 47,223^ 1,016 65 3,263 Datbv Pboducts, 80,033 40,070 35,328 110,576 266,006 1^1 a. Q 2,500 2,500 1 Locally known as " Snedens Landing." 2 Among the early settlers were families named Anriancey, Harring, Blauvelt, Van Honton, and Tallman. These names appear upon the records of the church in 1694. The first bap- tism on record was that of Derick, (Richard,) son of Cornelius Cooper and Elsie Bogert, his wife, Oct. 13, 1696; and the first marriage, that of Marinus William Flousse Orom and Gertrude reraussee Van Houton, in 1690, The first school was taught by Hermanus Van Huysen, from Holland, soon after the first or- ganization o.f the diurch. The first inn is believed to have been kept by Casparus Maybee, in the " Old '76 House." now occupied for the same purpose. Abram Maybee built the first mill : his son, Cornelius Maybee, owned it during the Revolution, but, espousing the cause of the British, his property was confiscated. •• A tract of 65 acres was originally donated to this church : but at different times all but 14 or 15 acres have been sold. The records of the church dnring the Revolution, kept in a small book by the pastor, Rev. Mr, Verbryck, for convenience in carrying when obliged to move &om place to place, have been lost. < Ref. Prot. D., Presb., M. B, Af. Meth, and Bap. at Nyack; Prot. B., Ref. Prot. D., M. B., Bap., and R. C. at Piermont; Ref. Prot. D. and M. B. at Tappantown; Bap, at Middletown; and 3 M, E, at Rockland. 6 Cedar Uill and Table Rock, in the w,, Horsepond Mts, and Pine Hill, in the n.w., and High Mt., on the line of N, J, are the highest points, and are 600 to 700 feet above tide. * These establishments, consisting of a cotton factory, file fiic- tory, steel works, and car works, are all idle, and only 10 dwell- ings are occupied. The whole village is rapidly going to decay. ' This factory, incorp. in 1854, with a capital of $100,000, gives employment to 150 hands. 8 There are 7 churches in town; 4 M. K., and 3 Ref. Prot. D. PUTNAM COUNTY. This county^ was formed from Dutchess, June 12, 1812. It lies upon the Hudson, between Dutchess and Westchester cos., and extends e. to the Conn. line. It is rolling and hilly in the B., and broken and mountainous in the center and w. It embraces nearly all of The Highlands e. of the Hudson. The mountains consist of several steep, rocky ranges, extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction and separated by deep, narrow valleys, the principal of which are Peekskill Hollow, and Canopus and Pleasant Valleys. The CO. is watered by the upper branches of Croton River and several smaller streams. Among the mountain valleys are numer- ous picturesque lakes, the largest of which are Lakes Mahopac,^ Canopus,^ and Gleneida.* In the valleys the soil is a productive sandy loam, but the mountains are bare and rocky, and only valuable for their mines^ and quarries.® Iron ore abounds ; and serpentine, magnesian limestone, and several other minerals are also found.' The rocks belong chiefly to the primitive and lower sedimentary or metamorphic series, consisting of granite, gneiss, granular quartz, talcose slate, metamorphic limestone, serpentine, greenstone, and hornblende. Peat and marl are found in various localities.^ In the farming districts the people are principally engaged in dairying and furnishing milk for the New York market. Manufacturing is extensively carried on at Cold Spring. The principal works of internal improvement are the Hud- son River R. R., extending through Philipstown, and the Harlem R. R., through Patterson and South- east. The county seat is located at Carmel.^ The co. buildings consist of a courthouse,^** jail," and CO. clerk's office.^^ The poorhouse is located on a farm of 196 acres in Kent, about 2J mi. from Carmel.^ Two newspapers are published in the oo.^* A strip 580 rods wide along the e. border of the co. constitutes a part of the " Oblong'* Tract, and was patented by Thomas Hawley and his associates, June 8, 1731.^* The remaining part of the co., and a small part of Dutchess, are included in the great Highland Patent of Adolph Philipse. At the time of the Revolution this patent was owned by Philip Philipse, and Mary and Susannah, wives of Col. Roger Morris and Beverly Robinson, of the British army. Morris and Robinson, together with their wives, were attainted, and their property was confiscated and sold by the Commissioners of Forfeiture. It was subsequently shown in court that one-third of the patent was vested in the children of Col. Morris and his wife, and was not reached by the bill of attainder. The State was therefore obliged to 1 Named from Maj. Gen. Tsrael Pntnam, who waa stationed in the co. a part of the time during the Revolutionary War. In the act of Dec. 16, 1737, the co. was styled ^^ South fVecCnct;" March 24, 1772, it was subdivided into " Southeast," " Fredericks- bmyh," and "FhiUps" Precincts. The first of these precincts incladed the present towns of Sontheast and Patterson, the second Caxmel and Kent, and the third Putnam Valley and Fhilipshnrgh. a On Sauthier'a map of 1779 this word is written " Maeookpack*^ S This lake was formerly called " Hortons Pond." It is now fre- quently called " OakawanOf" from an Indian chief said to have resided in this locality. 4 Formerly called Shaw's Lake. ^Magnetic oxyd of iron is the most important of the ores found, although limonite and other varieties are obtained. A bed of magnetic ore was opened several years since on Break- neck Mt.; but it has not been extensively worked. Another bed has been ojwned on Constitution Island, opposite West Point Foundry. The Simewog vein was formerly woi'ked at the Town- send Mine on Simewog Hill. The Philips vein has been traced at short intervals a distance of 8 mi., and several mines have been opened along its course. The Stewart Mine Is the principal of these. Large quantities of ore obtained from the Denny Mine, in the v. part of Putnam Valley, were formerly used at the Cold Spring Furnace. Coal Grove and Gouverneur Mines are in the neighborhood of the Denny Mine. The " Barvey Steel and Iron Oo." have opened several mines in Southeast, from which an ex- cellent quality of ore for the manufacture of steel was obtained ; but they are not now worked. « Blunt's Quarry, on the 8. side of Breakneck Point, near the line of Dutchess co., affords a bluish gray granite, which baa been extensively used for the Delaware Breakwater, Fort Cal- houn, and Fortress Monroe. The Highland Granite Co.'s quarry, principally owned by Howard & Holdaue, ia near the Hudson River, a short distance from Blunt's Quarry. It is elevated about 300 ft. above the river. Stony Point Quany, on a rocky penin- sula extending into the Hudson, Philips Quarry, on an estate of the same name, and other quarries in the co., have been worked. Marble Is found in the N. part of Patterson. 7 Among the mineralu of the co. are arsenical and common iron pyrites, arscnite and chromate of iron, pyroxene, tremolite, arragonite, graphite, kerolite, brucite, actynolite hornblende, albite, laumonite stilbite, chabasite, epidote mica, zircon, sphene, and diallage. 8 The principal localities where peat is found are near Pattei> son and on the £. side of Lake Matiopac. 9 The first courts were held at the Baptist Church. The first CO. ofllcers were Stephen Bamum, First Judge; John Jewett, Co. Clerk; Wm. H. Johnston, Sheriff; and Joel Frost, Surrogate. 10 The courthouse ia a wooden building, erected in 1813, at a cost of $2,500. Joseph Crau, Stephen Barnum, Joel Frost, Jona^ than Fen-is, and John Jewett were appointed to superintend its erection. 11 The jail is a stone building, erected in 1844. It adjoins the courthouse on the £. 13 The clerk's office ia a stone fireproof building, located a few rods s. of the courthouse. IS The average number of inmates in the poorhouse is 52, sup- ported at a weekly cost of 43 cts. each. The income from the farm is $600 per annum. A school is taught throughout the year, 1* T?Cs Putnam Oo. Courier was established at Carmel in 1814. It was successively issued as The Putnam JiepubUcan, published by Thos. Smith ; and The Putnam Democrat, published by W. H. Sloat, and after^ ward by Klijah Yerks. James D. Little succeeded Yerks, and changed the paper to Th£ Democratic Courier ; and again, in 1852, to Tlie Futnam Co. Democrat. By this name it ie now published. The Putnam Free Press was commenced at Carmel, June 12, 1858, by Wm. J. Blake, by whom it is still published. i* See page . 170 PUTNAM COUNTY. protect the purchasers by settling the claims of these children.^ During the Revolution the passes through the mountains in this co. were carefully guarded, and at different times large bodies of troops were stationed there. It was the principal scene of the consummation of Arnold's treason, and of many events of minor interest, though no battle took place within its limits. Gen. Putnam had command of the army stationed here most of the time. CARMEli— was formed from '' Frederickstown/' March 17, 1795. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., between Putnam Valley and Southeast. Its surface is rolling and hilly, with inter- vening valleys extending in a n. and s. direction. Peekskill Hollow Range and Big Hill are the highest summits.^ The w. branch of Croton River and Michaels Brook flow through the e. part of the town, and Peekskill Hollow Creek through the n. w. In the town are several beautiful lakes and ponds, the principal of which are Lakes Mahopac^^ Gleneida,* and Gilead, and Kirk and Long Ponds. The soil is a light, sandy and gravelly loam intermixed in some places with clay. Carmel, (p. v.,) the co. seat, is situated on Lake Gleneida. It is the seat of the Raymond Col- legiate Institute,^ and contains 3 churches, a bank, and 2 newspaper offices. Pop. 391. Ma- liopac (p.v.) contains 1 church, a bank, and about 40 houses; and Red Mills,® (P'^-O con- tains 1 church and about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced about 1740.' Enoch Crosby, the ^^ Harvey Birch'* of Cooper's Spy, lived in this town till after the Revolution, when he removed to Southeast. A church was organized, and an edifice erected near Gilead Lake, a short time before the commencement of the Revolution. There are now 7 churches in town.^ K.EWT* — ^was formed as '' Frederickstmm" March 7, 1788. Its name was changed to ^^ Freie- rick*' March 17, 1795, and to Kent April 15, 1817. Carmel was taken off in 1795. It is the centoal town on the n, border of the co. Its surface in the e. part is broken by numerous hills, and in the w. by steep and rocky mountain peaks separated by deep and narrow ravines. Smally JHill is the highest peak. The w. and middle branches of Croton River, and Horse Pound and Pine Pond Brooks, are the principal streams. In the town are several ponds and small lakes, the principal of which are White and Pine Ponds.^^ Farmers Mills ^p.v.) oontaiDB 1 church and several manufacturing establishments.^^ Coles lUills (Kent p. o.) and I^uding'- tonvllle (p. 0.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made about 1750, by Zachariah Mer- ritt.*^ The census reports 3 churches in town, — 2 Bap. and 1 Union. PATTERSOW^* — was formed from '' Frederickstown" and Southeast, as "FrankUn/' March'l7, 1795, and its name was changed April 6, 1808. It is the n. e. corner town of the oo. Its surface 1 The Philipse Patent was grantee! June 17, 1697, to Adolph Philipee, a merchant of New York, who died, in 1749, without iSBue, leaving his estate to his nephew, Frederick Philipse. The latter had 5 children, — ^Frederick, Philip, Susannah, Mary, and Margaret. By his will, dated June 6, 1751, Frederick was dis- inherited, and, Margaret dying young, the property was equally divided among the remaining three. Philip left a widow, who married one Ogilvie; Susannah married Beverly Robioson, and Mary married Col. Roger Morris. On the 7th of Feb. 1754, the patent was divided into 9 lots : 3, each 4 mi. square, bordering upon the Hudson and denominated " water lots ;" 3, each 4 mi. wide by 12 long, extending n. and a. acroBS the patent, and de- nominated *'longlots;" and 3, each 4 mi. sq., upon thee. border, denominated "back lots." Philip, Susannah, and Mary Philipse each owned one of each kind of lots. On the 14th of Jan., 1758, previous to the marriage of Mary, a deed of marriage settlement was executed, by which her estate was vested in such children as might be born under the marriage, reserving only to herself and husband a life interest in the property. When Robinson and Morris and their wives were attainted, their property was sold, chiefly to the former tenants. In 1809, John Jacob Astor bought the interest of the heirs of Morris in this property for £20,000, The State, to^ protect those who held title from the Commia- Biouers of Forfeiture, passed a law, April 16, 1827, directing 5 suits to be prosecuted to judgment in' the Circuit Court of the S. Diat. of N.Y., and presented by writs of error to tlie Supreme Court of the U. S. for review and final decision. If agaiust the defendants, the State agreed to pay $450,000 in 5 per cent, stock, redeemable at pleasure; and if the decision included the im- provements that had been made by occupants, $250,000 more. Three suits were tried, each resulting in tavor of Astor; upon which the comptroller wag, by act of April 5, 1832, directed to Issue stock for the full amount, with costs. The amount issued waa $561,500. Few suits have beeii tried in the State involving larger interests to greater numbers, or which were argued with more ability, tbnn this. In the suit against James Carver the counsel for the plaintiff were Messrs. Oakley, J. 0. HofFman, Em- met, Piatt, and Ogden; and for the defendant, Talcott, (Attoriiey Gen.) Webster, Van Buren, Ogden Hoffman, and Cowles. See Report of Trial, by E. V. SparliawTc; Legis. Doc. 1830, V. 347; Sen. Doc. 1831, 21. 24, 28; Assem. Doc. 1832, 149, 205; Fkter^ Sepdrts XT. S. Supreme Court, IV. 1. 2 Among the principal peaks in town 'are Round, Turkey, and Comua Mts., and Goose, Barrett, Burned, and Prospect Hills, i^ the N. part ; Pisgah, Watts, Pond, and Drevp Hills, in theB. ; Ball, Watermelon, Indian, and Round Hills, in the 8. ; Austin, O^olden Root, and Hemlock Hills, in thew.; and Rattle and HazensHillB, and Adams Ridge, in the central part. 3 Lake Mahopac is 9 mi. in circumference, and In it are 3 beau- tiful islands, — Big, Petre, and Goose Islands. Around the lake are several large hotels and hoarding houses, which are thronged during the summer season by visitors from New York and Brook- lyn. A number of beautiful summer residences haVebeen erected on the surrounding heights. * Lake Gleneida covers an area of 170 acres, and is 130 feet deep. B The Raymond Collegiate Institute was built in 1851, at a cost of about $40,000, by James Raymond. It is a private insti- tution, owned by the heirs of Mr. Kaiymond. 8 A gristmill at this place was filled with Government grain at one time during Ihe Revolution, and soldiers were stationed to guard it. When on his way to West Point, Andrd lodged one night at the house of Jas. Cox at this place. ' George Hughson settled near Lake Mahopac, and Wm. and Uriah Hill at Red Mills. The first mill was erected at the latter place, 8 3 M. B., 2 Bap., and 2 Presb. fl « Frederickstown Ptecinc^' was formed March 24, 1772, and was named from Frederick Philipse. The town received its present name from the Kent family, who were early settlers. 10 The other ponds and lakea are Barretts, China Forge, and Drews Ponds, and Lake Sagamore. 11 A fulling mill, sawmill, gristmill, and tannery. 12 Families uumed Boyd, Wixon, Farrington, Burton, Carter, Burrett, Ludington, and others, from Mass, and Westchester, were early settlers. 18 The town was first named in honor of Dr. Franklin, Its present name was derived from a family of early settlers. PUTNAM COUNTY. 171 is hilly; but, with a few exceptions, the hills are arable to their summits. The principal streams are tie e. branch of Croton River and its tributaries, Quaker, Birch, and Muddy Brooks. Croton Lake and Little Pond are in the e. part. " The Great Swamp'' extends along the e. branch of the Croton River.i The soil is a sandy loam. Patter§oil, (p. v.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., contains 2 churches and 37 houses. Towners Station (Towners p. o.) and Uavlland Hollow (p.o.) are hamlets. The Prot. E. Church at Patterson was buUt in 1770. There are 4 churches in town.^ PHILiIPSTOffSP— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Fishkill (Dutchess co.) was taken off in 1806, and Putnam Valley in 1839. It is the most westerly town of the CO., and extends about 10 mi. along the Hudson. Its surface is broken by numerous steep and rocky mountain ridges separated by deep and narrow valleys.* These mountains constitute the most elevated portion of The Highlands.^ The ranges have a general n. and s. or n. e. and s. w. direction. Clove Creek flows through the n. part of the town, and Cauopus Creek through the n. e. corner. Foundry, Breakneck, Andreas, Indian, and other brooks flow through narrow valleys and rocky ravines into the Hudson. The greater part of the surface is unfit for agricultural purposes. Constitution Island^ is a promontory opposite West Point, connected with the mainland by a marshy meadow. The "Sunk Lof is a tract of 1300 acres of low and apparently sunken ground. Several mines of magnetic iron ore had been opened in town ; but none are now wrought. Granite is extensively quarried, and brick are made at several points along the river. The soil is a gravelly, sandy, and clayey loam. Coldsprin?, (p. v.,) situated on the Hudson, was incorp. April 22, 1846, and includes the suburban villages of Nelsonville and Marysville. It is a station on the Hudson River R. R., and contains 6 churches and an extensive foundry.' Pop. 2,237. Breali- necK. and Crriffins Corners contain each about a dozen houses. Davenport Corners contains 1 church and 10 houses. Continental Tillagre^ has 1 church and about 12 houses. Oarrisons, (p. o.,) on the Hudson, is a station on the Hudson River R. R. The first settlement was made about 1715, by Thos. Davenport.' This town was principally settled under Col. Beverly Robinson,'" who acquired title by marriage vrith Susannah, daughter of Frederick Philipse. Underoliff, the residence of Gen. Geo. P. Morris, is situated on a high bins' in the n. part of Cold Spring. The census reports 9 churches in town." PUTHTAM TAIiliEY— was formed from Philipstown, as " Quincy," March 14, 1839. Its 1 Pine Island is a rocky ledge 200 ft. high, containing about 30 acres, in the middle of Great Swamp. 3 Prot. £., Bap,, Friends, and Presb. 8 Named from Adolph Philipse, patentee of the Philipse Manor. The Philips Precinct was formed March 24, 1772. * " MaTtlaer& Racky^' or the Martyrs Reach, was a short stretch of the Hudson just above West Point, where early navigators were often retarded by bafQing winds. There were 13 racks, or reaches, on the Hudson, known to sailors as " Sarse.," " Sail- maJcers" " Oooks" "High" " Fox," "Bakers" "John Pleasures" "Harts," "Sturgeons," "Fishers," "Fast," "Martlaers," and " Long" Reaches, the last named extending from PoUepels Island to Krom Elleboogh. — Benson's Memoir, p, 42. 6 Among the peaks of The Highlands in this town are An- thonys Nose, Sugar Loaf, Breakneck Mt., and Bull, Hog-Back, Vinegar, Cot, Pine, and Fort Hills. Anthonys Nose is 1228 feet above the Hudson, and Sugar Loaf 800 ft. • This promontory was called " MarUaers Uland" before the Revolution. In July, 1776, a fort was built upon it, under the direction of Bernard Komaine; and in 1778 a heavy chain was stretched across the Hudson from this fort to West Point. Col. Timothy Pickering, appointed to have charge of this work, in March, 1778, contracted with Peter Townsend (at the Sterling Iron Works at Warwick. Orange co.) for the construction of the chain. The task was done in 6 weeks, and the huge chain carted in sections to West Point. The links weighed from. 100 to 160 pounds each ; and the entire weight was 186 tons, and its length 1,500 ft. It was buoyed up by large spars, a few feet apart, .secured by strong timbers framed into them and firmly at- tached to the rock on both shores. In winter it was drawn on shore by a windlass, and replaced in the spring. It was never disturbed by the enemy, and continued in use until the peace. A similar chain, of half its diameter and 1,800 ft. in length, (made at the Bingwood Iron Works, N. J.,) was stretched across the channel from Anthony's Nose to Port Montgomery, in Nov. 1776. It parted twice, and the enemy broke and passed it in the fall of 1778. Another, stretched from Pollepels Island to the w. shore, consisted of spars, pointed, and their ends united by iron links. There was also a chevaux de frize sunk at the same place to prevent the passage of vessels. Most of these works were constructed and placed under the immediate direc- tion of Capt. Thomas Machin, an engineer in the service. Traces of Fort Constitution and the outworks are still visible. I 7 The West Point Foundry is one of the largest establishments of the kind in the country. It was established in 1817, by an association organized for that purpose. A tract of 150 seres was purchased of Frederick Philipse, and a moulding house, boring mill, blacksmith and pattern shops, and drafting and business oflBces, were erected. An act of incorporation was ob- tained, April 15, 1818; and in 1839 the finishing or machine, smiths and boiler departments of the establishment were brought from New York. The works now consist of a moulding house, with 3 cupola furnaces; a gun foundry, with 3 air furnaces; 2 boring mills, — one driven by an overshot waterwheel and the other by a steam engine; 3 blacksmith shops; a turning shop ; a finishing shop, with a pattern shop on the second floor; a boiler shop, a punching machine house, 5 pattern houses, a fire engine house, an oflice, and several smaller buildings. A dock on tlie river belongs to these works, and a branch from the R. R. extends to them. From 400 to 600 men are employed. Shafts 2 ft. in diameter, and of 15 tons' weight, have been forged here. s This village, together with barracks for 2000 men, was burned in Oct. 1777, by a detachment of the enemy on their way up the Hudson to co-operate with Gen. Burgoyne. Two small forts were erected here during the Revolution, and traces of them are yet visible. Davenport built the first house at Coldspriog, in 1715. David Hurtis, and several families named Haight, Bloomer, and Wilt-on, settled in the town in 1730. John Meeks was the first settler at Continental Village, and John Rogers settled a little N. of the same place aboutl730. Jas. Stanley settled in the town in]750, and Thos. Sarles in 1756. The firstgristmill was built about 1762, by Beverly Robinson, at Continental Village. 10 Col. Robinson's house, situated at the foot of Sugar Loaf Jit., was the headquarters of Gens. Putnam and Parsons in 1778-70, and of Gen. Arnold at the time of his treason. The building is still standing, and is owned by Richard D. Arden, by whom it is carefully preserved in its original character. Col. Robinson granted a glebe to St. Philip's Church in The Highlands, 1 mi. E. of Garrisons, which was confirmed by the act of March 27, 1794. The church was used as a barrack daring the Revo- lution- — Blakf^s Hist Futnam Cb. ^. 180-209 ; Sabi7ie's Loyal ists, p. 562. 11 4 M. K., 2 Prot. B., Bap., Presb. and R. C. 172 PUTNAM COUNTY. name was changed Feb. 13, 1840. It lies on the s. border of the co., between Philipstown and Carmel. Its surface is broken by steep and rocky mountain ridges extending in nearly a N. and s. direction, and separated by narrow valleys. These mountain ranges constitute a part of The Highlands. The principal streams are Canopus Creek, Canopus Lake Creek, and Peekskill Hollow Brook. Canopus Lake is a beautiful sheet of water near the center of the town.> The soil in the valleys is a moderately fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Iron ore has been found in several locali- ties, but in places so difficult of access that it is not mined to any considerable extent. Oregon, at the confluence of Peekskill Hollow Brook and Canopus Lake Creek, contains 17 houses, and Crofts Comers contains 2 churches and 10 houses. Tonafeins Corners is a hamlet. Among the early settlers were families named Dusenbury and Adams.'' The census reports 4 churches in town; 3 M. E. and 1 Bap. SOUTHEAST— was formed from Frederickstown and " Sowtheasttown,"^ March 7, 1788. A part of Patterson was taken off, as " Franklin," in 1795. It is the s. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The streams are the E. and middle branches of Croton Biver and their tributaries. Several small lakes and ponds lie among the hills.* The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Iron ore abounds, but no mines are wrought at the present time. About 4,000 gals, of milk are sent daily from this town to the New York market. Brevrsters Station, (p. V.,) on the Harlem R. R., contains 1 church and a bank, and has a pop. of 176. Heddlngr- vllle and Brusli Hollow are hamlets. Southeast Center has 144 inhabitants, and MilltoTrn (p.v.) 167. De Forest Corners, Doanesburgli, Foggingtown, and Dykemans Station (Dykemans p. o.) are hamlets. This was one of the first settled towns in the CO."" The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Elisha Kent, grandfather of the late Chancellor, about the year 1730.* Acres of Land, Yaluation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Putnam County. Names of Towns. Carmel Kent Patterson Philipstown Putnam Valley... Southeaat Total. ., AoRBS OF Land. 19,300 15,241} 18,r89i 11,606 16,313 18,066J 94,-206^ 6,271^ 6,617 6,623 16,236 7,637 3,163J 44,«7J Yaltjation of 1858. 941.864 425,020 609,825 761,793 365,440 990,179 it Ml. 362,690 151,175 100,660 131,300 88,600 227,286 483 308 302 932 812 409 4,094.121 1,061,600 6,155,721 6,970 6,964 2,405 2,746 1,304,664 676,195 710,476 893,093 463,940 1,217,464 1,169 755 702 2,427 826 1,091 1,237 784 720 2,382 747 1,094 470 275 266 722 298 374 345 226 204 433 264 268 1,739 B2 739 672 480 1,760 735 4.976 Names of Towns. Carmel Kent Patterson Philipstown , Putnam Valley... Southeast Total.. 458 208 268 367 313 334 S^ 1,120 1,165 2,179 1,146 1,081 7,656 2,113 1,493 868 936 2,467 7,861 2,171 1,420 639 698 822 164 6,804 63 1,847 766 971 1,194 1,144 1,076 6,997 AGBiCTjLTtniAL Products. Bush, of Gbaik. 6,328 3,886J 3,148i 6,3934 4,606 4,181} 2e,44H I 57,9414 25,288i 22,261j 23,763 28,072 40,611} 197,818i 6,040 4,261 4,060i 3,370 3,443 6,6824 27,766} Is 14,088 5,866 9,854 6,976 17,649 10,071 64,604 8,618 4,001 8,321 3,890 6,159 2,081 27,158 DaIEY PBODUCTa, 1l 121,479 75,866 61,400 65,691 73,070 96,300 3,376 100 3,476 1,221 1 Canopus Lake is 2 mi. long by 1 wide. Clear, Muddy, Pel- tons, Salpeu, Owens, Cranberry, Bargevs, and Wickopee Ponds are smaller bodies of water in the town. 2 On the farm of Harry Gillet are the ruins of the Hempstead Huts, built in 1780 by a detachment of the Mass. Line, and one or two companies from Hempstead, L. I. ' '^SmiOimsttouyii' was formed as a precinct Dec. 17, 1737, and confirmed March 24, 1772. The word " tmi>n" in the name was dropped March 17, 1795. * Tonetta and Kishewana Lakes, and Covila and Peach Ponds. 6 Among the early settlers were families named Crane, Crosby, Hall, Moody, Paddock, Hane, Howe, Carpenter, and Dickinson, from Mass. and Conn. Joseph Crane built the first mill, at Mill- town, about 1730. Chancellor Kent was born in this town, July 31, 1763. * The census reports 3 churches in town; M. E., Presb., and Union. LEWIS COUNTY. Tnis county -was formed from Oneiila, March 28, 1805, and named in honor of Oov. Morgan Lewis. Slight clianges were made in the boundary on the erection of Pinckney, in 1808, and of Wilna, in 1813. It lies mostly within the valley of Black River, n. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq, mi. Its surface consists of the broad intei'- valcs which extend along the course of Black River, and uplands vrhich rise upon the E. and w. The eastern half rises gradually to the E, border of the co,, where it atta,ins an elevation of about 1400 feet above tide. This part of the co. forms a portion of the great wilderness of Northern N. Y, The surface in many places is broken fey low ridges or isolated masses of naked gneiss. The streams generally Bow through rocky beds, and in places through wild ravines. The soil is a light, yellow, sandy loam and unprofitable for 'cultivation. In the eastern forests are great numbers of picturesque Itikes, many of which are scai-cely known except to hunters and fishermen. The streams flowing from the plateau are generally rapid, furnishing an abundance of water power.' Magnetic iron ore has been found interstratified with gneiss and red specular ore on the n. e. border of the CO., and along the margins of the streams is an abundance of iron sand. At the junction of the gneiss and white limestone in Diana are a great number of interesting minerals,^ The w. side rises from the valley of Black River by a series of terraces to near the center of the w. half of the co., whence it spreads out toward Lake Ontario. These terraces are occasionally broken by oblique valleys from the N. w. The summit is 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The intei"- vale along the river, and the banks which immediately border upon it, are underlaid by Black River limestone. Next above this, in an irregular terrace, rises the Trenton limestone, 300 feet thick In the N. part of the co, and gradually diminishing toward the s. This limestone is very compact and strongly resists the action of the elements. In many places it presents the face of eteep declivities approaching the perpendicular, and the streams from the w. plateau generally flow over this formation in a single perpendicular fiilL This rock underlies an extremely fertile and nearly level tract of 1 to 3 mi. wide. Above it, on the w., the strata of the Utica slate and Lorraine shales rise about 500 feet higher, and from the summit the surface spreads out into a nearly level region, with its waters flowing both toward the E. and w.' This range in Lewis co. is known as Tug IlilL The soil in the limestone region is sometimes thin, but is everywhere productive. Near the foot of Tug Hill is a strip of stiff clay a few rods wide, extending the whole length of the co., and marked by a line of springs and swamps. The soil upon the slate is deep and well adapted to grazing, but, from its gi'eat elevation, it is liable to late and early frosts. Upon the summit of the slate table lands are extensive swamps, which give rise to streams flowing into Black River, Lake Ontario, Oneida Lake, and the Mohawk. Drift deposits are scattered promiscuously, and sometimes lie at a great depth, more particularly upon the northerly sides of the oblique valleys before mentioned. The streams which rise on the summit of Tug Hill in many places flow through ancient beaver meadows, and upon the brow of the hill they have invariably worn deep ravines into the slates and shales, in some instances 3 or 4 mi. in length and 100 to 300 feet deep. Chimney Point and Whetstone Gulf, in Martinsburgh, ai'e localities of this kind. There are but few ravines in the lime- stone terraces, though the Deer River Falls, near Copenhagen, are in a gorge worn in this rock. A thin layer of Potsdam sandstone rests immediately upon the gneiss in Martinsburgh. Waterlimo of excellent quality has been made from the lower strata of Black River limestone, and veins of lead ore have been worked in the upper part of the Trenton limestone in Martinsburgh and Lowville.* The outline of the hills readily indicates the character of the underlying rocks.* 1 The water of these Btreama is discolored by organic matter, maiiKancse, and iron, and imirarts to Blacli liiver the color Miiich has (riven it its name. 2 Zircon, sphene. tabular spur, jiyroxene, nottalhte, blue cal- cite. Viriirht crystnllized iron pvritcs, Kensselaerito, and coceohte arc fduiifl near the Natural Bridge. _ > The highest part of this ran(je is said to be on Lot 50, m High Marltet, and is 1700 feet above tide. On a clear day the hills of Madison t'.o. can be seen from this place. * About the year 1828 a silver mine was announced as dis- covered near Lowville: and in 1837 a lead mine was somewhat extensively wrought 1 mi. N. w. of Martinsburgh Village, and sevei-al tons of lead w^re made at a great loss. Sloro rfccntly a company of speculators have bought the premises ; but woric has not been resumed, jind probably will not be. Black oxycl of manganese h.ls been found it] swamps upon the summit of Tug llill, in the s. w. part nf Martinsburgh. fi In the primary region the upheavals retain their original 174 LEWIS COUNTY. The s.w. part of the co. is drained by Fish Creek and its branches, and the headwaters of the IMohawk. Salmon River rises upon the w. border, and the Oswegatchie and Indian^ Kivers take their rise in the n. e. The principal tributaries of Black River are Moose^ and Beaver Rivers,^ Otter,* Independence, and Fish Creeks, and Fall Brook, on the e. ; and Sugar River, Mill, Houses, and Whetstone Creeks, Roaring Brook, Lowville Creek, and Deer River^ upon the w. "Several mineral springs are found within the co.^ Spring grains are readily cultivated; but this co. is particularly adapted to pasturage, dairying forming the principal pursuit of the people. Droughts seldom ocaur; but the uplands are noted for their deep snovrs. Within a few years, several exten- sive establishments have been erected upon Black, IMoose, Beaver, and Deer Rivers, for the manufac- ture of leather, paper, lumber, and articles of wood. Two furnaces for the manufacture of iron from the ore are located near the n. border. The county seat is located at Martinsburgh. A wooden courthouse and jail were built here in 1810- 11, upon a site given by Gren. Martin."^ The present clerk's office was erected by citizens of Mar- tinsburgh in 1847. Active efforts were made at an early day, and renewed in 1852, to obtain the removal of the co. seat to Lowville, and a fine edifice was built at that place for the courts, in the hope of securing their removal. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 59 acres 1 mi. w. of Lowville. The average number of inmates is about 90. The institution is well managed in regard to economy, neatness, and the health of the inmates. The only internal improvement in the co. is the Black River Canal, connecting Black River below Lyons Falls with the Erie Canal at Rome.® From Lyons Falls the river is navigated to Carthage, a distance of 42^ mi., by small steamers. Three newspapers are now published in the co.^ This CO. is entirely within Macomb's Purchase, and includes a part of Great Tract No. IV.," most of the Chassauis Purchase," Watson's West Tract," the Brantingham Tract,^^ and a small part of John Brown's Tract, ^* on the e. side of the river: and 4 of the "Eleven Towns,'*^^ 5 of the Thirteen Towns of the Boylston Tract, ^^ Constable's Five Towns,^' and Inman's Triangle^^ on the w. The first settlers came from New England and settled at Leyden in 1794. The fame of the frn-ms without change; the limestone terraces rise by stepp plt)pp3 to their level summit; and the slate and shale hills ex- hibit the yielding character of the rocks which compose them, by their rounded outline and the gorges which every spring torrent has worn upon their Rides. 1 Called by the Indians 0-je'quack, Nnt River. 2 Indian n.inie Te-k:i'hnn-di-an'do, clearing an opening:. 3 Indian name Xe-ha-sa'no. crossing on a stick of timber. ■* Indian name Da-ween-net, the otter. 6 Indian name Ga-ne'ga-to'do. corn pounder. « The largest of these arises from the limestone in Lowville, near the line of Ilarriaburgh. Others rise from tlie slate upon Tng Hill. All of them emit sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and some have been nsed for medicinal purposes. 7 The CO. seat was located by the same commissioners that were appointed for Jefferson on. Benj. Van Vleeck, Daniel Kelly, and Jonnthan Collins, by act of ISIl. were appointed to superintend the completion of these buildings. The first co. officers were Danifl Kelly, First Jnr/r/e ; .Tonathan Collins. .Tudali Barnes, and Solomon King, Judges; Lewis Graves and Asa Braytnn, /f<;s(. Jiixtices ; Asa Lord, Oirowftr; Chillus Doty, Shpriff; Richard Coxe, Clerk; and Isaac W. Bostwick, Suito- gate. The Blank River &. Utica R, R., now finished to Boonville, will probably be extended through the Black River Valley, fi The Black River Gazette was established at Martinsburgh, March 10, lS07,by James B. Robbins. and was removed to Watertown the following year. This was the first paper published in the State N. of Ufica. Tfte LewiR Co. Sentinel was started at Martinsburgh, Oct. 12, lfi24. by Charles Nichols, and continued 1 year. The Martinsburgh Sentinel was commencf-^d in 1828 by Pearson, and continued until March, 1830. The I^ewis County Repu1)llcan was established at Martinsbnrgh, in 1831 or '3-2, by .lames Wheeler, who sold it to Daniel S, Bailey, its present publisher, in 1837. It was removed to Lowville in 1844, but has since been returned to Martinsburgh. TAc LeAof:< Co. Gazette was started at Lowville, in the spring of _. „, ^J2l, by Lewis G. Hoffman, and continued 2 years. The Black Bwer Gazette was issued at LowviUe, Oct. 19. 1825 by Wm. L. Easton. It was sold in 1830 to J. M. Farr, by whom it was continued a year or more. The Lewis Democrat was started at Lowville. March 25, 1834 by fwiT. -*T ^^'^^^ Byinftnn, and continued 1 year. riie Worthtrn Journal was commenced at Lo-m-ille, Feb. 14, 1838. by A. W. Clark. Itha.s frequently changed ownprs, and is now published by Ilcnry A. Phillips. ine Lewis County Banner was smarted at Lowville, Pr>pt. 3, 1856, by \. B. Sylveater, and is now published by Almont Barns, The Lewis Co. Democrat -was commenced Sept. 22, 1846, at Turin, by H. R, I^ahe. It was removed to Martinsburgh in 1849 and discontinued a few weekd after. TTie Dollar WeeJch/ Northern Blade, was atai-ted at Constahle- ville in 1854. It vt-.x-^ changed to The News Register in April, 1857, by Merrill & Coolt, its pub- lishers, and was afterward removed to Carthage. 10 This tract was bought by thi- Antwerp Company, and em- braced an area of 4.''>0.950 acrrs. Sec p . 11 This tract was purchased by Pierre Chassanis in 1792, and was supposed to contain r00,060 acres. Upon a survey being made, it was found that the tract fell far short of this: and a new agreement was made, April 2, 1793, for 210,000 acres. A narrow strip of this tract extended along the e. side of the rivr-r to High FalN. "The settlers of this tract were principally refu- gees of the French Tievulution. Many of them were wealthy, titled, and highly educated, and, in consequence, were poorly fitted for the hardships of pioneer life. Large sums of money were expended to render the settlement successful, but the settlers soon after returned to France and the enterprific was abandoned. Rodolph Tillier was the first agent ; and in IPOO lie was superseded by Gouverneur Morris, who appointed Richard Coxe his agent. The fi rst buildings were erected near the present residence of Francis Seger. 12 James Watson p^lrchased 61,433 acres, in 2 tracts', connected by a narrow isthmus. The eastern tract is mostly in Herkimer CO. 13 So called from Thomas H Brantingham, of the city of Phila- delphia, who at one time held the title. It is mostly in Greig, and contains 74.400 acres. 1* This tract, which is popularly regarded as the whole north- ern wilderness of Ne^v York, included 210.000 acres sold by Con- stable to John Julius Anger-stein, and afterward conveyed to John Brown, of Providence, R. I. It was divided into S town- ships, as follows : — 1. Industry. 2. Enterprise. 3. Perseverance. 4. Unanimity. 5. Frugality. 6. Sobriety. 7. Economy. 8. Regularity It has been said that all these social virtues are needed for the settlement of this region. The first 4 townships are pai-tly in Lewis co. 15 Numbers 5. 9, 10, and 11,— now Denmark, Pinckney, Harris- burgh, and Lowville. 18 Named from Tlios. Boylston, of Boston, who held the title a few days. Nos. 3, 4, 8, 9, antl 13. now Montague, Osceola, and parts of Martinsburgh and High Market, are in Lewis co. The whole tract included 817.155 acres. IT These towns were Xenophon. Flora, Lncretia. Pomona, and Porcia, and now form parts of Lewis, High IViarket, and Martins- burgh and the whole of Turin and West Turin. 18 Leyden as it existed before Lewis was erected. It included 26,250 acres, formiuc: a perfect ti-iantrle. LEWIS COUNTY. 175 "Black River country" spread through Mass. and Conn., and within the next ten years the country between Tug Hill and the rivei; rapidly filled up with a laborious, intelligent, and enterprising population, A romantic project of settlement formed by refugees of the French Revolution, in which Arcadian dreams of rural felicity were to be realized, was abandoned after a short expe- rience of the real hardships of pioneer life. Except an expensive but ineffectual attempt by Brown to settle his tract, toward the close of the last century, little improvement was made E. of the river until about 1820 ; and this section has at present less than one-fourth of the population, and a still less proportion of the wealth, of the co. A systematic effort at settlement of the extreme w. part was first made in 1840-46, under Seymour Green and Diadate Peaae, agents of the Pierrepont estate. Much of this region is still a wilderness. CROGHA^SI' — was formed from Watson and Diana, April 5, 1841, and a part of New Bremen was taken off in 1848. It lies e, of Black River, in the N. part of the co. The surface has an in- clination toward the w, and n., and in the central and e. parts it is broken and hilly. Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers rise in the town and flow northerly into Diana; and Beaver River forms a portion of its s. boundary. In the E. part of the town are several lakes. The soil is light and sandy, and along the river intervales it is moderately fertile. The town is thinly settled along Black and Beaver Rivers, but in the n, and E. it is still a wilderness. Cl'Og'Iian, (p. o.,) on Beaver River, and IVauinburg,^ (p. o.,) in the w. part of the town, are small villages. Indian River, (p. 0.,) N. of the center of the town, and Belfort, on Beaver River, are hamlets. Settlement commenced before 1830, under P. S. Stewart, agent for Le Roy. Many of the settlers are French and Germans. There are 5 churches in town.* DElVMARIt* — was formed from Harrisburgh, April 3, 1807. It lies w. of Black River, on the x. border of the eo. Its surface descends to Black River on the E. by a succession of irregular terraces. Deer River flows through the town, and upon its course are several falls, affording an abundant water power. The High Falls, one mi. below Copenhagen, descend 160 feet, at an angle of about 80°, and are celebrated for their picturesque beauty. Kings Fall, 2 mi. below, has a descent of about 40 feet. The e. part of the town is covered with deep deposits of drift. Near the mouth of Deer River are extensive flats; and Black River is bordered by a cedar swamp. The soil is very fertile. Copenbag'en,' (P-'''-i) "n Deer River, in the w. part, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.' Pop. 505. Denmark, {p. v.,) in the s. part, contains about 50 houses; and Deer River, (p. v.,) on the river of the same name, 2 mi. from its mouth, 35.' The first settlement was made in 1800, by Jesse Blodget.' The census reports 6 churches in town.' DIAWA — was formed from Watson, April 16, 1830, and a part of Croghan was taken .off in 1841. This is the extreme N. e. town in the co. Its surface is level, or gently rolling. In the e. part are 2 isolated hills, 300 to 500 feet above the surrounding surface. The principal streams are Oswegatchie and Indian Rivers and their branches. Bonaparte^" and Indian Lakes, in the n. part, and Cranberry, Legiers, and Sweets Lakes, in the E., are the principal bodies of water. The greater part of this town is yet a wilderness. The soil is light and sandy. Iron ore is found in the n. and E. parts, and coarse, crystalline marble, of a sky-blue tint, on the banks of Indian River, near Natural Bridge. Sterlingbusll," (p. v.,) on Indian River, in the w. part, contains 15 houses; and Oarrisville, (Diana p. o.,) on the Oswegatchie, in the n., 12. Alpina" is ahamlet on the outlet of Lake Bonaparte. There are 2 churches in town, (Bap. and M. E.,) but no church edifice. GREIG" — was formed from Watson, April 5, 1828, as " Brantingham." Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1832. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling in the w., but it is broken, rooky, and in some places hilly, in the e. The principal streams, all tributaries of Black River, are Moose River, Otter, Stony, and Fish Creeks, and Cole and Fall Brooks. The scenery 1 Named in honor of Col. Geo. Croghan. It is locally pro- nonncpd -'Cro'gan;" its proper pronunciation is "Crawn." 2 Locally known aa the ''Prussian SpMfemevt." s Evan. Asso. or Germ. Meth.. Ref. Prot. D., M. E, and 2 R. 0. < Tills town embraces Township No. 5, or Mautua, of the Eleven Towns. 5 Originally called " Mungrrs MiUs," from Nathan Mnnger, one of the early settlers. « About 1830 the manufactnre of cordage was commenced here on on extensive scale ; but it has recently been abandoned. Crary, Robert Howe, Asa Pierce, Ichabod Parsons, Lewis Graves, Jonathan Barker, J. Rich, and Andrew Mills. fl Bap., organized in 1810, Cong., M. E., Univ., and 2 Union. 10 Bonaparte Lake was so called in honor of Joseph Bonaparte, who built a log house upon its banks, for the accommodation of himself and fi-iends while upon hunting and fishing excursions, during his stay at his summer residence at Natural Bridge. u Forinerlv called " Louishurg." It owes its origin to an iron furnace built here in 1S33. 12 An iron fupnace was built here in 1847 by Suchard A Far- 176 LEWIS COUNTY. along Moose River is celebrated for its mildness and beauty. The gi-eater part of the town is yet a -n-ilderness. In the e. part are several small lakes, which constitute some of the favorite resorts of fishermen. The soil if principally a light, sandy loam. Iron ore and ochre are found, and near Brantingham Lake is a sulphur spring. Lumber, leather, and paper are made, and on Otter Creek is an extensive match box factory. JLyWMSdale,' on Moose lliver, 3 mi. from its mouth, and GrciS and Braniiliglsam, near Black River, are p. offices. In 1792 the French, under Eo- dolph Tillier, settled on the Chassasis Tract, near Black River, below the High Falls." The only church in town (Presb.) Avas formed in 1807. IlAKRISBSirRCiM'— was formed from Lowville, Champion, (Jefferson co.,) and Mexico, (Oswego 00.,) Feb. 22, 1803. Denmark was taken off in 1807, and a part of Pinckney in 1808. It lies upon the slate hills and limestone terraces n. w. of the center of the co. Its general inclination is toAvard the x. e., its s. w. corner being 300 to 500 feet above Black River. Its surface is gene- rally rolling, but in the s. w. it is moderately hilly. Deer River and its tributaries are the prin- cipal streams. The soil is generally a rich loam largely intermixed with disintegrated limestone and slate. laarristourgli, in the n. e. part, and goutli Harristoufgh, in the s., are p. offices. Settlement commenced a short time previous to the War of 1812.* The first religious services were conducted by Elder Amasa Dodge, a Free Will Baptist minister. There are 4 churches in town.' HIGH MARK-ET^— was formed from We't Turin, Nov. 11, 1852. It lies upon the elevated slate region w. of Black River, a little s. of the center of the co. Its general inclination is toward the s. e. Its surface is rolling in the s., but broken and moderately hilly in the n. and w. Its streams are Fish Creek and its branches, the principal of which are Big and Little Alder Creeks. The soil is a loam mixed with disintegrated slate, and is best adapted to pasturage. Ui^ll Marfeet (p. o.) is in the ?. e. part of the town. Most of the town is still unsettled. Among the first settlers were Alfred Hodge, L. Fairchild, John Felshaw, Sol. Wells, and Benj. Martin.' A large proportion of the people are of Irish nativity.* There are no churches in town. l.E'WIS' — was formed from West Turin and Leyden, Nov. 11, 1852. It lies upon the elevated plateau in the s. .angle of the co. Its surface is generally rolling, but in the fv. part it is broken and hilly. Its entire surface is 700 to 1200 feet above the valley of Black River. The principal streams are Fish Creek, the w. branch of the Mohawk, and the w. branch of Salmon River. Most of the town is yet an uninhabited wilderness. The soil is generally a sandy loam, moderately fertile and best adapted to grazing. Owing to the elevation of the town, spring is late, autumn early, and snows deep. West lieyden, (p. v.,) situated on the headwaters of the l\Iohawk, in the E. part of the town, contains about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced about 1800 ; but the present inhabitants of the town are mostly new comers, of German nativity.^" The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1826. There are now 4 churches in town." EjEYDEK" — was formed from Steuben, (Oneida co.,) March 10, 1797. Brownville (Jefferson CO.) was taken off in 1802, Boonville (Oneida co.) in 1805, a part of Wilna (Jefferson co.) in 1819, Watson in 1821, and a part of Lewis in 1852. It lies on the w. bank of Black River, upon the s. border of the co. Its inclination is toward the e., the w. border being about 500 feet above the riviT. Its surface is undulating. Its principal streams are Sugar River and IMoose Creek." The soil is a fertile loam mixed with disintegrated slate and limestone. Port l.eyden, (p. v.,) on Black River, has a population of 192; Talcottville, (Leyden p.o.,) in the center of the town, of 50; and lieyden Hill, in the n. part, of 40. Settlement began in 1794," under the owners 1 The fir«t spttlcment was made in tliis place by Caleb Lyon, in 1 819. He (lied in 1835, the year b( fore bis long cherished project of TL State canal to the Black liiver was authorized by law. His son. Caleli Lyon of Lyonsdale, has at this place a Gothic villa, located in the midst of picturesque scenery and adorned ^vith elegant collections of art. 2 See page , 3 Xanu'd from Richard Han-ison. of N. Y., one of the early proprietors. The town embraces No. 10, or I'latina, of tlio Eleven Towns, See page , < Among the early settlers were .Tohn and Silas l^nsh, Amos Bncl;, Geo. Stoddard, ami Tliomas and Gilbert Jlerrills. 6 nap,, tree Will Dap,. Al, H,. and J{, C, This town embraces Township No. 9, or Penelnpe, of the Eciylston Tract, and parts of Kos. 2 and 3, or I'lura and Ln- cretia, of roristable\s Towns. ' S, r, Thompson liejit \]i<- first store and inn .and bnilt the first gristmill; and .Tames McVicliar erected the first sawmill. The flr.st school was tauLlit liv Ada Uicrhv Named fi-om the co, 10 Among the earliest settlers were .John Parnes, Medad Dewey, .Tool .Tcnks, Matthew Potter, C. aud J. Putnam, and Augustus Kc^nt, 11 Presb., Bap., 51. E.. and B.C. 12 This town, with that part of Lewis which was set off from it, fonns the tract linown as "Inman's Triangle." 18 Tpon l^ngar liiver.is a beautiful cascade of about TO feet fall in tile space of 200 feet; and upon Black Itiver, a little be- low I'ort Leyden, are a .seriesof rapids, known as '' The Narrows," where the banks are so contracted that a person can jump across the stream during tlie dry season. 1^ Among the first setrlfis m ere Wm. Topping. Butterfield, Brainaril and David Mdler, llezekiah Talcott, Asa Loi'd. Wm. Bingham, Theo. Olmstcad, Adams, Allen Anger, .T. Ilin- man. L. Hart, and Benj. Starr, The first biitli was that of .lonathan Topping, in 1T94-; and the fii-st death, that of Calvin Miller, JIari h 22, 17;l7, The first mill in the co. was bnilt nt Pnrt T.evil,.,, -Tt.ni.t 1 .VOO Tii. Pl,,..-!,..^ K'nl.,o,. ..ii.l LEWIS COUNTY. 177 of the Triangle. A Cong, church was formed at a very early period, by Rev. Ely, and a Bap. church in 1798. There are now 6 churches in town.i liO'^VVia.S.E^— was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 14, 1800, and a part of Harris- burgh was taken off in 1803. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, a little N. of the center of the 00. Its w. border is about 400 feet above the river. Its surface is gently rolling. A wide intervale, the n. part of which is swampy, extends along the course of the river. The soil is a deep, fertile loam intermixed with disintegrated limestone.' A mineral spring is found near the N. border of the towE- l,owville, (p. v.,) iucorp. under the act of 1847,-' is situated near the s. border of the town. It contains 5 churches, an academy,^ 2 printing offices, and a bank. Pop. 908. West liowvllle, (p. u.,) in the w. part of the town, Stows Square, (p. o.,) 3 mi. n. of Low- ville, and Siuitlis Liandin^, on Black River, are hamlets. Settlement was commenced about 1797,. under Sifas Stow, agent for N. Low, and the town was rapidly filled with immigrants from New England." The first church (M. E. ) was founded in 1804. There are now 6 churches in town.' MARTIBfSBtJjaGH'— was formed from Turin, Feb. 22, 1803, and a part of Turin was annexed in 1823. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, near the center of the co. It has an easterly inclination, its w. border being nearly 1000 feet above the river valley. Its surface is rolling, with a wide, level intervale bordering upon the river. The principal streams are Martins and Whetstone Creeks.' The soil is a deep, fertile loam, except along the river, where it is sandy. Near the head of Whetstone Gulf is a sulphur spring. Martlitsburgh (p. v.) is situated on Martins Creek, near the center of the town. It contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, and a news- paper office. Pop. 210. >Vest Martinsburgll, (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, has a pop. of 164. Glensdale, (p.o.,) in the s. e. part, is a hamlet of about 12 dwellings. Settlement was begun by Gen. Walter Martin, at Martinsburgh, in 1801." The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1804, by Rev. ■ Norton. There are 7 churches in town." MOjVTAGUE" (Mon-ta-gu')— was formed from West Turin, Nov. 14, 1850. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. Its inclination is toward the n. w., and its elevation is 1200 to 1600 ft. above tide. Its surface is generally rolling, but in some places it is broken and hilly. It is watered by numerous small streams, flowing into Deer River. The n. branch of Salmon River flows through the s. w. corner. Upon lot 22, in the n. w. part, is a sulphur spring. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy and gravelly loam. Gardners Corners (Montague p. o.) is in the N. part of the town. Settlement commenced in 1846, under the agency of Diadate Pease, agent of the Pierrepont estate. There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap. IVEW BREMEN— was formed from Watson and Croghan, March 31, 1848. It lies upon the E. bank of Black River, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is level in the w., but rolling, broken, and rooky in the B. It is watered by several tributaries of Black River, the largest of which is Beaver River, on the N. boundary. The e. part is sparsely settled. The soil is a light, sandy loam. Dayansville" (New Bremen p. o.) is in the w. part of the town. Pop. 200. Settlement was commenced in 1798, by Samuel Ulingsworth and some French families." In the w. part is a settlement of Germans, and in the N. one of French. There are 4 churches in town.'^ OSCEOEi4.^«— was formed from West Turin, Feb. 28, 1844. It lies upon the high region in 1 2 Cong., Bap., M. E.. Calv. 5[eth., Vmv. 2 This town embraces No. 11 of tlie Eleven Towns. It was named from Nicholas Low, of N. Y., the early proprietor. 3 In the Trenton limestone are veins of the sulphurets of lead and iron, intermixed with calcite and fluor spar. i The charter was confirmed Peb. 27, ISriX. In 1862-53 active efforts were made to secure the location of the co. seat in this village; and a fine brick building, now used aa a town hall, was erected in anticipation of its removal. 6 The Lowville Academy has from the iirst maintained a high rank. Its 50th anniversary was celebrated July 22, 1858, 6 Among the early settlers were Jonathan Rogers, Ehud Ste- phens. Jloaes Waters, A. Wilcox, B. Ilillilian, Daniel Kelley, Isaac 'Perry, J. H. and S. Leonard, John SchuII. ^^■Jn. Darrow, Jas. Bailey, John Bush, A. F. aud J. Snell, David and Benj. Eice, and Ebenezer Ilills. The first birth was that of Haniet Ste- phens. Tlie first inn was kept by Capt. Kogera, and the first store by Jortunatus Eager. The first mill wa.i built by D. lielley. 7 2 Bap., Cong., Friends. M. E.. and Prot. E, 8 This town embraces Township No. 4. or fornHia, of the Boylston Tract, and Porcia and apart of Lucretia, of Constable's Towns. <> Martins Creek was formerly c.illed "Bnayinri Erooh." At Chimney Point, near the center of the town, this stream has worn a channel throudi the shale and Utica slate, for 2 mi., to the di'pth of 200 to 250 feet. This remarkable chasm above the '' fliimvey" is tortuous, with precipitous sides, and in mauy places is so narrow that the stream occupies the entire space between the ledges. Whetstone Gulf, upon Whetstone Creek, in the s, part of the town, is a similar ravine, 10 Among the first settlers were Elijah Baldwin, Mrs, Eichard Arthur and sons, Reuben Pitcher and sups. N, Cheney, Kli Ro- gers, Ehud Stephens, Gains Alexander, Stephen Searls, Joseph Sheldon, Chillus Doty, A. Conkey, D, Asliley, S, Gowdy, C, and D, Shumway. and Orzin Moore. W. Martin built the first mills, and in 1807 a paper mill, " 2 M, E., 2 Union, Bap., Presb., and Second Advent. 12 This town embraces Township No, 3, or Shakspeare, of the Boylston Tract, It was named from the daughter of H, B. Pierrepont, the proprietor, 13 This place was laid out in 1826, by Charles Dayan. " Several of the French company located at the head of Beaver River, where they designed to build a city. A sawmill wafl built, a half dozen houses were erected, and the place received the name of •' CartonviUe." Jacob Obesier aud Eodolph Tillier were engaged in this project, 15 Bap,, M, B,, Evan. Luth., and R. C, i» This towji embraocs Townships 13 and 8, or Rnrabella and JTylila, of the Bovlstou Tract. It was named from the cele. bratcd Seniiuolo fJik'i", 178 LEWIS COUKTY. the s w corner of the co. Its general inclination is toward the s.-w. Its surface is imdnlating, and the highest points are 1500 to 1600 ft. above tide. The streams are tranches of Fish Creek and Salmon Eiver. The soil is a moderately fertUe, sandy loam. Nearly aU the town is yet a (vilderness. Osceola is a p. o. in the s. part. Settlement was commenced about 1838, by Seymour Green, agent for Pierrepont. There are 2 churches in town, M. E. and Ind. PIXCRXET"— was formed from Harrisburgh and "Harrison," {now Rodman, Jefferson co.,) Feb. 12, 1808. It lies upon the highlands in the .v. w. comer of the co., and has an average eleva- tion of 1300 ft. above tide. It forms the watershed between Deer River and Sandy Creek, the head branches of which constitute the principal streams. A series of swamps extend along the E. border. In the town are several mineral springs, one of which has acquired considerable local notoriety for its medicinal qualities. The soil is a, light, slaty loam upon the hiUs, and a deep, black loam in the valleys. Pinckney, Kew Boston, Barnes Corners, and Cronks Corners are p. offices. Settlement was commenced in 1804, under Abel French, agent of Mr. Henderson.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810. There are now 4 churches in town.' TIJKIX — was formed from :jIexico, (Oswego co.,) March 14, 1800. Martinsbnrgh was taken off in 1803, another portion was annexed to Martinsburgh in 1823, and "West Turin was taken off in 1S.30. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, s. of the center of the co. Its w. boundary is 800 to 1000 ft. above the river, giving to the town an easterly inclination. The surface is level, except near the w. border, where it ascends to the slate hills, and in the e., where it descends to the river intervale. The soil is generally a deep, fertile loam mixed with disintegrated slate and hme- stone. Turin, (p. v.,) situated in the s. part, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 438. IIouscTille,^ (p. V.,) in the >- part, has a pop. of 90. The first settlement was made about 1798, by Xathaniel Shaler, of Middletown, agent of Wm. Constable and part owner, and the town was rapidly settled by immigrants from Kew England.* The first church (Presb.) was organized Sept. 19, 1802, by Rev. John Taylor. There are 6 churches in town. "IVATSOX' — ^was formed from Leyden, March 30, 1821. "Brantingham" (now Greig) was taken off in 1828, Diana in 1830, a part of Croghan in 1841, and a part of New Bremen in 1848. It lies upon the e. bank of Black River, and extends from near the center of the co. to its e. border. Its surface is level or gently rolling in the w. part, but in the central and e. parts it is more hilly and broken. It is watered by Beaver River, Independence Creek, and several smaller branches of Black River. The central and e. parts are yet covered with unbroken forests; and a large tract upon the extreme E. border, constitutes a portion of the far famed "John Brown's Tract." In the recesses of these forests are numerous beautiful lakes that are scarcely known except to hunters.. Chases Lake, on the s. border, is noted for its beautiful scenery and is much visited by tourists. The soil is light and sandy. "Watson,' (p. o.,) situated on Black River, in the w. part of the town, is a hamlet. The early settlers located along the river, and settlements were not made in the interior until about ISlo."* The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1820. There are 3 churches and 1 church edifice (JI.E.) in town." "WEST TlJRIJf— was formed from Turin, 3Iarch 25. 1830. Osceola was taken off in 1844, Montague in 1850, and High Market and a part of Lewis in 1852. It lies upon the w. bank of Black River, s. of the center of the co. Its inclination is toward the e., its surface rising by suc- cessive terraces from the intervale of Black River to the hills 800 feet above. Its streams are Sugar River, which flows easterly through near the center of the town, and numerous smaller creeks and brooks. Lyons Falls, upon Black River, plunge over a ledge of gneiss rock 63 feet in height, at an angle of about 60°.'^ These falls form an excellent water power but little used. 1 By the act organizing this town. Township No. 9, or TTandel. of the Eleven Towns, was annexed to Lewis co. Tiie town was named in honor of Charles C. Pincl^ne^^ a statesman of S. C. 2 Amono; the early settlers were J. Peninfrton, Phineas Wool- worth, X. E. MtHidy. Stephen and .lames Hart, and Stephen Armstrong. French was ?ncceeded in 1?05 by Jesse Hopiiins. and he by J. W. Bostwick. a few years after. Owing to its great elevation, the town is liable to deep snows, and, in conseqnence, its settlement was retarded until a recent dat«. Since the in- trodnction of daii-5'ing,it has !>eci37. The first colonial Court of Sessions on Staten Island was held Oct. 4, 16S0. The first coort after the Revolution convened May 3, 17S4; and tbe first cotu't of Oyer and Terminer under the Stito Government was held May '22, 1787, Kichard Morris, Chief Jnstico, presiding. The fiist co. officers under the StateGovern- mcnt were David M.GVBevea.vi, First Judge ; Cornelius Merseveau, Heudrick Oari'ison, Peter Rezeau, Anthony Fountain, John Wandle, Gilbert Jacksob, and Lambert Men-ill, Judges ixaA Jus- tices; Abram Bancker, Sheriff; John Mersereau, Clerk; and Adrian Bancker, ^SK'n-of^oJ^R. !■'* Tho cniiiinissioncrs under whose suporvisipn this building wa.s erected were Richard 1). bittle, IIarman*i. Cropsc-y, and Waltei' Butts. The jail is reixirted an without ventilation nsi8t of a main edifice with two wings, a hospital, (erected in 1853,) a commodious diningand lodging hall, (erected in 1855,) a chapel, (erected in 1856,) the governor, physician, cha]jlain, and steward's dwellings, a laundry, a gardener's house, and other buildings. The remains of the founder of the insti- tution were interred beneath a monument in front of the main building, Aug. 31, 1834. The officers of the establishment con- Bist of a president, secretary, governor, treasurer, chaplain, phy- sician, assistant governor, steward, and agent, chosen annually by the trustees. Capt.John Whetten was the first governor, and Bincel845 Capt. De Peysterhae held that ofBce. The total number of inmates received since 1845 has been 477 ; the present num- ber (Aug. 1858) is 380. Among the inmates the average number of deaths is 25 per annum. The annual income of the institu- tion is $75,000. 2 « The Society fortheRelv:/ of Destitute CliiXdrenof ^ameri" ■was formed in 1846 and incorp. 1851. An annual payment of $2 constitutes a member, and a single payment of $25, a life mem- ber. It is managed and chiefly supported by ladies. The yearly expenditures are about J7,000. 8 A silk handkerchief printing establishment, started here in 1843, gives employment to about 150 persons. ♦ Named from Gov. Daniel D. Tompkins, who resided herefrom ia4 till his death in 1825. , . 6 2 Prot. E., Bap., Moravian, Ref. Prot. D., R. C, and Unit. « The Damascus Steel Co. employs 50 to 60 hands in the manu- facture of iron from the ore, and of steel from iron. At this place are several large brickkilns. The Northfield Brick Co. employ about 30 hands, and the Richmond Co, about 45. White lead is also manufactured to some extent. ' The granite obtained at this place is very tough, and consists of hornblende and feldspar intimately blended. It was quarried by the Bi-icU and Granite Co., (organized in May, 1848,) and was largely used in making the Russ pavemen t of New York City. A R. a. has been built from the quarry to the dock, — a distance of 1 mi. 8 Named from Jas. Egberts, a former i-esident. * Elias Duxbury, by will in 1768, devised a certain plantation as a glebe to this church. By the act of Eeb. 18, 1814, the trus- tees were authorized to sell this, and the proceeds were invested for the benefit of the church. A large amount of valuable real estate adjoining the Quamntine Ferry is owned by this society, and is leased for a term of 50 years. 10 3 Bap.. 2 M. E., Evang. Luth., Cong., Meth., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., and R. C. 11 The waters of the bay s. of this town were selected for the anchorage of infected vessels by the commissioners for the re- moval of the quarantine. June 9. 1857. 12 In March, ISOl, a tax was imposed upon seamen and pas- sengers entering the port of New York, the proceeds of which were applied to the Quarantine Hospital. But the injustice of devoting a revenue derived from the hard earnings of seamen to objects having no connection with their interests or support led to the passage of a law in 1831, by which this tax was dii-ected to be paid to the Board of Trustees of the Seamen's I'und and Retreat in the city of New York. A surplus that had been paid into the State treasury, amounting to $12,197 68, was also placed in the hands of the trustees. A tract of 40 acres was bought for $10,000, temporary buildings were erected, and, on the 1st of Oct. 1831, 47 patients were admitted. The cornerstone of the present structure was laid July 4, 1835, and the building was finished in 1837. It is built of hammered stone, is 3 stories high, and will accommodate 200 inmates. An insane hospital, nouses for the superintendent and physicians, and other buildings, have been erected. The cost of the main building wafi $90,000, of the insane hospital $6,000, and the total cost has been $115,000. Up to Jan. 1, 1854, 16,764 patients had been received, of whom 680 had died. By an act passed April 7, 1854, the mayor and health officer of New York, the presidents of the Seamen's Sav- ings Bank and the Marine Society, and 7 other persons, (4 of whom must be masters of vessels, appointed by the governor and Senate.) were constituted trustees of the establishment. The trustees must be residents of New York, Kings, Queens, or Rich- mond Cos. 13 By an act passed in 1847, the trustees of the Seamen's Tie- treat were directed to provide for the support of destitute sick or infirm mothera, wives, sisters, daughters, and widows of si-a- mcn, and $10,000 was applied for the orectiou of suitable build- 184 RICHMOND COUNTY. on a creek tributary to the Fresh Kils, on the line of Northfield. It is the co. seat, and contains the CO. buildings, 1 church and about 50 houses. Bay View is a p. o., and IVew Orop a ham- let. The census reports 5 churches in town.^ WESTFIEJLS* — was formed March 7, 1788. It occupies the s.w. extremity of the island, and is the largest town in the co. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. Princess Bay is an indentation upon the s. coast, to the E. of which is Seguines Point.^ Fresh Kils forms the boundary between this town and Northfield. Material for fire brick is found in abundance near Staten Island Sound, and considerable quantities of it have been taken to New York for manufacture. Upon the coast, near the vr. extremity of Princess Bay, is a lighthouse.' The people of this town are principally engaged in fishing and taking oysters. A limited amount of manu- factures is carried on.* Tottenville^ (Bentley p.o.) is situated on Staten Island Sound, op- posite Perth Amboy. Pop. 600. Rossville* (P-v.) has a population of 300. The inhabitants are chiefly engaged, directly or indirectly, in the oyster trade. I^emon Creek (p.o.) is a hamlet, known as "Pleasant Plains," and Marsliland is a p. o. Blooming View' and Woodrow are small villages. Ricliniond Valley (p.o.) is a hamlet, and Soutliside a p. 0. The census reports 7 churches in town.' Acres of hand., Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freelwlders, Schools, Live Stoch, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Pichmond County. Names op Towns. Acres of Land. 1 Taltjation op 1858. Population. [ 1 1 Schools. 1 i 1 1 1 i ^ 1 J ^1 II Castleton Northfield Southfield Westiield 1,369 3.776i 2,762 7,1S5J 8621 2,932 1,483 2,326 $3,030,090 1,269,095 1,830,833 824,800 $326,000 76,000 17,600 76,000 $3,365,090 1,334,095 1,848,333 890. son 4,102 2,064 2,654 1,749 4,160 2,123 2,795 1,762 1,164 696 769 611 1,447 939 1,003 667 623 618 473 473 6 8 4 7 2,638 1,790 2,409 1,296 Total 16,072* 7,602J- J6,944,818 $492,500 $7,437,318 10,569 10,820 3,220 4,066 2,087 24 8,133 Names op Towns. Live Stock. Agkiculturai Products. 'PI 1 §■1 III 137 230 207 427 6 i 1 1 183 396 291 856 Bush, of Gsain. 1 •s- s 652 1,501 1,686 3,293 7,032 P So mo. Dairy PsoDucTa. 1 5,641 16,366i 12,910 27,216i 62,132J S 1 11 101 229 135 aso 132 399 212 446 2 25 30 67 1.019 3,193i 4,970 6,2S4# 4,077 8,471 2,972 6,219 28 2,595 12.625 8,045 800 Northfield Southfield. Westfield Total 845 1,061 1,189 1,726 14,467i 21,739 28 24,366 ings. An association of ladies, styled " The Mariners' Family Industrial Society," was incorp. April 9, 1849, having for its object the relief of the destitute families of seamen. The build- ing was completed in Dec. 1853, opened in May, 1855, and dedi- cated June 9 of the same year. By an act passed March 17, 1851, a board of trustees was created for its management: this board consists of certain ex-officio members and the Board of Counsel- lors of the M. F. I. Soc. Ten per cent, of the receipts by the Trustees of the Seamen's Fund and Ketreat was applied to this establishment by a law parsed April 12, 1854. 1 2 Piot. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., and 1 R.C. - Pronounced Se-guine. This point was purchased by the State as a site for the quarantine. See page . 3 Built in 1828. * The Staten Island Oil Co. was organized in July, 1853, and incorp. as the " StaUm Island OUand Gandh Co." in Feb. 1S57 ; 30 to 40 hands are employed in the manufacture of adamantiua candles and red oil from palm oil and animal fats. On the Fresh Kils is a manufactory of fire brick, and near Rossville a maniifactory of bone black, 6 Named from the Totten family, tlie members of which m'o numerous in the locality. 6 Named from Wm.B. Ross. ' A seminary, called the ^^ Huguenot Institute" was formerly located at this place. 8 2 M. E., Bap., Af. Meth., Prot. E., Kef. Prot. D., andR. C. ONTARIO COUNTY. This county was formed from Montgomery, Jan. 27, 1789. It -was named from Lake Ontario, which originally formed its rr. hoiindary. Steuben co. was taken off in 1796, Genesee in 1802, parts of Mon- roe and Livingston in 1821, and Yates and a part of "Wayne in 1823. A strip was annexed from Montgomery co., vr. of Seneca I Lake, Feb. 16, 1791, and a small tract in the fork of Crooked Lake, 1 from Steuben, Feb. 25, 1814. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains an area of sq. mi. It lies upon the extreme N. declivities of the central Alleghany Mt. Range, and has a northerly inclination, the summits of the s. hills being ele- vated about 1000 feet above the general level of the n. portions of the CO. The s. portion, lying w. of Canandaigua Lake, is a hilly and broken region, divided into ridges with steep declivities and summits 1500 to 1700 feet above tide. The ridges all have a general n. and s. direction, declining toward the n., and termi- nating in a beautifully rolling region, which embraces all of the co. E. of Canandaigua Lake, and that portion lying w. of the lake and N. of the N. line of Bristol. The ridges in this section gradu- ally rise to a height of 20 to 250 feet above the valleys, and give to the land sufficient inclina- tion for thorough drainage. A terrace with declivities 100 to 250 feet high, descending toward the N., extends through the N. portions of East and West, Bloomfield and the s. part of Victor, at right angles to the general range of the ridges. The extreme N. parts of the co. are occupied by drift ridges similar to those in Wayne and Seneca cos. The geological formation of this co. is nearly the same as that of the cos. lying e. of it in the same latitude. The lowest rocks, occupying the N. parts of Phelps, Manchester, Farmington, and Victor, belong to the Onondaga salt group. The gypsum of this group crops out along the banks of the streams, and is extensively quarried along the Canandaigua Outlet, in Phelps and Man- chester, and upon Mud Creek, in Victor. The water limestone, next above, crops out in Phelps, Manchester, and Victor, and is quarried for waterlime and building stone. The Onondaga and corniferous limestones next appear, and are quarried for building, stone in Phelps. The Mar- cellus and Hamilton shales occupy all the central portions of the co. s. of the foot of Canandaigua Lake ; and next above them successively appear the TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and the Portage group, the last occupying South Bristol, Canadioe, and Naples. This last group furnishes a sandstone used for flagging and building. Except in the extreme s. parts of the co., the under- lying rocks have little influence upon the soil, as nearly the whole surface is covered deeply with drift deposits, consisting of sand, clay, and gravel, intermixed with the disintegrated lime- stone and gypsum evidently deposited by some great torrent that once swept across the co. in u, s. direction. The rocks are seen at some points along the banks of the lakes and the courses of the streams. In Bristol are several springs of carburetted hydrogen gas emanating from the strata of Genesee slate.' The CO. is drained by the Iloneoye Outlet, a tributary of the Genesee River, and by the Canan- daigua Outlet and Mud Creek, tributaries of the Clyde River. Iloneoye Outlet receives as tribu- taries Egypt Brook and the outlets of Hemlock and Canadice Lakes ;^ Mud Creek receives Beaver, Fish, and Hog Hollow Creeks ; and Canandaigua Outlet receives Fall and Flint Creeks. Besides these, Irondequoit Creek flows through the n. w. corner of the co. Keshong Creek and Burralls and Castle Brooks flow into Seneca Lake. Several of the beautiful lakes which form the most peculiar and interesting feature of the landscape for which Central New York is celebrated lie partly or wholly in this co. Seneca, forming a portion of the E. boundary, is descriljed under Seneca co.' Canandaigua Lake lies almost wholly within the limits of the co. The shores are beautifully sloping dovm to the very edge of the water, except near the head of the lake, wliere they rise in steep bluffs to a height of 300 to 800 feet. Its surface is 668 feet above tide. 1 The principal of these gas spriuKS are in Bristol IIollow, on both banks of Canandaigua Lalie, within 3 mi. of the village, and in East Blnomficld and Kichniond. A sulphur spnng is R^.....^ ..n fi.n rttitinf nf Mip lnlrf._hnt. thonrinr.inal one Is at CliftoD. - Hemlock Outlet, called by the Indians 0-neh'd.a, signifying heniloclc. s See p. . 185 ONTARIO COUNTY. Honeoye,* Canadice,^ and Hemlock Lakes are smaller bodies of water, and are each surrounded by bluffs and hills rising to a height of 500 to 700 feet above them. The soil for the most part consists of clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam, formed from the drift deposits. In the valleys and the rolling region -which extends through the central and n. parts of the CO. the loam is very deep and rich, forming one of the finest agricultural regions in the State. Upon the hills in the s. part of the co. the soil is made up principally of disintegrated shale and slate, forming a fine, fertile grazing region. Upon the drift hills in the w. are some small sections covered with a deep, light sand, moderately productive. The geographical and geological features of this co. render it eminently adapted to the various branches of agriculture ; and few*cos. in the State excel this in the progress of scientific improve- ment as applied to agricultural operations. Wheat was for many years the staple crop ; but of late more attention has been given to the production of the coarser grains, to stock growing, and the cultivation of fruits. Wool growifig has also received considerable attention, and the fine Merino sheep were introduced at an early period. The manufactures are mainly of a domestic character, such as pertain to agricultural districts. The county seat is located at Canandaigua, at the foot of Canandaigua Lake. A courthouse, jail, and CO. clerk's office were erected here in 1793, soon after the organization of the co.^ In 1825 a new courthouse was built; and in 1858 a splendid edifice was erected at the joiut expense of the CO. and of the U. S. Government, containing a U. S. and co. courtroom, jury and supervisors' rooms, U. S. district clerk's and co. clerk's offices, surrogate's office, and p. office. The building is of brick, with iron and tile fioors, and is entirely fireproof. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 212 acres in Hopewell, 4 mi. e. of Canandaigua, It is built of brick, and contains ample accommodations. The average number of inmates is 136, supported at a weekly cost of 57 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $4,000. A school is taught during the whole year.* The general management and sanitary arrangements of this establishment are creditable to the co. The principal works of internal improvement in the co. are the Erie Canal, which enters the CKti-eme N. e. coriter of Manchester, the N. Y. C. R. R., extending through the n. and central por- tions of the CO., the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls R. R., a branch of the Central, extending w. from Canandaigua and crossing the Central at Batavia, and the Canandaigua & Elmira R. R., extending s. e. and connecting with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at Elmira. Besides these, there are several lines of plank road in the co. ; but most of these have been abandoned. Seven newspapers were published in the co, in 1855.^ 1 Indian name Ha'ne-a-yeh, lying like a finger. 2 Indian name Ska/ne-a-dice, long lake. 3 The first Circuit Court was held at the inn of Mr. Patterson, in Geneva, in June, 1793; and the first court of Common Pleas, at the house of Nathaniel Sanbern, in Canandaigua, in Nov. 1794. The first co. officers were Oliver Phelps, First Jiidge ; Nathl. Gorham, Co. Clerk; John Cooper, Surrogate; and Judah Coit, Sheriff. The first justices of peace appointed in Western N.Y. were Asa Ransom and Wm. Rumsey, for Ontai-io co., in Dec. ISOl. By an act passed April 3, 1798, deeds were required to be recorded in the clerk's office. This was many years before the general act for recording in clerks' offices. * This school is supported by ^he interest of a fund given by a private individual for this purpose. The schoolhouse is situated in a fine yard and is suri-ounded by trees. 6 Tlie Ontario Gazette and Genesee Adveriiner, the first paper in the present co. of Ontario, was started at Geneva, April, 1797, by Lucius Carey, ajid removed to Canan- daigua in 1799. The Iwpnrtial Americav^ or Seneca Museum, was published at Geneva in 1800, by Ebenezer Eaton. The Expo.'iitor was started at Geneva. Nov. 19, 1806, by James Bogprt. who in 1809 changed it to The Geneva Gazette, and continued it until Dec. 4, ly-y-i. In 1S27 it bore the title of Tfie Gazette avd Genpral Jdvertfxer. It was published by John Greves and J. C. IVTerriU until 1837 ; by J. Taylor Bradt until 1839; and by Stone & Frazer a short time longer, when H was discontinued. It was revived in Jan. 1845 by Ira and S. 11. Parker. Geo. M. Horton Avas at one time interested in its publication, and it is now published by S. 11. Parker. The Geneva PaUadium ■wd.s commenced in 1816 by Young & Crosby, and was published successively by S. P. Hull, John T. Wilson, and Connely, until 1828, when it was discontinued. The Geneva Chrnnide was started in 1828 by Jackson, and continued 2 years. The Indppendcnt American was published bv T. 0. Strone in 1831. . ^ -^ ^ The Geneva American was published by Franklin Cowdery in 1830. The Geneva Courier was established by John C.Mer- rill in 1830, and continued until 1833. Its publication was continued by Snow & Williams, Ira Merrill, Hew- lett & Van Yalkenburgh, Cleveland & Hook, and Win- throp Atwell, successively, until Oct. 1854, when it passed into the hantlsof William Johnson, its present publisher, A daily paper was issued from this ofBce about 6 months in 1845-46. The Herald of Truth (Univ.) was started in 1834, at Geneva, by Prescott & Chase, and continued until 1837, when it was removed to Rochester. The Geneva Democrat was published during the campaign of 1840, by Stone & Pi-azer. The District School Journal, mo., was started at Geneva in 1840 by Francis Dwight, and removed to Albany in 1841. The Geneva Advertiser and Afechanics' Advnrafe was started in 1841 by S. Merrill & Co., scmi-w., and continued 1 year. The Geneva Budget was comniencf^d in 1852, by Sproul & Tan- ner, and continued 2 years. The New Tm-k State Intelligencer was published in 1848. The Ontario Whig, semi-w.. was started at Geneva by Wm. C. Busted in 1850, and continued until 1852. T?ie Geneva Independent and Freeman^s Gazette was established in 1851, by W. K. Fowle, and continued by him until 1855, and by H. G. Moore until June, 1857. Since then it has been published by W. K. Fowle as The Geneva Ijedeer. The Geneva Oatly Union has been published since May 10, 1858, by W. K. Fowle. The Ontario Gazette and Genesee Advertiser was brought from Geneva to Canandaigua in 1799, and published by Lucius Carey until 1802. John Keep Gould, who then became the publisher, changed its name to The Western depository and Genesee Advertiser ; and in 1803 it was again changed to The Western Repository. James D. Bemis became interested in its publication in 1804, and in 1808 he issued it as The Ontario Repository, and continued it until 1828. It was published by Morse & Ward. Morse & Wilson, and Morso & Harvey, until 1835, and until 1840 by Chauncey Morse. The last named was succeeded by Geo. L. Whit- »iou wliniii.Tan 1 B^^fi or,lil iff,. TT O. JIT ITI... f.^I_ ONTARIO COUNTY. 187 The territory lying within the limits of this co. was the chief seat of the Senecas, the most numerous and powerful tribe of the " Six Nations/' Their chief village was at Kanadesaga, upon and just w. of the present site of Geneva, at the foot of Seneca Lake. In all the wars of the Iroquois League the Senecas bore a conspicuous part; and especially did they incur the bitter enmity of the French occupants of Canada. In 1687, Be Nonville, Governor of ''New France,'' at the head of 1,600 French soldiers and 400 Indian allies, invaded the Seneca country by way of the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario. At a defile near the site of the present village of Victor an engagement ensued, resulting in the defeat of the Indians, though with great loss to the French. De Nonville marched forward, burned the village of Gannagaro and several others, and returned.^ In the succeeding year the Senecas and their allies in turn invaded the French settlements in Canada and took bloody revenge.'^ In the progress of the wars that ensued, the Six Nations were sometimes neutral and sometimes allies of the English; but the country of the Senecas was never afterward invaded by the French, During the Revolution the Senecas espoused the English cause ; and in 1779 Gen. Sullivan in- vaded their country from the s., burned their villages, destroyed their corn and orchards, and left tlie most beautiful region in the Indian domains a desolate waste. At the conclusion of peace, the force and spirit of the Indians were annihilated, and they quietly yielded to the gradual encroach- ments of the whites, until the last acre of their hunting grounds within the limits of this co., and the very graves of their fathers, passed out of their possession.^ lowing month the office was hurned and the paper suspended. In May following it was revived as Tile National Ne-w Yorlcer and Ontario Re- posit ory , by II. G. Moore and Dr. B. F. Tifft : and in May, ls:i7. it passed into the bands of Geo. t. Whitney &, Son, by whom it is now published. The OntaHo Freemon was established at Canandaigua by Isaac Tiffany in 1803. In 1806 it passed into the hands of John A. Stevens, who changt'd its name to The Ontario Messenger. It was successively pub- lished by Day & Morse, L. L. Morse, B. W. Jones, and T. B. Hohn. The latter was succecrled in Nov. 1845, by Jacob J. Mattison, the present publisher. The JRepublicnv was started at Canandaigua by A. N. Phelps in 1824, and was afterward published a short time by T. M. Barnum. The OntoTW Phmvix was issued .nt Canandnifnia in 1827 by "W. ^V. Phelps. R. Eoycu became its publisher soon after, and changed its name to Tfie Fvpnu'v. In 1836 it was united with The Repository. The Ctaif Club, a campaign paper, was published at Canan- daigua in 1844. The Seminarian, a literary mo., was published at Canandaigua in 1851. The Ontario Co. Times was established Jan. 1, 1852, by N. J. Milliken, and in lSo5 sold to Wilson Miller, who changed it to The Ontario Times. In Feb. 185R,theestablishment was hurned and the paper sui=ppndefl. It was re-establishod in May following bv Mr. Milliken. and is still published by him as Tlie Ontario RepuWlcnn Times. The'Vienna IfepvhHcan was -stHvted at " rf>?j«necas were engaged in the battle, and that the French retreated before the warriors could rally from the difl'prpnt villages. . , , , „. 2 In this expedition 1000 French were killed and 26 prisoners taken, who were afterward burned at the Ptake. 8 Numerous traces of ancient occupation— perhaps by a people thatpr^cedpd the late Indian race— arc found in this co. Trench enclosures have been noticed in Canandaigua, Seneca, and other towQB.—Squier's Aboriginal Monuments of N. T., 4to ed., pp. 90 Ki AO A9 Seaver, in his Life of Mary Jemison, gives the following: — "The tradition of the Seneca Indians in regard to their origin is that they broke out of the earth from a large mountain at the head of Canandaigua Lake ; and that mountain they still venerate as the place of their birth. Thence they derive their name, 'Ge-nun-de-wah,' or 'Great Hill,' and are called 'The Great Hill People,' which is the true definition of the word Seneca. The great hill at the head of Canandaigua Lake, from whence they sprung, is called Genundewah, and has for a lopg time past been the place where the Indians of that nation have met in council, to hold great talks and to offer up prayers to the Great Spirit, on account of its having been their birthplace; and also in consequence of the destruction of a serpent at that place, in ancient time, in a most miraculous manner, which threatened the destruction of the whole of the Senecas and bai-ely spared enough to commence replenishing the earth. The Indians say that the fort on the big hill, or Genundewah, near the head of Canandaigua Lake, was surrounded by a mon- strous serpent, whose head and tail came together at the gate. A long time it lay there, confounding the people with its breath. At length* they attempted to make their escape. — some with their hominy blocks, and others with different implements of household furniture, — and in marching out of the fort walked down the throat of the serpent. Two orphan children, who bad escaped this general destruction by being left on this side of the fort, were informed by an oracle of the means by which they could get rid of their formidable enemy. — which was to take a small bow. and a poisoned airow made of a kind of willow, and with that shoot the serpent under its scales. This they did, and the arrow proved effectual; for, on its penetrating the skin, the serpent became sick, and, extending itself, rolled down the hill, destroying all the timber that was in its way, disgorging itself and breaking wind greatly as it went. At every motion a hu- man head was discharged and rolled down the hill into the lake, where they lie nt this day in a petrified state, having the hardness and appearance of stones; and the pagan Indians nf the Senecas believe that all the little snakes were made nf the blood of the great serpent after it rolled into the lake. To this day the Indians visit that sacred place, to mourn the loss of their friends and to celebrate some rites that are peculiar to themselves. To the knowledge of white people, there has been no timber on the great hill since it was first discovered by them, though it lay apparently in a state of nature for a great number of years, without cultivation. Stones in the shape of Indians' heads may be seen lying in the lake in great plenty, which are said to be the .':ame that were deposited there at the death of the serpent. The Senecas have a tradition that previous to and for some time after their origin at Genundewah the country, especially about the lakes, was thickly inhabited by a race of civil, enterprising, and industrious people, who were totally destroyed by the great serpent that afterward surrounded the great hill fort, with the assistance of others of the same species; and that they (the Senecas) went into possession of the improve- ments that were left. In those days the Indians thrmighout the whole country — aa the Senecas say — spoke one language; but, having become considerably numerous, the before men- tioned great serpent, by an unknown influence, confounded their language, so that they could not understand each other, which was the cause of their division into nations, — as the Mo- hawks, Oneidas, &c. At that time, liowever. ihe Senecjis re- tained the original language, and continued to occupy their mother hill, on which they fortified themselves against their enemies and lived peaceably, until, having offended the aei-pent, they were cut off, as I have before remarked." 188 ONTARIO COUNTY. By the terms of the charter of the colony of Mass., the region between its n. and s. boundaries, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, was embraced ; and the title to .this territory was claimed by Mass. after the Revolution. The subsequent charter of the State of New York intervened and conflicted with this claim, — from which difEiculties arose, which were finally settled by commissioners at Hart- ford, Conn., on the 16th of December, 1786. It was there agreed that Mas.s. should cede to N. Y. the sovereignty of all the territory claimed by the former lying within the limits of the latter, and that N. Y. should cede to Mass. the property of the soil, or the right of the pre-emption of the soil from the Indians. This agreement covered all that part of the State lying w. of a line running n. from the "82d milestone," on the line between N. Y. and Penn., througa Seneca Lake to Sodas Bay. This line is known as the " Old Pre-emption Line."^ In 1787 Mass. sold the whole of this tract, containing 6,000,000 of acres, to Oliver Phelps and Nathaniel Gorham, for one million dollars. In the following spring Mr. Phelps left his home in Granville, Mass., with men and means to explore the country thus acquired. He collected the sachems, chiefs, and warriors of the Six Nations at Kanadesaga, and in July, 1788, concluded with them a treaty of purchase of a tract containing 2,250,000 acres, bounded E. by the pre-emption line, w. by a line 12 mi. w. of, and nm- ning parallel with, the Genesee River, s. by the Penn. line, and n. by Lake Ontario.^ The portion of the tract to which the Indian title had not been extinguished, constituting about two-thirds of the original purchase, was abandoned by Messrs. Phelps and Gorham and reverted to Mass. It was re-sold by that State to Robert Morris, in 1796, and subsequently formed what is known as the Holland Land Purchase. In 1789, Mr. Phelps, at Canandaigua, opened the first regular land office for the sale of land to settlers ever established in America. The system he adopted for the survey of his lands by townships and ranges, with slight modifications, was adopted by the Government for the survey of all the new lands in the U. S. When organized in 1789, Ontario was the first co. set ofi' from Montgomery, and embraced all that part of the State lying w. of the E. line of Phelps and Gorhams Purchase, including what was called "The Genesee Country." The first settlement was made on the site of the Indian village of Kanadesaga, (now Geneva,) hi 1787. Soon after the land ofBce at Canandaigua was opened, and several settlements were com- menced in different parts of the co. From this period the progress of settlement was rapid, immi- grants being attracted by the beautifully rolling character of the surface and the unsurpassed fertility of the soil. Few incidents of general interest have occurred to interrupt the steady and continued progress of peaceful industry. The most notable of its later historical events is its being the scene of the birth of Mormonism. Joe Smith resided for many years in Manchester; and his pretended discovery of the golden plates of the Book of Mormon was made on the 22d of September, 1 The history of this Pre-emption Line is interesting. Of course, it wsm mere conjecture where the Hue would fall as fai- N. as Seneca Lake, and parties were intr-rested to have the line fall w. of Geneva, leaving that place and a considerable tract of land between the Military Tract and the Mass. lands. Seth Reed and IV-ter Hyckman, both of whom had been Indian tra- ders, appliid to the f^tate of New York for a remuneration for fiervine.'^ rendered in some previous negotiations with the eastern ]iortion of the Six Niitions, and proposed to take a patent for a tract the boundaries of which should 1 leRin at a tree on the bank of the .Seneca Lake and ran alonj; the bank of the Inkc to the s. until they should have Ifi.OOO .acres lutwc-cn the lake and the e. bounds of the land coded to MMsachusetts. Their request was acceded tij nnd a patent issued. Thu.s situated, they proposed to .Mc.-j,5r«. Phelpj and (iorham to join tlnm in running the Pre- emption Line, efich party furnishing a surveyor. The line was run which is known ai the " Old Pre-emption Line." Messrs, I'helps and Gorham were much disappointed in the result, — sns- P"eted error or fraud, but made no movement for a re-survey b-f.re they had sold to the Kn^'lish Association. Their sns].'i- cions had at lir.st been oxeitid by an ofTrr from a prominent member of the Lessee r-„rii]iaiiv for "all the lands they owned eatt of the bne that had been run.'' They were so well assured of the f.ict that in their died to .Mr. Morris they specified a tract in n KoreT.etween the line tlen run anri the w. bounds of the connleMofMoMtKomery and Tinga. those counties then embracing all of tlie Military -fract. Being fully convinced of the iuaeen- raey of the first snrvey, Morris, in his sale to the Enfrlish Com- pany, agreed to ran it anew. The new survey was performed und.T the superintendence of Maj.ir.ops, who employed Andrew Llhcott and Augustus Porter to perform the labor. A corns of ax-men xvTe employed, an.l a vista 30 feet wide opened before the transit instrrm.ent until the line had reached the head of f-.-neca Lake vvhen night signals were employed to run down and over tie- lake. So much pains were taken to insure correct- ness thit the sni-v-ey was nevc-r disputed; and thus the '■ \ew J're-emption Line" was established as the true division line be- tween the lands of the State of Xew A'nrk and those tint had been ceded to Massachusetts. In examining the old survey Major TToops had discovered the precise points of deviation to the westward. It h.ad commenei-d soon after leaving the Penn- s.ylvania line, grarlnallv bewaring off until it ercissed the ontlet of the Crooked Lake, where an abrapt offset was made, and then an inclination for a few miles almost in a y.w. course; then, as if fearful that it was running w. farther than was necessarv to secure a given object, the line was made to incline to the E. until it passed the foot of Seneca Lake, when it was run nearly N. and 8, to Lake Ontario. All this will be observed upon any of the old maps. It will at onee be perceived that the site of Geneva— the 16,000 acres of lieed and Ryekman— had ciiiised more than a usual variation of the snrvevor's compass. Judge Porter's exjilanafion is as follows :—" Geneva was then a small settlement, beautifully situated on the Seneca Lake, rendered quite attractive by its lying beside an old Indian settlement in which there was an orchard." The Old Pre-emption Line terminated on Lake Ontario, 3 mi. w. of Sodua Hay, and the nr-w line very nearly the center of the head of the bay. With the exception of the abrupt varia- tions that have been noticed, the old line parting from the true meridian about 5 ini. 8. of the Chemung River, bears off gradu- ally until it reaches the shore of Lake Ontario. Thesfripof land betwei.)] the two lines m-.t-s called " Thr (thrpy In addition to the pati-ut granted to Reed and Hyckman. the State had pre- sumed the original survey to he cori-eet, and made 'iftii-r grants, and allowed the location of militarj- land warrants upon what had been made disputed ten-itoi-y. As an einiivahnt to the pur- ctasers of this tract, compens.ation lands were gi-ant.d by the State in the present towns ofWoleottand Gah-n, Wayne co, 2 The w. boundary of this tract was a lino '■ beginning in the northern line of Penn,, due south of tlie corner or point of land made by the confluence of the Genesee Itiverain] the Canaseraga Creek; thence north on said meridian line to the corner or point, at the confluence aforesaid; thence northwardly along the waters of the Genesej- River to a point two miles north of Canawagiis Village; thence running due west twelve miles; thence running northwardly, so as to be twi-lve mUes distant from the WMstern bounrls of said riv.i-, to thi- siiorc- of Lake On- tario."— r«rjicr'« Phelvsand Cnrhiu.i r,i,rl„,':^ ONTARIO COUNTY. 189 1827, Bngham Young -was also a long time a resident of Canandaigua ; and the first Mormon society was formed at Fayette, iu the adjoining oo. of Seneca, in 1830. BRISTOIi'— was formed in Jan. 1789, South Bristol was taken off in 1838, and a part was annexed to Richmond, March 23, 1848, and restored Feb, 25, 1852. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the oo. Its surface consists of a series of ridges, gradually declining to the N. The highest points are about 500 feet above the valleys. These ridges are divided by the deep valleys of Mud Creek and Egypt Brook, The declivities that border upon these streams in the s. part are usually very steep. The soil is a rich alluvial upon the intervales and disintegrated slate and shale among the hills. Bristol Center (p. v.) contains 30 houses; Baptist HiH^ 25; and >Iuttonville< 15. Bristol is a p, o. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1788, by Gamaliel Wilder and Joseph Gilbert, at what was called the "Old Indian Orchard.'"- The first religious services were performed by Rev, Zadock Hunn, in 1793. There are now 4 churches in town.* CAIVABICE' — was formed from Richmond, April 15, 1829, and a part was annexed to Rich- mond in 1836. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface consists of a high, broken upland separated into two ridges by Canadice Lake. The w. ridge, known as Bald Hill, is bordered ^y steep declivities, and the E. by more gradual slopes. The highest summits are about 700 feet above Honeoye Lake. The principal streams are the Canadice Inlet and Outlet and the Iloneoye Inlet The soil in tie valleys is a clayey loam ; upon the declivities of the hills it is mostly disintegrated shale and slate, and upon the summits in the s. part it consists of gravelly loam and black muck, Canadice Corners (p. o.) is a hamlet, forming the business center of the town. The first settlement was made by Kimball, in 1807.' There are now 3 churches in town.* CAflfAMDAIGSJA' — was formed Jan. 27, 1789, and a part annexed to Gorham, March 16, 1824. It is the central town of the co,, lying upon the w. and N. shores of Canaudaigua Lake. The surface is hilly in the s., but level or gently rolling in the n. The highest summits are about 600 feet above the lake. Canaudaigua Outlet, Beaver Creek, and Stevens Brook are the principal streams. The soil is a clayey loam in the N. and a deep, gravelly loam in the s., and in fertility this town rSnks among the first in the State. Canandaig'ua, (p. v.,) situated at the outlet of Canaudaigua Lake, is, iau important station on the N. Y. C. R. R., and the terminus of the Niagara" Falls &, Canaudaigua Branch, and of the Canaudaigua & Elmira R. R. A daily steamer connects it with Naples, at the head of the lake. It contains the co. buildings,'" a State arsenal," 5 churches, an aoademy,'^a female seminary," 3 newspaper offices, and a bank. It was incorp. April 18, 1815, and has a pop. of 4,154." Cliesllire, (p-v.,) in the s. part, contains 20 dwellings. CenterSeld (p-o.) is a hamlet, and Academy, near the s. line, is a p. o. Wm. Morgan, of masonic notoriety, was imprisoned at Canaudaigua previous to his disappearance.'* Settlement was commenced in 1788, by Phelps and Gorham and their associates, and considerable accessions were made in 1789 and '90.'* The first religious service was held at Canaudaigua, in 1789, by 1 Named from Bristol co., Masa., from which the first settlers came. 2 So named because a Baptist church was erected there at aa early date. « Derives its name from the establishment of a tallow chandlery there some years since. 30,000 sheep have been slaughtered there in a year. ■* William Gonding and George Codding settled in 1789, JameR. Elnathan, and George Gooding in 1790, and Alden Sears and John, George, Farmer, Burt, and William Codding in 1792. The first store and tavern were opened by Stephen SisRon, in 1793; George Wilder built the first gristmill, in 1790. Thomas Hunn taught the first school, in 1790. Cornelius McCrum was the first child born. 6 Bap., Cong., I\I. E., and TIniv. « This name is a corruption of the Indian name of Canadice Lake. ' Soon after, John Wilson settled at the head of Canadice Lake, and John Richardson, John Wlieeler, Samuel Spencer, and Ward near Canadice Corners. The first tavern was kept by Llewelyn Davis; and Severance & Ford opened the first store. The first sawmill was built at the head of Canadice Lake, by John Algur. ! M. B., Meth. Prot., and Wes. Meth. 9 This name was derived from Gan-a-dar-que, a village built by the Seneca Indians on the present site of the village of Canan- daigna. 10 In one of the courtrooms is a collection of portraits of the nrominent first settlors and residents of the CO.: viz., of Oliver Phelps, Gen. Peter B. Porter, Augustus Porter, Philip Church, William Wadsworth, Janus Wadsworth, Abner Barlow, Moses Atwater, Micah Brooks, Vincent Mathews, Walter Hubbell, John C. Spencer, John Greig, Nathaniel Rochester, Joseph Parish, Red Jacket, Judge Fitzhugh. Ambrose Spencer, Williaiu Williams, M.D., N. W. rtowell, William Wood, Stephen A. Douglas, Daniel D. Barnard, and Henry Welles. Among other distinguished residents of Canaudaigua were Hon. Gideon Gran- ger, Post Master General under JelTerson's administration, his son, Francis Granger, Post Master General under Harrison's ad- ministration, the iate Hon. Mark H. Sibley, and Hon. Joshua R. Giddings. u This arsenal was authorized before the war, and 1000 stand of arms were ordered to be deposited there, Feb. 12, 1808. 12 This academy was founded in 1795, by Gorham and Phelps. It is in a prosperous condition. 13 The Ontario Female Seminary was founded in 1825. Its buildings are commodious, and pleasantly situated upon grounds containing 7 acres. The number of students in 1857 was 311. 1* The CO. Agricultural Society has a lot containing 10 acres within the village limits, with suitable buildings, at which the annual fairs are held. See page . IS See page . 1« .\niong the settl'-rs in 17S9 were Joseph Smith. Israel Chapin. Nathaniel Gorham, jr., Frederick Saxton, Benjamin Gardner. Daniel Gates, Daniel Brainard, Martin Dudley, and James D. Fish. The first ijirth was that of Oliver Phelps Rice; and the first death, thit of Caleb Walker, both in 1790. Samuel Qardaor opened the ilrst store; and the first scliool was tai:ght 190 ONTARIO COUNTY. Rev. John Smith. The first church (St. Matthew's, Epis., now St. John's) was o.^ .ed Feb. 4, 1799 ; the Cong, church was formed Feb. 25, 1799. The census reports 10 churches m town. EAST BlrOOMFIELO— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " BloomfieJd." Mendon and Victor were taken off in 1812 ; its name was changed and West Bloomfield was taken ofi* in 1833. It is an interior town lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with a gentle inclina- tion .toward the n. The ridges are 50 to 600 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are the Mud, Fish, and Hog Hollow Creeks. The soil is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam, m places mixed with clay, and well adapted to nearly every kind of agriculture. East Bloomfield, (p. V.,) three-fourths of a mi. from the East Bloomfield Station, on the N. Y. Central R. R., contains 3 churches, an academy,' manufactories of agricultural implements and carriages. Pop. 590. Tills township having been purchased of Phelps and Gorham by a company from Berkshire co., Mass., its settlement was commenced in the spring of 1789.^ There are 4 churches in town;* the first (Cong.) was formed Sept. 8, and organized Nov. 15, 1795, by Rev. Zadook Hunn. The first church edifice in all Western N. Y. was erected in this town in 1801. FARMIlVGTOar*— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. It lies near the center of the n. border of the CO. Its surface is nearly level in the s., but in the N. it is broken by the drift ridges peculiar to this section of country, rising to a height of 50 to 100 feet above the general surface. The declivi- ties of these ridges toward the n.e. and w. are generally steep, but toward the s. they become gradual slopes. The streams are Mud and Beaver Creeks and Black Brook. A strip of land across the s. part, embracing about 3 tiers of lots, has a clay soil. North of this is a marshy region ; and farther n. the soil is a gravelly loam and very productive, with good proportions of arable, meadow, and grazing lands throughout the town. Sfeiv Salem, (Farmington p.o.,) a village in the N. part, contains 206 inhabitants. East Farmington, IVest Farmington, and IVortons Mills are p. offices. The settlement was commenced in 1789, principally by members of the denomination of Friends, from Berkshire, Mass., among whom were Nathan Com- stock, his sons Otis and Darius, and Robert Hathaway.' The first house of worship was erected by the Friends, in 1804. There are now 2 churches in town ; Friends and Wes. Meth. GORIIAItl' — was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " Easton." Its name was changed to "Lincoln," April 17, 1806, and to Gorham, April 6, 1807. Hopewell was taken off in 1822. A part of Canan- daigua was annexed in 1824. It lies upon the e. shore of Canandaigua Lake, s.e. of the center of the CO. Its surface is rolling, the ridges rising in gradual slopes.to a height of 25 to 200 feet above the valleys. Flint Creek is the principal stream. The soil in the e. part is principally a gravelly loam, and in the w. it consists of clay, and is generally fertile and productive. CtOrham,* (p-v.,) 3 mi. from the Gorham Station, on the C. & E. R. R., contains 3 churches and 310 inhabitants. Reeds Corners (p. v.) contains 3 churches and about 20 houses. The first settlement was made at Reeds Corners, in 1789, by James Wood.' There are now 6 churches in town.'" IIOPEWEEE — was formed from Gorham, March 29, 1822. It is an interior town, lying E. of the center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, with a northerly inclination. Canandaigua Outlet, Fall Creek, and Fall Brook are its principal streams. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam in the w., and the same mixed with clay in the center and e. It is very fertile and highly cultivated, Cbapinville, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., contains a church and about 30 dwellings ; Hopewell Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 16 dwellings. lay Mnjor Wallis, in 1792. There were in that year 30 families in town. The Legislature granted, March 31, 1804, to Levi Ste- phens and Jason Parlter the sole right of rnnning stages from TJtica to this place for a term of 7 years. The trip was to be performed twice a week, from June to October, within 48 hours, and at the rate of 4 €ts, a mi. if with R or more passengers. A similar monopoly was gi-anted, April 6, 1807, for 7 years, to John Motcalf, between this place and Buffalo. 1 The census reports 2 Bap., 2 Prot, E., 2 M. E., Cong., Free Will Bap., Christian, and R, C. 2 Incorp. Aprils, 1838. Theaveragcnumherof students islOO. 3 Deacon John Adams and his sons, John. William, Abner, Jonathan, and .Toseph, hi^ sons-in-law, Ephraim Rue and Loren Hull, and Elijah Bose, Moses Gunn, Lot Rue, John Barnes- Roger Sprague, and Asa llickox moved in with their families in 17SS. The first death was that of Lot Rue, in 1793; the first marriage — and the first upon the Phelps and Gorham Purchase ^w;ia that of Beiy. Ooss and a daughter of G«orge Codding. The first sawmill was ejected on Mud Creek, in 1790, by Gen. Fellows ; and the first st-'re was opened in 180G. by Norton & Ueacli. LanrA Adams taught the £rst sdiool, in 1794. < Cong., M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. 6 Named from Farmington, Conn. It was formed by the Court of General Sessions. 6 Early in 1790, Nathan Aldrich, Isaac Hathaway, Nathan Herendnn, Welcome Herendun, John McCumber, and .Joshua Herington. from the same place, joined the infant settlement, and were followed by 18 others the same year. Jacob and Jo- seph Smith built a gristmill in 179.3, and the first sawmill, in 179.5. The first birth was that of Welcome Herendun. in 1790; the first marriage, that of Otis Comstock and Huldah Freeman, in 1792: and the first death, that of Elijah Smith, in 1793. ' Named in honor of Nathaniel Gorham. 8 Formerly called '^B^tfipL" 9 Parley Gates, from Mass., settled on Lot 49 in 1796 ; and soon after, Oliver Howard and Henry Greene, from Oneida ro., N. Y., and Samuel and Sitaa Reed. Elijah Hurd. and others, came in. The first tavern was kept by William Sherwood, at Reeds Cor- ners, in 1800 ; the first gristmill was built by Levi Benton ; and Ihe first sawmill, by Bnrkley !i Craft, in 1807. Timothy Moore taught the first school, in IRO'2. i» 2 Bap., Cong., Prot. E., Presb., and M. E. ONTARIO COUNTY. 191 Hopewell is a p.o. Settlements were made in 1789-90.' There are 5 churches in town;^ the hrst church (Presb.) was formed in 1808. MAiVCHESTER— was formed from Parmington, March 31, 1821. as "Burt," and its name was changed April 16, 1822. It lies upon the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is nearly level m the s., but is occupied by irregular sand and gravel ridges of the drift formation in the N. Canandaigua Outlet, Fall Creek, and Black Brook are the principal streams. The soil is a gravelly loam and is very productive. Hydraulic limestone is quarried on "the Outlet" for buildmg purposes. There are 3 flouring mills in town. Clifton Springs, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., is situated in the e. part of the town. Pop. 340. At this place are the cele- brated Clifton Mineral Springs and an extensive water cure establishment.' Mancliester (p. v.) contains 374 inhabitants; Shortsville (p. v.) contains 35 dwellings and a large distillery; and Port Oibson, (p. v.,) on the Erie Canal, 50 dwellings; Manchester Center (p. v.) contains 18 dwellings. Plainsville (Gypsum p.o.) contains 12 houses. The first settlement was made in 1793, by Stephen Jared, Joel Phelps, and Joab Gillett.* Rev. David Irish preached in Manchester in Jan. 1797, and in Feb. following a, Bap. society was organized. There are now 8 churches in town.» Joe Smith, the Mormon prophet, resided in this town with his father: and Mormon Hill, the place where the gold Bible was found, is situated a little N. w. of the center of the town.' IVAPliES'— was formed Jan. 27, 1789, as " Middletown." The name was changed April 6, 1808. Italy was taken off in 1815, and a part of Springwater in 1816. It is the extreme s. town of the CO. The surface consists of a hilly and elevated upland, broken by the narrow and deep valleys of Canandaigua and Honeoye Inlets and Grinrlstone Creek. The summits of the hills are 600 to 1000 feet above the surface of the lake and 1300 to 1700 feet above tide. Their declivi- ties bordering on the streams are generally very steep. High Point and Hatch Hill are the highest summits. The soil upon the hills consists of clay and gravel mixed with disintegrated slate and shale ; and in the valleys it is a rich, gravelly loam mixed with alluvium. Fruit grow- ing is receiving much attention. Peaches are produced in great abundance ; and an experiment ia being made in the cultivation of grapes, which promises to be successful. Over 30 acres are now devoted to this object, and very satisfactory results have been realized. IVaples, (p. v.,) on the Canandaigua Inlet, 4 mi. from the lake, contains 5 churches and 3 flouring mills. Pop. 700. The first settlement was commenced in 1790, by a company from Berkshire co., Mass., by whom the town was purchased from Phelps and Gorham.' The first sermon was preached by Rev. Zadock Hunn, in June, 1792.' PHEIiPS"— was formed in 1796, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789. A part was annexed to Lyons, (Wayne co.,) April 11, 1823. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling, the ridges rising in gentle slopes 20 to 100 feet above the valleys. The highest point is 300 feet above Canandaigua Lake. The soil in the E. is a sandy loam with a clay subsoil, in the N. a mixed sandy and clayey loam, and in the w. a sandy and coarse gravelly loam, all highly produc- tive. Canandaigua Outlet, the principal stream, flows E. and N. through the center. Along its course are extensive quarries of gypsum and water limestone. In the town are quarries of Onon- 1 Amons the first settlers were Daniel Gates, Daniel Warner, Sweet, Ezra Piatt, Samuel Day, George and Israel Chapin, jr., Frederick Follott, Ben.]. "Wells, and Thomas Sawyer, niostly from Mass.. and William WyckofF, from Penn. The first child — Benj. Wells, jr. — was born Feb. 4, 1791. Calvin Bacon taught the first school, in 1792. The first tavern was kept by Ezra Piatt ; and the first mill was built by Oliver Phelps and Israel Chapin. in 1789. 2 3 M. E., Wea. Meth., and Presb. 8 A hotel was erected in 1806, as a dispensary ; and the water cure was established in 1850, by a company organized for that purpose, with a capital of $45,000. It has accommodations for 150 patients, and is largely patronized. The water of the spring was analyzed in 1852, by Dr. Chilton, of N. Y., with the following result in grains to 1 quatt : — Sulphate of lime 17..30 grs. " " magnesia 4.12 " " " soda. 1.94 " Carbonate of lime 2.42 " " " magnesia. 3.28 " Chloride of sodium 2.32 " " « calcium 1.02 " " " magnesia 1.02 " Organic matter trace. Ilydrosulphuric and «arbonic acids are also found in small quantities. * Nathan Pierce and John McLouth. from Berkshire, Mass., settled in the town in ITf."!: and .Tohn Van Fleet, Jedediiih Dewey, Benjamin Barney, William Mitchell, and Peleg Eedfield soon after. Sharon Boothe and a daufihter of Joab Gillett were married in 1793. Theophilus Sliort erected the first mill, at Shortsville, in 1S04; aud the first store was opened by Nathan Burton. Elam Crane taught the first school, in 1800. 6 2 Bap., 3 M. E., 2 Prot. Meth., and a Univ. 6 See p. . 7 Originally called '■ Wjt7>m-''town'' from Wm. Watkins, of» Berkshire, Mass., one of the purchasers under Phelps and Gor- ham, and called by the Indians Nuu'da-waK), great hill. 8 In Feb. 1790. Samuel, Keuben, and Levi Parish, with their families, came in; and in April following, Nathan and Wm. Watkins. John Johnson, Jonathan Lee, and William Clark, with their families, 30 persons in all. The first birth was that of Phineas P. Lee; and the first marriage, that of Benj. Clarlc and Thankful Watkins, in 1796. The first sawmill was .erected in 1792, by Benj. Clark and Jabez Metcalf. Susannah Parish taught the first school, in 1792. Myron H. Clark, late Governor of the Slate, was born in this town, Oct, 23, 1806, 9 There are 5 churches ia towii; Bap,, M. E,, PresU., Wes, Melh., and Christian, 192 ONTARIO COUNTY. dajra and corniferous limestone. Phelps^ (p. v.) ^a8 incorp. Jan. 2, 1855. It lies on Flint Creek, near its junction with the Canandaigua Outlet. Pop. 1278. Orleans (p.y.) as situated on Flint Creek. Pop. 218. OaltS Corners (p.o.) contains 15 houses.=^ The first settlement was made at Phelps, in 1789, by John D. Robinson, from Claverack, Columbia co.« Rev. Solomon Goodale was the first resident preacher in the town, holding religious services in schoolhouses and dwellings before any church edifice was erected. The first church (Presb.) was built in 1804.* RICSIMOIVO— waa ibrmed in 1796, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789, as "Fiitstown." Its name was changed to "Honeoije"' April 6, 1808, and to Richmond April 11, 1815. A part of Cana- dice was annexed April 30, 1836, and parts of Bristol and South Bristol in 1848; but the latter were restored in 1852. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. It consists of a nearly square portion of land lying near the foot of Honeoye Lake, and a narrow strip extending along the e. shore of that lake and its inlet to the s. border of the co.^ A wide valley occupies the center, opening toward the n., and surrounded by hills from 50 to 200 feet high on the 3 remaining sides. The southern strip is very hilly, the summits rising 500 feet above the surface of the lake. Honeoye and Hemlock Outlets and Egypt Brook are the principal streams. The soil upon the lowlands is clay, upon the hills a sandy loam mixed with clay. Much attention is given to im- proving the breeds of cattle and sheep ; and it is the largest wool growing town in the co., and per- haps in the State. Honeoye, (p. v.,) at the foot of Honeoye Lake, is the business center of the town. Pop. 244. Richmond Mills (p.o.) and Aliens Hill« (p.o.) are hamlets. This town was purchased of Phelps and Gorham by a company ; and the first settlement was made by Capt. Peter Pitts and his sons William and Gideon, in 1789.'^ There are 5 churches in town.^ SESECA— was formed in 1793, under the act of Jan. 27, 1789. It is the s. e. corner town of the CO,, lying upon the w. shore of Seneca Lake. The surface is beautifully rolling, the ridges rising 20 to 200 feet above the valleys. The shores of the lake are bluffs about 100 feet above the surface of the water. The streams are Flint and Keshong Creeks and Burralls and Castle Brooks. The soil is a deep, rich loam, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay mixed together, the gravel predominating upon the ridges. The soil is admirably adapted to the production of fruit trees, and the business of the nursery has become one of the leading pursuits in the town. Two large nursery establishments are located within the limits of the village of Geneva. Com- merce and manufactures receive considerable attention. Creneva,^ (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1806, is beautifully situated at the foot of Seneca Lake. It contains a flourishing union school,'** a large private boarding school,^^ 3 newspaper ofiices, and 9 churches. It is also the seat of Hobart Free College.^^ The Geneva Water Cure and Hygienic Institute is finely situated near the center of the village. A daily line of steamers connects this place with the upper ports upon Seneca Lake. Pop. 5,057. Castleton, (Seneca Castle p.o.,) on Flint Creek, in the n.w. part, contains 2 churches and 35 dwellings. Hint Creek, (p-o.,) Halls Corners, (p.o.,) and Stanleys 1 Formerly called " Vienna." 2 The culture of raspberriea has recently been introduced in tbiR vicinity, and promiBes to be successful. 8 N. i=anborn. Gonld, Pierce, Philetus Swift, and lihu Grander, from Conn., settled in town in 1789; Tbaddeus Oaks. Setb "Dpan, Oliver and Charles Humphrey. John Salisbury, Kichnlfis Pullen, Walter Chase, and Klias Dickinson in 1791; John Patten and David Boyd in 1792; Jonathan Melvjn in 1793; ^nd John Pherman. Joseph and Lodowick Tandeniark, arid John and Patrick Burnett in 1794. Henry H. Kobinson was the first child born in town ; and the first marriaRe was that of Philetus Swift and Sally Dean, in 1793. Thaddeus Oaks opened the first tavprn, in 1793 ; and the first saw and grist mills were built by Seth Dean. * There are 10 churches in town; 4 Bap., 3 Presb., 2 M. E., and a Prot. Epis. ^ This strip was added to the town in consequence of its posi- tion, hifih mountain ridges peparating it from the business cen- ters of both Canadice and South Bristol. « Named in honor of Nathaniel Allen. Mr. Allen was among the first settlers, and established the first blacksmith's shop at Aliens Hill. Subsequently he was sherifl' of Ontario co. ; in 1812 he was a member of the Assembly ; during the War of 1812 he was army paymaster; and in 1819 he was elected member of Congress from the 21st district. ^ In noS. Samuel and Cynis Chipman, Philip Reed, Levi Blackmer, Pierce Chamberlain, Asa Denison, and Isaac Adams, from Vermont, settled in town. Capt. Pitts opened the first tavern, soon after settling in the town ; and the first saw and grist mills were built by Thomas Morris, in 1795. Upon the division of the lanrts Capt. Pitts secured 3000 acres at the foot of HoneoyS Lake, embracing the flats and a cleared field which had Ijeen the site of an Indian village destroyed by Sullivan's Duke de Liancourt and suite went from Canandaigua to make him a visit. 8 2 Cong., Prot. Epie., Prot. Meth., and Wes. Meth. 8 This village is justly celebrated for the beauty of its situa- tion; and perhaps no village in the co. in this respect has been so generally and enthusiastically praised by tourists. For many years it was one of the leading business places in Central N. Y ; but the completion of the r. a. lines has turned a large share of the business into other channels. 10 This union school was one of the first established in the State, and for a long time was taken as a model in establishing others. It early contained an academic department that enjoyed an excellent reputation. The schools of the village are now graded, and embrace a complete common school and academic course. 11 The Walnut Hill Seminary, for boys, is a flourishing institu- tion of its kind. 12 Formerly Geneva College, It was incorp. in 1825, and was established mainly through the influence of Bishop Hobart, whose name it bears. A medical department was organized in 1836. The trustees and members of the College Faculty are generally members of the Prot. Epis. church. From the be- ginning, however, the college has been equally open^ all; and it is now free to a% no charge being made for tuition and room rent. It has now two large buildings for the use of students — one for libraries and lecture rooms, one for a chapel — and a spacious building for the use of the medical department. The college has a president. 4 ])rofessor8, an assistant professor, and a resident fellow, who takes part in the business of instruction; and the medical department has a Faculty of 6 professors. In 1858 the number of students in the free classes was 60, The aggregate value of the college property is about $160,000. The college buildings are beautifully situated iu the s. part of the village, on a bluff which overlooks Seneca Lake. The college ONTARIO COUNTY. 193 Corners^ (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced in 1787, upon the site of the Indian village of Kanadesaga, by immigrants from New England.^ This village was situated at the foot of Seneca Lake, where Geneva now is; and for several years after Geneva had become a place of considerable importance it was called "Kanadesaga." An ancient fortification, known as Fort Hill, is located on lot 58. It was covered with large forest trees upon the first settlement of the town. Another beautiful ground, called the " Old Castle," is about 1 J mi. n. w. of Geneva. It is covered by an Indian orchard, and the ground has never been plowed, because of a stipula- tion to that effect made with the Indians in the treaty of purchase.' It contains an Indian burial ground; and in one corner may be traced a trench of an ancient stockaded fortification. Here was the largest Indian settlement in Western New York, and it is still a place of much interest to the few remaining descendants of the once powerful Five Nations. Many relics— as stone hatchets, arrow heads, pipes, &c.— are found in the vicinity of "Old Castle." As early as 1765, the Rev. Samuel Kirkknd came on a mission to the Indians at Kanadesaga.* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1798 ; and the first settled minister was Rev. Jedediah Chapman.* SOUTH BRISTOl.— was formed from Bristol, March 8, 1838. It lies upon the w. shore of Canandaigua Lake, s. w. of the center of the co. The surface consists of an elevated upland, divided into 4 ranges by the valleys of Grindstone and Mud Creeks and Egypt Brooks. The sum- mits of the ridges are about 1000 feet above the lake, and the declivities are very steep. The bluflFs upon the lake shore are 300 to 400 feet high. The soil is a mixture of clay and disintegrated slate. Although the soil is rich and productive, the hilly character of the town has tended to retard its settlement. Cold Spring (South Bristol p.o.) is a hamlet about a mi. from Canandaigua Lake. Frost Hill is a hamlet in the w. part. Gamaliel Wilder, from Mass., purchased this township from Phelps and Gorham, and settled at Wilburs Point, on Canandaigua Lake, in 1789.' An Indian orchard on the lake shore at this point induced him to settle here. Rev. Mr. Rolph was the first settled minister. There is now but 1 church (Presb.) in town. TICTOR — was formed from Bloomfield, May 26, 1812. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. The N. part is occupied by the drift ridges, which rise 50 to 150 feet above the general surface. A ridge of 100 to 280 feet in height extends across the s. part in a general e. and w. direction. The principal streams are Irondequoit, Mud, Hog Hollow, and Fish Creeks, and Trout Brook. The soil in the center and n. is a light, sandy and gravelly loam, but in the s. E. it is principally clay. It is particularly adapted to the cultivation of potatoes and root crops. Victor,' (p. v.,) near the center, contains about 75 dwellings. The Indian village of Gannagaro, which was de- stroyed by the Marquis de Nonville, was situated near this place.' Fisliers (p.o.) is a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., in the w. part ; and East Victor is a hamlet, on Mud Creek. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by immigrants from Stookbridge, Mass. Among the first wore Enos and Jared Boughton, and Jacob Lobdell.' Rev. Reuben Parmelee, from Goshen, the first settled minister, came to the town in 1798."" ■WEST BliOOMFIEIiO— was formed from Bloomfield, Feb. 11, 1833. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. A ridge 200 to 300 feet high, forming the declivity of a southern terrace, extends across the N. part. The surface is gently undulating. The soil is a deep, rich, gravelly loam mixed with clay. In the s. part there is a spring of inflammable or carburetted hydrogen gas. Tile and earthenware are manufactured to some extent in town. 'West Bloom- field (p. V.) is a village of 350 inhabitants," situated IJ mi. s. of the W. Bloomfield Station, on 1 Gorhiim Station on the C. & B. R. R. 2 Among the first settlers were Horatio Jones, Asa Ransom, Larlt Jennings, Dr. Benton. Peter Ryclcman, Peter Bortte, Col. Seth Feed, and Dominick Debartzch. an Indian trader. Jona^ than Whitney, Jonathan OaltP, Benjamin Tuttle, Phineas Stone, and John Reed settled in 1788 and '89; Solomon and William Gates, Thomas Densmore, Solnmnn Weaver, and Oliver Wliil^ more in 1790, and Adam, Christian, Christopher, and George Fisher in 1791. Lark Jennings kept the first tavern, in 1788; the first gristmill was erected by Cornelius Roberts: and the first sawmill, by P. E. Wisner, in 1798. The first marriage was that of Dr. Joel Prescott and Miss Phila Reed; and the first school was taught by Samuel Wheaton, in 1792. ' For niany years after this purchase the Indians came regu- larly at plowing time and watched this orch.ird, to see th.at the stipulation was not broken, * Subsequently Mr. Kirkland was commissioned by the State of JIass, to treat with the Indi.ans; and he conducted the treaty of purchase between them and Phelps and Gorham, in 1788; and afterward he acted as Indian agent for 30 years at Canau- dftiiTiia.. 6 There are 12 churches in town ; 2 Prot. E., 3 Presb.. 2 Asso Ref Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., Ref Prot. D., Univ., and R. C. 6 Among the other early settlers who came in soon after UTr. Wilder, between 1789 and 1796, were Theophilus and Matthew Allen, Joseph Gilbert, Jared Tuttle, Peter Ganiard. Levi Austin Nathaniel Hatch, and their families. Mr. "Wilder built the first sawmill, the flr-st gristmill, and distillery, at Wilburs Point, in 1795. He also erected the first public house, in 1808, which he conducted for 9 years. Dr. Hewitt and George Wilder opened the first store, in 1828. The first school was taught by Joanna Forbes. Eli Allen was the first child born, in 1793. 7 Called by the Indians Qa-o/sa-garO, in the basswood country. 8 .?ee page . Levi Boughton and Rufus Dryer settled at Boughton Hill, in 1790. The first birth was that of Frederick Boughton, in June, 1791 1 and tlie first marriage, that of Zebulon Norton and Miss Boughton. The first tavern was opened at Boughton Hill, by Hezekiah Boughton, in 1792 ; and the first sawmill was built the same year, by Enos and Jared Boughton. to There are 3 churches in town ; Cong.. M, B., and TJnIv. ^^ Called bv the Indians Oa-nun/do-ak. villnce on a hillfnn 194 ONTAKIO COUNTY. the N. Y. C. K. R. Hfortli Bloomfield," (p. t.,) on the Honeoye Outlet, and TaylorviHe, (p. V.,) in the e. part, are stations on the K. Y. C. K. R. The ten-itory forming this town was pur- chased by Amos Hall/ Robert Taft, Nathan Marvin, and Ebenezer Curtis ; and the first settlement was made by them in 1789.'' The first religious serrioes were held in 1793.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Pojntlation, Dii:elU)igs, Families, Freelwlders, ScJiooh, Live Slock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Ontario County. Names of Towns. Bristol Canadice Canaodaigua Eaat Bloomfield.. r.irmiugtoD Gorham Hopewell Manchester Naples Phelps Richmond Seneca South Bristol Victor West Bloomfield, Total Acres of Land. 17,023 10,799 34,846i 13,277 19,1)7 6i 22,294i 16,686 18,085 13,958 33,409i 18,827 32,802 10,180 16.051 12,726 290,B39J 6,9-loi 4,9591 8,433 2,908 6,419 7,6211 4,043 8,176i 10,117 6,676 6,979 10,324 13,596 3,909 2.94C1 97,10SJ Vaujation of 1868. « $452,676 195,699 2,422,920 717,601 761,849 955,794 767,927 930,704 257,589 1,660,476 656,162 3,087,604 207,851 787,083 486,966 14,338,6! .if $72,249 36,101 678,074 121,050 151,805 121,670 71,490 111,679 66.814 182,125 240,600 1,354,266 12,948 106,430 82,435 e $624,926 230,800 3,100,994 838,651 913,664 1,077,464 839,417 1,042,383 314.403 1,632.U00 896,762 4.441.769 2'20.799 S92 513 569.401 3,166 1,117 998 1,186 910 1,641 1,088 2,694 767 4,033 614 1,163 820 3,397,735 17,736,425! 21,439 21,235 863 486 3,314 1,061 952 1,196 873 1,468 1,030 2,699 728 4,266 666 1,055 801 334 186 1,108 397 354 496 306 633 408 1,005 286 1,480 226 415 298 397 1S6 1,184 406 868 455 321 669 409 1,014 291 1,689 241 426 326 g 316 163 767 339 30B 388 237 349 346 761 206 909 202 295 268 i,180 6,845 S = 671 449 2,213 701 669 932 634 1,232 911 1,905 643 2,822 477 782 694 209 16,436 Names of Towns. Bristol Canadice Canandaigna East Bloomfield., Farmington Gorham Hopewell Manchester Naples Phelps Richmond Seneca South Bristol Victor West Bloomfield Total LiYE .Stock. Agricultural Products. II 1 1 ^ § ■1 Bush, of Grain. 1 1 ^5 Old, la Daiby Pboqucts. 1 2> 1^ II ll 736 925 683 6.949 1,427 28,440 68,949 2,796J 6,464 47,339 60,225 22,724 469 670 424 2.770 603 17,264 20,344i 1,2634 3,119 6,643 36,626 4,262 1,506 2,381 1,616 15,988 3,618 60,7« 169,425 6,3444 10,836 34,331 146,897 22,901 666 873 692 7,966 1,183 41,446 91.109 2,0574 9,511 19,052 63,939 8,838 823 1,600 1,1.30 10,264 1,748 31,322 110,356J 2.876 11,696 30,848 93,258 27,407 1,318 1,433 892 10,270 1,649 27,6044 97,796 2,97^4 6,034 22,318 90,069 10,062 737 1,072 734 5,626 1,603 21,401 96,619 2,394 9,201 31,881 66,170 12,622 882 1,316 965 7,419 1,773 29,8271 121,048 2,4644 14,838 22,729 79,571 16,293 643 1.089 708 6,602 1,121 16.867 27,348J 1,821 5,472 17,173 75,160 7,210 1,710 2,200 2,043 13,141 3,675 66,184 257,571 5,0854 48,284 43,164 174,832 33.096 719 1,485 658 1,413 38,060 64,936 3,224 4,172 19,773 64,236 12,716 1,666 1,969 1,796 884 2,892 32,044 206,446 4,863 12,514 47,753 149,581 11,806 400 691 464 657 787 10,775 11,663 1,297 1,904 6,232 65,648 3,040 902 1,212 820 392 1,775 84,823 102,950 2.224 33,892 29,960 72.049 6,370 603 13,660 846 579 1,038 1,252 37,698 70,924 1,767 10,973 18,022 14,947 8.685 19,760 14,202 10,086 26,419 644,490 1,627,484J 42,448J 188,900 397,098 1,223,097 206,921 i-s 66ll 130 6704 10 325 170 247 189 1,076 357 51 673 430 106 1 Mr. Hall was from Guilford, Conn. He took the first census of Ontario co., in 1790; represented the co. in Assembly, in 1798; and was Major General of militia in the War of 1812. 2 John P. Sears, Peregrine Gardner, Clark Peck, Jasper Mar- vin, Samuel Miller, John Algur, and S. Thayer settled in the town in 1789-90. Benjamin Gardner, with his sons John and Peregrine, are supposed to haye been the first settlers. The first birth was that of Lucinda Giirdner, in Sept. 1791. Jasper Pease kept the first inn, and Royal Henderson the first store. The fiist sawmill wjis built by Ebenezer Curtis; and the first gristmill, by Reuben Thayer. 3 There are now 3 churches in town ; Cong., M. E., and Chris. PORTAGE BRIDGE. WYOMING COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, May 14, 1841. Eagle, Pike, and a part of Portage were annexed from Allegany co. in 1846. It is an interior county, in the s. w. part of the State, sepa- rated from Lake Erie by Erie CO., and from the Penn. line by Gat- I taraugus and Allegany. It is centrally distant mi. from J Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a broad, rolling j upland, divided into ridges and broken by ravines worn by the ! streams. It has a slight inclination toward the N. The summits of the highest ridges are 1200 to 1500 ft. above Lake Erie and 1700 to 2000 ft. above tide. Several of the ravines in the N. are 1000 ft. below the summits of the adjacent ridges. In the interior the ridges are broken, and the country begins to assume the hilly character which is more fully developed further s. Genesee River, which forms a portion of the E. boundary, is bordered by steep bluffs 200 to 400 ft. high. Near Portageville the river descends from the plateau, in a series of three falls, to a depth of more than 300 ft. within a distance of 2J mi. The water has worn a deep and irregular ravine in the shelving rocks, and the nearly per- pendicular banks at the foot of the lower falls are 380 ft. high. The deep gorge, with the rapids and falls, form one of the wildest and most picturesque scenes in Western New York.' The other principal streams are Cayuga, Tonawanda, Little Tonawanda, Oatka, East Coy, West Coy, Cattaraugus, and Buffalo Creeks. The valley of Oatka Creek, from near the s. border of Warsaw to the n. line of the CO., is bordered by steep hills 400 to 1000 ft. high. Silver Lake, in Castile, (the principal body of water,) is 3 mi. long and about J mi. wide. The rocks of this co. consist principally of the shales and sandstones of the Portage group. The summits of the southern hills are covered with the rocks belonging to the Chemung group. Thin layers of com- pact Portage sandstone are found in many parts of the co. and are extensively quarried for flagging. Upon the ridges little rounded eminences are frequently seen, appearing like drift hills; but upon examination they are found to be shale rock covered with a, thin soil. Marl and muck are found in considerable quantities in the swamps. The waters of Silver Lake and of several of the streams are constantly depositing lime in the form of marl. The drift deposits in the co. are not very extensive, and the soil is principally derived from disintegration. Upon the hills it is mostly a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys it is a fertile, gravelly loam and alluvium. The people are principally engaged in stock and wool growing and in dairying, for which the soil upon the hills is admirably adapted. Wheat, barley, corn, and fruits are largely cultivated in the valleys. A'ery little attention is paid to manufactures except such as are strictly necessary to an agricultural community. The county seat is located at Warsaw.' The courthouse is a commodious brick edifice, situated in the n. part of the village. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof building, adjacent to the court- house. The jail is a wood building, arranged so as to enable the keeper to classify the prisoners 1 The Upper or Horse-Shoe Falls are aboiit three-fourths of a ml. below PortagevUle. The name is derived from the curve in the face of the cliff over which the water (lows. For a short distance above the edge of the precipice the water is broken by a succes- sion of steps in the rock, forming a series of rapids. The height of the fall, including the rapid.=, is about 70 ft. The Middle Falls are about one-half mi. further down the river. For 2 or 3 rods above the edge of the clift' the water is broken into rapids, and then in an unbroken sheet it pours down 110 ft. into a chasm below, bounded by perpendicular ledges. A cave, called the " DeviCn Onm," has been worn in the rocks under the w. bank, near the bottom of the fiUls. In low water 100 persons can bo seated within it; but when the river is hiRli it is filled with water, and is only accessible by boats. The l.nwei- Falls consist of a series of rapids one-half mi. in extent, with an aggregate fall of 160 ft. For about 2 mi. below tho Middle FalU the river pursues awindingand rapid course between hi-h. perpendicular walls; then descends in a succession of steps almost as regular as astaircaso. dives under a shelving rock, shoot* out m a narrow pass not more than 16 ft. wide, rushes down a nearly perpendicu- lai- descent of 20 ft., strikes against tlm base of high rocks stand- ing almost directly in its course, whirls back, and. turning at rocks. An isolated mass of rocks, 15 ft. in diameter and 100 ft. high, known as *• Sugar Loaf," rises from the river bed at the bend of the stream and receives nearly the whole force of the rushing water. It is bordered on one side by the present bed of the stream, and on the other by a deep chasm which separates it from the E. bank of the river. Within the memory of people now living, the river flowed over the precipice on the level of tho rock which now forms its w. bank, and Sugar Loaf was an island These falls are accessible only from the w. The perpendicular bank on the w. side of the river at one point i.'^ 380 ft high. " Tlie commissionere named in the act to select the location were Peter K. Reed, of Onondaga, Davis Tlurd, of Niagara and .Tolm Thompson, of Steuben. The building commissioners were John A. McEIwaine, Paul lUchards.and Jonathan Perry, Tl-um- ble Gary, Esq., of Batavia, gave to the co. an ample public square upon which to erect the public buildings. The first courts were held at a public house at EastOrangeville, in June, 1841, and the lirst meeting of the Board of Supervisors was at the same place. The first co. ofHcers were Paul Uich&rAB, First Judge ; James Sprague, Peter Patterson, .Tos. Johnson, Jssociate Judged ,- W. Riley Smith, District AtUmun/ ; N, Wolcott. Cb, CTerit; W. K. Groger, Sheriff; and Harvey Putnam, Surrogate. 196 WYOMIXG COUNTY. accordmo- to law.' The poorhouse is situated on a farm of 97 acres near the w. border of Orangip- ville, 9 mi. vr. of "Warsaw. The avora.ii;e number of inmates is 73, supported at a co&t of 75 ets. per week each. The farm yields a rovonue of about ^300,^ The Buffalo & Xo^y York City K. R, extends s. e, through Attica, Middlebury, Warsaw, Gainesville, Castile, and Genesee Falls, crossing the Portage Falls and connecting with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at Ilornellsville. A R. R. route has been surveyed, and a road-bed graded, from Attica s. w. to the Allegany Rivcr.^ There are 4 weekly newspapers published in the co/' The eastern tier of towns in this eo., with the exception of a portion of Castile, belonged to tlie Oo-den, Silver Lake, and Cottinger tracts of the Morris Reservation, and the remaining parts of the CO. to the Holland Land Purchase. TheGarde-au Tract, containing 17,927 acres on both sides of the Genesee, was reserved for Mary Jemison (the"o?c? white woman ^) by the Seneca Nation in their treaty with Robert Morris in 1797.^ About one-half of this tract lies in the present town of Castile. Upon this tract Mary Jemison and her descendants continued to reside until 1810, when she sold all but 2 sq. mi. on the w. side of tlie river to Micali Brooks and Jelli» Clute. The remaining 2 mi. she sold in 1831 to Henry B. Gibson and Jellis Clute. and removed to the Cattaraugus Reservation. The first white man that lived within the limits of the co. was a tory, named Ebenezer Allen, who in consequence of his crimes fled from Penn. and joined the Indians about 1780. He located upon the Genesee, and for a time livcti upon the lands of Mary Jemison. lie afterward built a saw and grist mill on the present site of Rochester, removed thence to Oatka Creek,^ and thence to Canada.' The first permanent white settler was Elizur "Webster,^ Avho located at "Warsaw in 1803. The settlements increased rapidly, and in a few years most of the best lands of the co. were taken up. Most of the early settlers were from New England ; but the later immigrants have principally been Germans. ATTICA— was formed from Sheldon, April 4, 1811. Orangerille was taken off in 1816. It 1 The courthouse, jail, and clerk'a office "were erected in lS-12, at a cost of Sl-J.OOO. - Tilt' poortiLiuse contains '22 rooms, and the inmates aro pro- yided with good, Rubst:iritial footi; luit the house ilix's not admit of proper accuuimodatioiis tor the panpcis, or for classification of the insano. ul" which thwre iire always a uuiaber. »The .\U<';;:uiy Valloy Kaih-oad. * The G'^wacf iiVr/ /.■;/(■;-, the fli"st newspaper in the co^ was estahlished at AV.irsaw in TSl:« by L. & W. Walker, and was continuiid 6 months. The M'arsciw iSenlind iva-; couiniencod by Andrew W. Young in Mav. 1830, and continued nutil Dec. 1S31, when it was mer;;ed in the Rt-publican Advocate at H.'itavia. T/w Attica h't'fii/l'Iican wiia conmn-ncpd by David Scott iolSoo- 3-1. It was soon after clmnged to' The AUica Rrpiilihcan and C'oir-a-r Adt'crthn: E. A- Cooley became its publisher, and changed it to The Atti>n Bahincr, and s'il>sci]iicntly to The Mdca Demncrut, and contirmeil' it until lf>-{6. 2'he Gcnpfcr A'ecarder was comiuenccil at Perry by Geo. M. Shii> per in 18:U. and continued al-mit '2 years. Thu American Citizen wits commenced at Warsaw in lS;Ui by J. A. Hadley. After 1 year, it was removed tn Tony and publisheil by MitchoH & Warren. Mr, Mitchell con- tinued the publication until Jan, 184-1, when it was re- moved to Kocheater. The Pike II''Mr7 was commenced by Thos. Carrior in 1S38. Soon after, its namo- was chanLcid to The Pike Gazette, and it was continued for about a year. The Walchtmrer, a Bap. paper, was issued in 18".0 from the office of The American Citizen. It was published 1 year by Ansel Warren. The Se^'xter, a campaign pap-^r. was published at Perry in 1840 by Isaac N. Stoddard anr] .John H. Raiioy. 7'he Perry De^ncmt was commenced in 1841 by Pet. Lawrence. In 1848 it passed to C. C. Britt, who continued it until 1S.S3. The Western New Toa-lter was commenced at Terry inJan. 1Sl^>liios. I\lr. Dibble ret iicd;, ami Mr. CiTer continued the p&pcr, under the name of T7}e Spirit of th,- Old Eighth, nntil 1S50, Tl»e Attica Atliis was commenced Jan,l, 1851, by Pilns Folsom, by whom it is fitill pwblished. The Clni^tiiin Iiiir.tliyofar yv:\s published at tJie office of the Free Citizen f>a- 1 year. Kdited by Wm. Gooddell. The IVi/nming Ok Jiiirrtiner was commenced Dec. '22, ISa3. and wii.s pnblislicd 1 year liv Horace T\'ilci>x, TU« "Wyomiiiis? TlmeB was commenced at Warsaw hy T. S. tiillet in .Ma> , 1^05. It was destroyed by fire in ir^r>i>, and resuscitated soon after. It it* gtill pmblished by Mr. (lillet. Tlie "Wyoming Co. Mirror was commenced at ^\:\^•- saw ni 184.S by Babbett & Lewis, and is still pwbliahed, ^ The parents of Mary .Teuiison emigrated from Ireland in 1743, and Mary was born during the voyage acniss the ocean. The family settled upon t?ie western frontiers of Vctiu., wheio they remained in peace until the breaking out of the Freucli War in 1754, Tn 1755 a party of Imiians visited tlie settlenii-nt and took the family prisoners, and on their retreat mnrdered all but Mary, then a girl of 12 or 13 years, Pho was carried captire to an Indian settlement on the Ohio, and adopted by two women \i Fiohad lost a brother in the war. She grew to woman- hood among tho Indians, adoiited their habits and customs, wns twice married, and had S children, — 3 sons and 5 danglitors. After tlie Itevolutinn she had an opportnnity to return to her white friends; but she preferred to remain with her husDand and children. Slu^ was greatly beloTed by tho Indians, and highly respected by tho whites who became acquainted M'ith her. She retained her knowledge of the English language, and to the hist remembered the early instructions of her mother, and tho last counsel which that mother gave when they wero taliCD captive and the designs of the Indians to murder tho father and mother became manifest. She died at the Cottarangus Reservation, Sept, 19, 1833, aged 90 or 91 years. « Tliia creek is still locally known as Aliens Creek. "f Few characters mentioned in either history or fiction hare approached so near the idea of total depravity a.-^ this Mnml- thirsty monster. He was an open polygamist,— murdered several persons while professing the greatest friendship for tlioni,— and while upon the war-trail witli thu Indians aniased himaulf by dashing out the brains of infants. WYOMING county; 19T lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the ravines of the streams. In the e. part are several considerable hills with long gradual slopes. Tonavrarida Creek, the principal stream, flows through the N. w. corner, and receives numerous branches from the E., the largest of which is Crow Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Attica, (p. v.,) upon Tonawanda Creek, in the n. w. part of the town, was incorp. May 2, 1837. It contains a flourishing union school, a bank, a newspaper ofSce, a flouring mill, and 5 churches. Pop. 1,184. Attica Center (p. o.) and Ternal are hamlets. The first settle- ment was made in 1802, by Zera Phelps.' The first religious services were held Sept. 21, 1809, by Rev. Royal Phelps, at which time the first church (Cong.) was formed, vrith 5 members.'' BElViVIJVGTOJV— was formed from Sheldon, March 6, 1818. It is the n. w. corner town of the CO. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep ravines of small streams. Cayuga Creek and its branches drain the central part of the town, and Tonawanda Creek flows through the s. E. corner. The soil is a clayey, gravelly and sandy loam. Bennington Center (Bennington p. o.) contains 3 churches and 20 dwellings ; and Cowlesville, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part of the town, 2 churches and 206 inhabitants. Folsonidale (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made near the center of the town, in 1806, by Chauncey and Justin Loomis, David Tolles, P. Case, and Joseph Farnham, from Windsor, Conn., and Aaron Clapp and Ezra Ludden, from East Hampton, Mass.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Peter B. Root, (Bap.,) in 1807. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810. Eld. Herrick was the first settled minister.* CASTII.E (Cas-tile) — was formed from Perry, Feb. 27, 1821. It is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling and terraced upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Genesee River, forming a portion of the E. boundary, is bordered by steep banks 300 to 350 ft. above the water. In some places the faces of the blufis are perpendicular ledges 200 ft. high. Numerous small tributaries of the river have worn deep lateral channels in these bluff's. The valley of Silver Lake occupies a wide and shallow basin in the n. part of the town.^ Its outlet is toward the n. Wolf Creek rises in a swamp near the head of the lake and flows s. A wide, level valley, bordered by low terraces, extends from the e. shore of the lake and opens into the valley of Wolf Creek at Castile Village. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Castile (p. V.) lies on Wolf Creek, in the s. w. part of the town. It is a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R. Pop. 682. St. Helena, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, in the s. e. corner of the town, contains 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1808, by Robert Whalley, from R. I., 1 mi. E. of Castile Village.* The first religious services (Bap.) were held near the s. end of Silver Lake, in 1816, by Elder Benj. Luther.' CHIjVA — was formed from Sheldon, March 6, 1818. Java was taken off' in 1832. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling or hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Cattaraugus Creek flows s. w. through near the center of the town, and receives several tributaries, the principal of which is Clear Creek, from the s. The hills bordering upon the streams are steep and are 200 to 500 ft. high. From their summits the town spreads out into a rolling region, with long gradual slopes arable to their summits. The highest point is the ridge in the N. E., which is 1200 ft. above Lake Erie, as determined by actual survey. The soil of the upland is a clayey and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Arcade (China p. o.) is situated at the junction of Cattaraugus and Clear Creeks, in the s. w. part of the town. It has a fine 1 Among the other early Bettlera were Deacon Porter, Nath'l Sprout, and MaJ. P. Adams. The first child born was Harriet Phelps, July 25, 1803 ; the first marriage, that of Stephen Crow and Lucy Elwell; and the first death, that of Thomas Mather, in the winter of 1808. Sophia Williams taught the first school, in 180T ; Daniel Stanton kept the first inn, in 1809 ; Fitch, the first store; and Zera Phelps built the first mill, 2 The census reports 6 churches; Cong., Prcsb., P. W. Bap., Bap., M. E., and R. C. , t, ■. j m.i » The first marriage was that of Joseph Pamham and l/hloe Turner, in 1809 ; and the birth and death of their first child was the first birth and the first death in town. The first school was tauKht at the Center, by Geo. Loomis, in 1810 ; the first inn was kept by Joseph Farnham, in 1817 ; and the first store, by Ros- well King in 1814. Chauncey Loomis erected the first sawmill, in 1813. A son of David Tolles, 8 or 9 years old, was lost in the woods in 1806 and was never found. ^ „ „ „ ^ m in the alders at the foot of this lake while Gen. Sullivan was laying waste the Indian villages upon the Genesee. In the sum- mer of 1855 it was reported that an immen.so serpent, 100 ft. long, had been seen in this lake. So well was the story apparently au- thenticated that thousands of visitors came from all parts of the country to obtain a sight of his snakeship. A burlesque ac- count of the capture of the serpent, which appeared in the Buf- falo JRejmbliCf raised the excitement to the highest pitch; and immediately afterward the whole humbug collapsed. 8 Soon after, a settlement was made at the foot of the lake, in the w. part of the town, called the " Talhnan SettUmenL" Ziba Hurd and Jonathan Gilbert, from Vt., were the first settlers at Castile Village, in 1816. The first child born was Jane McKay, in 181 3 ; and the first death was that of Laura Wilcox, in 1815. The first school was taught in 1816, by Anna Bennett, from Vt. Robt. Whalley kept the first inn, and erected the first sawmill, on Wolf Creek, below Castile Village, in 1811. John Card and Syl- vester Lathrop built the first giistmill, on Lot 40, in 1820 : the first store was kept by Lemuel Eldridge and M. Frost, iu 1816. ' The census reports 4 churches ; Cong., Bap., M. E., and 108 WYOMING COUNTY. water power, and contains a woolen factory, flouring mill, and 3 churches. Pop. 637. East CUina is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1808, on Lot 28, by Silas Meech, from New England.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at Arcade, in 1812. The first church (Cong.) was formed at Arcade, by Wm. Spencer, July 24, 1813.' COTIWGTOIV— named from Gen. Leonard Covington— was formed from Le Roy (Genesee CO.) and Perry, Jan. 31, 1817. A part was annexed to York (Livingston co.) in 1823. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. The surface is a moderately liilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through the n. w. corner, and receives as tributary Pearl Creek, which flows u. w. through near the center. Wide, fertile alluvial flats extend along Oatka Creek! The soil of the uplands is generally a gravelly loam. Covln^on Center, (Coving- ton p. u.,) in the n. part, contains 20 dwelHngs; Pearl Creels., (p. v.,) in the n. w., contains 15 dwellings; L.a Grange, (p. v.,) near the s. line, a church and 20 dwellings; and Peoria, (p. V.,) near the E. line, 15 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1807, in the w. part^. by Jairus Cruttenden, William Miller, and John and William Sprague, all from New England(^ The first religious services were held at the house of David Norris, in 1814, by Rev. Mark Korris, from Vt.* EAGI-E— was formed from Pike, Jan. 21, 1823. It occupies a central position on the s. border of the CO. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Nearly the whole drainage is through West Coy Creek and its branches. Cold Creek takes its rise in the s. E. part of the town. The hills bordering upon the streams are very steep, and their summits are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys. Eagle Lake, a small body of water in the s. w. part, has no visible outlet. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Eagle Tillage, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part of the town, contains a church and 20 dwellings. Eagle, (p.o.,) in the U. e. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in town in 1808, on Lot 8, by Silas and Wm. Hodges, from Cayuga co.' There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., F. W. Bap., and Christian. GAIIVESVIEIiE — named from Gen. E. P. Gaines — was formed from Warsaw, as " Eebe," Eeb. 25, 1814. Its name was changed April 17, 1816. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. The surface is an upland, slightly undulating and broken by the valleys of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through the N. E. part, and East Coy Creek through the s. w. The soil on the hills is a thin, dark loam undferlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a fertile, gravelly loam. A good quality of building stone is quarried in the N. part of the town. Gaines- ville CreeK, (Gainesville p. o.,) on East Coy Creek, near the center of the town, contains a female seminary,* 3 churches, and about 300 inhabitants. East Gainesville, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., contains 20 houses. Gainesville Center and IVewburgU are hamlets. The first settlements were made at Gainesville Creek in 1805, by Wm., Richard, and Chas. Bristol, from Columbia co., and Elnathan George, from Vt.' The first religious meeting was held in 1809. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1815.' GEWESEE FAEES — was formed from Pike and Portage, (Livingston co.,) April 1, 1846. It lies on Genesee River, in the s. e. corner of the co. A nearly perpendicular rocky bluff, 100 to 300 ft. high, borders upon the river, and from its summit the country spreads out into an undu- lating upland. The celebrated Portage Fulls, in the Genesee River, are opposite this place.' The soil is a sandy a.nd clayey loam. Portageville, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, contains 5 churches and several mills. Pop. 561. The B. & N. Y. City R. R. crosses the Genesee, near the village, by a bridge 800 ft. long and 234 ft. above the bed of the river. This bridge was built at a cost of 1 Tchalmd Sandei"S, Pamuel Nichols, Silas and Leonard Parker, .lacnb .Tackson. Wm. Barnps, Amasa and Alfred Kilbourn — most of them from Vt.— settled in the town in 1S09. The first child born Wiis a son of Samnel Nichols, in 1810; the first marriage was that of Silas Meech and Lydia Parker; and the first death, that of Mrs. Amasa Kilbourn, in the spring of 1812. Rebecca Varker taught the first school, in 1811 ; Silas Parker kept the first inn, in 1S12, and the first store, in 1815. Maj. Moses Smith built the first sawmill, in 1811, and Col. Daniel Itowley the first gristmill, in 1810. 2 The census reports 5 churches; Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., M. K., and R. C. 3 The first child born was "Viola, daughter of Dr. Dan'l White, in 1809; the first marriage was that of Calvin Davis and Sylvia Bcard>,lcy. in 1S14; and the first death, that of Mrs. Ensty, in 1814, Wm. Miller kept the first inn, in lsl:> ; Dan'l Balcom. the first f,ti.rc. in 1812; . — - Spaulding built the first gristmill, in 1810; anil Sprague and Spaulding the first sawmill, in 1812. * The census renorts 3 churchps: Presh.. A.i^so. l>i-psb.. and M. V.. 6 Alanson, son of Silas Hodges, was the first child born, Oct. 13, 1809. The first ion was kept by Dan Beach, the first store, by Elijah Hyde, and the first sawmill was erected by Amos Huntley. « The Gainesville Female Seminary, under the charge of the M. E. denomination, was est.iblished in 1855, chiefly through the exertions and liberality of H. W. Hardy, Esq., and other citizens of this place. The buildings will accommodate 100 boarding pupils and 160 day scholars. ' John Patterson and James Cravath, with others, settled in 1806. Pamela Patterson was the first child born, in 1807. The first school was taught in Dec. 1811, by Bepj. Cole. The first inn was kept at the Center, by Beiy. Hoag, in 1815; and the first store, by Mr. Grummond, on " Ddhi St." in 1816. Wheeler Wood erected the first sawmill, in 1809, on Oatka Creek; and John Card and Benj. Mallory, the first gristmill, in 1825. at Gainesville Creek. 8 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Cong., Bap., and Univ. 9 See najre . WYOMING COUNTY. 109 $175,000, and is the largest wooden n. b. bridge in the world. The Genesee Valley Canal also crosses the river at this point "by an aqueduct built upon stone abutments 40 ft. high ; the struc- ture cost f 70,000. The first settlements were made on the river, above Portageville, in 1804, by John, Samuel, and Seth Fields.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. John Griffith, (M. E.,) in 1809 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Joseph Case, at "Bigelows Cor- ueris," in 1818.^ . , JATA — was formed from China, April 20, 1832. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is an elevated region, broken by hills and the deep valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys and 1000 to 1200 ft. above Lake Erie. Buffalo Creek flows through the w. part of the town and receives a large number of tributaries. Cattaraugus Creek takes its rise in the E. part. Java Lake is a small sheet of water in the s. e. part, nearly surrounded by steep hills. It forms one of the sources of Cattaraugus Creek. The soil upon the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan ; in the valleys it is principally a gravelly loam. About 1 mi. E. of Java Village is a quarry of fine building stone. Javtl Til- lage (p. V.) lies upon Buffalo Creek, in the N. w. part of the town. Pop. about 200. IVortll Java,, (p. V.,) in the n. e. corner of the town, contains a church and about 100 inhabitants. Java Center, (p. o.,) £ast Java, (p. o.,) in the s. e. part of the town. Curriers Corners, (Java p. 0.,) in the s. w., and Willianisvilie, near the e. border, are hamlets. The first set- tlement was made on Lot 32, in the n. w. part of the town, in 1810, by Wm. Richardson and Timothy Kirby, from Lowell, Mass.' The first church (R. C.) was formed in 1838.' MIO DLE BURY— was formed from "Warsaw, March 20, 1812. It lies on the N. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Oatka Creek flows through the s. E. corner, and Little Tonawanda Creek through the w. part. A deep ravine extends e. and w. through near the center of the town, forming a natural pass between the valleys of these two streams. The hills that border upon Oatka Creek are steep and 400 to 600 ft. high. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Wyoming, (p. v.,) on Oatka Creek, near the e. border of the town, contains the Middlebury Academy,^ 3 churches, and 378 in- habitants. West Middlebury, (Dale p. o.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., contains 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made by Jonas Sellick, (from Rutland co., Vt.,) in 1802, near Wrights Corners.^ There are 5 churches in town.' ORAWGEVIliIiE— was formed from Attica, Feb. 14, 1816. Wethersfield was taken off in 1823. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, broken by deep ravines. The streams are Tonawanda Creek and its branches, draining the w., and small branches of Oatka and West Coy Creeks, draining the e. parts of the town. The sum- mits of the highest hills are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. Orangevillc Center (Orangeville p. o.) contains 15 houses ; Joliusonburg, (p. v.,) on Tonawanda Creek, lies partly in Sheldon. Pop. about 100. Halls Corners (East Orangeville p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1805, by John Duncan, on Lot 13, and Elisha Doty, from Cayuga co., on Lot 12.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized by Rev. John Alexander, July 11, 1812.' 1 Nathan and Joseph Dixon, Joseph and Justice Bailey, and Sebetiah Ward settled previous to 1807. The first death -was th.1t of Sophia Smith, in 1817. The first school was taught by Maria BoUiuger, in 1809. The first inn was kept by Lewis Wood, at Portageville, in 1824; and the first store, by Toot 4 Martin, the same year. The first sawmill was erected in 1812, and the first gristmUl in 1820, on the river, by Mumford, Smith, & McKay. , „ „ ^ -n ■ 2 The census reports 6 churches ; Bap., M. B., Presb., Univ., a In 1812 and '14, Chas. Richardson and Daniel H. Worcester settled at Java Village, and Charles Fox at Curriers Corners. The first mill was erected by Daniel H. Worcester, at Java Vil- lage in 1816 ; the first inn was kept by Chas. Pox, at Cui-riers Corners, in 1818; and the iirst store, by Mr. Comstock, at Java < The' census reports 4 churches ; Cong., M. E., F. W. Bap., and 6 This academy was founded mainly by the efforts and libe- rality of Silas Newell, one of the first settlers of the village. Its main building was erected by subscription, in 1817. It now has some endowments, and is under charge of the Baptist de- nomination. For many years it was considered the first insti- tution w. of the Genesee liiver, and still maintains a high repn- 6 In 1803 a number of immigrants from Tt. settled in the town among whom were Reuben Chamberlain, Jabez Warren, m_.j :-!. nit».n..t fltoriintr stomK. ftud Israel M, Dewev. The Corners : the first gristmill was built by Silas Newell, in 1813, near Wyoming Village ; the first sawmill, by A. Wordeu, in 1809, at West Middlebury ; Amzi Wright kept the first inn, at Wrights Corners, in 1806. In May. 1817, Ai;temus Shattuck, a citizen of this town, went into tlie woods, a distance from home, to chop. While cutting off a log that had been partially split open, his foot was caught in the crack, and he hung for a long time suspended by his foot and partially supported by one hand. Despairing of receiving aid, and entirely unable to extricate himself, lie finally unjointed his ankle with his pocket knife, made a crutch of a crooked stick, and started for the house. He was found about dark, and carried to the house, where his leg was amputated by a surgeon. He recovered, became a Bap. minister, and lived many years. ' 2 Bap,, and 1 each F. W. Bap., Presb., and M. E. fl Lemuel Chase and James Sayer settled about the jsame time, and Seth and Adial Sherwood, Silas Merrifield, and As,ahel Ward in 1806 ; Truman Lewis and a number of other families in 1807. The first child born was a son of Seth Sherwood, in 1807 ; the first marriage was that of Adial Sherwood and Miss Wood, in 1809 ; and tlie first death, that of Mrs. James Sayer. Corinna Lewis and Mary McKnight commenced the first schools, May 1,1811; Isaac Moore kept the first inn, in 1811, at the Center ; and Silas Hubbard the first store, in 1814, at the same place, Robert Hopkins erected the first sawmill, in 1810, and Levi Johnson the first gristmill, in 1817, ft The census reports 4 churches ; Presb,, Bap,, Ref, Prot, D,, and Friends, 200 WYOMING COUNTY. PERRY'— Tvas formed from Leicester, {Livingston co.,) March 11, 1814. A part of Covington was taken off in 1817, and Castile in 1821. It lies on the e. border of the cc, n. of the center. Its surface is level or gently rolling. Its streams are small brooks and creeks. The foot of Silver Lake lies along the s. border. Perry, (p. v.,) upon the outlet of Silver Lake, was incorp. in 1829. It contains the Perry Academy,^ a newspaper of&ce, a bank, a woolen factory, a flouring mill, and several churches. Pop. 935. Perry Center (p. v.) contains a church and 40 d-\vellings.' "West Perry is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1806, on Lot 28, by Josiah Williams, from Vt.* The first religious services were held at Perry Center, in Dec. 1813, by Rev. Mr. Ilerrick, (Bap.,) when he was retreating from Buffalo. The first church (Presb.) was organized at the Center, by Rev. Oliver Ayer and Silas Hubbard, June 28, 1814.^ P5RE''— was formed from Nunda, (Livingston co.,) March 6, 1818. Eagle was taken off in 1823, and a part of Genesee Falls in 1846. It lies on the s. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. East Coy Creek flows s. through the e. part, and West Coy Creek s. e. through the center. Enory Hill, the highest point, is about 100 ft. above the R. K. at Castile, and the lowest point, in the s. e. corner, is 200 ft. below the B. K. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. There are several quarries of building stone in town. Pike, (p. V.,) on West Coy Creek, near the center, was incorp. Aug. 11, 1848. It contains the Genesee Conference Seminary,' an iron foundery, a flouring mill, a woolen factory, and 3 churches. Pop. 581. East Pike, (p. v.,) on East Coy Creek, contains a church and 20 dwellings. Pike Five Corners, Grillltlis Corners, and East Coy (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settle- ment was made in 1806, by Peter Granger, Eli Grifiith, Asahel Newoomb, Phineas Harvey, and Caleb Powers, all from Whitehall, N. Y.* The first church (Bap.) was formed, Sept. 25, 1821, at Pike Village.' SHEEDOJV — ^was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) March 19, 1808. Attica was taken off in 1811, and Bennington and China in 1818. Its surface is a rolling upland, 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys. Tonawanda Creek flows' through the e. and several tributaries of Buffalo Creek through the w. part. The soil upon the hills is a thin, dark loam underlaid by hardpan^ and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Strykersville, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner of the town, contains several mills, 2 churches, and about 400 inhabitants. Tarysburgrll," (p. v.,) in the N. E., upon Tonawanda Creek, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Slieldon (p. o.) and BfortU Slieldon (p.o.) are hamlets. Jolinsonburgli (p. v.) is on the line of Orangeville. The first settlement was made in the n. part, in 1804, by Roswell Turner, agent of Phelps and Chipman, the original purchasers of the town.'^ The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Roswell Turner, by Rev. Mr. Spencer. The first church (Bap.) was formed at the Center, in I8O8.12 WARSA'W — ^was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) March 19, 1808. Middlebury was taken off in 1812, and Gainesville in 1814. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the CO. Its surface is a broken upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of Oatka Creek. The declivities of the hills are steep, and their summits 700 to 1000 ft. above the valleys. Upon Mill Brook, a small tributary of Oatka Creek, is a perpendicular fall of 105 ft. Warsaiv, (p. v.,) the 00. seat, was incorp. April 17, 1843. It lies in the valley of Oatka Creek, at the center of the 1 Named from Commodote 0. H. Perry. 2 The academy buildings were erected by subscription of the inhabitants, and cost ?12,000. This school has been offered to the State for a normal school. 3 An academy was sustained here for several years. ■ ^ Among the first settlers were Seth Canfield, Samuel and Nath'l Howard, Amos Smith, Phicol I\r. Ward, and Amos Otis, — mostly from New England. The first death was that of Nancy Williams, in IJ^IS. The first school was taught at Perry Cen- ter, in 1813. by Ann Mann, from Vt. The first inn was kept by Amos Smith, a little e. of the Center, in ISll; the first store, by T. 4 .7. C. Edgerli-y ; and the first mill was erected at Perry Vil- lage, by John Hamersley, in 1812. ° The census reports 7 churches ; i! Bap,, 2 M. B., and 1 each Pre';b., Cong., and Univ. « Named from ( len. Zebulon Montgomery Pike. ' The seminary buildings were erected in 1856, at a cost of $9,000 ; they have accommodations for SCO students. The pro- perty is held by a board of trustees, and is under the patronage of the M. E. denomination. ' The iirst child born was Louisa, daughter of Asahel New- comb, in Aug. 1806; the first marriage was that of Russell H. Benton and Susannah Olin, Feb. 23, 1809; and the first deaths wore those of twin children of Phineas Harvey, in the spring r ^i^^ t1.n school was taught by Miss Benlah Abell, (from Washington co.,) in the summer of 1809. Eli Griffith kept the first inn, at Pike Village, in 1808, and Tilly Parker the first store, in 1810, at the same place. Eli Griffith built the first .sawmill, in 1809, and the first gristmill, in 1810, a little above Pike Village. 8 The census reports 4 churches; 2 M. E., and 1 each Cong, and Bap. 10 Named from Wm. Vary, one of the first settlers. u Mr. Turner was the father of 0. Turner, Esq., author of the History of the Holland Purchase, Phelps and Gorhams Pur- chase, &c. Among the other early settlers were Robert Carr and David Howard, in 1805 ; Seth Gates, Lemuel Castle, Levi Street, Marvin Brace, Stephen Welton, (from Eastern New York,) and Uriah Persons, (from Penn.,) in 1806. The more recent set- tlements in the town have been made mostly by German immi- grants. The first child born was Chipman Phelps Turner, in 1805 ; the first marriage was that of Justin Loomis and Polly Kolph, in 1807; and the first death, that of David Hoard, who was killed by the falling of a limb of a tree, in 1806. The first school was taught at North Sheldon, by Polly Kolpb, in 1807; the first inn was kept by Roswell Turner, in 1806, at North Sheldon. Wm. Vary built the first sawmill, in 1806, and the first gristmill, in 1808, at Varysburgh. 12 The census reports 8 churches; 2 M.E., audi each Presb., WYOMING COUNTi. 201 town. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 5 churches, an academy,' 2 newspaper offices, a bank, an insurance company and office, and several important manufactories." Pop. 1,200. Soutli ffarsa-w (p. o.) is a hamlet. East Warsaw is a p. o. The first settlement was made at Warsaw Village, by Elizur Webster, in 1803.» The first church (Presb.) was organized July 14, 1808 ; Rev. John Lindsley was the first preacher. Their church edifice was built in 1817, and is still occupied.* WETHERSFIEliD — was formed from Orangeville, April 12, 1823. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland. Tonawanda, East Coy, and West Coy Creeks all take their rise in this town. 'Wetlicrslicld Spring's, (p. v.,) in the V. E. corner, contains 3 churches and 25 dwellings. Hermitag-e, (p. v.,) on the e. border of the town, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Smitlis Corners (Wethersfield p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on Lot 11, in 1810, by Lewis Hancock, Guy Morgan, and Calvin Clifford, from Jefferson co.^ Rev. Mr. Boomer (Bap.) was the first preacher.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricidtural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Wyoming County. Names of Towns. Attica. BenDington .... Caatile China Covington Eiigle Gainesville Genesee Falls.. Java Middlebni-y Omngeville Perry Pike Sheldon Warsaw Wethersfield...., Total 241,6641 lil.lUi Acres of Land. 16,432 22.377 17;970i 15.756 12.344i 12,916 14,12Si 6.772i 17,996 16.6U0 14.330 17,984 11,0S4 17,795 16,442 12,S20i 8,628 13,110 6,765 13,583 2,980 9,923 6,200 2.925 11,709 4,603 6.4«4 4 771 6.930 11,656 4.782 9.666J Valuation of 1858. $636,112 465,430 771,060 600.246 471,823 807,008 462,024 239.470 423,362 493,092 300,722 738,719 399,268 382,209 740,790 330,577 7,652,002 11.0, $111,360 18,611 84,303 47,800 31,37o 7,176 60,660 9,350 22,315 76,630 .30,098 126,875 23,700 36,400 14S.l>50 60.160 873,232 $747,462 474,041 866,363 648,046 603,198 314,183 612,574 248,820 446,67' 668,622 330,820 866,694 422,968 417,699 889,440 380,727 POPUIATION. 1,327 1.301 1,186 1,051 670 733 884 560 1,187 904 730 1,263 930 1,347 1,393 734 8,625,234 16,189 16,069 1,352 1,254 1,158 1,057 660 657 869 638 1,108 883 711 1,307 967 1,319 1,401 728 600 512 472 345 248 264 350 218 408 351 251 490 351 496 610 276 840 645 408 389 265 283 361 225 422 376 244 632 370 519 626 291 374 316 216 215 312 146 383 323 231 3S4 2^0 432 462 246 61 967 941 826 800 430 668 634 190 992 690 450 801 741 1,226 1,049 649 190 11,872 Names of Towns. Attica Bennington Custile China. Covington. Eagle Gainesville. Genesee i'alls.. Java Middlebury..... Orangeville Perry Pike Sheldon Warsaw Wethersiield,... 592 806 871 619 686 556 601 963 789 628 = 5 • 1,318 2,098 1.434 2,164 710 1.317 1,236 404 2,179 1,168 1,195 1,349 1,111 2,209 1,237 1,183 1.364 1,366 887 1,326 488 832 762 261 1470 993 1,584 899 924 1.602 975 1,036 S3 5.203 9,743 6,826 4,837 7,461 4.708 7.622 1,882 6,795 11,631 2,303 8,651 4,866 6,607 2,095 3,606 Agricultubal Products. Bush, of Gkain, 744 699 1,2M 615 681 .614 786 299 927 861 590 1,023 668 841 816 569 10,276 6,981 108,259i 208 60,321 067 17,788i 12,988 3,741 66,078i 4,298 60.626 6,443 3,611 18,744 4,946i Co" 39,212i 67,082 68.2784 69,8714 31.589 68,18U 62,4944 24,991 90,3684 63,5024 32,890 60,066 61,971 64,1764 36.8004 56,089i Total 10.368f22,311 16.737 93,366 11,674 3«6.276 878,4444 58,4214 203,932 323,290 1,333,948 823,105 6,205 6,410 2,697 4.6834 2.130 2,808 2,437 034 3,995 4,360 4,606 2,8344 2,624 6.869 4,043 2,89nJ ojft. 11,364 16.261 13,027 15,724 6,782 17,500 1.3.806 4,479 16,620 9,163 10,902 17.203 14,431 12,940 14,700 11,131 ra-< 40,530 20,781 19,079 6,694 10,735 5,790 24,306 7,449 12,962 36.499 19,248 29,524 21,016 26,649 33,288 10,660 Dairy Pboductb. 3C o a ft.« 54,786 90,696 97.002 123,976 66,920 77,838 76,267 14,486 131,090 81,770 63,010 105.260 73.887 121.962 88,076 76,724 146.960 14,618 7,171 26,100 3,946 16,986 16,720 100 42.060 74.026 27.3.160 36,718 28,617 67.310 27,606 66,140 •^1 346 1,297 1,185 1,761 291 1,130 433 104 3,747 164 946 1.945 336 1,146 456 1,886 17.173 1 It was incorp. by the regents in 1863, and is under the management of a village board of education. 2 frash and blinds, horse rakes, carriages, and waterproof oil blacking. s In the same year, Wm. Webster, Shubael Morris, Amos Kin- ney, Elijah Cutting, and Joseph Palmer settled in the 8. part of the town, and Joseph Ilovey in the N. part. The first set- tlers were mostly from New England. The first child bom was Eliza Webster, in 1804; the first marriage was that of Pilas 0. Far^o and Catharine Whiting: and the first death, that of an infant son of Sterling Stearns, in 1804. The first death of an adult was that of Dwiglit Noble, in 1808. The first school was taught by Samuel McWhorter, in 1807. Elizur Webster kept the first inn, in 1809 ; and Absalom Green and Dan*l Shaw, the first store, in the same year. Solomon Morris built the first gristmill, in 1808. * The census reports 6 churches ; Presb., Cong., Ban., F W Bap., Prot. E.. and M. E. o, i , ■ '' John W. Perry, from Oneida Co., settled at Wethersfield Springs in the fall of 1810. and built the first house at that place. The first school was taught by 0. Martin. The first gristmill was erected by James Cr.ivalh, in 1812. on East Coy Creek ; and the first sawmill, by Calvin Cliff'ord, on the same creek, in 1810. « The census reports 6 churches; 2 Bap., and 1 each Coug., Prot. E., M. E., and Christian. YATES COUNTY. This county was formed from Ontario, Feb. 5, 1823, and named from Joseph C. Yates, then governor. Harrington and Starkey were added from Steuben, April 6, 1824. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains an area of sq. mi. Its surface consists of a series of ridges extending from Steuben co. in a northerly direction, and gradually declining from a height of about 1700 ft. above tide, upon the s. border, to a level of the undu- lating region near the foot of Seneca Lake. The first or most eastern of these ridges lies between Seneca and Crooked Lakes, and occu- pies the towns of Barrington, Starkey, Milo, Torrey, and a part if Benton. The highest summit is about 900 ft. above Crooked Lake and 1200 above Seneca. The slopes are generally gradual and the inclination uniform. The second ridge occupies the high peninsula between the two branches of Crooked Lake, and extends N. through Jerusalem, finally losing itself in the rolling uplandi^f "Benton. The s. part of this ridge is known as " Bluff Point," from its abrupt termi- nation. It is about 400 ft. above the lake. The third range lies between the w. branch of Criioked Lake and Flint Creek, and occupies the w. part of Jerusalem, the e. part of Italy, and the s. E. part of Potter. The highest summits in the s. are about 700 ft. above the lake. A fourth ridge lies between the valleys of Flint Creek and West River, and extends n. through the w. part of Potter. A fifth range occupies that portion of Middlesex lying between West Kiver Hollow and Canandaigua Lake. The declivities of the last two ranges are mostly very steep ; and their summits are 800 to 1000 ft. above the valleys. The uplands, except in the extreme w. part, are smooth and arable to their summits. The valleys between them are wide and exceedingly fertile, and the n. part of the co. is a fine rolling region. The lowest rocks in the co. are the upper series of the Hamilton shales, cropping out on the lower course of the Crooked Lake Outlet. Next above these, upon the same stream, appear the TuUy limestone, Genesee slate, and Portage groups. The first of the three, furnishing lime, is the most valuable mineral in the co. The Portage group near Penn Yan furnishes a good quality of flagging stone, and is extensively quarried for that purpose. The shales and sandstone of the Chemung group occupy the summits in the s. part of the co. ; calcareous tufa is found upon Crooked Lake Outlet, and marl in the swamps near the foot of the lake. Iron pyrites have been found in considerable quantities at Bluff Point. The soil for the most part consists of a fine quality of gravelly loam, intermixed with clay and the disintegrated shales of the Portage group. It is well adapted to either tillage or pasturage. The principal streams in the co. are Crooked Lake Outlet, Keshong Creek, Big Stream, Hock Stream, Flint Creek, and West River. Seneca Lake, forming the e. boundary of the co., is 447 ft. above tide, and Canandaigua Lake, forming a part of the w. boundary, 668 ft. Crooked Lake,' near the center, two-thirds of it lying within the co., is 718 ft. above tide and is 18 mi. in length. Its N. part is divided by Bluff Point into two branches, each of which is from one to two mi. wide. Owing to the depredations of the midge winter wheat is less grown than formerly, while spring grains, root crops, stock, wool, and fruit are much more extensively and profitably produced. The outlet of Crooked Lake affords large water power for manufacturing purposes, — as yet but slightly improved. The county seat is located at the village of Penn Yan,^ on the line of Milo and Benton.' The first courthouse* and jail combined was erected in 1824; and in 1834 it was burned. In 1835 a new brick courthouse was built, on a public square, at a cost of $12,000. A jail, detached, was erected the same season. The latter was destroyed by fire in Feb. 1857, and was rebuilt the same year, at a cost of iJ'J.OOO. A clerk's office was erected some years previous, upon the public square 1 Called by the Indians 0-go-ya-g,i, a promontory projecting into the lake. 2 The commissioners who located the co. seat, were John Put- ton, of Tompkins cu.. Ueorge H. Fetter, of Herkimer CO., and Joseph B. Walton, of Otsepo CO. 3 The first conrt was held at the house of Asa Cole, in Penn Yan, on the first Tuesday in June, ls:i:i. The first board of su- Jjorvisors met at the same place. The first co. olBcerB wire Wil- H. Bennett, Co. Clerk ; Miles Benham, Sheriff; and Abraham P. Vosburgh, Snrrogale. 4 John button, of Tompkins. Geo. H. Feeter, of Herkimer, and Joseph B. Walton, of Otsego cos., were appointed commissioners to locate the co. buildings, and Wm. ^hnttuck, of Benton, Geo. Sherman and Samuel Stewart, of Milo, to erect them. The courts were to be held at the house of Asa Cole until iiitt court- house was finished. YATES COUNTY. 203 with the other public building?, near the center of the village. The co. poorhouse is located on a farm of 123 acres in the town of Jerusalem, about 5 mi. s. w. of Penn Yan.' The ayerage number of inmates is 86, and they are supported at a weekly cost of $1 40 each. A school is taught in the house during a portion of the year, and religious services are held occasionally. The Crooked Lake Canal extends along the outlet of Crooked Lake, and enters Seneca Lake at Dresden. It opens a direct water communication with Yates co. and the n. portion of Steuben, and affords an easy and cheap means of transporting grain and other agricultural products. The Canandaigua & Elmira R. R. extends through the co., e. of the center, connecting with the N. Y. C. R. R. at the n. terminus and with the N. Y. & E. R. R. at the s. These two works of internal im- provement furnish market facilities equal to those generally enjoyed by the interior cos. of the State. Three newspapers are published in the co.^ The early history of this co. is intimately associated with the history of the ^'Friends/' a religious sect founded by Jemima Wilkinson.' This singular woman took the name of the ^^Uidversal Friend^'' and was regarded as a prophet by her followers, among whom were persons of respecta- bility, wealth, and influence. At a general meeting of the sect, in Conn., in 1786, it was resolved to emigrate to some unsettled region and found a colony where they might live in peace and in the undisturbed enjoyment of their religious opinions. Three of their number were delegated to seek out a proper location.* They proceeded to Penn., went up the Susquehanna River, and fol- lowed the route of Gen. Sullivan to Seneca Lake, where they finally determined to locate. In June, 1787, 25 ''Friends^' set out for the land of promise by the way of the Mohawk Valley. They settled about 1 mi. s. of the present village of Dresden, the location being fixed upon from its close proximity to the fine waterfalls upon Crooked Lake Outlet.^ During the fall they prepared the land, and in the following season sowed it with winter wheat, which they harvested in 1789 ; and this was the first wheat crop raised in Western N. Y. In 1789, Wm. Potter and Thos. Hathaway, two of their number, purchased of the State 14,000 acres of land lying between Seneca Lake and the Pre-emption Line, and subsequently Thos. Hathaway and Benedict Robinson purchased the town Jerusalem of Phelps and Gorham.® In 1789, Jemima and a large number of her followers 1 This building was erected 25 years ago. It is 100 ft. by 50, and 3 stories high including the basement. The farm yields a revenue of $1000. 2 The P'^nn Tan Herald was established at Penn Yim in May, isls. by Abraham H.Bennett. In 1«20 it appeared as Tlie Penn Yan Democrat. In 1835 Alfred Reed be- c-inii'' associfited with Mr. Bennett, and in 1S47 Mr. Reed became sole proprietor. Jji iSoO Darius A. Ogden be- came proprietor, in 1853 Ileuben Ppicer, and in 1857 Geo. D. A. Bridgman, its present publisher. The Yates County iiepublican was stiuted Dec. 16, 1824, by E. .T. Fowle, and continuf d 10 years. He then sold it to John Remmick, who published it as The Penn Yan Enquirer about 2 years, when it was discontinued. T/ie Yates Count}/ Whig was commenced in 1^36 by Hodney L. Adams, by whom it was continued until 1852, when it was sold to Stafford S. CK-veland. 1 n 1856 its name was changed to The Yates County Cliroulcle, and it is still pub- lished by S. S. Cleveland. The Western Star was published at Penn Yan in 1833 by H. Gil- bert, and Tlu MisceUany, the same year, at the same place, by Thos. II. Biissett. TJie Democratic Organ was published a few months in 1844 at Penn Yan by Harvey L. Winaiits. Tfie Penn Yan Telegraph, da., wiis issuiid from the office of The Whiff, for fi mos. in 1^4i;. frhe Dundee Record was commenced at Dundee, Jan. 25. 1S44, by ftitford J. Booth. Edward HoaKbind succeeded to its editorship in 1^47, John J. Diefendorf in 1853, and D. S. Itruner. its present puMiPhor. in 1857. 8 Jemima Wilkinnon was the d:iughter of Jeremiah Wilkinson, a R. I. farmer. She wns one of n family of 12 children mid had little or no advant'igcs of education. In her 20th year she had a severe attack of f-ver; and for some time her life was despaired of. Upon her recovery she claimed thtt she hurt been raised from the dead, — that her earned existence was ended and henceforth her life was to be spiritual and divine,— nnfl that she was endowed with the power of pruphecy. She soon commenced traveling and ex- horting, and succeeded in converting many persons, among whom were several substantial New England fanners. The following description of her person is copied from "The New Haven Gazette and Connecticut Magazine," dated March, 1787. " She is about the middle size of woman, not genteel in her person, rather awkward in her carriage; her complectinn good, her eyes re- markably black and brilliant, her hair bbick and waving? with beautiful ringlets' upon her neck and shoulders. Her features are regular, and the whole of her face is thought by many to be per- fectly beautiful. As she w not to be supposed of either sex, so no cap, letting her hair hang down as has been described, Sho wears her neckcloth like a man ; her chemise is buttoned around the neck and wrists. Her outside garmentisarobe, under which it ia said she wears an expensive dress, the fashion of which is made to correspond neither with that of man nor woman. Her understanding is not deficient, except touching her religious fii- naticism. She is very illiterate, yet hor memory is very groat; artful in discovering many circumstances which fall out among her disciples. On all occasions she requires the most extra- ordinary attentions that can be bestowed upon her: one or more of her disciples usually attend upon her and perform the most menial sei*vices. Her pronunciation is after the peculiar dialect of the most illiteriite of the countrypeople of New England. Her preaching has veiy little connection, and is very lengthy, — at times cold and l^mguid, but occasionally lively, zealous. andnnim;ited." When she first arose from hor bed of sickness, she assumed that there was once such a person as Jemima Wilkinson, but that she died and went to heaven, after which the Divine Spirit reanimated that same body and it arose from the dead ; now, this divine in- habitant is Christ Jesus our Lord, the Friend to all miiukind, and gives his name to the body to which he is united, and there- fore body and spirit conjointly is the ^^Uvivemal Frt>ml." She assumed to have two " Witnesses," corresponding in all respects to those prophesied in Rev. chap. xi. from 3d to 13th vei-ses. These were James Parker and Sarah Richards, During her whole life she never yielded the pretensions which she at first made ; and her whole careerhjid the merit of consistency. Among the prin- cipal peculiar tenets of the sect was the strict enforcement of the Shaker doctrine of celibacy as indispensable to a pure life. The meetings were conducted after the manner of the Quakers, the whole congregation often sitting in perfect silence for an hour or more. — .V-^ Turner's Hint, of The Philps and Gm-ham Purchosr. This extraordinary woman exerted a strong influence over her followers, who gratuitously planted and hoed her corn, sowed and reaped her wheat, and cut and gathered her hay. always having care to be of no trouble or expense to the Friend upon these orcasions, On one occasion she addressed, through an inter- preter, a bandof Oneidas wbohad encamped near her settlement on their way to a treaty, endeavoring to convince them that she was Christ. They listened with apparent attention, and, when she had finished, one of the chiefs arose and delivered a short ad- dress to his countrymen. She requested to have it interpreted to her, — when the savage contemptuously replied, in broken Eng- lish, that if she were the character she assumed to be, she would have understood the poor Indian as well as any one. She died July 1, 1819, and her sect has long since been broken up. — Hud- son's Lifp of Jemima WiJlwfov. * Abraham Dayton, Richard Smith, and Thomas Hathaway. 5 Tlie first gristmill in Wei^tern N .Y. was built in 17811. 1 >y Ti ich'd Snii tb. James I'arkcr.und Abraham Dayton, 2^ mi. from L'eniiYiin 204 YATES COUNTY. came in. The first framed house in the co. was erected for her, on a farm of 1000 acres set apart for her especial use. For a time the colony flourished; but soon neighbors began to arrive, and iealousies were engendered, and a series of persecutions commenced, which seriously retarded the progress of the colony and embittered the last days of the "Frieiid."^ BARKISTGTOaf — was formed from Wayne, (Steuben co.,) April 6, 1822. It lies upon the e. bank of Crooked Lake, in the s. part of the co. Its surface consists principally of a high ridge, sloping gradually upward from Crooked Lake to a height of 600 to 800 ft. Big Stream flows through the s. E. corner, in a deep ravine bordered by steep declivities. From Crooked Lake the ascent is nearly uniform for 2 miles ; and the summit of the ridge is rolling. The soil is a slaty gravel mixed with clay, and is generally productive. Harrington/ (p- v.,) near the center, contains 1 church and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Jacob Tuplis.* The Kev. Jas. Osgood (Bap.) was the first preacher. There are two churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. BEIVTOIV*— was formed from Jerusalem, Feb. 12, 1803, as "Vernon." Its name was changed to "Snell" April 6, 1808, and to Benton April 2, 1810. Milo was taken off in 1818, and a part of Torrey in 1851. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling and gradually descending toward the n. and e. From Seneca Lake the land slopes upward for a mile, and to a height of about 300 ft., where it spreads out in a beautiful undulating region. The valley of Crooked Lake, 200 ft. below the summits of the table land, extends about 1 mi. into the s. part of the town. Keshong Creek passes through the N. e. corner. The soil is clay along the lake, but upon the hills it is a deep, rich, clayey and gravelly loam, well adapted to almost every branch of agriculture. Bellona, (Benton p. o.,) situated on Keshong Creek, in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, (pop. 205;) and Benton Center (p. v.) 2 churches and 28 dwellings. Fergu- sons Corners (p. o.) is a hamlet. The village of Penn Yan lies partly within this town. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1789, by Levi Benton, from Catskill, Greene co.* The first religious meetings were held in the barn of Levi Benton, in 1792, and were conducted by Ezra Cole. There are now 4 churches in town.' ITAIjY — was formed from Naples, Feb. 15, 1815. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface consists of three distinct ridges, each attaining an elevation of about 1000 ft. above Canan- daigua Lake. These ridges are divided by the valley of Flint Creek — known as Italy Hollow — ■ and West River Hollow. The valleys are generally narrow and bordered by steep and often precipitous sides. The summits of the ridges are broken uplands. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam and is best adapted to pasturage. Italy Hill (p. o.) is situated in the s.e. corner; and Italy HollOfT (p. o.) on Flint Creek, s. of the Center. The first settlement in the town was made by John Mower, at West Hollow, in 1793.' There are 4 churches in town.' JERUSAIiEm — was organized Jan. 1789, and Benton was taken off in 1803. A small part of Steuben co., in the forks of the lake, was annexed Feb. 25, 1814: It lies on the w. bank of Crooked Lake and is the central town in the co. Its surface is divided into two distinct ridges by the w. branch of the lake and its inlet. The e. ridge terminates on the s. in Bluff Point, a promontory, 8 mi. in extent, lying between the two branches of Crooked Lake ; and it extends on the N. into the town of Benton. It is about 400 ft. high and IJ to 2 mi. wide, and is bordered by steep declivities. The continuity of this ridge is broken by a remarkable depression extending Gorham, in Belling a picked township, to require the purchaaer to dx'aw for another township at the Sfone price. Robmson and Hathaway, after purchasing Jerusalem, drew what is now the town of Geneseo, Livingston co. The Friend objected to her people ' trading and buying property at a distance,' and, fearing her displeasure, they prevailed upon Mr. Phelps to release them from the bargain, which he was quite willing to do, as he had ascertained the value of the township." — Turner's Hist, ^ She was several times prosecuted for blasphemy, and was harassed by lawsuits, which were chiefly instigated by those who Lad once been her followers and friends. — Tunun^s Hist, of Tlie Pkclps and Garltam Purchase. 2 Sometimes called " Warsaw." » The next settlers were Thomas Bronson, from Conn.; Wm. Ooolbaugh, fioin N. J. ; Jonathim Davis, William Ovenshire, Oliver Parker, Matthew Knapp, Joseph Fentnn, John Kriss, and Henry Spry. The first school Wiis tiuight by West, in 1810. Jacob Tuplis kept the first tavern, in ISUi, on the Bath Road ; and Elyah Townscnd, the first store. John Carr erected the first gristmill, and Wra. Cummins the first sawmill. * ^amed trom Levi Benton, the first settler. ' Spencer settled at Bellona in 1790 ; George Wheeler, Ro- bert Chisson, Jas. Scofield, Otis Barden. and Daniel Brown in 1701 ; and Ezra Cole, Eliphalet Hall, and Samuel Buell, with their families, in 1702. The first birth was that of Matilda Buell, in Sept. 1792 ; the first marriage, that of Thomas Barden and Olive Benton, in 1791 ; and the first deaths, those of Ephraim and Sa- muel Wheeler, who both died in the fall of 1792. The first saw- mill was built by Dr. Caleb Benton, in 1790, at Bellona, The first store was kept by Luther Benton and James Stoddard, in 1799, and the first inn'by Ezra Cole, in 1800. John Coates taught the first school, at Benton Center, in the winter of 1794. The first town meeting was held at the house of Daniel Brown. e Two M. E., Bap., and Presb. J Josiah Bradish, Seth Sprague, Fisher and Isaac Whitney, William Dunton, Edward Low, William Clark, Archibald Arm- strong, Card Knowles, John Armstrong, Morris and Hastings, settled in 1704 aud '96, and Nathan Scott and Andrew Eobson in 1809. The first birth was that of Polly Mower, iu Oct. 1795 ; and a child of Mr. Mower was the first that died. The first marriage was that of Jabez Metcalf and Nancy Torrey. Nancy Tori-ey taught the first school, in 1808, at West Hollow. Ellas Lee kept the first tavern, at the same place, in 1806 ; A'braham Maxfleld the first store, at 1 taly Hollow; Asaliel Stone, jr., erected the first" saw and grist mill, at the same place, at an early d,ite. 8 Two Ban.. M. E.. and Preah. YATES COUNTY. 205 from the head of the w. branch of Crooked Lake e. to the e. branch. The highest point in this valley is about 70 ft. above the lake. The ridge on the w. rises gradually for 3 or 4 mi. and attains a height of about 700 ft. above the lake, where the surface spreads out into a rolling upland. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, and is well adapted to both pasturage and tillage. Brancb- port, (p. V.,) situated at the head of the w. branch of Crooked Lake, contains 3 churches and about 55 houses. Klniieys Corners (Bluff Point p. o.) is situated in the e. part of the town, and Sliermans Hollow (p. o.) in the n. part. The first settlement was made by Jemima ■Wilkinson, in 1789.^ In that year crops of wheat were harvested in the town, and a mill was erected that made flour the same season. The first, and for a long time the only, religious services in town were conducted by Jemima, at her own house. There are 4 churches in town.'' AIII>Dli£gEX — was formed, in Jan. 1789, as "Augusta." Its name was changed April 6, 1808, and a part was annexed to Potter in 1856. It is the n. w. corner town of the co., lying upon the E. bank of Canandaigua Lake. Its surface consists chiefly of high ridges with steep declivities separated by narrow valleys. The summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the lake. The valley of West Kiver divides the ridges, and the valley of a small stream known as Boat Brook divides the w. ridge into two peaks, the n. of which is known as " Bare Hill." The soil is clayey on the summits of the hills, and gradually changes to a deep gravelly loam in the valleys. Near Federal Hollow, a mile from Rushville, is an inflammable spring.' Middlesex Center (Middlesex p.o.) con- tains 3 churches and 20 dwellings. OveracUers Corners is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in 1789. Judge Potter, one of the surveyors of Phelps and Gorham's purchase, was the original purchaser of the town, and took an active part in its first settlement.* Many of the first settlers were adherents of Jemima Wilkinson ; and for a considerable time there was no other religious association in the town. There are now 4 churches.* miLiO — was formed from Benton, March 6, 1818. A part of Torrey was taken off in 1851. It lies on the e. border of the co., between Seneca and Crooked Lakes. Its surface rises from Seneca Lake in a gentle and gradual slope for 2 mi., where it attains an elevation of about 400 to 500 ft. From this summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradually declining on the w. to the valley of Crooked Lake. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with some clay in the vicinity of Penn Yan and on the shore of Seneca Lake. Penn Yan,' (p. v.,) the county seat, was incorp. April 27, 1833. It is situated at the foot of Crooked Lake, and is an important station on the Canandaigua & Elmira R. B. A daily steamer connects it with Hammondsport, at the head of Crooked Lake. It contains 6 churches, a high school,' 2 newspaper establishments, and a bank. Pop. 2,277, — 2,114 in Milo, 163 in Benton. Mllo Center (p. v.) contains 150 inhabitants; and Himrods Corners (Milo p. v.) 78. The first settlement was commenced in the N. part, by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, from R. I., in 1788.' The first religious services were conducted by Jemima Wilkinson. There are now 10 churches in town.' POTTER'" — was formed from Starkey, April 26, 1832, and a part of Middlesex was annexed Dec. 18, 1856. It lies near the center of the n. border of the co. Its surface is hilly in the s. w., and rolling in the center and n. Flint Creek, the principal stream, flows northerly through near the center of the town. A swamp of 1 to IJ mi. wide extends along its course for 8 mi. n. of Potter Center. The soil is a slaty loam in the s. w., and a gravelly and sandy loam, with an intermixture of clay, in the remaining parts. Kushville (p. v.) is partly in Gorham, Ontario co., but princi- pally in the N. w. part of this town. Pop. 583, — 408 in Potter, 175 in Gorham. Potter Center (Potter p. o.) contains 20 houses. Voali is a p. o. on the line of Benton. Settlement was begun in 1788, by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson. The most prominent among them were William 1 The first settlers were Thomas Hathaway and Daniel Brown. In 1789, .Teminia, "The Universal Friend," as she was calleil, entered the town with a large retinne, among whom were Parah Richards and Rachael Malin, her two " Witrfesses." Isaac Kmney, Solomon Ingraham, Samuel Doolittle. and Wm. Sandford. as part of her family, all from Rhode Island. They all lived with .lemima in the house previously erected for her,— the first frame house built in Western N. Y. The first gristmill was built by Richard Smith. .Tames Parlier, and Abraham Dayton, 2i mi. from I'enn Yao ■ David Wagener opened the first public house, at the same place; Daniel Brown builtthe first sawmill, north of Branchport; and John Noyes taught the first school, in 1794- s Bap., M. B., Presb., Univ. » B<-r¥s Mmeralngy N. Y^P-}™- 4 Among the first settlers were Michael Pierce, John Walford, Jabez French, John Blair, James Lewis, and John McNenr, all from R.I. William Bassett taught the first school, in 1796; Je^se Gilbert kept the first tavern, near Rushville and Nelson Wiley the first stjire. John Walford jr.. built the first sawmilL The * Among the early settlers of the village were a Pennsylvaniaii and a Yankee, each of whom wished to name the place. The matter was finally compromised by uniting the first syllable of their respective designations, — Penn and Yan. ' The Penn Yan High School was incorporated as an academy in 185V. The building is now in process of erection. B The first settlers were Abraham D.ay ton, Richard Smith. Jas. Parker, John Lawrence, Stephen Card, Samuel Hartwell. Heze- kiah Townsend, David and Peleg Brigg, John Sappier. Elijah and Micajah Brown, David Wagener, and Adam Harrat and his sons, Abel and Silas. The first death was that of Mrs. Jedediah Holmes, in 1788. As .Temima Wilkinson's creed was the dominant reli- gion of the town at that period and for some time after, there were no marriages, and of course no Itnnwn births. It was an era in which people died and none were legitimately horn. He- zekiah Townsend kept the first inn, a little e. of Penn Yan, and James Hill the first store. » 3 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Wes. Meth., Presb., Prot. E., and R. 0. 206 YATES COUNTY. Potter and his sons William, Arnold, Simeon, and Edward, who had purchased the whole town- ship.i Rev. Mr. Haskill was the first settled preacher, in 1796. There are 11 churches in town." STARREY' — was formed from Reading, (Schuyler CO., ) April 6, 1824. Potter was taken off in 1832. It is the s. e. corner town of the oo. Its surface is a gradual slope from the bluffs which border upon Seneca Lake to the w. border of the town, where it attains an elevation of about 700 ft. The bluffs upon the lake in the s. half of the town are 100 to 200 ft. high and nearly perpendicular. In the s. part, a ridge breaks the uniformity of the slope near the center. Big Stream and Rock Stream flow through deep ravines into Seneca Lake, falling several hundred ft. in their course. The soil is clay along the lake, a sandy loam in the s. part, and a, gravelly loam in the N. Dundee, (p. v.,) incorp. June 26, 1848, is situated on Big Stream, in the w. part; contains 4 churches, the Dundee Academy, a bank, and a newspaper office. Pop. 732. Eddytwwn (p. v.) contains a church and a seminary.* Pop.123. Rocli Stream (p. v.)contain8 25houses, and Starltey (p.v.) 20. Big Stream Point (p. o.) and SUeruians Corners are hamlets. Settlement begun in 1800.' Rev. Mr. Clarke conducted the first religious services, in 1808. There are 7 churches in town.* TORREY'— was formed from Benton and Milo, Nov. 14, 1851. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., on the shore of Seneca Lake. Its surface consists of a slope rising from the lake to the yr. borders, to an elevation of 400 to 500 ft. Crooked Lake Outlet flows through a deep, narrow, and rocky valley. Its whole fall from Crooked to Seneca Lake is 271 ft. The soil on the lake shore is clayey, and in the center and w. a sandy and gravelly loam. WestUresden' (p.v.) is locatedon Seneca Lake, at the terminus of Crooked Lake Canal. It is a landing for the Seneca Lake steamers. Pop. 365. The town was settled by the followers of Jemima Wilkinson, mostly from New England, in 1788.' Jemima was the first preacher. There are now 2 churches in town ; Presb. and M. E. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeliolders, Schools, Live Sloclc, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Yates County. Kaues of Towns. Barrington. BentOQ Italy Jerusalem- Middlesex .. Milo Potter Starkey Torrey Total. Acres of Land. 16,888t 19,496 16.312J 26,394i lS,472i 18,026i 16,612i 15,868i 11,481 155,542i 6,227 6,009} 10,166i 8,373i 6,172j 4,716 6,699i 4,062} 2,817 61,134 Valuation of 1868. $478,776 988,909 295,168 944,497 442,816 1,421,649 652,673 1,060,643 540,822 $6,825,741 0,a,- $12,900 162,678 45,656 69,654 23,670 209,760 88,666 178,650 63,400 $491,676 1,141,687 340,814 1,014,051 466,486 1,631,299 741,333 1,239,093 694,222 $834.823 $7.660,564 760 1,279 7S3 1,439 642 2,076 1,083 1,101 647 9,900 744 1,221 723 1,368 663 2.228 1,065 1,237 673 9,912 305 487 275 562 26S 846 402 501 247 3,873 216 604 289 652 263 610 402 627 268 223 355 260 466 223 630 346 316 186 Schools. Vg P., el 593 797 697 1,019 467 1,674 893 914 492 Names of Towns. Barrington.. Benton Italy Jerusalem.. Middlesex .. Milo Potter Starkey Torrey Total, _5_ 651 924 682 1,036 620 969 760 778 477 al 65 So 1,024 1,249 866 1,639 880 1,008 1,186 1,061 627 ,773 9,639 1,119 622 1,109 698 970 686 889 477 6.351 12,381 3,848 9,017 6,918 6,394 12,203 4,999 4,686 _60_ 1,110 2,026 789 1,832 1,141 1,792 1,344 1,507 1,046 Aqricuitural Products. BU3H. OF GbAIN. s 12,726 27,183 6,061J 33,664 22,582J 27,348 21,147i 22,181 19.703 SS 60,147 117,682 20,306} 61,678i 24,088i 63,245J 64,0634 86,004i 64,908 1,378 2,435J 1,827 2,801 1,522 1,392 2,046i 1,422} 1,026 7,260 64,827 12,686 193,486} 531,032} 16,850} 67,912} 143,773 717,2.59} 69,972 •2 O II 0,889 8,300 6,311 7,879 3,115 6,963 3,970 11,686} 3,840 11,609 34,626 6,903 14,814 7,066 16,425 21,139 23,927 9.364 Daibv Pbdducto. ft, K| 73,996 113,173 66,640 106,673 66,885 92,705} 03,423 91,299 44,666 I'S.^ 1,523 6,987 23,470 8,065 8,062 2,010 5,147 4,123 696 230 441 926j 264 412 301 1,163 67 3,793} 1 Rouse Perry, and Benj., Jesse and Joshua Brown came with the Potters and settled in the E. part of the town. They were followed by Ellas Gilbert, Jabez French, Abram, Isaac, and Jacob Lane, Francis and Peleg Briggs, jr., Edward Craft, Amaziah Keyes, M. ShefBold, David Southerland, Nathan and Calvin Loomis, Abial Thomas, and George Green. The first birth was that of Josiah Briggs ; the first marriage, that of Amaziah Keyes and a daughter of Major C. Craft, in 1796 ; and the first death, that of James Lewis, in 1796. Arnold Potter built the first saw and grist mill, in 1792. The first public house was opened in 1792, by Elias Gilbert, and the first store in 1801, by John Griffin. 2 4 M. E., 3 Bap., Cong., Bv. Luth., Univ.. and R. C. 8 Named from John Starkey, one of the first settlers. * Starkey Seminary is controlled by the Cliristians' Conference. Gustin, Abner Hurd, and his son Gen. Timothy Hurd were among the first settlers. Andrew Harrison kept the first inn, at Eddytown, in 1808 ; and Hervey Smith the first store, at the same place, in 1809. The first sawmill was built by Timothy Hurd, in 1807. Rhoda Royce taught the first school, in 1809. » 3 Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., and Christian. 7 Named from Henry Torrey. 8 Usually called "2>»'e8£fen." " The first settlers were Asahel Stone, Abel, Elnathan and Jo- nathan Botsford, Benedict Robinson, Thos. Hathaway, Jedediah Holmes, Elisha Luther, David Fish, James Brown, Robert Buck- ley, and Eliphalet Norrie. The first marriage was tliat of Bene- diet Kobmson and Susannah Brown, Sept. 1, 1792 ; and the firet death, that of Mrs. Jedediah Holmes, in 1788. Thomas Hathaway kent the first inn. in 1790: and Elinhalet Nnrrin t.he fivnt. Rh>re. in ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. This county was formed from Clinton and parts of Montgomery and Herkimer, March 3, 1802.^ It contains an area of sq.mi., and is the largest co. in the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany. The surface is broken by a series of parallel ridges i extending in a N. E. and s.w. direction, and gradually declining in I height from the svmimits, about 1000 ft. above tide, on the s. Iborder, to the level of the banks of St. Lawrence. The highest 'summits, in the s. E., are about 2000 ft. aboye tide. The declivities of the ridges are usually gradual slopes, giving to the surface a rolling character, changing from gentle undulations along the river to a hilly and almost mountainous character in the s.E. The principal streams are the Indian, Oswegatchie, Grass, Racket, St. Regis, and Deer Rivers.'' These streams all have their rise upon the highlands, which occupy the center of the great northern wilderness, flow for a considerable distance in a n. w. direction, and most of them gradually bend toward the N. E. and finally traverse the greater part of the co. nearly parallel to the St. Lawrence. They all are frequently interrupted by rapids and cascades in their upper and middle course, but as they approach the St. Lawrence they become sluggish ; and most of them are navigable for short distances from their mouths.' The southern and central parts of the co. are thus abundantly supplied with water-power. In the s. part are numerous small lakes, the principal of which is Cranberry Lake. Long Lake, the largest body of water in the CO., lies along tie course of Indian River, near its junction with the Oswegatchie. The geological formation of the co. is very simple. The whole central and southern portions are underlaid by the primitive formation, consisting of gneiss and white limestone.* The northern ex- tremity of this formation may be readily traced, by a line commencing upon the border of Jeffer- son CO., about 2 mi. w. of the Ox Bow, thence extending northerly to near the center of the s. shore of Black Lake, thence bending toward the e., and extending to the e. border of the co. on the N. line of Hopkinton. A belt of country 5 to 10 mi. vride, n. of the primitive region and parallel to it, is underlaid by Potsdam sandstone; and the remainder of the CO., comprising a belt 3 to 20 mi. wide bordering upon the St. Lawrence, is underlaid by the calciferous sandrock. The primitive portion of the co. is generally elevated and considerably broken. Its soil is light and sandy ; and in some parts are extensive sand plains, entirely unfit for agricultural purposes. A considerable portion of the co. is covered with drift deposits, which go far to neutralize the effect of the underlying rock upon the character of the soil. In this region the intervales along the streams are usually fertile ; but the whole is best adapted to grazing. Magnetic iron ores abound in the s. part ; but they have never been examined or worked to any considerable extent, owing to their remoteness from settlements.* In Rossie rich veins of lead have been found and extensively worked f and the rich specular iron ore found along the w. border of the co. and in the adja- cent portions of Jefferson, lies between the gneiss and sandstone.' The sandstone region is level or gently undulating, broken in some places by disrupted masses of the underlying rock. In this region are numerous quarries, from which are obtained sheets of sandstone of 2 inches to a foot in thickness and of almost any desirable size. This stone acquires hardness by exposure and is indestructible by atmospheric agencies. The soil in this region is usually thin, but fertile, and is derived principally from drift. The calciferous sandstone region commences as a narrow strip on the St. Lawrence, in the n. part of Hammond, and continually widens to the e. border of the co. The soil, consisting of drift and marine clay, is usually very productive. 1 This CO. included the " Ten Towns ;" and Great Tracts Nos. 11 and III of Macomb's Purchase were provisionally annexed, and now form part of the co. . -r j- t. .u ' These streams are known to the St. Regis Indians by the following names :— Indian, O-tsi-ltwarke, "where the ash tree growB with kn " black water Racket, Ni-h'arnarwarte, , . • «. , - . wis-sas-ne, "where the partridge drowns;" Deer, Oie-ka^rofUt-Be, " Trout River." . , ,^ „, , names :— Indian, O-tai-kwa^Ke, ■■ wnere toe aan nw h knobs;" Oswegatchie, a Huron word, said to signify rater;" Graae, Ni-kent-si-a-ke, "full of large fishes;" Ji-harnarwarte, " racket, or noisy river;" St. Regis, Ak- are liable to a sudden reversal of their currents near their mouths, from the damming up of that stream by ice: the streams in consequence overflow the lowlands, making the maintenance of fences and bridges impossible. * This region is remarkable for the variety and beauty of its minerals, of which 60 species are found. — Hough's Hist. St. Law- rence and Franklin Cos., j>. 684. 6 The Clifton Mine in Pierrepont has furnished 3,500 tons of iron. 6 gee p. . 7 In the town of Pierrepont a substance used for red paint has been found in the same relative ^enlnsrinal nnnition. 208 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. Dairying; and stock raising are the branches of agriculture most extensively pursued.^ Grain is also cultivated to some extent.^ Fruits are not extensively cultivated. Manufactures, consisting of iron,« castings, lead/ lumber,^ and articles of wood,« are carried on. Commerce to some extent is carried on by means of the St. Lawrence and the various railways. The chief works of internal improvement in the co. are the Northern R. R., extending from Oo-densburo-h to Rouses Point, on Lake Champlain -^ the Potsdam & Watertown R. R.,« forming a connection with the N. R. R. on the n. and with the W. & R. R. R.^and N. Y. Central on the s. Improvements have been made by the State in the navigation of several of the rivers, for the pur- pose of floating down logs from the s. forests.^ Daily lines of steamboats connect Ogdensburgh and other points on the river with Montreal and with the various ports on Lake Ontario. The county seat is located at the village of Canton,^^ on the P. & W. R. R., 18 mi. s. e. of Ogdens- burgh. The courthouse, jail," and clerk's office are in separate buildings, situated adjacent to each other. The co. poorhouse is situated on a farm of 130 acres 1 mi. w. of Canton Village.^^ Six newspapers are now published in the co. ; 3 at Ogdensburgh, 2 at Potsdam, and 1 at Canton.i^ 1 This CO. stands first in the State in the value of its stock, amount of pasturage and meadow, and among the first in the amount annually produced of spring wheat, potatoes, peas, and -maple sugar. 2 The marine clay deposits produce fine crops of wmter wheat. 8 Fui-naces are or have recently been in operation at Rossie, Wegatcbie, i^uUersvilLe, and Brasher Iron Works. The supply of ore is inexhaustible, and large quantities of iron are annually mf\d-. 4 The Rossie Lead Mines are now worked by an English com- pany. Lead has also been found in several other localities in the co. 6 The princip;il lumber operations are carried on on the Racket River. Since 1851, 10 gang sawmills have been built within 17 mi. In 1855 it was estimated that 120,000 logs were worked up. 6 Consisting of shingles, staves, lath, heading, boxes, doors, sash and blinds. ^ 7 Opened to Ogdensburgh Oct. 1, 1850. 8 Opened through the co. Aug. 23, 1855. 9 These improvements have been made on the Indian, Oswe- gatchie, Racket, and Grass Rivers. 10 The county seat was first located at Ogdensburgh, but was removed to Canton in 1828. The first courts were held in the stone barracks, w. of the O.swegatchie ; and a bomb-proof magsr dine adjacent was used for a jail.. The first courthouse stood on the site recently purchased by Government for a customhouse. The first co. officers were Nathan Ford, First Judge ; Alex. Turner and .loseph Edsall, Judges; Stillman Foote and John Tibbetts, Assist. Justices ; Thos. J. Davies, S/ieriff; Lewis Hasbrouck, Co. Clerk; and Matthew Perkins, Surrogate. The present court- I house was located by Joseph Grant, Geo. Brayton, and John E. Hinman, commissioners from Oneida co. ; and the buildings were erected under the supervision of Ansel Bailey, David C. Judson, and Asa Sprague, jr. The records of the supervisors previous to 1814 were lost in a fire at Ogdensburgh in. 1839. 11 The jail is a miserable building, poorly adapted to the pur- poses for which it was erected. 12 This institution yields an annual revenue of about $1,000. The average number of inmates is about 150. The supplies are furnislied by contract. The poorhouse is deficient in necessary conveniences for the health and comfort of its inmates. 13 At Ogdensburgh the following papers have been published : The Palladium wa-i begun in 1810 by Kip &. Strong, sold in 1812 to John P. Sheldon, and continued to 1814. T/te St. Lawrence Gazette was begun in 1815 by D. R. Strachan and P. B. Fairchild. In 1830 it was bought by Preston King, and united with Tlie St. La^vrence Republican, removed to this place fi om Canton, and continued by him till 1833. It was afterward published by Hitchcock, Tillotson & Still- well, and is now published by James & Hopkins. The Northern Light was begun July 7, 1831, -by W. B.. Rogers, as an anti-masonic organ. In 1834 A. B, James became its publisher, and changed It to The Times ; and at the end of the 4th volume it was enlarged, and called The Ogdensburgh Times. In 1837 Dr. A. Tyler became associated, with James, and the title was changed to The Times and Advertiser. In March, 1844, it was transferred to H. G. Foote and S. B. Seeley, and changed to The Frontier Sentinel. In June, 1847, Mr. Foote changed it to The Ogdenshurgh Sentinel, under which name it was published by Stillman Foote until 1858, when it merged in the St. Lawrence RepubUcan, TJie Meteorological Register was commenced, and a few numbers issued, in 1839; edited by Jas.H. Coffin, now Vice-Pres. of Lafayette Coll., Easton, Penn. The Ogdensburgh Forum was begun April 24, 1848, by A. Tyler, and discontinued in 1851. Th£ Daily Sentinel was started April 14, 1848, by S. Foote, and published for 6 months. The St. Lawrence Budget, a small semi-mo. advertisme sheet, was The Daily Morning News was begun in March, 1852, by Wm. N ' Oswell, publisher, and Fayette Robinson, editor. The Weekly News was issued from the same ofBce in Sept. 1852. Both were discontinued in the Dec. following. Tlie St. Lawrence American was begun March 1, 1855, by Wm. Yeaton and E. M. Holbrook, and continued 3 years. The Boys' Daily Joumalyfiis begun May 1,1855, by H. K.James, J. W. Hopkins, and C. Foster. As lads belonging to the Ogdensburgh Academy, they had previously issued the Morning Glory and Young America. In 1857 Foster withdrew, and the name was changed to Tlie I>aily Journal ; the paper is still issued. The Weekly Journal is made up from the daily. Neither of the publishers is of age (1858.) Tlie St. r*awrence Democrat waa commenced at Can- ton in the fall of 1855 by H. C. Simpson; and was aftei^ ward continued at that place by John F. Ames. It is published by Abbott & O'Brien. At Potsdam the following have been issued :— The Potsdam Gazette was begun Jan. 13, 1816, by F. C. Powell, and continued till April, 1823. The Potsdam American was commenced by F. C. Powell in Jan, 1824, from the old Gazette press, and was continued by Powell & Reddington till April, 1829. In May of the same year it was revived as The Herald, and published as an anti-masonic organ till Aug. The St. Lawrence Republican was begun in 1826 by \V. H. Wyman, and removed to Canton in 1827. The Day Star was published 6 months in 1827 by Jonathan Wallace. TJie Patriot was commenced in April, 183-, by "Wm. Hughes, and published one year. The N&rthem Cabinet was removed from Canton in 1845 ; and from the same office was issued The Repositiyry in 1846, semi-mo., made up of the literary matter of The Cabinet. This latter was sold to Wm.L. Knowles, and changed to Th£, St. Lawrence Mercury in 1848. W. H. Wallace became pro- prietor in 1850; and H. C. Fay in 1851, who changed it to The St. Lawrence Journal. It was continued till July, 1852, when it was united with The Courier. The Potsdam Courier was begun in 1851 by V. Harrington, and continued till July, 1852, when it was united with The Journal, and issued as Tlie Potsdam Courier and Journal was removed to Canton in 1859, and is now published by H. C. Fay & Brother. ThA Philomathean was begun in 1852, and a few numbers were issued by students of the St. Lawrence Academy. Tlie Elementaiy Republican was begun in 1852, and a few num- bers issued from The Journal office. Tlie Northern Freeman, removed from Gouverneur in 1856,18 still published by Doty & Baker. Tlie E-rangellcal Herald, mo., was begun in 1856 by Jos. A. Livingston. Printed part of the time at North- field, Tt. Now published at Boston and Potsdam. At Canton the following have been published : — The Canton Advertiser and St. Lawrence Republican, removed from Potsdam in 1827, was published here by Preston King till 1830. when it was removed to Ogdensburgh. The Northern Telegraph was begun in 1832 by C. C. Bill. It was soon sold to Orlando Squires, and changed to The (hntnn Democrat, and continued a short time. The Luminary of the Norths begun in July, 1834, was published a short time. TTie St. Lawrence Democrat was begun in Sept. 1840, by E. A. Barber, and continued 2 years. The Northern Cabinet and Literary Repository, semi-mo., was begun Jan. 2, 1843, by Chas. Boynton, and in 1845 re- moved to Potsdam. ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY, 209 ^ The first white settlement in this co. was made by Francis Picquet, a French Sulpitian, who estabv lished an Indian mission at the mouth of the Oswegajichie in 1749 and styled it "Xa Fi^esenta- tion^ In 1759 the first island below Ogdensburgh, 3 mi, down the Sfc. Lawrence, was taken pos- session of by the French and strongly fortified,^* It was named Fort Levi ; and here the last French resistance was made against the English, in 1760. During the Revolution it was the rendezvous of scalping parties of tories and Indians, who harassed the frontier settlements on the Mohawk and Hudson. Two expeditions were fitted out against this place during the Retolution ; but the English held possession of the fort at Oswegatchie until 1796, when it was surrendered under the provisions of Jay's Treaty.^ The Oswegatchies collected by Picquet were removed, in 1793, from the vicinity of Johnstown, U.C, to a point opposite, on the s. shore, known as Indian Point. In 1807 they removed to St. Regis and elsewhere.* The CO. includes the tract known as the ** Ten Towns,^'^ Tract No. II,® of Macomb's Pur- chase, containing 821,879 acres, Tract No. Ill,' of the same purchase, containing 640,000 acres,* a small portion located by Revolutionary laud warrants,® and the islands in the St. Lawrence.^** The first settlement under State authority was made at Ogdensburgh, in 1796, by Nathan Ford, agent of Samuel Ogden. Before 1800, small beginnings had been made at Lisbon, Madrid, and Massena. The " Ten Towns" were opened for settlement, under the original purchasers, within the next 5 years, and the adjacent parts of the Macomb Purchase soon after. At the commence- ment of the War of 1812 there were about 8,000 inhabitants in the co., thinly scattered over nearly the whole territory now settled. Oreat alarm was felt along the whole frontier, and many families left the river towns. It sooii became the theater of stirring military events, and various expeditions were planned and attacks made on both sides of the border." At the close of the war the co. rapidly filled up with an immigration chiefly from Vt. and the other New England States. The completion of the Erie Canal checked the growth of the co. by opening to emigration the more fertile lands of the West. The price of wild lands greatly fell, and many visions of immense wealth were blighted. For the last twenty years a steady and healthy improvement has been going on, which has been greatly increased by the lines of rail- road completed through it.*^ In 1837-40 the whole frontier was greatly excited by the ^'•Patriot Tite Inquirer and Tariff Advocate, a campaign paper, -was issued from The Cabinet press Ju 1844 by Chas. Boynton. TTie Canton Weekly Citizen was begun Jan. 1, 1852, by J. S. Sar- geaut, and continued 4 weeks. The Carbon Independent v/&a removed from Madrid in 1853, and published by O. L. Ray. It was soon discontinued. Tlie St. La.wrence Plain Dealer was begun in 1855, by Goodrich & Kemmington ; it is now published by S. P. Remington. Xoung America is now published by C. W. Ames. The other papers in the co. have been— The Northern New Yorker, begun April 2, 1849, at Gouverneur, by Wm. Goodrich and M. I". Wilson ; and issued a little more than one year. The St. Lawrence Advertiser was begun in 1850, at Gouverneur, and a few numbers issued. The Laborer was commenced in July, 1852, at Gouverneur, by M. Mitchel. It was succeeded by The St. Lawrence Frex. Press, begun in 1853 by J. J. Emmes, and afterward published by G. K. Lyman. It was removed to Ogdensburgh in the fall of 1854 and , united with The Sentinel. Tlie Progressive Age was begun in June; 1855, at Gouverneur, by G. D. Greenfield. It was removed to Potsdam in 1856, and changed to The Northern Freeman. The Trite Democrat, was begun in May, 1850, at Madrid, by M. F. Wilson and O. L. Ray. In its 2d year it became The Colianbian Independent ; wag continued 1 yr., when it was re- moved to Canton and changed to the Canton Independent. 1 This place became a French militaiy station, and a magaeine for supplying expeditions sent to their 8. w. posts ; and from this point were fitted out many of the parties that ravaged the back settlements of N. Y., Penn., and Va. 2 This island was called by t^ie Indians " O-ra-co^nen-ion," and by the French '■ Isle Royal." It is now called Chimney Island, from the ruins stiU "Visible. , „„ ^ - ^ ^ ^v 3 Upon the approach of Lord Amherst in 1760, the fort at the mouth of the Oswegatchie was abandoned. The island was in- vested on the 18th, of Aug. Upon Gallop Island the English found a number of ^Ips, which so exasperated them that they burned the chapeV'^nd houses, the ruins of which ar- still visi- ble The batteries opened on the 23d, and on the 25th the place, under PqiKihot, surrendered. The English named the fort- ress, Fort Frederick Augustus. On their voyage down the nver from this place to Montreal, the English lost in the rapids 46 bateaux, 17 whaleboate, and 84 men. The island was occupied but a short time, and the works soon fell into rum8.--^7wa; s < These Indians claimed large tracts of land and leased them to parties from Canada, who cut off the most valuable timber and committed other wasteful depredations. * The " Ten Towns^* were sold at auction by the land commis- sioners in 1787, in quarter sections, except Madrid and Oswe- gatchie, which were sold in square miles. In each town a mile square was reserved for literature, and another for the gospel and schools. 6 The original townships in this tract were named as follows : — ^1. Sherwood; 2. Oakham ; 3. Mortlake ; 4. Harewood; 5. Janes- town; 6. Pierrefield ; 7. Granshuck; 8. Hollywood; 9. Kildare; 10. Matildavale; 11, Wick; 12. Riversdale ; 13. Cookham ; 14. Catharineville ; 15. Islington; 16. Chesterfield; 17. Grange; 18. Crumack. 7 The original townships of this tract were named as follows: —I.Hammond; 2. Somerville; 3. DeWitt; 4. Fitz William ; 5. Ballybeen; 6. Clare; 7. Killarney; 8, Edwards; 9. Sarahsburgh ; 10. Clifton; ll.Poi-taferry; 12. Scriba; 13.Chaumont; 14. Bloom- field; 15. Emily ville. 8 These tracts were conveyed to Dan'l McCormack by patent in 1795-98. 9 The town of Massena comprises this portion of the co. 10 The islands were sold in 1823. 11 A regiment of militia was stationed at Ogdensburgh during the summer of 1812. In July, 1812, a fieet of 6 schooners — caught at Ogdensburgh by the war — attempted to reach the lake, but were intercepted; 2 were burned, and the rest hastened back. On the last day of July a bloodless engagement took place between the American schooner, Julia, and the British vessels, Earl of Moira and Duke of Gloucester. In Sept. an attack was made upon a number of bateaux at Tonssaint Island, opposite Lisbon, in which the Americans lost one and the British several men. On the 2d of Oct. the British made a show of attacking Ogdensburgh, and on the 4th made a real attack, but were re- pulsed, with the loss of a gunboat and 2 men killed. In Jan. the Americans suiTirised and captured Brockville, liberated several prisoners, paroled 50 of the citizens, and took a quantity of stores. On the 22d of Feb. the British, in retaliation, captured Ogdens- burgh. carried away the cannon and stores, and paroled a large number of citizens, who were afterward exchanged for those of Brockville. Late in 1813 Gen. Wilkinson's expedition passed down the St. Lawrence, and sufiered a disastrous defeat at Chrys- lers Field, opposite Louisville. The British followed the retreat- ing Americans and landed at Hamilton, (Waddington.) — HougKs Hist. St. Law. t& Frank. Cos. 12 The lands in the co. have doubled in value by the completion of the railroads. 210 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. War " The battle of Windmill Point, the most memorable event of that ill-concerted moyement, was fought within sight of Ogdensburgh, in Nov. 1838.^ The U S. Collection Dist. of Oswegatch«, was established March 2, 1811, and embraces the whole co. Its chief office is at Ogdensburgh, with subordinate offices at each of the river towns. BRASHER'— was formed from Massena, April 21, 1825. A part of Lawrence was taken off in 1828 It lies on the s. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is generally level, with gentle undulations in the w. part. The principal streams are St. Regis and Deer Rivers and Trout Brook. The soil in the w. part is stony and in parts sandy ; in the s. E. it is hght and sandy; and in the n. it is a clay loam and very productive. Bog iron ore is obtained abundantly in the E. part, in the range where the sand rests upon the clay deposits. Braslier Falls' (p. v.) is a manufacturing village upon the St. Regis, in the s. w. corner of the town, 1 mi. below the K. K. station. Pop. 257. Helena* (p. v.) is situated at the mouth of Deer River, and has a limited amount of water-power. Pop. 100. Brasher Iron WorliS, (p. o.,) 2 J mi. above Helena, on Deer River, is the seat of an important furnace. Braslier Center is a hamlet on the St. Regis River. The first improvement in town (at Helena) was under the agency of Russell At- water, in 1817. Stillman Fuller built the furnace at Brasher Iron Works in 1825.^ The first settlement at Brasher Falls was made in 1826. In 1839 C. T. Hulburd purchased 600 acres, including the village site of Brasher Falls, and in 1841 made the first considerable improvement. On the 26th of May, 1857, a fire in the woods ravaged this town, and destroyed the furnace and nearly the whole village at the "Iron Works."^ The census reports 6 churches in town.' CAIfTOaf'— was formed from Lisbon, March 28, 1805. It occupies a nearly central position in the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. Grass River, flowing through the center, and the Oswegatchie, flowing through the N. w. corner, are the principal streams." It is underlaid by white limestone and gneiss in the s., and by Potsdam sandstone in the central and N. parts. The soil is a deep, fertile, gravelly loam. Iron pyrites, from which copperas (sulphate of iron) has been manufactured, is found in abundance near High Falls, on Grass River.'" Canton," (p. v.,) the county seat, is pleasantly situated on Grass River, a little E. of the center of the town. It is an important station on the P. & W. R. R. It has a number of manufactures,'" and is the seat of the Canton Academy, founded in 1831, and of the St. Lawrence University," an institution founded under the auspices of the Universalist denomination in 1856. Pop. 1,029. Morley" (p.v.) is situated on Grass River, near the N. border of the town. Pop. 350. Rensselaer Falls'^ (p. V.) is a small village on the Oswegatchie, in the N. w. corner of the town. It was formerly the seat of an iron forge. Crarys Mills (p. o.) is a hamlet on the line of Potsdam. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Dan'l Harrington, on the site of the Agricultural Fair Grounds in Canton Village. The first permanent settler was Stillman Foote, who bought a mile square where the village now stands, and removed thither in 1801, accompanied by several men. In 1802 he built a mill, and the town began to be rapidly settled." Religious meetings were held as early as 1804. The first church (Presb.) was formed under the Rev. Amos Pettingill, in 1807." 1 The leaders in this movement dared not risk their own lives in the hattle, and left the few, consisting mostly of young men and boys, to engage the greatly superior numbers of the British. The battle was short and bloody. Of the 159 patriots taken prisoners, 18 were released without trial, 3 were acquitted, and 129 were sentenced to be hung. Of the last number, 10 were hung. 60 transported to Van Diemens Land, 56 pardoned, 2 sen- tenced to a 7 years' term in the penitentiary, and 2 died of their wounds. — Hough's Hist. St. Law. <£: Frank. Cos. 2 Named from Philip Brasher, of Brooklyn, part owner. It embraces the townships of " Grange" and '' Oritmacic," or Nos. 17 and 18 of Great Tract No. II, Macomb's Purchase. 8 Mills, a fork and hoe factory, and an agricultural implement factory, are located here. * Named from Helen, daughter of Joseph Pitcairn, of New York, former owner of a large part of the town. 5 In 1827 the furnace was purchased by Isaac W. Skinner and B. W. Bush. In 1830 the latter was succeeded by W. H. Alex- ander, and the business was continued by Alexander & Skinner until the village was destroyed by lire in 1857. The works are about being rebuilt. The fire desolated nearly the whole town, and for a time threatened Brasher Falls. The country around was also deso- lated by running fires in 1849. ' 2 Presb. and M.E. at Brasher Falls, Presb. at Helena, M. B. at " Maple Ridge," w. part of the town, R. C. near Brasher Falls, and P. W. Bap. « It embraces No. 6 of the " Ten Toians," and is 10 mi. sq. This canal was formerly 3 to 20 rods wide, and was navigable for small boats in high water. It flowed toward the w., and over- flowed an alluvial flat of 4600 acres. To reclaim this, both ends of the canal have been closed, and a drain dug along the Oswe- gatchie to below Rensselaer Falls. 10 Fruitless explorations for copper have here been made at great expense. " Incorp. May 14, 1845. 12 Consisting of lumber, shingles, sash, wagons, flour, and leather. 18 An elegant brick building was erected here in 1857 ; and in 1858 a theological school was organized hy E. Fisher. The col- legiate department has not yet been organized. 1* Formerly " Long Sapids." Named Morley from a relative of the Harrison family. It contains several sawmills, a sash factory, and tannery. 16 A forge was erected here in 1839, hy Tate, Chafee & Co., and the place named " Tateville." It was more generally known as " Canton Falls" until the p. o. was established in 1851. The present name was derived from H. Van Rensselaer, who laid out the village in 1846. i» Daniel W. Church, the pioneer millwright of the Co., ereoteo the first mill here, for S. Foote, in 1801. The summer of that year was very sickly; and in May the father of S. Foote died of the smallpox and was buried in a bark coffin. Wm. Barker taught the first school, in 1804. The first birth was a daughter of L. Johnson. 17 The census reports 9 churches; 2 M. E., Bap., Univ., Prot. E., ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. 211 The late Gov. Silas Wright settled in Canton Village as a lawyer in 1819, and continued to reside here until his death, Aug. 27, 1847. COI.TOJV1— was formed from Parishville, April 12, 1843. A small part was annexed from Parishville in 1851. It is a long, narrow town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. and extending to Hamilton co. on the s. Its surface is broken and hilly ; and it is nearly all covered with forest. It IS crossed by the Racket, Grass, and Oswegatchie Rivers. In the central and s. parts are numerous smaU lakes, the principal of which is Cranberry Lake. The extreme n. part only is inhabited. The principal business is lumbering. Colton (p. v.) is an important lumber station upon Racket River, near the n. w. corner of the town. Several extensive gang sawmills were erected here in 1850-52; but the business has been partially suspended. An extensive tannery for the manu- facture of sole-leather was built here in 1857.^ Pop. 379. SoutU Colton is a p. o. at Three Falls. The first settlement was begun m 1824, at Colton Village.' There are a M. B. and a Univ. church in town, both built in 1852. DE KA1,B*— was formed from Oswegatchie, Feb. 21, 1806. A part of De Peyster was taken off in 1825, and a part of Hermon in 1830. It lies on the Oswegatchie, w. of the center of the CO. Its surface consists of broken ridges of white limestone and gneiss with narrow valleys between them. The soil is excellent and is generally under a good state of cultivation. De Kalb^ (p-'V-) is situated on the Oswegatchie, near the center of the town. Pop. 120. Ricb- vHle* (p. V.) is situated on the Oswegatchie, in the s. w. corner of the town. Pop. 250. East Oe Kalb is a p. o. and station on the P. & W. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1803, under Judge William Cooper, of Cooperstown, as agent. The first settlers were principally from Otsego CO. There are 5 churches in town.' DE PETSTER*— was formed from Oswegatchie and De Kalb, March 24, 1825. It lies on the s. shore of Black Lake, n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken in the s. by the parallel primitive ridges, and is level in the n. The principal streams are the Oswegatchie, on the N. border, and Beaver Creek, on the s. Moon Lake lies in the s. part. The soil along the lake is veiy fertile, in the center of average fertility, and in the s. it is light and sandy. The " Old State Road," the first traveled route through this part of the co., extended through this town. De —Peyster Corners (De Peyster p. o.) is a small village. Edenton is a p. o. The first settle- ment was made in the fall of 1802, by Sam'l Bristol and others.' The census reports 2 churches ; a M. E. and a Cong. EDWARDS'"— was formed from Fowler, April 7, 1827. A part of Hermon was taken off in 1830, and a part was annexed from Hermon in 1850. It lies on the Oswegatchie, s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of ridges of the primitive formation and the narrow valleys between them. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, and in the valleys is very productive ; but the town is best adapted to grazing. A large number of minerals are found among the primitive rocks." EdT^'ards (p. v.) is situated on the Oswegatchie. Pop. 350. Soutb Ed- wards'^ (p. V.) contains a grist and saw mill and several mechanic shops. The first settlement commenced along the St. Lawrence Turnpike, in 1812." Several Scotch families came into town in 1817. There are 5 churches in town." FIHTE" — ^was formed from Russell and Pierrepont, March 27, 1844. It lies in the extreme s. 1 Named from Jesse Colton Higley, an early settler. It em- braces the townships of " S/ierwood,'* "Earewood," "Oravr shucic," and " MatUdavdk," or Nos. 1, i, 7, and 8 of Great Tract No. II, Macomb's Pnrchaae. 2 This establishment employs abont 25 men. 8 Among the first settlers were Asabel Lyman, Abel Brown, Wm.Bullard, Horace Garfield, and Sam'l Partridge. Miss Young taught the first school, in 1826. The first death was that of a child of Jas. Brown, in 1829. 4 Named in honor of Baron De Kalb. It originally embraced No. 7 of the " Tm Towns." 6 Originally named *' WiUiamstmiin" « About 30 families came In the first year. Salmon Kich, Jona. Haaklns, and Sol. Pratt were among the first settlers of Richville, in 1804. The first child bom was Jehial Dimick; the first marriage, that of Elisha Cook and Lotta Willey; and the first death, that of George Cowdrey. Bela Willis taught the first school at De Kalb, and Jos. Kneeland at Richville. Wm. Cooper built the first hotel, in 1803, and the first mills, at Coopers Falls, in 1804. T i>.« «^A n^n^ af UiVTivi'lTa PfMh.. M. 13.. and Union ^M. E. prietor. Mr. De P. gave the town $300 to assist in building a union church and townhouse ; and he also caused a bell to b^ cast, with an appropriate inscription for its use. B Among the first settlers were Thos. Wilson, Joseph Round, Sam'l Barnard, Green, Ichabod Ai-nold, Robt. Hill, Fred. R. Plympton, David Day, Rufus Washburn, and Smith Stillwell. Bela Willis taught the first school and was the first local preacher. 10 Named from Edward McCormack, brother of the proprietor. It embraces most of No. 8 of Great Tract No. III. 11 Among these are iron ore, mica, Eensselaerite, serpentine, and tourmaline. 12 Locally known as "ShawviUe," from Elyah Shaw, who opened the first store in 1825. Freemansbush, in the E. part, was the seat of a large furnace destroyed by fire. 13 Among the first settlers were Asa Brayton, .Tos. M. Bonner, S. &E. Jones, and Johnson. The first birth was that of John B. Brayton, in 1812; and the first death was that of Part- ridge, accidentally killed in 1812. Orra Shend built the first grist- mill, in 1814- In 1817 a large number of Scotch settlers came in town. 212 ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY. part of the CO. Its surface is elevated and broken, and its soil is a moderately fertile, gravelly loam. It is drained by the Oswegatchie and its branches. It is principally a wilderness, the set- tlements being confined to the u. part. Iron ore is found in town. Fine is a p. o. in the N. There is no village in town. The first clearing was made in 1823, by Blias Teall.^ FOWliER^— was formed from Rossie and Russell, April 15, 1816. The townships of Edwards and Fitz William (now a part of Hermon) were annexed from Russell in 1818. Edwards was taken ofl' in 1827, ci part of Hermon in 1830, and Pitcairn in 1886. It lies upon the Oswegatchie, in the southwesterly part of the co. Its surface is much broken by ridges of gneiss. It is drained by the Oswegatchie and its branches. Silver Lake lies s. of the center of the town. The soil along the streams is a fertile loam, in the n. w. a clayey loam, and in the E. a light sand. Several valuable minerals are found in town.' HailesborougU, on the Oswegatchie, and I^ittle York. (Fowler p.o.).are small villages. Fullerville (Fullerville Iron Works p.o.) is the seat of an extensive manufacture of iron.* tVest Fowler (is in Rossie) and Shingle Creeli are p. offices. The first settlements were made by Brig. Gen. Haile, at Hailesborough, in 1807,° and by Sam'l B. Sprague, at Little York, in 1811. The town did not begin to be settled rapidly until after 1820. The census reports 4 churches in town.« GOUVERHfEUR' — ^was formed from Oswegatchie, April 5, 1810. A part of Macomb was taken off in 1841. It lies in the w. part of the co. Its surface is generally level, but somewhat broken in the n. by low ridges of white limestone. It is drained by the Oswegatchie, which twice flows across the town. The town abounds in interesting minerals.* The soil is sandy in a few places, but is chiefly clay and loam, and is highly productive. The Kearney Iron Mine, in the s. corner, has furnished an immense quantity of ore. Gouverneur (p. v.) was incorp. Dec. 7, 1847. Pop. 785. It is the seat of a flourishing academy,' and has a considerable local trade and the only p. o. in town. Riverside Cemetery is beautifully located on the opposite bank of the Oswegatchie, E. of the village. It was consecrated June 23, 1858. It is a station upon the P. & W. R. R. The first settlement was made in the summer of 1805, by Dr. Richard Townsend, agent of Gouverneur Morris, the proprietor."" The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1810." HAMMOIVD'^ — ^was formed from Rossie and Morristown, March 30, 1827. A part was annexed to Macomb in 1842, and a part to Rossie in 1844. It lies upon the St. Lawrence, in the extreme w. part of the CO., and includes a portion of The Thousand Islands. The surface is generally level, but broken upon its N. and s. borders by low primary ridges. A level terrace of sandstone, with its edge a continuous and regular mural wall, extends from the N. shore of Black Lake through the center of the town into Jefferson co. Black Brook flows through a stagnant swamp, which borders upon this sandstone terrace. Its soil is generally a deep, fertile loam. Hammond, (p. v.,) on the Rossie Plank Road; Soutb Hammond, on the "Old Mili- tary Boad;" and Oak. Point,'' (?•''■•>) a landing on the St. Lawrence, are small villages. Slight improvements began here in 1812 ; but settlements did not increase until 1818-21, when a num- ber of Scotch families located just w. of the present site of Hammond Village.'* There are 4 churches in town.'^ prietor. It embraces " Scriba," " Bl^mnjield," " IhnUyvtUp^' and the south half of '* Sarahsburgh," or Nos. 12, 14, 15, and 9 of Great Traot No. Ill, Macomb's Purchase. 1 Jas. C. Haile built a rude mill in 1828. The settlement was soon after abandoned, but renewed in Feb. 1834, by Amasa J. Brown. 2 Named from Theodocius Fowler, of New York, former pro- prietor. It embraces ^^ KiVcinny," or No. 7 of Great Tract No. Ill, Macomb's Purchase. 3 Iron ore, white marble, sulphates of lead, copper, and zinc, asbestuB, Kensselaerite, mica, and chalcedony, * This Tillage contains a furnace, 2 forges, and several mills. 5 Gen. H. purcli-aacd a mile square, with an agreement to build amill within ayear. Among theother early settlers were Elijah Sackett. Lemuel Arnold, John Ryan, and Ebenezer Parker. The first birth was a child of Merrills; the first marriage, that of John Parker and Elizabeth S. Sackett, in 1812. « UniT., Bap., F. W. Bap., and M. E. ' Named from Gouverneur Morris, the proprietor of most of the town. It origin.ally embraced the township of " Cambray," or No. 8 of the " Ten Towns" 8 Among the useful minerals are red specular iron ore, marble, limpid calcite. sulphate of barytes, serpentine, Kensselaerite, mica, tourmaline, and fluorspar; and among those interesting to men of science are spinelle,scapolite,tremalite,schorl,sphene, chondrodite, opatite, Babinaitonite. and Honp-hite. it was received under the patronage of the M. E. Black River Conference. The building was burned in 1839, and a Dew stone edifice erected the next year. The name was changed to the Gouverneur Wesleyan Seminary April 25, 1840. It is a flourish- ing institution. lo The first party of settlers came through the wildernesB from the head of Lake George, guided by a compass. They were seven days on the journey. Among the settlers in 1806 were Pardon Babcock, Willard Smith, Eleazar Nichols, and Isaac Austin, who all occupied a small shanty in common. In 1810 there were 50 families in town. A blockhouse was built in 1812, near where the store of Harvey D. Smith now stands. Miss B. S. Sackett taught the first school, in the first shanty; Israel Porter kept the first inn, and John Brown the first store, in 1808. The first reli- gions services were held in 1806, by missionaries. The first child born was Allen Smith ; the first marriage, that of Medad Cole and Miss Patterson; and the first death, that of Emily Porter. u There are 5 churches in town; 2Cong.,Univ.,Bap.,andM.E.; the last hold their meetings in the chapel of the academy. ^2 Named from Abijah Hammond, of New York, proprietor. It embraces the greater part of No. 1 of Great Tract No. Ill, Ma- comb's Purchase. 18 CrossH3vei"-Ialand Lighthouse was built just above this place in 1847. 1* The first of these were John and David Gregor, John Baird, .Tnbn and .Tamea Hill, and Peter AHiin .Tsmoa Rfnt* fRiitrht the ST. LAWRENCE COUNTY 213 HERMOWi— was formed from Edwards and De Kalb, April 17, 1830, and named "Depau." The name was changed Feb. 28, 1834, and a part was annexed to Edwards in 1850. It lies in the primitive region, s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is generally rolling, but broken and hilly in the s. part. Elm and Cedar Creeks are the principal streams. Trout and Clear Lakes lie near the s. border, and Gardners Pond near the center of the town. The soil is generally a sandy loam interspersed with tracts of sand, and is best adapted to grazing. Hermon (p. v.) is situated on Elm Creek, in the n. e. corner of the town. Pop. 346. Marsbville is a hamlet, 1 mi. s. of Hermon. The first settlement was made by Jas. Taylor, and a few others who came soon after him, previous to 1812.^ The town did not begin to be settled rapidly until 1822-25. Rev. Mr. Wright was the first preacher.' IIOPItiafTOHf*— was formed from Massena, March 2, 1805. Russell was taken off in 1807, Parishville in 1818, and a part of Lawrence in 1828. It lies along the E. border of the CO., and is the second largest town in the State. Its surface is level in the n., but broken and hilly in the s. It is crossed by the St. Regis and Racket Rivers ; and in the central and s. parts are several extensive lakes, the principal of which is Tuppers Lake, on the line of Franklin co. The whole town is a wilderness, except the extreme n. part and a small tract upon Tuppers Lake. The soil is a fertile loam in the N. part. Hopkinton (p. v.) contains about 20 houses. IVlcbOlvIlle is a small village on the line of Lawrence and mostly in the latter town. Fort JacUson, in the n. part, on St. Regis, is a hamlet of a dozen houses. The first settlement in town was made by Roswell Hopkins, in 1802.^ In 1814 a party of British, consisting of 30 men, under Maj. P. W. De Haven, visited this town and captured a large amount of flour belonging to the U. S., which was here stored in a barn.^ In the spring of 1858 a company consisting of 13 families located in the vicinity of Tuppers Lake, with the design of forming an agricultural settlement.' The township of Mortlake, or No. 3 of Tract II, has been called "Aiherion," but it has yet no legal organization. There are 4 religious societies in town.' I.A"WRE]VCE'— was formed from Hopkinton and Brasher, April 21, 1828. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. The surface is very level, and the soil is a fertile, sandy loam underlaid by Potsdam sandstone. It is drained by St. Regis and Deer Rivers. L Several of these hotels are among the most extensive in the country. Tnion Hall was built in 1802, by G. Putnam ; The Columbian, in 1808, by Jonathan Holmes; Congress Hall, in 1812, by G. Putnam ; The Pavilion, in 1819, by Nathan Lcms ; and The United States, in 1824, by John Ford. All of these have been enlarged since their erection. * Norton Joined the British, and his property was confiscated. the firat sawmill, the first lar^e hotels, and opened several of the springs. Dr. Clement Blakely, the first physician, came with Putnam, and remained 3 years. John and Ziba Taylor opened the first store, in 1794: Kobt. Ellis and Geo. Peck built the first gristmill, in 1814 ; and Ward & Rogers, the first clothing works, in 1816. Henry Walton resided here for several years. He was proprietor of the whole village N, of Congress St. Several of the noted springs were on his estate. « Eseck Cowen, Justice of the Supreme Court, and compiler of " Oowpn's Heports" resided here until his death, in 1844. Chancellor Reuben H. Walwnrth resides in town, ' Bap, M. B,, Prot. Meth., Presb., Prot. E., R. C, and Univ. 8 Named from the " still water" in the Hudson, on the borders nf Hio in-mn 228 SARATOGA COUNTY. taken off in 1789, and Malta in 1802. It lies upon the Hudson, s. e. of the center of the co. It is uneven in the s. and moderately hilly in the N. The highest point is about 250 feet above the Hudson. A range of clay bluffs 60 to 100 feet high borders upon intervales of the Hudson and Anthonys Kil. The streams are generally small brooks flowing in deep gulleys worn in the drift deposits.' The n. w. corner borders upon Saratoga Lake. The river intervales are alluvial. West of the river bluffs is a wide belt of heavy clay; and in the s.w. part is a sandy tract interspersed with swamps. Upon the lake shore is a sulphur spring.''' Stillwater, (p. v.,) incorp. April 17, 1816, is situated on the «Iudson. It contains 4 churches, and manufactories of lumber, paper, woolens, and castings. Pop. 552. Mechanicsville, (p. v.,) situated on the Hudson, at the mouth of Anthonys Kil, partly in this town and partly in Half Moon, is a station on the Troy & Saratoga B. R. It contains 5 churches, a printing office, and an extensive linen thread manufac- tory.' Pop. 1,111,-616 in Stillwater, 495 in Half Moon. Bemis Heig-lits,' (p.o.,) on the Champlain Canal, near the Hudson, and Ketctaums Corners (p. o.) are hamlets. This tovm was included in the Saratoga Patent of 1684; and settlement was commenced about 1750.^ The first church (Cong.) was established in 1763.' There are 8 churches in town.' "WATERFORD'— was formed from Half Moon, April 17, 1816. It lies at the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, in the s. E. comer of the co. Its area is about 7 sq. mi. Its surface is mostly an upland, 50 to 100 feet above the river. The Mohawk is bordered by an ahnost perpendiculal- range of slate bluffs, and the Hudson Valley by a range of clay bluffs. The soil is a sandy, clayey, and alluvial loam of great fertility. The falls in the Mohawk furnish a valuable water-power. Waterford,' (p. v.,) incorp. April 6, 1801,'" situated on the Champlain Canal, near the confluence of the Hudson" and Mohawk Rivers, is an important station on the Troy & Saratoga R. R. and the Albany & Northern R. R. It contains 6 churches, a newspaper ofice, a bank, and several manufacturing estabUshments." Pop. 3,083. Settlement was commenced by the Dutch at a very early day. The census reports 7 churches in town." fflliTOlV— was formed from Northumberland, April 20, 1818. It lies a little n.e. of the center of the co. The Palmertown Mts., with their steep, rocky slopes and broken, forest-covered summits, extend across the n. w. comer. The center and s. w. are gently undulating, or broken by low ridges. The principal streams are Snook Kil and Bog Meadow and Cold Brooks. The soil in the E. and s. e. is a yellow, sandy loam resting on clay, and in some places swampy. At the foot of the Palmertown Mts. is a belt of productive gravel and clay loam. A heavy growth of white _ and yellow pine originally covered the plains, but little woodland now remains. Near EmersonB Corners is a spring of acidulous and carbonated water, and in the s. part of the town is a sulphur spring. Wilton (p.o.) and Emersons Corners, both in the n. part of the town, are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1774 or '75, by Rowland Perry and his sons Samuel, John, Benj., Absalom, Roswell, Artemas, Rowland, and Joseph, from Dutchess co.'* Near the mill pond on Snook Kil are traces of Indian occupation : pestles, broken pottery, and flint arrow heads have been found in abundance. The census reports 4 churches in town.'* 1 Upon these Btreama are EeYeial fine cascades. 2 Tbis spring is called the White Snlphur Spring. A few years since, a hotel and hathing house were erected here, and a small steamer was put upon the lake. The building was burned 2 or 3 years after, and the enterprise was abandoned. 3 The American Linen Thread Manufacturing Co. was organ- ized in 1852. The number of men employed is 100. 4 Named from Jonathan Bemis, who during the ReTolution kept the only inn worthy of note on the Albany & Fort Ed- ward Road. 6 Among the first settlers were John Thompson, Geo. Palmer, ■ Benjamin, Dirck Swart, Ensign, Burlinghame, and ■ Abeel. The first gristmill was built by Geo. Palmer, before the Revolution. ft This church was organized at Litchfield, Conn., in 1752, and in 1763 was removed to Stillwater. Rev. Robt, Campbell was the first pastor. 7 3 M. E., 2 Bap., Presb., Prot. E., and E. C. 8 The Indians called the country around the mouth of the Mohawk " Nach-te-nack.l' This town was formerly known as Half Moon Point ; and the semi-circular tract between the Hud- son and the Mohawk was called Half Moon. Its present name originated from the fact that at the village of Waterford a ford crossed to Haver Island. In 1784 the site of the village was purchased by Col. Jacobus Van Schoon, Middlebrook, Ezra Hickock, Judge White, and several others, most of whom were from Conn. ; and Florus Bancker was employed to lay it out into village lots. July U, 1841. a destructive fire occurred, which destroyed 130 buildiogs. 1" On the 25th of March, 1794, Hezekiah Ketchum, Jacobus Tan Schoonhoven, Matthew Gregory, Isaac Keeler, John Pettett, Duncan Oliphant, and Thos. Smith were constituted trustees of Half Moon Point. u A bridge across the Hudson at this place was built in 1804, at a cost of $50,000. The present structure, known as the " Union Bridge," was built in 1812, '13, and 14, at a cost of $20,000. 12 A* hydraulic canal i mi. in length was constructed in 1828-29, by J. F. King. Upon this canal are 2 stock and die factories, a machine shop, ax factory, twine factory, ink and lampblack factory, flouring mill, and a pearling mill. On the Champlain Canal are 3 flouring mills, a foundery and machine shop, an auger factory, and a distillery. The fire engine works at this place were started in 1831. About $60,000 worth of work is turned out per annum, and 40 men are employed. 18 Bap., Cong., M. E., Presb., Prot. E., Eef. Prot. D., and E. C. 1* John Stiles, Ebenezer King, John Laing, Peter Johnson, and Jae. and Wm. McGregor settled in town in 1775 ; and John Boyce, Robt. Milligan, John Kendrick, and Enoch M. Place in 1784. John Laing built the first saivmill, in 1784-85, and Wm. McGregor the first gristmill, soon after the war. Stephen King kept the first inn, and Ostrom the first store. IB Bap., M. B., Prot. Meth., and Union. SARATOGA COUNTY. 229 Acres of Landy Yaluationy Popnlation, DweUingSj Families^ Freeholders^ Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Saratoga County. Names op Towns. Ballatoii Charlton Clifton Park Corinth Day Edinburgh Gal way , Greenfield Hadley Halfmoou Malta Milton Moreau Nortbumberland. Providence , Saratoga Saratoga Springs. Stillwater Water-ford Wilton , Total AoiLES OF Land. 16,177 2,996} 16,166 3,166 23,541 6,485 13,071 10,664 7,017 17,047 13,966 26,028 27,760i 172 28,6«i 12,791i 7,691 13,498 16,660 2,837 M,484» 2,983i 18,3664 3,885 18,291 6,304} 13,133 6,926} 8,694 6,401 19,281} 6,089} ll,740i 6,386 22,401 3,963 3,623J 342 16,288} 6,994 316,72?i 139,849} 9,102.609 Taliiatios of 1868. $844,366 416,610 637,760 211,166 67,020 119,640 420,564 399,410 60,811 707,226 380,570 730,685 343,106 302,880 91,662 788,886 1,346,066 728,017 643,652 263,744 $116,110 104,138 230,970 13,416 4,660 9,626 44,909 46,341 6,160 139,600 68,160 310.143 31,660 82,448 20,921 241,468 789,887 166.630 391,228 24,064 2,829,385 e $669,466 520,648 868,720 224,682 71,670 129,166 465,473 444,761 78,961 846,826 438,730 1,040,828 374,756 385,328 112,688 1,030,343 2,136,943 893,647 934.877 277,798 11,931,994 POPDIATIOS. 1,058 842 1,602 781 660 ■629 1,208 1,432 626 1,689 615 2,261 1,079 860 678 1,822 2,961 2,468 1,669 24,282 26,097 1,143 859 1,416 763 619 689 1,233 1,410 546 1,666 621 2,408 1,087 2,010 3,366 1,496 1,680 719 385 318 429 296 197 266 461 579 222 606 228 751 360 300 286 692 1,013 498 498 267 8,631 438 326 677 317 198 283 604 613 222 603 267 226 401 312 296 701 1,239 690 605 281 8,984 12 10 16 10 11 12 16 21 7 12 8 13, 12 12 10 13 10 13 2 10 6,735 229" 343 214 424 131 144 283 401 425 112 281 222 261 264 244 196 374 694 313 226 233 •It el 678 693 1,198 568 666 677 924 1,124 360 970 413 1,772 867 621 612 1,410 2,399 1,024 1,141 679 18,286 [Names op Towks. Ballstun Charlton Clifton Park Corinth Bay Edinburgh Gal way, Greenfield Hadley HalfmooD Malta Milton Morean Nortlni mberland . Providence Saratoga Saratoga Springs. Stillwater Waterford Wilton Total Live Stock. 664 705 897 421 222 320 736 835 190 618 474 776 632 681 236 832 710 802 239 456 ■Be J 813 1,290 1,320 1,602 733 785 761 979 665 1,057 793 1,160 467 1,246 183 697 1,020 966 1,270 602 380 614 1,241 1,346 336 972 778 1,170 746 865 392 1,217 762 1,269 24S 11,293 17,991 16,778 46,018 26,003 1,906 2,276 2,401 1,426 1,184 2,591 3,^12 3,032 961 3,414 3,090 1,416 2,350 1,989 90O 6,776 1,023 4,848 462 1,762 2,038 966 2,336 608 336 491 1, 1,590 339 1,497 1,466 1,709 1,123 1,618 484 2,294 1,369 2,312 1,205 1,066 Aqbicultural Products. Bdsh. op GaAiK. fe 4.241 2,338 25,244 1,202 274 214 2,333 1,203 718} 19,825} 11,979J 8,169} 6,792 6,387 38 17,669 6,129 22,114 4,159 8,680 147,601 1,387,8881 3,236} 3,113 3,019 1,885} 1,706 2,902 4,817 4,616 1,378 2,816} 2,427i 3.075 2,018 2,632} 1,586 4,161 1,699} 3,644 663 1,660 3 Q 01 B. 21,788 13,912 43,846 21,507 11,292 16,169 28,964 33,687 10,631 28.622 19,083 24,818 13,701 39,689 15,139 67,541 17,758 32,726 5,140 22,970 52,743i 487,672 289,478 1,468,136} 152,901* Daiby FKODnCTS. 6, m 113,463^ 65,065 101,781 61,680 27.776 48,495 141,903 106,990 30,406 79,735 77,819 91,667 67,696 84,705 39,160 103,022 66,710 101,935 16.950 61,390 18,428J 806 19,286 6,600 100 8,850 12.716 13,865 1,400 5,090 13,314 6,665 16,270 4.857 3,970 4,440 960 13,090 1,260 2,947 104 142 179 604 746 1,623 922 1,279 111 179 75 197} 369 186 636 199 113 7,763} WASHINGTON COUNTY. This county' was formed from Albany as " Charlotte County,"^ March 12, 1772. Its name was changed April 2, 1784; Clinton CO. was taken off in 1788 ; the E. portion was ceded to Vermont in 1790 ;' a strip along its s. border was annexed from Albany Feb. 7, 1 1791 ; and Warren co. was taken off in 1813. It lies on the e. (border of the State, is centrally distant from Albany mi., and (contains an area of 834 sq. mi. The surface consists principally of fa series of ridges extending n. e. and s. w., and the valleys between them. The remarkable depression which extends southerly from the s. extremity of Lake Champlain divides these ridges into two distinct groups, — the N. belonging to the Paknertown Mt. Range, and the s. constituting one of the connecting links between the high- lands of Southern New York, and those of Western Vermont. The s. group is subdivided into three principal ranges, which are all related and of the same general character. The most southerly of these ranges is a northerly continuation of the Taghkanick Range of Rensselaer co., occupying the greater part of White Creek and the e. part of Jackson. The declivities are usually steep, and the summits broad, broken, and rocky. The second — sometimes described as a continuation of the Petersburgh Mts. of Rensselaer — constitutes the highlands of Cambridge, Jackson, Salem, and the E. part of Hebron and Granville. In Salem it spreads out like a fan between the streams. The third comprises the highlands of Easton, Greenwich, Argyle, Hartford, GranviUe, Hampton, and the E. part of Whitehall. It might with propriety be called Cossayuna Range, from the principal lake which it encloses. The declivities of these ranges are usually steep, and, except where broken by ledges, are arable to their summits. They gradually rise toward the E., reaching their culmi- nating point near the E. border of the co. The highest summits are 1000 to 1200 feet above tide. These three ranges belong to one general group and are of the same geological formation. They are composed of slate rock, ledges of which crop out along their whole extent. Many of these ledges in Granville and Hebron are quarried, and furnish stone much valued for roofing, building, and ornamental purposes. Among the slate quarries are found numerous veins of injected quartz, intersecting the slate strata in every direction, varying from the thickness of paper to several inches. They often present cavities and surfaces beautifully studded with transparent crystals of quartz. The edges of the slate are sometimes bent and distorted by the quartz dikes, showing the extreme heat and great force of the injected veins. The soil in this system of highlands consists chiefly of disintegrated slate, and is very fertile. The second group of highlands, belonging to the Palmertown Mt. Range, occupy the towns of Fort Ann, Dresden, Putnam, and the e. part of Whitehall. They belong to the primary forma- tion, their rooks consisting principally of gneiss, granite, sandstone, and impure limestone. Their sides are very precipitous and broken, and their summits are wild irregular masses of naked, barren rocks. The valleys between them are narrow and rocky, often bordered by precipices many hundred feet in height. The soil is cold and unproductive, like that of all regions of a similar geological formation. A narrow valley extending s. w. from the s. extremity of South Bay divides the group into two ranges. Saddle Mt., overlooking South Bay and 1000 ft. above tide, is the highest peak in the s. range ; and Black Mt., S878 ft. above tide, is the highest peak in the n. range. Diameter Rock, on the N. shore of South Bay, is 1300 ft. above tide.* 1 The orieinal bounds of this CO. were as follows :— All that part of the State N. of the present co. of Saratoga, and of a line ex- tending from the mouth of Stony Creek 510 chains B.; thence 8. to the Batten Kil, and along that stream to the s. line of Princetown, and thence to "6Vm&eriamf ' co. Its w. line was the present w. line of Saratoga co. continued to Canada, and its E. line the w. lines of ^^Cumhcrland" and "Gloucester" cos. These limits embraced the w. half of Vermont, k. of the Batten Kil, and the present cos. of Warren, Essex, Clinton, and a part of Franklin. 2 Named from Princess Charlotte, eldest daughter of Geo. in. 8 The aet of cession, by commissioners appointed for the pur- pose, was dated Oct. 7, 1790, and the line was finally settled by mmmiRftinTlPl'R frntn hnth fHatoB in Iflio m — M V :_ sioners were Smith Thompson, Simeon De Witt, and Geo. Tib- bitts. See Notes to If. Y. Session Laws. April 16, 1814. * The following table of elevations is mostly from Dr. Fitch's Survey of Washington co. : — ITKET. Black Mountain, in Dresden, the highest peak 2,878 Wiliards Mountain, Easton 1,605 Bald Mt, Greenwich 912 Summit between Hudson and Champlain Valleys 891 Mt Defiance (Spafford's Gazetteer) 720 Pinnacle, North Granville 694 Batten Kil, Vt. Line (Sargeant's Canal Survey) 502 Summit between Lake and Hudson River 459 VIEW ON LAKE GEORGE, WASHINGTON COUNTY. 231 The Hudson Riyer forms the s. half of the w. border of the co. A rich intervale, from half a mi. to a mi. in width, bordered by a series of clay bluffs 20 to 60 ft. high, extends along its course. Most of the other streams of the co. are tributaries of the Hudson, and among them are the Hoosick, Batten Kil, Moses and Port Edward Creeks, and many smaller streams. Wood Creek^ is a deep, sluggish stream, flowing into Lake Champlain and draining the valley, which here extends from the lake to the Hudson. The soil along the valley is mostly a hard, stiff clay. The Metto- wee, or Pawlet, and the Poultney Rivers, from Vt., are tributaries of Wood Creek. In the co. are several other streams important as mill streams." Lake Champlain s. of Ticonderoga is scarcely more than a ship canal through a reedy marsh bordered by rooky cliffs. Lake George lies along the N. w. border of the co. Among the hills in the interior are several small lakes, the principal of which is Cossayuna Lake, in Argyle.' The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. The principal grains raised are rye, spring wheat, oats, buckwheat, and corn. Peas, beans, flax, and potatoes are also extensively cultivated. Stock raising, dairying, and wool growing are also extensively pursued. The manufactures of the co. are principally along the Hudson and Batten Kil. The county offices are divided among several towns. The courts are held alternately at Salem and Sandy Hill, and the clerk's office and co. poorhouse are located at Argyle.* The jail is connected ■with the courthouse at Salem, and all prisoners sentenced for more than two months are sent to the penitentiary at Albany. The principal public works in the co. are the Champlain Canal,^ extending in and along Wood Creek and the Hudson to Greenwich ; the Saratoga & Whitehall R. R., extending through Port Edward, Kingsbury, Port Ann, and Whitehall, with a branch to Lake Station and another to the State line ; the Troy & Rutland R. R., extending from Eagle Bridge, through White Creek, Jackson, and Salem, to the State line ; and the Rutland and Washington R. R., extending n. upon the Vt. line and entering Granville The first newspaper in this co. was established at Salem in 1788.° Upon the advent of the whites, few Indians were found within the limits of this co. ; but Indian FEET. Sandy Hill Center, green and street (W.T. Baker) 280 Glens Falls Feeder, sanunit level " 229 Champlain Canal " (Spafford) 110 HudsonKiver, Ft. Edward to Ft. Miller " 110 " above Saratoga Dam " 92 Lake Champlain (various authorities) 86 to 93 Lowest point on Hudson in Easton 75 Fort Edward (K.B. Survey) 143 Fort Ann " 121 Gomstocks Landing " 114 WhitehallJunotion " 121 Lake Champlain " 88.2 StateLine " 328 1 B, du Chicot, or "Hiver of Logs" of the French. 2 At Sandy Hill a dam 8 to 10 ft. high and 1200 ft. long crosses the Hudson, the water setting back to the foot of the rapids below Glens Falls. At Fort Edward a dam 27 ft. high and 900 feet long was built by the State in 1821, as a feeder to the canal, but, the Glens Falls feeder superseding it, it was sold to a company in 1840 and cut down to 16 ft. The Saratoga Dam (where the Champlain Canal crosses the Hudson into Saratoga CO.) is 1390 feet long. Batten Kil is crossed by 9 dams. White Creek furnishes a large number of mill sites, once improved, but now mostly abandoned. Black Creek has several valuable and improved mill sites. Mettowee or Pawlet River has also several valuable mill sites. s The following estimates are taken from Dr. Fitch's Ag. Sur- vey of Wash. Co. : — ACHES. Surface of Lake Champlain (within the co.) 6,400 " of Hudson Elver " 1,660 Kingsbury Swamp 9,600 Aggregate amount covered by water or marshes 27,229 ^ " " " byroads 8,200 « <' unimproved private lands 188,052 " " lands in cultivatioD 310,760 4 The first co. officers under the State Government were Wm. Duer, JVrrf Judge.; Ebenezer Clarke, Co. CUrk; John Thomas, Sheriff; and Richard Hatfield, SurrogaU. 6 The channel of the Hudson was first used from Saratoga Dam to Fort Edward, except a short canal with locks around the falls at Fort Miller. The summit level is fed by the Glena Falls navigable feeder, « . , ^ . ,-n^ 6 The Times. It was published by Mr. Qemsh; and m 1795 it waB changed to The WashiTigton Patriot. From 1810 to 1818 it bore the name of The Northern Post, and was published successively by Dodd & Rumsey and Dodd & Stevenson. About 1827 it ap- peared as The Cb. Post and North Star; and in 1840 as The Washington Register was started at Salem in 1802 by John P. Reynolds, and continued several years. The, Salem Messenger was commenced about 1819. Tlie Salem Press was issued May 21, 1850, by W. B. Harknees, and is still continued. The WlntehaU Emporium was published froml822 until about 1828, The Whitehall Republican was published in 1832 by J. K. Averill. Tlie WHlteliall Clironicle was started in June, 1840, and is now published by B. B. Smith. Tlie Wliiteliall Democrat was founded in 1845, and is now published by H. Dudley and J. B. Wilkins. The Wliitehall Telegraph (ti-i-w.) was commenced in 1847, and continued a short time. The White/taller was published by W. S. Southmaid in 1849. TJie American Sentinel was estabhshed in June, 1855, by John B. Watkins. Tlie Sandy Hill Herald was started in 1824, and is now published by E. D. Baker. TTie Sun was published at Sandy Hill in 1826 by A. Emmons. The Free Press was issued by the same publisher in 1832. TIte Indtpendent Politician was published at Sandy Hill in 1832 by C. Y. Haynes & Co. Tlie Temperance Advocate was published at Sandy Hill the same year by S. P. Hines. TJte Anti Masonic Cfiampion was started at Union Tillage in 1830 by L. Dewey, and published by him until 1835, when Wells & Lansing became the proprietors. The Banner was published at Union Village in 1836 by Wells St Lansing. The Vnion Village Courant was published in 1836 by Ormsby & Holmes. The Union Village Democrat was started in. 1839 by John W. Lawton, and in 1841 John C. Osborn became the pub- lisher. In 1842 he was succeeded by Joseph Holmes, by whom it was styled The Democratic Champion, and continued until 1846. 2'/ieTF&sAi7i^omC59.5fent. D.) in town was organized Dec. 31, 1833; Rev. Jas. W. Stewart was the first pastor. Geo, Law, one of the projectors and pro- prietors of the C;\lifornia line of steamships, was a native of this town. H.IXG$Bl'RT — was incorp. by patent May 11, 1762, and recognized as a town by the State Government March 23, 17S6. It lies on the w. border of the co.. x. of the center. Nearly all of its surface is level or gently undulating. A range of hills, rising about 150 ft. above the valleys, occupies the extreme e. edge of the town. The principal streams are the Hudson, in the s. w. corner : AVood Creek, upon the k. border : Halfvvay Brook, in the x, w. corner, and Moss Brook. At Bakers Falls," upon the Hudson, the river sho\its down a steep descent of ledges, in all 76 ft. in 60 rods, forming a scene of great beaivty, and affording an extensive water-power. The soil along the vallev of "Wood Creek is a harvl. stiff clay; in the other p;\rts of the town, a sandy or gravelly loam. There are extensive quarries of limestone in town, furnishing an excellent building material ; from these quarries was obtained the stone for the locks on the Champlain & Hudson I This p.tte]it coDtaiued 36,000 icres, Mch officer reajring lJ)00acT«s. ^ «Col. John Bnck. Maaning Bnll. Stopl"''" »™ -^s-' Bnmp, John ttod Bdwiinl Insslls, auJ X.itliin and Saml Taylor w»j« unoni; the first sitiiors, Aaron jntl Klvr Ingoldsb«\ ftom Boylston. Ms-w-. c»nie in ITSA siud Timothy Stocking, Ebencier Smith, .in.) John rsiins in lTi4. A !«h«>l ».>s tanght in 1790, «t North Uiirtford, l\v Th.\<^ Piino. thjm Oonn. A gristmill \vas bnill of lo-^s at .in tvu-ly ditts. 5 Locally known as ** Mtmms M&MUnesy • Locally known ,t5 -BriW.na,"' r The censns n^ports 7 churvhee ; 2 M. B., 2 Sec, Advent, Bam Asso. Presb„ and .\s?o. Kef, PT>?sb. s This patent vras granted to Ryer, Jacob. Freeman, and W, M. Sctiermerhom. Johannes, Xicholak and Peter Qn:»ckenboes, Tlios. and John Smith, and Joseph Jans^n, all of Solu nectady. ' • Among the settlers on the Anaqu.issacook were Hngh Thompwn and Ebeneaer Billings, and no.-u- the ponds John * The census ivporta 4 chnrchea in town : M, K,. Bap, Cong„ , McLean and Jonathan CVoit^t. A schoolhvinse >ras built id Uu;,m. " ReT. Wm. Miller, originator of the belief that the I 17S0. a little w, of Peter Hill's residenc«. An inn was kept cond iul\-ent of Christ would take place in 1S43, resided in this Isaac Mum*y about 1790. John McOiU built a ?tore of logs. and f^^f,^ ' *™'^*" "* ^ ^"" ■' I I7.s\, on the site of the present residence of Peter Hill ♦ Duriiw the ReTOlution, and for some time after, the place was I w Named tram Albert Raker, the second settler in town. by ,^gs.in 238 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Canal. Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent.^ Sandy HilP (p. v.) has a popu- lation of 1,260. Moss Street contains 25 houses; Rlngstoury (p. o.) 25 ; Pattens Mills (p.o.)2o/ DunSaams Basin 10; Vau&lins Corners 12; Adamsville (p.o.) 12; Lahgdons Corners 5 ; and Smitlis Basin (p.o.) 8. Kingsbury Patent, containing 26,000 acres, was granted to Jas. Bradshaw and 22 others, from Conn., May 11, 1762. The first settlers were James Bradshaw, Albert Baker, and his sons Albert and Charles, from New York City.^ A sawmill was built at Bakers Falls before the Revolution, and a gristmill in 1807. The town was the scene of many an adventure during the French War,* and the settlement was entirely broken up during the Revolution. Traces of a road cut by Burgoyne's army are still visible near Moss Street. The first minister was Francis Baylor, a Moravian, about 1776. Meetings were held by the Prot. E. and the Bap. in 1795.^ Several noted men have been residents of this town.^ PIJTWAM'— was formed from ''Westfield,'^ (now Fort Ann,) Feb. 28, 1806. Dresden was set off in 1822. This town lies in the extreme n. end of the co., upon the mountainous peninsula between Lakes George and Champlain. The mountains are divided into two separate ranges by the valleys of Mill and Charter Brooks. The w. range of mountains rises abruptly from the surface of Lake George, and in the s. part of the town attains an elevation of 900 to 1,000 ft. above the surface of the lake. The greater part of the surface is rocky, broken, and unfit for cultivation ; but sections of arable land extend along the valleys of the small streams and the borders of Lake Champlain. The soil is generally a hard, gravelly loam. Graphite of a fine quality is found in abundance. A small pond lies among the mountains, on the w. side of the town, 300 feet above Lake George. Putnam Corners^ (Putnam p.o.,) containing about 10 houses, is the only village. The tillar ble lands were mostly granted to privates of the N. Y. Provincial regiments, and feeble settle- ments had probably commenced before the Revolution.^ The first church (Asso. Presb.) was built in 1801 ;^ Rev. James Miller, from Scotland, was the first pastor. A private academy at Putnam Corners was established in 1854. SAIjEM — was formed by patent Aug. 7, 1764, and was recognized by statute March 23, 1786. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface consists of moderately elevated ridges, separated by narrow valleys, all extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The hills are usually bordered by gradual slopes and their summits are crowned with forests. There is very little waste land in town. Batten Kil, forming the s. boundary, and Black, White, and Trout Creeks, are the principal streams. Lyttles Pond, in the n. part of the town, is a beautiful sheet of water lying in a basin among the hills and surrounded by forests. The soil is a rich, slaty or gravelly loam. Salem, (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1803, has 832 inhabitants; Sliushau (p. v.) about 25 houses ; and Eagleville, (East Salem p. u.,) Clapps Mills, and Fitcbes Point have each 40 to 50 inhabitants. James Turner and Joshua Conkey, from Pelham, Mass., were the first settlers, in 1761. They were joined, the nest year, by Hamilton McCollister. In 1764 a patent of 25,000 acres was obtained, — one-half owned by a company of New England settlers and the other by Oliver De Lancey and Peter Du Bois, two Government officials.-^'^ These last sold their share to Rev. Thos. Clark and his company of Irish and Scotch immigrants at a perpetual rent of one shilling per acre.^^ The Camden Tract, on the e. part of the town, was granted to captains 1 The dam at Sandy Hill, across the Hudson, 1,200 ft. long and 10 ft. high, furnishes water-power for several mills and a woolen factory. At Bakers Falls there are a paper mill and 2 gristmills. The lumher business of the town is very extensive and im- portant, the sawmills being supplied with logs floated down from the Upper Hudson. There are also in town establishments for the manufacture of pianos, steam engines, portable saw- mills, &c. 2 This village has been a half-shire town since 1807. It was incorp. March 9, 1810. 3 Among the other first settlors were Michael Hoffnagle, Solo- mon King, Oliver Colvin,and Nehemiah Seely. ■4 At one time 17 soldiers were taken prisoners by the Indians and carried to the present site of Sandy Hill Village. They were seated on a log, in a row, when their captors deliberately began to tomahawk them, taking them in order from one end of the log. When all were killed but one, (John Quackenboss, of Albany,) a squaw claimed him, and his life was spared. He returned after* a few years of captivity, and i-esided near Hoo- aick, in Cambridge. In Aug. 1758, Miys. Putnam and Eogei-s encountered a party of French and Indiana in this town, during which engagement Putnam was made prisoner. The enemy were finally compelled to withdraw, with a loss of 90 men. & The census reports 9 churches ; 3 Bap., 3 M. B., Presb., Prot. B., and R. C. fi Gov. Wright received hk legal education at the oflBce of Henry 0. Martindale, of Sandy Hill. Lieut. Gov. Pitcher, for some time Acting Governor, was a citizen of this town. Hon. Wm. P. Lee, late Chief Justice and Chancellor of the Sandwich Islands, was a native of Sandy Hill. ' Named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam, who in this vicinity, as major in the colonial service, performed some of his most darmg exploits. 8 The first sawmill was erected by Robt. Cummings, in 1802, on Mill Creek, 1 mi. from Lake Champlain. The first child born was James Jennings, in 1803; the first death was that of Anne Thompson, in 1804. Robt. Patterson kept the first school, in 180i. Many of the first settlers were Scotch, and among them \Yere Obadiah Blake, Robt. Cummings, John Blair, Wm. Hutton, George Easton, Pelatiah Bugbee, John Butterfield, and Josiah Clark. 8 There are 2 churches ; Asso. Presb., and F. W. Bap. 10 This patent was surveyed into 308 lots, and a large pine lot was reserved for the common benefit, and cut up into small lots for division ; 3 lots near the center of the town were set apart to support the minister and schoolmaster. 11 The New England and Scotch settlers were mixed together in their settlements, and often on alternate farms; and, in con- sequence of the rivalry between the two parties of proprietors, the town was speedily settled. The New Englanders wished to call the town "-^Wltite Creek" and the Scotch '■^ New Perth;" and each name was strongly insisted on. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 239 aad lieutenants in the Provincial army. Rev. Thomas Clark waB the iirst minister.' The Salem Washington Academy was incorp. Feb. 15, 1791.^ ■WHITE CREEK'— was formed from Cambridge, April 17, 1815. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. The surface of the s. portion is gently rolling, and the central and n. portions are occupied by the Taghkanick Mts. The summits of these mountains are rooky and broken and covered with forests, and their sides are bounded by abrupt declivities and perpendicular ledges. The principal streams are Hoosick River, Owl Kil, Pumpkin Hook,* Center, White, and Little White Creeks. The upper course of Owl Kil is through a deep and narrow valley abounding with pictur- esque views. A small vein of lead has been discovered three-fourths of a mi. e. of Posts Corners. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. More sheep are raised in this tovm than in any other in the CO. Garden seeds and flax are largely cultivated. JVortli IVliite Creek, (p. v.) adjoins Cam- bridge, fyiiite Creek, (p. o.,) Posts Corners, (Center White Creek p.o.,) AsU Grove, and Davis Corners are each small villages. The Walloomsaok Patent, lying partly in this town, on the s., was settled by the Dutch. Among the other grants were the Bain, Embury, Grant and Campbell, and Lake and Van Cuyler, Patents. A colony of Irish Methodists settled near Ash Grove about 1770 ; and here was organized the second M. E. church in America,^ by Thos. Ashton {for whom the locality was named) and Rev. Philip Embury, who served here until his death, in 1775. James and Thos. Morrison made the first settlement, near White Creek.* ■WHITEHAIiE'— was incorp. by patent Nov. 12, 1763, as " Skeneshorough."^ Its name was changed March 23, 1786. It lies at the s. extremity of Lake Champlain. Its surface is moun- tainous in the w. and level and undulating in the center and E. Saddle Mt., upon the w. border, is nearly 900 ft. above the surface of the lake. The principal streams are Wood Creek, Mettowee (or Pawlet) and Poultney Rivers. Upon Wood Creek, near its mouth, is a fall which furnishes a yaluable water-power. The soil of the greater part of the town is a hard, stiff clay and is best adapted to grazing. Considerable manufacturing is carried on in town.' 'Wlllteliall (p. v.) is situated near the mouth of Wood Creek, on Lake Champlain. The r. e., canal, and lake trade give this place commercial importance. The Whitehall Academy is in the e. part of the village. Pop. 3,225. This tovm was the scene of stirring military events during the French War."" The first settler was Maj. Skene, who located here, with 30 families, in 1761. Nominally associating 24 others with himself, he obtained a patent of 25,000 acres, March 13, 1765 ; and a patent of 9,000 acres in the town of Hampton and Whitehall, July 6, 1771, known as Skene's Little Patent. About 1770 he built a massive stone house and barn, a forge, and one or two sawmills. He also built a sloop upon the lake, and a road, kuovra as " Skenes Road," 30 mi. through the wilderness toward Salem. He appears to have been a man of great energy of character, and he endeavored to secure solid and permanent advantages to the infant settlement.'' Upon the approach of the Revolution, Maj. Skene espoused the royalist cause, and his house was taken by the Americans in May, 1775.'^ In 1776 an American garrison was stationed here, and a small fleet was fitted 1 Kev. Thos. Clark (Asso. Presb.) waa the first minister ; and his church, formed in Ireland, was transplanted without re- organization. In 1769 a Presb. society waa formed, Rev, John Harford first pastor. Their church, then unfinished, was forti- fied by Capt. Jos. McCracken in 1777, and soon after was burned by the enemy. There are now 7 churches in town ; 2 M. E,, Asso. Presb., Asso. Ref. Presb., P. W. Bap., Presb., and Moray. 2 For a great number of years this school was one of the most noted in Eastern New Tork. Among the distinguished persons who have received a portion of their education here were Hon. Samuel Nelson, of the IT. S. Supreme Court, Hon. John Savage, formerly Chief Justice of N.T., and Eev. Dr. Bethune, of Brooltlyn. 8 The creek i^om which the town was named received its name from the white quartz pebbles that form its bed, * Said to be a corruption of the Indian Pom-pa-nuck, the name of a tribe of Indians who removed hither from Conn. 6 Embury preached the first Meth. sermon in N . Y., 3 or 4 years before. The census reports 8 churches in town ; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Friends, Pre«b., R. C, and Asso. Ref Presb. 6 Among the other early settlers were Buel Beebe, Maj. John Porter, Ephraim, James, and Robt. Cowan, David Slarrow, Sam'l Clark, John McClung, Seo. Duncan, Robt. and George Gilmore, Wm. Eager, Wm. Selfrage, Sam'l Ball, and John Scott. The early settlers in the E. part of the town were Thomas Ashton, Edmund Wells, John and Ebenczer Allen, David Sprague, Seth Chase, John Harroun, Thos. McCool, John Woods, Simeon Fowler, John Young, Josiah Dewey, and John Corey. John Rhodes built the first clothing works, at Pumpkin Hook. ' Called by the Indians " Kah-cho-quah-na," fte jilaix where dip fish. » Named from Maj. Philip Skene, a British half-pay officer, its 9 The manufactures consist of lumber, machinery, vessels, boats, carpets, and sash and blinds. An extensive lumber trade is carried on with Canada and with ports on the Hudson, through Lake Champlain and the Champlain Canal. 10 Maj. Israel Putnam waa stationed here in the summer of 1758, with 36 rangers, to watch the motions of the enemy and prevent the passage of small parties. A point — now known as Puts Rock — three-fourtha of a mi. N. of the village, overlooking South Bay, and completely commanding the passage of Wood Creek, was chosen, and a stone breastwork was built and con- cealed by bushes. Soon after the work was finished, a party of 500 French, led by the partisan Molang, upon a secret expedi- tion, attempted to pass up the creek in the night. They were received by a most destructive fire, and before they could re- cover from their surprise, one-half of their number were killed. Finding that the enemy had landed* below and that he was in danger of being surrounded, Putnam quietly withdrew, with no loss, and but two men wounded. 11 Maj. Skene became acquainted with this place while accom- panying the expedition under Gen. Amherst, in 1765. Soon after he planted his first aettlement, of 30 families, he was obliged to go to the West Indies ; and upon his return in 1763 he found but 15 families remaining. He brought a number of slaves from the West Indies, and employed them and a large number of discharged soldiers upon his works. His house was 30 by 40 ft. on the ground, and 2i stories high ; and his barn waa 130 ft. long, with massive stone walls pierced with portholes. The other buildings in his settlement were a few frail houses belonging to hia tenants. 12 He was very popular with the settlers, and hence he was an object of both fear and dislike to the patriots. His place waa 240 WASHINGTON COUNTY. out in the harbor and put under the command of Benedict Arnold. Upon the approach of Bur- goyne's army, in 1777, the fort was blown up and the houses, mills, &c. were all burned.' During the "War of 1812 this place became an important depSt of military stores. The first steamboat on the lake was launched here, in 1809. The Champlain Canal was constructed to this point from Fort Edward in 1819, and finished to Troy in 1824.2 In 1806 Gen. Williams made arrangements for buildino- a church, but died before he could carry them into effect. His son (Col. John Wil- liams) and his widow carried out the design, and presented the building to the Asso. Presb. Soc. It was rebuilt in 1826.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Washington County. NiMES OF TOTVNS. Argyle Cambridge.... Dresden Easton Fort Aon Fort Edward, Granville Green\vicli... Hampton Ilartford Hebron Jackson Kingsbury..., Putnam Salem WbitB Creek., ■maitehall Total Acres of L.un>. 27,186 18,013i 5,5004 30,994i 22,619i 12,791J 27,611i: 20,864J 8,725 21,978 25,615 17,981 18,M0 7,882 26,104i 22,683J 19,240 8,360J 4,206 21,943i 6,936i 27,966} 2,006 6,632 5,349 3,939 4,852} 7,138 4,880 4,3244 12,423 7,976 6,616 9,015 333,030} 143,664} 12,766,947 Taiuation of 1858. $1,002,607 902,490 92,810 1,366,962 667,072 600,950 873,665 1,204,115 231,751 736,967 779,302 768,170 786,406 144,680 830,386 868,266 1,022,660 0.O, $209,232 161,804 4,000 223,330 66,137 492,160 146,250 489,625 30,845 82,484 93,390 66,660 105,766 19,854 308,314 333,762 396.740 $1,211,739 1,054,294 96,810 1,690,292 713,209 993,100 1,018,815 1,693,740 262,596 818,461 872,692 834,720 891,161 164,434 1,138,699 1,202,027 1,419,390 3,209,222 15,976,169 22,639 21,866 Population. 1,613 1,132 387 1,482 1,845 1,630 1,710 1,969 429 1,132 1,283 906 1,736 378 1,461 1,267 2,299 1,631 1,172 348 1,630 1,699 1,434 1,663 1,929 417 1,064 1,266 S64 1,828 346 1,464 1,182 2,239 666 415 146 659 613 460 695 746 161 396 606 323 662 122 606 462 749 7,875 459 160 614 695 628 660 790 161 416 530 335 626 129 561 686 893 4S4 2S6 100 897 327 360 469 473 106 345 379 242 464 101 410 326 472 8,741 5,730 240 Schools. ea 1.078 990 318 976 1.310 i;il2 1,236 1.442 831 687' 1,329 302 1,016 908 1,769 16,292 Argyle Cambridge.... Dresden Easton Fort Ann Fort Edward Granville Greenwich.... Hampton Hartford Hebron Jackson Kingsbury... Putnam Salem White Creek. Whitehall.... Total... Live Stock. 1,196 737 150 1,030 797 443 856 913 168 697 884 634 634 240 888 669 882 POO 2,090 1,085 6,192 1.1 1,652 947 1,604 1,478 602 1,229 1,612 1,062 1,057 944 1, 951 1,652 1, 1,071 300 1,677 966 667 2,023 1,346 616 1,067 1,667 1,049 971 468 1,322 800 1,163 11,707 21,721 18,689 11,326 1,615 982 117 1,050 680 384 654 862 162 607 463 123 1,027 628 397 cr: 4,058 2,897 212 3,028 1,127 933 1,681 2,690 330 1,479 2,351 2,816 1,184 214 2,963 1, 804 AaKICULTDItAL PRODUCTS. 18,138 14,767 802i 26,848 1,6264 2,2874 6,968 18,9284 1,602 4,284 4,976 14,281 1,230 1,113 6,208 3,5654 2,7394 164,446 98,2834 13,876} 183,367 63,9074 71,673 80,021 140,079 22,950 79,686 121,047 112,9874 63,337 18,507 134,8904 58,403 47,3804 30,306 130,354 1,484,7424 4,7904 4,251 1,528 5,8134 6,626 2,700 6,428j 3,639 2,169 4,326! 4,796 3,316 4,7174 2,037 4,8424 4,691 6,409 69,881 on. 72,926 36,211 6,096 46,906 27,461 11,262 107,972 46,914 10,955 87,867 109,647 59,670 38,619 4,964 61,934 26,994 14,009 767,285 29,861 11,126 2.872 14,601 6,812 1,526 24,697 14,608 6,844 21,422 12,877 8,621 7,075 4,652 10,678 6,656 6,476 Daiet Peodcjcts. en 163,321 109,204 23,323 137,864 91,843 66.014 106.160 129;495 36,210 104,664 129,98^ 106,071 94,385 47,490 143.020 67,361 79,846 «§ 2,816 7,420 3,106 42,17r 44,824 2, 334,767 17,100 35,632 18,109 26,116 680 30,642 440 36,160 27,713 189,103 1,626,138 634,491 6,2984 q.2 216 1,2384 403 1,635 631 40 416 212 Msy. Skene the younger, 50 tenants, and 12 negroes were taken prisoners. The sloop was sent down the lake to Col. Ethan Allen at Shoreham, Vt. In the cellar of the house was found the body of the wife of the elder Skene, which had been pre- served many years to secure to the husband an annuity devised to her " while she remained above ground.'* The Americans buried the body in the rear of the house. > When Ticonderoga was abandoned to Burgoyne. the public stores were embarked in 200 bateaux and sent up to this point under the convoy of 6 galleys. They were pursued and over- taken, 3 of the galleys were burned, and nearly all of the stores were destroyed. All the works at "Skenesborough" were blown up or burned, and the Americans retreated in disorder to Fort Ann. Burgoyne stayed in this place 3 weeks, while opening a road to Fort Ann. The remains of a battery and blockhouse built about this period, overlooking the lake, are still visible. 2 A company, under the name of tho " Nortliem Inland Navi- gation Qympany," had previously been formed for the purpose of uniting the waters of Lake Champlain with those of the Hud- son. After expending large sums of money, the project was aban- doned. s The census reports 7 churches : 2 M. E., Bap., Cong., Presb., Prot. E., and E. C. CAYUGA COUKTY. This county was formed from Onondaga, March 8, 1799. Seneca was taken off in 1804, and a part of Tompkins in 1817. It is a long, narrow co., lying w. of the center of the State, and extending from Lake Ontario s. to near the head of Cayuga Lake. It has a general northerly inclination, and is divided geographically into I two nearly equal parts by a line extending eastward from the foot I of Cayuga Lake. The n. half is level, or gently undulating, and contains numerous marshes. Some portions of its surface are covered with small, isolated driftnhills 50 to 75 ft. high. The surface of the s. half is rolling, and gradually rises until it attains an elevation of 500 to 800 ft. above the level lands of the n. These highlands are divided into two general ridges, the first lying between Skaneateles and Owasco Lakes, and the second between Owasco and Cayuga Lakes. The summits of both ridges are rolling, and have an elevation of 1000 to 1200 ft. above tide. Their e. declivities are often precipitous, forming high, bold bluffs upon the shores of the lakes, but their w. declivities are more gradual, generally sloping gently down to the very edge of the waters. The s. part of the w. ridge is divided near its center by the valley of Salmon Creek, which is bordered by steep banks 50 to 200 ft. high. Among the most peculiar of the natural features of the co. are the three long, narrow lakes which extend from the level regions of the n. between the parallel ridges far into the highlands of the s. Skaneateles Lake, upon the B. line, is 840 ft. above tide, and is bordered by bluff shores within the limits of the co. Owasco Lake, near the center, is 770 ft. above tide, and its shores are generally bold, and in some places pre- cipitous. Cayuga Lake, on the western border, is 387 ft. above tide, and along nearly its whole extent, in the co. the land slopes beautifully and evenly upward from its surface to the summits of the ridges. The water of these lakes is clear and transparent, and may be taken as the very type of purity. This lake region, with its beautifully rolling surface and rich and productive soil, with its green lawns apparently stretching upward from the very bosom of the water, and with its highly cultivated farms, presents one of the finest landscapes in the country. Seneca River flows eastward through near the center of the lowlands which form the n. half of the co. It receives Cayuga and Owasco Outlets from the s. and numerous smaller streams from both the N. and 8. A swampy region, known as the Montezuma Marshes, extends along the whole course of the river.' The streams that drain the central ridges are small creeks and brooks. Upon the level land in the N. part of the co. are a series of small, shallow lakes and ponds, the principal of which is Cross Lake. The rocks in this co. generally lie in nearly horizontal layers, but in some places they are disrupted and broken. Their edges appear one above the other, forming the declivities of the hills that rise toward the s. The lowest formation is the Medina sandstone, which outcrops upon the shore of Lake Ontario and covers the n. half of Sterling. Above this successively appear the Oneida, conglomerate, and Clinton groups in the s. part of Sterling ; the Lockport group in Victory ; the red shale of the Onondaga salt group in Cato, Brutus, Conquest, and Mentz ; the gypsum of the same group in Auburn, Aurelius, and Springport, and for a distance of 10 miles along Cayuga Lake ; the waterlime and Oriskany sandstone in Owasco, Auburn, Fleming, and Springport ; and, successively above the Onondaga and corniferous limestone, the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and the Portage and Ithaca groups, the last occupying the summits of the southern hills. Weak springs of brine are found in the Medina sandstone upon the borders of Lake Ontario, and also in the red shale of the salt group along the course of Seneca Eiver. In the central part of the co., and along the shores of Cayuga Lake, are numerous quarries, which furnish a good quality of waterlime, quicklime, and gypsum. The red sandstone and the Onondaga and corniferous limestone are quarried extensively for building stone. Thin layers of corniferous limestone and of sandstone are extensively quarried along Cayuga Lake, and make an excellent quality of flagging. The soil in the n. half of the co. is generally a fine quality of sandy or gravelly loam, inter- 242 CAYUGA COUNTY. mixed with clay, muck, and alluvium; and in the s, it is a grarelly and clay loam and very pro- ductive. The whole co. is well adapted to either grain raising or pasturage. Until within a few years wheat has been the staple production ; hut it has been nearly superseded by rye, oats, barley, and corn. Wool growing and dairying are also extensively pursued. The cultivation of fruit, for which the climate and soil are admirably adapted, is beginning to receive considerable attention. The manufactures of the co., mostly confined to Auburn, are extensive, though comparatively less than in 1810.^ The county seat is located at the city of Auburn.^ An elegant and substantial courthouse was built in 1807-09.^ It is located upon a commanding site in the s. w. part of the city, and contains rooms for the usual co. offices. A fireproof clerk's office is situated adjacent to the courthouse. A substantial stone jail was erected in 1833, in the rear of the courthouse,* The county poorhouse is located upon a farm of 90 acres in Sennett, 3 mi. n. e. of Auburn. It is a poor, old, dilapidated building, containing about 30 rooms. The average number of inmates is about 100, supported at a weekly cost of 70 cts. each, A school is kept during a portion of the year.^ The Cayuga Orphan Asylum, located in the city of Auburn, was incorp. in April, 1852. It receives orphans and destitute children and has an average attendance of 30. The institution is well managed, and the children receive good care and instruction. The Erie Canal extends through Brutus and Mentz. Cayuga Lake and Outlet are navigable, and form a connection with the canal at Montezuma. The direct branch of the N. Y. Central K,. R. from Syracuse to Roches- ter extends through Brutus and Mentz, and the Auburn branch through Sennett, Auburn, and Aurelius.® Two daily, 7 weekly, and 3 monthly papers are published in the co.*^ i"The number of looms in the co. were 1,360, producing 340.870 yds. of cloth annually; there are 19 tanneries, 47 dis- tilleries, 48 asheries, 11 carding machines, 11 cloth dressing- mills, 3 oil mills, an air furnace, triphammer, several nail facto- ries, 6 earthen ware factories, and several hatters' shops. About 2.500 skeins of silk and 60,000 bushs. of salt are made annually. The inhabitants clothe themselves principally in the products of their own families, and were it not for the exorbitant num- ber of their distilleries, I should add, are verj' temperate and industrious, — the character given them by correspondents." — Spaffiird's Gazetteer, ed. 1813. 2 When organized in 1799, Cayuga included Seneca co., the territory lying between the Cayuga and Seneca Lakes ; and, as central to the thin population, the first courthouse was located at Aurora, on the E. shore of Cayuga Lake. It was built of poles and covered with brush. In 1803 a circuit court and court of Oyer and Terminer was held at this place by Daniel D, Tomp- kins, at which an Indian by the name of John was tried and convicted.of the murder of Ezekiel Crane, jr., and sentenced to be hung. He urgently requested that he might be shot, — a pri- vilege, of course, not granted by our laws. A log building at Cayuga Village was authorized to be used as a jail March 25, 1800. In 1804 an act was passed, authorizing John Tillotson, Augustus' Chidsey, and John Grover, jr., commissioners to build a courthouse on the B. E, corner of Lot 46 of Scipio, (now Auburn.) This act'waa afterward repealed. On the 6th of March, 1805, Edward Savage, of Washington co., Jae. Burt, of Orange, and Jas. Hildreth, of Montgomery, were appointed commissioners to locate the site of a courthouse. The commissioners neglected to fix the site; and, Apiil 6, 1808, John Glover, Stephen Close, and Noah Olmstead were appointed to superintend the finishing of the courthouse at Auburn. 3 The first co. ofl&cers were Seth Phelps, First Judge ; William Stuart, District Attorney; Benjamin Ledyard, C&wnty Clerk; Joaeph Annin, Slieriff; Glen Cuyler, Surrogate. 4 This building is 45 hy 65 feet, 2 stories high, with 2 double and 26 single cells, arranged in the center of the building, with a hall on three sides, open to the prisoners in daytime. 5 No means are provided for ventilating the rooms or for classifying the inmates. The insane are sometimes confined in dark cells not provided with means of warmth; and the whole establishment and its management are by no means creditable to the intelligence and humanity of the citizens of the c6. 6 The Ontario, Auburn & N.Y.R.R., extending from Little Sodus Bay s. to Ithaca, has been surveyed through the co. and partially graded; but work upon it has been suspended. ' The Levana Gazette, or Onondaga Advertiser, the first paper published in Cayuga co., was established July 20, 1798, at Levana, in the town of Scipio, (then Onondaga co.,) by R. Delano. Th£ Western Luminary was published at Watfcins' Settlement, in Scipio, in 1799. T-7ie Aurora Gazette was established in 1799 by H. & J. Pace, and continued until 1805, when It was removed to Auburn and changed to The Western Federalist. It was published as The Avhurn Gazette by Skinner and Crosby in 1816. The. Cayuga Tocsin was commenced at Union Springs in 1812 Auburn, and continued by different persons until 1847, when it was united with the Cayuga Patriot. The Cayiiga Patriot was started at Auburn by Samuel R, Brown in 1814. Isaac S. Allen, Ulysses F. Doubleday, and others, "vyere afterward interested in its publication. In June, 1847, it was united with the Tocsin, the joint papers taking the name of The Cayuga New Era. It was snccessively published hy Mer- rill, Stone &. Co., Stone, Hawes & Co^ Finn k Hallett, and William L. Finn, and was discontinued in 1857. The Advocate of the People was commenced at Auburn in Sept. 1816, by Henry C. Southwick. The Cayuga Republican was commenced in 1819 by A. Buckin- ham, and was afterward published by Thomas M. Skin- ner. In 1833 it was united with the Free Press and issued as Tlie Auburn Journal and Advertiser by Oliphant & Skinner. Skinner subsequently withdrew, and the paper was continued by Oliphant. In 1846 it was issued as The Aulburn Journal ; and the same year Tlie Auburn Dally Advertiser, the first daily paper published in the co., was established in connection with it. In the fall of the same year, Oliphant sold out to Henry Montgomery, by whom the papers were con- tinued until 1850, when Knapp & Peck, the present publishers, became proprietors. TJie Auhum Free Ptess was commenced by Richard Oliphant in 1824 and published by him until 1829. It was then sold to Henry Oliphant, and in 1833 it was united with the Cayuga Republican. The Gospel Messenger (Prot. E.) was established at Auburn by Rev. Dr. Rudd in 1827. It was removed to Utica a few years after. Th£ Diamond was published in 1830. The Gospel Advocate was published in 1830. The Cayuga Democrat was published by Fred, Prince in 1833. Th^ People's Friend was published in 1836 by Oliphant & Skinner. T?ie Western Banner was published in 1836 by Francis S. Wiggins. The Peoples ikhrary, mo., was published in 1836 by F. S. WigglM, The Primitive Cliristian was published in 1836 by Silas E. Shepard. The Conference Record was published in 1837 by Rev. J. S. Chamberlain. , The Northern Christian Advocate (M JE.) was commenced in Aprfl, 1841, by Rev. John E. Roble. It was edited by Rev. F. G. Hibbard and Rev. Wm. Hosmer until May, 1844, when it was purchased by the Metli. Genl. Conference and changed to Tlie Nortliern Advocate* It was edited Euccessively by Rev. Nelson Rounds and Wm. Hosmer, and is now under the editorial charge of Rev. P. G. Hibbard. The Star of Temperance was published in 1845 by L. H. Davey. Auburn's Favorite was published in 1849 by Newton Calkins- The Cayuga Chief -was commenced at Auburn in January, 1849, by Thurlow W. Brown, and continued until 1857. Tlie Auburn Daily Bulletin woe published in 1849 by Stone, Hawes & Co. CAYUGA COUNTY. 243 This CO. formed a portion of the Military Tract, and included the original townships of Cato, Brutus, Aurelius, Scipio, Sempronius, and parts of Milton and Locke. Sterling was included in the lands granted as a compensation for portions of the original grants, which upon survey were found to belong to the Boston Ten Towns. Before the advent of the whites it formed the chief hunting grounds of the Cayuga Nation. The people of this nation were more migratory in their habits than those of the Onondaga and Seneca nations, and they had fewer towns and villages. The principal town or place of council of the tribe was upon the shore of Cayuga Lake, near the present village of Aurora. The first white settlers were soldiers, who had served during the Revolution and who drew lots upon the Military Tract, or those who had purchased soldiers' warrants. The first immigration was by the way of Oneida Lake and River, and from the s. by way of Cayuga Lake ; but in 1796 a State road, extending from Whitestown to Geneva by way of Auburn, was cut through ; and in 1800 the celebrated Cayuga Bridge' was built, the new route speedily becoming the great highway of Western emigration. The population steadily and rapidly increased from 1790, a great impulse being given to it by the completion of the Brie Canal in 1825. The first inhabitants were principally from New England and the eastern cos. of New York. AUBURJV CITY — was formed as a town from Aurelius, March 28, 1823. It was incorp. as a village April 18, 1815, and as a city March 21, 1848. It lies upon Owasco Outlet, near the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with an inclination toward the N. Owasco Outlet, flowing n. w. through near the center, descends 120 ft., and furnishes an abundance of water- power, which is mostly improved. Along its course are valuable quarries of waterlime, Oriskany sandstone, and Onondaga and ooruiferous limestone. The city is finely laid out upon both sides of the creek, most of the streets having a gentle inclinar tion. It is situated in the midst of a rich farming country, and it has a large share of internal trade. Its manufactures are extensive and important, consisting principally of woolen goods,^ paper, agricultural implements, books, flour, and machinery. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 12 churches,' 3 banks, and many other fine public and private buildings. Seven weekly, 2 daily, and 2 monthly papers are published in the city. Pop. 9j476. The Public Schools are under a Board of Education, consisting of 4 members, elected annually. The schools, 5 in number, employ 23 teachers, — 5 males and 18 females. In 1858 the number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 was 3001, of whom 2187, or 72 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1858 were 113,231.19. The number of volumes in the district libraries is 3986. Tlie Cliristlan Ambassador (Univ.) was commenced in Jan. 1851, and is now edited by Jolin M. Austin, Tlie Spiritual and Moral Instructor was publislied in 1851 by Peleg S. CoUrell A Co. Tbe Auburn American, d; and w., was established in Feb. 1855, by Wm.J. Moses, by whom it is still published. The Journal of Specific Homeopatiiy, mo., was started in March,1855,and is published by P.Humphreys. Tlie Spiritual Clarion, commenced Nov. 16, 1856, is I published weekly by Uriah Clark, The IVortliern Independent was established in Aug, 1866, by a publishing com. of the M. B, Ch, ; Rev, Wm, Hosmer, Ed. The Orphans' Friend^ mo., was commenced in Feb, 185T, and is published by the managers of the Cayuga Orphan Asylum. The Cayuga Farmer and Mechamic waB commenced in Sept, 1656, by P. J, Becker, In Dec, 1857 its name was changed to The Teachers' Educational Journal; it is still issued by its original proprietor. The Auburn Democrat was established in Aug, 186?, by Stone and Hawes, by whom it is still published, ThA Weedsport advertiser was published in 1827, The Northern Phosntx was published at Weedsport in 1880 by Frederick Prince. The Genoa Spy was published in 1840 by Gelim Hine, The Port Byron Herald was first published at Port Byron in Oct. 1844, by Frederick Prince. T!w, Port nvron Oazette was started in 1861 by Oliyer T, Baird, The Cayvjja Tdegraph was published at Union Springs in 1850, ThA Meridian Sun was started in 1854 by Arthur White, It was afterward published as The Meridian Advertiser by W, H, Thomas, The Family Scrap Book, mo,, was published at Victory Center in 1856-56, 1 The Cayuga Bridge was finished Sept, 4, 1800, by the Man- hattan Company, It was 1 mi. and 8 rods long, 22 ft, wide and 22 ft, between trestles. It was built in 18 months, and cost $150,000, The Cayuga Bridge Company, consisting of John Harris, Thos, Morris, Wilhelmua Mynderse, Charles Williamson, and Jos, Annin, was incorp, in 1797, The bridge was destroyed in 1808, but afterward rebuilt. For a great number of years the Cayuga bridge was considered one of the greatest public improvements in the State, and it was taken as the dividing line between the E, and w. The bridge was abandoned in 1857 ; and the lake fa now crossed by a ferry, 2 The Auburn Woolen Mills give employment to 175 hands and manufactures 250,000 yds, of cloth per annum. The Auburn Paper Mills employ 50 hands and manufacture $80,000 worth of paper annually. The founderies andmachine shops give em- ployment to a large number of men, and turn out work to the amount of $100,000 annually. The N. Y, C. R. E. Repair Sliops employ 52 hands exclusively in repairing passenger cars. For a number of years books were very extensively manufactured; but of late much of this branch of business has been removed to other cities. Besides these, there are In the city a card factory, belting factory, carpet factory, distillery, rolling mill, and 2 grist mills, 3 2Pre8b., 2M,E„ 2 B. C„ Prot, B., Af. Moth.. Ban., f^u■m^ 244 CAYUGA COUNTY. The Auburn Academy is a fine stone edifice on Academy St. It was first erected in 1811, but was burned in 1816, and the present building was soon after erected. The Auburn Female Seminartj, a private institution, is in the building erected for a city hall, at the junction of Market, Franklin, and North Sts. The Auhum Theological Seminarij, a Presb. institution, was established by the Synod of Gene- see in 1819. It was incorp. in 1820 and opened in 1821. The building is located upon a com- manding site, fronting Seminary St., in the n. e. part of the city. The Cayuga Orphan Asylum, an institution for the care of orphan and destitute children, is supported by State and co. appropriations and private contributions. The Auburn State Prison is situated on the n. bank of Owasco Outlet, n. of the center of the city. The site, containing 10 acres, is surrounded by high walls, and within this .enclosure are the prison proper^ and the various workshops in which the convicts are employed. The main building, fronting upon State Street, is 3 stories high and 276 feet long, and is flanked by two wings 42 feet wide and 242 feet deep. The Asylum for Lunatic Convicts, situated upon a lot of 10 acres, formerly the prison garden, in the rear of the prison, is a fine brick building, faced with cut stone. It contains 64 cells, aod rooms for physicians, attendants, &c.^ Fo7^ Hill is a beautiful rural cemetery, located upon the site of an ancient fortification and Indian village. It contains a monument to the memory of Logan, the celebrated Cayuga chief.' The first settlement at Auburn was made in 1793, by Col. John Hardenburgh, from Ulster co.* Hon. "Wm. H. Seward resides in this city. AlIR£LiIl7S — ^was formed Jan. 27, 1789. Brutus, Cato, Owasco, and "Jefferson*^ (now Mentz) were taken ofi" March 30, 1802, Auburn and Fleming in 1823, a part of Springport in 1833, and a part of Throop in 1859. It lies upon Cayuga Lake, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is undulating, with a slight inclination toward the n. and w. Owasco Outlet flows through the N. E. corner ; and upon its course are several fine mill privileges. Cayuga Brook, Crane Creek, and several other small streams take their rise in the town. The soil is mostly a heavy clay and gravelly loam. Ca.yug'£i^ (P-"^-)) upon Cayuga Lake, 2 mi, s. of the outlet, was incorp. in 1858. It is an important station upon the Central R. R., and is connected with Ithaca by a daily line of steamers. It contains 2 churches and 400 inhabitants. Fosterville, (p-v.,) ii^ the n. part, contains a church and 12 dwellings; and Aurelius, (P-^-O i^i thes.E. part, a church and 12 dwell- ings. Clark-SVille, on the e. line, is a manufacturing village, and forms a suburb of Auburn. It contains a paper mill,^ gristmill, hoe factory, woolen factory, and 300 inhabitants. The first settlement was made at Cayuga in 1788, by John Harris, from Harrisburgh, Penn.® The first church was formed in 1804, by Rev. David Higgins."^ BRUTFS— was formed from Aurelius, March 30, 1802. Sennett was taken off in 1827. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. In the n. and w.' its surface is level, with an 1 Tihe cells of the prison are built in a block 5 stories high, separated from the exterior walls by an open space and sur- rounded by galleries. Each ceU is 7 feet long by 3i wide and Tff high, closed by an iron grate. Breakfast and dinner are eaten at narrow tables, so arranged that the convicts cannot exchange looks or signs. Supper ia eaten in the cella. The workshops form a range of neiir 1000 feet, built against the outer wall and lighted from the roof and ioner sides. Water- power is afforded by the Owasco. These prison buildings were commenced in 1816 and completed in 1819. by the State, at a cost of $300,000, exclusive of the labor of convicts upon them. The general control is vested in a Board of In.«pectors ; 54 ofB- cials, including a guard of 20 men, a chaplain, a phyaicia'n. and 2 teachers, are employed in the management and government of the establishment. The average number of convicts is about TOO. Their earnings in 1S57 were $70,000, and the cuirent ex- penses of the establishment about $72,000. 2 This building was erected by the State in 1858, at a cost of $60,000. 3 This ancient fortification was evidently the work of a people who occupied the country prior to the advent of the Indians. The monuments left by this people, the remains of the language still existing, and tho traditions of the Indians, all show that they belonged to the same general stock as the aborigines of Mexico. They are known as the "Mound Builders,"'and in history are generally called the " AUeghans." The fort at this place was probably built prior to tho discovery of America by Columbus, and was occupied by them for several hundred years ; but they were finally driven out by the Cayugas. It was named by them Osco or Was Kough, and became the principHl village of the nation until the advent of the whites. The celebrated the last century. He afterward emigrated to Penn., and finally to Ohio. He was always known as a peacemaker and friend to the whites until his wife and children were murdered by Col. Cresap, after which he took up the hatchet and became one of the most noted of the Indian warriors. His address to the Peace Commissioners at the close of the war has scarcely its parallel in history for true eloquence and pathos. This ancient work,is particularly described in the Smithsonian QmtribuUonSj Vol. IT, Art VT, p. 35. * Among the other early settlers were Col. Brinkerhoff, Dr. Hackcliat Burt, Wm. Bostwick, Barnabas Caswell, and Lyman Paine, who came about 1795. John Hardenburgh built the first gristmill, In 1794; and Wra. Bostwick kept the first inn, in 1796. The place was called " Hardenburgh Comers" until 1805, when its name was changed to Auburn. 6 The Auburn Paper Mill was incorp. here Feb. 17, 1848, with a capital of $50,000. It gives employment to 40 hands, and manufactures paper to the amount of $150,000 annually. 6 Mr. Harris established the first ferry across Cayuga Lake. Wm. Harris and John Bichardson came in the same year. The first marriage was that of John Harris and Mary Bichardson, in 1789; the first birth, that of John Harris^ jr., in 1790; and the first death, that of Depuy, in 1797. Hugh Buckley taught the first school, io 1797 ; John Harris kept the first inn, in 1790, and the first store, in 1789. The celebrated Cayuga Bridge, 1 mi. 8 rods in length, was built in 1797, by Swartwood & Deman, of New York City, and Joseph Annin and others, of Cayuga. It fell in 1804, but was rebuilt in 1812-13, and was abandoned in 1857. After it was built, the road across it was the great high- way of emigration until the canal was finished. The county seat was located here at the first organization of the co. CAYUGA COUNTY. 245 average elevation of not more than 10 feet above Seneca River, vrhioh forms its n. boundary. The portions immediately bordering upon the river are generally swampy. In thes.E. the surface is rolling and broken by isolated drift hills 50 to 75 feet above the general level. The principal streams are Bread Creek and Cold Spring Brook, both flovring into Seneca River. The former is a canal feeder, and along its banks are outcrops of limestone and plaster, which are quarried to some extent. The soil is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay and alluvium. Weedsport^ (p-'^-i) was incorp. April 26, 1831. It is situated upon the Erie Canal, and is a station on the N. Y. Central R. R. It contains a bank, insurance office, union school, 4 churches, a foundery, a large distillery, and several mills. Pop. 1,226. The first settlement was begun in 1800, by Wm. Stevens, from Mass, on Lot 76.^ The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1816.' CATO — ^was formed from Aurelius, March 30, 1802. Sterling was taken off in 1812, and Con- quest, Ira, and Victory in 1821. A part of Ira was annexed in 1834. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is level in the s. and gently rolling in the N. The ridges extend n. and s., and their summits are about 50 feet above the valleys and 150 to 200 feet above Lake Ontario. Seneca River forms the s. boundary. Cross Lake, upon the E. border, is a shallow body of water about 5 mi. long, through which flows Seneca River. Otter Lake and Parkers Pond, in the n. part, discharge their waters through Otter Creek into Seneca River. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam mixed with clay and disintegrated red shale. Meridian,* (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, was incorp. Oct. 17, 1854. Pop. 360. Cato, (p. v.,) on the Ime of Ira, in the N. w. corner, contains 3 churches and 53 dwellings. Seneca River is a p. o. The first set- tlement was begun in 1800, by Samson Lawrence, on Lot 32.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed Oct. 26, 1810 ; Rev. Daniel Palmer was the first pastor.' CONQUEST' — was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. The surface is gently rolling, the ridges extending N. and s. The s. part along the course of Seneca River is marshy, and a swamp about one-fourth of a mi. wide extends N. and s. through the town along the course of the small stream which flows through Mud Pond. Duck Pond, in the N.w., is about 1 mi. in diameter. Howlands Island, in Seneca River, contains 2,700 acres, one-third of which is swampy, and overflowed during high water. The soil is a sandy loam interspersed with clay and underlaid by red shale. Conquest Center (Conquest p, o.) con- tains 2 churches and 26 houses ; Pineville, in the w. part, contains 15 houses. The first settlers were George Snyder, from Schoharie co., who located on Lot 37, and Israel Wolverton, from Tomp- kins CO., on Lot 4, in 1800.* The first church (Prot. Meth.) was formed at Conquest Center, in 1803 ; Rev. Joshua Beebe was the first settled preacher.' Fl.ElHIWCr"' — was formed from Aurelius, March 28, 1823. It lies w. of the foot of Owasoo Lake, a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, with an inclination toward the N. and E. The banks of the lake slope upward for about three-fourths of a mi. The highest portions are 150 to 250 feet above the lake, and 800 to 1000 feet above tide. Wheeler and Crane Creeks are the pi-incipal streams. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with an occasional intermixture of clay and sand. Fleming', (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 25 dwellings. 1 Named from Elisha and Edward Weed, first settlers at the Tillage. 2 Among the other early settlers were Caleb, Nathan, and Jonah Kood, and Powers, from Saratoga co., who located at andnear Weedsport; John Hamilton, from Washington co., on Lot 64, in March, 1802 ; Edward Horton, Peter Douglass, and Samuel Moore, from N. J., on Lot 86 ; Adam Helmer, from Herki- mer CO., on Lot 67, in 1804; and Van Dyck and Daniel Mil- ler, from N. J., on Lot 76, in 1805. Tho first child born was Bur- nett Stevens. Nov. 13, 1801; the first marriage, that of Peter Douglass and Polly Hamilton, Jan. 12, 1804; and the first death, that of an infant child of Sunderland Sweet, in 1800. Harriet Phelps taught the first school, in 1806; Walter and Elisha Weed kept the first store ; and Lewis Putnam built the first sawmill and gristmill, on Bread Creek. j t, n 8 The census reports 4 churches ; Presb., Bap., M. E, and R. 0. 4 Formerly " Cato Four Oymers." 6 Among the other early settlers were Solomon Knapp, on Lot 100, L. Sheldon, on Lot 84, Jacob Labertaux, from Penn., on lot 67, in May, 1803; Jesse Elwell and Abner HoUister, at Meridian, in 1805. The first child born was Alvira Stockwell, May 4, 1806 ; the first marriage, that of Andrew Stockwell and Sybil Root, June 4, 1804; and the first death, that of Stephen Olcott, in X805. Solomon Knapp kept the first inn at Cato, in 1803; and Jesse Elwell, the first at Meridian, in 1806. Daniel M. Bristol kept the first store, in 1806; and Samuel Woodford .,_„„*..j *T — «-_,* ™..i=+™;iT rt« *>,a miHftt nf fitter Lake, in 1811. ^ Name given to commemorate the conquest achieved by those who favored the division of the old town of Cato over those who opposed it. 8 Among the other early settlers were James Perkins, from Onondaga co., on Lot 3, Ephraim Witherill, from Tompkins co., on Lot 4, Theophilus Emerson, on Lot 27, and Clement B. Eraerson, on Lot 15, in 1802; Dijar Wilcox, from Saratoga co., on Lot 74, Wm. McCollom and John Crowell, from Newburgh, on Lot 76, in 1806 ; and William Crowell, on Lot 77, in 1807. The first child born was Amos Wolverton, in 1803; the first marriage, that of Gilbert Perkins and Betsey Snyder ; and the first death, that of a traveler and stranger, at Musquito Point. John Perkins taught the first school, at Conquest Center, in 1807 ; Ephraim Witherill kept the first inn, in 1803 ; Jonathan Davis, the first store, at Conquest Center, in 1827 ; Twitchell erected tho first sawmill, in 1808, and Abram Cherry the first gristmill, in 1810. This mill was long known as the " Flipper Mill" from the fact that a store was at first kept in it. The first settlers joined in making a canoe which would hold 60 bush, of grain ; and in this they carried the grists of the whole neighborhood to Springport, by the way of Seneca River, to be ground. The journey usually took 4 days. In 1813 John Fil- kins took a load of wheat to Albany, but was obliged to sell the wheat and one horse to defray the expenses of the journey. In 1804 Jas. Perkins built the first framed house, sawing out the whole lumber with a whip-saw. The building still stands (1858) a monument of nerseverinc industry. 246 CAYUGA COUNTY. Owasco i.afee is a p.o. The first settlements were made in 1790-91.' The first religious services were held by Elder Daniel Irish (Bap.) about 1794.^ ClESfOA— was formed as "Milton," Jan. 27, 1789; and its name was changed April 6, 1808. Looks was taken off in 1802. It is the s. w. corner town of the oo., lying upon the w. bank of Cayuga Lake. The surface is a roUing region, gradually rising from the lake to a height of about 600 ft. and divided into ridges by the valleys of Big and Little Salmon Creek, which extend through near the center.* The declivities that border upon the streams in some places are steep and 50 to 150 ft. high. The soil consists of a strip of clay along the banks of the lake, and a deep, rich, gravelly loam in the other parts of the town. Genoa, (p. v.,) on Big Salmon Creek, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, a tannery, and a furnace and machine shop. Pop. 300. HTortliville (Kings Ferry p. o.) is situated in the n.w. part of the town. Pop. 200. Five Corners (p. v.) contains 35 dwellings. East Genoa (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlements were made anterior to the organization of the co. Jabez Bradley was the first settler, at Northville. The census reports 6 churches in town.* IRA— was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821, and a part was annexed to Cato in 1824. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is rolling, the summits of the ridges being 50 to 75 ft. above the valleys and 225 to 275 feet above Lake Ontario. The streams are small brooks and creeks. The soil is a sandy loam underlaid by red sandstone, and is very productive. Ira Center, (p. v.,) the only village, contains 2 churches and 145 inhabitants. The first settlements were made by David, Eleazur, and Andrew Stockwell, 3 brothers from White- hall, on Lot 58, Wm. Patterson, on Lot 32, and Henry Conrad, (a German,) on the same lot, all in 1800.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed at Ira Corners, July 7, 1807, by Kev. Francis Pomcroy ; Kev. Silas Barnes was the first preacher .* IiED YARD' — ^was formed from Scipio, Jan. 30, 1823. It lies upon the E. bank of Cayuga Lake, s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface inclines toward the w., its extreme e. border being elevated 500 to 600 ft. above the surface of the lake. The slopes of the hills are generally gradual, but are steep in a few places. Its streams are small, rapid brooks, the principal of which is Paines Creek, flowing through a narrow ravine in the s. part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, very fertile. Aurora, (p.v.,) inoorp. May 5, 1837, is beautifully located on the E. bank of Cayuga Lake. Its fine situa- tion and the comparative mildness of its climate have made it a place of considerable resort ; and it contains some of the finest residences to be found in the interior of the State. It is the seat of the Cayuga Academy.* Pop. 459. Talcotts Corners, (Ledyard p. o.,) near the s. e. corner, con- tains 2 churches and 12 dwellings. I John Cooper, on Lot 12, John Duzenbury, on Lot 44, Curtis Stoddard, on Lot 19, John McFarland and son, from Washington co., on Lot 27, John and Matthew Harsha, from Washington co., at Martville, in 1810 ; Wm. Cooper, Jos. Bunnell, and John Tunier, from Long Island, in 1811 ; and Geo. Cooper, from Saratoga co,. in 1812. The first child born was Isaac Hoppine, March 16, 1807; the first marriage, that of Mat- thew Harsha and Charity Turner; and the first death, that of Ezra, son of Peter Dumas, July 21, 1806. The first school was taught by Benj. Clark, in 1812; Wm. Cooper kept the first inn, in 1810; John Cooper erected the first sawmill, in 1810, and the first gristmill, in 1815. _ » The census reports 6 churohes ; 2 M. E., and 1 each Asao. 250 CAYUGA COUNTY. ment was made in 1797, by Hezekiah Mix, from Genoa, on Lot 37, near the village.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1807; Elder Whipple was the first pastor.* THROOP'— was formed from Aurelius, Mentz, and Sennett, April 8, 1809. It is an interior town, lying a little N. w. of the center of the oo. Its surface is generally level, broken in a few places by sand and gravel ridges 100 to 150 ft. high. Its principal streams are Owasco Outlet and Cayuga Brook. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Throopsville, (p. v.,) on Owasco Inlet, in the s. e. corner, contains 3 churches, a grist and saw mill, and woolen factory. Pop. 160. The first settlement was made on Lot 2, in 1790, by Ezekiel Crane and his son Shadrach, from N. J.* There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., and Disciple. VEJVICE— was formed from Scipio, Jan. 30, 1823. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, the highest summits being 300 to 400 ft. above Owasco Lake. Salmon and Little Salmon Creeks flow s. in deep valleys dividing the surface into distinct ridges. Owasco Lake borders upon the N. e. corner. The declivities bordering upon the lake and upon the w. bank of Salmon Creek are steep, but generally the hillsides are long, gradual slopes. The soil is a fine quality of clayey and gravelly loam. Tenice, (p. v.,) in the n. e. part of the town, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings ; and Poplar Rid^e, upon the highest sum- mit in the N. w., contains a foundery and machine shop and 20 dwellings. East Venice (p. o.) and Venice Center are hamlets. The first settlement in town was made in 1800.^ The first church (Bap.) was fbrmed at Stuarts Corners, in 1800, by Elder Irish, the first preacher.^ Upon the rid^e e. of Salmon Creek, near the s. border of the town, are the remains of an ancient fortifi- cation. Upon the creek, near the center of the town, were extensive cleared and cultivated fields at the first advent of the whites. Near these fields was an Indian burial ground. VICTORY — was formed from Cato, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is gently undulating, the highest points being scarcely 50 ft. above the general level. Little Sodus and Ked Creeks are the principal streams. The underlying rocks are red shale and blue limestone, covered deep with drift. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam. A swamp in the s. w. part covers several hundred acres. Victory, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 25 houses; and Westbury, (p. v.,) on the line of Wayne co., 50. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1800, by John McNeal, from Montgomery co., and John and Samuel Martin, from Ireland, on Lot 65.' The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1813, by Rev. Zenas Jones, the first preacher.* 1 Among the early settlers were Nath'l Fillmore, (father of Millard Fillmore, Bx-Pres. U. S., who was born in this town,) Martin Barter, Wm. Webster, Jos. Cone, Wm. Honeywell, Jos. Savage, Harvey Hough, and Josiah Walker. The first school was taught by Nath'l Fillmore, in 1804. The first child born was Millard Fillmore or Anson Cone ; the first marriage, that of Ebenezer Crowl and Rosanna Mix, in 1803 ; and the first death, that of Amos Mix, killed by the falling of a tree in 1798. Jos. Coae kept the first inn, in 1803 ; Chas. Crane, the first store ; and Ebenezer Bennett erected the first mill, in 1816. 2 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., Cong., and M. E. 3 Named from Hon. Enos T. Throop, Ex-Gov. of the State. 4 Among the other early settlers were Isaac Barnum, Othniel Palmer, and his son, from Conn., Israel Clapp, from Mass., on lot 16 ; Jas. Leonard and Wm. Durell, from N. J., on Lots 2 and 4, Maoonah Clark, from Oneida CO., on Lot 4, Jonas Ward and his son Caleb, from N. J., on Lot 92, in 1796 ; Christopher and Eev. John Jeffries, from Saratoga Springs, on Lot 16, Ephraim Wethy, from Dutchess CO., on Lot 4, in 1799 ; Amos and David Codner, on Lot 14, in 1801. The first mairiage was that of Shadrach Crane and Hannah Palmer; and the first birth, that of Ezekiel Crane. Edward Cai-penter taught the first school, in 1^00; Israel Clapp kept the first inn, in 1800; Luther Harden the first store, in 1804 ; and Prentice Palmer erected the first saw and grist mill, in 1798. ^Amongthe early settlers were Henry Hewit, Ezekiel Landon, Samuel Robinson, and Zadock Bateman, at Stewarts Corners, Samuel Childsey, and Amos Rathbnn, at Poplar Ridge, Luke Taylor, and Thomas Carman, all of whom came in between 1790 and 1800. The first child born was Lemon Cole ; and the first death, that of Herrick, one of the pioneer settlers ; he was killed by the fall of a tree. The first inn was kept by Samuel Robinson. The first mill was erected at Venice Village, in 1835. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; 2 Friends and 1 Bap. 7 Patrick Murphy, from Ireland, settled on Lot 54, in Feb. 1806 ; Matthias Vanderhuyden, from Albany CO., on Lot 62, and Asahel Cartel-, from Vt., on Lot 66, in 1810 ; John Ramsey, and Wm. and Dan'l Griswold, from Herkimer CO., on Lot 25, in 1811 ; Jacob W. and Martin De Forrest, from Washington CO., Conrad Phrozioe, from Newburgh, on Lot 43, Manaseeh French, from Scipio, Judge C. Smith, fi'om Saratoga co., on Lot 40, Philander Phinney, from Saratoga co., Silas Kellogg, from Bi-utus, on Lot 39, and Ebenezer Bird, from Onondaga oo., on Lot 29, all in 1812. Mrs. Jane Wood was the first child born in town, in 1804 ; and the first death, that of John McNeal, in 1800. 8 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. B., Presb., Bap., and Christian. CAYUGA COUNTY. 251 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Cayuga County. Names of Towns. Anburn. Aiu-elius Brutus. Cato Conquest Fleming Genoa. Ira Ledyard Locke Mentz Montezuma^ . Moravia Niles Owasco Scipio Sempronius... Sennett Springport;.. Sterling....... Summer Hill. Throops Venice Tictory. Total ACEE3 OPLaHD. 4,427* 18,003| 9,396 16,2Uf 13,910} 10,287i 19,961i 16,846 17,770i 11,466 21,331 11,994} 18,220i 9,578 18,975A 11,278 17,488 11,3131 14,134 10,9414 19,843i 14,466i 316,796f 172 3,298 3,301 6,169 7,702 1,866 6,710 6,639 4,161i 8,216 6,197 4,830i 6,036 2,622 3,684 82,477i 12,0204 6,678i 6,467 6,9274 187,2374 Valuation op 1858. 0,0, $1,630,869 115,300 186,960 41,950 24,425 41,700 196,736 83,050 290,110 39,600 73,760 115,028 92,468 74,340 203,276 34,640 40,830 108,480 24,617 32,300 184,940 64,236 $16,821,228 $3,889,492 $3,736,548 1,146,966 814,860 687,615 567,742 490,846 1,229,125 702,061 1,246,130 408,305 1,326,583 647,954 664,458 603,680 1,120,628 325,831 869,666 906,744 389,421 293,500 1,054,280 $19,510,720 4,819 1,867 1,466 1,164 968 604 1,160 1,064 994 636 2,687 906 973 636 965 614 1,054 1,167 1,641 1,007 1,025 f27,368 ^ 4,657 1,207 1,341 1,083 904 660 1,202 1,069 982 657 2,421 913 939 667 930 666 1,028 1,004 1,483 678 932 901 1,614 484 543 429 360 223 472 400 369 261 918 344 386 239 392 667 254 10,916 1,644 511 409 466 314 265 794 258 870 268 679 266 1,122 360 385 823 280 215 363 842 266 208 694 250 279 276 268 258 298 282 492 127 7,661 §1 3,001 923 926 796 821 842 824 893 702 487 1,949 785 690 604 711 471 741 777 1,241 419 689 771 247 8,282 Names of Towns. Auburn„ Aurelius Brutus Cato Couquest , Fleming Oenoa Ira Ledyard Locke , Mentz Montezuma^. Moravia Niles Owasco Scipio Sempronius... Bennett. Springport... Sterling Summer Hill. ThroopS Venice Victory - Total.... 377 806 627 854 791 404 892 957 680 627 1,163 449 812 618 751 666 849 492 773 860 16,405 1!^ 128 1,094 1,110 1,672 1,498 481 1,371 1,786 930 1,212 2,330 1,062 1,393 649 1,131 922 1,683 703 1,490 912 1,623 1,377 123 977 686 1,004 998 441 1,246 1,227 684 948 1,629 1,196 682 854 1,086 1,164 2 1,179 912 975 1,007 471 6,928 2,360 3,311 6,874 3,483 7,748 4,518 9,696 1,901 5,348 4,824 4,360 8,957 7,953 1,617 6,286 4,720 4,192 2,752 10,267 3,681 103,631 « 384 1,578 1,412 1,879 1,713 966 1,462 2,024 1,182 728 2,760 935 1,424 975 1,261 784 1,680 1.378 1,768 1,: 1,616 20,081 AamOULTURAL Froducis. Bush, op Ghain. s 831 20,376 10,116 21,2684 17,751 3,787 11,769 12,993 10,264 1,406 27,171 1,666 2,988 2,0734 10,866 72 6,1064 10,770 9,622 113 6,722 11,462 200,0614 11,148 131,187 80,7634 147,6004 183,6684 87,2634 162,318 129,0564 105,9574 62,395 161,294 62,153 104.470 57,3994 127,173 62,844 116,1234 85,992 105,6264 48,359 187,404 127,099 2,227,0894 2,9804 2,8084 1,861} 1,9704 8,286 3,3404 1,388 2,630 2,732 3,105 2,443 67,732 393 2,176 3.1174 0,260 2,073 13,886 2,618} 17,303 2,457 15,082 1,486 5,848 3,462} 10,698 2,9004 16,877 2,168 6,616 3,035 6,249 6,613} 20,906 6,627 8,293J 10,828 8,690 10,518 21,838 4,251 27,027 6,942 10,077 16,838 251,7184 1,817 8,880 22,624 28,868 21,187 14,768 48,284 44,502 10,212 20,100 23,668 41,624 31,147 18,169 28,968 29,080 27,430 9,134 20,086 20,333 26,488 23,262 522,761 Daisy Pboducts. C^Q3 13,660 03,290 61,088 93,410 92,992 41,090 151,580 128,899 49,210 105,008 131,564 124,237 146,617 62,637 72,969 140,702 84,439 48,630 112,872 124,670 101,675 101,987 2,082,022 0.S 200 7, 12,085 4,411 4,861 4,— 9,861 10,783 8,629 3,976 18,997 9,619 16,273 10,470 7,139 6,064 29,646 3,775 4,917 6,643 10,640 3,236 199,3881 11 148 811 166 633 1,943 234 672 1,316 20 1,140 313 7244 1,0904 6614 624 1,227 338 1,1804 1,074 1,6244 10,6894 1 Montezuma was formed in 1859, and its statistics ars em- | 2 Throop was formed in 1859, and its statistics are included in braced in the town of Mentz, [ Mentz, Sennett, and Aurelius. WAREEN COUNTY. This county was formed from "Washington, March 12, 1813, and was named in honor of Gen. Joseph Warren, of the Revolution. It lies s. and w. of Lake George, near the e. border of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is very broken and mountainous, less than one- half being susceptible of cultivation. The mountain ranges are continuations of the great mountain masses which culminate in Essex CO. The characteristic features of Essex are somewhat soffr ened and subdued in this co. The mountains are broader, less pointed, and generally less precipitous ; the valleys are wider and more connected ; and there are larger expanses of comparatively level land. With all these modifications, however, a great part of the surface is wild and rugged. High, serrated ridges traverse the entire extent of the CO., often rising thousands of feet above the valleys. These mountains, being principally composed of primary rocks, which strongly resist the action of the elements, have a steepness of declivity and sharpness of outline in marked contrast with the gradual slopes and beautifully rounded summits of the highlands of the slate and limestone regions. The soil formed by the exceedingly slow process of disintegration is either washed directly into the valleys, or in the course of ages it collects in thin layers upon the hillsides, giving nutrition to a scanty vegetation. Three of the five moun- tain ranges N. of the Mohawk Valley extend through this co. The Palmertown Range enters the extreme e. part of Queensbury from Washington co. French Mt., a spur of this range, at the s. E. extremity of Lake George, rises almost precipitously from the lake and attains an eleva- tion of 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide. Another spur of this range forms the Luzerne Mts., which extend through the s. part of Luzerne and the E. part of Caldwell,— a N. branch extending N. and forming the whole series of high bluffs which border the w. shore of Lake George. The second or Kayaderosseras Range extends N. E. through Stony Creek, Thurman, Chester, and Ho- ricon, sending spurs both N. and s. Crane Mt., in the s. E. corner of Johnsburgh, the highest peak . 3. Donahe, by whom it is now published Tlie Steuben Farmers' Atlvocat.e. TIte Farmers' Gazette was commenced at Bath in 1816 by David Rumsey. The Steuben Messenger was started at Bath, April 17, 1828, by David Rumsey, and was published by him, Saml. M. Eddie, Wm. P. Agnel, and Chas. Adams successively until 1834, when its name was changed to TJie Constitutionalist, and its publication was continued success- ively by R. L. Undorhill, Whitmore ft Van Vallien- bnrgh, and Dowe & Richards, and by the last named firm as TliR Steuben Democrat, until 1844. The paper was then sus- pended. In 1848 it was renewed by L. J. Beach, and in 1849 it was transferred to Geo. H. Bidewell, by whom the publication was continued until 1852. TIa Steuben Whig was published at Bath during the political campaign of 1828, by William M. Swain. Tlie Steuben Courier was established at Bath in 1843 by Hull & Whittemore. It is now published by H. 11. Hull. The Temperance Gem was published at Bath in 1854, by Jenny and Caroline Rumsey. Tlie Addison Record was published in Addison by Isaac D. Booth from 1840 to 1842, and in 1849 by Dryden & Peck. The Addison Adrncafe was published by II. D. Dyer in 1848-49. Tlie Voice oftlte Italian was commenced at Addison by R. Den- ton in 1852. In 1855 the paper passed to Anthony L. Underhill, by whom it was published until 1866, when it was removed to Bath and its name changed to Tlie Steuben American, and its publication continued until May, 1857. The Canisteo Brpress was published at Addison in 1860 by I. STEUBEN COUNTY. 261 Steuben co. was all included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. It was sold by Phelps and Gorham to Robert Morris, who conveyed it to- Sir "Wm. Pulteney and others, in London, The terri- tory was surveyed into townships and lots by "Wm. Bull, for the Pulteney estate, in 1792-93. Sales were made by townships, at 18 and 20 cts. per acre. The first settlements were made in 1787-90, by immigrants from Wyoming, Penn., who located upon Chemung River, in the s.e. part of the co. These early settlers were originally from Conn. About 1790, settlements commenced in the w. part, adjoining Yates co. In 1792-93, Capt. Chas. Williamson,^ agent of the Pulteney estate, commenced a settlement at Bath. He was accompanied by a large number of Scotch and German immigrants; and under his energetic and liberal policy the settlement progressed with great rapidity. The greater part of the early settlers came from Penn. by way of Susquehanna and Chemung Rivers. Subsequently large numbers came from Eastern New York, New England, and New Jersey.^ The co. was divided by the Court of General Sessions, in 1796, into 6 towns, viz. : Bath, Canisteo, Dansville, Fredericton, Middletovm, and Painted Post, comprising the territory now forming 31 towns of this co. and parts of Allegany, Yates, Livingston, and Schuyler cos. In 1790 the population was 168; in 1800 it was 1,788; and in 1855, 62,965. In extent of territory and in agricultural wealth it now ranks among the first cos. in the State.^ ADOISOW* — ^was formed, as ^^ Middletown," in March, 1796. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Troupsburgh was taken off in 1808, Cameron in 1822, a part of WoodhuU in 1828, and a part of Rathbone in 1856. It lies upon the s. border of the co., just e. of the center. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the Canisteo and its branches. The principal valley is about IJ mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides 300 to 400 feet high. The principal streams are Canisteo River, and the Tuscarora, Elks Lick, and Goodhue Creeks. Goodhue Lake, covering an area of about 500 acres, lies in the n. w. corner of the town. The soil is princi- pally a clay loam, with strips of gravel and alluvium upon the streams. Addison^ (p. v.,) situated on Canisteo River, contains 3 chm-ches, a bank, several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. about 1,300. Sontli Addison (p. v.) contains 18 dwellings. Addison Oill is ap.o. TTie Addison Journal "was started in 1851 by R. Denton, and was removed to Allegany co. in 1852. The Addison Democrat was commenced by Chas. L. Phelps in 1853. and was merged in The Voice of the Nation in 1854. The Addison Advertiser, established in 1858 by E. M. Johnson & Henry Baldwin, is still published. TTie Oyrnivg and Blosshurg Advocate, was commenced at Corn- ing in 1840 by Chas. Adams. In 1841 it passed into the hands of HeBty H. Hull, by whom it was merged, in 1843, in the Stenben Courier, at Bath. Tbe Corning Jonrnal was commenced by Thomas Mes- senger in May, 1847. In 1851 it passed to A. W. McDow- ell and G. W. Pratt, and in 1852 to Dr. Pratt, its pre- sent publisher. The Corning Sun was started in 1853 by M. M. Pomeroy and P. C. Van Gelder. In 1854 Eev. Ira Brown became the publisher, and chang:ed its name to The Elmira Southern Tirr Farmer and Corning Sun, and con- tinued it until 1S56. The United States Fanner was published at Cominp; in the spring oflS5fi. The Corning- Oemocrat was established in 1^57 by Chaa. T. Huston. It is now published by Frank B. Blown. The Painted Post Gazette was started by Fairchild in 1846, and continued 1 year. The Painted Post Herald was published by Hawley & Bennett from 1848 to 1850. The Hornellsville Trihnne was commenced in Nov. 1851, by Edwin Hough. It is now published by E. Hough & Son. The Ifational American was established at Horn ell svi lie in 1856 by C. M. Harmon. In Nov. 1858, it was sold to Chas. A. Kinney, and its name changed to the Canisteo Valley Journal. A paper was published for a time at Hammondsport, on Crooked Lake. . 1 Capt. Williamson was a Scotchman, and an ofhcer m the British 24th regiment of infantry during the period of the Revo- lution ; but he did not serve in the war, in consequence of having been made a prisoner by the French while crossing the Atlantic. 2 "A large proportion of the first settlers upon the Canisteo were from Peon., and had within them a goodly infusion of that boisterous spirit and love of rough play for which the free and manly sons of the backwoods are everywhere famous. On the Susquehanna frontier, before the Bevolution, had arisen an athletic, scuffling, wrestling race, lovers of hard blows, sharp shnntftra. and rnnners. who deliefated in nothing more than in those ancient sports by which the backs and limbs of all stout hearted youths have been tested since the days of Hercules. The eating of bears, the drinking of grog, the devouring of ho- miny, venison, and all the invigorating diet of the frontiers, the hewing down of forests, the paddling of canoes, the fighting of savages, all combined to fonn a generation of yeonu^n and foresters daring, rude, and free. Canisteo wiis a sprout tVom this stout stock, and on the generous river flats flourished with amazing vigor. Every thing that could eat, drink, and wrfstle was welcome, — Turk or Tuscarora, Anak or Anthrojiophagus, Blue Beard or Blunderbox. A 'back hold' with a Ghonl would not have been declined, nor a drinking match with a Bei-serkir. Since the Centaurs never has there been better specimen of a ' half hfirse' tribe. To many of the settlers in other parts of t he country, who emigrated from the decorous civilization of the East and South, these boisterous foreigners were objects of asto- nishment. When ' Canesteer' went abroad, the public soon found it out. On the Conhocton they were known to some as the Six Nations, and, to the amusement and wonder of joung Europeans, would sometimes visit at Bath, being of a social disposition, and sit all day, 'singing, telling stories, and drink- ing grog, and never get drunk, nayther.' To the sfaid and de- vout they were Arabs, — cannibals. Intercourse between the scattered settlements of the colony was, of comse,limited mainly to visits of necessity; hut rumor took the fair fame of Canisteo in hand, and gave the settlement a notoriety through all the land which few 'rising villages,' even of the present day, enjoy. It was pretty well understood over all the country that beyond the mountains of Steuben, in the midst of the most rugged dis- trict of the wilderness, lay a corn growing valley, which had been taken possession of by some vociferous tribe, whether of Mamelukes or Tartars no one could precisely say, whose whoop- ing and obstreperous laughter was heard far and wide, surprising the solitudes." — McAfasters's Hist. Steuben co., pp. 6&-7-8. 8 This CO. sympathized to some extent in the hostile feeling that prevailed throughout the Holland Land Company's Pur- chase toward its European proprietors a few years since; but in no instance were the processes of the courts seriously impeded or effectually resisted, and juries have never refused to render for the proprietors as the facts waiTanted. There was doubtless little interest felt by the foreign owners in this estat-e beyond tht ■ of realizing the greatest sum possible from their lands ; and the heavy burden of debts, interest, assignments, and back pny- ments, perhaps not always boi-ne with patience, have been gradually discharged, until but a comparatively small amount remains. * Named in honor of Joseph Addison, the English author Called " Tuscarora" by the early settlers. 2G2 STEUBEN COUNTY. The first settlement was made by Samuel Rice, in 1791.^ The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1827, at East Hill.=^ AVOCA^-— was formed from Bath, Cohocton, Howard, and Wheeler, April 12, 1843. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a broken upland, divided into two ridges by the valley of the Conhocton. The declivities of the hills are steep, and their summits are about 400 feet above the river. The streams are Conhocton River and its tributaries Twelve Mile, Ten Mile, and Five Mile Creeks from the n., and Bennetts and Neils Creeks from the s. The valley of the river is about li mi. wide. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Avoca, (p.v.,) situated in the valley of the Conhocton, is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. It contains 2 churches, an iron foundery, and a flouring mill. Pop. 301. "Wallace (p.o.) is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Michael Buchanan.* There are 2 churches in town; Bap. and M. E. BATH^— was formed March 18, 1796. Pulteney was taken off in 1808, a part of Howard and Cohocton in 1812, a part of Wheeler in 1820, Urbana in 1822, a part of Avoca in 1843, and a part of Cohocton in 1852. A part of Urbana was annexed April 26, 1839. It lies a little n.e. of the center of the CO. Its surface is broken and hilly. The Conhocton Valley, extending s. e. through the center, divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The s. half is a hilly upland, and the n. half con- sists of a series of wide valleys broken by several steep and isolated hills. The streams are Con- hocton River and its tributaries Five Mile and Mud Creeks from the n., and Campbells and Stocktons Creeks from the s. The Crooked Lake Valley extends n. w., and opens into the Conhoc- ton Valley at the village of Bath, 340 feet above the lake. The soil is chiefly a gravelly and clayey loam, with a deep alluvium in the valleys. JBatli, (p, v.,) incorp. April 12, 1816, is situated upon the N, bank of the Conhocton. It is a half-shire of the co. It commands the trade of a rich agri- cultural district and has a manufacturing business of considerable importance. It contains the CO. buildings, 6 churches, 2 banks, and 2 newspaper of&ces. Pop. 2,012. Kanona/ (p.v.,) N.w. of Bath, EL station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R., contains 2 churches and 40 houses; and Savona,^ (P-'^-j) s.e. of Bath, a station on the same r. r., contains 2 churches and 232 inhabit- ants; Sonora (p.v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses. The first settlement was made at Bath Village, in 1793, by Charles AVilliamson, land agent for the Pulteney estate, with 15 families, mostly Scotch and Germans.^ The first settled minister was Rev. John Niles, who moved to the town in 1807.^ mS.AUFOlR.D^'' — ^was formed from "Jersey/' (now Orange, Schuyler co.,) April 20, 1836. A part was annexed to Orange, April 17, 1854. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of Mud Creek and Mud Lake. Mud Lake, near the E. border, is 1,100 feet above tide, and the summits of the hills are about 600 feet above the lake. The soil is generally a gravelly and clayey loam and best adapted to pasturage. Brad- ford, (p.v.,) on the outlet of Mud Lake, m the n. e. part of the tovra, contains 1 church and a gristmill and has a pop. of 260. Soutb Bradford (p.v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses. ^ Among the first Bettlers were Elisha Gilbert, Saml. and Reuben Searls, John and Isaac Martin, Wm. Wombaugh, Wm. B. Jones, Israel Chauncey, Jesse Rowley, Amos Carr. and Amos Towsley. The first birth was that of Stephen Rice ; the first marriage, that of Brown Gillespie and Miss Gilbert ; and the first deatb, that of James Martin. Wm. Wombaugh built the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1806. The first store was kept by Samuel Smith, and the first inn by Reuben Searls. 2 The census reports 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Bap., F. W. Bap.. Prot. E., Presb., and B. C. 8 Probably named from Tom Moore's "Sweet Vale of Avoca." The early settlers called the place '■^ Buclianan" or the ^^ Eight Mile Tree:' * James iMoore, Joel Collier, Asa Phillips, James McWhorter, Finley McClure, Daniel McKenzie, Abraham Towner, Jonathan Tilton. James Babcock, John Donahe, Richard and John Van Bnskirlc. Eleazur Tucker, Moody, Henry and Allen Smith, James DaviB, and Samuel W. Burnham were amonK the first scttb-rs. :Mif]iapl Buchanan 2d was born in 1809 ; Michael Bn- cbanan died in 1811; and James McWhorter and widow Bu- chanan were married in 1812. Eleazur Tucker built the first sawmill, and Jonathan Tilton the first gristmill, in 182-5. Joel Collier kept the first inn, in 1808, and Alonzo Simmons the first store, in ISliO. B Named from Lady Bath, only child and heiress of Sir Wm. Pulteney, of London. She was succeeded July 15, 1808, by Sir John L. .Tohnstone, of Scotland, who appointed Robert Troup agent. Its Indian name was Tanighnaguanda.— JtfcJI/usiers's ITisL Steuben, pp. Ill, 142. « Pormerly " KennedyviXle" p.o., from a resident named Ken- nedy. 7 Formerly " Mud CreeJc'^ p. o. 8 Bugald and Charles Cameron, Thos.'Metcalf, Hector McKen- zie, Andrew Smith, Geo. McClure, James McDonald, Henry Mc- Elwee, James Reese, Robert Campbell, and William Dunn settled in the town in 1793; and Wm. Kersey, John Wilson, Geo. D. Cooper, Daniel McKenzie, and Gustavus and Brown Gillespie soon after. Charles Williamson Dunn, born in 1795, was the fli'st male child born in town. The first saw and grist mills were built in 1793, hy Charles Williamson ; and the first inn was kept the same year, hy John Metcalf. The proprietors of the Pulteney estate indulged in Tisions of boundless wealth to result from the settlement of theu' lands. They supposed that the natural aTenue to market from the rich "Genesee country" w^as down the Susquehanna, and that a city might be founded upon some of the headwaters of that stream which would command the entire trade of the West. After a survey of the region, the present site of Bath was se- lected as the location of the future city. Every inducement was held out to lure settlers; and for several years the markets of Bath proved a mine of wealth to the few who raised more grain than enough for their own use. Williamson erected a theater within a few years after the first settlement, in anticipation of the future nietropolitan character of the place, A race course was also established, which for many years attracted sportsmen from all parts of the country. The golden visions of civic gran- deur were never realized. " The census reports 9 churches in town ; 3 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Prot. E., and R. C. lo Named from Gen. Bradford. STEUBEN COUNTY. 263 The first settlement was made in 1793, by Frederick Bartles and John Hervey, from New Jersey.' Rev. E. Sanford was the first preacher in town; and Kev. Mr. Lazelle, (Bap.,) who settled in town in 1816, was the first settled minister. There are 2 churches in town; Bap. and M. E. CAMEROIV^— was formed from Addison, April 16, 1822. Thurston was taken off in 1844, and a part of Rathbone in 1856. It lies a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling upland, broken by the deep valley of Canisteo River, which flows s. e. through near the center of the town. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Cameron, (p. v.,) on the Canisteo, is a station on the Erie R. R. and contains 2 churches and 35 houses; West Cameron {p. v.) contains 1 church and 15 houses. JVortli Cameron is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1800, by Richard Hadley, Phones Green, Samuel Baker, and Ira Pratt." Rev. Ira Bronson (M.E.) was the first settled preacher. The census reports 5 churches.* CAMPBELiIi^ — ^was formed from Hornby, April 15, 1831. It is an interior town, lying s.E. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of high, broken ridges, separated by the valleys of the streams. The declivities of the hills are generally steep and their summits are 3<)0 to 500 feet above the valleys. The streams are Conhocton River, flowing s. E. through the w. part of the town, and its tributaries "Wolf Run, McNutt Run, Meads Creek, Dry Run, and Stephens and Michigan Creeks. The valley of the river is about IJ mi. wide. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam upon the highlands and a rich alluvium in the valleys. Campbelltown, (p. v.,) on the Conhocton, is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R., and contains 1 church, 3 sawmills, a flouring mill, 2 tan- neries, and about 20 houses. Settlement was commenced in 1800.*' The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1831 ; and Rev. B. B. Smith was the first settled pastor. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and M. E. CAIVISTEO— was formed in March, 1796. A part of Troupsburgh was taken off in 1808, Hornellsville in 1820, and parts of Greenwood and Jasper in 1827. A part was annexed to Troups- burgh in 1818. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. Canisteo River flows eastward through the N. part of the town. Its valley is about i mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides 400 feet high. Prom the s. the river receives Bennetts and Col. Bills Creeks, which also flow through deep valleys bordered by steep hiUs. The soil is generally a clayey and gravelly loam. Canisteo, (p.v.,) on Bennetts Creek, in the w. part of the town, is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R., and contains 2 churches, a flouring mill, a tannery, and 60 houses; Crosbyville, (p.v.,) a station on the Erie R. R., contains 1 church and 20 houses. Center Canisteo (p. o.) is a hamlet of 10 houses. Bennetts Creek is a p. o. in the s. w. part. The first settlement was made in 1789, by Uriah Stephens, Sen., from Conn.' The first preacher — Rev. Geo. Spaulding — settled in town in 1805. There are 3 churches in town.^ CATOW — was formed from "Painted Post," (now Corning,) as " Wwmly," March 28, 1839, and its name was changed April 3, 1840. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling upland, more nearly level than most towns in the oo. A considerable portion is yet covered with forests. The streams are small brooks, flowing northward. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam. Lumber is extensively manufactured. Caton, (p.v.,) near the center of the town, contains 3 churches and 34 houses. A temporary settlement was made in town in 1814, by Joseph and Charles Wolcott ; but the first permanent settlement was made in 1819, by Isaac Rowley, from Bradford co., Penn.' The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1832 ; and the Rev. Benj. Harron was the first settled pastor.'" 1 Among the first settlers were John Hemiup, Saml. S. Camp, Abram Roaenburg, Henry Switzer, John Schrinner, Thomas Rolls, Michael Scott, Daniel Bartholomew, Henry Axtelle, Eze- kiel gackett, and Smith. The first birth was that of a daughter of John Hervey, in 1799 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Thos. Bolls, in Aug, 1803. Trederick Bartles built the first saw and grist mill, about 1795; and Frederick and Charles Bar- ties opened the first store, about 1800, and the first inn, in 1806. The first school was taught by Smith, in 1810. 2 Named from Dugald Cameron, an agent of the Pulteney es- tate. — JKcMa.^rs's Hist. Steuhen, p. 116. s Joseph Butler, John Sauter, and John Hollet were early ■ settlers. The first gristmill was bnilt hy Saml. Baker; the first inn was kept by John Hollet, and the first store, by Andrew G. Erwin. * 3 M. E., Presb., and Christian. & Named from the Campbell family, who were early and pro- minent settler."?. » The first settlers were Samuel Calkins, Elias Williams, Jo- seph Wolcott, Kev. Robert Campbell and his son Archibald. The first birth was that of Bradford Campbell ; the first mar- riage, that of Asa MiUiken and Kachael Campbell ; and the first death, that of Frederick Stewart, in 1806. Campbell & Stephens built the first sawmill, and Campbell & Enox the first grist- mill. Robert Campbell kept the first inn, and Frederick Stew- art the first store. 7 Cql. John Stevens, Benj. Crosby, Arthur Erwin, Solomon Bennett, Joel Thomas, Uriah Stevens, jr., Jedediah Stephens, Wm. Baker, James Hadley, Joshua Stephens, W. S. Thomas, Isaao and Israel Jones, and Asa Downs were among the early settlers. The first birth was that of Oliver Stephens; the first marriage, that of Richard Crosby and Hannah Baker ; and the first death, that of Henry Stephens. Solomon Bennett built tho first gristmill and kept the first store ; and Jedediah Stephens kept the first inn. 8 Presb., M. B., and E. W. Bap. Stephen and Simeon Hurd settled in the town in 1821 ; Solo- mon Tarbox in 1822 ; and E. P. Babcock, Edward Kobbins, and Henry Miner in 1823, The first birth was that of Shepard Hnvd ; the first marriage, that of Oliver Wuodworth and Eliza- beth Hurd; and the first death, that of a child of John Rowe. Bennett Bruce built the first gristmill; Samuel Wormly kept the first inn, and W. D. Gilbert the fii-st store , and Edward Rob- bins taught the fii-st school. 10 The census reports 3 churches; Presb., Bap., and M. E. 264 STEUBEN COUNTY. COSBOCTTOIV— wa^ formed from Bath and Dansville, June 18, 1812. A part of Avoca was taken off in 1843, and a part of Wayland in 1848. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, separated into ridges by deep and narrow valleys. The principal streams are Conhocton River, flowing southerly through the center, and its tributaries. The soil is generally a slaty and gravelly loam. r.iberty, (Cohocton p.o.,) on the Conhocton, is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. and contains 2 churches. Pop. 200, IVortU Cobocton {p. V.) contains 1 church and 30 houses. BlOOdS,^ a hamlet, is a station on the r. r., 1 mi. from North Cohocton. The first settlement was made in 1796, by Richard Hooker and Joseph Bivin.^ Rev. Elisha Brownson, (Bap.,) the first settled minister, removed to the town in 1811. The census reports 4 churches in town; 3 M. E. and Presb. CORiVIWG^— was formed, as ''Painted Post,"^ March 18, 1796. Its name was changed March 31, 1852. Erwin and Hornby were takea off in 1826, and " Wormly" (now Caton) in 1839. A part was annexed to Erwin in 1856. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The wide valley of Chemung River, extending n. w. and s. e. through the center of the town, and several lateral valleys, divide the uplands into rounded hills and narrow ridges. Its streams are Borden, Post, Narrows, Clump Foot, and AYinfield Creeks, tributaries of Chemung River. The soil upon the hills is a heavy, slaty loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam, occa- sionally intermixed with clay. Corning, (P-"^-0 incorp. Sept. 6, 1848, is situated on the s. bank of Chemung River, in the w. part of the town. It is a half-shire of the co. The Chemung Canal, the Blossburg & Corning R. R., and the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. terminate here; and the village is an important station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It contains 5 churches, 2 newspaper establishments, 2 banks, a State arsenal, and several mills and manufacturing establishments, and commands an extensive and constantly increasing trade.^ Pop. 3,626. Kiaoxville,® opposite Cornuag, con- tains 2 churches and a pop. of Ci^S. CrilJSODi lies on the N. bank of the Chemung, 1 mi. e. of Cornin,i>;. Pop. 428. CeifitervflBle contains 25 houses. East Painted Post is a p.o. The first settlement was made near the village of Corning, in 1788, by Frederick Calkins and Benj. Eaton. ^ The first religious services were conducted by John "Warren, in 1793. There are 7 churches in town.^ I> AJVSVIBjIiE^ — was formed in March, 1796. Parts of Cohocton and Howard were takeu off in 1812, a part of "Wayland in 1848, and of Fremont in 1854. A part was annexed to Sparta in 1822, and a part of Cohocton was re-annexed April 26, 1834. It is the n. town upon the w. border of the CO. The surface is mostly an upland, divided into ridges by the narrow valleys of small streams. The declivities of the hills are steep and their summits are 300 to 400 feet above the valleys. The streams are head branches of Canaseraga Creek, flowing n., and of Canisteo River, flowing s. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam in the E. and n., and gravel underlaid by hardpan in the s.w. 1 Named from Calvin Blood. This is rendered an important station upon the R. n. from its connection with the Cannndaigua Lake Route. A daily line of stages runs to Naples, at the head of thf lake, and a steamer plies daily between the latter place and Canandaigua, 2 James and Arnna Woodward settled in the town not long aftei-; Joseph Chamberlain, in 1805; and Saml. Chamberlain, Capt. Jonas Cleland. Joseph Shattuck, Horace Fowler, and Eddy, in 1806. Timothy Sherman, James Barnard, Saml. Rhoades, Jesse Atwood, Isaac Morehonse, and Chas. Bnrlinghame were also oiirly settlers. The first marriage was that of .Tos. Bivin and Saraii Hooker, in 1798; and the first birth, that of Bethiab Honker, their child, in 1800. The first death was that of Kichard Hooker. Feb. 10. 1801. .Tonas Cleland built the first saw and grist mills, in 1S08; and .7os. Shattuck kept the first inn, in 1809. Sophia Trumbull tanght the fli-st school, in 1810. 8 Named from Hon. Erastus Coming, of Albany. ' 4 In the summer of 1779, a party of tories and Indians, under the command of a loyalist named McDonald, returned from an incursion into the Susquehanna settlements, bringing with them many of their number wounded. At the confluence of Tioga and Conhocton Bivers, Captain Montour, son of the famous Queen Catharine, a chief of great promise, died of his wounds. '• Hia comrades buried him by the riverside, and planted above his grave a post on which were painted various symbols and rude devices. This monument was known throughout the Genesee Forests as ' The Painted Post' It wjis a landmark well known to all the Six Nations, and was often visited by their braves and chieftains." This account of the origin of the Painted Post was given to Benj. Patterson, the hunter, by a man named Taggart, who was carried to Fort Niaa:ara a prisoner by McDonald's party, tnd was a witness of the burial of Capt. Montour, or at least was in the encampment at the mouth nf the Tioga at the time of his death. Col. Harper, of Harpersfield, the well known nfficer of the frontier militia of New York in the Revolution, informed Judge Knox, of Knoxville, in this co., that the Painted Post was erected over the grave of a chief who was wounded at the battle of the "Hog-Back" and brought in a canoe to the head of the Chemung, where he died. It was well understood by the early settlers that this monument was erected in memory of some distinguished warrior who had been wounded in one of the border battles of the Revolution and afterward died at this place. The post stood for many years after the settlement of the co.; and the story goes that it rotted down at the butt, and was pre- served in the bar-room of a tavern till about the year 1810 and then mysteriously disappeared. It is also said to have been swept awav in a freshet. — McMasters's Hist, of St&uben. Sivim's Bist Schoharie, p. 333. 6 In 1852, 40,000 tons of Blossburg coal, brought by the Blosg- burg & Corning R. R., were transhipped at this place, and 50,000,000 feet of lumber were exported, 6 Named from Judge John Knox, of this town. 7 Benj. and PelegGortou. jr., Ephraim Patterson and his sons Ichabod and Stephen. Bradford Eggleston. Justus Wolcott, Elias, William, and Heni-y McCormick, Ilezekiah Thurber, Jonathan Cook, Samuel Colgrove, and Eli and Eldad Mead settled in the town in 1790-91-92; Jonathan and Warren Rowley in 1794; James Turner and Caleb Wolcott in 1795; George McCuHock and Benj. Patterson in 1796; and Neheraiah Hubbell in 1798. The first birth was that of James Calkins, Nov. 24. 1790; the first marriage, that of Benj. Gorton and Rachel Wolcott, in 1794; and the first death, that of Ichabod Patterson, in Aug. 1794. Ichabod Patterson built the first sawmill, and Jas. Henderson the first gristmill, both in 1793 ; Benj. Eaton kept the first store, in 1791, and Benj. Patterson the first inn, in 1798. The first school was taught by Samuel Colgrove, in 1793. 8 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and R. C. 9 Named from Daniel P. Faulkner, an early and spirited citi- zen, known as " Captain Dan." — McMaster^s Hist. Steuh&n Co., p. STEUBEN COUNTY. 265 Kog'ersville (South Dansville p.o.) contains 2 churches, an academy,^ and a female seminary.' Pop. 200. Burns, a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R., has about 15 houses. Uotys Cor- ners is a p. 0. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Isaac Sterling and Samuel Gibson.' The census reports 6 churches.* ERWIIV5— was formed from "Painted Post," Jan. 27, 1826. Lindley was taken off in 1837, and a part of Corning was annexed in 1856. It lies w. of Corning, in the s.E. part of the co. Its surface is about equally divided between high, rolling uplands and the low valleys of streams. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Tioga and Canisteo Rivers unite in the s.e. part of the town, and Tioga and Conhootou Rivera in the N. E., forming the Chemung River. The valleys of these streams are 1 to 2 mi. wide. The soil upon the hills is a shaly and clayey loam, and in the valleys it is a fine quality of alluvium. Nearly three-fourths of the sur- face is yet covered with forests. The lumber trade is extensively pursued. Painted Post, (p. V.,) situated at the junction of Conhooton and Tioga Rivers, is a station on the Erie R. R. and the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. It contains 2 churches, a bank, an iron foundery and machine shop, a tannery, and a flouring mill.« Pop. 777. Coopers Plains (p. v.) is a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. and contains 1 church. Pop. 293. Wm. Harris, an Indian trader, settled at Painted Post in 1787.' The census reports 4 churches.' FREMOUfT' — ^was formed fiom Hornellsville, Dansville, Way land, and Howard, Nov. 17, 1854. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the oo. Its surface is a hilly upland, forming a part of the dividing ridge between Canisteo and Conhocton Rivers. Its streams are small brooks. The soil is chiefly a shaly loam, derived from the disintegration of the surface rocks. Fremont Center (Stephens Mills p.o.) and Haskinville (p.o.) are hamlets; and Big Creelt is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1812, by Job B. Rathhun, Amos Baldwin, and Sylvester Buck.^" The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Mr. Ford, in 1814. There is but 1 church (M. B.) in town. GREE^fWOOD— was formed from Troupsburgh and Canisteo, Jan. 24, 1827. "West Union was taken off in 1845, and a part of Jasper was annexed in 1848. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland. Bennetts Creek fiows northerly through the E. part of the town, in a valley 400 to 600 feet below the summits of the hills. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Oreenwood, (p. v.,) on Bennetts Creek, con tains 1 church and 35 houses; and Rougli and Ready (p. v.) 12 houses. West Green- vrood is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1820, by Christian Cobey and John H., Ezra, and Phineas Stephens." The census reports 8 churches.'" H ARTS VIEEE— was formed from Hornellsville, Feb. 7, 1844. It lies on the w. border of the CO., s. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by several deep valleys. Purdy Creek flows e. through the N. part, and the valley of Bennetts Creek extends along the e. border. These creeks are bordered by steep hillsides 400 to 600 feet high. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam. Hartsville Center, (Purdy Creek p.o.,) on Purdy Creek, near the center of the town, contains 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Benj. Brookins.'' There is no church in town. 1 The Rogeraville Academy was orgaDized in 1849, and the hnildinga were erected in 1852. 2 The Rogersville Union Seminary. s Among the first settlers were James, John, and Major Jones, Frederick Fry, William Ganong, Thos. and Nathaniel Brayton, Tisdale Haskin, Thos. and John Boot, Joshua Healey, Charles Oliver, Joseph Phelps, Elisha Kobinson, William C. Rogers, and Jesse Bridges. Eobert Fuller built the first saw- mill, in 1820, and Handy & Miller the first gristmill, in 1826. Isaac Sterling kept the first inn, in 1806. The first school was taught by James Jones, in 1811. ■1 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb., M. B., Univ., and R. C. 6 Named from Col. Arthur Erwin, of Bucks co., Penn., an officer in the Revolutionary War, by whom the township was purchased of Phelps and Gorham. « One mi. w. of Painted Post is a saw, shingle, and planing mill, that Kives employment to 75 men, and turns out 8,000,000 to 11,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. 1 David Fuller, EU Mead, and Van Nye settled in the town in 1791-92 ; and Samuel, Frank, and Arthur Erwin, Capt. Howell Bull, and John B. Evans, in lSOO-01-02. Samiiel Erwin built the first sawmill, in 1820, and the first gristmill, in 1823; and David Fuller kept the first inn. in 1792. The first school was taught by John B. Evans, in 1812. 8 2 Bap., Presb., and 51. B. » Named in honor of Col. John C. Fremont. 10 John A. Buck, Joel Everett, and Danl. Atherton settled in the town in 1813-14; Taylor and Francis Drake, in 1815; and Solomon and Levi Gates, Robert Kilbnrg, Danl. Upson, Saml. Sharp, Nehemiah Luther, Lemuel Harding, Stephen Hol- den, and Edward Markham, in 1816. The first marriage was that of John A, Buck and Rebecca Baldwin, Aug. 24, 1815 ; the first birth, that of Charles E. Buck, Nov. 12, 1816; and the first death, that of Mrs. Amos Baldwin, Dec. 21, 1815. Danl. Upson built the first sawmill, in 1816, and the first gristmill, in 1819. The first school was taught by Lydia Everett, in 1819. u Eleazar Woodward, John J. Hoyt, H. Carr, and Le\\is Ord- way settled in town in 1822. The first birth was that of Charles C. Stephens ; the first marriage, that of Hiram Putnam and Lu- cinda Stephens ; and the first death, that of Ezra Cobey. The first gristmill was built by Col. John Stephens; and the first inn and store were kept by Levi Davis. Sarah Carr taught the first school. 12 Presb., Univ., and R. C. IS Joseph Purdy settled in the town in 1810 ; Blake in 1815; Thos. Williams, Satterlee, Joshua Davis, and Neff in 1818; William D. Burdlck and Perry Potter in 1819; Daniel P. Carpenter, Frost Powell, Joseph Thompson, John and Robert G. Martin, and Hudson in 1822; and Casper Van Buskirk and Wm. Ellison in 1823. The first birth was that of Sarah A. Carpenter; the first marriage, that of Robert G. Mar- tin and Mary A. Gleason ; and the first death, that of an infant 266 STEUBEN COUNTY. HORJVBY'— was formed from "Painted Post," (now Corning,) Jan. 27, 1826. Campbell was taken off in 1831, and a part was annexed to Orange (Schuyler co.) April 11, 1842. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co., and its surface is mostly a high, rolling upland. The streams are Meads Creek and Dry Kun in the N. w., and Post Creek, in the s. E., all flowing in deep, narrow valleys. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam of good quality. Hornby ForliS (Hornby p. o.) contains 2 churches, several manufactories, and 21 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1814, by Asa and Uriah Nash, from Otsego co.^ There are 4 churches in town.' HOR]VELrl.SVIIil.E*— was formed from Canisteo, April 1, 1820. Hartsville was taken off in 1844, and a part of Fremont in 1854. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. The surface is mostly a rolling upland, divided into two nearly equal parts by the Canisteo Valley. This valley is 1 to 2 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hills 400 to 500 feet high. Canacadea and Crosby Creeks, flowing through deep valleys from the w., are tributaries of the Canisteo. The soil is generally a clayey and gravelly loam. Hornellsville, (p. v.,) situated at the junction of Canisteo River and Canacadea Creek, is an important station on the Erie R. R. and is the southern terminus of the B. & N. Y. C. R. R. It has 4 churches, 2 newspaper ofBces, a bank, and 2 flouring mills. Pop. 1,519. Arliport, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. C. R. R., contains 1 church and about 50 houses. Almond is partly in this town.* The first settlement was made by Benj. Crosby, in 1792.^ The census reports 6 churches.' HO'WARD— was formed from Bath and Dansville, June 18, 1812. A part of Avooa was taken off in 1843, and a part of Fremont in 1854. It is an interior town, lying a little n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling upland, forming a part of the dividing ridge be- tween Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers. The streams are all small. In the n.e. part are 2 small ponds. The soil is generally a heavy clay loam. Howard (p. v.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 143. Towlesville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 15 houses. Buena Vista (p.o.) and GoffS Mills (p.o.) are hamlets, and South Motvai-d is a p.o. The first settlement was made in 1806, by Abraham Johnson.^ There are 5 churches in town.' JASPER" — ^was formed from Troupsburgh and Canisteo, Jan. 24, 1827, and a part was an- nexed to Greenwood in 1848. It is situated near the s. w. corner of the co. Its surface is a hUly and broken upland, the highest summits being nearly 2,000 feet above tide. The streams are small brooks. The soil is a slaty, gravelly, and clayey loam. Jasper Four Corners (Jasper p.o.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 222. Jasper Five Corners contains 15 houses. West Jasper and South Hill are p. ofSces. Settlement was commenced in 1807, by Nicholas Botz- man, Ebenezer Spencer, and William Wooley." The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1827; and the Rev. Geo. Howell was the first preacher. The census reports 5 churches.^' liIWDEET^' — ^was formed from Erwin, May 12, 1837. It lies upon the s. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Tioga River, which extends centrally through the town. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 feet above the valley, and most of them are covered with forests. The valley is about 1 mi. wide and is bordered by steep hillsides. The soil upon the hills is a heavy, shaly loam, and in the valleys a rich alluvium. Three-fourths of the surface is still covered with forests. Lumbering is extensively pursued, Iiindleytown, (p. v.,) on Tioga River, is a station on the B. & C. R. R. and contains 15 dwell- child of Ebenezer Mather, — all in 1823. Daniel P. Carpenter opened the first store, in 1825, and built the first sa^vmill, in 1828 ; and Henry Frisbee kept the first tavern, in 1849. The first school was taught by Miss Z. A. Purdy. in 1826. 1 yarned from John Hornby, an English landholder to a large extent in this and other western cos. ~ Jesse Piatt, John Robbins, and Edward Stubbs settled in the town in 1S15 ; John St. John, Amasa Stanton, James S. and ITiram Gardner, Chester Knowlton, and Aden Palmer in 1815- 16; Benj. Gardner, Isaac Goodell, Aaron Harwood, and John Saver in 1818. The first birth was that of George Stanton ; the first marriage, that of John Bidler and Miss Piatt, in 1816; and the first death, that of John Stanton. Ezra bhaw kept the first inn : Hon. A. B. Dickinson, the first store; and La Fevre bnilt the first mill. James C. Leach taught the first school. 5 Bap., Christian, Presb., and Wes. Meth. * Named from Hon. Geo. Hornell, one of the early settlers. 6 See page . « Elias Stephens and Geo. Horr.ell settled in the town in 1793 ; Elijah Stephens in 1794; Christopher Hurlbnt and Nathan Cary in 1796; John and Hugh Carney in 1796; Reuben Crosby in 1797 ; and James Jones in 1800. The first birth was that of William Stephens, in Dec. 1792 ; the first marriage, that of Reu- ben Crosby and Jenny McQueen, in 1799 ; and the first death, that of a child of Jndge Hornell. Judge Hornell bnilt the first saw and giist mills, and kept the first store and inn. The first school was taught by Abigail Hurlbnt, in 1796. ' 2 Presh., Prot. E.. Bap., M. B., and R. C. 8 Reuben and Abraham Smith, Abel Eullard, Jacob and Thoa. Bennett, Charles McConnell, Simeon McMurty, and Col- grove settled in the town in 1808 ; Samuel Baker, Joel Bullard, Benj. Bennett, Ephraim Rnmsey, Wm. Allen, Daniel N. Bennett, Jonas and Seth Rice, and Nathan Cory in 1810-11 ; and Simeon Bacon, Wm. GofF, Israel Baldwin, and Rufus Halsey in 1812. Arethusa Bullard was horn in 1809, and Mrs. Rowley died the same year. — the first birth and death in town. Henry Kennedy built the first sawmill, in 1809 ; James Vaughn, the first grist- mill, in 1810; and Benj. Bennett kept the first inn, in 1816. ^ 2 Bap., and 1 each Presb., M. E., and Ref. Presb. 10 Named from Sergeant Jasper, noted for his courage at the battle of Port Moultrie, S. C, June 28, 1775. 11 Adam Botzman and Andrew Cniig were also early settlers. The first birth was that of Sally Botzmap ; and the first mar- riage, that of Samuel Gray and Polly Simpson. Nicholas Botz- man was the first innkeeper. Amanda Smith taught the first school. 12 Bap., Presb., Christian, M. E., and Wes. Meth. 18 Named in honor of Col. Eleazur Lindley. STEUBEN COUNTY. 267 ings. Erwln Center is a hamlet upon the river, near the n. border of the town. The first settlement was made in 1790, by Col. Eleazur Lindley, from N. J., the original proprietor of the town, who located upon the Tioga Flats.'- PRATTSBIJRGH^— was formed from Pulteney, April 12, 1813, and a part of Wheeler was taken off in 1820. It is centrally situated upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of several small streams flowing in a general s. w. direction. . The principal streams are Five Mile, Ten Mile, and Twelve Mile Creeks. The valley at Prattsburgh Village is 1,400 feet above tide, and the hills are 300 to 400 feet higher. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Prattsburgh (p. v.) was incorp. Dec. 7, 1848. It contains the Franklin Academy,^ 2 churches, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. about 600. Rikers HollOfV' (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settler was Jared Pratt, who came in 1801 and for 2 J years was the only inhabitant.* The first religious services were held at the house of Jared Pratt, by Kev. John Niles, in the fall of 1803.« PUL,TE]VEY'— was formed from Bath, Feb. 12, 1808. Prattsburgh was taken off in 1813, and a part of Urbana in 1848. It lies upon the w. shore of Crooked Lake, and is the n.e. comer town of the co. The surface is a rolling upland, 700 to 900 feet above the level of the lake. The declivities along the lake shore are broken by numerous narrow ravines formed by small streams. The soil is chiefly a shaly and gravelly loam, and in some parts near the lake it is clayey. Harmonyville (Pulteney p.o.) contains 2 churches and 20 houses; and BlnfiTport (South Pulteney p.o.) 20 houses. Peltonvllle (p.o.) is a hamlet. CrUlicksville, a landing on the lake, has a storehouse and 8 houses. Settlement commenced in 1802.* Rev. Bphraim Eggles- ton, the first settled preacher, removed to the town in 1805. The census reports 6 churches.' RATH BOSTE'"— was formed from Addison, Cameron, and Woodhull, March 28, 1856. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of a high, rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Canisteo Biver and a branch of Tuscarora Creek. The upland is 300 to 400 feet above the valleys. Naked and precipitous ledges of rock crop out on the hillsides along the valleys. The soil is a clayey and shaly loam, and in the valleys alluvium. Rathbone- Vllle, (p. V.,) on Canisteo River, is a station on the Erie R. R. and contains 1 church, a flouring mill, and 33 houses. 'West Addison (p. o.) and Cameron Mills (p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlements were made in 1793-95.'^ There are 2 M. B. churches in town. THIIRSTOIV' — was formed from Cameron, Feb. 28, 1844. It is an interior town, lying just s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a high, broken upland, forming a portion of the dividing ridge between Conhocton and Canisteo Rivers. The summits of the hills are 500 to 600 feet above the river valleys. The streams are Stocktons Creek, in the n.w., and several smaller creeks flowing in deep, narrow ravines bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is a shaly and gravelly loam. Mercliantville, in the e.. Bonny Hill, (p.o.,) in the n.e., andBislng- ville, (p.o.,) in the w., are hamlets. Thurston and South Thurston are p. offices. The first settlers were William Smith, Luke Bonny, and Anderson Carpenter, at Bonny Hill, in 1 Col. Lindley aerved with the Jersey Blues during the Revo- lutionary War. In his migration to his new home he was ac- companied by his two sons Saml. and Eleazur, his son-in-law Ezekicl Mulford and John Seeley, and a man named David Cook. The first child horn was Eliza Mulford, Aug. 10, 1792 ; the first marriage, that of David Cook, jr. and Elizabeth Cady; and the first death, that of Col. Eleazur Lindley, in June, 1794. Joseph Miller taught the first school, near the Penn. line, in 1793 ; the widow of Col. Lindley kept the first inn, on the w. bank of the river ; and John P. Eyers, the first store. The first sawmill was erected by Col. Lindley. There is no church, no hotel, nor place where liquor is sold in the town. 2 Named' from Capt. Joel Pratt, one of the first settlers. 8 For many years this academy has enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. * A foundery, a tannery and a flouring mill. 6 Rev. John Niles, David Buell, Saml. Tuthill, and Capt. Joel Pratt came into town in 1803 ; William P. Curtis, Pomeroy Hull, and Salisbury Burton in 1804 ; Noah Niles, Cyril Ward, Aaron Bull, Enoch Niles, Harmon Fowler, Eufus Blodgett, and Stephen Hall, in 1806. They were all originally from New England. The first child bom was Mariette Pratt, in 1802 ; the first death, a daughter of Wm. P. Curtis, drowned, in 1804 ; and the first marriage, that of Isaac Pardee and Patty Waldo, in 1806. The first school was taught in a church by Horace Bull, in 1806-OT ; the first inn was kept by Aaron Bull, the same year ; the first mill was erected on Five Mile Creek, by Robert Porter. Capt. Joel Pratt was a large proprietor of the town; and the first set- tlement was conducted wholly under his encouragement, advice, and direction. 8 The census reports 6 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., and Christian. " Named from Sir Wm. Pulteney, former owner of the Pulte- ney Tract. 8 The first settlers were Saml. Miller, John Van Camp. G. F. Fitzsimmons, and John Block. James and George Simms, Henry Hoffman, Abraham Bennett, and Shadrach Norris settled in the town in 1805 ; and Saml. and Nathaniel Wallis, John Ells, Wm. White, James Daily, Erastus Glass, Harmon Emmons, and Seth Pierce in 1806. The first marriage was that of Chris- topher Tomer and Jane Miller, in 1809; and the first death, that of a child of Jas. Daily, in 1806. Melchior Waggoner built the first sawmill, in 1810, and the first gristmill, in 1814, Shadrach Norris kept the first inn, in 1807 ; and Augustus Tyler, the first store, in 1808. The first school was taught by Polly Wentworth, in 1808. 2 Bap., 2 M. B., Cong., and Presb. 10 Named from Gen. Ransom Rathbone, who settled in the town in 1842. " James Hadley and Wm. Benham were the first settlers. Among the early settlers were Isaac and Jonathan Tracy, Mar- tin Young, Wm. Morey, Moses Powers, Zejjhaniah Townsend, Thos. Maybury, and Saml. Colgrove. Isaac Ti-acy built the first sawmill, in 1806; Lemuel Benham kept the first inn, in 1804, and Gen. Kathbone the first store, in 1842. 12 Named from Wm. K. Thurston, a landholder residing in N. Y. or vicinity. 268 STEUBEN COUNTY. 1813.1 The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1814; Rev. Parker Buell was the first preacher.^ TROtiPSBURGH^— was formed from "Middletown" (now Addison) and Canisteo, Feb. 12, 1808. Parts of Greenwood and Jasper were taken off in 1827, and a part of WoodhuU in 1828. A part of Canisteo was annexed April 4, 1818. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is principally a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of small streams. The highest summits are 2,500 feet above tide and are the highest points in the co. Troups Creek, flowing s., is the principal stream. The soil is a slaty and clayey loam. Troupsburgh Ceuter, (Troups- burgh p.o.,) on Troups Creek, near the center of the town, contains an academy* and 20 dwellings; Soutfii TroupsburgU (p. v.) contains 16 dwellings. East Troupsburgh, (p.o.,) West Troupsbur^b^ (P-o-O and Youn^ Oicltory (p.o.) are hamlets. The pioneer settler was Samuel B. Kice, from Conn., who located e. of the center of the town in 1805.^ The first religious association (M.E.) was formed at the house of Samuel Cady, by Rev. Parker Buell, first preacher. The census reports 5 churches.* URBAN A— was formed from Bath, April 17, 1822. A part was annexed to Bath in 1839; a part of Wheeler was annexed May 3, 1839, and a part of Pulteney April 12, 1848. It lies at the head of Crooked Lake, n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is divided by Pleasant Valley (a continuation of Crooked Lake Valley) into two series of highlands, rising 800 to 1,000 feet above the lake. Cold Spring Creek takes its rise in this valley and flows n.e. to the lake. The soil in the valleys is alluvial, and on the hilltops a heavy, gravelly loam. From their sheltered situation, the slopes of the hills descending to the s. and e. are finely adapted to the culture of the grape.'' The town is noted for the production of a superior quality of fine wool. IlanimondNport, (Urbana p.o.,) at the head of Crooked Lake, was incorp. June 16, 1856. It contains 2 churches and several manufacturing establishments. A daily line of steamboats plies between this place and Penn Yan. Pop. 560. Worth Urbana, (p. v.,) in the n.e. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 20 houses. Cold Spring is a hamlet; and JMount Washington, in the S.E., is a p.o. "William Aulls and his son Ephraim, from Penn., settled at Pleasant Valley in 1793.** Eider Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) preached the first sermon, at the house of Mr. Baker, in 1795.* WAYIiAIVD^" — was formed from Cohocton and Dansville, April 12, 1848. A part of Fremont was taken ofi! in 1854. It is the most western town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is an upland, rolling in the n. and moderately hilly in the s. It forms a portion of the watershed be- tween Susquehanna River and Lake Ontario; and its highest summits are 1,600 to 1,800 feet above tide. The streams are small creeks and brooks. Loon and Mud Lakes are situated in a valley in the s. part of the town, and their waters flow in opposite directions. The outlet of the former is subterranean for half a mi. ; and where it comes to the surface it is in sufficient volume to form a valuable mill stream. The soil in the n. is gravel and muck, and in the s. a shaly loam. Way- land, (Wayland Dep6t p.o.,) in the n.e. part of the town, contains 40 dwellings. It is a station on the B., X. Y. & E. R. R. Perkmsville, 2 mi. s.w. of Wayland, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. Patching Mills is a hamlet. liOOn I^ake is a p.o. The first settlement was made in 1806-07, by Thos. Bowles and John H. Miller.*^ The census reports 3 churches.^^ 1 Amos Dickinson settled in 1S14; and Joseph Fluent at Bonny Hill in IHll. The first settlers at Aldrich settlement were William Jack, Samuel Fisk, and Thomas Aldrich, in 1823. The first child born waa Ircna Smitli. in 1813; tho first mar- riage, tliat of Joseph Fluent and Fanny Dickinson, in 1818 ; and the firrtt deat.h. that of Anderson Carpenter, killed hy the falling of a tree, in 1817. The first school was taught at Bonny Hill, by Caroline Vinan, in 1818; the first store was kept by Harlow Sears, at Merchantville. No tavern was ever kept in the town, and no license was ever granted to sell liquor. 2 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 M. K., Bap., and Christian. 3 Nnnied from Robert Troup, of N. Y., general agent of the Pult-n'',' pstiite. — Turner's Pfielps and GnrJiam Purchase^ p. 279. 4 'J'liM institution has an average attendance of about 60 pupils. 5 I'dfir Yoiiiii; and Peter Dalson, from Addison, settled near Mr. ilice, in l->fitj; Lieut. Reynolds and Jonathan Rogers settled at the name phice in 1809, Geo. Martin in 1810, and James Works in isll. The first child born was Polly Young; the first mar- riage, thatofZebulonTubbs and Sarah Rico; and the first death, that of Jeremiah Martin. Abner Thomas taught the first school, a little E. of Troupsburgh Village; Lieut. Reynolds kept the first inn, 4 mi. from the Center, and Ichabod C. Leach the first store, 2 mi, from the Center. Geo. Martin erected the first griBtmill, at Tr..ii[i^lju.gh Village. 6 2 Bap., 2 M. E., and F. W. Bap. 1 In 1-57. -jO acres were devoted to vineyards ; and the success of the experiment waa so great that the number of acres was doubled in 1858. There are about 2,000 acres in town with the e. and &. inclination adapted to this purpose. 8 Samuel Baker, Eli Read, and William Barney settled in Pleasant Valley in 1794; and Capt. Amos Stone, Capt. John Shether, James Shether, and Richard Daniels in 1795. These settlers were from New England, most of them from Conn. ITiey had served through the Revolutionary War. some of them with distinction aa officers ; and all were inured to the privationB and dangers incident to pioneer settlement. The first child born was Saml. Baker, jr. ; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Bar- ney and Polly Aulls, in 1794; and the first death, that of John Phillips, in Sept. of the same year. Eliphalet Norrls taught the first school, in 1795, at Pleasant Valley; Caleb Chapman kept the first inn, at N. Urbana; Henry A. Townsend tho first Btof , at Cold Spring, in 1815. John Shether built tho first sawinlll, in Pleasant Valley, in 1796; and Gen. Geo. McOlure, the first gristmill, at Cold Spring, in 1802. B The census reports 6 churches ; 2 Bap., and 1 each Freah., M. B., Prot. B., and R. 0. w Named from Rev. Dr. Francis TFayland. of R. I, n Among the early settlers were Adam Zimmerman, Dftvid Brown, Kaizier, Stephen Ilicks, Thos. Bogole, Solomon, James, and Ellsha Brownson, Isaac Willie, Walter and Dr. Wat- ren Patchin, Dennis Hess, Benj. Perkins, and Samuel Draper. Tho first sawmill was built by BenJ. Perkins; and the flrflt griatmill, by Dugald Cameron and Abijah Fowler, in 1816. Saml. Taggart kept the first inn, in 1827 ; and James L. Monier, tho first store, in 1830. The first school was taught by Thos. Wil- bur, In 1811. IS Evang. Luth., Union, and R. C. STEUBEN COUNTY. 269 WAYWE'— named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne— was formed, as "Frederickstomi," March 18, 1796. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. Reading (Schuyler co.) was taken off in 1806, Orange (Schuyler co.) in 1813, and Barrington (Yatea oo.) and Tyrone (Schuyler co.) in 1822. A part was annexed to Tyrone April 17, 1854. It is situated upon Crooked Lake, on the e. border of the 00. Its surface is a rolling upland, 400 to 600 feet high, descending abruptly to the lake. Little Lake is a beautiful sheet of water lying along the e. border. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam underlaid by hardpan. ff ayne/ (p. v.,) on the line of Tyrone, (Schuyler co.,) contains 3 churches and 40 houses. Wayne Four Corners is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1791, by Zephaniah Hoff, Henry Mapes, Widow Jennings, and Solomon Wixson.' Rev. Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) was one of the first settlers, and for many years the only clergyman in town. There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Union. ■WEST IIIVIOIV — was formed from Greenwood, April 25, 1845. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 2,000 to 2,400 feet above tide. A large part of the town is yet covered with forests. Bennetts Creek is the principal stream. The soil is a heavy, slaty loam. Lumbering is extensively pursued. Rexville (p. o.) and ■Wilej'SVHle (p.o.) are hamlets. IFest Union is a p. o. The first settler was Abraham v. Olmsted, who located at Rexville in 1822.'' The first church (M. E.) was formed at Rexville in 1831. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. "WBIEEEERS— was formed from Bath and Prattsburgh, Feb. 25, 1820. A part of Avoca was taken off in 1843, and a part of Urbana in 1839. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling upland, broken by the valleys of Five Mile and Ten Mile Creeks and of several small lateral streams. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam, well adapted to both grazing and tillage. Mitcliellville (p. v.) contains 20 houses ; and 'Wlieeler Center (Wheeler p. o.) 1 church and 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1799, by Capt. Silas Wheeler, from Albany oo.^ Rev. Ephraim Eggleston (Bap.) conducted the first reli- gious services, in 1802. There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and M. E. ■WOODHUEI.'— was formed from Troupsburgh and Addison, Feb. 18, 1828. A part of Rathbone was taken off in 1856. It is the central town upon the s. border of the oo. Its surface is a hilly upland, a considerable portion of which is yet covered with forests. Tuscarora Creek, flowing E. through the northerly part of the town, is the principal stream. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Lumbering is carried on to some extent. WewvUle, (Woodhull p.o.,) on Tus- carora Creek, contains 3 churches and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 215. Hed^es- ville contains 10 houses. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Stephen Dolson, Daniel Johnson, Patrick Breakhill, Bethuel Tubbs, and Samuel B. Rice.* The first church (Presb.), was organized in 1830 ; and the Rev. Mr. Pomeroy was the first pastor. There are 4 churches in town.® 1 Its former name was from Frederick Battles. — McMasters's Hint. Str.iiUn Oo., p. 181. 2 Lncally known as "Wayne Hotel," 8 Knns. Joseph, and James Silsbee, Abraham Hendricks, Joshua Pmith, John Holdridge, Elijah Reynolds, and Ephraim Tyler were among the early settlers. The first birth was that of l-^lizabeth Wixson, Nov. 6, 1793; and the tirst marriage, that of Ephraim Sanford, jr. and Julia Hoff. Jap. Silshee kept the first store, and Enos Silsbee the first inn. The first school was tau^rht by Nathaniel Frisbee, in 1797. 4 Tiif^ late settlement of this town was owing to the fact that a larii;" share of the land was owned in England and by heirs under age. Among the first settlers were Fred. Hauber, Wm. Burg-T. and Wm. Bray, from Delaware CO., who came in 1823 and located near Rexville. John Wiley, Wm. Fisher, and Benj. Wilks snttled at Wileyville in 1849. Uriah Stevens tanght the first school; Chas. Rexford kept the first inn, and Walter B. 01ni«ted the first store, at Rexville. John Wiley built the first saw and grist mill, in 1849-50. 6 yamcd from Capt, Silas Wheeler, the first settler. Capt. Whw'l'^r served during the Revolutionary War, and was at the attack on Quebec and stood near Montgomery when he fell. He was 4 times taken prisoner during the war. He died in 182S, at the age of 78. « Nathan Rose, Wm. Holmes, and Turner Gardner settled in town in 1799 ; Col. Jonathan Barney and Thos. Anils in 1800 ; Philip Murtle in 1802; and Otto F. Marshall, and others, named Bear, Ferval, and Rifle, in 1803. William, son of Jonathan Bar- ney, was born Nov. 1, 1801, and died Dec. 1, 1802,— the first birth and death in town. Hon. Grattan H. Wheeler was & party to the first m arriage. Capt. Wheeler built the first sawmill, in 1802 ; and Geo, W, Taylor the first gristmill, in 1803-04. John Deals kept the first inn, in 1820; and Cornelius Younglove, the first store, in 1835. The first school was taught by Uriel Chapin. , " Capt, Wheeler's first trip to mill is worthy of record. There were, at the time when he had occasion to 'go to mill,' three institutions in the neighborhood where grinding was done, — at the Friends' settlement, at Bath, and at Naples, The millstones of Bath had suspended operations, — there being nothing thei-e to grind, as was reported, Capt. Wheeler made a cart, of which the wheels were sawn from the end of a log of curly maple: the box was of corresponding architecture. He started for Naples with two oxen attached to this vehicle. Two young men went before the oxen with axes and chopped a road, and the clumsy chariot came floundering through the hushes behind, bouncing over the logs and snubbing the stumps, like a ship working through an ice field. The first day they reached a point a little heyond the present village of Prattsburgh, a distance of six miles from their starting point, and the second moored triumph- antly at the mill at Naples." — McMasten^s Hist, Steuben Co., pr>. 196-196. ' Named in honor of Gen. Nathaniel Woodhull, of the Revolu- tion. 8 Caleb Smith settled in the town in 1808. The first birth was that of Polly Smith : the first marriage, that of Levi Rice and Cynthia Tubbs; and the first death, that of Benj. Tubbs. Caleb Smith built the first gristmill, in 1805 ; Ichabod S. Leach kept the first inn, and Josiah Tubbs the first store. The first school was taught by Abner Thomas, 9 2Bap,, Presb,, and E,C. 270 STEUBEX COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Frnelwlders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Steuben County. Names op Towns. Addison Avoca Bath Bradford Cameron Campbell Canisteo Caton Cohocton Corning Dansville. Erwin Fremont. Greenwood... Hartsville Hornby Hornellsviile. Howard. Jasper Linosley Prattsburgh.. Pulteney Rathbone* Thurston Troupsburgh. Urbana Wayland Wayne. West Union.. ^yheele^ WoodhuU Total Acres of Land. 9,376 13,011 80,776 7,264 10,871 8,242 9,184 7,712 11,680 7,803 20,031 4,097 10.733 10,065 7,189 13,151 8,7464 20,5344 13,227 3,729 23,136 16,730 6,4084 16,6454 17,126 12,9214 9,813 7,265 14,334 11,8514 361.450 25,832 8,661 24,319 6.798 19,798 15,297 22,300 14,453 14,441 26,482 12,881 18,574 7,745 11,560 13,632 13,177 9,2164 17,657 16,853 19,874 11,858 4,8784 16,083 17,947 8,656 11,3644 3,606 14,268 14,246 18,894 Taluatidn of 1858. $ 428,956 433,627 1,653,476 214,087 219.740 329,630 393,381 296,406 463,101 1,308,282 601,936 635,668 247,611 176,045 168,025 254,783 865,680 410.548 2.30.172 274,701 656,801 449,787 269,491 233,276 184.631 635,978 210,394 234.142 88,276 299,709 240,932 $92,270 82,073 579,191 23 543 63,257 6.900 41,671 21.655 64,792 113,689 58,414 74,250 78,621 94,2.31 37,143 40,266 45,788 120,476 76,741 6,300 102,270 39,318 28,934 12.918 132,210 30,009 1,200 34,681 11,028 69,196 114,786 438,2604 12,689,070 2.286,423 14.975,493 $ 521.226 515,700 2,132,667 237,630 282.997 336,530 435,052 318,060 617,893 1,421,971 660.350 600,918 326.136 270,276 196,168 295,049 911,468 531,024 305,913 280,001 659,071 489,106 298,426 246,194 316,741 665,987 211,594 99,904 358,905 355,717 1,602 926 3,027 642 916 816 1,068 837 1,126 3,275 1,077 944 671 622 584 756 1,950 1,366 881 369 1,301 752 480 1,042 966 1,344 467 617 717 1,159 32.189 1,564 seo 3.004 643 919 7-26 927 748 1,116 3.0.09 1.0S3 875 548 C02 526 654 1,893 1,304 887 335 1,281 445 937 972 1,307 461 697 659 1,046 I 30,776 i 618 331 1,068 238 335 287 352 274 444 1,03T 401 334 221 237 195 262 689 602 341 142 509 305 171 361 361 376 174 214 253 420 236 286 226 271 267 297 614 287 174 210 233 177 239 477 453 299 59 440 276 157 822 288 332 143 215 197 294 Schools. 8.710 354 25.817 2,305 656 590 618 852 626 876 2,162 791 741 467 557 467 565 1,622 1,083 787 313 1,072 628 628 440 967 822 1,060 311 530 Names of Tottks. Addison Avoca Bath Bradford Cameron Campbell Canisteo Caton Cohocton Corning Dansville El- win Fremont Greenwood Hartsville Hornby Hornellsviile.. Howard .Tasper. Lindsley Prattsburgh... Pulteney Rathbone* Thurston Troupsburgh.. L'rbana Wayland Wayne.. West Union... Wheeler Woodhnll Total Live Stock. AGRICtTLTUEAL PRODUCTS. 1 Bush, op Grain. j Daibt Fkodocts. 1 1 . i it fe 1>s •3 « 937 6 g 767 £ «• 2,037 «■? .i; « 0, S 332 632 2,448 6,979 40,414 12.004 11,236 66,550 3,640 600 1,074 864 6,580 1.087 12,595 48,4214 2,044 6.444 23,412 77,063 43.446 1,368 2,578 2,042 12169 2,350 26,477 100,8634 6,9314 14,379 25.271 118,424 13,630 330 630 501 3.493 731 4,9084 36,674 1,364 5,726 8,042 37,130 450 418 1,023 639 2,847 619 4.229 22,4724 1.9524 3,864 4,644 69,703 2,100 326 947 616 2,036 530 6,499 40,412 2,241 5,420 11,896 60,158 1,976 377 1,192 690 1,914 816 13,9124 28,0314 1,8844 6,964 9,893 62,040 600 341 1,072 627 2,344 610 3,563 60,671 2.242 20,607 6,048 61,156 3,654 636 995 621 3,255 807 13,767 43,334 1.4664 7,531 17,096 67.245 6,231' 395 570 678 823 901 8,440 62,461 1,684 10,309 8,828 26,316 600J 763 1,247 980 6,469 1,368 24,509 60,326 2,064 13,446 14,294 93,641 18,639 216 4.33 385 1,495 633 4,766 35,7394 943 7,185 3.745 29,906 6,000 602 683 601 1,716 649 . 4,172 37,942 1,022 8,985 14,210 60,075 6,776 300 1,197 78S 1,701 420 1,866 31,682 1.049 6,460 3 978 79,900 1,100 229 686 427 3,007 382 3,712 17,254 1,010 3,505 6,525 37,045 3,290! 382 1,064 663 3,366 674 3.248 83,162 4,203 22,465 14,201 69,885 1,915 369 890 630 2,622 646 10.478 24,0014 1.786 5,311 6,217 60,160 1,204 810 1,626 1,137 6,998 1,338 6,696 84,9774 2,47 6if 13,5.39 24,461 129,746 13,690 496 1,463 802 3,386 726 2,814 48,078 2,011 7,262 4,298 93,168 3,336 121 510 327 967 386 1,326 29,046 948 6,9.33 5,906 20,962 100 856 1,391 929 8,093 1,022 10,3194 70,3424 2,9534 8,748 14,790 104,620 7,717 694 1,272 755 4,968 1,073 9,975 38,218 2,050 6,268 8,347 86,971 6,419 170 449 295 1,364 331 2,9214 15,4164 1.231 3.065 3,368 32,690 666 457 1,984 14 6,340 750 2,5194 38,8944 2,6214 8,170 8,518 103,776 2,816 680 1,117 671 9,946 1,051 11,145 35,6874 2,252 4,626 12.335 62,350 8,070 604 1,031 780 1,805 1,005 12,252 33,755 1,5674 11,604 4,470 66,200 23,600 357 683 472 3,553 754 3,354 28,970 1,098 4,711 8,455 66,345 1,816 179 929 499 1.206 869 1,242 26,3.504 721 7,878 610 41,980 17,700 496 839 618 6.220 832 7,377 40,777 1,440 4,616 10,024 60,693 4,806 406 1,788 911 20,284 2,330 111,353 817 6,8494 229,802 37,403 1,282,567 2,465 10,025 3,174 112,446 4,745 13,899 32,199 24,164 58,7494 256,938 297,289 1,976,129 203,329: g.S 1,342 7734 3,069 978 1,186 776 1,676 736 691 105 1,603 62 1,063 689 1,461 794 2,689J 2,436 37 1,188 768 1,148 3,5994 846 1,288 728 l,6S9i 700 1,144 34,935 * Formed since 1856. SUFFOLK COUNTY. This county' was organized Nov. 1, 1683. It occupies the e. part of Long Island, embracing about two-thirds of its area, and includes several smaller islands off the E. and n. coasts. It is centrally dista,nt mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The E. extremity of the island is divided by Great and Little Peconic and Gardners Bays into two narrow, unequal branches, between which are Gardners, Shelter, and Robins Islands. A chain of islands extends from the n. branch nearly to the Conn, shore.^ A beach com- posed of alluvial sand and shingle, broken only by occasional inlets, skirts the s. shore of the island, enclosing several large, irregular bays, the principal of which are Great South, East, Shinnecock, and Meoox Bays. " This great beach is a line of spits and islands. One of the islands is about 25 mi. long, with a breadth of a few hundred yards. They are all narrow and long ; and when above the reach of the surf they are covered by a labyrinth of hillocks of drifted sand, imitating almost all the variety of form which snow drifts present after a storm." The action of the waves and winds is gradually extending this beach. Off the s. coast the sea is very shallow ; 50 mi. from the shore its depth nowhere exceeds 40 fathoms ; and sandbars at a considerable distance from the beach approach so near the surface as to break the waves into a surf. The traveler along the beach is seldom out of sight of a wreck." Irregular branches project inland from Long Island Sound, in the w. part of the CO., and from the bays upon the s. and e. The peninsulas and points thus formed are locally known as "necks." Upon the s. side of the island these necks generally take the name of the stream e. of them. An irregular range of hills extends e. and w. through the co., a little n. of the center. A second range, commencing in Brookhaven, extends into the s. branch of the island, terminating at Canoe Place and reappear- ing farther e. as the Shinnecock Hills. Along the n. border of the co. the surface is somewhat broken ; but in the s. it is very level. In the E. part are several fresh water lakes, and a few in the central and w. parts, the principal of which is Lake Roukonkoma, on the w. border of Brookhaven. The principal streams are Peconic River, in the e., and the Connecticut, in the central part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam, moderately fertile along the coasts ; but in some parts the surface consists of almost sterile plains or barren sandhills. The interior of the' island, from near the foot of the hills to within one or two mi. of South Bay, is occupied by the " brush plains," which are sparsely inhabited and hardly susceptible of cultivation. Thousands of acres of these plains were burned over in 1844 and '45 ; and a thin growth of scrub oak, 3 to 4' feet high, has since sprung up on the burned tract.* Along the coast are extensive salt marshes.. jS'o native rock is found within this co. ; and the whole island, except a few rooks near Hellgate; appears to belong to the drift formation or to have been formed as a strand of the sea.. The waters of the sea are slowly encroaching upon the land of the E. and n. parts. The various branches of agriculture form the leading industrial pursuits.' Successful hus- bandry in this CO. involves a large expenditure for fertilizers,* which to considerable extent are obtained from the neighboring seas. Immense quantities of bony fish' are caught for this pur- 1 Named from a co. in England. From 1665 to 1683 this co. formed the "East Biding of TbrJeskire" 2 Tliese islands appear to have been separated from the main- land and from each other by tidal currents, which flow between them with great force. — "iV". T. Geological Survpy," Mather. 8 From Nov. 1, 1864, to June 28, 1867, 6 ships, 9 barks, 16 brigs, 25 schooners, and 9 sloops were wrecked, or in distress, off this coast. The Government has established 26 lifeboat stations upon the 8. shore, (of which 19 are within this co.,) 1 on Fishers Island, 1 at Orient Point, and 2 upon the sound. Each station is furnished with boats, lif&cars, mortars and rockets for throwing lines, and at each a keeper is in constant attend- ance. Undur the provisions of the act of Feb. 16, 1787, "wreck- madders" are appointed by the Governor and Senate in and for the several counties bordering upon the seashore. Of these there are 15 in Sufiblk co. It is their duty to render every pcflsible aid to distressed vessels. A project has recently been formed of constructing a telegraph line from Montauk Point to Brooklyn, with stations along the beach, so that intelligence may be transmitted in season to admit of aid being sent to vessels in distress. 4 Some of these tracts are 8 to 10 mi. long and '2 to 4 wide. The fires destroyed not only the forest trees, but every vestige of vegetation, and thousands of cords of wood; hundreds of deer and other animals, perished in them. These lands are valuable only for the timber upon them; and 'when tliat is destroyed they become nearly worthless. C' Corn and potatoes are the leading agricultural exportatinns. This CO. excels all others in the State in the amount of turnips raised. Wheat is one of the principal'crops. 8 The annual expenditure of this co. for manures is nearlv $200,000, — about half as much as is expended for the same pur- pose by all the rest of the State. 7 These fish aro the Alorta menhaden, or " moss bunkers." and are usually called " bunkprs" or " skippaugs." They are caught from May to Nov., in seines, in immense quantities; at a single haul, a few years since, 1 . i' 000 were taken. They are sold at an average price of $1 pi'i- M, They are usually strewn upon the surface as a top dressing or plowed under, but are some- times rotted with earth. Fi";i\\'eed, and other articles in compost heaps. The stench of these decaying iish is extremely un- pleasant and almost overpowering to .strangers. 271' 272 SUFFOLK COUNTY. pose, and are used either alone or in connection with seaweed, stable manure, compost, guano, ashes, and other fertilizers. Oysters and clams abound in the bays and seas around the island; and the taking of these, and fishing, form the principal occupations of the inhabitants along the shore. From the first settlement of the co. considerable attention has been given to whaling. This business was originally carried on in open boats from the shore ;^ but large vessels are now sent upon long voyages to the Polar Seas.^ The preparation of *'fish guano," and oil from bunkers,^ shipbuilding, and brickmaking are the principal manufacturing interests of the co.* At Fire 'island, Greenport, and Orient, and at most of the villages along the s. county road, are ex- tensive hotels, especially fitted for the accommodation of families from New York City, great numbers of whom spend the summer months at these public houses or in private families. The county seat is located at Kiverhead.^ The courthouse is a fine two story brick building, situated near the depot, and contains the usual county offices, and accommodations for the sheriff's family.^ The jail, situated in rear of the courthouse, is a two story stone octagonal building. The county clerk's office is a fireproof brick building. The co. has no poorhouse.' The first regulation concerning public roads was adopted under 'authority of an act of General Assembly passed in 1724, and was kept alive by repeated enactments. Commissioners ap- pointed by this authority about 1733 laid out 3 principal roads from w. to e. These were called the North, Middle, and South Country Roads, and upon them the principal villages and settle- ments are located. The project of opening a navigable communication between the bays upon the s. shore of the island was recommended by Gov. Clinton in 1825, and was subsequently authorized by law, but was never carried into effect.^ The Long Island R. R. affords the princi- pal avenue of business through the island.^ Short stage routes connect the several villages along the N. and s. shores with the r. r. Six newspapers are published in the co. ; 2 at Greenport, 2 at Huntington, 1 at Sag Harbor, and 1 at Patchogue.^'* "When Long Island first becamb known, it was inhabited by 13 tribes of Indians, of which all but two. resided wholly or in part in this co.^^ Of these the Montauks were the most numerous 1 At present 3 whaleboata at Mnatic Point, 2 at Shinno- cock, 6 lit Southampton, and Beveral at Bridgehampton, Eaat- }iftmpton, aud Amaganset, are kept in cunstant readinees for use upon the beach. They are mounted, bottom upward, upon a staging, aud are well supplied with ours, hincea, harpoons, and other necessary tackle. During tlie winter and spring months a loolcout is kept, and when a whide a])p('ara a signal rallies the neighCorhood to the chase. A year si_^ldom passes without one prize ; and some years half a dozen are ciiptured. 2 The whaling interests of this co. rcci'ived a severe check upon the discovery of gold in California. Many whaleships were fitted out for the trade with that region, and upon the reactiuo that followed wore sold. The number of whaleships now belonging to the CO. is 33; and the greatest number at any one time (in 1845-17) was 88. 8 The manufactories of flsh guano and oil are in Southold and upon Shelter Island, and on Nupi-oiiue Reach. The fish are heated by eteiim, and the oil is extnn'trd by hydrostatic presses. The residue is dried and ground lor t:uano. Porty tons of fish yield 9 tons of guano and 840 gals, uf nil. It is claimed by many tbat this manufactured article possesses all the valuable pro- perties of the Peruvian guano * Salt was formerly made from seawatcr at Sag Harbor. An extensive buRioess was formerly carried on in cutting wood and shipping!; it to the NewYorli, market. Spufford, in his Gazetteer . of \X'2',i. says that a great portion of the l"uel consuraed in the city was furnished by the pine plains, and tbatlOO-OOOcoTds were annually sent from Brookhaven. Since' the fires of 1844 and '45 but little wood has been exported. 6 A small two story Tranie building, erected In 1725, served for both a courthouse and jail. The first court of Oyer and Ter- miner under the State Government was held Sept. 4, 1787. 8 This building was erected in 18r)4 and '65, at a cost of $17,800. The cnnimittoo appointed to superinttud its erection were Sam'l B. NicoU. Wm. H, Post, and Sylvester Miller. By an act passed April 9, It^lS, the clerk of this co. was authorized to establish his office in two places, and to appoint a deputy to have charge of one. The records migrated between Islip and Southold, and ■Tore kept many years at Sniithtown. The records of wills in this CO. extend back to 1669. The records of the court of General SesBions and Common Pleas have been separately recorded since 1723. 1 Most of the towns have poorhousea, at which co. paupers are provided for at the co. expense. 8 The Long Island Cannl Company, chartered April 8, 1848, was authorized to effect what in substance was embraced in De Witt Clinton's plan, viz. : communication between Gravesend, Jamaica, Q reat South, Southampton, aud Mecox Bays, and across ' Canoe Place. » The road was opened to Farmingtnn Oct. 16, 1841, to Yop- ihanck June 26, 1842, and to Greenport July 29, 1844. 10 Frothivfjham'x Lmig Island Hprald was established at Sag Harbor May 10, 1791, by David Frothingham. In 1802 it was sold to Sellick Osborn, and changed to The SufnlJc Cnwtiiy Herald. It was sold in Feb. 1804, to Alden, Spooner, and its name was changed to Tha Supilk (tiizcite, and in Feb. 1811, it was discontinued. The Suffolk (to. J-ic.con/cr was established at Sag Harbor Oct, 19, 1816, by Sam'l A. Seabury. The following year it was changed to The American EagU, and two years afterward it was discon- tinued. Tlie Corrector was started at Sag Harbor Aug. 3, 1822, by II. W. Hunt, and is now published l>y Alex, Ilunt. The Republican AVatoliinaii was commenced at Sag Harbor in Sept. 1826, by Sam'l Phillips. In Sept. 1644, it was n-mnvrd to Greenport, where it is now published by R. Philllpa & Son. The SiifTolk Tlineis was started at Grr-enport in Aug. Ib67, by John J. Riddell. its presi'ut puldishor. The American Eagle was established at Huntington in 1821 by Sam'l A. Seabury. In May, 1825. it was changed to r/te Long Island Jimrnul nf Philosophy and Cabinet of VciiAty^ (mo.,) published by Samuel >'leot. In 1827 it was changed to The Portico, and was discontinued in 1829. The liong Islander was started at Huntington in July, 1838, by Walter Whitman, aud is now published by Geo. IT. Shepard. The SuiTollc Democrat was started Feb. 17, 1847, at Huntington, and is now published by Edward Strahan. TTie Suffolk Gazelle was commenced at Hiverhead in Aug. 1849. After IS months it was removed to Sag Harbor. In Dec. 1854, it wius brought back to Riverhead, and wtw soon after discontinued. The SuJTollc Herald was established at Patchogno Aug. 14, 1858, by Van Zant & Co., its present publishers. 11 These tribes were the " Canarse.esy'" occupying Kings co. and a part of Jamaica : the " SocJcaways" the country about Rock- away aud parts of Jamaica and Newtown ; the ^^MatUnecochs," the w. side of tho island, from Flushing to the e. lineof Uuntinff- ton; the" Nessequngs," the country from tho e. line of Huntingf- ton to Stony Brook; the *^ SetavJcets" that from Stony Brook to Wading River ; the '^Oorchogues," all the N. branch of the Island E. of Wading River ; the "Aferecokes" and "Mureapeqiies,^' tho coun- try upon the s. side of the islands w. of Suflfolk co.; the'* Lecatoguei" the country from the w. line of the co. to the b. part of Iflllpi the "Patchogues," from the E.line of Isllp to the w. part of South ampton; the ^^Shinnecocks,^ the country around Canoe Place, and thence e. to Kasthampton; the "Montaitks" that are now Included in the town of Easthampton; and the "JitanJiaeseU" occupying Shelter Island. Of all those tribes there now remain SUFFOLK COUNTY. 273 , l,v ■■^rnt of the Earl I'ijmouth Coni- Mielter Island in jii.h immigrants tn's and zealously iii' lidjiKent New ii'n closely united neiisuies taken by t if the towns and powerful; and the consent of Wyandance.^ their grand sachem, was necessaiy to the validity of all Indian grants of that date upon the island. The earliest settlement uidiin the co. was made in 1639, on Gardners Island, under title derived from James F.i. of Sterling, to whom a grant of the whole of Long Island had been ma pany." Southold and Southampton were settled in 1640, Easthamploi, w 1652, Huntington in 1653, Brookhaven in 1655, and Smithtown in HiC . from New England. These settlers were strongly imbued with Piinn.., , devoted to their strict observance.' They naturally sougiit aiha. England colonies, to whom they were wai-mly attached, and with wii> i until they were brought under the government of New York. Amoiia; {„•• the colonists was the establishment of religious worship and sohools,\YhK date from the first or second year of settlement. These were commonly supported by tax, often levied in kind, and sometimes coupled with privileges and grants that are still recognized. The patents granted by the New York governors created corporations, with municipal powers and privileges which were liberal for that period. These have never been changed, and are still valid. The rights were of two classes,— one belonging to all who might gain a residence and citizenship within the town, and the other pertaining only to the persons named in the patents and their heirs at law. During the Revolution most of the inhabitajits of the co. warmly espoused the cause of the colonists ; but after the battle of Long Island the British ascendency was com- plete, and few opportunities occurred for assisting in the popular movement. Several bold and successful incursions were made by partisan corps ; but the armed occupation of the island was at no time interrupted.* During the latter part of the War of 1812 an English fleet was stationed off the eastern coast; but no depredations were committed. The history of the co. from that day to the present is only the record of the industrial pursuits of a thriving people. BROOKIIATEIV— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. NieoU, March 13, 1666, with the usual privileges of a township f and Dec. 27, 1686, the patent was confirmed by Got. Dongan, and ex- tended privileges were granted.* It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the entii-e width of Long Island, near the center of the co. e. and w. It has 20 mi. of coast on Long Island Sound, 21 on South Bay, and above 30 on Fire Island, which skirts the whole s. coast. Patchogue and Bell- port Bays, upon the s. coast, are branches of the Great South Bay ; and Old Mans Harbor and Port Jefferson, Setauket and Flax Pond Bays, are indentations upon the N. coast from Long Island Sound.. The principal capes upon the n. coast are Cranes Neck, Old Field Point,' Little Neck,' Dyers Neck,* Mount Misery, and Rocky Point. A range of low hills extends across the n. part of the town ; but elsewhere the surface is level. The principal streams are Peconic River, in the E. part, and the Con- necticut, in the central. There are several fresh water ponds of great depth and purity in the town, many of which have no outlet. The soil along the coast, both upon Long Island Sound and South Bay, is a moderately fertile, light, sandy loam, and in the interior it is generally unproductive. Along the streams near their mouths are numerous salt meadows. Port Jefferson'" (p. v.) is situated at the head of Port Jefferson Bay, on the x. coast. It has a good harbor, and shipbuilding is largely carried on." Pop. 1,247. SetauRet, (p. v.,) on the bay of the same name, contains 2 churches and 4 shipyards and has a pop. of 1,136. Stony Brook,'^ (p- v.,) near the line of Smithtown, contains 1 church and has a pop. (in this t tributary to the Narrawansetts. ~ This grant was madein 1635, and, at the request of Charles I, Pinttt was appointed agent in IBS! .—Hottgh's Nantucket 3 Ainst of the towns were jealous of the admission of strangers, a-td only allowed them to participate in their privileges upon careful e.xaminatJon of character and motive. » By the act of May 6, 1784. the sum of £10,000 was levied iipnn this CO. aa a " book tax" for defraying expenses incurred in thi" wars. ' Capt. John Tucker, Dan'l Lane. Richard Woodhnll, Henry Perrini;. and John Jenner were named trustees in this patent. FalmU, J, 81, Sec Office. « This instrument provided that 7 trustees should be annuHlly elected, in whom the legal ownership of the property of the town should be vested. John Palmer, Kichard Woodiiull, Samuel Ebarne, Andrew Gibb, Wm. Satterly, Thos. Jenner, and Thos. Helme were named as the first trustees. ' The Indian name of this point was " Co^met-i-cn.^' 8 Called by the Indians ^^Mi-naase-roke" 8 Its Indian name was "JVw/Mott," ^0 Formerly known as ^^ Drowned Meadow," and called "So^oas- sett" by the Indians. u There ore 6 shipyards upon the e. side of the harbor, and 3 upon the w. 18 Called by the Indians "W>y>ovmg." The great quantities of shells found near the banks indicate that this was a favorite residence of the natives. w Called by the Indians " Non^t-wautuck." M Named from Andrew, son of John Miller, one of the pioneers of Eosthampton. 274 SUFFOLK COUNTY. Landing are hamlets on the coast of Long Island Sound. Patcboguei ^p,^.) ig gituated on Patchogue Bay, in the s. w. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy, and manu- factories of twine, paper, cotton, ropes, and flour. Pop. 1,562. Bellport, (p.y.,) on the w. side of Bellport Bay, contains 1 church and an academy. Shipbuilding is carried on to a considerahle extent. Pop.383. Blue Point/ (p. o.,) in the s.e. part, is a hamlet. Fire Place, (p.y.,) on Bellport Bay, contains 1 church and about 35 houses; MoricUes/ (p. v.,) 4 churches and 50 houses; East Moricltes, (p. v.,) 40 houses; and "West Moriclies and Seatucfe, hamlets, are situated near the coast of East Bay. YapbancK/ (p. v.,) a station on the Long Island E. R., containing 3 churches and 35 houses, and SoutU Haven^ (p. v.,) containing 1 church and 20 houses, are situated on Connecticut River. MastiC^ is a hamlet on Mastic River. Middle Island, (p. 0.,) contains 2 churches, Selden, (p. o.,) 1 church, ]Vew Village, (p. o.,) 1 church, and Coram,*' (Cor-um,) (p. o.,) are hamlets in the central part of the tovrn ; and'WampmissiC,'' contains 1 church, and Manorville,^ (p. o.,) are hamlets in the e. part. Center JHorictaes is a p. 0. The tovm poorhouse is located near Coram, upon a small farm purchased in 1817 at a cost of $900. The lighthouse on Old Fields Point was built in 1823 ; and another on Fire Island, near Fire Island Inlet, was built in 1858.^ The first settlement was made at Setauket,^*> in 1655, ty a colony of immigrants from near Boston, Mass." The land was bought from the Setauket In- dians, and the sale confirmed by a release from Wyandance, Sachem of Montauk. This settlement was received under the Government of Conn, in 1661, and Richard "WoodhuU and Thos. Pierce were appointed magistrates by the General Court, The tract of land between Islip and Bellport, extending to the center of the island, was purchased of the natives by John Winthrop in 1666, and the title confirmed March 29, 1680.^2 Col. Wm. Smith purchased Little Neck, Oct. 22, 1686, and an extensive tract e. of Connecticut River, extending northward to the center of the co., in May, 1691.^^ Fort St. George, a strongly fortified British post on South Bay, was surprised and taken by a party of 80 men, under Maj. Tallmadge, Nov. 21, 1780. They crossed Long Island Sound from Conn., landing at Old Mans Harbor, marched to Coram, where they destroyed a large amount of forage, and then to Fort St. George, which they captured without the loss of a man. Over 50 men were made prisoners and a large amount of property was destroyed.^* Gen. "Woodhull,^^ Pres. of th« Second and Third Provincial Congresses, Gen. Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, Col. Richard Floyd,^^ and Maj. Wm. H. Smith, were residents, and Maj. Benj. Tallmadge was a native, of this town. In the infancy of the settlement a building was erected at Setauket, which served the double purpose of a townhall and church." There are now 26 churches in town.^^ EAST HAMPTOIV— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Nicoll, March 13, 1666," and con- firmed by Gov. Dongan, Bee. 9, 1686. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies at the e. extremity of Long Island, s. of Gardners Bay and Long Island Sound, and includes Gardners Island, lying N. of the mainland. The E. part consists of a narrow peninsula, to which the name, Montauk, is applied. Upon the n. coast are several large bays, some of them nearly landlocked. The princi- pal of these are Northwest, Three Mile, Acabonac, and Napeogue Harbors, and Fort Pond Bay. In the central and w. parts the surface is mostly level or gently undulating ; but along the coast 1 Named from the "Po-chougK' Indians, who inhabited this region. 2 Called by the Indiana ^^ Ma7}rOw-tuss-quoU," an in^ortant oyster bed in Great South Bay, in this Ticinity. 3 An Indian name, pronounced Mo-rich-es. Great quantities of fish and wild fowl are sent from this vicinity to the New York market. * Yaphanck is the Indian name of a small tributary of the Connecticut. The place was originally called " MillviUe," and afterward " Broolcfield." 5 This name is applied to a considerable tract of land w. of the river, formerly occupied by the Poos-pa-tuclt Indians, a tribe subject to the Pochoughs. Parts of this tract were known as " *Sta-6o-«ocfc," ^^ J^e-com-macJc," " Coos-pu-tus," ^^Pa-ter-quos," " Vn-co-houg" and " Mat-te-moy." 6 Named from an Indian chief. 7 This name was given by the Indians to a swamp in the vicinity. 8 Fqrmerly called " St. Georges Manor.'' 8 This lighthouse is 150 ft. high and 166 ft. above the sea, and is furnished with a French flashing lens apparatus of superior quality. 10 Then called " CromweU Bay." ■11 The family names of these settlers were WoodhuU, Haw- kins, Wbitehaire, Jenner, Perrlng, Gibb, Satterly, Biggs, Tooker, Rogers, Taney, Longbotham, Lane, Floyd, Muncy, Seward, Wade, Sayler, Smith, Avery, Dayton, Davis, Frost, ThomaBy Baylis, Thomson, Ward, Roe, Budd, Brooks, Williams, Woolley, Akerly, Combs, Waring, Mapes, Thorp, Ebwine, Brew- ster, Poole, SharpB, Burnet, Helmo, Garlick, Moger, Pierce, and Ware. Many of these names are still common on the island. By a vote of the inhabitants, taken July 13, 1687, the tnistees of the town were directed to establish a school, and Francis Williamson was employed as a t-eacher, at a salary of £30 per annum. Xbe fii'st mill was erected at Stony Brook, in 1690.— Thowpson^s Hist. Long Island, 2d Ed.^ /, 408. 12 A great part of this tract was divided into 36 prizes, and disposed of by lottery for £12,000 in June, 1758. 13 These purchases were confirmed Oct. 9, 1693, under the title of the "JUanor of St. Gmrge," which included all the town as then founded E. of the Connecticut. A large proportion of this tract is still owned by the descendants of Col. Smith. 1^ Washington's Writings, VJI; Journal of Congress, Dec. 6, 1780; T?iompson's Hist. Long Island. 15 Gen. WoodhuU fell in the battle of Long Island, Sept. 1776, and was buried in this town. 10 The lands of Col. Richard Floyd located in this town were confiscated by the British. IT The early pastors of the church at Setauket were Revs. Na- thaniel Brewster, in 1655, Geo. Phillips, in 1697, David Youngs, in 1745, Benj. Tallmadge, in 1754, Noah Wetmore, in 1786, and Zachariah Greene, in 1797. 13 9 M. E., 8 Pi-esb., 4 Cong., 2 Prot E,, 2 Af. M. E., Bap. 1^ The trustees named in the patent were John Mulford, Thos. Baker, Thomas Chatfield. Jeremiah Concklyn, Stephen Hedges, Thos. Osborne, ar.,and John Osborne.— jRzfenis, /, 81, Sec.OfiSce, SUFFOLK COUNTY. 275 upon the s. is a belt of low, shifting sand ridges ; and the e. part is broken by low, irregular hills, some of which attain an elevation of 100 ft. above the sea. Near the coast in the s. part of the town and upon the peninsula are several fresh water ponds. The principal of these are Great,^ Fort,=^ Oyster, Hook, and Georgica Ponds; and their outlets have been closed by sandbars or a beach. Upon the main portion of the peninsula of Montauk the soil is fertile, but its neck is a barren, sandy waste. In the w. part the soil is a light, sandy loam and is kept highly fertile by the use of manures. Stock raising forms the leading occupation ; and to that pursuit Gardners Island^ and Montauk Point are exclusively devoted. A tract of about 9000 acres, embracing the entire e. portion of the town, is devoted wholly to pasturage. It is owned by a company, incorp. as tenants in common, whose affairs are managed by a board of 7 trustees elected annually.* Twelve trustees are chosen annually, to whom are committed the management of the town commons, the meadow beaches, and the waters within the bays, the privileges of which are enjoyed by all citizens. A town poor- house is located on a small farm about 2 mi. w. of East Hampton Village. Lighthouses are located upon Cedar Island, at the entrance of Sag Harbor,^ at the n. extremity of Gardners Island, and upon Montauk Point.^ Kast Hampton, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. from the beach, in the s. w. part of the town, contains 1 church,' an academy,^ 2 windmills, and about 70 houses. Ama^anset, (p. v.,) a scattered village about 3 mi. e. of East Hampton, contains 1 church. Pop. 270. Spring's, (p. o.,) near Acabonac Harbor, and l¥ainscott, in the s. w. corner of the town, are hamlets. Sag ISar- bor^ (p. V.) is partly in this town. The first settlement in this town, and the first English settlement in the State, was made on Gardners Island in 1639, by Lyon Gardner.^" Settlement in the w. part of the town was commenced in 1648, upon lands purchased of the Montauk Indians, by a company of English families from Lynn, Mass.^ The government of the colony was purely democratic. The people met in ^^ General Court" and enacted laws, appointed civil and ministerial officers, and acted upon appeals from the decisions of their magistrates. Three magistrates,^^ a recorder, a secretary, and a constable were annually elected. Lands were allotted to individuals, and could not be alienated without the approval of the General Court. In Dec. 1653, they adopted the laws of Conn. ; and from 1657 to 1667 they were united with that colony.^* The inhabitants sided with the colonists in the disputes which led to the Revolution. In June, 1775, an ^^ Association'^ favoring the measures of the Continental Congress was formed, and its articles were signed by every male inhabitant capable of bearing arms.^* Kev. Thomas James, the first pastor in the town, settled in 1651.^^ There are now 4 churches in town.^® HU]VTI]VOTO]¥— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Nicoll, Nov. 80, 1666." The patent was renewed Aug. 2, 1688, and again Oct. 5, 1694. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788, at which time Eatons Neck and Crab Meadow were annexed. The w. line was established Feb. 17, 1 Called by the Indiana " Quaiv-no-ti-wocJc." This pond con- tains 500 acres. 2 The Indian name of this pond is " Korik-hong-a^^nok." It lies s. of Fort Pond Bay, and nearly divides the isthmus. 3 Called by the Indians " i/on-c/to-wocfc," or ^'- Ma-shong-o-mite,^' and mentioned in early records as the ^'Isle of Wight." It con- tains 3,300 acres. * This tract originally belonged to the Montauk Indians, and ■was conveyed by them to the colonists of East Hampton, Feb. 11, 1661, the Datives reserving to themselves the right of living upon and using so much ot it as they might need. Its owner- ship was vested in the colonisis in person. The lands were represented at first by 40 shares, valued at £40 each, and were intrusted to the management of the trustees of the town. The shares are now divided, into " eighths," of which 36 have been purchased by the corporation and extinguished. These eighths are now worth $350 to $400 each. The tract is divided into large enclosures, of which "* KIVERHEAU— was formed from Southold, March 13, 1792. It lies upon the n. side of the island, between Brookhaven and Southold, and has 16J mi. of coast upon Long Island Sound. Peconic River and Great Peconic Bay form the s. boundary, and Wading River^ a part of the v. The surface in the s. part is level, but in the N. it is hilly. The shore is lined with high and precipi- tous bluffs of clay and hardpan. The soil is light and sandy, and in most parts but moderately fertile. The poorhouse is located on a farm of 45 acres. Rlverliead, (p. v.,) an important station on the I^ I. R. R., is situated on Peconic River at the head of boat navigation. It is the county seat, and contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, a seminary,* and several manufactories.' Pop. 813, — 723 in Riverhead and 90 in Southampton. From Riverhead e. to the line of Southold, a distance of about 6 mi. upon the "South Road," is a continuous settlement, which has received at different places the names Upper Aquebog'ue, (p. o.,) Old Aquebog-ue, ( Jamesport p. o.,) and Franklin ville, ("West Suffolk p. o.) Old Aquebogue and Franklinville are stations on the L. I. R. R. Jamesport^ is situated about one-half mi. s. of Old Aquebogue, on Great Peconic Bay, and contains 1 church; pop. 148. IVortbville, (Success p. o.,) in the N. E. part, contains 1 church and 35 houses; Bating Holloiv, (p. o.,) in the N. part, in a scattered settlement, has 2 churches ; and "Wading River, (p. v., ) on stream of same name, 1 church and 25 houses. Settle- ment begun at Riverhead, in 1690, by John Griffing and others. There are 10 churches in town.' SHELTER ISltABrD'"— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. NicoU, May 31, 1666 ;" but its government was united with that of Southold until 1730. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies between the two peninsulas which form the E. extremity of Long Island, and embraces an area of over 8,000 acres. The island is very irregular ; upon all sides jutting headlands extend out into the surrounding waters, and branching bays penetrate into the interior. The principal of these inlets are Coeclis, West Neck, and Deerings Harbors. The surface is hilly, and the soil fertile. Grain raising and sheep husbandry form the principal agricultural pursuits. Guano and oil are manu- factured in considerable quantities from bony fish caught in the neighboring waters. There is a wind gristmill near the center of the island. Sbelter Island is a p. o., centrally located. This island was the ancient residence of the Manhassett Indians. It was purchased of the Earl of Ster- ling by Jas. Farrett, and was afterward sold to Stephen Goodyear, of New Haven. In 1651 it was purchased by Nathaniel and Constant Sylvestei-, Thos. Middleton, and Thos. Rowe.'^ The first settlement was made in 1652. The first church edifice was built in 1743.^' SMITHTO"W]V" — was organized by patent, March 25, 1677, and recognizedas a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the n. side of the island, between Huntington and Brookhaven. Stony Brook and Nissaquage Harbors, extending far inland, are separated by the Nissaquage Neck. Nissaquage River, emptying into the harbor of the same name, divides the town into two nearly equal parts. The surface is considerably broken and hilly. The soil is a light, sandy loam in the s. part, and a clayey loam along the sound. Tbc Brancb, (Smithtown Branch p. o.,) on Branch Brook, near the center of the town, contains 2 churches and 35 houses ; Smitbto'wn,'* (p. v.,) on Nissaquage River, 20 houses ; and St. Jauiesville, (St. James p. o.,) at the head of Stony Brook Harbor, 1 church and 25 houses. Fresb Pond is a p. o., in the n. w. part, lloppogue,'* on 1 This place was laid out on a magnificent scale. ■ Large sums were spent in advertising it as a desirable residence for mechanics and others of small means, and many were induced to buy lots. Their investments, however, proved of little value, — their deeds being given by irresponsible parties. 2 This " viUage" was laid out and built by Stephen Pearl An- drews and others, who held to the doctrinef of " the Sovereignty of the Individual," and some of whom were practical believers in the " Free Love" doctrine. s Nicolls's Purchase was confirmed to him by a patent issued by Gov. Dongan Dec. 5,1684; and the Van Courtlandt Purchase was cpnfirmed' to John Mowbray, by whom it had been subse- quently bought, by a patent issued in 1708. «3M.E., 2 Prot. B., 2Af.Meth., Cong., Cong. Meth., and Presb. 6 Called by the Indians " Pan-gwo-CMn^sMcfc." ° Established in 1835. 7 rin/^n t1.a ..;.....• at t\,ia n1a/.a ia a fall nf R ff • and a ^Vf^rnilTl'/. canal, connecting two small ponds with the river, has beeo con- structed, in which is a fall of 8| ft. 8 Called by the natives " Mi-(Mnog" or " Mi The first church was erected at Southampton, in 1641;^ and the first church in Bridgehampton was built in 1670.^ There are now 17 churches in town.*^ SOlTTHOIiD^— was incorp. by patent, under Gov. Andros, Oct. 30, 1676,^ and recognized as a town March 7, 1788. Riverhead was taken off in 1792. It comprises the principal part of the northern peninsula of Eastern Long Island, and includes Robins Island in Great Peconic Bay, and Plum, Fishers, and several smaller islands in Long Island Sound. Orient^ois a peninsula upon the E. ; and Great and Little Hog Necks are smaller peninsulas in the s. The s. shore is indented by several small, irregular bays ; while the outline of the n. coast is unbroken except by 2 or 3 narrow inlets. The surface is elevated and level. The soil is a light, sandy loam, kept highly fertile by the use of manures. Plum Island,^^ separated from the mainland by Plum Gut, contains about 800 acres. Fishers Island, about 8 mi. eastward, is 7 mi. long by 1^ wide and contains about 4000 acres.^=^ Great and Little Gull Islands are between Plum and Fishers Islands. Agriculture forms the leading industrial pursuit ; potatoes, corn, and wheat are the principal crops.^^ Considerable attention is also given- to shipbuilding, whaling, and commerce. A limited amount of manufac- turing is carried on.^* Scattered tracts of lands and beaches, owned by an incorp. company, are intrusted to the management of 3 trustees, elected annually. These lands are represented by 110 shares, valued at $15 each. The town has a poorfarm of 300 acres near Southold Village. Light- houses are located on Hortons Point, Little Gull Island,^^ and ''The Dumpling s^'^ — a group of rocks in Fishers Island Sound.^^ Greenport^" (p-v->) on Greenport Harbor, was incorp, April 18, 1838. It is a port of considerable whaling and commercial business, ^^ and is the e. terminus of the L. L R. R. It contains 5 churches and 2 printing offices. Pop. 1,GG5. Soutliold^ (p-"^-!) riear the 1 Tliese were Dan'l and Josiah Howe, Thos. Goldsmith, John Oldflelda, Sam'l Dayton, Thos. Burnet, John and Edward Howell, ThoH. and Job Sayre, Thos. Topping, John Woodruff, Henry and Abraliam Pierson, Kichard Post, Obadiah Rogers, John Ford- ham, Samuel Osman, John Rose, James Herrick, Chris. Foster, Jos. Raynor, Ellis Cook, Edward Needham, Sam'l James, John Gosman, John Bishop, John White, Wm. Payne, John Jessup, Henry Walton, Wm. Harker, Allen Breed, Edmund Farrington, Isaac Hillman, John Cooper, Geo. Woods, John Jagger, Richard Smith, Thos. Hildreth, John Hampton, Josh, Barnes, John Jen- nings, Benj, Haynes, Geo. Wells, Wm. Odell, and John Lum. 2 The deputies were John Howell, from 1644 to '51; John Cosmore, from 1661 to '55 ; Thomas Topping, from 1855 to '58 ; Alex. Knowles, from 1658 to '59 ; Thomas Topping, from 1659 to '63; and Edward Howell, from 1663 to '64. 8 Col. Meigs, with 234 men, crossed from Guildford (Conn.) to Southold, in 13 whaleboats, on the 23d of May, and transported the boats across the peninsula, reaching the s. shore 4 mi. from Sag Harbor at midnight. In the attack the British bad 6 men killed and 90 were taken prisoners. The party arrived at Guildford on their return in 25 hours from the time they left. Congress expressed its approbation of this enterprise by pre- senting Col. Meigs with a sword ; and Gen. Washington, in a letter to Gen. Parsons, (by whose command Col. Meigs had undertaken the expedition,) congratulated him upon its suc- cessful achievement. * This fleet lay here through the war, making forced levies upon the inhabitants of the adjacent shores, but usually paying for the property taken. A descent was made upon Sag Harbor in June, 1813; but an alarm was raised, and the invaders were repelled without their doing serious injury. 6 The pastors of the society have been Rev. Abraham Pierson, in 1640; Robt. Fordham, in 1649; Jos. Taylor, in 1680; Joseph Whiting, in 1680; Sam'l Gilston. in 1716; Sylvanus White, in 1727; Josh. Williams, in 1785; Harmon Daggett, in 1792; David S.Bogart, in 1798; John B. Babbitt, in 1817; Peter H. Shaw, in 1821; Dan'l Beers, in 1830; and Hugh N. Wilson, in 1836. 8 Rev, Bbenezer White, in 1690, Jos. Brown, in 1756, Aaron Woolworth, in 1787, and Amzi Francis, in 1823, have been the pastors of this church. 7 6 M. E., 5 Presb., Bap., Cong., Meth. Prot., Prot. E., R. C, and Union. 6 That part of the town e. of Cutchogne was called by the In- dians *' Fen-ne-cocfc," and by the English ^''Northjket" ^ Isaac Arnold, John and Benj. Youngs, Josh, and Barnabas Horton, Sam'l Glover, and Isaac Corry were named trustees in this patent. 10 Called by the Indians ^^Po-qua-iuck." It was bought of the Indians by Peter Hallock, in 1641; and the first settlement was made on it soon after, during Hallock's absence in England, by John Tuthill, John Youngs, jr., John King, and Israel, Richard, and Samuel Brown. — Grain's Journal, 19. 11 i^ormerly known as the "JsZe of JPatmos:" It was bought of the natives, in 1659, by Sam'l Wyllys. 12 This island was named ^^Visshers Island" by Capt. Cook, the navigator, in 1614. It was purchased, in 1644, by Gov. Win- throp, of Conn. ; and was oi'ganized as a township by a patent obtained from Gov. Nicoll, of N. Y., in March, 1688. It waa for a time claimed by both N. Y. and Conn. Its surface is undu- lating ; near the w. end is a high sand bluff, and near the middle another still higher. There are two convenient harbors on the coast. The soil is well adapted to grass growing and grazing. Hay, wool, butter, and cheese are exported. 13 There were nearly as many potatoes raised in this town in 1855 as in all the co. besides. A greater quantity of wheat is raised in Southold than in any other town in the co., and a greater quantity of corn than in any town except Southampton. Immense quantities offish and seaweed are used as fertilizers. 1* Brick are made in large quantities near Greenport and upon Robins Island ; and oil and guano are extensively manufactured from fish near Southold. 15 The lighthouse upon Little Gull Island was built in 1806, and is 56 ft. high and 74 ft. above tide. It ia supplied with a fog bell, which is rung by machinery. ifl The lighthouse upon North Dumpling was built in 1848, and is 25 ft. high and 70 ft. above the sea. A red light is used. 17 Formerly '■^Sterling." 18 The shipping of this port consists of 7 vessels engaged in whaling; about 100 others, with an aggregate of 6000 tons, en- rolled; and 102 small vessels, licensed : mostly engaged in the coasting trade. 280 SUFrOL.K COUNTY. center of the town, is a station on the L. I. R. R. It contains 3 churcies, the Southold Academy, a savings' bank, and about 80 houses. Hermitage, a small settlement, Cutcliogue, (p. v.,) containing 3 churches and nearly 100 houses, and MattitucU, (p. v.,) containing 2 churches and 40 houses, are stations on the L. I. R. R. Xew Suffolk, on Great Peconic Bay, contains 1 church and about 20 houses. Franlilinville is on the line of Riverhead. West Soutbold is a p. u. East Marion,' (p. v.,) near the w. side of Orient Harbor, contains a windmill, a tidemill, and 1 church; pop. 300. Orient,^ (p. v.,) on the E. side of the same harbor, contains 2 churches and 60 houses. The first settlement was made about 1640, by Rev. John Youngs and others, from New Haven.* The government of this colony, like that of several of the earlier New England settlements, was vested in the church members. None others were allowed to vote or to hold office ; and the Mosaic code was adopted as their law. This exclusiveness was of short duration. All citizens were soon admitted to the right of suffrage; and in 1657 the Mosaic code was super- seded by one better adapted to the circumstances of the people. Upon the union of New Haven with Conn., in 1662, Southold was united with the latter colony and was represented in General Court. In 1664 the town passed under the jurisdiction of New York. The first church was erected in 1641, in the village of Southold.* There are now 17 churches in town.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Suffolk County. Names of Tottns. Brookhaven.... EasthamptoD,. Huntington.... Islip Riverhead Shelter Island. Smithtown Southampton.. Southold Total Acres op Land. S3,696J 13,274 30,873J 9,969 12,883i 4,889i 12,5454 24,447i 21,240 163,818f 90,723^ 14,061 28,271 35,767i 20,942i- 3,181i 17,646^ 38,606 11,482} 2fi0,570T Valuation of 1858. Sl,971,850 707,200 1,406,900 771,901 609,660 87,800 847,056 1,382,000 1,203,500 5,856 lt.Ii, $602,000 251,760 374,360 171,800 112,760 28,800 146,860 420,460 276,600 2,285,250 e $2,473,860 968,950 1,780,250 943,701 722,400 116,600 693,905 1,802,450 1,480.000 4,761 1,060 4,163 1,676 1,369 2,33 1,037 3,825 2,865 10.972,106 20,469 20,437 4,936 1,006 3,989 1,606 1,806 260 1,060 3,336 2,811 1,657 402 1,366 683 620 85 371 1,219 1,048 7,241 1,970 431 1,634 673 655 90 410 1,366 1,129 8,204 1,431 317 1,068 418 619 70 242 1,064 964 6^3 151 15,301 3,773 727 8,210 1,372 1,113 179 608 2,279 2,040 Names of Towns. Brookhaven.... IDasthampton.. Huntington.... Islip Riverhead Shelter Island. Smithtown Southampton.. Southold. Total 1,281 668 1,683 407 681 68 441 1,103 1=1 2,092 1,480 1,422 70S 980 373 646 3,649 2,162 1,966 843 1,776 696 1,032 164 662 2,037 1,679 7,111 13,382 10,833 28,016 19,727 to 4,097 5,847 610 721 2,422 3,048 2,986 2,216 « 3,393 1,076 3,344 1,128 2,056 370 1,176 4,004 3,181 Agricultural Products. Bush, of GitAnf. fe: 36,176i 13,280i 39,732i 10,592 21,432i 2,866 12,376 36,728 32,550 203,733 i 120,411J 54,798 141,358^ 33,0434 71,646 15,3514 61,9994 177,0194 132,696} 798,318* 6,425 8,1194 9,2664 2,9074 2,386} 6504 3,091 7,968 6,8014 24,956 8,973 28,1244 15,691 67,234 4,840 3,6964 29,603 130,947 41,606j 304,063 6,235 2,690 1,677 1,335 6,087 317 680 2,689 6,089 27,799 Dairy PHODncrfl. 86,047 37,621 114,668 27,005 71,146 8,694 40,687 120,676 127,982 634,405 £ g 800 660 204 229 112 1 Formerly "Rocky PoinV s Formerly "OystRr Ponds." 8 Among these early settlers were Wm. Wells, Barnabas Hor- ton, Thos. Mapes, John Tuthill, and Matthias Corwin. ^ This was the first church edifice erected in the State. The first pastor was Rev. John Youngs. His successors were Joshua Herbert, in 1674, Benj. Wolsey, in 1720, Jas. Davenport, in 1738, and Wm. Throop, in 1748. ' 5 Presb., 5 M. E., 3 Cong., 2 Ban., E. C, and Univ. ORLEANS COUNTY. It Niiv. 11, 1824; Shelby was It lies on Lake Ontario, i : lly distant mi. from ' surface is level or undu- iin,, it has a gradual inclina- iii three distinct plateaus by extend e. and w. through the The lower plateau slopes tlie lake shore to the lake This county was formed from llcan was commenced at Albion ill Oct. 1829, by C. S. McConnell. It was published by him until 1841; by H. W. Dupuy a few months ; by an association until 1845; by H. B. Purdy until 1846 ; and by C. S. McConnell until 1848. when it was sold to Wil- son & Beach, its present publishers. The Albion Times was established Oct. 28. 1853, by J. 0. Nicker- son. Jan, 11, 1855, it was changed to ORLEANS COUNTY. 283 (p. V.,) the county seat, was incorp. April 21, 1828. It is situated on the Erie Canal, in the n. part of the town, and is the principal station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. between Rochester and Lockport. It contains 5 churches, the Phipps Union Female Seminary,^ the Albion Academy, a ba,nk, 2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories.'' Pop. 3,776. Barre Center, (p. o.,) 4 mi. s. of Albion, contains 30 dwellings. £ag-le Harbor lies partly in this town. South Barre, (p.o.,) West Barre, (p.p.,) and Jacksons Corners are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. McAllister, in 1811.^ The first church (Cong.) was organized Nov. 5, 1816, by Revs. Eleazur Fairbanks and Comfort Williams.* C ARL.TO]V~wa9 formed from Gaines and Ridgeway, April 13, 1822, as " Oak Orchard." Its name was changed in 1825. It lies on the lake shore, between Kendall and Yates, and is crossed in a N. E. direction by Oak Orchard and Johnsons Creeks. The surface is level, and the soil generally sandy. Salt water has been discovered near West Carlton.^ Carlton,^ (p. o.,) East Carlton, (p. o.,) "West Carlton, (p.o.,) TTaterport, (p.o.,) Kenyonville, and Manilla are hamlets. This was the first settled town in the co. Two brothers, James and Wm. Walsworth, located in 1803,— theformer at the mouth of Oak Orchard Creek, and the latter on Johnsons Creek. Matthew Dunham and his three sons Matthew, James, and Charles, from N. Y. City, settled near Johnsons Creek in the fall of the same year."^ The first church (M. E.) was organized at West Carlton about 1816.» CLAREIVBOIV — was formed from Sweden, Monroe co., Feb. 23, 1821. It is the s. e. corner town of the CO. Sandy Creek rises in the Tonawanda Swamp and flows n. through the town. Upon this stream are two waterfalls, — one at the village of Clarendon and the other in the n. part of the town. Along the line of the mountain ridge the surface is broken, and elsewhere it is gently rolling or level. The soil is a sandy loam; in the n. stony. Limestone for building purposes and hydraulic limestone have been obtained at Clarendon. Clarendon^ (P- v-) contains 2 churches, a limited number of manufactories,^** and about 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1811, at the village of Clarendon, by Eldridge Farwell." There are now 3 churches in town.^^ CrAIIVES^^ — was formed from Ridgeway, Feb. 14, 1816. Barre was taken ofi" in 1818, and a part of Carlton in 1822. It is the central town in the co. It is crossed by Otter and Marsh Creeks, branches of the Oak Orchard, and by the w. branch of Sandy Creek. The lake ridge extends e. and w. through the center. The surface is level and the soil sandy. £agle Harbor, (p-"^-*) on the Erie Canal, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, and a large stave factory and cooperage. Pop. 639, — 509 in Gaines and 130 in Barre. Craines^^ (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 342 inhabitants. £ast Oaines and "West Gaines are p. offices; and Fair- iiaven and Gaines Ba^in, on the canal, are hamlets. The first settlement was made prior to 1809, by Gilbert. Noah Burgess, Samuel Crippen, Elliott, and Elijah Downer came in 1809.*^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1816.^® 1 The Phipps TTnion Female Seminary was established in 1833. The main building was erected in 1836, and additions have been since made, until the whole outlays have reached $20,000. The average number of pupils is about 250. 2 Flouring mills, fornaces, a woolen factory, a tannery, a cabinet ware manufactory, and a planing mill. 8 McAllister settled on the present site of the Phipps Female Seminary, near the courthouse. Among the earliest settlers were Joseph Stoddart, JBeuben Clark, Joseph Hart, and Elijah Darrow, who located in the n. part of the town in 1812. The first death, that of Mrs. McAllister, occurred in Sept. 1811. The first sawmill wag built by Wm. White in 1816, on Sandy Creek, a little E. of Albion ; the first gristmill, in 1819, by Wm. Bradner, near the same place; and the first tavern was kept by Abraham Mattison, in 1815, at Rentons Corners, about 2 mi, s. of Albion. The first school was tanght by Mrs. Cyrus Benton. * There are 7 churches in town ; Presb., Bap., Prot. E., M. E., and R. C. at Albion, Cong, at Barre Center, and M. E. at Jack- sons Comers. 5 Lyman Fuller, in digging a well, bored through a stratum of rock, and obtained salt water of such strength that 2 galls, yielded a pint of oalt. The hole through the rock was plugged up, and fresh water came in from above. « Locally known as " Two Bridges." 7 In 1804, Eluah Hunt, Henry Lovell, Moses Root, Elijah Brown, and Job Shipman settled in this town. The first death in town, unless it was that of a member of the Canadian family mentioned on page , was that of a deserter from Fort Nia- 'gara, who was drowned in attempting to cross Johnsons Creek, about 1800. The first death of an actual settler was that of Elijah Brown, May 7, 1805. The first births were those of a pair of twins, children of James Walsworth, in 18dB; and the first marriage, that of Wm. Carter and Amy Hunt, in 1804. The first gristmill was built on Johnsons Creek, by Matthew Dunham^ in 1806; and the first store was opened in 1816, at West Carlton, by Geo. Kuck. The first school was taught by Peleg Helms, in the winter of 1810-11. 8 There are now 5 churches in town; Bap. and Presb. at Carlton, M. E. at West Carlton, Bap. at East Carlton, and M. B. at Kenj'onville. The first religious services in town were con- ducted by '• Old Mr, Steele," a M. E. preacher from Canada, some time prior to 1810. » Formerly known as " Farwdls Mills." 10 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a furnace. 11 Benj. Thomas, Benajah Worden, Elisha Huntly, John Cone, John Stephens, David Church, and Chauncey Robinson were among the earliest settlers. Eldridge Farwell built the first sawmill, on Sandy Creek, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 1813. The first store was kept by Hiram Frisbee, in 1821; and the first school was taught by Mrs. Amanda Bills. 12 M.E. and Univ. at Clarendon, and a Christian church about 1^ mi. w. of Clarendon. 15 Named in honor of Gen. E. P. Gaines, through the instru- mentality of Wm. J. Babbitt. n Incorp. by the Legislature in 1832, but never organized under the act. 16 Among the early settlers were Reuben Rowley, Harry Wil- cox, Joseph and Aaron Adams, Kobert and Cotton Leach, New- bury Chafey, Dyer Sprague, Samuel Rosier, Wm. Burlingame, Walter Fairfield, Lansing Bailey, John Proctor, and James Mather. The first death was that of Gilbert, who died in or before 1809. His wife and niece. Amy Scott, remained, and wintered a yoke of oxen and several cows upon browse cut by themselve.s. The first birth was that of Samuel Crippen, jr., in 1810 ; and the first marriage, that of Cyrns Daniels and Elizabeth Freeman, July 4. 1812. The first inn was kept by Wm. Sibley, in 1811; and the first store, by Wm. Perry, in 1815. OrinGleason taught the first school, in the winter of 1813-14. Henry Drake built the first sawmill, in 1813 ; and the first gristmill was built by Jonathan Gates, in 1822. "There are 6 churches in town; M.E. andWes. Meth. at 284- ORLEANS COUNTY. RE1VOAI.L.1— was taken from Murray, April 7, 1837. It lies on the lake shore,^ in the e.' part of the co., and is crossed by Bald Eagle Creek near the center, and Sandy Creek in the s. part. Its surface is level; and the soil, with the exception of a belt of clay across the s. part, is a sandy loam. There are several small salt springs in the town. Kendall (p. v.) contains 4 churches and about 25 dwellings. West Kendall (p. o.) and Kendall Mills (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1812, by Samuel Bates, from Chittenden cc, Vt." The first religious service, conducted by Elder Stephen Randall, was held in the spring of 1816.* MUBUAY— was formed from ''Northampton,'' (now Gates, Monroe co.,) April 8, 1808. Sweden was taken off in 1813, Clarkson in 1819, and Kendall in 1837. It lies on the e. border of the cc, between Clarendon and Kendall, and is crossed by Sandy Creek, the two branches of which unite at Murray, in the n. part of the town. This stream has worn a deep channel ; at HoUey it is about 75 feet below the level of the land. The embankment over which the N. Y. C. R. R. crosses the gulf is one of the largest on the line of that road. The surface is generally level, except in the s. w. part, where it is rolling. The soil is mostly a sandy loam ; in some parts, however, it is clayey. Near HoUey are two sulphur and several salt springs, at the latter of which salt was manu- factured previous to the opening of the canal. The Medina sandstone approaches near the sur- face ; and quarries have been opened in the neighborhood of Hulberton.^ Holley,® (p. v.,) incorp. Sept. 3, 1850, a station on the N. Y. 0. R. R., is situated in the s. part of the tovra, on the Erie Canal. It contains 2 churches, the Holley Academy, and several manufacturing establishments.' Pop. 614. Hulberton (p. v.) contains 278 inhabitants; and mndsburg-li (p. v.) 167. IHurray® (p-o-) and SIrocKville are hamlets. Murray Depot is a r. r. station. The first settlement was made by Eppaphrus Mattison, prior to 1809.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed Jan. 5, 1819, by Rev. John F. Bliss.^» RIDGEWAY" — ^was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) June 8, 1812. Gaines was taken off in 1816, Shelby in 1818, and Yates and a part of Carlton in 1822. It lies on the w. border of the CO., between Shelby and Yates, and is crossed by Johnsons and Oak Orchard Creeks. Upon the latter, at Medina, is a waterfall about 30 feet high ; and at Jeddo and Oak Orchard, where the streams cross the lake ridge, are low waterfalls. The surface is generally level, and the soil a sandy loam. Some of the most important of the salt springs of this co. are in this town.^^ Within and near the village of Medina are extensive quarries ; and large quantities of building, flagging, and paving stone are sent to Rochester, Bufialo, and other places on the canal.^^ Me- dina^ (P-"^-*) incorp. March 30, 1832, lies on the Erie Canal, mostly within this town. It is an important station on the N. Y. C. R. R., and is connected with Ridgeway on the n. and Shelby Center on the s. by the Medina & Alabama Plank Road. It contains 5 churches, an academy,^* a newspaper office, and several manufactories.^^ Pop. in 1855, 2,104, — in Ridgeway 1,915, in Shelby 189. Knotvlesville,^^ (p- v.,) a station on the N. Y. C. R. R., situated in the e. part of the town, on the Erie Canal, contains 3 churches and several manufactories.^'^ Pop. 490. Oak Or- cliard'^ (p-"^-) ^^^ ^ pop- of 136; Jeddo (p. v.) of 124; and Rldge'VTay (p. v.) of 64. IVort&i Ridgeway is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Ezra D, Barnes, from De Ruyter, Ea^le Harbor, Cong, and Prpsb. at Gaines, Univ. at Fairhaven, and Fi-ee Will Bap. at East Gaines. 1 Named in honor of Amos Kendall, P. M. Geo. 2 Near the mouth of Bald Eagle Creek the lake makes rapid encroachments upon the land, and whole fields have been swept away. 8 Among the early settlers were Amos Kandall, David Jones, Eenj. Horse, and Nathaniel Brown, who came in 1815. The first birth was that of Bartlett Morse, in 1816; the first mar- riage, that of Jamea Aiken and Esther A. Bates, March 2, 1817; and the first death, that of a son of Geo. Balcom, in 1816. The first store was kept by Hiram Thompson, in 182.? ; the first inn, by Lyman Spicer, in 1823 ; and the first sawmill was built by Ammon Auger & Ebenezer Boyden, in 1819. The first school wns taught by Gerdon Balcom, in 1819. * There are 6 churches in town; thiiv., Bap., Presb., and M. E. at Kendall, and M. E. at West Kendall. 8 St. Paul's Church in Bufiklo is built of material obtained at one of these quarries. 6 Named in honor of Myron Holley, one of the first canal commissioners. T A gristmill, a tannery, a furnace and plow factory, and a cabinet ware manufactory. 8 Locally known as "Sandy Creek." 9 Among the early settlers were Daniel Wait, Joshua Kock- wood, and Peleg Sisson. The first birth in town w;ih that of Betsey Mattieon, in 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Zimri Per- rigs and Lucetta SpafFord, Jan. 17, 1815 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Daniel Reed, in 1814. The first inn was kept by Eppaphrus Mattison, in 1809; the first store, by Isaac Leach, in 1815 ; and the first gristmill was built by Perry &. Luce, in 1816. Fanny Furguson taught the first Fchool, in the summer of 1814. ^0 There are 4 churches in town ; Bap. and Presb. at Holley, M. E. at Hulberton, and Bap. in w. part of town. 11 So named from the ridge way or road formed by the lake ridge running e. and w. through the town. 12 Salt works were erected at a spring n. of Medina by the Hol- land Land Co. as early as 1805, and thrown open for the use of the settlers. Two roads opened by tlie Co. at the same time- one from the works s. to the "Old Buffalo Koad," and the other E. to the " Oak Orchard Road'* — were widely known as the ^'Sait Worlcs Roads." 18 The principal quarries are owned by Isaac Hathaway and John Ryan. The upper layers cleave off in smooth slabs from 2 to 5 inches thick. The succeeding layers are thicker,— some of the lower ones several feet. Besides what has been sent to the larger places for building, flagging, and paving, large quanti- ties have been quarried for building bridge abutments and canal walls. 1* The Medina Academy was incorp. in 1849, and is both an academy and a common school, participating in both the litera^ ture and common school funds. The average number of pupils is 400. 16 5 flouring and grist mills, with an aggregate of 22 run of stone, 2 oil mills, 2 iron founderies, 2 sash and blind. factories, a tannery, and a jnachine shop. 18 Named after Dea, Knowles, one of the earliest settlera. IT A steam sawmill, steam gristmill, tannery, and plaster milL ^8 At Oak Orchard is a distillery. ORLEANS COUNTY. 285 Madison co., N. Y., in 1809.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed at Oalc Orchard in 1817, by Rev. Jedediah Fairbanks.^ SIIEIjBY^ — was formed from Ridgeway, March 6, 1818. It is the s.w. corner town of the CO. Johnsons Greek and a branch of the Oak Orchard take their rise in this town, and the Oak Orchard crosses it through the center. Upon the latter streain, at Shelby Center, is a fall, affording a valuable water-power. The surface is undulating ; and the soil a mixture of sand, clay, and lime. The Tonawanda Swamp occupies the s. part. Slielby* (p. v.) contains 1 church and several manu- factories ;* Millvllle (p. V.) contains 3 churches, the Millville Academy, and about 45 dwellings. East Shelby (p. o.) and Slielby Basin (p.o.) are hamlets, and West Shelby is a p. office. Medina is partly in this town. The remains of Indian fortifications have been discovered in this town. The first settlement was made by Alex. Coon, from Rensselaer co., in 1810.° The first church (Bap.) was formed July 25, 1818.' fATES* — was formed from Ridgeway, April 17, 1822, as "NortUon;'' its name was changed the following year. It is the most westerly town upon the lake shore. It is crossed by Johnsons Creek and two smaller streams. Marsh Creek and Four Mile Creek have their whole course in the town. The surface is level, except along Johnsons Creek, where it is undulating ; the soil in the s. is a sandy loam, and along the lake clayey. Ijyndonville (p. v.) contains 3 churches and several manufactories. Pop. 242. Yates Center (Yates p.o.) contains 1 church and the Yates Academy. Pop. 191. County liine (p.o.) is on the w. line of the town. George Houseman, from Adams, Jefferson co., settled in this town in 1809, and John Eaton, from Penn., in 1810.* There are now 6 churches in town.^" Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Orleans County. AoRKS OP Land. | | Valuation op 1858. 1 1 POPBLATION. i 3 1 Schools. Names op Towns. 1 '1 i Mi; I 1 5 1 1 1,142 466 i! 34,7 60i 21,330 13.893 6,623i $2,417,118 888,673 $310,693 27,720 $2,727,811 916,393 3,428 1,233 3,369 1,096 1,223 490 888 364 25 17 2,372 1,039 Carlton 16,080i 11,350 711,961 97,669 809.620 918 831 336 360 258 10 713 14,082 3,846 741,834 77,300 819,134 1,S39 1,193 461 493 322 12 860 16,297 16,387 24,386 4,940 4,786i 6,798* 661,947 740,509 1,641,397 70,287 189,791 201,640 622,234 930,300 1,842,937 975 1,470 2,793 909 1,406 2,433 375 619 933 381 662 077 306 391 779 10 12 18 693 1,017 2,013 Kidgeway Shelby 20,673J 6,913 1,048,007 71,900 1,114,907 1,693 1,463 593 205 396 15 999 Tates 19,062 4,177 729,387 79,600 808,987 1,023 973 399 6,299 427 322 13 8U8 Total 181,948( 62,326i 9,466,823 1,126,400 1 10,692,2231 14,772 113,663 4,993 4,025 132 10,514 1 Live Stock. Agbicultdual Products. 3 BuaH. OF Gkain. 1 II ■& Dairy Pboddcts, 1 ill 1 1 tQ 1 •& la li cm 184.996 93.261 ce 1,937 1,063 2,665 1,673 1,84 90' 16,679 12,452 3,616 1,460 90,673 44,954 164,066, 76,678J 6.696} 3.532J 37,416 14.532 66,000 31.092 31,116 8,730 1,1424 1,1074 Carlton Clarendon 870 1,172 8V ! 4,806 1,278 36,782 68,037 r 2.926 10,822 26.966 86,251 10,687 383 GaineR 639 1,119 63 i 6,842 972 21,817i 66,244- 3.270i 12,295 29,372 90,317 6,665 79 Kendall. 798 1,633 87 L 10,577 1,469 8,868 96,234 I 3,391 19,597 16,216 77,035 6,376 886 807 1,318 7b 1. 6,703 1,079 26,863 66,146 3,1764 9.687 19,697 66,861 8,942 786 Ridgeway 1,638 1,923 1,24 3 11,402 2,144 63,822 93,784 4,879 28,181 32,417 116,124 17,719 2704 Shelby 1,058 1,483 96 r 10,648 2,092 69,29ei 106,871 3,798i • 23,965 40,824i 112,670 11,404 8234 Tates 930 1,615 84. 1 12,277 1,603 34,750 66,690 763,542 2,9494 16,483 20,197 86,608 9,770 846 6,324 Total 9,640114,491' 8,92 1 91,285'l6,692ll379,726 } 34,620i 171,8 67 281,7 814 912,013 110,298 1 Eli More, Israel Douglas, Dyer Sprague, Otis Turner, Dr. Wm. White, David Hooker, and S. B. Murdock were among the first settlers. The first sawmill was built by the Holland Land Co.. as early as 1805, to encourage settlement. The first grist- mill was built by OHa Tamer and Dr. White, in 1812; and the first tavern was opened In 1810, by Eli More. Lucy Jndson taught the first school. a There are now 9 churches in towu; Prot. E., Bap., M. E., Presb., and R. C. at Medina, Preab., M. E., and Bap. at Knowles- Tille, and Univ. at Ridgeway. a Named in honor of Gov. Shelby. * Generally known as " Shelby Center," and at an early day called ^^Bamegai." 6 2 flouring and grist mills, 1 paper mill, 1 tannery, 1 carding mill, and 2 sawmills. •Eleazur Frary, Henry and Robert Garter, David Demara, Joseph Ellicott, and Wm. Bennett were among the earliest set- tlers. The first birth was that of Asa Coon, Fob. 14, 1811; and the first death, that of Wm. Bennett, Oct. 4, 1812. The first sawmill was built by Joseph Ellicott, on Oak Orchard Ci-eek. in 1812, and the first gristmill, in 1S13. The first inn was kept by David Timmerman, in 1816 ; and the first store, by Christian Groff, in 1818. Cornelius Ashton taught the first school, in the winter of 1815-16. ' There are 9 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 1 Presb., 1 Quaker 1 Christian, 1 Bap., and 1 F. W. Bap. 8 Named in honor of Gov. Vatea. » The first marriage in town was that of Geo. Houseman, jr. and Sally Covert, in 1817 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Geo. Houseman, sr., iu Dec. 1813. The first inn was kept by Samuel Tappen, at Yates Center, in 1,'!26; and the first store, by Moore & Hough, in 1824. The first school was taught by Josiah Perry, 10 Presb., M. E., and Christian at Lyndonville, Bap. at Tates Center, Wes. Meth. ou u. town line, and M. E. on co. line. ERIE COUNTY. This county was formed from Niagara, April 2, 1821. It lies upon Lake Brie and Niagara River, on the w. line of the State, is cen- trally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is level in the N., rolling in the center, and hilly m the s, A region perfectly flat, and much of it marshy, lies along Tonar wanda Creek, and occupies the greater part of the N. tier of towns. This low region is bounded on the s. by a limestone terrace, 20 to 60 ft. high, extending from Black Rock E. through the s. part of Amherst, Clarence, and Newstead. A nearly level region, extend- ing s. from the summit of this ridge, embraces the city of Buffalo and the towns of Chicktowaga, Lancaster, and Alden, and terminates in the rolling region which occupies the entire central part of the co. The ridges in the center and s. have a general n. and s. direction, and rise gradually toward the s., tiieir highest summits attaining an elevation of 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys, 900 to 1000 ft. above Lake Erie, and 1400 to 1600 ft. above tide.i The highlands are divided into several distinct ridges by the valleys of Cazenove and Eighteen Mile Creeks. The slopes of the hills are generally long and gradual; but in some places the banks immediately bordering upon the streams are very steep. The land along the lake in the n. is low and level, but in the s. it rises in steep banks to a height of 20 to 50 ft. Niagara River, the outlet of Lake Erie, forms a portion of the w. boundary of the CO. Its current flows at the rate of 2J miles per hour. Grand Island, commencing about 5 miles below Buffalo, divides the river into two nearly equal branches. Squaw, Strawberry, Rattlesnake, Tonawanda, Beaver, and Buckhorn Islands, also in Niagara River, are within the limits of this CO. The river is navigable to the head of the rapids, about 2 mi. above Niagara Falls. Tonawanda CreeF forms the n. boundary of the co. It flows in a tortuous course through a low, marshy region. A dam, 4J ft. high at its mouth, furnishes slack water navigation for the Erie Canal for about 10 miles. Its principal branches are Murder and Ellicott^or Eleven Mile- Creeks. Buffalo Creek' enters the lake at Buffalo City, its estuary forming the harbor. Its principal tributaries are Cayuga Creek, from the n., and Cazenove Creek,* from the s. The other principal streams are Little Buffalo, Eighteen Mile,* Big Sister, and Cattaraugus Creeks, all flowing into the lake, and the last forming the s. boundary of the co. The lowest rocks are those of the Onondaga salt group ; and these are succeeded by'the hydraulic, Onondaga, and oorniferous limestones. The central part of the co. is occupied by the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, and the summits of the southern hills are covered by the rocks of the Portage group. The rocks of the salt group occupy nearly all the low land below the limestone terrace. They are covered so deep with drift and alluvium, however, that they have but Uttle influence upon the surface, and can never be profitably quarried for commercial purposes. Hy- draulic limestone of an excellent quality crops out along the n. base of the limestone terrace, and is extensively quarried. The terrace is composed of Onondaga and oorniferous limestone; and along its whole extent are numerous quarries, furnishing an abundance of lime and building stone of excellent quality. Numerous sulphur springs are found near the n. base of the terrace. The shales of the central and southern parts of the co. are generally covered with a thick deposit of drift, and are only visible along the margin of the streams. These rocks furnish an inferior kind of building stone, but are not otherwise valuable. The soil in the N. is generally a stiff, clay loam interspersed with beds of marl and muck ; further s. it is a clay and gravelly loam resting upon limestone. The southern hills are covered with 1 The following heights have heen obtained from the surveys of the proposed Buffalo & Pittsburgh R. K. ; — South Wales, 607 ft. above Lake Erie. Holland Village, 699 ft. " " Sardinia(8ummit), 891ft. " " Concord { " ),920ft." " The hills generally rise to about 200 feet above the grade of the E. R. 2 Seneca, Ta^no'wa'nHUJi, meaning, " at the rapids or ripples," or perhaps more nearly literally, " at his rapids." » On a map made in 1804 by Joseph Bllicott, agent of the Holland Land Comp.iny, this stream is laid down as "Tos^-o- 286 way" Creek. In an ancient Indian treaty it is called 'Te-fto-sfi ro-ron." * Named from Theophilus Cazenove, agent for the Holland Land Company. 6 The Seneca name is "GaaJi gwahge^HroaJi" literally, *'it wag the residence of the Gaah-gwah people." Leavinj^ off the suffix for the past tense, the name is "Gaah-gwah-!i6h," literally, "Gaah-gwah" place or residence. The Gaah-gwah Indians, or Eries, who formerly resided in this region, are pupposud to be the Neuter Nation spolten of by early French writers and some- times called Cat Indians. The remnant of them now living beyond the Mississippi are called Quawpaws. 03 ^ > R DO - o ^ 33 t>l ■"»|.i. ERIE COUNTY. 287 drift, consisting of clay and gravel. The soil of the valleys is generally a gravelly loam and alluvium. The principal pursuits in the n. are grain raising, and in the s. stock and vrool growing and dairying. The hilly regions are much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The people of Buffalo and Tonawanda are mostly engaged in commerce and manufactures.' Buffalo is the county seat.'' The courthouse, situated on the corner of Clinton and Ellioott Sts., IS a substantial brick building, containing the .court and jury rooms, the office of the co. clerk, and most of the other co. offices." The jail is a small stone building on the same lot. The Erie Co. Penitentiary is located on Fifth St., in Buffalo. The buildings are 5 in number,— the male and female prisons, tlie vrorkhouse, the warehouse, and the superintendent's dwelling. Prisoners are received from Allegany, Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Genesee, Orleans, and Niagara cos. The average number in confinement is 130.* The Erie Co. Poorhouse is located on a farm of 153 acres in the n. e. part of Buifalo. There are 2 buildings, — one designed for use as the poorhouse proper, and the other for the accommodation of the insane. The average number of inmates is 300, supported at a weekly cost of ^1.00 each.* The principal works of internal improvement are the Erie Canal, the Rochester & Buffalo, and the Lookport, Niagara Falls & Buffalo branches of the New York Central R. R., the Buffalo, New York & Erie, and the Buffalo & State Line Rail Roads,^ all terminating in the city of Buffalo, and the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., extending through New- stead, Clarence, Amherst, and Tonawanda. A railroad from Buffalo to Pittsburgh is now in pro- cess of construction. A pier, lighthouse, and breakwater have been built at the mouth of Buf- falo Creek.' With the exception of the Indian Reservation and the Mile Strip, along Niagara River, this co. was all included within the Holland Purchase.* The Indian lands, containing 130 sq. mi. and lying upon both sides of Buffalo Creek, at its mouth, were purchased in parcels, at different times ; and the whole territory is now thickly settled. The first settlements were made at Buffalo, about 1794-95, and in other places within a few years after. The generous outlays made by the Hol- land Company in the construction of roads, bridges, mills, &c. led to a rapid occupation of all the best lands in the co.' On the morning of the 30th of Dec, 1813, a British force of about 1,000 men crossed over from Canada and captured Black Rock and Buffalo. The American forces then stationed at these places were superior to the British in point of numbers ; but the officers were not qualified for command, and a large share of the militia fled upon the commencement of the action. The village of Buffalo was burned in retaliation of the wanton destruction of Newark,. in Canada, by the Americans under Gen. George McClure, (then of Steuben co.,) a short time before." The finishing of the Erie Canal and of the N. Y. Central R. R. tended greatly to develop the resources of the co., and to convert Buffalo, its chief city, into the greatest commercial place on tlie upper lakes. The first newspaper in the co. was established in 1811." 1 See p.ages . 2 By the act of March 11, 1808, erecting the co. of Niagara, Buffalo was named the CO. seat, on condition that the Holland Land Company deed to the county not less than half an acre of land for a site for the public buildings, and erect thereon a courthouse and jail. The company complied with these con- ditions, and erected, in 1810, a wooden courthouse and a stone jail. In the mean time the courts were held at the house of Joseph Landon. The courthouse was burned by the British in 1813. Soon after the close of the war, a new one was erected on VVaahington St., fronting La Fayette Park. The first officers of Brie co. were Sam'l Wilkeson, First Judge. ; John G. Camp, Sheriff; James L. Barton, Co. OUrlc; andEoswell Ohapin, Sur- rogate. 3 The present courthouse was built in 1850, at a cost of $18,000. The commissioners under whose supervision it was erected were Albert H. Tracy, Ralph Plumb, and Timothy A. Hopkins. 4 The penitentiary lot contains 5 acres, and is enclosed by a stone Willi 14 ft. in height. The male prison is built of stone, and the other buildings of brick. Four-flfths of all the convicts are of foreign birth. They are maintained at an average weekly expense of 65 cts., and are employed principally in the manu- facture of harness findings, upon contract, — the males at 20 cents per day, and the females at 15. 6 The poorhouse was built in 1852, under the supervision of Silas Kiogsley, at a cost of $80,000. It consists of an octagonal center, 75 ft. in diameter, with 2 wings, each 80 ft. long by 40 ft. wide; the whole 3 stories high and built of stone. Of the in- mates in 1857, 71 were lunatics and 11 idiots. « The main lines of the N. T. Central and the BufTalo, N. Y. & Brie K. Roads extend through Aldeo, Lancaster, and Chick-J towaga ; the Lockport 4 N. F. branch of the N. Y. Central, through Tonawanda; and the B. 4 State Line R. H., through West Seneca, Hamburgh, Evans, and Brandt. The Buffalo & Brantford (Canada) R. R. terminates opposite Buffalo. I See page . 8 See page . A large share of the later settlers of the CO. have been (ler- maus ; and this class of people now constitute about one-fifth of the entire population of the co. The population of several of the towns in the immediate vicinity of Buffalo is aluiost exclusively German. to The loss at Buffalo was reported at 66 frame, 1 stone, and 2 brick houses, 16 stores and offices, 35 barns, and 15 shops, valued together at $190,000; at Black Eock, 16 frame and 11 log houses, 8 barns, and 5 outhouses, valued at $19,000 ; and at other places 20 frame and 67 log houses, 5 stores, 29 barn s, 30 shops, &c,,woitli $141,000. Total, 334 buildings, worth $350,000, not including the buildings of the Messrs. Porter. — Albany Argus, Ap^-il 22, 1814. II The Buffalo Gazette, the first paper in the county, was com- menced Oct. 3, 1811, by S. H. & II. A. Salisbury. It was removed to Harris Hill in 1813, and back to Buf- falo in the spring of 1814. In April, 1819, H. A. S.ilis- bury became sole proprietor, and changed the name to Tlie Niagara Patriot. On the erection of Erie co. in 1820 it was changed to Tlie Buffalo Patriot. It was successively under the editorial charge of Wm. A. Carpenter, Harvey Newcomb, and Guy H. Salisbui-y. The Daily Commercial Advertiser was issued from the same office, .Tan. 1, 1835. Soon after. Dr. T. M. Foote and B. A. Manchester became associated in the management of the two papers ; and in Aug. 1838, the Aurora Stand- ard was merged in them, and A. M. Clapp, its pub- lisher, became one of the proprietors of the joint con- 288 ERIE COUNTY. AliDC^ — was formed from Clarence, March 27, 1823, and a part of Marilla was taken off in 1853. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. e. of the center. Its surface in the w. is level, and cern. Id May, 1839, they were united with the BuflFalo Journal, and the weekly waa published as The Patriot and Journal, and the daily as 'T/ie Ojmmerciat Adv>.rtiser and Jimrnul, by E. K. Jewett & Co. The f illowiiiij: year the daily appeared as The Buffalo Commercial Advertiser) and under theBu titled the papery aie stiU published, under the editoi'ial charge uf Dr. S. B. Hunt. Since 1&56 a semi- weekly Commercial Advertiser has been issued. The Niagara Journal was established in July, 1815, by David M. Day; and in 1820 its name was changed to The Buffalo Journal. In 1834 it passed into the hands of E. J. Roberts, and in 1835 it was suspended. The Buffalo Whig was established in 1834 by D. M. Day ; and in 183o it waa united with the Buffalo Journal, and ap- peared as The Buffalo Whig and Journal. Jan.l, 1838, M.Cadwallader and Dr. H. R. Stagg were associated with Day, and in Feb. they issued The Buffalo Daily Journal. In 1838 the establishment passed into the hands of E. R. Jewett, by whom the papers were united the following year with the Buffalo Patriot and the Commercial Advertiser. The Gospd Advocate (Univ.) waa begun in 1822 by Kev. Thomas Gross. In 1823 Simeon Bniiton, and in 18213 Revs. L. S. Everett, Theophilus Fisk, and M. Tuttlp, became pro- prietors. In 1S28 it was removed to Auburn. The Black Rock Beacon was puhlibhed by L. G. Hoffman from 1822 to 1824. The Buffalo Emporium was issued in 1824 by J. A. Lazelle and Simeon Francis, and continued about 5 years. The Black Bock Gazette was begun in 1824 by Bartemus Fergu- son, who dispo.sed of it to S. H. Salisbury in 1825. In 1827 it was removed to Buffalo, and its name changed to The Buffalo and Black Rock Gazette. It was discontinued in 1828. T/ie Black Rock Advocate was begun in Feb. 1826, and was pub- lished 1 year by Daa'l P. Adams. The Western Advertiser^ after an existence of 3 months, waa merged in the Buffalo Patriot in the spring of 1828. The Buffalo Republican was commenced in April, 1828, by W. P. M. Wood. It was successively under the charge of S. H. Salisbury & W. S. Snow, S. H. Sahsbury, H. L. Ball. Chas. Faxon k Jas. Stryker, and Chas. Faxon. In 1835 the Buffalo Bulletin was merged in the Republican, and the Daily Star waa bought by Faxon and continued under its old name. Horatio Gates and W. L. Crandall were successively editors. In Dec. 1838 the office was burned and the papers were suspended; but the weekly was resumed by Quartus Graves iu 1839. Jan. 1,1842, Henry Burwell, then proprietor, changed its name to The Democratic Economist; and in Oct. following Joseph String- man succeeded, and changed it to r/t€ Mercantile Courier and Democratic Economist. In Feb. 1843 it appeared as ' The Buffalo Courier and Economist; and in March as Tha Buffalo Cmirier. July 1, 1846, it was united with The Pilot, and The Courier and Pilot, d., tri-w., and w., was published by Stringman, Manchester & Brayman. In Dec. it was changed to The Buffalo Conrier, its present title. It has passed successively through the hands of Robt. D. Foy & Co Seaver A Foy, Wm. A. Seaver, Seaver & Sandford, and to J. H. Sandford, its present publisher. .Tfie Buffalo Bulletin waa issued in 1830, and was published by Horace Steel 4 years, by James Faxon 1 year, and was umted with The Republican in 1835. The Daily Star was commenced in 1834 by Jas. Faxon, and in 1835 it was united with Tho Republican ■The National Pilot was started in Feb. 1845, by Manchester & Brayman, and was united with The Courier in Julv 1846. The .Warning, semi-mo., was published in 1828 bv Rev J B Hyde. " ' The Buffalo Herald, (Presb.,) edited by Rev. Randolph Stone in 1831, only reached its aecond number. The Gospel Banner was begun in 1832 by Benj. Clark, and con- tinued 2 years. The Philanthropist, mo., was started in 1832 by Nathaniel Pot- '•^r, jr., and contiuued 1 year, r/w Examiner, mo., (Unit.,) was published in 1833. J he Literary Enquirer, semi-mo., commenced Jan. 1, 1833, was mj, m P^^l^s^iy'l 2 years by Wm. Verrlnder. ihe Transcript, d. and w., commenced in Aug. 1835, by Hentv Tu ^ ^«^??' was continued only 6 months. I he Young Men's Temperance BeraU was started in 1836 by A. Th. n^v7 g^°«r™or A B. B. French, and continued 1 year: m^ « i'i^P^'S" P'^Pers issued in 1835. The Buff^ Specta^ (Presb^ was started in 1836 by J. & W. Butler, and continued 2 years "^"^'/n &"*?*'»'*■' 1^" ^''"r '^"^^ ^y tl^e Bethel Society in 1830. ,It was afterward changed to ""^ciy The Bethel Flag, and in 1846 united with the Sailors' Magasine, of New Yoik. T?te Buffalonian, w. at first and d. afterward, was published about a year; and in 1838 it was united with The Mercury. This paper was continued until 1840 by T. L. Nichols and K. Simpson successively. Der Wdtbuerger whs started in 1837 by Geo. Zahm, and was published euccessively by him, by his administrators, and by Brunck & Di midion. In 1853 ii was unitud with The Buffalo Democrat, and took the niiniL' of The Buffalo Democrat and Well bnerger, d. and w., by which title it is now published by urunck Held & Co. The Buffalo Democrat (German) was started in 1850 by Chas. de Haas ; and in 1853 it was united with The "Weltliuerger. The Sun, d. and w., was issued in the winter of 1^38, and was published 1 year by Abraham Densmore and E. H. Eastabrook successively. The Moon, a penny daily, was issued during the summer of 1839, Bristol's Gazette and titrald of Health, mo., was cuniuk'nced in 1839 by C. C. Bristol. The next year it appeared as Bristol's Gazette, and was discontinued in 1842. The Friend of Youth, mo., was started iu 1839 by Rev, A. T. Hopkins, and was published 1 year. The Buffalo Sentinel, d. and w., was published during the sum- mer of 1839 by Thomas Newell. The Morning I'uttler, d.. was started in 1840 by Langdon, Fouchette & Shaeffer. Its name was changed to The Morning Times, by J. S. Walker, and it was discontinued soon after. Der Volks Schild was published by F. H. Singer during the summer of 1840. The Phalanx, d. and w., was published 6 weeks in 1840 by 0. D. Ferris. The Buffalo Garland was published in 1840 by Geo. W. Bungay. Honest Industry was published in 1840 by Dr. Daniel Lee. The Volksfreund ^German) was published in 184U by Adolphus Meyer. The Western Presbyterian was issued in March, 1S41, by Rev. J. C. Lord, and continued 1 year. The Westei-n Literary Messenger, semi-mo., was started Jn July, 1841, by J. S. Chadbouroe. C. D. Ferris, Jesse Clement, Chas. Faxon, and E. R. Jewett, at different times, were interested in its publication. From 1842 it was pub- lished weekly until 1857, when it was discoutiuued. Bannister's Life in Buffalo was published a few weeks in 1841 by N. H. Bannister. The Suhhms Patriot, eemi-mo., was published dux-ing the winter of 1841-42 by T. J. Southerland. The Buffalo American was started in 1842 by T. Foster & C. F. Butler, and continued 1 year. The Old School Jeffersonian and The Daily Gazette were pub- lished from 1S42 to '43 by Charles Faxon. The Temperance Standard was published in 1842 by H. H. Salisbury Sl A. M. Clapp. The School Reader wati published about 3 months in 1842 by A. W. Wilgus. Prescott's Telegraph was published in 1842 by W. Prescott The Buffalo Gazette, d. and w., waa started in 1843 by H. A. Salisbury, B. A. Manchester &. J. 0. Brayman, and con- tinued 3 years. TJie FreimUthige (Gorman) was started Jan. 1843, by Alexander Krau.se & Adolphus Meyer, and continued 'l years. The Telegraph, d. and w, (German,) was started in Nov. 1845, by H. R. Miller. Louis Tickers, Adolphus Hilman, and C. Essellen have successively had the editorial charge. It is now published by P. H. Bender, and edited by C. The Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly- Review of Medical and Surgical Sci- ence was started in June, 1845, by Dr. Austin Flint. In 1853Dr.S. B.Hunt became associated in its manage- ment, and in 1855 its sole proprietor. In 1858 it passed into the hands of Dr. Austin Flint, jr., its present pro- prietor. Tlie Western Cataract was started in 1845 by L. P. Jndson. Jas, Dubois, W. B. Williams, and Chauncey Hulburt were successively editors. In Jan. 1847, it was changed to The Western Temperance Standard, and waa discontinued the following year. The Impetus wae started in 1845 by E. W. Spaulding, and con- tinued 6 months. The Morning Express was started Jan. 14, 1846, by A. ftL Qapp & Co. In 1855 The Daily Democracy was united with The Express, and it appeared as The Buffalo Morning Express and Dally De- mocracy, by which name it is now published. A m-L T. weekly and tri-weekly edition are also issued. The Democracy, d. and w., was started in May, 1854, by G. W. Haskins. The Rough Notes waa merged in The Demo- cracy soon after; and in Aug. 1855, The Democracy was united with The Express. TM Sough Notes, d., was started iii March, 1852, by Geo. Reeae. ERIE COUNTY. 289 jn the E. gently undulating. It is watered by the head waters of Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creekff. The soil is a deep, fertile, sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Alden, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y, R. R., contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 285; Alden Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses ; and Mill Grove^ (p-v.,) in the n. w. corner, 18 houses. Crittenden (p. o.) and M^ende are stations on the N. Y. C. R. R. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1810, by Moses Fenno.^ The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, in 1811. The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813-14. There are now 6 churches in town.^ AMHERST^ — ^was formed from Buffalo, April 10, 1818 ; and Chicktowaga was taken off in 1839. It lies upon the n. border of the co., between Clarence and Tonawanda. Its surface is level. Eleven Mile and Ransoms Creeks flow across the town in a n. e. direction ; and Tona- wanda Creek forms its n. boundary. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Upon the land of John Foglesonger, in the s. part of the town, is a very copious sulphur spring. A gristmill with 3 run of stone has been built on the stream formed by it. A ledge of limestone extends across the s. part of the town, from which limestone is quarried in various places. Beneath this ledge is a layer of hydraulic limestone, which is extensively quarried at Williamsville and burned for waterlime. 'ff illiamsville,^ (p-"^-.) incorp. in 1850, is situated on Eleven Mile Creek, in the s. part of the tovni. It contains 4 churches, an academy,^ and several manufactories.® Pop. In 1854 Kann & Cowan became proprietors, and the same year it was united with The Democracy. TTiA Wt&Uam JUvangdist (Univ.) was started in June, 1846, by Rev. L. S. Everett, and continued 1 year. The Ambassador^ (Univ.,) started the same year, was removed to Auburn in 1847. The JourTud of Commerce, d., was started in 1847 by John W. Jones, and continued 6 months. Tlie JR^mblic, d. and w., was started by Livingston, Albro & Co., Jan. 26, 1847. Quartus Graves, Maynard & Welsh, C. A. Kellogg, and C. C. Bristol were successively inte- rested in its management. In 1857 The Buffalo Daily Times was united with The Republic, and it was issued a s Tbie Buffalo Republic and Times, d.,tri-w., and w. Guy. H. cJalisbury is the present proprietor. A campaign paper was published in connection with this paper in 1856. TJie Buffalo Daily Times was started in Aug. 1857, by the Times Association ; and the next year it was united with The Republic. Der Freie Demdkrat was published in 1848. The Wool Grower and ilagazine of Agriculture and Horticulture, mo., was started in 1849 by T. C. Peters, and continued untU 1852. The Daily Queen City, a penny paper, was started in 1860 by G. J. Brj-an. The title was changed in 1852 to The Buffalo Evening' Post, under which name it is now published. Tfie Buffalo Christian Advocate was started in Jan. 1850, by John E. Eobie. In 1857 it was changed to The Advocate, under which name it is now published. Cffinmon Sense was published in 1850 by D. P. Stile. Die Aurora, w. and 8emi-w.,was started in 1850 by Chris- tian Wieckmann, its present publisher. Das Kirclillclie luformatorium, semi-mo., was started in July, 1851, by Conrad Bar; and in 1854 T. Andr. A. Grabau, its present editor, assumed its charge. The Sunday Bulletin was started in 1851 by "Urn. F. Bodgers, and continued 9 months. Tlie Youtli's Casket, mo., was started in 1851 by Beadle & Vanderzee. It is now published by Robt. Adams. The American Miller was published in 1S51 by Wm. C. Hughes. The. Evangelical Cfiristian was published in 1851 by Geo. Stanbro &Co. The. American CeU and Catholic Citizen was brought from Bos- ton, Mass., to Buffalo in June, 1852, and continued until May, 1853, when it was removed to New York. Die Haxe. its present publisher. The American Citizen was started at Springville in Feb. 1856, by Lucius C. Sanders, and continued nearly a year. The Tonawanda Omimercial was staited at Tonawanda in 1846 by Sylvester Hoyt, and continued about a year. The Niagara Biver Pilot wrs commenced at Tonawanda in 1853 by Packard & Foxlonger. In Aug. 1866, it passed into the hands of S. 0. Hayward, by whom, in Nov. 1857, it was changed to The ?flagara Frontier, under which name it is still pulilit:hed. The Mental Elevator was published a short time in the Seneca language. 1 Among the first settlers were Joseph Freeman, John Easta- brook. Wm. Snow, and Arunah Hibbard, who came in 1810; Sand. Slade, James Crocker, Saml. Huntington, and Jonas Stick- ney, who came in 1811; and Wm. Dayton, who camo in 1812. The first birth was that of a daughter of Anmah Hibbard ; and the first death, that of PoUy Cransaky, in 1812. John Rogers built the first sawmill, in 1813 or '14, and the first gristmill, in 1817. Amos Bliss kept the first inn, and Seth Eastabrook ths first store, both in 1816. The first school was taught by Mehe- tabel Eastabrook, in 1815. 2 Bap., Presb., Evang. Luth., M. E., and 2 R. C. 3 Named in honor of Lord Amherst, commander of the English forces in America in 1759-60. 4 Named from Jonas Williams, one of the early settlers. 6 The Williamsville Classical Institute. The whole number of .students for the year 1857 was 222. A gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, a furnace, a broom factory, fL cliair factory, and a waterlime mill, the last producing 3,000 til 6.nn0 hbls. of hvdraiilin rpmAnt tinr vpar. 290 BRIE COUNTY. 1,166. Eg-gertsvlIIe, Getzville, East Amherst, and ■Westwood are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Timothy S. Hopkins and Elias Ransom, from Great Bamng- ton, Mass.' There are 9 churches in town.^ AURORA— was formed from Batavia, as " Willink," April 11, 1804. Its name was changed April 15, 1818. Clarence was taken off in 1808, Buffalo in 1810, Concord, Hamburgh, and Eden in 1812, Holland and Wales in 1818, and a part of Elma in 1857. It occupies nearly a central position in the co. Its surface ia rolling in the N. and hilly in the s. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, and their summits are 150 to 300 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Cazenove Creek and its branches. The soil is gravelly loam in the valleys and clayey among the hills. "Williiill, (p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 29, 1849, is situated on the B. branch of i^azenove Creek, in the n. part of the town. It contains 2 churches and a woolen factory and has a pop. of 365. East Aurora, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. e. of Willink, contains 2 churches, an academy,' and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 360. West Falls, (p-v.,) on the w. bank of Cazenove Creek, in the s. part of the town, contains 1 church, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and about 30 houses; and CrriOins Mills, (p. v.,) on the same stream, near the center of the town, contains 1 church, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in the fall of 1803, by Jabez AVarren, Henry Godfrey, and Nath'l Emerson.* The evidences of ancient Indian occupation were plainly visible upon the advent of the whites.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized with 16 members, in 1810, by Elder Irish. There are 7 churches in town.« Ex- Pres. Millard Fillmore and Hon N. K. Hall, Judge of Supreme Court and Ex-P. M. Gen., were for some years residents of East Aurora. IB©STOW — was formed from Eden, April 5, 1817. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the oo. Its surface ia a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the N. branch of Eight-een Mile Creek, which flows n. w. through near the center of the town. The valley of this stream is about three-fourths of a mile wide. In this valley the soil is a fine, fertile loam, and upon the hills it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Boston, (p. v.,) on the N. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a tannery, a cow-bell factory, and 40 houses ; Boston Center, (Patohin p. o.,) on the same stream, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, and 20 houses; and IVortll Boston, (p. v.,) 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. The first settlement was made by Didemus Kinney, in 1803.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, in 1810. There are 7 churches in town.* BRAWOT' — was formed from Collins and Evans, March 25, 1839. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is generally level, with a, gentle incline' tion toward the lake. Cattaraugus Creek forma a part of the s. boundary. The other principal streams are Big Sister, Delaware, and Muddy Creeks. The soil is generally a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Brandt (p. v.) contains 20 houses, and Mill Branch (Farnham p.o.) 30. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Moses Tucker.'" The first religious services were conducted by Benj . Olmsted, in 1820. A union church is the only one in town. 1 Among the early settlers were Wm. Maltbury, Jonas Wil- liams, Jauies Harmon, Horatio Kelaey, Seth Canfield, Enos A, Armstrong, and Jas. Harris. The first sawmill was built in 1801, by Thomson ; and the first gristmill, by Wm. Maltbury, in 1808. Elias Kansom kept the first inn, in 1805, and Juba Storra Si Co. the first store, in 1812. 2 Bap., Disciples, M. E., and Germ. Cath. at Williamsville, and 2 Evang. Luth., Eree, Mennonite, and K. C. in other parts of the town. 3 The Aurora Manual Labor Seminary was chartered Oct. 18, 1833; and in 1S38 its name was changed to the Aurora Academy. The manual labor department was long since abandoned. 4 These were followed by Joel and John Adams, Tabor Earlle, and Humphrey Smith, in 1804, and Wm. Warren, Thos. Tracy, Christopher Stone, and Luther Ilibbard, in 1805. The first birth was thiit of Orra Warren, in Dec. 1805 ; and the first death, that of a daughter of Humphrey Smith, in 1806. Phineas Stevens built the first sawmill, in 1806, and the first gristmill, in 1807. Gen. Wm. Warren kept the first inn, in 1806, and Adams & Hascall the first store, in 1808. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in 1806. & Two hills, in the N. part of the town, were fortified by cir- cular breastworks, in many places 6 to 8 ft. high. Human bones, of almost giant size, have been dug up near the fortifica- tions ; and pieces of pottery and iron axes have been found in the vicinity. — -Letter of i?eii. Asher Wright, In 1809 an ancient copper plate, 12 by" 16 inches, covered with letters or hiero- glyj)hiC8, was plowed up upon the land of Ephraim Woodruff, in Aurora : the finders, not knowing its value as a specimen of antiquity, converted it into a dipper and skimmer. — Turnei^s Hoi. Pur., p. COS. » 2 Presb., Bap., Cong., M. B., Univ., and E. C. ' Oliver and Charles Johnson settled in the town in 1805, and Kichard Gary and Sam'l Katon in 1807. The first bii-th was tliat of Phinney Johnson, in 1806; the first mavrLtge, that of David Stannard and Esther Yaw, in 1810 ; and the first death, that of Joel Beebe, in 1809. Ethan Howard built the first mill, in 1810; Job Palmer kept the first inn. in 1811 ; and Aaron J. Tupper the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Joel Eddy, in 1810. 8 Bap., Free Will Bap., Evang. Luth., Friends, M. E., Meth. Prot., and Univ. 8 Named from Col. Joseph Brant, tbe Mohawk chief. His Indian namje was *• r?ia-yan.da-nep.£ra7(," said to signify "wood partly burned," or " a brand ;" and as the Indians are unable to distinguish d from t in their pronunciation, it became Brant.— Asher Wright, Missionary at the Cattaraugus Jtestn-atimi. 1" John, Kobert, and Major Campbell, and John West, settled in the town in 1808, and Ansel Smith, Robt. and Wm. Qrannis, and Benj. Olmsted, in 1819. The first birth was that of a son of John West, in 1818 ; the first marriage, that of Levi Grannis and Leah Hallida, in 1819 ; and the first death, that of Matthew West, in 1822. The first mill was built by Sam'l Butts, in 1822 ; the first inn was kept by Josephus Hubbai-d, in 1825 ; and the first store, by Milton Morse, in 1886. Julia Bradley taught the • first school, in 1823. ERIE COUNTY. 291 BUFFAI^ CITY— was formed as a town, Feb. 8, 1810.' Amherst was taken off in 1818, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of BuiFalo was inoorp. April 2, 1813, re-organized in 1815, and again in 1822, and inoorp. as a city April 20, 1832, with its limits enlarged by the addition of that part of the Mile Strip Reservation^ s. of York and North Sts. By the provisions of a new charter, granted April 13, 1853, the then town of "Black Rock" was included within the city limits. The city lies at the E. extremity of Lake Erie, extending nearly 10 mi. along the lake shore and the upper part of Niagara River, and occupies an area of about 40 sq. mi. The principal streams are Big Buffalo and Soajaquady' Creeks, — the former emptying into Lake Erie and the latter into Niagara River. The principal business part of the city is on the lake shore around the harbor. The land in this locality is low, and was once considered "an irreclaimable morass ; but it is now densely covered with substantial warehouses and large stores, intermingled with factories, foundries, mechanics' shops, and dwellings."* The site rises gradually, and attains in one or two places an elevation of about 100 ft. ; but the greater portion of the area occupies an extended plpn of an average height of 50 ft. above the lake. On the "Buffalo Plains," and along the river at North Buffalo, are extensive quarries of limestone, furnishing an excellent building material.^ The city is regularly laid out, and the streets are broad and straight. The flagging and paving are done in the most substantial manner, and are kept in excellent repair.* The main part of the city is supplied with wholesome water from Niagara River by the Buffalo "Water Works Company. The reservoir, situated on Niagara between Connecticut and Vermont Sts., is 88 ft. higher than the river, and has a capacity of 13,500,000 gallons. The water is elevated by two force pumps, each of a capacity of 235 gallons, and is distributed through 31 mi. of pipe.' Lower Black Rook is supplied by the Jubilee Water Works with water obtained from the Jubilee Springs. It is conducted through wooden pipes, of which there are more than two miles laid.* There are 5 post-ofBces in the city, — Buffalo, North Buffalo, Buffalo Plains, Red Jacket, and Black Rock. The harbor of Buffalo is formed by Big Buffalo Creek, along which for more than a mile is a continuous line of wharves. A pier extends from the s. side of the harbor 1500 ft. into the lake, forming an effectual barrier against the encroaching sands, which everywhere on the lake have a tendency to accumulate on the w. side of piers. At its extremity is a lighthouse.' The Brie Canal enters the city along Niagara River, from which it is separated by a seawall, and extends southward to near the mouth of Buffalo Creek, and thence eastward to Hamburgh St. The Erie Basin, just if. of the mouth of Buffalo Creek, protected lakeward by a breakwater, and the Ohio Basin, about one and one-fourtli mi. from the mouth of the creek, containing an area of 10 acres, are both connected with the harbor and canal and are sufficiently deep to float the largest lake vessels.'" A ship canal more than a mi. in length extends along the w. side of Big Buffalo Crefek parallel to the shore of the lake. This canal, the basins, the Erie Canal, and the harbor are all connected by numerous slips. Six railroads terminate in the city ; and another — the Buffalo & Pittsburgh — is in process of construction." 1 The city of Buffalo waa taken off io 1832, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of ^^Black Rock," in this town, was incorp, April 24, 1837, and receives its name from the color of the rock which outcrops at the ferry laDdin;^. The remaining part or the town was organized as Black llock, Feb. 14, 18u9; and in 1863 it was annexed to the city. 2 gee p. — — . 3 Named from an Indian of that name, and pronounced Ska- Joc'quad-da. 4 Buffalo City ZKredory, 1858. 5 The pier, the breakwater, the arsenal, St. .Joseph's Cathedral, and many of the most substantial buildiogs in the city, are in part or wholly built of this stone. • There are 261 mi. of located streets within the city limits, 37i mi. of paved streets, 206,000 line or feet of stone sidewalks, and 108 mi. of plank walks. There are 1,960 street lamps in the city, lighted by gas furnished by the Buffalo tlas Light Com- pany. The present cost of the street Improvements is estimated at $J,000,000 ; and the aggregate of taxes for local improvements in 1H67 was $356,913. ' The Buffalo Water Works Company was incorp. March 16, 1849. The original coat of the works was $400,000 ; and 905,000 of the earnings have been expended in extending the works. Connected with them are 320 street hydrants, and 20 under- ground reservoirs, having an aggregate capacity of 407.850 gal. 8 The Jubilee Water Works Company was organi/.ed in 1827, of wooden pipe laid, fully supplying Black Rock and a part of Buffalo ; hut, while the increase of population created a greater demand for water, the supply from the springs diminished, and in 1845 the citizens of Lower Black Rock purchased the works and confined the supply to their own village. 9 The lighthouse is built entirely of stone and iron. It is 44 ft. hiy:h, 20 ft. in diameter at its base, and 12 ft. at the top. The molehead upon v/hich it stands is 160 ft. in diameter and has a depth of 15 ft. below the surface of the water. The pier and lighthouse were completed in 1833. It is furnished with a first class dioptric Fresnel apparatus. 10 These baains were constructed by the State as parts of the great system of internal navigation; but their sites were fur- ni.'ihed by the city. The Erie Basin cost $300,000, and the Ohio Basin $bO 000. They were commenced in 1848 and finished in 1858. Vessels driven by storms and failing to gain an entrance to the harbor find a capacious and sheltered retreat in the har- bor of Blacli Kocli,— formed by a mole from Bird Island to Squaw Island, a distance of 2915 yards. This, with the islands, forms a harbor 4,565 yards long and from 88 to 220 yards wide, with an area of 136 acres. Besides affording an exceedingly convenient harbor, with an average depth of 15 feet, this work secures a water-power of about 4| ft. A ship lock is constructed at its foot; and it is ou the line of the Erie Canal. 11 Besides these, 6 plank roads, a macadamized road, and a 292 ERIE COUNTY. Buffalo is the second commercial city of the State, and the largest and most important upon the great lakes.' Its situation at the foot of navigation upon Lake Erie and at the western terminus of the Brie Canal makes it the principal port for the transhipment of the products of the great gram region of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and gives to it the command of the greater part of the commerce of the lakes.'' The number of entries at this port during the year 1857 was 4,017, with an aggregate of 1,618,672 tons ; and the number of clearances was 3,564, with an aggregate of 1,603,134 tons.' The exportation and importation by canal is also immense ;* and it is estimated 1 It is often called " I'he Queen City," and " The Queen City of tlie Lakes." ' --..„-,,o. . 2 The amount of grain received in 1857 was 15,443,778 bush., and of flour 925,411 bbls., of which 15,348,930 bush, of grain and 845,953 bbls. of flour were received by lake. The same year there were received by lake 29,799 head of cattle, 76,174 hogs, and 44,972 sheep. The following table shows the imports, by lake, of flour and grain for a series of years : — year. Flour, Wheat. Com. Oatn. 1 Barley. Rye. 1836... 139,173 304,090 204,366 28,640 4,876 1,600 1837... 126,806 450,360 94,490 2,663 3,267 1838... 277,620 933,117 34,148 6,677 909 1839... 294,126 1,117,262 1840... 697,742 1,004,661 71,327 1841... 730,040 1,636,000 201,031 14,144 2,150 1842... 734,308 1,665,430 464,630 4,710 1,228 1843... 917,617 1,827,241 223,963 2,489 1,332 1844... 915,030 2,177,600 137,978 18,017 1,617 466 1845... 746,760 1,770,740 64,200 23,100 1846... 1,374,629 4,744,184 1,465.268 218,300 47,530 28,260 1847... 1,867,000 6,489,100 2,862,300 446,000 70,787 1848... 1849... I860... 1,249,000 4,620,117 2,298,100 660,000 17,809 1,103,039 3,681,346 2,693,378 369,680 3,600 1861... 1,258,224 4,167,121 6,988,776 1,140,340 142,773 10,662 1862... 1,299,613 6,549,778 6,136,746 2,696,231 ■497,913 112,271 1863... 976,667 6,424,043 3,666,703 1,480,666 401,098 107,162 1864... 739,766 3,610,792 10,109,973 4,441,739 313,886 177,066 1866... 936,761 8,022,126 0,711,230 2,693,222 62,304 299,591 1856-. 1,126,048 8,466,671 9,632,477 1,733.382 46,327 246,810 1857- 845,963 8,334,179 6,713,611 1,214,760 37,844 48,536 The annual average receipts of flour duriug the first five years was about 360,000 bbls.; during the next five it was 820,000; during the next five, 1,474,000 ; and during the next five, 969,000. The whole amount of grain received in 1847 was 9,668,187 bush., and in 1855 20,788,475 bush., — the greatest amount in any one year. This was a greater amount than was received that year in any other port in the world. The following table shows the receipts of leading articles during three seasons ; — Ashes, casks Beef, bbls Broom Corn, bales Barley, bush Butter, lbs Bacon, lbs Cattle, No Cranberries, bbls Coal, tons Copper Ore, lbs * The following tables nients that year was $16. 1855. 4,295 97,804 9,725 62,304 1,988,920 10,768,396 14,049 226 69,878 560,000 1866. 3,255 83,320 7,366 46,327 1,241.600 9,220,932 25,283 404 63,512 1,870,488 1857. 2,976 69,911 6,086 37,844 923,000 3,612,619 29,799 91 67,247 2,687,600 Cotton, bales Corn, bush Eggs, bbls feathers, sacks Pish, bbls Furs, bdls Flax, hales Flour,bbl8 Hemp, bales Hides, No Horses, No Hogs, No Iron, pig, tons Lard, lbs Lead, pigs Leather, rolls Lumber, ft Lath, No Meal, corn, bbls Nuts, bbls Oil, hbls Oats, hush Pork, hbls Pelts, bdlsi Robes, Buffalo, bales.. Rye, bush Seeds, bbls Skins, bdls Staves, No Shingles, No Sheep, No Tobacco, hhds Tobacco, cases Tallow,lbs Whisky, bbls Wheat, bush Wool, bales 1855. 8,711,230 6,691 379 6,762 1,112 1,276 936,761 1,191 90,964 362 69,944 3,994 10,367,136 67,309 2,266 72,026,661 246,000 867 346 4,700 2,693,322 106,682 4,311 480 299,591 20,622 2,391 16,421,668 1,764,000 26,608 489 3.470 1,234,100 37,087 8,022,126 47,168 681 9,632,477 6,326 820 6,826 890 729 1,126,048 327 111,856 408 72,713 2,077 6,335,600 30,677 2,326 60,684,641 920,000 1,800 805 2,870 1,733,382 60,477 3,368 287 246,810 16,297 1,814 18,656,039 398,000 41,467 623 3,837 634,900 36,009 8,466,671 41,592 817 6,713,611 8,286 242 5,211 636 622 846,963 912 139,061 193 76,174 1,323 643,000 22,247 2,613 68,283.319 1,602,000 150 113 1,789 1,214,760 20,283 1,596 1.150 48,636 14,830 2.173 23,024,213 1,669,000 44,972 270 2,102 445,760 42,140 8,334,179 35,613 The total value of the importations of these three years were, in 1866, $48,767,316 : in 1866, 840,429,871 ; and in 1867, $34,846,692. 3 Following is an exhibit of the number of entrances and clearances, their tonnage and crews, for six successive years : — Year. No. Tonnage. Ifm. 1862 18.53 1854 1866 1866 1867 9,441 8,298 8,912 9,211 8,128 7,681 3,092,247 3,262,978 3,990,284 3,360,233 3,018,687 3,221,806 127,491 128.112 120,838 111,616 112.061 132,183 show the receipts and shipments of leading articles for the year 1867 : — The total value of the canal ship- .966,740, and the tolls of the same received at the collector's office amounted to $669,637.44. BBCEIFTS. Lumber, ft 1,863.693 Timber, 100 cubic ft.. 30,920 Wood, cords 25,836 Cheese, lbs 22,662 Wool, lbs 1,320 Hides, Ihs 130,500 Flour, bbls 28,621 Wheat, bush 19,966 Rye, hush 7,778 Corn, bush 1,131 Barley, bush 37,434 Bran, &c. lbs. 236,689 Beans and peas, bush 10,908 Potatoes, bush 3,342 Dried fruit, Iba 130,900 Hops, lbs 621,862 Domestic spirits, gals 24,720 Leather, lbs 714,136 Furniture, lbs 4.363,776 Pig iron, lbs 12,417,164 Castings and ironware, lbs 30,902,467 Domestic cottons, lbs 594,868 Domestic salt,lbs 62,278,989 Foreign salt, lbs 193,839 Sugar, lbs 12,768,136 Molasse.s, lbs 7,701,144 Coffee, lbs 4.900.077 Nails, spikes, 4c. lbs. 2,866,471 Iron and steel, lbs 12,417.666 Railroad iron, lbs 32,187,521 Crockery and glassware, lbs 5,606,277 AH other mdse, lbs 92,894,060 Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 74,134,242 Gypsum, lbs 660,687 Coal, lbs 116,193,297 Sundries, lbs 10,471,711 SHIPMENTS. Lumber, ft 43,727,623 Timber, 100 cubic ft 12,486 Staves, lbs 186,921,748 Ashes, casks 1,829 Pork, bbls 9,195 Beef, bbls 6,256 Bacon, lbs 2,112,093 Cheese, lbs 66,469 Butter, lbs 9,874 Lard, tallow, and lard oil... 710,436 Wool, lbs » 1,326,289 Hides, lbs 780,886 Flour, bbls 88,092 TUlinof Ti.Tcl. ft fiTT 0O7 Rye, bush 6, Corn, bush 6,001, Barley, bush 11, Oats, bush 905, Bran, Ac. lbs 4,796, Dried fruits, lbs Cotton, lbs Tobacco, lbs 16, Hemp, lbs 49, Seed, lbs 606! Flaxseed, lbs 1,077, Hops, lbs 1. Domestic spirits, gals 836. Furniture, lbs 393,026 Lead, lbs 214.416 Pig iron, lbs 1,240,408 Bloom and bar iron, lbs 87,736 Castings and ironware, lbs 121,789 Domestic salt,lbB 32,100 Iron and steel.lbs 201,703 Railroad iron, lbs Crockery aad glassware, lbs.. 122.594 All other mdse, lbs 674,242 Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 4,989,699 Coal, lbs 28,061,862 Copper ore, lbs 2,565,201 ERIE COUNTY. 293 that the value of merchandise and property transported by e. k. is greater than the entire amount of the lake commerce of this port.^ About one-fourth of the shipping of the lake is owned by the citizens of Buffalo.^ Shipbuilding is extensively carried on.' The manufactures of the city are extensive and various.* The principal public buildings are the Custom House, Fort Porter, the State Arsenal, and the city markets. The CvMom Mouse, on the corner of Seneca and Washington Sts., is a handsome and well built structure, containing, beside the custom house office, accommodations for the post-office and the U. S. courts. It was constructed, at a cost of $140,000, from designs furnished by the U. S. Treasury Department.* Fort Porter, built in 1842-48, is a fortification on the bank of Niagara River at the point where it emerges from Lake Erie. The State Arsenal, erected in 1858, is a massive stone building fronting on Batavia St.* There are four large markets, conveniently located in different parts of the city.' The Public Schools of the city have long enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. They are care- fully nurtured through the operations of an enlightened public sentiment, and are so excellent in all their departments that scarcely any other elementary schools are supported or needed. They are thoroughly graded, consisting of three general departments. The third department is an advanced school for the whole city ; and in it a complete academic course, excepting the classics, is taught. There were, in 1857, 32 school districts, employing 189 teachers, — 24 males and 165 females. The number of children, between 4 and 21 years of age, was 28,000, of whom 15,593, or a small fraction more than 55J per cent., were in attendance some portion of the year.* The Buffalo Female Academy, a flourishing institution, situated on Delaware Avenue, was opened for students in July, 1852.' i The amount of live stock received by R. R. in 1857 was 78,404 head of cattle, 232,876 hogs, and 72,496 sheep. 2 The amount of shipping owned in Buffalo, as shown by the rnstom house books, is as follows : — Steamers... Propellers- Tugs Barks Brigs Schooners ., Scows Total.. No. 10 50 20 7 21 129 6_ 242 Tonnage, 9,067 80,186 2,629 8,537 6,784 35,460 473 88,136 8 The following table shows the shipping launched in 1857 :- 4 Steamers 10 Propellers — 13 Tugs 21 Schooners 1 Dredge 25 Canal Boats.. Tonnage. 4,086 6.070 1,145 7,965 Value. $352,000 349,000 126,800 363,400 In connection with one of the shipyards of the city is a dry dock of sufficient capacity to admit a steamer of over 2,500 tons ; also a marine railway; and near by is a large derrick for hoist- ing boilers and heavy machinery. * The following is a list of the manufacturing establishments in operation in 1867 Agricultui-al Works 5 Ax.li. Edge Tool M'factory... 8 Awl " 1 Basket Manufactories 6 Bellows " - 2 Billiard Table" 3 Blank Book & Bookbinding 8 Boiler Manufactories 4 Box " 6 Brass " 3 Breweries 31 Brickyards 9 Britannia Ware 2 Boot & Shoe Manufactories 3 Brush " 2 Burr Millstone " 2 CabinetWareManu&ctories. 11 Car and Car Wheels 2 Carriage Manuactorles 9 Chair " 2 Chromotype Printing 1 Coach 4 Harness Hardware 2 Comb Manufiictory 1 Confectioneries 10 Cooperages 14 EartbenwareManufactories. 2 Fence^iron) '* 4 Fire Works " 2 Flour Mills 10 Flour Mill Manufactories.... 3 Founderies 7 Glove Manufactory 1 Glue " 1 Gold Beaters " 2 Gunshops 3 Harness, Saddle, 4e. M'facts 13 Hat & Cap Manufactories... 16 Iron Works 8 Japanned Ware 4 Lantern Manufactories 2 Last Manufactories 2 Leather " 11 Lithographing 3 Lock Manufactories 6 Marble Works 6 Machine Shops 10 Melodeon Manufactory 1 Oakum " 1 Oil " 1 Organ " 1 Pail and Tub " 1 Philosophical Instruments- Piano Forte Manufactory.... Planing Mills Plane Manufactory PocketBook " Pottery Printing Establishments Pump Manufactories Begalia " Rope " Sail " Sash & Blind " Saw " Shingle " Stove Manufactories Silk " Shipyards 7 Silver Plating 4 Soap & Candle M'factories... 14 Soda & Sarsaparilla " ... 4 Starch " .- 2 Stave " ...2 Steam Sawmills 3 Stone Ware Manulactory..- 1 Tobacco " .... 9 Tanneries 2 Type & Stereotype F'dries... 3 Upholsteries 10 Vice Manufactory 1 White Lead " 2 Whip " 1 The value of the articles manufactured in 1857 was about $10,000,000, of which the leading products are estimated as follows :— ships and boats, $1,800,000 ; leather, $1,600,000 ; flour, $1,000,000; stoves and other castings, $600,000; machines, $600,000 ; distilled stuffs, $400,000 ; piano fortes, $360,000 ; boots and shoes, $100,000. For most of the statistics of the commerce and manufactures of Buffalo we are indebted to the Annual Statement of the Trade and Commerce of Buffalo for 1867, issued from the office of the Cr/mmercial Advertiser. 6 The custom house building was commenced in 1855 and completed in 1858. It is 3 stories high, exclusive of basement, and has a front of 110 ft. on Seneca St. and 60 ft. on Washington St.. with a total elevation of 70 ft. above the sidewalk. Its ex- terior is of light gray sandstone, obtained from Cleveland, Ohio ; and the whole is fireproof throughout, the floors being of small, segmental brick arches, turned from wrou^fbt iron beams, rest- ing on tubular girders. The girders rest upon the walls, and are supported in the middle by cast iron columns reaching to the foundation of the building. • The arsenal is 166 ft. long by 65 ft. wide. Its front, 60 ft. wide, projecting 16 ft. from the main building, is flanked by octagonal towers 60 ft. high. The walls are 40 ft. high ; and at each coiner is a heavy, square turret. The cost of the building was $290,800. ' Elk Street Market is 30 ft. wide by 375 ft. long, having a veranda 24 ft. wide extending the whole length of each side. The Court Street Market consists of a main building, 51 ft. sq., with 4 wings, one on each side. The n. and 8. wings are each 91i ft. long by 36 wide, and the b. andw. wings are each 61 ft. long by 36 ft. wide. The Clinton St. and Washingtnn St. IVIarkets are each 396 ft. long by 36 ft. wide, with a veranda 24 ft. wide ex- tending the whole length of each side. 8 The total expenses of the schools for 1867 were $160,019.86, and the total receipts the same; number of volumes in district libraries 8,216. * This institution owes its existence in a great measure to the liberality of Jabez Goodell, who contributed over $10,000 toward its establishment. The academy occupies one of the most eli- gible and beautiful sites in the city. There are two academic buildings, Goodell Hall and Evergreen Cottage,— the foimer oc- 294 ERIE COUNTY. The Buffalo Medical College, on the corner of Main and Virginia Sts., was organized in Aug. 1845, under the charter of the University of Buffalo. A course of lectures is given each winter; aud the students are admitted to the hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on stated days, during the visits of the medical and surgical officers. The Buff'alo Mercantile College, on the corner of Main and Seneca Sts., was established Oct. 10, 1854. Its object is to impart a theoretical and practical knowledge of business transactions. The Buffalo Commercial College, on Main St., is an institution similar in character to the Mer- cantile College. The Buffalo Law Library Association, incorp. April 2, 1833, — capital $10,000, in shares of 5100 each,— was formed for the purpose of securing the benefits of a professional library beyond the reach of private means. The Young Men's Association was established in the winter of 1835-36, and incorp. in March, 1843. It has a library of about 10,000 volumes, and a reading room, which is well supplied with papers from most of the principal cities of the Union. During the winter months lectures are maintained by the association. The German Young Men's Association was organized in 1841 and chartered in 1846. The library contains about 2000 volumes, mostly German works. The Young Men's Christian JJ/iiora was established in May, 1852, aud incorp. March, 1853. It has for its object the moral and intellectual improvement of young men. Its library and reading rooms are in Kremlin Hall, at the junction of Niagara and Erie Sts. The Young Men's Catholic Association and the Buffalo Catholic Institute are societies similar to the preceding. The Buffalo Medical Association was formed in 1845 and incorp. in 1856. Its objects are purely scientific and professional, and its membership is confined to the medical profession of the county. The Mendelssohn Association, organized Jan. 1858, has for its object the improvement and culti- vation of vocal and instrumental music. The Deutsche Leidertafel and the Deutscher Saengeriund are German societies of a similar character. The Buffalo Orphan Asylum, located on Virginia St., was organized in 1835 and incorp. April 24, 1837. The site was donated by Louis S. Le Couteulx, and the present building was erected in 1850. The average number of inmates is about 80. The Buffalo Female Orphan Asylum, on the corner of Batavia and EUicott Sts., was established in 1848, under the care of the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The present number of childrea. is 98. The Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on Virginia St., was incorp. July 5, 1848. The building contains 20 wards, and the average number of patients is 130. The Buffalo General Hospital was incorp. Nov. 21, 1855, and went into operation in 1858. It was founded by individual donations, amounting to $20,000, and a State appropriation of $10,000.' The Lying-in Hospital, on Edward St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The Buffalo City Dispensary, a society of physicians, was organized to afibrd gratuitous medical services to the destitute. The Association for the Relief of the Poor disburses among the needy each winter sums ranging from $1,500 to $8,000. The Firemen's Benevolent Association was incorp. March 23, 1837, and has for its object the accumulation of a fund for the relief of indigent and disabled firemen and their families. The Buffalo Physicians' Charitable Fund Association was organized in 1858, to provide means for the assistance aud relief of the widows and orphans of medical men. A M. E. church was founded in Buffalo, in 1809, by the Rev. Jas. Mitchell ; but it had no per- manent organization. The oldest church now in the city {1st Presb.) was organized Feb. 2, 1812, by the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood. The next established were a Prot. E., Bap., a M. E., and a Univ. There are now 57 churches in the city.^ Most of the church edifices are large and commodious ; and many of them are of a high order of architectural beauty. St. Joseph's Cathedral {R. C.) is 1 This hospital is located on High St., and is a two story bricTi structure, 160 It. long by 75 ft. wide. The w. wing only of the general plan is finished ; hut that is complete in itself, and has 4 wards, capable of accommodating 100 patients. 2 14 R. 0., 8 Presb., 7 Prot. B., 7 M.B., 6 Bap,, 4 Ger. Erang., 3 Luth., 2 lief Prot. D., and 1 each Asso. Presb., French Prot., Unit., Univ., Mission, aud Bethel. The R. C. Church of St. Louis, in this city, has been prominently betbre the public from the refusal of its trustees to convey their church property to the bishop, and the extraordinary but ineffectual etforts made by the Roman pontiff to induce obedience to this order. In 1F63 Cardinal Bedini visited America, having this .as a prominent object of his mi^^ion ; but the trustees were inflexible, aud still continue the ownei-s of their property. ERIE COUNTY. 295 the largest and most costly in the city.i Si. Paul's' and St. John's, (Prot. E.,) and the North and Central (Presb.) churches, are elegant and substantial structures. The earliest notice of the site of the city of Bufialo is found in the travels of Baron LaHontan, who visited this locality in 1687.= No white settlers located here until after the American Revo- lution. A village of the Seneca Indians lay on Buffalo Creek, about 3 mi. from its mouth. In March, 1791, Col. Thos. Proctor, U. S. Commissioner, visited "Buffalo Creek,"— aa this village was then called,— on an embassy to the Indians. The locality around the mouth of the creek was then called "Lake Erie," and Cornelius Winney, an Indian trader, resided there.* The place was visited in 1795 by La Rochefoucault Lianoourt, a French noblemaiS, who says that " at the post on Lake Erie there was a small collection of four or five houses."* Buffalo was laid out by the agent of the Holland Laud Company in 1801, and was called by them "New Amsterdam."^ Set- tlement was commenced at Black Rock in 1807.' In 1808 " New Amsterdam" was made the county seat of Niagara co.; and its name was then changed to Buffalo. In 1812 it became a military post. In Dec. 1813, a party of British and Indians crossed over from Canada, defeated the Ameri- can forces, and fired the villages of Black Rock and Buffalo. Only two dwelling houses were left standing.^ The rebuilding of the village was not commenced until 1815. Buffalo had from the first a formidable rival in Black Rock. While the mouth of Buffalo Creek was obstructed by a bar, Black Rock possessed an excellent harbor and monopolized the infant commerce of the lake. The " Walk-in-the- Water," the first steamboat on Lake Erie, was built at Black Rock in 1818. The construction of Buffalo harbor was commenced in 1820, by the citizens ;' and in 1827 the General Government assumed its completion and built the present pier and lighthouse. The Erie Canal was finished in 1825 ; and from that time to the present Buffalo has increased in wealth and popu- lation with the characteristic rapidity of the cities of the West.'" CIIICKTOIPI^ AG A"— was formed from Amherst, March 22, 1839 ; and a part of West Seneca was taken off in 1851. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. The surface is level. The principal streams are Eleven Mile, Cayuga, and Slate Bottom Creeks The soil is a heavy, tough clay. CIiicktoYf aga and Four Mile Creek are p. offices. The first settle- ment was made by Apollos Hitchcock, in 1808.'^ There is but 1 church (R. C.) in town. CliARElVCE— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 11, 1808. Alden was taken off in 1823, and Lancaster in 1833. It lies upon the n. border of the co., between New- stead and Amherst. Its surface is level. A limestone terrace about 50 feet high, with a wall- like front facing the N., extends E. and w. through the center of the town. The streams are Tona- wanda Creek, on the n. border, and Ransoms Creek, flowing N. w. through near the center of the town. The soil in the N. part is clayey, and in the s. a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by 1 The cathedral is 236 ft. long, 86 ft. wide in the body, and 120 at the transept. The ceiling ia 75 ft. high, the roof outside 90 feet, and the spu-e, when hnished, will be 220 ft. high. The mndows are all of beautiful stained glass, the larger ones in figures representing sacred scenes and characters. The tri- partite window above the altar represents the birth, cruci- fixion, and ascension of Christ. This window was executed iu Munich, at a cost of $5,000. 2 This church waa erected at a cost of about $100,000. It has a chime of 10 bells, which cost $16,000. 8 La Hontan recommended to the French Government the erection of a fort at this place. 4 Winney's house — undoubtedly the first erected iu Buffalo — stood near where the Washington St. Canal Bridge now is. 6 Besides Winney, Johnston, the British Indian interpreter, Martin Middaugh and his family, and his son-in-law, Ezekiel Lane, resided here at that time; and in 1796 Asa Kansom, Jesse Skinner, and "Black Joe" were also hare. Skinner kept an inn, and Winney and "Black Joe" an Indian store. 6 The principal streets were named from members of the Hol- land Land Company. Main St. was called " Willinks Avenue," Niagara St. " Scldmmelpenniclcs Avenue," Genesee St. '-Busti Avenue " Erie St. "Tollenlumns Avenue," and Church St. "Stad- nttzld Avenue." In ffi26 these names were changed by the trustees of the village. The business of the Holland Land Com- pany was transacted here for a short time previous to the open- ing of their ofBce at "Jiamams Grove," now Clarence Hollow, ""i The surveyor general was directed (April 11, 1804) to lay out the land about Black Eock— forming a part of the Mile Strip— into lots and report to the legislature. This was a<> cordinglydone; and in his report the surveyor general stated his belief that this was the best, if not the only, place at this end of the lake where a harbor of proper size could be constiTicted. From the earliest period the U. S. had desig- nated this vicinity as the site of a fortification. The report „i„=oa with the followinc words;— "It will be observed that streets are laid where it will either be impracticable or useless to open them soon. It may, notwithstanding, be useful now to contemplate, in the pl.ans of towns, what will be necessary ar- rangements a century hence. Such plans on record, while for the present they can be productive of no harm, may prevent those aberrations from order that might hereafter be a cause of much inconvenience; and. without being governed by ex- travagant calculations, no doubt can be entertained that the future importance of this place will justify extensive views ia the projection of its arrangements." The village, like Lewiston, Oswego, Salina, and Fort Covington, was patented in small parcels. 8 See p. . In 1825, Congress made an appropriation of $80,000 to compensate the inhabitants for the losses incurred by this disaster. 8 The sum of $1,861.25 was raised by subscription, and a loan of $12,000 w.^8 obtained from the State. A pier, extending 80 rods into the lake, was built, and a lighthouse erected upon the land. The Superior — the second steamboat launched upon Lake Erie— was built at Buffalo in 1822. The population at different periods has been as follows : — 1846 29,773 1850 42,261 1855 74,214 1810 1,508 1830. 1814 1,060 1836 19,716 1820 2,096 1840 18,213 1825 5,141 The population of Black Rock (now about 12,000) is included in the returns of 1865 only. 11 This name was given at the suggestion of Alex. Hitchcock. It is a corruption of the Seneca word " Jiik.do^waali-geh," signi- fying " the place of the crab-apple tree," the Indiau name of this locality. 12 Among the early settlers were Sam'l Lasure, Eoswell Jiidson, Abraham Hatch, and Maj. Noble. The first birth was that of a child of lioswell Hatch, in 1810; and the flist death, that of Franklin Hitchcock, in 1818. The first mill was built by Sam'l Lasure, in 1810 ; and the first inu was kept by Jesse Muuson, in 1816. 296 EBIE COUNTY. limestone Clarence Hollow, {Clarence p. o.,) near the s. e. comer of the town, contains 3 churches, the Clarence Academy,' and a pop. of 400; Clarence Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses. Harris Hill (p. o.) and HfortU Clarence (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made at Clarence Hollow in 1799, by Asa Bansom.^^ The census reports 7 churches in town.* COliDES*— was formed from Holland, April 2, 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is an elevated upland, rolling in the E. and hilly in the w. The w. branch of Cazenove Creek flows through the w. part of the town and is bordered by steep declivities 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Colden, (p.v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, and 34 houses; Glenwood, (p. v.,) on the same stream, contains 1 church, 3 sawmills, 2 lath mills, a tannery, and 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Bichard BufFum.^ The Presbyterian, at Gleuwood, is the only church in town. COLiIillVS— was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839, and North Collins in 1852. It lies on the s. border of the CO., w. of the center. The surface is a rolling upland, sloping gradually to the w. and descending abruptly to Cattaraugus Creek upon the s. The summits of the ridges are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms the s. boundary of the town; and the other streams are Clear Creek and its tributaries. The channels of these streams are narrow and deep. The soil is a clayey loam on the uplands and a gravelly loam along the streams. Collins Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 36 houses. Angola is a p. o. near the N. w. corner of the town. GoTcanda lies partly in this town." The first settlement was made in 1806, by Jacob Taylor.' There are 5 churches in town.' COBfCORD— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and Collins and Sardinia were taken off in 1821. It lies upon the s. border of the co., between Sardinia and Collins. The surface is a rolling or hilly upland, with steep declivities bordering upon Cattaraugus Creek. Townsend Hill, the highest point, is nearly 1500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are Cattaraugus Creek, upon the s. boundary of the town, and its tributaries. Several small brooks, forming the head waters of Eighteen Mile and Cazenove Creeks, take their rise in this town. The soil in the s. part is a gravelly loam, and in the N. a clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. Sprin^ille, (p.v.,) inoorp. April 11, 1834, is situated in the s. part of the town, and contains 5 churches, the Springville Academy, a newspaper office, and several manufacturing establish- ments.' Pop. 953. Mortons Corners, (p.v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, 2 saw- mills, a gristmill, and 20 houses. Wood^wards Hollow (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made in 1808, by Christopher Stone.'" The first church was organized Nov. 2, 1816, by Bev. John Spencer. There are 7 churches in town." EAST HAMBURGH— was formed from Hamburgh, as "Ellicott," Oct. 15, 1850. A part of West Seneca, as " Seneca," was taken off in 1851. Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1852. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a broken upland. Chestnut Bidge, the highest laud in the town, has an elevation of about 500 ft. above Lake Erie. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, broken by narrow ravines formed by the streams. Smokes Creek and its branches are the most considerable streams. The soil is a loam, gravelly in the n. and clayey in the s. East Hambur^b, (p. v.,) rr. of the center of the town. 1 Established as the Clarence Classical School in 1841, by J. Hadley and R. Blennerhassett. 2 Asa Ransom was a man of considerable influence with the Indians. They gave him the name of ^'0-wis-ta-^no-aUsqu(Miich,*' signifying '-maker of silver," or "maker of silver money." Gen. Timothy Hopkins settled in the town in 1797; Asa Chap- man. Timothy James, Wm. Updegraff, Christopher Saddler, Levi T'elton, Abraham Shope, John Haines, and John Gardner, in 1801 ; Andrew Dnrnet, Geo. Shnrman, Bera Ensign, and Jacob Shope. in 1803; and Daniel Bailey in 1804. The first birth was that of Harry B. Ransom, in 1801 ; and the first death, that of Keyes. in 1804, Asa Ransom opened the flrat public house, in 1801, built the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1808; Otis R. Hopkins kept the first store, in 1811. The first school was taught by Rebecca Hamlin, in 1805. 8 3 Mennonites, Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Presh., and Union. 4 Named from Cadwalladei-D. Golden, then in the State Senate. 6 Thos. Pope, Josiah Brown, and L. Owen settled in the town in ISIO, and Jesse Southwick. Jiichard Sweet. Nath'l Bowen, and Silas Lewis in 1811. The first birth was that of a childof Thos. Pope, in 1811; the iirst marriage, that of Jas. Sweet and Char- lotte Buffum, in 1810; and the first death, that of Nathaniel Bowen, in 1812. Richard Buffum built the first mill, in 1810. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in the winter of 1814. « See page . ? Joshua Palmerton, Stephen Peters, Turner Aldrich, and Stephen Lapham settled in the town in 1810, and Stephen Wil- bur and Sylvanus Bates in 1811. The first birth was that of a son of AaroQ Lindsley, in 1810; the iirst marriage, that of Stephen Peterson and Sarah Palmerton, in 1811 ; and the first death, that of Straight, in 1812 Jacob Taylor built the first mill, in 1812; John Hanford kept the first store, in 1813, and Nathan King the first ino, in 1816. The first school was taught by John King, in 1815. 8 Christians, Friends, F. W. Bap., PreBb.,and Union. 8 A woolen factory, 2 planing mills, a turning shop, a saw mill, 2 gristmills, a tannery, a stone sawing mill, and a furnace and machine shop. 10 John Albro and John Russell settled in the town the same year, Sam'l Cochrane in 1809, and Rufus Eaton, Joseph Adams, Alva Plumb, and David Shultiez in 1810. The first birth was that of Lucius Stone, in 1809; the first marriage, that of Jas. Kunncil and Anna Richmond, in 1813; and the first death, that of Mrs. John Albro, in 1808. Anna Richmond taught the first school, in 1811. 11 Bap., P. W. Bap,, M. E., Presb., R. C, Union, and Uniy. ERIE COUNTY. 297 contains 2 churches, 2 sa-n-mlUs, and 40 houses. Elllcott (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made in 1803, by David Eddy, from Rutland, Vt.i There are 3 churches in town ; Friends, M. E., and Union. EOEHT— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812. Boston was taken off in 1817, and Evans in 1821. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken in the E. and level in the w. A ridge about 500 ft. above the lake extends along the e. border. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile Creek and its brajuches. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Eden, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, contams 3 churches, a sawmill, a stave and shingle mill, a tannery, and 63 houses ; Eden Val- ley, (p.v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. ClarliS- bury and East Eden are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1808, by Benj., Joseph, and Samuel Tubbs.'' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Wm. Hill, in 1812. There are 8 churches in town.* EEMA — was formed from Lancaster and Aurora, Dec. 4, 1857. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently rolling, the summits of the ridges being 50 to 100 ft. above the valleys. Big Bufialo and Cazenove Creeks flow through the town. The soil is a clayey loam in the n. and a gravelly loam in the s. Spring Brook, (p. v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 300. Elma'' (p.v.) has several manufacturing establishments' and 34 houses ; and Upper Ebenezer 27 houses. The first settlement was made in 1827, by Taber Earlle.' There are 2 churches in town; Presb. and R. C. EVAMS'— was formed from Eden, March 23, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839. It lies upon the lake shore, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level. The land rises from the lake in a bluff 20 to 40 ft. high ; and the highest part of the town, near the E. border, has an eleva- tion of 160 ft. above the lake. The streams are Big and Little Sister Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Evans, (p.v.,) situated on Big Sister Creek, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 45 houses; Angola, (p. v.,) on the same stream, is a station on the Erie R. R., and contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and about 45 houses ; IVorth Evans, (p. v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, in the n. e. part of the town, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, a sawinill, a tannery, and about 40 houses; East Evans, (p.v.,) in the N. part of the town, and Pontiac, (p.v.,) on Big Sister Creek, in the s. e. part, contain about 20 houses each. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Joel Harvey.' There are 7 churches in town.^" eRAlVD ISEAIVD — ^was formed from Tonawanda as a town, Oct. 19, 1852. It is the n.w. corner town in the co., and comprises Grand, Buckhorn, and Beaver Islands, in Niagara River. Its surface is nearly level, and a considerable portion of it is still covered with forests. The soil of the upper part is clayey, and of the lower part sandy. The people are principally engaged in grain raising and lumbering. Grand Island is a p. o. on the e. shore. There is no village on the island, although it is thickly settled along the shores. The first settlers were squatters, who located soon after the War of 1812 and before it was decided to which Government the island belonged." In 1820, Mordeoai M. Noah, of New York, conceived the project of forming a 1 Bzekiel Oook and Zenas Smith settled in the town in 1803, and Amos ColTin and Kzekiel and Daniel Smith in 1804,. The first marriage was that of Almon C. Laire and Lydia Sprague, in 1808 ; the first birth, that of a son of Daniel Smith, in 1806 ; and the first death, that of the same child, in 1806. Dan'l Smith built the first mill, in 1807; John Green kept the first inn, in 1807, and David Eddy the first store, in 1809. The first school was taught by Anna Eddy, in 1807. 2 Among the first settlers were John Marsh, Silas Este, and Calvin Thompson, who came in 1809, and Daniel and Edward Webster, in 1810. The first birth was that of Hannah Tubbs, in 1809 ; the first marriage, that of David Doan and Anna Hill, in lM-5 ; and the first death, that of Jas. Welch, in 1812. Elisha Welch built the first sawmill, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 1812. Wm. Hill kept the first inn, in 1814, and Fillmore 4 Johnson the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by Kowena Hack, in 1812. ^ „ „ s 3 Ref. Prot. D., Bap.. Evang. Luth., M. B., Presb., and R. C. I 2 sawmills, a shingle and turning mill, 2 gristmills, and a tannery, ^ ^.„ s Named from a very large elm tree near Elma 1 illage. • 1 gristmill, 2 planing mills, and a chair fiictory. ' Timothy Treat, Isaac Williams, Willard and Jas. Fairbanks, and Amasa Adams settled in the town in 1830, and Zima A. Hemstreet, Abraham Taber, and Jacob Pettengill in 1831. The first birth was that of H. Scott Fairbanks, in 1831; the first marriage, that of Gould Hinman and Louisa Adams, in 1836; and the first death, that of the wife of Isaac Williams, m 1830. ip\,^ «..«i- rv.^11 ^r,a i..i{if hv lr.nfif.nhrnnk. in 1824: and the first inn was kept by Taber Earlle, in 1829. Emily Paine taught the first school, in 1831. s Named from David E. Evans, agent of the Holland Land Company. 8 Fisk and Worder settled in the town in 1808, Aaron Salisbury and Aaron Cash in 1809, and Andrew Tyler and Elgah Gates in 1810, The first birth was that of a daughter of David Cash, in Jan. 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Whiting Cash and Persis Taylor, June 28, 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jona- than Cash, in 1811. Henry Tuttle built the first mill, in 1817 ; Joel Harvey kept the first inn, in 1806; and John Harris the first store, in 1815, The first school waa taught by Hib- bard, in 1811. During the War of 1812 a party of British sailors and mariners landed near Sturgeon Point, in the night, and commenced plun- dering the inhabitants. Judge Aaron Salisbury, then a young man, seized his musket and started oif alone to get a shot at them. When he arrived they were retreating to their boats, and an exchange of shots produced no damage on either side. They started for the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, and he on foot endeavored to get there before them; but they had landed when he arrived. He immediately commenced firing; and they, not knowing how large a force was opposing them, re- treated to their boats and speedily left. Here one man flight, ened away 100 and saved the inhabitants from plunder. 10 3 Bap,, 3 Cong., 3 M. E,, and R. C, " The treaty of peace fixed the boundai-y between the two countries along the principal branch of Niagara River. A die- Dute in refrard to wmch was the orincinal branch was settled in 298 ERIE COUNTY. colony of Jews upon Grand Island, as an Ararat, or resting place, for that scattered and broken people.^ HAMBURCrH^*— was formed from ''Willinh,'' (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and East Hamburo-h was taken off in 1850, and a part of "West Seneca, as "Seneca," in 1851. It lies on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface in the e. is rolling ; but in the w. it is nearly level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. A bluff averaging 50 to 100 feet high borders the lake. The principal stream is Eighteen Mile Creek. The soil is mostly a clayey loam ; in the s. e. corner it is gravelly. "Wllites Corners, (p. v.,) on the n. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, in the s.e. part of the town, contains 5 churches, a gristmill, a saw- mill, a tannery, and has a pop. of 609; "Water VaUey, (p.o.,) on the same stream, w. of Whites Corners, contains a woolen factory, a furnace, and 20 houses; Abbotts Corners, (Hp.mburgh p. o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, a shingle mill, and 145 inhabitants. Big Tree Corners and Hanaburgli-on-the-IiaKe are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Nathaniel Titus and Dr. Rufus Belden.^ There are 7 churches in town.* HOLiIjAIVD — ^was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) April 15, 1818; and Colden was taken off in 1827. It lies upon the e. border of the co,, s, e. of the center. The surface is a high, broken upland, divided by the valley of Cazenove Creek. The summit of the highland is about 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed in some places with slate and clay. The valley of Cazenove Creek is very fertile. Holland, (p. v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,^ and 28 houses. The first settlement was made in 1807, by Jared Scott, Abner Currier, and Arthur Humphrey, from Vt.^ There is but 1 church (Bap.) in town. IjAIVC ASTER — ^was formed from Clarence, March 20, 1833; a part of Elma was taken off in 1857, and a part of West Seneca in 1851. It is an interior town, n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level. Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks are tlie principal streams ; upon them are several mill sites. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. Lfancaster, (p. v.,) incorp. March 13, 1849, is a station on the N. Y.C. R. R., in the w. part of the town. It contains 6 churches, a bank, and several manufactories.'^ Pop, 1,259. Bov^^mansville, (p. v.,) in the n. w. corner of the town. 1818, by commissioners appointed respectively by the United States and British (Governments. "While Ibe matter was still undecided, a large number of lawless persons — mostly refugees from justice from both aides of the river — squatted upon the island, locating principally along the shores. Kemaiuing for some time unmolested, they began to commit extensive depre- dations upun the timber ; and finally they set up an independent government and elected a full quota of municipal oJScers. In April, 1819, the legislature passed an act authorizing the re- moval of these intruders. Buring the succeeding summer the governor issued a proclamation commanding them to desist from depredations upon the property of the State, and at once to remove. A few obeyed the unmmand; but, seeing no active demonstrations on the part of Government, they returned. In the fall i.f 1S19, Gov. Clinton directed Col. Jas. Cronk. the sheriff . of Niagara Co., to call out a sufficient military force for the pur- pose and forcibly expel them. On the 9th of Deo. 1819, the sheriff, accompanied by Lieuts. Benj. Hodge and ■ Osborne, 2 Serjeants, 4 corporals, and ii4 privates, went to the island in boats, manned by 20 boatmen^ to carry into execution the ordei-a of the governor. Every facility was jiiven the people to remove ■with theireffects; and the boatmen took them to either shore,a3 they might elect. The military were divided into 3 parties: a vanguard, to read the governor's orders and assist in clearing the houses; a second party, to forcibly remove all property left in the buildings; and a rear guand, to burn the" buildings and complete the removal and destruction. Seventy houses were burned, and 1 50 people, consisting of men, women, and children, were tinned out shelterless upon the U. S. and Canada shores. Two buildings, filled with grain, alnne were saved. The removal and destruction occupied 5 days and cost the State $568.99. A few families returned immediately, but did not re- main. 1 In a memorial to the legislature in 1820 for the purchase of the island Maj. Noah explained his object; recounted the persecution wliirb his co-religionists in the Old World had suf- fered ihi-(iugh many centuries; pointed out thobchefits that had resulted to Spain, Poitugal, France, and Germany from the com- mercial enterprise and the capital of the Jews when allowed the exercise of their rights; and painted in brilliant colors the benefits that would accrue to the U. S. if his people could ex- change ''the whips and scorns of Europe. Asia, and Africa for thelightof lilierty and civilization" which this country afforded. He estimated that there were 7,000.000 of Jews in the world, and predicted that, if the existence of an asylum of freedom were made known, large numbers would be induced to emigrate. The sanction of law was asked to give confidence to those who might not otherwise be induced to remove. His attempt to gather the Jews, like those before it, ended in day dreams. The Europeau rabbii refused to sanction the effort ; and Maj. Noah soon gave up the attempt, leaving no trace of his '•city" upon the island but a monument of brick and wood. It bore, on a miirble tablet, the foUowiug inscriptions from Deuteronomy vi. 4: — ARARAT, A CITY OF REFUGE FOR THE JEWS, Founded ty SIordecai M. Noah, in the, month of Tizri 5,586, (September, 1825,) and in the 50th year of American Inde- pendence. The monument has since tumbled down; and the schemes of Mordecai the Jew have scarcely a place in memory or a trace in history. A Boston company was formerly extensively engaged in the manufacture of ship timber upon the island. 2 Named from Hamburgh, iu Germany. 8 Benj., Enos, and Joseph Sheldon settled in the town in 1805, and John Fox and Elisha and David Clark in 1806. The first marriage wa.s that of Ezekiel Cook and Anna Smith, iu 1807. Nath'l Titus kept the first inn, in 1804; and John Cummings built the first mill, in 1805. * Bap., E. W. Bap., Evang. Luth., M. E., and R. C. at Whites Corners, and M. E. and Presb. at Abbotts Corners. i> 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a tannery; the last named is a large establishment, employing about 20 men, and turning out about 30,000 sides of leather per annum. ^ They were followed by Dan'l McKean and Ezekiel and Har- vey Colby the same year, and by Increase Richardson, Samuel Miller, Theophilus Baldwin, and Sandford Porter in 1808. The first birth was that of Dan'l McKean, in 1808. Joshua Parsons kept the first inn, in 1817, and Leonard Cook the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Abner Currier, in 1808. 7 A glass factory, a bedstead factory, a tannery, a gristmill, and a sawmill. ERIE COUNT r. 299 contains 1 church and has a pop. of 196. Town Une, "Wiiispear, and liOOueyville are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Jas. and Asa Woodward.^ The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at the house of Benj. Clark, in 1809. There are 8 churches in town.'' MARILiLiA'— was formed from Alden and AVales, Deo. 2, 1853. It is situated near the center of the E. border of the co. The surface is rolling. Big BufTalo Creek crosses the s. w. corner ; but the principal part of the town is drained by the head waters of Little Buffalo Creek. The soil in the N. E. and s. w. is a sandy and gravelly loam ; but elsewhere it consists of clay and muck. marilla, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a shingle mill, and 235 inhabitants. The first settlement was made by Jerry and Joseph Carpenter, in 1829.* There are 3 churches in tovra; Disciples, M. E., and R. C. STE'WSTEAI* — was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) as "Erie," April 11, 1804; its name was changed April 18, 1831. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. A limestone terrace extends through near the center of the town. North of this the surface is level, in many places marshy ; and the soil is a clayey loam intermixed with marl and sand. To the s. the surface is level, or gently undulating, and the soil a sandy and clayey loam underlaid by limestone. The town is watered by several small streams, the principal of which is Murder Creek.^ A layer of hydraulic limestone crops out along the terrace, and waterlime is extensively manufactured from it. Akron,° (p-'^'-i) ineorp. Oct. 1850, is a station on the Canandaigua & N. E. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., near the center of the town. It contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- lishments.' Pop. 462. Falkirk, 1 mi. e. of Akron, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the early part of the present century.* The first religious society (M. E.) was organized in 1807, with 12 members, at the house of Charles Knight, by Rev. Peter Van Nest and Amos Jenks. There are 4 churches in town.' nrORTU COL.L.IJVS— was formed from Collins, Nov. 24, 1852, &s" Shirley;" its name was changed June 24, 1853. It is an interior town, lying in the s. w. part of the co. Its surface is rolling, the summits of the ridges being 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The town is watered by the head branches of Eighteen Mile, Clear, and Big Sister Creeks. The streams generally flow through deep i-avines bordered by steep declivities. The soil is a gravelly loam. IVortli Col- lins, (Collins p. o.,) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 34 houses. Slllrlcy (p. V.) and liangford, (p. o.,) near the center, New Oreg'on, (p. o.,) in the e. part, and Marshfleld, (p. o.,) in the s., are hamlets. The first settlers were Stephen Sisson, Abram Tu«ker, and Enos Southwick, from Warren CO., who moved into the town in 1810."" There are 8 churches in town.'' SARDIJVIA — was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. It is the s.E. corner town of the CO. The surface in the e. part of the town is gently rolling, and in the w. it is hilly. Shepherd Hill, s. w. of the center, is 1040 ft. above Lake Erie. Cattaraugus Creek forms the s. boundary. In the E. part the soil is a gravelly loam, and in the w. it is clay underlaid by hardpan. Sar- dinia, (p. V.,) in the s.E. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, a, gristmill, a tannery, and 40 houses. Protection is a p. o. The first settlement was made by George Richmond, from Vt.'^ The first religious services were conducted by the Rev. John Spencer, in Feb. 1815. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 1 Among the early settlera were Alangoo Eggleston aod David Ilamlin, who came in 1804, Joel Parmalee, in 1806, Warren Hamlin, in 1806, Wm. Blackman. Peter Pratt, Kerney, and Dlisha Cox, in 1807, and Eliaa BiFsell, Pardon Pecldiam, and Bern. Clark, in 1808. The flrst birth was that of a pair of twins, children of Zophar Beach, and the first death, that of a child of Wm. Blackman, hoth in 1808. Robinson built the first sawmill, in 1808 ; Ahaz Luce opened the first store, in 1810, and Job. Carpenter the first iun,in 1812. The first school was taught by Freelove Johnson, in 1810. ^ „ „ 2 2 Evang. Luth., 2 M. B., Disciples, Ger. Metb., Presb., and K. C. 3 Named from Mrs. Marilla Rogers, of Alden. _ *Kice Wilder, Cyrus Finney, and Rodman Day settled m the town in 1831. The flret bu-th was that of Sarah Fmney, in Oct. 1831. Jesse Barton built the fli'st sawmill, in 1828, and the first eristmill, in 1832. Miles Carpenter kept the first store, in 1848, and the first inn, in 1860. The first school was taught by Sophia Day, in 1833. . ....»» 6 Called by the Indians "Setyunrgut," noise or roar of distant water. The creek was named from the fact that about the time of the first settlement a white man was murdered upon it, within the present village limits of Akron, by an Indian who was conducting him to Canada. 6 Named from Akron, Ohio, and the latter from a Greek word signifying " summit." 7 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, 1 waterlime mill, 1 furnace and machine shop, 1 planing mill, 1 stave and shingle mill, and a tannery. 8 Among the early settlers were Otis Ingalls, David Cully, Peter Van de Venter, Sam'l Miles, John Felton, Charles Barney, Aaron Beard, Robt. Durham, Tobias Cole, and Sam'l, t=ilas, Johti, and Thomas Hill. Peter Van de Venter kept the first inn, in 1802, and Archibald Clark the first store, in 1809. The first school was taught by Keith, in 1807. » Bap., Presb., M. B., and U. C. to The first birth was that of Geo. Tucker, in Aug. 1810; the first marriaf^e, that of Levi Woodward and Hannah Southwick, in 1812; and the first deaths, those of two girls, twin daughters of Stephen Sisson. Stephen Stancliff built the first mill, in 1818; Stephen Tucker kept the first inn, and Chester Rose the first store, both in 1813. The first school was taught by Phebe Southwick, in the summer of 1813. 11 2 Friends, 2 M, E., 2 U. C, Bap., and Cong. 12 Among the early settlers were Ezra Nott, Henry Godfrey, and Josiah Sumner. Elisha Rice and Giles IBriggs settled in the town in 1810. The first birth was that of Bay Briggs, in 300 ERIE COUNTY. TOIVAWAIVOA— was formed from Buffalo, April 16, 1836 ; and Grand Island was taken off in 1852. It lies in the n.w. part of the co., at the angle formed by the junction of Tona- wanda Creek and Niagara River. Its surface is generally level. Eleven Mile Creek crosses the n. part of the town. The soil along Niagara River is clayey; in the interior it is sandy. Tona- T«'anda {p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 3, 1853, is situated on the Erie Canal, at the confluence of Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek. It has a good harbor,^ and is an important station on the B. & N. F. R. R. It is the western terminus of the C. & N. F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, an elevator,^ and several manufacturing establish- ments.* Pop. 1,257.* The first settlement was made in 1805.^ There are 8 churches in town.« WAIiES— was formed from Aurora, April 15, 1818; and a part of Marilla wae taken off in 1853. It is situated near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly and inclined toward the n. The principal stream is Big Buffalo Creek. The soil in the n. is a gravelly loam, and in the s. clay underlaid by hardpan. "Wales Center, (p. v.,) on Big Buffalo Creek, in the n. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 40 dwellings; Wales, (p. v.,) on the same stream, contains 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 30 dwellings; and Soutb Whales (p. v.) contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Oliver Pettengill.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 M.E. and a Free Will Bap. WEST SEWECA — was formed, as " Seneca," from Chicktowaga, Hamburgh and East Ham- burgh, and Lancaster, Oct. 16, 1851 ; its name was changed March 25, 1852. It is situated on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is gently undu- lating in the e. and level in the w. The streams are Big Buffalo, Cazenove, and Smokes^ Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. The town is mainly settled by a society of German religion- ists, generally known as Ebenezers, but who style themselves the "Community of True Inspirar tion.'^^ Middle Ebenezer, on Buffalo Creek, contains a church, calico printing factory, woolen factory, sawmill, oil mill, and 67 houses ; Eower Ebenezer, on Cazenove Creek, contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 50 houses ; and New Ebenezer contains a large manufactory of cotton and woolen goods, an extensive dyeing works, and 9 dwellings. Reserve and West iSeneca are p. offices. The first settlement was made by Reuben Sackett, in 1826.^** There are 4 churches in town.^^ 1811; and the first death, that ofaaon of Henry Godfrey, in 1814. Sumner Warren built the first mill, in 1811 ; Geo. Richmond kept the first inn, in 1811; and Clark & Co. the firat store, in 1816. The first school was taught hy Melinda Abbey, in 1814. 1 Large quantities of lumber are leceived at this port from Canada and the Western States. The quantity re-shipped by canal in 1857 was, of timber, 841,011 cubic feet; of sawed stufi', 4,815-441 ft.; and of wood, 16,007 cords. 2 This elevator has a storage cupacity of 250,000 bush., and facilities for elevating 2000 bush, per hour. s 3 sawmills, 3 shingle mills, a pla,ning mill, and a furnace and machine shop. * This is the pop. of that part of the village in Erie co. A part of the village is across the creek, in Niagara co.; and the pop. of this is not known. & Alex. Logan, John King, and John Hersey settled in the town iu 1805 ; Emanuel Winter, Jos. Haywood, Oliver Standard, John Cunningham, Josiah Guthrie, Ebenezer Coon, Thos. Hon- nau, and Juseph Hersey, in 1806; Henry Anguish, in 1808; and Frederick Buck, in 1809. Henry Anguish kept the first inn, in 1811, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, in 1823. The first mill was built by Osborne, in 1819. 6 Disciples, Evang. Luth., M. K., R. C, and Wes. Meth. at Tona- wanda Village, and Evaug. Luth., M. E., and R. C. in other parts of the town. 1 Ethan nnd Wm. Allen and Jacob Turner settled in the town in 1806, and Chas. and Alex. McKay, Ebenezer Holmea, and Wm. Hoyt in 1807. The first birth was that of Wm. Pettengill, in June, 1806. Isaac and Eli Hall built the first mill, in 1811; Isaac Hall kept thefiratinn, in 1816; and Orsamus Warren the first store, in 1824. The first school was taught by Jas. Wood, in 1811. In 1813 an Indian hatchet was found imbedded in a tree at Wales Center, and in 1825 John Allen related the fol- lowing circumstance concerning it. About the time of the first settlement of Buffalo an Indian came to that place and exhibited the skin of a white child, and boasted that he had murdered and skinned the child for the purpose of making a tobacco pouch. Truman Allen, (brother of the narrator,) hearing the boast, became so eni'aged that he followed the Indian to Wales and shot him. He buried the body and rifle in the sand, and stuck the tomahawk into a tree, where it was afterward found as above stated. 8 Named from an Indian who resided near its mouth and who was an inveterate smoker. 9 This community purchased 7,622 acres belonging to the Buf- falo Indian Reservation in 1844, and commenced their settle- ments the same year. They are largely engaged in agriculture and manufactures ; and their wares have obtained so excellent a reputation that they find a ready market at Buffalo and else- where. They have a community of property, reside in villages, and several families usually occupy the same house. They are governed by a board of trustees; and their business is done through an agent, who appears to have almost unlimited control of matters. They are honest, industrious, and frugal ; and in the contented and peaceful tenor of their lives they present a model which might well be copied by some of the restless and ambitious Yankee race. 10 Among the other early settlers were Artemus W. Eaker, John Gt. Wells, Isaac Earlle, and Geo. Hopper, who located in 1828. The first child bom was a daughter of Joel Decker, in Aug. 1828 ; and the first death, that of Peter Beal, in 1834. Geo. E. Elderkin taught the first school, in 1839 ; Reuben Sackett kept the first inn, in 1826; the Ebenezer Society, the firat store, iu 1845 ; and Ballon & Tubell built the first mill, in 1837. ^1 2 Lutheran and 2 Community of True Inspiration. ERIE COUNTY. 301 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellingsy Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Erie County. Names of Towns. Aldea Amherst Aurora Boston Brandt Buffalo City Chicktowaga. Clarence ... Coldeu Collins „. Concord East Hamburgh. Jblden Elmai Evans Grand Islands... Hamburgh Holland Lancaster Hai'ilta Newstead North Collins.... Sardinia Tonawanda Wales West Seneca. Total Acres of Land. I 11,721 17,2984 19,363* 13,e04i 7,866J 10,612i 9,2804 17,770 9,716 18,174 23,950i 16,184^ 15,261i 14,400i 4,017 14,468J 12,036i 14,6604 7,0374 19,491 18,6914 16,032i 8,6994 14,538) 6,632 •s 340,3071 8,960 12,003 13,934J 6,153 l,613f 2,3364 6,4054 14,637 12,702 11,6924 17,080 8,170 7,814 10,977 13,634 8,183 9,369 16,3034 652 11,886 8,3534 13,994 3,7724 7,025 11,743} 253.344^ Valdation of 1858. 0? $643,985 1,274,820 452,240 290,300 269,310 29,334,840 867,992 1,032,130 221,250 610,090 524,648 660,470 490,430 405,625 701,088 237,567 734,685 222,403 890,276 300,175 954,055 498,076 337,600 516,477 330,315 555,293 43,266,039 §1 a. ft, $16,400 86,500 52,120 11,600 11,200 6,182,220 9,800 96,675 3,576 75,900 20,950 49,160 23,125 7,600 19,900 114,375 6,600 73,400 16,600 30,376 60,080 16,476 61,100 14,600 2,250 7,060,480 $669,386 1,361,320 504,360 301,900 280,610 35,617,060 877,792 1,128,806 224,825 686,990 645,598 609,630 613,565 413,226 720,988 237,567 849,060 228,903 963,675 316,776 984,430 658,166 352,975 577,577 344,916 667,643 60,216,519 1,230 2,666 1,872 908 670 37,661 1,314 1,696 709 1,013 1,409 1,012 1,241 1,194 483 1,617 691 2,854 704 1,676 67,668 1,174 2.553 1,793 861 623 36,663 1,212 1,558 672 1,012 1,396 934 1,186 1,068 366 1,420 630 2,635 673 1,411 895 877 1,184 819 1,190 64,673 469 961 733 310 196 10,613 488 687 289 362 531 394 470 462 161 660 265 1,066 292 696 368 360 450 336 416 1,016 769 311 211 14,716 497 630 283 408 536 388 470 173 664 256 1,080 294 695 367 369 507 341 493 21,674 26,193 15,566 328 395 727 678 298 169 6,163 365 469 286 287 627 330 414 384 90 385 260 794 257 486 340 328 323 329 602 Schools. *X Names of ToTTTfS. Aldea Amherst Aurora Boston Brandt Buffalo Chicktowaga Clarence. Colden Collins Concord East Hamhurgh. Eden Elmai Evans Grand Island...., Hamburgh ,. Holland Lancaster Marilla Newstead North Collins.... Sardinia Tonawanda. Wales West Seneca Total 666 1,004 1,033 453 281 2,116 611 1,073 337 618 709 664 617 614 129 780 486 908 337 1,061 674 712 466 676 282 II = 0!;3 765 1.230 1,191 1,016 789 332 688 896 824 1,659 1,767 688 1,149 489 638 1,187 1,126 616 1,262 1.676 1,874 634 1,548 603 1,011 1,294 1,236 1,165 817 1,609 862 1,161 797 2,764 2,461 1,368 1,271 1,467 250 818 780 1,176 487 1,018 2,688 1,036 629 1,258 608 16,983 26,608 29,831 2,306 1,668 6,828 2,431 1,326 66 870 4,844 1,710 1,628 3,329 4,160 2,687 3,157 631 1,648 3,604 1,236 1,896 6,706 2,464 6,062 346 4,784 21 728 1,976 1,233 603 503 2,603 814 1,859 372 776 886 852 914 816 779 1,007 568 1,494 508 1, 816 697 824 66,086 24,791 Agricultural Products. Bush, of Orain. fe 10,656 36,1704 6,934 2,185 1,421 7,616 9,687 46,471 1,297 6,045 1,949) 3,7994 6,6154 2,2414 4,047 3,3684 9,0674 22,236 9684 48,700 1,432 1,484 19,818 6,119 7,164 46,800 . 82,6164 77,611) 48,7634 23,2214 42,716 40,432) 99,676 27,7984 40,630 93,043 69,357) 69,4254 60,281 16,845 56,645 43,647) 84,964 22,9744 100,6774 46,981 66,294 43,499 65,640) 31,017 3,647 3,173 6,3884 4,0294 2,020) 4,184 3,2724 2,606 2,697 6,906 6,7244 5,6234 4,3124 6,333) 1,002 6,208 3,041 4,439 1,821) 3,322 6,410 3,401 2,415 4,336 2,798 mt, 16,412 19,496 31,068 16,107 12,860 22,619 17,271 17,064 11,710 10,691 22,666 31,2664 20,371 13,922 9,928 21,119 7,107 31,934 7,779 20,663 19,992 18,811 8,991 15,431 O^ 6,863 8,740 17,986 10,997 6,391 2,970 6,743 30,864 3,819 16,866 17,3664 19,2644 14,121 11,138 148 11,170 10,761 13,520 1,118 20,726 12,606 10,266 2,179 12,229 470 Daibt Fkodvcts. tt.itl 66,424 69,605 111,094 66,136 55,737 16,400 64,139 86,743 54,205 78,736 98,116 110,120 112,660 94,069 23,420 102,800 77,860 80,300 43,394 107,777 103,429 96,646 26,920 112,166 80,260 B.3 4,000 100 16,095 115,545 4,960 890 42,000 686,384 460,881 38,600 36,455 27,626 40 23,380 7,907 3,130 2,904 4,190 616,804 28,470 37,860 263,7924 1,368,349 98,011J 445,3604 266,196 1,866,132 2,038,392 26,664 1 Formed since 1856. OSWEGO COUNTY. This county was formed from Oneida and Onondaga, March 1, 1816.1 It is situated upon the s.E. extremity of Lake Ontario, centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains an area of gq. mi. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. A series of bluffs 20 to 40 feet high border immediately upon the lake ; and from their tops the land stretches out in long and gradual slopes, oecasionally broken by the valleys of the river courses. The general inclination is northerly, as indicated by the drainage, though the summits of the ridges within half a mi. of the lake have about the same altitude as those upon the s. border of the co. A low ridge extending in an easterly and westerly direction, from 3 to 5 mi. N. of Oneida Lake, forms the watershed between Lakes Ontario and Oneida In the E. part of the co. this ridge turns northward and unites with the system of highlands which separates Lake Ontario and the valley of Black River. The highest point of this range, in the town of Redfield, is 1,200 to 1,500 feet above tide. The rocks of this co. consist of the Lorraine shales, in the extreme N. part, on the lake ; the gray sandstone,^ extending from the n. e. corner to near the center, its southern limits being marked by a line drawn due E. from Oswego River about 1 mi. from its mouth ; the Medina or red sand- stone, bordering on the last, and comprising more than one-third of the area of the co. ; and the Clinton group of shales, slate, and sandstone, occupying the extreme s. border. These rocks are exposed only in the n. e. part and along the river courses, being generally covered with a thick mass of drift and alluvial deposits, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay. The gray sandstone is hard and compact, and is little affected by the action of the elements; hence the disintegi-ation is slight, and the soil upon it is thin and poor. The Lorraine shales are easily disintegrated, and form the basis of the strongest and richest soils in the co. The red sandstone crops out on the banks of all the streams which flow through the region which it occupies. It is extensively quarried for building stone, though it is more easily acted upon by the elements than the gray sandstone. Weak brine springs are found associated with this red sandstone throughout the co. The Clinton group, occupying the entire s. border, consists of parallel layers or beds of shale and red and gray sandstone. This is the same geological formation in which is found the principal iron ore beds of Penn. and Oneida co. ; and throughout the formation in this co. iron ore is found. The drainage of the w. and s. parts of the co. is principally through Oswego River, and of the N. and E. .portions through Salmon River and a great number of smaller streams that flow directly into the lake. Oswego River is formed by the junction of Seneca and Oneida Rivers at Three River Point. It is 23 mi. in length, and falls 128 feet in its course, in several distinct falls, each of which furnishes an excellent water-power. Oneida River, forming the outlet of Oneida Lake, is 18 mi. in length, and falls about 12} feet in its course. Salmon River and other streams flowing into the E. extremity of the lake all have successions of rapids and cascades, which furnish to that portion of the CO. an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lakes Ontario and Oneida. The former, constituting the n. w. boundary, presents an almost unbroken coast line for a distance of 40 mi. within the limits of the co. Great Sandy Bay, in the town of Sandy Creek, is the only considerable indentation. The mouth of Oswego River furnishes a valuable harbor, the only one of importance in the co. Oneida Lake, constituting a portion of the s. boundary, is 141J feet above Lake Ontario.' It is one link in the chain of the internal water communication of the State. A considerable portion of the land in its immediate vicinity is marshy. Iron ore beds and a fine quartz sand, used in the manufacture of glass, are found upon its n. shores. The soil found in the shale and sandstone region has already been noticed. The drift and alluvial deposits which cover the greater portion of the co. furnish a great variety of soil. The sandy portions are light and weak, while the clayey portions are hard, tough, and unyielding in many places. Where these are mixed, a rich, deep soil is the result. Along the E. border of the co. are great quantities of limestone boulders, which essen- 1 Its name was derived from the Indian On-ti-nh-an-tiiqno. The I 2 This Kray sandstone lias been nsed for grindstones, early French explorers called it "C'hmaquen." The portion lying 3 This height is that given by the State Geologists. Joseph E. E. of Oswego River was taken from Oneida, and that lying w. from Bloomfield. Civil Engineer of Oswego co., who has made several Onondaga. TheOnondagapnrtionembrared the townshipof Han- Burve.y8 through this region, makes the height of Oneida LiUce nibal and S3 lots of Lysander, belonging to the Militarv 'J'ract. 124 feet al)0ve Lake Ontario. 302 o o o > CO o 3 OSWEGO COUNTY. 303 tially modify the soil of that region. The marshes are generally composed of beds of black muck and other vegetable matter, and form the richest kind of natural meadow when drained and cultivated. Agriculture, manufactures, and commerce about equally engage the attention of the people. Stock raising and dairying are the principal branches of agriculture ; spring grains and wool are also extensively produced.^ The commerce is mostly concentrated at Oswego City, and is carried on by means of the lake, the Oswego Canal, and the r.r. The manufactures consist of flour, lumber, barrels,* starch, and a variety of other articles. The amount of flour annually manufactured is greater than in any other co. in the State. The principal mills are at Oswego City, Fulton, and vicinity. The Oswego Canal, connecting Lake Ontario with the Erie Canal at Syracuse, is 38 mi. long, and for most of the distance is formed by the slackwater navigation of Oswego River. Oneida Lake and River also form a part of the internal navigable waters of the State, connecting with the Oswego Canal at Three River Point and with the Erie Canal at HigginsviUe. The Syracuse & Oswego R. R. forms the means of a rapid communication with the N. Y. C. R, R. at Syracuse, and so to all parts of the country. Several long lines of plank road have been built ; but most of them have been abandoned. This CO. is divided into two jury districts,' the courts being held respectively at Pulaski Village and Oswego City.* At the former place a brick building, including a courthouse and jail, was erected in 1820, and at the latter a wood courthouse about the same time.** A stone jail was erected in the city in 1850, and a fireproof co. clerk's office in 1851.* The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 60 acres in the town of Mexico. It is an old building, and is poorly adapted to its purpose. The average number of inmates is about 50. An asylum for insane paupers is in process of erection adjacent to the poorhouse. The Oswego Orphan Asylum, located at Oswego City, is in part a co. institution. All the children of the inmates of the poorhouse between the ages of 4 and 6 years are supported at the Orphan Asylum at the co. expense."^ Two daily and 6 weekly papers are published in the co.® 1 The first settlers of the co. were priticipally engaged in the manufacture of lumber and potash. Wheat was once a staple production: but since the commencement of the ravages of the midge it has given place to the coarser grains. 2 Barrels to the amount of 1,500.000 are annually m^iniifac- tured for the Oswego flour mills and the Syi-acuso salt wnrlts. 3 The eastern district comprises tlie towns of Albion, Amboy, •^lonstantia, Hastings, Mexico, New Haven, Orwell, Parish, Ited- ficld, Richland, Sandy Creek, West Monroe, and Williamatown; and the western, the towns of Granby, Hannibal, Oswego, Pa- lermo, Schroeppel, Scriba, Volney, and the city of Oswego. * Parley Keyes and Ethel Bronson, of Jefferson co., and Ste- phen Batfs, of Ontario, were appointed commissionei's to locate the county seats and select the sites for the county buildings. The first * CO. officers, appointed by the Governor and council, were Barnet Mooney, Firin Sim and Mirror. In Sept. 1844, it was sold to Spencer Munroe, and soon after discontinued. It was succeeded by The Fulton Patriot. M. C. Hough, John A. Place, and T. S. Brigbam were successively interested in its publi- cation. The latter was succeeded by R. K. Sandford, its present publisher. The. Oswego County Gazette, commenced at Pulton in 1853 by Geo. B. Williams, was merged in The Fulton Patriot in 1858. The Port Ontario Aurora was published by Van Cleve and subsequently by Dickinson from 1837 to 1839, when it was united with The Pulaski Advocate. The Oswego County Denwcrat was started at Mexico in 1838 by Thomaa Messenger. It was afterward styled The Messenger J and was discontinued in 1839. The Plicenix Gazette, started at Phoenix in 1851, was published by Jerome DuUe. and aften\'ard by Geo. E. Williams nntil 1853, when it was removed to FuUon. The Plicenix Democrat was eptablished in 1852 by an association. In 1854 it was sold to Jamea 11. Field, and the next year he gave it the name of The Phoenix Banner. In 1855 it was published a short time as The American Banner and Oswego County Tnnrs. It was sus- pended in 1855, and in 1856 it was revived by Mary Frances Tucker, and called The American Banner and Liti'rary Gem. Eight months after- ward it was sold to Levi Murrill, by whom it was pub- lished as The American Banner \\x\t\\ 1857. After being suspended two months, it was revived, under the title of The Phoenix Reporter, by Josliua Williams, by whom it is still published. 1 There is a tradition that the French established a military post here at a very early period ; bnt research iimong the papers of that period does not corroborate the statement. 2 There were several portages on this route, — around the falls in the streams, and across from Wood Creek to the Mohawk. 3 Not a single trafcb of this fortification now remains. 4 This fort stood at the junction of West 6th and Van Buren Sts. 6 The French landed 50 mi. e. of Oswego, and marched along the lake shore under cover of their naval force. The English garrison numbered 2,000 strong. Col. Mercer, the English com- mander, was killed by a cannon shot on the 2d dny of the siege. 8 In this grant the State made reservations of the territory at the mouth of the river, within the limits of the city of Oswego, and also at the falls in the village of Fulton. Most of these reservations were disposed of at public sale in 11827. At an earlier date, considerable tracts in Scriba's Patent, on Oswego River, were jointly purchased by Gen. Alexander Hamilton, John Laurence, and John B. Church. Several other grants were also made along the river. Other tracts of considerable magni- tude were purchased by Schrooppel, Rosevelt, and others. ' This survey and subdivision was made by Benjamin Wright, who in 1793-94 ran the base line from Rome to Fort Ontario, on which the towns of Scriba's Patent were laid out. The town- OSWEGO COUNTY. 305 " Vera Cr^,"' (now Texas.) He here built a saw and grist mill, store, and other buildings, and commenced an active trade on the lake; and for some years the place bid fair to become a formid- able rival of Oswego, and the most important commercial station upon the lake. A few other settlements were made at other points in the co., principally under the auspices of Mr. Scriba, pre- vious to 1800 ; but immigration did not begin to flow in rapidly until a few years later. The lands A A-'^ "^^^ ^^^'^^^ """^ ^°^^ *° ^ S""®^* number of different parties; and while his exertions and expenditures were of great service to the first settlers, they proved extremely unprofitable to him- !f ^ common with all the frontier settlements, the growth of this region was seriously retarded by the War of 1812. Oswego Village became the theater of stirring military events ; and on the 5th of May, 1814, it was taken by the British.' At the return of peace, immigration again flowed in, and tiie subsequent history has been one of steady and continuous progress. The opening of the Erie and Oswego Canals, in this State, and of the Welland Canal, in Canada, greatly increased the commercial importance of the city and stimulated the manufacturing interests throughout the oo. Al,BIOW— was taken from Richland, March 24, 1825. It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. The summits of the ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys, and the highest point in town is 392 feet above Lake Ontario. The low- lands are wet and in some places marshy. Salmon River flows through the n. part.* In the n.e. part are 2 or 3 small ponds. The soil consists of deposits of sand and gravel, and is of medium quality. Drift deposits cover the whole surface, except along the river courses, where the underlying rocks crop out. Much of the s. part of the town is yet unsettled. Considerable manufacturing is carried on.* Sand Bank, (p. v., ) on Salmon River, is a station on the Watertown & Rome R. R., midway between the two places. It contains 1 church, a hotel, 4 stores, 2 tanneries, 5 sawmills, and a flour- ing mill. Pop. 313. Pineville, (Salmon River p. o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., situated on Salmon River, contains 1 church, an inn, a store, a sawmill, and a large tannery. Pop. 144. IVeiv Centerville, (p. o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., and Dug Way (South Albion p.o.) are hamlets. The town was first settled early in 1812, by Cary Burdic, of Williamstown, on Lot 29, and Peter Henderson, at Sand Bank.* There are 4 churches in town.' AMBOY — was formed from Williamstown, March 25, 1830. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., s. of the center. The surface is rolling and has a general southerly inclination. Its highest point is about 450 feet above Lake Ontario. It is drained principally by Fish Creek and other small tributaries of Oneida Lake. In the s. and w. parts are numerous small lakes and ponds, the principal of which are Painter Lake, North and South Ponds. The n. half of the town is in the region of the gray sandstone, and the s. half in that of the red or Medina sandstone. The soil is principally a sandy or gravelly loam. Amboy Center (p. v.) contains 13 houses; TFest ships of Scriba's Patent, like those of Macomb's Purchase, re- ceived names frOJn the propx'ietoi'S that are known only in deeds ; viz., — 1. Fulda Ava, Lee, and Annsville. 2. Munden Leo and Rome. 3. SonD<;en Annsville 4. Florence Florence. 5. Franklin Williamstown. 6. Middleburgh Amboy. 7. Linley Camden. 8. Bloomfield Lee and Annsville. 9. Embden Vienna. 10. Kdam Vi<'nna. 11. Rotterdam Constantia. 12. Delft - We^t Monroe. 13. Breda. Hii.stingj. 14. Bnigen.- Palermo. 16. Mentz. Volney. 16. Georgia Sthroeppol. 17. Fredericksbnrgh Scriba and Oswego City. 18. Oswego Scriba and Oswego. 19. TeraCluz J* See page . * Hefore the dams were built upon this river, great numbers of salmon were annually taken. & Large quantities of lumber, leather, and barrels are manu- factured, the latter for the Onondaga salt and Oswego flour markets. There are 38 sawmills, 3 tanneries, and 2 gristmills in toM'n. 6 In 1813 David, Luther, and Beiy. Lilly and Allen McClarn Bottled in the town. The first birth woa that of a son of Luther Lilly, in 181.3 ; the first marriage, that of Henry Baker and Lucy Burdic, in 1819 ; and the first death, that of a son of Luther Lilly, in 1813. The first inn was kept by Dr. Brace, at Sand Bank, in 1814; and the first store, by Ammi Hinkley, in 1828. The Lilly brothers built the first sawmill, in 1813, and Ezekiel Smith the first gristmill, in 1818. The first school was taught by Sylvia Breed, in the Bummer of 1817. ^2 Union,' Bap., M. £. 306 Am boy (p. v.) settler, in 1805.^ OSWEGO COUNTY. 20- and CarterviUe (p. v.) 12. Joseph Perkins, from Conn., was the first There are 2 churches in t^wn; M. E. and Bap., both located at Amboy Center. BOYI.STOIV^-was formed from Orwell, Feb. 7, 1828. It lies upon the n. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the center and e., and moderately hilly m the w It has a westerly inclination, and its highest points are 700 to 800 feet above tide. The soil m the n. and w. parts is a productive, gravelly loam, the underlying rock being the Lorrame shale The s. e, corner of the town extends into the gray limestone region, and the soil is l^gl^t and thm. Boylston (p ) is in the n. w. part. The first settlement was made in 1810, on Lots 2 and 3, by John Wort and Michael Sweetman, both from Canajoharie.^ Meetings for religious worship are held in the town by the Episcopal Methodists and the Wesleyan Methodists. COIVSTAJVTIA*— was formed from Mexico, April 8, 1808. Hastings was taken off in 1825, and West Monroe in 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, in the s. e. corner of the co. The surface is nearly level, and is slightly inclined toward the s. The principal streams are Scriba and Black Creeks, flowing into Oneida Lake. Iron ore is found in the Clinton group of rocks, which extend through the s. part. The soil consists of clay, gravel, sand, and vegetable mold, and in general is fertile. Most of the interior is yet unsettled. Frenchmans Island, in Oneida Lake, about 3 mi. from Constantia, belongs to this town; it contains about 28 acres.^ Lumber, leather, glass, and iron are extensively manufactured.^ Cleveland/ (p. v.,) incorp. April 15, 1857, is located on Oneida Lake, in the e. part of the town. It contains 2 churches, 2 glass factories, and several other manufactories. Pop. 1,005. Constantia, (p. v.,) in the w. part, on Oneida Lake, contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 600. Bernhard Bay, (p. v.,) on the lake, contains 2 churches, a glass factory, and 360 inhabitants. Constantia Center is a p. o. Soon after the purchase of Scriba's Patent, in 1790, Mr, Scriba commenced the first settlement of his lands at Con- stantia, and established agents and laborers there in 1793.^ There are 7 churches in town.» GRAR'B Y— was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Oswego was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. bank of Oswego River, in the s. w. part of the co. The surface is gently rolling, with a slight inclination to the n.e. Oswego River flows through a valley from 30 to 60 feet below the general level of the town ; within this tovm it has a fall of 40 feet. Lake Nea-tah-wan-ta, near the center of the e. part, is about 1 mi. in diameter. It lies about 25 feet above the river at the head of the falls. The streams are Ox Creek, Six Mile Creek, and the outlet of Nea-tah-wan-ta Lake. The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Bradstreets^^ or Battle Island is in Oswego River, about 4 mi. below the Oswego Falls, Starch, leather, lumber, and the products of wood are extensively manufactured." Os"%veg"0 Falls, (p. v.,) incorp. Oct. 12, 1853, a station on the S. & 0, R. R., is situated on Oswego River, opposite the village of Fulton. Pop. 703. Crranby Center and South Crrantoy are p. offices. The first settlement was made at the falls in 1792, by Laurence Van Valkin, from Rensselaer co., N. Y.^^ There are now 2 churches in town,^^ 1 Among the early settlers were David Smith, in 1815; Wm. and Isaac Claxton and John Drougrht, in 1818 ; and Sap^e Park, in 1S21. The first inn was kept by Joseph Perkins, in 1S05; the first sawmill was built by Joseph Murphy, in 1822, and the first gristmill by Sage Park, in 1828. The first school was taught by Cvnthia Stoddard, in the summer of 1823. 2 Named from Thos. Boylston, who held, for a few hours, the title of a tract since known as the Boylston Purchase. He never owned the tract ; the conveyance was simply a tnist, and quickly passed into other hands. 8 Among the first settlers vrere David Webb, in 1810; K. Streetei", in 1814; and Peter and Samuel Wells, in 1815. The first birth was that of Phebe Ann Wood; the first marriage, that of Samuel Wells and Elizabeth Gordon ; and the first death, that of an infant child of Mr. Ward. Eeuben Snyder built the first sawmill, in 1822. The first school was taught by Polly Allport. in 1817. * Named by the proprietor, Geo. Scriba. & "During the French Revolution of 1793. when the French nobility were compelled to seek safety in flight, and the trains of exiles to this country were crowded with dukes and princes of the blood, the Count St. Hilary, a young Frenchman, and his beautiful and accomplished wife, a daughter of the noble house of Clermont, landed upon our shores. Following the trail of emigration westward, they reached Oneida Lake, then on the great thoroughfare of travel; and, attracted by the beautiful island and its primitive forests, they landed upon it, and con- cluded to make it their future home. Here, in the deep soli- tude of nature, they enjoyed for many months perfect peace and quietude. Their place of residence was at length discovered by Chancellor Livingston, who had formerly enjoyed the elegant hospitalities of the lady's ftimily at Paris. He visited them in their rural home, and, after spending some time with them, he prevailed upon them to return with him to his mansion upon the Hudson. There they continued to reside until Bonaparte had put an end to the reign of teiTor and rostored much of the confiscated property to the exiles of the Revolution, when they returned to France. Several years after, as Livingston stood upon the bank of the Seine, amidst a crowd of distinguished Parisians, to witness the first experiment of Eobcrt Fulton in steam navigation, he was recognized by the Count, who at once took him to his residence, and treated him during his stay at Pgiis as a generous benefactor and an honored guest. Livingston's man- sion upon the Hudson and the first steamboat ofFul ton and Living- ston were both named, in honor of the lady's family, 'Clermont.'" There are 34 sawmills, 2 flouring mills, 3 glass factories, 2 tanneries, an iron foundery, and other manufacturing establish- ments in town. 7 Named from James Cleveland, who settled here in 1828. 8 Solomon Waring. Joshua Lynch, and Dr. Vandercamp settled in town in 1793; and John Bernhard in 1795. The first birth was that of George Waring, April 11, 1796. The first store was opened in 1793, by Mr. Scriba, and the firpt inn the same year, by Major Solomon Waring. In 1794-95, Mr. Scriba erected in this town the first sawmill and gristmill built in the co. The first school was opened in 1797, at Constantia. 9 Presb., Prot. E., M.E., Asso. Presh., Friends, Bef. Prot. D., R.C. 10 So named from the circumstance of a battle having been fought upon it between the English, under Col. Bradstreet, and tlie French, with their Indian allies, in 1766; see page . n There are 16 sawmills, 1 gristmill, 2 tanneries, and a starch factory in town. 12 Henry Bush settled in town in 1793 ; Penoyer in 1794; Peter Hugunin in 1803 ; Barnet Morrey in 1804 ; and John Hut- chinson in 1808. The first store was opened in 1792, by an Inthan trader by the name of Fowler ; and the firet inn was kept by John J. Walrad, in 1807. The first sawmill was built by Schenck & Wilson, in 1814, and the first griatmill in 1822. Benj. Robinson taught the firat school, in 1812. w Prot. Episc. and M. E. OSWEGO COUNTY. 307 HAHfUflBAli— was formed from Lysander, as a part of Onondaga co., Feb. 28, 1806, and em- braced all that part of Oswego oo. lying w. of the river. Oswogo and Granby were taken off in 1818. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is gently undulating, the ridges being 30 to 50 feet above the valleys. In the e. part are several swamps, one of which covers 500 acres. The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. A salt spring, from which salt has been manufactured, IS found in the N. w. corner. Springs of brine, characteristic of the Medina sandstone strata, have been discovered in several other localities, but none of sufEcient strength to render their working profitable. The principal manufacturing establishments are those of leather, lumber, and the pro- ducts of wood.' Hannibal, (p. v.,) on Nine Mile Creek, a little vr. of the center of the town, contains 3 churches and about 60 houses; Hannibal Center (p. v.) contains 20 houses; and Hulls Corners (South Hannibal p. o.) 18. frheelers Corners is a hamlet in the n. part, and Kinney Corners is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1802, by Thomas Sprague and his sons, from Milton, Saratoga co.'' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1815.' HASTISrCfS— was formed from Constantia, April 20, 1825. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida River, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating, its northern boundary being about 75 feet above Oneida Lake. The soil is clay, sand, and gravelly loam. In some parts of the town it is difScult to find fresh water by digging. Brine springs are found in several parts in the red Medina sandstone formation. In the n.e. part is a tamarack swamp, of about 5 acres, in the center of which is an immense spring 10 feet in diameter. This spring is on a level with the surrounding summit ; and it is surrounded by a deep, loose muck which extends downward to an unknown depth. There are 18 sawmills, several gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. Central Square (p. v.) contains about 50 houses ; Hasting-s, (p.v.,) in the n. part, 30; Cau^hdenoy, (Coc-e-noy,) (p.v.,) on Oneida River, in the s.w. part, 30; and Hastings Center (p.o.) 15. Smltlis Mills and Fort Bre-werton are villages of about 20 houses each. The latter is situated at the foot of Oneida Lake, on the site of old Fort Brewerton.* The first settlement was made at Fort Brewerton, by Oliver Stevens, in 1789.* There are 4 churches in town. MEXICO— was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792, as part of Herkimer co. Parts of Richland and New Haven were annexed May 9, 1836. It included the northerly towns of Oneida CO., nearly all of Lewis and Jefferson cos. w. of Black River, and all of Oswego co. E. of Oswego River. Camden was taken off in 1799, Champion, Redfield, Turin, Watertown, and Lowville in 1800, Adams in 1802, Lorraine and Williamstown in 1804, Volney in 1806, Constantia in 1808, New Haven in 1813, and Parish in 1828. Its surface is gently rolling. It is well watered by numerous small streams, the principal of which are Little Salmon and Sage Creeks. There is scarcely a foot of waste or broken land in the town. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, covered deep with alluvial deposits. The soil consists of clay, sand, and gravelly loam, and is very productive. Considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying ; the manufacture of lumber, barrels, and leather is carried on to some extent.* Mexico, (p.v.,) near the center, was inoorp. Jan. 15, 1851, and con- tains 3 churches, an academy,' 12 stores, 2 banks, 3 hotels, 3 flouring and grist mills, a sawmill, a furnace and machine shop, 3 coach factories, 4 carriage shops, and 3 cabinet shops. Pop. 948. Colosse, (p.v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 1 church, 2 inns, a store, 2 sawmills, and 2 gristmills. Pop. 119. Texas,* (p.v.,) located near the mouth of Little Salmon Creek, contains 30 houses; Union Square, in the e. part, is a p. office. The names of the earliest settlers vrithin the pre- sent limits of this tovm are lost. There were about 25 who had already located in 1798 ; Jonathan Parkhurst and Nathaniel Rood, from Oneida co., came that year.' By the upsetting of a boat upon the lake, in 1799, Capt. Geerman and 6 others were lost, and in 1804, by a similar disaster, 9 others, 1 There are 18 sawmills, a stave factory, 2 gristmilla, and 2 tanneries in town. ^ :, r,^ ,- 2 Watson Earl, Samuel Baron, Joseph Weed, Sterling Moore, David Wilson, and Israel Messenger settled at Hannibal Center in 1805. The first birth was that of Carr Sprague, in 180ii ; the first marriage, that of Daniel Thomas and Prudence Sprague, in 1803; and the flrstdeath, thatofadaughter of Tliomas Sprague, in 1806. The first gristmill waa built by Etirl 4 Colfon, in 1806-, and the first sawmill, by Silas Crandcll, in ISll. The first mn was kept by Henry Jennings, in 1808; the first store, by Bonj. Phelps, in 1816; and the first school was taught m 1810. « The census reports 4 churches; 2 Bap., Cong., and M.E. 4 A little E. of the fort ground is a sandbank, m which bones are found belonging to men over 7 feet high. A mnimd at the E extremity of the bank is full of humnn bones, indicating the place of sepulture for thousands.— f^'orJ-^ Onmdapa, ml. 2 p. 182. 6 Among the early settlers were Timothy ^ iclieiy. Chester Loomis, Solomon Allen, and Jacob Rice. The first birth was that of John L. Stevens, in 1802 ; the first mairiiige, that of Silas Bellows and Betsey Vickery, in 1808 ; and the first death, that of Horatio Stevens, in 1792. Chester Loomis kept the iirst inn, in ISl.'i ; and Hastings Curtis, the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by Patricia Vickery, at Caughdenoy. ■5 There are 19 sawmills, 6 gristmills, a fulling and cloth dress- ing mill, a woolen factory, and 3 tanneries. 'The Mexico Academy was organized in 1826. as the " J?mssd- aer Osvjegn Academy." Its name was changed May 19, 1845. 8 Formerly cfiUed -'Vera Cruz." See p. . f Phineas Davis and Calvin Tiifany, from Conn., settled in 1799; John Morton and Asa Davis in 1801; Peleg Brown, Daniel Eanies, and Leonard Ames in 1804; arfd Solomon Peck in 1S05. The first birth was that of Truman Rood, Aug. 10, 1709; and the first marriage, that of Hichiird GalTord and Mrs. Hood, widow of N. Rood. The first grist and saw mill were built by 51r. .=(riba's agent; and the first store was kept by Beni. Ti'right. The first school was taught by Sanford Douglass, at Colosse, in 1806, 308 OSWEGO COUNTY. leaving but 1 male adult inhabitant in the settlement.' There are 10 religious societies and 9 church edifices in town.^ IVETf HAVEIV— was formed from Mexico, April 2, 1813. A part was annexed to Mexico May 9, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling and generally smooth. It is watered by Spring Brook, Catfish and Butterfly Creeks, 3 small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. There is quite an extensive marsh near the mouth of Butterfly Creek, in the n.e. part of the town, and another in the s.w.part. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, and the soil is principally a sandy and gravelly loam. Stock raising receives more atten- tion in this than in the other towns of the co., and a limited amount of manufacturing is done.' New Haven, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, on Catfish Creek, contains 2 churches, 2 inns, a store, a sawmill, a gristmill, and about 50 houses. Butterfly is a p. o. near the E. line of the town. The first settlement was made by Rood and Doolittle, at New Haven, in 1798.* The first church (Cong.) was organized at New Haven Village, in 1817 ; and Rev. William Williams was the first minister. There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. ORTVEEL.— was formed from Richland, Feb. 28, 1817, and Boylston was taken oflf in 1828. A part of Richland was annexed March 27, 1844. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the center of the CO. The surface has a s.w. inclination, its e. border being elevated 300 to 500 feet above its w. and 700 to 1,000 feet above Lake Ontario. It is moderately hilly, and is considerably broken in places by the deep ravines of the streams. Upon Salmon River is a fall worthy of note. The stream flows over a rocky bed in a series of rapids for 2 mi. and then falls over a precipice 110 feet perpendicular. The banks of the stream below the fall are 200 feet high. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. The E. half of the town is yet uncultivated. Lumber and other products of wood form the leading articles manufactured ; and considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying.* Or^vell Corners, (Orwell p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 1 church, 3 stores, an inn, a sawmill, a gristmill, a tannery, a steam cabinet factory, and about 40 houses. Maline is a hamlet in the s. part. The first settlers were Nathaniel Bennett and his son Nathaniel, from Rensselaer co., N. T., on Lots 82 and 83, and Capt. Noyes, on Lot 29, in 1806.^ There are 3 religious societies in town.' OSTTEGO CITY— formed from Oswego and Scriba, was incorp. as a village March 14, 1828, and was enlarged and organized as a city March 24, 1848.' It is situated on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Oswego River,' that stream dividing the city into two nearly equal parts. The river is bordered upon each side by a ridge, which rises in gradual slopes to a height of about 100 feet, and ends in bluffs on the lake shore 40 to 60 feet high. The summits of these ridges are about 1 mi. apart, and descend from the river in the same gradual slopes as toward it. One mi. w. is a valley opening through the ridge into the river above the falls, through which the Oswego must have once flowed into the lake. The s. border of the city is skirted by a bluff or escarpment about 160 feet above the lake, indicating an ancient lake or sea beach. Here commences the deep ravine excavated by the river through strata of red sandstone of the Medina group and underlying shale. From this the geological induction is made that, at the last great physical change which elevated the country from the bed of an ancient ocean and brought the river into existence, it fell directly into Lake Ontario, at the escarpment, by a fall of moderate 1 Capt. Geerman, Nathaniel Rood, Spencer and son, Wheaton, Clark, and Doolittle were those who were lost by the first accident. Ilenj. Winch was the male survivor. 2 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Free and Union Bethels, 11. 0., Prot. Fron., and Union. The Union Society holds its meetings in the Town Hall at Mexico. 8 There are 9 sawmills, 2 gristmills, and other mannfactnring establishments in town. * Mr. Wright settled in the town in 1798; Solomon Smith in 18110 ; C. Drake and Capt. Gardner in 1804 ; David Enos, Joseph Baile.v, and James JeiTet in 1805; and Warner Drake in 1808. The first birth was that of .lolin D. Smith, in Feb. 1806. The first sawmill was erected by Ira Foot, in 1806, and the first gristmill by Waldo Drayton, in 1809. Harriet Eason tnnght the first school, in the summer of 1806. 6 Tliere are 16 sawmills, 16 shingle ujills, a gristmill, and a tannery in town. 8 Among the early settlers were Benj. Reynolds, Joshua Hol- !i8. Alden, Giltiert. and Timothy IJalch. The first marriage was that of Robert Wooley and a danghtor of Nathaniel Bennett, sen., in 1807; and the first death, that of the mother of Timothy Balch, in 1810. The first school was taught by Jesse Aiken, in 1810. Joseph Watson built the first sawmill, in 1810, and Jonah Tompson the first gristmill, in 1816. ' M. E., Presb., and Bap. A Union church at Orwell Corners is occupied by the Presb. and Bap. societies. 8 At the first village meeting, held May 13, 1828, Hon. AMn Bronson was elected President, and Daniel Hupunin, jr.. George Fisher, Nathaniel Vilas, jr., David P. Brewster, Theophilus S. Morgan, Joseph Turner, and Orlo Steele, Trustees. The first city oificers, elected in April, 1848, were as follows : Mai/or. James Piatt; Aldennen, Hunter Crane, Gilbert Moilisou Ste- phen H. Lathrop, Robert Oliver, Geo. S. Alvord, John Boigeol Samuel S. Taylor, and William S. Malcolm. The council ap- pointed J. M. Casey City Cleric. ^ By the river and canal it is 38 mi., by R. it. 35 mi., n. n. w. of Syracuse ; by the Oswego and Erie Canals 208 mi., by the Oswego and Central line of R.R. 183 mi., and by the surveyed route of the Oswego & Troy R. E, 170 mi., w. N. w. of Albany. OSWEGO COUNTY. 309 lieight, the upward movement being gradual and intermittent. The pauses by which it was inter- rupted are marked by ancient beach lines, ridges, and terraces found at different heights above the lakes The Oswego Falls are now 11 feet high ; and, as they have receded s. 12 mi., to the village of Fulton, with an ascending average grade of about 9 feet per mi. in the excavated bed of the river, they must have diminished in height and grandeur from age to age during the whole period of re- cession. This hypothesis is sustained by geographical and geological analogy with the Falls of the Genesee and the Niagara. The aggregate fall of the river within the 12 mi. is 110 feet, of which 34 feet are within the limits of the city; and the whole fall is so distributed by 6 successive dams, built by the State for canal and slackwater navigation, that the water of the river may be used by raceways nearly the whole distance, affording one of the finest water-powers in the world. The river forms the outlet to the 11 lakes which cluster in the basin of Central New York, and drains a wide extent of territory. These lakes form natural reservoirs which prevent floods or undue ex- haustion, the extreme elevation and depression of the river not exceeding 3 feet, so that destructive freshets, so common to great water-power rivers, never occur. The mouth of the river admits vessels of the largest class navigating the lakes; and the erection of piers and a lighthouse by the U. S. Government renders it one of the safest and most accessible harbors on the lakes, susceptible of inde- finite enlargement, and combining canal and R. K. transportation with the advantages of position as the nearest lake port to tidewater. A hydraulic canal extending along both sides of the river is studded with mills, elevating warehouses, and other manufacturing establishments. The city is handsomely laid out, with streets 100 feet wide, intersecting each other at right angles. The E. and w. banks of the river are connected by two bridges, built by the city, — the lower one, an iron bridge with a draw for the passage of vessels, on Bridge St., the upper on TJtica St., at the terminus of the Oswego & Syracuse R. R. The principal public buildings are an edifice recently erected by the XJ. S. Government, containing ,a custom house, post-office, and U. S. courtroom,^ a city hall,* jail, orphan asylum, city hospital, city library, and 12 churches.' The Orphan Asylum is situated upon the elevated ground in the southern part of the city, com- manding a fine view of the city, harbor, and lake. It was founded in 1853, mainly through the influence of the ladies of Oswego, and continues to be principally supported by them. Orphans and children of destitute parents, from earliest infancy to 8 years of age, are admitted and cared for and afterward placed out in respectable families. A primary and Sabbath school are connected with the institution. The number of inmates ranges from 50 to 100. The City Library was founded by a donation of $25,000 from Hon. Gerrett Smith. The edifice is finely located upon the e. side of the river; and the library at present contains 9,000 volumes.* The Public Schools are graded and free ; they are under the care of a Board of Education and Superintendent. The system embraces the primary, junior, senior, and high school departments ; and pupils can receive instruction from the primary branches to an extended academic course. In 1857 there were in the city 23 school districts, in which were employed 47 teachers, — 8 males and 39 females. The number of children between 4 and 21 was 5,516, of which 4,175, or 75 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total receipts and expenses during the year was $26,341 14; the number of volumes in the district libraries, about 3,000. The commerce of Oswego is very extensive, and is increasing much more rapidly than the popu- lation.' Being situated near the foot of lake navigation, and nearer to N. Y. than any other lake port, it has commercial facilities superior to those of most of the Western cities. A considerable share of the produce of the West flows through this port on its way to the seaboard markets ; and it is the principal entrepSt of the agricultural products of Canada West. The salt of Onondaga is mostly distributed through the Great West from this place ; and vast quantities of the manufactured goods of the Bast are sent through the same channel. The official report of the value of the lake and canal trade, derived from the Custom House and Canal Collector's Office, for 1845, was $7,951,409, and for 1856 was $50,612,603, showing an annual average increase of nearly 20 per cent. The amount of registered tonnage in 1846 was 15,513 tons, and in 1856 it was 46,467 tons.« The manufacturing interests of the city have attained to considerable magnitude, although the vast water-power of Oswego River is occupied but to a limited extent. Flour made from the wheat 1 This ediflce is conatracted of Cleveland sandstone and iron, and is entirely fireproof. Its cost was about $120,000. « This building contains the rooms of the Common Oouncll and Board of Education, and the offices of the City Clerk, Re- corder, and other city officers. „ „ „ « n tt •„ „».i » 2 Prot. B., 2 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 M. B., 2 K. C, Univ., and * This edifice, erected in 1856, is boilt of brick, and is 92 by 62 feet, with a vestibule 16 by 16 feet, a basement 9 feet high, with 2 stories above, having an aggregate height of wall of 30 feet above the basement. 6 Pop. in 1885, 16,816. Estimated in 1868, 18,000. 8 The operation of the late Reeiprority Treaty with Enp:lnnd has proved, as was anticipated, moat favorable to Oswngo. The importation of ffrain at the port in 1856 was 13.504.074 lMT'flu''fl : and the peculiar manufacturing and commercial advantngos of the place have made it the great flour and grain market of Cen- tral New York and Northern New England. ,310 OSWEGO COUNTY. of Canada and the Western States forms the leading article manufactured. The Oswego mills, 18 in number, with an aggregate of 100 run of stone, are capable of grinding and packing 10,000 barrels of flour per day, — a greater amount than is manufactured at any other place on the continent.' Shipyards and 2 marine railways rank among the important manufacturing establishments of the city, and give large employment to labor. The Oswego Starch Factory, erected in 1848, upon the hydraulic canal, on the w. bank of the river, is one of the most prosperous and extensive esta- blishments of the kind in the world.^ Lumber is extensively dressed in the city for the Western markets, from Canadian sawed lumber entered free under the Reciprocity Treaty. The Osvfego Cotton Mills is a well managed and productive establishment, operating 83 looms, 2,664 spindles, and giving employment to 65 operators. A little above, on the same canal, is an exten- sive tannery. The Ontario Foundery, Steam Engine and Machine Works, is one of the most extensive and prosperous establishments of the kind in the State. Many other branches of manu- factures are carried on in the city. The early history of Oswego has already been noticed in the general history of the co.' Its distinctive and modern history dates from its surrender by the British in 1796. The withdrawal of the British garrison took away from the place all that had ever been established of civilized society, and left it as new as though man had never resided there. During the year following the evacuation, Neil McMullin, a merchant of Kingston, moved thither, bringing with him a house framed at Kingston.* In 1802 but 2 or 3 vessels were owned on the American side of the lake, trade being principally carried on by vessels belonging to the Northwest Fur Company. During this year Benajah Boyington built a warehouse on the w. side of the river, and Arch. Fairfield became a forwarding merchant. Salt from the Onondaga Springs was at that time the most important item in the commerce of Oswego. In 1803, Matthew McNair engaged in the forwarding business and purchased a schooner. In 1804 he built another, and, in connection with other gentlemen, purchased a number of Canadian vessels.* From this period shipbuilding was carried on briskly, and it formed a leading interest until the breaking out of the War of 1812. The war put an end to commercial transactions ; but the place became the scene of stirring mili^ tary events. The fort was garrisoned and commanded by Col. Mitchell. On the 5th of May, 1814, the British fleet under Sir James Yeo appeared off the harbor and opened a heavy fire upon the place. The fire was returned by the 4 small guns which constituted the only armament of Fort Ontario, and by a small battery on the w. side of the river. The next morning the British took position still nearer the shore, and under the cover of a heavy five 2 columns of the enemy effected a landing. After a gallant but vain defense, Col. Mitchell retreated, leaving the fort and town in possession of the enemy .^ The principal object of the attack was to secure the naval stores destined for the new vessels building at Sackets Harbor ; but a large share of these were at Oswego Falls, 12 mi. above, and were not taken. Several cannon and other heavy articles lying upon the wharf were sunk in the river, at the command of Col. Mitchell ; these were afterward recovered. On the morning of the 7th the British retired, and the fleet proceeded n. to blockade Sackets Harbor. Lieut. Woolsey, who had charge of the stores, immediately dropped down the river, and, with 19 boats laden with stores, set out on the lake under cover of night, and supported by a body of riflemen and Indians, under Maj. Appling, on shore. The boats were pursued, and took refuge in Sandy Creek, where an action took place, resulting in the capture of the entire attacking party.' Oswego recovered slowly from the effects of the war, and its commercial transactions were eom- pa ratively unimpo rtant until the opening of the Oswego and Welland Canals.^ In the mean time Matthew McNair and Bradnor Burt and his fathpr rame in 1802: Homy Eagle in 1808; Alvin Bronson in 1810; and Wm DoUo- 1^"'-L'".,^*^'- ^'^ ^^^^ "'"' popi'lation nnmhered 300. Rankin McMullin, son of Neil McMullin, born in 1800, was the first child born within the preaent limits of the city. ' In 1804 all commercial transartions wore carried on with unrestnctort fi-eodom. No ship papers, licenses, reports, or oaths were required, the keen-scented c-ustom house officers not having yet smelt out the commerce of the lakes. « The British loss in the action was about 200, and the Ame- rican 60. The British carried olT several of the prominent citi- zens, and kept them pri»onoi-s until they wore duly discharsed. ,°,°|5 l?° P™»"M'S "<"■« Alvin Bronson, Abraham Ungunin, ana Ell Stevens. ° * 7 See pase , q« ™ l*^^' \° ^T ''"f"™ *>!« Oswego Canal was completed, 86,000 barrels of Onondaga salt wore received at Osweiro of winch 20,000 barrels wont to Western States by the nomsea was t2,60 per barrel, and the cost of transportation from Salina by Osweso, to Black Rock $1.41 per b.arrel. In 1856 tlSre were' received at Oswego 700,000 barrels, of which over 600 000 went to upper lake ports through the WoUaud Canal, at a cost of 1 Five of these mills are located on the harbor, and elevate their grain from lake vessels and discharge flour and grain into canal boats. Six grain warehouses on the harbor elevate and discharge in the same way. The other mills, located above, elevate from and discharge into canal boats. The elevating capacity on the harbor is 37,500 bushels per hour, and the Rtorago room over 2,000,000 bushels of grain,— rendering Oswego the be^t ri'cf^iving port on the lakes. 2 This factory was founded by a stock company, with a capital of $60,000 ; and, under the supervision of Thos. Kingsford k Sons, its capital has been increased to |450,000. and its main block of buildin!,'!! have grown to the enoimous dimensions of 610 feet front by 250 feet deep, with nnmerons detached buildings and an extensive box factory. The main establishment works up 500,000 bushels of grain (mostly corn) and makes 12,000,000 pounds of starrh per annum, large quantities of the article are sold and used in London, Liverpool, and the principal cities on the contment of Europe. It gives employment to 200 men. 3 See page , i When Mr. McMullin and his family landed at Oswego they found two American residents,_John Love and Ziba Phillips. Thev were traders, and left soon after. Oapt. Edward O'Connor of the Revolutionary Army, came in during the same year OSWEGO COUNTY. 311 shipbuilding became a leading pursuit of the people. In 1816, steam navigation was first intro- duced on Lake Ontario, and its great progress since has been of immense importance to Oswego. In 1829-30, Alvin Bronson and T. S. Morgan erected the first flouring mill. In 1828 the Oswego Canal wa^ finished, and in 1830 the Welland Canal was opened, giving a, new impulse to trade and opening to the place an almost boundless commerce in the future. With the advantages of natural position and the stimulus of the lines of internal improvement, both the commerce and manufactures of Oswego have increased in an almost unprecedented manner ; and there is every reason to believe that this increase is to continue for many years to come. . OS'WEGO-TO'WIV— was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Granby was annexed May 20, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, on the w. side of the river. Its surface is generally rolling, ending in a bluff shore upon the lake. The streams are the Bight Mile, Rice, Snaie, and Minetto Creeks. A fall in Oswego River within the limits of this town affords an abundance of water-power. The underlying rock is principally red sandstone, and the soil a gravelly loam. Boulders and water-worn pebbles are scattered over the surface, making it very stony in places. Minetto,! (p. v.,) situated on Oswego River, 4 mi. from the city, contains 150 inhabitants. Soutb West Os-wego is a p. 0. The first settlement was made in 1797, by Asa Rice, from Conn. Reuben Pixley came in 1800, and Daniel Burt in 1802.^ There are now in the town 2 churches ; M. E. and Bap. PAIiERMO — was formed from Volney, April 4, 1832. It is an interior town, lying just s.w. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating. The large swamp in the e. part of the town is 57 feet above Oneida Lake, and the ridges are about 25 feet above the swamp. The streams are Scotts and Catfish Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. Lumber and the products of wood are the principal manufactured products of the town.' Palermo, (p. o.,) situated near the center of the town, and yermillion (p. o.) each contains 1 church and about 15 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1806, by David Jennings, Simeon Crandall, and Sylvanus Hop- kins.* The first settled preacher was Rev. Asaph Graves. There are now 4 churches in town.* PARISH* — was formed from Mexico, March 20, 1828. It is an interior town, a little s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, but considerably broken by ravines, and in some parts rough and stony. The streams are Salmon Creek and its branches. The valley in the w. part is 246 feet above Lake Ontario, and the E. summits are 25 to 50 feet higher. The soil con- sists of clay, sand, and gravel, and is moderately fertile. Less than half of the town is under culti- vation. There are 12 sawmills, 4 shingle factories, and other manufacturing establishments in town. Parisbville, (Parish p. o.,) on Salmon Creek, in the w. part, contains 1 church and 34 houses. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Thomas Nutting, Eliada Orton, Jonathan Bedell, Amos Williams, and Rev. Gamaliel Barnes.' There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap. K.EDFIEI.I> — was taken from Mexico, as part of Oneida co., March 14, 1800.* It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly in the s., but in the N. it spreads out into a high, roll- ing plateau 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. A wide intervale extends along the course of Salmon River, which stream drains nearly the whole town. The underlying rock is gray limestone, and the soil upon it is generally a thin and moderately fertile gravelly loam. The soil of the intervale is a deep, sandy loam of good quality. The greater part of the town is still unsettled, and the uplands are frosty and forbidding regions. Center Square, (Redfield p. o.,) situated on Salmon River, in the s. part of the town, contains 2 churches and about 30 houses. C>reenboroug'Ii is a p. 0. in the n. e. part. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1798, by immigrants mostly from Conn.' The first church (Cong.) was organized with 19 members in 1802, by Rev. Joshua Johnson. There are now 2 churches in the town; Cong, and M. E. transportation ranging from 10 to 20 cent8 per barrel from Salina to Chicago. This price for freight is much leas than it is from St. Olair River to Chicago, less tljan half the distance, illustrating the fact that the demand for up freights is at the great receivinji: point of down freights. 1 A sawmill at this place ia one of the largest in the State, and is capable of sawing 20,000 feet per 24 hours. 2 Among the aarly settlers were Nathan Nelson and Beckwith, in 1804; Eleazur Perry, in 1806; Jonathan Buel and .Tacob Thorpe, in 1806; and Daniel Robinson, in 1809. The first birth was that of Thomaa .Jefferson Kice, in 1801 ; the first mar- riage, that of Augustus Ford and Miss Rice, in 1800; and the first death, that of an infant child of Asa Rice, in 1798. » There are in the town 8 sawmills, 3 shingle and stave fac- tories, 2 gristmills, and 2 tanneries. « Among the first settlers were Alvin Wallter, Stephen Blake, nnd Zadock Hopkins. The first, birth was that of Alvin WaMcer, jr.; the first marriage, that of Joseph Jennings and Sally Ch.a- pin; and the first death, that of Zadock Hopkins,— all m 1811. The first inn was opened in 1816, by Stephen Blalte; and the first sawmill was built by Phineas Chapin, in 1812. The first school was taught by Harriet Eason, in the summer of 1812. s 2 M. E. and 2 Bap. 6 Named from David Parish, who purchased the town before its settlement. 1 Paul Allen settled in town in 1805. The first birth was that of Ransom Orton, in 1805 ; the first death, that of Jonathan Bedell, killed by the fall of a tree: and the first marriage, that of Nathan Parkhurst and the widow Bedell. John Miller kept the first inn, in 1807 ; and Martin Way and Paul Allen built the first sawmill, in 1808. The first school was taught at Parish- ville, in the summer of 1807. 8 The town of '-Arcadia,'* so called, was annexed Feb. 20, 1807- The town of " Gre&nboro" was erected Feb. 21, 1843, and re-un nexed March 1. 1848, in consequence of fraudulent practices with regard to assessments upon the lands of non-residents. B Among those who settled in the town in 1798 were Amos Kent, Joslah Tryon, Nathan Sage, Jonathan Harmon, James 312 OSWEGO COUNTY. RICIII. AlVO— was formed from AViUiamstown, as part of Oneida CO., 'Feb. 20, 1807. Orwell was taken off in 1817, Sandy Creek and Albion in 1825, a part of Mexico in 1836, and a part of Orwell in 1844 It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, N. of the center of the co. The surface is generally level or gently rolling, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The e. part is ^50 feet above Lake Ontario, and Pulaski Village is 131 feet above,-giving to the town a decided westerly inclination. The principal streams are Salmon River,i Deer and Sandstone Creeks; and upon each of them are falls, furnishing a large amount of water-power.^ Spring Brook is a small stream flowing from several large springs in the E. part of the town, and in the course of 3 mi. falls 150 feet. The springs are perpetual, and rather increase than diminish in summer ; so that the power furnished is abundant and constant. The mouth of Salmon River furnishes a good harbor. The underlying rook is the Lorraine shales; the soil is a sandy loam, with some clay in the s. w. part, and is generally fertile. Pulaski, (p. v.,) on Salmon River, about 3 mi. from its mouth, is the half shire of the co. and was incorp. April 26, 1832. It contains 4 churches, a courthouse, an academy,' a newspaper office, a bank, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 1,168. Port Ontario, (p. v.,) on Salmon River, near its mouth, contains about 50 houses; and Holmesvllle (South Richland p.o.) 1 church and 20 houses; SelRirb., at the mouth of Salmon River, contains a church, a U. S. lighthouse, and 30 dwellings. Ricllland Station, on the W. & R. R. R., is in the e. part of the town. The first settlement was made near the mouth of Salmon River, in 1801, by Nathan Tuttle, of Canada, and Nathan Wilcox and Albert Bohannan, from Rome.5 The first church (Cong.) was organized Jan. 22, 1811; and the Rev. Oliver Leavitt was the first-settled pastor. There are 7 churches in town." SAIVWY CREEK— was formed from Richland, March 24, 1825. It lies on the shore of Lake Ontario, upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and has a westerly inclination, its B. border being elevated about 500 feet above the surface of the lake. It is drained by Little Sandy Creek and many smaller streams, all of which have rapid currents and are frequently interrupted by falls, which furnish a good supply of water-power. Great Sandy Bay, a portion of Lake Ontario, nearly landlocked, lies principally within the limits of this town. The soil consists of gravelly loam and disintegrated shale, and is generally productive. Lumber is the principal manufactured pro- duct.' Wasliingtonville, (Sandy Creek p.o.,) situated on Little Sandy Creek, 4 mi. from its mouth, is a station on the W. & R. R. R. Pop. 423. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Joseph Hurd and Elias Howe, from Oneida co.® The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1817, by Rev. Mr. Dunlap. There are now 3 churches in town.' SCHROEPPEIi"— was taken from Volney, April 4, 1832. It lies in the s. part of the CO., in the n.e. angle formed by the junction of Oneida and Oswego Rivers. The surface is level or gently rolling. It is watered by Scott and Fish Creeks and many smaller streams. A swamp extends northward from the mouth of Fish Creek to the n. border of the town, and is a half mile to a mile in width. The soil is a rich sandy loam and clay. The underlying rocks, which belong to the Clinton group, nowhere crop out in the town. There are 10 sawmills, 4 shingle mills, and other manufactures in town. PhcBllix," (p. v.,) on Oswego River, 2 mi. below Three River Point, was incorp. in 1848. It contains 3 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 1,164. Gil- bertsvllle, (Gilberts Mills p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches. Pop. 442. mnmans- Vllle, (p. V.,) in the extreme w. part, on Oswego River, contains 25 houses ; and PennelvlUe, Drake, Eli Strong, Bery. Austin, Pamiiel Brooka, Eliiildm Si- monds. Nathan Cook, Ebenezer Chamberlain, David Harmon, and Elihn Tnerriiham. The firat birth was that of Ezra L. H. Cham- berlain; and tlie iirat death, that of an infant son of Dr. Alden, in 1801. The first saw and grist milla were built in 1801 ; and the first inn was opened the same year, by David Butler. The first school was tauoilit in 1802. by Rev. .Toshna .Tohnson. 1 At the month of Salmon Kiver is a harbor admitting vessels of light dranffht. 2 There are 1ft sawmills, 8 shingle mills, 6 flonring and grist mills, 2 cotton factories. 2 paper milla. a tool factory, and several other manufacturing establishments in the town. 8 The Pulaski Academy was organized .Tune 4, 1853. * 2 paper mills, 4 flouring and grist mills, 3 sawmills, and 3 tanneries. 6 Among the early aettlera were Hugh Montgomery, in 1801 : John Ingersoll, Benj. Bull. Israel .Tr.nea, John Fariiham, and .Tohn.son, in 1804; Jeremiah Matthewaon. in 180V; and Ephraim and Juatus Fox. in 1808. The first birth was that of Benj. Ingersoll, Aug. 28, 1804; the first marriace. th.it of Saml. Crippen and Kutli Tuttle, the same year; and the first death, that of a child of Nathan Tuttle. The first inn was kept by Benj. Winch, in 1806; and the first store, hy John Meacham, in 1810. The first sawmill was built by .John Hoar, in 1806; and the first gristmill, by Jeremiah Matthewson, in 1808. Milly Ellis taught the first school, in the summer of 1808. 8 3 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., and Prot. E. " There are 11 sawmills, 2 shingle mills, 2 gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. 8 In 1805 Asel Hurd and 5 families from Tt., by the name of Meacham. settled in town. The first sawmill was" built by Wm. Skinner and .Toseph Hurd, in 1804; and the first gristmill, by James Hinman. in 1806. Simeon Meacliam kept the first store and tavern, in 1806 ; and the first school was taught at the house of George Harding, by his daughter, in 1807-08. The first birth was that of Laura Hurd ; the first marriage, that of Henry Patterson and Lucy Meacham, in 1806 ; and the firat death, that of Mrs. Elias llowe. in 1807. Presb., M. E., and Bap, — all at Waahingtonville. 10 Pronounced scru'ple; named from Henrj' W. Schroeppel. His father, Geo. C. Schroeppel, purchased the whole of Township 24 and a large part of 16, of George Scriba. Henry W. settled in the town in 1819. and is still a resident. u Named in honor of Alex. Phcenix. OSWEGO COUNTY. 313 (p. V.,) near the center, 15. Settlement was commenced by Abram Paddock, in 1800.* The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1826. There are now 5 churches in town.^ SCRIB.l'— was taken from " Fredericksburgl" (nowVolney) as partof Oneida co., April5,1811. It lio>^ upon the shore of Lake Ontario and the e. bank of Oswego River. Its surface is rolling, the rid-es extending n. and s., and elevated 100 to 180 feet above the lake. It is drained by Black Creek, flowing s., and Nine Mile, Four Mile, and Wine Creeks, flowing N. Upon several of these streams are valuable mill privileges. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, stony in places, and only moderately fertile. Scriba Corners, (Scriba p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and about 40 houses. STortll Scrlba is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Henry Everts, in 1798.* There are 3 churches in town.^ VOLIVEY* — was formed — by the name of " Fredericksburgh" — from Mexico as part of Oneida CO., March 21, 1806. Its name was changed April 5, 1811. Scriba was taken off in 1811, and Schroeppel and Palermo in 1832. It lies upon the E. bank of Oswego River, s. w. of the center of the CO. Its surface is undulating, with high, steep banks bordering upon the river. The ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys and 100 to 200 feet above Oswego River. The red sandstone crops out on the bank of the river and is extensively quarried for building stone. The falls upon the river furnish an immense water-power.' The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Fulton,^ (p. V.,) on Oswego River, at the Oswego Falls,' was incorp. April 29, 1835. It contains 6 churches, the Falley Seminary,'" 2 newspaper offices, and a large number of manufacturing establishments. Pop. 3,192. Seneca Hill, (p. v.,) on Oswego River, in the n. w. corner of the town, contains 50 dwellings and the largest flouring establishment in the State." Volney Cor- ners, (Volney p. o.,) near the center, contains 18 houses. The present village of Fulton became the seat of a floating population in the early part of the eighteenth century ; but permanent settle- ment was not commenced until 1793.'" The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1814; and the Rev. Mr. Leavitt was the first settled minister. There are 9 churches in town.'' fFEST MOjVROE — ^was formed from Coastantia, March 21, 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level and marshy in the s., and rolling, broken, and stony in the N. A marsh on the bank of the lake covers an area of more than 1,000 acres, and a considerable portion of it produces cranberries. In the valleys between the ridges, in the n. part of the town, are several smaller marshes. Red sandstone, the underlying rook, crops out in this town and furnishes a plentiful supply of valuable building stone. Bog iron ore is found in the N. part; and it is said that traces of lead and silver have also been found. The soil is a medium quality of clay, sandy and gravelly loam. West Monroe and Union Settle- ment are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1806, by Martin Owens, Abel and Joseph B. Ames, Ebenezer Loomis, and Sylvanus Allen." The first chUrch (Presb.) was organized in 1843.'^ WIIililAMSTOWW — was formed from Mexico, as part of Oneida co., March 24, 1804. Richland was taken off' in 1807, and Amboy in 1830. It lies near the center of the e. border of the CO. The surface is undulating in the s., but broken and stony in the w., and moderately hilly in the e. It is drained by Fish Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, and the head branches of Salmon internal water comnninication between Schenectady and the ports upon Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, after tho construction of the canal connecting Wood Creek with the Mo- hawk River, by the Western Navigation Co., in 1796. 10 The Fulton Female Seminary was incorp. in 1836, and in 1842 it was changed to the Fulton Academy. In 1849 it received a donation of $3,000 from Mrs. M. E. Falley and assumed the name of the Falley Seminary. At the same time it came under the charge of the Black River Conference of the M. E. Church. It iu po wh' ft ' p pryftteHnstitntiTm. u This flouring mill has 15 run of stone, with a separate wheel to each run, and a capacity of grinding and packing 1,200 bar- rels of flour per day. IS Daniel Masters settled at Oswego Falls in 1793 ; Laurence Van Valkenburgh, belowthe falls, in 1795 ; and John Van Huron in 1796. John Waterliouse settled in the town in 1797; and Ebenezer Wright in 1800. The first birth after the permanent settlement was in 1795 ; and the first death, that of John Water- house, in Aug. 1799, Daniel Masters kept the first inn, at tho falls, in 1794; and he and Goodell erected the first sawmill, in 1796. Miss A. Waterhouse taught the first school, in 1800. 18 2 M. E., Presb., Prot. £., Cong., Sap., Prot. Meth,, Wes. Meth., and Union. M Deacon Smith, from Mass., settled in the town in 1808, and Hiram Nickerson in 1810. The first birth was that of Azariah Ames. The first inn was kept by Descon Smith, in 1812; and the first school was taught by Caroline Barnes, in 1810. IB The census reports 2 churches ; Presb. and F. W. Bap. I Thomas Vickery and La Hommedieu settled in 1807; and Wm. Miles in 1808. The first birth was that of Joseph Vickery, Sept. 11, ia07: and tho first marnage, that of John Lemanier and Sally Winter. The first sawmill was erected by H. W. Schroeppel, in 1819; and the first gristmill by A. & H. Gilbert, the same year. The first store was kept by Andnis Gilbert, in 1821 ; and the first inn, by Alex. Phcenix, in 1828. Horatio Sweet taught the first school, at Three River Point, in 1813 2 2 M. B., Cong., Bap., and F. W. Bap. 8 Named in honor of George Scriba, the original proprietor of this and several of the adjoining towns. * Asahel Bush and Samuel Tiffany settled in town in 1801, Wm. Burt and Iliel Stone in 1805; and Dr. Deodatus Wark "5 1807. The first birth was that of Henry Everts, jr.; the first roari-iage, that of John Masters and El.za Baldwm, in 1806 and the first death, that of a child of Hiram Warner. Jh^ «'»' '"" was kept by Iliel .stone, in 1806; and the first store, by Orrin Stoneand Aaron Parkhurst, in 1819 Benj. Robinson, from Manlius, taught the first school, in 1804. 6 Ban., M, E,. and a Bethel Free and nnion. N^med in honor of Volney, tho French author, who visited the town in 1808. while on a tour through the U, b. » ThTrc are 7 fiooring mills In town, having an aggregate of 42 run of stoiU; also a large number of sawmills and other ;;rf;ll7i;"Krofirobe,'t-Fulton, « was origmany called ""■'ihrpOTtage at this place was the only interruption in the 314 OSWEGO COUNTY. River The surface of Tiah Creek at Williamstown Mills, in the s. e. part, is 354 feet above Lake Ontario, and the hills in the n. e. are 200 to 300 feet higher. The greater part of the town is yet unsettled The soil is a moderately fertile sandy or gravelly loam. Lumber and leather are the principal manufactured products. WilUamstowii, (p. v.,) on Fish Creek, in the s. part, is a station on the W. & K. R. R. Pop. 240. Kasoa^, (p. v.,) a little w. of the center, is a station on the W. & R. R. R. and contains about 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1801, by Gilbert Taylor, Solomon Goodwin, Ichabod Comstock, Dennis Orton, Henry "Williams, and Henry Filkins.i The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1805, by Rev. Wm. Stone.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live ■Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oswego County. Names of Towns. Albion Amboy Boylston Coiistantia. Granby HaniDibal Hastings Mexico New Haven.... Orwell Oswego City... Oswego-Town. Palermo Parish Eedfield Kicbland Sandy Creek... Schroeppel Scriba Volney West Monroe.. Williamstown Total Acres of Land. 1 1 g & 1 g 9,196} 16,109 6,827i 18,070i 6,486 17,379 6,161 28,660 16,458 13,674} 16,094f 12,036 lS,262t 14,010 20,206i 8,011 ll,410i 7,603 8,63ri 17,346 2,042 783i 12,242i 7.494i 12,28Si 12,777 9,010i 15,921 6,988i 51,835 19,632 11,859 16,738 6,659i lS,066i 11,619 14,398i 8,9.36 16,141 12,621- 6,237^ 14,663- 6,271i 20,281J 244,126 328,0475 Valuation op 1868. J262,340 106,160 70,117 324,299 608,863 410,170 646,900 633,030 283,880 170,581 4,262,372 569,736 347,670 241,014 181,547 709,161 410,996 603,290 1,417,676 674,963 120,890 140,161 I CO., J7,760 6,660 1,300 16,100 20,270 13,660 44,300 96,400 41,195 7.000 1,401410 26,900 18,100 16,976 7,456 881,950 34,300 24,100 80,800 44,250 6,700 3,100 1,946,566 4270,090 110,710 71,417 339,399 629,133 423,820 690,200 628.430 326,076 177,681 6,663,782 586,636 366,770 267,989 189,002 791,111 446,296 627,390 1,448,475 619,213 126,090 143,261 14,929,869 Population. 1,147 636 424 1,691 1,963 1,666 1,610 2,015 1,011 669 8,022 1,428 1,048 876 462 2,079 1,176 1,937 1,639 3,866 631 490 1,066 636 391 1,764 1,784 1,473 1,459 2,007 1,001 689 7,704 1,332 976 800 346 1,033 1,098 1,810 1,419 8,111 686 463 35,662 33,736 12.649 13,711 413 216 144 692 694 690 681 782 396 241 2,618 623 424 323 144 736 418 686 668 1,166 224 182 486 222 146 632 767 639 608 831 433 260 2,962 646 467 387 168 677 488 766 687 1,343 241 187 375 190 146 442 468 611 606 748 344 282 1,771 293 277 296 139 620 337 443 632 866 204 170 9,781 Si Ss 446 278 1,806 1,620 1,117 1,899 1,376 780 617 5.987 1,154 784 762 393 1,660 1,010 1,469 1,208 2,310 613 812 307 27,249 Names op Towns. Albiun Amboy Boylston Coiistantia,.... Granby Hannibal Hastinga Mexico New Haven Orwell Oswego City... Oswefjo-Town. Palermo... Parish Eedfield Richland Sandy Creek... Schroeppel Scriba Volney West Monroe.. Wiliiamstown Total Lite Stock. Agricultural Products. Bush, of Geain. §■ Dairy Products. i ^1 III . ^ K hi 3 It II i S 1 *« j; ^ 813 ^ e i, g 42,716i e la, 20,464 £ 1 S §! 429 769 1,296 706 4,349 1,7564 8,020 83,800 10,560 220 622 464 864 404 1,251 22,193i 1,2734 7,184 6,248 45,822 1,314 169 314 670 460 808 881 19,196 1,063 6,871 2,781 36,860 70,622 392 640 467 996 654 2,767 27,962 1,208 9.000 6,060 47,886 1,060 903 1,381 1,120 3,026 1,600 2,900J 108,261? 3,409 86,796 25,932 106,210 8,201 1,097 1,490 1,317 2,216 1,887 3,289i 101,995 3,670 31,265 87,664 127,843 13,766 669 1,180 966 2,692 1,243 6,258 70,766 2,5271 18,041 20,016 87,648 6,641 1,007 1,666 2,290 3,170 1,994 4,714i 100,660 6,376 61,244 40,064 204,992 180,916 531 1,260 1,048 1,878 886 l,568i 47,496i 2,6664 18,716 86,141 133,660 16,804 278 580 909 682 470 3,672 35,744 1,766 9,681 4,244 106,824 122,780 696 53 694 194 1,204 292i 4,806i 492 l,910i 6,226 8,400 748 884 936 1.934 1,060 1,720 48,188 4,054 19,928 16,880 07,806 3,530 601 1,146 1,005 2,331 1,074 6,0374 64,211 2,8744 24,640 30,886 107,816 12,06C 403 835 822 1,263 900 2,264 40,613i l,808i 14,360 16,099 81,666 16,100 162 420 V67 461 176 180 16.218i 2,352 6,786 327 33,980 161,90C 866 1,678 2,244 3,042 1,613 2,269 97,0194 6,077 80,962 47,316 174,676 128,97C 657 1,134 1,588 2,126 1,189 6,786 64,207 3,3464 14,370 24,873 139,117 167,676 760 1,276 1,064 2,768 1,165 2,243 88,648 3,3134 14,689 13,366 81,222 44,666 601 931 1,174 1,302 1,080 2,727 86,2614 4,7564 21,662 33,326 169,614 11,49C 904 1,096 1,124 2,186 1,606 1,686 76,8394 4,867 23,236 89,370 102,662 68,451 249 519 466 907 466 1,183^ 26,261 1,403} 7,142 7,943 47,609 8,367 176 392 326 417 36,088 S18 1,234 17,610 1,158,647 689i 5,067 5,257 28,800 2,950 976,461 12,308 20,189 21,088 21,886 68,1634 68,138 391,9124 426,916 2,036,174 1,821 1,432 1,264 837 1,893 1,2954 2,649 2,0704 1,027 1,0'52 1,444 2,242 284 1,981 2,220 1,087 906 1,361 016 1 The first marriage was that of Joel Kathburn and Miss P. Alden, in Sept. 1802; and the flrst death, that of Mrs. Sarah Orton. in the spring of 1804. Isaac Alden opened the flrst inn, in 1803, built the first sawmill, the same year, and the first gristmill, in 1804. The first store was opened in 1806, by Danl. Furman. The first school was taught by Philander Alden, in 1808. 2 There are now 2 chitrcheB in town ; Cong, and M. E. CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. It lies upon the shore of Lake Brie, and is the s. w. corner co. of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is mostly a hilly and rolling upland. A bluff, with a mean elevation of 20 ft., extends along the lake ; and from its summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradu- ally rising for a distance of 3 or 4 mi. This comparatively level tract is bordered by the declivities of a hilly upland, which occupies the center and s. part of the co. The highest summits are 1,000 to 1,200 feet above Lake Erie and 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above tide. The uplands are broken by several deep valleys, the principal of which are those of Chautauque Lake and Connewango Creek. The sum- mits of the hills, 4 to 6 mi. s. of the lake shore, form the watershed which divides the waters of Lake Erie from those of Alleghany River. The declivities bordering upon the valleys are in many places too steep for profitable cultivation . Connewango Creek, flowing along the e. border and receiving Cassadaga Creek and Chautauque Outlet, is the largest stream in the co. The other principal streams are Cattaraugus, Silver, Wal- nut, Canadaway, Little Cattaraugus, and Twenty Mile Creeks, flowing into Lake Erie ; French and Little Brocken Straw Creeks, tributaries of Alleghany River ; and Prendergast Creek, flowing into Chautauque Lake. Besides these and their tributaries are numerous smaller streams flowing directly into Lake Erie. Chautauque Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 18 mi. long and 1 to 3 mi. wide, occupying a deep valley in the highland region about 10 mi. s. e. of Lake Erie.^ It is 726 feet above Lake Erie and 1,291 ft. above tide. The hills that surround it are 600 to 800 ft. above its surface. Its outlet forms a branch of Connewango Creek, which latter stream is a tributary of Alleghany River. Several other small lakes are located among the highlands, the principal of which are Bear, Cassadaga, Mud, and Finleys Lakes, all 700 to 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The rocks of this co. belong to the Portage and Chemung groups,— the former occupying the N. half of the co. and the latter the s. half. The summits of the highest hills in the s. are crowned with conglomerate, belonging to the Catskill group and affording the only good building stone in the s. part of the co. The sandstones of the Portage group are quarried to some extent in the n. part. Lime is obtained in limited quantities from limestone boulders and marl beds. One of the most t)eculiar geological features of the co. is the numerous springs of carburetted hydrogen gas found in various localities and especially along the shore of Lake Erie. It comes from the shales of the Portage group, and at various places is turned to profitable account. The soil upon the uplands is principally clay mixed with disintegrated shale, generally known as flat gravel; and in the valleys it is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam mixed with allu- vium Along the lake shore is a strip of productive clay loam. The uplands are arable to then- summits, but are generally much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. Stock and wool growing, and dairying, are largely and successfuUy carried on. Spring grains and fruits are also largely produced. Manufactures are few and unimportant and are chiefly confined to the local wants of the people Commerce-an important item in the business and wealth of the co.-is chiefly concentrated at Dunkirk, which is at once an excellent harbor upon the lake and the w. terminus of Ac Brie R. R. The county seat is located at Mayville, in the town of Chautauque, ^t the head of Chautauque Lake ^ The courthouse is a fine brick edifice, erected in 1834, at a cost of $11,000. The jail is a brick building, with stone cells, on the opposite side of the street from the courthouse. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building contiguous to the courthouse. .^-11 The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 160 acres, near De Wittville, 3| mi. s. e. from Mayville. INear the middle this lake is contracted to ttewia«">f » few rods, giving it the appearaooe of two lakes connected by a ""Thrca was united with Niagara from the date of its organi- ..»s»« in Tsnq TintillSll The iirst court was held June io. mi ihecomSlonVrs to locate the co. buUdings were Jona^ Williams, Isaac Sutherland, and Asa Ransom. The first co. officers were Zattu Gushing, First Judge ; Matthew Prendergast, Philo Orton, Jonathan Thompson, and Wm. Alexander, AssodaU Judges; David Bason, Slieriff; and John B. Marshall, Co. Clerk. 8 In 1868 the supervisors authorized the erection of a new clerk's ofBce at a cost of $2,600. 316 CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY. The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a weekly cost of 44 cts. each. A school is taught 6 to 8 months in the year. The buildings are poor and dilapidated and are destitute of proper accommodations and means of ventilation. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. extends through Hanover and Sheridan and terminates at Dunkirk. This road opens a direct communication with New York, and, taken in connection with the con- necting railroads and vessels upon the lake, is one of the most important of the great thoroughfares between the Atlantic seaboard and the Valley of the Mississippi. The amount of freight carried over the road is immense ; and the business connected with it gives employment to thousands of men. The Lake Shore R. R. extends along the lake through Hanover, Sheridan, Pomfret, Port- land, Westfield, and Ripley. This forms another link in the great chain of "Western travel, and connects with the Erie R. R. at Dunkirk and with the N. Y. Central at Buffalo. The proposed Erie and New York City R. R. extends through the s. part of the cc, connecting Erie, Penn., with the N. Y. & Erie R. R. at Great Valley .^ Nine weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ In 1782 a party of British and Indians, with a train of artillery and other munitions of war, spent the months of June and July around Chauta,uque Lake in constructing canoes and making other preparations to navigate Alleghany River in a contemplated attack upon ^^ Fort Pittj^ near 1 The surveys of this R. R. have been made, and considerable work has beeu done in grading. 2 The Chautauqve Gazette., the first paper published in the cc, was started at Fredooia in Jan. 1817, by Jas. Percival. It was afterward issued by Carpenter & Hull, and by Jas. Hull, until 1822, when it was suspended. In 1823 it was revived by Jas. Hull, and continued until 1826, when it was united with the People's Gazette and its name was changed to The Freilonia Gazette. It was issued a short time by Hull & Snow, when it was removed to Dunkirk by Mr. Hull and changed to The Dunldrlc Gazette. In a few months it was removed to West- field and united with The Chautauque Phoenix. The People^ s Gazette 'vidu^ started at Forestville in 1824 by Wm. S. Snow. In 1826 it was removed to Fredonia and united with The Chautaurjue Gazette. TJie Chautauque Eagle was commenced at May ville in May, 1819, by Kobt. J. Curtis, and was continued about 1 year. The Predonla Censor was commenced in 1821 by Henry 0. Frisbee, who continued its publication for 17 yea.rs. In 1838 it passed into the hands of E. Winchester, and was published by him 2 years and by R. Cunnington 1 year. In 1841 it w;is bought by Wm. McKinstry, and it is now published by W. McKinstry & Co. Tfte Western Star was started at Westfield in June, 1826, by Harvey Newcorab, and was discontinued after 2 years. It was soon after revived, as T?ie Chaidauque Pkcenix, by Hull & Newcomb. In 1831 its name was changed to Tlie American Ear/le, and it was issued by G. W. Newcomb. In 1838 it was changed to The We':t/ield Cmtnei-, and was issued a short time by G.W. Bliss. Tlie Jamestown Journal was commenced in June, 182ij, by Adolphus Fletcher, and was continued by him imtil 1846. It was then issued by John W. Fletcher, a son of the original proprietor, fur 2 years, when it piissed into the hands of F. W. P.ilmer, who continued at the head of the establishment until 1858, having had in the mean time associated with him as partners Francis P Bailey, Ebenezer P. Upham, and 0. D. Saekett. It is nnw issued by Sackett & Bishop. The Ghautatiqiie Hepublican was started at Jamestown in 1828 by Morgan Bates. Richard K. Kellogg, Lewis C. Todd, Chas. McLean. Alfred Smith, and Wm. H. Cutler were Buc -essively interested in its publication until 1833, when it p:iS3ed into the hands of S. S. C. Hamilton and its n.ime was changed to The Rep'chliciin Banner. It was soon after removed to Maj'ville, and in a few months waa discontinued. The Gentuft nf Liberty was started at Jamestown in 1829 by Lewis C. Todd, aud was continued about 2 years. The Wi.Urn Intelligencer was published at Forestville a short time in 1833. Tlie May-vllle Sentinel was stirted in 1834 by Timothy Kility; and tlie next year it passed into the hands of Beman Brockwuy, who continued it 10 years. In 1845 it was sold to John F. Phelps, by whom it is still issued. The C/tautauque Whig was started at Dunkirk in Aug. 1834, by Thompson & Carpenter. About 1844 its name was changed to The Dunkirk Beacon, and it waa discontinued a short time after- ward. The Westfield Lyceum^ started in 1835, was issued a short time by Sheldon & Palmer. The Western Denwcrat and Literary Inquirer was started at Fredonia in 1835 by Wm. Verrinder. It was Ruccessively issued by Randall, Crosby & Co. and Arba K. Maynard, and by the latter it was removed to Van Buren Harbor in 1837 and issued as The Van Buren Times. It soon after passed into the bands of W. H. Cutler, and was continued about 2 years. Th^e Western Farmer was started at Westfield in 1835 by Bliss & Knight, and was continued about 2 years. The iSettler was issued a short time in 1840 from the Fredonia Censor ofiiee by E. Winchester. The We&ijield Advocate was commenced in May, 1841, and was discontinued in a few months. The Westjield Messenger was started in Aug. 1841, by C. J. J. & T. Ingersoll. In 1851 it passed into the hands of Edgar W. Den nison and wag changed to The Westjield Transcript. In 1856 Buck & Wilson became its proprietors, and continued it about 1 year. TJie Panama Herald was started at Panama in Aug. 1846, by Dean & Hurlbut. Stewart & Pray afterward became proprietors, and continued it until 1848. r/te Frontier Express was started in June, 1846, by Cutler, Cottle A Perham. In 1849 it was changed to The Fredonia Express^ and was published by J. P. Cobb & Co., and afterward by T. A. Osborn & Co. In 1850 it was changed to TJie Chautauque Union, and was published a short time by E. F. Foster. The Liberty Star was started at Jamestown in 1847 by Harvey A. Smith. In 1849 it passed into the hands of Adolphua Fletcher and was changed to T]ie Northern Citizen. In 1853 John W. Fletcher became pro- prietor; and in 1855 it was changed to Tlie Cliantanqne Democrat, under which name it is now issued by Adolphus Fletcher and Jas. Parker. The Silver Creek Mail was started at Silver Creek in 1848 by John C. Van Duzen. In 1852 it was changed to T?te Home Regihter, and was published by Jas. Long. In 1854 Samuel Wilson became proprietor, and changed it to Tlie Silver Creek Gazette, and continued it until 1856, when it was discontinued. In Aug. of that year it was revived, as THe Lake SHoi-e Mirror, by H. M. Morgan, by whomit is still published. The Tocsin, a temperance paper, was published at Mayville by Lloyd Mills a short time about 1845. TJie Chautauque Journal was started at Dunkirk in May, 1850, by W. L. Carpenter. In a short time its name was changed to The Dunkirk Journal, and it is still issued by th» original proprietor. Tlie Fredonia Ad-rertlser was started July 4, 1851, by Tyler & Shepard. It is now published by Levi S. Pratt & J. C. Frisbee. The Undercurrent was published at Jamestown a short time in 1851-52 by Harvey A. Smith. The Jamestown Herald was started in Aug. 1852, by Dr. Asaph Rhodes. In 1853 Joseph B. Nessel became proprietor, removed it to Ellington Center, and changed its name to TJie EUington Luminary. It was discontinued in 1856. The Philomatliian Exponent was issued at Ellington by the students of the academy in 1862. The Westfield Republican was commenced April 25, 1855, by M. C. Rice & Co., by whom it is still continued. TJie Botanic Medical Journal was published a short time at Fredonia. The Pantheon was published at Fredonia a short time. TJie Western Argus was started at Westfield in 1857 by John F. Young. In about 1 year it was removed to Dunkirk, and changed to The Dunkirk Press and Argus, and is now issued by Howard & Young. CHADTAUQUE COUNTY. 317 Pittsburgh. Their plan was to build a dam across the outlet of the lake and descend the river upon the flood so created. The party finally returned without attempting the project. The^ first settlement in the co. was made at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek in 1797, by Amoa bottle. Soon after making the first improvements, Sottle left, and returned in 1801, with Mr. Sidney and Capt. Rosecrantz. At the time of the first exploration of the co. the only Indian settlement was on Connewango Creek, within the limits of the present town of Carroll. In 1802, Gen. Paine, agent for the State of Connecticut, opened a wagon road from Buffalo to Chautauque Creek, to enable emigrants to reach the Conn. Reserve lands in Ohio. This road was soon after finished to the Penn. line. In 1804 the town of Chautauque was formed, and embraced the entire territory now included within the limits of the co. In April of the succeeding year the first town meeting was held, at which John McMahan was elected supervisor, and John Mc- Mahan, David Eason, and Perry G. Ellsworth were appointed the first justices of the peace." In 1806 the first mail route was established between Buff'alo and Erie, Penn." The lands in the CO. were included in the Holland Purchase. A tract of 60,000 acres in the s. E. part was sold to Levi Beardsley, James 0. Morse, and Alvan Stewart. In 1835 the Holland Land Company sold their outstanding contracts and unsold lands to Trumbull Cary & Co., of Batavia ; and the new proprietors imposed such conditions upon the extension of contracts that the settlers rose en masse and demolished the land ofSce at Mayville and burned the records in the public high- way.* In 1838 the interests of the co. were transferred to Duer, Morrison, & Seward, and the troubles were satisfactorily settled. ARIfWRIGHT— was formed from Pomfret and Villenova, April 30, 1829. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is an elevated upland, broken and hilly in the s. w., and rolling or moderately hilly in the n. e. The highest summit — near the center, said to be the highest laud in the co. — is 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal streams are Canadaway, Connewango, and Walnut Creeks. Mud Lake, on the E. border, covers an area of about 10 acres. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Upon Canadaway Creek, in the s. w. part, is a fine cascade with 22 ft. perpendicular fall. Arlfwright Summit is a p. o. in the b. part of the town. The first settlement was made in the rr. w. corner, by Byron T. Orton, Benj. Perry, and Augustus Burnham, from the eastern part of the State, in 1807.* The first religious meeting was held at the house of Aaron "Wilcox, in 1810, by Rev. John Spencer. The first church (Bap.) was organized by Elder Thos. Grennel, in 1820.° BUSTI' — ^was formed from EUicott and Harmony, April 16, 1823. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., e. of the center. Its surface is hilly and broken. It is drained by several small streams flowing into Chautauque Lake, which lies along the n. border, and by others flowing e. into Connewango Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Busti Corners (Busti p. o.) contains a church, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 201. The first settlement was made on Lot 61, in 1810, by John L. Frank, from Herkimer co.« The first church (Cong.) was formed Aug. 30, 1819 ; Rev. Lemuel Smith was the first minister.' 1 Judge Elial Foote, (now of New Haven, Conn.,) for 20 years First Judge of Chautauque co., eays that the first Bettlement in the CO. was made in 1794, by several persons from Brie, Penn.; and aroon" them were the brothers Lowry. These persons had hoen induced to locate in Penn. by firaudulent representations, and were afterward obliged to leave their improvements and commence anew in the wilderness. They settled within the limits of Chautauque co.; but the precise place is unknown. 2 Previous to 1804 the whole of the present co. formed a part of the town of Batavia, in Genesee co. The elections were held at Batavia, nearly 100 mi. distant, to which place the electors were compelled to go if they voted. In 1812 the Board of Super- visors consisted of 2 members, representmg the towns of Chau- tauque and Pomfret. The county seat had been located at May- ville. much against the wishes of the people of Pomfret; and, in consequence, the supervisor of Pomfret voted against the appro- priation of $1,600 to build the courthouse and jail. After r.^ peated attempts to effect the object, the qn-^""" '"^ '™CSit laid aside. When the accounts of the town »ffi<^»" °' ^™ff ' were presented, the Chautauque member ™'''^ '° *« "S*'^' and affairs came to a dead lock, but were A"^"? »='"=/ ^^ a compromise, which allowed both the appropriation and the account to go through. , j^^^^if „>,-, 8 The first mail was carried by a man named Metcalf, who went on foot and carried the mail matter m a pocket hand- ^"^f Company demanded compound interest on all sums due, .ndan incXe of one-third upon aU eKtensionsof contracts. 6 Aaron Wilcox settled in 1809, Nathan Eaton in 1810, Uriah TL. Johnson, Jonathan and Benj. Spragne, from Otsego CO., near the center, in 1811, and Simeon Clinton, from Otsego co., at the center in 1813. The first child born was Horatio Nelson John- son, May 11, 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Asahel Burnliam and Luania Eaton, May 11,1815; and the first death, that of Aujrustus Burnham, in 1813. The first school was taught by Lucy Dewey, near the center, in the summer of 1813. Simeon Clinton kept the first inn, in 1817 ; and Benj. Orton built the first sawmill, m 1813, on the z. branch of Canadaway Creek. The census reports 3 churches ; 2 M. E. and Christian. ^ Named from Paul Busti, of the Holland Land Company. 8 Lawrence Frank settled on Lot 62 in 1810, Heman Bush and John Frank, from Herkimer co., and Theron Plumb, from Mass., on Lot 60, in 1811. The first marriage was that of Zebrick Root and Polly Parmiter, in 1813; and the first death, that of Lawrence Frank, in 1811. Eve Frank, a young lady, was carried off by the Indians in 1811, and was gone 3 years, when she re. turned home and was married. Soon after, her husband was taken by the Indians and detained about the same length of time These incidents are noted upon a tombstone in the grave- yard at Busti. The first school was tanght by Olive Marsh, on Lot 61, in 1813. Capt. Heman Bush kept the first inn and store, and erected the first mill, on Stillwater Creek, in 1815. » The census reports 6 churches ; Cong., Bap., M. B., Univ., and Christian. 318 CHADTAUQUE COUNTY. CARROI^L'-was formed from EUicott, March 25, 1825.. Kiantone was taken off in 1853. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. Its surface is broken and hilly in the N. E. and E and rolling in the s. and s. w. The highest summits are 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal streams are Connewango and Stillwater Creeks. The soil is a clay loam in the N. and e., and a gravelly loam in the s. and w. Frewsburgh, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, contains 2 churches a gristmill and sawmill Pop 400 FentonviUe is a p. o. near the s. w. corner. Joseph Akms, from Kens- selaer co., the first settler jn town, located on Lot 29, in Jan. 1807.' There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. CHARLOTTE— was formed from Gerry, April 18, 1829. It is an interior town, lying N. e. of the center of the co. The surface is moderately hilly and divided into several ridges by the val- leys of the streams. North Hill and Lake Hill, the highest points, are about 1,000 feet above Lake Erie It is drained by Mill Creek and several tributaries. The soil is chiefly a clay loam. Charlotte Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a good water-power with some manufactories, and 10 dwellings ; SinclearviUe/ (Gerry p. o.,) near the s. line, contains 4 churches, 2 grist- mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 450. The first settlement was made near the center, m 1809, by Eobt' W Seaver and Wm. Divine, from Oneida CO.* The first religious meeting (Presb.) was held at Sinclearville, in 1811; and the first church {M. E.) was formed in 1816. There are now 6 churches in town.' CHAIJTAIIQUE— was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,] April 11, 1804, and embraced all the territory now included within the limits of Chautauque co. Pomfret was taken off in 1808, Portland in 1813, Harmony in 1816, and Clymer, Ellery, and Stockton in 1821. It is an interior town, lying a little w. of the center of the co. The surface is elevated and moderately hilly, oc- cupying the watershed between the waters of Chautauque Lake and those of Lake Erie. Chautauque Lake is on the e. border, and chiefly within the limits of the town. The soil is a clay loam of good quality. Mayville, (p. v.,) pleasantly located near the head of Chautauque Lake, was incorp. April 30, 1830 ; it contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, the Mayville Academy, a news- paper oface, and a, flouring mill. Pop. 501. De Wittville, (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains a church, the co. poorhouse, and 133 inhabitants; Hartfield, (p. v.,) on the lake inlet, contams a church, gristmill, sawmill, and furnace. Pop. 123. Magnolia is a p.o. on the lake, near the s. line. The first settlement was made at Mayville, in 1804, by Dr. Alexander Mclntyre." The first church (Bap.) was formed at Mayville, in 1820, by Elder Wilson.' CHEIRRT CREEK— was formed from Ellington, May 4, 1829. It lies on the E. border of the CO., a. little n. of the center. The surface is hilly in the N. w., and rolling in the s. E. Along the s. border are several small swamps. It is drained by Connewango Creek and several tributaries, flowing s. The soil is clay and a gravelly loam. Cherry Creek, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and a gristmill. Pop. 240. The first settlement was made on Lot 15, in 1812, by Joshua Bentley, from Eensselaer co.® The first religious services were held at the house of Ward King, in 1817 ; the Rev. Mr. Iladley (Bap.) was the first preacher." CEYMER'"— was formed from Chautauque, Feb. 9, 1821. Mina was taken off in 1824, and French Creek in 1829. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of Brocken Straw Creek and its tributaries. The soil is a gravelly loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Clymer, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 1 Named in honor of Charles Carroll, of Carrollton. SLaban Case settled on Lot 31, Wm. Akins on Lot 21, to 1807; Jas. Akins on Lot 13, in 1818 ; James Hall on Lot 11, in 1810 ; and Wm. Sears on Tx)t 11, in 1811. The first child born was Hamilton Tyler, in 1810 ; the flret marriage, that of Wm. Bowles and Jemaha Walton, in 1811 ; and the tirst death, that of Woodcock, killed by the Ml of a tree in 1810. Stephen Rogers taught the first school, in 1813, on Lot 61. The first sawmill was built by John Fren and Thos. Kussell, on IjOt 61, in 1811, and the first gristmill by John Fren, on the same lot, in 1817. William Se.ars kept the first inn, on Lot 11, in 1814, and James Hall the first store, on the same lot, in 1824. 3 The village derives its name from its first settler, Miy. Sam'l Sinclear, who came in from Madison CO. in 1810. * John Picket, John Cleveland, Chas. Waterman, and Harvey 0. Austin, from Eastern N. T., settled in the w. part in 1809. The first school was taught at Sinclearville, in the winter of 1811-12, by Wm. Gilmore. Mnj. Sinclear kept the first inn, in 1811, and Plumb, Edson & Winsor the first store, in 1817, at Sinclearville. Maj. Sincle.ir erected the first sawmill, in 1810, and the first gristmill, in 1811, nn Mill Creek. 6 2 M. E., 2 Univ., Cong., and Bap. « Jonathan Smith settled about the same time, near the w. shore of the lake, and Peter Barnhart, from Penn., on the E. shore; Martin Prendergast and Messrs. Griffith and Bemns. also on the E. shore, in 1806. Judge Peacock was also an early settler. John Scott kept the first iun, at Mayville, in 1808, and J. & M. Prendergast the first store, in 1811. 7 The census reports 7 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. E., and P. W. Bap. 8 Jos. Kent settled on Lot 9, in 1815, and Willard Cheney on Lot 10, Wm. Weaver on Lot 16, Anson Hendrick on Lot 16, and Cogsdill Brown on Lot 15, in 1816. Reuben Cheney taught the first school, in 1818; Geo. H. Frost kept the first inn, in 1823, and Seth Grover the first store, in 1831, at the village. Wm. Kilbonrn built the first sawmill, in 1824, on Cherry Creek, near the village. The first death was that of Lydia Page; she was buried in the woods near the village. Joshua Bentley logt a daughter, 2 years old, in 1817, — supposed to have been carried oil" by the Indians. 9 The census reports 3 churches ; 2 Bap. and F. W. Bap. 10 Named in honor of Geo. Clymer, one of the signers of the Declaratiuu of Independence. CHAUTAUQCE COUNTY. 319 2 churches and 110 inhabitants. John Cleveland settled on Lot 58 in 1820.1 tj^^ g^^^ religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Mr. Cleveland, in 1820, by Elder Powers. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1830.' EL,I.ERy'_was formed from Chautauque, Feb. 29, 1821. It is the central town in the co. 1 nnn "''*^^°* ^^ ^ ^^^^^ "pland, the highest summits being about 400 feet above the valleys and 1,000 ft. above Lake Brie. Chautauque Lake forms a portion of the s. boundary, and into it flow several small streams, which form the principal drainage. The soil is a clay loam upon the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Ellery Center (p. v.) contains a church and 16 dweUings. Ellery is a p. o. upon the shore of the lake. The first settlements were made on the lake by "Wm. Bemus and Jeremiah Griffith, from Rensselaer co., in 1806 ; the former located at Bemus Point, and the latter further s.* The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1809, by Elder Asa Turner, the first minister.* EEEICOTT"— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. A part of Busti was taken off in 1823, Carroll in 1825, and Poland in 1832. It is an interior town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, with a gentle inclination toward the s. w. The foot of Chautauque Lake extends into the s.w. corner; and the outlet flows e. through the s. part of the town, receiving Cassadaga Creek as a tributary. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. JamestOTvn, (p. v.,) located on the outlet of Chautauque Lake, in the s. part of the town, was iucorp. March 6, 1827. It contains 7 churches, the Jamestown Academy, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, the ofiice of the Farmers' Insurance Company, 2 woolen factories, 2 furnaces, 2 flouring mills, and various other manufacturing establishments, and an ample water-power. Pop. 1,625. Fluvanna, (p. v.,) at the foot of the lake, near the w. line, contains a church and 14 dwellings. Eevant is a p. o., on the E. border, at the junction of Cassadaga Creek with the lake outlet. The first settlement was made on the outlet of Chautauque Lake, in 1806, by Wm. Wilson.' The first church (Cong.) was formed, July 6, 1816, by Rev. John Spencer, a missionary preacher from Conn. There are now 12 churches in town.* EL,EIWGTO]V — was formed from Gerry, April 1, 1824. Cherry Creek was taken off in 1 829. It lies upon the E. border of the co., a little s. of the center. Its surface is an undulating and hilly upland. Clear Creek flows through near the center, and, with its tributaries, forma the principal drainage. Connewango Creek flows through the N. E. corner. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Ellington, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 4 churches, the Ellingtoa Academy, and 2 gristmills. Pop. 487. Clear Creek is a p. o. in the s. e. corner. Jos. Bentley made the first settlement, on Lot 7, in 1814.^ The first religious services were held at the house of James Bates, in 1817, by Rev. Dan'l Iladley. The F. W. Bap. denomination organized the first church." FREBfCH CREEK — was formed from Clymer, April 23, 1829. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO. The surface is hilly and broken by the deep valley of French Creek. The soil is chiefly a heavy clay loam. FrcncU CreeR is a p. o. in the n. part, and Marvin a p. o. in the s.. Andy Nobles, from Oswego co., made the first settlement, on Lot 44, in 1812." The first religious meeting was held on Lot 46, in 1818, by Elder Ashford; and the first church (Bap.) was formed. in 1821. There is no church edifice in town 1 Wm. Kice, from Washington co., settled on Lot 69, in 1821, Horace and Anson StaAweather, from Vt., on Lot 43, in 1822. The first birth was that of Patience Russell, in 1823; the tirst marriage, that of Walter Freeman and Ro-ivencia Brown, in 1823. Alvin Williams kept the first inn, in 1826, at the village, John Stow the fiiBt store, in 1823; and Peter Jacquina built the first mill, in 1826. „ .. „ „ a The census reports 5 churches; 2 M.B., Bap., Germ. Bvang. Ref., and Ref. Prot. D. . ,..„,». 8 Named in honor of Wm. Ellery, a signer of the Declaration of Independimce. t ^ o ^i. 4 Isaac Young, from Genesee Co., settled on Lot i, near the lake, in ISOO. About the same time, or soon after, Dan'l Cheney, Alanson Weed, Abijah Bennett, John Putnam, and Nahum Al- drioh settled in town. Clark Parker, from Washington CO., located near the center, in 1810. The first school was taught by Dr. Cary. in the K. w, part, in 1808. Wm. Bemus Wpt the first inn, in 1811, erected the first sawmill, in 1808, and the first gnst> mill, in 1811, on Bemus Creek. David Bellamy kept the fllBt store, at the center, in 1830. ,, ,> , j ti„i„ 5 The census reports 3 churches ; Bap., M. E-, and Univ. • Named from Joseph Ellicott, agent of the Holland Land *''?ThTmis R. Kennedy and Edward Works located "Pon the Outlet, iu 1«07, and Wilson Ellicott, Jas. Culbertson, and Geo. W Fenton, in i808. Edward Works built the Sist sawmill, in 1808, and the first gristmill, in 1809, — this being the first im- provement of the water-power of the Outlet. The first school was taught in the house of John Bloover, in 1815, by Rev. Amasa West. 8 2 M. E., Cong., Presb., Prot. B., Bap., F. W. Bap., Christian, Wes. Meth., Luth., Univ., and R. C. Among the other early settlers were Jas. Bates, from Mass., Sam'l McConnel, from Cayuga CO., and Joshua Bentley, jr., frnni Rensselaer co., in 1816; Simon Lawrence, from Tt., Abner Bates and Ward King, from Mass., in 1817. The first child born waa Simon Lawrence, jr., in 1817 ; the first marriage, that of RuCua Hitchcock and Kanah Hadley, in 1817; and the first death, that of Mr. Hitchcock, who fell from a building and was killed six weeks after his marriage. Jas. Bates kept the first inn, at Ellington Village, in 1814, and Lewis Holbrook the first store, in 1821. Ward King built the first gristmill, near the villngo, in 1821. 10 The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Christian, Presb., M. B., and F. W. Bap. n John Cleveland settled on Lot 81, in 1812; Roswell Coe on Lot 39, and Nath'l Thompson on Lot 9, in 1813; and Paul Col- bourn, from Oneida co., on Lot 44, in 1814. The first death waa that of a son of Nath'l Thompson, drowned in French Creek. The first school was taught by Chitsey, in 1818. William Graves kept the first inn, and built the first gristmill, iu 1822; and John Dodge opened the first store, iu one end of .the gristmill; 320 CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY. GERKY'-was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. Ellington was taken off in 1824, and Charlotte in 1829. It is an interior town, lying a little e. of the center of the oo The Burfeee is a hilly upland, the highest summits, in the N. E. corner, being 900 ft. above Lake Erie. It la drained by Cassadaga Creek and its tributaries, Mill Creek, and several smaller streams. The soil is a clay loam upon the uplands, and a sandy loam in the valleys. There are several sulphur sprino-s in town. Upon Lot 44, s. w. of the center of the town, a gas spring has been found; and the owner James H. Mix, uses the gas for lighting his house. Buclllins Corners, (Vermont p ) in the s. part, contains 23 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1811, by John Love, jr. and Stephen Jones, in the N. w. part.' The first. religious meeting was held in the spring of 1818, by Elder Jonathan Wilson. The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1819, and drJw the lot appropriated by the Holland Land Company for religious purposes. They erected a church a little w. from the center, the only one now in town. HAWOYER— was formed from Pomfret, June 1, 1812. Villenova was taken off in 1823, and a part of Sheridan in 1827. It ligs upon Lake Erie, in the n. e. corner of the co. A part of Catta- raugus Indian Reservation lies in the n. b. part of the town. The surface along the lake is level or undulating, and in the center and s. it is hilly, with an inclination toward the n. Cattaraugus Creek forms a portion of the n. boundary. Silver Creek flows in a n. w. direction through the town into Lake Erie, receiving Walnut Creek at its mouth,^ and several other tributaries. The soil is clay and gravelly loam. Silver Creell, (p. v.,) upon the lake shore, at the mouth of Silver Creek, was incorp. June 8, 1848 ; it contains 2 churches, a bank, a weekly newspaper ofBce, 2 mills, 2 tanneries, and various other manufacturing establishments. Pop. 652. Lake vessels were formerly built at this place,*— the first by Ira Fairohild, in 1816. Irving', (p. v.,) on Cat- taraugus Creek, near its entrance into the lake, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 404. At the mouth of the creek is a harbor admitting of the entrance of vessels. Smittl Mills, (p. V.,) a little s. from the center, contains a flouring mill, a distillery, and 22 dwellings. Forestville, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, was incorp. April 4, 1849. It contains 2 churches, 2 grist- mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 540. It is a station on the N. Y. & Erie R. R. Wasliville, (p. v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches and 26 dwellings. The first settlement was made at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, in 1797, by Amos Settle.^ The first religious meetings (Bap.) were held by Rev. Joy Handy, in 1811; and the first church (M. E.) was organized in 1816, at Forestville.* HARMOBfY— was taken from Chautauque, Feb. 14, 1816. A part of Busti was taken off in 1823. It lies upon the s. border of the co., a little w. of the center. The surface is a moderately hilly upland, the highest summits being about 900 ft. above Lake Erie. Chautauque Lake forms the N. js. boutidary. It is drained by Goose Creek and several smaller streams, flowing N. into the lake, and by Little Brocken Straw Creek, flowing s. to Penn. The soil is clay, yellow and gravelly loam. Quarries of a fine quality of sandstone for building purposes are found in several localities. Asliville, (Harmony p. o.,) on Goose Creek, near Chautauque Lake, contains 3 churches, a grist- mill and sawmill. Pop. 247. Panama, (p. v.,) upon Little Brocken Straw Creek, near the center, contains 4 churches and 500 inhabitants. BlOCKville (p. v.) contains 20 dwellings. Stednian is a p. o. in the n. part of the town. The first settlement was made on Lot 43, in 1806, by Reuben Slayton, from Otsego oo.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held in a schoolhouse at Blockville, by Rev. Simon Bowers.* ' 1 Named from Elbridge Gerry, a signer of the Declaration of Independence. 2 Jesse Dexter, David Cobb, and Hngli B. Patterson were among the early settlers. The town settled slowly until after tho close of the war in 1815, when the settlements progressed rajjidly. The first death was that of Alva Eaton, who was killed by the fall of a tree in the spring of 1818. Jas. Bucklin kept the first inn, in 1820, and Howard B. Blodget the first store, in 1826, at liucklins Corners. John Hines and Wm. Newton erected the, first sawmill, on Cassadaga Creek, in the s. w. part, in 1819, and the first gristmill, in 1822. ■^ Named from a gigantic walnut tree that grew near its mouth. This tree was 9 ft. In diameter and 27 ft. in circum- ference. It Wiia cut into sections and sold as curiosities. * The steamboat W. F. B. Taylor was built bere in 1836. 6 Among the first settlers were Wm. Sidney and Capt. Rose- crantz. in 1801; Sylvanus Maybee, Benj. Kinyon, and Amos Avery, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, Nathan Cass, from Boston, Je- hial More and Jonas Green, at Forestville, in 1806 ; Abel Cleve- land andDavidDickerson, in 1802; John B. Howard, in 1806 ; and Artemus R. Clothier, in 1809,— all at Silver Creek. The first child born was Caroline Sidney, in 1804; the first marriage, that of Richard Smith and Sally Mack, inlSOT; and the first death, that of Wm. Sidney, in Jan. 1807. John Mack kept the first inn, in 1807, at the mouth of Cattaraugus Creek, and Parker Brownell the first store, in 1811. Abel Cleveland and David Diclierson built the first sawmill, in 1804. and the first gristmill, in 1806, at Silver Creek. In 1805 Mr. Dickerson erected a saw- mill at Silver Creek, to which he attached a mortar and pestle, for the purpose of pounding corn for food. , Moore erected a gristmill at Forestville about the same period. ^ There are 8 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 3 Bap., and Presb. 1 Daniel B. Carpeuter, from Washington CO., settled on Lot 64, in 1806 ; Jonathan Cheney on Lot 62, in 1807 ; Thcron BIy, from Otsego CO., on Lot 44, and Wm. Mattisou on Lot 52, in 1811 ; and Jas. Carpenter on Lot 56, in 1816. The first child born was Thos. Slayton, in Nov. 1807 ; the first marriage, that of Reuben Slayton and Clarissa Slayton, in 1808 ; and the first death, that of Thomas Slayton, Nov. 26, 1807. Bben Pratt taught the first school, in 1817; Jas. McCallen kept the first inn, in 1816, on Lot 43 ; and Tibbets & Kellogg the first store, on the same lot, in 1818. Reuben Slayton built the first sawmill, on Lot 43, in 1818. 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 5 M. B., 3 Bap., and Pr^b, CHAUTAUQDB COUNTY. 321 KIA]VTO]VE-wa8 formed from Carroll, Nov. 16, 1853. It lies upon the s. border of the oo., o ,, ."fnn'X" V ™'^^°' '' undulating in the E., and hilly in the w. The highest summits are about lUO It, above Chautauque Lake. Connewango Creek forms the greater part of the e. boundary, and Kiantone Creek flows through near the center. The soil is a clay loam intermixed TVitn gravel. Kiantone (p. v.) contains about 20 dwellings. The first settlement was made 7v ' ToT7 ■ ^^ ^°^*' ^""^'"^l-' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Joseph Akins, m 1814, by Rev. Mr. Smith ; and the first church (Cong.) was formed in 1815. There are A churches in town; Cong., M. E., and Univ. MiafA-was taken from Clymer, March 23, 1824. Sherman was taken off in 1832. It is the central town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The principal streams aje French and several smaller creeks, fiowing s. and w. Finleys Lake is a fine sheet of water in the s. w. part. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, Ittina Corners, (Mina p.o.,) a little E. of the center, contains 15 dwellings; and Finleys I^alie, (p. v.,) near the outlet of the lake, 20 dwellings. Friends is a p.o. in the s. w. part. The first settlement was made on Lot 52, in 1816, by Alex. Finley, from Penn., originally from Ireland.'' The first religious services (Ref. Prot. D.) were held in the barn of Benj. Hazen, by Rev. Mr. Bradley, in 1826. The first and only church (Ref Prot. D.) was formed in 1853, and the church edifice was erected in 1857. POliAWO— was formed from Ellicott, April 9, 1832. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. The principal streams are Connewango and Cassadaga Creeks, which form a junction near the s. line. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Falconer,' (p. v.,) on Connewango Creek, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 23 dwellings. Poland Cen- ter is a p. o. The first settlement was made at Falconer, on the Connewango, in 1805, by Dr. Thos. R. Kennedy, from Meadville, Penn.* A church (Union) — the only one in town — is located at Falconer. POMFRET— was formed from Chautauque, March 11, 1808. Ellicott, Gerry, and Hanover were taken oflf in 1812, a part of Sheridan in 1827, and a, part of Arkwright in 1829. It lies upon Lake Erie, a little e. of the center of the co. A strip of comparatively level land extends along the lake, and the remaining part of the surface is a rolling upland, the higher summits being 700 to 800 ft. above the lake. It is principally drained by Canadaway Creek and several smaller streams flowing into the lake. Several small branches of Cassadaga Creek take their rise in the s. part. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Quarries of excellent building stone are found along the lake shore. Dunkirk,' (p. v.,) on Lake Erie, was incorp. May 15, 1837. It is a commercial port upon the lake, and the w. terminus of the N. Y. & Erie R. R. It has a fine harbor, and commodious wharves and warehouses for the accommodation of the large amount of commerce that centers here during the season of navigation.^ The R. R. company have also extensive warehouses, work and repair shops, and accommodations for an immense freighting business. The port is the most important one on the lake between Buffalo and Cleveland ; and regular lines of steam propellers run in connection with the r. r. The village contains a bank, 4 churches, 2 newspaper offices, a union school, several machine shops and furnaces, and a brewery and distillery. Pop. 4,754. Fredonia, (p. v.,) upon Canadaway Creek,' 3 mi. s. of Dunkirk, was incorp. May 2, 1829. It contains 4 churches, the Fredonia Academy, 2 banks, 2 weekly newspapers, 3 flouring mills, 2 furnaces, and various other manufacturing establishment^. The celebrated " Fredonia Garden Seeds" are raised and put up at this place. Pop. 2,004. 1 Jumes Hall settled on Lot 28. in 1810. The first school was tanght by Stephen Rogers, in 1814. Jaa. Ilall kept the first store, on Lot 28, and Wm. Spars the finlt inn.in Lot 11. Robert Bnsscl built the flr.it sawmill, on Kiantone Creek. 2 Aaron Whitney, from Dunnville, Canada, settled on Lot 59, Zina Iteckford on Lot 28, and Roger Haskill on Lot 60, in 1821 ; Jamps Ottawav, from Kent co., England, on Lot 14. in 1823. The first birth "wa"! that of a daughter of Nathaniel Throop, in 1823; the first marriage, that of Is-lac Stedman and l\ancy Wil- cox, in April, 1826; and the first death, that of the mother of Nathaniel Throop. in 1826. The first school wa.s taught by Elish.i More, near Finleys Mills, in 1S2S. Cullin Barnes kept the first inn, on Lot 20, in 1827, and Horace liio EL v-1 1 :i.. .) .^_» __;..+iv.;ii o^ na_ erected the first sawmill, in 1S15, on the Connewango, below the Forks ; and a gristmill was attached in 1818. * The business of this place was ruined by the finishing of the N. y. A Erie R. R. to Dunkirk. A lighthouse here is lighted by gas obtained fiom a gas spring, on the bank of the creek, abont a mile distant. 7 Among the other early settlers were Arthur Bell and James Montgomery, from Penn., who located a h'ttle w. of Westfield Vil- i817""Hines, LazeU A Nelson bnilt the first gristmill at De- i lage, Abraham Fredrick, from Penn., on Lot 71, and Danl Kin- lanti on Bear Creek, in 1819. kaid, on Lot 14. all in 1802; and Gen. John and Jas. McMahan, * The census lenoits fichnrches; 3 Bap., Cong., Christian, and | on the present site of the village, in 1803. The first child bom UniT i ^^ •'"'"' McHenry. in 1802; the first marriage, that of J.omes 6 AJnone the other early settlers were Daniel Wright, from ' Montgomery and Sarah Taylor, June 30, 1806 ; and the first Herkimer CO on Lot 19 ViUeroy Balcomb, John Kent and Eli | death, that of Edward McHenry, drowned by the upsetting of Arnold. The first child bom was Electa Whipple. May 5, 1812 : I a small boat on Lake Erie, in 1803. John McMahan erected the the first marriaire. that of Jas. M.ifflt and Mary Dighton ; and first sawmUI and gristmill, in 1804, on and near the mouth of *{.. fi™t H^Hi that of John Arnold, in 1811. Mrs. Battles Chautiuqne Creek. Edward McHenry kept the first inn, in ang^hetSjih^Mn her o4n house, near Wrights Cometh, 1802, and Jas, Atkins the first store, in 1808, at Westfield Vil- in 1815 Norris 4 GroVer kept the first store, and VilleroyBal- lage. The first school was taught by Wm. Murray, in 1803, Smb the'first'inn, at Wrights Comers, in 1829. John Kent ^The ^nsus report.s^T churches; 2 M. t., Presb., Prot E., 324 CHADTAUQUE COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freelwlders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Chautauque County. Names of Towns. Arkwright.... Busti Can'ol Charlotte ('hmitinHiuc... Clu-ny fiL'fk. Clymer Ellery EUicott ElliD^ton l-'i'oncti Crook. Gei-ry Hauovor Harmony Kiantouo Mjoa Poland Pomfrot Portland Kipley Sheridan Sherman Stockton ViUenova WoatflolJ Total Acres op Land. 12,260 18,399 6,712 12,0!)6 2ri,31S 11,090 a,2iio l»,Ci98i a,961j 14,171 6,e68i 11,917 21,011 28,728 6,040 10,103i 21,6884 15,.330i 16,696 16,650i 11,499 16,02S 12,750if 18,11141 300,110 9,199 11,342 12,76,0 a,(ifi8 19,017 14,477 13,966 10,800 9,2981 8,676 16,448i 9,837 11,736J 26,806 4,234 12,788 13,386 10,941} 6,604 12,(130 0,7 19 13,1138 12,900J 9,621 10,272 2!)4il4iH Valuation op 1858. 0) 1 $287,734 602,606 271,874 3Se,,330 784,060 247,170 229,812 640,027 7:,0,n!l 34u,.S60 190..M0 286,00.') 962,110 821,779 208,440 24.'i,s41 2r)2,.'i;i5 l,ii:il,(CT 607.222 040,470 630.2:16 306,400 43U.s;iO 323,081 1,082,090 12,929,160 $306,034 683,216 303,040 4511,091 923.280 260,1120 240,012 67.s,.W7 1.08.'1,3!)6 404.800 11U„M1 300,076 1,0811,609 930,;i60 2113,621 266,310 203,036 1,1161,607 662.711 720.070 084.636 339.009 473.780 360,231 1,247,660 14,8111,000 _i_ 601 940 098 846 1,824 032 607 072 1,971 072 400 636 2.067 1,742 267 622 702 4,764 078 862 703 062 809 721 1,676 1. 202 364 267 329 620 246 234 348 716 374 163 242 708 713 96 190 261 1,627 136 310 818 268 343 290 646 7,101 120,279 9,988 10,660 206 376 278 337 621 268 210 366 767 407 163 263 816 707 90 200 246 1,841 373 331 336 274 360 316 609 187 830 274 827 418 234 211 327 400 364 140 211 641 621 01 192 200 1040 303 •281 206 210 310 204 682 8,628^ SOROOIS. Names op Towns. Ai'kwright.... BUBli Carrol Charlotte Chautauque,. Cherry Crook. Clymer Ellery Ellicott Ellington French Creek. Gorry Hanover Harmony Kiantone Mina Poland Pomfret Portland Ripley Sheridan Sherman Stockton Tillenova,.,... WeBtflold Total 801 639 206 349 881 376 303 784 413 678 240 430 898 1,076 108 331 206 1,130 610 606 481 400 457 467 §1 "^ s J T,376 2,040 1,039 1,617 2,391 1,307 1,230 1,902 964 1,048 788 1,381 2,609 3,710 667 1,648 1,190 2,073 1,427 2,069 1,690 1,218 1,308 1,3118 2,198 13,047 40,844 1,348 1,926 634 1,429 2,799 081 1,012 2,033 726 1,108 661 1,166 2,306 3,312 013 1,002 727 2,748 1,117 1,267 1,036 1,2110 2 299 1,461 1.200 3 2,174 6,748 1,076 1,001 4,001 2,077 1,024 3,813 3,8.32 4,896 4,014 3,323 4,059 6,8.45 1,600 2,101 1,041 3,786 6,204 8,740 4,331 2,1.36 1.097 3,286 0.094 047 863 380 662 1,639 671 483 1,743 402 782 292 608 1,004 1,741 236 460 493 1, 883 970 863 600 790 919 AURIOULTURAL PUOPUOTS. 646 736 1,480 90 1,460 6871 8S6i 6,026 1,026; 289 327 282 8.236 2,978 387 38 074 6,930 6,87 2i 10,068 10,010 280 436 825i 7,901 10,0411 90,164 21,106 69,167i 1,217,068} 106,072 37,129J 76,708 20,.l29 40,740 71,190 40,2431 28,670; 80,337S 41,9071 73,2931 18,606i 42,1 681- 00.642} 00,779} 20,478 28,200i 32,801 04,938 49,098 66,968} 42,268} 32,277 47,402 44,113 48,876 2,900 6,810 2.642 3.339 8,260 2,730 2,612 4,986 2,097 3,663 1,746 3,147 6,641} 8,686 1,914 3,240 2,921 6,769} 4,7421 6,371 4„332 3,614} 4,418} 3,402 6,611} |l II no. 10,188 16,100 7,967 10,086 13,703 0,088 12,272 13,091 11,274 13,674 0,038 8,476 17,706 27,642 3,632 9,916 11,029 12,870 7,411 7,443 8,288 11,664 11,243 14,772 7,601 K1-? 11,262 20,680 7,219 10,164 26,190 12,448 .3,916 32,104 12,464 22,387 2,220 16,667 30,068 28,352 6,742 6,007 7,008 10,037 12,071 0,016 22,202 3,24.3 24,300 14,629 9,349 Daiby rnODUOM. 99,029 106,403 60,400 130,701 270.674 10,782 06,009 173,600 04,094 144,717 68,060 103,086 220,772 332,405 60,630 111.066 71,010 176,368 131,830 122,800 106,780 143,746 212,020 108,087 112,004 282,461 308,116 3,380,8.37 1.108,301 36,268 I? 6 120,616 61,780 4,700 70,280 116.272 20,680 10,741 110,«9 12,884 16,166 2,218 01,220 68,300 83,172 21,400 10,010 0.376 01.600 8,426 17,426 64,706 14,100 179,472 36,600 6,214 §1 el 10 13 D 12 18 8 12 10 11 7 8 17 20 6 11 10 20 11 12 9 9 12 12 17 m' 20,091 463 076 661 077 1,092 43T 402 640 1,664 041 316 489 1,690 1,400 206 600 648 3,11113 062 09U 682 441 621 403 1,120 1,784 1,427 1,706 781 726 2,612 1,93U 1,865 640} 1,003 1,002 827 2,201 3,041 130 088 1,008 848 006 1,221 1,019 1,497 1,246 2,0B0t 616 HAMILTON COUNTY. This county was formed from Montgomery, Feb. 12, 1816 ; but ita independent organization has never been fully completed.^ It occupies the central portions of the great wilderness region in the N. E. part of the State ; is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a rocky, mountainous, and I hilly upland and is still mostly covered vrith the original forests. The highlands are divided into several ranges, generally distinct, but in many places sending out spurs that interlock with each other, and all extending n.e. and s.w. The Schroon Range— called in Fulton CO. the Mayfleld Mts.— crosses the s. e. corner of Hope. This range ends upon Lake Champlain at Crown Point, the highest point being Mt. Crane, in Warren co. The Baquet Range, parallel to the first, extends through the co. between Wells and Lake Pleasant. This range terminates upon Lake Champlain at Split Rock, the highest peak being Dix Peak, in Essex co. The Adiron- dack Range, next n., extends from the Mohawk, at Little Falls, n.e. through Morehouse, Arietta, Long Lake, Gilman, and Wells, ending at Trembleau Point, on Lake Champlain, Mt. Marcy being the highest peak, and the highest point in the State. Its course is in a, wave or undulating line occupying a space of 4 to 6 mi. in width. Next n. is the Au Sable Range, extending n. of the Fulton chain of lakes and Long and Racket Lakes. The highest points are Mt. Emmons, in this CO., and Mt. Seward, in Franklin co. Spurs from this range occupy the entire n. part of the co. and extend into St. Lawrence and Herkimer cos." Within the valleys between these mountain ranges are several remarkable chains of lakes, many of them connected by considerable streams and all affording a large amount of boat navigation. These lakes are generally long and narrow, are bordered by steep banks and high mountain peaks. Their waters are clear and cold, and they form the most interesting features of the landscape. Although flowing in different directions, separated by high mountains, and extending over an area of more than 60 mi., they have a nearly uniform elevation.' The first chain on the s., commencing in Stratford, Fulton co., includes several small ponds in the s. E. corner of Hope, several ponds in Johnsburgh, Warren co., and Schroon and Paradox Lakes in Essex co. The second chain em- braces Jerseyfield Lake and several others in Herkimer co., fiowing s., Piseco, Round, Spy, and Ox Bow Lakes, Lake Pleasant, and a great number of smaller ones, all flowing into Sacondaga River. The third chain, lying between the two highest ranges of mountains, is composed of lakes less in extent than either of the other chains. It comprises WoodhuU Reservoir and about 20 small lakes, principally in Herkimer co., flowing into Black River ; a large number of small ponds in the immediate vicinity, flowing into West Canada Creek ; Indian, Square, Beaver, Wilmurt, and a dozen smaller ones, in Hamilton co., flowing into Black and Indian Rivers; and the Indian Lakes, flowing into the Hudson. In Essex co. this chain embraces Lakes Rich, Sanford, and Henderson, and numerous others, lying near the foot of Mt. Marcy. The fourth or n. chain is the most extensive of all. It com- prises Brantingham and other Lakes in Lewis CO., flowing into Moose and Black Rivers ; the Fulton chain and about 20 other lakes in the n. part of Herkimer, respectively flowing into Beaver and Moose Rivers; Cranberry Lake and many others in the s. part of St. Lawrence, flowing into Oswe- gatchie and Grasse Rivers ; Tuppers, Racket, Forked, and Long Lakes, and 50 others, in Hiimilton CO., and a large number in Franklin, flowing into Racket River; St. Regis Lake, Osgoods Pond, and numerous others, into St. Regis River; Ragged Lake, Round and Ingraham Ponds, into Salmon River; Lake Placid, into the Au Sable; the Chateaugay Lakes, into Chateaugay River; and the Chazy Lakes, into Chazy River. All these last named lakes are in Hamilton, Franklin, » Named in honor of Alexander Hamilton. The territory was included in Herkimer co. Feb. 16, 1791, but was re-annexed to Montgomery March 31, 1797. It can complete its organization when it has a sufficient population to entitle it to a member of Assembly. It remained appended to Montgomery until 1838, when it waa annexed to Fulton on the erection pf the latter co. Courts were established in 1837. - ^ (, iv s This region was called by the natives Coughsarage, "the dismal wilderness." Tlie following entry on a map published about the period of the EeTolution, or soon after, gives the pre- vailing opinion of that day concerning these lands :— " Through this tract of land runs a chain of mountains, which, from Lake Champlain on one side and the river St. Lawrence on flic nthcr side, show their tops always white wiih snow; but alrlm' this one unfavorable circumstance has hitherto secured it from the claws of the harpy land jobbers, yet no doubt it is as fi-rtile as the land on the east side of the lake, and will in future fur- nish a comfortable retreat for many industrious faiiiilii's." 8 The eighth lake in the n. chain, flowing \v., is 1,67S feet above tide; Racket Lake, 2 mi. N.. flowing e., 1.745 feet; Ihe Upper Sarapac. flowing E., 1,567 feet; and Lake Siinfurd, low- ing s., 1,826 feet. 325 32G HAMILTON COUNTY. Essex, and Clinton cos., in close proximity to each other. The streams, forming the outlets of the lakes, are mostly small. The whole region being a mountainous plateau higher than the surround- ing country, the streams that rise here flow in all directions and form tributaries of the St. Lawrence, Lake Champlain, the Hudson, Mohawk, and Black Rivers. Several of the rivers have the same name as the lakes which respectively form their headwaters ; as the Racket, Chazy, and Chateaugay.* This whole region is primitive, the rock being principally gneiss. Calciferous sandstone and Trenton limestone are found upon Sacondaga River. White limestone is also found in several localities. Peat is found in great abundance in the vlaies, or natural meadows, which extend along the valleys. Iron ore and graphite are both found, — though no surveys have been made to ascer- tain their extent. A large amount of labor has been expended in mining for silver; with what success is unknown. The soil is a light, sandy loam, and, except in the valleys, is not susceptible of profitable cultivation. The mountain sides are covered with a thin growth of forest ti-ees, and when cleared seem incapable of supporting vegetation. The valleys at first are productive, but, being deficient in lime, as soon as the vegetable mold is exhausted they become barren. The county seat is located at Sageville, in the town of Lake Pleasant.^ The co. buildings, con- sisting of a courthouse, jail, and clerk's office, were erected in 1840. Each town supports its own poor, and the co. poor are provided for by the Superintendent at the most convenient place. There has never been a paper printed within the co.^ The public works are entirely prospective.* Most of the territory of the co. is included in the Totten and Crossfield Purchase of 1773.^ Grants within the limits of the co. were made in colonial times to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, Henry Balfour, and Thomas Palmer. Arthursboro, in Morehouse, was granted to Arthur Noble. The first settlement was made about 1790. ARIETTA^ — ^was formed from Lake Pleasant, May 13, 1836. A part of Long Lake was taken off in 1837. It extends from the s. w. border northward nearly across the co., a little w. of the center. Its surface is much broken, and it contains a great number of wild, picturesque lakes. Of tliese, Racket and Forked Lakes, in the n. part, and Piseco,' in the s., are the most important. The principal streams are the w. and s. branches of Sacondaga River. A considerable amount of lumbering is carried on.^ Piseco, formerly a p.o., and once a busy village of some 250 inhabit- ants, is now nearly deserted, and contains but 4 families.® There is no p.o. in town. The first settler was Shadraok Dunning, at the e. end of Piseco Lake, in 1827, and David Woolworth, in the s. part, about the same time. Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, of Albany, settled in 1834.^** GII.MA]*'ii— was formed from Wells, April 23, 1839. A part was annexed to Wells in 1858. It is an interior town, extending in a long, narrow strip near the e. border of the co. Its surface is much broken by mountains and diversified by small lakes. Several of the highest peaks in the co. are in this town; but their elevations have never been ascertained. It is the least populous town in the State. Gilman (p.o.) is in the s. border. Most of the settlers are in the s. part, a few only living on the extreme n. border, quite isolated from their, fellow townsmen. Philip Rhine- lander, a wealthy merchant of New York, began the first settlement.^^ 1 If this system of naming; lakes could be extended, it would grenHy assist those who wish to understand the scopraphy of this region. To make it complete, the eighth lake in tho Tulton chain should be named Moose Lake; Cranberry Pond, Oswe- gatchie Lake; Messewepie Pond, Grasse Lake; Ragged Lake, Salmon; Golden Lake, Hudson; and Piseco Lake, Sacondaga; and then the direction of the flow of the waters would he at once appiiront from the names of the lakes. 2 The first co. officers were Richard Peck, First Judge ; Saml. Call, Cnnvti/ CJcrk; James Harris, Sheriff; G. R. Par'burt, DU- Iricf Minriif-v: and Thos. H. Kline, Sm-rngafp.. 3 Tlie Hamilton County Sentinel, printed at Johnstown and edited at Sageville, was started in 1845 by Olfiik & Thayer. It was Bubsequently in tlie hands of ('Uirk & Holmes, and is now issued by Clark & Fish. < The route of the Ontario & Hudson R. R., from Saratoga, to ?;i(krts TLirhor, extends through the N. part of the co. The route is lui^iitwd; but no grading hag been done within the co. Sevcnil survevs have been made to test the practicability of connecting Pisteo Lake with Lake Pleasant, tlie Fulton chain with Racket Lake, and Racket River with the Upper Saranac Lalc(^. fur the purpose of forming a slackwaternavigation through the CO. Those schemes have been pronounced feasible. Con- siderable sums have been expended upon soaie of the streams so that lugs might be floated down. 6 A large share of this tract has reverted to tho State by es- cheat, confiscation, and tax sales. It was purchased, at the re- quest and expense of Joseph Totten, Stephen Crossfield, and others, from the Mohawk and Canajoharie Indians, at Johnsons Hall, in July, 1773. It was estimated to contain 800,000 acres. — Council Minutes', XXXI, ^. 31. It was surveyed by Ebenezer Jessup and associates. Named by Rensselaer Van Rensselaer, in honor of his mother. f Named by Joshua Brown, a surveyor, from an Indian chief of his' acquHintance. It is about 5 mi. long and 1 to 1^ wide.' It is one of the most picturesque sheets of water in the co. Tho mountains around it are over 500 feet above its surface. 8 Henry Devereaux, somo yeare since, began lumbering on a large scale in the S. part, iiml built a tram r. r. some S or 10 mi. long. He also spent many thousand dollars in buildingfl and machinery; but the enterprise proved a failure. » In 1838 Andrew K. Morehouse, an extensive landholder, built at this place a gristmill, sawmill, machine shop, a largo hotel and boarding house, and some half dozen dwellings. Strong inducements were offered to settlers; but they becamo dissatisfied with the title, and one by one dropped ofF. In 1843 he again tried to retrieve his fortunes by the formation of a joint stock Co. and induced some 200 settlers to come in. Some returned the same day; others remained a week or a month. 10 lOli Rnod, of Saratoga, settled on the beech flatss. E. of Piseco Lake; R. Dibble and Seth Whitman near the foot of the lake; and Zadock Ross, from Clifton Park, 3. of the lake. The first birth was that of Miss M. M. Dunning, Aug. 28, 1829; the first marriage, that of Amos Dunning and Ann Eliza Plummer; and the first death, that of Suth Whitman. A school was taught by Ann R. Plummer, in 1883. 11 Named from John M. Oilman, an early settler, from N. H. 18 Mr. Rhinelander cleared 300 acres for a stock farm, and buili HAMILTON COUNTY. 827 in^?T^^^^ ^'■"'^ ^^^"'' ^P'*^^ ^^' ^^^^^- ^ P^'* «f Lake Pleasant was annexed May lU, l.S4u It lies upon Sacondaga River, in tJie s.e. corner of the co. Its surface is broken and mountainous. It is the most populous town in the co, and the settlements ai-e* chiefly in the e. part, ihe w. portion is still a wilderness, known only to hunters. The mountains are very irre- gular ; but in general they extend upon boUi sides of tlie river, and. as usual in tliis region, have tneu- longest slope to the s. w. The principal ti-ibutary of the Sacondaga is East Stony Creek ; and the main range of mountains lies between this stream and tlie river.^ Lumbering and tanning are extensively carried on. Hope Center (p. o.) is a hamlet. Hope Falls is a p. o. Settle- ment was begun in 1790, in tlie s. border of the town.^ IIVOIAIV I.AKE— was formed from Gilman, Long Lake, and Wells, Nov. 15, 1858, It lies upon the E. border of the co., n. of the center.* li.iHE PliEASAUTT— was formed from Johnstown, Fulton co,. May 2G, 1812. Parts of Stafford, Johnstown, and Salisbury were annexed at the time of the formation of Hamilton co. Morehouse was taken off in 1835, Arietta in 1836, and a paa-t of Long Lake in 1837. A part was annexed to Hope in 1847, and a part to AVells in 1858. It is the central town of the co., and in- cludes a long tract extending from n. to s. to within a few mi. of each extremity of the co. Its surface is broken and mountainous, and most of it is still a wilderness. Lake Pleasant, from which it derives its name, is about 4 mi. long by 1 wide. Round Lake, J mi. from this, is very irregular in form, and about U mi. across in the widest part.^ The Eckford chain of lakes, in the n. part, are in the midst of wild mountain solitudes. The upper of these is named Janet Lake.® The principal streams in the s. are the n. and w. branches of the Sacondaga, and in the n. the Racket and its tributai-ies. A mine of graphite has been opened 4 mi. n. of Sageville. Limestone mixed with silex and mica, from which quicklime is obtained, is found s. of Lake Pleasant. Lumbering and shingle making are carried on to a considerable extent. Liake Pleasant, (?•"-.) at the foot of the lake, contains a hotel and 2 dwellings, Sageville^ (P-^^-) is situated on a beautiful elevation 50 feet above Lake Pleasant^ and Round Lake, about one-fourth of a mi. distant from each. It contains the co. buildings, a large hotel, a church, and several dwellings. Settlement was commenced about 1795, by Joseph Spier, of Columbia co.® Meetings were first held by Rev. Elisha Yale ; aud the first settled minister was Rev. Ryan Bristol. liOiVG 1 first store, in 1832. The first sawmill was built by Marcus Leonard, in 1826. ' 336 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. from Mass.. on Lot 22, in 1820.^ The first religious meeting (Cong.) was held in 1823, by Kev. Wm. J. Wilcox. COMTl^EWASTGO-was formed from Little Valley, Jan. 20, 1823. Randolph was taken off in 1826 and Leon in 1832. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface m the s w and w. parts is level and swampy, the Connewango Swamp being 30 to 50 feet below the bed of Allegany River at its nearest point. The remaining parts are hilly, and occasionally broken by the deep indentations of streams. It is drained s. by Connewango, Little Connewango, and Clear Creeks,. and other small streams. The soil on the uplands is clay and gravel, and on the flats a gravelly loam. Rutledge, (Connewango p. o.,) on Connewango Creek, in the n. w. part of the town, contains a church and 100 inhabitants. The first settlement was made in 1816, by Eli- phalet Follet, near Rutledge A^illage.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized at Rutledge, in 1816.* UAYTOIV— was formed from Perrysburgh, Feb. 7, 1835. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is generally a rolling and hilly upland. The highest elevations in the N. part are about 300 feet above the r. r. at Dayton Station. It is drained s. by two branches of Connewango Creek and other small streams. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam.^ Lumber- ing is an important branch of industry. DaytOM, (p. v.,) on the N. Y. & E. R. R., in the n. e. corner of the town, contains 13 dwellings; and West Dayton, (Cottage p.o.,) in the n. w. corner, a church, 2 sawmills, and 14 dwellings. The first settlement was made by Silas Nash and Simeon Bunce, from Otsego co., in 1810.* The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Joshua Webb, in 1816, by Rev. Elnathan Finch; and the first church (Bap.) was organized in March, 1818, at the house of Mr. Webb.^ EAST OTTO— was formed from Otto, Nov. 30, 1854. It lies upon the n. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is hilly and broken; Mt. Tug, the highest summit, being 300 feet above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms the n. boundary; and South Middle Branch flows w. through the town, s. of the center. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, favorable for both grain and grass. Otto Corners, (East Otto p.o.,) a little s.w. from the center, contains 3 churches and 17 dwellings. The first settlements were made by Joseph Bates, on Lot 20, and Horace "Wells, near Otto Corners, about 1816.^ The first religious meetings were held at the house of Tyler M. Beach, in 1821. The first preaching (M. E.) was at the same house, by Rev. Ira Brownson, in 1822.' ElilLICOTTVIL-IiE^ — was formed from ''Ischua" now Franklinville, April 13, 1820. Ash- ford was taken off in 1824. It is an interior town, lying a little n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep and narrow ravines of the streams. The principal stream is Great A^alley Creek, flowing s. through near the center. The soil upon the hills is a clay loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. E^Uicottville, (p. v.,) on the creek, in the s.w. part of the town, was incorp. April 1, 1837. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 4 churches, 3 news- paper offices, and an iron foundery. Pop. 695. Plato and Asti Park are p. offices. The first settlements were made in 1815, by David Waldo, from Oneida co., and Orin Pitcher, from Mass.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of A¥m. Vinton, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1818. The first ohurch (Presb.) was formed Sept. 10, 1822.io ' 1 Eastman Prescott and his father settled in the s. part, and lisaac Morrill in the N. w. part, in 1821. The first hirth was that of M;trtha, daughter of Charles Crook, jr., in the eprinp; of 1824; and the first death, tliatof Miss Jonee, in the fall of 1821. Miss K "Siii'ford t.iiight the first school, in the summer of 1831. Phi- leuus-Hnll kept the first inn and the first store, in 1822. Chas. Oroolt and Joshua Basson erected the first sawmill, in 1820, on Cold Spring Creek. 2 Sampson Crooker, from Cairo. Greene co,, settled near Eut- ledoie in 1818; and Calvin Treat, II. Oimip, Wm. Holhrook, and John Darline ahout the same time. The first school was taught by Olive Chccncy. in the summer of 1819. Eliphalet Follet kept the first inn, in 1817, near Rutledge, and H. Camp and Wm. Holbrnctlt the first store, in 1^22, at Olds Corners. The first sawmill was erected by Sampson Trooker. on Mill Creek, in 1819, and the first gristmill by Calvin Treat, near the center of the town, in 182L Mrs. Crooker, wife of Sampson Crooker, killed a wildcat at her hen roost with a pair of tongs, in the winter of 1819. 3 The census reports 3 churches; Presb., Bap., and M. B. * Joshua Webb, from Madison co., settled on Lot 56, Leman H. Pitcher, on I^ot 58, in the s.w. part; Ralph Johnson, Ileraanand Anson Merrill, and Timothy M. Shaw in the N. e. part. — all in 1815. The first child born was Amos Naph, in June, 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Benj . Parsell and Mary Redfield, in March, 1818 ; and the first death, that of De Witt, son of Silas Nash, in Feb. 1812. Caleb Webb kept the first inn, in 1827, at West Dayton, and Wm. H. Leland, the first ptore in 1833, in the S.B. part of the town. Silaa Naah erected the first sawmill, in 1817, at West Bayton. 5 The census reports 3 churches; Bap., P. W. Bap., and M. E. s Soon after, Moses T. and 1'yler M. Beach, Justice Bartholo- mew. Abrnhiim Gibbs, and Saml. Tnttle settled in the town. The first children born wore Arzan and Brittaina, — twins,— sou and daughter of Justice Bartholomew; the first marriage was that of Moses N. Leland and Brittaina Wells, in 1823: and the first death of an adult, that of Mrs. John Dai'ling, in Dec. 1824. Hezekiah Scovel kept the first inn, near Otto Comers, in 1823, and Vine Plumb tlie first store, near the same place, in 1824. Moses T. Beach built the first sawmill, in 1823, and the first gristmill, in 1824, on South Middle Branch, in the e. part of the town. ' The census reports 3 churches ; M. E,, Cong., and Bap. 8 Named from Joseph Ellicott, agent of the Holland Land Co. 8 Grove Hurlbiit built the first house, in 1815, on Lot 57, and settled in March, 1816. Rickartson Burlinghame and Ephraim Fitch settled in 1816. The first child born was Orlando P. Pit- cher, in June, 1816. The first school was taught by Ennico Carpenter, at the house of Orin Pitcher, in the suaimer of 1817. Baker Leonard kept the first inn, in 1817, and the first store, in 1818. Orin Pitcher erected the first eawmiH, in 1821, on Great Valley Creek. 10 The census reports 4 churches ; Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and R.O. CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 337 liefotal'f wT'%':f~''^' ^°"""^ *'™'" "-f^^'"'«." nowFratiklinville, March 29, 1821. It hed beSeen hf «7 T' "^ "' *' '=<'"*^" '^^^ ^"^^^^ ^= ^ ^^"y "Pl-'i. Arming the ^.ier- tfJ^tlTCltT" flowing..^, into Lake Erie and those flowing e. into Genesee River arOlean mITjI T^ ^^' '''^^''' P°^"'' "^^'^ *« ''^'''' ^' ^00 to 900 feet above the r. r. and iTcL^ r.P V fl"' " t*"- P^'*' ""^'""S ^"^ ^''^ °f ^^°"* 30 acres, discharges its waters n.; Totd rest"L on 1 T f *^T^^ ^''^ "■ P^'-*- °° *^« "P'^'^'J^ *»>« -•' - "h'efly a vegetabl mold resting on clay, shale, and slate ; in the valleys, a gravelly loam. FarmersTille, (p. v..) Zt wLTade b° pT' ' fT"""' ^"'^ ^' ''"^"•"S^- ''-irview is a p. o. The firs't I'ettle- ZtsiZrS^^.lT: ^:t "T''"^' '''=" ^™^* """^ ^''='^^^'1 Tozer,-all from Otsego co.,_on Lots 4 and 36, m 1817.> The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Eliab Going, (bL.,) ^t the bam of Levi Peet, m 1821, The census reports 2 churches ; Bap. and M. E. PRA]yiiMlVTII.I.E-was formed from Olean, June 16, 1812, as "Hebe." Its name was changed to Ischua," April 17, 1816; and to Pranklinville, March 3, 1824; A part of Perrvs- burgh was taken off in 1814, EUicottville, Freedom, and Yorkshire in 1820, ParmersviUe in 1821 and Lyndon m 1829. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of the center of the co. Its surf-ace is un- dulating and hilly. It is drained s. by Ischua and Great Valley Creeks and several other small streams. The soil is clay and gravelly loam.- FranklinTille, (p. v.,) on Ischua Creek, in the N.E. corner of the town, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and 370 inhabitants; Cadiz (p v ) a church and several mills. Pop. 165. The first settlement was made at the village of Franklin- TiUe, by Joseph McGlure, originally from Vt., in March, 1806.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1823. There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. E. FREEDOM— was formed from "Ischua," now Franklinville, April 13, 1820. It is the u.e. corner town of the co. The surface is a rolling or moderately hilly upland. Clear Creek and the s. branch of Cattaraugus Creek are the principal streams. Beaver Lake, in the s. part, covers an area of 200 acres; Fish Lake, in the E., 100 acres; and Scum and Laws Lakes, in the center, 40 and 20 acres, respectively. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Several quarries of good build- ing stone are found in different parts of the town. Sandusky, (p. v.,) on Clear Creek, in the n. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 175. Elton, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, contains a church and 14 dwellings. Freedom is a p. 0. The first settlements were made in 1811, by Warren Stanley, Ezekiel Reynolds, from N. H., and Earl Lawyer, Rufus Met- calf, and Enoch Howlett, from Vt.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Rufus Metcalf, in April, 1813, by Elder P. Root. The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1820.* ORE AT VAI>EEY— was formed from Olean, April 15, 1818. "Burton," now Allegany, was taken off in 1831, and Carrolton in 1842. It is an interior town, lying a little s. of the center of the CO. Its surface is a mountainous and hilly upland, broken by numerous deep and narrow ravines. The highest summit, near the s. w. corner, is 1,300 feet above the river. The declivities are generally very abrupt, and many of them are too steep for cultivation. Allegany River flows through the s. w. corner, and receives as tributaries Great Valley and Tunegawant Creeks. The soil upon the highlands is a hard clay mixed with disintegrated slate and shale; and in the valleys, a gravelly loam. Lumbering is the leading pursuit, five-sixths of the surface being still covered with forests.* Killbucll, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Great Valley Creek, in the s. part, contains 18 dwellings; and Petll (Great Valley p. 0.) 11 dwellings. The first settlement was made at the 1 Lfvi Pcpt and Peleg Robins, from Otsego co., settled on Lots 36 and 3, in 1817. The first child bom was Addison, son of Richard Tnzer. in 1S17; the first marriage, that of Peter Ten Broe'rk and Polly Treraain; and the first death, that of Mrs. Mftgdalene Adams, Nov. 7, 1820. The first inn was kept in 1817, by Richard Tnzer, and the first store by Jacob Comstock, in 182S. James Worden erected the first sawmill, in 1824, on the ontlct ofMud Lake. 2 Mr. McChire was an agent and surveyor of the Holland Land Co., and located his lot in ISO.'i. Ho was a leading man in the town for many years, filled the principal town offices, served witli the rank o^ captain on the N'iagara frontier in the War of 1812, and represented the Co. in the Assembly of 1814-16. His brother David settled in the town in 1806, Thos, Morris and Henry Conrad in 1807, and Timothy Butler, Jeremiah Bur- rmiL'hs, and Danl. Cortwrisht, soon after,— all in the valley of Ischua Creek. The first Child born in the town and co. was Hiram W., son of David McClure, April SO, 1806. John McClure taught the first school, in 1809 ; Joseph McClure kept the first inn, in 1806, and Thos. Morris the first store, in 1816, at or near Franklinville Village. Henry Conrad built the first gristmill, in 1808. and sawmill, in 1809, at Cadiz. * These settlere made improvements and put up log houses in | 1811, and moved in with their families in the spring of 1812. The first child born was Rufus Metcalf, jr., Dec. 24, 1812; and the first death of an adult was that of Peter Davis, Dec. 17, 1816. Elihu Daggart and Sally McKee, and Sylvester Davis and Miss Daggart., were all married at the same time, in 1817. The first school was taught in 1816, by Jemima Clark. Enoch Howlett kept the first inn and the first store, in 1824. He also erected the first sawmill, in 1821, on Clear Creek. Dr. Elihu Cruttenden erected the first gristmill, on the same stream, in 1822. * The census reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., F. W. Bap., Calv. Meth., and Univ. & On Lot 19, about 1 mi. E. of the center of the town, is a place known as the " Breathing Well." About 1850, Nicholas Flint attempted to dig a well ; b.ut, after reaching a depth of 25 feet and obtaining no water, he abandoned the undertaking, but ■ stoned up the well, hoping that water might come. Noticing ft current of air proceeding from the well, he inserted a pump log in it, and covered it up, except the end of the log. A current of air is continually blowing either into or out of the well ; and a whistle placed at the end of the log has been heard half a mi. The current is sometimes steady in one direction for a wholg day, and sometimes it changes every hour. 338 CATTAKAUGUS COUNTS. mouth of Great Valley Creek, by Judge James Green, in 1812.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Orin Pitcher, by Eev. John Spencer, in 1815. The first religious association (Cong.) was formed, with 8 members, in 1817. There is now no church edifice m town, and but 1 church, (M. E.) HIIVSI>AL,E— was formed from Olean, April 14, 1820. Ischua was taken off in 1846. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is a hilly and broken upland.^ The hills are 500 to 600 feet above the valleys and are bordered by abrupt declivities. The highest points, on Lots 23 and 24, are 500 feet above the e. b. at Hinsdale Tillage. Reservoir Lake is a small sheet of water near the s. w. corner. Ischua and Oil Creeks— the former from the n.e. and the latter from the n. w.— form a junction near the center, and thence the united stream takes the name of Olean Creek, flowing s. through the town. The soil upon the uplands is chiefly clay, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Hinsdale, (p. v.,) at the junction of Ischua and Oil Creeks, contains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 255. It is a canal village and a station upon the N. Y. & Brie R. R. Scotts Corners, in the n. part, contains a church and 13 houses. Haskel Flat is a p.o. The first settlers were Horace Noble, Chas. Foot, and Thos. Lusk, who located near the present site of the village in 1806 .^ The first religious meeting was held at the log barn of Zachariah Noble, in June, 1807. The first regular preacher was Rev. Reuben Aylesworth, (M. E.,) in 1820, who organized the first religious association in 1821.' HUMPHREY*— was formed from "Burton," now Allegany, May 12, 1836. It is an interior' town, lying a little s.e. of the center of the co. The surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the b. a. at Olean. Its streams are Great Valley, Five Mile, Wrights, and Sugar Town Creeks. The soil upon the hills is mostly clay, occasionally intermixed with sand, and in the valleys it is a gravelly loam. Humphrey Center is a hamlet. Humphrey and 8u^ar ToTvn are p. ofiioes. The first settlement was made in the n.w, corner, on Lot 56, by Russel Chappell, in 1815.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1834.« ISCHUA— was formed from Hinsdale, Feb. 7, 1846, as "Mice." Its name was changed March 27, 1855. It lies upon the e. border of the co., a little s. of the center. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the valleys. Ischua Creek flows s. through the town and receives several tributaries. The soil is chiefly clay, with a thin surface mold and some gravelly loam. Quarries of good building stone are found in the tovm. Rice, (Ischua p.o.,) on Ischua Creek, in the n. part, contains a gristmill and 19 dwellings. The first settlement was made on Lot 45, on the creek, by Abraham M. Farwell, from Mass., in 1812.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. Farwell, by Rev. John Spencer, in 1815 ; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1827. There is no church edifice in town. liEOlV — was formed from Connewango, April 24, 1832. It lies on the w. border of the CO., a little N. of the center. Its surface in the w. and n. w. is level and marshy, and in the remaining parts moderately hilly. It is drained s. by Connewango and Mud Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a clay, sandy, and gravelly loam. Leon, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 18 dwellings. East Lieon is a p. o. The first settlements were made on Mud Creek, on Lots 41, 49, and 50, in 1819, by James Franklin and his son James, from Riga, Monroe CO., and Abner Wise and his son Abner W., Thos. W. Cheney, and Edmund Dudley, from Otsego co.' 1 Among the other early settlera were Danl. McKay, Judge Benj. Chamberlin, and Hibbard, who located in 1813 ; Tjcwie Worcester and Laurin Norton, in 1814. The iirst child born waa Ira Green, in 1813 ; and the first death, that of Mra. Hilj- bard, the same year. The first school was taught at the house of James Green, by Joel Fairbanks, in the winter of 1817-18. James Green kept the first inn, in 1813, at the mouth of Great Valley Creek, and Lewis Worcester the first store, in 1816, at Peth. The first sawmill was erected by James Green, in 1812. 2 Zachariah and Seymour Noble also settled in 1806. All the settlers at this time were from Ontario co. and originally from Mass. The first child born was Clarissa, daughter of Horace ^foble, in the fall of 1808; and the first death, that of Bibbin FoUet, in 1809. Kacha«l Turner taught the first school, at Scotts Corners, in 1818. Elihu Murray kept the first inn, near Hinsdale Village, in 1810, and Emery Wood the first store, in 1825. The first sawmill was erected by Lewis Wood, in 1816 ; and the first gristmill, by Henry Conrad, in 1826. * The census reports 2 churches ; Bap., and M. E. * Named from Charles Humphrey, of Tompkins co.. Speaker of the Assembly at the time of the formation of the town. 5 Among the other early 'settlers were Alon^o Berry, Abijali Rowley, Nathan Howe, Thomas Scott, and Stephen S. Cole. The first school was taught by John Howe, at Sugar Town, in 1820. Mr. Howe has since been a ■member of Congress from Penn. Russel Chappell kept the first inn, in 1824, and Avorill Lawyer the first store, at Humphrey Center, in 1848. The first sawmill was erected by Foster IJ. Salisbury, on Wright Creek. •^ There are 4 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., and B.C. 7 Seymour Boughton, from Westchester co., settled at the vil- lage in 1816, and William Kimball, Amos Pitcher, and Jona- than Davis about the same time. Tlie first child born was C. Adaline, daughter of A, M. Farwell, in 1816 ; and the first death, that of Henry Boughton, by the fall of a tree, in 1811. The first school was taught on the premises of Mr. Farwell, by Qiroline Putnam, in the summer of 1821. Mr. Farwell erected the firat sawmill, on Lot 45, in 1814, and Cook & Tyler the first grist- mill, in 1826, both on Ischua Creek. The first store was opened by Albert Lawrence and Henry Stephens, in 1832, and the first inn by Seymour Boughton, in 1816. 8 Robert Burfee, from R. I., settled on Lots 60 and 67, in 1819, where he still resides ; and John Fairbanks and John Battles, in 1819-20. The first birth was that of Edward Dudley, July 26, CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. 339 The first religious meeting was held at the house of Abner Wise, in 1820, by Elder Hadley ; and the first church (Ref. Meth.) was formed by Rev. Ezra Amadon, in IS.2'2} I.ITTI.E VAliLcEY— was formed from " Perry," now Perrysburgh, April 10, 1818. Conne- wango and Napoli were taken off in 1823, Mansfield and New Albion in 1830, and Bucktooth in 185-1. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mostly a hilly upland, divided into two principal ridges by the deep valley of Little Valley Creek. The highest summits are 500 to 600 feet above the creek. Upon Lot 77, in the s. e. part of the town, is a peculiar rock formation, known as "Rock City."^ The soil is a hard, clay loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys.' L.ittle Valley, (p. v.,) in the N.w. comer, contains a church and 36 dwellings. It is an important station upon the N. Y. & Erie R. R. I,Ittle Valley CreeK, near the center, contains a church and 11 dwellings. The first settlements were made in the valley, in 1807, by John Green, Judge Benj. Chamberlin, and several other families, who left during the War of 1812.* The first church (F. W. Bap.) was formed by Elder Richard M. Cary, Oct. 8, 1826.^ IiYIVDOjV — was formed from Franklinville, Jan. 24, 1829. Its name was changed to "Elgin" April 7, 1857, and back to Lyndon April IG, 1858. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the highest rldfres, near the center, being about 500 feet above the K. R. at Olean. It is drained by Ischua and Oil Creeks and other small streams. The soil is chiefly clay covered with a light vegetable mold upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Elg'ln, (p. o.,) near the center, and Ratvsou, (p. o.,) in the e. part, are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Solomon and Wm. Rawson, who located upon Lots 6 and 7 in 1808." The first religious services (F. W. Bap.) were conducted by Seth Markham, at his own house, in 1810. The first church (P. W. Bap.) was organized in the E. part of the town, in 1816, by Elders Jeremiah and Abraham Folsom.' BIACmAS — was formed from Yorkshire, April 16, 1827. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is an undulating or moderately hilly upland. It forms a portion of the elevated table land dividing the waters of Allegany River from those of Cattaraugus Creek. Lime Lake, a body of water of considerable extent, in the n.e. part, 1,100 feet above Lake Erie, discharges its waters n. into Cattaraugus Creek. Ischua Creek flows s. into the Allegany. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam, mostly of good quality. Maple sugar is largely produced. niaclllas, (p. V.,) in the n.e. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and 30 dwelling.^. The first settlers were Timothy Butler and Jeremiah Ballard, from Me., who located on Lots 13 and 14, on the creek, below the village, in 1813.' The first religious services were performed by Rev. John Spencer, a missionary from Conn. ; and the first church (M. E.) -was organized in 1822,' MAMSFIEI.D — was formed from Little Valley, Feb. 23, 1830. It is an interior town, a little 1820; the first marrin^e, that of Abner W. Wise and Ijuira DaTison. in lSi3: and the first death, that of Lnura. daiishtor of Capt .Tohn Fairbanks, in 1821. Hichanl Onlhcnt taught the first school, in the winter of 1822-23. Asa Franklin kept the first inn, in 182.1, and Johnson Noyes the flr<;t store, in ISJS. Ebenezer Collar erected the first sawmill, in 1S2+. on Mnd Creek : and .Tabea Thompson, the first gristmill, on the same stream, in 1832. t There are now 3 dinrches in town; Bap., 51. B., and United Brethren. , ... -^ , , .„ s Rock City is situated upon the nearly level summit of a hill 400 feet above the valley and 2.000 feet above tide, and rovers an area of aliont 100 acres. The rook, consistina of CatskiU con- Klonierate, is arranged in resmlar blocks, with sharp ansH-s and perpendiralar sides, presentins the appearance of couitvards or eoiiare* in the midst of numerous streets and alleva. In a more minute description of the place. Prof. Hall, in his '• Genlnfly nf jV.-io Ymir says, "The large trees which stand upon the top of the immense blocks have often sent their nxits down the sides, where thev are sustained by the deep soil, supporting tlie huire Clowth above upon an almost barren rock. The rectanpilar blocks, composed of pure white pebbles conglntinated, are from SO to 35 feet in thickness, and, standing rognlarly arranged along the line of outcrop, present an imposing appearance. » A sncce-ssfol experiment in domesticating the American elk has been made in this town hv Mr. LoreuM Ptratton Tina Kentleman purchased a pair in IS.'sa, and subsequently 3 more, from the head branches of the Mi^ouri and placed them in a pasture of 128 acres of well fenced woodland. By frequent at- tention and feeding, the animals have become so domesticated that they are driven to the annual co fairs wilhon trouble. His original number of ^ have increaacd to 16 including a pan- of 6 year olds sold for $1,000 for shipment to England, in 1S57, and a 3 yeai- old buck slaughtered July 4, 18o8. * Among the first settlers before the war were Luther Stewart, Wni. Gillmore. David Powers, and .Upheus Bascein. After the war. Stephen Crn^bv. fi-om Madison Co., located on Lot 30, in Feb. 1S16 : and Xoali Culver. Enoch, David, and Alvin Chase, and John Strntton. from New England, soon after. David Power? built the first saw and grist mill, in 1809, on Little V.alley Creek. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; F. W. Bap., Cong., and Prot. ^^eth. 6 Among the other early settlers were J. Simons. David. Seth, and Jephtba Maikliam. from Penn., who settled on Lot7 in 1809. The Markbams were originally from Conn. The first child horn was N'attolla. daughter of Solomon Rawson, in Aug. 1809; the first marriage, that of Wm. Markham and Rachel Phillips, March 1. 1.^1.^ ; and the first death, that of .Tames Markham, the lather of tlie 3 JIarkhams among the first settlers, in 1811. Sally Osborne taught the first school, in the summer of 1815. in the E. part of the town. The first inn was kept by Wm. Rawson, in the E. part, in 1825, and the first store by Charles Gillmore, at the center, in 1S27. The first sawmill was built by Jason Sher- man, in 184.>. 7 The census repoi-ts 4 churches; F. W. Bap., Wes. Meth., Asso. Fresh., and Asso. Ref Pr.'sh 8 Joseph Kinney settled In 1815: Ohadiah Vaughn in 1818; E. T. Ashcraft. Chiis" Button. Chas H. Brigga, and Wiggen M. Far- rer soon after. The first marriage wa.s that of Brigham Brown and Polly Mason, in April. 1823: and the first death, that of E,sther Ashcraft, in Dec. 1819. Nathl. Rowen t.anght the first school, in 1819, on Lot 2.'i. Andrew McRuzzell erected the first sawmill, in 1822. and Danl. Potter the first gristmill, in 1P2:^, — both on the outlet of Lime T^ke. Tire first store was kept at the same place, by Howard Perk and Alva JeffiTson : and the first inn, on Ischua Creek, by Widow Freeman, in 1820. 9 The census reports 2 churches ; M. B. and Christian. 340 CATTARAUGUS COUNTY. N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, the highest elevations, in the s. E., being ahout 300 feet above the N Y. & E. R. R. where it crosses the s. w. corner of the town. The s. branch ot Cattaraugus Creek flows w. through the n. part, and several small streams s. into the Allegany. The soil is a hard, clay loam on the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. EddyviUe, (p ) in the N part, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, and 11 dwellings. The first settler was Amos Morgan, who located in the s. part in 1817.^ The first church, (Bap.,) formed iu 1828, has since broken up.^ WAPOM— was formed from Little Valley, Jan. 20, 1823, as " Cold Spring." Its name was changed April 15, 1828 ; and the present town of Cold Spring was taken off in 1837. Its surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 600 feet above the valley. The principal stream is Cold Spring Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. IVapoli, (p. v.,) s. of the center, contains a church and about a dozen houses. The first settlement was made on Lot 27, by Major Timothy Butler, in 1818.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. John Spencer, in 1820. The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1820.* BJEW AI>BIOW— was formed from Little Valley, Feb. 23, 1830. It is an interior town, N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland. It is drained by streams flowing into Cattaraugus Creek on the n. and into the Allegany in the s. The soil is a clay loam on the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. New Albion, (p. v.,) a little s. of the center, contains 20 dwellings; Cattaraugus/ (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains a steam flouring mill and 50 dwell- ings. It is an important station upon the N. Y. & E. R. R., and has grown up since this road was completed. The first settlement was made on the s. w. corner of Lot 57, by Matthew Dimmick, in 1818.* The first religious association (M. E.) was organized in 1830. There are 3 churches in town, but no church edifice.' OliEAlV— was formed March 11, 1808, and at first included the whole territory of Cattaraugus CO. "Ischua," now Franklinville, was taken off in 1812, a part of Perrysburgh in 1814, Great Valley in 1818, Hinsdale in 1820, and Portville in 1837. It lies upon the s. line of the co., near the s.E. corner. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distinct parts by the valley of the Allegany. The highest points are 500 to 600 feet above the valley. Lumbering is the leading occupation. Olean, (p. v.,) on the Allegany, at the mouth of Ischua Creek, was incorp. in 1854. It contains 6 churches, the Olean Academy,* a newspaper office, a flouring mill, foundery, tannery, and 3 sawmills. Pop. 994. It is a station upon the N. Y. & E. R. R., and an important commer- cial point upon the river ; and it was for some years the southern terminus of the Genesee Valley Canal." The first settlement was made prior to 1805. In that year Robert Hoops, agent of Adam Hoops, and David Ileusten were residents near the river on small improvements, and must have settled as early as 1804.'» The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1820." OTTTO^^— was formed from Perrysburgh, Jan. 29, 1823. East Otto was taken off in 1854. It 1 AnionK the other early settlers were NathaDiel Fish, Sewell Gunn. and Bennett, who located in the s. part in 1817; and Sfimuel L. IIolliRter. from Crreat Valley, who located in the N.E, pm-t in 1822. The first child born was Mahala Fish, Dec. 9, 1820 ; and the first marriai^e, that of Prince W. Fish and Lois Grover. Jan . 1, 1824. The first school wns taught by Lefo Chase, in 1821. Nathaniel Fish kept the first inn, on the old Johnson Road, in the s. e. part, in 1818, and Thos. H. McKay the first store, in 1848. at Edflyville. The first sawmill was erected hy George and Munson Clark, in 1S37, on the s. branch of Catta- raugup Creek. 2 The census reports 3 churches : M. E.. F. W. Bap., and Univ. a In 1819. Geo. Hill locnted on Lot 29, Harvey Parmalee and Harlow Bntler on Lot 61, Sargrnt Morrill on Lot 50, and Timo- thy Boardman on Lot 43 The fir'-t child born M'as Joseph Foy, in Jnue, 1820; the first niarriupp. that of Dr. Noble and Statira Cimfield. in 1821; and the firat denth, that of a child of Timothy Butler, in 1820. The flifit school was taught by Fanny Board- man, in the Riininipr of 1819. Muses Cook kept the first etore, in 182f>, and Enstinan Prescott the first inn, in 1831. James Wait erected the first sawmill, in 1S29, on a branch of Cold Sprinp Creek. 4 There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., and M. E. 6 Joseph Plumb, the OM-nor of the Ijinds on which the village is built, deedt'd the lots with the condition on penalty of for- feiture that: no intoxicfitinj^^ liquors should be sold on the pre- mises. It i*. of CDurae. a ti-TupcTuiice village. « David Hammond, jr lnr;it — ^was formed from Angelica, March 11, 1808. Almond and Independence were taken off in 1821, a part of West Almond in 1833, and a part of Ward in 1856. It lies upon the E. border of the CO., a little s. of the center. The surface consists of deep, irregular hills sepa- rated by narrow valleys. The highest summits are 500 to 800 ft. above the streams. Whitney Valley Creek flows to the n. e. and Dyke and Vandemark Creek to the s. w. The soil upon the hills is a clayey or shaly loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Alfred Center (p. v.) contains a church, the Alfred Academy and University,' and 177 inhabitants ; Bakers Bridge, (Alfred p. o.,) in the n. e. corner, contains a church, flouring mill, and 134 inhabitants. It is a station upon the Erie R. R. The first settlement was made near Alfred Center, in May, 1 In the report of the Senate committee of 1857, this institution is reported aa poorly kept. I.uiiatica were confined for weeks together without attendance and without having their cells cleaned ; and it was a custom of the keeper to flog the inmates ■with a raw hide. 3 The Angdvm Republican was started in Oct. 1820, by Frank- lin Cowdery, and was continued 2 years. In 1827 it was revived as Tlie AHegany RepuWican, published hy Samuel P. Hull. In 1832 it was changed to The A'ngdica Republican and Farmers and Mechanic!? Fress^ issued by B. F. Smead. During the same year it was again changed to Th^ AUegunij Repiwlican and Internal Imprm'ement Advocate, and puhUehed by Peter Cherry. In 1836 it was issued as IkeAngelica Republican and Allegany Whig. It soon after passed into the hands of Wm. Pitt Angell, who changed it to Th£ Angelica Repirrler and Allegany Republican. It soon passed into the hands of Samuel C. Wilson, and was issued for several years as The Angelica Repnrter, In 1841 it was published by Horace E. Purdy and Chas. Horton; and in 1844 Mr. Horton be- came sole propiietor. In 1856 he purchased The Advo- cate and Whig, and published the combined paper aa The Angelica Reporter and Angelica Advo- cate and Whig, under which name it is still issued. _ ^ ^,. T. J X The Rtpublican JEgii and AUegany Dmocrat was published at Angelica in 1830. The A lUgany Gazette was issued at Angelica in 1840. Tlie AUegany Co. Advocate was started at Angelica in Jan. 1842, ^by Erastus S. Palmer. It was Fucces.sively issued hy Ellroy & Churchill, Peter S. Norris. and Wm. H. 4 C. M. Beecher. In 1862 it was united with The Cuba Whig and issued as The Advocate and Whig. In 1856 the Beechers sold to Charles Horton, who united the paper with The Reporter. The Republican Era was Stai'ted at Angelica in 1844 and issued a abort time. TJie Republican Era was started at the village of Oramel in 1846 by Horace B. Purdy. Its publication was con- tinued by different persons until 1857. The Cuba Advocate was commenced at Cuba, Oct. 29, 1838j by Isaac C. Sheldon, and was continued several years. The Folitical Investigator (mo.) was published at Angelica a short time in 1848. The American Banner was commenced at Cuba in Feb. 1855, by Hatch & Pratt. In July, 1857, the name of the paper Wiia changed to Tlie Sontliern Tier, and its publication continued byC. Pratt, M. B. Champlin, editor. The Almond Herald was commenced at Almond in 1853 by R„ Denton, who published it 1 year, when it was suspended. In about 6 months it was resuscitated by Melvin Hyde and Isaac Busby, and appeared under the name of TTie AUegany Sentinel. Subsequently it passed into the hands of Fruner & Spencer, by whom the paper was published until 1R66. Tlie Genesee Valley Free Press was commenced at Belfast in Jan. 1853, by A. N. Cole. In March follow- ing, the paper was removed to Wellsville, where the publication is continued by Mr. Cole. Tbe Rural Budget was commenced at Wellsville in Oct. 1856, by Hichard 0. Shant, by whom the publication is continued. 8 The academic part of this institution was incorp. in lf'42. and the university in 1857. The erection of the university builamg has been commenced. It is under the charge of the Seventh Day Bap. denomination. 346 ALLEGANY COUNTY. 1807, by Clark Crandall, from Rensselaer co.' The first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was formed in 1816. There are now 2 churches in town ; both Seventh Day Bap. AI.I.EI«f-was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Birdsall was taken off in 1829. It is an interior town, lying a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface js a hdly upland, divided into ridges by the valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 500 to 700 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Wigwam, Plum, and Baker Creeks. Ihe soil upon the uplands is clay underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Allen (p u ) in the e. part, and Allen Center (p. o.) are hamlets. There are no stores, taverns, doctors, or lawyers in the town. A few small settlements were made about the com- mencement of the century, but the principal settlements, were made subsequent to 1820.^ The first religious services were conducted bv Rev. Robert Hunter, (Presb.,) in 1821; and the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1830.* A1,MA— was formed from "Willing, Nov. 23, 1854. It is the central town on the s. border of the CO. The surface is broken and mountainous. Honeyoe Creek and its branches, flowing in deep, narrow ravines, form the drainage. The greater part of the surface is yet covered with forests. The soil upon the uplands is a clayey and sandy loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Lumbering is the principal pursuit; and large quantities of pine lumber are annually manufactured. Alma, (p. v.,) in the w. part of the town, contains a steam sawmill and 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1833, by Warren Huff, from Quebec, Canada.* The first religious services were performed by Rev. Reuben Kent, in 1838; and the first and only religious.association (M. B.) in town was formed in 1850. There is no church edifice in town. ALMOIVD— was formed from Alfred, March 16, 1821. A part of Birdsall was taken off in 1829, and a part of West Almond in 1833. It lies upon the e. border of the co., a little N. of the center. Its surface is mostly an upland, separated into several distinct ridges by the deep valleys of Canisteo River and the Karr Valley, McHenry Valley, and Whitney Valley Creeks. The highest summits are 500 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The soil is a gravelly and clay loam. Quar- ries of good building stone, and sulphur springs, are found in various localities. Almond, (p. V.,) near the e. line, contains 2 churches, 2 flouring mills, several manufactories, and about 1,000 inhabitants. Center Almond, in Karr Valley, and IVortli Almond are p. offices. The first settlement was made at Karr Valley, by Rev. Andrew Gray, Wm. Gray, Jos. Rathbun, and Vandemark, all from Penn., in the spring of 1796.^ The first religious meeting was held at Karr Valley, by Rev. Andrew Gray, (Presb.,) in his own house, May 1, 1797; and tjie first church was formed, the same year, by Mr. Gray.° AMITY — was formed from Angelica and Scio, Feb. 22, 1830. A part of Ward was taken off in 1856. It is an interior town, lying a little s. E. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly and broken, the summits rising 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. Genesee River flows n.w. through the w. part and receives as tributaries Van Campens and Philips Creeks. The valleys of these streams are narrow and are bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is principally a clayey and sandy loam. Pliilipsville, (p. v.,) on the Genesee, was incorp. Feb. 21, 1853. It con- tains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a flouring mill, and about 1,000 inhabitants. It is a station upon the K. R. Belvidere, (p. v.,) on the Genesee, at the mouth of Van Campens Creek, contains 3 sawmills and 181 inhabitants. It is also a b. k. station. Sclo (p. o.) lies partly in this town. The first settlement was made in 1804, near Belvidere, by John T. Hyde.' The first religious 1 Nathan Green, from Madison CO., settlerl at Bakers Bridge in 1807. Tlie flist cliild born was Hebecca Slillman, in 1808; the first marriage, that of Luke Maxson and Susan Green ; and the first death, that of Chas. H. Clark, who accidentally shot him- self. Nancy Teater taught the first school, in 1.S15: John Teater kept the fii'st inn. in 1818; and E. S. Davis built the first saw- mill, in 1821, and the first gristmill, in 1824. 2 The first school was taught near the a. line, in 1820. The first inn was kept by Mrs. Armstrong, npiir the H. line, in 1S27. The first sawmill was erected by Asher Miner, on Wigwam Creek, in 1825. 3 'fhe census reports 3 churches ; Cong., Bap., and M. E. * The first child born was Emetine, daughter of Azor Ifurl- bnt, Sept. 1, 1830; and the first death, that of .Tohn Bagley. in 1838. The first school was tanght by Chuinda Kent, in 1839. AKOr Hurlbut kept the first inn, in 1837. Saml J. Peet the fljst store, in 1844; and John W. Post erected the first sawmill, in 1843. s Maj. Moses Van Campen, Capt. Henry McIIenry, Walter, Jos., and Sam'l Karr, Silas Ferry, Stephen Major, Beoj. Van Campen, Matthew McHenry, Jos. Coleman, and Geo. Lockhart, all ftom Luzerne co., Ponn., settled in the town in 1797. The first chjild born was Wm. McHenry, in 1799; the first marriage, that of Peter Putnam and Polly Waters, in 1804 ; and the first death, that of Matthew McHenry, in 1801. The first school was taught at Karr Valley, by Jos. A. Rathbun, in Dec. 1802. Beiy. Van Campen kept the first inn. at Karr Valley, in 1805; and Phineas Stevens built the first sawmill, in 1806, at Almond Village, and Asa Clark the first gristmill, in 1818. 8 The census reports 3 churches ; Presb., Bap., and Wes. Meth. ' Harry Davis, from Hampshire co., Mass., settled nearPbilips- ville in 1805. The first child born was Hannah Hyde, Nov. 4, 1804; the first marriage, that of Loammi Astiiley and Bachel Baker, in 1807 ; and the first death, that of Harvey Manning, in 1808. Polly Baker taught the first school, in 1810 ; Ebenezer Hyde kept the first inn, at Belvedere, in 1809; Alvin E. Parker the first store, at Philipsville, in 1830 ; and Philip Church built the first sawmill, on Genesee Eiver, in 180G, and the first grist- mill, in 1808. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 347 meetmg was held at the house of Samuel Van Campen, hy Key. Robert Hubbard, (Presb.,) in 1814 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed by Rev. Jonathan Post, in 1816.^ A]V»OVER_was formed from Independence, Jan. 28, 1824. A part of Wellsville was taken oil in 1855. It hes upon the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is very hilly and still retains some of the original pine forests. Dyke Creek flows s. w. through the town, receiving several small tributaries. The soil is chiefly a heavy loam resting on hardpan. ine primitive forests had a large proportion of pine; and the manufacture of pine lumber-for many years a leading pursuit— is still carried on to some extent. Andover, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 4 churches, a grist and saw mill, and 374 inhabitants. It is a r. e. station. SUoemaUeiH Corners (Elm Valley p. o.) is a hamlet in the w. part of the town. Ihe hrst settlement was made in the spring of 1795, by Nathaniel Dyke, from Tioga Point, Penn.,— originally from Conn.^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Mr. Dyke, by Rev. Silas Hubbard, in 1808; and the first church (Cong.) was formed by Rev Robert Hub- bard, July 4, 1824.» AlVGEMCA*— was formed from Leicester, (Livingston co.,) Feb. 25, 1805. Alfred and Caneadea were taken off in 1808, Allen and Soio in 1823, a part of Amity in 1830, and a part of West Almond in 1833. It is an interior town, lying a little n. of t;he center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Genesee River flows across the s. w. corner, and its tributary, Knights Creek, through the center. The soil is a clayey loam upon the uplands, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Angelica, (p. v.,) on- Knights Creek, a little n. of the center of the town, was incorp. May 2, 1835. Besides the co. buildings, it contains the Angelica Academy, 5 churches, 1 bank, 2 newspaper offices, and several mills and manufactories. Pop. 846. The first settlement was made on the site of the village, in 1802, by Philip Church.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Robt. Hubbard, in 1811.* BEL.FAST — was formed from Caneadea, March 24, 1824, as " Orrinshurgli." Its name was changed April 21, 1825. It is an interior town, lying a little n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, separated into distinct ridges. Genesee River flows across the N. E. corner. Black and White Creeks, the other principal streams, flow through narrow, irregular valleys bordered by abrupt hillsides. The highest summits are 600 to 800 feet above the streams. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Belfast, (p.v.,) on the Genesee, near the mouth of Black Creek, contains 3 churches, the Genesee Valley Seminary,' and several mills. Pop. 801. At this place considerable commerce is carried on by means of the Genesee Valley Canal. Rockville,' (P-O-.) in tlie w. part, and Transit Bridge, (p. o.,)in the s., are hamlets. The first settlement was made on Genesee River, in 1803, by Benjamin, Elisha, Calvin, and David Chamberlin, brothers, from Penn.' Rev. Ephraim Sanford (Bap.) held the first religious meeting, at the house of Nath'l Reynolds, in 1806, and formed the first church, in 1807-08.1" BIRDSAEEi" — was formed from Allen and Almond, May 4, 1829. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is principally a hilly upland, separated into several distinct ridges. The declivities are usually very abrupt, and the highest summits are 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. Black Creek and its branches form the principal drainage. The soil is 1 The census reports 4 churches ; Bap., Cong., M. E., and Univ. 2 Mr. Dyke was educated at Yale College, served as an officer during the Kevdutionary War, was attached to the staff of Gen. Warren at Boston, and suhsequenlly to that of Gen. Washing- ton. Stephen Cole settled on lot adjoining Dyke, in 1796, and Beij. Brookings and John T. Hyde, from Vt., near the same place, soon after. The first child born was Daniel Cole, Feb. 18, 1797 ; the first marriage, that of Isaac Dyke and Pamelia Gib- son, in 1802; and the first death, that of Zeriah, daughter of James Dyke, Jan. 21, 1798. Kobert Reed taught the first school, in 1820 ; Luther Strong built the first saw and grist mill, in 1819, and kept the first inn, in 1820; and Asa S. Allen kept the first store, in 1823. 3 The census reports 4 churches ; Bap., Cong., M. E., and K. O. 4 Named from Angelica, wife of John B. Church and eldest daughter of Gen. Philip Schuyler. s Mr. Church waa son of John B. Church and grandson of Gen. Schuyler. Evert Van Wickle, John Gibson, and John Lewis settled in the town in 1802, and John Ayers in 1803. The first child born was Chthnrine S. Mullender: the first marriage, that of Sylvanus Russel and Esther Van Wickle, in 1806 ; and the first death, thatof Ira Sti-phcna, Sept.20, 1803. VTidow S.Smith taught the first school, in 1804-05; Philip Church built the first saw and grist mill, in 1803-08, and kept the first store, in 1803; and Jos. Taylor kept the first inn, in 1804. Hide de Neville — a French exile during the Government of theEmpire, and minister to theGovern- ment of the U. S. upon the restoration of the French monarchy in 1816 — resided at Angelica in 1807-08. Victor Dupont, also a dis- tinguished French exile, was among the early settlers at Angelica, « The census reports 6 churches; Presb^ Prot E., Bap., M. E., Eef. Prot. D., aud B. C. 7 This institution was chartered in 1856 and opened Dec. 2, 1857. It will accommodate 300 students, and is under the charge of the M.B. Church. 8 Named from a grindstone quarry in the vicinity. This quarry is not now worked. Jedediah Nobles, from Elmira, settled on the river, and Benj. Littleton, from the same place, on Wigwam Creek, in 1805. The first child bom was Moses V. Chamberlin ; and the first mar- riage, that of John Sanford and Mary Collar, in 1806. Elyah Reynolds taught the first school, in 1807 ; Jos. S. Raymond kept the first inn, near the village, in 1821, and Sam'l King the first store, in 1824. David Sanford erected the first saw and grist mill, on the river, near the village, in 1809. 10 There are 5 churches in town; Bap., Cong., M. E., Univ., and II. C. 11 Named from Judge John Burdsall, Circuit Judge of the Eighth Judicial District in 1827. 348 ALLEGANY COUNTY. a clay loam underlaid by hardpan. Birdsall, (p. o.,) in the n. w. part, and Birdsall Cen- ter f p ) are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Josiah Whitman, on Lot ^4, in 1815. The'first religious meeting was held at the house of Wm. Day, in 1823,^ by Key. Robert Hub- bard; and the first church (M. E.) was formed by Rev. Eleazur Day, m 1825.^ KOI.IVAU— was formed from Friendship, Feb. 15, 1825 ; and a part of Wirt was taken off in 1838 It lies upon the s. border of the cc, w. of the center. Its surface is a broken, moun- tainous upland, a considerable portion of it too steep for profitable cultivation. The streams are Little Genesee, Honeyoe, and Horse Creeks. The soil upon the hills is a reddish clay loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Bolivar, (p. v.,) n. of the center, contains a church, flouring mill, and 157 inhabitants. South Bolivar is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Timothy Cowles, from Otsego co., in the vr. part of the town, in 1819.^ The first religious services were held by Austin Cowles, (M. E.,) in 1820 ; and the first church (M. E.) was organised in 1828.* BCTRIVS— was formed from Ossian, (Livingston co.,) March 17, 1826, It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is very hilly and broken, the highest summits being 400 to 700 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Canaseraga, South Valley, and Slader Creeks. Canaseraga,^ (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches, the Canaseraga Academy ,« several mills, and about 200 inhabitants. It is a station on the B. & N. Y. City R. R. Burns, (p. v.,) on the e. line of the town, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. It is also a r. r. station. WUitneys Crossing is a p. o. in the w. part. The first settlement was made at Whitney Valley, in 1805, by Moses and Jeremiah Gregory, John Gaddis, and Samuel Rodman.^ The first religious meeting (M. E.) was held at the house of Moses Gregory, by Robert Parker, in 1806 ; and the first church (Bap.) was formed at Whitney Valley, by Rev. Jesse Braman, in 1817.^ CAWEABEA— was formed from Angelica, March 11, 1808. Friendship was taken off in 1815, Rushford in 1816, and " Orrinsburgh" (now Belfast) in 1824. It is an interior town, lying N. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland, divided into two ridges by Genesee River, which flows in a general northerly direction through the center. The soil upon the highlands is a gravelly and clayey loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Upon Caneadea Creek is a valuable stone quarry. Oramel, (p. v.,) upon the Genesee, in the s. part, was incorp. June 9, 1856. It is an important canal village, and contains 2 churches, several mills, and 733 inhabitants. Caneadea, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Caneadea Creek, con- tains 1 church, 3 mills, and about 400 inhabitants. Hou^liton CreeK is a p. u. in the n. part. The first settlement was made about the commencement of the century, by a Mr. Schoon- over, from Penn.^ The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held by Elder Ephraim Sanford, in his own house, at Oramel Village, in 1804.^^ CE1VTERVII.I.E— was formed from Pike, (Wyoming co.,) Jan. 15, 1819. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a moderately hilly upland. Six Town Creek and its branches form the principal drainage. The soil is a heavy clay loam. Centerville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 15p inhabitants. The first settlements were made by Jos. Masson, of R. I., in April, 1808, and by James Ward, in the fall of the same year.'^ The first religious meeting 1 James Mathews, from N. J., settled on Section 21, near the center, in 1818. PrcTious to this, Vance, Wm. P. Schaanck, from N. J., Jeremiah Van Wormer, and Wm. Day, from Cayuga CO., had located in town. The first child born was James E. MathcwF, Hai'ch 7, 1820; and tlie first marriage, that of Sam'l Van Wickle and Harriet Freeman, in 1821. Hannah Scott taught the first school, in 1S22. Josiah Wliitman kept the first inn, in 1820, and Joseph B. Welch the first store, in 1828. The first sawmill was erected onBlackCreek, by EliaslluU and David Peterson, in 1823. 2 There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., F. W. Bap., and R. C. s Christopher Tyler settled in 1819, Austin and Asa Cowles in 1820, in the W. part of the town,— all from Otsego co. The first birth was that of Almond W. Cowles, in 1820; the first mar- riage, tliat of Daniel Kellogg and Sophia Hitchcock, in 1825; and the first death, that of a child of Luther Austin, in 1823. ITie first school was taught by Austin Cowles, in 1820-21. Hollis B. Newton kept the first inn, in 1831, and Newton &, Cowles the first store, in 1825. The first sawmill was built by Asa and Austin Cowles, near the village, on Genesee Creek, in 1822, and the first gristmill by Asa Cowles, at the village, in 1824. < The census reports 3 churches; 2 M. E. and Bap. B Formerly called " Whitney Valley. '" 8 This institution was formed in 1856, andia in charge of the Bap. denomination. J Wm. Carroll and "Wm, IJopkins settled at South Valley, Elyah and Daniel Abbott, Elias Van Scoter, and Thos. Quick, all from Penn., at De Witts Valley, and Sam'l Boylan, at Whitney Val- ley, in 1806. The firet child horn was Lewis W. Carroll, Aug. 1, 1807 ; the first marriage, that of John Gregory and Betsey Doty ; and the first deaths, those of Jeremiah Gregory, who was killed by the fall of a tree, April 4, 1812, and his twin-brother, killed in the same manner, Sept. 17 of the same year. The first school was taught at Canaseraga, by Wm. Crooks, in 1810. S. De Witt Brown kept the first inn, at "Z)e Witts Valley,'" (now Burns Vil- lage,) in 1826, and Isaac N. Town the first store, at Canaseraga, in 1828. Daniel SchuU erected the first griatmill, in 1810, and David McCardy the first sawmill, in 1813. 8 There are 5 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., Prot. E., and M. B. 9 Ephraim Sanford, jr., Zephaniah Huff, David Sanford, and Nehemiah Sears settled in 1803, and Ezra Sanlbrd and others soon after. The first children bora were Moses V. Chamberlain and Betsey Sanford, both in 1806. The first school was taught, near the center, by Asa Harris, in 1811. The first inn w^as kept by Widow Bradley, from Penn., at the center, in 1810; and the first store, at the same place, by Hunt, in 1812. John Hoyt erected the first sawmill, at the mouth of Caneadea Creek, in 1816, and David Hitchcock put the first carding machine in operation, in 1810, on Caneadea Creek. '^^ The census reports 2 churches; Cong, and M. B. n Calvin P. Perry, from Berkshire co., Mass., settled near Mr. Maxson in 1809. Abraham and David Jolatt, brothers, were the next settlers in the order of time ; and next were Zaccheus, Thos., ALLEGANY COUNTY. 349 (Bap ) was held by Rev. John Griffith. The first church (Presb.) was formed in July, 1824 by ±tev. bilas Hubbard.^ j' > j Ci:4AI8H.SVIL,L,E— was formed from Cuba, May 11, 1835. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., s. ot the center. Its surface is a mountainous upland, divided into several steep ridges by the narrow valleys of the streams. The highest summits are 700 to 1,000 ft. above the canal at Luba. IJodges Creek and its branches form the principal drainage. The soil is principally a heavy clay loam. Considerable pine lumber is still made in town. Clarksville Corners, (Wfrit Clarksville p. 0.,) near the center, contains a church, sawmill, and 12 dwellings. The first settlement was made a little s. of the center, in 1822, by John and Horatio Slayton, from War- ■''Tqoq """"^ '"'■' '^^'' *''^' religious meeting (M. B.) was held at the house of Nelson Iloyt, m 18_8, by Rev. Mr. Cole, from Friendship; and the first church (Bap.) was organized by Rev. Holden E. Prosser, in 1842, and is still the only church in town. CUBA— was formed from Friendship, Feb. 4, 1822. Genesee was taken ofi' in 1830, and Clarksville in 1835. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a broken and mountainous upland, divided into irregular ridges by steep and narrow valleys. Oil Creek and its branches form the principal drainage. The canal and R. k. both extend through the narrow valleys of this town." The highest summils are 600 to 800 ft. above the level of the canal. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam.* Cuba, (p. v.,) on Oil Creek, was incorp. Nov. 11, 1850. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, and several mills and manufactories. Pop. 816. JVortll Cuba, (Seymour p. o.,) in the n. part, contains 20 houses. The first settlements were made in 1817, by Salmon Abbott, Freer, and Hall, from Conn.* The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Robt. Hubbard, in 1818; and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1824.* FRIENDSHIP— was formed from Caneadea, March 24, 1815. Cuba was taken ofi" in 1822, Bolivar in 1825, and a part of Wirt in 1838. It is an interior town, lying a tittle s. w. of the center of the 00. Its surface is broken by high, mountainous ridges, the summits of which are 600 to 800 feet above the valleys. It is drained by Van Campens Greek and its branches. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Frieudsbip, (p. v.,) near the Center, contains 4 churches, the Friendship Academy, 2 flouring mills, 25 sawmills, and about 800 inhabitants; IVile, (p. v.,) in the s. part of the town, contains a church, 3 mills, and 40 dwellings. The first settlement was made in Nov. 1806, by Richard Frair, from Kingston, Ulster 00.' The first religious service was held in a barn, by Samuel Vary, in July, 1810; and the first church (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Robert Hubbard, in the spring of 1813.* GEIVESEE — was formed from Cuba, April 16, 1830. It is the s. w. corner town in the 00. Its surface is very broken and mountainous; and the highest summits are 1,000 to 1,400 feet above the valleys.' The streams are Little Genesee, Dodges, Deer, Windfall, and Oswago Creeks, — all flowing through narrow, mountainous ravines. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. A con- siderable portion of the surface is still covered with pine, and lumbering is extensively carried on. liittle Genesee, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part of the town, contains a church, sawmill, and 30 and Strong Warner, Perkins B. Woodward, from Ashford, Conn., settled a little n. of the center, Sargent Morrell, from Vt., in the a. part of the town, in 1810, and Benj. Blanchard', from Vt., on Lot 2% in 1811. The first birth and the iirst death in town was th:it of a child of Calvin P. Perry, in June, 1809 ; and the iirst mar- riage, that of Wm. Toy and Ruth Morrill, in 1811. Perkins B. Woodward taught the first school, in the winter of 1813-14; Benj. and Mark Blanchard and Eber Hotchkiss erected the first saw- mill, on Six Mile Creek, in 1813, and Russell Uiggins and Pack- ard Bruce the fir.^^t gristmill, in 1817, on the same stream. Thatcher kept the first ion, at the center, in 1810, and Sparrow Smilh Ihe first store, at the same place, in 1820. 1 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Presb., Cong., and H- E. 2 James McDougal, from Steuben co., settled a little r,. of the center, and Jabez Survey near the same place, in 1827. The first child born was Jos. P. Slivyton, in 1826 ; the first marriage, that of Van Rensselaer Delivan and Harriet Palmer, in 1827 ; and the first' death, that of Mrs. Sally Olds, in 1831. The first school was taught by Maria McDouga!, E. of the center, in 1827. Daniel S. Carpenter kept the first inn, near the center, in 1828 ; and Samuel King erected the first sawmill, on Dodge Creek, in 1832. 8 The R. B.orosses the Genesee Valley Canal in this' town, near the reservoir built to feed the summit level of the canal. The reservoir— built, at a cost of $160,000, by the erection of a dam across Oil Creek— is 60 ft. high. It raises a pond that covers an area of 600 acres, and finds an outlet near its head, so that no water runs over the dam. Its capacity when full is estimated to be equal to 200 mi. of canal. * The celebrated Oil Spring, in the W. part of this town, is situated upon the Indian Oil Spring Reservation. It is a dirty pool, 20 ft. in diameter, and has no outlet. The water is mixed with bitumen, which cullects upon the surface. There are several quarries of good building stone in town. s John Bennett, Andrew Hawley, and Stephen Cole came about the same time. The first death was that of Andrew Hull. The first school was taught hy David Row, in 1822. Stephen Cole kept the first inn, near the center, in 1814, and King & Graves the first store, in 1821 or '22. The first sawmill was built by 'Wm. Dovner, on Oil Creek, in 1815 ; and the first gristmill, by Cady & Baldwin, on the same stream, in 1822. « The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and B. C. ' John Harrison and Simon and Zebulon Gates settled in June, 1807. The first birth was that of &herman Haskins, in a sugar camp, in March, 1808 ; the first marriage, that of Jas. Sanford and Sally Harrison, in Dec. 1809 ; and the fii^t death, that of Hattie Frair, in Dec. 1806. The first school was taught by Pela- tiah Morgan, in the winter of 1810-11. Simon Gates opened the first inn, in May, 1808, and Stephen Smith the first store, in the spring of 1818. S.ylvanuH Meriman and Aai-on Axtell built the fir.it gristmill, in 1810; and Ebenezer Steenrod the first sawmill, in 1816, and a mill for wool carding and cloth dressing, in 1816. 8 The census reports 5 churches ; Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Cong., M. E., and Univ. 8 Upon a high summit near the center is a locality known as " Rock City." It consists of a tract of 40 acres covered with conglomerate, composed of milkwbite pebbles broken into regular layers, forming alleys and streets. 350 ALLEGANY COUNTY. dwellings; and Ceres, (p. v-,) on the s. line, a church and 12 dwellings. The first settlement was made on Genesee Creek, on Lot 3, in the e. part of the town, in 1823, by Jabez Burdiok, from Rensselaer co.' The first religious services {Seventh Day Bap.) were held by Rev. John Green, in 1826 ; and the first church (Seventh Day Bap.) was organized, in 1827, by Rev. Henry P. Greeu.^ CtRAIVGER — ^was formed from Grove, as "West Grove," April 18, 1838. Its name was changed March 6, 1839. It is the central town upon the n. border of the co. It is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. Genesee River, forming a portion of the w. boundary, is bordered by abrupt hillsides 600 to 800 feet high. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Short Tract is a p. o. in the s. part of the town, Grang'er a p. 0. in the n., and Grove a p. o. in the e. The first settlement was made near Short Tract, in Feb. 1816, by Reuben Wilcox, Isaac Smith, and Rufus Trumbull, from Vt., and Elias Smith, from Otsego CO.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Elias Smith, in 1818, by Rev. Mr. Hill, (M. E.;) and the first church (M. E.) was organized about 1830.* GROVE— was formed from Nunda, (Livingston oo.,) March 8, 1827, as "Church Tract." Its name was changed in 1828, and Granger was taken off in 1838. It lies upon the N. border of the CO., near the n. e. corner. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several distinct ridges. A valley in the E. part is known as Chautauque Valley. Branches of Black and Canaseraga Creeks- form the drainage. The soil upon the hills is a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. Swainsville is a p. o. on the R. k., in the e. part of the town, and Cliautauque Valley a. p. o. on the e. r., in the n. e. part. Grove Center is a hamlet. John White, from Herkimer co., made the first settlement, in May, 1818, in the n. w. part.^ The first religious meeting (M. E.) was held at the house of Mr. White, by Rev. Cyrus Story, in 1820; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in the White Settlement, in 1821.* HUME — was formed from Pike, (Wyoming co.,) Feb. 20, 1822. It lies upon the n. Border of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland. Genesee River flows through the s. E. corner and forms a portion of the e. boundary. It is bordered by abrupt hills rising to a height of 400 to 700 feet. The other principal streams are Six Town and Cold Creeks. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Cold Creeli, (Hume p. o.,) near the center of the town, contaias 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and about 300 inhabitants ; Fillmore, (p. v.,) a canal village at the mouth of Cold Creek, contains a church, a saw and grist mill, and 372 inhabitants. Wis- coy, in the n. e. corner, and Mills Mills, in the n. part, are p. offices. Mixville, at the mouth of Wiscoy Creek, contains a church, saw and grist mill, and 200 inhabitants. An immense water-power at this place is but little used. The first settlement was made at Mills Mills, in 1807, by Roger Mills, from Montgomery oo.' The census reports 5 churches in town.* IIVDEPEIVOEWCE— was formed from Alfred, March 16, 1821. Audover was taken ofl" in 1824, and a part of Willing in 1851. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. The surface is a moun- tainous upland, broken by deep, narrow valleys. The highest summits are 800 to 1,200 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Cryder and Chenunda Creeks. The soil is principally a gravelly loam with sections of sand. Whites ville, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and several mills and manufacturing establishments. Pop. 220. Spring Mills, (p. v.,) in the s. E. corner, contains several mills and 14 dwellings ; Greens Corners, (Independence p. o.,) in the n. part, contains a church and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1798, by John Cryder, who built a house, a sawmill, and made other improvements, and soon after abandoned them and left the country. The first permanent settlement was made by Samuel S. "SYhite, from Madison co., 1 Eoswell Streeter, from Rensselaer co., settled in 1825, and Ezekiel Crandell and Joseph Wells, from B. I., in 1826, on Wind- fall and Genesee Creeks. Joseph Maxsnn, from R. I., and John Cook, settled in the w. part in 1827. The first child born ivai Edward W. Burdick, in 1826; the first maiTiage, that of- Joseph Allen and Phebe Maxson, in the same year; and the first death, that of Arvilla Burdick, in 1824. The first school was taught by Henry P. Green, near the mouth of Windfall Creek, in the winter of 1826-27. Lewis P. Coon kept the first inn, in 1842, at Genesee Valley, and Albert Langworthy the first store, in 1831, The first sawmill was built on Genesee Creek, by Newman Crab- tree, in 1820, No liquor license has ever been granted in the town ; and it is claimed that no inhabitant has ever been sent to a prison or a poorhouse. 2 The census reports 3 churches; all Seventh Day Bap 3 The first birth wsis that of a child of Elias Smith, in March, 181i ; and the first death, that of Olive Linee. in 1817, The first school was taught in the Smith Settlement, by Miss Williams, in 1819, Elias Smith kept the first inn, in 1819, and the first store, in 1820, Isaac Van Nosti-and erected the first gristmill, in 1831, and the first sawmill, in 1823, 4 The census reports 2 churches ; M, B, and Wes, Meth, 6 In the same year Alex, Bailev, from Vt,, settled Dear Mr, White, The first child born was Lani-a Bailey, Dec, 26, 1820 ; and the first marriage, that of Elyah White and Lucy Dana, in 1822, The first school was tAUght by Emily Page, in 1826. Henry Andrews kept the first inn, in 1828, in the N,w. corner, and Thayer * Smith the first store, at or near the same place, in 1826, John S, Culver erected the first sawmill, in the N, part, ^ There are 4 churches in tnwn; 3 M, E, and Bap, ' The first school was taufht in the barn of Roger Mills, jr., in the summer of 1812, by Caroline Russell, from Montgomery co, Geo, Mills kept the first inn. at Mills Mills, in 1815, andElisha WrtlB the first store, at the same place, in 1809, Roger Mills erected the first sawmill, in 1807, and the first gristmill, in 1808. 8 Cong,, Bap,, E, W. B.ap,, M, E,, and Wes. Meth. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 351 m the spring of 1819, at Whitesville.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Sam'l S. White, by Rev. Daniel Babcock, (Seventh Day Bap.,) Jan. 1, 1820.^ IVEVr HIJUSOIV— was formed from Rushford, April 10, 1825, as "EaigU." Its name was changed April 4, 1837. It lies upon the w. border of the co., a little n. of the center. The surface IS a hilly upland, broken by valleys extending n. e. and s. w. The principal streams are Black, OU, and Bush Creeks. The soil is a gravelly or clayey loam. IMcOrawville, (New Hudson p. 0.,) on the n. line, contains a church, 2 sawmills, and 20 dwellings ; Black Creek, (p. v., ) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. IVortli Valley is a hamlet near McCiraw- viUe. The first settlement was made on Lot 49, in the s. part, by Spencer Lyon, from Waterbury, Vt., in 1820.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. James Eastwood, (M.B.,) at his own house, in 1821. The first church (Presb.) was formed vrith 6 members, by Rev. Robert Hubbard, June 4, 1822.* KUSHFORD— was formed from Caneadea, March 8, 1816. New Hudson was taken off in 1825. It lies upon the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two distinct districts by Caneadea Creek, which flows e. through near the center. The valleys of several smaller streams, tributaries of the Caneadea, divide the highlands into narrow ridges. The soil is a shaly loam underlaid by hardpan. Quarries of building stone, several sulphur springs, and a brown mineral paint resembling ocher are found in town. A woolen factory upon Caneadea Creek manufactures about 12,000 yds. of cloth annually; and a pineapple cheese factory turns out 70,000 lbs. of cheese annually. Rushford, (p. v.,) at the center of the town, contains 4 churches, the Rushford Academy, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 654. East Rushford (p. v.) contains several mills and 40 dwellings. The first settle- ment was made on Lot 30, in 1808, by Euos Gary, from Vt.* The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Mr. Sanford, (Bap.,) in 1813; and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1815, by Rev. Nathan Peck, a missionary from Boston.* SCIO — was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Amity was taken off' in 1830, a part of Willing in 1851, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It is an interior town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. Its surfkce is a, mountainous upland, the highest summits being 700 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Genesee River and Knights and Vandemarks Creeks. The soil is principally a sandy loam. Scio, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, on the line of Amity, contains a church, several mills, and 496 inhabitants, 419 of whom are in this town. The first settlement was made at the mouth of Knights Creek, in 1805, by Joseph Knight and his son Silas, from Oneida co.' The census reports 5 churches.' TVARO — was formed from Alfred and Amity, Nov. 21, 1856. It is an interior town, lying s.e. , of the center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. The streams are Philips and Vandemarks Creeks. The soil is a clayey loam, upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Philips Creek, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Abraham Wald- ruff', from Ontario co.' The first church (M. E.) was organized at an early neriod. There are- now 2 churches ; M. E. and Univ. WEliJjSVHiLiE— was formed from Scio, Andover, and Willing, Nov. 22, 1855. It' is an 1 In the spring of the same year Johi? Teater, from Dutchess CO., David Wilson and Stephen Boyce, from Mas^a., settled in or near Whitesville. The first child born was Dugald C. White, Oct. 23, 1819; the first marriage, that of Daniel KeminRton and Eliza Eaton, Jan. 1, 1824; and the first death, that of Sam'l W. Goodridge, Jan. 27, 1822. The first school was taught at Whites- ville, by Deborah Covel, in the summer of 1822. Sam'l S. White kept the first inn, in 1827, at Whitesville, and Josiah W.Green the first store, at Greens Corners, in 1822. Nath'l Covel erected a sawmill on Cryders Creek, in 1822; and Jas. Maxwell the first gristmill, at Spring Mills, in 1820. 2 The census reports 5 churches; Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Presb., M. B., and Univ. 8 James Eastwood, John C. McKcen, and Jas. Davidson, from N. H., settled in the 8. part in 1821. The first birth was that of Mary McKeen, in June, 1821 ; the first marriage, that of Earl Gould and Catharine Eastwood, in June, 1822. The first school was taught by Mrs. Graham McKeen, in the summer of 1821. Wm. Andrews kept the first inn, near Black Creek Comers, in 1826, and Nelson McCall the first store, near the same place, in 1830. The first sawmill was erected by James Davidson, on Black Creek, in 1829. * The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Cong, and 2 M. E. ' Chas. Sniff, Abel Belknap, Amos Hose, and Joshua Wilson, from New England, were settlers in the town in- 1809-10 ; Levi Benjamin, from Windsor, Vt., settled on Lot 30, near Rwshfbrd Village, in 1813. Bethiah Belknap, born in the spBimg of 1810, and Sam'l Gordon, June 12, 1810, were the firs* births in town ; Wm. Rawson and Lawrence Swift were the- first married, in 1811. Plina Bannister taught the first sehool, near the center, in the winter of 1813-14. Levi Benjamin kept the first inn, a little N. of Rushford Village, in 1813, and Jas. MoCall the first store, at the same place, in 1814. The first sawmill was built by Mat- thew P. Cady, on Caneadea Creek, in 1815; and the first grist- mill, by Jas. McCall, on the same stream, in 1818. . 6 The census reports 4 churches ; Bap., Cong., M. E., and TJniv. ' Silas Bellamy and Silas Palmer settled in 1809, — the former at Scio Village and the latter in the N, part of the town. Polly, daughter of Silas Knight, was the ilrst child born, in 1806, and the first one that died, in 1808 ; the fii-st marriage was that of Silas Bellamy and Betsey Knight, in 1809. The first school was taught by Lncy Moore, near the village, in 1816. Alfred John- son kept the first inn, in 1821. The first sawmill was erected in 1822, and the first gristmill in 1823, by Benj. Palmer. 8 2 K. C, Cong., Bap., and M. E. Daniel Hart and Hezekiah Ward settled in the K. part, in 1817-18. Geo. Waldruff kept the first inn, at Philips CreetVil- lage, and Waldrufl' & Cartwright the first store. . 352 ALLEGANY COUNTY. interior town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is very broken and mountainous, the highest summits being 800 to 1,200 feet above the valleys. The declivities are too steep for profitable cultivation. The streams are Genesee River and Dyke and Chenunda Creeks, all flow- ing in narrow and deep valleys winding among the almost precipitous mountains. The soil is mostly a sandy loam. Considerable pine lumber is still manufactured in town. Wcllsville, (p.v.,) on Genesee River, was incorp. Oct. 12, 1857; it contains 4 churches, 2 weekly newspaper offices, 2 flouring and 3 saw mills. Pop. 1,286. The first settlements were made in the valley of the Genesee, about the commencement of the century .^ There are 4 churches in town.' WEST AIiMOlVD — ^was formed from Angelica, Almond, and Alfred, April 15, 1833. It is an interior town, lying a little N. E. of the center of the co. lis surface is a broken and elevated upland. The streams are Angelica, Black, Philips, and Karr Valley Creeks,— all flowing in narrow ravines bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is principally a clay loam underlaid by hardpan. West Almond (p.v.) contains a church and 15 houses. The first settlement was made at the center, in 1816, by Daniel Atherton.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Robert Hubbard, (Presb.,) at the house of Daniel Dean, in 1823; and the first and only church (Bap.) was formed in 1824. WILiLiUVG— was formed from Independence and Soio, Nov. 19, 1851. Alma was taken off in 1854, and a part of "Wellsville in 1855. It lies upon the s. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a broken and mountainous region, the highest summits being 800 to 1,200 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Genesee River, Cryder, Chenunda, and Fords Creeks, all flowing in narrow valleys bordered by steep mountain declivities. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. A considerable part of the surface is still covered with forests, and lumbering is extensively carried on. Beanville, (Shongo p. o.,) on Genesee River, in the s. part of the town, contains a church and 61 inhabitants ; and Halls Port, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, a sawmill and 64 inhabitants. Elijah Robinson, from Brookfield, Madison co., settled on the Genesee, adjoining the State line, in 1825. He built a sawmill, made other improvements for four or five years, when he became deranged, and left the town.* The first religious meeting (Prot. Meth.) was held at the house of Daniel Baker, by Rev. Seneca Fish, in 1834.* WIRT — was formed from Bolivar and Friendship, April 12, 1838. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a wild, mountainous upland, divided into three general ridges extending n. and s. The streams are headwaters of Van Campens, Little Genesee, and Dodges Creeks. Ricbburgll, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, the Riohburgh Academy,* 2 steam gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 50 dwellings. Wirt is a p. o., near the center of the town. The first settlement was made in the N. part of the town, in 1812, by Benj. Crabtree and Levi Abbott, from Amsterdam, Montgomery co.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Benj. Crabtree, in 1816, by Rev. Jonathan Post. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1826.* 1 The first child bom was Rachel Dyke, in 1805 ; and the first death, that of Thos. Brink, in 1807. The first school was taught, near the E. line, by Ithamer Brookings, in 18H. Nath'l Dyke built the first grist and saw mill, in 1803, on Dyke Creek, near the E. line. 2 Cong., M. E., Bap., and E. C. 3 Jason Bixby, Isaac Pray, and Daniel Hooker settled on the road leading from Almond to Angelica, and John Alfred, from N. J., near the N. line, all previous to 1818. The first child born was Jerusha, daughter of Daniel Atherton, in the fall of 1817 ; and the first death, that of Jason Bixby, in the spring of 1818. The first school was taught, iu the E. part, by Jasper White, in 1818. Daniel Atherton kept the first inn, in 1817, at the center, and Samuel M. Eddy the first store, at the same place, in 1832. The first sawmill was erected by Enoch Hawks, on Angelica Creek, in 1833. * The first death was that of a child of Austin Butler, in 1837. The first school was taught near Beanville, in 1836, by Betsey Lovell. Allen Gifford kept the first inn, in 1838, at Beanville, and Jas. R. Wood the first store, at the same place, in 1839. Elijah Robinson erected the first sawmill, near the Penn. line, on the Genesee. 6 There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Univ. 6 This institution has lately been incorp. with the common school system. 7 Azel Buckley, from Unadilla, Otsego co., settled in 1814, and Daniel WJUard, from Mass., iu 1815. Mr. W. is the oldest settler now living in town. The first child born was Beiy". Crabtree, jr., in 1813; and the first marriage, that of Hyra Axdell and Luey Crabtree, in 1814. The first school was taught, in the N.part of thetown,by Sophia Hitchcock, in 1820. Alvan Richardson erected the first sawmill, in 1824, and the first gristmill, in 1825, on Gene- see Creek, near Richburgh. Mr. Richardson also kept the first inn, in 1824, and Francis L. Leroy the first store, in the same year. 8 There are 4 churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., Seventh Day Bap., and M. E. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 353 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Allegany County. , Names of Tomss. Alfred , Alien Alma Almond. Amity Andover Angelica Belfast Bildsall Bolivar Burns Caneadea. CenterviUe Clarksville Cuba FriBiidsliip Genesee Granger Grove Hume Independence- New Hudson.. RuBhford Scio. Wardi Wellsvillel West Almond. "Willing Wilt Total AoREs or Land. Valuation of 1858. 17,733 11,1254 926i 25,249 ll,210i 10,443i 9,4174 9,425* 7,324 4,203} 8,7eOi 6,415 14,488 4,836 13,S02i 11,167 3,733i 8,685 6,431? 12,9564 11,9124 11,282 13,9134 7,223 11,404 3,910} 12,5264 11,000 11,5144 22,174 8,061 23,032 13,045 18,0364 13,260} 16,764 17,736 7,6264 11,7844 7,583 17,454 8,911 9,968 16,842 7,380 11,069 10,3884 9,252 9,0034 8,278 24,1894 10,572 7,767 270,036 1341,649; 327,639 221,612 102,684 400,866 364,341 308,243 377,891 369,660 160,307 179,210 274,833 339,626 316,360 174,728 694,310 420,246 168,730 216.011 223,760 364,906 223,046 269,290 433,860 304,668 163,370 272,8.36 289.677 136,331 280,760 B Extensive tracts in the southern section are devoted to gar- dening for the city markets. The n. side, originally covered with a heavy growth of timber, is under fine cultivation, and is largely devoted to the raising of fruit. Flushing excels in nurseries of fruit and ornamental trees, for which this co. is second only to Monroe. Locust-timber is raised along the k. shore eastward from Glen Cove, in considerable quantities, for treenails and posts. In Oyster Bay large quantities of asparagus are raised for market; and the soil appears to be finely adapted to this crop. Milk is sent to market in large quantities by R. Ti., especially from near Jericho, Westbury, and Hempstead. 10 The court of sessions of the "Unrth Riding of Yorkshire" waa located at Jamaica in 1683 ; and a building called the " County QUEENS COUNTY. 355 The jail occupies a portion of the courthouse building.^ The county records are kept in a spacious brick building in the village of Jamaica; and in the same building are offices for the burrogate and Board of Supervisors.^ The co. has no poorhouse ; but each town provides for the accommodation of its own paupers. The Brooklyn and Jamaica K. R., extending w. from Jamaica to the co. line, is leased by the Long Island R. R., which extends e. from Jamaica through Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. The Flushing R. R. extends w. from Flushing Village through Newtown to the mouth of Newtown Creek. The Syosset Branch R. R. connects Hicksville/ upon the L. I. R. R„ with the village of Syosset, 3^ mi. n. There are 7 newspapers published in the co. ; 2 at Jamaica, 2 at Hempstead, 2 at Flushing, and 1 at Glen Cove.^ The CO. was mostly settled by English immigrants, under the authority of the Dutch Govern- ment during the last 20 years of its existence. The e. extremity of Long Island was claimed by the English colonies of New England ; and the boundary line was the subject of a long and angry dispute, which was never entirely settled until the final subjugation of New York by the British in 1664.* The Avhole of this co. was under the Dutch, except Oyster Bay, which was a disputed terri- tory. The first planters came on in considerable numbers, and were associated in the purchase of the lands from the Indians. They were mostiy united by a common religious faith; and they were invested with certain civil rights, which were afterward confirmed by the English Govern- ment of New York, and some of which continue to the present time. The people chose a dupli- cate set of magistrates and municipal officers, from which the Dutch Governor selected such as he pleased. The people employed their own minister, and enjoyed comparative religious freedom. The Dutch, however, did not faithfully carry out the agreement which they had entered into with the settlers, and, in 1653, delegates were sent to the city to remonstrate against certain abuses. This was not heeded, and when the people again met for a like purpose they were ordered to disperse. The inhabitants rejoiced when the Dutch rule was finally broken and they came under the pro- tection of the English. Gov. Nicoll, the first English Governor, convened deputies from the several towns upon Long Island, who met at Hempstead in the spring of 1665. A code of laws and ordi- nances was adopted, a shire was erected, the names of towns were changed, boundaries Avere settled, and affairs were regulated to meet the views of the new government. From this time no land could be taken without purchase from the Indians and patent from the Governor. During the Revolution considerable numbers of the people joined the loyalists, and the co. was mostly in quiet possession of the enemy. Robberies were common, especially along the n. shore. Presbyterian churches were everywhere used for military purposes. A petty warfare was carried on in whalebdats, and daring exploits were performed by partisans of both sides. HaJl" was erected in 1684. From 1700 to 1708 the courts were held in the Presb. chnrch, when a new co. hall was built, which continued in use until the Revolution, when it was burned. By an act of March 1, 1785, the sum of £2,000 was raised to erect new buildings on the present location under the direction of the CO. judge. The building is a half mi. n. of the R. R., and trains etop opposite when courts are in session. Efforts have been made to remove the site to Jamaica, but thus far without suc- cess, although most persons will admit that the present site is inconvenient to a majority of the inhabitants. 1 In the absence of suflBcient accommodations in the vicinity, this building is also used as a hotel during the session of the court. The sheriff, who lives upon the premises, usually makes provision for dining a large number, and for furnishing lodgings to a limited extent. 2 The surrogate's and clerk's offices were kept at the houses of the incumbents until 1833. when they were located at Ja- maifa. The present clerk's office was erected in 1857. 3 TUe Jjong Islantl Farmer was commenced at Ja- maitia in 1819 by Henry G. Sleight. It is now published by Charles Willing. The Union Ball GuxtU., semi-mo., was published at Jamaica in 1832 by L. Bnoth. Tlie liong Island Democrat was established at Ja- raai w May 1, 1835, by Jafl. G. Hrenton, present publisher. Tlie Jmirnal and Messenger was published about 1843, by S. V. The Lo-nq Island Telegraph and General Advertiser was started at Hempstead in May, 1830. by Wm. Hutchinson and C F Le Fevra In Nov, 1831 it was changed to TUe Hempstead Inquirer. It is now published by MorriH Soedakpr. .,,.,, ^ me aiieens County Senttnel was established at Hempstead in May, 1858, by John H. Hentz, its present publisher. The Church Record was started at Flushing in 1840, and con- tinued 3^ years. It was edited by Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawks, and published by C. R. Lincoln. Tlie Flushing Journal was commenced March 19, 1842, by Chas. R. Lincoln, its present publisher. The Flushing Pomolngist was published in 1848, by William R. Prince. The I^ublic Voice was started at Flushing in 1852 ; and in 1855 it was changed to The I ••■•: Gold and Silver Refining Gold Pen Gristmills Hat and Cap House Building •• Ivory Black and Bone Manure Japanned Cloth $28,000 65,000 92,535 70,000 157,256 251,324 1,670,000 229,100 320,00a 70,660 68,640 70,000 100,000 2,499,000 173,000 690,000 114,700 900,000 278,000 322,000 150,000 225,000 112,000 635,000 986,O00 264,000 106.960 189,600 22 6 49 68 62 149 86 64 42 86 26 67 2 216 19 98 30 600 278 282 7 7 41 48 666 151 49 64 Lamp and Lanterns.. Liquorice Machine Shops Malt Marble Oil Cloth Oil Mills Paint and Color Patent Leather Planing Mills Porcelain Rope Rosin Oil Sash and Blind Ship Silver Ware Steamboat Finishing.. Steam Pump Stone Cutting Tin and Sheet Iron Tobacco and Cigar White Lead Whiting Window Shades Minor Manufactories.. 55,000 49,340 276,000 90,000 88,600 170,260 286,000 60,000 140,000 476,600 90,000 2,206,168 161,300 115,000 102,178 946,000 64,000 150,000 60,000 256,300 150,000 206,620 800,000 60,000 60,000 700,446 36 260 12 100 94 47 163 128 677 540 12 64 76 334 95 139 195 17 19 866 Total.. 296 $18,494,351 SThe land occupied by the Navy Tard wa^ ceded to the General Government by the State in 1807. . ,„,s,„. a The site for the dry dock was fixed by Col. Baldwin, In 1826 , but efficient work wafnot commenced until 1841 Itwa^ subs.^ SSen"y pros^uted under the charge of several engmeers, as '"'Sward^. Courtenay; Aug. 1, 1841, to ^^^^ Gen. wfiliam Gibb^ McNeil ; Oct. 10, 1844, to ^^^ ^^ ^^ w p-^&^f ApS'iVi8«r^ju™^;im; ^ ii5;?6i.8i Win^j McAVne;*nne23,1846 toOct.l,lM9 Gen. Ohaa. B. Stnart ; Oct. 1,1849, to Aug. 30, 1851 Total cost $2,113,173.61 1,114,311.09 732,974.63 The work was suspended from Aug. 1842, till Oct. 1844. The main chamber is 286 feet long by 35 feet wide at the bottom, and 307 feet long by 98 feet wide at the top. Depth, 36 feet. The masonry foundations are 400 by 120 feet, upon piles driven 40 feet into the earth. It is emptied by steam pumps in i\ hours.— SJiJorCs Naml Dry Doclts of the U. S. * This building is &ced with white marble and presents a fine architectural appearance. The average number of inmates is about 60. 6 This laboratory has been gradually formed within the last 10 years, and is said to be the onlyinstitution of the kind owned by any Government. The chemical and mechanical arrange- ments are extremely well adapted to their use. 366 KINGS COUNTY. field Creeks. It is brought 7f mi. in an open canal and 4f mi. in a brick conduit, thence pumped into a reservoir on Cypress Hill, 170 ft. above tide, and thence distributed in iron pipes throughout the city. The conduit has a capacity of 40,000,000 gallons per day, and the pumps can raise 10 000 000 gal per day. The reservoir is 20 feet deep, and has a capacity of 167,000,000 gals. The whole cost of the work is estimated at $4,200,000.^ The Fire Departments of the Eastern and Western Districts are separately organized under special acts.^ The city is supplied with gas by 3 companies. , • .r The City Park, between Park and Flushing Avenues and Navy and Park Sts., contains 7 acres; Washington Park, between Myrtle and De Kalb Avenues and Cumberland and Canton Sts., con- tains 33 acres. It occupies the site of Fort Green of the Revolution. In the newly surveyed sections several sites for parks have been reserved by the city. The a% Armory, at the corner of Henry and Cranberry Sts., was erected in 1858, at a cost of $14,000. A State Arsenal, on Clinton St., was built in 1856, at a cost of $40,000. The City Sail, situated at the junction of Fulton and Court Sts., is a fine building, faced with white marble.' Besides these, there are in the city 9 banks of discount, 5 savings' banks, and 10 stock fire insurance companies. The Public Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 45 members. The city contains 32 school districts; and in 1857 there were employed 320 teachers,— 27 males and 293 females. The whole number of children between 4 and 21 years of age is 46,000, of whom 35,817, or 78 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1857 was $231,474.61. A normal school for the professional instruction of teachers has been established. The Packer Collegiate Institute, for girls, occupies an elegant building upon Jorolimon St., w. of the City Hall. It was inoorp. May 8, 1845, as the "Brooklyn Female Academy." Its name was changed March 19, 1853, in honor of Mrs. "Wm. S. Packer, who endowed the institution with $65,000. An astronomical observatory is connected with it. The Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, for boys, on Livingston St., was incorp. April 7, 1854. It was established by a stock company, with a capital of $75,000, and has accommoda- tions for 150 pupils. Besides these, there are in the city 100 private schools and seminaries, several of which are large institutions, with corps of professors and with permanent investments. The aggregate number of pupils in attendance at the schools is 2,600. The Brooklyn Institute was inoorp. Nov. 20,1824. It occupies a commodious building on Wash- ington St., the gift of Augustus Graham. It has a free library, provides free lectures and lessons in drawing and painting for apprentices, and its rooms are depositories for boolis, maps, models, and drawing apparatus. The Brooklyn Athenceum and Beading Boom, on the corner of Atlantic and Clinton Sts., was incorp. Jan. 28, 1852. It occupies a large three story edifice, erected at a cost of $60,000. The first story is used for mercantile purposes, the second for a library and reading room, and the third for public lectures. The Law Library in Brooklyn, inoorp. Jan. 8, 1850, is located at 341 Fulton St. The Naval Lyceum, within the Navy Yard, was established in 1833 by officers of the navy. It has a fine library and museum. The Kitigs County Lodge Library Association, at Williamsburgh, was incorp. Feb. 7, 1847. Among the societies for intellectual improvement are the Hamilton Library Association, founded in 1830 ; the Franklin Debating Association, in 1852 ; the Young Men's Association, in 1853 ; the St. Charles Institute, in 1854; the Fcclcston Literary Association, in 1854; and the Columbia Lite- rary Association, in 1855. The Great Northwestern Zephyr Association, designed to encourage native talent in music, painting, and sculpture, was organized in 1838. The Philharmonic Society 1 This great work is just completed. Until a very recent date the city has depended npon wells and cisterns for its supply of water. There were V22 public cisterns in the city; but all the euppUes were entirely inadequate to the demand for water. The first agitation for a better supply of water commenced in 1835 ; but nothing was accomplished until 1847, when a report wag nuide recommending the building of reservoirs to be supplied from wells. In 1849, W. J. McAlpine submitted a plan for ob- taining a supply from the streams flow^ing into Jamaica Bay. The question of prosecuting this work at public expense was repeatedly voted down. Several private companies caused sur- veys to be made, and one of them acquii-ed titles to the streams in question ; and June 4, 1856, the Common Council subscribed £1,300,000 to the stock of the Nassau Water Company. The work was commenced Jldy 31, 1856, under the charge of James P. Kirkwood, Chief Engineer. Feb. U, 1867, the rights of the Nassau Company were vested in the city. The works were com- pleted in May, 1859. It is contemplated erecting another reser- voir upon Prospect Hill. 2 The Fire Depai'tment of the Western District, under the care of 5 commissioners, has 7 fire districts, 22 engines, 4 hook aud ladder companies, 7 hose companies, and 10 alarm bells. The Fire Department of the Eastern District has 6 fire districts, 13 engines, 3 hook and ladder companies, 4 hose companies, and 2 alarm bells. 8 This building contains the city and most of the co. offices. It was commenced in 1836 ; but work was suspended in 1837 and was not resumed until 1846. It w.^s completed in 1848, ia a style much less costly than that of the original design. KINGS COUNTY. 357 R„*„«,-. 7 /^ J .V- -^P"^" y- J^o54, and holds annual fairs. The Sunt EorticuUural nnfl its'ptsraiS?.tt:LT^^^^^^^^ .^^ ^^^rr' r ^"^°^^- ^^^ ^' ^«^^- lerislativP flr,r.rnr>vlf ^^^ ^^ , ' " "^^ '' Supported by voluntary contributions and rrrirch'rS It • ^'l^fr^'^y ^-i'--'^. located at 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. march 5, 1850. It is supported in the same manner as the hospital. The BrooUvn Dis- SZs^ TrS-°'^ f 'r '"' "^^ '"''°^P- ^^'=- '' ''''■ ^' '^ -pported by pr2e fu - r Si 2 291 "'^^^^^""^"r^f »^i'^»^«'y, on the corner of 5th and South Sts., was incorp. March 4, 1851 , 2,221 persons received medical treatment at the institution in 1857. It is supported bv IsTs T^to r% ^';:'"^^y-Oentral Bispensary, m Fulton St., was incorrDec £ % ^he/'-'""^-^y« ^«';'»a« General Dispensary is bcated at 145 Court St. The Brooklyn Eye and Ear Infirmary, 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. March 27 1851 The Orj^Aan Asylum Societrj^^, incorp. May 6, 1834. The institution is situated upon . fine site on Cumberland St. near Myrtle Avenue. The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn was incorp. May 6, 1834. The asylum for boys IS located at the corner of Clinton and Congress Sts., and the asylum for girls upon Congress St. near Clinton. The former has 120 inmates, and the latter 250. The girls are under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The support of these institutions is principally derived from the income of a large property bequeathed by ComeHus Heeney and under the charge of the Brook- lyn Benevolent Society.^ The Brooklyn Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor was formed March 26, 1844 It numbers about 180 visitors, whose duty it is to investigate the condition of the poor in' every part of the city, afford such temporary relief in the way of food and clothing as the cases may warrant, and to refer the needy to the appropriate sources for permanent relief. This association distributes |6,000 to $7,000 per year. The Brooklyn Benevolent Society, founded upon a bequest of Cornelius Heeney, was incorp. in May, 1845. It is managed by 11 trustees, of whom the Archbishop of N. Y. and the Mayor of Brooklyn are ex officio members. Its funds are principally devoted to the support of various Catholic charities. The Brooklyn Society for tlie Relief of Respectable and Indigent Females, incorp. in 1851, was founded by John B. Graham, who erected a fine edifice, corner of Washington and De Kalb Sts., as a home for the unfortunates named in the title. It derives its support from private subscriptions. The Children's Aid Society was organ- ized in Feb. 1854, as an industrial school. The Brooklyn Industrial School Association, under the management of ladies of the several churches, was incorp. April 4, 1854. It has established schools in different parts of the city for girls who do not attend the public schools, and who are entirely deprived of moral training. The Brooklyn Female Employment Society, an association of ladies to furnish employment to respectable females who may be reduced to want, was incorp.. April 19, 1854. Its ofiice and salesroom is at 65 Court St. The Church Charity Association for the relief of the aged, sick, and indigent was incorp. in March, 1851. It is under the patronage of the Prot. E. Church. The churches of Brooklyn are justly celebrated for their general elegance and beauty of archi- tectural design. Large numbers of people doing business in New York reside in Brooklyn ; and this has led to the erection of so great a number of churches that the city has been denominated the " city of churches." In 1858 there were 139 churches in the city.^ Connected with these churches are various religious and charitable societies.' The Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Tem- 1 The other benevolent Catholic societies in the city are as foUowa : — St. Jameses School, Jay St., with 50O pupils under the Brothers of Christian Schools, and 450 pupils under the Sisters of Mercy; St. PatiVi Female School, with 400 pupils, under the Sisters of Charity ; St. Peter's and Paul's School, with 300 girls, under th e Sisters" of St. Joseph ; St. Mary /Star qf the Sea, with 300 girls, under the Sisters of Charity ; Qmvent and Rmale School attached to the Church of the Holy Trinity; Convent and Boarding Jcademy of the Sisters of St. Joseph; OMvent and Academy of the Visitalvm; St. Francis of Assists Oyhvent of Sisters of Mercy and Nuns of the Order qf St. Btminic. The B. O. Benefuial Society of St. Peter's and St. Paul's Church was incorp. June 15, 18S8, to sustain a Sunday school and librai7, and support the sick and bury the dead. Pree schools are con- nected with all the churches except that of St. Charles. s 25 Prot. E., 22 M. B., 17 Presb., 15 Eef. Prot. D., 15 R. C, 15 Bap., 10 Cong., and 20 consisting of Covahanters, Asso. Presb., Asso. Ref. Presb., Unita., Univ., Ger. Evang., Moravian, Friends, Ind. Cong., Ind. Meth., and Jew. 3 The following is a list of the principal of these societies^ with the dates of their formation : — ■ The Brooklyn City Tract Society 1830 The Brooklyn Bible Society., „ 1841 The Prot. Benevolent and Library Association 1844 The Williamsburgh Bible Society 1845 The Navy Mission S.S. Association June 16, 1849 The Brooklyn Female Bible Society 1850 The Benev.Asso. of the Ch. of the Holy Trinity.... May 10, 1850 The Warren Street Mission Feb. 3, 1853 The Williamsburgh City Mission Society March, 1853 .The Brooklyn Y. M. Chris. Association Bee. — , 1853 The Mount Prospect Mission Society Jan. 23, 1854 The Hope Mission School „ Mar. 16, 1S64 The Brooklyn Sunday-School Union Sept. 12, 1864 The Brotherhood of the Prot. B. Churches Sept. 21, 1854 The Howard Benev. Society (Unita.) Dec. — , 1854 The Convocation for Church £xtensiou (Prot. E.).. June 25, 1854 Th6 Vanderbilt Av. Mission S. S.._.„ „ Mar. 1 . 16, 1858 368 KINGS COUNTY. peranoe all have lodges in the city; and besides these are numerous societies for mutual relief and protection.^ Greenwood Cemetery, upon the s. line, is mostly within the limits of the city. It is owned by a joint stock company, incorp. April 18, 1838. It comprises an area of 400 acres, beautifully located upon the elevated and broken ground E. of Gowanus Bay. The grounds were purchased, and opened for burial in 1842 ; and up to Aug. 1858, 64,000 burials had been made. It is one of the oldest and most beautiful of the rural cemeteries connected with the great cities in this country. The grounds are laid out with taste ; and many of the sculptured monuments are costly and beautiful specimens of art. The Cemetery of the Evergreens, upon the e. line, is partly in Queens co. It is beautifully located upon a bluff, affording fine views of New York, the bay, the ocean, and the surrounding country. It was opened for interment in 1849. The Friends' Cemetery lies near the city line, N. of Greenwood. It has a fine location ; but, in accordance with the principles of the sect, no ornamental monuments are allowed to be erected in it. The Citizens' Union Cemetery, incorp. in 1851, contains an area of 29 acres. The trustees allow the burial of persons of color and of the poor for no charge except that of opening and closing the ground. The first settlements were made under the Dutch Government, in 1625, by several families of French Protestants from near the river Waal, in Netherlands, who located near Wallabout Bay. They named their settlement " Walloons," and the bay " Walloons Boght," from which is derived its present name Wallabout.'' Little progress was made in settlement for many years : and no governmental organization was effected under the Dutch. Up to the commencement of the present century the population was principally confined to several little hamlets scattered over the terri- tory now embraced in the city. Since 1840 the increase of population and the growth of the city have been very rapid, scarcely paralleled by the magical growth of the cities of the West." Although possessing a separate municipal government, in all its business and interests it forms an integral part of the city of New York. In the summer of 1776, New York and vicinity became the theater of stirring military events. After the British had evacuated Boston, Washington marched imme- diately to New York, believing that the enemy would make this the next point of attack. Every effort was made to construct and strengthen the military defenses of the place. Strong works were erected in Brooklyn and other points upon Long Island, and large bodies of troops were posted there to defend them. The British arrived, and landed their troops upon Staten Island July 8 ; and on the 22d of Aug. they passed over to Long Island, to the number of 10,000 strong. They landed in New Utrecht, whence three roads led over the hills to where the Americans were encamped. One of these roads passed near the Narrows, the next led from Flatbush, and the third far to the right by the route of Flatlands. It was the design of Gen. Putnam, who commanded the American forces, to arrest the enemy upon the heights ; and the appearance of columns of troops early on the morning of the 27th on the middle road led to the belief that the main attack was to be made at that point. While intent upon this movement, it was found that the main army of the enemy were approaching from the direction of Bedford, and that there was imminent danger of being surrounded by them. Attacked in front and rear, the Americans fought with bravery ; but a part only succeeded in gaining their entrenchments. The loss of the Americans was more than 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners; and of the enemy, less than 400. Gens. Sullivan, Sterling, and WoodhuU were taken prisoners,— the last named of whom died from wounds inflicted after his surrender. The Americans withdrew to New York early on the 30th, under the personal direction of Gen. Washington.* The American prisoners taken at this battle, and those taken afterward during the war, were confined in the hulks of old ships anchored in Wallabout Bay, ■1 The following is a list of these societies : — The Erin Fraternal Benev. Society Ffyrmeii 1835 The Emerald Beucv. Society 1839 The Emmet Benev. Society May 8,1848 The Shamrock Benev. Society May 5,1848 The laborers' Union Benev. Soc. of Williamsburgh April 17, 1850 The Lahorers' Union Benev. Society Jan. 30,1851 Williamsburgh Mnt. Ben. Soc. of Operative Masons June 14, 1863 " Laborers' Union Benev. Society May 13,1853 Operative Plasterers' Benev. Society Dec. 27, 1854 Society for Visitinp; the Sick and Burying the Dead Oct. 13,1865 Ancient OiHier of Hibernians July 18, 1866 United Brethren Aug. 8,1856 Washington Sick Supporting Association Feb. 17,1868 2 Among these flettlers were families named D. Kapalje, Le Esouyer, Duryee, Le Sillier Cershon, Conseiller, and Murserol.— Benson^s Memoir, p. 18. Sarah Rapelje — born here on the 9th of June, 1625 — was the first white child lioru on the island. She received 20 morgens of land from Peter Minuet, the Dutch Gov- ernor. A tide mill was built at the head of Wallabout Bay at an early period. 8 The following table shows the increase of population of the whole territory included within the city since 1790 :■ 1790 2,143 1800 3,034 1810 6,200 1815 4,664 1820 8,105 1825 11,749 1830 17,014 1836 27,864 1840 42,622 1846 72,769 1860 130,767 1855 206,260 * A heavy fog — very unusual for the time of year — completely enshrouded the island, and under its protection the Americans silently passed over to the N. Y. side. The British did not dis- cover the movement until the rearguard of the Americana were beyond the reach of pursuit. KINGS COUNTY. 369 dX ilwarof 1819 f ' "^^ ''^°"^"°"^^ f'''"" ^^°'^'^''^' '''^^' *"°'^1 ^"' ^^ stinted food.' of fort1fi.rf;lT A? """^^'^'^'^^We amount of voluntary labor was expended in erecting a line of fortifications around the city, and bodies of troops were stationed there to protect the people. Gov^tdf ofi^'rrfi'rV'^l'r'^^ ^"^- S*"^^^^^'^* '° 1652, and its rights were confirmed by G vernmen; mII 7 ?««'1.^^ ?°" ''°"^"°' """^ '°' ^'^'- ^' ^^ '^«-S°'-'i ^^ ''^'^ State hdn. TmpH rf ' H- ^'"^ ^°^ ^^' ^'^'^^'^ °*' *° 1852. It is the central town in the co., ^olZZtTf' % rf'^- ^ '°^' """'^ ^^"S« °f ^"1^ «-*-1^ -1-g th« - I'order ^P r.t?' f?>. P!'"^"^*'^^- Flatb«sh (p. V.) is a long, scattered village, extending through Ipll V r- ^* '•"'*^^''' * churches,* the Erasmus Hall Academy,' and many elegant dwellings. Greenfield is a thinly settled village plat in the s. w. corner of the town A part of Greenwood Cemetery lies in the n. w. corner. Galilee Cemetery lies E. of the village. The first settlement was made by the Dutch at an early period. FI.ATL,AW»S«-was inoorp. by patent under Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 4, 1667, confirmed by Gov Dongan, March 11, 1685,' and recognized by the State Government March 7, 1788. It is the s. E. town in the co. The surface is very flat, as indicated by the name ; and a considerable portion consists of salt marshes bordering upon Jamaica Bay.^ Several small, marshy islands belong to the town. Flatlands (p. o.) is a farming settlement. Cauarsie" (p. o.) is a hamlet, upon the road leading to the bay. The first settlement was made by the Dutch, in 1636. Ex-Gov. Wouter Van TwiUer had a tobacco farm in this town while it was under Dutch rule. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Kef. Prot. D. GRAVESEWD"— was granted to English settlers, by patent under Gov. Keift, Dec. 19, 1645, and confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Aug. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Sept. 10, 1686.1^ It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It is the most southerly town in the co. The surface is generally very level. A beach and ridge of sand hills extend along the coast, and in the rear of these are extensive salt meadows. Coney Island is separated from the mainland by a narrow tidal current flowing through the marshes." Gravesend, (p. v.,) near the center, is compactly built, and was formerly fortified with palisades. It was the county seat prior to 1686." Union- TlUe is a small settlement on the bay, near the w. line. The Cove is a settlement on Sheeps Head Bay. This town was settled before 1640, by English Quakers, from Mass. Lady Deborah Moody — a woman of rank, education, and wealth — was a prominent person in this enterprise. The liberal terms of their first grant were not fully regarded by the Dutch; but the prudence and firmness of Lady Moody eventually secured a good degree of respect and a more indulgent policy toward them. In 1655 the settlement was saved from destruction by North River Indians by a guard from the city. In 1656 the people petitioned for and obtained 3 big guns for their protection. In 1659 the town agreed to give Henry Brazier 500 gilders for building a mill, and 1 The first prison ship was the Whitby ; but this and another were burned, and, in April, 1778, the Jersey became the receiving ship for prisoners. The Hope and the Falmouth, anchored near hy, were the hospital ships ; and upon these most of the deaths oc- curred. It is reported that 11,500 prisoners died upon these ships during the war. The persistent barbarity and cold-hearted in- humanity practiced by the British toward these prisoners finds no parallel in the history of civilized nations; and the horri- ble suiferings Of the prisoners in their foul dungeons, reeking with filth, disease, and the air of the charnel house carried through months and years, completely cast into the shade the lesser horrors of the Middle Passage, or of the Black Hole of Cal- cutta. The graves of these martyrs of freedom were uncovered while grading for the Navy Yard, in 1808. Twenty hogsheads of bones were collected, deposited in 13 coffins,— representing the 13 original States,— and. May 26, 1808, they were buried upon Hudson Avenue, near the Navy Yard, under the auspices of the Tammany Society. The land upon whicll they were interred was given for that purpose by John Jackson. Several years since, Benj. Romaine inclosed the remains in a vault; and, April 11, 1851, an association was incorp. for collecting funds to build a monument. 2 Named "Midwimt" (Mid wood) by the Dutch. *In the first patent^ Jan Snedacor, Arent Van Hatten, Jo- hannes Megaasolensis, and others, were named as grantees; and in the second, Kev. J. Megassolensis, Ckjrnelins Van Ruyren, J. P. Adrien Hegeman, Jan Snedacor, Jan Stryker. Frans Barents, (pastor,) Jacob Stryker, and Cornelius Janse Bougart were patentees. — i^nte, IV, 48, 51. . „ „ * net. Prot. v., (formed in 1664,) M. B., Prot. B., and R. 0. 6 This institution, incorp. Nov. 17, 1787, was the first one chai^ tsred by the regents. . „ ■, j •Called "New Amesfore' by the Dutch, from a place-in Holland. ^ The patentees named in the first instrument were Elbert Elberts. Govert Lockernians, Roeliffe Martens, Pieter Claes, Wm. Garrits, Thos. Ilillebrants. Stephen Coertsen, and Coert Stevens ; and thtfse in the second were B. Klberts, R, Martens, Pieter Classen, Wm. Qfu-retsen, Coert Stevens, Lucas Steveneou, and John Teunissen. The annual quitrent was 14 bushels of wheat. 8 Tlieso marshes and flat lands produce large quantities of hay. 9 The principal of these are Bergen Island, on the bay. and Barren Island, upon the coast. Upon the latter island is a largo bone boiling establishment, to which place are removed all the dead animals from New York, The business is veiy extensive, and large quautitics of hides, fat, bones, hair, and manure are annually produced. 10 Named from a tribe of Indians that formerly occupied this region. 11 Named from the English town of this name, or from the deep sounds on the shore. — Thompson's Hi^-t.^ II, 169. 1^ The grantees named in the first pateut were Lady Deborah Moody, Sir Henry Moody, Bart., Ensign Geo. Baxter, and Sergt. James Hubbard; those in the second were Thos. Delavall, Jas. Hubbard, Wm. Bound, sr.,Wm.Goulding, and John Tilton; and those in the third were James Hubbard, John Tilton, jr., Wm. Goulder, Nicholas Stillwell, and Jorham Ouilock. The quitrent was 6 bushels of wheat. 13 "Qmr/sis Island" from a family of that name. It is a favor- ite summer resort. A fine shell road and bridge connect it with the mainland. It embraces 60 aores of arable hand, and about half a dozen families winter there. 14 The village plat embraced 10 acres, subdivided into 39 lots for houses and gardens. A street surroundr-d this plat. The land around was laid out in lots diverging from tho central nucleus. 370 KINGS COUNTY. every man a day's work, with a team, or 2 days without, in building a dam. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1655. Besides this, there are in town 2 M. E. churches. WEW liOTS'— was formed from Flatbush, Feb. 12, 1852. It lies in the extreme E. part of the CO. Its surface is generally level, the s. half being occupied by extensive salt meadows. Bast New York (p. v.) is a prospective city of "magnificent distances" near the N. line.'' It con- tains a newspaper office, 4 churches, a manufacture of dyestufis and colors, several shoe manu- factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. Cypress Hills is a newly surveyed village near the N. E. corner. The Cypress Hills Cemetery, Cemetery of the Evergreens, and Cemetery of the Congre- gation of Emanuel (Jewish) are partly in this town. The first settlement was made by about 20 families from Holland and a few Palatinates, in 1654. In 1660 the portions of lands previously held in common were divided into lots and assigned to individuals. During the same year a horse- miU was erected. For many years the deacons of the church were chosen overseers of the poor, and from 1799 to 1812 the schools were under the direction of church officers. A detach- ment of 1,200 militia was stationed here in the War of 1812, in anticipation of an attack from the British. There are 5 churches in town.' IVEW UTRECHT— was incorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1662, by Gov. NicoU, Aug. 15, 1668, and by Gov. Dongan, May 13, 1686.* It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Narrows, in the w. part of the co. A range of low hjlls extends across the N. border, and the re- maining part of the surface is level. The soil is a light, sandy loam, but for the most part is highly cultivated. IVcw Utrecbt, (p. v.,) in the s. part, is a small, compact village. In ancient times it was inclosed by a palisade as a defense against Indians and pirates. Fort Hamilton, (p. V.,) near the U. S. grounds, is a fine village, chiefly inhabited by persons doing business in New York. Bath is a place of summer resort on Gravesend Bay. Bay Ridge is a suburban vil- lage adjoining Brooklyn. Fort Hamilton is a U. S. fortification upon the blufi' commanding the passage of the Narrows.* Fort La Fayette is a strong water battery built upon Hendricks Reef, 200 yards from the shore.' There are 6 churches in town.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Kings County. Names of Towns. AcEES OF Land. Valuation of 1858. Population. s .1 1 Schools. >§ 1 1 it II $10,338,494 ( 610,000 160,526 124,860 182,800 301.400 , 1 1 1 1 ■^1 ill 80 2 3 2 3 4 "94 1-*^ 3« 61 47,500 678 673 888 817 816 60,772 Brooklyn Platbush riatliinds Gravesend l,662i 2,616 3.236J 2,606 1,862 3,999J l,196i 179 1,950 695 983i 691 $88,136,781 1,124,142 563,361 544,241 746,915 1,673,067 598,476,275 1,634,142 713,876 669,091 929,716 1,874,467 97,129 1,659 879 664 1,1S1 1,4.36 108,121 1,721 699 692 1,080 1,206 22,673 266 232 200 336 S64 41,438 SOS 268 226 444 469 43.133 10,887 162 172 127 286 239 11,872 New Utrecht Total , 16,871i 6,591J i 92,688,497 ' 11,608,069 1 104,296,666 102,847 118,608 23.970 Names of Towns. Live Stock. 1 Ageiouxtural Pr ODUCTS. 1 1 Hi — This county was formed from Herkimer and Tioga, March 15, 1798. Madison was taken off in 1806. It is an interior co., lying s.B. of the center of the State; is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a hilly upland, 1 broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highlands consist I of two principal ridges, extending n. and s.,— the first lying between I Unadilla and Chenango Rivers, and the second between the Chen- nango and Otselic. These ridges are subdivided by numerous parallel and lateral valleys, and their declivities are often too steep for pro- fitable cultivation. The summits are broad and rolling, and of nearly uniform elevation throughout the co. ; and the highest points are 600 to 800 feet above the principal valleys. Susquehanna River flows s. w. through the s. e. corner, receiving from the n. the Unadilla, which forms the greater part of the e. boundary of the co. The principal branches of the Unadilla and Susquehanna are Beaver Creek, Shawler, Great, Kent, and Kelsey Brooks. Chenango River flows in a generally southerly direction from the N. border of the co. to near the center, and thence s.w. to the s. w. corner. It receives from the e. Handsome Eddy, Padgets, and Pages Brooks, and from the w. Canasawacta, Fly-Meadow, Ludlow, and Genegantslet Creeks, and Pleasant, Fly, Cold, and Mill Brooks. Otselic River flows s. w through the n. w. corner, receiving from the e. Middletown Brook and Brackel Creek, and from the w. Manns, Buck, and Ashbel Brooks and Mud Creek. In basins among the hills, far above the valleys, are numerous small ponds. The valleys of the Susquehanna and Chenango are among the finest in the State. They consist generally of a fer- tile and highly cultivated intervales of an average width of about 1 mi., usually bordered by steep and finely wooded hillsides. All the valleys of the co. seem to have been formed by the action of great currents of water, which have plowed deep furrows in the gently rolling region which probably once formed the general face of the country. The lowest rooks in the co., appearing upon the n. border, belong to the Hamilton group. Suc- cessively above these toward the s. appear the Tally limestone, Genesee slate, the Portage, Chemung, and Catskill groups. The sandstone of the Portage group furnishes a good material for building and flagging. Several quarries have been opened along the Chenango Valley between Greene and Oxford. A quarry of the same stone a little below Oxford furnishes grindstones and whetstones. The rock which crowns the summits of the s. hills is the red sandstone of the Che- mung group. The soils are almost entirely derived from the disintegration of the rocks. In a few localities is found a very limited amount of drift. Upon the hills the soil is principally a ehaly loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of productive alluvium. The CO. is almost exclusively agricultural. Dairying is the leading pursuit, and is gradually gaining upon all the other branches of agriculture. Stock and wool growing are carried on to some extent. Grain is produced, though not in sufficient quantities for the wants of the people. Hops are cultivated to some extent along the river valleys. The CO. seat is located at Norwich.' The courthouse is a fine stone building, situated near the center of the village, fronting the public park.^ It is built in the Grecian style of architecture, with a colonnade in front, supported by Corinthian columns. The jail is a stone building, con- tiguous to the courthouse. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building, upon the courthouse lot. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 170 acres in Preston, 6 mi. w. of the courthouse. The average number of inmates is 90, supported at a weekly cost of 56 ots. each. The farm yields a revenue of $800. The house is poor and dilapidated, and the accommodations for the inmates are extremely poor. A school is taught 6 months in the year. 1 The 00. at first had half-shlres, the courts being held al- ternately at Hamilton (now in Madison county) and Oxford. From the organization of Madison co., in 1806, until 1809, the courtJ wcro held alteniately at Oxford and North Norwich. By act of Mai-ch 6. 1807. the co. seat was located at Norwich. The new conrthouse was built and first occupied in 1809. The first amrthou.'fe was a wooden building, erected at a cost of $6,500. The present courthouse was built in 1837, at a cost of $16,000, under the direction of Wm. Randall, Wm. Knowlton, and Eras, tus Lathrop, commissioners. The present jail was erected in 1830, at a cost of $2,000. It is a two story building, containing 10 cells and a house for the jailer. 2 The first oo. oiBcerB were Isaac Foot, First Judge ; Joab Enoa, and Joshua Leland, Judges; Oliver Norton and Elisha Payne, Asuistant Justices ; Uri Tracy, Sheriff; Sidney S. Breese, Cleric; and John L. Mercereau, Surrogate^ 877 378 CHENANGO COUNTY. The Chenango Canal extends along Chenango River through the co. It crosses the river below Earlville, below Sherburne, and below Greene, upon wood aqueducts, supported by stone piers. The Albany & Susquehanna R. R., now in process of construction, extends along the Susque- hanna through Bainbridge. Five weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ This CO. included 11 of the "Twenty Towns'' or "Governor's Purchase," the "Gore" lying between them and the Military Tract, the Harper Patent of 16,000 acres, Vermont Sufferers' Tract of 40,960 acres,^ Livingston Tract of 16,000 acres, the French Tract of nearly the same extent, a portion of the Chenango Triangle Tract, and several smaller tracts. The territory included within the Twenty Townships was ceded to the State by the Indians, in a treaty held with Gov. George Clinton, at Fort Schuyler, Sept. 22, 1788.^ This tract is sometimes called '* Clinton's Purchase," and sometimes " The Governor's Purchase." The early settlers were principally from Vt., Conn., and the eastern part of the State. The settlers in the n. part of the co. came in by way of Rome, and those in the central and s. parts by way of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Many of the early settlers almost perished from want of food, at times, during the first few years. A colony of French settled at Greene in 1792, but, 1 The TVestem Oracle, the first paper published in the co., was commenced by A. Romeyn, previous to 11S04, at Sher- burne Four Corners. It was discontinued in 1808 or '09. The Olive Branch was statted at Sherburne in May, 1806, by Phinney & Fairchild. In ISilS John T. Fairchild became sole proprietor. Miller, Lot Clark, and John B. Johnson were successively interested in its publication. In 1812 or '13 Johnson ehaaged its name to Tlie Volunteer. In 1816 the press was purchased by John F. Hubbard, who commenced The, Norwich Journal. In 1844 it passed into the hands of La Fayette Leal and J. H. Sinclair, who merged it with The Oxford Republican in 1847 and changed the name to Tlie Clienango Union. Harvey Hubbard purchased Leal'e interest Oct. 20, 1S47, find the paper is now pub- lished by Hubbard & Sinclair. The CJienango Patriot was commenced at Oxford in 1807 by John B. Johnson, and its publication continued for 3 or 4 yrs. The President was published at Oxford in 1808 by Theophilus Eaton. Tlie Republican Messenger was commenced at Sherburn in 1810 by Petit & Percival. Tlie Oxford Gazette was started in 1814 by Cliauncey Morgan, who published it some years, when it was sold to Geo. Hunt, and afterward to Hunt & Noyes. Mr. Morgan again became proprietor in 1S26, and after a few years the paper was discontinued. Tilt Repulilican AgHculturaUst M'as commenced Dec. 10, 1818, by Thurlow Weed. It soon passed into the hands of Curtiss, M'ho continued it for a short time, when it was discontinued. The Peoph's AdvocatevuBA commenced at Norwich in 1824 by H. P. W. Brainard. It passed into the hands of Wm. G. Hyer, and was discontinued in a short tune. The Chenango Republican was commenced at Oxfiird in 1826 by Benj. Cory. In 1828 it was purchased by Mack & Chap- man. March 3, 1831, Wm. E. Chapman and T. T. Flagler commenced a new series, and soon after changed its name to The Oxford Republican. In 1838 Mr. Chapman became sole proprietor. It was successively published by J.Taylor Bradt, Benj. Welch, jr., R. A. Leal, C. E. Chamberlin, and La Fayette Leal. In 1R47 it was merged with The Oxlbrd Journal and published as The Chenango Union. The Anil Mamnic Telegraph was commenced at Norwich in Nov 1829, by B. P. Pellet. In 1831 B. T. Cook became asso- ciated in ita [publication. Its name was snhseiiuently chanjied to Tlie Chenango Teleerapli. In 184Q, on the death of E. P. Pellet, it passed into the hands of his brother, Nel- son Pellet ; and upon his death, in 1851, it was conducted for the estate by E. Max Leal and F. P. Fisher. In Sept. 1865, it was purchased by Rice & Martin, by whom it is now published. Tlte Clienango Patriot was commenced at Greene in 1830 by Nathan Randall. It afterward passed into the hands of Joseph M. Farr, who changed its name to The a>enangn Democrat, and in a short time it was discontinued. TJie Mw Brrha Herald was commenced in 1831 by Samuel L natch. In 1834 it was published by Randall & Hatch It soon after passed into the hands of Isaac C. Sheldon ■ and afterward into the hands of Hiram Oatrander, who changed its name to Tlie New Bir Lin Sentinel. It was discontinued about 1840. Th^ Chenango Whig was published at Oxford a short time in 1835. The Miniature, a small mo., was issued from the same office ihe iiherburve was commcoced in 1836 by J. Worden Marble. In 1839 it was removed to Binghamptou Tlie Oxford Times was commenced in 1836 by a joint stock company. It was for some time conducted by H. H. Cook. In 1841 it passed into the hands of E. H, Purdy and C. D. Rrigham. In 1844 it was published by Waldo M. Potter; in 1S45. by Potter & Galpin; and in 1848 J. B. Galpin became sole proprietorj aoid still con- tinues its publication, T?ie Bainbridge Eagle ^^■as commenced in 1843 by J. Hunt, jr. In 1846 its name was changed to The Bainbridge Freeman ; and in 1849 it was merged in The Clienango Free Democrat, commenced at Norwich Jan. 1, 1849, by Alfred G. Lawyer ; and J. D. Lawyer soon after became associated in its publication. It was then early removed to Cobleskill, Schoharie co. Tlie New Bi:rlin Gazette, was commenced in 1849 by Jos. K. Fox and M. E. Dunham, and was published about 1 year. Th^ Chenango Newx was commenced in 1850 by A. T. Boyntnn. J. M. Haight soon after became associated in its publi- cation, and subsequently became sole proprietor. He removed the press to Norwich, and, in connection with A. P. Nixouj commenced the publication of The Temperance Advocate in 1855, and published it 1 year, when it was discontinued. The &Lturday Yisitur was commenced in 1852 by Joseph K. Fox. Its name was soon after changed to T1ie Social Visitor, after which it was published about 5 years. The. Spirit of the Age was commenced at Berlin in 1852 by J. K. Fox, J. D. Lawyer, editor. It was continued but a short time. ThA Oxford Transcript was commenced in 1853 by G. N. Carhart, and was published about 6 months. The Sherburne Transcript was commenced in 1855 by James M. Scarritt, and was published about 2 years. Tlie CHenango American waa commenced at Greene, Sept. 20, 1855, by Denison & Fisher, its present pub- lishers. The Daily Reporter Vfw commenced at Norwich in 1857 by J. H. Smith. In 1858 it was purchased by Rice & Martin, and was soon after discontinued. The Idterai-y Independent was commenced at Norwich in the fall of 1858 by a company of young gentlemen con- nected with the academy. It was published about 4 months. The IVew Berlin Pioneer was commenced Feb. 19, 1859, by Squires & Fox, its present publishers. 2 This tract was granted to relieve those persons who had dutw chased lands of the State of N. Y. within the present limits of Vt. Ihese lands were claimed by both N.H. andN.Y, and. alter an angry and protracted controversy, extending throueh several years, New York surrendered her cUim to Vermont. 8 Ihese towns were designated originally by their numbers only, and are now in the counties of Madison, Chenango, and Oneida, aa follows : — ' & > Noa. 1 2 3 i S 6 7 8 9 10 Present Towns. Nos. Present 2b«jns. Nelson, Madison co. Eaton, " Madison, " Hamilton, « Lebanon, « Georgetown, " Otaelio, Chenango co. Smyrna, " Sherburne, " Norwich andl „ New Berlin, J 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Plymouth, Chenango co. Pharsalia, McDonough, " Preston, « Norwich, « New Herlin, " Columbus, « 1 BrooMold, " Sangerfleld and > „ . . Bridgewater, (•°™"''"=<>- CHENANGO COUNTY. 379 from defect in title, most of them left. The greater part of the later immigration was also from New i-ngland. In consequence of the gradual change which has been going on for the last 20 years in the business of the co., aand the substitution of dairying for all other branches of farming, the popu- lation ot the CO. has gradually decreased, and is now no greater than it was 40 years ago. 1857. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. APTOar-was formed from Bainbridge, ,.„„.... „ ..„ .. .. ..... „, ,„, „, Its surface consists principally of a rolUng upland, separated into two nearly equal parts by the broad valley of the Susquehanna. The summits of the hills are 300 to 500 feet above the valleys, and their declivities are generally gradual slopes. The Susquehanna flows s. w. through near the center, in a broad and beautiful valley. It receives from the n. Kelseys and Harpers Brooks. Kound Pond, one mi. n. e. of the village, covers an area of about 40 acres. It is 25 feet above the surface of the river, and without any visible ouUet. The soil upon the hiUs is a shaly loam, and in the valleys a clayey loam and alluvium. Afton, (p. v.,) upon the Susquehaima, near the center of the town, contains 4 churches and 270 inhabitants. Ayreshire, (p.o.,) upon Kelsey Brook, m the N. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made upon the Susquehanna, below Afton, in 1786, by immigrants from Conn, and Vt.' There are 5 churches in town.^ BAIIVBRIDGE:— was formed as part of Tioga co., by the name of "Jericho," Feb. 16, 1791. Its name was changed April 15, 1814. Parts of Norwich and Oxford were taken off in 1793, a part of Greene in 1798, and Afton in 1857. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a rolling upland, divided into two parts by the Susquehanna, which flows s. w. through the E. part. The valley of the river is about one mi. wide, and is bordered by moderately steep hillsides. The highest summits are 400 to. 600 feet above the valleys. The soil upon the hills is a gravelly and shaly loam, and in the valleys a clay loam and alluvium. Bainbridg-e, (p. v.,) upon the Susquehanna, was incorp. April 21, 1829. It contains 3 churches and 350 inhabitants. BennettSTille, (p. v.,) upon Bennetts Creek, in the s.e. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, and about 20 houses. "West Bainbridge is a p. 0. in the n. w. corner. The lands in this town were first claimed by Robert Harper under a grant from the Indians ; but the title was subsequently repudiated by the State, and a portion of the lands was granted to settlers from Vt. who had suffered from failure of title to lands in that State granted to them by New York. The first settlements were made in 1785, by immigrants from Vt. and Conn.' The first church (Presb.) was formed about 1790, by Rev. Wm. Stone.* COLiFMBUS— was formed from Brookfield, (Madison co.,) Feb. 11, 1805. It is the N. E. corner town in the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, occupying a portion of the high ridge between Unadilla and Chenango Rivers. The highest summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Unadilla River forms its e. boundary, receiving as tributaries Beaver Creek, Shawlej Brook, and several other small streams. The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam, best adapted to pasturage.^ Columbus Center, (Columbus p. 0.,) upon Shawler Brook, contains 3 churches, a tannery, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made upon Lot 44, in 1791, by Col. Converse.^ The first religious meeting was the funeral of Mrs. Dorcas Howard, conducted by Elder Campbell, (Bap.,) in 1797.' COVENTRY — ^was formed from Greene, Feb. 7, 1806. It is situated centrally on the s. line of the CO. Its surface consists of the high rolling hills midway between the Susquehanna and Chenango Rivers, the highest elevations being about 800 feet above the valleys. The hills are arable to their summits, and their slopes are generally long and gradual. Harpers and Kelseys Greeks, flowing into the Susquehanna, are the principal streams. The soil is a gravelly and sandy 1 Among the early oettlers were Seth Stone, Nath'l Benton, Isaac Miner, and Japhet Bush and sons, from Conn., and Heze- kiah Stowell and sons, Orlando Bridgman and sons, and Eben- ezer Church and sons, from Vt. The three last named families were "Vermont Sufferers." The first child born was Wm. Bush, inlTSB; andtheflrstdeath was that of Polly. NathlChuroh taught the first school, in 17B0; Asa Stowell kept the first inn, in 1788, Peter Betta the first store, in 1805; and David Cooper and Isaac Miner built the flret sawmill, on Kelseys Brook. 2 Two M. B., Cong., Bap,, and Univ. •Among the early settlers wereWm. Gutherie, Abraham Fuller, Reuben Kirbey, and Gonld Bacon, from Conn. ; Stephen and John Stiles, Heath Kelsey, Chas. Bush, Eben and Jos. Landers, and Jas. Oraham. Sam'l Bixby settled on Lot 76, in 1788, and Maj. Henry Evans on Lot 80, in 1789. The first birth was that of K. Landers, daughter of Jos. Landers, in March, IT 91 ; the first mar- riage, that of Charles Bush and Joan Harrington, in 1794; and the first death, that of Mrs. Eeubeu Kirbey, in 1792. Wil- liam Gutherie kept the first inn, in 1793, on Lot 85. Phineaa and Reuben Bennett erected a gristmill on Bennetts Creek, ia 1789. * There are 7 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., and Prot. E. & The people are almost solely engaged in dairying. For SO years the population has been continually decreasing and the dairies increasing. 6 Among the other early settlers were Henry, Daniel, and Jas. Williams, from R. I., who located upon Lot 90, in 179ii; Thos. Howard, from R.I., on Lot 89, Israel Greenlea^ from N. H., on Lot 62, Gilbert Strong, on Lot 61, and Josiah Rathbone, on Lot 54, in 1794. The first child bom waa Sally Williams; the first marriage, that of Joseph Medberyand Hannah Brown, in 1794; and the first death, that of Mrs. Dorcas Howard, in 1797. Nicho- las Page taught the first school ; CoL Converse kept the first inn, in 1793; Amos C. Palmer, the first store, in 1797 ; and Job Vail built the first sawmill in 1794, and the first gristmill, in 1795. 7 The census reports 5 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap., Cong., M. E., and Union. S80 CHENANGO COUNTY. loam, with occasional spots of a red, slaty loam, better adapted to grazing than tillage. Coren- try (p V ) a little n. w. of the center, contains 2 churches and 40 dwellings ; and Coventry- Ville, (p.'v.,) 2 mi. E. of Coventry, u, church, mill, and 25 dwellings. Cliurcli Hollow is a p. 0. on the's. line of the town. The first settlement was made near the center, by Simon Jones, in 1785.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed Nov. 19, 1807. Rev. David Harmon was the first- preacher.^ OERMAIV*— was formed from De Ruyter, (Madison co.,) March 21, 1806, Otselic was taken off in 1817, Lincklaen in 1823, and a part of Pitcher in 1827. It is located centrally upon the w. line of the' CO. The surface is hilly, and watered by several brooks, forming what is called Five Streams, which flow through the town in a s. direction. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, well adapted to grazing. I^ivermores Corners, (German p. o.,) near the w. line, is a hamlet; and East German is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1795, by Benjamin Cleveland, from Oneida co.* The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period, and a M.E. association was formed in 1815, at the house of "Walter Oyshlenbank.^ GHEEWE^— was formed from Union (Broome co.) and ''Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) March 15, 1798. Coventry was taken off in 1806, and Smithville in 1808. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, divided into two distinct parts by the valley of the Chenango. The hills rise 500 to 700 feet above the river, and are broken by the ravines of the streams. Chenango River flows s. w. through the center, in a broad valley about 1 mi. in width. The Chenango Canal passes through the valley. Genegantslet Creek flows s. through the w. part in a wide valley, and joins the Chenango a few miles below the village of Greene. Pages Brook flows through the s, e. corner; and several small streams are tributary to the Chenango. The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam on the hills, and alluvium in the valleys. Greene, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. April 12, 1842. It contains 4 churches, a flouring mill, furnace, and 814 in- habitants. East Greene (p. v.) contains a church and 158 inhabitants. Geneg'antslet (p.v.) contains 1 church and 12 houses. The first permanent settlement was made by Stephen Ketchum, in 1792.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1795,^ by Elder Nathaniel Kellogg, 1 Goodell and Clark settled near Mr. Jones in 1786, and Benj. Jnnes at the same place in 1788. Ozias Yale and Wm. Starks Incated a little N. of Coventry in 1792. Elijah Warren on Lot 2, in 18U4, and Moses Allia, Roger Egerton. and Z. Hutchin- son soon aft'-r. The first birth wiis th;it of Wra., son of Moses Allis, in 1794; the first marriiige, that of Simeon Parker and Polly Sprague ; and the first death, that of a son of Roger Eger- ton,in 1790. Sherman Pa^e taught the first school; Benj. Jones kept the first inn, in 1788, and Jotham l*arfcer the first store, in 1799. The first gristmill was erected by Capt. Parker, in 1795, and the first caiding and cloth dressing mill by A. and Wm. H. Kogers, about the same time. 2 The census reports 5 churches; 2 Cong., 2 M. E., and Bap. 8 Named from Gen. Obadiah German, the original owner of the township. * Abraham Livermore settled at Livermores Corners, in 1796, with his wife and children, Abraham, jr., Becka, Daniel, Polly, Abel, Cyrus. Hepsey, Sally, and Martin Livermore. From their isolated position in the wilderness — remote from any settlement — the Cleveland and Livermore families suffered great priva- tions and hiinlships during the first years of their settlement. In June. 1776, Mr.Clevelaiid set out for '■^Furt Stanwix" for pro- visions, his family being entirely destitute. He intended to re- turn in 3or 4 days, but was detained for some time. On the fourth day of his absence, his wife and children, who had eaten nothing for 3 days except a few roots found in the wonds, set out for their nearest neightmrs, in Cincinnatus, on Otselic River, 4^ mi. dis- tant. When about a mile from home, they encountered a bear, and were frightened back. The next morning the mother was too weak to walk, and the two older childien again set out for Mr. Raymoml's, on the Otselic. Upon learning the suffering condition of the family, Mrs. Raymond made them a pudding of bran,— the only food she had in the house. This and a bottle of milk kept the family from starvation until relief came. At another time, when the family were reduced to the last ex- tremity, two unmilked cowa came to their house one night, and went away in the morning, furnishing them with milk for several days. It wafl never known where the cows came from, or where they went to. Other families in the vicinity suffered in a similar manner. The first birth was that of Polly Cleveland, in 1796 ; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Head and Hepsey Liver- more ; and the first death, that of Hartshorn. Abraham Livermore kept the first inn; Jonathan Chandler kept the first store, and erected the first mill and fiictory, on the e. braucli of Otselic River. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; Presh., M. E., and F. W. Bap. fl Named in honor of Gen. Nath'l Greene. That part of the original township of Greene lying e. of Chenango River was in- cluded in a purchaae made by the State from the Oneida and Tus- carora Indians in 1785. These lands were subsequently sold by the State to individual patentees. 7 Mr. Ketchum located within the bounds of the present vil- lage of Greene. In the fall of 1792 a settlement was made by a company of French refugees. One of their number, Chas. Felix De Bulogne. had preceded the main body, and made a purchase of 15,000 acres lying on the e. side of Chenango River. The first party that came consisted of M. Bulogne, M. Sbamont, M. Le Fevre, M. Bravo, M. Du Vernet, and M. Obre. A portion of them had families ; and several young ladies were among the party. In Otsego CO. Simon Earnet joined the party, and subsequently M. Dutiemont, with his family, settled with them. Before the dispersion of the colony they were joined by Jos. Juliand, who was the only French emigrant that became a permanent resident. M. Bulogne, on his way to Philadelphia in the spring of 1795, was drowned while fording a creek much swollen by the floods. The untimely death of the leader of this adventurous band proved fatal to the future success of the settlement. The failure of the company to pay the balance of the purchase money due on the tract caused the title to revert to the original patentees. After all the hardships and privations they had endured, the failure to secure a title to their land proved a signal for dis- persion. The majority of them left in the year 1796. In 1794, Talleyrand, the celebrated French diplomatist, visited his fellow- countrymen in Greene. Among the early permanent settlers were Nath'l Kellogg, Zopher Betts, Benajah Loomis, Cornelius Hill, and David Tremaine, who located at East Greene in 1793. The first road that was cut through the town was called "TJie C/ienango Road." It runs fx'om the present village of Bain- bridge to the mouth of Page Creek, on the Chenango, — a dis- tance of about 25 mi. The first settlers upon this road within the then limits of the town, commencing at the w., were Nathan Bennett, Joshua Root, Eleazur Skinner, Thomas Elliott, Joab Elliott, Roswell Fitch, Aden Elliott, Philo Clemmons, Capt. Man- deville, Simeon and Benj. Jones, Hardin Bennett, Record Wilber, and Deacon Richards, who came in from 1792 to '95. The settlers who located in the s. part, w. of the river, were Jas.and Herman Terwiliiger, Elisha and Noah Gilbert, Stephen Palmer, and Jos. and Cornish Messenger, as early as 1796. The first birth was that of Johnston Rundall, son of Joa. Rundall, — for which honor the mother subsequently received a deed of 50 acres of land from the Hornby Estate. Cartwright taught the first school, in 1794; Conrad Sharp kept the first inn, in 1794; Elisha Smith the first store, in 1801. Conrad Sharp built the first sawmill, in 1795. and Abraham Storm and Henry Vorse the first eristmill, in 1794. ^ ' 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 5 Bap., 2 M. E., Presb., and Prot. E. r 7 , > CHENANGO COUNTY. 381 aad was the first church of that denomination in the co. Elder Kellogg continued its pastor about oU years. GIJlI,FOR»_was formed from Oxford, April 3, 1813, as "Eastern." Its name was changed March /I, 1817. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is hilly and om r^nr/'^*"^ °^ ^^"^ elevated lands between Chenango and UnadiUa Rivers, the hills rising ZWXa 700 feet above the valleys. It is drained by the UnadiUa, which forms the entire e. boundary, OruiJtord Pond Creek,! and several other smaller streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, occasionally intermixed with clay. Guilford, (p. v.,) located in the valley of Guilford Pond Creek, contains 3 churches, an iron foundery and machine shop, and several mills ; pop. 263. Guilford Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. East Guilford, (p. v.,) in the s.E. corner of the town, contains a church, a mill, and 15 dwellings. Mount Upton, (p.v.,) upon thew. bank of the UnadiUa, contains 4 churches, several mills, and other manu- focturing establishments; pop. 190. Rockdale, (p.v.,) on the river, 4 miles below Mount Upton, contains 2 churches, a grist and eaw mill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1787, by Ezekiel Wheeler, a little n. of Mount Upton, on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Silas Wheeler, 2d.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Orange Spencer, in 1803.' 6 F . LiINCKIi AESf*— was formed from German, April 12, 1823. A part of Pitcher was taken off in 1827. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, divided into ridges by narrow ravines extending n. and s. The declivities of the hills are usually steep, and the summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Mud Creek, a branch of the Otselio, flows s. through the w. part of the town. Ashbel Creek and several other small streams take their rise in the s. and E. parts. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam. Lifncklaen, (p.v.,) on Mud Creek, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Burdick Settlement, in the n. part, contains a church and 12 dwellings. JVortli ]L.incklaen is a p.o. in the n.e. part. The first settle- ments were made about 1796. The first religious services were held by Eev. Seth Williston, in 1798. The census reports 4 churches in town.^ MACDOjVOUGH*— was formed from Preston, April 17, 1816. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, and in some places broken by deep ravines and sharp ridges extending n. and s. It is drained s. by Bowmans and Genegantslet Creeks and several other streams. Genegantslet Lake lies near the w. border. The soil is a clay loam, better adapted to grazing than tillage. Macdonou^k, (p.v.,) on Genegantslet Creek, contains 2 churches, several mills, and 168 inhabitants. East Macdonoug'k (p.v.) contains 2 churches and 14 dwellings. The first settlements were made in 1795, by Nathaniel Locke, Loring and Emery WiUard, Henry Ludlow, and others.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1798. The first church edifice (F. W. Bap.) was erected in 1831 ; Elder Steer was the first pastor.' HfE'W BERI • Schools. | i It 1! 5 € \ $383,045 $22,300 $406,345 13 671 385,660 23,700 409,260 1,688 1,689 618 643 655 14 688 382,312 54,343 438,666 870 661 263 292 238 446 464,715 43,460 498.186 842 842 333 367 214 12 640 157,990 3,675 161,665 408 400 146 148 133 8 3ii0 1,031,906 332.665 1,364,470 1,880 1,837 697 743 628 22 1,283 640,220 82,900 723,120 1,272 1,280 492 624 443 19 892 149,740 8,700 168,440 649 582 214 219 194 9 446 232,900 19,340 262,240 701 718 279 282 262 9 521 1,223,675 510,438 1,734,111 1,224 1,283 479 524 364 20 890 362,341 27,850 390.191 686 541 210 235 194 8 444 616,761 56,945 603,708 2,006 2,104 761 822 683 19 1,401 292,760 15,250 308,010 887 834 339 360 277 13 7'J9 627,600 162,725 790,326 1,619 1,697 629 636 621 19 1,219 234,380 13,000 247.380 694 668 210 218 209 10 462 241,090 22,740 283,830 652 820 260 315 260 11 486 376,645 89,300 415,945 789 772 299 677 603 16 620 277,010 26,040 303,060 512 632 180 483 279 S 362 776,886 115,100 891,786 1,367 1,400 632 392 297 17 1,029 400,665 29,100 429,666 837 824 311 198 176 10 681 442,428 68,354 610,792 920 948 370 270 236 14 698 0,620,318 1.677,823 11,298,141 19,879 20,036 7,002 8,236 6,435 289 14,747 Names of Towns. Aftoni Daiubridge. Columbus Coventry German Greene - Guill' rd LincKlaen Macdonough New Berlin North Norwich., Norwich Otselic Oxford Phar:jalia Pitolier Plymouth Preston Sherburne Smitbville Smyrna Total 753 464 634 290 848 697 376 374 645 372 632 526 735 330 446 653 349 841 496 711 3,146 1,106 1,771 826 2,822 2,206 802 1,009 1,363 985 1,933 1,278 2,216 812 1,122 1,386 1,2S7 1,856 1,882 1,744 10,971 1 31,452 2,226 1,807 2.140 1,160 3,603 2,721 981 1,636 2,439 1,061 2,220 1,433 1,714 1,318 1,269 1,631 1,497 2,179 2,620 1,496 3M39 6,438 2,836 2,760 984 4,090 3,766 2,297 2,143 2,697 3,336 7,287 2,502 6,836 1,926 4,487 4,413 6,793 11,726 2,290 7,300 1,361 898 1,021 361 1,640 1,296 488 536 1,047 727 1,003 676 1,460 506 686 643 626 1,189 1,135 1.018 86,923 18,092 Agricultural Products. Busa. OF Grain. 3,185i 136 936 286 3,272i 2,384 64 177 676i 1,464 492 21 1,760 185 128 679 82 1,601 684 1,128 W 98,4114 48,606 66,982 16,934 88,283i 68,9084 30,134} 18,274 56,390 46,2914 46,446 48,3104 69,823 26,674 29,8184 47,884 24,797} 111,7424 41,7914 63,942 19,0894 1,018,3204 117,370} 270,542 8,771i 6,418 6,706 3,176 9,8664 8,615 3,3164 4,4484 6,908 3,2434 8,523 4,7134 7,766 4,090 3,796} 6,240 4,023 6,815 7,131 6,200 ma. 30,609 13,631 16,795 6,827 22,634 16,931 6,160 8.6464 12,976 13,314 14,291 13,812 17,028 9,186 8.309 13,291 9,0944 16.118 11,399 13,831 11 ai->j 40,714 26,738 31,330 11,616 41,208 34,093 13,368 16,153 30,227 18,162 31,889 11,118 43,924 11.714 21,682 27,997 36,256 47,116 32,680 27.614 DAmT PRODUCTa. ft,m 225,645 107,410 260,270 123,600 461,433 344,045 96,786 164,986 190.839 136,381 198,380 141,505 289,602 114,648 144,200 166,663 176,053 208.416 319,605 146,210 663,664 3,090,664 1,212,544! P 14,000 283,019 6,610 700 17,758 29,226 19,680 1,806 248,173 99,260 107,328 67,300 17,100 61.4r)0 13,79" 76,604 2i.3S0 92,708 IS.CliO 39,186 I a. 6,109 1,300 1,343 2,368 6,6304 1,109 1,6824 3,4484 1,298 347 1,188} 1,772 2.297 2,399 1,412, 1,062 1,47;4 694 3,387 2.488 42,062 1 Formed since 1865. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee and Ontario, Feb. 23, 1821. A portion of Allegany was annexed in 1846, and another portion in 1856. It occupies a nearly central position in the w. half of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is an upland, rolling in the n. and hilly in the s. The hills upon the s. border are 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above the valleys and 2,000 to 2,200 ft. above tide. From their summits the surface declines toward the N., the extreme N. border being 500 to to 800 ft. above tide. The slopes are usually smooth and gradual, except along the banks of the streams ; and nearly every acre of land in the co. is arable. The streams generally flow in deep ravines. They are usually bordered by steep, and sometimes precipitous, hillsides. The principal stream is Genesee River, flowing N. E. through the w. part of the co. In the s. its course is between steep and often precipi- tous banks, but further n. it is bordered by broad and beautiful intervales.^ Its tributaries are Cone- 9US Creek, Fall Brook, and Canaseraga Creek, from the e., and Beards, White, and several other small creeks, from the w. Coshaqua Creek is a tributary of the Canaseraga. Hemlock and Iloneoye Outlets flow along the E. border, and a few tributaries of the Susquehanna take their rise in the s. part. Conesus Lake, near the center, and Hemlock Lake, along the E. border, occupying long, narrow valleys, are the only considerable bodies of water. The underlying rocks, commencing upon the n. border, are the waterlime of the Onondaga salt group, the Onondaga and coruiferous limestones, Marcellus and Hamilton shales, Genesee slate, and Portage shales and sandstones. The limestones of the N. are extensively quarried for lime and building stone ; and the sandstones of the Portage group furnish excellent building stone and flag- ging. The soil, derived from the disintegration of these rocks, in all the elements of fertility has no superior in the State. Until the commencement of the ravages of the midge, wheat was the staple production ; but it has been principally superseded by the spring grains. Broomcoru is largelj' cultivated along the Genesee Flats ; and considerable attention is paid to cattle and sheep growing and dairying in the s. part. The county seat is located at the village of Geneseo. The courthouse is beautifully situated upon a fine lot in the n. part of the village.^ The jail, in the rear of the courthouse, is an old building, without means of ventilation, and it is impossible properly to classify the prisoners. The clerk's ofiice is a small fireproof building upon the courthouse lot. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 118 acres about 1 mi. e. of Geneseo. Its average number of inmates is 107, sup- ported at a weekly expense of 75 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of $2,000. A school is taught 9 or 10 months in the year. The house is well constructed and is very well kept. The Genesee Valley Canal extends along the valley of the Genesee from the n. bounds of the co. to Mt. Morris ; thence it turns s. e. to Coshaqua Creek and up the valley of that stream to Nunda, and thence s. w. to the Genesee at Portage, where it crosses the river upon a wood aqueduct sup- ported by stone piers. The Dansville Branch Canal extends from Mt. Morris s. E. to Dansville.' The Cauandaigua & Niagara Falls Branch of the N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Cale- donia. The Buff'alo & N. Y. City R. R. extends s. e. through Portage and Nunda. The Buffalo, New York & Erie R. R. extends s. E. through Caledonia, Avon, Livonia, Conesus, and Springwater. The Genesee Valley R. R. extends s. through Avon, Geneseo, and Groveland to Mt. Morris. Five newspapers— one daily, three weekly, and one monthly— are now published in the co.* 1 The Genesee is subject to an annual overflow, the wfiter often covering the entire flats which border upon it. This fre- auently causes destruction of property ; but it is a source of con- Htant fertility to the soil. 2 The first co. ofHcero were IVIoses Hayden, First Judge ; James Oanson, Cmmly CUrk; Gideon T. Jenkins, Slieriff; and James Roaeburgb, Surrogate. 3 The highest level of the Genesee Valley Canal within this CO. is 622 feet above the Erie Canal at Kochester and 1,132 feet above tide. • Tfie Moscow Advertiser ami Genesee Farmer, the first paper published in the co.. was commenced at Moscow in 1817 by Hezelriah Eipley. About 1821 it passed into the 386 hands of James Percival, who removed it to Geneseo and changed the name to The Livinfiston Regisler. In 1829 Anson M. Weed and Allen Warner became proprietors; and it was successively published by Warner, Percival, Elias Clark, Wm. 11. Kelsey. and Richard M. Miel. In 1835 Miel becaino sole proprietor. He was soon after succeeded by D. S. Curtis. In 1837 its publication was suspended. It was soon after revived, and published for a short time by Hugb Harding. He was succeeded by John Kempshall, who published it until 1840, when it was discontinued. Tlie LiviTiffston Journal was commenred at Geneseo in 1822 by Chauncey Morse. Asahel Harvey was subseciueDtly LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 387 Before^the advent of the whites, this eo. was the seat of several of the principal villages of the Seneca Nation. Considerable advances had been made in the arts of civilization, and a large quantity of land had been cleared and was cultivated. Corn, apples, and peaches were extensively produced. The orchards were destroyed, and the whole region was laid waste, by Gen. Sullivan, in 1779. The co. was included in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase, and in the Morris Eeseive.^ The latter tract was subdivided into several tracts, generally distinguished as separate patents. In Sept. 1797, a. ti-eaty was held with the Indians at Geneseo, at which they ceded all their lands in this co. to the whites, except several small reservations.^ The first settlements were made about 1790, previous to the extinguishment of the Indian title. The most prominent of the early settlers wei-e James and "Wm. Wadsworth, from Durham, Conn., who located at Geneseo, June 10, 1790. They were large landowners, and by a wise and liberal policy they greatly facilitated the settlement of the surrounding region. The greater part of the early settlers were immigrants from New England. York and Caledonia were settled principally by a colony of Scotch. ATOl^T — was formed, as "Hariford," in Jan. 1789. Its name was changed in 1808. It is the center town upon the x. border of the co. Its surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, terminating in flats on Genesee River, which forms its w. boundary. Deming Hill, on Lot 192, is the highest point in town. The principal stream is Conesus Creek, or Outlet, a tributary of Genesee Eiver. The soil upon the uplands is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay, and on the flats, a deep, rich alluvium. ATOn, (p. v.,) in the w. part, a station on the G. Y., and B., N. Y. & E. R. B.'s., celebrated for its medicinal springs,' was incorp. June 13, 1853. It contains 3 churches, 5 Isirge hotels, and 879 inhabitants. £ast ATon, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and about 35 houses. Soutll Avon, (p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 9 houses. liittleville, IJ mi. s. of Avon, contains a church, gristmill, furnace, and 23 houses. The first associated with him. In ISCO Lpvi Hov^^y became pro- prietor; and it was successively publislied hy Benj. Dennison, H. F. Evans, Evans & Woodruff, and Wm. J. Ticknor. It^ publication was suspended in 1S34 or "3o. In the fall of 1835 the establishment was purchased by David Mitchell and W'. H. Kelsey, who revived the paper under the namti of The Livinz/ston Democrat. It was continued until 1S37. when its publication was suspended. In the fall of that year S. P. Allen became proprietor of the press, and revived the paper under the name of Tbe Iilvlngston Republican. In Sept. 1S46, it passed into the hands of Jchn >l. Campbell ; and was successively published by .Joseph Kershner and Chas. E. Bronsoii. In 1S49 James T. Norton became pro- prietor, and is its present publisher. Tht DansviVe ChTanniat Wliig. published by Geo. W. Stevens. Chas. W. Dibble was the publisher about 1 year, when it again passed into the hands of Stevens, wlio in 1848 changed the name to The Bansiille Cburier. In 1S49 or '50 it passed into the hands of H. D. Smead. who changed it to Tfit Dansvillt Democrat. It subsequently passed into the hands of Geo. A. Sanders, who removed it to Geueseo and changed the name to The Geneseo Democrat. In Oct. 1657, it was returned to Dans- ville and published .-is The lil-vlngstoii Sentinel by H. C, Page, the present publisher. . ir.ni v Tht Livingston Charier was commenced at iTcneseo in 1831 by C. Dennison. In 183-2 it passed into the hands of Henry F. Evans, and was discontinued in 1S33 or '34. The Livingston Courier was published ot Geneseo in 1832 by A. Tht Mount Morris Spedator was commenced in 1834 by Hugh Harding, In 1S4S he united it with The Livmgstou Conntv'Vhig and changed its name to The Hvtngston Union, under which title it is stni published by Hugh Harding. The DansriVe Times was published in lS3o by D, C. Slitchell. Tlie Siintia Gazette was started in 1841 by Ira u, Wisncr It was continued about 1 year, when it was removed to Mount Morris and its name changed to The Genesee Valley Recorder. It was discontinued about 1843. The Dansritte Republican was pubhshed in ISU by David Fair- The LiJnastm Chunty Whig -ms .started at Mount Morris in 1'4;5 bv Geo. B. Pheljis. It subsequently passed into Ibe hands of James T, Norton, and in 184S was sold to Hugh Harding, who uuittd it with The Mouut Morris Tht Genci eJco Democrat was started at Geneseo in 1843 by Gilbert F. ShanklaDd. It \vjis removed to Nanda iu 1S47. and in 1S4S to EUicottville. Cattaraugus co. The Livhiffston Express, senii-mo.. was published at Mount Mor- ris in 1843 by J. G. Winner. TJte Mount Morris Daily TF?»(7 was issued from the oipce of The Livingston County Whig In June, 1S46, and dis- continued in Aug^ust following. The CuyJfrvtllf Telegraph was Ptarted at Cuylervllle in 1847 by Franklin Cowdery. In 1848 it passed into the hands oif Peter La^vrence, who s^wn after remoTed it. The Dansville Chronicle was started in June. 1848, by Kiohard- son & Co.. and was discontinued in 1851. The Kunda Democrat was started at Nunda in 1848 by Milo D. Chamberlain. It was soon discontinued. The Ibuntain^ mo., was started at Dansville in 1S49 by J. R. Trembly, and continued about 2 years. The DanjtvilU Herald was published in 1849 by H. L. A L. H. Bann. In liol it was merged in The Livingston Sen- tinel. The yunda Telegraph was started in 1850 by Chas. Atwood. It was continued about 1 year. The Xunda Times wn.^ started in Jan. 1852, by X. T. Hack«:ta(r. Jn July following the office was burned and the paper discontinued. The Lima W^ellt/ Visitor wns started at Lima in 1853 by A . H. Tilton and M. C. Miller. It wa.'=: sobsequently published by Raymf^nd & Graham and by S. M. Kaymond, who changed its name to The Genesee Valley Gtizette. It was discontinued abr>ut 1856. The Xew Era was commenced at Hunts Hollow in 1854 by David B. and Merriti Galley, bfv^. respectively 15 and 17 years of age. In 1S55 rl was removed to Nuuda and its name changed to T^fi Young America, It was discontinued in about 1 year. Tlie Ijetter Box^ mo., started at Glen Haven, Cayucca co.. in 1857. by J. M. Jackson and Miss H. X. Austin, was removed to Dansville in ISoS. and is now published by M. W. gimons. The DanarUle Daily Times was commenced in May. I859, lu- W, J. Larue, publisher. In June of the same year its title w:i« changed to Tlie Dansville Daily Register ; and it is still pub- lished by Lame: H. Page, editor. 1 The w. boniuiary of the Phelps and Gorham Purchase was a line extending due x. from the Penn. line to the junction of Genesee River and Cannseraga Creek, and tbence northerly along Genesee River to the x. bounds of tlie co. s The Indian Reservations within the limits of the co. were : Cannavragus. containing 2 sq. mi. on the w. bank of Geuesfe River, w. of Avon: Little Beards Town and Pitr Tree, containing 4 sq. mi. on the w. bank of the Geneseo. opposite (leni'si'u; Squakie Hill, containing 2 sq. mi. on the w. bank of the t^eno' •^, N. of Mt. Morris; and the Gardeau Reservation, of 2S s.j. mi- lling one-half in this co . 8. of Mt. ^Morris. See p. . "I ht Indian titles to these lands have all since been e.\tinguishod. 8 Th*'se springs — two in number, and about onefouith of a mile apart— are located about 1 mi s. w. of the village. The lower spring discharges about 54 gallons of w.iter pt.T minute. 388 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. settlement was made in 1785.> The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1795; Kev. Daniel Thatcher was the first preacher. There are 6 churches in town.* CALEDOSTIA— was formed, as "Southampton," March 30, 1802. Its name was changed April 4, 1806. A part of York was taken off in 1819. It is the n.w. corner town of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, and a considerable portion of it is stony. Genesee River forms the e. boundary. Caledonia Spring, in the N. part, covers an area of about 2 acres; and the outlet forms a good water-power, a few rods N. of the spring. The soil is a clay loam, under- laid by limestone.' In the s. part is a valuable quarry of limestone, yielding excellent lime and a fine quality of building stone. Caledonia, (p. f.,) in the n. part, a station on the B., N. Y. & E. R. R. and C. & N. F. Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., contains 3 churches, a grist and saw mill, a. brewery, and 623 inhabitants. The first settlement was made about 1797, by Peterson, a Panp, and Brooks, an Englishman.* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1805; and the first settled preacher. Rev. Alexander Denoon, was installed Aug. 17, 1808.^ COIVESITS— was formed from Livonia and Groveland, as "Freeport," April 12, 1819.^ Its name was changed to "Browersville," March 26, 1825, and to Conesus, April 15, 1825. It is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Hemlock Lake forms the E. and Conesus Lake a part of the w. boundary. Its surface is hilly. The Marrowbaok Hills in the E. part, w. of Hemlock Lake, rise to about 1,200 feet above it. A deep valley extends s. e. from near the center into Springwater, through which the B., N. Y., & E. R. R. passes. The principal stream is Mill Creek. The soil is generally a clay loam. Conesus Center, (p. v.,) a r. r. station, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and about 40 houses. Foots Corners, (Conesus p. o.,) in the N. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made at the head of Conesus Lake, in 1794 or '95, by James Henderson, from Penn.« The first church (Meth.) was organized in 1814.' GEIVESEO — was formed in Jan. 1789. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, with an abrupt declivity of 200 to 300 feet toward the river, on the w. Genesee River, forming its w. boundary, is bordered by fertile flats of an average width of about half a mi. The other principal streams are Fall Creek, and several small brooks that flow w. into the river and e. into Conesus Lake. On Fall Creek, s. of the village, is a perpendicular fall of 70 feet. The soil is clay and clay loam. Geneseo,* (p. v.,) a station on the G. V. R. R., was incorp. April 21, 1832 ; it contains the co. buildings, 5 churches, the Geneseo Academy,' 2 banks, a library, gristmill, furnace, and machine shop, and about 2,000 inhabitants. Settlement was com- menced by Lem'l B. Jenkins and Capt. Noble, about 1788 or '89, near the village." The first church organization is supposed to have been in 1795, in the n. e. part of the town, near Lakeville." GROVEL.AIVD— was formed Jan. 27, 1789. A part of Conesus was taken off in 1819. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly. In the w. The qunntity of water from both springs continues about the finm'^ during the year. P^'eral large hotels have been erected for the aecommodation of visitors, large numbers of whom visit the springs annually. The following is the analysis of a wine gallon of water from each of the springs : — Lower Spring, Grains, Cfirbiinate of lime 29.33 Chl'iriile of calcium 8.41 Sulphate of lime 57.44 Sulphnte of mae;nesia 49.61 Sulphate of soda 13.73 Amount of solid contents 158.52 Cubic inches. Sulphuretted hydrogen 10.02 Nitrogen 5.42 Oxygen 66 Upper, or New Bath Spring, Tiirbonate of lime Chloride of sodium Sulphate of lime [ .'^ulptiate of maQ:nesia Sulphate of soda 38.72 Grains. 26 98 5,68 3 62 Amount of solid contents 82.98 Sulphuretted hydrogen 31.28 1 Among the early settlers w^i .. r.ill ,.rt T\. Berry, at the river, w. of Avon Tillage, and Timotiiv Hosiiht. at Littloville, Capt. Thompson, and llice. in 17'n liiil.. rt R. Berry l ; and the first gristmill, by Thomas Van Fossen, ia 1799. ' 3 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Presb., Christian, Univ., and K. C. 8 Named from Kobert Morris. *Fo.meily called '^Alkns H!IV from Ebenezer Allen, the first settler. Col. John Trumbull, of Revolutionary memory, at one time contemplated making it his place of residence. IIC planted an orcliard, sek'Cted a site, and made some preparations fur building. He changed the name to ^^ liichvumd Hill." When he abandoned the idea of settling here, the place received its present name. f- Named from General Micah Brooks, one of the purchasers of the Gardeau Reservation, and who settled at this place. « Among the early settlers were Benj. W, Rogers, Isaac Bron- Eon den .Mills, and. lesse Stanley.fiom Conn. The first store was kept by i;bene/.or Allen, about 1790. He brought in a lot of goods frc.m I'hil iriolphia. fr the purpose of trading with the Indians. The first mill was built about 1820, by William Shull. l21'iesb..-2.M.K.,Mcth.l'rot.,Bap.,Prnt.E.,Ref.Prot.D.,andll.C. 8 Named fnm Daniel P. Faulkner, a prominent pioneer settler familiarly known as Capt. Dan Faulkner: hence the name " Ltansville." Tn area this is the smallest town in the CO., and one of the smallest in the State. * Can-a-se-rarga, an Indian name signifying " among the slip- pery elms." 10 This institution was started in the spring of 1858. The building and grounds cost 812,000 to $16,000. It is under the supervision of the M. E. denomination. " Among the other early settlers were Daniel P., Samuel, and .lames Faulkner, Nathaniel and William Porter, from Penn., in 1790; Jacob Welsh, Jacob Martz, .and his son Conrad, George Shirey, and Frederick Barnhart, from Penn., in 1798. William Phenix, Jas. Logan, David Scholl, and John Vandeventer, were also early settlers. The first marriage was that of William McCartney and Mary McCurdy. Thos. McLain taught the first school, in 1798 or '99 ; Samuel Faulkner kept the first inn, in 1796 ; Daniel P. Faulkner, the first store, in 1797 and '98 ; David Scholl erected the first sawmill, in 1795, and the first gristmill, in 1796. Mr. Scholl was Charles Williamson's millwright, and built the mills for the Pulteney Estate. 12 There are 9 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 R. C., Prot. E., M. E., Bap., Evang. Luth., and Germ. Evang. Ref. 18 Opened in 1844. The building was burned in June, 1859. 1* Among the other early settlers were David Corey and brother, Peleg and Reuben Sweet, Abner Tuttle, Gideon Powell, Wm. P. Wilcox, John I-l. Townser, and .James Paine. The first inn was kept at the village, by Alanson Huhbell, in 1820, and the first store by Wm. P. \\ ilcox, near the center. WUloughby Lovell built the first sawmill, in 1818, and Samuel Swain^and Lindsey Joslyn the first griHtmill, in 1828. 1^ There are 7 churches in town; Bap., F. W. Bap., Presb., M. E., Prot. E., Univ., and R. C. LIVINGSTON COUNTY. 391 eoTy CO t l7^, tT H "^'""'' ^^"'""'^y ''°-') '^^^^ 1^' 1808. It was set off from AUe- rhVhic-hp?t ; •. V'- *\';«'''«- "^o^a °" «« s. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, h cemer T" "^ 7 '^^ *° "^° '^^' ^'^"^^ *^^« ^^^ll^^^- ^ugar Creek flows s. E. through nea^ iutr! . V^i"" ' '""'y' ^' ^ gravelly loam, aud on the hills a sandy loam, with some clay " cWhr .. It r«r P'^'' ^' " ^'"''^^ Sas spring. Ossian Center (Ossian p.o.) contains first "ttt . ]^ ''°"''' = '^^ ^*"* ^*«^ (P- -) ^ «'^^-'ll "^"d -^^-t l^Luses. The frnnVN T Vir, Tt^^ *' "'"*''' ^^ "^""^S"' ^'"'^'^^"^ W. Porter, and his brother, James Porter, from N. J., in 1804.' The first church (Presb.) was formed Sept. 29, 1818.^ Tt,^^!.?'''*'*^^, ~r'/^?'"^ ^'°''' ^""'^''- '^^^^ 8' 18-"- I* i« *« ^- ^^- "o^er town of the co. 0.nr « i. ^' *''? '"Shest point, near Portageville, being about 200 feet higher than the r.r. Uenesee River forms the w. boundary of the town. Its banks ai-e steep and rocky, 100 to 200 ft. high and in many places perpendicular. Coshaqua Creek flows tlirough the e. part. The soil in the E. part is a clay loam, and in the w. a sandy loam. Oakland, (p. y.) in the N. e. part, con- tains . churches a gnst and saw mill, woolen factory, tannery, furnace, and 35 houses ; Hunts V P p*^ ■■ ^ "''"'=^^^' " tannery, and 31 houses. Portage Station, on the B. & N. I L.ix. K., IS in the w. part. The first settlement was made by Jacob Shaver, on Lot 150, in 1810.* ihe first church (Presb.) was formed at Hunts Hollow, about 1820.* AT *''^'V'*' "*■"'''"" ^'"'""^^ '° ^""- l'^'^'-'- ^■^ l''""*°f Springwater was taken off in 1816, and North Danville and West Sparta in LS46. It is an interior town, lying s.E. of the center of the co Its surface is hilly, the highest summits being 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. Canaserao-a Creek flows on the w. border ; Stony Brook and several small streams are its branches. The soil on the hills IS a gravelly loam, and in the valleys a sandy, chiyev, and gravelly loam. Several small sulphur and gas springs are found near Scottsburgh. Scottsburg]|,e (p. y.,) in the N. part, con- tains 2 churches, a steam saw and grist mill, a furnace, and 34 houses. JVortll Sparta, (p. o.,) in the n. w. corner, Sparta, (p. o.,) in the w., and Reeds Corners, in the s. part, are hamlet's. Settlement was commenced near Scottsburgh, by Jesse Collar, from Penn., about 1794.' The census reports 6 churches.* S'*'*^J*'*''''^A.TER — was formed from Sparta and Naples, (Ontario co.,) April 17, 1816. It is the s.E. corner town of the co. Its surface is very hilly, the highest summits being 600 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. The principal stream is the inlet of Hemlock Lake, which flows x. through the town, w. of the center. Conhocton River rises in the s. e. part and flows s. into Steuben co. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Spriug^vater, (p. v.,) a r. r. station, n. w. of the center, contains 2 churches, a sash and blind factory, a sawmill, and 62 houses. East Springwater, (p.o.,) in the n.e., is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Seth Knowles, from Conn., on Lot 18, about 1807.' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1816.'» WEST SPARTA— was formed from Sparta, Feb. 27, 1846. It is an interior town, s. of the center. Its surface is hilly, the summits being 500 to 700 ft. above the valleys. In the n.e. is an extensive marsh, known as the Canaseraga Swamp. Canaseraga Creek flows N. along the E. border. The soil is a clay loam in the n. and a sandy loam in the s. About one-half mi. n. of Byersville, in a small stream called Butter Brook, is a perpendicular fall of about 60 ft. Kysorville, (p. y.,) in the N. part, on the G. V. Canal, contains 79 inhabitants ; Union Corners, (p. v.,) locally known as " Brushville," on the line of Mt. Morris, 2 churches and 17 houses ; Byersville, 1 Among the other early settlers were Richard N. Porter, Jas. Hayues, and James Croghan. about 1806, Jacob Clendenin, in 18117. Orrison Cleveland. Wm. and John Gould, and Ileman Orton, about ISIO. Luther liisbee was an early settler in the N. w. corner of the town. The first child born was Abrah.im Portef, in 1805; the first mnrri;ige was that of .lolm Gelson and Bet-^ey Shfiy. in 1816; and the fii-st death, tliat of John Turner. killed by the fall of a tree, in 1807. ' We.-ton fciURht the first school, in 1S13 and '14 ; Oliver Stncy kept the lirst inn, in 1S17 ; and Daniel Canfield the first store, in 1S;;4. Tjie first sawniill was built by Nathaniel Porter, in 1808 or '00 ; and the first grist- mill by Joiin Smith, in 18-26. 2 Tliire are 2 churches in to\vn ; Presb. and M. E. 8 Niinio derived from the portage or carijiog place around the falls of r.eneseo River. For description of Portage Falls and R. \i. Bridge, see pp. . * Ephraini Kingslej and Seth Sherwood settled on T.ot 169 in 1811; Joseiih Dixon, above Portaireville. Col. Geo. \\'illianis, 6 There are 4 churches in town; Preab., Meth. Prot., Prot. E., and Bnp. Named from Mattliew nnd 'Williani Scott, early settlers at thia place. 7 Darlinp iravens settled at North Sparta ; John Niblack, on Lot 28; John Smith. Asa Simmons, Robert Wilson, and Thomas Hi'Vt'.v, previous tn 1798; and Peter Hoberts. on Lot 27, in 1799. Saimul and Jamo.i l!odnmu were early settlers. Most of these were from Perm. The first school was taught by Thos. Bohanan, in ISOU-fll. The first inn was kept by DiirlinR Havens^ at North fpartii, about ISOO; and the first Eristmill waa built bv Wm. D. McNair, in 3810. » 2 M. K., 2 Preah., Bap., and Evnng. Ref. f Amonu: the other e.irly aettlere were Eher Watkins. .Tosliua Ilerrick, Peter Welch. Adani Miller, and Samuel Ilines. in ISOS; Reuben and Phimjis (iilbert, from Mass.. in 1810; Iluiih Wilson, Ilt'nrv Oole, Samuel Spiirks, James Blake, Heiy. Liveiinnro, aud David Fr;izer. Jacob Omnon settled oo the e. hill in 1M2. The first death wag that of Mi-s. Beiyamin Farnhiim, in 1813. .lames Fuss'cl Mes-^enper, and Sanford Hunt all si-ttled about 1M4. ; Bhike taufiht tlie firat jjchool. in 1813-14. Oliver Jenninf;s kept Ifomco Miller taught tbo first school, in 1S17. The first inn the fii-st iun, about 1 815. Uosea If. Grover kept the first store, was kept bv Pro-per Adams, in ISIT: and the first store, at in 1816. The first sawiuill was built bv S:imu<'l Uines, in 1809; IhtntH Hollow, bv Sanford Hunt, in ISIS. Rups.'I Messenger and the fir.«t .uristinill, by Hugh Wilson, iu 1M3. built the first sawmill, in 1816, aud tbo fii^t griatmill, in l.slT. | lO There are 4 churches iu town ; Piesb., Bap., M. E,, Christian. 392 LIVINGSTON COUNTY. (p.v.,) in the s. part, 61 inhabitants. Woodville, in the s.E. corner, is a hamlet. Settlement ■was commenced in the s. part, by Jeremiah Gregory, in 1795.1 The first church organizationwas Bap.» YORK— was formed from Caledonia and Leicester, March 26, 1819. It lies on the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is undulating, with a general inclination to the E. Genesee River forms the e. boundary. Brown and Calder Creeks flow e. through the central and n. parts. The soil in the center and s. is a clay loam, and in the K. E. part a sandy and gravelly loam. York Center (York p. o.) contains 4 churches and 321 inhabitants ; Fovrlerville/ (Inver- ness p.o.,) in the n.e. part, 2 churches, a machine shop,* and 369 inhabitants ; Greigsville, (p.v.,) in the s. part, a church and 22 houses ; Piffardinia,* (Piffard p.o.,) in the s.E. part, on the G. V. Canal, a church and 23 houses. Settlement was commenced in the n.e. part, by several Scotch families, about the year 1800.« The first church (Scotch Ref. Presb.) was formed in 1816.' Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Sc]u)oh, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Livingston County. Names of Towns. Avon Caledonia. Con«Kus Geneseo Groveland Leicester Lima Livonia Mount Morris Nortli Dansville.. Nunda. Portage Sparta , Springwater... West Sparta- York Total . Acres OF Lanb. | ■S 1 B< ^ g 20,743 6.0S4 20,602 6,276 13,46.H 6,8S9i 22.306i 6,979 16.479 8,068i 17,309J 8,418 14.410i 3,342 19,444i 3,882i 22 469 6,679 3,384 1,632 12,78SJ 6,902t 10,828 12,720 10,361 6,6264 12,226i 8,217 18,787i 13,.313i 12,9731 7,086* 24.723i 6,093J 273.2901 109,09Si Valuation of 1858. 991,606 1,022,484 446,061 1,152,820 701,663 671,277 868,639 792,626 1,293,812 492,448 653,173 296,443 362,961 447,368 484.436 466,118 1,166,649 12,189.374 2,645,333 II 64,700 161,067 77,831 637,725 61.632 68.609 341,695 207,626 187,607 314,932 69,600 6,450 26,766 24,150 163,844 39.651 112.960 1,066,306 1,173,661 522,892 1,790,645 763.195 729.786 1,210-234 1,000.161 1,481 ,31 9 817,380 622,773 302,893 378,716 471,508 648,280 496,869 1,279.509 14.734,707 1,362 1,063 718 1,471 800 1,026 1,324 1,301 2,045 1,658 1,425 711 787 626 1,296 774 1.4o4 19,811 19.445 1,342 928 696 1,412 810 1,060 1,346 1,3S4 1,997 1,823 1,462 602 782 607 1,186 722 1,348 467 463 270 479 280 367 641 481 563 696 562 234 302 232 450 286 482 4S3 346 300 605 272 330 227 498 790 711 403 260 313 141 482 2S3 587 344 242 184 338 177 239 381 455 606 467 430 179 430 217 356 192 881 6.507 197 14,265 994 607 637 1,002 t36 765 934 770 1,495 1,284 1,076 626 623 447 964 656 940 Names of Towns. ATon Caledonia Conesua Geueseo Grovoland Leicester Lima Livonia Mount Morris.... North Dansville. Nunda Ossian Portage Sparta Sprmgwatcr West Sparta York Total 1,101 618 616 892 820 793 1,034 1,058 212 764 366 474 613 903 670 1,206 fc56 1,369 2,582 971 1,277 1.422 1,365 866 1,303 1,646 143 994 671 668 967 1,159 941 1,860 676 772 608 610 837 700 606 686 1,081 221 794 440 486 646 831 666 961 12,867 19,074 11,420 116,208 19,974 &2 12,745 10,562 8,783 8,015 5,634 4,487 8,361 11,771 6,934 1.498 3,616 2,646 4,166 2,173 6,298 3,992 13,698 1,607 1,809 778 1,271 1,035 1,079 1,309 1,746 1,756 388 1,028 699 751 1,084 1,169 1,099 1,617 Aqricultur.al Peoducts. ]3usH. OF Gh*in. fe: 109,079 184,445 39,604 88,643 70,331 106,624 76,540 87,779 85,327 13,821 33,149 16.984 39,288 37,678 18,530 81,708 128,661 1,114,881 874033 cq" SS,064i 63,8074 34.225 64,7364 42,6364 79,4:J6 77.442 68,316 72.6154 9,580 83.6984 18,060 36,4784 32,869} 65,475 29,991 76,6004 05 0, 10.389 3 1,646 4,502 6.714 6,180 8,604 8,067 8,092 9,122 1.787 9,728 4,027 12.020 6.948 18,7114 5,226 12,629 21,010 9,360 8,120 25,141 21.302 10,899 16,654 29.422 11,431 3.345 10,918 2,865 14,649 17,436 11,910 6,845 23,869 40,286} 186,28841246.066 Dairy Pbodvcts. a, B5 66,170 72,831, 62,043 43.892 72,386 63,711 68,805 90,122 96,260 16.276 82,786 38.690 54.964 67,749 85,862 69.690 83,706 1,084,281 4,670 3,879 1,196 6,2974 1,364 3.500 10,026 16 629 2,086 2,085 1,376 3.690 1,351 6,173 8 741 9,861 80,7214 Q^ 144 684 93 70 8634 434 687 8994 86 1.362 254 6144 673 8714 822 962 1,269 1 Among the other early settlers were William Stevens, in 1796, Ahel Willsey, in 1797, Benjamin Wilcox, in 1798, and Samuel McNair, in 1804, The first inn was kept at Kysorville, by Ebenezer McMaster, about 1820; the first store, at Union Corners, by Jonathan Russel, in 1823. The first wool-carding and cloth dressing mill was built by Benjamin Ilungerford, in 1814; aud the first gristmill, by Samuel Stoner, in 1823. 2 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., Bap., and Christi.an. 8 Named from Wells Fowler, the first settler at the village. 4 Manufactures allkrads of agricultural implements, and turns out $70,000 to $80,000 worth of goods per year. 6 Named from David Piffard, a prominent settler at this place. 6 Among the early settlers were Donald and John McKenzie, Angus McBean, John and Alexander Frazer, Archibald Gillis, and John McCall. David Martz was an early settler. John Buss, from Vt., settled at the center, in 1807 ; Kalph Brown, in 1808 ; and John Darling, from Vt., in 1809 ; and James Calder in the N. part of the town. The first birth was tljat of Angus McKenzie. The first inn was kept by Nathan Buss, in 1817 ; the first store, by Chandler Piersons, in 1816. lialph Brown built the first gristmill, in 1818. T The census reports 9 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., Bap., Cong., Asso. Presb., Asso. Kef. Presb., and Ilef. Presb. CLINTON COUNTY. This county was formed from Washington, March 7, 1788.' Essex was taken oiF in 1799. St. Lawrence was provisionally annexed in 1801, and taken off in 1802 ; and Franklin was taken off in 1808. It lies upon Lake Champlain, and is the n. e. corner co. in the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains — sq. mi. The surface is generally hilly and broken, and in (some parts mountainous. The Au Sable Range enters the s. w. corner from Essex oo. and extends in spurs and broken ranges through more than one-half of the w. part of the co. The highest peaks along the w. border are 3,000 to 4,000 feet above tide. These mountains have the same general characteristics as those further s. They are wild and broken, and their declivities and summits are so covered with ragged ledges of rocks that they can produce but a scanty crop of timber and are almost inaccessible. The uplands decline toward the n. ; and along the N. line of the co. is a wide tract nearly level. Along the lake shore the surface is level or moderately uneven; and from this tract it rises gradually but unevenly to the summits of the ridges in the interior. A large share of the central and w. portions of the co. is covered by the original forests, and is too rough to ever admit of profitable cultivation. The mountainous region in the s. w., comprising about one-third of the CO., is underlaid by gneiss, granite, and other primary rocks. A belt of Potsdam sandstone extends in a great curve around the primary region and occupies more than one-half of the re- maining part of the co. On the n. it extends nearly to Canada, but toward the s. it gradually diminishes, and on the s. line it is but a few miles wide. Surrounding this, and lying next above it, is a narrow belt of calciferous sand rock, outcropping on the surface, along the lake shore, between Au Sable and Salmon Rivers. The limestones next appear, occupying the N. E. corner of the co. and outcropping along the lake from Salmon River to Rouses Point. Tertiary clay is found in a few places along the lake ; and drift deposits are abundant in the n. and E. parts. Peat bogs are numerous in the N. E. part. The primitive region is exceedingly rich in minerals. Magnetic iron ore is found in inexhaustible quantities, and of a quality equal to the best in the world.^ Au Sable River forms most of the s. boundary. North of this are Little Sable, Salmon, Sara- nac. Little Chazy, and Great Chazy or Champlain Rivers, all flowing into Lake Champlain. English River flows N. into Canada. Upon all these streams are numerous falls, furnishing an immense amount of water-power. In the western wilderness are numerous small lakes, the principal of which are Chateaugay and Chazy Lakes, and Sampson, Taylor, and Slush Ponds. The soil along the lake is clayey, and in the interior and w. a sandy loam, best adapted to pasturage. The people are principally engaged in stock raising, dairying, lumbering,' mining, and in the manufacture of iron* and starch. A large business is carried on in peltries, the wilderness still furnishing numerous valuable fur-bearing animals.* Fish are abundant in the mountain streams and lakes, although the salmon, once so abundant, have now nearly disappeared.' The Northern (Ogdensburgh) R. R. extends w. from Rouses Point, on Lake Champlain, through Cham- plain, Mooers, Chazy, Ellenburgh, and Clinton. The Plattsburgh & Montreal R. R. extends n. through Plattsburgh, Beekmantown, Chazy, and Mooers. The CO. seat is located at the village of Plattsburgh, on Lake Champlain.' 1 Named from Geo. Clinton, then Governor. When organized, it embraced all the land ou both sides of Lake Champlain. as claimed by the State of New York. The claim E. of the lake waa abandoned upon the recognition of Vermont aa an indepen- dent State, in 1791. 3 Clinton and Essex are the two most important mining; cos. in the State. ITie veins of iron, in extent and richness, surpass those of anv other part of the world. Ore was first discovered in the " Winter" ore bed, in Au Sable, by Geo, Shaffer, in 1800, — although travelers had previously frequently noticed the iro- inen.se quantities of iron sand upon the lake shore. The prin- cipal veins now opened are the Arnold, Rutgers, Finch, Winter, Indian, Cook, Battle, Mace, Jackson, and Mclntyre Jfines, in Au Sahle ; the Palmer and Rutgers Mines, in Black Brook ; and the Skinner and Averill Mines, in Dannemora. Veins of greater or less rii hness are foand in all the towns underlaid by the primarv rocks. » Au Sable and Saranac Rivers flow through valuable lumber The courthouse is a di-stricts, and upon them are numerous sawmills. Immense quantities of lo^ are annually floated down these streams and worked up at the mills below. Several important pl.ink roads have been constructed in the wilderness for the special accom- modation of the lumber and iron business. * The iron manufactured is principally in the form of blooms. 6 Hunting is pursued as a business to some extent : and during the summer large numbers of amateur hunters from the cities flock to the wilderness for recreation and amusement. 6 So abundant were salmon that 30 years ago 100 bbis, were annually taken in the co, ; and from its impnrt.ince to the early settlers this fish was titken as a d-vice for the first co, seal. I The first court was held Oct, 28, 1788, A blockhouse erected at the Time of the alarm occasioned by the defeat of St. Clair by the Indians was used for the first jail, A cnurthnnse and jail of wood was erected in 180i-O3, and burned in 1814 by the in- vading British army, A new one erected soon after was burned in 1S36, and the present one was ei-ected on its site. The first 394 CLINTON COUNTY. substantial brick building, with a stone basement, fronting the public square and river. The jail, a stone building in rear of the courthouse, afifords no accommodations for the classification of prisoners, and is destitute of means of ventilation. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building on an adja- cent lot. The poorhouse is located in Beekmantown, 4 mi. N. of Plattsburgh. It has an average of 65 inmates, supported at a weekly cost of $1.00 each. The farm — 90 acres — yields a revenue of $800.' Four weekly newspaper.^ are published in the co.^ The first white man that ever visited this to. was Samuel Champlain, in 1609, under the auspices of the French. From that time until the final surrender of Canada in 1760, the French claimed and held this region of country, and the lands were mostly occupied by parties holding title under French grants.' At the close of the war in 1760, settlement rapidly spread down the lake shore. By the terms of the treaty between England and France, the French settlers were to be secured in their rights ; but the Government of New York made conflicting grants, which gave rise to controversies and quarrels and seriously retarded the progress of settlement. A few families were scattered along the shore previous to the Revolution ; but the expedition of Burgoyne in 1777 broke up every settlement in the oo. An important naval engagement took place Sept. 11, 1776, in the strait between Val- cour Island and the w. shore, between the British and American forces, without any decisive results. The conflict was renewed on the 13th, and the American vessels were nearly all run ashore on the Vt. side and burned.* Settlements were made at all the principal places bordering upon the lake within 10 years after the close of the Revolution. Point Au Fer was occupied by the British until 1796, when, in com- mon with several other posts along the n. frontier, it was surrendered to the Americans.* During the same year the St. Regis Indians ceded their claims to the State. The embargo of 1808 was openly violated, and many severe encounters took place between the revenue officers and organized bands of smugglers." Several attempts were made by lawless bands to seize the collectors and revenue officers, but without success. During the last war with Great Britain this co. was the seat of important military transactions, and along its frontiers and upon the adjacent waters of the lake many skirmishes and engagements took place.' CO. ofiiceia were Chaa. Piatt, First Judge ,- .Tosiah Throop and CbaB. llny,Jiidges : liobfc. Cochi-an, Potcr Saillv, Wni. McAuley, and Pliny Moore, ^s.s-/siu/i/J((.sh"ces; Thcodtiruy Piatt, Surrngate; Benj. Mooers, SkerifT; .and Melancthon Llo.vd Woolsey, Clerk. 1 The Senate Cimimittee of 1857 report that " this house is a very poor one, indifferently kept, and a disgrace to the co." The rooms were filthy and not at all ventilated ; and the water sup- plied to the eBtablishnient is furnished from springs into which drains from the barnyard and privies empty. No school is taught; and the children are not admitted to the public schools. The Supervisors have authorized a loan of S4,000 for rebuilding this establishment. 2 The Jvieri'ean Monitor was established at PLattsburgh in 1807 tty W. Nichols and Sam'l Lowell, and continued a shwt time. The Plattsburgh Republican was hefjun in July, 1811, by Reynolds. In 181.3 Azariah C. Flagg became publisher, and continued it until 1826. It was snbseiiuently under the charge of H. 0. Miller and Wm. Laud. In Aug. 183.3, it passed into the hands of Roby G. Stone, by whom it is still continued. The Northern Herald was begun April 10, 1813, by Fred. C. Powell. In 1815 it was changed to The Plattsburgh Herald^ and soon after it wns discontinued. J7ie Northern IntriUgrncer was begun at Plattsburgh in May, 1821. by Fred. R. Allen. In 1832 it was united with The Auriirn B'lrealis, which was established in 1828, the com- bined papers taiiing the name of the Maitsburgh Aurora. It was continued but a short time. The Democratic Press was published at Plattsburgh in 1834 by J. K. Averill. The Whig was started at Plattsburgh in 1836 by Q. W. Piatt. In 1838 it was changed to the Clintm County Whig. Afier several changes of ownership, in Oct. 1855, it WHS changed to The Plattsburgh Express, published by Albert G. Carver, and is still continued bv him. The Berean Hiiidr was published a short time at Becltmantown in 1837 by Hev, Mr. Bailey. The Free. Democrat w.as pnblishedin 184S by Oliver TIart. The NorlMrn Lancet, mo., was begun in 1849 by Dr. Ilorace Nel,«on. It was soon changed to The Lancet, and was continued till 1856. Tlie Champlain Beacon w.as commenced in 1850 by Ketchnm t '^^■'''■,'"- In 1852 it wra sold to D. Turner, of Kirsi'Villc. who changed it to The Rouses Point Advertiser, under which name it IS still puliii.shed. The Cottage awllr was published in 1851 by Arthur C Nelson The Amr.rican Sentirwl was started .7an. 10, 1855, by Warren Dow. It was soon changed to The Plattsburgh Sentinel, and is still published. » The (Jovornor (leneral and Intendant, on the 10th. 11th, and 12th days of April, 1733, granted 3 seigniories within the present limits of Champlain and Chazy, each 3 leagues in depth and fronting upon Lalce Champlain. The first, granted to Ungues .Tacques Pean. Sieur de Liviandi5re, captain in the marines, ex- tended from Chiizy River 2i- leagues ntn-thward ; the second was granted to Sieur Migeon de la Ganchitire, ahso a captain in the marines, and the third to Sieur de St. Vincent, jr., an ensign in the marines; each grant being 2 leagues in front. These grants were ensigned forever, in fief and seigniory, with the right of superior, moan, and inferior jurisdiction, (/iimie, mojleirae, et basse Jiixtin;) with the right of hunting, iishing, and Indian trade, suhjnct to the performance of fealty and homage at tho Castle of St. Louis, in Quebec, agreeable to the custom of Paris followed in Canada. They were conditioned to the preservation by tenants of the oalc-timber fit for tho royal navy, the reserva- tion of mines and highways to tjie crown, and the use of the beaches to fishermen unless actually occupied by the seignior. The patentees might grant concessions to tenants, subject to the customary cens et rentes anil dues, for each arpent of land in front by 40 arpents in depth. If used for military purposes, materials for the erection of fortifications and firewood for the use of gar- risons were to bo given without charge, and the grant was to bo submitted for the royal approbation within one year. The grantees having failed to make improvements on tho 10th of "ay, 1741, all these grants were declared to have reverted to his majesty's domain. On tho Ist of Nov., 1752. a seigniory of 2i leagues in front by 3 in depth, and including Cliazy River, W.T3 granted to the Sieur Bedou. councollor in the Superior Council 01 Quebec, under conditions lilce those of Pean.— K(te and Docs. relating to the Seignorial Tenure. « This engagement was one of the most gallant fought during the war. and, although resulting disastrous! v. it reflected no dishonor on the American arms. The American forces, com- manded by Benedict Arnold, consisted of 1 sloop, 2 schooners, 4 galleys, and 8 gondolas, with .S4 guns and 141 swivels ; and tho British force, cnmmanded by Oapt. Thos. Piinglea, of 1 ship, 2 schooners. 1 razee. 1 gondola, 20 gunboats, and 2S Ion"- boats, with 89 guns and 097 men. The American loss was Sil to 90, and the British about the same. The Americans saved them- selves by running their vessels aground and swimming ashore. » Juilge IMiiiy Moore, who settled in Champlain in 1785, was visited on the 1st of every month bv a British corpoial and file of men, from Point Au Per. to notify him that his claim under the State would not be recognized; but no iittention was iiaid to theserepeateii warnings. — Palmer's ITi^l. f.n'c ffiamplaiii 7> 152. » In 1808 two Ihivernment officers were killed in atti'mnting to seizin a smug'rling vessel called tlie Blue]; Snake. ' The f.illnwing is a luief chronnl.igical list of the most im- portant events of the w,ir conuootod witli this oo. CLINTON COUNTY. 395 ^ In the summer of 1814, Sir Geo. Provost, Got. of Canada, maae extensive preparations for an invasion of the country along Lake Champlain. Toward the last of Aug. a land force of 14,000 men assembled on the frontier and commenced their march, supported by a formidable fleet under Commodoi-e Downie. Gen. Macomb, who commanded the Americans, had a force of less than •Vv ' 1 Tif ' A ^^^aaL Sprtulding taiigljt the first ai hool, in 1805 ; and Isaiah Ferris buili the fli'st Siiw and grist mill, in 1806. 8 'J here are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. R., Presb., and R. C. < Named fiom the proprietor of the present village site. 6 Among tlie early settlers were Daniel and Koswell Jones, John P. Roberts, David Hara, Daniel llillpon. HoniyPurdy, Jonathan Wickham, and Jas. Brand, all of whom located upon Salmon Kiver. 8 2 churches (Bap. and Uninn) at MorrisonvUle are located n, Of the river, in Plattsburgh. HERKIMER COUNTY. This county -was formed from Montgomery, Feb. 16, 1791.^ Onon- daga was taken off in 1794, Oneida and a part of Chenango in 1798 ; the present territory of Hamilton co. was taken off and an- nexed to Montgomery in 1797; parts of Montgomery oo. were annexed April 7, 1817 ; and parts of Richfield and Plaiufield, Otsego \ CO., were annexed in forming Winfield in 1816. It is centrally dis- i tant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a hilly upland, with a series of ridges extending in a general N. and direction. Mohawk River flows e. through the co. in a deep valley which cuts the ridges at right angles and separates the high- land into two distinct parts. A broad ridge extends from the s. border to the Mohawk, and thence n. of that river along the w. bank of East Canada Creek to the N. line of the co. The Hasenclever Mts., another broad ridge, lie along the w. border of the co., N. of the Mohawk. From the Mohawk the highlands rise toward the s. ill a series of hills, the declivities of which are steep and their summits 500 to 1,000 ft. high. North of the river the surface gradually rises to a height of 1,000 to 1,500 ft., where it spreads out into a rocky and broken plateau region, the highest summits being 2,500 to 3,000 ft. above tide. Mohawk River breaks through a mountain ridge at Little Falls, the valley forming a natural •hannel of communication between Lake Ontario and Hudson River. At this place the mountains on each side of the river are masses of naked rock rising nearly perpendicular to a height of 500 to 600 ft. An intervale, with an average width of 2 mi., extends along the river w. of the pass, and from it the land rises on each side in gradual slopes. Bast of this point the Mohawk flows for some distance through a valley bordered by steep and nearly perpendicular hills. The river re- ' oeives from the n., Sterling, "West Canada, Cathatachua, and East Canada Creeks; and from the s. Furnace, Browns, Hollow, and Nowadaga Creeks. East Canada Creek^ forms a portion of the E. boundary of the co., and receives as tributaries Trammel, Spruce, and several other small creeks. West Canada Creek flows s. w. through Wilmurt, Ohio, and Russia, thence s. E. along the w. border of Russia, thence s. through Newport, Fairport, and Herkimer, to the Mohawk. It receives from the E. Black, White, and North Creeks, and from the w. several small brooks. Several small streams take their rise in the s. part of the co. and form branches of the Unadilla. The N. part of the CO. is yet an unbroken wilderness. It is a wild, mountainous region, with very little land susceptible of cultivation. The streams, usually flowing in deep, rocky ravines, form headwaters of Black, Moose, Beaver, and Oswegatchie Rivers. The portion of the co. lying n. of a line extending w. of Brocketts Bridge, on East Canada Creek, is covered with primary rocks.' This same formation also outcrops at Little Falls on the Mohawk. Rising successively above the primary are the Trenton limestone, appearing in Norway and Russia ; the Utica slate, appearing upon the summits of all the hills immediately n. of the Mo- hawk ; the Frankfort slate, appearing immediately s. of the river ; the Oneida conglomerate and Clinton group, extending in a belt through near the center of the s. half of the co. ; the Onondaga salt group, waterlime, Onondaga and corniferous limestones, appearing in thin layers next s. ; and the Marcellus shales and limestones of the Helderbergh Range, covering the summits of the s. hills. These rooks yield an abundance of lime, waterlime, and building material in nearly every part of the CO. ; and for these purposes they are extensively quarried. Drift is found in deep deposits in many parts of the co. The useful minerals are few in number.* Agriculture forms the leading pursuit. The hilly character of the surface particularly adapts this CO. to pasturage ; and dairying has long been the leading branch of industry.* Hops are '1 This name waa originally "Erghemar ,*" and It has been variouBly written, as Herchkeimer, Hareniger, Harkemeir, Herchamer, Harchaoier, Harkemar, and Herkimer. — Beni(m's HerldTmr, p. 150. 2 West Canada Creek was called by the Indians Teugh-tagh- ra-row, and the Bast Creek Ci-o-ha-na. 8 The rocks peculiar to this region are granite, gneiss, feld- spar and hornblende. Calciferous sandr^ck is found associated with gneiss at Little Falls. • Gypsum is found in small quantities ; and this oo. is said to be the most easterly point in the State where it can be ob- tained. The discovery of small particles of anthracite, found associated with sandstone near Little Falls, has led to the erro- neous supposition that coal might be obtained in the vicinity. Among the other minerals found are crystalsof quartz, adapted to optical instruments, iron sand, iron and copper pyrites, lead ore, heavy spar, graphite, alum, and alum slate. 6 The amount of cheese produced in this co. is three times as £reat as in any other co. in the State. 401 HERKIMER COUNTY. 403 coZv!f P 1 ! T T' "^^^^ "P"'' ^^^ '^^^'^ intervales above Little Falls, about 1722, by a close ofirS ?!''• t''"''''°''' ^"" "^^^^ *° *^«'-- °'^'"^«'^ fr""^ *!""' to «»«. ^"d -P to the w!r nf 1 7.fi T ? '^ constituted almost the sole inhabitants of the co. During the French ,J:° . ' '«« «olo°y 'as twice invaded, and numbers of the people were killed or carried tTrJrr''"'^' 7"'',^ *^' Revolution also it was repeatedly invaded: the buildings and crops were aestroyed ; and at last the inhabitants were obliged to abandon their homes and seek protec- tion in the lower part of the valley. The German Flats were invaded by a body of 300 tories and 9 «;; -r'" "r*^".^; ''°*' ^^^ ^^P*- ^'^^- '^^'^ P^'-'y ^"™«^''«' ^-^ i"""--?- March 30, 1811. Its name was Falls A™H»m7 u '^^ ^•^•^- Itoontams 9 churches, a bank, 2 printing offices, the Little ±a Is Academy, a union school, and a large number of manufactories.^ Pop. 3,984. Jackson- Pa^^i: w^'J" "''^'^' ^'' ^^^ -h^'titants ; and Bethel, in the s., 1 church and 15 houses, rowp^^nf .K "" ^ P-°- ^^' ^^ ^""^ ^^ °f Burnetsfield Patent, embracing all the water- LrTfn J'nf T':r'' "''"''^ ^'^°'"' *^' Revolution by Petrie. This town also embraces port ons of several other patents issued at an early period.^ The first settlements were made by a colony of Palatinates, in 1722.* The settlers suffered much during the' war, and most of them were driven off.^ The first settler at the village after the war was John Proteus, in 1790." A great ^Pulse was given to the business and population of the place by the construction of the locks of the Western Navigation Co. in 1796.' The first church was built about 1815. It was octagonal, with a steep roof, and surmounted by a cupola. The census reports 10 churches in town." '^ MAIVHEIM'— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) April 7, 1817. It lies on the n. bank of the Mohawk, upon the e. border of the co. Its surface gradually rises from the intervales along the Mohawk to the n. border, where it attains an elevation of 500 ft. above the river. East Canada Creek forms its E. boundary. "> Cathatachua Creek flows s. through near the center, and Bennett Brook flows s. e. through the n. e. corner. Upon East Canada Creek, 1 mi. above its mouth, is a series of cascades, where the water descends 180 ft. in three-fourths of a mi. The soil is a gravelly loam upon the upland, and a fine, fertile alluvium in the valleys. BrocKetts Bridge, (p. v.,) upon East Canada Creek, in the n. part, contains 2 churches, a large tannery," gristmill, and 50 houses ; and In^bams Mills, upon East Canada Creek, 3 mi. below Brock- etts Bridge, a church and 25 houses. East CreeK (p. v.) is a hamlet and station upon the N. Y. C. R. R., near the mouth of East Canada Creek. Maulieiiu Center is a p. 0. The first settlements were made by Germans, probably in about the year 1736.1=^ During the Revolution they were frequently attacked by the Indians and were mostly destroyed. On the 30th of April, 1780, a party of 60 tories and Indians fell upon the settlements at Rheimen Snyder's Bush, burned a grist- mill, and carried 19 persons away into captivity.'^ The first church, built in 1774 or '75, was burned during the war, and was rebuilt soon after. The census reports 5 churches ; 2 M.E., 2 Union, and Ref. Prot. D. 1 The rocks at Little Falla are chiefly hypersthene and gneiss, overlaid by calciferous saudstone on the s. side of the river. Falls Hill, s. of the village, is 518 feet above the canal, and Roll Way Blu^, n. of the village, is little less in height. In the im- mediate vicinity of the village are quarries of limestone, from which is obtained lime and a good building material. Small caves and pot holes are numerous among the rocks near the river. The largest of the latter is 28 feet in diameter and 37 feet deep. The break through the mountains at this place was one of the most formidable barriers in the construction of the Erie Canal. The N. part of the town is covered with Utica slate, and the s. part by the Hudson River and Clinton groups. 2 Among these manufactories are 4 paper mills, turning out $160,000 worth of paper annually; 2 woolen factories, producing about $280,000 worth of goods annually ; a stocking yarn mill, producing goods to the amount of $30,000, and a starch factory, using $30,000 worth of corn, annually. Besides these are 2 flouring mills, a cotton feotory, 3 large shoe manufactories, and an extensive carriage shop. 8 This town includes a portion of the Glen Purchase of 1739 ; Guy Johnson's Tract, granted in 1765 ; Vaughan's Patent, granted in 1770 ; Fall Hill Patent, granted in 1752 ; 6 lots of Buttorfleld's Patent, granted in 1725, and small portions of several other patents, ^ „ ^.^ ,» * Among these early settlers were John Jost Temonth, Mary Beerman, Nicholas Kesler, Johannes Pouradt, and Christian Fox John Petrie kept the first inn, before the Revolution. A gristmill built on Casler Creek, in the N. part of the town, was stockaded during the war. , ^ „ . ^ ^ ^t. 6 In June, 1782, a party of tories and Indrans mvaded thi town, burned a gristmill on Furnace Creek, killed Daniel Petrie. and carried away several prisoners. _ , , . 8 Among the first settlers after the war were Wm. Alexander, Kicbard Phillips, Ihos. Smith, Joel Lankton, Richard Winsor, Wm. Carr, Wm. Moralee, Washington Britton, Alpheus Park- hurst, John Drummond, Eben Britton, and Josiah Skinner, — all of whom came in town between 1790 and 1800. I These locks were planned by Roawell Weston, an English engineer, and built under the direction of Philip Scliuyler. The first locks, built of wood, were replaced by stone in 1804. 8 Bap., Ev. Luth., IM. E., Af. Meth., Meth. Prot., Presb., Prot. Bpisc, R. C, Univ., and Union. ' 9 Named from Manheim, in Baden, the native place of tho early settlers. The town embraces 6 lots of Glen's Purchase, a part of the fourth allotment of the Royal Grant, the Patents of .John Van Driessen and of Snell and Zimmerm.in, a part of the patents of Rev. Peter Van Driessen and of Vrooman, and several minor tracts granted since the Revolution. 10 This stream was called by the Indians Ci-o-harna and Sag- o-ha-ra. II This is the largest tannery in the co. It has a capital of $250,000, consumes 5,000 cords of bark per annum, and manu- factures sole leather exclusively. 12 Among the early settlers were families named Snell, Zim- merman, and Van Driessen. Snell was the patentee of a large tract. Seven of the name, including several of his sons, were killed at the battle of Oriskany. John Bcardsley built the first mill, in 1793. The first school (German) was taught by Kaufman. 13 A blockhouse stood at this place, and many of the inhabit- ants took refuge in it. Twelve of the prisoners were talcen at one house by half the number of Indians, without resistance. The captives all returned after the war, except one who died in Canada, and one that escaped. John G. Snell. while searching for cattle In the woods, was surprised by the Indians and shot through the body. He recovered, however, and lived to an advanced age. The town was deserted after this by all but tories. 408 HEKKIMER COUNTY. ]VE^VPORT'— was formed from Herkimer, Fairfield, Norway, and Sckuyler, April 7, 1806. It lies on the w. border of the co., near the center. Its surface is broken by ridges, of highlands, which rise 400 to 500 ft. each side of the narrow intervale of West Canada Creek. This stream flows s. E. through the town, near the center. White Creek flows. s. through the E. part. The soil is a clayey loam, with some gravel on the hills. It is chiefly underlaid by limestone, which is quarried in some localities. Bfe^vport, (p. v.,) near the center, incorp. March 20, 1857, contains 3 churches, 1 bank, a gristmill, cotton factory,^ and 671 inhabitants. Settlement was commenced in 1791, by Christopher Hawkins, from R. I. ;' Rev. David Haskell (Bap.) held the first meetings, in 1796.* WORWAY^— was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Fairfield was taken off in 1796, Russia, as " Union," and a part of Newport, in 1806, and Ohio in 1823. It lies in the interiorof the CO., N. of the Mohawk. Its surface is elevated and rolling. It is drained by several small streams, tributaries of West Canada Creek. The soil is sandy in the N. w., and loam and gravelly in the E. and s. Limestone is quarried in several places ; and fossils have been found near White Creek. There is a sulphur spring 1 mi. n. of the village. BTorway, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a cheese box factory, tannery, and 30 houses ; Grays ville," (p. v.,) on the line of Ohio, contains an extensive tannery and 30 houses.' The first settlement was made by Whip- ple and Christopher Hawkins, from R. I., in 1786 ; but it was soon abandoned.* The first religious meetings were held by Rev. Robertson, in 1792.' OHIO"'— was formed from Norway, as " West BrunswicJc," April 11, 1823. Its name was changed May 3, 1836. A part of Wilmurt was taken off in 1836. It lies in the interior, on the N. border of the settlements. Its surface is moderately hilly, with an elevation of 700 to 900 ft. above the Mohawk. A range of high, steep hills extends through the n. part. It is drained by West Canada and Black Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a sandy loam, with some clay. A large portion of the town is still a wilderness. Graysvllle, (p. v.,) on the line of Norway, contains 1 church, u. tannery, and 30 houses. Ollio City, (Ohio p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 10 houses. A few scattering settlements were begun before the Revolution, but were broken up during the war." Religious services were first held at Ohio City, in 1808." KirSSIA"— was formed from Norway, as " Union," April 7, 1806. Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Wilmurt was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the Mohawk, its n. part extending into the border of the great northern wilderness. Its surface is rollmg and moderately hilly, and on the w. descends abruptly to the valley of West Canada Creek. The hills are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk. West Canada and Black Creeks flow w. through the N. w. part, the former forming a part of the w. boundary. On it are some extensive lumber works." Trenton Falls, upon We st Canada Creek, is on the w. border. The soil is sandy The first birth was that of a child of Gideon Brayton; and the first death, that of the wife of E. Himnan. The first school was taught by Jeanette Henderson, in 1793. Amos Coe kept the first inn; Ihaddeus Scribner & Bro., the first store, in 1793; Cant. Hinman bmlt the first sawmill, in 1793; and Carpenter Cole "■.I, *."' f 'f'"^'' *>"* '^^^ yew- Vale & Eddy buUt a fuUinz mill, in 1K3.— Benton's BerkimeT,p. 450 'J'^" J"??"' reports 6 churches ; Bap., P. W. Bap., M. E., Presh., and Prot. B. i- > , , T " "^T",^/ *'"'i"° *''* ®*''"' "*■ Ohio. This town includes the Jcrseyfield and a small part of the Remsenburgh Patents. -T^Mount settled on Lot 60 of the Jerseyfleld Patent some years before the Revolution. During the war, Mr. Mount was attacked by Indians; his two sons were killed, and himself, wife, and daughter fled to Little Falls, a distance of 20 h!!,,';!' ?, ll °°' ""'' ■■" ^'f" =""* daughter after leaving his house until they met at Little VMB.~Benton's HcrUwZ-, p. Thnrn ?° ^'^^t^ '"'i'"* " "^^-*- '^"uer, David ivw"^: **? ^°'^J Harmanus Van Bpps, and others, were eaily settlers. David Thorp kept the first inn, Ephraii Ash tSe w„r Th • "' "^"k —a ""r "' """' *» fl"t mil's, before drfvl ^W S.f "T """S ?* *•"> *™=' O' '"oo after, he was driven off. The infamous Walter N. Butler was killed about 2 ^ ,?e„f,?;?r ^T""™.?^ *.'»* """^ ■«'«'* Canada Creeks, on ,?mY '^^ '™" between this town and Russia, Dec. 30, 1781 man M:tirand bT*" ' '''"'*'' '" *°™' ^™''- ^""'- «^'- R„™T''rJ^r'' >=»?'»™%" part ofthe third allotment of the ?mS ^Zk P°^*'?°" °f •'1™';?''^. Eemsenbui'gh, and Ma- 4 HiSl™*'^^?!" °i ^''""' M'^'m'8. '""d Jacob'f Patents. "Hinckley A Ballon have an extensive sawmill, planing mill ei?S?oTino™^?' 'h'1 ''^"'r' ^'"' '='JS» tool maScSJ^ annilaUy. ' '^°"''' *° "'^ '"°™°t "f ?80,001) 1 Named from Newport, R. L, the former residence of many of the early settlers. « A cotton f ictory was built in 1808, by Benj. Bowen. The Herkimer Miinufacturing Co. was formed in 1S14, with a capital ot 510,000. In 1841 V. S. Kinyon became proprietor hy pur- chase, and at present gives employment to 80 persons, and turns out $46,000 to $60,000 worth of sheetings annually. a Among the other early settlere were Benj. Bowen, John C Green, Israel Wakely, and Geo. Pencer, all from B. I, ; Dr Westel Willoughby, and Sherman Wooster, from Conn. Joseph Bense- ley, A. M. Daniels, Geo. Cook, and Wm. Whipple were also early settlers. The first death was that of Silas Hawluns, in 1793 Abby Justine taught the first school, in 1796. Wm Wakely kept the first inn, in 1793, and Geo. Cook the first store, the same year. Benj. Bowen built the first sawmill, in 1703, and the first gristmill, in 1794. The first settlers derived title from parties who had purchased from the courts of forfeiture ,. Jlie census reports 7 churches in town; Bap., M. E.. Calv Meth., Presb., Union, Univ., and R. C. ,■.■"". 6 Named from Norway, in Europe. This town is included in the second and third allotments of the Royal Grant » Nanied tiom Lathan Gray, a resident of the place. «lLnnn7°,'^™,'?^' <^^t>W'*ed in 1863, with -a capital of SftfeS a„n^,S?r tI ■"""•^'■"1 P^<'?"'='i'' 8150,000 worth of solo h?rse pow ^' ™*' '"■" ''''™° ^^ " ''''™ ^"PM of 60 ♦h!i^T"r'' 7°"^^ t"? 5*' ^o"' ^'*«"' !"»««■■, came in with their families from R.I. in 1788. Their whole stoi^ of provision^ to carry them through the first winter was a crop of potatoes and some salt. I^rmeat they depended upon huntrngThos Manly settled in 1789. John, Andrew, and Simeon cS ; Cap Hinman, from Conn.; John and David Corp N Eanninp- Dovirt Underbill, 6 families of Braytons, Ange^LLueT aSd' Phil n Potter, Edward Henderson, Uri H Cook Henri T^mnii,..? Abijah Tombling, and WesM WiUoughCy; "erkSy "efS HERKIMEE COUNTY. 409 loam and clay. Russia, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 140 ii^habitants ; fcrravesvuie, (p v.,) in the s. w., a church and 20 houses ; Poland, (p. v.,) near the s. line, a church and 179 inhabitants ; Cold Brook, (p. v.,) in the s. e., a saw set factory, cheese box taotory, gristmill, and 218 inhabitants ; Bootb, (p. o.,) on Black Creek, a church, grist and saw mil, tannery, and 10 houses. Prospect is a hamlet, and contains - sawmills. The first settlement was commenced in 1792, by Stodard Squires, from Conn.' The first religious meetings (F. W. Bap.) were held by Rev. Benajah Corp.^ SAE.ISBIJRY'— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 3, 1797, and annexed trom Montgomery co., April 7, 1817. It Ues on the e. border of the co., and extends n. into the great wilderness. Only about one-fourth of its surface is cultivated. It is a broken and moun- ^mous upland in the n. and hilly in the s. The principal, streams are East Canada Creek, which forms a part of the e. boundary, and Spruce Creek, which flows through the s. w. and s. parts. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. A bed of iron ore has been worked to some extent on Lot 105, fourth allotment of the Royal Grant. Salisbury Center, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 319 inhabitants ; Salisbury Corners, (Salisbury p. o.,) in the s.w.,2 churches and 30 houses; Diamond Hill, 25 houses; Devereaux, 15 houses. TCliitesbur^Il, (p. o.,) on the line of Fulton co., is a hamlet. Settlement was begun before the Revolution, by tenants of Sir Wm. Johnson, who followed his lead during the war, and shared his fate at the hands of the Commissioners of Forfeiture.* The census reports 4 churches in town.* SCmJYIiER«— was formed from Herkimer, April 10, 1792. Trenton was taken off in 1797, Deerfield (Oneida co.) in 1798, and a part of Newport in 1806. A part was annexed from Herki- mer in 1808, and re-annexed to Herkimer in 1811. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the Mohawk. Its surface is hilly. The Hasenclever Mts. extend thi-ough the center, attaining in this town an elevation of 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above tide. A wide intervale extends along the Mohawk, which forms the s. boundary. Its streams are tributaries of the Mohawk and generally flow through narrow ravines. The flats bordering the river are annually overflowed. The soil upon the hills is slaty and gravelly. East Scbuyler, (p. v.,) in the s. e., contains 25 houses ; and West Scbuyler, (p. v.,) in the s. w., a church and 25 houses. Settlement was commenced previous to 1775, by several German families.' There was a good carriage road in 1757, on the bank of the river, from the crossing, where Utioa now stands,' to the Palatine village, German Flats. There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Meth. Prot. STARK.' — was formed from Danube, March 18, 1828. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken, with a mean elevation of 500 feet above the Mohawk. The prin- cipal streams are Otsquago and Nowadaga Creeks. Otsquago Creek flows through a narrow valley, ■bordered by steep banks 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is generally a sandy loam in the valleys, and sandy and gravelly on the hills. Starkville, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 190 inhabitants ; Van Ilornesville, (p. v.,) in the s. part, 1 church, a cotton factory, (not in operation,) a grist and saw mill, and 228 inhabitants. Smlttas Corners is a 1 Jonathan Millington, from Vt, Smith, Farley Fuller, Geo. Taylor, Roscum Slocum, Austiii & Son, Wm. Buck, Jeretaoiah Smith, Jotham Carpenter, Coon, and others, set- tled soon after ; and, in 1794, many others came in. The first mar- riage was that of Failey Fuller and Minerva Smith, in 1794 ; the .first death, that of a eon of — — Allen, and the second, that of Walte Robinson. The first school was taught by More- house, at Graves Hollow, and another, about the same time, by Stenoed. The first inn was kept by Jotham Carpenter, the first store by Swlotburn, at Graves Hollow, in 1797. The first sawmill was built in 1797, and the first gristmUl by Benj. Hinman, the same year. A cotton factory was built at Poland some years since. „ t, t, ,. s The census reports 4 churches m town; M. H., Wesb., Union, and Univ. ^ ^t, , 8 Named from Salisbury, Conn., whence many of the early settlers cams. This town includes part of the Jerseyfleld P^ tent and parts of the first, second, and fourth allotments of the Royal Grant. Several of the Indian children of Sir Wm. Johnson had tracts of land assigned to them m this jpart of the Royal Grant,-vii!. : William, 1,000 acres; Brant, 1.000; Anne, 8,000; SusanI 3,000; Mary,2,000; George, 3,000; Margaret, 2,000 ; ard'„,lon, — 1, aid Elizabeth, . Of these children, the last three were convicted of adhering to the enemy; hut, no record of conviction existing against the others, acts were passed by the Legislature, Feb. 26, 1796, and March 30, 1798, Jut arizing John Robinson, George Pearson, and James Coch- ran, purchasers under the Commissioners of Forfeiture, to re- ceive from the treasury the part of the purchase money which they had paid and convey back the lands. * John Faville and Cornelius Lamberson settled about 1778, near Burrills Corners ; Asa Sheldon and Ahyah Ford about 1793. Abial Pratt, Stephen Todd, Jabez Ayers. Jonathan Cole, -^ — Bidwell, Ira Bartholomew, Atwater Cook, Amos Ives, Moses De Witt, Low, Jonathan Hallet, and others, were early settlers. John Ford was the first child born; Elizabeth Eice taught the first school; Aaron Hackley kept the first inn and store, at Burrill's Comers. ^ 2 M. E., Bap., and Union. 8 This town contains the whole of East's Patent and parts of Cosby's Manor and Hasenclever's and Walton's Patents. 7 Among the early settlers were families named Ka-^ts. Star- rings. Widvig, Rymour, Lintz. and Bridenbecker. Judge Henri Starring (who is said to have granted the celebrated Yankee pass) formerly resided in this town. A store was kept on Cosby's Manor in 1766. 8 In 1757, M. De Belletre, with a body of French and Indians, traversed this road, and burned every house upon it within the town. — Senton's Herkinwr, p. 461. 9 Named in honor of Gen. Stark, of the Revdlution. Parts of Henderson's, L'Hommedieu's, Vaughan's, McNeil's, J. Vroo- man's, 0. Colden's, Livingston's, and Lansing's Patents are in this town. — Bmton^s HerkimertP. 453. 410 HERKIMER COUNTY. hamlet. Small settlements were commenced before 1775, but were broken up during the Reyolu- tion.^ The census reports 4 churches in town.^ WARREW*— was formed from German Flats, Feb. 5, 1796. Columbia was taken off in 1812. It lies centrally on the s. border of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest points being 500 to 800 feet above the Mohawk. The principal stream is Fish Creek, which flows s., and is bordered by steep banks 100 to 200 ft. high. Mud Lake, in the e., and Weavers and Youngs Lakes, in the s are small bodies of water. The soil is a sandy and clay loam. There are 2 small sulphur springs in town. Jordanville (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 125 inhabitants; Palest Corners (p.v.) a gristmill, sawmill, and 82 inhabitants ; Mttle I^aUes,* (Warren p. o.,) in the s. part, 1 church and 117 inhabitants. Crains Corners is a hamlet. Some settlements were commenced before the Revolution, by Germans from the Upper Valley .^ Elder Phineas Holcomb was the first settled minister in town, about 1793.® WII.MURT'— was formed from Russia and ''TFest Brunswick,'' (now Ohio,) May 3, 1836. This is the largest town in the State, and is one of the least populous. It includes the whole n. part of the CO., extending nearly 50 mi. in length, by about 16 mi. in breadth, entirely within the wild primeval forests of Northern New York. Its surface is rocky and mountainous, and the greater part is unfit for cultivation. In the deep valleys among the mountains are numerous beautiful, picturesque lakes, forming one of the finest features of the landscape,^ The soil is a sandy loam. The hills are usually covered with a thin growth of forest trees; but in the valleys only is found soil fit for profitable pasturage. The settlements are confined to the s. part. There is no p. o., villao-e, store, church, or gristmill in town. The lumber cut in this region is mostly floated down West Canada Creek, and manufactured at Prospect in the town of Russia. An attempt was made to settle the town in 1790, by Arthur Noble, the patentee, and a sawmill was built at that time ; but the project failed. It was again tried in 1793, with no better success. Toward the close of the last century, John Brown, a wealthy capitalist of Providence, R. I., who owned a large tract in this town, made an attempt at settlement; but his project failed. In 1812 his son-in-law, Chas. T. Ilarrisoff, made another attempt to settle upon this tract. He built a forge and sawmill, and cleared 2,000 acres ; but, the outlay bringing no return, and his supply of money from the e, being cut off, the project was abandoned, and the colonists returned to their respective homes.^ "WUVFIEliD^"— was formed from Litchfield, Richfield, (Otsego co.,) and Plainfield, (Otsego CO.,) April 17, 1816. The bounds of the co. were enlarged upon the formation of this town. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly, and forms the dividing upland l^etween the Mohawk and Unadilla Valleys, the general elevation being about 500 feet above the Mohawk. A range of hills in the s. e. rises about 200 ft. higher. The e. branch of the Unadilla flows s. through a deep valley in the w. part. Steels Creek, a tributary of the Mohawk, rises on the N. border. There is a sulphur spring near E. Winfield ; and several limestone quarries are found in different parts of the town. !East Winfield (Winfield p. o.) contains 30 houses; West Winfield (p. v.) 2 churches, the West Winfield Academy, a bank, 2 gristmills, 2 saw- 1 One of these Bettlements was on Otsquago Ci'eek, and consisted of the families of John ShuU, John Bronner, Tetherly, and others. Another settlement was commenced at The Kyle, so called. — Bentoji^s Herldmer, p. 463. The families of Walwrath, Adam Young, and others, were early settlers. Abraham Van Home, from N.J., settled in town in 1791, at what is now Van Hornesville. The first German school was taught by Garner, and the first English school by Haight. Abraham Van Horne built the first mills, soon after his settlement, and his sous kept the first store. 2 Bap., Bap, and Luth., M. E., and Union. 8 Named from Gen. Joseph Warreu, of the Revolution. This town embraces the principal part of Henderson and Theobald Young's Patents. 4 Called by the Indians Wa-i-on-tha. & Andrewstown, in the N. part, — then containing 7 families, — was plundered and burned by Brant in July, 1778. A part of the inhabitants were killed, and the remainder carried away captive. Young's settlement at the Lakes was spared by the Indians on account of the tory principles of the proprietor ; but the Ameri- can.s soon after plundered and burned this place in retaliation. In March, 1792, Samuel Cleland,from Mass., and his sons Norman, Salmon, Jonas, Martin, and Moses, settled in town. Danforth Abbott, Hugh Panell, Amos Allen, Elder Phineas llolcomb, Rich- ard Schooley Hull, Thomas, James, aod Garret Abeel, and ■ Thayer were early settlers. Stephen Luddington kept the first inn, Outhout & Vruoman the first store, and Isaac Freeman built the first gristmill, in 1795. The census reports 6 churches ; 4 M. B., Bap., and Eef. Prot. D. ' This immense town embraces parts of the Remsenburgh and Vrooman's Patents, Adgate'a, Brown's, Nobleborough, Moose River, and Watson's Tiacts, and Totten and Crosafield's Pur* chase. Brown's Tract is owned by Lyman R. Lyon, embraces 210,000 acres, and extends across the co. into Hamilton and Lewis cos. 8 Nos. 1 to 4 of the Fulton chain of lakes are sources of Mooao River; Transparent, Woodhull, Bisby, and Chub Lakes flow into Black River. Several of these lakes are used as reser- voirs for the canal. Upon the shores are large quantities of iron sand, derived from the abrasion of the rocks containing iron ore. Harrisoff continued upon the land until Dec. 19, 1819, when, disappointed at his immense losses and the utter ruin before him, he committed suicide. It is said that the day l)efore his death he made preparations for going to Providc'uce, and gave particular orders for his men to go out the next morning nfter he left and fill up a large hole that hitd been dug for ore. They went out to perform their labor ; but one of them went down to see if any tools had been left, and at the bottom he found Har- risoff, who had secreted himself 1hci-e, intending to be buried. The next day he accomplished his object by a pistol shot. 10 Named from Gen. Winfield Scott. This town comprised within its limits parts of Bayard's, Lispenard's, and Schuyler's Patents. HERKIMER COUNTY. 411 mills, a clover mill, and tannery. Pop. 381. IVortll TTinfield is a p. o. The first settlement was commenced in 1792.1 The census reports 3 churches.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Herkimer County. Names op Towns. Columbia Danube Fairfield Trankfort. German flats.. Herkimer litohfield Little Tails Manheim Newport Norway Ohio. Russia Salisbury Schuyler Stark Warren Wilmurt Winfleld. Acres of Land. 16,668 13,719 18,443i 15,611i 14,406i 13,371 13,829 12,369 14,667 16,233 14,604i 6,351J 20,360 17,218i 17,607 14,187 17,119i 705 12,665 6,134i 3,333 5,402 6,058 6,429 4,945i 4,118 3,686 2,741 4,289i 6,477* 14,201 14,869 47,608 4,871 3,903 6,954i 361,869 2,788 Valuation of 1858. Total I 267,414^ 605.657} 18,160,129 $303,103 402,033 584,368 492,367 488,203 638,960 1,115,664 267,106 694,744 365,130 245,470 128,225 369,062 641,694 666,741 286,753 433,404 273,708 74,624 ft. ft. 569,390 74,567 167,623 96,850 324,940 161,627 385,338 44,761 78,565 105,660 66,630 4,080 78,764 72,000 32,006 64,697 194,218 166,410 362,493 476,600 741,881 589,207 813,143 690,487 1,500,902 301,867 773,299 470,680 312,000 132,314 447,806 613,594 697,746 351,460 627,622 439,118 74,624 Population. 2,166,704 10,316,833 « 742 987 746 1,639 1,983 1,447 829 2,424 858 995 535 582 1,175 1,204 842 744 890 180 691 804 747 1,578 1,872 1,419 753 2,506 814 1,020 624 606 1,113 1,102 848 734 851 88 706 19,693 18,873 =1 ■s- 1_ 862 296 266 658 725 447 293 726 804 369 182 194 424 448 295 272 335 397 296 265 648 783 487 819 922 815 407 207 191 448 466 817 803 297 42 7,396 A. 804 188 440 407 606 308 207 413 207 283 150 186 374 336 106 224 281 29 186 5,2191 1187 It 6l 657 671 470 1,249 1,340 968 611 1,958 , 636 652 410 483 817 834 668 483 688 73 629 18,887 Names of Towns. Columbia Danube Fairfield. Frankfort .German Flats.. Herkimer Litchfield Little Falls Manheim Newport Norway Ohio Russia Salisbury Schuyler Stark Warren Wilmnrt Winfleld Total.. Live Stock. 706 639 429 679 667 614 436 469 461 374 2.57 219 525 453 644 603 673 29 331 930S 13,107 802 840 723 893 1,095 703 832 711 713 61' 389 392 729 842 717 742 872 34 621 1,801 1,937 3,763 1,369 1,524 2,266 1,676 2,176 3,320 2,688 2,137 500 2,326 1,827 2,296 1,640 1,917 46 1,664 S? 2,134 l,2il 621 1.576 1,105 862 952 449 363 340 154 331 1,062 491 1,009 1,821 2,904 39 769 1,208 1.486 1,247 1,004 1,387 930 1,271 1,890 1,263 652 201 821 734 1,461 919 836 19 607 Agricultdral Products. Bdsh. op Gbaih. 658 17,706 18,227i 516 3,101 94 1,308 6,381 1,596 673 605 280 92 1,417 187 2,900 1,241J 109 60 246 81,0184 76,929 44,811 94,636i 63,435 65.234 67,191 47,642i 44,428 49,227i 27,696} 19,143i 78,679 48,823J 146,510 90,309i 78,403 2,349 55,115 23,464i ],170,277i 78,254* 257,875 4,600 8,931J 6,982 4,610 3,649 4,201 3,880 4,939 7.234 3,786 3,294i l,149i 3,978 6.283; 4181 2.841i 6,306 87 4,421 If 18,572 10,794, 8,609 21,008 12,063 10,888 18,623 10,412 11,344 12,598 11,761 11,101 24,3S6 16,298 18,370 7,663 17,009 1,021 16,026 m-^ 27,029 14,416 37,772 21,828 17,687 20.626 36.411 17.615 15,174 21,256 8,635 33 17,175 9.310 14.224 16,6S6 19,782 18,442 DaIEV FBODITCnS. ft,m 79,985 62,090 76,623 111,708 64,377 98,641 78,826 69,270 87.633 70,530 38,145 80.650 94,661 65.219 76,000 00,140 83,136 8,350 64,805 333,901 1,806,877 0,068,519 0,B 363,309 843,125 1,288,820 78,365 286,500 379,200 895,679 587,500 1,087,200 829,989 549.823 68,220 661,426 694,600 685,450 140,205 374,299 700 625,210 1,237 1,046 645i 1,002} 769 1,366 340 204 605 620 530 768 1,483 1,001 765i 660 l,158i 40 14,110i 'Among the early settlers were Jos, Walker, Timothy Walker, Cant Nathan Brown,01ivcr Harwood, Oliver Corbit, Benj.Colo, and Bea Gile, from Mass. Abel Brace came in from Conn, in 1793 Josiah Harwood taught the first school, in 1794; Charles Draco kept tlie first inn, in 1794; John Dillingham the first store, in 1796. .Toseph Walker built the first saw and grist mill, soon after his settlement; Beiy, Harrington built the first clothing works, .it West Winfleld, about 1800. 2 M. E., Cong,, and Bap, OTSEGO COUNTY. This county was erected from Montgomery, Feb. 16, 1791, and em- braced the 2 original towns of Otsego and Cherry Valley. A part of Schoharie was taken off in 1795, and a part of Delaware in 1797. It lies upon the highlands at the head of Susquehanna River, s. e. , of the center of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from I Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a hilly upland, I divided into several ridges separated by deep, broad valleys. The ' declivities are generally gradual ; and the highest summits are 400 to 700 ft. above the valleys and 1,700 to 2,000 ft. above tide. The ridges have a general n. e. and s. w. direction. A high and rocky upland extends into the s. e. corner from Delaware, terminating upon Sohenevas Creek in an abrupt and wall-like declivity 300 to 500 ft. high. The other ridges of the co. have a nearly uniform elevation, and generally terminate in steep declivities upon the valleys of the streams. The principal streams are Dnadilla River, forming the w. boundary, Wharton and Butternut Creeks, Otego Creek, Susquehanna River, Cherry Valley and Schenevas Creeks. Charlotte River forms a small portion of the s. boundary. Besides these, there are a large number of smaller creeks and brooks, tributaries to the above. A few small streams rise in the n. e. corner and flow into the Mohawk. Otsego Lake, in theN. e. part, is a fine sheet of water 9 mi. long and from 1 to 3 mi. broad. It is 1,193 ft. above tide, and is sur- rounded by hills 400 to 500 ft. high. Its outlet forms the principal head branch of the Susque- hanna. Schuyler Lake, N.w. of Otsego, is a similar sheet of water, 5 mi. long. The other bodies of water in the co. are small ponds. The rocks in the n.e. corner consist of the limestones of the Helderbergh division. The hills in the s. part are composed of the shales of the Hamilton group and the shales and sandstones of the Portage and Chemung groups. The summits in the extreme s. part and s. e. corner are crowned by the red sandstone and shales of the Catskill group. Al- most all the valuable quarries of the co. are found in the limestone region of the N. e. The soil in the N. B. is a good quality of gravelly and calcareous loam ; but further south it is a clay and shaly loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys. The uplands are best adapted to grazing ; and the river intervales are well adapted to the cultivation of grain. The people are principally engaged in stock raising and dairying. More hops are raised in this co. than in any - other in the State. The manufacturing interests are limited, though the available water-power is very great. The county seat is located at Cooperstown, in the town of Otsego, at the foot of Otsego Lake.^ The courthouse is a brick edifice in the w. part of the village.'' The jail, near by, is built of stone, but has few of the modern improvements or conveniences. The average number of inmates is 8, supported at a weekly cost of ?3.00 each. The clerk's ofSce is a fireproof brick build- ing, contiguous to the courthouse. The co. poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 153 acres in Middlefield, 4 mi. s. of Cooperstown. Its average number of inmates is 90. The children attend the district school. The farm yields a revenue of $1,400. The general arrangement and manage- ment of this institution are far better than the average. The only work of internal improvement in the CO. is the Albany & Susquehanna R. R., now in process of construction. It extends along Susquehanna River and Schenevas Creek, through Unadilla Otego, Oneonta, Milford, Maryland, and Worcester. Three weekly newspapers are published in the co.' 1 Tliom:iB Farrington. of Tioga, Alvin Bronaon, of Oswego, and Aifhiliiild Campbell, of DutcheBS, were the commiasioners appnl till to locate the CO. aeat. 2 Thi; lir^t county ofBcera were Wm. Cooper, First Judge; Jacob ■>Iorris, Vnmtij Clerk; Kichard V.^mlOi, Sheriff ; and JamCH Ciinnon, SurnigaU. 3 Ilie Otsego Herald and JTcs/era^rfDfrtMiT.thefirat paper pub- lished in the co., and the second in the State w. of Albany, was commenced at Cooperstown, April 3, 1795, by Elihu Phinney. a native of Conn. Mr. I'hinney con- tinued its publication until 1803, when he died. It was then ijublished by hia sons, E. & H. Phlnnoy, until 1821, when it was discontinued. Tht Impartial Observer was established at Cooperstown in 1808 412 by William Andrews. It soon after paased to John II. PrentiHB, who changed its name to TJw Gooperstinun Federalist, under which title It was published until 11-2'^. when the name wuh aijjiin changed to The Freeman's Jonrnal. In 18,'jO it passed into the hands of tfamuel M. fchaw, by whom it is now pub- lished. Th£ Otsego Republican was published at Cherry Valley in 1812 by Clark & Crandal. The, Watchiower was established at Cherry Valley in 1813. In 1814 it was removed to Cooperatown, whore it was published by Israel W. Chirk until May, 1817, when Edward B. Crandal became proprietor, and continued the publication until 1831. OTSEGO COUNTY. 413 The first settlement m this co. was made at Cherry Valley, in 1740, by John Lindesay, who, with ■3 others, held a patent for a tract of 8,000 acres lying in thattown.^ Mr. Lindesay was a Scotch gentleman of some fortune and distinction, and, by his influence, induced a settlement on his lauds ot several tamihes, comprising about 30 persons, originally from Scotland and Ireland. A few years later, smaU settlements were made in the present towns of Springfield, Middlefleld, Laurens, Utego, and at other points in the valley of the Susquehanna. These settlements then formed the extreme outposts m the advance of civilization west. They increased very slowly, in consequence ot the tear of Indian hostilities. In 1765, 25 years after the first settlement, but 40 families had located at Cherry VaUey. At the commencement of the Revolution it was still a frontier settle- ment. On the 11th of Oct. 1778, it was attacked by the tories and Indians, under the lead of Butler and Brant, and a horrible massacre ensued. The family of Robert Wells, father of the late John Wells of New York, consisting of 12 persons, were brutally murdered ; and one of the tories boasted that he killed Mr. Wells while at prayer. John Wells, the only member of the family who escaped, was at school in Schenectady at the time. The wife and daughter of Mr. Dunlop were murdered in cold blood, as were also the wife and 4 children of Mr. Mitchell. Thirty-two of the inhabitants, mostly women and children, and 16 Continental officers and soldiers, were killed; the residue of the inhabitants were taken prisoners and carried ofi', and all the buildings in the place were burned. All the frontier settlements were ravaged, and nearly every building, except those belonging to tories, was burned. These horrible outrages aroused the whole country', and in 1779 Gen. Sullivan, at the head of a large body of troops, was sent against the Western tribes. In Feb. Gen. Clinton, with a force of 1,200 men, marched up the Mohawk, and thence opened a road to Otsego Lake, a distance of 20 mi. At the foot of the lake he halted and built a dam across the outlet, and prepared boats to descend the stream. When the lake was sufficiently high, the boats were launched, the dam was broken down, and the army descended the river on the flood thus pro- duced. The Indians upon the banks, witnessing the extraordinary rise of the river at midsummer without any apparent cause, were struck with superstitious dread, and in the very outset were disheartened at the apparent interposition of the Great Spirit in favor of their foes. Gen. Clinton's forces joined Sullivan on the Chemung. At the close of the war, settlements progressed with great rapidity ; and much of the best land in the co. was taken up before the fertile lands in the western part of the State were opened to immigration. In late years the progress of the co. has not been so rapid as that of other sections of the State, from the fact that no great work of public improvement has yet been constructed within its limits, and hence it is comparatively isolated and difficult of access. BURliIHrGTOlV— was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Pittsfield was taken off in 1797, and Edmeston in 1808. It is an interior town, lying n. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into 3 general ridges extending n. and s. These ridges are about 400 ft. above the valleys, and are arable to their summits. The streams are Butternut Creek, flowing s. through the center, and Wharton Creek, flowing s. w. through the w. part. The soil upon the hills is a slaty loam, in many places underlaid by hardpan, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. The Tocsin was established at Cooperstown in June, 1829, by Dutton & Hews, and was published by them until 1831, when it took the Dame of The Otsepo Bepubtican. It was issued by Dutton & Hopktos ihr about 1 year; by Hopkins alone, 1 year; Hop- kins & Clark, a year; by A. W. Clark, about 1 year; and by Andrew W. Barber, 4 or 6 years. In 1845 it was isiued by J. K. Williams & Co. Soon after it again came into the possession of A. W. Barber, and was con- tinued by him until his death, in Aug. 1856. In Oct. 1865, the paper was united with The Otsego Democrat, and issued as TUe KepwWlcall and Democrat, under which title it is now published by James J. llendrix. TJie Otxeoo Democrat was commenced at Cooperstown in 1846 by .lames J. Hendrix, and was published by him until it was merged with the Hepuljlican in 1866. TJu Otit school was taught by Samuel Thur- ™r lams ■?i.e flr^tdsktt is snpposed to have been that of 'HT,j:?;n*u"reports 2 chnrches; M. E. and Bap. « At th^ clMe of the war, Col. Edmeston, for h.s military ser- TiceBrSeived the grant of a tract of land covering n tegj POf: diana and detained to th" "'°'S,°'^^r^ttlera on the Unadilla; Gideon De Forest were ™ongtto ear y^«'^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^ ^^ CorfoTS|lo'?™:^ra^X'flmUoolwas tiiu^ht. Ruins Graves kept the first inn; and James Kena(to erected the first gristmill, both at Edmeston Center. 4 The census reports 5 churches; 2 Bap., 7th da. Bap., M.E., and Univ. 6 About the same time, or soon after, Asa Wimams settled in the s. part of the town ; Joshua and Caleb Angel, on Angel Hill ; Seth Tubba and Bethel Martin, at West Exeter; and M. Cush- man, on the Rockdunga. Eliphalet Brockivay kept the first inn, at Schuyler Lake ; and C. Jones the first store, in 1810. John Hartshomo erected the first gristmill, on HerkSmer Creek. 8 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. B., Cong., Bap., Prot. E., and Union. 7 Named from Christopher Hartwick, the patentee of the Hartwick Patent. . . „ 8 Tliis institution, estabUshedm 1S16, was originally endowed by John Christopher Hartwick with a fnnd of $80,000. » The Union Cotton Factory was erected in 1809, and burned down and rebuilt in 1848. It gives employment to about 40 hands. 10 The Clinton Factory, erected in 184j , gives employment to 36 hands, and turns out 624,000 yards of printed cottons per annum. 416 OTSEGO COUNTY. Reyolution.' The first church (Bap.) was formed Aug. 19, 1795 ; Rev. John Bostwick was the first settled preacher.^ I. AUREUS— was formed from Otsego, April 2, 1810. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. With the exception of the broad valley of Otego Creek, the surface is high and hilly It is drained s. by Otego Creek and several tributiji'ies, among which are Harrisons and Camps Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, in some parts slaty, and generally produc- tive One and a half mi. w. of Laurens is a sulphur spring. I^urens, (p. v.,) on Otego Creek, in the E. part, was incorp. April 22. 1834. It contains 3 churches, 2 flouring mills, the Otsego Cotton Mills,^ an iron foundery, and a tannery. Pop. 726. JacUsonville, (Mount Vision p. 0.,) in the n. e. comer, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, and about 30 houses. West I^aurens (p. v.) contains about 15 houses. Settlements were made in this town prior to the Revolution, by Joseph Marshall and Richard Smith, a little n. of Laurens Village ; by John Sleeper, at the village; and by Wm. Ferguson, a little s. of it.* The first religious association was formed by the Friends, who erected a meetinghouse in 1800.^ MARYI^AHfD— was formed from Worcester, March 25, 1808. It lies on the s. line of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Sche- nevag Creek flows s. w. through near the center and receives several tributaries from the n. South Hill, a steep, unbroken ridge 350 to 500 ft. above the valleys, extends along the s. bank of the creek through the town ; and from its summit the surface spreads out into a rocky and broken upland, extending into the s. border. The soil is principally a sandy loam, and is best adapted to grazing. IHfaryland, (p-'V.,) near the center of the town, contains a church and 20 houses; Schenevus, (p. v.,) near the e. border, a church, tannery, and 883 inhabitants. Chaseville is a p. 0. The first settlement was made by Thomas Thompson and his son John, from Columbia CO., in 1798.^ The first religious association (Presb.) was formed at an early period ; Rev. Mr. Ralph was the first preacher.'^ MIDDL.EFIEL.D— was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center erf the co. The surface is a hilly upland, abruptly descending to Otsego Lake and Outlet, which form its w. boundary. The summits of the hills are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The e. branch of the Susquehanna flows s. w. through the e. part. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, lit iddlefield Center, (p. v.,) in the n. part of the town, contains 15 dwellings. ClarliSVille,^ (Middlefield p. o.,) on Cherry Valley Creek, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 260 inhabitants. The first settlement was made about 1755, by emigrants originally from Ireland and Scotland.* The first religious association (Presb.) was formed by Rev. Andrew Oliver, in 1805 ; tiie first church edifice was erected in ISOS.^** MIIjFORD— was formed from Unadilla, Feb. 5, 1796, as ** Suffrage.'' Its- name was changed April 8, 1800. It is an interior town, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two distinct ridges by the Susquehanna, which flows s. w. through the town. The valley is deep and bordered by steep hillsides- Crumhorn Mt., on the e. border, is 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys ; and the w. hills are 300 to 400 ft. high. Crumhorn Lake, a body of water 3 mi. in circumference, lies upon the summit of Crumhorn Mt. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. MUford Center (Milford p. o.) contains 1 church and 15 houses; Collierville and 1 Lot Crosby and Stephen Skiff were among the first settlers at Hartwick Village, and Elijah and Riifus Hawkina and N. Lyon in the n. e. part of the town. James Butterfleld kept the first iun, and Daniel Laurens the first store, at what is called White House. The first mill was erected by Samuel Mudge, at Hartwick Village. 2 The census reports 6 churches; 2 Christian, Bap., Luth., Presb., and M. E. 3 This factory was erected in 1848, by an investment of $40,000. It employs 40 persons, and makes sheetings exclusively, to the value of $50,000 per annum. 4 Erastua Crafts kept the first inn, about 1812; and Erastus and Ezra Dean, the first store. John Sleeper erected the first gristmill, and Daniel Johnson the first fectory. 5 The census reports 6 churches ; 2 M. E., Friends, Bap., Chris- tian, aod Presb. fi In 1794, Josiah Chase, Col. J. Houghton, Ezekiel Rice, and Caleb Byington, from Vt., and Daniel Houghton and Wilder Rice, settled near Schenevus, Daniel Slaver, from Mass., settled at Schenevus, and Joseph Howe on Elk Creek. The first grist- oiiU was built by Israel Spencer, and the first sawmill by Jotham Houghton, in 1795, on Schenevas Creek. Josiah Chase kept the first inn, near Roseville; and Stephen Q. Virgil the first fulling and cloth dressing mill. The first death was that of John Rice, killed by the fall of a tree. 7 The census reports 4 churches ; 3 M. E., and Bap. 8 About 2 mi. n. of Clarksville la a rock called by the Indians Nis-ka-yu-na, (probably moaning Council Rock,) where various tribes from the 8. were accustomed to meet the Mohawks in council. In former days the rock was covered with hierogly- phics, but from Its ehaly nature all are now obliterated. 8 Among those who settled prior to the Revolutionary War were Wm. Cook, Daniel, Benjamin, and Reuben McColliimi Samuel and Andrew Wilson, Andrew Cochran, Andrew Cameron, and Hall, all in the N. part of the town. They came from the N. of Ireland, but were mostly of Scotch descent. Among those who settled near the close of and after the war were Ben- jamin Gilbert, in the n. part, in 1780 ; Reilben Beals, in the s. part, in 1786 ; Wm. Compton, Bernard Temple, Rice, Stephen and Thomas Pratt, Whitney Juvill, and Mosea Rich, all from Mass., and Wm. Cook, from England, in 1787; Dunham, Wm. Temple, and Daniel Moore, from New England, in the a. part of the town, soon after. Hannah Hubbell taught the first school, about 1790. Alexander McCoUimi and Andrew Cameron kept the first inna, and Benjamin Johnson the first store, in 1790. Mr. McCoUum also built the first sawmill, before the war ; and Moses Rich the first gristmill, in 1795. ^<> The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 Bap,, Presb., and OTSEGO COUNTY. 417 Portlandville are p. offices. The first settlement was made on the Susquehanna, about 1770 by a squatter named Carr. As the settlements made at that period were broken up by the border wars which followed, httle or no progress was made until the close of the Kevolution.i The first religious services (Cong.) were held near Milford Village, in 1793, by Key. Reed, the first preacher. The census reports 6 churches.^ MORRIS— was formed from Butternuts, April 6, 1849. It lies upon the w. border of the co., s. ot the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two principal ridges by Butternut treek, which flows s. w. through near the center. The w. ridge terminates in a series of steep bluifs bordering upon UuadiUa River, which forms the w. boundary of the town. The soil upon the uplands is composed of clay, gravel, and disintegrated slate, and in the valleys of gravelly loam. I.ouisvtlle, (Morris p. o.,) on Butternut Creek, contains 4 churches, 2 cotton factories, 3 tanneries, a gristmill, and several other manufacturing establishments.' Pop. about 400. Staple Qrove is a p. o. The first settlement was made about 1770, by Andre Renouard, at Elm Grove, and Louis and Paschal Franchot, at Louisville, emigrants originally from France.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Aug. 28, 1793 ; Rev. John Lawton was the first preacher.^ IVETf liISBOnr— was formed from Pittsfield, April 7, 1806, as "Lisbon." Its name was chaiiged April 6, 1808. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into several ridges by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest sum- mits are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Butternut Creek, flowing s. through the w. part, ajid Otego Creek, in the e. Gilberts Lake is a small sheet of water on the s. border. The soil upon the uplands is a clay and slaty loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam. OarrattSTllle, (p. v.,) on Butternut Creek, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, dis- tillery, and fork factory. Pop. 192. IVoblcsville (New Lisbon p. o.) contains a church, grist- mill, and 25 dwellings. New Lisbon Center and Stlti^onvllle are hamlets. The first settlement was made in 1775, by William Lull and Increase Thurston.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed at New Lisbon Center, in 1804, by Elder S. Gregory. A Cong, church was formed the same year by Rev. Wm. Stone.' OIVEORTTA — ^was formed from Unadilla, Feb. 5, 1796, as " Otego." Its name was changed April 17, 1830. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of the Susquehanna, which extends n. e. and s. w. through the s. part. A range of hills 500 ft. high extends along the s. e. bank of the Susquehanna and occupies the 8. border of the town. The center and n. part are hilly, and broken by narrow and irregular valleys. The summits are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The soil is composed of gravel, slate, and clay on the uplands, and gravelly loam and alluvium upon the river bottoms. Oneonta, (p. V.,) on the Susquehanna, in the s. part of the town, was incorp. Oct. 14, 1848. It contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, an iron foundery, tannery, gristmill, sawmill, and distillery. Pop. 678. West Oneonta (p. v.) contains 15 dwellings. Settlements were made on the Susquehanna, at and near the village of Oneonta, before the breaking out of the Revolution, by Henry Scramlin and Youngs.' The first religious association (Presb.) was formed at Oneonta Village in 1786 ; Rev. Alexander Conkey was the first settled preacher, when the church was built in 1816.' 1 Matthew Cully, from Cherry Valley, and George Mumford settled near Milford Center in 1783. Abraham and Jacob Beals, and a family named Ford, all from Mass., settled at and near Milford Village in 1T84. Henry Scott, from Ireland, settled a little N. of the village in 178B. The first child born was David Bejils, in Sept. 178ft; the first marriage, that of James Brown and Rhoda Marvin, in 1788; and the first death, that of Mrs. Beals about the snme time. Increase Niles taught the first school in 1790. Matthew Cully and Isaac Collier kept the first inn below Milford Village, and Isaac Edsrm the first store, at the Tillag ■ in 1794. The first gristmill was erected by David Cully, in lils' and the first sawmill by Matthew CuUy, in 1792-93. 2 2 M E.. Presb.. Bap., Christian, and Friends. ' The Butternuts Cotton and Woolen Factory was erected at the village of Louisville in 1812. It employs 40 hands, and ma ufictures sheetings to the yalueof$6q,000 per annum. « Heniamin, Joseph, Caleb, Benjamm, jr., and Nathan Lull and Jritthan Moore, from Dutchess co., settled at Louisville in 1773 Andrew Cathcart, Jacob Morris, and Ebenezer Knapp were sl^o among the early settlers. The flrrt nMrriage v™ that of Joseph Lull and Martha Knapp, in 1776. The first inn was kept by Stuigess Bradley, and the first store by Louis and Zchal FrJnchoSat Louisrtlle. Louis Do Villier erects the flr»t Kristraill, on Aldrich Creek, and Paschal Franchot, John C. Morris and A. G. Washburn the first factory ,^. ™ e The census reports 5 churches; Bap., Fnends, Prot. E., M. E., and Univ. * Among the other early settlers were S. W, Park, Moses Thurston, Hugliey Marks, 0. Park, William Pierce, Brook, John Johnson, William and John Garrutt, all in the vicinity of Garrattsville. Elnathan Nobles was among the first settlers at Noblesville; from him the place derives its name, Joseph Baldwin and John L, Stitsnn were among the fii-st settlers at Stitsonville. In 1778 the fii-st settlers were driven off by the Indians and tories. Tlieir buildin.'S were burned and their crops destroyed. After tlie close of the war, all the first settlers returned to their improvements, Sally Thurston was the firat child bom in town ; James McCollum taught the first school ; Charles Eldredge k"pt the first inn, in the s part of the town ; and William Garratt the first store, at Giirrattsville, Louis De Villier, a Frenchman, erected the first mill, 7 lie census reports 3 churches iu town; Bap., Cong., and M.B. B Aaron Brink. Frederick Brown, and McDonald were among the early settlers at Oneonta Tillage, James Youngs settled at the mouth of Charlotte River; Baltus Himmel, N, of the village; Abraham Houghtaling, Jacob fcllias Brewer, and Peter Swartz, in the N, part of the town, in 1786; and Josiah Peck, on Oneonta Creek, The first birth was that of Abraham Houphtaling 2d, in 1786. Baltus Iliramel kept the first inn, and Peter Dininey the first store. John Tanderwerker erected the first gristmill. > The census reports 6 churches; 2 M. E., Bap., Prosb., and F. W. Bcp. 418 OTSEGO COUNTY. OTEOO— was formed from Franklin, (Delaware co.,) and Unadilla, April 12, 1822, as ^^HunU- vilW Its name was changed April 17, 1830. It lies on the s. border of the co., w of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two unequal parts by the Susquehanna, which flows s. w. through the s. part. The n. part is separated into ridges 200 to 400 ft. high, all extending n. and s The principal streams are Mill Creek, East and West Brooks, Otsdawa, and Elaz Creeks, and Center Brook. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. Otego, (p. v.,) on the Susquehanna, contains 4 churches and 331 inhabitants; Otsdawa, (p. v.,) on Otsdawa Creek, contains a church, tannery, mill, and 20 dwellings. Center Brook is a p. o. on the stream of the same name Settlements were made in this town, along the Susquehanna, soon after the close of the Revolution ; but the precise date of the first settlement is not known.^ The first church (Presb.) was organized at Otego Village, Sept. 17, 1805 ; Bev. Abner Benedict was the first preacher.^ OTSEGO— was formed as a part of Montgomery co., March 7, 1788, and originally included the greater part of Otsego co. Burlington, Richfield, and Unadilla were taken off in 1792, Hart- wick in 1802, and Laurens in 1810. It is an interior town, lying upon the w. bank of Otsego Lake, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, lying between Otsego and Schuy- ler Lakes and descending abruptly towards each. The summits are 300 to 500 ft. above the water, the uplands being divided into two ridges by the valley of Fly Creek, which flows s. through the center. The two lakes form the sources of the Susquehanna. The soil is clay, gravel, and sandy loam. Cooperstown, (p. v.,) at the foot of Otsego Lake, was incorp. April 3, 1807, by the name of " Otsego:' Its name was changed to Cooperstown June 12, 1812. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 5 churches, a bank, 3 newspaper offices, an academy ,3 the buildings of the Cooperstown Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute,* a flouring mUl, and various manu- facturing establishments.^ The location of the village is pleasant and attractive from its many elegant private residences and historic associations. Pop. about 1,500.« Fly CreeU, (p. v.,) upon the stream of the same name, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,^ and 30 houses. OaBiSTiile, (p. V.,) s. of the center, contains a church, factory, and 15 houses. Otse^o I^aRe and ToddsviJle are p. offices. The first settlements were made at Cooperstown and Fly Creek, in 1784-85, by Judge AVm. Cooper, "Wm. Jarvis, William Ellison, Israel Guild, John Howard, and Elisha Finney.^ The first religious association (Presb. and Cong.) was formed Dec. 29, 1798 ; Pvev. Isaac Lewis was the first preacher.^ PITXSFIEIiD — was formed from Burlington, March 24, 1797. New Lisbon was taken off in 1806. It is centrally situated upon the w. line of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, termi- nating in abrupt declivities upon Unadilla River, which forms its w. boundary. "Wharton Creek flows across the n. w. corner, and several small tributaries of Butternut Creek flow through the s. part. The soil is generally a slaty and gravelly loam. Pittsfield, (p. o.,) on the Una- dilla, contains 10 houses. The first settlements were made in the valley of the Unadilla, about 1793, by Jacob Lull, Aaron Nobles, Hubbard Goodrich, and Matthew Bennett.^** The first church (Bap.) was formed at an early period, in the s. e. part of the town. The only church (Union) now in town was organized in the e. part in 1849. 1 Eansom Hunt, Abraham Elakesley, John Birdsall, Benjamin ] Cummings, Jacob Yates, Joseph Pierce, and Barnard OTerhjer, ■were among the first settlers at Otego Village and along the river. Phineas Cook settled on the e. branch of the Otsdawa in 1800, and built there the first cloth dressing mill, in 1801. Kausom Hunt kept the first inn, and erected the first gristmill in town. Thaddeus R. Austin opened the first store. 2 The census reports 6 churches ; Preab., Prot. E., Bap., F. W. Bap., OhristiaD, and M. E. 3 The first academy was formed in 1795, and the building burned down March 31, 1809, and was subsequently rebuilt. It has been sustained, and has prospered for most of the time, for half a century. * This institution was established and opened in 1854, and eufcensive and commodious buildings were erected at a cost of $5j0,000. It started with J. L.G. McKown as Principal, ■wad^wttii- rndioatifma^-pe^^apeut prosperity )i but at_suspeBded.«QiieEa- _ tiona^in-lSSi.f , ''■| 6 The Hope Cotton Factory, erected in 1813, with an aggre- gate capital of about $100,000, has through a long series of years given amployment to 80 persona. After undergoing var rious changes in constmction, machinery, and proprietor- ship, the estabtiahment is still continued, with reduced opera- tions. 6 J. Fenimore Cooper, the novelist, resided here; and hie mansion and grounds were among the finest in Central N. Y. ■ 7 At this place is a fork factory, with a capital of $76,000, em- ploying 30 men , a pail factory ; a manufactory of agricultui-al implements and machinery, employing a capital of $25,000; and a foundery and machine shop, employing 25 men. " John Miller, Widow Johnson, Wm. Abbott, and Averell settled in 1786. The first child born was Wm. Jarvis, at Fly Creek, in 1787. The first deaths in town were those of two de- serting soldiers, who were shot by order of Gen. Clinton, in 1779, before the settlements were commenced. The first school wiia taught at Cooperatown, by Joshua Dewey, in 1788. Wm. Ellison opened the first inn, in 1786; and Judge Wm. Cooper the first store, in 1789-90. The first mill was erected by Samuel Tubbs, at ToddsviUe, in 1790. In 1779, General Clinton, on hie way to join Sullivan's expedition, built a dam across the outlet of the lake to raise the waters sufficiently to float down the Susque- hanna the boat, containing his men and military stores. The remains of this dam are still visible. In 1784, Gen. Washing- ton, on a journey of observation, visited the foot of Otsego Lake. In 1786, John Miller felled a large tree across the outlet to serve aa a bridge. Judge Cooper removed his family from N. J. in 1790. 8 The census reports 10 churches ; 3 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 Univ., Prot. E., Bap., and R. C. 10 Seth Harrington and Benj. Eddy settled in the e. part of the to%vn soon aiter the settlements on the Unadilla. The first school was taught by Benjamin Pendleton, at Pittsfield P. 0. Matthew Bennett kept the first inn, in 1797, and Henry Randall the first store, in 1810, at the P. 0. Benj. Atwell built the first mill, and the Arkwright Manufacturing Company the first cotton factory, both on the Unadilla. OTSEGO COUNTY. 419 thTt^Z^^^^r~7T ?™"^ f'"^ ^''^^'^^' ^^''^ 25, 1799. It is the n. w. corner town of borde ;d by Ztu2 ril t T. TK^^'^'"'- ''-^^^'- ^iver, forming the w. boundary, is rnadUla tolKsLT?°.^"^"'^^' °^ ^°° *° ^°° ^*- '^^^ ^°" ^^ ^ "^^^y ^"^ sandy loam. tains 2 churohesahoP f; ;' « •■'"''°''°'' °^ *•"' ^- ^''"^ ^- l^'-aticlies of Unadilla Kiver, con- field Centr T- I' ^"^"'^S '"^"' '^^""^ll- "^"d machine shop. Pop. 253. Piain- arilvlHe ?" ?T.' V""!-. ^""^ '' '°"^^^' Spooner. Corners is'ap. 0.; I^eon- IvZe !t indnl P- r-^"n' '" ^^ " P'^*' ^^ """^^^^ ^'^ M^'^^-'^ -• ^he first Settlement KUbourS ' Tht T\ I ui ""T"' '" "''' ^y ^"Sg'«^ SP''^"-' ^l'^« Wright, and John Walrriirfirst preached " ^^''^ "" '""^' ^"'^ *'^ "^"^^^ ^^^^^'^^ ^'^ ^«0°= ^- ^"^'^ off'L'^^f' ^,''".7'''''/''™''^ ^'""^ °*''S°' "^P^l ^0' "92. Exeter and Plainfield were taken hint wVfh '' , extreme northern town of the co. Its surface is rolling and moderately Se';f the heTd'V r?r °' '■'' *° '°° ^- ^'°^' ''='^'^^^«'- I'ake,-Pray and NiL Hills, on either Ss a deen ™11 ^ 1-ke, r:s:ng about 200 ft. higher. Schuyler Lake, in the s. E. corner, occu- pies a deep valley ; and into it flow several small streams from the N. and w. The soil is of a diver- 1ZlfZ^Tc^'' ""''f *7g °f S'^^^^^' ^l^te. «lay. and sandy loam, well cultivated and productive. About 500,000 pounds of cheese are made in the town annually,-being more than double that made m any other town in the co. Richfield Springs, (p. v.,) near the head of Schuyler Lake, in the N. E. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, a flouring mill, and 368 inhabitants.' Monti- cello, (Richfield p. 0.,) near the center, contains a church and 139 inhabitants. Mayflower IB a p o; Brighton contains about 15 houses. Settlements were made prior to the Revolution- but they were broken up during the war. The first settlers after the war were John Kimball' Richard and AYm. Pray, John Beardsley, Joseph Coats, and Seth Allen, in 1787.* The first church (Prot. E.) was formed at Monticello, May 20, 1799; Rev. Daniel Nash was the first pastor.^ ROSEBOOM"— was formed from Cherry Valley, Nov. 23, 1854. It lies on the e. border of the CO., N. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of several streams. The hills are generally rounded, and their summits elevated 300 to 350 ft. above Schoharie Kil. The soil is a gravelly loam. Roseboom, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, on the line of Middlefield, contains a church and 111 inhabitants; and South Talley, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, 2 churches and 175 inhabitants. Pleasant Brook (p. 0.) is a hamlet.' The settlements in this town ■were commenced about 1800. There are 5 churches in town.' SPRIJVGFIEIiB— was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. It lies upon the n. line of the CO., E. of the center. The surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, the hills gene- rally rising about 200 ft. above the valleys. Mt. "Wellington, e. of the head of Otsego Lake, in the s. part of the town, is 300 to 400 ft. high. Summit Lake, in the N. part, in high water discharges its waters both n. and s. The streams are small brooks. In the N. part is a deep sink, called " The Chyle," into which a considerable stream of water runs and flows through a subterranean passage to Braman's Factory, where it again appears on the surface. The sink is tunnel-shaped, 240 feet in circumference and 15 ft. deep. After heavy rains it is sometimes filled with water, which, while discharging through the orifice below, often moves round in rapid gyrations. The soil is a black and yellow loam, resting upon limestone and slate. More hops are grown in this town than in any other town in the co. Springfield Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 15 1 Sam'l Williams settled on the TTnadilla, in the n. part, and Benj. and Abel Clark, at the Forks, about the same time. The first school waa taught at Spooners Corners, by Jas. Robinson, in 1797-98. Wm. Lincoln kept the first inn, at Lloydville. and Luce & Woodward the first store. Capt. Caleb Brown built the first mill, in 1806, on the Unadilla. 2 The census rppoits 4 churchei; 2 F. W. Bap.. Presb., Bap. 8 Kichfield Springs — from whi h Ihe village derives its name- are celebrated for (heir medicinal propeitii'S in the cure of cuta- neous disorders, and large nnmbfrs of i ivalidnaie annually at- tracted here. Professor Keidhasgivnthfollovvingas the result of an aualysis of a wine-gallon of the w.iter of these springs : — Grains. Bicarbonate of magnesia J^O Bicarbonate of lime 10 Chloride of sodnim and magnesia 1.5 Sulphate of magnesia 30 Hydrosulphate of magnesia and lime 2 Sulphate of lime 20 Solid matter l°''-° 236.10 Snlphuretted hydrogen gas, 26.9 inches. i Wm. Tunnicliff, Ban'I Hawks, John Hatch, Ebenezer Eaton, and Jos. Rockwell settled at or near Richfield Springs in 1789; Obadiah Beardsley and his son Obadiah, jr., the father and grandfather of the Lite Levi Beardsley, and Hon. Samuel Beardsley. of Utica, settled near Schuyler Lake in 1790. The first birth was that of Jos. Beardsley; and the first marriage that of Ebenezer Hussell and Mrs. Moore. James S. Palmet taught the first school, at Richfield Springs ; Israel Rawson kept the first inn, and Cyrus Robinsnn the first store, at the Springs ; William Tunnicliff erected the first mill, at the same place. 5 The census reports 7 churches ; 3 M. B., 2 Prot. E., Presb., and Univ. * Named from Abram Roseboom, one among the earliest settlers. J Abram Roseboom erected the first sawmill and carding and fulling mill, in 1800, at Lodi; Dan'l Antisdale kept the first inn and the first store, at the same place in 1832. The first gristmill was erected at Lodi, by Cornelius Law, in 1818. 8 The census reports churches ; 2 M. E., Evan. Luth., Chris- tian, and Bap, 420 OTSEGO COUNTY. houses ; and East Spriug-ffleld (p. v.) a church and 20 houses. Springfield is a p. o. near the '-enter. The first settlements were made in 1762, by John Kelly, Richard Ferguson, and James Young, from Ireland, at East Springfield ; and Gustavus Klumph and Jacob Tygart, at the head of Otsego Lake. Most of these settlers were driven oflf during the war.' The first church (Bap.) was formed at an early period ; Rev. Fairmau was the first preacher.^ UW ADIliIiA— was formed from Otsego, April 10, 1792. Butternuts " Suffrage," now Milford, and " Otego," now Oneonta, were taken off in 1796, and a part of " Suntsville," now Otego, in 1822. It lies at the junction of Unadilla and Susquehanna Rivers, in the s. w. corner of the CO. The surface is a rolling and hilly upland, the highest summits being 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Besides the two rivers, forming respectively the w. and s. boundaries, the principal stream is Sand Hill Creek, in the e. part. The soil on the river bottoms is an alluvial loam and on the uplands a slaty and gravelly loam. ITnadilla, (p. v.,) on the Susquehanna, was incorp. April 2, 1827. It contains 3 churches, the Unadilla Academy, a bank, newspaper office, cotton factory, furnace, 2 tanneries, a flouring mill, sawmill, paper mill, and various other manufactories. Pop. 795. Unadilla Center (p. v. ) contains a church and 15 houses. Settlements were made at Unadilla, along the valley of the Susquehanna, prior to the Revolution ; of the precise date, and by whom, no records or tradition inform us.^ A conference took place between Gen. Herkimer and Bran-t, the Indian warrior, at Unadilla, in July, 1777. The first church (Prot. E.) was formed Nov. 1, 1809 ; Rev. Russell "Wheeler was the first pastor.* WESTFORD — was formed from "Worcester, March 25, 1808. It is an interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly, the highest summits being 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys. The declivities are generally gradual, and mostly arable. It is drained s. by Cherry Valley and Elk Creeks. The soil is a sandy loam of good quality. "Westford, (p. v.,) a little E. of the center of the town, contains 2 churches and 12 houses. Westville, (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains 3 churches and 15 houses. The first settlements were made about 1790, in the s. E. part, by Thomas Sawyer, Benjamin Chase, Oliver Salisbury, Alpheus Earl and father, Artemas, Moses, and David Howe, and Ephraim Smith, — all from Vt.* The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1791.* ■WORCESTER— was formed from Cherry Valley, March 3, 1797. Decatur, Maryland, and Westford were taken off in 1808. It is the s. E. corner town in the oo. The surface is a hilly and broken upland. The highlands which occupy the s. part of the town descend toward the N. by an abrupt declivity 350 to 400 ft. high. This declivity forms a continuous ridge extending n. e. and s. w. through near the center of the town. The principal streams are Charlotte River and its tributaries. The soil is a sandy loam. TForcester, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, contains 2 churches, 2 gristmills, a tannery, and 40 dwellings; East "Worcester (p. v.) 2 churches, a gristmill and sawmill, and 25 dwellings; and Soutll "Worcester, (p. v.,) on Charlotte River, a church, a bank, and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were made on Schenevas Creek, from 1788 to '90. The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period;' Rev. Bushnell was the first preacher.* 1 Mr. Tygart had two sons, John and Jacob, who were taken prisoners and carried to Canada during the war. Soon after the war, Elisba Dodge, Col. Herricli, and Asltoh Eigelow, from Conn., and Eli Parsons, Elialcim Sheldon, and Isaac White, from Mass., settled in the central part of the town. The first inn was kept by Eli Parsons, at East Springfield, and the first store by Thomas and Stacy Horner. Garrat Stoats erected the first gristmill and sawmill, before the war. 2 The census reports 4 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., and Asso. Presb. 3 Among the early settlers were Dan'l Bissel, Abyah Beach. and Solomon Martin, at Unadilla, Bates. - — Morefield, and Peter Rogers, at Unadilla Center, Abel De Forest and \Vm. Buckley, in the e. part of the town. Solomon Martin kept the first store, in 1800, and Sampson Conger the first gristmill. *Tbe census reports Tchuiches; 3 M. E., 2 Bop., Prot. E., and Presb. & Among the other early settleis were Luther SeaTer and Samuel Babcock, from Mass. ; the latter in March, 1793. Wm. Chafle was the first child born in town. Nathaniel Griggs kept the first inn, at Westlbrd Villase, in 1795 ; and Dayid Smith, the first store, about the same time, Capt. Artemus Howe built the first gristmill, in 1794, and also erected the first sawmill. 6 The census reports 5 churches ; 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. E., and Prot. Meth. ^ Among the early settlers were Silas Crippen andHenry Stever, from Columbia co., Solomon Hartwell, Uriah Bigelow, and Na- thaniel Todd, from Mass., and Charles "Wilder and Joseph Tainter, from Vt. Philip Crippen, son of Silas Crippen, w.is the first child born in town. The first school was taught by Joseph Tainter, in 1798. Isaac Puffer kept the first inn, in 1793; and Aaron Kinney, the first store, in 1798. Silas Crippen built the first gristmill, in 1790. and the first sawmill, about the same time. The first clothing and cai-ding works were erected by llufuH Draper. 8 The census reports 4 churches ; 2 Bap., M. E., and Evan. Lnth. > F, > OTSEGO COUNTY. 421 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Otsego County. Nambs of Towns. IJurlingtoii .... Buttenims Cherry Valley Deciitur ILdmestoa Exeter Hartwick Laurens Maryland , Middlefidd ... Milford Morris New Lisbon... Oneonta. OteRO Otseg Pittsfleld Plaiufleld Kichfleld Roseboom Sprinjifield tJnadilia Weatford Worcester Total Acres of Land. 20,6164 21,173 18,012 9,665 18.09 li 14,136 19.848 19,914i 18,819 25,082 18,773i 17,312 20,025 15,238 19,393S 20,374} 13,201i 12,8o7j 15 681 13,366} 22,236J 20,643 14,831} 19,862 7,229i 8,7i6 6,0974 3,617 8,292 4,915 5,683 6,974 13,5414 11,4214 9,466} 6,756 6,481 7,303 8,164 9,619 7,072 4,1U3 4,213 6,730 7,1144 10,7074 6,804 Valcation of 1858. 428,934 1179,5594 iSi $339,808 532,240 461,930 156,666 419,478 2s)6,615 434,454 420,820 371,360 612,195 484,830 382,295 387.965 373,107 373,705 790,649 297,720 264,780 407,356 204,353 636,045 482,337 298,000 405.216 9,731,741 2,281,812 $331,208 642,766 754,816 168,765 478,308 334,731 606,385 481,320 411,250 710,643 607,248 469,945 426,990 419,675 410,365 1,353,819 826,670 286,136 491,591 267,274 697,821 619,243 328,660 449.145 Population. 1^ 12,013 663 896 1,006 1,367 476 888 757 1,038 1,029 1,102 1,568 1,156 1,001 882 1,106 914 2,115 805 641 791 949 1,235 1,393 678 1,055 24,836 24,899 912 1,023 1,173 438 896 783 1,182 1,077 1,076 1,513 1,173 1,037 910 1,062 936 2,219 851 640 762 938 1,223 1, 1,060 342 427 427 168 358 284 449 412 398 651 449 375 738 317 294 252 345 426 616 275 387 370 436 285 181 384 306 601 446 432 671 483 434 373 440 394 825 346 280 312 373 611 633 314 411 262 332 169 291 238 245 346 339 446 372 312 300 327 336 529 268 230 259 295 361 453 293 322 7,597 321 695 1,042 346 604 622 947 692 835 1,158 689 837 695 875 667 1,382 514 496 649 714 865 927 415 797 Agricultural Products. Najies of Towns. Burlington .... Butternuts Cherry Valley. Becatur EdmestoD £:£cter Hartwick Laurens Maryland Middlefleld Milford Morris New Lisbon.... Oneouta Otego Otsego. Pittsfield Plainfield Kichfleld Roseboom Springfield.... Unadilla. Westford Worcester Total 122,672 173,046 105,160 81,985 106,826 85,236 105,280 196,763 122,046 153,130 148^017 134,468 144,600 140,936 179,196 134,801 104,705 57,766 70,375 116,160 167,430 143,184 109,780 183,759 412,7034' 601,196 3,075,206 1,638,493 =>.5 123,086 1,6784 100,897 792 22,218 1,1764 12,436 8824 167,640 3,146} 166,366 9824 22,39C 8114 10,63t 1,798 3,150 1,755 96,415 . 725 12,820 23 63,626 652 21,022 7674 5,720 1,110 14,840 2,671} 94,807 1,411 22,.500 660 25.710 6904 451,700 239 4,010 994 173,479 6,2374 31,749 1,099 19,660 662 1,925 3,034 32,7794 WAYNE COUNTY. This county^ was formed from Ontario and Seneca, April 11, 1823. It lies upon Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the State ; is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. A series of bluffs 25 to 75 ft. high extends along the lake shore ; and from their summits the surface rises in gradual slopes to the lake ridge, a distance of 4 to 5 mi. This ridge is 50 to 200 ft. wide on the top, and about 200 ft. above the lake. It declines toward the E., and upon the E. border of the co. it can scarcely be traced. The declivity of the ridge upon the s. is 8 to 20 ft. ; and from its foot the surface gradually slopes upward to the surface of the limestone ridge, which extends e. and w. through the co. a little n. of the center and forms the watershed between Lake .Ontario and Clyde River. The summit of this ridge is 140 feet above the lake ridge, 340 feet above the lake, and is about 3 mi. wide. It is highest upon the w. border of the co., and gradually declines toward the E." From its southern edge the surface gradually declines to Clyde River and slopes upward from the river to the s. line of the co. South of the limestone ridge are numerous drift ridges extending n. and s. and from one-fourth to one and a half miles in length. The declivities are usually very steep, and the summits 40 to 100 ft. above the surroundin'g surface. They usually end in an abrupt declivity toward the n., but gradually decline toward the s. They are composed of clay, sand, and gravel, and seem to be deposits from great currents of water. Considerable marshy land extends along Clyde and Seneca Rivers, and also through the co. n. of the lake ridge. Ganargwa, or Mud Creek, enters the s. w. corner of the co. from Ontario, flows in an irregular but generally easterly course to Lyons, where it unites with the Canandaigua Outlet and forms Clyde River,' which continues eastward to the B. bounds of the co., where it discharges its waters into Seneca River. These streams receive from the n. West Red Creek, East Red Creek, and Black Creek, and from the s. numerous small brooks. The streams flowing into Lake Ontario are Bear, Deer, Davis, and Salmon Creeks ; First, Second, and Third Creeks, flowing into Sodus Bay, Thomas, Wolcott, and Big and Little Red Creeks. The indentations upon Lake Ontario are Great Sodus, East, Port, and Blind Sodus Bays. Great Sodus Bay forms an excellent harbor. Crusoe Lake, in the s. E. corner, is the only considerable body of water. The streams, in their course through the drift deposits and lake ridge, have usually worn deep ravines. The lowest rock in the co. is the Medina sandstone,* appearing upon the lake and in the ravines near it. It occupies a strip with an average width of 2 mi., widest at the w. Next above this is the Clinton group of limestone and shales, extending to the foot of the limestone ridge. Next above is the Niagara limestone, forming the summit ridge and occupying a, strip about 3 mi. in width. South of this is the Onondaga salt group of red and green shales and gypsum, extending to the s. border and occupying nearly one-half of the co. The rocks are mostly covered by thick deposits of drift, and are only exposed in the ravines of the streams. Shells, marl, and muck are found in large quantities in the marshy regions. Weak brine and sulphur springs are found in various localities in the Medina sandstone and the red shales of the Onondaga salt group. The soil derived from the drift deposits is generally a sandy or gravelly loam, with an occasional intermixture of clay. The soil along the lake shore, principally derived from the disintegration of Medina sandstone, is a reddish, sandy loam. At the foot of the mountain ridge, both n. and s., is a strip of very productive clay loam. In the valley of Clyde River the soil is principally a gravelly loam and alluvium. The marsh lands, when drained, are covered deep with a rich vegetable mold, which develops into the most fertile soil in the co. Agriculture forms the leading pursuit. The branches, in the order of importance, are grain raising, stock growing, dairying, and wool growing. Fruit is extensively cultivated, and is rapidly 1 Named in honor of Gen. Anthony Wayne. 2 Tbls peculiar formation is accounted for by the theory that the low regiona through the n. and central parte of the co. were once covered by the waters of the lake, and that the limestone ridge was a loni: bar or point extending into tjie lake from thew. » Named by Wm. McNab, a Scotchman. At an eajly day it 422 was navigable as far as Lyons, and was a link in the great chain of Western travel. * This stone is extensively quarried for building stono. It is soft when iirst taken from the quarry, hut hajrdena upon ex posure to the atmosphere. "WAYNE COUNTY. 423 becoming one of the most important agricultural products. Few counties in the State surpass this in the quality or quantity of apples and peaches annually produced. A strip of land bordering upon Lake Ontario, and extending from Niagara River to the Oswego, seems peculiarly adapted to the cultivation of apples and peaches, and is rapidly becoming one of the most important fruits growing regions in the State. In Wayne co. $25,000 worth of dried fruit is annually prepared. Peppermint and tobacco are raised along the valley of Mud Creek. The county seat is located at the village of Lyons, near the center of the co. The courthouse is a fine cut stone building, fronting Church St. It has an Ionic portico, and is surmounted by a large dome.^ The jail is a commodious stone building, in the w. part of the village. It contains rooms for the jailer's residence, and is one of the best arranged and conducted establishments of the kind in the State. The county clerk's office is a fireproof building, fronting Pearl St., a little s. of the courthouse. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 130 acres IJ mi. w. of the court- house. The average number of inmates is 67, supported at. a weekly cost of $1.55 each. A school is taught throughout the year. The farm yields a revenue of $1,400. The buildings are insuffi- cient for the accommodation of the inmates ; but the institution seems to be well arranged and well kept. Six weekly newspapers are now published in the co.'' The Erie Canal extends through the s. tier of towns ; and along its course are the most populous and thriving villages of the co.' The direct branch of the N. Y. Central R. R. between Syra- cuse and Rochester extends, along the course of the canal, through Savannah, Galen, Lyons, 1 The first courthouse waa a brick edifice, erected soon after the organization of the co. It was superseded, in 1854-55, by the present structure, built of Lockport limestone. The building committee of the present courthouse were John Adams, Stephen Marshall, and F. B. Cornwell. The first officers of the co. were John S. Talmadge, First Judge; Hugh Jameson, Sheriff; Wm. H. Adams, District AtUn-my ; Isaiah J. Richardson, Co. Citric ; and John S. Talmadge, Surrogate. 2 The Palmyra Rugister, the first paper published in the co., was commenced Nov. 26, 1817, by Timothy C. Strong. It was continued under various titles uutU 1823, when it was published aa Tlw Western Farmer and Canal Advocate, and passed into the hands of Pomeroy Thacher, who changed its name to The "Wayne Seutiuel, under which title it is now pub- liahed by Wm. N. Cole. The Lyons Republican was commenced Aug. 3, 1821, by Geo. Lewis. It was discontinued in Feb. 1822. The Lyons Advertiser was commenced May 31, 1822, by Hiram T. Day. It underwent various changes in name and publishers. It was published as The Wayne County Gazette, by Ephraim J. Whitney; as TkeLyms Argus, by E.J. & W.W.Whitney; The Lyons Gazette, by Barker k Chapman; The Wayne O). Patriot, and as The Western Argus, by Chapman & Chapin and Ashley & Co.; and as The Western Argus, by Charles Poucher. In 1841 it was changed to TheLyans Gazette.a,ni was published by Russell from 1849 to 1853, when it was sold to Wm.Van Camp, and in 1865 or '66 it was merged in The Wayne Democratic Press. The Falmyra Freeinan was commenced March 11, 1828, by D. D. Stephenson. It soon after passed into the hands of J. A. Hadley, who removed the press to Lyons and changed the name to . . ,. . The Countryman. Myron HoUey became connected with it as associate editor. In 1831 it was suspended for a time, and afterward resumed as The Lyons American, by Myron Holley. In 1835 it was pnb- lished by Wm. H. Childs. In 1836 it was removed to Clyde and published as Th£ Clyde Gazette, by Dennis Cord, until 1838. , „„„ ^„ „ The Beilector, mo., was commenced at Palmyra in 1828 by O. Dogberry jr. It was discontinued in 1830. Thi. Newark Republican vias commenced at Newark in Nov. 1829 by Jeremiah O.Balch. It was discontinued m 1831. The Clyde Standard was pubUshed about 6 mo. in 1830 by E. P. Moon. , , The Western Speaatar and Wayne Advertiser was cominenced at llu. W'^l^j^^^.^ j^^ g^ 1830^ by Luther Howard and Brastus Shepard. In 1831 its name was changed to The SpectaL and Anti-lHasonic Star It was removed to Rochester the same year and merged in The Anti- The Palm^amfi^^^^'^cornmenoei in Feb 1838, by Wm. N. S Sam'l Cole. It was removed to Lyons by Wm. N. Cole, and its name changed to . . . *. The WaymOmnty Whig. In the fall of 1860 it passed into the ine ry^J^ of Williams & Gavitt. In the spring of 1862 they sold it to Silas A. Andrews, who continued it a few months and sold it to Wm. Van Marter; and m ] Not. of the same year itpassed into the hands of Rodney L. Adams. In Sept. 18&6, its name was changed to The I^yons Repul^licau; andAprilSl), 1859. Mr. Adams sold it to W . T. Tinsley & Co., its present publishers. The Wayne Standard was commenced at Newark in June, 1838, by David M. Keeler. In Aug. 1839, it wa>j sold to Gen. Barney T. Partridge, J. P. Bartle, and S. Cnlver, who changed its name to The New JEgis, Stephen Culver, editor. In Jan. 1840, it waa gold to Norton, and discontinued in May following. In July following it was revived as The Wayne Standard, by D. M. Keeler. and published until 1843, when it passed into the hands of IX. L. Winants,and in about 1 year was discontinued. It waa revived soon after, as The Newark Courier, by David Fairfield. It was successively published by Wm. K. Creague and B. F. Jonea as The Newark Journal ; and in 1854 by G. D. A. Bridgman, who changed its name to The Newark Whig. In Sept. 1856, it passed into the hands of C. P. White, who changed its name to Tlie KTewarlc "Weefely Courier, and still continues its publication. The Palmyra Courier was commenced May 28, 1843, by Frederic Morley. It passed into the hands of J. C. Bennett, who changed its name to The Palmyra Democrat. It was published again as Tlie Palmyra Cburier, by Benedict, from about 1851 to '54. Mr. Benedict sold it to Beebe, and, in a short time afterward it passed into the hands of A. E. Averill, who changed its name to The Palmyra American, and subsequently again to The Palmyra Courier, under which name Mr. Averill still continues its publication. TJie Clyde Eagle was commenced in 1844 by B. Frazee. It was successively published by Dryer, Stephen Salis- bury, and in 1847 by Rev. Chaa. G. Acly and William Tompkins, who changed its name to The, Clyde Telegraph. It afterward passed into the hands of Rev. W. W. Storiker, and soon after to Wm. R. Fowle, and in a short time it was discontinued. The Clyde Industrial Times was commenced in Feb. 1850, by Payn & Smith. It soon passed into the hands of Jos. A. Payn Its name was changed in 1851 to The Clyde "Weekly Times, under which title it is now published, by Joseph A. Payn. The Northern Methodist Protestant was published by an asso- ciation at Clyde in 1849; Rev. W.W. Storiker, editor. Th£ Wayne Banner was published at Wolcott in 1850 by John Mclntyre, and was removed to Clyde, and merged in The Industrial Times on the first iaaue of the latter paper. TTie Farming Mirror was commenced at Lyons in July, 1853, by R, L. Adama & Co., and was published 1 year. The "Wayne Democratic Press was commenced at Palmyra in 1855. It was removed to Lyons the same year, and is now pubUshed by Wm. Van Camp, a The enlarged canal crosses Seneca River on the b. border of the CO., on an aqueduct built upon 31 arches of 22 feet span each. It crosses Mud Creek, a little w. of Lyons, upon an aque- duct of 5 arches, and ap;ain crosses the same stream, N. of Pal- myra, upon an aqueduct of 3 arches. 424 WAYNE COUNTY. Arcadia, Palmyra, and Macedon. A ship canaP route and a R. R. route^ have been surveyed, connecting tlie Erie Canal and Central R. R. with Lake Ontario. , . , ^. <,„^„„ The western 9 towns in this co. belonged to the Pulteney Estate ; the E part including Savan- nah Galen, and portions of Wolcott and Butler, constituted a portion of the Military Tract. The intermediate portion, except the s. 3 tiers of lots in Rose, were compensation lands granted to the Pulteney Estate for the gore between the old and new pre-emption lines. The earhest white inhabitants were hunters and trappers. The first permanent settlements were made m 1789, at Palmyra under the auspices of General John Swift, agent of a company of settlers from Conn. ; and at Lyons, under Charles Williamson, agent for the Pulteney Estate.' From 1790 to 1794, colonies came in from R. I., Long Island, and Maryland.* The settlements did not progress with great rapidity for several years, owing to the diseases which prevailed. The fear of Indian hos- tilities and of British invasion during the War of 1812 greatly retarded settlement. On the return of peace, settlers began to arrive in considerable numbers, principally from New England and Eastern N. Y. The completion of the Erie Canal gave a new impulse to immigration ; and in a few years the flourishing villages of Lyons, Clyde, Palmyra, and Newark were built up along its course. The N. Y. Central R. R., built through the co. in 1852-53, greatly benefitted the co. and enhanced the value of the lands. The most notable of the later incidents in the co. have been the rise of Mormonism in Palmyra, and the commencement of spiritual rappings in Arcadia.' ARCADIA— was formed from Lyons, Feb. 15, 1825. It lies on the s. border of the co., a little w. of the center. Its surface is a rolling region, broken by drift ridges. Mud Creek flows B. through the town, N. of the center, and receives several small streams as tributaries. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, mixed with clay on the hills. Gypsum is found in the s. w., and marl in the center. IVewarli, (p. v.,) including Arcadia, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the canal, was incorp. July 21, 1853, as Newark. It contains 7 churches, a bank, flouring mill, tannery, 3 furnaces, and several manufactories. It is a flourishing canal village and a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. Pop. 2,042. Fairville, (p. v.,) about 5 mi. n., contains 1 church, a tannery, a limited amount of manufactures, and 159 inhabitants. Marbletown, near the s. e. corner, contains a church and 10 houses. Jessups Corners and Hydeville are hamlets. Settlement was com- meneed in 1791, by Joseph Winters and B. Franklin.' The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1805. J. Wesley Benton was the first settled minister, in 1806.^ A family named Fox, residing at Hydesville, in Arcadia, first heard the mysterious sounds known as the " rappings" on the night of March 31, 1849. Investigations were made in regard to the origin of the raps, but nothing definite was settled upon. The family soon after removed to Rochester, the "raps" accom- panying them; and hence the name "Rochester Rappings." A series of investigations was insti- tuted, and the matter became public, some claiming for it a spiritual origin, but the great majority pronouncing it a humbug or delusion. From this source modern spiritualism originated. BUTI.ER — was formed from Wolcott, Feb. 26, 1826. It is the center town on the e. border of the CO. Its surface is diversified, level in the s. e. and rising into ridges in the n. w. The highest point is Armstrong Hill. The principal stream is Wolcott Creek, which rises in the N. E. and, flowing in a circuitous course, leaves the town near the N. w. corner. The soil in the valleys is a gravelly loam, and on the bills it is generally clay, with a tenacious subsoil. Lime is manu- factured in the N. part to a limited extent. Soutb Butler, (p. v.,) on the s. line, contains 5 churches, a classical school, several manufactories, and about 400 inhabitants. fVest Butler (p. 0.) contains 10 houses; ffestbury, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner, partly in the town of Victory, 1 In 1827, a charter was obtained for buQding a ship canal from the Erie Canal, !it Montezuma, to Great Sodus Bay. Sur- veys were made, but no work was ever done, A new charter was obtained by .Tohn Greig, of Cnnandai;iua, in 1836; and an- other by Gen. Wm. H. Adnma, in 1851. The route named in the lx8t charter is from SoduB Bay to the Erie Canal, a little w. of Clyde. Some worlt has been done on parta of thia route. 2 The SoduB Point & Southern R. R. was incorp. in April, 1852. The road was to extend from Sodua Bay to Newark. The route has been surveyed, but no work has been done. A survey has also been made for a n. R. from Clyde to Sodua Bay. 8 Mr. Williamson built roads from Palmyra and Lyons to Sodua Point ; upon these the early settlers mostly located. He also laid out a city upon Sodua Bay, which has not yet been built. * The Maryland ttlersbrought with them several alavea; but It was soon found that slave labor was unprofitable. ' See p. 227. ^ See p. . 7 Gilbert Howell and Paul Reese came in in 1796; Samuel Soverhill in 1798 ; Humphrey Sherman, Reuben Starks, and John Miller, from Long Island, in 1800 ; and Ebenezer Smith soon after. The Lusks came in from Columbia co. in 1806. Jaoob, Philip, and Isaac Luak purchased 1 Bq. mi., which is now occupied by the village of Newark. Caleb Tibbetts, Stephen Aldridge, Henry Croaga, and Cooper Culver settled in 1807 ; and Dr. A. Hyde, in 1810. The first death was that of a child of B. Franklin, in 1792 ; the first marriage, that of Heae and Amy Tibbetts, in 1798. Stephen Aldridge kept the first inn, and J. P. Bartlett the first store. 8 There are 10 churches in town; 2 Metb. Prot., M. B., Presb., Prot. E., Union, Ref. Prot. D., Bap., R. C, and Christian. WAYNE COUNTY. 435 flr^t womaVpv; , , ''"^"^ °''"^'*''^ ^"^ M'"^-' ^^^- Antoinette L. Brown, the ChtrrSo;! bX ' "'"'^^' ^-^ ^'^^ '*^*^' -^^ ^^"^«^ ^°^ --1 y-- -- «- Co'-S- IsS^'in^lI^T ^°™''\f'^°°' J"''^"^' (Seneca co.,) Feb. 14, 1812. Savannah was taken off in lever in th.wT.^'' "^'^^ "'■' "^ °^ *^ •=^^*«'-- ^'^ ^^''f''^^ ^^ ^^i^y i" *« -- but .noro frim w to . ^".*^^.^-^- ^« ^ I'^'^S^ t'^«t of swamp land. Clyde River* flows through the town trom w to E. in a circuitous course. The soil is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam. Clvde,^ (p v ) "b ?so r;-" ""''': ^''''' "^^ ''"'°'^- ^^y 2' 1«3^- ^he cLal pa'ses through fhe'vX- l4r fficVrr T \ ' ^- ^f- ^- ^- " ''°»*"'°^ ' ''^'^'^°^««' ^ l^'gh -I'ool'^ 2 banks, a news! paper oHice, a glass factory, and several other manufactories.' Pop. 1,856 Marengo (v v ) rt^li T^ /?°T'- ^"^*"' Corners, in the s. e., and Meadviul, in the k, are iiamlets. Ihe first settlement was commenced by Laomi Bedell, in 1800.8 The first church (Presb ) was organized July 8, 1814.9 Barings for salt water in the vicinity of Clyde have been made, but without success. One of the wells emitted inflammable gas : the well was soon filled up. HFROW-was formed from Wolcott, as '•Port Bay," Feb. 25, 1826. Its name was changed March 17, 1834. It lies on Lake Ontario, e. of the center of the co. A part of Great Sodus Bay lies in the n. w. corner. East Bay, in the n., and a part of Port Bay, in the n. e., extend into the town. Its surface is rolling, with a general northern inclination. In the w. and n. w., near Great Sodus Bay, are several tracts of swamp lands. The lake shore rises in a series of blufi's, the highest of which— Chimney Bluff— is 175 ft. above the lake, and Bay Bluff 120 ft. Several small streams flow N. through the town, the principal of which is Mudge Creek, which «npties into East Bay. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, intermixed vrith clay in the s. IVortb Huron (p. v.) contains 2 churches, d, saw and grist mill, and 40 houses ; Soutit Huron (Huron p. 0.) 1 church, a townhouse, and 20 houses. Port Glasgow (p. 0.) is a hamlet, at the head of sloop navigation on Great Sodus Bay. The first settlement was commenced by Pere- grine Fitzhugh and Wm. Helmus, and some other families from Md., in 1796.'" The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813." IiTOJVS — was formed from Sodus, March 1, 1811. Arcadia vras taken off in 1825. It lies on the s. border of the co., a little e. of the center. Its surface is a moderately rolling region, broken by sand ridges. The Canaudaigua Outlet from the s., and Mud Creek from the w., join in the s. part and form Clyde River. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, with marl upon the creek bottom lands, liyons, (p. v.,) on the canal, at the junction of Cauandaigua Outlet and Mud Creek, was incorp. April 18, 1854. It contains the co. buildings, 7 churches, 2 banks, 2 news- paper offices, a union school,'^ and several manufactories ;'' and it is an important r. r. station. Pop. 3,221. Alloivay, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on Canandaigua Outlet, contains a church, a grist- mill, and 30 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by Nicholas and Wm. Stansell and John Featherly." They settled, vrith their families, (12 persons in all,) a half mile s. of the 1 John Granby and Wellman settled near the center, aa early as 1803 ; Erastua Hubbard and Abijah Moore, in 1805 ; Aaron Hoppin, in 1807 ; and Seth Craw and Roger Olmsted, in 1808. The first child bom was H. H. Wheeler ; the first death was th.at of Jedediah Wheeler, in April, 1811. Vieles built the first sawmill, at the center. 2 There are 7 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Christian, Bap., Gong,, and 2d Adv. 8 This was Township No. 27 of the Military Tract, and received its name from having been appropriated to the Medical Department. * Named by Wm. McNab, agent of the Hornby Estate, Geneva. ' This location was originally called "Block Bouse," from a blockhouse built here by Indian traders at an early day. It was used during the Revolution by tones as a "station" in smufgling goods from Canada via Sodus Bay. It was burned previous to 1800. The village was first called " Lauramlle," from Henrietta Laura, Countess of Bath, daughter and heiress of Sir Wm. Pulteney. Its name was changed to Clyde in 1818. 6 It is a union school, formed from Districts 14 and 17. Incorp. April 24, 1834, with special privileges. This was one of the earliest union schools in Western New York. The school employs 6 teachers. ' 2 large distilleries, 2 steam flourmg mills, 2 steam sawmills, 2 furnaces and shops for manufacturing agricultural implements, a large cooperage, 1 brewery, 2 malt houses, and a tannery. » Among the other early settlers were Nicholas King, David Godfrey, and Isaac Mills, with their families, from Orange co., N. Y., on lot 70, in the s. w. part of the town, in 1801 ; Creagher, from Md., Elias Austin, Payne, and Capt. John Sherman, in 1804. The first birth was that of Isaac Godfrey,in Feb. 1802; the first death, that of David Godfrey, accidentally killed, Oct. 13, 1801. The first marriage was that of Jabez Reynolds and Polly Mills, in 1805. James B. ^S'est kept the first store; Maj. Fred. A. De Zenz built the first saw and grist mill, in 1818. 9 There are 9 churches in town ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., Presb., Prot. E., Germ. Meth., Friends, and R. C. 10 Among the other early settlers were Dr. Zenas Hyde, Knox, and several families from Mass. and Conn., in 1807; Josiah Upson, in 1808, and Norman Sheldon, in 1810. The first birth was that of a child of Dr. Hyde ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Hale, in 1809. Gardiner Mudge taught the first school, in 1812; Norman Sheldon kept the first inn, in 1810; James Mudge kept the first store; and Elihu Spencer built the first saw and grist mill, in 1809. " There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., Meth. Prot., and Presb. 12 The Lyons Union School was among the first of the kind established in the State. It employs 12 teachers and has 800 to 900 pupils. 13 Among these are an extensive manufactory of essential oils, (principally peppermint,) a furnace, machine, and agricultural implement shop, a pottery, brewery, tannery, tile manufactory, brickyard, fanning mill factory, and a manufactory of saddle trees. Abont 10,000 lbs. of peppermiut.0il are produced annu- ally in the co.,--4 of the whole amount in the U. S. — Trans. Ag. Son. 1866, p. 667. w John Biggs, Rlcbard Jones, Geo. Carr, Wm. Gibbs, a nd John Ferrine were eai-ly settlers. The first marriage was that of Jas. 426 WAYNE COUNTY. present village of Lyons. They were piloted up the Mohawk, (wnere they had previously settled,) and by the usual water route, by Wemple, an Indian trader. Charles Williamson, agent of the Pulteney Estate, commenced a settlement at Lyons Village in 1794, through Charles Cameron, his local agent. Jas. Otto came in 1796. In 1798, Judge Evert Van Winkle and and 40 others came in from N J and Md.; and in 1801, Judge Daniel Dorsey and family, from Md. Judge Dorsey had previously purchased of Mr. Williamson nearly 1,000 acres in the immediate vicinity of the village. Eev. John Cole (Meth.) was the first local preacher.^ MACEOOIV— was formed from Palmyra, Jan. 29, 1823. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling and irregular. The valley of Mud Creek extends E. through the s. part. It is drained by Mud and Red Creeks and their tributaries. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam upon a limestone formation. Macedon, (p. v.,) a canal village, was incorp. Nov. 1856. It contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, furnace, and machine shop, and about 500 inhabitants. Macedon Center (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the Macedon Academy, and 20 houses. The first settlement was made as early as 1789, by Webb Harwood and Ebenezer Eeed.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1800.' MARIOIV— was formed from Williamson, as "Winchester," April 18, 1825. Its name was changed April 15, 1826. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken by sandy hills and gravelly ridges ; the Niagara limestone crops out in the N. part. It is drained by East Red Creek, which flows s. into Mud Creek. The soil is a gravelly, calcareous loam, and drift. Limestone is quarried in the N. part, for building purposes and public works. Near Marion Village is a sulphur spring. Marlon, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 4 churches, the Marion Collegiate Institute, a furnace and machine shop, a fanning mill factory, and 390 in- habitants. The first settlement was commenced in 1796, by Daniel LovelL* The first church (Presb.) was organized Nov. 1, 1808.^ OIVTARIO— was formed from Williamson, as "Freetown," March 27, 1807. Its name was changed Feb. 12, 1808. Walworth was taken off in 1829. It is the N. w. corner town of the co., Lake Ontario forming its N. boundary. Its surface is mostly level, with a general inclination toward the lake. It is drained by several streams running N. to the lake, the principal of which are Bear, Deer, and Davis Creeks. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, with drift and muck N. of the ridge. Between the lake shore and the ridge road are extensive marshes, heavily timbered. Iron ore, in the form of red oxid, is found in large quantities in the Clinton group, extending e. and w. through the center of the town. Salt was formerly manufactured to some extent. Ontario, (p. V.,) in the s. ji. part, contains achurch, steam sawmill, furnace, and 25 houses ; West Ontario, 2 mi. w., a church and 20 houses ; Furnace Village, near the center, a furnace^ and 16 houses. JVcTif Boston, on the lake shore, is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced by Freeman Hopkins, from Mass., in 1806.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1811,* by Elder Lyon. PAI.MYRA — was formed in Jan. 1789. Macedon was taken off in 1823. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is undulating. Mud Creek flows E. through the town, s. of the center. Its tributaries are East and West Red Creeks and several small streams. The soil is a calcareous loam, with marl on the creek bottoms, and drift, sand, and gravel on the hills. Palmyra, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, was incorp. April 9, 1819. It is an important canal village, and is a station on the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 5 churches, the Palmyra Union School,' otto and a daughter of Capt. John Bunu. John Biggs kept the first inn. in 1801; Judge Daniel Dorsey, the iirst store; Henry Tower, agent of Mr. Williamson, built the first mills, at Alloway, in 1790: and Dorsey & .Milton, the first carding and cloth dress- iuKmill, in 1807. 1 There are 8 churches in town; 2 M. E., Presb., Prot. E., Bap., Evan. Luth., Germ. Evan. Ref., and R. C. 2 Israel Delano, from Mass., and David Comstock, settled in the N.part, and Darius Comstock and Jerome Smith in the cen- tral part, in 1790. Jacob Gannett, John Gibson, Barnabas Brov\-n, Abner Hill, Adam Kingman, Spear, Jonathan Warren. Constant Southard, Reid, Packard Barney, and Philip Woods, from Mass.. in 1791. A number of Friends came in 1800 from Penn. and Mass. The first child born was Enoch Gannett, in 1791; the first death was that of David White. Barnabas Reed taught the first school; Wm. Porter kept the first inn. and Jacob Gannett built the first mill. SThereareSchnrchcs in town; 2 Friends, Bap., M.E., and E.G. * Blakesley and Ezra Phelps settled in 1796, David and Isaac Sweezy in 1797, and Wm. B. Cogswell, from R. I., in March, 1798. The first bh-th was in the fiimily of David Lovell ; the first death, that of Phelps, in 1800. Widow Stiles kept the first inn, in 1799 ; and built the first gristmill, in 1801. 6 There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., M. E., Bap., and Chi'istian. 6 The " Wayne Co. Iron Co." manufacture about 6 tons of pig iron per day, fi-om ore dug in town. ' Among the early settlei-s were Peter Thatcher and H.arry Leavins, who settled on the lake shore, and Noah Fuller, in 1809 ; Willard Church, Isaac Simmons, Job n Case, Wm. l\Iiddle- ton, Jared Putnam, David Jennings, and Amos Thayer, from Conn., in 1810. In the s. part settlement commenced in 1808. Daniel Inman settled at the Corners in 1809; John Edmonds, Saml. Sahin, Abraham Smith, Wm. Billings, Lewis Janes, and Geo. Saw.yer, near the same place, soon after. Alfred Town, Nathaniel Grant, and Wm. Greenwood located at West Corners. The first child born was Melissa Hopkins. May 7, 1806, Daniel Inman kept the first inn, in 1811, and Freeman Hopkins built the first sawmill. 8 There ai-e 4 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Presb,, and Bap, » Incorp. in 1848. Employs 10 teachers and averages about 600 pupils. WAYNE COUNTY. 427 a bank, . printing offices, and a number of manufactories.! Pop. 2,310. East Palmyra, Ti^Jfl f '"'^, ""' ''■ ^'''*'°°' '° *^^ ^- P^i'*' contains 2 churches, a gristmill, and 20 houses. Ihe far.t settlement was made by John Swift, in 1789 or'90.^ In the winter of 1788-89, John Swift and tol. John Jenkins purchased Tp. 12, R. 2, now Pahnyra, and commenced the survey of it in March, miiug the summer, John Swift moved into the town, and erected a log house and storehouse a little 1^1 ^°TT f"^ ^*- ^^^"^y^^- ^«f°^« *^^« ^l^^e °f *« year 1789, Webb Harwood and tamily, J^oah Porter Jonathan Warner, and Bennett Bates, from Mass., came in. Mr. Harwood settled a little ^- of the village. David White and family came in in 1790. The first church (Presb.) was f"™ed in 1797 ; Rev. Eleazur Fairbanks was the first pastor.' Joseph Smith, the father of the prophet, settled a little s. of Palmyra Village in 1819. The plates of the Mormon Bible were said to have been dug up on a hillside in Manchester, Ontario co., a little s. of the Palmyra line. The femiths vvere money diggers, and had previously been digging in this locality for gold. The book was printed at the office of the Wayne Sentinel, Martin Harris, a convert, mortgaging his farm to defray the expense. & & s ROSE*-was formed from Wolcott, Feb. 5, 1826. It lies in the interior, of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is mostly undulating or level, with drift ridges in the s. e. Several small tracts of swamp land lie in differentparts of the tovm. The streams are small ; Mudge, Sherman, and Thomas Creeks are the principal. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed with clay on the elevations and with muck on the lowlands. The highest point is 140 ft. above Lake Ontario. Limestone approaches the sur- face in the N. part, and has been quarried to some extent for lime and for building purposes. Rose Talley, (Rose p. o.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a steam sawmill, and tannery. Pop. 218. Wayne Center, in the w. part, contains 20 houses ; Glenmark Falls,^ in the n. part, contains 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 10 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Caleb Melvin and Alpheus Harman.« The first church (M. E.) was organized in 1824.' SAT AIVIV AH"— was formed from Galen, Nov. 24, 1824. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is broken by drift ridges in the n., and is low and marshy in the s. ; about one-third of the s. part is a woodland marsh, known as Crusoe Island. Seneca River forms the s. part of the E. boundary. Crusoe Lake is a small, shallow body of water near the center ; its outlet, Crusoe Creek, flows into Seneca River. The soil in the n. is a sandy and gravelly loam, and in the s. it is {wincipally composed of muck and shell marl.' A tract of about 1,900 acres in the s. e. part is an open marsh, producing coarse grass. Savannab Depot, (Savannah p. o.,) near the center, a station upon tlie N. Y. C. R. R., contains 20 houses. The first settlement was made by Elias Converse and Joseph Mozier, in 1812." The first preacher was Rev. Wiers, (Bap.) There is no church in town. SODUS" — was formed in Jan. 1789. Williamson was taken ofi' in 1802, and Lyons in 1811. It is the central town on the Kf. border of the co., and is bounded n. by Lake Ontario. A part of Great Sodus Bay lies in the n. e. corner. Its surface in the N. part is mostly level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. A ridge 140 to 190 ft. higher than the surface of the lake passes through near the center ; and s. of this the surface is broken by several ridges extending n. and s. The lake shore varies in height from a low swamp to blufis 70 ft. high. Second and Salmon Creeks are the principal streams. The soil in the n. part is a clay and sandy loam, and in the s. gravelly loam. The manufacture of lime is extensively carried on in the s. part ; and red sandstone is quarried in the s. w. Red oxid of iron (argillaceous ore) is found 2 mi. w. of Sodus Point. Salt was manufactured in 1831 ^ A mafihino shop and mannfnctory of agricnltural imple- ments, 2 furnticea. a scale manufactorv, distillery, tobacco manu- &ctory. and ga3 works. About 2 mi. n, e. of the village is an extensive rop.- and cordage maimfat-tory. 2 The settle IS tha t followed in 17 30-91-92. nsnenrascanhe ascer- tained, were Loninel Spear, David JacUwaya, Janes Galloway, Jonathan Willet the Mattisons, Gideon Din-fee sr., and his sons, Gideon, Kdward. Job, Pardon, Stephen, and Lemuel, — Isaac Springer, Wm.. James, and Thos. Rogers John Russell, Nathan Harris, David Wilro.v, Joel Foster, Abraham Fo.ster, Elias Reeves, and Luther fanford. In 1791 "The Long Island Co.," through Elias Reeves, A. Foster, Wm. Hopkins, and Luther Sanford, pur- chased 6,800 acres near East Palmyra, at 2icls. per acre ; and the first wheat harvested sold for 2Sct8. per bushel. The first birth woa th.Ht of a child of Webb Harwood. in 1790: the first mar- riage, that of Wm. Wilcox and Ruth Durfxo ; and the first death, thatof David VVIiite. Ira Selby taught tlio first school, in 1793. Dr. Axel Eu.^worth kept the first inn, aud Samuel Colt the first store, at an early day. Jouah Howell built the first mill, 1 ml. E. of the village. » The census reports 10 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., Prot. E., Bap., Christian, Cong., Friends, and R. C. * Named from Robert L. Rose, Esq., of Geneva. B There is a fall at this place, on Thomas Creek, of 22 ft. * Among the other early settlers were Milton Salisbury, . Crafts, John Sherman, Joel Bishop, sr., Lott Stuart, Aaron Shep- ard, Clias. Thomas, Pomeroy, and Bannister. The first birth was that of a child of Mr. Salisbury, in 1812 ; the first marriage, that of Hosea Gillett and Hannah Burnham, in Jan. 1813; and the first death, a child of Harvey Gillett, in 1812.' Sally Bishop taught the first school, in 1813; and Oliver Wet- more built the first sawmill, in 1812. 7 There are 3 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., and Ban. 8 Named from the surface in the 8. part. » The Galen Salt Works of an early period were in this town 1» Among the early settlers were Michael Weatherwax, Benj! Seoley, Garret Burnham, Henry Taylor, Chauncey Ives, John Green, Abner and Ezra Rockway, Henry Myers, David Cush- man, Smith Ward, and Sampson McBane, mostly from Eastern N. Y. The first mairiago was that of Geo. Fredenbnrgh and S«Ily Converse; the first birth was that of a child of Geo. Fre- denbnrgh ; and the first death, that of Sweetman. Loria Brown taught the first school, in 1817. 11 Called by the Indians "Assorodus," meaning " silvery water." 428 WAYNE COUNTY. and '32 Sodus (p. v.) contains 3 churches, the Sodus Academy, and about 300 inhabitants. Sodus Point, (p. v.,) on the lake, w. of the entrance to the bay, is a U. S. port of entry in the Genesee District. It has a lighthouse, a church, a steam sawmill, and about 200 inhabitants. Sodus Center (p. v.) contains a church, foundery, carding mill, grist and saw mill, and 40 houses- Alt on (p. V.) a church and 30 houses; jSouth Sodus (p. T.) a church and 30 houses; and Joy (p V ) a church, shingle factory, and 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1794, under the auspices of Charles Williamson, agent of the Pulteney Estate.' Mr. Williamson caused a road to be cut through from Palmyra to Sodus Point in the spring of 1794. During the summer the town was surveyed, an extensive city plan laid out between Salmon Creek and the Point, and within two years mills were erected on Salmon Creek. A tavern was built at an expense of $5,000, a pleasure yacht was placed upon the bay; and in roads, surveys, buildings, &o., over $20,000 was expended. Thos. Little and Moffat were the local agents of Mr. Williamson. Of all those connected with these premature improvements, but few remained after they were completed. Elijah Brown was an early settler, 4 mi. w. of the Point, and Amos Richards, 7 mi. w. Ammi Ellsworth came from Conn, in 1801, and settled near the Point. Dr. Wm. Nixon Loomis settled at the Point. He built mills and a forge. A daughter of his is Mrs. Elizabeth EUet, author of the " Women of the Revolution," and " Domestic History of the Revolution." Col. Peregrine Fitzhugh came from Md. in 1803, with his family and slaves, — over 40 persons in all. Dr. Thos. G. Lawson, an Englishman, settled 1 mi. from the Point, in 1803. After expending considerable money in attempting to form a settlement, he abandoned the enterprise in 1805. In 1799, besides those already mentioned, there were 25 families in town on roads leading to Palmyra and Lyons. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1805 ; Elder Seba Norton was the first settled minister.^ WAliWORTH' — was formed from Ontario, April 20, 1829. It is the central town on the w. border of the oo. Its surface is a high, rolling upland, the ridges being the most elevated land in the CO. The Niagara limestone crops out in the n. part, marking its course by a hard, stony surface some rods in width. It is drained N. by several small streams, and s. E. by tributaries of Red Creek. The soil is a rich, sandy loam. '^Valwortll, (p. v.,) near the s.e. corner, contains 3 churches, the Walworth Academy, and 230 inhabitants. In the immediate vicinity is an extensive nursery.' West Walivortll, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains a church and 115 inhabitants. The first settlement was begun about 1800.* The first church (M. E.) was organized previous tol809." WIl,t,IAMSOSf'— was formed from Sodus, Eeb. 20, 1802. Ontario was taken off in 1807, and Marion in 1825. It lies on the n. border of the co., w. of the center. Lake Ontario forming its N. boundary. Its surface is level in the n., with a gentle inclination toward the lake. In the s. it rises into low ridges. It is drained by Salmon Creek and a few small streams that flow N. into the lake. The soil is a sandy, gravelly loam, mixed with clay near the lake shore. Pultney- ville,' (p. V.,) on the lake shore, a U. S. port of entry in the Genesee District, contains a church, gristmills, a steam sawmill, and about 450 inhabitants; 'Williamson, (p. v.,) s. of the center, contains 2 churches, a steam flouring mill, and about 300 inhabitants ; East W^illiamson contains 2 churches and 20 houses. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Wm. Waters.' The census reports 8 churches in town.'" TVOliCOTT" — was formed from Junius, (Seneca co.,) March 24, 1807. Butler, Huron, and Rose were taken oflf in 1826. It is the n. e. corner town of the co.. Lake Ontario forming its N. 1 Moses and J:iines Sill kept thefiretinn.at Sodus Point, in the building erected for that purpose by Mr. Williamson. On the evening; of June 13, 1813, a party of about 100 English landed at Sodus Point in bo«tP, from the fleet of Sir Jas. Yeo, for the purpose of seizing 01- destroying what public stores they could find. They were opposed by about 40 Americans, under Capt. Hull, of Lyons. After tlie fii-st firo the Americans retreated. The enemy burned 6 houses, and the old Williamson Hotel, owned by Capt. Wm. Wicl.ham. The public flour had been secreted in a ravine, and remained undiscovered. The next day a gunboat proceeded up the hike to Nicholas Point and burned a warehouse. The British had 2 killed, and the Ameiioans 1 killed and 1 mortally wounded. The total amount of property destroyed amounted to about S'^o.OOO. 2 The census reports 11 churches in town; 4 M. B., 2 Prot. E., 2 Prt-sb., Bap., Christian, Cong. 8 Named from Chancellor Walworth. < This nursery — established in 1840 — occupies 75 acres, and produces annually 300,000 trees, mostly sent to Mew England, N. J., Md., and Va. 6 Among the other early settlers were George Millet, in 1802, Daniel Douglass and George Randolph, at West Walworth, Dr. Hurlhnt Crittenden, in 1804, Deacon Gideon Hassett, James and Jonathan Hill, Capt. Gilbert, Hinckley, and John and Marshall Chamberlain. The first death was that of Green, killed by the fall of a tree, in 1806. The first store was kept by Thomas F. Kempshall. « There are 5 churches in town ; 2 Bap., M. E., Cong., and E. W. Bap. T Named from Charles Williamson, the first agent of the Pulteney Estate. 8 Named from Sir Wm. Pulteney. On the momiDg of June IS, 1813, Com. Sir James Yeo, with a British force, made a descent upon this place. Gen. J. Swift, who commanded the Americans, surrendered, with the stipulation that private property and persons should be respected. Most of the U. S. stores had been previously removed to a place of safety. The British had 2 killed and 3 wounded. 8 Capt. Sam'l Throop, Jeremiah Selby, John Holmes, and Al- pbeuB Curtis, came in 1806, Maj. Wm. Rogers in 1807, and Dan'l Poppins, Timothy Smith, Denning. Andrew Connell. Sam'l Ledyard, and Jacob W. Haltett, soon after. The first child horn was H. N. Throop, in Nov. 1807. Major Rogers kept the first inn, in 1807 ; Jos. Colt, the first store. Capt. Sam'l Throop and Jeremiah Selby built the first saw and grist mill. i» 2 Presb., M. B., Wes. Meth., Bap., Cong., Ref. Prot. D., and Union. 11 Named Crom Gov. Oliver Wolcott, of Conn. "WAYNE COUNTY. 429 boundary. Its surface is undulating, with a general inclination toward the lake. In several locali- ties are tracts of low marsh land. The streams are Wolcott and Big and Little Red Creeks, and Sndl R """i^ .1 ""'' ^^'^ ^"^ ''^ ^■^*° ^^'^« 0"'^»°- ^ P^^' of Port Bay, in the n. w., Blind ooaus Bay in the n. e., and two smaller bays, extend inland from the lake. The soil is a sandy Mid giavelly loam Iron ore is found in the n. e. part. Wolcott, (p. v.,) near the s. w. corner, ZL7« .; •■ , , ^' "oiitains 4 churches, an academy,^ 2 flouring mills, 2 sawmills, a fim H^^^^'""". , '^'^^^^ '''°P' "'''^"S machine, and carpet and coverlet factory. Pop. I . f^r,, "^''^e*^, (p. V.,) in the s. E. part, contains 3 churches, the Red Creek Union Academy, ^gristmiUs, 3 sawmills, a woolen factory, furnace, and tannery. Pop. in 1859, 597. Furnace Tillage, in the w. part, contains a furnace, sawmill, and 12 houses. The first settlement was made by Jonathan Melvin, sen., on Lot 50, in 1805.* The first settied minister was Daniel S. Butti'ick,^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Wayne County, Names of Towns. Arcadia Butbr Galeu Hur'Ui , Lyons Maccdim Miirion Ontario Palmyra .... Rose Savannah ... Sodus Walworth... Williamson. Wolcott Totaf Acres of Land. J 24,639 15,316 24,301} 12,220i 16,917 18,674 14.362} 13,886J 17,099i 13,272f ll,250i 29.963t 15,868} 14.796 12.996 6,967J 6,920 10,625 7,692 6,230 4,389 3,698 6,978} 4.202} 8,577 7,967} 11,697} 4,605 5,802 8,710 264,451} 102.062} Valuation of 1868. OS $1,421,601 680,494 1,381,393 676,999 1,365,631 951,179 488,685 464,509 1,190,624 627,597 456,362 1,085,811 678,442 641,248 549,749 a. 6. $101,728 21,860 867,678 31,444 313,950 121,670 71,012 72,688 195,000 35,911 8,000 116,089 82,470 69,632 65,300 $1,623,329 602,344 1,748,971 607,443 1.669,481 1,072,849 669,597 537,097 1,388.624 663,508 463,362 1,201,900 660,912 610,880 605,049 12308,024 1,364,222 13,612,246 23,964 22,796 Population. :^ 2,832 1,126 2,706 086 2.604 1,249 986 1,222 2,062 1,084 961 2,331 991 1.301 1,535 2,684 1,099 2,475 806 2,601 1,186 962 1,101 2,053 1,030 811 2,207 973 1.261 1,478 987 414 924 886 874 463 382 451 713 395 343 908 890 496 996 384 978 493 419 466 846 419 349 932 417 629 600 796 360 490 316 676 366 366 371 627 829 212 777 347 428 484 Schools. 1-= 1,903 816 1,860 776 1,849 816 766 943 1,319 791 719 1,880 703 791 1,223 219 17,222 Names of Towns. Arcadia Bntler G;ilen Hurij) Lyonfl Maccilon.... Marion Ontario Palnivra.... Bo-i-". ?av !nnah„. S.idus Will worth... Milliarnflon. Wolnjtt IvtaT 1,463 981 1,373 712 1,320 909 869 764 676 1,616 877 994 873 ■.s°s SS.8 1,735 1,766 1.961 1,091 1,322 1,329 1.084 1,201 1,303 1.286 1.348 2,616 1.148 1,278 1,327 1,493 1,024 1,649 676 1,610 953 974 923 1,193 871 761 1,840 878 1,037 882 14,928 21,696 16.769 104,845 10,821 4,898 8,814 3,716 7,722 10,288 3,763 4,020 7,964 3,727 4.947 15,526 6,845 7,609 4.296 2,788 1.647 4.198 1.438 2,406 1,924 1,632 1,286 1,900 1,241 1,336 3,149 1,644 1,619 1,692 Agricultural Products. Bdsh. of Gbain. g 44,032 16,462 31.178 10,357 27.357 25,787 12.473 9,510 31,073 9,778 16,926 26,396} 12,600 8,803 9,103 180,099 140,681 199,092} 113.036 134.762} 110,899} 108,744} 83,609} 112,236 94,200 113,863} 207,638} 113,704} 93,427 112.760} 4,680 2,667 3,806 1.910 31430 3,163 2,683} 2,686} 3.713 1,724} 1,904 6,072} 3,386 2,943 1,713} 29,799 289.734} 1,918,572} 45.271} 261.403 509,626 1,446,080 163.763} 13,064} Is 38,424 61,981 49,688 20,361 51.526 27,949 34,035 17,431 33,113 28.636 14,907 70,448 21,170 32,702 17,456 Daiev Products. 0, B) 140,054 97,571 140.558 69,860 89,472 77,662 96,660 86,376 106,711 66,330 69,216 177,269 68.464 91,822 79,186 6,331 16 112 16,278 4,844 4,128 9,900 18,763 17,400 14,816 7,076 2,290 9,766} 5,444 30,175 2,462 •^1 803 1,7,60 1,271 1,310 360 32 502 1,669 268 846 1,806 779 336 845 1 Named from the sandbar which stretches across its mouth from the w. shore. j, t t »v s The Leiiverworth Institute: named from Isaac Leavenworth, who cont I ibuted one-half the total cost. ... swolciitf Furnace manufactures about 460 tons of pig m)n per annum from ore dug in the N. e. part of the town. « Anione tlie other early settlers were Adonyah Church, fi-om Mass ill 1S06, Osgood Church and iiunily, in 1807, Dea. Knapp and Lambert "Woodruff, in the vicinity of Red Creek, Noadiah Child, in 1811, and Jacob Snyder, with his family of 10 children, in 1813. The first death was that of a son of George f^lmon. Obadiah Adams kept the first inn, and Noadiah Child built the first saw and grist mill, in 1814. 6 There are 8 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., 2 Presb., P. W. Bap., and Meth. Prot. FULTON COUl^TY. i This county was formed from Montgomery, April 18, 1838.' It lies N. of the Mohawk, e. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, rising into a mountainous region on the N. border. The highland region is divided into three general I ridges, extending N. E. and s. w. The most eastern of these ridges, 9/ occupying the s. B. corner, consists of rounded drift hills of moderate elevation, bounded by gradual slopes, the highest summits being about 400 ft. above the Mohawk. The second ridge extends through near the center of the co. and occupies a wide space along the N. border. The declivities in the n. are usually steep and rocky; and the highest summits are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk. The third ridge, similar in character to the second, extends through the w. part of the co. Its highest summits are 1,200 ft. above the Mohawk. Saoondaga' River flows s. E. through the n. e. corner of the co. It receives from the w. May- field Creek, which has for its tributaries Fondasbush and Frenchmans Creeks. The Chuctenunda flows through the s.E. corner. The Cayadutta flows s. w. through near the center, its valley separating the central from the eastern ranges of hills. Garoga Creek flows s., a little w. of the center, its valley separating the western and central ranges of hills. Stony Creek, a tributary of the Sacondaga, flows n. e. in the northerly continuation of the Garoga Valley, and breaks through the central ranges of hills. East Canada Creek forms the greater part of the w. boundary of the CO., receiving as tributaries North, Fish, and Crum Creeks. The other streams are branches of the foregoing or of the Mohawk. They are mostly rapid streams, frequently interrupted by falls, and aifording an ample supply of water-power. Among the hills in the N. part of the co. are many of the small lakes forming a characteristic feature of the wilderness region of Northern N. Y. Along the Sacondaga, near the mouth of Mayfield Creek, and occupying portions of Northampton, Broadalbin, and Mayfield, is an extensive swamp or vlaie, said to contain an area of 13,000 acres.' • The greater part of the surface of the co. is covered with drift deposits. The southern part of the central and w. ridges are principally composed of calciferous sand rock; and farther n. Potsdam sandstone and gneiss appear and cover a considerable portion of the surface. Blacl Kiver limestone, Trenton limestone, and Utica slate are also found in diiferent localities. Quarries of gneiss and of birdseye limestone have been opened in Johnstown and Mayfield. An excellent building stone is found in all the N. part of the co. The soil in the s. part and along the valleys is mostly a gravelly and clayey loam, derived from the drift deposits. It is well adapted to pasturage, and in the most favorable localities produces good crops of grain. A large portion of the N. part is too rough and broken for profitable cultiva- tion.* The manufactures consist principally of leather, lumber, and buckskin gloves and mittens.' The CO. seat is located at Johnstown.^ The courthouse is a brick building in the n. part of the village, erected in 1772, by Sir AVm. Johnson, for the courthouse of " Tryon" oo.' The jail, a stone building, situated in the s. B. part of the village, contains the usual jail accommodations, and the residence of the jailer. The clerk's ofiice is a fireproof briok building, in the vicinity of the courthouse. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 94 acres at West Bush, 6 mi. n. of the 1 A dissatisfaction arisiug from the removal of the county seat of Montgomery CO. from Johnstown to Fonda was the immediate cause of the division of thilt CO. - ■^' "■''"'^' 2 This name is said to signify " Drow ned Lands" from the great marsh which lies along its coiITS^T^"*""^'' 8 This vlaie was apparently a lake at no remote period. It is now covered with a small growth of evergreens aroHnd its border, and a wet prairie in the center, where hundreds of tons of coarse grass of poor quality are cut annually. * The mountainous portion in the N. part of this co. forms the s. extremity of the Great Northern wilderness of N. Y. The settlements are very sparse, and are confined to the narrow valleys of the streams. The hills are covered with a light growth of forest trees ; and when once cleared, the soil Is too light and thin to produce any thing else. ^ More buckskin gloves and mittens are manufactured in this 430 CO. than in all other parts of the U. S. The center of the mauu- facture is at Glovers^ille, though it is largely carried on at Johns- town and other villages. Work is given our to taniilies through a large section of country, forming the most productive branch of hibor in the co. 6 The Irrst ofiDcers of "Tryrni co." were Guy Johnson, First Judge; .Tohn Butler and Peter Corgue, ./ulican was commenced at '•*' Joh„s"wn 1^1838 by Darius wells. In 1840 Alexander U Wells became proprietor; and in 1842 he sold it to SaS It WM afterward issued a short time at Johns- The Ut^ary' Journal was published at Kingsboro' in 1843 by The JoJmstoi^AZkcan waa commencod in Jan. If 56, by N.J. Johnson. In Feb. 1867, it was sold to J. D. Houghtaling. In April, 1858, its name was changed to _ The Jolmstown Independent, under which title it is DOW published. The GloversvUle Standard was commenced in Sept. 1856, by W. H. Case, and is still pxiblished. 2 It has beun the general belief that Sir William ended his ^ own life; and there is not much doubt but that he hunii' hiui'^*'**'^ self itt bis garden. His gardener, who found him and took^--*..^ him down, intimated, in his old age, facts which confirm thi^i belief; and his will — dated Jan. 27, 1774 — indicates that the near approach of death was a familiar thought, as his burial was an event for which he gave the most minute directions. In this instrument — after commending his soul to God, who gave it — he directs his body to be buried in the place he had selected by the side of his wife*, Catharine. He directs mourning for his housekeeper, Mary Brant, and her children, and for young Braut and William, half-breed Mohawks, and for his servants aud slaves. The sachpins of both Mohawk villages are to be invited to his funei-al, and to receive each a black etroud blanket, crape, and gloves, which they were to receive and wear as mourners next after bis family. The bearers are to have white scarf, crape, and gloves; and the whole cost of the funeral is not to exceed £300. The funeral debt is to be first paid by Sir John, out of his 3 per cent, consolidated annuities, within 6 months. lie bequeathed to Peter £300, and to the ntlier children of Mary Brant {7 in numbei-) £100 each,— the interest to be expended on their education. To young Brant, alias Kaghneghago, and William, alias Tagawirunta, two Mohawk lads, £100 York currency each ; to Sir John, his son, one-half of the rest of his money ; and to Daniel Claus and Guy Johnson, his sons-in-law, each one-half of the remainder. He then givua his library and plate, slaves, stock, and personal estate, (certain portions excepted,) to Sir John ; and his landed estate is divided ' between his children and friends, speciflcatly naming to each the lots they are to receive, and especially enjoining upon his children never to sell or alienate any portion of theKoynl Grant, as he had received it as a free gift ftom the king. The legatees of his lands were Sir John and Col. Guy Johnson, Daniel Glaus, each of the children of Mary Brant, and her brothers, Joseph and William, Mary McGrah, John and Warren Johnson, bis brothers, and Deose, Sterling, P]uuket,and Fitzimons, brothers- in-law, and John Dease, his nephew. To Robert Adams, Joseph Chew, aud Wm. Byrne, old friends, and Patrick Daly, a servant, he gave the free use for life of certain lands. And he provided for the further division of his estate in case Sir John died without issue. He appointed ashia executors, his son, two sons-in-l:iw, two brothers, and Dan'l Campbell, of Schenectady, John Butler, Jellia Fonda, Capt. Jaa. Stevenson, of Albany, Dr. John Doase. Henry Frey, and Jos. Chew. The guardians of the children of Mary Brant were John Butler, Jellia Fonda, John Dease, Jamfca Stevenson, Henry Frey, and Joseph Chew. Each executor and guardian was to receive a ring, as a memento from their once sincere friend. Sir William was buried in a vault under the Episcopal church in Johnstown. About 1793 the vault was filled up ; and Nov. 26, 1836, the church, with its bell and organ, (the presents of Sir William,) were burned. The spot of hiff burial Is just outside of the present church edifice.- ; 432 FULTON COUNTY. The active interest in the royal cause taken by Sir John Johnson and all whom he could influ- ence, is well known. He fortified Johnson Hall late in 1775, armed the Scotch Highlanders on the Kingsborough Patent, and spread discontent among the Indian tribes under his control. His conduct could not be tolerated ; and in Jan. 1776, Gen. Schuyler was sent with an army of 700 militia to disarm the tenants and to secure a strict neutrality on the part of Sir John and his friends. After several days' negotiation, a feigned acquiescence was received, and on the 19th the Scotch surrendered their arms, and Sir John gave his word of honor to abstain from further hos- tile measure^. His intrigues continued notwithstanding ; and in May, 1776, a patriot force, under Col. Dayton, was sent to apprehend him. Upon their approach, he left his family papers, money, and plate to be buried by a faithful slave, and, attended by large numbers of his dependents, he fled through the woods northward to Canada.' In May, 1780, Sir John made his appearance with 500 troops from the Northern wilderness, to recover his buried treasure and take vengeance upon his old neighbors. The settlements were surprised, and the Mohawk Valley, from Tribes Hill I upward to The Noses, was ravaged. Many houses were burned, 11 persons were slain, and several/ others were left as dead but finally recovered. An ineffectual rally was made for pursuit ; but the invaders returned without molestation. In the fall of the same year, Sir John, wit h 800 m en, in- vaded the Schoharie and Mohawk Valleys with fire and sword, while an army advanced by way of Lake Champlain to create a diversion on the northern frontier. In returning, he was pursued by a body of troops under Gen. Robert Van Rensselaer, and would have been overtaken and cap- tured b,ad not the cowardice or treachery of that .officer prevented.^ The battle of Stone Arabia was fought upon this occasion. In Aug. 1781, Major Ross and Walter N. Butler, with a band of tories and savages, appeared by way of Saoondaga with 607 men,' and encamped a little n. of Johnson Hall. Col. "Willett moved from Fort Plain on the 22d, with 300 men, to attack the enemy, and, upon approaching, detached 100 men, under Col. Harper, to make a circuit and attack the rear of the camp. A short distance above the Hall, "Willett's forces met those of Ross, and the former retreated ; but at the village they rallied, and were joined by 200 militia. The enemy were finally driven from the ground, with a loss of 17, wbile the Americans lost 13. Ross retreated all night, and was followed. At West Canada Creek the infamous Butler was killed.* The estates of the Johnsons were forfeited, and a race of New Englanders succeeded the Scotch Highlanders in this co. No further event of especial interest has since disturbed the even current of events. BliEECKER^ — was formed from Johnstown, April 4, 1831. A part was re-annexed to that town in 1841, and a part of Caroga was taken off in 1842. It is the central town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland, the highest summits upon the N. border being 2,000 ft. above tide. The streams are head branches of West Stony^ and Garoga Creeks. In the valleys are several small lakes, the principal of which are Chases Lake, in the n., and Woodworth Lake, on the s. border. The soil is thin and light, and the surface is very stony. Lumbering and tanning' are the leading pursuits. Bleecker, (p. v.,) near the s. border, con- tains a church, a sawmill, a large tannery, and 20 dwellings. The first settlements were com- menced about 1800.' The census reports 3 churches ; M. E., Germ. Meth., and R. C. BROADAIiBIW — was formed from " Catighnawaga," (now Broadalbin, Johnstown, and Mayfield,) March 12, 1793. Northampton was taken off in 1799, and a part of Perth in 1842. It is the central town on the e. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and mostly susceptible of cultiva- tion. Chuctenunda Creek flows through the4. E. corner. Fondasbush Creek flows w. through near the center ; Frenchmans Creek through the n. part ; and Mayfield Creek through the N. w. corner. The soil is mostly of the drift formation, inclining to sand. The N. part extends into the great Sacondaga Vlaie, which is annually overflowed, and in which the soil is alluvial. Fondas Bush, (Broadalbin p. o.,) on Fondas Creek, near the w. line, was incorp. April 17, 1815, as 1 TbiB slave was sold among the confiscated property of Siri John. His purchaser, Col. Valkert Veeder, could not induce hinJ to betray the secrets of his master. He was Bubsequently rel covered liy Sir .Tohn, and accompanied him to Canada. The paperJ burled with the money and plate were afterward found to bel ruined, but the coin and plate were recovered and taken to Canada! '" , 2 fi..o page . -" Of those 477 were British and tories and 130 were Indians. * See page . s Named from Rutger Bleecker, of Albany, a patentee. The town includes portions of Chase's, Glen's, Bleecker's, LansinE's, and Mayfield's Patents. 6 Named Des-kon-ta on Southier's map, pub. in 1779. ' There are 3 large tanneries in town. 8 Among the early settlers were James Morse, Wm. Rood, Ephraim Lindsley, James Iiandon, Samuel Shaffer, Wm. Eglan, rrederick Mills, Goodwell, and Geo. Hamilton,— all from New England. The first death was that of Goodwell, about 1806. Wm. Chase, the patentee, built a gristmill on the H. branch of Stony Creek, in 1801-06. » Named from a place in Scotland, by James Mclntyre, one of the early settlers. This town comprises parts of Sacondaga, Kayaderosseras, and Stone's Patents. PULTON COUNTY. 433 'SZnflltL "p"""*«1? ^ '^''"'^''' 3 ^•^'"^^'^'" ^'^''^^S ^^^' ^ '^^ -°d grist mill, and 3 MUU fnoW t ''■ '^- ^*"' Corners, (p.o.,) in the e. part, is a hamlet. Union bin ^ \ contains a sawmill, paper mill, a peg factory, and 10 houses. Worth Broadal- BPHli^;'; '° ''■ "'^ P''''*' "O^t'^'^s a church, saw and grist mill, and 10 houses. The first settlement was commenced before the Revolution.^ The census reports 5 churches in town.^ t>.f^^**^*^'*'r:r' *'°™"^ ^''"'^ Stratford, Bleecker, and Johnstown, April 11, 1842. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is rolling in the s. and broken in the n. by small sharp mountains. A large hill lies w. of Garoga Creek ; and a swell of land rises about 300 tt. between the principal branches. Numerous clusters of lakes lie in the center and N. part of the town the principal of which are E. and W. Eish Lakes, Garoga Lake, the Stink Lakes, Bellows, Prairie, Green, and Pine Lakes. Garoga Creek flows s. from Garog.a Lake. A small portion of the area only is susceptible of cultivation. Lumbering is the principal business. IVewkirb^s Mills (p. V.) contains a church, (Ref. Prot. D.,) a large tannery, and 30 houses. The first settle- ment commenced about 1790.* EPHRATAH— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 27, 1827. A part was re-annexed to that town on the division of the 00. in 1838. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland, 400 to 1,500 ft. above the Mohawk. Garoga Creek flows s. w. through the town, in a deep valley, the hills on either side rising about 800 feet above the creek. The soil is sandy, and in the s. e. a clayey loam. Ephratali, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains a church, gristmill, a large tannery, and 359 inhabitants. Garoga, (p. v.,) in tiie N. part, contains a saw and grist mill and 12 houses. Rockwood, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, 2 tanneries, a buckskin dressing mill, and 196 inhabitants. l.assellSTille, (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains 2 churches and 20 houses. The first settlement commenced under the auspices of Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1765.* The census reports 6 churches in town.^ JOHKTSTOWW — was formed from " Caughnawaga," (now Broadalbin, Johnstown, and Mayfield,) March 12, 1793. Lake Pleasant was taken off in 1812, Bleecker in 1831, Mohawk in 1837, and a part of Caroga in 1842. A part of Bleecker was re-annexed in 1841. It lies on the s. border of the co., near the center. A series of hills occupy the N. part. A high ridge extends through the w. ; and the remaining parts of the town are rolling. Cayadutta Creek flows s. w. through the e. part; Garoga Creek flows through the N. w. corner ; and Cayuta Creek through the w. part. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. The manufacture of buckskin gloves and mittens forms an important item in the business of the town. Jolinstown (p. v.) was incorp. April 1, 1808. It is situated on the Cayadutta, s. e. of the center ; and it contains the co. buildings, 7 churches, the Johnstown Academy,' 3 printing offices, a bank, 2 gristmills, a sawmill, planing mill, and gas works. Pop. 1,661. Gloversville, (p. v.,) on the Cayadutta, 4 mi. n. of Johns- town, is noted for its manufacture of gloves and mittens.' It was incorp. in April, 1853, and contains 3 churches, the Gloversville Union Seminary, a printing office, a bank, a paper box fac- tory, machine shop, and gristmill. Pop. 1,965. Kingsboroiig'Ii, (p. v.,) in the n. e. part, con- tains a church, an academy, 10 mitten factories, and 300 inhabitants. jSammonsville, (p. v.,) in the s. w., contains a paper mill, gristmill, and 15 houses. W^cst Busll, (p. 0.,) in the n. part, Kecks Center, (p. 0.,) in the w. part, and McE'wens Corners are hamlets. The first 1 Henry Stoner, .Joseph Scott, BeDJ. Deline, Philip Helmer, Andrew Bowman, Herman Salishnry, John Putnam, Joseph Desilver, John Homan, Elias Cady, settled near Fondas Bosh befon- the Revolution.— Simms's Trappers of N.T., p.gl. James MclDtyre, AlexandiT Murray, Alexander Oliver, Dal ill Mcln- tyre and Nathan Brock way, from Scotland, Peter Demarest and Derrick Banta, from N. J., Abram , Manchester, Heub.-n Burr and Enoch Cr.)mi»ell, from New Ejig., settled soon after the Eevolution. Bev. Komeyn held the first religious services, after the war, in 1790-92. . 2 Presb., M. E., B ip., Christian, and Union. 3 Named from ths' principal stream. Custom has applied the namo ' Garoga" to Ihe latter, and "Caroga" to the town. 4 David Robert, and Solomon Jeffers settled in 1798 ; Samuel Ga -e Reuben Brookina, Wm. Jefferson, Abram Carley, Anthony Stewart, Nathan Lovelace, Isaac Peckham, Eiyah Gardner, Ira Beach John Mead, Jas. MoLellan, Titus Foster, Lemuel Lewis, and Daniel GofT, were also early settlers. The first marriage was that of Francis Vandercook and Lucy Jeffers, in 1800. The first death was that of Mrs. Amy Mead, in 1804. 6 l-rederick Getuian. Jacob Empie, and Jacob Schell settled near the village. Mcholis Rector, .Ia«ob Fry, Henry Hernng, Philip Ereitzer, Wm. Cool, Deutzler, Johannes Winkle, Wm. Smith, Henry Hart, Zachariah Tripp, John Cassleman, Peter Schutt, and .Tacob Eplie, from Germany, came in from Schoharie, mostly before the Revolution. The first German school was taught by Moot, and the first English school by McLean. A gri.'stmill was built by Sir Wm. Johnson boon after the first settlement. It was afterward burned by the tories. Johannes Winkle built the first mill after the Revolu- tion. 8 2 M. B., 2 Union, Bap., and Ref. Prot. D. 7 Named from Sir William Johnson. The town embraces the Kingsboroush Patent, granted June 23, 1753, a part of Stone Arabia, Butler's, and the Sacondaga Patents. 8 Tins academy was built in 1798-99, by Wm. Van Vort. Sir Wm. Johnsonaet a part aportion of the Kingsborough Patent for the benefit of a free school. This reservation was respected by the courts of forfeiture, and trustees were appointed to take charge of the trust. The proceeds were appropriated to the use of this academy. 9 There are in this town over 100 establishments for the manu- facture of gloves and mittens, and 10 mills for dre.Rsing the skins. This business was first commenced by Ezeklel Case, in 1803. and has grown from a small beginning, until now it is said that over $500,000 capital is invested in it. 434 FULTON COUNTY. settlement was commenced under the auspices of Sir Wm. Johnson, in 1760. He remoyed to " John- n S' Ibout f of a mi. .. w. of Johnson Village, in 1761 or '62. There were the-bo"t a ^-- houses in the village, and 100 tenants on farms adjacent. The lands were leased by h m with the evident intention of establishing a baronial estate for his family.^ The census reports 11 churches in town.^ MAYFIEI^D'-was formed from "Caughnawaga," (now Broadalbin, Johnstown, and May- field ) March 12, 1793. Wells was taken off in 1805, and another portion of Mayfleld was annexed to that town in 1812. A part was annexed to Perth in 1842. It lies on the n. border of the_ CO., E._ of the center, and extends nearly to the s. line. Its surface in the N. part is broken by mountains rising 1 500 to 2 000 ft. above tide. These elevations are of primary formation, with rounded summits, the higher peaks having steep declivities. The central and s. parts are rolling and generally susceptible of cultivation. Stony Creek flows through the n. w. corner ; Mayfie d Creek through near the center; Fondas Creek* through the s. E. part; and Cranberry Creek in the E part. The soil is sandy and gravelly, in some places strewn with boulders. The valleys are alluvial, with some clayey loam. Mayfleld (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, and 600 inhabitants. Vails Mills, (p. V.,) in the s. E. part, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, a tannery, and 20 houses. JacUson Summit is a p. u. The first settlement was commenced about 1760 or '61, under Sir Wm. Johnson, on the old road from Tribes Hill to the Sacondaga, and was then called ''Philadelphia Bush.'"- There are 2 churches in town ; M. B. and Presb. WORTIIAMPir-OIW'— was formed from Broadalbin, Feb. 1, 1799. It is the n. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly in the N., the hills rising about 1,000 ft. above the valley. In the s. part the Sacondaga' Vlaie occupies several thousand acres, which cannot easily be drained. Sacondaga Eiver flows s. e. through the center of the town, in a valley J to li mi. wide. Mayfield Creek flows e. near the s. border. The soil in the valley is a rich alluvium, and on the upland a saady loam. In places it is stony and rooky. Shell marl abounds in the bed of the Vlaie. Wortliville, (p. V.,) in the N. part, contains 3 churches, 4 mitten factories, and 450 inhabitants. Xortlaamp- ton/ (p. V.,) in the s.e. corner, contains 2 churches, a large tannery, and 210 inhabitants; and OsI>oi-iis Bridge (p. o.) a church and 10 houses. Cranberry Creek, is a p. o. The first settlement commenced under Sir Wm. Johnson, about 1770.' The census reports 5 churches in tOW]».'° OPPEWIIEIM— was formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) March 18, 1808. St. Johns- ville (Montgomery oo.) was taken off in 1838. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, inclining gradually to the s. w. In the N. E. part the hills rise 1,200 to 1,500 ft. above the Mohawk. East Canada Creek flows s. along the w. border. Fish Creek flows through the N. w. corner. Little Sprite, Crum, and Fox Creeks are small streams. The soil in the s. w. is clay, in the s. E. a clayey loam, and in the center and N. a light, sandy and gravelly loam. Boulders are scattered over the surface in profusion ; and primary rook appears in the N. Limestone has been extensively quarried in the s. w. part, for the Erie Canal and for private use. Oppenheim, (p. v.,) near the center, contains a church, a sawmill, and 59 inhabitants. Brocliets Bridge, (p. o.,) in the w. part, on the line of Herkimer co., liOttville, (p. o.,) in the 1 Among tlie tenants were Dr. Wm. Adams ; Gilbert Tice, inn- keeper; Peter Young, miller ; William Phillips, wagon roaker; Jas. Davis, hatter; Peter Yost, tanner; Adrian Van Sickle, Maj. John Little, and Zephaniah Bachelor. The first school was taught by Ralworth, and the second by G. B. Throop. The tenants were imbued with the political sentiments of the John- son family, and shared its fortunes. The estates were confiscated during the Revolution; and many from New England settled there after the war. 2 The first clergyman, according to the records, was Rev. Moseley, in 1770. The churches are 2 M. E., 2 Presb., Bap., Cong., Evan. Luth., Asso. Presb., Prot. E., Eef. Prot. D., and R. 0. 3 Named from the Mayfield Patent, granted June 27, 1770. The town comprises parts of this and Bleecker, Kingsborough, Sacon- daga, Kayaderoeseras, Glen, Dan'l Claus's, and Norman McLeod's Patents. 4 Called by the Indians Ken-ne-at-too, 6 Nathaniel Conners, Michael Oroman, two families of Wal- ^ ters, Peter Whitman, Schutt, Circaman, Michael HayneB, George Cough, Simon Christie, and John Anderson, settled before the Revolution. William and Robert Jackson, David Knapp, Alvin McDougal, Peter and John MoKinley, Duncan Anderson, Isaac Bemas, Captain and Major Van Beuren, Douw and Jellis Tonda, Samuel Lefferts, William Tail, David and Luke Woodworth, and Jonah Bartlettwere also early settlers. The first birth was that of Mary Cough, in 17(i6. Christian Eurtenback taught a German school in 1771. Mills were built for Sir Wm. Johnson in 1773. 6 Named from the patent granted to Jacob Mase, John R. Bleecker, and others, Oct. 17, 1741. ^ Local pronunciation, Sock-na-daw-gar. 8 Locally known as " Fiahhouse." 8 Godfrey Shew was the first settler ; John Eikler, Lent and Nicholas Lewis, Robert Martin, Zebulon Alger, families of Ketchums and Chadwicks, Asahel Parker, John Trumbull, John Rosevelt, Alexander St. John, and John Fay, were among the other early settlers. Soon after the Revolution, Zadoc Shei^ wood and Samuel Olmsted settled at Northville, They were followed by Thos, Foster, Daniel and Timothy Ressequio, iohn McNeil, Calvin Young, Adam Olmsted, Cornelius Richardson, Elihu Coleman, SylvaUuB Sweet, Robert Palmer, John Randall, Eli Sprague, Green Wells, Cortielius Hurving, Felix Porter, and John Denison, — mostly fi-om New England, The first birth Waa that of Godfrey Shew, about 2 years before the Revolution; the first marriage was that of Alexander St, John and Martha Scrihner, about 1798; and the first recorded dea'tii, that of Gideon Olmsted, 10 2 Presb., 2 M. E., and Bap. PULTON COUNTY. 435 N., and Crum Creek, (p. 0.,) in the s. part, are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced by i^ermans, before the Revolution.^ Rev. Jacob Frisband held the first religious services, about 1800.' PERTH'— was formed from Amsterdam, {Montgomery co.,) April 18, 1831. Parts of May- held and Broadalbm were annexed Feb. 17, 1842. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface IS gently rolling. Chuotenunda Creek flows through the extreme e. part of the town. The soil is mostly a clay loam. Limestone crops out in several places; but the prevailing rock is slate, west Gal way, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, on the line of Saratoga co., contains a church and 10 houses. Perth, (p. 0.,) in the n. part, contains a church and 8 houses. 'West Perth (p. o.) IS a hamlet. The first settlement commenced on the road from Tribes Hill to Sacondaga, about 17b0. The census reports 2 churches in town ; Presb. and Asso. Ref. Presb. STRATFORD 5_,^as formed from Palatine, (Montgomery co.,) April 10, 1805. A part of Caroga was taken off in 1842. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a high, rolling, and hilly upland, 800 to 1,200 ft. above the Mohawk, and in the extreme n. 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above tide, with a general inclination to the s. w. East Canada Creek flows through the n. w. corner and forms a part of the w. boundary. North, Ayers, and Fish Creeks are the principal streams. In the N. part are several small lakes, the principal of which are Dexter, Spectacle, North Pleasant, and Ayers Lakes. The soil in the s. w. and in the valley of East Canada Creek is a clayey loam; and in other parts it is light, sandy, and gravelly. IVicholsville, (Stratford p. 0.,) on the w. border, partly in Herkimer co., at the junction of Ayers and Bast Canada Creeks, contains 2 churches, 4 sawmills, a gristmill and tannery, and 32 houses. Whitesburg-h (p. 0.) is a hamlet, in the s. w. corner. The first settlement was commenced by Samuel Bennett, in 1800.* Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Fulton County. Namt!.s of Towns. Acres of Land. 11 Valuation op 1868. Population. i 1? 1 182 659 142 393 1,600 603 406 450 214 211 1 Schools. 1 1 1 1 1 J 1 1 J a Vc ll 6 12 4 10 23 16 11 16 6 7 iu If Bleccker Broadalbin Carcga Ephratah Johnstown Mayfield Northampton 2,638( 17,413 2,306 12,389i 29,690 18,100i 12,932i 20,289J 12,606i 6.260i 35,138 6,972 12,343 8,896 10,7614 16,646i 5,308 11,760 3,993 36.363 $71,292 339,765 67,656 300,098 1,584,374 366,694 162,983 438,199 286,836 127,827 $1,745 44,645 6,874 27,940 440,092 26,976 14,876 14,625 32,617 4,610 $73,037 384,310 73,430 328,038 2,024,466 392,669 177,858 462,724 319,363 132,337 479 1,248 378 1,117 3,829 1,170 983 1,260 669 660 426 1,398 386 1,066 4;083 1,223 960 1,162 662 496 173 606 126 376 1,287 471 406 436 206 194 150 397 83 288 748 868 286 369 169 148 2,996 401 982 248 1,130 3,210 1,086 763 1,109 449 893 ■Perth Stratford Total 133,416j 147,070*1 3,744,624 613,698 4,358,122 11,573 11,711 4,179 4,660 9,761 NAJffiS OF Towns. Live Stock. Agricultural Products. | i^.S 1 1 98 I 2,487 149 1 1,374 ) 4,703 2,601 ) 1,764 ) 1,501 I 1,966 ) 827 1 1 EUBH. OF Ghain. *| 1 •5- 1 11 0)0, .a ^ Dairy Products. 1 .T Il II 96 6*4 116 60S 1,231 1,3S9 367 731 491 170 136 1,335 130 966 1,936 1,370 972 1,452 975 383 17 1,12 17 1,01 2,26 1,28 60 2,34 89 49 10,26 113 1,220 186 1,135 3,366 1,232 507 1,373 1,119 273 265 962 60 7,619 10,3635 3,768i 268 694 2,026 42 2,326i 73,889 4,871 63,804 183,495 80,963 36,196 67,899 100,324 16,2484 490 4,0634 506 3,085 7,713 4,1314 2,826 7,1164 2,607 1,3664 6,968 29,938 4,487 18,998 38,673 24,018 17.193 22;i99 16,601 7,891 1,110 11,612 490 12,670 99,406 13,326 10,015 87 62,900 10,114 27,306 6,045 433,971 9,816 28,826 164 980 221 487 1,463 197 826 2,1654 474 5004 4,400 1 83,626 Johnstown 27,844 18,136 6,441 16,435 11,902 2,872 242,117 102,631 63,198 127,741 80,675 26,210 Stratford Total 5,829 9,654 i 16,969 10 614 26,028 1618,614} 133,903 1182,964 '100,1421840,397 I679,079i 7,477 1 Rudolph Yonker was the first settler; John Shaver, Jacob Youron, Moses Johnson, Daniel Dickman, \\m. Altei-burgh, Henry Burkdorf, Frederick Bell .nsei-. ^nd ^^imeon Schuyler settled in the 8. part; Benjamin Berry, >et«rClive Jacob Ladue, Jamea Johnaon, Wm. Bean. Ricliard Il.w.tt. and Daniel Guile, from New England, settlwl in tfie cential part in 1(97. William Alterburgh kept the first .nn: Andrew /abnskie the first store; and John Beardsley built the first mill Mr. B. waa the pioneer millwright in Central iNewYork, and took an active part in the first improvemenfs of this cla^s. 2 There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Univ., M. E.. and Ref- "ot- -D. 8 Named from Perth, in Scotland, by Archibald McFarlane. Thifl town contains parts of the Kayaderosseras and faacondaga ^**Charle8 Mereness, Richard Bowen, Marcus Reeae, — - DaTifl, Michael Swobe, and Francis Frey settled before 1770. Lawrence E. Van Allen, Henry Van Valkenburgh, Ira Benedict, Conrad and Francis Wiune, Derby Newman, James and "Wm. Robb, and Peter Vosburgh. settled soon after the Revolution. 5 This town comprises parts of Glen, Bleeckor k Co.'s Patent, one tier of lots of Lott & Low's Patent, and a part of the .leisey- field Patent, granted to Henry G^en and others, April 12, 1770. John Wells, Amos Kinney, Eli "Winchell, Nathan Gurney, Eleaz^r, Levi, and Samuel Bliss, Abial Kibbe, and Daniel Shortekirk settled on the Johnstown road, and Stephen and John Wilcox, Amasa Ubappell, and Abiathar Moshur in other parts of the town. The fii-at birth was that of Lansing Wells, in 1800 ; the first marriage, that of Sumuel Ellia and I^olly Gurney ; and the first death, that of Jesse Wilson, killed by the fall of a tree, Dec. 25, 1802 or '03. S. Bennett kept the first inn ; Sanders Lansing, son of one of the patentees, built the first gristmiH, on Fish Creek, in 1810 ; and Daniel Cross built the first tannery, in 1812. MONROE COUNTY This county was formed from Ontario and Genesee, Feb. 23, 1821. It lies on Lake Ontario, N. w. of the center of the State. It is cen- trally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is generally level or slightly undulating, with a moderate inclination toward the lake. The shore of the lake rises in bluffs 10 to 30 ft. in height ; and from its summit the surface gradually slopes upward to the lake ridge, a distance of 5 to 8 mi. from the lake. The summit of this ridge is 160 ft. above the lake ; and from it the surface declines a few feet to the s., and then rises to the summit of the Mountain Ridge, a distance of 1 to 3 mi., and 310 ft. above the lake. South of this point the surface is gently rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. The summits of the ridges along the s. border are about 400 ft. above the lake and 600 to 650 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Genesee River, which flows a little E. of n. through the center of the oo. Its valley is J mi. to 2 mi. wide, bordered by ridges 30 to 60 ft. high. At Rochester the river flows over the solid limestone which forms the Mountain Ridge a distance of 96 ft., forming the Upper Genesee Falls, and 2J mi. below it again descends 105 ft., to near the level of the lake, forming the Lower Genesee Falls. The principal tributaries of the Genesee are Oatka and Black Creeks from the w., and Honeoye Creek from the e. The other principal streams of the co. are Sandy, Little Salmon, Salmon, But- tonwood, and Long Pond Creeks, w^.^of the Genesee, and Irondequoit and Four Mile Creeks, E. of that river, all flowing into Lake Ontario or some of its bays. In their passage from the central part of the co. to the lake, these streams nearly all flow over the limestone ridge in a succession of falls, forming an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lake Ontario, which forms its N. boundary, Irondequoit and Braddocks Bays, and Buck, Long, and Cranberry Ponds, all indentations from Lake Ontario and connected with it by narrow and shallow straits.' The lowest rock in the oo. is the Medina sandstone, extending in a broad belt along the lake shore. Next above this is a thin stratum of the Clinton group, almost disappearing upon the w. border of the co. ; and next above is the Niagara group, forming the abrupt terrace of the Moun- tain Ridge. This rock forms an excellent building material, and is extensively quarried. It also yields weak brine springs in several localities. The underlying rooks in the s. part of the co. belong to the Onondaga salt group. Lime is extensively manufactured from the Niagara limestone ; and the rocks in the s. part yield gypsum and waterlime. A large part of the co. is covered with drift deposits, which mostly assume the character of ridges and rounded hills, many of them rising 50 to 100 ft. above the general surface. Tufa and marl are found in several localities, forming elements of fertility to the soil almost invaluable. A small quantity of iron is found associated with the Clinton group. The soil is generally very fertile. Along the lake shore it consists of a red, argillaceous loam, principally derived from the disintegration of the Medina sandstone. This is succeeded by a clay derived from the disintegration of the Clinton and Niagara shales. The soil in the s. part is im- pregnated with lime and gypsum, — two of the most important elements of wheat lands. Agri- culture forms the leading pursuit. Until within a few years past, wheat has been the great staple; but since the commencement of the ravages of the wheat midge, barley, corn, and oats have become the staple productions. Most parts of the co. are well adapted to the culture of fruit, and apples and peaches are largely produced. Wool growing is extensively carried on, and stock growing and dairying are beginning to receive considerable attention. The manufactures are extensive, though mostly confined to Rochester and vicinity. They consist chiefly of flour, machinery, edge tools, cars, and almost every variety of articles of iron. Rochester is the busi- ness center of the co. ; and from it a large trade is carried on with the surrounding rich agricul- tural regions. The canals and railroads centering at this place give it facilities for an extensive inland trade and commerce. A limited amount of commerce is carried on upon Lake Ontario. The Irondequoit Bay is a narrow, deep bodv of water, ex- 1 the deepest ravine along the N. border of the State. Some eeo- tendinj inland about 6 mi. from the lake shore. From its s. legists haye supposed that Genesee Kiver formerly flowed extremity a deep yalley e.'ctends several mi. further s., forming through this valley. MONROE COUNTY. 437 The CO. seat is located at the city of Rochester.^ The courthouse, situated upon Buffalo St., near the center of the city, is a commodious brick edifice, with an Ionic portico supported by four massive pillars. The building is surmounted by a dome, the summit of which is 150 ft. high. It contains the usual offices and rooms for the court and co. officers, the co. clerk's office, and rooms for the city officers.^ The jail is an old stone building, situated upon the bank of the Genesee, in the s. part of the city. The poorhouse establishment is located upon a farm of 134 acres in Brighton, just s. of the city line of Rochester. It consists of three large buildings, one of which is used for an insane asylum. The average number of inmates is 360, supported at a weekly cost of 68 cts. each. A school is taught throughout the year. The farm yields a revenue of $3,500. Four daily, 2 tri-weekly, 8 weekly, I semi-monthly, and 3 monthly papers are published in the CO.' 1 The fir-t Co, ofBcers were Elisha B. Stroug, First Judge ; Timothy J.ai" ard. Judge; Joseph Spencer, Jsnstavt Justice; Jamea Seymour. S'teriff; ISathaaiel Rochester, Clerk; and Elisha Kly, ^wrrrorter was published in 1849 by H. A. Brewster. The Rochester Daily Magnet was published in 1849 by Lawrence & Winants, — C. H. McDonald & Co., proprietors. It was discontinued in 1850. Thi Wool Grower and Stock Register, mo., was commenced in July, 1849. While in the hands of T. C. Peters, as editor, and D. D. T. Moore, it was merged in the Rui'al New Yorker. The Investigator was published a short time in 18.50. The Medical Truth Teller was published a few months in 18— by Dr. J. Gates. The Annunciator yfSiB publisheJ in 1850. The Cygnet was published in 1850 by the Young Men's Temper- ance Association. The Flag of Freedom was published in 1850 by Calvin H. Chase. The Advent Review and Sabbath Herald, semi-mo., was com- menced in Nov. 1850, by James White. In connection with it was published The Youth's Instructor. Moore's Rural New Yorlcer was commenced in 1850 by D. D. T. Rloore. its present publisher. The Western Luminary was commenced at Rochester by Rev. G. M. Cook. It was afterward removed to linlTalo. The, Rochester Daily Herald was cbmmenced in 1S50 ; L. K. Falkner, editor. In a few months it passed into the hands of Geo. G. Cooper, who changed its name to Tlie Rochester Daily Times, C. Ilughson, editor. It was dis- continued in 1S51. Auzeiger des Nordens, w. and tri-w., was commenced in 1852 by Kraneer & Felix,— Louis Hurtz, editor,— and is still published. The Youth's Temperance Banner, mo., was published a short time in IS—- by a committee of the Temperance Society. The Emninft News was issued about 3 months in 1852 by R. Chamberlain & Co. The National ReforTmr was published a short time about 1852. Beohachter am Genesee was commenced in 1852 by Adolphe Nolte. its present editor and proprietor. The Rochester Daily Union was commenced Aug. 16. 1852, by Curtis & Butts; 0. Turner, editor. In Dec. foUowing, Isaac Butts became editor. Jn Sept. 1858, it was united with the Rochester Daily Advertiser. A weekly and a tri-weekly edition were issued from the same oflSce. The Rochester Daily Tribune was issued in 1855-56, by Snow & Ingersoll. The Rochester Daily Free Press, a campaign paper, was issued in 1856 by John N. Ingersoll. T/ie Mercantile Journal was issued for 6 months in 1856 by C. H. McDonnen. The Evening American, a campaign paper, was issued in 1858, A. H. St. Germaine, editor. TM Rochester Daily Times was commenced Jan. 24, 1859, by Charles W. Hehard, editor and proprietor. It was dis- continued in April following, and revived in June as The Daily Express, by C. W. Hebard & Co., by whom it is still published. The Journal of the Home, mo., connected with the Home for the Friendless, is published in Rochester. Mrs. N. S. Barnes, editress. Th£ Brockport Recorder was commenced in 1828 by Abiather M. Harris: it was published about 2 years. The Brockport Free Press was published in 1S31 by Harris & Hyatt, and in 1832 by Thoa. H. Hyatt. The Western Star was published at Brockport in 1832 by Justin Carpenter. The Monroe Chronicle and Brocliport Advertiser was published in 1833. The Atlas was published at Brockport in 1835 by D. D. Wait. The Broclcport WatchmanyiBs published in 1844 by E. F. Bridges. Tlie Brockport Weelcly Journal was commenced in Pept. 1852, by Wm. Gardiner & Co. It was published about 1 year. The Broclport Gazette was commenced ect. 1. 1855, by Wm. Haskell, and continued about 3 months. The Dally Advertiser was commenced in Oct. 1856, by Wm. H. tiraith. It is circulated gratuitously, deriving its support from advertisements. The Brockport Repuhlican was commenced in Jan. 1857, — 1-1. W. Leach edit r.- and is still published. The Jejfersnnian was published in Clarkson in 1830 by — ?— Balch. The Honenye Standard was published at Honeoye Falls in 1839 by Garry A Ilouffh and afterward by Morris & Vedder. The School Visitor, mo., is publibhed at Spencerport. MONROE COUNTY. 439 The first settler was Ebenezer Allen, a tory, who located upon the Genesee, near the present site of Rochester, in 1788. He soon after removed to Canada. The first permanent settlements were made in 1789, in Wheatland and near the head of Irondequoit Bay. During the next five years settlements sprung up in various parts of the co., though the general growth was greatly retarded hy the difficulty of access, the dense forests, and the unhealthiness of the climate when the lands were first cleared. The unsettled condition of Indian afi'airs also had the effect to retard settle- ment ; and the War of 1812 almost put an end to improvement. At the close of the war, settlers came in more rapidly, and a great business began to develop itself at Rochester. The construc- tion of the Erie Canal gave an impetus to business, and speedily pushed settlements into every portion of the co. From that time the progress of the co. has been rapid and continuous. The CO. was contained in the Phelps and Gorham Purchase. The three western towns belonged to the Triangle Tract, and the remainder of the co. w. of the Genesee constitutes a portion of the cele- brated " Mill Yard Traot.''^ BRIGHT01V=i— was formed from " Smallwood,"^ March 25, 1814. A part of Rochester was taken off in 1834, and Irondequoit in 1839. It is an interior town, lying upon the e. bank of the Genesee, a little s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently rolling, with a slight inclina- tion toward the N. The deep valley of Irondequoit Bay is on the e. border. Its streams are small brooks, tributaries of the Genesee and Irondequoit. The soil is a sandy loam in the E. and a clay loam upon the river. Near the center are gypsum beds, formerly extensively worked. The people are largely engaged in raising vegetables for the Rochester market. There are several ex- tensive nurseries in town. Bri^lltou, (p. v.,) in the n.e. part, contains a church and about 30 dwellings. It is a canal village and a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R., where the two branches from the E. unite. A large brick and tile manufactory is located about 2 mi. s. of the village; and the Genesee Model School* is situated upon a beautiful site 2 mi. s. e. West Brighton, (p. v.,) upon the Genesee, near the line of Rochester, contains about 15 dwellings. In its immediate vicinity are the oo. workhouse, poorhouse, and insane hospital, the Mount Hope Rural Cemetery, the Monroe co. almshouses, an extensive glue factory, and' several other manufactories. The first settlement was made in 1790, by John Lusk and Oran Stone, who located about 4 mi. e. of the river.' Rev. Solomon Allen, from Northampton, Mass., preached the first serraon and was the first settled minister. There is but one church (Cong.) in town. CHIM— was formed from Riga, Feb. 22, 1822. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the CO. Its surface is level or gently rolling, with a slight inclination to the E. Genesee River forms the e. boundary ; and Black Creek, a sluggish stream, flows e. through near the center. The soil is a clay loam, mixed with sand. South of Black Creek are several peculiar gravelly knolls, the principal of which is Dumpling Hill, near the river. Chili, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains a church and 15 houses ; IVortll Chili, (p. v.,) a a. b. station in the n. w. corner, contains a church and 25 houses ; Clifton, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, a saw and grist mill, plaster mill, furnace, and 201 inhabitants ; South Chili is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the e. part, by Joseph Morgan, in 1792.« There are 5 churches in town.' CliARKSOW*— was formed from Murray, (Orleans co.,) April 2, 1819. Union was taken off 1852 It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is level, with slight un- in 1 In his treaty with the Indians, Mr. Phelps wished to obta m a tract w. of the Genesee; but the Indians were only w 1- f J to cede the lands z. of that river. A compromise was finally lSlr-^hr^"-m'ii»-^-^ '^^S."' f„™ pmhraxies Township 3 of Kange 7 of the Phelps and from Lenox Maas. „ organized April 6, 1806, and B The onginal town, 'J^^' .Vi 3^ Penfleld was taken embraced the "| J': '34''i8°{2 s„me imV"n 1812 or '13 the on in l"";,^°"1™'.?^zlw;" and March 25. 1814, it was the other of Pittoford. known as the "Clover Street SeSI^y?' u'£".hrca7e':5^MrBrwster, the author of Bloss's Ancient HiBtory. ^ ^^ Irondequoit Ba/"^o"fthrrht»??ySerswereJoelScudder,Chaun. cey and Calvin Hyde, Samuel Shaffer, Enos Bloasom, Timothy AUyn, and Oliver Culver,— the last named from Orwell, Vt. In 1800, most of the husineps upon the lake was done at Irondequoit Landing. In 1798, .ludge John Tryon laid out a village 3 mi. above the head of the bay, and built a large warehouse. The place was called " Tryms Town." Asa Dayton kept an inn at this place, in 1801. A tannery and distillery were afterward built, and the place became quite a lively little village ; but it is now entirely deserted. Turner taught the first school; Ira West kept the first store; and Solomon Hatch and Oliver Culver built the first mill, on Allyns Creek, in 1806. 8 Among the early settlers were Andrew Wortman, in 1794; Stephen Peabody, Col. .Tosiah Fish and his son Libbeus, from Vt., who located at the mouth of Black Creek, in 1796. Widener and his sons .lacob, Abraham, William, and Peter ; Settle and family, Joseph Cary, Lemuel and Joseph Wood, Samuel Scott, Joshua Hnwell, Benj. Bowen, John Kimball, — — Dilling- Yinm, Franklin and family, all settled previous to 1800. The first birth was that of a child of Joseph Wood, in 1799. The first death oecun-ed in the family of Joseph Morgan. James Chap- man kept the first store, in 1807 ; and Joseph Cary built the first mill. !■ 2 M. B.. 2 Bap., and Presb. 8 jyamed from Gen. Clarkson, an extensive landholder, who gave 100 acres to the town. 440 MONROE COUNTY. dulations in the s. It is drained to the n. e. by the head branches of Salmon and Little Salmon Creeks. The soil is a sandy loam, mixed with clay. ClarUson, (p. v ) m the s. part, contams 2 churches, a brewery, and 325 inhabitants. It is the residence of Ex-Lieut^Gov Henry R. Sel- den Salt was manufactured to a limited extent by the early settlers. East Clarfcson, (p. v ) in the s E corner, contains a church and 20 houses; West Clarltsoii, m the W. part,_30 houses. The first settlement commenced in 1809, by James Sayres, Moody Truman, and Elijah Blodgett^ There are 3 churches in town; 2 M.E. and Cong. GATES ^— was formed March 30, 1802, as ''MrthampfonJ' Its name was changed June 10, 1812 Parma and Riga were taken off in 1808, and Greece in 1822. It is near the geographical center of the co. Its surface is undulating, with a gentle inclination toward the n. Genesee River forms a small portion of the e. boundary on the s. e. corner. It is drained by small streams. The soil is a fine quality of calcareous loam, intermixed with clay. The people are largely engaged in raising vegetables for the Rochester market. Gates Center (Gates p. o.) contains a church and 12 houses. West Gates is a hamlet; and Coldwater is a station upon the Buffalo Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. The first settlement was made in 1809, by Isaac Dean, from Vt.* The census reports 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Presb. GKEECE— was formed from Gates, March 22, 1822. It lies near the center, on the n. border of the CO. Genesee River and Lake Ontario form its b. and n. boundaries. Its surface is rolling, with a general inclination toward the lake. It is drained by several streams that flow into the small bays that indent the lake shore. These bays, six in number, beginning at the w., are respectively Braddocks Bay and Cranberry, Long, Buck, Round, and Little Ponds. The shifting sand bars at their mouths destroy their commercial utility. The soil is a clay loam, with large tracts of drift sand along the lake shore. Charlotte,* (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, near the mouth of Genesee River, is a U. S. port of entry in the Genesee District, and the lake port for Rochester, 7 mi. above. It contains 2 churches, a lighthouse, 3 shipyards, a steam grain elevator, planing, mill, and lumber yard. Pop. 800. Six schooners are owned in the place; and the lake steamers touch here daily during the season of navigation. West Greece, (p. v.,) on the line of Parma, contains 2 churches and 30 houses; Worth. Greece (p. v.) a church and 20 houses; South Greece, (p. v.,) in the s. w. corner, 25 houses; and Greece (p. v.) a church and 20 houses. Maiifords Eandin^, (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner, at the head of navigation on Genesee River from the lake, contains 20 houses. Greece Center and Reads Corners are hamlets. The first settlement was made at the mouth of the Genesee, in 1792,^ by Wm. Hencher and family. The census reports 7 churches in town.^ HEIVRIETTA"^— was formed from Pittsford, March 27, 1818. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling, Genesee River forming its w. boundary. The streams are small, and usually dry in summer. The soil is a fertile, argillaceous loam. East Henrietta, (Henrietta p. o.,) e. of the center, contains 2 churches, the Monroe Academy, and 181 inhabitants. West Henrietta, (p. v.,) s. w. of the center, contains a church, a steam mill, furnace, extensive carriage shops, and 40 houses. The first settlement was commenced by Jesse Pangburn, in 1806.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1811.® 1 The first, settlement was made at Clarkaon; and among the ' early settlers at that point were David Forsyth and Dea. Joel Palmer, from Conn. Eldridge, John, and Isaac Harwell came in IMO, and lo ated w. of Clarkson Village. Dr. Abiel Bald- win, from £;aratoga, came in 1811. The first male child born was a son of Mrs. Clarkson; the first female birth was that of Bet^fy Palmer, in 1812. Charlotte Cumminga taught the first school, in 1812. Henry McCall kept the first store, about 1810. 2 Namftd in honor of Gen. Horatio Gates. 8 Among the eai-ly settlers who arrived in 1809 were John Sickles and Augustus B. Shaw. In 1817, Ezra Mason, Hartford, and Kiehard, Paul, Philip, Lisle, and Lowell Thomas, located in town. William Williams came in 1819. The first child born was a daughter of Ezra Masou, in 1818. Ira West kept the first store, and Isaac Dean built the first mill. 4 Id June, 1813, the British fleet, under Sir James Teo, landed at Charlotte and seized a quantity of proYisious and whiskey. In Sept. of the same year the fleet again made its appearance at the mouih of the Genesee, and commenced a heavy firo upon the place : but the American fleet made its appearance, reli'ved the place, and the British escaped with considerable difficulty. In Msiy, 1814. the British came once more, and, under cover of a fl;ig of truce, a demand was made to deliver up the public stores at Kochester. The few militia- men who were present passed into and out of the woods in Bight of the British, giving the appearance of a great number; and the enemy, suspecting an ambuscade, retired, after having furiously bombarded the woods for an hour. 6 Among the other early settlers were John Love, in 1793, at the mouth of the river ; Zadoc Granger and Gideon King, at the Lower Genesee Falls, now Hanfords Landing, in 1796; and, in the winter of 1796 and '97, Eli Granger, Thomas King, Simon King, Elijah Kent, Frederic Bushnell, and Samuel Latta located in town. Eli Granger and Abner Migelts built a schooner at Hanfords (then Kings) Landing, in 1799. This was the first merchant vessel built by Americans on Lake Ontario. The first marriage was that of Thomaa Lee and a daughter of Wm. Hencher. Frederic Hanford kept the first store, in 1810 ; and Nathaniel Jones built the first sawmill. « 2 M. E., Presb., Bap., Cong., Union, and R. C. ^ Named from Henrietta Laura, Countess of Bath, daughter of Sir Wm. Pulteney. 8 Maj. Isaac Scott received for military services 900 acres in the s. w. part of the tov/n, and attempted a settlement in 1790, but abandoned it in 1792. In 1806, Charles Kice, Wm. Thomp- son, Thomas Sparks, Moses Goodall, Geo. Dickinson, Selah Keed, and Gideon Griswold settled in the w. part. In 1807, Ira Hatch, Jonathan Russell, Benjamin Hale, and the Baldwin family settled on what was called the Wadsworth Road. In 1809, the Spring family settled near the center. Sarah Leggett taught the first school, in 1803; James Smith kept the first store; and Jonathan Smith built the first sawmill. 9 The census reports 5 churches ; 2 M. E., 2 Bap., and Cong. MONROE COUNTY. 44I of tl^?J!^!fTe3erTakt n"f 'T ^"\^''°' "'^'"'''^ '^' ''''• ^* '''' ""^ *'^« ^ l^-'-^- the w. boundary. iT urfaoet tn^r ™ ^^^ '^' v •' I'-°'"^«1"°it ^ay the E., and Genesee Riyer deep valley of Jr.J^ !T ^"^' ""'* ^"^ 'idination in the n. part toward the lake and the the center contat« 1 /■ ^ '! '^°'^^' ^""^ ''^ *' '• "^'^y 1°^»- Irondequoit, (p. v.,) near l^tt«tr ™' "'"^' ^^ ^'"- ^"^'^«'^' ^"^ 1^91.^ There is no church in town, of Ae CO E o^r ^'"^'15'^°-" Bloomfield, (Ontario co.,) May 26, 1812. It lies on the s. border Honeore Creek Lrtf- 1.^'"' '" *' "^ ""' "• '^ "^""^^S, and in the s. w. moderately hilly, fear ^center T. ^'^^''^'^^h the s. w. corner, and the headwaters of Irondequoit Creek through loam Hol^nl ;' \? 't?' 'T'' P""*"^ '"^ *^^ ^^ ^- P^"^*' ^he soil is a clayey, calcareous cWhe, ^fl '^ ,f"f' P-"'' "'"' '''' '■ ^- '°'''''' ^"""'^P- ^P"l 12, 1833, contains 4 oJ alt^'unJi™^, " : ^ ^";''"'''' " '''^^^' ^ ^°°'«'^ f^<=*°"«^' ^ Pl'^^'^^ '"'ll' a manufactory Fanf BrnnI .V.7 n n' ^"1" t"" ^"^"^- '' '^ " ^*^«°^ °° ^^^^ Canandaigua & Niagara Falls Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. Pop. about 1,100. Mendon, (p. v.,) in the e part, contains ' 2 churches a steam flouring mill, a steam sawmill, a foundery, and 20 houses; and Mendon Center (p v.) a grist and saw mill and 15 houses. SibleyviUe, in the s. w., is . hamlet. ihe trst settlement was made at Honeoye Tails, by Zebulou Norton, from Vt., in 1790 ♦ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1809 ;5 Rev. Jesse Braymau was the first settled minister. OGDEK«— was formed from Parma, Jan. 27, 1817. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The surface is level or gently undulating, with a slight inclination toward the N. The streams are small brooks forming head branches of Sandy, Salmon, and Little Black Creeks. The soil is a fine quality of calcareous and clayey loam. It is one of the best wheat growing towns in the co. Spencerport,^ (p. v.,) a canal village and r. e. station, in the n. e. part of the town, contains 4 churches, a furnace, tannery, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 578. Adams Basin, (p. v.,) is a canal village and b. r. station of 30 houses, in the n. w. part of the town. O^den Center (Ogden p. o.) contains a church and 35 houses. The first settlement was made in 1802, by Geo. W. Willey, from East Haddam, Conn.^ The first preacher was Rev. Daniel Brown, in 1807 ; and the first church (Presb.) was formed in 1811." PARMA" — ^was formed from "Northampton," now Gates, April 8, 1808. Ogden was taken off in 1817. It lies upon Lake Ontario, w. of the center of the co. The surface is level in the n., and gently rolling in the s., with a slight inclination toward the n. Its streams are Salmon, Little Salmon, Buttonwood, and Long Pond Creeks. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, intermixed in places with sand and clay. "Weak brine springs are found s. of Unionville. Parma Cor- ners, (Parma p. o.,) upon the ridge, in the s. part, contains a church, the Parma Institute, a pump factory, and 116 inhabitants. Parma Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a machine shop, and 109 inhabitants. Unionville, n. of the center, contains 2 churches, a furnace, ma- chine shop, and 145 inhabitants. JVortll Parma is a p. o. The first settlement was made in the N. E. part, in 1794, by Rozaleet Atchinson and his sons Stephen and John, from Tolland, Conn.'' The first church (Bap.) was formed May 27, 1809." 1 Named from the bay. Called by the Indians Neo-daron- da-quat, eignifying a bay. 2 Walker was a ranger. He settled at the mouth of Genesee Elver, but shortly after removed to the w. side of the river, into the present town of Greece. Among the other early settlers were Park, Dunbar, Elisha Scudder, Dr. Hosmor, Emmer Reynolds, Jesse Case, and Adonyah Green, from vt. The first death was that of Blyah Brown, in 1806. s Long known as "IfbrtmiJl MMs," from the first mills, erected by Zebulon Norton. . 1 Capt. Ball and Peter Sines, from Conn, came in with Mr. Norton. Among the other early settlers were Daniel WiUiams, Capt. Treat, Kufus Parka, Ebenezer Eathbun, BenJ. Parks, Wm. Hickox, Lorin Wait, and Keuben Hill, from Mass., in 1793. These all settled in the n. part of the town. Sterling, Jason Cross, Moore, and Calvin Perrine settled at Hone- oye Falls, in 1794; John Parks, Jonas Allen, and Joseph Bryan, in 1795 ; Charles Foot and Samuel Lane, in 1797. The first birth was that of Wm. E. Sterling, in 1795 ; the first mar- riage, that of Jason Cross and Mary Moon, in 1796 ; and the first death, that of John Moon, in 1801. Welcome Garfield taught the first school; Abram Parrish kept the first inn; and James Dickinson the first store. ,. „ _ . 6 The census reports 9 churches in town; 2 Presb., 2 Union, Prot. B., M. E., Bap., Cong., and Christian. » Named from Wm. Ogden, son-in-law of John Murray, original proprietor. The town embraces a portion of " Mill Yard Tract. 7 Nomcd from Wm. H. Spencer, the pioneer settler. 8 Among the other early settlers were Ephraim, Abraham, Timothy, and Isaac Colby, and Wm. H. Spencer, in 1803; Jo- siah Mather, Jonathan Brown, Henry Hahn, Daniel Wandle, Benajah Willey, John Webster, Benj. Freeman, and Daniel Spencer, . in 1804 ; Judge William B. Brown and Daniel Arnold, in 1805; and Austin Spencer, in 1808. These early settlers were all from Conn. The first child born was John Colby, in 1805 ; and the first death was that of Mrs, G. W. Willey, in 1803. Miss Willey taught the first school, in 1807. George Huntley kept the first inn; Charles Church the first store ; and Wm. H. Spencer built the first sawmill. The census reports 7 churches in town ; Bap., Cong., M. E., Meth. Prot., Presb., R. C, and Union. 10 This town embraces the N. w. portion of the Mill Yard Tract. 11 Among the other early settlers were Michael Beach. Silas Leonard, Geo. Goodhue, and Timothy Madden, in 1802 ; Jona- than Underwood, Gibbon Jewell, Geo. Huntley, Abner Brock- way, jr., Jas. Egbert, and Jonathan Ogden, in 1805 ; Hope and Elisha Downs, in 1809 ; Augustus Mather, Lendell Curtiss, Sam'l Castle, and Kinnicone Roberts, in 1810; and Joshua ^A'hitney, in 1811. The first marriage was that of Capt. Jonathan Leonard and a daughter of Wm. Hincher. Alpheus Madden taught the first school, in 1804; J. Thompson kept the first store : Hope and Elisha Downs the first inn; and Jonathan Whitney built the first saw and grist mill. 12 The census reports 9 churches in town ; 2 Bap., 2 M, E,, 2 Proab., F. W. Bap., Christian, and Cong. 442 MONBOE COUNTY. PE1VFIEI.D1— was formed from "Boyle," March 30, 1810. Webster was taken off in 1840. It lies on the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is rolling, and in the w. it is much broken Irondequoit Bay enters the n. w. corner. Irondequoit Creek flows through the s. w. corner and forms a part of the w. boundary. It falls about 90 ft. in the village of Penfield. The other streams are small brooks. The soil is drift sand over argillaceous loam. Penfield, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, on Irondequoit Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a woolen factory a foundery, and a manufactory of agricultural implements. Pop. 560. IvOVett§ Cor- ners (East Penfield p.o.) contains 20 houses; Penfield Center contains 15 houses. The first permanent settlement was made by Lebbeus Boss and Calvin Clark, in 1801." There are 4 churches in town.' PERIWTOJV*— was formed from "Boyle," May 26, 1812. It is the s. town on the e. line of the CO. Its surface is uneven, a ridge from the s. e. terminating near the center. Turk Hill, in the s. part, is the highest point in the co. The town is drained by the headwaters of Irondequoit Creek and its branches. The soil is a sandy loam. Falrport, (p. v.,) n. w. of the center, a canal and r. r. station, contains 5 churches, 3 flouring mills, 2 sawmills, a plaster mill, 2 planing mills, a sale- ratus factory, machine shops, and carriage shops. Pop. 685. Buslinells Basin, (p. v.,) in the w. part, on the canal, contains a church and 252 inhabitants; and Egypt, (p. v.,) s. e. of the center, a church and 30 houses. Fullams Basin is a hamlet, on the canal. The first settle- ment commenced in 1790, but was mostly abandoned soon after. Glover Perrin was the first per- manent settler, in 1793.^ Bev. Crane preached the first sermon. There are 8 churches in town.^ PITTSFORD— was formed from " Smallwood," March 25, 1814. Henrietta was taken off in 1818. It is an interior town, lying E. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, with a gentle inclination toward the N. Irondequoit Creek flows through the N. B. part, and Allyns Creek through the w. part. The soil is sandy in the N., and clayey and gravelly in the s. Plttsford, (p. V.,) near the center, a canal and k. k. station, was incorp. April 7, 1827. It contains 4 churchea, a union school, and a flouring mill. Pop. 702. Cartersville, in the e. part, on the canal, contains a distillery and 12 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1789, by Israel and Simon Stone.' The first church (Cong.) was organized in 1809.^ RIGA — was formed from " Northampton," now Gates, April 8, 1808. Chili was taken off in 1822. It lies on the w. border of the co., near the s. w. corner. Its surface iS level or gently undu- lating. Black Creek, a dull, sluggish stream, flows E. in a tortuous course through near the center. The soil is a clayey loam. CburchvUle,' (p. v.,) n. w. of the center, on Black Creek, is a r. r. station, and contains 4 churches, a saw and flouring mill, foundery, and machine shop. Pop. 450. Rig'a Center, (Biga p.o.,) near the center, contains a church, the Biga Academy, and 25 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1805, under the auspices of James "Wadsworth."* The first church (Cong.) was formed in the fall of 1806 ;" Bev. Allen Hollister was the first pastor. 1 Named from Daniel Penfield, an extensive landholder during the early settlement, 2 Asa Carpenter had previously settled, but did not remain. Gen. Jonathan Fassett, of Vt., Caleb Hopkins, Maybee, and four others, made a settlement, but soon after abandoned it on account of sickness. Hopkins and Maybee remained. As early as 1804, Josiah J. Kellogg, Dan'l Stilwell, Benj. Minor, Jonathan and David Baker, Isaac Beatty, and Henry Paddock, moved in. Daniel Penfield came in 1810. The first birth was thatofachild of Mrs. Fiske ; and the first death was that of Benj. Stilwell, in 1804. .Jos. Hatch taught the first school; Daniel Stilwell kept the first inn, in 1806; and Wm. McKinster the first store. The first mills were built by Daniel Penfield. 8 Bap., P. W. Bap., M. E,, and Pre»b. * Named from Glover Perrin. the first permanent settler. 6 Among the early settlers were Jesse Perrin, in 1794, Abner Wright, in 1796, Caleb Walker, in 1799, and Asa and Edward I'errin, Levi Tre.adwell, Maj. Norton, John Scott, John Peters, and Giileon Ramsdell, soon after. The first birth was that of AsaWrI_'ht,inl797. Glover Perrin kept the first inn; Gregory* Dean the first store; and Richard Lincoln built the first grists mill. 2 Wcs. Meth., M. B., Cong., Bap., F. W. Bap., TJniv., and Union. ' Silas Nye, Joseph Farr, Alex. Dunn, and David Davis, from Washington co., settled near the center about the same time ; Thoa. Clelland, Ezra Patterson, and .Tosiah Girninson soon after. In 1790 and '91, the Stone fiimily, of 7 persons, Caleb Hopkins, Wm. Acker, Israel Canfield, and Benj. Miller, came in. The first marriage was that of N. Armstrong and Miss E. Cole. The first school was taught in 1794. John Mann built the first mill, in 1805, on Irondequoit Creek, in the e. part of the town. 8 There are 4 churches in town ; Presb., Prot. E., M. E., and Bap. 9 Named from Samuel Church, the pioneer settler at the vil- lage in 1808. 10 The first settlers were mostly from Mass. Elihu Church settled ne.ir the qenter, in March, 1806. Soon after, Samuel Shepard settled in the s. w. part; Henry Brewster, Sam'l Bald- win, William Parker, Ezekiel B.arnes, Nehemiah Frost, Samuel Church, Jas. Knowles, Thos. Bingham, Joa. Tucker, Enos Morse, and Geo. Richmond, in 1807; and Jos. Emerson and Eber and Chester Orcutt, in 1808. The first birth was that of a daughter of Sam'l Church ; the first male child born was Hiram Shepard, in 1806 ; the first death was that of Richard Church, in 1807. Joa. Thompson kept the first inn ; Thompson & Tuttle the first store, in 1808. Samuel Church built the first sawmill, in 1808, and the first gristmill, in 1811, both at Churchville. 11 The census reports 6 churches in town ; 2 Cong., M. E., Pr6Sb« Bap., and Univ. MONROE COUNTY. 443 HOCHESTERi— was taken from Brighton and Gates, and incorp. as a village, by the name of " RochestervilW March 21, 1817. Its name was changed April 12, 1822, and it was en- larged and incorporated as a city April 28, 1834.2 It is located N, of the center of the co., upon Genesee River, 7 mi. from its mouth ; and it contains an area of about 8 sq. mi. The surface is level or gently undialating. The N. Y. C. R. R. track is 280 ft. above Lake Ontario ; and Mt. Hope Ridge, the highest point upon the s. border, is 160 ft. higher. The city has a solid founda- tion of Niagara limestone, cropping out along the course of the river, but in other parts of the city usually covered with drift ^®P0sit9. The Genesee flows n., dividing the city into two nearly equal parts. Its course through tlie city is mostly a succession of rapids and falls, afibrding an ex- tensive and valuable water-power, which is fully improved for manufacturing purposes.* The city is quite regularly laid out, most of the streets crossing each other at right angles. The N. and s. streets are pai-allel to the river, and upon the principal e. and w. streets bridges are buUt across the river.* The streets are usually well paved and bordered by commodious side- walks. The city is divided into 12 wards. The immense water-power furnished by Genesee River gives to the city great advantages for manufacturing.^ Mills were erected at an early period ; and gradually other machinery was added, until the present great amount and variety have been attained. The staple manufacture of the city is flour. There are now in operation 24 mills and an aggregate of 125 runs of stone. The mills have a capacity for grinding 800,000 bbls. of flour per annum ; and the aggregate capital invested is $700,000. Since the failure of the wheat crop in "Western New York, a considerable portion of the water-power has been directed to other manufacturing purposes.^ The culture of fruit and ornamental trees has for many years formed an important business of the city; and now the nurseries are among the most extensive in the country."^ The commerce of the city is large, though of much less importance than the manufactures. It 1 Named from Col. Nathl Rochester, one of the original pro- prietors. 2 At the first village meeting, held May 13, 1828, under charter. Francis Brown was elected President, and Wm. Cohb, Everard Peck, Dan. Mack, and Jehiel Barnard, Trustees. The village corporation embraced 750 acres. Thf first city oflBcers — elected in June, 1834 — were Jonathan Child, Mayor; Louis Brooks, Thos. Kempsball, lilijah F. Smith, Fred'k F. Backus, and A.W. Ripley, AldtrTtien ; John C. Nash, Clerk; and E. F. Marshall, Treasurer. 8 The whole fall of Genesee River within the co. ia 280 ft., of which 265 are below the a. line of the city. The falls evidently all once formed a single cascade; but the different degrees of hardness of the several rocke over which the river flows have caused an unequal retrograde movement of the falls, until they have assumed their present position. The surface flbales have worn away gradually to a uniform slope, o%'er which the water flows in a series of rapids. At the Upper Falls the stream falls a distance of 96 feet over the perpendicular edge of the Niagara limestone underlaid by shale. Below the Upper Falls the river flows IJ mi., through a deep ravine bounded by nearly perpen- dicular sides, to the Middle Falls, where it has a descent of 25 ft. One hundred rodn below, it descends S4 ft. over a ledge of Me- dina sandstone to the level of Lake Ontario. Several sulphur springs flow out of the rocks below the Middle Falls. * The river is crosstd by 4 bridges, respectively at Buffalo, Court, Andrew, and Clarissa Sts. The Court and Andrew St. Bridges are of iron, aud the others of wood. The first bridge was built upon the sit* of the present Buffalo St. Bridge, in 1810- 12, under a special act. The cost — $12.00U— was raised by tax. in Ontario and Genesee cos. The Court St. Bridge was first built in 1826, by individuals. It was replaced by the present struc- ture in 1858, at the city expense. The Central R. R. Bridge crosses the river a few rods above the Upper Falls. The canal is crossed by 5 substantial iron bridges, budt by the State. Other bridges are built across the canal feeder and the various mill- races extending through the city. 6 The situatiun of this water-power is very favorable for the growth of mai ufactures. Vessels from Lake Ontario can come up the river to the foot of the Lower Falls, 2 mi. below the center of the city; and above the rapids the river is navigable to Mount Morris, a distance of 63 mi. The first mill was built by Ebenezer Allen, in 1788-89. He soon after sold out to Col. Fifih and removed to Canada. This mill and one other were the only ones at this place until 1814, when Elisha and Henry Ely and Josiah Biasell built another at the Upper Falls. During this year a few hundred bbls. of flour were 8,nt to the Niagara frontier,~the first flour ever exported from Rochester. The Phoenix Mills were built in 1818 ; since that time the number has largely increased, until now Rochester is one of the largest flour zna^nfecturing places in the country. It is caUed the " Flour City. , 8 Mour Barrels form an important item in the manufacturing interests of the city. There are now engaged in this business 41 firms^ producing in the aggregate 250,000 bbls. annually, and giving employment to 400 men. Axes and Edge Tools are manufactured by 3 firms, with an aggregate capital of $180,000, and employing to 200 men. Machine Shops, 9 in number, have an aggregate capital of $300,000, turn out goods to the amount of $600,000 per annum, and employ 750 men. Furnaces, 8 in nmnher, employ 150 men, and have a capital of 1320,000. T?ie Duryea and Forsyth Safe and Scale Manufacturing Oo. was incorp. in Dec. 1854, vrith a capital of $100,000. It gives employment to 250 men, and produces goods to the amount of $250,000 per annum. Cotton Factories, 2 in number, give employment to 26 men, and produce §230,000 worth of goods annually. Breweries, 17 in number, have an aggregate capital of $130,000, and produce $250,000 worth of ale and lager beer annually. Boat Yards, 15 in number, have a capital of $70,000, and manufacture $375,000 worth of boats annually. Coach and Carriage factories, 8 in number, turn out $150,000 worth of carriages annually. Boot and Shoe factories, 5 in number, give employment to 900 hands, and turn out goods annually to the amount of $500,000. Cabinet Shnps, 8 in number, employ 625 men, and turn out work to the amount of $500,000 annually. Cliair Factories, 2 in number, employ 300 men, and turn out chairs to the amount of $200,000 per annum. Among the other articles annually manufactured are woolen cloths to the amount of $50,000, soap and candles to the amount of $60,000, carpets, paper, linseed oil, alcohol, paint, fire engines, rifles, &c. A carpet manufactory was started in 1832 ; and in 1838 there were 2 in successful operation, — one at the Lower and one at the Middle 'Falls. The first paper mill was built at the Upper Falls, in 1839. A large paper mill below the Lower Falls DOW produces paper to the amount of $150,000 annuHlly. It is chiefly engaged in the manufacture of printing paper. There are several sawmills, planing mills, and tanneries in the city. Besides these, there are many minor manufactories, in the aggre- gate giving employment to a large number of men and making use of a great amount of capital. The city ranks among the flrat manufacturing towns in the State. ? The nursery of Ellwanger & Barry was established in 1838, in the s. part of the city, near Mount Hope. It now covers 50O acres, and is probably the most extensive nursery in the world. It gives employment to about 250 hands ; and a single season's budding numbers about 700,000 in the fruit department and 100,000 in the ornamental. ITiere are also aever£^ other exten- sive nurseries in the city. 444 MONEOE COUNTY. is oarried on by means of the canals, railroads, and Lake Ontario • The exports consist of the products of the Genesee Valley and of the manufactured goods of the city. Pop. 43,877. Besides the co. buildings, the city contains several fine public edifices. The at,, Sail, combined with the oo. courthouse, has already been described CorMldan Hall contains the reading room and library of the Atheneum and Mechanics Asso- ciation, and is one of the finest public halls in the country. , . . ,, , , , The Arcade fronting Buffalo St., is a commodious bmldmg, containing the p. o., telegraph ofSces and a variety of other ofSces, stores, &c. It has a broad promenade extending through the center from which the various rooms open on either side. The roof is built mostly of glass, and the public walk is open to the roof. The rooms of the upper stories open upon galleries, which extend the entire length of the building on either side above the mam walk or promenade. Tlie Central R. E. Depot is one of the finest buildings of the kind in the State. It contains ample accommodations for the various B. R. ofSces, passenger rooms, and for the cars which arrive on the various roads that center there. Its roof is supported by iron-; and the whole structure presents a fine and imposing appearance. Several of the mercantile blocks, the banks, and private residences, are beautiful structures and worthy of becoming architectural models. The Public Schools of the city are under the control of a Board of Education, consisting of 2 members from each ward and a Superintendent. The schools are graded, and the course of in- strucUon embraces all studies, from the primary through the higher branches taught m academies. The school buildings are 16 in number. The number of teachers employed is 104 ; 13 are males and 91 females. The number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 is 16,108, of whom 6,320, or 38 per cent., attend school during some portion of the year. The total expenses for 1857 were $58,945.55. Number of volumes in school libraries, . Tlie ITuiversity of the City of Rochester was incorp. in Jan. 1850, and is under the patronage of the Baptist denomination. This school has an optional classical and scientific course. The present number of pupils is 140.' The Baptist Theological Seminary,^ connected with the University, was established Nov. 4, 1850. Its present number of students is 31. ■ ~ i '' ■ ';:■':,' f> . The Rochester Collegiate /ftsrtfe^c, "* $31,000, and the earnings of the inmates $12,000. See P- — -■ 2 1 II Prcali 8 M K 7 R. C, 4 Prot. B., 4 Bap., 2 Friends, and 1 eich t^ong.; U^v. uit^ Eef. Prot. D., Germ. Evan Germ. Ref., SeS Adveit, Society of Christians, Brothers in Christ, Evang. ^'/Ca''tlie^e'Lri^maps the Gene.eo was called "Casconchia- Kon ■ °r L ttle Senecas River. The water-power was not im- mSiHti3ly improved, because every creek in the vicinity afforded mifficiont power for the wants of the people. ilar. , Burr visited the place in 1T96 and made a minute and Critical survey of the Falls. In 1797 Louis Philippe and his two brothers, then in eidle, accompanied by Robert Morris, visited the place. 6 See p. . 8 Charles Harford built a small mill in 1807, — the first one afler that of Ebeneier Allen. The Browns built a race in 1812, and started a store. The same year Samuel J. Andrews and Moses Atwater laid out a tract of land for settlement. Among the settlers who came in about this time were Rev. Abelard Rey- nolds, Dr. Jonah Brown, (the fir^t physician,) Abraham Starks, John Matlick, (the first lawyer,) Henry Skinner, Israel Scranton, Luscum Knapp, Hezekiah Noble, Joseph Hughes, Ebenezer Kelly. Ira West. Elisha and Henry liily, Porter P. Peck, .losiah Bisseli, jr., Michael Cully, Harvey Montgomery, Charles D. Farman, and Geo. G. Sill. The first child born was a son of Enos Stone, May 4, 1810. Hamlet Scranton built the first framed dwelling, in 1812, on the present site of the Eagle Tavern. 7 The following table shows the progress of population since 1830:— 1830 9,207 1835 14,414 1840 20,191 1845 26.965 1860 36,403 1855 - 43,877 446 MONROE COUNTY. loam on the uplands, and a rich alluvium on the flats. East Rush (Rush p.o.) contains a church a saw and grist mill, a carriage factory, and about 250 inhabitants ; WestRush, (p. v.,) in the w. part, a station on the C. & N. F. Branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., contains a saw and grist mill and 30 houses ; Worth Rush, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, about 1 mi. e. of Scottsville station, contains a church and 16 houses. Genesee River R. R. Junction is 1 mi. w. of West Rush. The first settlement was commenced in 1799, by Maj. Wm. Markham and Ran- som Smith, from N. H.^ The first settled minister was Elder Gofi', (Bap.)* SWEDEJV— was formed from Murray, (Orleans co.,) April 2, 1813. It lies on the w. border of the CO., near the center. Its surface is level and gently rolling. A high ridge passes E. and W. through the town, N. of the center. Salmon Creek rises in the s. w. part and flows in an e. and N. E. course through the town. The soil is clay and clay^oam. Brockport,' (p. v.,) in the n. part, a canal village and R. k. station, was incorp. April 26, 1829, contains 6 churches, the Brock- port Collegiate Institute,* a bank, 2 newspaper ofBces, 4 founderies, a planing mill, a manufactory of mowers and reapers, an extensive carriage manufactory, and a rotary pump manufactory. Pop. 2,143. Sweden Center, (Sweden p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 20 houses ; and West SVFeden, near the s. w. corner, 2 churches and 15 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1807,^ by Nathaniel Poole and "Walter Palmer. There are 10 churches in town." UIHIOIV— was formed from Clarkson, Oct. 11, 1852. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Lake Ontario forms its N. boundary. Its surface is slightly rolling and inclines toward the lake. It is drained by several small streams, the principal of which is Little Sandy Creek. The soil is a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. Salt was manufactured to a limited extent by the early settlers. Clarkson Center, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 35 houses ; UTortli Clarkson, (p. 0.,) in the e. part, 8 houses; Kendalls jUillS, near the s. w. corner, partly in Kendall, (Orleans co.,) is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1810, by Aretus Haskell.' There are 5 churches in town.* A Fourierite community was organized and located at the mouth of Sandy Creek, in 1843, under Dr. Thellar, of Canadian Patriot War notoriety. The bubble soon burst. WEBSTER — was formed from Penfield, Feb. 6, 1840. It lies on Lake Ontario, in the n. b. corner of the co. Irondequoit Bay forms the w. boundary. Its surface from the ridge in the s. part has a gentle inclination to the lake. The shore rises in places 50 ft., and in the w., on Iron- dequoit Bay, 80 to 100 ft. The streams are small and flow n. into the lake. The soil is a sandy loam N. of the ridge, and clay and clay loam in the s. Salt was manufactured to some extent by the early settlers. Wetoster, (p. v.,) in the s. part, on the ridge, contains 4 churches, the Web- ster Academy, and 310 inhabitants; West Webster, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 40 houses. The first settlement was commenced in 1805, under the agency of Caleb Lyon.' The first church (M. B.) was formed in 1812, by Rev. Solomon Pierce.'" WHEATliASTD — was formed from Caledonia, (Livingston co.,) as "Inverness," Feb. 23, 1821. Its name was changed April 3, 1821. It lies upon the s. border, in the s. w. part of the 00. Genesee River flows s. on the e. border. Its surface is rolling. Oatka (or Aliens) Creek flows E. through near the center of the town. It is joined at Mumford by the Outlet of Caledonia Springs, forming an excellent water-power. The soil is loam, mixed with clay in the interior, and with sand and gravel in some localities, the whole underlaid by limestone. Gypsum is found in large quantities. Scottsville," (p. V.,) in the e. part, contains 4 churches, a union school, extensive flouring mills. 1 Among the early settlers were Joseph Morgan, from the w. Bide of the river, and Spraker, from the Mohawk. Philip Brice, Chrystal Thomas, Jacob Stall, and .lohn Bell, came in 1801, from Md. ; Joseph Sibley and Elisha Sibley, from Rensse- laer CO., in 1804; Elnathan Perry and Thomas Daily, in 1S06. The first birth was that of Joseph Morgan, in 1789. The first deaths were Mr. and Mrs. Markham, in 1791. John Websjter kept the first inn ; Bei^. Campbell the first store ; and John Webster built the first gristmill. 2 The census reports 5 churches in town ; 2 M. B., Evan. Luth ., Bap., and Christian. 8 Named from Hiel Brockway, a prominent early settlor in the village. * This institution is under the supervision of the Baptist de- nomination, and is in a flourishing condition. 6 Samuel Bishop, Hopkins, Isaiah White, aud Stephen Johnson came in 1807 ; John Reed, Timothy Tyler, and Edward Parks, in 1808. Reuben Moon, with his sobs James, Amos, and Isaac, settled in J 809 and '10, in the e. part. James Scott (colored) was the first settler in the B. part, in 1809. John Phelps, Rufiis Hammond, and Knight were the original purchasers of the site of Brockport. James Seymour, George Allen, Thomas R. Koby, Ralph W. Goold, Luke Webster, and Charles Richardson were early settlers. Samuel Bishop kept the first inn, in ISon ; Charles Richardson the first store; and Brockway & Elodgert built the first mill. 3 M. E., 2 Bap., F. \V. Bap., Cong., Presb., Prot. E., and R. C. ' .Tosiah and Samuel Randall, from Maine, settled In 1810 ; Stephen Baxter and J<.hn Nowlan, iu 1811; Struiik settled at the mouth of Sandy Onek, iu 1811 ; Billings and Alanson Thomas, soon after. But few settlers came in until after 1817. The first death Wiis that of Strunk, in 1812. A. D. Ray- mond kept the first inn ; Daniel Pease the first store ; and Alanson Thomas built the tirit mill, for Le Roy & Bayard. » M. E., Meth. Prot,. Rap.. E. W. Bap,, and Union. " John Shoecraft from Uls-ter Co., Isaac Straight, Daniel Har- vey, Abram I'o.-itcr, Paul Hammond, William Mann, William Harris, John Letts, Sntiiuel Pierce, Samuel Goodenouiih, and Benjamin Burnetf. mostly from N. H. and Vt., settled about 1806. The first birth was i'l tlie family of Caleb Lyon ; aud tne first death, that of a child of .V. Caines, Wm, Harris taught the first school, in ISIO, John Letis kept the first inn: E.'B, Corning the first store, in 1 2'> ; and Caleb Lyon built the first saw ana grist mil), in 18u6. l** There are 4 cburch''s in town ; Bap., M, B,, Presb., and Univ. 11 Named from Isa^c Scott, the first settler and owner of the present site of the village. MONROE COUNTY. 447 plaster mills, a woolen factory, furnace, brewery and distillery, and a steam planing mill. Pop. 925. Mumford, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 3 churches, a saw and grist mill, machine shop, a thrashing machine manufactory, and plaster mill. Pop. 535. Carbuttsville contains extensive quarries of plaster, flour and plaster mills, and 20 houses ; Wbeatland Center, (Wheatland p. o.,) near the center, contains 15 houses. The first settlement was made in 1789,i by Peter Shaeffer, from Penn. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1811. The first pastor was Rev. Solomon Brown. The census reports 11 churches in town.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Monroe County. NAMI3 or Towns. Brighton Chili ClarlLSon Gates Greece Henrietta Irondequoit.. Mendon Ogden Parma Penfield Peringtoa — Pittsfleld Kiga Rochester Eush Sweden TTnioD I.... Webster. Wheatland..., Total.. Acres op Liiro. £ a, 12,079i 19,856i 16,473 10,601 24,289 18,6274 9,968 18,93H 18,042 20,0203 17,954i 17,295 12,648 17,0914 641J 14,837 17,602i 19,9694 16,464 16,569 316,840^ 1,672 6,1724 4,626 1.936 5,7704 3,991 3,0834 4,412 3,631 6,0124 4,962 6,094 2,0804 4,000 614 3,666 4,1454 6,7064 4,703 8,667 Valuation op 1868. ftl $1,032,786 816,200 668,235 720,860 1,320,638 888,332 687,840 950,966 787,045 706,966 707,207 838,633 680.380 736,992 9,362,408 860,920 1,033,086 676,966 562,277 736,440 78,182 24,359,165 M, $36,453 36,464 112.035 116;700 120,953 207,260 48,284 102,186 79,700 86,121 43,600 64,000 92,100 78,462 2,682,566 83,910 276,229 28,400 94,871 137,149 4.414,362 g $1,069,239 851,664 680,270 837,560 1.441,591 1,090,582 686,074 1,063,161 866,745 791,086 760,897 892,583 672,480 815,444 11,944,973 944,880 1,308,316 605,866 647,148 873,589 28,773,627 Population. 1,777 1,131 1,107 1.221 2,823 1,105 1,660 1,626 1,604 1,404 1,544 1,661 1,123 1,050 21,682 889 1,982 1,263 1,228 1,439 ^ 1,546 1,072 1,070 1,126 2,164 1,089 1,574 1,490 1,476 1,379 1,487 1,614 1,010 075 22,195 861 1,986 1,116 1,160 1,377 48,708 47,616 423 805 416 682 649 663 632 607 570 376 384 7,408 301 712 442 496 480 532 400 416 469 852 857 614 694 686 666 612 647 412 885 8,667 318 623 444 618 291 318 291 296 689 300 460 444 464 463 434 433 315 202 6,684 215 528 323 333 283 te;C) 16,916 18,283 12,65111246 32.! 1,006 697 790 1,844 1,627 706 1,291 913 911 1,164 1,111 985 747 835 15,g63 646 1,293 896. 931' 967: Names of Towns. Brighton Chili Clarkson Gates Greece Henrietta Irondequoit.. Mendon Ogden Parma Penfield Perington .... Pittsfleld Kiga Koch ester..... Knsh Sweden Union Webster Wheatland... Total.. Live Stock. 594 956 824 600 1,365 867 613 1,156 1,009 1,180 1,044 1,000 831 894 1,644 702 986 1,043 891 1,015 633 1,479 1,151 646 1,667 1,061 630 1,222 1,343 1,665 1,027 1,608 838 1,146 26 861 1,432 l,r" 1,025 1,006 661 966 728 616 1,449 822 654 1,067 966 1,235 1,040 918 693 745 844 686 1,002 968 921 793 18,913 21,981 2,110 1,036 8,745 2,142 1,669 7,736 1,166 9,174 6,055 1,167 8,658 6,600 9,626 4,999 6,008 3,669 7,164 6,734 6,816 10,617 6,825 17,664 116,817 34,727 827 3,009 1. '932 1,303 1,793 2,905 2,063 1,676 1,207 1,782 323 2,102 i.r" 2,398 1,731 i,r" Agricultural Products. Bush, of Oraih. 19,304 49,074 17,398 17,226 38.666 64,710 24,809 83,321 52,183 27,6024 85,316 44,9434 32.848 74,831 200 47,013 62,059 10,7664 19,876 107,999 80,0774 96,2884 88,855 69,965 136,684j 116,232 43,881 117,6884 107,7064 128,8114 131,008 101,603 68,9664 84,0644 2,179 71,728 82,999 161,886 94,973 60,626 819,5294 1,833,661 3,388 i 4,239 3,827 2,694 5,2894 3,9394 2,074 2,444 8,6664 8,9694 2,1934 3,0624 1,586 2,431 94 1,981 3,057 3,6704 3,227 2,505 on. 34,815 25,206 13,642 22,952 98,293 16,520 87,633 18,463 32,509 31.631 67,044 62,150 80,668 9,697 2,130 10,890 10,668 27,899 42,586 19,380 58,788J 654,661 20,187 26,819 27,164 17,430 61,656 26,061 12,031 10,670 40,626 42,509 38,714 25,729 7,818 23,707 1,716 16,790 30,210 20,820 33,477 8.468 Dairy Pboducts. 50,828 117,665 69,411 41,285 169,985 72.319 46,612 96,020 110,217 160,761 94,318 81,868 40,638 68,930 876 78,910 86,909 108,101 126,350 43,127 ^ g 1,480 4.360 11,630 860 4,746 7,873, 1,160 18,035 9,163 9,698 10,495 10,626 676 10,425 4-.4O0 12,600 7,011 3,336 7,802 491,491 1,643,616 131,258 s 162 282 263 20 1'379 372 63 338 289 731 680) 144 218 180 685 486 671 404 7, 347 J ISfr^Arrst^^r^'^jsTo^^^^^^^^ Heath came '"-^Jt- ' PhSiea Will am on, by Scotch, among nnder *» »"S °cN?ughton and femiiy, near Mumford. SrSc"trset'lrfat''sttts^Taboutl790,andI,onaldMcVean soon after. Zachariah Garbutt and family settled at what ia now Garbuttsville, in 1803 ; and Powell Carpenter, neai- Scotts- ville, in 1804. The first marriage was that of Peter Shaeffer, jr., and a daughter of Jacob Schoonover, in 1790. (Ebenczer Allen had previously added another inmate to his harem by a pre- tended marriage with Lucy Chapman. Seep. .) The first death was that of Peter Shaefler, sen. Jacob Scotfeltept the fir.«t inn, Philip Garbutt and Abram HanfoM tfie first store ; and Peter Shaefier, jr., built the iirst sawmill, in 1810, and the first gristmill, in 1811. John and Robert McKay built the first grist- mill, at Mumford, in 1808 ; and Donald McKensie erected the first cloth dyeing works w. of Genesee Kiver. a 2 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 Priends, 2 B. C, Prot. B., M. E., and Asso. Ref. Presb. 402 HERKIMER COUNTY. largely produced. At Little Falls, and a few other localities, considerable manufacturing is car- ried on. The county seat is located at the village of Herkimer.' The courthouse is a fine brick building fronting Main St., near the center of the village. The jail is a stone building, on the opposite side of the St. from the courthouse. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building, upon the courthouse lot, fronting Court St. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 65 acres 6J mi. N. of the courts house. The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a weekly cost of $1.30 each. The farm yields a revenue of about |700. A school is taught about 6 months in the year. The institution is in good condition and seems to be well managed.^ The works of internal improvement within the CO. are the Erie Canal and the N. Y. Central R. R., both extending along the valley of the Mohawk. Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ The lands of this co. adjacent to the river were granted mostly in the first half of the last cen- tury, and the greater portion now settled was conveyed before the Revolution. The n. portion and small tracts in other sections remained in possession of the State Government until conveyed to Macomb and others.* 1 The fii-st coui'thouee of" the co. wsis located at Whiteaboro, now Oneida co. The first courthouse and jail at Herkimer was burned Jan. 25, 1834. The first co. officers were Ilnnry Staring, Firi>t Judge; Michael Myers, Hiifih White, and Abraham Ilar- denburgb, Judges; Jonas Piatt, Cleric; Wm. Colbieath, Slteriff; and. MoseB De Witt, Surrogate. 2 The two main buildings of this institution are of stone, and are each 30 by 46 feet. 8 The Tdrscope was commenced at Herkimer about 1802 by Ileiij. Corey. It was purchased by David Holt and J. B. Robbins. and discoctinued in Jan. 1805. The Farmers^ Movitor was commenced in the same office in 1805 by Holt & Robbins. It was discontinued in 1807. TJie Hcrlcimir Pelican was commenced in 1807 or '08 by Bonj. Corey, and was discontinued aboat IfilO. The Her/i imrr AmeHcan was commenced in 1810 by J. H, & H, Prentiss. Wm. L. Stone afterward became the pub- lisher. In 1813 or '14 he sold it to Edward P. Seymour, who continued its publication until 1831, when it was discontinued. Bunker Hill was commenced at Herkimer in 1810 by G. G. Phinnoy. Its name was changed in 1812 to The Honnt American, under which title it was published a fow years. The Penpk's Friend wa? commenced at Little Falls in Sept. 1821, by Edward M. Griffin. It was successively pub- lished by Joseph A. Noonan, Horatio N. Johnson, and E. G. Palmer & H. N. Johnson. In 1830 it was pub- lished ae The FenpJe's Friend and LitUe Falls Gazette. In July, 1834. it passed into the hands of N. S. Benton & Co., who chanjred its name to The Molia-vvk Courier, under which title it Is now pub- lished by A. W. Eaton. The ITerkhner Herald was commenced in 1828 by John Car- penter. It Was removed in a few years to Oswego. T?ie Republican Farmers' Free Press was commedced at Herki- mer in 1830 by Holt ; B. B. Hotchkin, editor. In 1S;U it was removed to Little Palls and its name changed to The Herhiirtpr County Whig, under which title it was published about 2 years by Larned W. Smith. The Inquirer was published a short time at Little Falls bv Larned \V. Smith. The Herkimer County Journal was commenced in Dec. 1837, by a company ; J. C. Underwood, editor, E. P. Seymour, printer. In 1838 it passed into the hands of 0. A. Bowo, and in 1849 to Orlando Squires, who re- moved it to Little Falls. He was succeeded by Daniel Ayer, by whom the paper is now published. r Small papers. A few numbers were issued Key of David, Jin 1853 or '54 by 0. Squires. The latter Eclectic BulleiinAy^V^^ was designed as a daily, but was [issued only tri-weekly. The Watchman was issued by Squires about 6 months in 18—, T)ie Democratic Vindicator \v as issued by Squires about 2 weeks in 18—. T?ie Enterprise was issued at Little Falls in 1839 by E. M. Griffln. In 1841 it was succeeded by The Mohawk Mirror, semi-mo. This papei* was discontinued in 1844. The Tribune and Spirit of '98 ^'.ns juiWislied at LiiHe Falls a short time in 18— by H. N. Johuson. Tlt£ Herlcimer Freeman was commenced at Little Falls in July, 1844, by 0. A. Bowe. In 1850 he removed it to Mohawk and changed the name to The Mohawk Times. It was soon after discontinued. The Frankfort Democrat was commenced in 1842 by J. M. Lyon & W. B. Holmes, In 1844 it was removed to Herkimer and its name changed to The Herki-mer County Democrat. In 1848 Mr. Lyon was suc- ceeded by Robert Earl. Tn 1S50 C. C. Witberstine be- came interested in its publication, and in March, 1854, he became sole proprietor. In Sept. 1854, J. L. Hayse was associated with Mr. Witherstine, and in Dec. 1855, the name of the paper was changed to The Herlimer American. In May, 1K56, Mr. Hayse withdrew; and in July ftdlowing the paper passed into the hands of K. W. Grain &. J. T. Stcvrns, who changed Its name to The Herkimer County Dentocrat. Withers- tine soon after became proprii-tor; and in June, 1859, the jSaper passed into the bands of H. G. Crouch, its present publisher. The 2lion Independent was commenced in Jan. 1855; G. W. Bungay, editor, Wm . L. Fish & H. W. Lyman, publisherB, In Jan. 1R5S, it was removed to Utica. The Moha-ivk Valley Sentinel was commenced at Mohawk in Jan. 1S55, by L. W. Peters & G. W. Gould. In May following Mr. Peters became sole proprietor, and is its present publisher. List_qf Patents, Vt-acis, and Grants of Land in Jlerh'/ner County, Adgate's Patent* Brown's Tiact* , BurnctisfifM I'atent*.... Co]d('n,('., f';ii['nt , Colden. N.. I';iti!nt Cosby'H Manor* Fall "[lill Pa tent Free Mii.-oii's Patent*... Glen'.-( Pnrcliasc HaaMiiclcvfr's Patent.... Ilendersnn's Pntcnt*..... JtTHcyfieia r'iitenl* Jofmsou's. Hny, Patent. Kast'H Patent , Lansing's Patniit* L'Hrmmeili'u's Patent. Lindsay's Patent Lispcnard's Patent* Living-itoii'a Patent*...., Machin's Patent* , Patentees. Mathew Adgate Part of Macomb's Purchase...'.'..".'.*."'.'.'.'..'..'..'.'.'.'.'." John Joost Petrie and 93 others Cadwallader Colden and C. Rightmeyer Alexander Colden and 3 others Joseph Worrell, Wm. Cosby, and 9 others .'.'. John Joost and Ilendrick Herkimer Wm. and Robert Bayard and 63 others "... Jacob Glen and others Peter Ilasenclever and 17 others. ..!!!!i!!.~."!l.'.".!! Jas. Henderson and 2 others Henry Glen and 93 others .','.' Guy Johnson (forfeited) '..'.'.*.'.'.'. Johan Jurgh Kast and others,— his children!*..', Jacob Lansing and 2 others Ezra L'Hommedieu and N. Piatt John Lindsay and Philip Livingston Leonard Lispenard, sen. and jr., and 13 others. Philip Livingston and 19 others Thomas Machin DaU. Acres. 1798 43,907 1792 210,000 1725 9,400 1738 3,000 1761 4,000 1734 22,000 1762 2,824 1771 60,000 1736,'39 ,'60 25,477 1769 18,000 1739 6,000 1770 94,000 1765 2,000 1724 1,100 1763 6,000 1786 4,000 1730 3,000 1770 9,200 1702 20,000 1786 1.600 ULSTER COUNTY. This county was formed Nov. 1, 1683,' and included the country between the Hudson and the Delaware, bounded n. and s. by due E. and w. lines passing through the mouths of Sawyers and Mur- derers Creeks. A part of Delaware was taken off in 1797, a part of Greene in 1800, and Sullivan in 1809. A portion was annexed to Orange in 1798, and the town of Oatskill was annexed from Albany co. the same year. It lies on the w. bank of the Hudson, centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is mostly a hilly and mountainous upland. The Cats- kill Mts. occupy the n. w. part ; and the Shawangunk Mts. extend N.E. from the s. w. corner nearly through the co. The mountain region consists of irregular ridges and isolated peaks with rocky Bides and summits too steep and rough for cultivation. The summits are 1,500 to 2,000 ft. above the Hudson. The remaining parts of the co. are generally broken and hilly. Esopus Creek flows in a tortuous course through the n. part and discharges its waters into the Hudson. It receives Platte Kil from the n. Rondout Creek enters the s. w. corner of the co. and flows n. e. along the w. declivity of the Shawangunk Mts. and enters the Hudson at Rondout. It receives as tributaries Sandburgh Creek in the s. w. part of the co., and Wall Kil near its mouth. The latter stream flows along the e. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. The remaining streams are small brooks and creeks. The rocks of the co. are composed of the Portage and Chemung shales, in the e. part, and the Shawangunk grit or Oneida conglomerate, in the w. part. Drift deposits are found in nearly every part. Lead ore is found to some extent among the Shawangunk Mts.^ At an early period the Esopus grit was largely quarried and manufactured into millstones.* Water-limestone of an excellent quality is found and largely quarried.* The Ulster co. Cement has an excellent reputation throughout the United States, and is used in immense quantities on fortifications and other Government works requiring solidity. It was used on Croton, Brooklyn, Cochituate, Albany, Washington, and other water-works. It finds a, ready market in every port on the seaboard from New Brunswick to Texas. It has been exported to California and South America, and is largely used in and around New York, Boston, and Philadelphia, upon public and private buildings. The cement rocks are quarried usually on the hillsides, and these openings often extend in galleries under the overlying rock. The rock outcrops in a belt running N. e. and s. w., first appearing on the Hudson a few miles N. of Kingston Point, and extending 20 to 25 mi. to the town of Rochester, but is lost from view at the surface in several places between these points. In the section occupied by the Portage group of rocks are found extensive outcrops of thin bedded sandstone, yielding a fine quality of flagging, which is largely quarried and exported.^ The soil is generally a gdod quality of sandy and gravelly loam, in some places intermixed with clay. Most of the valleys are covered with a deep, rich alluvium. Most of the land is best adapted to grazing. Dairying is extensively pursued, and spring grain llnits charter it is said to "iciii ain tlie towns of Kinftston, Hurley, and Marbletown, Foxhall, and tlie New Pallz, and all villag.s. neighborhoods, and Christiar, habitations on the w. side of the Iludflou's Hiver, from the Murderers Creeli, near the High- lands, to the Sawyers Creek." It was named from the Irish title of the Dulle of York. The bounda y of this and Albany cos. were not fully fettled at the Itevoluti^ n. An act was passed in 1774, but notliin-; was done under it ti ward a settlement, and it was repealed in 1788. An act was also passed in 1774 to run and mark tin- brundary of this anil ■ r;.n^'B counties from E. of the Shawangunk Mts. to the Uelaware. 2 A niiue was open, d near Kllcnville more than 40 years ago. It was uevoi worked to profit, »uil is now abandoned. The Ulster Mine, oeir tullivan on. line was opened in 1837. It is 600 or 700 feet abo\e the valley. Ihe galena in these mines is associated with Mende, iinn and copper pyrites, calcits, and quartz. There are indications and lague traditions that these mines were worked at a much earlier period and yielded profits beyond computation. „, , . . .j ^ ,, Sin tmiths. Ui.itory. written in 1732, this co. is said to be noted for fine flour, beer, and a good breed of draft horses. The millstones— then quarried about 10 mi. Irom the river— hfld ac- quired celebrity, aud were said to far exceed tbc.-e from Colen, 3l Europe, formerly imported at £t>0 the pair, whUe Esopus stones did not cost a fourth part of that sum. Small millstones for family use are still made for the Southern market; but the business has lost much of its former importance. A finer quality of these grits, when calcined and crushed, furnishes the silex used in the gla.ss manufacture at Ellenville. 4 Water-limestone was accidentally discovered on the line of the Erie Canal, by Canvass White, an engineer, in 1818. In 1820 he obtained a patent, and subsequently obtained Judgment against one or more of the contractors for using it. The first waterlime or cement made in Ulster co. was about the time the Delaware & Hudson Canal was commenced. Its manufacture has now become a leading and profitable pursuit, employing about $1,000,000 of capital and 1,000 men. In March, 1869, there were 15 establishments iii the co., owned by individuals and com- panies. 6 The stone is of a bluish gray color and slaty texture, and may be split into slabs of almost any manageable size and from 1 to 4 inches in thickness. The rock is traversed by Joints or seams, that divide very smoothly and greatly facilitate the labor of quarrying. It is brought down to the river and shipped in immense quantities at every landing in the co. and transported to New York and other p^ceB along the coast. The business employs a large number of hands. 449 450 ULSTER COUNTY. is raised to some extent. Fruit growing is becoming an important branch of business. Manu- factures of sole leather and lumber, are located in the western towns,^ and water-lime in the eastern. The commerce, carried on by means of the river and canal, is large, and is constantly increasing. The CO. seat 'is located at Kingston.^ The courthouse is a fine stone edifice, situated upon "Wall St.* The jail is a stone building in rear of the courthouse. It is well arranged and furnished and is kept in good order.* The clerk's office is in a fireproof one story building on the corner of Fair and Main Sts.^ The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 140 acres, on the s. line of New ' Paltz 16 mi. s. w. of Kingston. It is poorly constructed, not ventilated at all, and is entirely unfit for the purposes for which it is used. The average number of inmates is 175, supported at a weekly cost of $1.25 each. A school is taught 6 months in the year.« The farm yields a revenue of $500. The Delaware & Hudson Canal is the only important work of internal improvement in the co. It extends from Rondout, on the Hudson, up Rondout and Sandburgh Creeks, through Kingeton, Rosendale, Marbletown, Rochester, and Wawarsing. It opens a direct communication between the coal mines of Penn. and the Hudson. The Delaware & Hudson Canal Co. was incorp. April 23, 1823, and the canal was finished in 1828."^ One daily and 7 weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ The Dutch established a trading post upon the present site of Rondout in 1614, and probably a few Dutch families settled in the immediate vicinity soon after. This early settlement was broken up by Indian hostilities, and a new one was commenced between 1630 and '40. This was agam attacked by the Indians, and in 1655 was abandoned. Before 1660, settlers had again located at Kingston and vicinity. In 1660 a treaty had been concluded with the Indians ; and the people were so unsuspicious of danger that they left open the gates to their fort both day and night. In June, 1663, the Indians came into the fort at Wiltwyck in great numbers, apparently to trade, while the greater part of the people were engaged in their usual avocations out of doors. At a given signal the Indians commenced the work of destruction. Recovering from their first panic, the whites rallied, under the leadership of Thomas Chambers, and finally drove the Indians out of the fort; 18 whites were killed, and 42 were carried away prisoners. The out settlements were all destroyed. A desk'uctive war ensued, in which the Ulster Indians were nearly exterminated. During this war the valley of the Wall Kil was discovered, and soon after the peace of 1663 it was occupied by a colony of French Huguenots.^ The settlements gradually extended along the valleys of Esopus, 1 The principal tanneries are in Shandakon, OliTe, Woodstock, Denning, Hardenburgh, and "VVawaraing. 2 A courthouse and jail were built soon after the incorp. of the CO., and an appropriation wag made for their repair July 21, 1715. These buildings proving inadequate, an act of General Assembly, passed Oct. 14, 1732, allowed the old buildings and lot to be sold and new buildings to be erected. Kepairs were authorized in 1745, 1750, 1765, and 1773; and in 1775 a further sum was granted to complete them. The courthouse and jail were burned by the British Oct. 16,1777, and a lottery was granted 6 iDonthuntry6.of heRondout {^^^^^ » ,^„„ ^bove S'af-fSw^ii'SeiU. ^e word is of Indian origin. The Esopua Indians— who lived in this region when first known to the whites— wore of the Algoniinin stock, and were allied to the Mohegan and the other river tribes. 6 Along the bluffs that overlook the Hudson are several fine country residences. Two lighthouses are built in the river op- posite this town. Named from John Ewen, President of the Penn. Coal Com- pany. The village waa laid out in 1851 ; nearly all of the in- habitants are more or leas interested in the coal trade. 1 Johannes Louw was born in 1681 ; Baltua Terpening and Trvntje Van Vliet were married in 1682. These, so far as is known, were the first birth and marriage in town. \Vm. HJn- man taught a school, at the Hook, in 1763. A mill was built on Black Creek prior to 1800. A cotton fectory was built at Dashville in 1828, and the one now at Arnoldton in 1830 ; the former is standing idle. 8 There are 6 churches in town ; 3 Ref. Prot. D., M. E., Prot. E., and Friends. 9 Named in honor of Addison Gardiner, fonnerly Lieut. Gov. 452 ULSTER COUNTY. center and w. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the w. border.^ The Wall Kil flows N. B. through near the center and receives Shawangunk Kil from the s. w. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, with clay and alluvium along the streams. Lumber and leather are manufactured to some extent. Tutliilltown, (Tuthill p.o.,) upon Shawangunk Kil, near its mouth, contains 20 dwellings." tiibertyville, (p.o.,) on the n. line, and JenWiastowii are hamlets. The first settlement was made at an early period, by a colony of French Huguenots. The first church was formed in 1833; Rev, Wm. Brush was the first preacher. IIAROEjVBURGH^—was formed from Denning and Shandaken, April — , 1859. It lies in the extreme w. corner of the co. Its surface is a broken and mountainous upland, the highest summits being 2,000 ft. above tide. It occupies a portion of the watershed between the Hudson and Delaware. Beaver Kil, Mill Brook, and Dry Brook take their rise in the town. West Sbandaken is a p. o. ; and Dry Brook is a hamlet. HIIRI.EY*— was granted by patent Oct. 19, 1708.^ A part of the Hardenburgh Patent was released by Margaret Livingston, and was annexed March 3, 1789 ; and a part of New Paltz was taken off in 1809, a part of Esopus in 1818, a part of Olive in 1823, a part of Rosendale in 1844, and a part of Woodstock in 1853. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is a rolling and moderately hilly upland, the highest summits being about 700 ft. above tide. Esopus Creek flows n. e. through the s. part. Along its course are extensive fertile flats. The soil is a sandy loam, a considerable portion lying n. of the creek being unfit for cultivation. Stone quarrying is extensively carried on.^ Hurley, (p. v.,) on Esopus Creek, contains a church and 160 inhabitants ;' and West Hurley, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 2 churches and 25 dwellings. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, about 1680.^ This town became the refuge of the inhabitants of Kingston when the latter place was taken by the British in 1777. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1800 ; Rev. Thos. G. Smith was the first pastor.^ RIWGSTOIV— was incorp. by patent May 19, 1667, and was recognized as a tovra May 1, 1702.^0 Fox Hall Patent was annexed March 12, 1787." Esopus and Saugerties were taken off in 1811; a part of Esopus was annexed in 1818, and a part was annexed to Saugerties in 1832. It lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly, the highest summit being Kuykuyt or Lookout Mt., about 600 ft. above tide. Esopus Creek flows n. e. through near the center, receiving Saw Kil from the w. as tributary, Rondout Creek forms the s. boundary. The soil is principally a clayey loam. A large business in coal, ice, and stone is carried on by the canal and river. Htngston, (p-V-,) upon Rondout Creek, 2 mi. w. of the Hudson, was incorp. April 6, 1805. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 8 churches, the Kingston Academy, several private seminaries,*^ 3 banks, 1 savings bank, 4 newspaper offices, and several small manufactories.^^ It is the center of an extensive trade upon the river and canal.-^* Pop. 3,971. Rondout,*^ (p. V.,) upon the Hudson, at the mouth of Rondout Creek, was incorp. April 4, 1849. 1 *'The. Traps'^ la a deep pass or gully, 650 ft. wide, extending through these mountains. 2 A woolen factory was built at this place at an early period. 3 Xamed in honor of Johannes Hardenburgh, the patentee of an immense tract In this and adjoining cos. This town has bt^en formed since the statistics for this work were obtained. 4 Named from Geo. Lovelaces family, who were Barons Hurley in Ireland. — Benson's Memoir, p. 49. In early times it was called '■'■Hurley Commfm." 5 The patentees of this tract were Cornelius Kool, Adrien Gar- retaie, Matthew Ten Eyck, Jacobus Du Bois, Johannes Schei)- moes, Roeloff Swartwout, Cornelius Lammeree, Peter Petersies, Lawrence Osterhout,and Janneiie Newkirk. The successors of the original trustees al'terward bought 300 acres for the benefit of the corporation. An act of April 4,1806, appointed Jolm A. De Witt, Levi Johnston, and a tliird person, to be named by the freeholders, to sell these lands and make a partition among the owners. 6 The stone obtained from these quarries is used for building and flagging. The business gives employment to several hun- dred muu. ' Some of the builrlings at this place are nearly 200 years old. A wire suspension briflge 160 ft. long here crossi-s the Jfisopus. 8 Among the early settlers were families named Crispell, Du Bois, Colo, Newkirk, Schepmoes. Ten Eyck, Wynkoop, Elmen- dorf, Koo3a, Constable, Louw. Delamater. and others, — mostly from Holland and Belnum. In 17IH the following persons held the office of tniBtees of tlie corponition ;— Cornelius Kool, Adrien Garretaie, Jacob Du Bois, Barnaba'; Swartwout, .Tacob Rutse, Nicolaes Roosa. and Charles Wyle. The first inn of which there is definite knnwjedge was kept about 1760, by Charles De Witt, iit Hurley Village. Two gristmills were erected soon after the first seti lenient. « There are 3 churches in town ; 2 Eef. Prot. D., and M. E. 10 Called by the Indians "AtkanJcarten" — said to signify smooth land. It was more commonly called Esopus, from a tribe of In- dians that inhabited it. Gov. Stuyvesant granted it a charter, May 16, 1661, under the name of Wiltwyck, (Indian Town,; and relieved it from dependence upon Fort Orange. Its affairs were to be managed by a sheriff and 3 schepens. Roeloff Swa^^ wont was appointed first sheriff, and Evert Pels, Cornelras Barentsen Sleight, and Elbert Heymans Roose, the first schepens. Appeals from their decisions might be made to the Director General and Council in New Netherlands. The sheriff and commissioners were to hold a court every fortnight, except in harvest time, unless occasion or necessity rpight other- wise require. All criminal cases were to he referred directly to the Director General and Council, except the lesser crimes,— as quarrels, injuries, scolding, kicking, beating, threateninge, simply drawing a knife or sword, without assault or bloodshed, — wliich might be prosecuted in the lower court. 11 Fox Hall Patent was issued to Thomas Chambers, May 21, 1667, with manorial privileges. Chambers first settled on the tract now occupied hy Troy, as a tenant under Van Rensselaer. He removed in 1652 to Esopus, acquired a large estate by trade, and rendered efficient service in the war against the Indians. He died in 1698. The district still hears tl;ie name of " Fox Hall." 12 The Golden Hill Seminary and the Brookside Female Semi- nary, two private boarding schools, are located at this place. 13 The Newark Lime and Cement Manufacturing Co., organized in 1848, has 2 manufectories at Newark. N. J., and one 1 at Bon- dout, N. Y., producing in the aggregate 225,000 barrels annually. 1* The principal trade is that of stone, obtained from the neigh- boring quarries. IB Formerly named "Tlie Strand" and "Kingston Landing." When the canal was located, it was named "Bolton," from the then president of the canal company; but its present name was , adopted soon after. It is the Dutch name for redout. It wai, ULSTER COUNTY. 453 It contama 8 churches, a bank, and newspaper office. The people are principally engaged in the coa,l trade ; and a large number of steamers, barges, and sailing vessels are constantly engaged in treighting coal, stone, and cement from this place.i The Newark Cement Co. manufacture barrels ot cement annually,— being a larger amount than is produced at any similar establishment in the country. Pop. 5,978. EddyviUe, upon Rondqut Creek, 2^ mi. from its mouth, contains a cement factory^ and about 50 dwellings. It is the k. terminus of the D. & H. Canal. Wilbur, (p.T.,) on the Rondout, below Bddyville, contains about 100 houses. It is the center of an im- mense trade m fiaggingstones.' Fly Mountain is a p. o. Dutch Settlement is a hamlet m the N. part. Flatbusli contains a cement factory.* The Dutch built a trading and military post here as early as 1614; but every thing was swept away in the wars of 1644^5. Another set tlement was commenced in 1652, and abandoned in 1655. The first permanent settlers came in soon after, but suffered much from Indian hostilities for several years.^ Feb. 19, 1777, the first State Convention adjourned from FishkiU to Kingston. On the 9th of September following, the State Legislature convened here, but dispersed upon the approach of a British force under Sir Henry Clinton on the 7th of Oct. At that time the public records were hastily removed to the back settlements, and the place was burned.^ The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed May 30, 1658. There are 18 churches in town.' I'l'OY'D — was formed from New Paltz, April 15, 1845. It lies upon the Hudson, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a rolling and hilly upland, terminating in a bluff upon the river; and the average height of the surface above tide is about 200 ft. Swarte Kil flows n. along its w. boundary and Black Brook n. through the center. The soil is generally a clay and gravelly loam. The bluffs along the river are principally occupied by fine country seats. Wew Paltz Kianding', (p-v.,) upon the river, contains 2 churches and 50 houses;' Centerville (Lloyd p. 0.) a church and 17 houses. Lietvlsburgh is a hamlet on the river, s. of New Paltz Landing. Riverside is a p. o. in the n. e. part. The date of first settlement in this town is quite ancient ; but most of the details of the first years are lost. It was originally named " Paltz." The first church (M. E.) was formed in 1787. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Presb. MARBliETOWir — was formed by patent June 25, 1703.' It was first recognized as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Olive was taken off in 1823, and a part of Rosendale in 1844. It is near the geographical center of the co. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of the Streams. Stone Ridge, near the center, the highest summit, is about 400 ft. above tide. Esopus Creek flows through the n. part, and Rondout Creek through the s. e. corner. The soil is chiefly a clay and sandy loam. A quarry of Shawangunk grit has been opened, and a sulphur spring has been found near the line of Rosendale. Stone Ridge, (p. v.,) s. e. of the center, contains 2 churches and 80 houses ; Kripplebusb, (p. v.,) in the s. part, a church and 12 houses. Ilig'ta Palls^" is a hamlet upon the canal. Marbletow'n is a p. o. Bruce ville (High Falls p. o.) is a small canal village on the line of Rosendale, in the s. e. corner. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1738." MARIiBOROUGH — was formed as a precinct, from Newburgh Precinct, March 12, 1772, 10 days after passing the barriers at the Higlilands they amused themselves by burning and plundering the places along the river. They took possession of Kingston Oct. 17, and, after plun- dering it several hours, they burned every house but one. The houses were mostly of stone, and the woodwork was easily re- placed after the retreat of the British. Several of the early meetings of the Legislature were held at this place ; and the first State Constitution was formed here. 7 2 Ref Prot. D., 2 M. B., Bap., Prot.E., Presb., and Jewish, at Kingston ; 2 M. E., Presb., Germ. Evang, Luth., K. C, Bap., Prot. K., Kef. Prot. D., and Jewish, at Rondout ; and M. E. at Eddy- ville. 8 A ferry connects this place with Pougbkeepsie. 9 This patent was granted to Col. Henry Beekman, Capt. Thos. Gaston, and Capt. Chaa. Brodhead, in trust for the in- habitants. Trustees continued to be annually elected until 1808. The records of 1703 contain the names of the following petitioners for grants of land: — Mosys Du Puy, Thomas Vande- marke, Loondart Kool, Richard Wilson, Jeremy Kettell, jr., Gysbert Roosa, Wm. Nottingham, John Cock, sen., and Capt. Richard Brodhead. 10 The cement works of Delafield & Baxter, at High Falls, employ about 50 men, and produce about 40,000 barrels annu- ally. The falls on the Rondout are here about 50 feet high, aflTording a great amount of water-power. 11 The census reports 5 churches in town; 3 Ref. Prot. D. and 2 M. B. Rev. Derick Romeyn and Rev. J. R. Hardenburgh (afterward Pres. of Rutgers College) were both pastors of tho Ref. prot. D. church at Stone Ridge. at an early period of its growth, a maze of crooked lanes, bor- dered by rude shanties and inhabited by a floating population of Irish laborers. The village still cbntains a large proportion of Irish, and has a large and increasing number of German in- habitants. Its appearance has much improved within a few ^^bout 20 steamers are engaged in the freighting business of this place. Lines of steamers also run regularly to Albany, Kew York, and intermediate places. A steam ferry connects the place with Rhinebeck, on the p. bank of tho Hudson. s The Lawrence Cement Co. manufacture 90,000 barrels of cement annually. , , ^- *„,- --- » The aggregate amount of this trade is more than 1250,000 '"< The Kingston and Rosendale Cement Co. manufacture 70,000 barrels of cement annually. , , .. i x . 6 The site of the first Dutch fort is said to be upon a platea,u in the w. bounds of Rondout. The locality is still called by its Indian name, lonkhockie, said to signify " Canoe Harbor." On the 7th of June, 1663, as most of the people were at work in the 6eMs, the Indians m^e a sudden attack upon the fort, (which WB* irelessly left open,) killed 18,and carried away 42 a^ priBOn- Trs. Capt. Chambers rallied the men, drove out the Indians, and commenced a war in which the captives were mostly reclaimed aSThe Indians nearly exterminated. The first marriage on the church record wa^ that of Jan Janse Timmermans and Catha. "TiTS^J^htor^'^X Gen. Vaughan, consisting of 3,000 men, was sent up the river to oo^iperate with Burgoyne. For 454 ULSTER COUNTY. and as a town, March 7, 1788. Plattekill was taken off in 1800. It lies upon the Hudson, in the s. E. corner of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly. Marlborough Mt, a rocky ridge along the w border, is about 1,000 ft. above the river. The streams are principally small brooks flowing directly into the Hudson. The soil is a slaty loam. Milton, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, in the n. part contains 3 churches and about 75 dwellings. Marlborougll,' (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, several manuf actor ies,^ and about 50 dwellings. L.attiii^ovrn is a hamlet. The date and statistics of the early settlement have not been ascertained. The first church (Presb.) was formed Jan. 1, 1764.' ]VE"W PAI.TZ*— was granted by patent by Gov. Andros, Sept. 29, 1677.^ Its bounds were enlarged April 1, 1775, and a part of Hurley was annexed Feb. 2, 1809. A part of Esopus was taken'^off in 1842, a part of Rosendale in 1844, Lloyd in 1845, and a part of Gardiner in 1853. It is an interior town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a hiUy upland. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the w. border. Paltz Point, the highest summit, is 700 ft. above tide. Wall Kil flows n. e. through near the center ; it is bordered by wide, fertile flats. The soil is generally a fiine quality of sandy loam. Hay is one of the principal products and exports. IVew Paltz, (p. V.,) upon "Wall Kil, near the center, contains the New Paltz Academy, 2 churches, and 45 dwellings. Butterville, Ohioville, and Sprin&town are hamlets. The fi'rst settlements were made by a colony of French Huguenots, a few years before the date of the patent.^ The oldest church record is in French, and bears date of 1683. There are 3 churches in town ; Ref, Prot. D., M. E., and Friends. 01.IVE— was formed from Shandaken, Marbletovra, and Hurley, April 15, 1823. A part was annexed to "Woodstock, and a part of Woodstock was annexed, in 1853. It is an interior town, lying a little N. w. of the center of the co. The surface is mountainous in the n. and w. and hilly in the s. and e.^ A considerable portion of the mountainous region is too rough for profitable cul- tivation. Esopus Creek flows e. through the town, a little n. of the center. The soil is a sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Lumbering and tanning^ are largely carried on. iSl&ok.aii,^ (P-"^-*) upon the creek, n. of the center, contains 2 churches and 20 houses; Saiiifisoiiville,^° (p-'^-O ^^ the s. line, a church, tannery, and 30 houses; Olive, (p. v.,) in the n. e. corner, a church and 25 houses; and Olive City, (Olive Bridge p. o.,) on the creek, near the center, a tannery and 20 houses. The first settlements were made in the Esopus Valley, in 1740.^* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Shokan, in 1800.^2 PliATTEKII^Ii^^— was formed from Marlborough, March 21, 1800. A part of Shawangunk was annexed April 3, 1846, but was restored March 28, 1848. It lies upon the s. border of the co., near the s. e. corner. Its surface is broken by a series of ridges of an average elevation of 300 ft. above the valleys. Its streams are small brooks and creeks. The soil is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam. PlatteKill, (p. v.,) near the s. line, contains a church and 25 dwellings; Clintoudale^ (p- v-*) in the n. part, on the line of Lloyd, a church and 20 dwellings; Flinty (New Hurley p. o.,) in the s. w. corner, on the line of Shawangunk, a church and 15 dwellings; and Hlodena^ (p. v.,) near the n. w. corner, 16 dwellings. The first settlements were made about 1 This place is eituated at the head of a deep, rocky gorge opening down toward the Hudson. 2 About 15,000 wheelbarrows and $40,000 worth of agricultu- ral implements are manufactured annually. 3 The census reports 9 churches in town; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., 2 Friends, Prot. E., Bap., and Christian. * Pronounced New Pawltz, and named from Pfalz, the Gor- man name of the Palatinate. 6 The patentees of this tract were Lewis Du Bois, Christian Deyo, Abraham Hasbroecq, Andries Le Fevre, Jean Brocq, Pierre Deyo, Lawrens Beverie, Anthony Crespel, Abraham Da Bois, Hugo Frere, Isaac Du Bois. and Simon Le Fevre. 6 The valley of Wall Kil was discovered by one of the par- ties engaged in pursuing the destroyers of Wiltwyck. in the summer of 1663. The persecuted exiles from France, who first sought refuge in Germany, and thence emigrated to America, decided upon settling here. They bought the land of the In- diana May 26, 1677, and soon after they settled in their new homes. In 1728, the owners of the patent intrusted its care to 12 trustees, known as "The Twelve Men." These trustees were elected annually, until the organization of the town under the State Government. The Twelve Men in 1785 were Simon Du Bois, Jacobus Hasbrouck, Johannis Freer, Jacob Hasbrouck, jr., Abraham Donaldson, Abraham Eltinge, Petris Ha.sbrouck, Samuel Bevier, Benjamin Deyoe, Isaac Le Fever, Matthew Le Fever, and Abraham Ein. By act of March 31, 1785, the allot- ments made by the Twelve Men were confirmed. Their " Com- mon Book" was to be retained by the Surveyor General until a convenient time, and then it was to be deposited with the co. clerk of Ulster co., to be forever preserved. Its records are deemed authentic evidence in court. 7 The towns of Olive, Kocheeter, and Denning, corner on a hill which is about 2,700 feet above tide. Shokan Point is about 3,100 feet high ; and the average elevation of the low- lands is 800 feet above tide. 8 There are 4 extensive tanneries in town, one of which, owned by Pratt & Samson, is the largest oak tannery in the co. It produces 70,000 sides of sole leather annually. 8 Pronounced Sho-kan'. w Named from Gen. Henry A. Samson. " Geo. Middagh settled in 1740 ; Samuel Cox, in 1742 ; William Nottingham, in 1745, — all near Olive Bridge; John Crispell, in 1747, a little e. of Shokan; Hendrick Crispell, at Shokan, in 17 — ; John Coons, in 17 — ; and Thos. Bush, in 1766, 8. of Olive City. The first inn was kept at Olive Bridge, by Conrad Du Bois ; and the first store, sawmill, and gristmill, by Lemuel Winchell, at Winchells Falls. Two sons of Frederick Bush were carried off" by the Indians in 1781. The early history of this town is blended with that of Marbletown. 12 The census reports 4 churches in town; 2 Eef. Prot. D., Bap., and M. E. 18 Pronounced Plaw-tarkill, and signifies "Flat Brook." ULSTER COUNTY. 455 RevTenh^rr? v*''' ^""' "'"'"'■y- '^^' fi'^* '^^''^ (Rrf- P^o*- D.) wa. formed in 1770; ilev. btephen Goetschius was the first pastor.i 17S**TrS'^f Sfl^T' '''^n^,- ^^ P""*'"* ^™' 2^' ^^°^'' ^"-^ "S'^"^^*'^ ^^ '^ ^o^'^ March 7, 1798 WnilT M^'^^<"«*°^'i (Delaware co.) was taken off in 1789, Neversink (Sullivan co.) in Mich 27l 89^^ t": ^'' ""'' ^ P"'-* °' ^'^^^'^^^ « 1853. A part of Wawarsing was annexed J:ZTJ^: : rS , '' ? '''*'"'" *°'^' ^y'°S ^^ 1^"1« ^- ^- of ^^^ '^^^^^^ of t^e co. Ranges of Rnnl^ P Vfl ^ ^''^ ' ^- ''''^ "^^ ^°'^"^«^^' '^^'l '^ "tolling ur,land occupies the central portions. Kondout Creek flows n.e. through the s. part, and receives as tributaries Sander Kil, Peters Kil, and several other streams. Vernooy Creek flows s. through the w. part. The soil upon the up- Ws IS a gravelly loam, smd in the valleys a sandy loam mixed with day. The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends along the valley of Rondout Creek. Esopus miUstones are largely quar- ried in this town An extensive cave near Kyserike has been explored about half a mile. AUi§rerviUe and Port Jacksoa are small villages upon the canal. Accord and Ky- ^^u^-^""! & '^^^ *^^' settlements were made about 1700, by the Dutch.* The first church (Ref^Prot. D.) was formed soon after the first settlement. There are now 2 churches in town ; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. KOSEjVDALiE— was formed from Marbletown, New Paltz, and Hurley, April 26, 1844. It is an interior town, lying e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and broken upla»d the highest summits being 200 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Rondout Creek flows n.e. through near the center, and receives Koxing Kil from the s. and Kottle Kil from the n. The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends along the valley of the Rondout. The soil is principally a sandy loam. The manufacture of cement has become one of the most important branches of business.^ There is an extensive paper mill in town. Rosendale, (p. v.,) upon the creek and canal, contains 2 churches and 450 inhabitants; r.aTTrencevllle, 1 mi. w., 40 houses; Bruceville, (High Falls p. 0.,) upon the line of Marbletown, about 30 houses. Green L,ocks, a canal village, on the E. border, and TV^blteport, in the n. part, each contain about iO houses. The first settle- ments were made by the Dutch, about 1700.« The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1797; Rev. Thos. G. Smith was the first preacher.' SAITCERTIES^ — ^was formed from Kingston, April 5, 1811. An error in the boundary was corrected June 8, 1812, and a part of Kingston was annexed April 2, 1832. It lies upon the Hudson, in the N. E. corner of the co. The surface is rolling in the e. and hilly in the center and w. The hills upon the river and extending 2 mi. back are underlaid by limestone, from which quicklime and cement are manufactured. Farther w. are quarries of fine flagging stone. Platte Kil flows through the town in a tortuous course and forms the principal drainage. Kauters Kil flows along the n. border. The soil along the river is a clayey loam, and upon the uplands a sandy and gravelly loam. Quarrying is extensively carried on.' Saug'erties, (p- v., ) upon the Hudson, at the mouth of Esopus Kil, was incorp. April 26, 1831, as " Ulster." Its name was changed April 10, 1855. It contains the Saugerties Academy, 7 churches, a newspaper office, and several extensive manufactories. Pop. 3,334. Maiden, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 2 mi. n. of Sauger- ties, is the seat of an extensive stone trade. Pop. 350. Glasco, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, 3 mi. s. of Saugerties, is the seat of an extensive brick manufactory and stone trade. Pop. 1 There are 7 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Wes. Math., Kef. Prot. D., Presb., and Friends. 2 Named in honor of the Earl of Kochester. The Indian name is said to be Mom-bac-cus. „ , „ „ ., 8 The first tmstees under the patent were Col. Henry Beek- man, Joachim Schoonmaker, and Mosys Du Puy. 1 In 1703 the following persons resided in town :— van Oerritse Decker, Lodewyck Hornbeck, Loondart Kool, sr., Anthony Horn- beck, Wm.De La Montaigne, Teunis Oosterhout, Jan Cartwright, Gysbert Van Garde, Andries Davies, and David Du Bois. Teunie Oosterhout had a "corne mill" on Mombaccus Kil, in 1743. 6 More than one-half of the cement made in the co. is manu- factured in this town. The water-limeetone quarries may be said to constitute the wealth of the town. The cement manu- fiictories are as follows :— Barrels. Ifewark and RosendeOe Umt and Cement Co., at White- port, manufactures annually •■.•■• ■■•• 1;J»'™" Sosindah ameni Cb., Bosendale, manufact's annually 40,000 T"J%%„tf"'""' " " " 28,0M David S. Ogaeih „ « o qoo Luther Hoffman. „ ,,,31 » • twi-t • An inn waa kept at the old " Rosendale Farm" in 1711. I ^ere are 5 churches in town ; 2 Re£ Prot. D., Bap., Fnends, and R. G. 8 This name is said to be derived from the Dutch " Zagger," a aawyer, from a sawmill built by Robert Livingston on Saw Kil. Ebenezer Wooster first used the name in 1749, when surveying the bounds of the Hardenburgh Patent. In 1826, Henry Barclay, of N, Y., purchased the present site of the vUlf^e, and the water-power. He built a dam and con- structed a race which made a ^1 of 47 feet. He soon after built a rolling mill, paper mill, and cotton factory. The last named has since been changed to a white lead factory. Tbe Ulster Iron Works employs 300 hands night and day, and manufactures 6,000 tons of bar and hoop iron annually. The paper mill em- ploys 125 hands, and turns out 600 tons of paper annually. The White Lead Works employs 40 men, and manufactures 1,500 tons of paint annually. A steam mill for dressing stone turns out li tons daily. The village is also largely engaged in com- merce. About 30 sail-vessels are employed in exporting stone and brick. A steam ferry plies between this place and Tivoli station on the Hudson River R. R., and a daily steamer runs to New York. s It is estimated that 2,000 persons are employed in quarry- ing, dressing, drawing, and shipping stone from this town. The varieties are chiefly flfigging and curb stone; but cut stone for many uses is also sold. About a half million of dollars' worth of stone is shipped annually from Saugerties, Maiden, and Glasco. 456 ULSTEE COUNTY. about 300. West Camp, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, in the N. part, contains a church and 15 houses. Quarry ville, (p. v.,) in the n. part, and Unionville, near the center, each con- tain about 300 inhabitants, who are mostly engaged in getting out stone from the neighboring quarries. Glenearle, upon the s. line. Tan Aikens Mills, near the center, and Asb- bury, are small villages. The first settlements were made by the Dutch, at an early period ; but the largest immigration was that of the German Palatinates,' a colony of whom located at West Camp in 1710. The first church (Luth.) was organized at West Camp, in 1711. There are now 15 churches in town.^ SIIAIVIJAKEIV' — was formed from Woodstock, April 9, 1804. A part was annexed from Neversink (Sullivan oo.) in 1809. A part of Olive was taken off in 1823, Denning in 1849, and a part of Hardenburgh in 1859. It is the N. w. corner town of the oo. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, broken by deep ravines. The declivities are steep and rocky, and a large share of the surface is too rough for profitable cultivation. The town is not iuhabited except along the valleys, the mountain region being left to wild beasts and hunters. The soil in the valleys is a, clay and sandy loam. The principal branches of business pursued are lumbering, shingle making, and tanning. Shandaken,' (p.T.,) in the N. part, contains a church, a large tannery, a sawmill, gristmill, and 20 houses; Pine Hill, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, a sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 15 houses. Tbe Corner, (p. o.,) in the extreme E. angle of the town; Pboenicia, (p. o.,) in the n. e. corner ; and "Woodland, (p. o.,) s. e. of the center, are ham- lets. At each of these places, and at several other points in town, are extensive tanneries.^ The first settlements were made before the Revolution.* There are 2 churches in town ; Ref. Prot. D. and M. E. SHA'WAafGliarH.'— was formed as a precinct Dec. 17, 1743, and as a town March 7, 1788. A part of Gardiner was taken off in 1853, a part was annexed to Plattekill in 1846 and restored in 1848. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. The surface is a hilly and broken up- land. The Shawangunk Mts., extending along the w. border, are about 2,000 ft. above tide. The Shawangunk River forms about J of the s. boundary, and flows N. E. through near the center, re- ceiving Dwaars KiP from the w. Wall K.il flows N. e. through the E. part, receiving Muddy Kil from the E. and Dwaars Kil from the w. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. Sliavran§runk, (p. v., ) in the s. E. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, spoke factory, and 20 houses ; Ulsterville, (p.o.,) in the s. w. part, 10 houses; and Galesville Mills, (p.o.,) on Wall Kil, a church, sawmill, gristmill, and 10 houses. Diraars Kil, near the center, is a p. o. Bruynswick, (p.o.,) on the u. line, contains a church and 10 houses ; Jamesburg'll, (p. v.,) near the extreme w. angle, a church and 12 houses. HTew Hurley (p. o.) is a hamlet, on the line of Plattekill. The first settlements were made along the valley of Shawangunk River, by the Dutch, between 1680 and 1700.' New Port is a locality where two Indian battles were fought in 1663. The fii-st church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed Oct. 10, 1753 ; Rev. V. Vroomau was the first pastor.'" W^AWARSIWG"— was formed from Rochester, March 14, 1806. A part was re-annexed to Ro3hester in 1823. It is the s. w. corner town in the co. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, broken by several deep valleys. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the e. border; and spurs of the Catskills occupy the central and w. parts. The highest peaks are 2,000 to 3,000 ft. above tide. The mountainous portions in the E. and N. w. corners are rocky and precipitous and 1 Stephen Myers and brothers settled at a place called " Church- land," just w. of Saugerties Village. Martin Snyder settled at the same place, and G. W. Dedrick at West Camp, Avon New- kirk and Pelte Fiero in the same vicinity, — all in 1700, Dedrick Marrtesstock settled at ^^Kaatsban" in 1728. Peter Winne, Edward Woods, Myndert Mynderse, B. Barbam, Jacobus Pearaen, Myndert Schutt, Godfrey Denolfen, and others, were early settlers. On the 18th of May, 17U, there were 14 Palatinates at " Elizabethtown," 111 at " Georgetown," and 321 at " New Vil- lage," in this town. The settlers aftenward mostly removed to the valleys of the Schoharie and Mohawk. = 4 Kef. Prot. D., 4 M. E., G«rm. Meth., Bap., Cong, Prot. E., E. C, Luth., and Presb. 3 Said to signify "Kapid Water." *Tho road from Sh^ndaken to Lexington is constructed through a pass 4 mi. long and in some places scarcely 600 feet wide, and abounding in picturesque scenery. It is through the watershed between Esopus and Schoharie Creeks. s 200,000 sides of leather are annually manufiiotured in this town. ° John Longyear, Cornelius Furlough, Jacob Brink, Coonradt Wisncr, and Frederick Markle, all settled before the war. Witherspoon taught school at The Corner at an early period ' Pronounced Shawn-gum, and said to mean "white rocks." The kil or creek receives this name from large white rooks at its junction with Wall Kil ; and it was applied from the stream to the mountain and town. Another version is that it is named from the Shawan, a southern tribe, and gunk, a mountain, or, The mountain that extends toward the south. 8 The Dutch applied the term Dwaar to streams that flowed sometimes in one direction and sometimes in another. This phenomenon is true of waters at the mouth only of the stream. » Among the early settlers were Jacobus Brnyn, Cornelius Schoonmaker, Abram Schutt, Zachariah Hoifman, Benjamin Smedes, Jacob Decker, John Terwilliger, and Johannes Decker. Along Wall Kil, Robert Kain, Robert Graham, David Davis, Daniel Winfield, Hendrick Van Wegen, and James Penneck settled from 1710 to '30. A school was taught near Bniyns- wick p. o., between 1730 and '40. The first mill was probably at the Junction of Wall and Dwaars Kils, 1 mi. below Shawanl^ nnk Village. 10 There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Ref. Prot. D. and 2 M E. " Usually abbreviated to " War-sink." It is an Indian word, and said to signify " black bird's nest." ULSTER COUNTY. 457 Sley frl ft "w t^'f ''• "^^^ '• ^- P"'^''^'^ ^^ ^ ™y ^Pl^'^'l- K^'"^''"' Creek flows in a deep IZthlT h 7' T^ ' '■ ^- *° °'^'" '^' '''''*''^ ' t^^^''^ ^* t"™« >»' °«="-ly "gtt angles and flows n ties of ftp'sV , T'^'' ^'""^ *^ '• SaBdburgh Creek, a sta-eam which drains the w. decliyi- the ZrZ. f '',^^''"S™^ Mts., Beer Creek, aoid the outlet of Cape Pond, which flows through near h v'levsof pT': "*; f'°*"^^ ^'^^*- ^^« ^^l''--^ -^ H"^-- Canal extend! along the valley of Rondout and Sandburgh Creeks, at the w. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. The soil n^e .V J ^' '' Pnnoipally a sandy loam. Lumber," leather, glass, eaithenware, iron, and axes bur.h 0.pJv ^ manufactured in different parts of the town. EUenville, (p.y.,) upon Sand- vnw f ' . ' '"°^*'' °^ ^''' ^^' ^'^^ '•'''°'"P- ^ Sept. 1858. It is an important canal T^l\ -o "TT^ ^^^"""^^ churches, a high school,^ newspaper ofiice, and an extensive glass lactory. I'op. 1,700. HTapanock, (p. v.,) upon the Rondout, above its junction with the Sand- burgk contains several churches and manufactories," and a population of about 700. Homo- WacH, (p.v.,) a canal village, upon the line of Sullivan co., contains a church, glass factory, woolen factory, and 20 houses. Kerliqnkson, (p.v.,) a canal village, on the line of Rochester, contams a church and 30 houses. JLackawacU, (p.y.,) upon the Rondout, in the w. part, con- tains a church, an extensive tannery, and about 20 houses. Oreenfield, (p.v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and about 25 houses, trawarsmg-, (p.v.,)' in the n. e., contains a gristmill, sawmill, tannery, and about 25 houses. Port Beojamin, a canal village, s. of the Wawarsing, contains about 25 houses. Port JVixon, a village upon Rondout Creek and the canal, in the n. e. part, contains a church and about 25 houses. The first settlements were made about the commencement of the last century, principally by the Dutch.^ During the Revolution tiie inhabitants were killed, captured, or driven off by the tories and Indians.* The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1745 ; Rev. J. Fiyenmoet was the first preacher.' WOODSTOCK— was formed April 11, 1787, from the settlements of Great and Littie Shandaken, which had been attached to Hurley. A part of Middletown (Delaware co.) vras taken off in 1789, Windham (Greene co.) in 1798, and Shandaken in 1804. A part of Olive was taken off, and parts of Olive and Hurley were annexed, Nov. 25, 1853. It lies upon the n. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is mostly a mountainous upland, too rough for profitable cultivation. Several fine valleys extend through the town, separating the upland into several dis- tinct ridges and peaks. Overlook Mt., in the n. e. corner, is 3,500 ft. above tide. Near its sum- mit is Shues Lake, a beautiful sheet of clear water. The scenery in this vicinity is among the finest in Eastern N. Y. Saw Kil and Beaver Kil are the principal streams. The soil is a clay and slaty loam upon the uplands and a gravelly loam in the valleys. 'Woodstock, (p.v.,) in the s. E. part, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 20 houses; Bearsville, (p. 0.,) 2 mi. w. of Wood- stock, is a hamlet; I^ake Hill is a p. 0., near the center. The first settlements were made just before the commencement of the Revolution.* The first church (Luth.) was formed in 1806.' n About 10,000,000 ft. of lumber are sent from this town annually. 2 The EUenville High School, eatabliBhed in 1853. It is a hoarding and day school. 8 The EUenville Glass Co., incorp. in 1836, turns out more than $100,000 worth of demijohns, bottles, 4o. annually. It employs 200 hands. * The Napanock Ax Factory employs about 100 men, and manufactures 150,000 axes annually. The Napanock Iron Works employs 50 or 60 men, and manufactures pig and wrought iron and R. R. car axles. 5 The first settlers were Abram Bevier, John Bevier, from New Paltz, in 1708, Egbert De Witt, Wm. Nottingham, and Andriea De Witt. An inn was kept by Johannes Bevier before the Kevolution. The first store at Wawarsing was kept bj Abram Temooy; the first gristmUl was buUt by Cornelius "Vg rD 00 V • 6 On the 12th of Aug. 1781, a large party of tories and Indiana, under one Caldwell, appeared in this town. They had formed the design of falling upon Napanock, but, being informed that that place was defended hy a cannon, they came to "Wawarsing before the inhabitants were up in the morning. At this place was a stone fort on the site of B. C. Hornbeck's house. Two men and a young woman discovered the enemy before they reached the fort, and the young woman succeeded in closing the door just in time to prevent it from being burst open by the savages. The latter, finding further attack dangerous, dispersed for burning and phmdeiing the out eettlementa. Some 5 or 6 dwellings, 7 barns, and a gristmill were burned, and on the next day the enemy withdrew, laden with spoils. Several lives were lost on both sides, and much property was destroyed. — The Indians ; or Narratives of Massacres and Depre- daMons an the Frontiers of WawarsinJc and Vicinity, p. 21. 7 The cehsus reports 11 churches in town ; 4 M. E^ 3 Ref. Prot. D., 2 R. C, Bap., and Friends. 8 Philip Boneeteel, first innkeeper, settled in 1770 ; Edward Short, in 1776 ; Peter Short, in 1784; Jacobus Du Bois.Ephraim Van Keuren, Philip Shultis, and Henry Shultis, sen., in 1788; Jno. Hutchens, in 1790 ; Wm. Elling, in 1786 ; Mathew Keip, in 1787 ; and Jacob Montrose at an early day. Robert Livingston built the first sawmill, and J. Montrose the first gristmill. These settlements were much harassed by the Indians during the war. 9 There are 6 churches in town; 3 M. E., Luth., Uap., and Friends. 458 ULSTER COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Lister County. Names of Towns. Denning iEsopus Gardiner Hardeuburgh^ Hurley Kingston Lloyd Marbletown.... Marlborough.. Now Paltz Olive Plattekill Rochester Rosendale Saugerties....!., Shandaken Shawaogunk.. Wawarsing Woodstock Total Acres of Land. 910 13,0441 18,697 7,2683 8,622i 12,018 17,946A 13,103 14,423 14,663i- 16,342} 18,087 7,877 17,816i 12,764 21,3604 17,974i 8,828{ 240,6394 76,913i 8,439 7,281 9,B68 16,812 6,6134 14,787 2,8744 6,4974 22,474 4,1904 25,9664 3,371 14,931J 79,891 8,097 46,062 24,263 378,202} VALnATION OF 1868. $71,196 825,460 662,979 399,264 3,066,707 483,686 954,630 368,819 614,881 339,120 642,644 800,611 594,460 1,468,940 260,871 742,689 871,682 239,881 13,207,298 2,482,519 $460 72,636 73,800 15,440 1,260,918 87,350 66,700 68,550 165,600 23,760 45,200 34,488 40,200 372,650 7,600 77,146 71,666 28,488 $71,645 898,085 636,779 414,694 4,316,626 671,036 1,011,230 427,369 680,481 362,870 687,844 836,099 634,660 1,841,690 268,471 819,734 943,237 15,689,817 2,252 954 1,094 7,152 1,106 1,887 1,302 1,009 1,496 981 1,768 1,333 4,812 1,298 1,293 3,729 906 34,767 33,179 807 2,036 1,021 6,822 1,086 1,840 1,366 1,012 1,428 051 1,707 1,239 4,506 1,164 1,338 3,498 900 > I 132 679 380 1,829 379 620 426 317 616 348 617 375 1,487 451 478 1,391 306 11,068 1? 131 837 364 2,773 423 699 614 326 691 869 641 491 1,788 464 484 1,436 340 13,061 606 249 181 746 256 252 367 266 391 163 1,020 266 316 716 218 6,894 327 1,662 822 766 4,838 905 1,646 981 698 1,347 713 1,301 890 3,280 1,060 1,140 2,783 26,566 Names of Towns. Denning. Esopns Gardiner Hardenburgh^ . Hurley Kingston Lloyd Marbletown.... Marlborough. .. New Paltz Olive Plattekill Rochester Rosendale Saugertiee Shandaken Shawangunk... Wawarsing Woodstock Total Live Stock. 31 649 504 '361 1,018 636 718 386 448 437 618 664 317 1,211 366 618 797 334 314 628 818 9,803 16,808 17,332 142 693 66,6 472 442 599 664 649 1,S29 1,432 6S4 806 6S8 995 1,304 944 767 1,301 1,436 1,295 382 ;534 1,071 1,721 1,252 810 1,294 1,027 2,129 1,487 1,181 770 206 453 4,419 387 3,250 682 1,662 739 1,991 1,147 1,632 2,066 262 1,216 1,678 4,699 2,265 1,3C8 72 1,981 2,948 913 2,977 1,783 2,860 1,821 2,056 1,019 2,678 2,230 969 2,664 619 3,671 1,840 1,034 29,841 34,026 Agricultural Products. Bush, or Obaw. 13^122 16,462 7,648 12.3354 19;709 23,4744 20,3064 19,809 11,1684 21,004 22,610 8,2524 14,649} 2,089 20,143 13,623 4,3964 36,1964 22,589 32,296 27,3584 53,080 30,0664 38,215 26,2934 36,434 49,618} 17,772 41,65ej 17,070 46,182 69,2864 16,455 254,7644 692,786} 543 8,282 4,423 2,006 2,851 3,868} 4,6494 3,8354 4,419 3,7274 4,9744 178i 1,805 6,759 3,369 4,979 6,422 2,698 64,796 2,170 11,662 3,850 8,324 12,442 3,664 12,916 2,940 3,759 7,469 8,659 8,943 6,261 1,1624 8,000 6,116 20,623 6,889 11 24 72,130 5,692 3,316 4,460 4,864 18,390 4,782 8,070 308,996 10,024 3,061 6,455 11,253 10,616 11,935 11,613 3,084 184,5394 397,754 1,669,631 Daiby Fboducts. ^ I- 16,160 63,287 166,649 39,081 28,762 84,634 110,870 99,926 95,785 84,955 119,696 110,773 32,715 131,887 63,200 236,000 162,846 64,527 230 190 1874 727 469 2574 469 208 2,7784 ;30 659 3,068 90 1,461} 447 1,6054 2,048 1,291 16,446} ' Formed since 1865, TOMPKINS COUNTY. This county was formed from Cayuga and Seneca, April 17, 1817. Three towns were annexed from Tioga, March 22, 1822, and a part of Schuyler co. was taken off in 1854. It lies around the head of Cayuga Lake, s. w. of the center of the State, is centrally distant — mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface consists j principally of an upland, broken by a series of ridges extending n. ' and s. The watershed between Cayuga Lake and Tioughnioga River occupies the e. border of the co., and that between the same lake and Susquehanna River the s. border. The deep valley of Cayuga Lake, 700 ft. below the summits of the ridges, separates the N. portions of the co. into two distinct parts. The E. portion, declining toward the n., gradually loses its hilly character and spreads out into the beautifully rolling lands so common in Central N. Y. West of the lake the land does not lessen in height within the limits of the co. ; but the rough, broken hills change into smooth ridges, with long, gradual slopes. The deep valley of Cayuga Lake affords a fine opportunity to examine the geological structure of this region. Upon the shore in the extreme n. part are found the Hamilton shales, the lowest rock in the co. Next above them on the shore appear the Tully limestone, Genesee slate, and Portage or Ithaca shales and sandstones.^ The summits of all the hills are formed of the rocks belonging to the Chemung group, usually covered deep with drift deposits. The streams, in their course from the table lands to the lake, have worn deep channels into the rooks, and waterfalls which once were, probably, at the face of the bluffs, have receded one to two miles, forming below deep, rocky chasms bordered by perpendicular walls. As the rocks are composed of strata of different degrees of hardness, the water has worn them irregularly, — the soft and yielding shales generally forming a declining surface, while the hard and compact limestone retains its perpen- dicular forms.* The streams are Salmon, Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Taughanick Creeks and Cayuga Inlet and their branches, flowing into the lake, and several branches of Owego Creek and other sniaE streams, flowing s. The cascades upon these streams form one of the most peculiar and interesting features of the landscape. The soil in the n. part is generally a gravelly or clayey loam, formed by the drift deposits ; and that in the s. is a gravelly or slaty loam, derived from disintegration. It is aU best adapted to grazing. In the n. part the people are generally engaged in grain raising, wheat forming the staple production. In the s. towns the principal branches of agriculture pursued are stock raising and dairying. Considerable manufacturing is carried on at Ithaca and other places. The CO. seat is located at the village of Ithaca. The courthouse is a brick edifice, built upon a fine lot near the center of the village.' The jail, contiguous to the courthouse, is a well built stone edifice, with ample accommodations for the health of the prisoners. The cells are clean and well ventilated. The co. clerk's ofiice is a fireproof building, fronting upon Tioga St. The poor- house is situated upon a farm of 100 acres in Ulysses, 6 mi. n. w. of Ithaca. The average number of inmates is 53, and the revenue derived from the farm is about $1,500. No school is provided for the children', and they are not admitted to the public schools. The house is in bad repair, destitute of ventilation, and entirely unfit for the residence of so many human beings. The Cayuga & Susquehanna R. R. extends from Ithaca to Owego, connectmg with the Erie R R at the latter place. Cayuga Lake is navigable and connects with the Erie Canal at Monte- 1 The Tully limestone furnishes an abundance of lime ; huge ^ \±r „tc if tv,i« rock are found scattered over the land several hSId fee rtove *e reP^lar veins of the rock showing that ^Jft force had been in operation here at some former pS^^Se GenesL slate S abou? 100 ft. thick, and the Portage ^sThfTaaehanick Falls, below Trumansburgh, have receded z Ihe ■ia>'g°°''"^^ ' ' .,„ fl-on, the lake. "In its passage, something """than a ^"^F° ^^^^^ a„4 ^pids but finally ""' '^I^'^^Itn ?orm tat a Se fall. This is caised by the Srhe^stratabetuTso much harder than those below that a higher Btrata "f'^B »" j^j, ^^og^ j^iow are under- SiX^S^ A^uTm?. ^'o^'Ssetns is a ca^ade, where, from the absence of a resisting atratum at the surface, the rock haa been worn down in a continuous elope. — Geol. IV. XHst, p. 378, 379. 3 The act of incorporation fixed the courthouie at Ithaca, the exact locality to be designated by the Surveyor General, or, if he neglected to do it, by the judges of the co. court. UrilesB a site was conveyed to the Supervisors and $7,000 secured to be paid, the CO. was to be reannexed to the cos. from whence it was taken. Luther Gere, Wm. R. Collins, and Daniel Bates were appointed to superiutend the erection of the co. buildings. The first CO. ofBcers were Oliver C. Comstock, First Judge; Archer Green, Clerk; Henry Bloom, Sheriff; and Andrew p. W. Bruyn, 459 460 TOMPKINS COUNTY. zuma A daily line of steamers plies between Ithaca and Cayuga Bridge, on the N. Y. C. R. R., touching at all the landings on the lake. The railroad and canal and lake constitute the principal route for supplying the AVeet with the anthracite coal of E. Penn. Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ The three s. towns of this co. were included in the Watkins and Flint's Purchase, and the re- mainder in the Military Tract. A public road was built from Oxford, on Chenango River, directly through to Ithaca, by Joseph Ghaplm, in 1791-92-93, and this became the great highway for immi- gration in the s. part of the State for many years. As a consequence, the co. immediately bor- dering upon the road was rapidly settled. The first immigrants were mostly from New England. At the place where Ithaca now stands were found cleared fields which had previously been culti- vated by the Indians ; and these lands were among the first occupied in the co. The next settle- ments were made in Ulysses, on the w. bank of the lake, and along Chaplin's road in Dryden. The openiug of the rich lands of the Genesee country to settlers diverted immigration from this re^on, and the co. for many years did not increase in population with the same rapidity as the regions further w. The growth of the co., however, has been gradual and continuous ; and now in every element of real prosperity it is fully on an average with the other cos. in the State. CAROI^IIIfE— was formed from Spencer, (Tioga co,,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this CO. March 22, 1822. A part was annexed to Danby in 1839. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is an upland, broken by a series of ridges extending n. w. and s.e. 500 to 700 ft. above the valleys and 1,500 to 1,700 ft. above tide. The summits of the hills are usually rounded and rolling and their declivities steep. The streams are Owego Creek, forming the e. boundary, and Six Mile Creek and their branches. These streams flow in deep, narrow valleys bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is generally a gravelly loam, and is well adapted to grazing. Caroline Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 14 houses ; Motts Corners, {p. v.,) on Six Mile Creek, in the n. w. corner of the town, 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,^ and 40 houses ; Speedsville, (p. v.,) upon Boyer Creek, in the s. e. corner, contains 3 churches and 30 houses; and SlaterviUe, (p. v.,) near the n. border, 1 church and 30 houses. Pugsleys Depot (p. 0.) is a station on the C. & S. R. R. Caroline (p. o.) is a hamlet in the n. e. corner of the town. Ra"*vson HoIIotf^ on the e. line, is a p. o. The first settlement was begun by Capt. 1 TJie Seneca Republican, tbe first paper published in the Co., was started at Ithaca, .July 4, 1815, by Jonathan Inger- soll. In 1816 it was chan^ted to The Ehaca Jimrncd, and in 1817 Mack & Shepherd became pro- prietors. It was successively issued by Mack & Searing, Ebenezer Mack, and Mack & Morgan, until 18^, when Wm. Aiidrus became partner, and the paper was ]psu6d by Mack & AndruH. In 1827 the name was changed to lifiaca Journal, Literary Gazette, and General Advertiser, and about a year afterward a portion of the title was dropped, and it was issued as Tlie Itliaca Joiiriial and Advertiser* In Bee. 1833, Mack & Andrus sold to Nathan Randall; in 1837 Randall sold to Mattison & Barnaby ; and in 1839 A. E. Barnaby became sole proprietor. Jn 1841 Barnaby sold to Alfred Wells, and soon after Wells sold to J. H. Selkreg, the present puVilisher. The Sepiiblican Chronicle was started at Ithaca in June, 1820, by Spencer & Stockton. In 1S23 David D. Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1826 S. S. Chatterton bought an interest, and in 1828 he became sole pro- prietor, and soon after changed the name to The Ithaca Republican. In 1831 or '32 he again changed the name to The Tompkins American^ and in 1834 the paper was discon- tinued. The Western Messenger was started at Ithaca in 1826 by A. P, Soaring, and was continued about 2 years. 37ie Phihinthropist, a Universalist paper, was started at Ithaca in 1831 by O. A. Brownson, and was continued about 1 year. The IfJuica Chronicle was started by D. D. & A. Spencer in Feb. 1828, and was continued "by them until 1853, when Anson Spencer became sole proprietor. In 1855 it was chanpjed to The American Citizen, published by A. B. Barnaby & Co, It is now published by Anson Spencer, who has been one of the proprietors from the commencement of the paper in 1828. The Lake Light was started at Trumansburgh in 1827 by Wm. W. Phelps, and was continued about 2 years. The Trumansburgh Advertiser was published a short time in 1833 by B. Fairchild. Tlie Jeffersonian and Tompkins Times was 'started in 183P by C. Kobbins. He soon after sold to G. G. Preer, who changed the name to The Itliaca Herald. In 1837 Nathan Randall became proprietor, and merged the paper in the Ithaca Journal and Ad- vertiser. TJte Christian Doctrinal Advocate and ^iritual Monitor was started at Motts Corners in 1837, under the auspices of the 7th Day Baptist denomination, and was continued several years. TJie Hbmpkins Volunteer was started at Ithaca by H. C. Good- win in 1840. He soon after sold to J. Hunt, jr. In 1843 the title was changed to TAe Tompkins Depmocrat, and after a short time the paper was removed to Greene, Chenango co. The Trumansburgh Gazette Was published a short time in 1S43 by J. H. Hawes. The Flag of the Union was started at Ithaca in 1848 by J. B. Gosman. In 1850 it was merged in the Ithaca Journal and Advertiser. The Templar and Watchman was started at Ithaca in 1853 by Orlando Lund. It afterward passed into the hands of MyroD S. Barnes, and was continued a short time. Rumsey's Companion was started at Bryden in 1856 by H. D. Rumsey. It was soon after changed to The Fireside Companion, and again in a few months to The Dryden Keivs. In 1857 it was sold to Q. Z. House and changed to The New York Confederacy, and was soon after discontinued. In 1858 it was resuscitated, as The Dryden We-vvSj by Asahcl Clapp, by whom it is still published. The Tompkins County Democrat was started at Ithaca in Oct. 1856, by Timothy Malony, by whom it is still published. 2 Two flouring mills, two sawmills, a tannery, and woolen fec- tory. One mile below the village is the extensive gun barrel manufiietory of J. & B. Losey, and, with one exception, the only one in the State. This establishment was started 50 ye;irs ago by Abiel Losey, father of the present proprietors, at Otsego* thence it -was removed to Pall Oreek, near Ithaca; thence to Owego; and thence to its present location. TOMPKINS COUNTY. 461 David R,ch who came from Tt. in 1795 and located near Willo«r Bridge ; Widow Earsley, with our sons and four daughters, from N. J., came ia the next year; and for several years these were the only families m town.' The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at an early period; the hrst pastor was Rev. Garritt Mandeville. The census reports 10 churches in town.^ '^*'^?*To~JIoo^°™^'^ ^'■°'^ Spencer, (Tioga co.,) Feb. 22, 1811, and was transferred to this CO. marcti -^A 1822. Part of Caroline was annexed April 29, 1839, and a part was annexed to Jjryaen in i85b. It lies near the center of the s. border of the co. Its surface is broken by ranges of hills extending n. and s. 300 to 400 ft. above the valleys. Their summits are rounded and their declivities generally steep. The valleys are mere ravines. The principal streams are Six Mile Creek, flowing across the n.e. corner, Cayuga Inlet, and numerous small streams tributaries to these and to Owego Creek. The soil is a mixed gravelly and shaly loam, with occasional patches of clay, and is well adapted to grazing. Danby, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 3 churches and 50 houses; Beers Settlement, (South Danby p.o.,) near the center, about a dozen houses. ■West Danby is a p.o., near the w. border. The first settlers were Jacob Yaple, Dr. Lewis Beers, Jabez Beers, and Joseph Judson, who located at Beers Settlement in 1797.' The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1807 ; Rev. Daniel Loring was the first pastor. There are 8 churches in town.* DRYDEIVS— was formed from Ulysses, Feb. 22, 1803. A part of Danby was annexed in 1856. It is a large town, occupying the central portion of the e. border of the co. The surface of the N. half is rolling or moderately hilly, and that of the s. half hilly and broken. The E. border forms the watershed between Tioughnioga River and Cayuga Lake. The highest ridge, in the s. e. part, is 1,700 to 1,800 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Fall Creek, flowing s. w. through near the center of the town, on its course affording several millsites. Several small streams, tributaries to Owego Creek, take their rise in the s. part. Dryden Lake is a small sheet of water 1 mi. long and about J mi. wide, lying in an elevated valley near the e. border and 1,500 ft. above tide. A mineral spring, strongly impregnated with sulphur, magnesia, and iron, is situated one mi. w. of Dryden Village, and has a local notoriety for medicinal virtues. In the s. e. part are two swamps, each covering an area of several hundred acres. Dryden, (p. v.,) on the s. branch of Fall Creek, in the e. part of the town, is a flourishing inland village. It contains 2 churches, a large gristmill, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 522. Etna, (p. v.,) on Fall Creek, near the center, contains 2 churches, a grist and saw mill, an iron foundery, and machine shop. Pop. 230. 'West Dryden, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, contains 93 inhabitants ; Varna, (p. V.,) on Fall Creek, near the w. border, 170 inhabitants ; Malloryville, Preeville, and California are hamlets. The first settlement was commenced in 1797, by Amos Sweet, on the present site of Dryden Village.* Joseph Chaplin built a road from Oxford, Chenango co., to Ithaca, passing through this tovra, in 1792-93-94. There are 9 churches in town.' ElVFIEIiD' — ^was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821. It lies upon the center of the w. border of the eo. Its surface is rolling, and it has a mean elevation of 500 to 700 ft. above Cayuga Lake. The principal streams are Ten Mile Creek and the s. branch of Taughanick Creek. Upon the former, in the s. E. tract of the town, is one of the finest of the beautiful cascades so common in this CO. It is in a deep gorge, and has a total fall of 230 ft. The soil is principally a gravelly loam. Enfield Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 dwellings; Enfield (p. v.) 25 dwellings. Enfield Falls is a hamlet. Among the first settlers were Geltner, John Whitlook Jas. Rumsey, Lewis Owen, and Isaac and John Beech.' There are 5 churches in tovra."" 1 Among the other early settlers were Thos. Tracy and Sam'l Yates from Mass. ; Joseph Chambers, Kiohard Bush, and Hart- more Earnest, from TOster co., in 1798 ; Levi Slater, ^formerly of Slatonille. ) Charles and John Mulks, John Cantine. (first settler at Motts Comers,) and Joseph Bishop, all from Ulster, and John Rounceville, from Mass., in 1801. The first child born was Har- riet Ronnceville. The first school was taught by John Robmson. Richard Bush kept the first inn, Isaac Miller the first store, and Gen. Cantine built the first gristmill, in 1800. 2 4 M. B, Prot. E., Cong., Bap., Kef. Prot. D., P. W. Bap., and ^3 The first settlers of West Danby were Wm. Hogg and Moses Barker. The first death was an infant son of Lewis Beardsley. .Toseph Judson taught the first school. Dr. Beers kept the first nn and store, and Peter Yaple built the first gnstmlll. 4 3 M B 2 Bap., Cong., Prot. E., and Swedenborgian. 6 Named in honor of John Dryden, the English poet. e The next settlers were Bzeklol Sandford, David Fort, and Ebenezer Chausen, who located at Willow Grove in 1798. A single yoke of oxen, at one load, brought these three families, consisting of 14 persons, and all their household goods, from the Chenango River. Capt. Geo. Robertson (sometimes called the " father of the town") came in the same year, and settled on Lot 53. Among the other early settlers were Lyman Hurd, from Vt., Dr. Sheldon, Dr. Wolf, Irona Peat, Wm. Daley, Joel Hall, and Jas. Wood. The first child bom was Robert Robertson ; and the first death was that of the mother of Amos Sweet. 7'aniel Lasey taught the first school, in 1804. Amos Lewis kept the first inn, Joel Hull the first store, and Col. Hopkins, from Homer, built the first mill, in 1800. I 6 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 Bap., and R. C. 8 Named from Enfield, Ct. 9 John Applegate kept the first inn, Samuel IngersoU the first store, and Wm. Ferris built the first mill. » 2 M. E., Christian, Bap., and Presb. 462 TOMPKINS COUNTY. GKOTOJV^— was formed from Locke, (Cayuga co.,) as ^'Division," April 7, 1817, and its name was changed March 13, 1818. It is the n.e. corner town in the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly. From the valleys the land rises by long and gradual slopes to a height of 100 to 300 ft. The highest point in town is about 1,500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are Owasco Inlet and Fall Creek. Bear Swamp, in the e. part, contains an area of several hundred acres. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam, underlaid by slate. Groton, (p. v.,) on Owasco Inlet near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, the Grotou Academy, and several manu- facturing establishments.^^ Pop. 587. Mcl^ean, (p. v.,) on Fall Creek, in the s. E., contains 5 churches, several factories,^ and 40 houses. Peruville, (p. v.,) near the s. border, contains 2 churches, a saw and grist mill, pail factory, and 30 houses. Groton City, (p. v.,) in the n. e. comer, and West Groton, (p. v.,) in the n. w., contain about 11 houses each. Bensons Corners is a hamlet, in the s. w. corner. Among the first settlers were Saml. Hogg, at "West Grotou ; Ichabod Bowen, John Guthrie, and Perrin, at Groton ; and J. "Williams, J. Houghtal- ing, and W. S. Clark, at East Groton. The census reports 11 churches.* ITHACA^— was formed from Ulysses, March 16, 1821. It is the central town in the co., lying at the head of Cayuga Lake. A tract of laud 2 mi. long and 1 J broad, low and nearly level, extends s. from the lake shore ; and from this the valley of Cayuga Inlet opens to the s. w. and that of Six Mile Creek to the s. e. Kidges 400 to 700 ft. high, with steep declivities, separate tJiese valleys and surround the low land and the head of the lake. From the summits the surface spreads out into a rolling upland. A marshy mi. wide borders immediately on the lake. The streams are Fall, Cascadilla, Six Mile, Buttermilk, and Ten Mile Creeks, and Cayuga Inlet. In their course from the uplands each of these streams plunges down the wall-like precipices which surround the lake, forming series of cascades which for beauty and variety are scarcely equaled elsewhere.® The soil is a fertile, gravelly loam upon the uplands, and a deep, rich alluvium in the valleys. ItUaca, (p. v.,) 1^ mi. s. of the head of Cayuga Lake, is the co. seat, and the com- mercial center of the co. It is beautifully situated upon a fine alluvial plain, bordered on 3 sides by lofty hills, and on the fourth by the lake, with which it is connected by a navigable inlet. It con- tains the Ithaca Academy,^ 9 churches,^ 2 banks, 4 printing offices, and a large number of manu- facturing establishments,® The commercial interests of the place are extensive and important. A daily line of steamboats on the lake running between this place and Cayuga Bridge, in connection with the C. & S. R. R., serves to connect the Erie B. R. on the s. with the N. Y. Central on the n.^° The lake is also a link in the great chain of the internal water navigation of the State, and upon it a large amount of canal commerce, centering at Ithaca, is carried on. The trans-shipment of Scranton and Lackawanna coal brought by the C, & S. R. R. forms an important and constantly increasing item of business. A large proportion of the anthracite coal for the Northern and Western markets is supplied through this avenue.^^ The public schools cff the village are graded, and are in a flourishing condition. The annual attendance is about 1,200.^^ The village was incorp. April 2, 1821. Pop. 4,908. The first settlement of the town was made by Jacob Yaple, Isaac 1 Named from Groton, Ct. 2 Three carriage shops, a founclery, machine shop, and thrash- ing machine factory. 3 Thrashing machine factory, pail factory, two furnaces, flour- ing mills, and 2 sawmills. * 2 Bap., 3 M. E., 3 Cong., Wes/Meth., Prot. E., and Univ. 5 Name applied by Simeon De Witt, and borrowed from one of the Ionian Isles, the home of Ulysses. It was originally called " The Flats," .and its name was brought into use by being placed upon a tavern sign. — King^s Early Hist, of Ithaca. Mr. De Witt, who fur more than 50 years held the office of Surveyor General, became the owner of the sjte of Ithaca and the sur- rounding country about the time, or soon after, the first settle- ment. He died at this place Dec. 3, 183:4; his remains have since been removed to the Albany Rural Cemetery. *» Upon Fay Creek, within the space of 1 mi., are 5 falls, vary- ing in height from 44'to 125 ft. The deep gorge through which the stream flows is bordered by perpendicular cliffs. A tunnel 200 ft. long, 10 to 12 ft. wide, and 13 ft. high was excavated through the rock for hydraulic pui-poses in 1831-32, by J. S. Beebe. Upon Cascadilla, Six Mile, and Buttermilk Creeks are also successions of flne cascades, within the limits of the town. At Buttermilk Falls the water rushes down at an angle of about 45 degrees, in a sheet of perfectly white foam, the appearance of the water furnishing a name to both the cascades and the stream. 7 In 1822 the Genesee Conference of the M. B. Church applied for the incorporation of a college, to be located at Ithaca, and considerable sums were pledged for this object; but the project failed of accomplishment. 8 2 M. E., Bap., Presh., Cong., Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., Af. Meth., and R. G. 9 The manufactories are as follows : — 3 flouring mills, 3 paper mills, 5 plaster mills, 1 oil mill, 1 oilcloth factory, 1 bi-ewery, 1 lead pipe factory, 1 rake factory, 4 carriage shops, 2 tanneries, 2 sewing silk factories, 3 furnaces and machine shops, 2 saw- mills, 1 manufactory of collars, bosoms, and neckties, and 8 boat- yards ; 25 to 30 boats are annually built, at an aggregate cost of $50,000 to |60,0Q0. The silk manufactories employ 160 persons, and produce fiOO lbs. of sewing silk per week. 10 Thelthaca & Owego R. R. — the second r. r. chartered in the State — was incorp. in 1828, and opened in the spring of 1834. It was 29 mi. long, and had 2 inclined planes ascending Irom Ithaca. The first was T^TSS^ ft. long, with 405 ft. rise, and the second 2,225 ft. long, with a rise of 1 ft. in 21. The total elevation in 8 mi. was 602 ft., — which was 602 ft. above its s. terminus at Ithaca. A stationary steam engine was used on the first plane, and horses on the other parts of the road. In the first 6 mos. it trans- ported 12,000 tons of freight and 3,300 passengers. The State having a lien upon the road, the Comptroller sold it at auction on the 20th of May, 1842, for $4,500, to Archibald Mclntyre and others. For Sl3,500 it was put in operation, under the name of the Cayuga & Susquehanna B. R. The inclined plane was sub- sequently changed to a circuitous grade road, and horses were superseded by locomotives. This road is now leased to the Dela- ware, Lackawanna & Western R. R., and it is extensively used for the transportation of coal. 11 During the past few years the coal trade has averaged 90,000 tons per annum. This trade will probably largely increase with the increased facilitiea for moving the coal forward. 12 A Lancasteriau school was early established here, and was continued to within a few years, when it was superseded by the present system of public schools. TOMFKINS COUNTY. 463 wTht't ?>?/"*"' ^'TfT' ^^° ^°''^*''^ °" *« V'^'^''^ «•'« °f Ithaca Village in 1789. The he center of th.,/ ^'^^P '^^'=1^,;"^«^- Salmon Creek, the principal stream, flows s. through near and Hedden C^ V ^""'^ ^' "^™^ ^^<^ ^"'^"''^ ^^ ^*««P ^^^'^^d^^- Swartz, Townly, LudlowvinT r "■^ ' P."°"'P"^ tributaries. The soil is generally a fertile, gravelly loam, ^"ell fZ D ^'/-'i °\^' "°" ^"'^'^' '^"°"' ^ "'^- f™"" '*« --*• "-*-- 3 churches, Sk il£ T^rtf.tT °''"''"°^" «''^"^»»^*-"le. (P--0 on the ridge .r. of Salmon Lxeek, in the n. part of the town, contains 1 church and 25 dwellings. Worth I^anslng, (p o ) Mbertvvnr)\"^?w '^*'*^*' 'P" "'^ °" '^^ ^'"^ ^^"^"^ *^« l^'^^' - *»>« -■ ^- -'- ''-d Ti^^^^ ^ i"" Lansing p. o.) are hamlets of about a dozen houses each. East I^an- Sing and Forest City are p. offices. Forest City Water Cure is finely situated on the bluff overlooking the lake, in the s. part of the town. The first settlement was begun in 1792, by emi- grants from N. J.' The census reports 7 churches in town." "'*l^*'^*^^'*~^'*^ ^°'^^^ ^™"' Spencer, (Tioga co.,) as "Cayuia," Feb. 22, 1811. Its name was changed March 29, 1822, and a part was annexed to Catharines (Schuyler co.) in 1853 It is the s. w. corner town m the co. The surface is high and hilly, the ridges being 400 to 600 ft above the valleys and 1,500 to 1,700 ft. above tide. The streams are Cayuga Inlet and Ten Mile Creek and their branches. The valleys of these streams are usually narrow and bordered by steep hillsides. A portion of the w. part of the town is yet uncultivated. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam, best adapted to grazing. IVewfield, (p. v.,) in the n. e. part of the town, contains 3 churches, 2 flouring mills, 2 carriage shops, a woolen factory, an oilcloth factory, and about 80 dwellings. TrumbuUs Corners, (p. v.,) on the n. border, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings., Poney Hollow (p. o.) is a hamlet in the s. w. part. The first settler was Thomas, who located at Poney Hollow.* The census reports 3 churches in town.« UliYSSES— was formed March 5, 1799. Dryden was taken off in 1803, and Ithaca and Enfield in 1821. It lies upon the w. bank of Cayuga Lake, on the n. border of the co. A range of bluffs 600 ft. high, with steep declivities, borders upon the lake ; tad from their summits the surface spreads out in an undulating upland. The only considerable stream is Taughanick (Ti-kaw-nik) Creek, which crosses the town from the w. In its descent from the plateau to the lake this stream forms a series of cascades, the principal of which is known as Taughanick Falls. These falls have receded about 1 mi. from the shore of the lake, and have worn a deep gorge in the yielding shales, with banks 380 ft. high. The stream now falls, in an unbroken sheet, over a limestone terrace 210 ft. in height. About 1 mi. farther up the gorge is another fall, of 80 ft. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly loam. Truinansbur^ll,' (p. v.,) near the n. border of the town, is the second village in the co. in amount of business and population. It contains 4 churches, the Trumansburgh Academy, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 1,052. Jaxrls.— SOnville, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 50 houses. Water- burg'Ii, near the w. border, contains 1 church, mills, and 40 dwellings. Halseyville^'iF a. hamlet. The first settlements were commenced by Samuel Weyburn, at the mouth of Taughanick Creek, and by Abner and Philip Tremaine, on the site of Trumansburgh, in 1792.'° The first church (Presb.) was formed by Jedediah Chapman, in 1803. There are now 6 churches in town.'' 1 AmoDg the other early settlers were families named McBowel, Davenport, Bloom, King, Patchin, Star, Conrad, Marfcle, Sayers, and Blink. The first child born was a daughter of John Dumond, Sept. 1789. The first death was that of Rachel Allen, in 1790. A man named tightfoot brought a boat load of goods up the lake in 1792, and he continued a kind of itinerating trade for several years. David Quigg opened the first regular store; Hartshorn kept the first inn ; and Jacob Yaple built the first mill, in 1790. Dr. Frisbee was the first physician, and Howe the first teacher. The first families were a month in getting from Kingston (Ulster co.) to Owego, and 19 days from thence to their destination. 2 Grist and saw mills and an ax helve factory. 8 Among the early settlers were Wm. Goodwin, Silas Ludlow, Abram Bloom, and femilies named Beardsley, Depuy, Minier, Allen, Atwater, and Bowker, who Tame in 1791 ; Sam'l Oibbs and Holmes, in 1792; and Abram Van Wagner, in 1797. The first marriage was thatof Henry Bloom, and Miss Goodwin; and the first death, that of the wife of Henry Bloom, in 1798. Wm, ' Boyse kept the first inn, at Libertyvilla. The- first nighfrof his Trumansburgh. 11 A M, ijj., jjat stay in the house a rattlesnake crept into the hed and slept with his children. Tooker kept the first store; Silas Ludio \, of Ludlowville, built the first mill, in 1798. * 4 M; E., 2 Bap., and Presb. 5 Among the early settlers were S. Chamhers, Elijsih Mborc, — Carter, and DanU B. Swartwood. Jeremiah Hairkept the first inn, George Dudley the first store; and John Greene built the first mill. 6 Bap., M.E., and Presb. 7 Name derived and corrupted from Tremaine, the first' family of eettlers, 8 3 flouring mills and 2 furnaces and machine shops. 8 Named from Nicoll Halsey, the first settler. 10 John McLallen. a young man, accompanied the Tremainos in the capacity of teamster. The first child bom waa Calvin Tremaine, in 1794; and the first marriage, that of JohnMcLallen and Mary King, Dec. 12, 1799. John McLallen Kept the first inn • Henshaw the first store; Abner Tremaine built the first mill; and Stephen Woodworth taught the first' sehool!, all at 3 M. E., Bap., Presb,, and R. C. 464 TOMPKINS COUNTY. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Tompkins County. Names op Towns, Acres op Land. | Valoatiok of 1888. Population. 1 1 4 1 1 Schools. 1 1 1 1 1 1 B 1 If 20,120i 21,993i 39,814} 17,611J 23,581J 16,395 29,363 20,984* 16,762 12,004 11,445 19,021J 6,267 7,981 3,82Si 7.912 14,0404 3,474i $366,246 393,929 968,614 302,687 612,616 1,341,890 918,756 419,731 611,260 $23,761 32,860 132,660 16,000 188,960 841,708 136,276 23,000 174,026 $380,007 426,779 1,091,264 818,687 799,666 2,183,698 1,064,030 442,731 786,276 1,260 1,182 2,497 942 1,721 8,485 1,636 1,440 1,666 1,216 1,149 2,606 970 1,883 3,668 1,620 1,860 1,626 47T 487 963 392 664 1,304 616 66T 696 496 488 1,035 392 733 1,322 643 671 626 466 424 918 831 486 812 414 -i82 442 19 la 29 16 20 10 20 22 14 1,066 880 1,790 720 1,215 2,477 1,340 1,239 1,187 Danby }:^nfield Groton Newfleld Ulysses Total \ 206,6161 84,963} 6,916,617 1,666,219 7,481,836 16,719 15,797 6,061 6,306 4,766 165 111,913 1 Names of Towns. Live Stock. | Agriccltural Products. 1 1 ^ ■|°5 &00 J & S .i 1 Bush, of Grain. 1 to . 1& Dairy PaODncra. ■| ■B i; £ 1 l°l Caroline Danby Dryden Enfleld -Groton Ithaca 734 964 1,870 867 1,162 919 1,270 962 726 1,765 1,948 3,120 1,616 1,733 1,234 1,706 2,024 1,232 1.67 1,34 3,31 96 2,66 87 1,61 1,25 96 14,67 6 6,858 2 7,061 6 12,327 8 6,214 6,246 1 4,494 7 9,340 8 6,373 4 6,133 1,466 1,467 2,638 1,435 1,905 1,111 1,847 1,367 1,123 2,332, 7,838: ll,629i 10,278 2,319 19,310J 13,676 13,428, 21,106 135,231} 148,703 263,806i 141,826 169,884 85,6904 208,0434 119,267 102,1774 3,702} 3,463 7,4564 2,3804 4,7144 1,9734 3,0684 3,022 2,0774 9,629 17.791 19,667 13,032 16,343 8,420 7,923 13,614 4,786 33,834 49,142 85,870 31,721 86,169 , 23,631 48,077 29,768 29,056 417,767 191,160 130,978 390,214 107,925 326.610 79,026 168.125 146,146 108,169 6.343 4,019 10,094 496 36,001 180 1.386 1,300 1,310 3,3814 1,647 4,0874 1,768 1,747 200 731 1,407 38 Newlield Ulysses Total 9,443 16,276 2 61,0361 14,368 101,916, 1,364,187} 31,843}llll,106 1.645,947 60,138 14,847 'For last page 5™ of Tioga Co. Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Tioga County. ■ Names of Towns. 'Barton Berkshire.. . "Candor Newark Nichols Owego liichtbrd .... Spencer Tioga Total. Acres of Land. 16,6294 9,283 30,769 13,038 12,060 S3,80H 8,898 13,445 16,9804 15,8764 9,613 27,621 16,182 7,3634 26,0464 6.947 12,867 16,608 164,8944 138.4234 Valuation of 1858. <>< $713,867 146,990 690,946 811,586 321,025 1,680,121 156.016 247,830 648,234 4,816,114 $134,450 3,656 37,760 26,676 29,900 618,440 11,600 16,926 21,860 799,746 $847,817 149,646 728,696 387,261 850,925 2,198,661 167,616 264,755 669,684 1,876 633 1,997 983 946 4,223 698 911 1,650 5,614,859 13.616 13,346 1,966 636 1.897 962 926 4,106 684 894 1,477 770 208 744 387 319 1,467 231 367 571 6,049 776 219 787 408 347 1,376 242 879 579 6,107 668 218 624 366 170 1,116 189 828 369 §^ 1,667 376 1,476 723 720 3,440 606 709 1,268 Names of Tow.vs. Barton Berkshire. .. Candor Newark Nichols Owego Richford.... Spencer .... Tioga Total _5. 664 293 1,126 683 284 426 636 gfia 1,860 1,165 2,905 1,668 1,372 3,680 783 1,608 1,789 1,621 949 2,803 l>: 1,026 2,818 788 913 1,166 5,678 16,710 12,964 36,162 11,248 3,266 2,230 7,268 3,546 2,776 8,176 2,143 3,061 8,698 1,414 614 2,019 907 1,202 2,887 446 673 1,137 Agricultural Products. Bush, op Grain. 9,4384 426} 6,9164 776 6,1274 12,868 775 2,668 6,770 102,0074 34,834 169,266 61,7894 83,848} 186,384} 42,208 68,140 91,827 45,2394 8^.8054 38,401} 4,093 2,7094 6,7684 4,108 2,9074 8,404 2,047 3,0784 4.296 Jy mo, 9,907 8,795 27,619 17,191 12,116 46,6284 6,009 9,021 18,432 It: 14,400 17,686 23,681 16,446 16,896 29,694 10,927 14,197 26,467 Dairy Products. ft, cq 167,686 126,840 287,692 145,189 102,186 285,444 84,021 90,803 126.424 150,6184 169,188 1,365.783 60,367 i'6-i I e 1,610 14,209 15,996 6,210 1,600 4,644 1,625 2,200 2,363 990 699 4,275 1,238 2,395 3,1764 644 962 2,012 16,8904 Ol^EIDA COUNTY. This county was formed from Herkimer, March 15, 1798. Lewis and Jefferson were taken off in 1805, and a part of Oswego in 1816. Portions were annexed to Clinton in 1801 and to Madison in 1836. A portion of Chenango was annexed in 1804.' It lies near the center of the State, mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. A broad valley, nearly level, extends E. and w. through the center of the CO., and from it, both n. and s., the surface rises into a broken and hilly region. The highlands which occupy the s. part are arranged in ridges extending n. and s., the highest sum- mits, on the s. border, being 600 to 1,000 ft. above the valley of the Mohawk. North of the central valley the surface rises abruptly to a height of 800 to 1,200 ft., and spreads out into a nearly level plateau, broken by the ravines of the streams. The e. part of the central valley is drained by the Mohawk, flowing e., and the w. part by Wood Creek, flowing w. This valley affords a natural road from the Hudson to the great lakes, and is the lowest pass through the Appalachian Mt. system. The Mohawk rises upon the n. border of the co., and flows in a southerly direction to Rome, and thence s. e. to the e. border of the co. Its principal tributaries from the N. are Nine Mile Creek and Lansing Kil, and from the s. Sauquoit and Oriskany Creeks. Black Biver flows across the n. e. corner of the co. East Canada Creek forms a portion of the e. boundary ; the head branches of the Unadilla and Chenango drain the s. border, and Oneida, Wood, and Fish Creeks drain the w. part. Oneida Lake, extending several mi. along the w. border, is the only large body of water in the co. In the extreme n. e. corner are several small lakes and ponds. The rocks of this co. include nearly the whole series lying between the gneiss, which covers the N. e. part, and the Hamilton group, which outcrops on the s. hills. The Trenton limestone, Utica slate, Oneida conglomerate, and Clinton .group hare received their names from being so distinctly developed in this co. Of useful minerals the co. has the lenticular clay iron ore of the Clinton group, bog ore in the swamps near Oneida Lake, and, probably, magnetic ore in the n. e. part. Marl and peat have been found in some places. Waterlime and gypsum quarries have been wrought to some extent. Building stone in great variety and of superior quality has been exten- sively quarried. Mineral springs are found in several places. The soil in the N. E., derived from the disintegration of the primitive rocks, is light and sandy, and is capable of producing only a scanty vegetation. This region is sparsely settled, and is not capable of supporting many in- habitants. The central valley is one of the most fertile portions of the State. The soil is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam and alluvium, finely tempered with lime and gypsum. The highland region s. of the river has a soil composed of clay and sandy and gravelly loam, and is best adapted to pasturage. The richness and diversity of the soil make this co. one of the best agricultural regions of the State. The people are chiefly engaged in agriculture, the principal branches of which are grain raising in the valleys and dairying and stock raising upon the hills. Hops are largely cultivated in the s. towns. The manufactures of the co. are extensive, though principally confined to Utica and the villages along Oriskany and Sauquoit Creeks. The county is a half-shire, the co. buildings being respectively located at Utica and Rome.^ The courthouses and jails at both places are well built and conveniently arranged. The clerk's 1 \r,v tgromerv, Herkimer, and Oneida counties originall.v ex- tended in long, narrow strips to tlie St. Lawrence. In 1801, Ss" .n-then an iram. nse town upon the N. horder-was an- neXMl ,., Clinton co. It is not ceitnin whollier Tract.s 1, 2, and 3 of Mar. ml.'s Pnrclm^e were intended by th.s armngenient to belon- to (lint.m; bnt in 1802 hey were annexed to St. Law- renre c.. Oneida CO. was named from the Oneida Indians, wlio inhal.it.d and owned this and some adjoining connties, word Onei.la signifles "the peopl" of the stone, had a strnngo tradition concerni " The The Indians lin" a certaiti stone, which fol- Towed themln their wnnd-iing" nvi finally rested on the BUin- mUof on" of the highest hllN in -he CO., from which their SS^con flre^ could be "seen to a gnat distance, and t^pon which thev™imbled to hold conncil .n- piepare for war. A boulder of Ineit wheh ti-adition identified as this palladium of ?i ^n -J,. 1 few veirs since was taken from the farm of Jamfs-H Greg, i" t rtowS of ^.ckhridge. and placed in ,a pn"mfnent pufition near the entrance of the Dt.ca Cemetcr.v, on the Bridgcewater Plank Road, aliout a mi. fi. of tJtica. — Jones's OneidOr, p. 840; Rules and Regulations of the Utica Ctmetei-y Asso. 1849, p. 33; Senate Doc. 1846, No, 24, p. 46; Schoolcraft's Sist. Condition and rrospects of Indian Tribes, I, p. 176. 2 TLe CO. seat of Herkimer co. was originally located at WIiiteBtoT\Ti ; and upon the division of the co. the recorda were retained by Oneida. The act erecting Oneida co. directed the firat courts to be held at the schoolhouse near Fort Schuyler, (Kome,) and required the courthouse to be built within 1 mi. of the fort. By an act of April 6, 1801, Thomas Jenkina and Hez. L. Hosmer, of Hudson, John Thompson, of Stillwater, and Dirck Lane, of Troy, were appointed to locate the courthouae and jail of Oneida co. These buildinga were completed several ypnrs afterward, and the courts were held hero and at Whites- boro* dnring many years. The courthouse and jail at Rome were bnrned about 1848, and rebuilt within 3 years after. The clerk's office was removed to Utica in 1816, and the academy at 465 466 ONEIDA COUNTY. office is a fireproof building, located at TJtica. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 195 acres about 2 mi. s. w. of Rome. It has an average of 222 inmates, supported at a cost of |1.00 per week each. Separate buildings have been provided for lunatics and for a pesthouse.^ The Erie Canal extends through Utioa, Whitestovrn, Rome, and V?rona. The Chenango Canal extends s. from TJtica, up the valley of Oriskany Creek, through New Hartford, Kirkland, Mar- shall, and a corner of Augusta, connecting with the Susquehanna River at Binghamtou. The Black River Canal extends n. from Rome along the valleys of the Mohawk and Lansing Kil through Western and Boonville, connecting with Black River above Lyons Falls, in Lewis co. The Oneida Lake Canal extends w. from Rome to Wood Creek and along that stream to its mouth. The N. Y. Central R. R. extends through Utica, Whitestpwn, Rome, and Verona. The Black River & Utica R. R. extends from Utioa n. through Marcy, Trenton, Remsen, and Steuben to Boonville.'' The Watertown & Rome R. R. extends from Rome N. w. through Annsville and Camden. A large number of plank roads have been built in the co. ; but they are mostly abandoned. Four daily, 9 weekly, 1 semiTmonthly, 1 quarterly, and 4 monthly newspapers are now published in the co.' At an early period of the English occupation of New York the colonists became acquainted with that place was used for holding courts for many years. A new courthouse was built at Utica in 1851-53. The first CO. officers were Jedediah .Sanger, First Judge; Geo. Huntington and David Ostrom, Judges; Jonas Piatt, Clerk; Wm. Colhrath, Sheriff; and Arthur Breese, Surrogate. 1 An act was passed in 1859 for the Bale of the poorhouse pre- mises and the purchase of a new site. 2 This road has been partially built along Black Kiver through Lewis CO.; but work upon it is now sus^iended. It was the original design toextenil the road to Clayton and Ogdensburgh. 3 y/te Western Centinel was commenced at Whitesboro' in ^an. 1794, by Oliver P. Eaton. He was succeeded by Lewis, and afterward by Lewis & Webb. The paper was continued about 6 years. The Whitestown Gazette was commenced in June, 1796, by Wm. McLean. In 1798 it was removed to Utica and con- tinued as The Wltii€St//um Gazette and Cat&s Patrol. In 1803 it was pur- chased by John H. Lathrop, and was soon after merged in Tlie Utica Patriot, commenced by Asabel Seward and Ira Mer- rill, BJr. Lathrop continuing as editor. In 1811 it passed into the bands of Wm. H. Maynard ; and in 1816 it was united with rfte Patrol, commenced in Jan, 1815, by Seward & Williams, and the combined paper was published as TAe Patriot and Patrol, W. H. Maynard, editor, and Seward & Wilhams, publishers. In 1821 its name was changed to The Utica Sentinel. In 1825 it was united with the Columbian Gazette and published as The Sentinel and Gazette. In 1828 S. D. Dakin became proprie- tor, and in 1829 he sold to Kufus Northway and D. S. Porter. In 1831 Mr. Porter wittdrew. In 1834 Mr. Northway united the Llucidator with it and changed its name to. The Oneida Whig. In 1848 it was merged in the Oneida Weekly Herald. In 1842 Mr. Northway commenced The Utica Daily GazHtn, Wm. Allen and R. U. Sherman, editors. Erastus Clark, Wm. II. Underbill, Ezekiel Barron, Alex. Seward, n.C. Potter, ,T. M. Lyon, John Arthur, N. D. Jewell, and Ellis & Kobertswere successively interested in its publication. In Jan. 1867, it was united with The Ulica Mr.rning Herald, and assumed the name of the ntlca Morning Qei-ald and Gazette, and is still published. . The ColumUan Patriotic Gazette was commenced at Rome by Thos. Walker and Ebenezer Eaton in Aug. 1799. In 1800 Mr. Eaton retired, and in 1803 it was removed to . Utica and published as The ColumUan Gazette ; and in 1825 it was united with the Utica Sentinel by Wm. J. Bacon and S. D. Dakin. The Sucidator was commenced in 1829 by B. B. Ilotchkin, editor, and W. Williams, publisher. It was united with the Oneida Whig in 1834. The Oneida Morning Herald was commenced by E. W. Roberts, B. V. Sherman, and Geo. K, Colston, in Nov. 1847^ A weekly edition was also published, called The Oneida Weekly Herald. In 1848 Mr. Colston withdrew, and in 1857 the papers were united with the Utica Daily mica Christian Magazine was commenced by the Oneida Asso- ciation and Presbytery in 1813, and was published about 3 years. ^ The CTui. was published at Utica by Henry Goodfellow & Co. aooTit 3 months in 1814. The ami and Religious InUlligmcer was started in 1815 at rph. ^ ^''^''I^''}^ ^7- *^°'" ^^°°^/- ^" 1825 it vfas changed to The Sange^fi^ld InteUtgencer, and in 1835 it was removed to ^'FranJchn Village," now Fabiua, Onondaga Co The Utica Observer was commenced by E. Dorchester In 1816 In 1818 it was removed to Borne and its name changed to T]ie Oneida Observer. In 1819 it was returned, to Utica and its original name was resumed. A. G. Danby, E. A. May- nard, Eli Maynard, C. C. Griffith, Jojin P. Bush, John F. Kittle, and A. M, Beardsley were successiTely inte- rested in the publication. In 1848 a daily edif;ion, was issued, called The Utica Dally Cbserver. In 1853 the papers united with the Utica Democrat, and are now published by D, C. Grove, the weekly edition as the Observei' and Democrat. The TJtica Democrat was commenced by John G. Floyd in 1886. It was successively published by Edwaid Morris, Jarvis M. Hatch, and Benjamin Welch. In 1853. D. C. Gvove became owner, and united it with the Observer. The Utica Christian li^ository, mo., "was commenced by Merrill & Hastings in 1822, Wm. "Williams, publisher. About 1825 its name was changed to The Western Recorder, a weekly religious paper, G. Tracy, pub- lisher. It was continued several years. The Baptist Register was commenced by Elders, Galusha & "Wiley. In 1825 it was published under the auspices of the Baptist denomination, Alex. Beebe, editor, and Cephas Bennett, publisher. In, 1830 it was leased to Bennett & Bright for 5 years; and in 1835 the lease was renewed for 7 years. In 1840 Mr. Bright withdrew. It was Buccessively published by Bennett, Backus & Haw- ley, Dolphus Beupett, A. M, Beebe,. and D. Bennett, and in 1854 it was sold and upited with the Kew York Kecorder, of the city of New York. TJie Baptist Smiday-School Journal, mp., was commenced in 1828 by C. Bennett. ' The Universalist, mo., was commenced at Utica by Rev. J, S. Thompson, L, R. Smith, & G. B. Lislier in 1825. It was removed to Philadelphia in al)out 1' year. Th^ Western Sunday School Visitant and Christian Mfcdlany was commenced at Utica by G. S. Wilson in 1826. T?ie Utica Intelligencer was commenced by E. S. Ely in 1826. In 1830 Joseph, H. Buckingham became editor and Joseph Colwell publisher, and in 1831 the paper was united with T/ie Mechanics' Press, commenced by J. M. Ladd & W. Schram in 1829. The united papers were j)ublished a short time as The Utica Intelligencer and Mechanic^ Press, by Joseph Colwell, proprietor. The Utica Magazine was commenced in 1827. It soon passed mto the hands of Rev. Dolphus Skinner, who issued it semi-monthly as T?ie Evangelical Magazine. In 1830 he united it with the Gos- pel Advocate of Auburn, and published it weekly as the Evangelical Magazine and Gospel Advocate. In 1851 it was merged in the Christian Ambassador, since published smiultaneously in New York and Auburn. The Gospel Messenger was commenced at Auburn by Rev. John C. Rudd in 1827, and was removed to Utica about 1835 and published as TIk Gospel Messenger and Church Recm-d. After the death of Mr. Rudd, Rev. Wm. A. Matson became editor. The paper is still published aa The Gospel Messenger. 27w American Citizen was published at Utica by Geo. S. Wilson —Bennett & Bright, printers— in 1830. Tlie Christian Journal was published at Utica in 1830 by E S Barrows. The Co-Operator, 6emi-mo., was published at Utica in 1832 by Qiiartus Graves, M. K. Bartlett, editor. The Lever was published at Utica by Wm. S. Spear in 1832. The Oneida Democrat was commenced at Utica in 1833' and continued about 2 years. ONEIDA COUNTY. 467 the wonderful natural channel of navigation that extended through this cc, and which, with a short and easy portage, connected the Mohawk with the great lakes and the fertile regions of the W est. About the commencement of the last century, plans were proposed for improving this route and for fortifying the most important points upon it. The portage at Rome, from the Mohawk to Wood Creek, became a point of the first importance, and it was occupied as early as 1725 ; and a fortification known as Fort Bull was built upon Wood Creek soon after. On the 27th of March, 1756, this fort was surprised by a party of French and Indians, under M. De Lery, who had pene- trated through an interior route from La Presentation, on the St. Lawrence, by an exhausting march of 15 days. The garrison were unprepared ; yet they made a spirited but ineffectual, re- sistance, and nearly every person perished. Alarm was carried to Fort Williams, on the Mohawk, 4 mi. distant, and a force was hastily sent to relieve ffn ^ "RuH , butHrrived to late too render assisij- ance. The enemy, after wasting the stores and provisions, retired with their prisoners and plundei" The Oneida Standard was commenced at Waterville in 1833. It was subsequently removed to Utica, and after the discontinuance of tlxe Democrat it assumed tlie name of T!te Standard and Demoa-at, Quartus Graves, publislier. In 1835 'it became obnoxious to its enemies from its aboli- tionism, and on the evening of Oct. 21 the ofBce was entered by a mob and a part of the type and furniture were thrown into the street. r/ie Friend of Man was commenced at Utica by the N. Y. State Anti-Slavery Society in 1836, Wm, Goodell, editor. In 1841 Stanley P. Hough became editor, and in 1842 Wesley Bailey became proprietor, and united with it the Abolitionist, of Cazenovia, and Changed the name to The Jjiberty Press. It was discontinued in 1849. The Vtida TeetotaUr was commenced by Wesley Bailey in 1849. In 1856 A. K. Bailey became proprietor. In 1858 it was united with the Ilion Independent, the new paper tailing the name of Tlie Central Independent, nnder which title it is now published by G. W. Bungay & A. K. Bailey, editors. Tbuth^s Miscellany was published at Utica by Bennett & Bright in 1834. The Christian Visitant, mo., was published at Utica by A. B. Groosh in 1835. The Talisman was published at Utica by Bennett & Bright in 1836. Mothers' Monthly Journal was published at Utica by Kingsford, ■Bennett & Bright in 1836. , The Examiner waa published at Utica in 1836, and ir%e FreemanSit Utica in 1837, both by B. Dorchester. Y Cenhadwr Americanidd, iuo., (Welsh, American Messenger,) was commenced at Utica in 1832. In 1834 it was removed to Steuben, and is now published by Rev. Robert Everett. ArdirSlavery Lecturer was published at Utica a short time by Wm. Goodell in 1839. Y CyfBlll (Welsh, The Friend) was removed from New York by Rev. W. Rowland in 1841. In 1844 it was re- turned to NewYorli. In 1864 it was removed to Rome, and in 1857 t» Utica. It is now published by Thos. Jenkins. Central New York WaAingtonian was published at Utica and Rome in 1842. v ,^ •.■ The Wesleyan Methodist was commenced at Utica by David Plumb in 1841. A paper, known successively as the Cortland Luminary and Ref. Meth. Intelligencer and the rayetteville Luminary, was united with it, and the name changed to the Methodist Reformer. In 1842 It was removed to Cazenovia and soon after to Utica, W. Bailey, jjubhsher. In 1843 it was merged in the True Wesleyan, of New York City. The mica Daily News, the first daily paper in Utica. was com- menced by Joseph M. Lyon, John Arthur, C. Edwards Lester, and Jarvis M. Hatch, in Jan. 1842, It was con- tinued about 7 months. ,_ „ . . c ,. Tie Vlicanian was published a short tune by Squires &. Soliss The Amiilcan Journal of Insanity (quarterly) "s commenced by Dr. A. Brigham in 1843, and was edited for a time by Dr. T. B. Beck. The Washingtanian was pubUshefl at Utica by J. C. Donaldson Ci/sell Bin WUidyn Americanidd (Welsh) was published at Utica bv B E. Roberts in 1843. Toung Ladies' Miscellany was published at Utica by Bennett, Backus & Hawley in 1843. '^rpn ArlleimnoL (Welsh, Western Star, mo., was commenced at mSn June, 1844. In 1846 it wa^ removed to Penn. WasIdngTJTmJs^si published at Utica by Matteson Baker TJu, CUnt^^l^nal was commenced by Paine & McDonald in I/i^t tincnn >yiy .^ ^^^^ ^^ changed to The JZoi^r; and in 1849 the original name was resumed. n. W. ^iSVTrTrB^^t'^lnls^^ it parsed into the ^"^ ^a'r/s'o^f Fran^'cis B Merritt. and - 1857 into the hands of John H. Osborn, who changed its name to the 'Clinton. Courier, and still continues its publication. The Central News was published at Utica by M. Baker in 1846. Said Gomer, TWelsh, Gomerian Sun,) semi-mo., was commenced in 1847 and issued 1 year. Tlie Central City Cadet was started at Utica in 1849 by James & Howard. In 1850 it was changed to The Cadet's Banner, and was soon after discontinued. T7te Ilqualizer, a campaign paper, was published at Utica in 1850. Tlie Opal J mo., waa commenced in 1851. It is edited and printed by patients of the Lunatic Asylum. The American Free Missionary -waa removed from McGrawville to Utica in 1850 or '61. The American Baptist was commenced by the Free Mission See., W. Walker, editor, in 1850. In 1856 it was re- moved to New York City. The Diamond, mo., a boys' paper, was published at Utica 2 months in 1850 by A. K. Bailey, E. Wetmore, and C. W. Butler. The Worthern Farmer, mo., was commenced at Utica in Jan. 1852. It is now edited by T. B. Miner. Tlie Rural American waa commenced at Utica in Jan. 1856, as a semi-mo. In Jan. 1859, its publication was commenced weeltly. It is now edited by T. B. Miner. Mechanics' National Reporter waa published at Utica a short time in 1851. Tlie Utica Xjvenlng Telegraph was commenced by Thos. R. McQuade, J. F. McQuade, editor, in May, 1852. In Feb. 1858, the office was burned. The publication was resumed in May, and is still continued. The Scientijlc Dagiierrean, mo., was commenced at Utica by D. I>. T. Davie and Guerdon Evans in Jan. 1853. T Gwyliedydd (Welsh, The Watchman,) was commenced at Utica by a company, Morgan Ellis, editor, in 1854. In 1856 it was removed to New York City and united with Y Dryck. The Oneida Demokrat, semi-w., was published at Utica in 1854 by Paul Keiser & Co. Young Follt's Advocate, mo., was commenced at Utica in July, 1S58. It is now edited and published by T. B. Miner. The Civil and Religioits Intelligencer waa published at Sanger- field in 1818. The Rome Republican was commenced by Lorin Dewey in Feb. 1825. In May following, Chauncey Beach succeeded as publisher; and in 1830 the paper was united with the Oneida Republican, commenced in June, 1828, by J. P. Van Sice. The 'united papers were continued by Van Sice, under the title of The Republican. In 1831, E. Moon purchased and enlarged the paper, and changed its name to the Rome Telegraph. Jas. N. Harris, John Boydon, H. A. Foster, and others were successively interested in its publica- tion. In 183S it passed into the hands of K.Waldley, who changed its najtne to the Democratic Sentinel, Calvert Comstock, editor. In 1840 L. D. Dana became editor ; and in 1845 H. T. Utley and 3. W. Morton purchased it and changed its name to the Rome Sentinel. In Sept. 1846, Morton sold to A. J. Kuwiey ; and in 1847 Utley sold to A. J. Rowley & Co., E. Comstock, editor. In 1850 Rowley became sole pro- prietor; and in Jan. 1852, he sold to Elan Comstock. Rome Daily ^ehtinel was commenced by C. & E. Com- stoclt, in connection with the Rome Sentinel, in July, 1852. In Oct. 1854, E. Wager and D. D. Rowley, the present publishers, bought one-half, and in April, 1S55, the remainder, of the establishment. The Vernon Omrin- was commenced in July, 1835. In 1840 it was reniovod to Konie, and its name changed to Tlie Roman Citizen, C. B. Gay, editor, and II. N. Bill, proprietor. J. K. Keiiyon, J. P. Fitch, Alfred Santord, Geo. Scott, G. H. Lynch, A. D. Griawold, and A. C. Sanford were successively interested in its publication. In Oct. 1854. A. Sanford became sole proprietor. In 1855 the office was burned. The publication of the paper was soon after resumed by Mr. Sanford, and is still continued by him. 468 ONEIDA COUNTY. toward Black River. Oswego was besieged by the French during the summer, and was surren- dered on the 14th of Aug. Alarmed at the success of the French, and greatly in fear for his personal safety. Col. Webb, then commanding on the Mohawk, destroyed Forts Williams and Craven, and hastily retreated down the valley to Albany, leaving the frontiers to the mercy of the savages ; and the sequel is written in blood in the annals of the Upper Mohawk Valley. Fort Stanwix was erected in the summer of 1758, on the site of the present village of Rome. It was heavily armed ; but the war ended without furnishing occasion for its use, and upon the peace it was allowed to fall into ruin. In June, 1776^ Col. Dayton was sent by the Continental authori- ties to rebuild this fort, which was from this time named Fort Schuyler. Col. Peter Gansevoort was ordered hither in April, 1777, with the 3d Regiment, and while still unfinished the fort was besieged by the tories and Indians under St. Leger. This movement formed part of a plan of operations against the colonies which contemplated the reduction of this fort and the ultimate meeting at Albany of the three British armies from Lake Champlain, the Mohawk, and New York. To relieve this post. Gen. Herkimer was sent with a detachment of troops chiefly raised in '-'Tryon" CO. This army fell into an ambuscade at Oriskany, where the memorable battle, elsewhere noticed, was fought on the 5th of Aug. 1777. While most of the savages were absent from their camp, a well conducted sortie from Fort Schuyler, by a party under Colonel Willett, attacked the camp of the enemy and took a large quantity of baggage and stores, 5 British standards, and the papers of most of the officers. The discontent which this incident occasioned among the Indians was increased to insubordination by the mysterious reports brought in by the emissaries of the Americans ; and on the 22d of Aug. the siege was raised, and the enemy retreated by the way of Oswego to Montreal. Portions of these troops subsequently joined Gen. Burgoyne and shared the fortunes of that officer. The fort was destroyed by fire and flood in May, 1781. Through the influence of Rev. S. Kirkland and others, the Oneidas were induced to remain neutral or join the American cause, and were rewarded by liberal concessions at subsequent treaties.' Settlement had extended into the borders of the co. before the Revolution; but everj ve stige of improvement was swept away during the war. Civilization re-appeared with peace ; and before the beginning of the present century the hardy pioneers of New England had pressed into nearly every town. The completion of the Western Inland Navigation Co.'s improvement in 1796, and of the Seneca turnpike and other early thoroughfares for emigration, and the construction of the Erie Canal and the 3 lateral canals which here join it, and of the railroads which cross it, have formed marked eras in the improvement and prosperity of the co. In wealth, population, and enterprise it now ranks among the first cos. in the State. AlVHTSVILiIiE^ — was formed from Lee, Florence, Camden, and Vienna, April 12, 1823. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is broken with ridges or swells, running E. and w., gradually increasing in height toward the N. There appear to have been at some period three small lakes in the town, two of which have broken through their barriers and left fine, fertile valleys. The B. branch of Fish Creek' forms a part of the e. boundary, and flows through the s. i. part ; and the w. branch of the same stream forms a part of the s. boundary. Several small streams are tributaries of the E. branch, the principal of which are Furnace and Fall Creeks. On the latter, near its mouth, are three falls, of 14, 20, and 60 ft. respectively. The soil is clayey in the s., and sandy, gravelly, and stony in the other parts. Cilenmore, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 sawmills, 1 gristmill, and 15 houses. Taberg,* (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, 3 The Compass was published at Verona io 1840. The Parlm- Journal and Literary News Letter of Central New York, mo., was published at Rome by Graham & Co. in 1843. The Primitive Christian, semi-mo., was published at Rome by R. Mattison in 1845. The Camden Gazette was published at Camden by Munger & Stewart in 1842. The Spiritual Magazine, mo., waa published at the Oneida Re- serve in 1848. TIk Oneida Mirror lyas published at Camden by Edward Packard in 1849. The Central Stale Journalyvm commenced in 1860 by L. W. Baine, .«. S. Norton, editor. Its name was soon after changed to The Central New Yrirlc Journal, and in .Tan. 1863, to TM Vernon Transcript, 3. H. Ilowlett, proprietor. In Oct.1865, Nile.« .Jewell became apartneri and in 1886 the paper was discontinued. Tll£ Booiwilk Ledger was commenced by James H. Norton in March, 1852. It afterward passed into the hands of Ela Kent. In Maich, 1866, Mr. Kent sold to L. L. Ohilrls & Co.. who cliaiieed its name to tlie Black River Heralil, under which title it is now pub- lished by L. L. Chilil.5. The IVaterville Advertiser "was commenced by R. W. Hathway in The Empire State Health Journal was commenced at Rome in 1851. The Walerville Journal was commenced in Jan. 1856 by A P Fuller & Co., C. B. Wilkinson, editor. It was 'discon- tinued in IMarch, 1856. The WatervlUe Times was commenced in Jan. 1857, by JttcKibbin & Wilkinson, and is still published Y Arweinydd, semi-mo., (Welsh, The Leader,) was com- menced at Rome in Jan. 1868, by R. R. Meredith, editor, and Thos. T. Evans, assistant editor. 1 The Oneidas reserved a large tract of land in the treaty of 1788, hut ceded portions in 1795, 1798, 1802, 1806, 1807 iSOQ 1810, 1811, 1816, 1817, 1824, 182g, 1827, and 1840, when thev finally ceded the last pf their JaSras held in common and received individual portions. Most of them have emigrated to Wisconsin • and but about 60 now live in this co. — Census of 1865 ^m <=,nn 503,613. ioJo,i>p. ouu, a Named from the wife of J. W. Bloomfleld, the first settler « Called by the Indians Te-ge-ro-kon, " between the mouths " A branch of the creek was called A-on-ta-gillon, " Creek at point of rocks." In the neighborhood of Tall Creek are several ravines with very picturesque scenery. * Named from an iron-mining town in Sweden. The Oneida ONEIDA COUNTY. 469 '.^le' iiVn^o' •""?!' ''""™"''' *''""«''y' '^'''''^ ^">^11 manufactories, and 40 houses. Bloss- neia, irom JN . j . i he census reports 4.churches in town." s o tLtnter 7 1 ^'?°''^"fse (Madison co.) in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the cc, town on 0.™!! ;/ /" r«J' ' '^J'"^ "P^^""'- ''"° ^"°Ses of hills extend n. and s. through th luTldin/.T ' n -1 ^^''T^'"' ^"'''''' "^''^^^ "'^«^'°°« °f e^^o^ll^-^t 1"ality for linte and Ztt7 tlT- Tu '°^ ^^''^ *°"^ *^''°"Sl' *« extreme s. e. corner, and Skanandoa Creek fn \ n^ tf "T ""*"■• '^'^ '°'' " ' '''''''• "'-y'^ --l ---ly !--• Augusta, (p. v., > near tlie center, contams 2 churches and 100 inhabitants. Knox Corners, (p v. X. ^v. of the center, contams a church and 200 inhabitants. Oriskauy Falls, (p. v. ) in the Tlf; ^'"7'"' ';°°*"^°^ ^^ church, a saw and grist mill, machine shop, distillery, and 711 inhabitants. The fir.t settlement was made by Gunn, in 179.3.* The first religious services were held at the house of Fairbanks, in 1794.' AVA«-was formed from Boonville, May 12, 1846. It is the central town on the n. border of the CO. Its surface is a moderately uneven upland, 700 to 1,000 ft. above the Rome level It is drained by Fish Creek, the e. and w. branches of the Mohawk, Point Rock, and Blue Brooks Several small sulphur springs have been found in town. The soil is a gravelly loam. Ava Corners, (Ava p. o.,) w. of the center, contains 20 houses. The first settlement was commenced by Ebenezer Harper, in 1798.' A Friends meeting house is the only place of worship in town. B001¥VIL,1,E8— was formed from Leyden, (Lewis co.,) March 28, 1805. Ava was taken off in 1846. It lies on the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is a hilly, broken up- land, 800 to 1,000 fl. above the canal at Rome. Black River flows through the n. e. part, and Lansing Kil rises near the center and flows s. to the Mohawk. Its soil is clayey loam, in many places thickly covered with boulders and often inclining to sand. Near the village are immense deposits of drift. Its e. border extends into the great forest, and presents the meager, sandy soil and naked rocks peculiar to that region. There is a gaa spring IJ mi. w. of the village, and a sulphur spring IJ mi. s. The latter has acquired some local celebrity. Boonville, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, was incorp. in 1855. It contains 3 churches, a printing office, several manu- factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. It is the present N. terminus of the Black River & Utica R. R. It is on the summit level of the Black River Canal, and has a large trade with the country n., w., and E. Alder Creek, (p. v.,) in the s. e. part, contains a church and 20 houses. Forest Port, (p. V.,) near the s. e. corner, on the line of Remsen, contains 20 houses. Havrklusville, (p. V.,) N. w. of the center, contains a saw and grist mill, chair factory, carding mill, and 339 in- habitants. Hurlbutvllle is a p. o. The first settlement commenced in 1795.' The first church was formed in 1805.'° BRIDGEfVATER"— was formed from Sangerfield, March 24, 1797. It is the s. e. corner town of the co. Its surface is uneven. The valley of the w. branch of the Unadilla and its tribu- taries, locally known as " Bridgewater Flats," in the n., is about a mi. wide, but decreases to about Glass fund Iron Manufacturing Co. began operations here in 1S09. In 1811 a blast furnace w.hs ereitect. Formerly hollow ware was extensively made; but at present pig iron is the cliief product. 1 The first settlement was made at Taberg. Among the early settlers were Ellas Brewster, Adam P. Ciunpbell, Nicholas Arm- strong, and Squire Fairservice. ' Presb., M. K., Bap., and R. C. 8 This town in included in the s. part of the tract leased from the Oneidas in 1794 to Peter Smith. The lease is said to have been for 999 years. The tract was divided into 4 allotments, the first of which lies wholly within this town. The lease was assumed by the State in 1795-07, and patents were granted to • settlers, Smith retaining 6 lots in the town as pal-t payment for his lease. The first settlers took thi'ir lands as tenants under Smith. Part of the Oncidn Beservalion, purchased in 1796 and sold at auction In 1797, is included in the N. part of the town. ,^ « ., * Among the early settlers were Beiyamin Warren. David Morton, John Aldcn, Ichabod Stafford, Joseph and Abraham Forbes, Isaac and Benjamin Allen, Amos Parker, Thos. Caasaty, Ozias and Lemuel Hart. James Reynolds, Abel Prior, Thomas Spofford, Ezen Saxton, Abiel Lindsey, and Francis O'Toolo. The first birth was that of Potor Smith Gunn; the first marriage, that of Daniel Hart and Catharine Putnam ; and the first death, that of Eleazer Putnam, in 1796. T. Cassaty built the first sawmill, in 1795, at Oriakany Falls. A gristmill was bmlt the next year. 6 The census reports 5 churches in to\vn ; 2 Cong., M. E., Bap., and Union, ^ Named from a city in Burmah. ^ Zephaniah and Abner Wood settled in town about 180U. Messrs. Barnard, Fanning, Adams, Mitchell, Beck, and Tiffany wei-e early settlers. Salmon Bates kept the first inn. in ISUO. Benj. Jones built the first sawmill, in ISOl, — at which time there were only 9 other inhabitants in town. The road cut through from Fort Stanwix to the French settlement on Black River, toward the close of the last century, led throuj^h this town ; and tnices of it may still be seen. Several tributaries of Black liiver take their rise in swamps in the N. e. part of the town, 9 Named from Qerrit Boon, agent of the Holland Land Co., who made the first settlement. In early times it was called "Boou's Upper Settlement." Andrew Edmunds came on in 1795 as an agent of the Ilol- land Land Co., with sevenil men, built a sawmill, and c< m- mcnccd a gristmill, which was finished the next year. Luke Fisher and sou, Phineas, Martin, and Silas Southwell. Asahel and Ilzekiel Porter, Aaron Willard, Jacob Springer, .loplitlia King, and Ilezekiah Jones came in 1796. Lemuel Hough and Daniel Pitcher were early settlers. The first birth was that of a daughter of Jacob Springer; and the first marriage, that of Henry Evans and Elizabeth Edmunds. The fiist store and inn were opeueil by the agents of the company. IC Rev. Daniel Smith was the first minister. Tliere are now 5 churches in town ; Presb., M. E., Bap., Union, and U. C. u The " Line of Property." run in accordance with a treaty of 1718, passed through this town. — Jones*s Anncds, j). 123. 470 ONEIDA COUNTY. half that width in the s.^ The hills rise, on the e. and w. borders, 300 to 500 ft above the valley, iheh declivities being often steep. The w. branch of the Unadilla^ flows s. through the town The soil in the e. is . gravelly loam, and in the w. clay. Stone is qaarried in the n. e. part Bridffewater, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 3 churches, the Bridgewater Academy, and 305 inhabitants. KTortU Bridgewater (p. v.) contains 15 houses. Batocock Hill (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1788,^ by Joseph Farwell. There are 3 churches in town ; Cong., Bap., and Univ. CAMa>ESr— was formed from Mexico, (Oswego co.,) March 15, 1799. Florence was taken off in 1805, Vienna in 1807, and a part of Annsville in 1823. It lies upon the w. border of the co„ near the n. w. corner. Its surface is rolling, gradually rising toward the n., where it is broken by hills whose summits are several hundred feet above Oneida Lake. The w. branch of Fish Creek aows diagonally through the town toward the s. e. Mad River from the N. unites with it near Camden Village ; and Little River, a, tributary, forms part of the s. boundary. The soil is a sandy loam, in some places gravelly and stony, but generally well adapted to grazing. Cam- den, (p.v.,) in the e. part, was incorp. in 1834. It contains 3 churches, saw and grist mills, a sash and blind manufactory, pump factory, 2 tanneries, a cloth manufactory, and 862 inhabitants. West Camden, (p. v.,) near the n. w. corner, contains 20 houses. Hillsborofi^li, (p. o.,) in the s. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement commenced near the close of the last century.* The first religious society was formed Feb. 19, 1798, by Rev. Eliphalet Steele.^ The church re- ceived from the heirs of John Murray an endowment in lands yielding a revenue of $112. BEERFIE'I^D— was formed from Schuyler, (Herkimer co.,) March 15, 1798. Marcy was taken off in 1832. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. Its surface is mostly a high plateau, 600 to 1,000 ft. above the Mohawk, forming the n. continuation of the Hassenclever Mts. of Herkimer co. A broad intervale, partly overflowed in high water, extends along the Mohawk opposite Utica; and on the n. e. the surface descends abruptly to the creek. The Mohawk flows along the s. w. border of the town, and West Canada Creek along the n. e. border. The soil on the flats is u. deep, rich, alluvial loam, and on the hills a slaty and gravelly loam. Beerfield Corners, (Deerfield p. o.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches, 3 carriage shops, and 50 houses. A thickly settled suburb of Utica extends toward the village. JVortla Oa^e, (,p. o.,) in the n. part, is a hamlet. The first settlement was commenced in 1773.^ The first religious services were held in 1798, by Rev. Eddy, There are 4 churches in town.^ FEOREWCE^— was formed from Camden, Feb. 16, 1805. A part of Annsville was taken off in 1823. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is rolling, and 250 to 300 ft. above the Rome level. Mad River flows s. e. through the town. The soil is stony and light, and is underlaid by the Hudson River shales. A portion of the town is still covered by forests, which extend n. to near Jefferson co. Florence, (p.v.,) n. of the center, contains 3 churches, 3 sawmills, a grist- mill, tannery, and 40 houses. Empeyville, in the e. part, contains a church and 20 houses. East Florence (p. o.) and Florence Hill are hamlets. The first settlement commenced in 1801,^ by Amos "Woodworth. The first religious society (Gong.) was formed Dec. 16, 1810 -^^ Rev. Samuel Sweezey was the first settled minister. FliOYD^* — was formed from Steuben, March 4, 1796. It lies in the interior, e. of the center of the CO. Its surface is rolling, gradually rising to the n. border, where it attains an elevation of 200 to 300 ft. above the valley of the Mohawk. Nine Mile Creek^^ flows through a small portion 1 The excavation which forms the valley has been filled to an immense depth with drift; and rock cannot be found within a great distance below the surface. Cedar swamps extend along several of the streams. 2 Called also the Ti-a-na-da^ra. — Jones's Annals, p. 122. 5 Among the pa,rly settlers were Ezra Parker, Ephraim and Nathan Waldo, Lyman, and Jesse, Joel, and Abner Ives. Ezra Parker kept the firat; inn ; Major Farwell bnilt the first sawmill ; and Thomas the first gristmill. This is the smallest and least populous town in the co. 4 Henry Williams was the first permanent settler, in 1796-97. Jisse Curtis had previously built a sawmill ; but he did not settle in town until some time after. Levi Matthews, Daniel Parker, Scth and Joel Dunbar, Aaron Matthews, Samuel Wood, Thos. Comstock, Elihu Curtis, Samuel Royce, Noah and Andrew Tuttlc, Benjamin Barnes, sr. and jr., Philip Barnes, Israel Stod- dard, and Carrier were early settlers. The first birth was thitt of JVoab P. Tuttle; the first marriage, that of Elihu Curtis and Anna Northrop; and the first deaths were those of Mrs. Bacon and a child, who were drowned in crossing Mad River in a canoe. Elihu Curtis kept the first inn, in 1799 ; and Timothy W, Wood the first store, about the same time. & There are now 6 churches in town; M. E., Wes. Meth., Prot. E., Cong., and R. 0. 8 George G. Weaver, Capt. Mark Damoth, and Christian Real settled at the Corners in 1773. In 1776, hearing that a band of tories and Indiana were planning a descent upon the settlement, they retreated to Little Stone Arabia. lu 1784 they returned, and about the same time Pet€r, Nicholas, and George Weaver, Geo. Damoth, Nicholas and Philip Harttr, camo in. During the fii'st 15 or 20 years the settlements did not extend to the ,n. part of the town. The Cox and Coifin families were the first in that part. ' Bap., Calv. Meth., Union, and R. C. 8 Named from the city of Florence, in Italy. ^ The first settlement commenced under tiie auspices of Wm. Henderson, owner of Township 4 of Scriba's Patent. H« gave Amos Woodworth, John Spinning, and Turner 50 acres each, to commence a settlement. Azariah Orton, ■ Crawford and his son Clark, Norman Waugh, Benoni and Ebenezer Bar- low, Ambrose Curtis, Ephraim Wright, Joseph Olcott, and Benj. Young came soon after. Several of the latter settled at Florence Hill. Nathan Thompson kept the first inn. 10 There are 5 churches in town; 2 M. E., 2 Union, and Bap. 11 Named from Gen. Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, who purchased a part of Fonda's Patent and removed to this co. in 1S03. — Jmies's Annals of Oneida Oo.,pp. 165,705. 12 Called by the Indians Te-ya-nun-soke, " a beech tree standing." ONEIDA COUNTY. 471 of the s E. part. The soil ia of good quality and well adapted to grain and grass. Floyd Cor- ners (Floyd p. 0.) contains a church and 20 houses. The first settlement commenced about 1790, by Capt. Benjamin Pike.i There are 4 churches in town ; Cong., Welsh Meth., Union,'' and R. C. KIRH.L,A]VD'_was formed from Paris, April 13, 1827. Marshall was taken off in 1829, a part was annexed to New Hartford in 1834, and a part of Paris was annexed in 1839. It lies in the interior, s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two general ridges by the valley of Oriskany Creek. The hills are 200 to 500 ft. high, and the deolivjties are generally steep. Oriskany Creek flows n. e. through near the center. The soil is a rich, calcareous loam. Near Clinton Village are quarries of good building stone. Iron ore is found ; and several thousand tons are annually shipped by the Chenango Canal, to Constantia, Taberg, and Penn. Great attention is paid to fruit growing, and this town excels every other town in the co. in the amount of fruit raised. The town derives its greatest interest from its extensive educational institutions, which entitle it to the appellation of the Literary Emporium of Oneida co. Clinton (p. v.) was incorp. April 12, 1843. Hamilton College"* is located upon a hill overlooking the Oriskany Valley. Its buildings consist of Dexter Hall, or North College ; Kirkland Hall, or Middle College ; Hamil- ton Hall, or South College ; a chapel, laboratory, and an observatory. The course of study embraces a collegiate and a law department. A grammar school, under a separate board of trustees, is con- nected as a preparatory department. The college libraries contain about 10,000 volumes, and the cabinet of natural history contains about as many specimens. The village also contains 5 churches, 2 newspaper offices, aHffiSk, the Clinton Liberal Institute,^ a grammar school, high school, and "a limited amount of manufactures. Pop. 1,174. Mancliester, a manufacturing village,^ in the N. part, contains 30 houses. Franklin, near the center, contains the Pranklin Iron Works'" and 35 houses. Clarks Mills,' in the n. corner, is a manufacturing village, and contains a cotton factory, grist and saw mill, and 40 houses. Kirkland is a p. o. The first settlement com- menced in 1787, by 8 families.' Religious services were first held in the cabin of Capt. Foot." 1 Among the early settlers were Stephen Moulton, Wm. and Nathaniel Allen, James Chase, Elisha Lake, Howard, Hope Smith, David Bryan, Samuel Denison, James Bartlett, Put- ney, Jarvis Pike, Capt. Nathan Townsend, and Thomas Bacon — mostly from Conn. The first death was that of Foster; the .second, that of N'athan Thompson, who was killed by a falling tree. 2 The plan of ownership of the union church is peculiar. The Beats are owned and transferred by purchase, and the owners .meet on the first Monday in each year and vote what denomina- tion shall occupy the house the ensuing year. 3 Named from the Rev. Samuel Kirkland, an early missionary among the Oneida Indians, who settled in the county in 1792, He was the principal founder of an academy since merged in Hamilton College. He died inl808; and amon-nraentwas erected to his memory by the Northern Missionary Society. * Hamilton Oneida Academy was incoi-p. by the Regents, Jan. 31, 1793, mainly through the exertions of the Rev. Samuel Kirk- land. In 1794 a commodious building was erected, the corner stone of whicfi was laid with much ceremony by Baron Steuben. The school was opened the same year under the Rev. John Niles, whose successors were Rev. Robert Porter, Seth Norton, and Rev. James Robbins. The success of this academy was highly gratifying to its friends; and the rapid development of Central New York suggested the necessity of more ample facilities for instruction and an extension of its course of study. Clinton and Fairfield became active competitors for the honors of a college, and charters of similar character and conditions were granted to each, under the names of Hamilton and Franklin Colleges Tespectively. By a compromise between the friends of the rival locations, the latter institution was never organized. Omton went on with its literary college, and employed the most active person in the Fairfield enterprise as its agent; while Fairfield orEanized a medical college. Hamilton College was chartered May 26, 1812, and went into operation soon after, under the presidency of the Rev. Azel Backus. His successors have been Henry Davis, in 1817 ; Sereno B. Dwight, in 1833 ; Joseph Penny, in 1835: Simeon North, in 1839: and Samuel Ware Fisher, in 1898. The college is chiefly under the influence of the New School Presbyterian and Congregational Churohes. From 1819 to 18.32, disscMions between the Trustees and President seriously retarded the prosperity of the institution ; and during the same period insubSdinatioi among the students w^ of frequent Occurrence. From 1838 to 1846 the ^"''8'',.™.^"=* «f;'S? annually from the Slate; but the present Constitution cut it off from the receipt of a balance previously appropriated, and the Brant hL not been since continued. The trustees n>»°y years K adopted the onstom of admitting students unable tK> pay SoS fewland, from incantious extension, this usage became M Zse that showed itself upon the treasurer's bCKifcs The reeeints fVom tuition became only a quarter as great as pre- « 4hUe the _catalogue indicated by t,m^b,ers^an_^m- It was found more diiBcult to abandon i^uJ^L^t an extent as the means of the institution will justify. to i\B great an extent as the means These causes have embarrassed the finances of the college; but efforts are about being made to relieve it from debt. The sum of $50,000 was granted by the State, June 19. 1812, to aid in founding 'the college. Wm. H. Maynard, of Utica, in 1832 gave $20,000 to endow a professorship of law: and S. Newton Dexter, of Whitesboro, in 1836 gave his personal obligations for $15^000 to endow a professorship of the Greek and Latin languages. The observatory was built in 1854, at a cost of $5,000 besides the instru- ments, which have cost more than twice that sum. 6 The Clinton Liberal Institute was founded in 1S32; it is under the patronage of the Univeraalist denomination, and has a male and a female department. The building for the former is of stone, 96 by 52 feet, 4 stories above the basement, and haS accommodations for 100 students. The female department is an elegant structure, 144 by 60 ft., 2 stories high above the base- ment, and has an average attendance of 50 pupils. A small monthly paper, named the "Leaf Bud," "Summer Leavey "Autumn Leaves," or " Wintergreen," according to the season, is published at this institution. Home Cottage Seminary is a ■private institution, established in 1854 as a ladies' seminary, by Miss L. M. Barker. The ediiice is 60 by 112 ft., and cost— in^ eluding 8 acres of land— $20,000. It has been united with another ladies' school under Miss A. Chipman, and is very prosperous. An issue styled the " Home Cottage Quarterly" ia published by the pupils. This fteminary forms the female department of the grammar school. The Clinton High School, for males only, was established May, 1858, by Rev. B. W. Dwight and D. A. Holbrook. It is located i mi. from the village, coat $18,000, and has accom- modations for 80 students. 6 The Manchester Manufacturing Co., incorp. in 1815, gaVe employment to 100 hands, and manufactured cotton cloths to the amount of $100,000 per year until Aug. 19, 1855, when it was burned. 7 The Franklin Iron Works manufactures 4.0p0 tons of pg iron annually, from ote obtained in the immediate vicinity. B gives employment to 100 men, and turns out work to th'e amount of $100,000 annually. 8 Clark's Mills manufacture broWn sheeting, and are furnished with 128 looms. The proprietors also have a manufactory of cotton cord, rope, and batting, and a gristmill and sawmill. « Moses Foot, his three sons Bronson, Luther, and Ira, and his son-in-law, Barnabas Pond, were of this number. Levi ShoKr- man, Solomon Hovey, Ludin Blodget, Timothy Tuttle, Samuel Hubbard, Kandall Lewis, Cordial Storrs, John Bullen, and Capt. Casaey were early settlers. Mrs. S. Hovey was the first white woman who moved into town. The first child born was Clinton Foot ; the firtt marriage was that of Roger Leveret and Elizabeth Cheseborough ; and the first death was that of Mrs. Merab Tuttle. Skenandoah, an Oneida chief, died in this town, March 11, 1816, aged 110 years. Capt. Casaey built the first gristmill, in 1787, and a sawmill the next year. The village was early named from Gov. Clinton; and the vicinity was known by the Indians as Ka-de-wis-day. , 10 There are 5 churches in town ; 2 Cong., Bap., E. C, and Union. 472 ONEIDA COUNTY. I.EEA— was formed from Western, April 3, 1811. A part of Annsville was taken off Jn 1823. It lies in the interior, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly, gradu- ally rising from the lowlands in the s. to an elevation of 500 to 800 ft. above the canal at Rome. The w. branch of the Mohawk flows through the n. e. corner, and Fish Creek forms a part of the w. boundary. The soil is a clayey, sandy, and gravelly loam, and in some localities very stony. liCe Center (p. v.) contains a church, saw and grist mill, tannery, and 40 houses. Liee, (p. v.,) in the s.w. corner, contains a church and 20 houses. Delta, (p. v.,) in the s.e. corner, on the line ofVestern, contains a foundery, tannery, and 228 inhabitants, l^'est Brancli, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner, contains a saw and grist mill and 20 houses. Stofees^ (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement commenced in 1790, at Delta, by Stephen and Keuben Sheldon.^ The first reli- gious society (Cong.) was formed in 1797, under Rev. James Southworth."* MARCY^— was formed from Deerfield, March 30, 1882. It lies on the n. bank of the Mo- hawk, E. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling ; a wide intervale borders upon the river, from which rises an irregular table-land 300 to 500 ft. above the valley. Nine Mile Creek flows through the w. corner. The soil ■ on the upland is a rich, sandy and gravelly loam, and on the flats an alluvial deposit, which is annually increased by the spring floods. Stittsville, (P-v.,) on the line of Trenton, contains a church, saw and grist mill, cotton factory, and 40 houses. Ittarcyis a p.o. The first settlement commenced in 1793,^ by John "Wilson. The census re- ports 6 churches in town.'^ MARSMAlili — was formed from Kirkland, Feb. 21, 1829. It lies in the s. part of the co., the s. w. corner bordering on Madison co. The surface is a hilly upland, the hills rising 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Oriskany Creek flows n. e. through the w. part. The soil is a fertile, sandy loam. Deansville,^ (p. v.,) on the n. border, contains 2 churches, an academy, and 185 in- habitants. Hanover, (Marshall p.o.,) near the center, contains a church and 15 houses. Forg"e Hollow contains a church, a forge, and 35 houses. The first white settlement was com- menced in 1793,^ by David Barton. The first church (Cong.) was formed in 1797.^** IVEIV HARTFORD— was formed from Whitestown, April 12, 1827. A part of Kirkland was annexed in 1834. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is level or gently undulating, except in the extreme e. part, where is a low range of hills. Sauquoit Creek flows N. through near the center. The soil is a rich, calcareous loam. IVevr Hartford (p. v.) contains 4 churches, 2 cotton factories, a batting factory," a flouring mill, tannery, and 892 in- habitants. Washington JMills (p. v.) contains the "Washington Steam Mills, Oneida Woolen Mills, and 50 houses. JVevr Yorit Upper Mills, (New York Mills p.o.,) on the n. border, contains a church, a cotton factory, dye house, steam mills, and 40 houses. Willow Vale, in the s. part, contains a factory for making cotton machinery,'^ a foundery, and 40 houses. The first settlement was commenced by Jedediah Sanger, in 1788.^^ The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1791, by Rev. Jonathan Edwards ; and the first settled minister was Kev. Danl. Bradley. The census reports 6 churches in town,^* PARIS^^ — ^was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792. Brookfield, Hamilton, and a part of 1 Named from Lee, Mass., whence some of the early settlers came. 2 Sometimes callpd " Nishets Corners. 8 Among the early settlers wei-e David Smith, John and Benj. Spinning:, Stephen and Nicholas Salisbury, Nathan Barlow, Wm. Taft, Dan. and Seth Miller, Frederic Sprague, - — Hall, Jas. Young, Chas. Oifford, Elisha Parke, and Potter. The first birth was that of Fenner . Sheldon, in 1791; the first mar- riage, that of Dan. Miller and Amy Taft; the first death, that of Job Kaird, in 1798. David Smith built the first sawmill, at Delta, and Gen. Floyd the first gristmill. In 1796. * There are 4 churches in town ; 2 M. B., Friends, and Union. 6 Named from William L. Marcy, since Governor of the State. 6 James, Thos., Isaac, and Jacob Wilson and TuU were early si^ttlers. The first death was that of John Wilson, in the fall of 1793. Camp kept the first inn, about 1810; and John F. Allen built the first mill, about 1825. 7 2 Cong.. 2 Bap., M. E., and Calv. Meth. 8 Named from Thos. Dean, long an agent of the Brothertown Indians. 9 The Brothertown Indians were settled previous to the Revolution on a reservation in this town and Kirkland given theni by the Oneidas. They were remnants of New En^and, Hudson Eiver, and Long Island Indians, who were collected toward the close of the Colonial period, and numbered, when first removed hither, about 400 souls. Coming from many dif- ferent stocks, they adopted the Euglish language and some of the arts of civilized life. They were mostly scattered during the war, but afterward returned, and many of them became thrifty farmers ; but the greater part acquired the vices of the whites, and a part of them sold out and went to Green Bay. In 1850 the last of the tribe bade adieu to their homes and moved West. Among the early white settlers were Warren Williams, Hezekiah Eastman, Capt. Simeon Hubbard, and Levi Baker. The first buth was that of Col. Lester Baker. 10 It was called the Hanover Society; and their edifice, after standing 40 years, was rebuilt in 1841. Thei-e are now 4 churches in town ; 2 Cong., M. B., and Univ. " The "Utica Cotton Mills" have a 'capital of $100,000, run 8,000 spindles and 150 looms and employ 190 hands, and turn out 1,800,000 yds. of cloth annually. They have a dry house, machine shop, and gas works. 12 This establishment has a capital invested of $40,000, and employs 80 hands. 18 Among the early settlers were Asahel Beach, Amos Ives, Solomon Blodget, Salmon Butler, Joel Blair, Agift Hill, Wyman, Stephen Bushnell, Oliver Collins, Joseph Jennings, Joseph Higles, Nathan Seward, John French, Kellogg, Risley, Olmstead, Seymour, Butler, Hurlbut, Kilborn, and Montague. Jedediah Sanger built the first mill. 1* Presb., M. E., Prot. E., Bap., Union, and Friends. } 15 Named by the inhabitants in acknowledgment of the kind- ness of Isaac Paris, a merchant of Fort Plain, who, in the year ONEIDA COUNTY. 473 .limana m 1827. A part of K.rkland was annexed in 1839. It lies on the e. border, near the s. E. corner of ihe r>f> Tt- r • , .„ • ^' """ "" ""* ''• ooraer, near tne Lis border ngt::^^^^^^^^^ T'^^'-'"'' "' ''^•"^•^°'* ^^^''''' ''^^ _.„:. ..^-.,_ ^ .®y ''''® ^"'^ *° *00 ft- Jiigli, and their declivities are generally steer,. Sn„- of th( 'SlT.}Z\^!''^:, '=°"''^'!^ 2 churches, extensive cotton factories,^ 2 paper mills in the immediate auoit firppb flnw=, „ +i," i. ., "" "'^"' ""'' ""'"" declivities are generally steep. Sau- St?r«Vu: t Jd^^^^^^^^^ -f ■ The soil is a sandy, caLreoL loam, of Sauonoit P.»oV . "'^St Sauquoit, (Sauquoit p. o., contiguous villages on opposite sides linUv" <> saWl'l " "f -n""'"' '^'"''"' """"'^ ^'^''*°"«^'^ 2 paper mills in the immediate vicinity, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, a tannery, and 690 inhabitants. Clayville, (p v ) near the ZnX^m-':''^':\^ '™"' '"^ ^^™"^'"'-^^ -pi--* manuLory';Se:;t:7ooi n miOs and 817 inhabitants. CassvlUe, (p. v.,) near the s. border, contains a church, gristmill, Holman r». ?r '' '•«''*^""»' (P-- P- °-) - tl^e w. part, a church and 30 houses MOlman C,ty, m the e part, a furnace, a whiffletree iron manufactory, and 12 houses. The fhfn'^d "r T'^Ttr ^J^'- ^^'^ ^™* °^"^'<'^ (^°°S-) "^« f^-'^'i - 1791, by Rev. Jona- than Edwards ; Rev. Ehphalet Steele was the first pastor. There are now 8 churches in town." REMSEW'— was formed from Norway, (Herkimer co.,) March 15, 1798. A part of Steuben was annexed m 1809. It is the n.e. corner town of the co. Its surface is an elevated upland, broken by hills and ridges and with a mean elevation of 1,200 to 2,000 ft. above tide. Black River and Its tributaries drain the central and n. parts ; and West Canada Creek forms a small part of the s. E. boundary. Otter, Long, and White Lakes are in the n. part. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam. A large part of the town is still covered by the primitive forests forming a portion of the great Northern Wilderness. Remsen, (p. v.,) a station on the B. R. & U. R. R., in the s. w. corner, contains a church, furnace, steam mill, and 510 inhabitants. Forest Port,'(p. v.,) on the line of Boonville, contains 20 houses. Port TToodhuIl is a hamlet. The first settle- ment commenced in 1792, by Barnabas Mitchell.* There are 12 churches in town.' ROME— was formed from Steuben, March 4, 1796. It lies upon the Mohawk, a little w. of the center of the co. Its surface is level, and some portion of the w. part i^ low and marshy. The Mohawk flows s. e. through the e. part, and Wood Creek flows w. through the n. w. part.'" Fish Creek forms the n. w. boundary. The soil is generally a highly productive, gravelly loam. Rome, (p. V.,) upon the Mohawk, s. e. of the center of the town, was inoorp. March 26, 1819. It is a half- shire of the CO., and it contains the co. buildings, 12 churches, 4 banks, 2 newspaper offices, the Rome Academy, and several manufactories." It is the s. terminus of the W. R. & C. V. R. R. and of the Black River Canal, and is an important station upon the Central R. R. and the Erie Canal. Pop. 7,083. ffest Rome is a thickly settled suburb just w. of the limits of Rome. Stanwix, (p. V.,) a canal village, contains about 15 houses. Crreens Corners is a station on the Central R. R., near the s. w. corner. Ridg'e Mills, near the center, contains 15 dwellings; and IVortll Rome is a hamlet. The first settlement was made at the " Carrying Place," before the "French , of scarcity, 1789, sapplied them with Virginia corn on a liberal credit, and finally accepted payment in such produce as thej were enabled to supply. ' 1 The " Qualier Woolen Factory," established in 1812. In 1827 it commenced the manufiicture of cotton, and now em- ploys 100 hands, runs 110 looms, and can make 3,000 yards per day. The same Co. have another mill, that employs 50 hands and mns 60 looms. ^ TheBe mills employ 30 hands, and make about H tons of printing paper daily. 3 The manufacture of scythes was commenced in 1834. The bufiinesB has since been largely increased ; and at present about $200,000 is invested In the works. Scythes, hoes, forks, and other firming tools are extensively manufactured. * The woolen mills were started in 1843. They manufacture broadcloths and blankets, and employ 80 hands. s The first settlement was made by Capt. Rice. Among the early settlers were Benj'u Barnes and his son Benjamin, John Humarton, Stephen Barnet, Aaron Adams, Abiel Simmons, Phineas Kellogg, John and Sylvester Butler, Asa Shepard, Kirkland Griflln, and Benjamin Merrill. The first death was that of Wm. Swan, in 1790. Abner Bacon kept the first inn, and James Orton the first store, in 1802. 8 2 M. B., 2 Prot. E., 2 Cong., Bap., and Presb, ' Named from Henry Kemsen, Patentee of Kemsenburgh. TIio town embraces most of Kemsenburgh Patent, and portions of Eaaton's Woodhull's, Service's, and other tracts. 8 Among the early settlers were John Bomer, Nath'l Rock- wood, Bettis Le Clero, Perez FaiT, and Jonah Dayton, in 1793, In 1808, David Mound, John Gas, Griffith I. Jones, John Owens, and Hugh Hughes, Welsh immigrants, settled, and were soon followed by a large Immigration of their countrymen. This town contains more natives of Wales than any other town in the State ; and, including their children of American birth, the Welsh number more than half the population, TJie first birth was that of Polly Mitchell ; and the first death, that of Capt. Peck. Broughton White kept the first store, in 1803. « » 6 CalT. Meth,, 3 Cong,. 2 M, B,, and 2 Bap, { 10 Between the Mohawk and Wood Creek was a porta ge of about *1 m i, in lengt h over level ground. Early in th'Slfisi ' century pVHpOS^lWllti were made to bnild a road across this point ; and iu 1796 the Western Inland Navigation Co, constructed a canal between the two streams, and the route speedily became the treat thoroughfare of travel. This canal was most of the way »n the line of the preseut Erie Canal, through the village. The Sndians called the place De-o-wain-sta, "a carrying place for icanoes," Wood Creek was called Ka-ne-go-dick, The old canal ^vas constructed under the superintendence of Peter Colt, u The principal manufactories are a plow factory, foundery, planing mill, several sawmills, and the repair shops of tjie W, 11, &C,V,R.E„ 12 The first settlers came in at an early period, but their names are unknown, Joha Koof and Brodock were engaged in the carrying trade at this place in 1760. The former was first store and inn keeper. Jedediah Phelps, John Barnard, George and Henry Huntington, Joshua Hathaway, Dr, Stephen White, Roswell Fellows, Matthew Brown, sen, and jun., Seth Ranney, David Brown, Ebenezer, Daniel W,, and Thomas Wright, Thomas Selden, Solomon and John Williams, Peter Colt, Wm. Colbrath, Abijah and Clark Putnam, Caleb Reynolds, Rufus E.Tstou, Thos, Gilbert, Moses Fish, Stephen Lampman, Jeremiah Steves, and John Niles were early settlers, — Jones's AnrMls^p. 372. The first birth was in the family of John Roof, Aug. 28, 1769, The first sawmill was erected in 1758, and the first gi-istmill in 1795, A State Arsenal was erected here in 1808, on the present site of St, Petei-'s Church, The U, S. erected an arsenal and workshop a 474 ONEIDA COUNTY. War of 1755. The subsequent liistx>ry of the place is full of incidents of general interest.^ The first church (Cong.) was formed Sept. 5, 1800.^ SAlVGERFIEtO^— was formed from P^ris, March 5, 1795. Bridgewater was taken off in -1797. It was transferred from Chenango to Oneida co. April 4, 1804. It is the w. town on the s. line of the co. Its surface is a moderately hilly upland, 7G0 to 800 ft. above the Mohawk at Utica. The streams are small, and flow N. to the Mohawk and s. to Chenango River. The soil in the valleys is a rich alluvium, and on the hills a gravelly loam. Waterville/ (p. v.,) near the N. border, contains 4 churches, a bank, an academy, a newspaper office, a saw and grist mill, distillery, and 1,109 inhabitants. Sangerfield Center (Sangerfield p. o.) contains a church and 30 houses ; and Stockwell Settlement, in the s. part, about 20 houses. The first settle- ment was commenced by Zerah Phelps, from Mass., in 1791.^ There are now 7 churches in town.^ STEUBEIV^ was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 179^. A part of Mexico (Oswego co.) was annexed, and Floyd and Rome wete taken off, in 1796 ; and Leyden (tewis co.) and Western in 1797. Parts of Steuben's Tract in Western and Remsen were annexed in 1803 ; and a part was annexed to Remsen in 1809. It lies in the interior, n, e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly, broken upland, rising 800 to 1,200 feet above the Mohawk.^ The streams are small. Cincin- nati Creek rises in the interior, and forms part of the e. boundary. The soil is a gravelly loam-; and boulders are numerous. Quarries are worked, from which a good quality of building stonle is obtained. Steuben Corners (Steuben p. o.) is a hamlet, in the s. part. Steuben Station, on the B. R. & U. R. R., is on the line of Boonville. The first settlement was commenced in 1789,^ under Baron Steuben. The census reports 7 churches in town.^** 1HR.1C1VT01V — was formed frOm Schuyler, (Hferkimer co.,) March 24, 1797. It lies upon the w. bank of Wedt Canada Creek, near the center of the e. border of the co. The surface rises from the creek to the height of 400 to 600 feet ; and from the summits it spreads out into an upland brokeil by ridges of drift. Cincinnati Creek flows through the n. part, and Nine Mile Creek through the s, part. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, best adapted to grazing. The celebrated Trenton Falls, upon West Canada Creek, are within the limits of this town.^^ Trenton,^^ (P*"^*') upon Cincinnati Creek, at the mouth of Steuben Creek, contains 3 churches and 50 houses. Trenton Falls^ (P'"^-*) a short distance below the Falls, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and 20 houses. Soutb Trenton, (p. v.,) upon the old Utica turnpike, contains 2 churches and 30 houses. Holland Patent," (p. v.,) in the w. part of the town, is a station upon the B. R. & little w. of the village, in 1813, under the direction of Major James Dolliba. It is still owned by the General Government, but ia not in use. In 1784, Gen. Washington came thus ftir on a tour of Imsiness and pleasure. He, in company With Geo. Clinton, owned a tract of land in this co. of about 2,000 acixs, comprising a part of Coxborough and Carolina Townships in the town of Westmoreland. 1 "Fort Williams, on the Mohawk, atid Fort Bull, on Wood Creek, were built on the line between Albany and Oswego about 1725. Fort Bull was surprised by M. De Lery and a party of French and Indiains, numbering 362 men, March 27, 1756. The English lost the fort and all the stores which it contained, and 90 men. Forts Williams and Craven, located on the Mo- hawk, just below Rome, were destroyed by Gen. Webb in 1756, after tbe reduction of Oswego by the French. Fort Stanwix was begun July 23, 1758, by Brigadier Gen. John Stanwix, of the royal army. It was a square work, with hasfio'ns at the comers, and stood a few rods s. of the preRenfpfirk in the village. It was of earth and timber, surrounded by a ditch and mounted with heavy cannon. In J'une, 1776, Col. Bayton took possession of it and naiUed it Fort gchuyler. It was besieged in 1777 by St. Leger. Within the last feW years the ground upon which the fort stood has been leveled ; and not a vestige of it now remains. Fort Xe\vport was a gmall squiitefort on Wood Crflek, built in the French War. An octagonal blockhouse w,as built ahoiit 1795, during the alarm from Western Indian wars. 2 The cenHus reports 17 churches ; 5 Calv. Meth., 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Presb., 2 R. C, Ev. buth., Germ. Meth., Prot. B., and Univ. 8 Named from Jedediah Sanger the piCmeer of New Hartford, who gtivp 50 acres of land to the first church. This town is No. 20 of the Chenango 20 Townships, and, together With No. 18 and part of 19, was purchased in 1790-91 by Michael Myers, J. Sanger, and John J. Mtirgan, for 3 shillings and 3 shillings 3 pence per acre. Much of it was settled under perpetual leases. 4 Called by the Indians Ska-na-wi% " Large Swamp." ^ Hale and wife, and Nathan Gurney, camo in in 1792; and Beiij. White, Phineas Owen, Sylvanns Dyer, Asfthel Bellows, Nathaniel Foi-d, Henry Knowlton, Jonathan StrattOn, Clark, Col. David Norton, and about 30 others, in 1794. The first birth was that ofa daughter of 2. Phelps, in 1T92; the first marriage, that of Sylvanns Dyer and Hannah Norton: and the first death, that of Sybil Knowlton. Polly Dyer taught the first school; and Justus and Bbenezer Hale kept the first inn and store. The first store in Waterville was kept by Sylvanus Dyer, in 1799. 6 2 Cong., M. E., Prot. E., Presb., Bap., and R. C. "J Named from Bai-on Steuben. In May, 1786, the Legislature granted him 16,000 acres in this town. He settled soon after, built a log house, and collected a colony of tenants, but did not live to see his contemplated improvements carried out. He wiiS struck by paralysis Nov. 25, 1799, and died 3 days after, fib was wrapped in his cloak and laid in the earth with his star of knighthood upon his breast. Shortly before LaFaj-^tte's visit in 1826, his remains were taken up and re-interred under a tablet upon raised masonry. His property was mostly bequeathed to Wm. North and Benj. Walker, his aids. His library was givert to a young man named Mulligan. Col. Walker gave a Welsh Bap. Society a lease of 50 acres of land, 5 of which was woodland, around the grave, with no other rent than the obligation to keep this woodland fenced and the range of animals prevented therein. This condition is carefully observed. 8 Starrs Hill is the hi^est point in the co. On a clear 'day. Lake Ontario, parts of 7 counties, and tbe buildings of Hatoiltfili College can be seen fr(ka Its summit. 8 Samuel Sizer. Capt. Simeon Fuller, and David Starr were early settlers. The flfat birth was that of Stephen Brooks, jr.; and the first marriage, that of William Case iind Piatt. The town was 'exteWsively settled hy Welsh immigrants. A religious magazine, (Welsh,) "Y Cenhadwr Americanidd," is published in town. 10 2 M. B., 2 Cong.. 2 Bap., and Calv. Meth. 11 This favorite place of resort was first brought to public notice hy John Sherman, proprietor of the first public hotel for Visitors, erected in 1822. The falls are less interesting from the volume of water and height of fall than for the peculiar Viild- neas of the suiTOunding scenery. The ravine through which the stream flows is worn thmugh the Trenton limestone to the depth of 70 to 200 ft. The sides are nearly perpendicular; and the water descends by 5 distinct cascades a total depth of 200 ft. in the space of half a mile. The Indian names Ka-na-ta, " dark bro^vn water," and Kuy-a-h6-ra, " slanting water," have been applied to this pla.ce. Trenton Village was called One-ti-a-dah- que, "in the hon6." 12 IncOi-p. April 19, 1919, as " Otd^barnevdtt," find changed April 26, 1833, to its present name. Its first name was given hy Boon, in memory of a Dutch patriot and '6'tatesman who vet- ished on the scaffold in 1619. aged 82. — Jones's Oneida, p. 449. 18 Naifted frOm Henry, Lord Holland, patentee of 20,000 acres, principally in this town. He sold to Seth and Horace Johnson and Andrew Cragio. ONEIDA COUNTY. U. R. R. 475 i>ect (. I ^ T f '^'"'■f "^' ^^^ Holland Patent Academy, and 353 inhabitants. Pros- fxtensivV ;nw'i°n r "" ^'''^' ^^°^' *' ^''^^'' '=°'^*^^°^ 2 churches, Prospect Academy, an ZTZfZT ' T'^'^''^^'''"''''''- Sti"«^l"e,(P-v.,)onthelineofMarcy,intheI:w. rZln r' ri^T '^ "^"'■"''' '"'**°^ ^'^^^^^^-y- ^^^-""l' ^^^^^^-y- ^•^d about 40 houses. Iti8 Hn r^H 1 ""tT «' . ;^- * ""■ ^- ^- ^^''^«'"«'^* ^^^ commenced in 1793, by Gerrit Boon, from Holland. The first church (Presb.) was formed soon after ; Rey. JFish was the first pastor.^ UTICA'— was incorp. as a village April 3, 1798. It was formed as a town, from Whitestowu, April 7, 1817, and was incorp. as a city Feb. 13, 1832. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, on the e. border of the co. A wide intervale extends along the river ; and from it the surface rises in gradual slopes toward the s. w. It lies upon the Erie Canal, and is the n. terminus of the Chenango Canal. It is an important station upon the N. Y. C. R. R., and the s. terminus of the B. R. & U. R. R. It is the center of one of the best agricultural sections of the State; and its trade is extensive.. It is largely engaged in manu- factures, among which are cotton and woolen goods, millstonesj screws, musical instruments, telegraphic apparatus, and a great variety of other articles.* The City Hall is a fine, large, brick building on Genesee St., s. of the canal. It contains a large public hall, common council room, and rooms for the several city officers. The Public Schools are under, the cha,rge of a Superintendent and Board of, Education. They are graded, and include all departments from the primary to a thorough academic course. They employ 45 tea^ihers, — 6 males and 39 females. The whole number of children between the ages of 4 and 21 is 8,000, of which 3,226, or 40 per cent., attend school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the sohools for 1858 were 115,546.82. The number of volumes in the district libraries is 3,018. The JJiica Academy, long an independent school, now constitutes the High School of the publi? school system of the city. Th£ Utica Female Academy is a flourishing institution, situated between Washington St. and Broadway, near Genesee St. It was founded in 1837, and its property is valued at $25,000. The Academy of t?ie Assumption is under the care of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. The State Lunatic Asylum is located upon a large lot on an eminence near the w. line of the city. It receives insane persons subject to co. charge, where there is a reasonable prospect of relief, and such others as its accommodations will admit. Until recently it has received insane convicts ; but this class will hereafter be sent to the asylum built for that purpose at Auburn. The average number of inmates during the last, 16 years has been 381 annually.' 1 Boon was an enterpriaing pioneer and agent of the Holland Land Company, the same that purchased in Western New York. Alone, or with Le Roy,Bayard, McEvera, and Busti, he purcIiaHed in trust for that company 46,057 acres of Outhoudt's Patent, 6,026 of Steuben's Patent, 1,200 of iHachin's Patent, and 23,609 of Servis's Patent. The last named, lying mostly in this town, was granted in 1768 to Peter Servis and 24 others for the benefit of Sir Wm. Johnson. This tract was conveyed by the trustees above named to the Holland Company in 1801. Among the other early settlers were Col. Adam G. Mappa, Dr. Fr. A. Vander- kemp, Judge John Storrs, Col. Kobert Hicks, Peter Schuyler, John P. Little, Cheney and John Garrett, Wm. RoUo, Col. I'hos. Hicks, Edward Hughes, and Hugh Thomas. Boon returned to Holland, where he died many years after. The first child bom was, Adam Parker, in 1796; the first marriage, that of Jacob Joyce and Widow Peck ; and the first death, that of Nelson, in 1795. S The census reports 16 churches; 4 M. E., 3 Bap., 2 Preab., (0. S.,) Bap., Cong., Caly. Meth., Prot. E., Union, and Unita. 8 The Indians called the locality Ya-nun-lia-da/-aia, or U-nun- dft.ga.ges, "around the hill." After an old stockade, built in early times, was razed, it was caUed Tevardah-ah-tOHia-gue, '■ruin of fort." ,„„ ^ j j j * Tlie Eagle. Mills give employment to 120 hands, and produce 1.500,000 yards of cotton cloth annually. The Vtiax Uteam. CotUm Mills employ 330 hands, and produce 1,100 yds. of cotton cloth daily. ,„„ ,^ , , ,.„„„« The mica WMUn Mills employ 180 hands, and use 350,000 lbs. of woul in the manufacture of cassimeres annu.i.lly The mica Steam WooUn Co. gives employment to 250 hands, and uses 1,800 lbs. of wool per day. The. mica Screw Manufactunng Co. employs 60 hands, and turns out goods to the amount of $60,000 annually. The mica Millstone Manufactory an^ Plaster Mills give em- ployment to 50 men, and turn out $60,000 worth of products annually. The city also contains extensive manufactories of starch, flour, clothing, organs, pianos, castings, machinery, stone ware, fire brick, carpets, oilcloths, leather, lumber, beer, and cigars. 5 An asylum of this kind was recommended by the Governor in 1830, and was annually urged by its friends, until an act was passed, March 10, 1836, appointing 3 commissioners to purchase a site not exceeding glO,000 in value, and to contract for bujld- ing. N.Dayton, C. McVean, and R. Withers were appointed; and in 1837 a farm of 130 acres was bought at the joint expense of the State and the citizens of Utica, ($6,300 of $16,300 J and in that year Wm. Cladte, Francis E. Spinier, and Elain Lynds were appointed commissioners to, erect buildings. The first plan (prepared by Clarke) embraced 4 buildings, each 550 feet long, facing outward, connected by open verandas, .and iu- closing a court of about 13 acres. The main building was erected and the foundations were laid, when the, plan was re- duced and attention given to finishing the main building. By act of April 7, 1842, the asylum was put in charge of 9 managers, appointed for a term, of 3 years each by the Gov. and Senate, a majority of whom must reside within 6 mi. of the asylum. Dr. Amar4ah Brigham was chqsen, Superintendent, and upon his death (Sept. 8, 1849) Dr. Nathan D. Benedict suc- ceeded. The present Superintendent is Dy. Johi^.P. Gray, who was appointed in 1853. The, building was partially destroyed by a fire set by one of the inmates July 14, 1857. The walls remaine,d standing, and the premises have been refitted without interruption of opera- tions, and with imjirovements far exceeding in safety and con- venience those that were destroyed. The sum of $68,742 ,wa^ granted in 1858 to rebuild the premises ; and the labor is nofl •170 ONEIDA COUNTY. Besides the foregoing institutions, there are in the city 10 private schools, 5 banks, and 24 churches.' The site of the city is included in the colonial grant of 1734, styled Cosby's Manor. Settle- ment began soon after the Revolution ; and in 1787 there were 3 log huts at this place.^ The construction of the Seneca Turnpike and of a bridge gave the first impulse to its grovrth ; and the Erie Canal in a few years doubled its business and population. Although the city has ex- perienced disasters, its general growth in wealth and numbers has been steadily forward, and its geographical position, lines of communication, and natural advantages are guarantees of its future increase.^ VERIVOW — was formed from Westmoreland and Augusta, Feb. 17, 1802. A part of Stock- bridge (Madison co.) was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center.* Its surface is rolling, the mean elevation being about 200 ft. above the Mohawk. The principal streams are Oneida Creek, forming the w. boundary, and Skanandoa Creek,^ flowing through the E. part. The soil is a fine quality of gravelly and clay loam, underlaid by limestone, waterlime, and gypsum. Very few towns in the State surpass this in all the elements of fertility. A mineral spring is found a mi. n. w. of Vernon Center. Vernon, (p. v.,) upon Skanandoa Creek, N. of the center,, was incorp. April 6, 1827. It contains 2 churches, the Vernon Academy, a private seminary, bank, newspaper office, and tannery. Pop. 330. Vernon Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. Oneida Castle, (p. v.,) on the w. line, contains a church, academy, and 337 inhabitants, of whom 275 are in this town. Turkey Street is a nearly completed. The buildings are well supplied with water and gas, and have ample fixtures for the extinguishment of fires in future, including steam force pumps, ample reservoirs of water, and pipes for filling the attic and upper rooms with steam. The asylum has shops and gardens for the employment of such as prefer it, and various amusement.s, — fairs, festivals, musical and theatrical entertainments, books, pictures, inno- cent games, and such other modes of occupation as are found to exei't a salutary influence upon the " mind diseased." The Opal, a monthly magazine, is edited and printed at the asylum by its inmates ; and the American Journal of Insanity, a quar- terly Journal, is conducted by its ofiBcers. The aggregate star tistics of the asylum from Jan. 16, 1S43, to Dec. 1, 1858, have been as follows : — Percentage Percentage II S 3 1 <5 '-is OF Recov's. OF Deaths. Yrs. 11 II Il SI ote; 1843 109 276 .53 7 267 48.62 19.20 2.53 6.44 1S« ?M 275 132 16 471 55.93 48.80 3.39 6.78 1845 2'i5 293 135 21 653 50.94 46.07 3.79 7.92 1846 283 237 133 22 622 46.99 39.46 8.53 7.77 1S4T 415 428 187 48 802 46.06 43.69 5.98 11.66 1848 474 405 174 86 877 36.70 42.96 9.80 18.14 1849 454 362 203 69 8.57 44.71 66.07 8,06 15.19 1860 433 367 171 51 816 39.49 46.59 6.26 11.77 1861 440 366 112 48 796 23.45 30.60 6,03 10.91 1852 4H 390 156 .39 825 36.37 40,00 4.72 8.84 1853 423 424 169 .39 849 39.96 39.86 4.59 9.22 1854 444 390 164 65 836 37.16 42.06 7.76 14.63 18.56 4fi7 275 13S 32 725 27.40 46.64 4.41 6.85 1856 454 242 100 30 697 22.24 41,73 4,30 6.61 1857 4H3 2:16 95 32 696 20.62 40.42 4.59 6.88 1858 489 333 114 81 787 23.31 34.23 S.95 6.33 Of the 5,516 patients received up to Dec. 1, 1858, 4,896 were dis- charged, of wliom 2,226 recovered, 801 were improved, and 1,194 were unimproved; 636 had died, and 39 were not insane. Great success attends the treatment inmost cases when received at an early stage ; but when the disease has continued a year or more tlie chances of recovery rapidly diminish, and in a few years cease altogether. The asylum is not designed as a hospital for in- curables; and when the prospects of recovery or iinpi'ovement cease, it is its general customs to return patients to their friends or to local institutiona of support. Of those admitted in the year ending Nov. 30, 1858, 172 were males and 161 females ; 23 were between 10 and 20; 91 between 20 and 30; 108 between 30 and 40; 62 between 40 and 50; 36 between 50 and 60; and 11 between 60 and 70. 98 males and 87 females were married; 76 males and 64 fi^males were single; 6 were widowers and 10 widows; 17 had received academic and 239 a common school education: 43 could only read and write; 12 could read but not write; and 11 were entirely without edu- cation. 296 had laboriousj and 25 professional and literary, em- ployments; 8 were in trade, and 4 had no occupation. 210 were natives of New York ; 44 of Ireland ; 19 of-Eng, ; 16 of Ger- many ; 6 of Conn. ; 4 each of Canada, Scotland, France. Penn., Tt., and Mass.; 3 each of N. H. and Wales; 2 each of Maine and Switzerland; and 1 each of R. I., Ohio, 111., and Sweden. The principal causes were, so far as ascertained, ill health, 48; hereditary, 28; predisposed, 22; intemperance and vice, 20; re- ligious excitement, 19; excessive labor and anxiety, 17; vicious indulgences and domestic trouble, each 15 ; busineps perplexi- ties, 12; menstrual irregularities, 11; and puerperal fever, and excessive labor and exposure, each 10. 1 4 Bap., 3 M. E., 3 Prot. E., 3 K. C, 2 Presb., Evang., Ev. Luth., Jewish, Calv. Meth., Kof. Prot. D., Germ. Meth., Wes. Meth., 0. S. Bap., and Univ. 2 Fort Schuyler at this place was built in 1758, and named from Col. Peter, an uncle of Gen. Philip Schuyler. It was a stockaded work, and stood between Main and Mohawk Streets below Second Street. A blockhouse was built before the close of the Revolution on the site of the present depot. Among the early settlers were Uriah Alverson, Philip Morey, Francis Foster, Stephen Potter, Joseph Ballon, Jason Parker, John Cunningham, Jacob Chrestman, and Matthew Hnbbell, The first store a.nd inn were kept by John Post, in 1790, on the N. comer Of Genesee and Whitesboro' Streets. Post had been a dealer among the Indians, and purchased large quantities of ginseng. Some years after, he run 3 " stage boats" for passen- gers to Schenectady. In 1804, Parker & Stephens received a grant of the sole right of running a stage to Canandaigua twice every week between May and October. Mails were ex- tended fi'om Canajoharie to this place in 1793, the inhabitants along the route paying the expense. Bryan Johnson, in 1797, commenced purchasing produce for cash, and began a business that had been mostly monopolized by the Kanes of Canajoharie. The latter soon removed to Utica; and the spirited rivalry of these men, and others who soon joined in it, gave a wide repu- tation to the place as a market town. John C. Devereijx, Watts Shearman, John Bissell, and Daniel Thomas were also early merchants. Nathan Williams, Erastiis Clark, Francis A. Blood- good, and Joseph Kirkland w^ere early lawyers. 8 The population of the town and city of Utica has been as follows : — 1840 .12,782 1845 .12,190 1850 17.565 1855 22,169 1813 1,700 1820 2,972 1825 5,040 1830 8,323 1835 10,183 * The territory of this town was included in the original Oneida Reservation. Among the patents granted in town were Bleecker's South Patent, Bas Chard's Patent of 4,911 acres, Abraham "Van Eps and Rev. John Sargent's Patent. The prin- cipal Oneida village was called Kan-on-wall-o-hu-le. A small remnant of this once powerful nation of Indians still live in the 8.W. part of the town. & Named from the celebrated Oneida chief, and signiiying Hemlock, or stream of hemlocks. Alluding to this interpreta- tion of his name, this chief once made this striking remark: — "I am an aged hemlock. An hundred winters have whistled through my branches. I am dead at the top!" ONEIDA COUNTY. 477 SSisTvts'wr ir ft'^^^^^^^^^ "^^ '--' ^^*^"^ -- -^^ - 1^9^97. The fi.t JuefrTe'^'r 'Z"^ ?»- Westmoreland, Feb. 17, 1802. It lies on the w. border of the I Oneida Laklandr w "' ^^ generally level, slightly rolling in the K, and marshy in the lall treams tn th^ t ' T. '''' ^^ '""'''^^'^' ''"'^ ^'""^ ^reek^ the N. boundary. Several "a i'ertn;^^^^^^^^^^ ^^ft, ^^« -"/' ^^-P. -'^. alluvial loL. There and 30 houses. DurhamviUe t. ^7 .^''^f *>• '"^ T"'"'"' ' ''•'"^■''''^^' " ^^"'^^^y' churche. a H«« f«.7. ^ V ' ^^ '^ °'' *^ "^^ ^°'"^«'"' Pa'-'ly i" Madison co., contains 2 churches, a glass factory, foundery, tannery, and 1,034 inhabitants. Verona Depot, (p ) doa rn V V^ l^>; ^^ r'"' ' ^*^ "^••»«»on, (p. V.,) in the n. part, 30 houses ; Sconon- aoa, (p^.,) in the s. part, on the line of Vernon, 20 houses; Terona Mills (p. v.) 20 IZTlT"*"" ". ?''? ''"'''"'' ^'^'^ 2° ^o'^^^^^ -d ^t'^*'*^^ B'^^in 10 houses. ™r T^"' ""^'^''''f, V^ 1792, by Geo. A. Smith- Rev. Joseph Avery preached the first sermon. There are now 10 churches in tawn.^ .< J'*^f.^f Tfi'fon?"^ ^J""" ?^'^^^''' "^P^l ^' 1807' a^ " <'™«^«-" It« °ame was changed to JoT^^k r^ ^ ^^°^' ^""l *° ^^"°°^' ^P"l 12, 1816. A part of AnnsviUe was taken off in i«id. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface, rising from Oneida Lake on the s. border to an elevation of about 100 ft., spreads out into a rolling plateau. The n w part IS hilly. Wood Creek and Oneida Lake form the s. boundary. Fish Creek forms most of the e boundary, and unites with AVood Creek before it enters Oneida Lake. The w. branch of Fish Creek forms a part of the n. boundary. The soil is a light, sandy loam, underlaid by clay: in the s. w., along Fish Creek, it is alluvium. Good building stone is quarried in the e. part, and large quantities of bog ore have been raised from the marshes near the lake. Vienna, (p. v.,) in the e. part, contains a church and 110 inhabitants. JVortb Bay, (p. v.,) in the s. part, near the lake, contains 2 churches, 3 sawmills, a shingle mill, and 25 houses. McConnellsvIlle, (p. v..) in the N. part, on the line of Anpsville, contains 20 houses ; Elpis, a church and 8 houses. Fish Creek L,anding contains 20 houses ; West Vienna, (p. v.,) on the lake, 20 houses. Pine is a hamlet, in the e. part. The first settlement was commenced near the close of the last century.* There are now 6 churches in town'. TVESTERIV— was formed from Steuben, March 10, 1797. Lee was taken off in 1811. It lies in the interior, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by numerous gul- leys worn in the slate by the streams. The e. and w. branches of the Mohawk meet near the center and flow s. and s. w. into Eome. The soil in the valleys is alluvium. Stone quarries are worked which have furnished large quantities of stone for the Black River Canal. 'Western- vHIe (p. V.) contains a church, a tannery, and 287 inhabitants. IVortb Western (p. v.) oon- 1 The first settler was Josiah Bushnell, Id 1794. Upon the relinquishment of the Indian title in 1797, a large number of fiimiKea irom Mass. and Conn, came in; and within 2 years every iarm in town was taken up. Among the early settlers were families named Hills, Bronson, Wetmore, Holmes, Stone, Gridley, Smith, Bissell, Foot, Goodwin, Frisbie, De Votie, Austin, Stannard, Griswold, Alvord, Thrall, Wilcox, Church, Spencer, Carter, Marshall, Tuttle, Bush, McKwen, Wilcoxson, and Web- ber, on Baa Chard's location, around Vernon Center; Rev. John Sargent, and families named Codner, Marvin, and McEwen, on Sargent's Patent; Skinner, Lawrence, Shedd, Gratton, Deland, Spaulding, Grant, Kellogg, Tryon, Carter, Moore, Simons, Doane, May, Mafaan, Page, Ingraham, Crocker, Graves, Soper, Norton, Dix, Vaughan, Wright, Cody, Kelsey, Raymond, Ailing, Hasel- tine. Carpenter, Hungerford, Bnrley, and Darling, on the "Re- servation ;" Griffin, Webstsr, Stone, Hotchkiss, Warren, Youngs, Willard, Langdon, and Neller, in the 8. w. part; Brockway, Upharn, Cole, Davis, Blount, Brookins, Day, Frink, Neys, Camp- bell, Huntington, and Cook, in the h. ; and Van Eps, Hubbell, Warner, Pierson, Patten, and Boot on the Van Eps Patent. The first death was that of a daughter of Josiah Bnshnell, in 1795. Sessions taught the first school, in 1798; A. Van Eps kept the first store, in 1798; and Asahel Gridley built the first grist- mill. ' There are now S churches in town; 3 Presb., 2 M. B., Bap., Cong., and Unita. . ,.t. , ' A royal blockhouse was built at the mouth of this creek about 1722. It was about 8 rods square, on a slight elevation, and suiTounded by a ditch. , « ,. j * A hotel and water-cure has been erected for the accommoda- with sulphuretted hydrogen gas, and yielded to Prof. Noyes's analysis the following ingredients to the gallon : — - Muriate of soda .720 gr. Lime, with a little magnesia 68 " Sulphate of lime - 60 " The water resemblps in many respects that of the Harrowgate Springs in England. 6 Smith was 8 days working his way through snow, swamps, and thickets from Westmoreland. Among the early pettlers were Asahel Jackson, in 1796, near the blockhouse; La Whitten de Wardenou, at Gale Orchard, on Wood Creek, in 1796 or '97. Among the early settlers in the s. part in 1798 were Brooks, Langdon, Avery, Eames, Bosworth, Pomeroy, Day, Ellis, Fisher, Phelps, Benedict, Loomis. Warren, Tilden, Todd, Skinner, Bil- llngton, Wheelan, Robbins, Clark, Bishop, and Brown. The first birth was that of Eva Smith, in 1795 ; and the first death was that of a child of Wardenou, in 1797, who was buried in its cradle for want of a cofBn. — Jones's Oneida Cb., p. 671. Asahel Jackson kept the first inn. in 1796. The first saw and grist mills were built for the Indians. 6 3 M. E., 2 S. D. Bap., Presb., Bap., Friends, Union, and R. C. T Gen. A. Hamilton, John Lawrence, and John B. Church, under proceedings in cbancery, became owners of this town. 8 Timothy Halsted, Fisher, Jarvis, Peter Gibbons, Isaac Babcock, Alex, and Jonathan Graves, Eliakim Stoddard, Allen Nichols, and David Stone were early settlers. The first birth was that of Polly P.lakesley, in 1803 ; and the first death, that of Alex. Graves, by an accident in a sawmill, in 1801. Lyman Mathers taught the first school ; Wm. Smith kept the fir.st inn, in 1801. Ambrose Jones built the first sawmill, in tion o?TJi^rs and pa«entr The watlr" is" nearly saturated | l^OV^.l.'S^ro^S. X^bII''^*""'' ■'™* ''"*• 478 ONEIDA COUNTY. tains a church and 15 houses. Hillside (p. o.) contains 8 houses. Big BrooU (p. o.) is a hamlet, near the e. line. »eUa (p. v.) is in the s,w. corner, mostly in the town of Lee. The first settlement commenced in. 1789, by Asa Beckwith and his sons Asa, Reuben, Wolcott, and Lemuel, and Henry Wager.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1798 ; Rev. Stephen Parsons preached occasionally. There are now 6 ohurches-in town.^ "WESTMOREl-AIVO— was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792.. A part of Whites- town was annexed March 15, 1798. Verona and part of Vernon were taken off in 1802. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the oo. Its surface is a rolUng upland, with a mean elevar tion of 150 to 250 ft. above the Mohawk. The streams are mostly small brooks. Iron ore has been obtained in large quantities for the Westmoreland, Lenox, Onondaga, and Paris furnaces. Several quarries of fine building stone have been wrought ; and from some of; these grindstones were for- merly manufactured. The soil is principally a gravelly and clayey loam, adapted to grain raising and pasturage. Kampton, (Westmoreland p.o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains 3 churches, several manufactories,^ and 400 inhabitants. I-OWeU, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, con- tains a church and 25 houses. Hecla ^IVorfes, (p. v.,) s. w. of the center, contains a large fur- nace* and 16 houses. I-airdsviUe/ (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains a church and 15 houses. Spencer Settlement^ on the n, line, and Ejureiia, 2 mi. s., each contains about 15 houses. The first settlement was made by James Dean, upon a patent granted to him under an act of May 5, 1786.6 The first church (Cong.) was formed Sept. 20, 1792."^ "WHITESTOWIV^ — ^was formed March 7, 1788, and originally included an indefinite amount of territory extending westward, at the present time forming several counties. Steuben, Mexico, Paris, and Westmoreland were taken off in 1792; Augusta in 1798; TJtica in 1817; and. New; Hartford in 1827. It lies upon the s. bank of the Mohawk, a little s. b. of the center of the co. A broad, flat intervale extends along the Mohawk ; and from it the surface rises in gentle slopes about 100 ft. and from the summits spreads out into a rolling upland. Oriskany Creek^ flows N.E. through near the center, and Sauquoit Creek through the e. part. The soil is mostly a fine quality of gravelly loam and alluvium, well adapted to grain raising. Wliitesboro',^'' (Whitestown p. o.,) in the Mohawk Valley, in the s. e. part of the town, was incorp. March 26, 1813. It contains 4 churches, the Whitestown Seminary, a bank, and several small manufactories. It is a canal and r. r. station. Pop. 953. Orisfeanyy ( p. v.,) near the mouth of Oriskany Creek, is a canal village and r. r. station. It contains 5 churches and several extensive manufactories.^* Pop. 711. YorRville and Bfew 'ff'orK Mills, in the s. part, are manufacturing villages, upon Sauquoit Creek, the former containing about 50 houses and the latter 3 churches and 60 houses.^^ "Walesville, (p-o-O Colenians Mills, and I*leasant Valley are hamlets or thickly settled farming neighborhoods. The first settlement was made by Judge^ Hugh White and his 5 sons, Daniel C, Joseph, Hugh, jr., Ansel, and Philo, in May, 1784." This was the first settlement in the co,, and becamfe the nucleus of civilization for Central N. Y. The first church (Presb.) was formed Aug. 20, 1794 ; the first settled pastor was Rev. Bethuel Dodd.^* 1 These eettlera, with one exception, continued to reside on their first locations until their deaths. Gen. Wm. Floyd, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence, settled here in 1803, and continued a resident until his death in 1821, The leasehold tenure long retarded settlement, and ia still a source of dissatisfaction. 2 3 M. E., Calv. Meth., Presb., and Friends. 3 The Malleable Iron Works of Smith, Parker, Hallack & Co., at this place, employ 40 hands, and have a capital of S20,000. Buell's Hardware Manufactory has a capital of §30,000, and gives employment to 50 hands. 4 These works, engaged in the manufacture of shelf hardware, have a capital of $40,000, and employ 40 hands, A blast furnace established here near the commencement of the century was run 30 years. ^ Named from Samuel Laird, an early settler. '^ This patent names Dean's Creek as Kanaghtarageara, and a small branch of Oriskany Creek, Kan-you-stot-ta, Among the other early settlers were Jonathan Dean, Silas Phelps, Jfiphraim Blackmer, Nehemiah Jones, Joseph Jones, Joseph Blacknier,jr., and Samuel Laird,— all of whom located on Dean's Patent. In 1789, settlements spread rapidly, and John and Nathaniel Town- send, Benjamin Blackmer, John Vaughan, Josiah Stillman, Nathan Loomis, Joshua 0reen, Joseph Blackmer. sen., Amos Smith, John Morse, Daniel Seely, Elijah Smith, Samuel Starf, Alexander Parkman, and Stephen Brigham located in town, Mr. Dean was an Indian trader, acquired the language of the natives, and exercised much influence over them. He received this grant through a stipulation made by the Indians as a reward for services rendered to their nation. Although greatly attached to him, these savages upon one occasion came near taking his life to atone for the death of one of theii- number who was accidentally killed by a Dntchman on the Mohawk. He died Sept. 10, 1823, aged 76 years.— Jowes's Oneida, p. 749. A MSS. account of Indian mythology, wiitten by him, is in the State Library. ' The census reports 6 churches in town; 3 M. B., Bap., 0. S. Bap., and Friends. 8 Named fi-om Hugh White, the pioneer settler. ^ Signifying "river of nettles." 10 The first courthouse of Herkimer co. was erected here in 1793. A clerk's office of the Supreme Court of the State was established at this place April 4, 1807. 11 Oriskany Hanufacturiog Co., incorp. Feb. 16, 1811, for the manufacture of woolen cloths, was the oldest co. of the kind in the State. It had 8 sets of machinery, and employed 130 hands. The Dexter Manufacturing Co. has 12 sets of machinery, aiul employed 130 hands. These factories are not now in operation. 12 The New York Mills, an extensive manufactory of cottonj has branches at Yorkville, New York Mills, and Upper New York Mills, — the last named in New Hartford. It fias a capital of S200,000. 13 Among tlie other early settlers were Amos Wetmore, Jonaa Piatt, Geo. Doolittle, Thomas R. Gold, Reuben Wilcox, Arthur Breese, Enoch Story, Elizur Moseley, Caleb Douglass, Wm. G. Tracy, Gerret Y. Lansing, and Henry R. Storrs. The first child born was Esther White; and the first death, that of Mrs. BlackSley, woon after the first settlement. The first gristmill ia the town and co. was built in 1788, by Judge White, Amos Wet- more, and John Beardsley. 1* There are now 13 churchps in town; 3 Presb., 3 M, £;, 2 Bap., 2 Prot. E., Cong., Calv. Meth., and Union. ONEIDA COUNTY. 479 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Li Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oneida County. Nauis o; Iovks. AnDsviile Augusta... Ava Boonville Bridge water.... Camden Deerfield Florence Floyd Kirkland Lee Marcy Marshall New Hartford.. Paris Remsen Borne Sangerfield Steuben. Trenton Utioa Yemon Verona Vienna Western Westmoreland. "Whitestown.... Total AcRBs OF Land. 14,188i 14,247i 9,192 18,290} ll,675i 13,421J 16,990 13,131 ■15,716i 16,303i 18,069 16,161 16,374 15,36&} 16,769 14,066J 22,942 14.810i 17,S84i 21,800A 2,323 19,564J 26,3251 13,596 21,762i 22,426* 14,636i 18,843 3,321J 13,296 21,810J 3,105J 17.683 4,516 17,145 6,889 3,706 9,957 3,366 3,621J 2,630J 3,609i 67,687 19,326i 3,803 8,041 i 6,843i 292 4,282i 15,341i 22,139 9,292i 4,242J 2,813} 436,800} 286.694J Valuation of 1858. 1256,260 316,190 96,262 412,896 231,240 294,849 298,999 137,988 263,760 588,760 287,430 279,410 347,166 654,030 646,729 217,085 1,795,690 332,510 168,103 348,160 3,126,920 676,410 193,360 278,900 278,900 422,500 729,650 0,0, $6,950 63,200 4,800 12,400 31,370 9,300 4,300 2,660 22,615 104,700 28,660 8,400 28,750 34,900 81,460 13,400 620,931 180,550 5,180 66,760 1,347,511 24,170 17,700 27,952 27,962 33,000 231.218 $263,210 1,380 368,390 1,183 101,062 670 425,295 2,355 262,610 615 304,149 1,431 303,299 1,149 140,635 1,451 276,375 725 693,460 1,866 315,980 1,633 287,810 916 876,916 1,005 688,930 2,132 628,179 1,826 230,485 1,423 2,416,621 6,449 613,060 1,216 163,283 827 404,920 2,078 4,474,431 10,648 699,680 1,524 211,050 3,712 306,862 1,686 306,862 1,286 466,600 .1,615 960,868 2,289 415 378 207 660 191 622 292 417 195 622 481 281 325 418 481 366 848 340 246 627 2,173 329 882 463 326 503 340 13,568.133 3,020,669 16 678,792 53,977 53,772 17.782 21,176 13,016 1,336 1,200 672 2,069 688 1,469 1,108 1,361 718 1,944 1,487 861 1,052 2,386 1,870 1,261 6,271 1,208 766 1,909 11,621 1,481 3,211 1,663 1,260 1,664 2,649 "6- J_ 469 428 219 748 246 564 387 490 273 636 665 342 391 707 679 478 1,660 449 299 626 3,193 538 1,205 623 462 389 727 621 480 229 823 267 606 421 539 286 728 595 355 431 827 768 606 2,032 491 307 734 4,339 619 1,360 662 490 675 1,106 Schools. 1,172 983 601 1,660 485 1,159 769 1,204 619 1,258 1,190 682 635 1,636 '1,261 1,028 3,531 927 530 1,183 8,000 1.090 2.327 1.363 1,027 1,166 1,649 Nakis of Towns. AnDBTille Augusta ATa Boonville Bridgewater..... Camden Deerfield Florence Floyd Kirkland Lee Marcy Marshall New Hartford... Paris Remsen Rome Sangerfield Steuben Trenton rtica Vernon Verona. Vienna Western. Westmoreland.. Whitestown Total 537 628 287 607 459 620 606 751 686 636 746 746 464 1,090 627 626 778 493 835 1,051 678 774 852 791 17,398 1,473 1,060 642 1,064 809 1,160 866 749 872 1,131 1,287 994 1,652 935 1,129 ( 1.; 1,008 1,020 1,246 106 1,218 2,482 1,403 1,: 1,628 958 1,266 1,061 1,217 2,612 1,131 1,106 2,378 1,006 2,082 1,256 2,216 1,889 1,280 1,471 1,734 1,786 2,626 876 2,764 3,163 497 2,051 2,663 1,100 2,989 2.411 1,296 30,038 47,794 oi 1,360 2,178 922 800 2,039 1,878 874 807 1,641 2,041 2,165 2,068 1,903 1,352 2,219 862 2,353 5,974 1,267 1,148 84 1,910 3,094 2,263 2,647 3,636 1.386 1,076 1,867 470 1,059 863 881 1,258 810 1,086 985 1,095 1,134 768 1,261 1,129 716 2, 722 981 1,210 831 1,164 2,091 1,161 1,366 1,659 1,339 60,841 31,228 AGRlOaLTUBAL PRODUCTS. Bush, of Grain. s ^ 1,537 2,3374 92 323 727 1,470 606 1,919 1.508 1,754} 3,168 1,716 3,466} 786 1,281} 986j 9,008 887 30 466 2,684 1,609 2,082 3,047 623 624 44,660} 1962,869} 124,933} 73,370} 74,592 28,946 69,051} 58,789 39.484} 82,205 36,940} 73,807} 91,642 87,066 70,814 98.374 66,768 106.944} 37,538 133,412 66,894 38,774} 86,566} 10,347 104,170} 127,368} 61,267} 85,288 103,397} 69,051} 3,709 2,401 3,616 6,585} 3,640 8,233 4,199 4,001 4,428 3,991 6,581} 4.282} 3,869} 4,088 4,300 4,168} 6.496 4,006 6,116} 7,463 1,166 4,197 8,931 8,229 6,995} 6,792} 4,707} it IS 20,004. 11,349 18.182 32,062 16,844 16,600 30,211 15.982 19,888 26,820 21,676 38,846 20,380 27,076 34,186 22,022 43,757 19,681 17,789 28,176 6,716 17,561 31,306 16,876 23,781 28.336 27,606 824,648 634,262 8,841 38,135 1,942 3,776 22,150 23,608 17,330 11,770 18,201 49.296 22,812 19,356 87,309 62,328 39,342 1,466 22,634 22,636 11,067 28,819 1,242 28,069 87,962 19,440 22,718 46,696 26,244 Daibt Pboducts. ft, tt] 196,966 107,980 81,020 223,625 66,706 108,646 120,170 124,560 120,310 131,868 205,859 160,319 103,260 109,263 148,776 184,969 174,296 71,609 260,800 167,058 7,712 136,465 244,277 82,716 263,090 225,012 96,558 • I'&i I e 3,585 34,880 110,200 6,300 146,670 15,926 482,900 53,350 186,400 37,608 112,687 24,907 31,372 67,425 150,156 116,000 127,629 16,080 131,473 639,629 400 367,376 176,666 25,210 247,900 99,474 11,765 3,912,176 3,311,114 ■^1 1,996} 808 1,124 973}' 249' 1,694 1,319 46 1,135 418 2,216 742 657 1,273 660 1,250 1,141 386 2,427 869 636 1,652} 2,005} 1,736} 432 316 27,989}.. ORANGE COUNTY. This county was formed Nov. 1, 1683. Rockland was taken off in 1798, and a portion was annexed from Ulster the same year. It lies upon the w. bank eSf the Hudson, s. E. of the center of the State. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is mountainous upon the s. E. and N. w. borders, and a \ rolling upland through the center. The Matteawan or South Mts. (extend in several parallel ranges from the N.J. line n. e. to the Hudson, ending in the rocky and precipitous bluffs known as "The Highlands." The highest summits attain an elevation of 1,000 to 1,500 ft. above tide. The ranges and peaks of these mountains are known by several distinct names.' The whole region included between these ranges consists of steep and precipitous rocky peaks and narrow winding ravines, a small portion only being susceptible of cultivation. The Shawan- gunk -Mt. Range extends from Delaware River n. e. through the n. W. corner of the co. It is a high, unbroken range, precipitous upon the w., but with more gradaal slopes upon the E. The highest summits are 1,500 to 1,900 ft. above tide. The extreme N. w. corner of the co. is occupied by the series of highlands extending from the Delaware into Sullivan co. The central portion of the CO., lying between the two mountain systems, is a rolling upland, broken in many places by abrupt and isolated hills and the deep valleys of streams. This whole region, comprising more than one-half of the entire surface of the CO., is susceptible of cultivation, and forms a fine agricul- tural district. Along the s. w. border, extending through several towns and into N. J., is a low, flat region, lying upon the streams, and known as the "Drowned Lands." This tract, consisting of about 17,000 acres, was originally covered with water and a dense growth of cedars ; but a large portion of it has been drained, and reclaimed ; and it now forms one of the finest agricultural portions of the co. Neversink River flows s. along the w. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. and forms a tributary of the Delaware. Shawangunk River flows N. along the B. foot of the same mountains and forms a tributary of the Hudson. Wall Kil flows N. through near the center of the co. and unites with the Shawangunk in Ulster co. Murderers Kil,' and its principal tributary, Otter Creek, flow e. through near the center of the co. and discharge their waters into the Hudson. Wawayanda Creek flows s. into N. J. and forms a tributary of Passaic River. Ramapo River takes its rise in the s. part of the co. and flows s. into Rockland. Among the mountains in the s. are several small lakes, the principal of which are Greenwood Lake and Thompsons and Mambasha Ponds. The rocks of the southern highlands are principally granite, gneiss, and sienite, with occasional injected veins of trap. The rooks which compose the Shawangunk Mts. are the shales and sandstones of the Chemung group. The central portions of the co. are occupied by parallel strata of the Hamilton shales, Helderbergh limestones and grit, Medina sandstone, and the gray sand- stones, all extending n. e. and s. w., respectively, from the E. foot of the Shawangunk Mts. An abundance of iron, consisting of magnetic ores and red and brown hematite, is found among the southern mountains; and several veins have been extensively worked.' The soil is as various as the surface. Among the primitive mountains it is light, sandy, and unproductive. In the N. w. part it is a tough clay, generally underlaid by hardpan. Through the center it is a clay, sandy, and gravelly loam upon the hills, and a fine quality of gravelly loam and alluvium in the valleys, — all very productive. The Drowned Lands are covered with alluvium and vegetable mold, and are among the most fertile lands in the State. The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuit of the people. The most important interest is the sending of milk to the N. Y. market. Butter, spring grains, and fruits are also largely produced. Market gardening is a large and increasing source of public wealth. The manufacturing interests of the co. are considerable, though they are mostly confined to a few places. The manufacture of iron has formed an exten- 1 Amons the principal ridges are the Warwick, Bellvale, Rough, and Sterling Ranges, near the s. border of the CO., and the Schunemunk Kange, between the towns of Monroe and Blooming Grove. s Named from the murder of a family of whites who lived upon its bank.s, by the Indians, in early times. 480 8 The skeletons of several mastodons have been found in this CO., — mostly in Montgomery and vicinity. One of these was ex- hibited laany years in Peale's Museum, Philadelphia. One found in 1844 by Nathaniel Brewster, 20 ft. below the surface, was 33 ft. long. The whole number of bones was 220, and the aggregate weight nearly 1,995 pounds. ORANGE COUNTY. 4S1 8ive business from an early period until within a few years ; but at the present time only two fur- naces are in operation in the co. The proximity to New York renders the lands of the co. ex- ceedingly valuable ; and, with proper care, almost any crop adapted to the climate can be success- tuUy and profitably cultivated. Considerable commerce is carried on by means of the Hudson, the principal export being lumber brought from the West upon the r. r. and trans-shipped at New- burgh. The county is a half-shire, the courts being held Respectively at Goshen and Newburgh.^ The courthouse at Goshen is a brick building, situated upon a fine lot in the e. part of the village. The jail is a stone building, in rear of the courthouse. The co. clerk's office is a fireproof brick build- ing, upon the street opposite the courthouse, The courthouse at Newburgh is located upon the high land in the w. part of the village. It is a fine brick building, fronting s. upon Second St. The jail at Newburgh is connected with the police establishment of the village. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 267 acres in Warwick, 3J miles s. w. of Goshen. The average number of inmates is 200, supported at a weekly cost of |1.04 each. The building is of stone, and has accommodations for 300. A school is taught during the entire year. The accommodations are reported by the Senate Committee of 1857 as good, and the general management of the institution as much above the average. The income from the farm is about |2,000. The N. Y. & Erie R. R. extends through Monroe, Blooming Grove, Chester, Goshen, Wawayanda, Walkill, Mount Hope, aad Deerpark. The Newburgh branch of this road extends s. w. from Newburgh, through New Windsor and Blooming Grove, to Chester.^ The Delaware & Hudson Canal extends from the Delaware River n. along the valley of the Neversink, through Deerpark.^ In the central part of the CO. a wide ditch has been dug, for the purpose of draining the Drowned Lands, which has been of immense value to the county. Thirteen newspapers — 1 daily, 9 weekly, 2 semi-monthly, and 1 monthly — are published in this CO.* 1 The first courts were held at Tappantown, in the present town of Orangetown, Rockland co., March 8, 1702. Courts were first held at Goshen in 1727. The first co. officers under State authority were John K&rin g^ First Jiidge ; Thos. Moffat, Cb. Clerk ; Isaac NicoU, Sheriff; and James Everett, Surrogate. Jesse Woodhull was appointed sheriff May 8, 1777, a few months previous to Nicoll, but was not commissioned. A courthouse was built at Goshen in 1773, by James Webster, a Scotch High- lander, who served under Wolfe at the battle before Quebec in 1759. This building was afterward converted into a jail, and a portion of it is now used as a public house. 2 The immense quantities of lumber brought from the pine forests of Allegany, Cattaraugu's, and Steuhen, over the N. Y, & E.R.R., are principally carried to Newburgh and trans shipped. Milk trains run daily upon this road for the purpose of carrying the immense quantities of milk produced here to the N. Y. mar- ket. The milk business is the most important of all the local busines.'; of the e. r. 8 This ciuil extends through the valley lying at the w, foot of the Sliawanguuk Mta. to Port Jervis, and thence up the valley of the Delaware to the w. bounds of the co. * The Qnshen Repository, the first paper published in Orar^ge CO., was commenced at Goshen in 1788 by David Mande- ville. A few vears after, it wns issned by Mandeville & Westcott; and in IsuO It wns sold to G. Hurton and Gahriel Denton, who changed the name to The Oranfje Omnty Patriot. In IMl or '02 it passed into the hands of Wm. A. Carpent'^r. who changed it to The Fri-'inl of Truft. In 1804 Ward M. Gazeley became pro- prietor, and chanjied its name to The Oranqp. Eagle; an^l soon after the office was burned and the paper discontinued. The Newburgh Pacl-et was started at Newburgh in 1795 by Lucius Carey, and was continued a few years. The Mirror was comm'^nced at Newburgh Sept 22, 1796, by Philip Van II-Tne. Tn 18n3 it was merged in The Recnrd^-r of the Times, pnblish-d by Dennis Coles. In 1806 Ward M. Gazdey became proprietor, and the name was changed to . , , i. The Political Indfx. In 1829 Charles M. Cushman became pub- lisher, and the nam*- wis changed to The Orange Telegraph. Within a few years it was changed ajrain to t • j The Newtonrgli Telegraphi, and has since been issuert respectively by H. H. Van Dyck, JClias Pitts, and h. M. Kuttenber, until 18-'.7, wht-n it paa.'-ed into the hands of Joseph Lawson. by whom it is now published. The New Windsor Gazette was commenced at New Windsor in 1797 by Jacob Schnltz Tn 1799 it was removed to Newburgh, and its name wa'^ changed *» „ . , ^ The Oravf/e Omnty GazrJt<: Jolin W. Barber and I>avid Den- niiton afterward became interested in its publication. About 1803 it was changed to The Citizen, and soon after it was merged in The Rights of Man, which was commenced at Newburgh in 1799 by Elias Winfield, and was continued until 1809 or 10. The Orange County Gazette was commenced at Goshen in 1805 by John G. Hurton and Gabriel Denton. It was suc- cessively issued by Gabriel Denton, Elliott Hopkins, F. T. & A. 0. Houghton, until 1813, when Luther Pratt became the proprietor, and changed it to the Independent Republican, and removed it to Mont- gomery, where it was published some years. It after- ward passed into the hands of James A. Cheever, who removed it back to Goshen. In 1831 H. H. Van Dyck became proprietor. It was subsequently issued by V. M. Drake, Moses Sweezey, Clark and Montauye, James MciSally. and Montanye & Green. It is now published by J. V. Montanye & Co. The Orange County Republican was published at Wards Bridge iu 1806. The Oravge County Patriot and Spirit of '76 was commenced at Goshen in 1808 by Gabriel Denton. In J818 it waa changed to Tfie Orange Omnty Patriot, and was issued by Timothy B. Crowell. R. C. S. Hendries alterward became proprie- tor, and continued it until 1832, when it came into the hands of P. T. Parsons, who changed it to The Goshen Democrat. It was soon after published by Mead A Webb; and in 1845 it was united with the True Whig, • as The Goshen Democrat and Wliig. Tn a few years the name Whig, was dropped, and the paper again appeared as Tlie Goslien I>emocrat; under which title it is now publiwhed by Charles Mead. The Iffe-wbnrgli Gazette was commenced in 1822 by J. h. Spaulding. It was successively issued by Spauld- ing & Parmenter, Spaulding & Risevels, Risevela & Leslie, Wallace & Street, S. T. Callahan, and Wm. L. Allison, until 1856, when it passed into the hands of E. W. Gray, its present publisher. The Evangelical Witness, mo., waa published a short time at Newburgh in 1824 by Rev. Jas. R. Wilson. The Orange County Farmer was commenced in 1826 at Goshen by Samuel Williams. It afterward passed into the hands of Luther Pratt, who removed it to Montgomery, where it was continued but a short time. The Beacon was published a short time at Newburgh in 1828 by Beebe. Journal of the American Association, mo., was published at West Point in 1830. It was the organ of an associar tion of cadets for the promotion of science, literature, and the arts. The Orange Herald was published at Slate Hill, in Wawayanda, by John G. Wallace in 1831. The Republican Banner.'wafi commenced at Walden, in Mont- gomery, in June,1831, and was continued several yeai-s. 482 ORANGE COUNTY. The first settlements in the co. are supposed to have been made by the Dutch, soon after the first occupation of Manhattan Island. Traces of an early occupation were found upon the first advent of the progenitors of the present race, among which was a road known as the "Old Mine Road," extending from the s. line of the co. along the valley of the Shawangunk to Esopus, on the Hud- son. These settlements were broken up ; and no record is left of them. The next race of settlers came in about the commencement of the 18th century and located in various parts of the co. They were Dutch, French Huguenots, and English, nearly all seeking liberty in the wilderness. The first patent issued was the Minisink Patent, in 1697, embracing the greater part of the co. lying upon the Shawangunk Mts., and a considerable portion of Sullivan co. The remaining portions of the co. were embraced in Chesecock's Patent,^ issued in 1702, embracing the s. e. part ; the Wawayanda PatGnt,^ issued in 1703, embracing the w. and n. parts ; and the John Evans Patent,^ the precise date of which is not known. The boundaries of these various patents were so vague that it was found impossible to locate them without conflicting with others ; and serious difficulties arose between the different claimants.* The policy of granting large patents was soon abandoned, and the remaining parts of the co. were patented in small tracts to actual settlers, from about 1718 to 1750. The settlements pro- gressed but slowly, in consequence of the fear of Indian hostilities. During the French War of 1755 the frontier settlements were often attacked by small parties of hostile Indians and the de- fenseless inhabitants were murdered and carried into captivity. The principal weight of these attacks fell upon the settlements in the Neversink Valley. During the Revolution the frontiers were again constantly in a state of alarm. In July, 1779, Brant, at the head of a large Indian force, laid waste the whole Minisink settlement ; and on his retreat the disastrous battle of Mini- sink was fought, in which nearly the whole force of the Americans was destroyed.^ The eastern part of the co. was also the scene of stirring military events. The importance of the passes through the Highlands was early appreciated by "Washington, and strong fortifications were thrown up at various points to protect them. Fort Montgomery was erected on the river, at the s. /■■^ine of the co., and Fort Clinton on the opposite side of a small creek in Rockland co. Several The Slg^ns of tlie Times, semi-mo., was commenced at Wew Vernon, in Mount Hope, in 1832, by Gilbert Beebe. In 1847 it wat? removed to Middletown, wbere it is now published by G. J. Beebe. The Tablets of Rural Ecrmomy was published at Newburgh in 1832 by J. W. Kisevela. The Sentinel was published at Minisink, now Wawayanda, in 1833, by Peter K. Allen. T7ie Newhurgh Journal was commenced in 1833 by J. D. Spaulding. Its name was afterward changed to THe Hig]iLlaii.d Courier. It was issued in 1855 by Wm. E. Laidey, and in 1858 passed into the hands of Edward Mixen, the present publisher. The Reformed Presbyterian was commenced at Newburgh in 1836 by Rev. Moses Roney. In a short time it was re- moved to Pittsburgh, Penn. ■ The Ihmily Visitor was published a short time at Newburgh in 1839 by D. L. Proudfit. Tfte Middletown Qjurier was started in April, 1840, by A. A. Bensel, In 1846 it was removed to Kingston and changed to the Ulster Detiiocrat. The True Whig was started at Goshen Aug. 5, 1842, by R. 0. S. Hendries. In 1845 it was merged in the Goshen Democrat. The Vemoa-atic Standard was commenced at Goshen in the fall of 1843 by Vait A Donovan. In 1844 it was changed to The Goshen Cton'on, and it was continued until 1849. J/ie Christian Instructor was started at Newburgh in 1845 by D. L. Proudfit, and in a short time it was removed to Philadelphia. Tim Orange County News was started at Goshen in July, 1846, by John L. Brown, and was discontinued in 1849. Tlie Banner of Ijlberty was commenced at Middletown in Aug. 1848, by Gilbert A. Beebe, as a monthly. In 1849 it was issued semi-monthly ; and it is now published as a weekly. Freedom's Guard was published at Middletown in Aug. 1849, by W.L. Beebe. ° » J The Newburgh Excelsior was sjarted in 1849 by Thomas George. In 1851 it was purchased by E. M. Rtrttenber and merged in the Newburgh Telegraph. Tri States Union was commenced at Port Jervis, Nov. 7, 1851, by John J. Minford. In 1854 L. F. Barnes be- came proprietor; and in 1855 it passed into the hands ™, ,:r. °^ J™68 H. Norton, by whom it is stUl published. TIte Mirror of Temperance was started at Port Jervis in 1851 by J. L. Barlow. In 1852 John Dow assumed the pub- lication, and continued it until 1865. The "Whig Press was commenced at Middletown, Nov. 26, 1851, by John W. Hasbrouck, bv whom it is still pub- lished. The Separate American^ a quarterly publication printed for the colored people of the Separate American Methodist Church, was commenced at Middletown in 1852 or '53, Rev. David James, editor. It was discontinued in 1856. The Sentinel was commenced at Port Jervis in Jan. 1855, by John Williams. In June of the same year it was re- moved to Susquehanna, Penn. The Literary Scrap Book, mo., was published at Newburgh in 1855 by R. Denton. The Hard-vrare Man's Newspaper, mo., was com- menced Aug. 1855, at Middletown, by John Williams, by whom it is still published. It is issued from the oflQce of the Whig Press. T?ie Newburgh American was commenced at Newburgh in 1855 by R. P. L. Shafer & C!o., and was continued a short time. The ]Veivburgh Times was commenced at Newbm'gh in 1856 by R. B. Hancock. It soon passed into the hands of R. H. Bloomer, its present publisher. The Dally Ne-ws was commenced at Newburgh in 1856 by E. W.Gray. It was subsequently discontinued, and i^ publication resumed in 1857 by E. M. Ruttenber & E. W. Gray. It is now published by E. W. Gray & Joseph Lawson. T7ie Catholic Literary Magazine was published at Newburgh in 1856. The Sybil, semi-mo., was commenced at Middletown in July, 1856, by Mrs. Dr. Lydia Sayer Hasbrouck. It is issued from the office of the Whig Press. 1 Chesecocl-s.—MBXcii 25, 1797, to Anna Bridges and 6 others, a tract of upland and meadow called Chesecocks, bounded n. by Capt. J. Evans and Dr. Bridges & Co., w. by Bridges & Co. and w. side of Highlands, s. by patent Daniel Honan and Michael Handon, and e. by the Christian patented lands of Haverstraw and Hudson R. (Act March 17, 1783.) 2 TTawayayida.— Queen Anne, on 29th of April, 1703, granted to Dr. John Bridges and 11 others certain tracts known as Wawayanda and other tracts, bounded E. by the High Hills of the Highlands and patent of Capt. John Evans, n. by line of 0. and U. COS., and w. by Minisink Hills, and s. by N. J. (Act March 17,1783.) ^ " This patent was aflerward set aside, aa it was described in so vague and unsatisfactory a manner that it was impossible to locate it. The others were but little better. * A portion of the territory was claimed by N. J., and several collisions occurred between the settlers and the officers of the State, and numerous outrages were perpetrated under the color of law. The controversy was finally settled about 1767. 6 See page . OUANGi; COUNTY. 483 other forts were built both above and below these, and chains were stretched across the river and various impediments were sunk in the channel, to prevent the passage of vessels. Gen. Putnam was lett in command of these positions in 1777, when Gen. Howe marched to attack Philadelphia, but with an entirely inadequate force. About the 1st of October, Sir Henry Clinton, in command at JMew lork, sent a force up the river to aid Gen. Burgoyne, who was then hard pressed by the American army. This force first landed at Verplaneks Point on the 5th, but in the night following re-erabarked, landed on the opposite shore, and on the 6th surprised and captured both Forts Montgomery and Clinton. The official reports make the loss of the British and Americans about equal ; but, as tne tormer were fully exposed to a galling fire while approaching the works, and the latter mostly escaped. It is supposed that the British loss was much greater. The other American works were abandoned, and Gen.^t^m retreated t^JHshkiU. The British spent some time in removing the various ob- structions from the river, and advanced slowly northward, plundering and destroying on their way. They reached Esopus on the 15th, and at the same time Gen. Putnam, whose force had been augmented to 6,000 men by Conn., N. Y. and N.J. tnilitia, sent a detachment of 2,000 to take pos- I session of Peekskill. The British, afraid to go farther n. with such a force in their rear, remained ?at Esopus until they received news of the surrender of Burgoyne ; and then they returned to New York. The result of this expedition demonstrated the necessity of stronger fortifications among the Highlands, and during the following winter the site of West Point was fixed upon, as the strongest and most eligible on the river. Earthworks were thrown up early in the spring, and from time to time more formidable works were added, until, at the close of the war, it was the most strongly fortified of any place in the country .^ . It was afterward the center of the American operations in the North. In the spring of 1780, Gen. Arnold, who had not entirely recovered from the efieots of a wound received at Saratoga, solicited and received the command of this post. The instruction which gave him this command was dated Aug. 3, 1780. Arnold had been in correspondence with the British for more than a year ; and he soon negotiated with Sir Henry Clinton to deliver up West Point, for the sum of £10,000 in gold and a commission of Maj. Gen. in the British army. The final consummation of the compact on the part of the British was intrusted to Maj. Andre, who crossed the American lines in disguise and held an interview with Arnold on the 22d of Sept. Upon his attempting to return to New York, he was arrested as a spy, and the whole scheme was discovered. Arnold escaped to New York, and Andre was subsequently executed.^ The headquarters of the American army of the North was for a long time at Newburgh ; and it was at this place that Washington finally took leave of his army,' Aug. 18, 1783. BLiOOmilVG GROVE— was formed from Cornwall, March 23, 1799. A part of Hampton- burgh was taken off in 1830, and a part of Chester in 1845. It lies a little E. of the center of the CO. Its surface is mountainous in the s. and e., and rolling and moderately hilly in the N. and w. Schunemunk Mts., upon the line of Monroe, are 1,300 to 1,500 ft. above tide. The other principal elevations are Lazy Hill, on the line of Chester, Toms Rocks, Peddlers, Rainer, Round, Musquito, and Woodcock Hills, and Red Ridge. These hills are generally too steep and rocky to be ever susceptible of cultivation. The hills in the n. have more gradual slopes, and are arable to their summits. Otter Kil flows n. w. through the w. part, and receives as tributaries Cromlin,* Slatter- leys and several snftiller creeks. The extensive bog meadows along Cromlin Creek, in the s. part' have been drained, and are now the most valuable agricultural lands in the town. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. WashlngtonvlUe, (Blooming Grove p. o.,) upon Otter Kil, in the N. part, contains 3 churches and 369 inhabitants ; Salisbury lUUs, (p. v.,) upon the line of Monroe, a church, paper mill, gristmill, and 241 inhabitants; and CralgSViUe, (p. v.,) in the w part, a church, cotton factory, and 20 dwellings.^ These places are all stations upon the Newburgh Branch of the N. Y. & E. R. R. Blooming Grove, near the center, contains 1 1 The erection of these works was intrusted to Kosciasko, the PnliJh ™triot. then servini! as a volunteer m the American r™firthL»pa^?tyTa military engineer, The works con- 3 S a forSSable^attery upon the hluff unn>ed.ately upon ;^'ndreVrri.t;;im'rp"o';^tp-r^^ '-/Anto ™s executed at Tappantown, Eockland co, Oct. 2, 1780. 8 In the spring of 1782, while the army was stationed at New- burgh, a feeling of discontent arose among the oificers and men, in consequence of the arrearages iu their pay and the hardships they were called upon to endure. This was promptly checked by Washington, and a fonniduble conspiracy was broken up. < This creek is called Gray Court Creek in Chester. 6 During the Revolution a forge and powder mill were in operation at Craigsville. In 1790 James Craig erected a paper mill,— the first in the oo. 484 OKANGE COUNTY. church and 18 dwellings; Oxford Depot (p.o.) is a hamlet and station upon the Erie K. K. The first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1735.^ The first church was erected at Blooming Grove, in 1759 ; Rev. Enos Ayres was the first pastor.' CHESTER — ^was formed from Goshen, "Warwick, Blooming Grove, and Monroe, March 22, 1845. It is an interior town, lying a little s. w. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling in the N. w., hilly in the center, and mountainous in the s. w. The principal elevations are Goose Pond Mt., Lazy Hill, Snake Hill, and Sugar Loaf Mt., — all steep, rocky peaks, unfit for cultiva- tion. The highest summits are 500 to 600 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Gray Court, Black Meadow, and Ditch Creeks. Along Gray Court Creek, near the n. boundary, are extensive peat meadows, tlioroughly drained, and forming the most productive tract in town. The soil is a light, yellow loam, underlaid by clay. Limestone and slate are both found in town. East Chester, (Chester p.o.,) Chester, and West Chester are three villages, situated at the three angles of an equilateral triangle, 1 mi. apart. They contain the Chester Academy, a bank, 2 churches, and about 1,500 inhabitants. Sug'ar LiOaf, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, con- tains a church and 36 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1716, at Gray Court, in the N.E. corner of the town, by Daniel Cromline, from Long Island.' There are 3 churches in town; 2 M. E. and Presb. CORJVWAEIi — was formed March 7, 1788, as "New Cornwall." Its name was changed March 3, 1797. " Chesecocks," now Monroe, was taken ofi' in 1799. It lies upon the Hudson, in the E. part of the co. The surface is principally occupied by rocky peaks and ridges of " The Highlands.'' Their declivities are usually very steep, and their summits are masses of rocks, in some cases covered with a scanty growth of dwarfed forest trees. The highest peaks are Butter Hill, Crows Nest, and Bear Mountain,— respectively 1,529, 1,418, and 1,350 ft. above the river.* The valleys among the mountains are deep, narrow, and rocky. A small portion of the N. w. part of the town is rolling or moderately hilly. The principal streams are Murderers Creek and its principal tributary, Otter Kil, flowing through broad, beautiful valleys in the n. part, and Bog Meadow Creek, emptying into the Hudson below West Point. Upon the latter, near its mouth, is a series of cascades, known as Buttermilk Falls. Cranberry, Long, Sutherlands, and Bog Meadow Ponds are small bodies of water among the mountains. The soil in the valleys is a sandy, clayey, and gravelly loam. The hills are too steep and rocky for cultivation. Canterbury, (Cornwall p. o.,) in the N. E. part of the town, contains 4 churches, a woolen yarn factory, and tannery. Pop. 428. Cornirall L.andiu^, on the Hudson, in the n. e. part, is the center of extensive brick manufactories. Pop. 615. West Point, (p. o.,) on the Hudson, is the seat of the U. S. Military Academy. It contains extensive barracks for the cadets and soldiers, 20 officers' quarters, a philosophical building, con- taining the library, apparatus, and observatory, a laboratory for ordnance and ammunition, a chapel, hospital, riding hall, stable, equipment shed. Catholic church, and 150 dwellings for employees.^ Buttermilk Falls, (p. v.,) 2 mi. below West Point, contains 3 churches and 307 inhabitants. Fort Montgomery, (p. v.,) in the s.e. part, contains 1 church and 16 dwellmgs; Bethlehem, in the n. w., a church and 12 dwellings. Retchamtown, in the w., and Townsville, in the n., are hamlets. The first settlements are supposed to have been made about 1720.0 The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1730, at Bethlehem ; Rev. Mr. C.halker was the first pastor, and Rev. Enos Ayres the second.' Fort Putnam, of the Revolution was situated immediately in the rear of West Point, and Fort Montgomery on the s.e. border of the town.' Idlewild, the residence of N. P. Willis, is near the Hudson, in the N. e. part of the town. * taken during the several wars of the U.S. ; and among them are 89 brass pieces captured in the several battles of the Mexi- can War, each marked when, where, and by whom cap- tured. » The first settlement was made at and near the villaffe of Canterbury The tradition is that the first settlement was made there by Germans, who made some clearings and planted an orchard, but, becoming dissatisfied, sold out and left. The next settlers were English, some of whom had first settled in Conn, and Mass. Among the early settlers were the Suther- tonds, Sacketts, Sherods, Brewsters, Woods, Clarks, Smiths, lowDsends, Van Duzens, Mandevilles, Bartons, Sands, and Ihorns. The first town meeting upon record in the precinct of Cornwall was held in April, 1T66. „ L'^fe™^ "'■'' 11 churches in town ; 2 Presb., 2 Prot. E., 2 Friends. 2 M. E., Bap., R. C, and Free. ^'^uu^j, 8 A chain was stretched across the river from Fort MonA gomery, hut the fort was taken by the British and the chain 1 broken m Oct 1777. A chain was afterward put across the/ nvor at West Point, and remamed there during the war. / Among the early settlers were the families of Strong, Brew- ster, Howell, Dubois, Coleman, Moflalt. Seely, Gilbert, Woodhull luthiU, Goldsmith, Brooks, and Mathews. 2 There are 8 churches in town ; 4 M. E., 2 Cong., Presb , and Friends. ^ ' ' s In company with others, Mr. Cromline purchased the W.a- wayanda Patent of Philip Rockby and Hondrick Ten Eyck. He was accompauicd by Wm. Bull, an Englishman, whom he had hired from anemigraiit ship. During the flrst year of settlement he erected a house long afterward kept as a tavern and known asthe 'Cromline House." Its sinn was the king's coat of arms; and as the colore became grny with age it was called the "Gray Coat, and in after year.N a court being held in the house, its name was olianged to the '-Gray Court." The name of the stream, meadows, and hamlet was derived from this 4 The other principal elevations are .Black Rock and Deer Hills, near the center; Ant II ill, Lawyers Hill, and Mount Eas- N part "° "' ' '^°'''' "'"' l*™"* 'l'"'' " *» 6 In the yard at West Point is a large number of cannon ORANGE COUNTY. 485 1 "^^ ^~^^^ ^°™®'^ ^™"^ Montgomery, March 4, 1823. It lies in the extreme n. angle of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by several high ridges extending n. e. and s. w. ^ Collaberg and Comfort Hills, along the e. border, are 300 to 400 ft. above the valleys. The principal streams are Shawangunk River, forming the n. boundary, Dwaars Kil, Paughcaughnaugh- sink and Little Paughcaughnaughsink Creeks. These streams all flow in a general n. e. direction. Upon the Shawangunk is a large amount of water-power. The soil is a slaty and clayey loam upon the hills and a sandy and gravelly loam in the valleys. Pine BUSH,' (p. v.,) on the Shawangunk, in the n. part, contains a, sawmill, gristmill, and 120 inhabitants ; Searsville, (p. V.,) on Dwaars Kil, near the center, a gristmill, 2 sawmills, and 16 dwellings; and Bullville, (p. V.,) in the s. part, 12 dwellings. Hopewell is a hamlet, in the n. w. Collaliur^U is a p. o., 2 mi. E. of Bullville. The first church (Presb.) was formed at Hopewell, in 1779. The census reports 2 churches ; Presb. and Asso. Eef. Presb.^ DEERPARH.'— was formed from Mamakating, (Sullivan co.,) March 16, 1798. A part of Mount Hope was taken off in 1825. It lies in the extreme w. angle of the co. Its surface is a mountainous highland, broken by the valley of Neversink River and numerous deep, rocky ravines of small streams. The Shawangunk Mts. extend along the E. border, and form a high, rocky ridge 1,800 ft. above the valleys, with steep declivities on the w. The Neversink' River flows in a deep valley at the w. foot of the mountains. The central and w. parts are covered with a rocky and mountainous upland, ending in abrupt declivities on Delaware River in the s. The other prin- cipal streams are Mongaup River, forming the w. boundary, Bashes* Kil, Old Dam Fall Creek,* Shingle, and Grassy Swamp' Brooks. Big and Little Ponds are two small lakes in the interior. Port Jervis,* (p. v.,) upon the Delaware, near the mouth of the Neversink, was incorp. May 11, 1853. It is an important station upon the Erie R. R. and Delaware & Hudson Canal. It contains 5 churches, a saw factory, foundery, machine shop, planing mill, newspaper office, and bank. Pop. 3,023. Honesvllle, (Sparrow Bush p. o.,) upon the Delaware, 2 mi. w. of Port Jervis, contains a large tannery and 26 dwellings ; Hug'uenot, (p. v.,) upon the canal, 4 mi. n. e. of Port Jervis, 25 dwellings ; and Cuddebaclivllle, (p. v.,) upon the canal, in the n. e. part, 1 church and 12 dwellings. Carpenters Point is a hamlet, at the mouth of the Neversink. The first settlements were made about 1690.' There are 7 churches in town.^" De Witt Clinton was born at Fort De Witt, in this town, March 2, 1769, while his parents were on a visit at the residence of his mother's brother. Lead ore has recently been found in this town. GOSHEUT — was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Hamptonburgh was taken off in 1830, and a part of Chester in 1845. It is an interior town, lying a little s. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly. The hills are bordered by.long and gradual slopes, and are arable to their summits. The s. w. corner is occupied by a portion of the " Drowned Lands,'' most of which have been reclaimed." The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the w. boundary, and Otter Kil, flowing n. through the e. part. The soil is a sandy loam, underlaid by clay, slate, and limestone. Goshen, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. March 28, 1809. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 4 churches, a female seminary,''' several classical schools, 2 newspaper offices, 2 banks, and about 1,800 inhabitants. It is the w. terminus of the Newburgh Branch of the N. Y. & E. R. R., and is an important freight and milk station upon the Erie R. R. The first settlements were made from 1703 to 1714. The first deeds of village lots in Goshen bear the date of 1714. The original Wawayanda Patent," covering the greater part of this town, was granted by Queen 1 Formerly called " Orawfard." . x ^i, i„ 2 Nothing definite could be obtained in regard to the early history of this town. . , j ,„„„„ 3 A man named McPonald, in early time, inclosed a large tract by a brush fence, and the inclosure became known as Mc- Donald's "Deer Park." This name was afterward given to the town, < Called by the Indians Ma-hack-e-meck. ^ ,, , ,. 6 Named from Bashe, an Indian woman who lived upon its **°Thia stream falls 600 ft. in 1 mi., and hence its name 7 Named from a aeries of low natural meadows through which ""I Named fr^— Jervis, the engineer who built the Delaware \°p"etrG*umler. Jacob Ciiddeback, Thomas and^G^^^^^^^^^^ Swartout, John Tys, and David Jemison located in town in 169a Among the other early settlers were Cuykenaall, jonn Becker Wm. Colo, and Solomon Davis. j, t, o 10 2 Ket ftot. D.. Bap, Presb., M. E., Prot. B., and K. C. li Some 25 years ago a ditch of small size was dug about 3 mi. in length across a bend in Wall KU, through the Drowned Lands, for the purpose of draining them. The action of the water upon the light soil through which it was dug has so enlarged it that in many places it is wider than Wall Kil, and much difficulty is experienced in maintaining bridges over the ditoh. IB The Goshen Female Seminary is a flourishing institution. Several small family classical schools are located in the village. 13 Christopher Denn, one of the proprietors of the Wawaysinda Patent, located n. e. of Goshen Village in 1712. After visiting the place and deciding upon a location, he returned to his resi- dence on Staten Island, and sent a company of carpenters, his household goods, and his adopted daughter, Mary Wells, then 16 years of age, to his new home, auder the guidance of 3 friendly Indians. The carpenters erected a cabin, and Di?mi and his wife came on the next day after the cabin was built. Mr. Bull, a young Englishman just arrived ih nn <:-migrant ship, came in soon after. Among the otUer 9«rly settlers who came previous to 1721 were John Evwott", John Carpi-nter, Johitflale, William Ludlum, James Jackson, Isaac Fim-h, Michael Dunning, Solomon Carpenter, William Jackson, Samuel Peely, Samuel Webb, John Yelverton, Samuel Clowes, John Bradner, and John 486 ORANGE COUNTY. Anne, March 5, 1703. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1721 ; Rev. John Bradner was the first pastor.^ GIlEElVTIL,lrE— was formed from Minisink, Deo. 2, 1853. It lies on the s. w. border of the CO., w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. The Shawangunk Mts., extending along the w. border, are 400 to 600 ft. above the valleys and 1,400 to 1,600 ft. above tide. The e: slopes of the mountains are generally gradual, and the hills are arable to their summits. The principal stream is Shawangunk River, which takes its rise in the s. w. angle and flows N. E. through the town. Benin Water Pond is a small body of water in the N. part. The soil is a sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Greenville, (Minisink p. o.,) in the w. part, contains 2 churches and 12 houses ; and Smiths Corners, n. of Greenville, contains 15 houses. Center Point, 2 mi. s. e. of Greenville, is a p. o. The first settlements were probably made from 1720 to 1730.^ There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. B. HAMPTOIVBURGH'— was formed from Goshen, Blooming Grove, Montgomery, New Windsor, and Walkill, April 5, 1830. It is an interior town, lying a little N. of the center of the CO. Its surface is rolling and moderately hilly. The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the N. w. boundary, and Otter Kil, flowing n. e. through near the center. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. Otterville, (p. o.,) on Otter Kil, near the e. boundary, is a hamlet. Otterkill, s. of Otterville, contains 12 dwellings. Campbell Hall, near the center, and Hampton- burg'll, 1 mi. s., are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. Bull, in 1719 or '20. In 1727 he erected a stone house, which is still standing. There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and Asso. Reformed. MIIVISIWK'' — was formed March 7, 1788. A part of " Calhoun" (now Mount Hope) was taken off in 1825, Wawayanda in 1849, and Greenville in 1853. It lies upon the N. J. line, s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The slopes are generally gradual, and the hills are arable to their summits. The principal streams are Wall Kil, Rutgers Creek, and War wayanda Kil, — each of the three forming some portion of the e. boundary. The Drowned Lands occupy a small portion of the e. angle. The soil is principally a gravelly loam, llnionville, (p.v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 25 dwellings; and West Town, (p. v.,) 3 mi. N. of Uniouville, 2 churches and 15 dwellings. Waterloo Mills (p. o.) is a hamlet, containing 1 church and 6 dwellings. No records of the early settlement have been preserved. There are 5 churches in town.^ MOHTROE" — ^was formed from Cornwall, March 23, 1799, as " Chesecocks." Its name was changed to " Smthfield," April 3, 1801, and to Monroe, April 6, 1808. A part of Chester was taken off in 1845. It is the s. e. corner town in the co. It lies mostly among the Highlands ; and its surface is a hilly and mountainous upland. The principal ranges are Schunemunk Mts., inihe N., Black and Bear Mts., in the e., and the Southfield Mts., near the center, — all extending n. e. and s. w.' Their declivities are steep and in many places precipitous, and their summits are rough, rocky, and broken. A large share of the whole town is unfit for cultivation. In the N. w. part are several valleys containing arable land. The principal streams are Ramapo River, flowing a., and Murderers Creek, flowing N. The Forest-of-Dean Creek drains the E. part and discharges its waters into the Hudson. Amomg the mountains are a great number of fine, small lakes and ponds.' The soil in the valleys is a sandy and gravelly loam. The mountains are too rough for cultivation. Monroe, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 266 inhabitants. It is a station upon the Brie R. R. Turners,' (p. v.,) a station upon the r. e., near the center, contains 18 dwellings. Greenwood Worlts (p.v.) is a station upon the k. e., 3 mi. s. of Turners Denton, many of ^hose descendants still reside in the town. The first marriage was that of Wm. Bull and Sarah Wella, in 1718. The first inn was kept by Birdsye Yarrington. Noah Webster, author of Webster's Dictionaries, taught the first academic school, in the Tillage of Goshen, in 1782. De Witt Clinton was a pupil at the academy at one time. William H. Seward studied law at the office of Judge Duer, in this village. i There are now 4 churches in town ; M. B., Prot. E., Presb., and R. 0. 2 Facts relating to the early history of this town could not be accurately ascertained. 3 Named from Wolverhampton, the birthplace of Wm. Bull, the first settler. * Tradition says thatVaue ago, before the Delaware River broke through the mountain at the Water Gap, the lands for 30 or 40 mi. bordering upon it were covered by a lake, but became drained by the breaking down of that part of the dam which confined it, and that a part of a tribe of Indians from New Jersey settled upon these lands from which .the waters had retired. The lands were called " Minsies," signifying " lands from which the waters had gone," and the name was afterward applied to the Indians living upon it. From this name the term " Minisink" is derived. — Eager's Hist. OraTige Co.^ p. 408. 6 3 Presb., Bap., and Christian. 8 Named in honor of James SJonrce, afterward President of the U. S. ' Among the principal mountain peaks are Black Top, Black Cup, and Long Ilills, in the n. ; Torn Mt. and Cape Hill, in the E. ; Tom Jones Mt. and Hemlock Hill, in the 8. E. ; Pine and Prickly Ash Hills, in the s. ; and Hogback, Hall, Tiger, Cedar, Burned. Rocky, and Macannon Hills, in the center. * Among the principal ponds are Hazard Pond, in the N.; Slaughters, Two Pond, Bull, Poplopens, and Cedar Ponds, in the E. ; Little, Long, and Duck Cedar Ponds, in the s. ; and Little Tjong, Round, and Mambasha Ponds, in the w. s Formerly called " (Mnterville" ORANGE COUNTY. 437 irho!!"s.«^-^^T>.* ^■'^^°' "" ''*"^*''^ °"^'' *^« ""■ «■' ^"-i ^ot''^'- ''^°'it 1 ""■ ^- There are about seat orext nslr """*'■, ™'""'"* ^"^'^^' (P""'') ' ^'- «• "^ «— "^ Work., was the eeat of extensive iron works, which have heen abandoned. Highland Mills, (p y ) in the MirlTh T. "'Tt^ ^"' '' '"^l^^-^Ss. I^ower Smith Clove,Tmi. I of Highland Mills IS a hamlet ; and Woodbury Clove, near the n. line, contains 1 church and 12 houses. Ihe Urst settlements were probably made about 1742.' The Chesecocks Patent, granted in 1702, embraced a portion of the Ramapo Valley in this town. There are 5 churches in town.^ MOSITGOMERY'-was formed March 7, 1788. Crawford was taken off in 1823, and a part of Hamptonburgh in 1830. It lies upon the n. border of the co., e. of the center. Its surface is generally a hilly upland. The Comfort Hills,* 600 to 800 ft. above tide, extend along the w. border ■ Wall Kil flows N. E. through near the center ; and its principal tributary, Tin Brook,^ flows through the E. part. Upon Wall Kil, in the n. part, is a fall of 40 ft., affording an excellent water-power. Along the same stream, in the s. part, is considerable swamp land. The soil is a flne quality of gravelly loam. Montgomery, (p. v.,) upon Wall Kil, s.of the center, was incorp. Feb. 17, 1810. It contains 2 churches, the Montgomery Academy, 3 gristmills, and a sawmill. Pop. 760. Walden, (p. v.,) on Wall Kil, 4 mi. n. of Montgomery, was incorp. April 9, 1855. It contains 3 churches, a shawl factory, satinet factory, and a, manufactory of cutlery. Pop. 641. St. An- drews, (p. o.,) in the N. E. part, contains 10 dwellings. Coldenham,« near the e. line, is a hamlet. The earliest patent comprising land in this town was granted in 1709, to Henry Hile- man. It was located at the mouth of Tin Brook, below Walden. It was settled by the proprietor and divided into lots in 1712. Lieut. Gov. Cadwallader Golden, the owner of a patent in this town, located at Coldenham in 1728.' The flrst church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed at Montgomery Vil- lage in 1732.8 MOUJVT HOPE— was formed from Walkill, Minisink, and Deerpark, as " Calhoun," Feb. 15, 1825. Its name was changed March 14, 1833. It lies upon the N. border of the CO., N. w. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland. The Shawangunk Mts. extend through the w. part; the highest summits are 1,400 to 1,800 ft. above tide. Shawangunk River flows N. B. through the center, and the Little Shawangunk along the E. border. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Otisville, (p. v.,) near the w. border, contains 2 churches and 309 inhabitants. It is a station upon the Brie R. R. Mount Hope, (p. v.,) 2 mi. s. of Otisville, contains 2 churches and 120 inhabitants ; New Vernon, in the n. part, a church and 20 dwellings. Fincliville is a hamlet, in the s. e. part. The precise date of the settlement of this town is unknown. James Finch settled some time previous to the Revolution.' There are 6 churches in town.i» STEWBURGH" — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Hudson, and is the n. e. comer town in the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 600 to 900 ft. 1 A family of Smiths settled very early in the town, and from them the town was called " Smiths Clave." Among the early settlers were families of Millers, Galloways, Carpenters, Bulls, Dobbins, Wygants, Wards, Coltons, Nobles, Cunninghams, Slaughters, and Lamoreanx,— mostly English families from the Eastern States. The first iron works was that of Ward & Colton, erected in 1761 for the manufacture of anchors. It was situated in Warwick, just over the . line from Monroe. In 1762 Abel Noble, from Penn., erected a forge in this town, near the Ward & Colton furnace. Here the first anchor was made, in 1763. Steel was made in 1776; and during the Revolution one of the chains thrown across the Hudson was manufactured here. It weighed 186 tons. During the Kovolution, Claudius Smith, a noted tory, resided in this town. He was hung at Goshen, Jan. 22, 1779. 2 3 M. B., Presb., and Friends. » Named in honor of Gen. Richard Montgomery. In 17b7 the town was called the"Wcakill Precinct," and in 1772 it was known as the "Hanover Precinct." ■ In 1782 its name was changed to the Montgomery Precmct. i Named from a family of Comforts who were early settlers in that region. . „ ■ 6 Name derived from Tinn and Broo, meaning small nver. • Named from the family of Cadwallader Golden, who was ap **? Johann™ Mmer settled on Wall Kil, 2 mi. s. of Montgomery, in 1727. Among the other early settlers were John Neely, Charles Booth, Wm. Eager, r«A ^i""^*'??^' ^i 17^1 "th,' Youngblood.-aU of whom settled between 1730 «nd 1741 The E. part of the town was originally settled by Irish,- and the relieT of Wall Kil by Hollanders. The first store was kept by AkiSnder Colden, in 1742; and the flrst gristmill was built at wSSm by Jamc Kidd. . in the fiill of 1776 the people of Bos- ' ton, by reason of the great scarcity of supplies and provisions, applied to this State for aid ; and accordingly a public meeting was called, which convened in the town of " Hanover," (now Montgomery.) In the mean time the friends of the mother country, always on the alert, had procured the services of a talented orator for the purpose of defeating the objects of the meeting. As no one could be found among the adherents of the cause of liberty who waa able to speak in public, recourse was had to the Rev. Mr. Annan, of Neelytown, who at first declined, but at length consented. A multitude were assembled on the occasion to hear a discussion upon a subject which was then the absorbing topic of the day. The discussion was con- tinued for some time with fairness and ability on either side, until at length, to check a strife of angry words and to test the disposition of the assembly, Mr. Annan suddenly said, " As many as are in favor of assisting the people of Boston and the causo of Liberty, follow me." The effect was electric. Immediately upon his leaving the house he beheld, to his utter astonishment, the whole multitude at his heels. — Eager' s Hist. Orange Cb., p. 636. 8 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and Covenanter. The Ref. Prot. D. church, near Montgomery, has connected with it a farm of 75 acres, valued at $7,000. and a parsonage. 9 Mr. Finch was a soldier in the French War, and a minute-man during the Revolution. 10 2 Presb., 2 M. E., Cong., and Bap. 11 Until 1763, the present towns of Newburgh and New "Wind- sor were included in the '^'^ Precinct of ihe Highlands." During that year this precinct wns divided into the precincts of New- burgh and New Windsor, and continued as such until they were organized aa towns in 1788. 488 ORANGE COUNTY. above the river. A series of bluffs 100 to 300 ft. in height extends along the river. The greater part of the hilly region is arable. The principal stream is Quassaic Creek,' forming a part of the boundary of New Windsor. It receives from the N. Fostertown and Gidneys Creeks and Orange Lake Outlet. Orange Lake,'' in the w. part, covers an area of about 400 acres. Along its inlet is considerable marshy land. The soil is principally a clay and sandy loam. HTewburgll, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, near the s. e. corner of the town, was incorp. March 25, 1800. It lies upon a steep slope which rises from the river to the height of about 150 ft. and thence spreads out into a rolling region. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 14 churches,' 5 banks, and several private schools and academies.* It is largely engaged in the manufacture of printed cotton cloths, castings, beer, and a variety of other articles.* The commercial interests of the place are also large and import- ant." The village is supplied with water brought from Little Pond, 3 mi. s. w., by the Newburgh Waterworks Co. These works were erected in 1853, at a cost of $96,000. In the lower part of the village the water has a head of 230 ft. A steam ferry connects this place with Fishkill Land- ing. Pop. 9,256. Overlooking the Hudson, in the s. part of the village, stands an old stone man- sion known as " Washington's Head Quarters." It is surrounded by a fine lawn of several acres ; and the whole premises are owned and kept in order by the State.' Savil is a p. o., about 5 mi. N. w. of Newburgh. Middle Hope, (p. v.,) in the N. E. part of the town, contains 1 church and 12 houses ; Fostertown, 4 mi. n. w. of Newburgh, a church and 10 houses ; and €rard- nertowii, e. of Orange Lake, a church and 14 houses. Coldenham is a p. o., in the w. part. BalmvlUe, 2 mi. n. of Newburgh, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made on the present site of the village of Newburgh, by Palatinates, in 1708.* The first church (St. George's Prot. E.) was formed about 1728 ; and the first minister was Rev. Mr. Charlton, sent out by the " London Society for the Propagation of the Gospel."' An almshouse, for the support of the town poor, is situated upon a farm of 75 acres on the s. w. line of the village corporation of Newburgh. The buildings are of brick ; and the cost of the whole establishment was about $30,000.'° IVEW WIIVBSOR"— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Hamptonburgh was taken off in 1830. It lies upon the Hudson, N. of the center of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly up- land. The slopes and the summits of the hills are usually smooth and arable. Snake Hill is a rough, rocky eminence in the n.e. part, 500 to 600 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Mur- derers Creek, flowing through the s. e. corner. Tin Brook flows N. along the w. border. Little Pond, in the n. e. part, supplies the Newburgh Waterworks. It is 230 ft. above tide. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam. TXew >f Indsor, upon the Hudson, 2 mi. s. of Newburgh, contains 2 churches and about 75 dwellings. It is a steamboat landing, and the center of a large brick 1 Named from a tribe of Indians who formerly lived in this vicinity. Sometimes called ' Chambers Creelt." 2 Formerly cilled " Mnuse PomZ," from an early settler. It was afterward called " Madiens Fond" from Capt. Machen, "who erected upon its outlet a manufactory of copper coin. 8 4 Presb., 3 M. B., 2 Bap., 2 Asso. Ref , lief. Prot. D., Prot. E., and R. C. 4 The Highland Academy, a private boarding school, was com- menced Sept. 1, 1858. The Newburgh Collegiate Institute was commenced May 1, 1857. There are several other select schools in the village. 6 Among the manufacturing establishments are 3 founderies, giving employment to 117 men, and turning out worli to the amount of §118,000 annually; the Newburgh Steam Printing Cloth Manufactory,', employing 325 hands, and producing $200,000 worth of goods per annum ; a brewery, employing 35 men, and producing 35,000 bbls. of beer; and an agricultural implement factory, a car factory, a car wheel foctory, a piano forte factory, a soap factory, a machine shop, boiler works, and a barrel manufactory, — in the aggregate giving employment to 200 hands, and producing annually goods to the amount of $240,000. " Shipping to the amount of about 4,000 tons burden is owned at this place. The receipts of lumber brought by the E. r. to this place in 1858 amounted to about 21,000,000 ft., and 20,000 bunches of shingles. ' The main body of this house was erected by Jonathan Has- brouck in 1750, and from this circumstance it was formerly known as " The Old Hasbrouck House." The kitchen on the s. was added m 1760, making it a long, narrow building. In 1770 an addition was made upon the whole length of the w. side, and a new root was thrown over the whole. There are 8 rooms on the flrst tloor, and from the principal room 8 doors open leading to every part of the house, including the chambers and cellar. This building was used by Washington for his head- quarters wluie the American army occupied this position upon the Hudson. It was purchased by the State in , and is kept as nearly as possible in its original condition. The rooms and the grounds are filled with relics of the Revolution and mementos of the War of 1812 and the Mexican War. The walls of the bedroom occupied by Washington are covered by original letters of Washington, La Fayette, and other distinguished men of the Revolution, framed and glazed. Among the curiosities are the tables used by Washington and La Fayette, links from the chain which was stretched across the Hudson, and a great variety of warlike implements. Near the N. B.' corner of the house is the grave of Uzal Knapp, the last of Washington's Life Guards ; he died in Jan. 1856. 8 The " Newburgh Patent" was granted to George Lackstead, Michael Wiegard, Hemau Shoreman, Christian Henreich, Cockertal, Burgher Myndus, Jacob Webber, Johannes Fisher, and Andreas Valch, — all from Palatine, on the Rhine. They made a settlement, designated a site for a village, and called it New- burgh. How long they remained is not known ; but previous to 1752 they sold out their grant, as at that date the patent was renewed by Gov. Clinton to Alexander Golden, Richard Albert son, Edmund Conklin, jr., William Ward, Thomas Ward, Nathan Truman, Jacob Wandell, Johannes Wandell, Daniel Thurston, James Denton, Cahlcss Leveridge, Michael Demott, Wm. Smith, Henry Smith, Duncan Alexander, and William Mitchell. It is supposed that those last named were from England. Some of the early settlers were of Dutch descent ; and a few were Hugue- nots originally from France. Of this last class were the Has- broucks, Demotts, Slutts, Devines, DevoUs, Degroves, Duhoises, Hardenburghs, Snyders, Terwilligers, and Benscotens. The Hasbroucks came as early as 1750. The old Glebe School House was erected in 1752. Jonathan Hasbrouck erected the flrst mill, in 1763. A tract of 600 a^res, called the "Glebe," near the N. line of Newburgh Village, was originally granted for the support of the gospel and schools. 8 Outside of Newburgh Village there are 3 churches in town ; all M. E. 10 This building will accommodate 200 Inmates. It is amply supplied with bath rooms and water, and is one of the best fur- nished and managed institutions of its kind in the country, A school is maintiiined throughout the year. 11 The Precinct of New Windsor was formed from the *'iVe» cinct o/the Highlands" in 1763. ORANGE COUNTY. 48g BrUalu Ir L oente sap TheT I f ' ' ^™*""'' ^°' ' ''"^'""^^ ^""« grants from Ireland nromlnlt^ \ settlements were made inl731, by several emi- Clinton.^ ThelstVurcMAl ReTf "T "'; """r-- 'l"^'"^ '""^°"' S^^"^'^*^'- "^ °« ^^^^ was the first pastor.^ ^ ' ^'^'^ """^ ^°™'<^ ^' ^*1« Britain, in 1760; Key. Robert Annan offTnlSrandV-u'rHaXtn^^^^^^^^^^^ of the center Tt,snvf„l •?•„!. ■■■' ^"'^ "P""" ^^^ ^- '»'• l^O'^der of the oo., N. E. River zx tt r! irdar?a:f;:?Krgr'- "'^ ^rr ^'^^^--^ ^^^ ^^^-^^^^--^ Creek and sevprnl ntv,; , ''^'^y- ^"'^ /all Kd, formmg a part of the s. e. boundary., Monhagan loam Smnw^ streams are tributaries of these two. The soil is a clayey and gravflly loam. Middletown, (p. v.,) ,n the s. part, was incorp. Feb. 10, 1848. Next to Newburgh U .s the largest village m the co. It contains 7 churches, the Walkill Academy, several prIvLte ZlrtTf • b? '/ "T^"^'' °®^"' ^""^ ''"''''' manufacturing establishments.^ It' is an important freight and milk station upon the Erie R. R.^ Pop. 1,873. CircleviUe, (p v ) 5 mi.N. of Middletown, contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. Scotcli Town (p v l' 4'mi N.B. of Middletown, contains 1 church and 20 dwellings. Howells Depot, (p.v ) a station upon the K. K., 4 mi. k. w. of Middletown, contains a church and 15 d^vellings. Medsanlc Town, -. mi. E. of Middletown, contains a woolen factory and 20 dwellings. Philipsbnrgh and Rockville are hamlets. The first settlement was made by Wm. and Thomas Bull sons of Wm. Bull, of Goshen, who located upon Wall Kil in 17B7.« There are 12 churches in to'wn.' ■WARIVICKl— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Chester was taken off in 1845. It lies upon the line of N. J., in the extreme s. angle of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the 3. and E. and broken and hilly in the n. and w. The principal mountain ranges are the Sterling, Rough, and Warwick Mts. in the s. e., and the Bellvale Mts. in the e.' They are high, steep, and rocky, and have all the characteristics peculiar to a wild, mountain region. In the extreme w. part is a nearly level region, occupied by the Drowned Lands." Several eminences in the midst of these lands are denominated islands.^" The principal streams are Wall Kil, forming the w. boundary, Quaker Creek, forming the n. w. boundary, and the Wawayanda, or Warwick, and Poohuck Creeks. Greenwood Lake, upon the s. line, extends about 4 mi. into this town. The other prin- cipal bodies of water are Sterling, Wickhams, and Thompsons Ponds, near the e. border. The soil is light and unproductive upon the hills, and a gravelly and sandy loam in the valleys. 'War'wicK, (p. v.,) on Wawayanda Creek, near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, the Warwick Institute, and 358 inhabitants. Florida, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 3 churches, the S. S. Seward Seminary," and 45 dwellings; Amltj, (p.v.,) in the w.part, 1 church and 30 dwellings; Edenvllle, (p.v.,) 2 mi. n.e. of Amity, a church and 24 dwellings; IVevr nillford, (p.v.,) in the s. part, a church and 26 dwellings; Bellvale, (p.v.,) in the e., a church and 192 inhabitants ; and Dutcb Hollow, 2 mi. s. e. of Bellvale, a church and 15 dwellings. Sterling TVorkS, in the extreme s. part, is a hamlet.'^ The precise date of the first settlement is unknown. Daniel Burt, from Conn., came into town in 1746." The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1764, and the second (Bap.) in 1766." Hon. Wm. H. Seward was born at the village of Florida. 1 Name derived from Murderers Creek, and bestowed by N. P. Willis. Formerly known as Orangeville. ' In 1732 or '33, families named Alsop, Ellison, Chambers, and Lawrence settled upon the present site of New Windsor Village. The headquarters of the American army were at this place at one time during the Rerolation. 8 There ore 6 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Presb., Prot. B., and Asso. Ref. * The principal establishments are a carpet bag factory, file fiwtory, grain cradle factory, hat factory, 2 sash and blind fac- tories, and a foundery and machine shop. In the aggregate these factories employ about 300 hands, and manufacture goods to the amount of $i50,000 annually. 6 2,600 gall, of mak are sent daily to N. Y. from the E. e. stations in this town. ' ^ ,,, n , • Among the other early settlers were families named McCord, McNeal, Borland, Kogers, Butterfield, Wisner, Murray, McCarter, McVey, MoWhorter, McDeonis, McLaughlin, Campbell, Wat- kins, and Faulkner, the most of whom were Scotch emigrants. 7 4 Presb., 3 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. E., and R. C. , „ 8 The principal elevations in town are Hogback, Decker, One Pine, and Hulls Hills, in the E.; Bill and Coxcomb Ildls, m the center; Long, Cedar, Pond, and BUI Whites Hills, in the s. E.; I Round, Rocky, and Chucks Hills, in the s. ; Ponchuck Mt. and Green and Adneys Hills, in the w. ; and Mts. Adam and Eve, and Round Hill, in the N. w. * These lands have mostly been drained and converted into the most valuable meadows, 10 Among these eminences are Pine, Merritt, Gardners, Black Walnut. Cranberry, and Fox Islands. n This seminary was founded about 1845. by Judge S. S. Seward father of Wm. H. Seward, who endowed it with a timd of S20,OOo! 12 Sterling Works receives its name from the iron works located upon the outlet of Sterling Pond. The manufacture of iron has been carried on at this plaee for 100 years or more. Gen. Wm. Alexander, Lord Sterling, is said to have been inte- rested in them at one time; and hence their name. Anchora and steel were manufactured here during the Revolution. 12 to 15 tons of pig iron are now made here per day. 18 Among the other early settlers were Thos. Willing, Daniel Whitney, Beiy . Burt, John Vance, and David McCauley. The first mill was built by David Burt, at Bellvale, in 1760. Many of the early settlers were Dutch, and others English, from Mass. and Conn. 14 There are 11 churches in town ; 6 M.E., 3 Presb., Bap., and Ref. Prot. D 490 ORANGE COUNTY. ff AWAYASfDA'^— was formed from Minisink, Nov. 15, 1849. It is an interior town, lying s w. of the center of the co. Its surface is rolling and hilly. The highest summit is Joe Gee Hill ' in the n w part. The Drowned Lands occupy a portion of the s. e. corner. The prmoipal streams are Wall Kil, forming the s.e. boundary, Rutgers Creek, forming the s. w. boundary, Wawayanda Creek, in the w. part, and Monhagan Creek, in the n. e. corner. The swl is chiefly a clay and sandy loam, and is best adapted to pasturage.' ]Vew Hampton, (p. v.,) on Wall Kil in the N. E. corner, contains a gristmill, sawmill, and 25 dwellings ; Denton, 1 mi. s. w. of New Hampton, 1 church and 25 dwellings ; Rldgebury, (p. v.,) near the center, 2 churches and 30 dwellings; Slate Hill, (p. v.,) 1 mi. w. of Ridgebury, 1 church and 25 dwellings; Centerville,in the w. part, 1 church and 15 dwellings; Millsburgli, (Wells Corner p.o.,) 1 mi. s. of Centerville, on the line of Minisink, a grist and saw mill and 15 dwellings; and Gardnersville, in the s. part, on the line of Minisink, a gristmill, sawmill, and 15 dwellings. The first settlements are supposed to have been made previous to 1700.* 'ri,».o „» s „J,nP„l,»« J„ town ; 3 Presb., M. E., and Bap. There are 5 churches in Acres of Land, Valuation, Peculation, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Grange County. Names op Towns. Blooming Grove. Chester Cornwall , Crawford Deerpark Goshen Greenville Hamptonburgh.. Minisink Monroe Montgomery Mount Hope Newburgh New Windsor... WalkiU Warwick , Wawayanda IWal AcBEs 07 Land. 16,491 12,621i 10,8741- 19,675 8,9984 20,853J 12,676 14,619J 11,690 19,969} 23,186i 12,070J 23,244} 17,600 32,3914 36,003} 17,146 6,649i 2,968 16,694 4,688 22,473 3,676, 4,736 2,184 2,497 77,6664 6,703 3,800 4,0784 3,371 7,3684 20,3264 2,865 Vacation of 1858. $989,921 689,132 666,729 692,446 1,342,946 1,288,175 414,703 693,287 621,863 1,034,800 1,434,841 560,196 3,939,876 977,826 1,816,860 1,704,901 724,934 $320,109 311,860 107,660 126,975 210,690 438,460 41,100 131,607 97,460 149,662 460,135 67,660 2,383,716 301,687 669,800 268,475 139,894 ,699} 189,616 19,483,431 6,115,900 26,599,331 30,317 $1,310,030 1,000,982 764,379 818,420 1,663,636 1,726,626 456,803 824,894 619,313 1,184,462 1,894,976 617,845 6,323,591 1,279.612 2,386,660 1,973,376 864,828 1,094 841 2,420 959 2,946 1,666 606 662 636 2,380 1,820 867 6,122 1,278 2,636 2,488 1,007 1,090 865 2,168 1,041 2,668 1,647 612 641 660 2,171 1,972 878 6,651 1,277 2,770 2,499 1,062 30,561 364 277 648 338 861 482 217 212 231 737 642 318 1,729 386 915 875 360 310 808 366 972 629 233 223 242 812 716 363 2,443 444 1,040 030 377 9,682 11,186 211 189 401 221 449 226 140 141 161 290 380 220 630 216 622 477 172 Schools. S'S, 6l 781 403 1,348 701 1,637 1,040 614 434 656 1,703 1,376 493 5,047 817 2,114 1,868 646 21,676 Names of Towhs. Blooming Grove, Chester Cornwall Crawford Deerpark Goshen Greenville Hamptonburgh. Minisink Monroe Montgomery Mount Hope Newburgh New Windsor.... Walkill Warwick Wawayanda Total Live Stock. 379 473 670 378 670 374 437 382 641 782 377 1,183 674 921 1,125 434 499 735 798 738 1,127 922 1,340 1,025 639 1,113 961 1,476 2,936 823 2,358 1,920 1,274 2,395 726 3,213 1,918 1,979 1,837 2,409 2,860 1,681 2,466 2,169 3,086 6,119 2,789 2,467 364 846 1,000 270 2,474 499 2,403 331 810 2,866 416 973 1,199 1,680 2,447 463 1,644 726 1,445 3.600 779 2,028 1,606 2,200 1,774 1,872 6,097 3,000 3,778 6,180 1,779 Agricultdral Products. Bdsh, 09 Gkain. 17,415 40,187 '21,377 40,684 10,064 8,0464 6,361 13,8264 10,648 10,6264 6,908 11,819 7,063i 10,708 34,9284 7,613} 32,621 17,046 20,6634 30,476 26,6384 24,7194 13,820} 44,723 21,818 49,836 21,676 31,781 28,8394 33,673i 70,637r 19,2174 71,0114 46,6074 65,616 73,6264 29,676 1245,6644' 672,4144 6,8154 6,099 3,261 6,481 2,149 8,194 4,076 6,332 3,913 6,650 7,481 3,3444 6,7924 6,063 11,7234 12,0074 6,849 4,363 14,582 2,6494 6,617 12,304 10,188 2,706 1,966 2,828 8,162 13,262 8,3794 10,7584 6,407 10,369 8,932 4,030 K|"« 2,004 347 3,170 11,836 6,505 321 2,470 2,862 3,182 2,173 11,671 1,066 6,601 5,333 17,510 3,886i 834 Dairy Pboddcts. a, 05 96,060 21,176 77,844 262,020 46,194 129,918 249,248 177,820 243,749 98,270 312,466 141,146 218,963} 218,832 366,843 416,494 220,645 103,2114 123,6514 80,1804 '3,286,587} 80,660 74V 142 138 130 179 171 249 4614 349} 85 2,9484 1 The name is said by some to be an Indian corruption of the English phrase "away over yonieT."—Eager'e Sist. Oranae Co., ^.432,433. 2 Named from the last Indian who had his cabin on the hill. ^ 1,500 gallons of milk are sent daily from this town to the N. Y. market. * Among the early settlers were John Denton, Richard Car- penter, Isaac Dolson, and Daniel and David Cooley. Isaac Dolson built a blockhouse as a protection against the Indians, in 1756 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. This county was formed from Albany and Otsego, April 6, 1795.1 A small part of Greene was annexed in 1836. It is an interior CO., lying s. B. of the center of the State, is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is an upland, broken by mountains in the s. and by hills in the center and N. A northerly branch of the Catskill Mts. lies along the s. border, the highest summits of which are 3,000 ft. above tide. From them irregular spurs extend northward, occupying the greater part of the co. Many of the summits along the e. and w. borders are 800 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys and about 2,000 ft. above tide. In the N. the hills are generally rounded and are arable to their summits ; but in the center and s. the declivities are steep and in many places precipitous. The high ridge along the e. border, and extending into Albany co., is known as the Hellebark Mts. The hills derive their general features from the rocks that underlie them. The extreme n. part of the CO. is terraced like the limestone region farther w. Toward the s. the hills become more steep ; and in the shaly region they are broken by deep, irregular ravines. In many places the hills bordering upon the streams are 1,000 ft. high and very precipitous. Schoharie Creek flows n. e. through the co.a little e. of the center. It receives as tributaries Foxes Creek, Stony Brook, Little Schoharie, Keysers Kil, Platter Kil, and Manor Kil from the e., and Cripplebush Kil, Cobles Kil, Line Kil, Panther Kil, West Kil, and Mine Kil from the w. West Kil and Punch Kil are tributaries of Cobles Kil. Charlotte River, a branch of the Susquehanna, takes its rise in the w. part. Several small tributaries of the Delaware rise among the Catskill Mts. on the s. Catskill Creek and Nomans Kil also rise in the s. e. part. Utsyantha^ and Summit Lakes, two small ponds, are the only bodies of water in the eo. The former is 1,900 ft. and the latter 2,150 ft. above tide. The rocks in the co., commencing upon the N. border and appearing successively toward the s., are those belonging to the Hudson Kiver group, Clinton group, Onondaga salt group, Helderbergh series, Hamilton group, Portage and Chemung group, and the Catskill group. The limestones are cavernous; and the minerals which they aiford are particularly interesting to mineralogists.' Drift is scattered over the co. to a limited extent. Waterlime is found, but is not now manufactured. The soils are principally derived from the disintegration of the underlying rooks. In the n. the soil is a productive, clay loam, and in the center and s. it is a clay and sandy loam, the latter pre- dominating upon the s. hills. The alluvial flats along Schoharie Creek are unusually fertile. The CO. is eminently an agricultural region. Spring grains are largely produced. Hops are cultivated in the w. part, and broomcom upon the Schoharie Flats. Dairying is the principal business in the s. part. Very little manufacturing is done, except such as is customary in an agricultural region. The county seat is located at the village of Schoharie.* The courthouse is a fine edifice built of blue limestone, located.near the center of the village. The jail is a stone building, situated in rear of the courthouse. The clerk's ofSce is a small, fireproof building, upon the courthouse lot, nearly in front. The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 160 acres in Middleburgh, 5 mi. s. w. of the court- house. The average number of inmates is 60, supported at a weekly cost of 75 cents each. This institution seems to be well managed and much above the average of similar institutions in the State. The Albany & Susquehanna R. R. is located along the valleys of Schoharie Creek and Cobles 1 Schoharie is said to signify " dnft wood." At a plM!« i mi. above Middleburgh Bridge the Line Kil and Little Scho- harie flow into Pchoharie Creek from opposite sides; and here drift wood is said to have accumulated in large quantities, forming a natural bridge.— Srouin's Bid. Schoham. The original Indian- name was To-wos-scho-her ; and it has '^"nI^rhf^wi^i.er.%^rn^et"of»a*™burgh Patent, "^I^IS^^^^^^^^^^S^o^ pure White, translucent and solid, sulphate of bairtes, calcite, sat>n spar, S, agaric mineral, bog ore, black 0**^ "^ «'«"g*^"f,^«' '^'P^^J^ a^ carbonate of strontia, floor spar, ^Istronbarj-te carbonate of iron, and arragonite. The co. affords an "°"f«a» ™ety of fossils peculiar to the respective geological formations. 4 The first courts were held in a wagon house of Johannis Ingold, and prisoners were at first sent to the Albany jail. The first meeting of the Judges, Justices, and Supervisors was held Dec. 18, 1795, and it was decided to fix the site for co. buildings 2 mi. w. of their present location. The location was changed before the buildings were erected. The first buildings were erected soon after, and were burned in 1847. The first court- house was built under the direction of Joost Borst, jr., Jacob Lawyer, Peter Snyder, John H. Shafer, and Wm. Phrall, com- missioners. Abraham A. Post, of Ontario, Alexander H. Buel, of Herkimer, and "V^m. Duer, of Oswego, were appointed to locate the present site. The first co. ofBcers were Wm. Beek- man, First Judge, (reappointed constantly till 1838 ;) Joachira G. Staats, Clerk; Jacob Lawyer, jr., Sheriff; and Stephen A Becker, Surrogate. 491 492 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. Kil, through Esperance, Schoharie, Cobleskill, and Richmondville.^ Several turnpikes and lines of plank road extend across the co.^ ^ ^ ,. , , . j. ^, About thirty years previous to the advent of the whites, a number of Indians belonging to the Mohawks Mohicans, Delawares, Tuscaroras, and Oneidas united together, formed the Schoharie tribe and took up their abode along Schoharie Creek.^ Their principal chief was Kamgh-on- don-tee who had been a prisoner of the French in Canada and had married u. Mohawk woman. This tribe was subordinate to the Six Nations. They could bring into the field about 600 warriors, and in the wars that ensued they steadily espoused the cause of the British. At an early period, with the aid of the Colonial Government, they erected several strongholds to protect themselves from the attacks of the Canada Indians. A band of 200 Indians remained in the valley, at peace with the settlers, until the commencement of the Revolution. Efibrts were made to induce them to remain neutral during the war; but the offers of the British were so tempting that at last they took up arms against their neighbors. Previous to this a pestilence had swept off the greater part of the tribe, though the whites were not in the least affected by it. The first white settlement was made by a colony of German Palatinates, in 1711. These people had previously settled at East and West Camp, on the Hudson. Their number is estimat,ea at 600 to 700. They settled in 7 clusters, or villages, each under a leader or head man, from vrhom the dorf, cr village, was usually named.* The Dutch soon after began a settlement at " J'roomanslandj'' ' on the w. side of the creek, 2 or 3 mi. above the German settlement." Ihe Palatinates at first did not secure a patent for the lands they occupied, and a short time after iQelr settlement Nicholas Bayard appeared as agent of the British Government, and offered to giv'o iue settlers deeds for their lands ; but he was assailed by a mob and was obliged to flee for lii^ life. Upon reaching Schenectady he sent back word that for an ear of corn each he would give a clear title to the lands occupied by each ; but this offer was rejected. He returned to Albany and sold the tract to 5 persons at that place.^ A sheriff, named Adams, was sent to arrest some of the trespassers ; but no sooner was his business known than he was assailed by a mob and ridden upon a rail. For a considerable time after this outrage none of the German settlers dared visit Albany ; but after a 'time they ventured to do so, and were at once arrested and thrown into jail. They were at length released on making a written acknowledgment of the outrage they had perpetrated.^ The settlers at length sent an embassy, consisting of Conrad Weiser, — : — Casselman, and another, to England to petition the king for redress. The ship that took them out carried also a statement of the out- rages, and the ambassadors were at once imprisoned ; but after a time they were set at liberty and permitted to return. "Weiser was so chagrined at the result of the controversy that soon after, with about 60 families, he emigrated to Tulpehocton, Berks co., Penn. Other families removed to German Flats and others to Stone Arabia.^ Peter Vrooman, with several Dutch families,^ perma- 1 The elevation of this road, ■where it enters the co. ou the e., is 700 ft. above tide ; at Schoharie Creek it is 650 ft. ; at Cobleskill, 900 ft.; at Richmondville,l,175ft.; and at the w. co. line, 1,470 ft. 2 The principal turnpikes in the co. in early times were the Great Western, extending to Cherry Valley, huilt in 1802; t^nd the Charlotte River Turnpike, huilt in 1809. The latter formed the g:reat thoroughfare to the settlements in Delaware co. and adjacent regious. The plank road project was pretty thoroughly tried, and has been abandoned after a sacrifice of nearly all the capital invested, 3 The Mohicans principally settled near the mouth of the Little Schoharie; and the largest settlement of the others was at "Vroomansland,^' in the present town of Fulton. 4 Six of these leaders were Conrad Weiser, Hartman Winte- ker, John Hendriek Kneiskern, Eliaa Garlock, Johannes George Smidt, and William Fox; and John Lawyer, who came soon after, is supposed to have been the seventh. "Weisers Dorf" occupied the present site of Middleburgh Village, and had some 40 dwellings, like the others, built rudely of logs and earth and covered with bark and grass. ^"Hartmavs Dorf" was 2 mi. below, and had 65 dwellings. ^^Bruns Dorf," or "57*unen Dorf" or "Fountain Town" was near the courthouse. "Smiths Dorf" was a mi. farther n. "j?ba:s Dorf" was still farther down, about a mi. from Smiths. "Garlocks Dojf" ■wa.a 2 mi. below; and ''Kneiskerns Dorf" 2 or 3 mi. still farther w. Among these early settlers, besides those above named, were families named Keyaer, Bouck, Richard, Richtmeyer, Warner, Weaver, Zimmer, Mattice, Zeh, Bellinger, Borst, Schoolcraft, Crysler, Casselman, Newkirk, Earhart, Brown, Settle, Merckley, Snyder, Ball, Weidman, Deitz, Mann, Sternberg, Stubrach, JEnderse, Sidney, Bergh, and Houck. Within a week after their arrival, Catharine Mattice, Elizabeth Lawyer, Wilhelmus Bouck, and Johannes Earhart were born. The first wheat was sown by Sternberg, in 1773; and the first skipple planted like corn yielded 83 fold. 6 Adam Vrooman, from Schenectady, obtained a patent for 1,100 acres, Aug. 26, 1714. His tract was afterward found to contain 1,400 acres. It embraced the flats along the creek in the present town of Fulton, except Wilder Hook, at which place was an Indian castle and settlement. His son Peter, for whom it was bought, built a house, planted corn, and the first winter left the premises in charge of a man named Truax, and a negro man and his wife. Truax was murdered, and the negro and his wife were arrested, tried at Albany, and burned alive; but years after, one Moore, a resident of " Weisers Dorf," con- fessed that he and the negro man committed the deed, and that the woman was innocent. — Simm's Schoharie, p. 56. * The purchasers were Myndert Schuyler, Peter Van Brugh, Robert Livingston, jr., John Schuyler, and Henry Wielman. They received a patent. Nov. 3, 1714, for 10,000 acres, which was designed to include the flats from " Vroomansland?' to Montgomery CO. line; but on being surveyed by Lewis Morris, jr., and Andrus Coeyman, it was found that the flats on Fox Creek and at the mouth of Cobles Kil were not included, and these lands were secured by the surveyors. In a short time Morris and Coeyman joined interest with the five proprietors, and the company became known as the "Seven Partners." Final suits for parti- tion and settlement were adjusted in 1819, '25, '26, '28, and '29. 7 After this time a large number of settlers took leases of the proprietors, thus abandoning their claims to the lands. 8 Among those who removed to the Mohawk was BliEis Gar- lock, the first and long the only magistrate in Schoharie. Among these were families named Swartz, Ecker, Hagadom, Feeck, and Becker. Lawrence Schoolcraft made the first cider in the Schoharie settlements ; Brown, in 1752, was the first wagon maker. John Mattice Junk taught the first German school at the Camps, about 1740 ; and schools were tftught in Schoharie soon after. Dutch schools were taught at "Vrotrnians- land" at an early period ; and about 1760, English was first t;mght in schools in this region. John Ecker was the first blacksmith. The settlers of the valley resorted to Schenectady to mill, or used stump mortars, until many years after, when a mill was built on Mill Creek, near Fox Creek, by Simeon Laraway. Bolting cloths were first used in this co. about 1760. John Lawyer was the first merchant among the Germans. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 493 nently located upon his patent in 1727. The German and Dutch races long remained distinct. The Dutch -were generally wealthier than the more hardy and laborious Germans, and preferred to contract marriages with those of their own class in the older Dutch settlements. They often kept slaves, while the Germans seldom had further assistance than such as their own households, of both sexes, might afford. The Germans, by intermarriage, became a " family of cousins ;" and they were united by many ties of common interest. Industry and frugality gradually brought them to a level, and long acquaintance has almost entirely obliterated these hereditary distinctions of society. Upon the approach of the Revolution, a part of the people espoused the cause of the ! British; but the majority were ardent patriots. In many cases members of the same family were engaged on opposite sides, and the struggle assumed all the horrors of a civil war, aggravated by Indian barbarities. A Council of Safety was organized in 1774, of which Johannes Ball was chairman. During the war several conflicts took place within the limits of the co., and the people were continually exposed to the attacks of small scalping parties of the Indians.' At the close of the war a large number of families removed to Canada, and their property was confiscated.^ Several tones and Indians who had been active during the war returned at its close and were waylaid and shot. Others, warned by these examples, fled the country.' Since that period little of especial interest has occurred in the history of the co. In 1845 and '46, in common with the surrounding regions, this co. partook largely in the anti-rent excitement, — though no actual violence took place within its limits.* Within the last ten years, a mania for building large seminaries, far beyond the wants of the people, has spread through the co. The speculation has proved a ruinous one, and the entire amount of capital invested in the enterprises has been sunk.^ Three weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* 1 The principal events of tlie Revolution in Scholiarie co. were as follows : — 1774. Council of Safety formed. 1776, Col. James Huston enlisted tories at Loonen- bergh. 1777, Schoharie militia called into service under Captain Hager. Col. Huston and 20 others were arrested, and Huston was hung. " Aug. 10. — ^Engagement betweTen an American force under Col. John Harper and the tories under Capt. McDonald at Brakabeen. The tories were defeated and fled. Capt. Geo. Mann, one of their number, remained secreted in the vicinity until the succeeding spring, when (be delivered himself up to the authorities. He never afterward Joined the enemy, and his property was not confiscated. « In the autumn of this year the middle fort was built, and the upper and lower forts were begun. The lower fort is the old stone church, lately changed to an arsenal. 1778, May 8.— Battle of Cobles Kil, in which Captain Patrick and 22 men were killed. July.— Lieut. Col. Wm. Butler, with 3 companies of Morgan's Riflemen, was stationed at Scho: harie. Several tories recruiting tor the , British were shot. f 1779, Aug.— Col. Butler joined Sullivan's expedition against the Western Indians. 1780, Aug. 9.-A party of 73 Indians and 3 tories made an ittack upon the settlements at Vroomans- land, killed 6, and took 30 prisoners. « Oct. 16.-Sir John Johnson, with 600 troops and a large body of tories and Indians, Invaded the Schoharie settlements from the a. The upper fort was garrisoned by 100 men, under Capts, Jacob Hw" anl •'™»P'' Harper ; the middle fort by 350 men, under Maj^ Woolsey; and the lower fort by 150 men, under Maj, Becker. The middle fort was attacked, and the com- mander, Major Woolsey being an arrajit coward, wished td surrender it ; but a soldier, ^med Murphy, flrcd upon the flag which was sent with a summons to surrender; and, after, In iSectual attack. Sir Jolm abandoned ?he attempt. The dwellings, barns, stacks, and a 1 the property of the inhabitants were{ destroyed, though but few persons lost then- HdrS..xttn^wj5ff= were defeated, with a loss of «) killed. 1781, July. — Several persons at Middleburgh were surprised and taken prisonere while harvesting. One escaped, and the others were carried prisoners to Canada. " Oct. — Three men at Christian Myndert's house, in Sharon, were taken prisoners by a small party of Indians, and carried to Canada. " Oct. 24. — A party of 60 or 70 Indians, under Brant, en- tered Vroomansland and commenced their work of plunder. Isaac Vrooman was mur- dered. A party of Americans, under Capt. Hager, rallied to their assistance, and the Indians retreated. A sharp skirmish took place at IJtsyantha Lake; but a part of the American force, under Capt. Hale fled at the commencement, and the remainder were obliged to retreat. Hale was ai'rested in his retreat by the threat of being shot ; but the enemy had escaped. 1782, July 26. — Several tories and 22 Indians made an incur- sion into I'oxes Creek Valley for the purpose of capturing Maj. Becker; but the Maj. and family defended the house with such vigor that the Indiana retreated. Several persona wore murdered by the Indians, and several of the latter were shot. 1784 Dec. 16. — Many persons who had been taken to Canada ' were released on Lake Champlain, and re- turned to their homes. 2 Tn Canada, opposite St. Lawrence co., are many families who claim relationship to inhabitants of this co. They were refugees to whom gralnts of land were made by the Britiah Government. „ , . ^ ^ i>x,' c ^ e 8 Among these was one Beacraft, who boasted of his feats of villainy. Soon after his return he was surprised by about a dozen whigs, near Blenheim IJridgre, led into a grove, stripped, bound, and punished with fifty lashes with hickory gads, the executioners at every, ten tilling him for what particular offence they were applied. He was then unbound and allowed a very short time to disappear. , , ^, -j i,, . *„ i a 4 In this CO. George Clark had then considerable tracts, leased for 3 lives at a rent of 6 pence sterling per acre. Scott's Patent of 56 000 acres was then chiefly owned by the heirs of John Livingston, and lea,«ed (or 2 lives at a rent of $14 per 100 acres. The Blenheim Patent wis also in part leased. 6 Of 9 academies buiit in this co., 3 have been burned, 3 are "to let," and 3 are Ftill open. fl Th& American J-!>r-'/iJ. the first paper published in the co., was commencrd nt Schoharie in June, 1809, by Derick Van Veghten. In 1812 its name was changed to The Schoharie Herald, iind the paper was soon after discon- The Trtie American was commenced at Schoharie in Dec. 1809, by T. M. Tillman. It was discontinued in 1812 or 1813. The &:lwharie B-u^gct w;i.4 commenced in June, 1817, by Derick Van Veghteu. 'a 1820 iia name was changed to 4^4 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. BliElVHEIM^— was formed from Schoharie, March 17, 1797. Jefferson was taken off in 1803, and a part of Gilboa in 1848. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. Schoharie Creek flows n. through the e. part, receiving West Kil and several smaller streams from the w. A wide alluvial flat extends along its course. The streams generally are bordered by steep hills rising to a height of 300 to 500 ft. The soil is principally a clayey loam. Patcliiii Hollow/ (North Blenheim p.o.,) upon Schoharie Creek, contains 2 churches, a tannery, and 44 houses. The first settlements were made by Dutch and Palatinates, before 1761 ; but the settlers were driven out during the Revolution. The present race of settlers came mostly from New England, soon after the close of the war. Rev. Stephen Fenn was the first preacher.^ BROOME*— was formed March 17, 1797, as "Bristol Its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Conesville was taken off in 1836, a part of Gilboa in 1848, and parts of Middle- burgh were annexed Feb. 9 and Oct. 5, 1849. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highest summits are 350 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Catskill Creek takes its rise in the n. part, and several branches of Schoharie Creek drain the n. and w. portions.^ The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Liivingstonville, (p. v.,) in the e. part, s. of the center, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, gristmill, and sash factory. Pop. 150.* Franklinton, (p. v.,) in the n. part, con- tains a church and 100 inhabitants. Smithton is a hamlet, near the s. line. The first settle- ments were made before the Revolution.' There are 6 churches in town.^ CARI^ISIiE — was formed from Cobleskill and Sharon, March 31, 1807.® It is the central town upon the n. border of the co. Its surface consists principally of an immense ridge lying between the valleys of the Mohawk and Cobles Kil, the summit of which is 800 to 1,000 ft. above the former stream.^** This ridge descends to the n. by a series of terraces formed by the different geological strata, and on the s. by gradual slopes following the general dip of the rocks. The streams are small brooks. The soil is principally a clay loam. Hops are extensively cultivated. The Sclioliarle Republican. It soon after parsed into the hands of Peter Keyser. Lemuel Cuthbert, A. A. Keyser, Wm. H. Underwood, Wm. H. Gallup, P. D. Lawyer, and Rosaiter have since been interested in its publication. It ia now published by J. B. Hall. The Observer was commenced at Schoharie Id Oct. 1818. In 1819 it passed into the hands of Solomon Baker, in 1820 to Baker & Fish, and in 18*22 it was again in the hands of Mr. Baker, and was soon after discontinued. The Evangelical Luminary was commenced at Schoharie Jan. 1, 1824, by Rev. Geo. A. Lintuer and L. Cuthbert. It was continued about 1 year. The Lutheran Magazine, mo., was commenced in Feb. 1827, by the Western Conference of Lutheran Ministers, L. Cuthbert, printer, and was published for some years. The Schoharie, Free Press was commenced June 9. 1830, by Dun- can McDonald. In 1832 it was removed to Esperance and its name changed to The Esperanxx Sentind and Schoharie and Montgomery Reporter. It was discontinued in 1835 or '36. The Gem was published a short time in 1837. The Sclionarle Patriot was commenced Feb. 13, 1838, by Peter Mix. It is now published by him and his son, S. H. Mix. The Star was commenced in April, 1838, by S. H. Mis, then a schoolboy. The Sun was commenced as an opposition paper in May, 1838, by D. L. Underwood, another lad of about the same age. These papers were about 3 by 4 inches. Early in 1839 they were enlarged. On the issue of No. 5 of the Sun it went down never to rise again ; and the Star ceased to twinkle after the 12th number. rfte Huge Paw, a campaign paper, was published from Aug. 12 1840, to Nov. 11 following, by Wm. H. Gallup. The Hdderbergh Advocate was commenced in 1841 by Wm. H. Gallup. Its name was changed in 1843 to The Guardian of the SoU, and it was discontinued in 1 year. Tlie American Christian was commenced at Leesville Jan. 7, 1847, by J. D. Lawyer. It was soon after discontinued. The Schoharie County Sentinel was commenced at Cobleskill Jan. 22, 1852, by Hiram C. Page. It was published a short time by Chas. Cleveland, and by Wadhams & Knistern, and was soon after purchased by J. B. Hall, who merged it with the Schoharie Republican. The Charlottemlie Journal was commenced at Charlotteville in 1854 by Furman £ prowu. In 1855 John Brown became sole proprietor, and removed it to Cobleskill and changed the name to The CobleskiU Journal. It has since been discontinued. The Oasis, semi-mo., waa commenced at Schoharie by the Btudenta of the academy in 1855. It was soon discon- tinued. Tlie ScHoliarle County Jeflersouiau was com- menced at Cobleskill in 1859 by Matthew Freeman, and is still published. 1 Named from the Blenheim Patent, a portion of which lies in the N. part of this town. 2 Hendrick Mattice, the pioneer, built a mill on "West Kil, at Patchiu Hollow. He became a loyalist and went to Canada. Henry Uffner, Lambert Sternberg, Wm. Freeck, Isaac Smith, Banks Morehouse, George Martin, and Henry Hager were early settlers, Freegift Patchin settled in 1798, built the second mill, and gave name to the village. Gen. Patchin bad been taken prisoner by the Indians, and suffered extremely at their hands. Thfl first inn was kept by H. Effner ; the first store, by Tobias Cuyler, in 1803 ; and the first tannery was built in 1825, by Jones & Lathrop. Jacob Sutherland, afterward Judge of the U. S. Supreme Court, resided several years at North Blenheim. i* There are 4 churches in town; 3 M. E., and Ref. Prot. D. 4 Named from John Broome, Lieut. Gov. of the State at the time of the formation of the town, Scott's Patent of 37,840 acres, granted Jan. 2, 1770, and a part of Isaac Le Roy's Patent, are within the limits of this town. 6 On the summit level of the Catskill & Canajoharie R. R. line, between two immense hilla, was a " vlaie," or black aah swamp, from which streams issued in opposite directions. It was about a mile long and covered many acres. Dams were formerly erected and mills built at each end; and fish placed in the pond thus formed multiplied greatly. It is now drained. 8 Daniel Shays, the leader of the insurrection in Mass. that bears his name, settled in this town after the dispersion of his forces. David Williams, one of the captors of Andie, removed to this village from South Salem in 1805, bought a farm of Gen. Shays, and resided upon it until his death, Aug. 2, 1831. Ho left a widow, 4 eons, and 8 daughters. He was the object of much regard, from the interesting historical event with which his name is associated ; and the year before his death he became the guest of New York City.— Simms's Schoharie, chap.xxi. 7 Derick Van Dyck settled before the Revolution. John Kob- bins, Guillem, a half-breed, Allen Leet, Joshua and Asa Bushnell, Geo. and Hezekiah Watson, Ebenezer Wickham, Geo. Burtwlck, Timothy Kelsey, Joseph Gillet, and Ezra Chapman settled previous. to 1796. The first known birth was that of Francis Kelsey, in April, 1794; and the first death, that of Ezra Chapman, Aug. 1794. Griswold, Cardan & Wells began the erection of a sawmill in 1794, and a gristmill the next season 8 3 M. E., Meth. Prot., Bap., and Preab. 8 This town embraces portions of New Dorlach, Becker, Livingston's, Van Rensselaer's, Machin's, and the Stone Heap Patents. 10 A conical elevation near the s. line, early known as O-waere* Bouere, is one of the highest points in the co., and may be seen firom Hamilton co., 60 mi. n. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 495 frrf i";T>,V ^°''°'^ "'' *^' ^™''*°°^ ^^g'""^ ^^ ^^°^' P^'^ts of the town.' ArgusviUe,^ LVn^i; and 35 hlr'c^^^^^^^^ f '^T' T*^™ ' "'''''''''''' ' ^^""^^"' ^-"'' a church boardinr« l 1 3 . f ' ^^^ ^"'^ ""P"" ^''^ ^^^^^'^^ Turnpike, in the n. part, contains s E corir cin . ' l""^ ^r'"''''^- ^"P- 1"^- erosvenors Corners, (p. 0.,) in the VfiO ° tI; r r V. "" 1 ""'"^ "'"^ ^° ^°"^^^- '^'"^^ fi™* «««!«">«-' ^-« --de in the I w part, about 1/ bO. The first church was formed by Dr. Simon Hosack, of Jolmatown, in 1803 or '04.^ oy^^^A^^f}}'}'^'^^^' ^°™"^ *"™"' Schoharie, March 17, 1797. The line of Sharon was changed March 15, 1799. A part of Carlisle was taken off in 1807, a part of Summit in 1819, ano R,chmondyille m 1845. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. Its surfac^ IS principally a hilly upland, broken by the deep valley of Cobles Kil, which extends ^. and w. through the center. The highest points, on the n. and s. borders, are 600 to 900 ft. above the valley _ The soil upon the hills is a sandy loam, and in the valley an alluvium. CoblesfelU, !«■/■' U''^. \ ?'■'■*■ °°''*^™' ^ churches, a sawmill, gristmill, planing mill, and tannery. Pop. 364. CobleskiU Center (p. v.) contains a church, sawmill, and 20 dwellings. I^awyers- Vllle, (p.v.,) in the N.w. corner, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and 25 dwellings. East CobleslUll,» (p. V.,) in the s. e. corner, contains 2 churches and 21 dwellings. Baruerville, (p. V.,) near the center, contains a church, gristmill, clothing works, and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made about 1750.' The first land grants were made about 1730. During the Revolution the people mostly espoused the cause of the colonists, and in consequence were" sub- jected to constant incursions from the Indians. A regular engagement took place between a company of militia and a large Indian force under Brant, May 31, 1778. The Americans were defeated, and about one-half of their number were killed." Howe's Cave, near the E. line, is a place of considerable interest." The census reports 7 churches in town.'^ COHTESVIJUiE" — was formed from Broome and Durham, (Greene co.,) March 3, 1836. It is the s. B. corner town of the co. Its surface is generally a hilly upland, mountainous along the E. border. The highest summits are 1,600 to 2,000 ft. above the valleys. Schoharie Creek forms a small portion of the w. boundary ; and Manor Kil flows w. through near the center. Upon the latter stream, near its mouth, is a cascade of 60 ft. The valleys of these streams are bordered by high and often nearly precipitous hills. Stryfeersville, ("West Conesville p. 0., ) upon Manor Kil near its mouth, contains a church, tannery, and 20 houses ; and Stoue Bridg^e, (Conesville p. 0.,) near the center, a church and 10 houses. Manorkill (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settlement was made by Ury Richtmeyer, in 1764." There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and Ref. Prot. D. ESPERAIVCE'* — was formed from Schoharie, April 4, 1846. A small portion was re- annexed to Schoharie in 1850. It is the e. town on the n. border of the co. Its surface consists of two ridges, extending e. and w. across the town, separated by the valley of Schoharie Creek. The 1 The principal of these caveg are known as Young's and Sel- kirk's caves. Near Carlisle Village is a small cavern, in which it is supposed that Indians found shelter during the Revolution. Kbrous sulphate of barytas, fibrous carbonate of lime, and arragonite are found near Grosvenors Corners. 2 Named from the Albany Argus, at the time the principal paper taken in town. Foroerly known as "Molicks Mills." 8 The Carlisle Seminary was bnilt by a stock companyin 1853, at a cost of $24,000. It is beautifully situated in a grove a little 8. of the center of the village. It was opened in Nov. 1853. and closed in March, 1855. It has accommodation for about 300 boarders. * Andrew Loucks, Coenradt Engle, Philip Hooker, and Peter Young were among the first that located in town. Thef late Judge Brown, author of a small local history, settled at an early period. John C. McNeill, Wm. Caldwell, John Sweetman, Aaron Howard, Tennis Van Camp, Mathias Cass, and todowyck Primer were also early settlers. 5 There are now 5 churches in town ; Bap., Evan. Luth., Presb., Univ., and Union. ^ . .„ .^ ' Named from Cobel, who built a mill near Central Bridge at an early period. Cobles Kil was called by the Indians Ots- ' Nained from Lawrence Law.yer, said to have been the first settler in town. SLocally known as*'Punchk)II. » Among the early settlers were families named Shafer, Bouck, Keyser, Warner, Fremyre, Borst, and Brown,— mostly from Sch(>- haile. Capt. Jas. Dana, an early settler, distinguished himself in the battle of Bunker Hill. John Redlngton, another soldier of much service, also lived in this town.— 5im7>w's Schohane,p. 619. A sawmill, built before the war by Christian Brown, was not destroyed by the Indians, as it was coveted by » t?^. ■"!«> expected to receive it after it was confiscated by the British. 10 Tlie American force of 45 men, under the command of Capts. Brown and Patrick, were drawn into an ambuscade. Upon the retreat, 5 of the soldiers threw themselves into a house, which was surrounded by the Indians and burned, the soldiers perish- |ng in the flames. The delay occasioned by the resistance made it this house gave the remainder of the fugitives and the in- iibltants time to escape. The whole number of Americana illed was 22; and it is supposed that the Indians lost about an jual number. Fort Du Bois, a strong blockhouse, stood in this )wn during the war. 11 This cave was discovered in May, 1842, by Lester Howe, the owner. Its entrance is about 50 ft. above Cobles Kil. After passing several spacious rooms, one of which is named "The Chapel," the visitor comes to a crawling place 200 ft. long, beyond which is a limpid sheet of water 30 ft. long, 20 wide, and 10 deep. Beyond this the cavern extends a great distance, much of the way along a brook, and the total length of the passages measures several mi. Many highly interesting stalactital concretions — some of great size — have been found in this locality. It has been named the Otsgaragee Cavern. IS 4 M. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., and Evan. Luth. 18 Named from Rev. Jonathan Cone, of Durham, Greene co. The town was included in a tract granted to U. Richtmeyer and others, May 6, 1754, known as Dise's Manor ; and tracts to Daniel Crane. Samuel Stringer, Walter McFarlane, John Richtmeyer, Christian Patrie, and others. 14 Mr. R. was joint owner of several patents with John Diss and others; and the name is still common in town. During the Revolution the settlers fled for safety to the upper fort. Peter Richtmeyer was twice taken prisoner by the Indians under the tory Jones. After the war, Philip Krinple, Conrad Patrie, John Shew, Barent Stryker, Stephen Scovill, James Allerton, and Hubbard and Judah Luring, the last two from Coun.,came into town. The flr.^t death was that of Ury Richtmeyer, Aug. 14, 1769. Thomas Canfleld taught a school in 1794. Peter Richt- meyer kept the first inn, in 1784. Barent Stryker built the first mill, above the falls of Manor KiL 15 The town wag named from the village. The site of the latterwas bought by Gen.Wm. North in 1800, laid out into lota, and named by him from a French word signifying H(^e. 496 SCHOHiRIE COUNTY. highest parts are 600 to 800 ft. above the valley. The soil is principally a clayey loam. Ksperance, (p v.,) upon the e. line, was incorp. April 21, 1832. It contains 2 churches, a paper mill, gristmill, sawmill, and foundery. Pop. 322. Sloaosville.^ (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches, 3 sawmills, and 2 gristmills. Pop. 252. The first settlements were made by Palatinates, about ITU.^' There are 4 churches in town ; 2 Bap., Presb., and M. E. FUI.T01V3— was formed from Middleburgh, April 15, 1828. It is the central town in the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the ravines of the streams. Schoharie Creek* flows n. through the e. part, receiving Panther Creek from the w. The highest summits are 1,000 ft. above the valleys. The hills next to the creek are conical and often precipitous ; but farther w. they assume a rounded form and are bounded by more gradual slopes. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Braltabeen,^ (P-v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, in the s. part, contains a church, gristmill, foundery, 2 sawmills, and 200 inhabitants. Fultonliam, (p. v.,) near the e. line contains a church, gristmill, 2 sawmills, and 25 dwellings; and West Fulton (p. v.) a church, sawmill, gristmill, and 16 dwellings. Watsonville is a small village, in the e. part; and Peterstourgli a hamlet, in the n. part. The first settlements were made by Dutch and Palatinates, about 1711. The upper fort of the Schoharie during the Revolution was situated upon the present site of Fultonham. The census reports 5 churches in town.** Gov. Wm. C. Bouck was born in this town Jan. 7, 1786, and died here in April, 1859. GIIiBOA— was formed from Blenheim and Broome, March 16, 1848. It is the central town upon the s. border of the co. Its surface is a mountainous upland, broken by deep ravines. ^Schoharie CreeF flows n. through the center, receiving Platter Kil from the e. and Mine Kil from the w. The streams are bordered by steep hillsides rising to a height of 2,000 to 3,000 ft. above tide. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Oilboa, (p. v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, contains 2 churches, a private seminary, cotton factory,^ gristmill, tannery, and 566 inhabitants. 8outh Gilboa, (p. v.,) in the w. part, contains a church and 20 dwellings. "West Gilboa, (p. 0.,) in the n. w. part, is a hamlet. Macfeies Corners, (Broome Center p. o.,) in the e. part, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Mine Ril Falls is a p. o. Settlement was commenced in 1764, by Matthew and Jacob Dise.® The first preacher was Kev. Joel Peebles, settled in 1808.^** JEFFERSOW — was formed from Blenheim, Feb. 12, 1803. A part of Summit was taken off in 1819. It is on the s. line of the co., near the s. w. corner. Its surface is a hilly upland, the principal summits being about 1,000 ft. above the valleys and 2,000 ft. above tide. Mine Hill, in the extreme s. part, is estimated to be 3,200 ft. above tide. A high ridge extending n. e. and s. w. through near the center forms the watershed between Delaware and Mohawk Rivers. Utsyantha Lake is a small sheet of water on the s. line." The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Jefferson, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 25 houses. Marseville, in tlie 1 Named ft-om John R. Sloan, an early settler. Many years .since, near thia place, liy the side of a path leading to Port Hunter, was a stone heap thrown up by the Indians, who, from, a superstition among them, never failed to add a stone to the pile whenever they passed it. The Rev. Gideon Kawley, who passed it in 1753, relates (1 Mass. CoU. IV) that this heap had] been accumulating for ages, and that his native guide couldj give no other reason for the observance than that his fathei practiced it and enjoined it cppn him. He did not like to tal' about it; and the missionary believed that the custom was religious offering to the unknown God. Others state that tradition fixes this as the spot where a murder was committed. The heap gave name to the " Stone Heap Patent," granted t' John Bower and others Sept. 15, 1770. The heap was 4 rodi_ I long, 1 or 2 wide, and 10 to 15 ft. high, and consisted of small, flat? stones. The covetous owner many years since built the material into a stone wall; and no trace of this curious monument of In- dian superstition now remains. Similar stone heaps have been noticed in other sections of the State. The path that led by this pile was that taken by Sir John .Johnson and bis army from Scho- harie to the Mohawk in Oct. 1780. — Simms's Schoharie, p. 632. 2 One of the first settlements was made at "Kneiskems Dnrf," opposite the month of Cobles Kil. The place was named from John Peter Knelskern, a prominent settler. The Stubrachs, Enderses, Sidneys, Berghs. and Houcks were alsQ pioneer fami- lies. Henry and George Houck built the first gristmill. This tivfu comprises the whole of Jacob Henrv Ten Eyck's patent, surveyed Aug. 1761; a part of the Schoharie Patent, and a part of Sawyer & Zimmer's Second Allotment. The Stone Heap Patent lies partly in this town. 8 This town embraces the whole of several patents and parts of others, the principal of which are Michael Byrne's, of 18,000 acres, granted Dec. 14, 1767 ; John Butler's, of about 8,000 acres ; Wm. Bouck'a Patent, of 1,250 acres, e. of the creek, granted May 8.1755, and another, on the w., of about the same size; Edward Clark's, of 100 acres; Vrooman's Land, granted to Adam Vrooman, Aug. 26, 1714 ; Wm. "Wood's Patent, of 2,000 acres, July 13, 1770 ; Hendrick Hager's, 900 acres, Dec. 1, 1768 ; part of John Butler's, of 100 acres, and of Isaac Levy's tract of 4,333 acres, surveyed in July, 1770. Vrooman's Land Indian deeds are still extant, one of which is dated Aug. 22, 1711. Among the early settlers were Peter, son of Adam Vrooman. the patentee ; Cor- nelius and Bartholomew Vrooman, Nicholas Feeck, Adam Brown, Tennis Vrooman, Michael Brown, Kriesler, Frere Becker, and Stephen Young, on the w. ; and William Bouck, the patentee, with his eons Johannes T., Christian, and William, Nicholas York, and Henry Hager, on the e. * This stream is called by the Indiana Ken-'ha-na-ga-ra. Upon its course, in a ravine 200 feet deep worn in the Hamilton shates, is a fine cascade, known as "Bouck's Falls." 6 A German name for the rushes which grew upon the banks of the creek at thia place. 6 3 Union, Evan. Luth., and Ref. Prot. D. T A fall in the creek at the village was called by the Indians De-was-e-go, 8 The Gilboa Cotton Mills Co. baa a capital of $50,000, and runs 100 looms. 8 These two settlers joined the British and fled to Canada during the Revolution. Among the early settlers after the war were Kichard Stanley, Joseph Desilva, Benoni Frazer, Cornelius Lane, John Breaster, Isaac Van Fort, Daniel Conover, and Jacob Homer, — all from New England. Ruloflf Voorhees kept the first inn, in 1785 ; John Dise built the first mills, in 1764 ; and Jonah Soper the first tannery, in 1800. This town embraces a part of the Blenheim Patent, with parts of grants to Ury Richtmeyer, David BufBngton, (July, 1770,) and Scott, with a portion of the " S«at6 Lands.'' The last named tracts comprised the lands escheated to the State by feilure of title, and, the confiscated estates of lories. 10 The census reports 8 churches; 4 Bap., 2 M. E., Ref. Prot. D.. and Christian. 11 This lake is 1,800 ft. above tide. It is often mentioned in old documents, and woa an angleintheboundsof Albany co. in colo- nial times. It is the source of the w. branch of the Delaware. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 497 nam/waf c1;fnfed?n*'m7"l t?' '"" Schoharie March 17, 1797, as ^'MiMUio^n.- Its taken off in 1828 and mri w. '^ '"''. ^e-annexed to Schoharie March 26, 1798. Fulton was border of the co T^, "^ f IT^'^ *^ ^'°°"'' ^" l^^^- ^^ ^^ t''^ ««^t™l town upon the e. C^ek wWch extent Tar r^h '^"^.'jf °<1' ^-^^-^ -^^ ^wo ridges by the valley of ihoharie the yauIyB SeSip P I ^^^^Shthe town. The highest summits are 600 to 800 ft. above riMside^rr^TT '''"'' Schoharie Creek from the k. and Line Kil from the Tol is a craw lo..^ T tT""T "'^ ^'^^^^ ''"'^ '^^'^ ^^ '"-"^ P'a'=«« precipitous. The el^si^et'ci^ii:' ma^^^^^^ 7,t 'r %t r"^^n ^'^^ ^"^ ^~™ -' Brivateseminnrv P^Vt ''*»««»«»"rsni (P- v.,) upon Schoharie Creek, contains 4 churches, a C«d r v7' ?. ^'P'' '"'^^'' ^ '''""^ S^^'-^'ll' ^ ^"""'i^'-y, and 110 dwellings. Hunte^-s iSZd n r tf t T"'!^' ""■' "?"^' ^^ Palatinates, in 1711.* The midfle fort of Scho- harie stood a little below the present site of Middlcburgh Village during the Revolution. The census reports 5 churches m town.* >, ■^**^^^»*»^»V*."'"'E_was formed from CobleskiU, April 11, 1845. It lies upon the w. border of the co., a little s. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, separated into two distanct parts by the valley of Cobles Kil, which extends e. and w. through the center The highest summits are 500 to 700 ft. above the valley. The soil is generally a clayey loam ' Hops are extensively cultivated. RicUmondviUe/ (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a foundery, sawmill, gristmill, and 370 inhabitants. Warnerville/ (p. v.,) upon Cobles Kil, at the mouth of West Kil, contains 2 churches, a boarding seminary,* 2 tanneries, and 44 dwellings West Rlchmondvllle is a p. 0. The first settlement was made before the Revolution by George Warner and his sons Nicholas, George, and Daniel, from Schoharie.' The census reports 5 churches in town."* SCHOHARII:— was formed as a district March 24, 1772, and as a town March 7, 1788. Sharon, CobleskiU, Middleburgh, and Blenheim were taken off in 1797, and Esperance and Wright in 1846. A part of Middleburgh was re-anne?ed in 1798, and a part of Esperance in 1850. It lies in the n. e. part of the co., its n. e. corner bordering on Schenectady co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the deep valleys of the streams. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, and their summits are 400 to 500 ft. above the valleys." Schoharie Creek flows n. through near the center, receiving Foxes Creek from the e. and Cobles Kil from the w. In the limestone region jn this town are numerous caverns." The soil upon the hills is a clayey loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Hops and broom corn are largely cultivated. Schoharie, (p. v.,) the county seat, is situated upon Schoharie Creek, s. of the center of the town. Besides the co. buildings, it contains 3 churches, the Schoharie Academy, 2 newspaper offices, an arsenal, anH a bank. Pop. 806. Central Brldg'e, (p. v.,) at the mouth of Cobles Kil, contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, machine shop, and 12 dwellings. Barton Hill is a p. 0., near the n. e. comer. The first settlement was made in 1711, by a colony of German Palati- 1 Amos and Caleb Northrop settled in the B. part ; Samnel and Noah Judeon, near Utsyantha Lake ; Henry Shelmerdine and James McKenzie, on West Kil ; Stephen Marvin, Erastua Judd, and Aaron Jones, near the village. These were mostly from New England. The first marriage was that of Marvin Judd and Lois Gibbs, Aug. 1800 ; and the first death, that of Elsie Judd, in June, 1799. Heman Hickok taught the first school, in 1799. Canfield Coe kept the first inn, in 1794; and Rodman Lewis the first store, in 1800. Stephen Judd hnilt the first saw- mill, in 1796; and Heman Hickok the first gristmill, in 1799. Eli Jones built the first tannery, in 1810. 2 The census reports 8 churches ; 4 M. B. and 2 Bop. 8 A hill opposite Middleburgh Village was named On-can-ge- na, " Mountain of Snakes." A mountain Just above Middle- burgh, on tiiew. side, was called Onis-ta-gia-wa ; the one next w., To-wok-nou-ra, or " Spring Hill ;" and the one 8. e. of Middle- burgh, Mo-he-gou-ter. 4 This town comprises parts of Schoharie Patent, Lawyer's & Zimmer's 1st Allotment, Thos. Eckerson's, Becker & Bckerson's, Thos. & Cornelius Eckerson's, Clark's, Depeyster's, Vrooman's, John Butler's, Bouck's, Lawrence Lawyer's, Nicholas Mattice's, and the Vlaie Patents. , „ ^ , , 6 2 M. E , Kvan. Luth., Kef. Prot. D., and True Butch. « Eichmondville Union Seminary and Female Collegiate In- stitute was built by a joint stock company in 1852, at a cost of *24.000, including grounds, buildings, .and furniture. It was burned Dec. 18, 1853, and was immediately rebuilt at a cost of (34,000, but was again burned June 30, 186.4. ' Named from Capt. Geo. Warner, the first settlor. 8 Wamerville Seminary was built in 1851, at a cost of about $25,000, grounds and furniture being $3,000 additional. It has ac- commodations for 200 boarding students. A school was in operation about 3 years, when it waa closed and has not since been opened. f Geo. Mann, John and Henry Sbafer, Andrew Michael, Elijah Hadsell, John Lick, and John Dingman settled soon after tlie Revo- lution. The first school tGerman) was taught by Sltinsky. The first inn was kept by Bohall ; the first store by Geo. SkUl- mans ; the first sawniiil was built by a company of settlers ; and the first gristmill by David Lawyer, on Cobles Kil. The town is comprised in the Skinner and portions of the Franklin, John F. Bouck, and B. Glazier Patents. Bouck's Patent, of 3,600 acres, was granted March 19, 1754, and Glazier's, of 3,000 acres, July 28, 1772. 10 2 M. B., Bap., Evan. Luth., and Christian. 11 The grade of the Albany & Susquehanna R. R., upon the N. line of this town, is 550 ft. above fide. 12 Ball's Cave, otherwise called Gebhard's Cave, 4 mi. b. of the courthouse, was first explored in Sept. 1831. It descends about 100 ft. below the surface. A stream of water, with small cascades, flows through it, and a boat is kept for the use of visitors. About 1853, it was purchased by W. H. Knoepfel, of N. Y., with the design of making it a popular place of resort. When first ex- plored, it abounded in magnificent stalactites, of the purest white, translucent and fibrous. Nehtaway'w Cave, 2 mi. s. b. of the courthouse, was explored in 1836, by John Gebliard, jr., and John Bouny. A few tine specimens of colored rhombohedral spar were found in it. 498 SCHOHARIE COUNTY. nates, ^ho had previously located upon the Hudson.^ The first church (German) was established soon after the first settlement ;2 Rev. Peter Nicholas Sommer was the first clergyman. SEWARO'— was formed from Sharon, Feb. 11, 1840. It lies on the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, the highest summits being 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys.* West Kil, the principal stream^, flows s. e. through the center. The soil is a clayey loam. Hops are largely cultivated. Ilyndsville, (p. v.,) upon West Kil, in the s. part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 143 inhabitants. Seward Valley,^ (Seward p. 0.') in the n.w. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, and 16 houses. Gardnerville (p. v.) contains a church and 84 inhabitants. Clove is a hamlet. The first settlements were made in the N. part of the town, by a colony of Germans, in 1754.^ Their settlement was known as ''New Dorlach" The census reports 8 churches in town.' SHAROIV^— was formed from Schoharie, March 17,1797, as ''Dorlach." Its name was changed March 17, 1797. Seward was taken off in 1840. It is the N. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland. The highest summits, in the s. w. corner, are about 500 ft. above the valleys. West Kil, flowing s. through the w. part, is the principal stream. The soil is a gravelly loam. In the underlying limestone are numerous caves. Hops are largely produced:*' Sbaron Springs, (p-v.,) a little n. w. of the center, is celebrated for its sulphur and chaly- beate springs.^ It contains 5 large hotels for the accommodation of the visitors to the springs, and 2 churches. Pop. 230. Rockville, upon the turnpike, about a quarter of a mi. above the springs, contains 3 churches and 20 dwellings. Sbaron Center (p. v.) contains 20 dwellings. Sharon Hill, (Sharon p. o.,) in the s. e. part, contains a gristmill, sawmill, foundery, and 20 dwellings ; I^eesville, (p. v.,) in the N. w. part, 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Eng^ellville^ (p. 0.,) near the w. line, and JBeekmans Corners, near the s. line, are hamlets. Col. Calvin Rich, from New England, is said to have been the first settler.^** July 9, 1781, the tory Boxtader, with a party of 300 Indians, made a descent upon Currytown, Montgomery co. ; and on his return, with his plunder and prisoners, he was overtaken by an American force, under Col. Willett. An engagement ensued, in which about 40 Indians were killed, and the remainder fled. The battle ground is about 2 mi. e. of Sharon Springs. The census reports 5 churches in town.^^ SUMMIT — was formed from Jefferson and Cobleskill, April 13, 1819. It is the s. w. corner town of the co., lying principally on the w. border. Its surface is a broken and hilly upland. The central ridge forms a portion of the watershed between Susquehanna and Mohawk Rivers, the highest summits being 2,000 to 2,300 ft. above tide. Charlotte River, the principal stream, flows s. w. through the w. part. The soil is a gravelly and clayey loam. Summit, (p. v.,) upon the ridge, near the center, contains 2 churches and 28 dwellings. It is 2,200 ft. above tide. CUar- lotteville, (p-"^-*) upon Charlotte River, in the s. w. part, contains a church, the N. Y. Confer- ence Seminary and Collegiate Institute,^^ 2 sawmills, a gristmill and clothing works, and about 40 1 This town includes parts of the Schoharie, Morris & Coeyman's, Lawyer & Bergh'a, and the 2d Allotment of Lawyer & Ziaimer's Patents. For particulars of early settlement, see page — . 2 A lot of 14 acres in Huntersfield was conveyed. Jan. 3, 1737, by Johannes Sheffer, Hendrick Conradt, and Johannes Ingold, to Jonas Le Roy and Peter Speis, for the support of the Middleburgh and Schoharie high and low Dutch churches. By an act of Feb. 8, 1799, the two congregations were empowered to divide and mutu- ally release this lot. lliecensusreports4churcheR; 2Evan.Luth., M. E., and Ref. Prot. D. 3 Named In honor of Gov. Seward. * Upon the s. e. border of the town is a hill, called by the iDdians Gogny-ta-nee; and n. of Seward Valley is another, called One^en-tardashe. ^ Locally known as " Neeleys Hollow." The first settlers were Sebastian France, Michael Merckley, Henry Ilynds, and Ernest Fretz. Among the other early settlers were Caleb Grospot, Wm. Ernest Spornhyer, and Conrad Brown, who located near the Luth. church ; and Wm. Rip'^omah, Ilenry France, lleni-y Hanes, Geronimus Chrysler, and John, Peter, and Martin, sons of Rev. Peter Nicholas Sommer, the first Schoharie pastnr. The first German school was taught by Phaughwer ; the first inn was kept by Thos. Almy ; the first store by Wm. E. Spornhyer. Wm. Hynds built the first sawmill, and Henry Hanes the first gristmill. The first birth was that of a son of France. 7 3 Evan. Luth., 3 M. B., Ref. Prot. D., and Bap. 8 Named fn 0.14 " Extractive matter J 10.06 Sulphuretted hydrogen gas,— 1 cubic inch. The waters flowing over vegetable substances incrust them with white and flocculent sulphur. The gas from the sulphur spring quickly tarnishes silver, •ven in the pocket. In the neighborhood is a chalybeate spring. The vicinity derives interest from caves containing stalactites and beautiful crystals of sulphate of lime. A quarter of a mite below the spring is a fine cascade. A copious spring of common water gushes from the rocks a short distance above, in volume suflicient to turn a mill.— G^eoZ. 1st I>ist.,p. 89; Beck's Mineralogy of N. T.,p, 143; Sitnins's Schoharie, p. 643. 10 Col. R. was afterward at Sackets Harbor as a Col. of drafted militia in Gen. Richard Dodge's brigade. Calviu Pike, William Vanderwerker, Conrad Fritche, Abraham and John Mereness, John Malick, and Peter Courment were early settlers, and were obliged to flee to Schoharie or Fort Hunter for safety during the war. Wm. Beekman kept the first store; John Hutt built the first sawmill, Omeo Lagrange the first gristmill, John Hutt the first clothing works, and Frederick & Crouck the first tannery. The town comprises a part of Frederick Young's Patent of 20,000 acres, granted Sept. 25, 1761 ; a tract granted to Bradt & Living- ston, of 8,000 acres; a part of Johan D. Gross' Tract; a tract granted to Johannes Lawyer, jr., Jacob Boist, and others, of 7,000 acres, Aug. 14, 1761; and a small part of the NewDorlach Patent. The first ownei-a of New Doiiach Patent wore Michael, Johannes, Johannes Jost, and Jacob B. Boist, Johan Braun, Wm. Bauch, Michael Heltzinger, Henrick Hanes, Johannes Shafler, Johannes and Jacob Lawyer Christian Zeh, Mathias Baumunn, Lambert Sturnberg, Barent Keyser, and Peter Nicholas Sommer. The patent provided that any diflferences that might arise were to be settled by arbitration. 11 2 Ev. Luth., Kef. Prot. D., Bap., and Union. 12 This institution is under the charge of the Methodist Epis- copal denomination. It is one of the largest institutions in the State, having accommodations for about 450 boarding stu- dents. SCHOHARIE COUNTY. 499 dwellings. I^utheranviUe, (p. o.,) in the n. w. part, contains a church and 10 dwellings; and Eminence, (p. v.,) on the line of Blenheim, 2 churches and 15 dwellings. The first settle- ment was made in 1794, by Frederick Prosper, from Dutchess co.^ Rev. M. Sherman was the first preacher. The census reports 7 churches in town.^ 'WRIGHT 3_was formed from Schoharie, April 4, 1846. It is the n. town on the e. border of the CO. Its surface is a hilly upland. The highest summits, along the s. line, are 600 to 800 ft. above the valleys. The principal stream is Foxes Creek, flowing n. w. through the center. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Gallupvllle, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, tannery, carding machine, and 40 houses. Sliutters Corners, (p. o.,) in the w. part, contains a sawmill, gristmill, and 10 houses, f^aldenville is a p. o., near the e. line. The town comprises the whole of several patents and parts of several others, principally granted from 1760 to 1770. The first settlement was made by Jacob Zimmer, near Gallupville, several years prior to the Revolution.* A stone house built by Johannes Becker, an early settler, was used as a fort during the war.^ There are 5 churches in town." Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Schoharie County. Names of Towns. £Ienheim Broome.™ Carlisle Cobleskill ConesTille Esperance Fulton Gil boa Jeflferson Middleburgh Riehmondville.-. Schoharie Seward Sharon Summit Wright Total.. Acres of Land. 9,864 18,623 14,612 11,742 12,907 7,679i 17.120i 23,139 15,0St U,240f 14,207} 9,401 14,381 19,297 18,027 12,699 I . 16,102 8,375 6,243 6,296 8,552 2,716i 17.192 13,3984 8,046i 11,609 5,475 6,429 5,420 4,878 6,040 5,276 227,904; 132,0461 ViUJATlON OP 1858. $186,667 394,171 347,926 229,460 237,916 464,350 302,308 278,140 431,345 374,699 622,591 388,128 662,188 320,735 338,707 6,673,576 PhO. $18,990 60,884 42,410 66,175 27,606 71,622 68,660 66,960 30,478 53,850 32,760 222,650 28,920 100,162 45,065 62,266 e $206,667 256,230 436,581 404,101 256,966 309,637 622,900 369,268 308,618 486J.95 407,369 746,241 417,048 652,350 366,800 400,972 !^ 969,237 ' 6,532,813 1,071 873 1,096 700 643 1,460 1,306 820 1,621 1,028 1,429 062 1,360 940 665 1,067 850 1,112 707 727 1,867 1,351 868 1,464 999 1,440 963 1,366 960 816 116,828 16,691 226 421 311 373 262 239 609 478 292 480 345 498 316 460 354 246 427 326 401 292 262 630 626 321 547 874 310 6,268 186 270 276 386 216 177 402 822 252 363 291 310 247 424 268 236 4,574 204 Names of Towns. Blenheim Broome Carlisle Cobleskill Conesville Esperance Fulton Gilboa Jefferson Middleburgh..... Richmondrille... ^hoharie Seward Sharon. — Summit Wright Total.. 741 443 379 707 697 452 838 601 768 683 1,001 606 578 9,682 916 1,686 1,338 1,228 1,238 801 1,867 1,903 1,477 1,498 1,120 1,244 1,072 1,349 1,116 807 20,658 873 1,117 1,078 640 1,492 1,927 1,763 760 1,009 1,006 1,260 1,201 1,630 823 18,213 1,388 6,438 3,348 2,930 3,460 1,166 3,520 3,386 2,241 3,268 2,182 2,241 2,001 3,923 2,030 3,076 « 618 962 1,137 1,463 916 618 1,484 1,229 791 1, 1,093 1,804 1,444 1,384 941 1,171 45,696 18,804 Ageicdltoral Products. Bosh, op Gbain. ii: 3,168 6,469 2,275 6,964 2,991 2,272 10,0054 4,2444 2,2884 14,499 6,0444 19,658 5,0094 4,638 2,161 13,660 t? 16,109 62,3624 61,044J 63,671 17,185* 49,661 70,860} 33,4274 33,2614 77,306 62,364 73,565 73,2964 129,765 61,884 57,0014 106,2374 922,6444 1,940 3.316 2,705 2,746 3,130 1,8694 3,4364 6,0364 4,369 2,819} 3,122 2,1694 3.218 2;881 4,297 1,737 48,774} mil 6,639 7,2704 11,349 11,724 6,740 6,889 18,926 10,694 11,164 16,366 11,761 16,764 13,206 16,925 18,971 8,164 c^^ 6,746 10,481 12,992 14,093 10,686 7,132 11,847 13,440 9,472 11,108 16,261 10,372 18,006 47,182 12,210 11,164 Daisy Pboduois. a, oq 92,146 116,686 93,726 96,550 63,746 140,939 207,266 183,877 93,970 98,580 72,060 136,430 124,966 160,815 86,374 190,4324 222,182 1.832,267 71,016 2,606 6,879 6,716 2,640 3,025 869 3,090 600 1,883 200 40,661 2,240 200 400 601 1,034 760 776 1,182 1,105 683 1,179 840 1,068 705 1,066 687 697 l,800i 2.092 2,166 2,7174 8484 1,139 4,969} 2,660 2,693 1,831 2,863 1,284 2,0664 1.976 3,142 1,308 34,916 1 Clement Davis, Samuel Allen, Martin Ta^ |"Tentargh ?'* n^Barnet ^Ss^^Td^n" Jo"kttan\ugCBalf^ Joseph h. Barnet, Amos Jjaiu ^ The first birth ^"'?b^V of Frvden^Srgh and t^e first marriage that of was that of '^jJfP" Allen in 1797. Daniel Harris taught CloDient Davis and Lo™a Allen mil - ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ the first school, m 1798. Benj^MO v ^^.^^ sawmill. ?K^''coXrisera%^-fthe^|r^bu^^^ «p?i"ri:tf"e'c^v!-L?hranachri^ 8 Named in honor of Gov. Silas "Wright. 4 Among the early settlers were JohanneB Becker, Shaffer, Frederick Dening, John Nfirhold, Frederick Seller, Christopher Shoefelt, and John Hilsley. Jacob Zimmer kept the first inn, JohB and Henry Becker the first store; Jacob Zimmer built the first gristmill, and Zimmer, Becker & Shafier the first sawmill. 6 On the morning of July 26, 1782, a baud of tories and Indians appeared in the valley of Foxes Creek, murdered several persons, took some prisoners, and attempted to dislodge the inmates of the stone house, but failed. This house is still standing. fl 2 M. E., Ev. Luth., Ref. Prot. D., and Christian. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. This county, constituting one of the original divisions of the State under the English rule, soon after the first conquest, was organized Nov. 1, 1683, with its present limits. It lies upon the E. bank of the Hudson, in the s. e. part of the State, and is bounded on the E. by Conn, and on the s. by Long Island Sound. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The sur- face consists of several ridges of hills parallel to the river and separated by wide valleys. The hills are in two general ranges, the first extending along the river and the second along the Conn, line. They are subdivided into a great number of minor ridges and hills, all extending N. and s. The highest summits are 600 to 1,000 ft. above tide. The valleys, extending N. and s., are continu- ous, affording ample opportunity for the construction of roads and railroads ; and they are generally bordered by gradually sloping hillsides.' In some localities the hills are abrupt and rocky. The principal streams are Peekskill Creek, Furnace Brook, Croton, Pocantico, and Neperhan Rivers, and Tibbetts Brook, tributaries of the Hudson ; Bronx River, Westchester and Hutchinsons Creeks, Mamaroneok and Byram Rivers, flowing into Long Island Sound ; Maharness and Stamford Mill Rivers, flowing e. into Conn. ; and Muscoot Creek, Plum Brook, and Titicus, Cross, and Kisko Rivers, tributaries of the Croton. The lakes are small bodies of water scattered through the hilly portions. The s. E. portion of the co., along the Sound, is deeply indented with bays and estuaries, which in some places are bordered by extensive marshes. Most of the streams which flow into the Sound afford, by the reflux of the tide, an intermitting hydraulic power, which is employed in several places. The rocks of the co. consist principally of granite and gneiss, of many dissimilar varieties, and of white crystalline limestone. These rocks crop out upon the declivities and summits of most of the hills, affording an abundance of the best kind of building stone. The marble quarries at Sing Sing and other places are extensively wrought, their products affording one of the most valuable exports of the co. Traces of various kinds of ore have been discovered ; but all search for profitable metallic veins has proved unsuccessful. Several mineral springs are found in differ- ent sections, the principal of which is the Chappequa Spring, 3 mi. e. of Sing Sing. It emits sulphuretted hydrogen and is said to possess useful medicinal properties. The soil, derived prin- cipally from the disintegration of the primitive rocks, is light, sandy, and, naturally, only mode- rately productive ; but, by a continued process of scientific culture, it has been rendered very fertile. Upon the Hudson and the Sound and in various other localities are drift deposits and alluvium, furnishing a much more productive soil. The people are principally engaged in gar- dening and fruit raising, fattening cattle, and supplying milk tot the New York market. Bricks in immense quantities are manufactured along the Hudson for exportation. Other manufactures are largely carried on in the villages adjacent to New York. This CO. is distinguished for beautiful and picturesque scenery, noticeable in nearly every part. The highlands that border upon the Hudson afford an extended view of that river, the Palisades, and of the hilly country of Rockland and Orange. Along the s. e. border fine views are obtained of the Sound, the numerous green islands along the coast, and the adjacent shores of Long-Island. In the interior the landscape is agreeably diversified by hills, dales, and clear, running streams. Many wealthy inhabitants of New York have erected beautiful villas and country residences upon the finest sites ; and the hills of the co. are now studded with these splendid specimens of arohi- tectural art. In the vicinity of New York are numerous small villages inhabited by mechanics and working men doing business in the city. These people go back and forth daily on the lines of railroad, or by steamboat, living in the country for the sake of economy. A considerable amount of manu- factures is carried on at these suburban villages. A large transient population, mostly from New York, make this co. their residence during the summer months. trough ZXul Se nearivTevl "°* '' "'" " ™"'*'" "''"'''""' <" "'""'^ '"'^ ««-»'»' -»^= '^°- »t™«"S »■ -d =• through the valleys are nearly level. 500 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 501 The CO. 18 a half-^shire, the co. buildings being located respectively at Bedford and White Plains.- Ihe courthouse at Bedford is a wooden structure ; and attached to it is a jail for the temporary coniinement of prisoners. The co. buildings at White Plains are of granite, and are the most commodious and costly buildings of the kind in the State.=^ The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 173 acres in Mount Pleasant, 5 mi. n, of White Plains. ihe average number of inmates is 225, supported at a v^^eekly cost of 68^ cts. each. TJje farm yields a revenue of $2,500. A school is kept throughout the year. The buildings are of stone; and the whole establishment seems to be well arranged. The Hudson River R. R. extends along the river banks through Yonkers, Greenburgh, Mount Pleasant, Ossining, and Cortlandt. The Harlem R. R. extends n. through the central part of the CO., extending through Morrisania, West Farms, Yonkers, East Chester, Scarsdale, Greenburgh, White Plains, Mount Pleasant, New Castle, Bedford, Lewisboro, and North Salem. The New York & New Haven R. R. extends from the Harlem R. R. at East Chester e. through Pelham, New Rochelle, Mamaroneck, Harrison, and Rye. A branch road extends from the Harlem R. R. at Morrisania s.e. about 2 mi. to Port Morris. The other principal public work in the co. is the Croton dam and the great aqueduct which supplies the city of New York with water. Lines of steamers ply between New York and the various ports along the Hudson and East Rivers, affording cheap and easy means of communication with the great city. Five newspapers are now published in the co.^ When first known to the whites, this co. was occupied by the Mohegans, who were divided into several bands or clans with distinctive names.* They paid tribute to the Five Nations, and were known in early documents as " River Indians." 1 At the organization of the co. in 1683, the courts were esta- bliehetl at Westchester, and were continued there until 1759. A court of sessions was held at East Chester for some time. By act of Dec. 16, 1758, the justices and supervisors were directed to select a new site for a courthouse, which was located at White Plains; and in that year, 1760, and 1762, £2,000 were voted to erect and finish it. It was used until 1776, when it was burned. By an act of May 1, 1786, £1,800 were appropriated for the erec- tion of a courthouse at White Plains and another at Bedford, under the superintendence of Stephen Ward, Ebenezer Lock- woml, Jonathan G. Tompkins, Ebenezer Purdy, Thos. Thomas, Richard Hatfield, and Richard Sacket, jr. Prisoners had pre- viously been confined in the New York jail ; and courts had for a time been held in the Presbyterian church of Bedford. Both buildinp? thus erected are still standing, and owned by the co. A clerk's office was built at White Plains, in 1830, adjacent to the courthouse, in the old part of the village. The Provincial Convenrion held its sessions a few days in July. 1776, at the courthouse in White Plains; and in front of it the Declaration of Independence was publicly read upon its receipt by that body. The building, and what remained of the village, were wantonly burned by a New England major on the night of Nov. 6, 1776. 2 An act passed March 30, 1855, authorized the county trear surer to loan $35,000 for the erection of a new courthouse, jail, clerk's office, and surrogate's office, upon a site in White Plains, to be selected by the supervisors, and under a committee to be appointed by them. The present buildings were erected in 1856-57, under the superintendence of Abraham Hatfield, States Bartou. Wm. Marshall, jr., David Hunt, and Geo. C. Finch, at a cost of $120,000. They are built of granite quarried near the village, and form 3 buildings connected bycoi'ridors. The front part is devoted to the records of the clerk and surrogate, is fire- proof throughout, and iU spacious rooms are furnished with iron cages for books and papers. The records have been re- cently bound, and put in complete order for preservation. The middle portion is devoted to court and jury rooms, shentt s office and residence; and the rear building is the jail, connected with the court room only by a verandah. Prisoners may be brought into court without liability to rescue by a crowd. Ihe cells, 36 in number, are built in 2 tiers in a central block. By an act of April 16, 1858, the office of Register of Deeds was created, t(} be filled by election triennially. The act took effect 8 T/te .^imkers Museum was published by Milton F. Gushing The West^fiester' Ckizette was published at Peekskill by Robert Crombie about 1810. It was afterward changed to The Westchesfter and Putnam GazpJ-te. Several changes of pro- prietors and perhaps of name, occurred when in Vi6Z The wJtch^r'lmd Putnam SenUnd, and was published a short time by Dr. Brewer. It was afterward pub- lished about 2 years by Samuel Heustis, as TAe sJTi It then passed mto the hands of Samuel Marks, The WMi^t^^tmd Putnam Republican. In 1844 it waa sold to Wm Richards, who changed its name to The PeeJcsIcOl Republican. In 1852 Joseph J. Chambers became proprietor, and in 1857 the paper was removed to Sing Sing, where it is now published as The Republican, by J. H. Piatt; J. J. Chambers, editor. Tfie Westc/iester PatHot was published at West Farms a short time in 1812 by Lopez. The Westchester Hi-rald and Putnam Gazette was published at Sing Sing in 1817. It was subsequently published as T7ie Westchester Herald^ by Caleb Eofcoe. The office was burned in 1856, and the publication has not been resumed. Tlie Westcftester Spy was commenced at White Plains in 1832 by Harpending. It was continued by William B. Lumphear, S. G. Arnold, John W. Bell, and others, until 1848, when it was discontinued. Tlie Hudson River Clironlcle was commenced at Sing Sing in 1837 by Wm. C. Howe, its present pub- lisher. T/te Protector, a campaign paper, was published.in 1844. The Port Ofiester Banner was published by Wm. A. McMillan in 1845. TUe Eastern State Journal was commenced at White Plains in 1845 by Edmund G. Southerland, its present publisher. TJie Westchester and Putnam Democrat was commenced at Peekskill in 18 — by Bailey & Marks. It was con- tinued by Samuel Marks, and was for a time discon- tinued. It was revived by G. K. Lyman; and soon after it passed into the hands of J. Arnold, who con- tinued it a short time, when Ezra Horton became pro- prietor, and changed its name to The Hiddand Eagle, In 1855, J. W. Spaight became the pub- lisher, and in May of the same year the paper passed into the hands of Dr. Fenelon Hasbrouck, who changed its name to Tlie Higliland Democrat, and still continues its pub* lication. The Westcliester GuzpMp was commenced at Morrisania in 1849, Stephen An^ul was for sometime editor. It was discon- tinued about ISftO. Tlie Westchester County Journal was published at Morrisania in 1856 by James Stillman. Tlie Plain Dealer was removed from Roslyn, and afterward to Glen Cove. Th£ Westcliester GazeUe was published at Mott Haven from 1850 to 1852 by .Tohn T. Cogswell. The Yonkers Herald was published in 1852 by Thos Smith. The Westchester News was commenced at New Rochelle in 1853 by Thos. Towndrow. It was removed to Yonkers in 1854, and published until Jan. 1856, when it was pur- chased by M. F. Kowe; and in Feb. following a new paper was is^u^d in its place, called Tj^jxe Yonkers Examiner, which is still published by M. F. Howe. Tfie Mount Vernon Gizette was commenced in 1854 by Egbert A. S. Manning. It was discontinued in 1857. i The Siwanoyit occupied the shores of the sound from Nor- wallc to near Hellgate: the Manhattans held the island of New York, and as for n. as opposite Tappan ; the Wtcqiiaskecks held the shore from the Sint Sink to the Armonck; the Sint SinJes occupied the present town of Ossining and its vicinity ; the Kitchawunlcs claimed the territory on the Croton, and n. to Anthonys Nose; and the PucJiami and Wappingcrs the High- lands. The Tanketenlces resided in the rear of Sing Sing.— Bolton's W. Glicster, J, p. 10. 502 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. Settlement began under the Dutch authority, in the southern part, and before the Revolution nearly every part of the co. had been occupied. A large part was embraced by the Cortlaudt, Philipsburgh, Pelham, Scarsdale, and Eordham Manors.^ Of these the first sent a representative to the General Assembly, and the second was forfeited by the attainder of its proprietor in the Revolution. The borough of Westchester, including the present towns of Westchester, West Earms, atid Morrisania, was also represented by a member, and had a mayor's court. This co. was the scene of many events of great importance in the Revolution, and, from its occupying the middle ground between the opposing armies, was alternately overrun and pillaged by the refugees of both.2 The southern part was taxed £2,000, May 6, 1784, to repay Revolutionary expenses. BEDFORD^— was first formed under Connecticut, in May, 1697. Its rights were confirmed by New York in April, 1704 ; and it was fully organized as a town March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, lying n.e. of thee enter of the co. Its surface is elevated and broken by small hills and valleys, and is almost entirely available for agricultural purposes. Croton River forms part of the N. boundary ; Maharness River flows through a small portion of the s. part; and Gross River flows through the n. e. corner. Byram Lake lies on the s. border. The soil is generally a good quality of sandy and gravelly loam, but stony on the hills. Bedford^ (p. v.,) s. e, of the center, is sur- rounded by hills, one of which on the n. retains its Indian name of " Aspetong." The village is a half-shire, and contains a courthouse,* 2 churches, the Bedford Academy, a Eemale Institute, and 30 houses. Bedford Station, (p. o.,) on the Harlem R. R., contains 10 houses. Ra- tonab, (P'"^-*) oil Cross River, near its junction with the Croton, contains 30 houses. Mount SLiska, (p. v., ) a station on the Harlem R. R,, on the w. border of the tovm, contains 200 inhabit- ants. "Wliitlocltville is a station on the Harlem R. R. near the n. border. The town was mostly included in a purchase made July 1, 1640, by Nathan Turner, for New Haven, and sold the same year by the latter to Andrew Ward, Robert Coe, and 20 others, for £33. Other Indian purchases were made, the last of which was July 24, 1703.^ There are 8 churches in town.® COBTIjAIVDT''— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n. w. corner of the CO. Its surface is broken and hilly. The ranges of hills generally extend n. and s. and are separated by narrow valleys. The declivities are often steep and nearly precipitous. An- thonys Nose,® on the n. line, 1,228 ft. above the river, is the highest land in the co. Although very broken, the surface genei-ally is susceptible of cultivation. The principal streams are Croton River, flowing across the s. part, Eurnace Brook, Peekskill Hollow Creek, and Gregorys Brook. The soil is generally a sandy and gravelly loam, with a strip of clay along the river. Among the mountains are found a variety of interesting minerals.^ Brick is extensively manufactured.^" 1 These patents were granted as follows : — Cffrtlandt Patent was granted June 17, 1697, to Stephanus Van Cortlandt, witli an annual quitrent of 40 ahillings. It in- cluded the present towns of Cortlandt, York town, Somers, and North Salem. Philipsburgh Patent was granted June 12, 1703, to Frederick Philipse, at an annual quitrent of £4 12s. It included the present towns of Greenburgh, Mount Pleasant, and Ossining. PeLha-m Patent was granted Oct. 25, 1687, to John Pell, and in- cluded the present town of Pelham and a part of New Rochelle. Fordham Patent was granted in 1671 to John Archer, and in- cluded 1,253 acres in the present town of West Farms. Scarsdale Patent was granted March 21, 1701, to Caleb Heath- cote, subject to an annual quitrent of £5. It included the present towns of Scarsdale, New Castle, North Castle, and a part of White Plains. - Two classes of brigands, equally destitute of principle, but professing attachment to opposite interests, infested the co., committing atrocious crimes without punishment, and often preying upon their nominal friends with as little mercy as upon their avowed eneniiiiS. Of these, the "Cowboys" pro- fessed tory sentiments, while the " Skinners" were ostensibly attached to the American cause. The two parties often ope- rated in concert, the Cowboys bringing contraband goods from New York to exchange for the property plundered by the Skin- ners; and, when a pretext was necessary, a skirmish would occur, and the goods from the enemy would be openly borne away, as if lawfully captured.— 5oiion'.f Westcfmter, I, p. 211. 3 Named from Bedfordshire, England, whence many of the early settlers came. It formed part of the territory known as Rippowama. Privilege of plantation was granted under the present name by a court of election held at Hartford, Conn., May 11, 1682. In 1697 a patent was granted by Conn, to the town. In 1700 the royal approval was obtained to the survey of 1683 and '84, by which Bedford and Rye were Included in New York; and in April, 1704, a patent with .town privileges was granted by that colony. In 1690 there were 31 proprietors residing in town. 4 County courts are held alternately here and at White Plains. The village was burned in the Revolution by a party of British light horse, on their route to Fairfield, Conn. By an act passed April 11, 1785, courts were ordered to be held in the Presb. church until the courthouse should be rebuilt, or till the fur- ther order of the Lcf^islature. 5 The title to 5,115 acres of land in this town became invested in Jacobus Van Cortlandt at on early period. This estate waa divided in 1743, Frederick Van Cortlandt receiving 1.424, Abram De Peyster 1110, John Chambers 1,2H2, and Peter Jay 1,299 acres. Gov. John Jay, a son of Peter Jay, became invcsttd with a large portion of the last mentioned allotment. The estate is still owned by his descendants. On a tract known as "the Hop Grounds" are still living many families of the same nume as the fii'st purchasers. Amon;;; these are families named Green, Miller, Holme, lioberts, Ambler, Clark, Ayers, Westcott, Simpldn, Mead, Webb, Clason, and Higgins. Tradition locates in this town the scene of a bloody engagement fought in Feb. 1644, between the Dutch and Indians, in which 500 of tbe latter perished. 6 3 M. 13., 2 Prot E., 2 Presb., and Bap. 7 Named from the original patentee. 8 Named from Antoine De Hooge, Sec. of Renaselaervpyck. — Benson's Mumoirs, p. 40. 8 Among these minerals are epidoto, sphene, and sulphate of barytes. In opening the r.r. tunnel through Anthonys Nose, beautiful flat hexagonal crystals of calcite were found. 10 There were in Aug. 1858. 34 establishnients worked as sepa- rate yards, 11 of which used steam power and 9 made pressed ^^•'^'- This business began here about 1812-15, and was most brick. thriving from 1847 to 1864. Large quantities of these brick were used on^he Croton Aqueduct. The business gives employ- WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 503 the river. iM^nsZtT T% 77""''' '^ '"^^'^ '^^'=^ ^ff°'-'i -*«°-- ^^^ "^ office, and several manultr' n ' '^^'^^^'^"^ ^^'^'^^'^y- ^ ^°^^'^''^S Bchools, a bank, newspaper by a daily teamer^^7, °TV ^' '! '=°"°'"'*^^ ^^ ^ ^t^^"* ^'^J ^^'^ Caldwells Landing" and 3^538 Termancti'i^ °- ^^.r'*,' """" ^°^'^- ^' " '^ ^*^*^°"^ "P°'' ^^e H. R. R. R. Pop. border of the town was ^iTo"t'ii 11^"^ '^ "^ -"P"" ^'' ?"''°°' °'" ^''^ ''^"'^^ °' ^'^ ^■ portant brick man^fl: rietand 456 TnhalT^^^^ T""'' ^^^^ ^°^- station in tJio « v, i ^ ^v, ^ ™°'^''"ants. Croton^ (Croton Landing p. o.) is a R. r. ytd and iolhv. . T" ^* "-"f ""' ' "'"^"^^^' ^ "-""'"S -^"' --« -iJ -vei-al brick- ^nsvillt . n r *'™|«'-*'" (P-°-) '^ - l^^-ding and R. r. station, 4 mi. s. of PeekskiU. i^tS! f'p r '^ ^^' °° ^''^'''^^^ ^"''^' ""^'^^"^ '^ "l^""!' a^d wire mill.' Oregon, is a hit rr^r ''°;.''?*:™ '^ '•°1""S mill and a wire mill. Mount Airy, .. of Croton vard^MLf. «/""?* " ' P'°'°'"'^ ^" '^^ =• P^^* °f *« *»-"' d«-°t«d chiefly to vine: Cr ek Srf r nf r '' ^ P'"^°'"^' '■ °^ V"Pl^°«l^« -^d separated from it by Meanagh Creek The first settlement was made at PeekskiU, in 1764, by Daniel Birdsall, Nathaniel Brown, Joseph Travis, and Capt. Isaac Conklin.^ There are 18 churches in town.» _ EAST CHESTER^"— was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, lying in the s. part of the co. Its surface is broken by ridges extending n. and s. and separated by narrow valleys. Bronx River," forming the n. boundary, and Hutchinsons or East Chester Creek " forming a portion of the E. boundary, are the principal- streams. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, with some alluvium along the river intervales. Marble is extensively quarried along the w. border." The Harlem R. R. extends along the valley of the Bronx, and the N.Y. & N. H. R. R. crosses the s. part of the town at nearly right angles to the hills, requiring heavy cuttings and embankments. A portion of the territory of the town is public land, under the maaagement of 3 trustees. East Chester, (p. v.,) at the head of sloop navigation on Hutchinson Creek, con- tains 2 churches and 551 inhabitants. Mount Ternon, (p. v.,) a station at the junction of the Harlem and N. H. R. R.s, was incorp. Dec. 13, 1853. It contains 4 churches, several private schools, and 1,161 inhabitants. 'West Mount Ternon contains 630 inhabitants; East Mount Vernon 275 inhabitants ; and 'Waverly and tVasbingtonvllIe are suburban villages, inhabited principally by mechanics and men doing business in New York. Bronx- ville, (p. V.,) on the line of Yonkers, is a r. r. station, and contains a manufactory of carriage axles. Tuckalioe (p. v.) is a r. r. station, near the marble quarries. Burpos Corners is a small settlement on the n. border. Fleetivard and Jacksonville are places projected inent to 1,360 men, and turns out 80,000,000 to 90,000,000 of bricks annually. The pressed brick made here are known in market as "Croton fronts," and sell at from $8 to $9 per M. There is a small firebriclc manufactory at Feekskill, using clay from N. J. 1 Named from Jan Peek. — Benson^s Mem, p. 38 ; Bolton's West Chester^ J, 62. The vicinity was called Sachus, or Sackhoes, by the natives, and the stream, Magrigaries. 2 Among the manufactories are 5 iron founderies, chiefly en- gaged in the manufacture of stoves and plows, and giving em- ployment to 300 men; 2 machine shops, 2 tobacco factories, a pistol and gun factory, tannery, and gin distillery. 8 Named from the family of Verplancks, former owners. This point lies opposite Stony Point; and upon it Fort La Fayette was erected during the Revolution. King's Ferry, a part of an important military route, was between the two points. The fort was captured by the enemy, under Sir Henry Clinton in person, June 1, 1779, but was abandoned Oct. 21 of that year. Col. Livingston held command of this place in 1780, at the time of Arnold's treason; and the headquarters of Geo. Washington were located here for some time. This locality was called by the Indians " Meanagh," and was sold to Stephanus Van Cortlandt in 1683, with the lands z. called "Appamaghpogh." A small creek H. was called " Tammoesis." The purchase was confirmed by patent, with a quitrent of 2 bushels of wheat. About 1734 it was held by John Lent, at an annual rent of one pepper^jom.— BoMon's Bist., I, 94. The population mentioned in the text is much less in winter. 4 Formerly called " CoVaberg LamMngP , 5 Named from Col. John P. Cruger, whose estate, includmg Oseawana Island, is adjacent. "BmciAel" (the original name) was the residence of Staats Morris Dyckman. • Cortlandt Bridge, across the mouth of PeekskiU Creek, is 1 496 feet long. Upon the point at the mouth of the creek are the remains of Fort Independence. During the Revolution two British vessels were sunk opposite this pomt, and about 40 years since several cannon were raised from them by dmng bells 7 Bv the Indiana called Senaaqua Neck, and long known aa " TdUrs Point;' from Wm. Teller and Sarah his wife, first owners. The ehip Vulture anchored opposite thia point Sept. 21, 1780, with Andre's mission. 8 The first store was built by Daniel Birdaall. in the vieinity of the Middle Dock. Capt. Swim is said to have sailed the first sloop from Pemart's Dock, in 1773. — BoHoti's Westchester, I, ii'Z. Many stirring events of the Revolution occurred in thia vici- nity, and the country suffered much from the enemy's incur- sions. In March, 1777, Col. Bii'd landed with 500 men. and the few Americans stationed here fired the storehouses and retired. In Sept. 1777, the whole village was sacked and bui-ned. Ed- mund Palmer, a tory spy, was hanged on Gallows Hill, 2 mi. n. of the Tillage; and Daniel Strang, another spy from the enemy, was executed on a pear tree near the present academy. John' Paulding, one of the captors of Andr6, was a native of this vil- lage, and received from the State a farm in this town. His remains repose in the Episcopal graveyard, 2 mi. n. of the vil- lage, where a neat monument was erected, at the expense of the corporation of New York, in 1827 ; and the work was completed' with imposing ceremonies Nov. 22 of that year. Gen.^ Pierre Van Cortlandt formerly resided 2 mi. N. of PeekskiU; 'and at this place Gen. McDougal posted his advanced guard when the enemy took posBession of Peekskill in March, 1777. East of the Van Cortlandt mansion stands St. Peter's Church, an old, di- lapidated building, erected in 1767. The united parishes of St. Peter's and St. Philip's were endowed by Col. Beverly Robinson, and the title was confirmed Mar. 27, 1794. The property has been sold by order of the court of Chancery, aod the avails equally divided between the two churches. 9 4 Friends, 4 M. E., 3 Prot. B., 2 Presb., Bap., Wea. Meth., Prot. Meth., Ref. Prot. D„ and R.C. 10 Anciently called " iTwic/iinsoros," and afterward "The Ten Farms" Its present name waa used aa early as 1666. — Bolton's Westchester, 1, 120. 11 Named by the Indians "Aquehung." 12 Named by the Indians " Aqueanounck." 18 The marble is of the variety called dolomite. The N. Y. Cuatom House and the City Hall at Brooklyn were built of this material. The Custom House at New Orleans is beiag con-- structed of stone from these quarries. 504 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. by building associations. This town appears to have been a favorite residence of the natives ; and wlien first settled by the whites it contained traces of former occupation. The Indian title was ac, quired in 1654 and confirmed in 1654, 1666, and 1700. Thos. Pell, the purchaser, granted it to James Eustis and Philip Pinkney, of Fairfield, Conn., and their associates. In 1665, 26 persons signed a covenant for the security of their mutual rights.^ The settlers were incorp. by patent, March 9, 1666,' and for many years were engaged in a controversy with Westchester concerning the bounds of their grant. A house was fortified in Oct. 1675, as a place of refuge from Indians. The first schoolhouae was agreed upon in 1683 ; and the site has ever since been occupied for this purpose. A townhouse was voted in 1685. East Chester was celebrated for the interest it took in behalf of Leisler.' The Cong, church of this town was formed in 1665 ; and a place of worship was built about 1700.* The town sufi'ered greatly in the Eevolution, from its being the middle ground between the opposing armies. A farm of 252J acres was granted in this town to David Williams, one of the captors of Andr6, June 16, 1783. He afterward removed to Schoharie cc, where he died. GREEXBURGH* — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on the w. border of the oo., s. of the center. Its surface is much broken by hills parallel to the Hudson, and separated by narrow val- levs, through which flow several streams, the principal of which is Neperhan or Sawmill Creek. Hudson Eiver forms the w. boundary, and Bronx River the E. The soil is clay and sandy loam. Several marble quarries are worked near the Hudson. Hastings, (Hastings upon Hudson p. 0.,) near the s. w. corner, a station on the H. R. R. R. and a steamboat landing, contains 2 churches, steam marble works, limekilns, and a limited number of manufactories. Pop. 1,135. Dobbs Ferry," (p. v.,) a station on the H. R. R. R. and a landing on the river, contains 3 churches and 1,040 inhabitants. Irvington,' (p. v.,) a station on the H. R. R. R. and a landing on the river, contains 2 churches and 599 inhabitants. Tarrytotvn,* (p. v.,) on the n. border, a steamboat landing and a station oil the H. R. R. R., contains ^church, the Irving Institute, the Tarrytown Institute, and about 500 inhabitants. Harts Corners, (Moringville p. o.,) a station on the Harlem R. R., is a hamlet ; Mid«llet»wn is a settlement below Tarrytown ; Halls Corners,' a neighborhood in the N. part ; Asllford, a settlement 3 mi. below ; Ab- botsville, a locality near Dobbs Ferry ; and Greenville, a neighborhood in the s. part. The first Indian purchase was made in 1649. In 1662 Connecticut bought all the Indian lands w. to the North River, and in 1681-82-84 Frederick Philipse bought the lands now included in this and other towns which, by Patent of 1693, were formed into the Philipsburgh Manor. In 1779 they were forfeited by the attainder of Col. F. Philipse and sold for small sums to the former tenants,"" under a pre-emption clause in the general act of May 12, 1784, for the sale of confiscated estates. The census reports 6 churches in town.'^ H ARRISOIV — was formed March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, near the e. border, s. of the center of the co., its n. e. corner touching the line of Conn. Its surface is generally level. Blind 1 Thos. aud Kichard Shute, Nathaniel and .Tohn Tompkins, Thos. and John A. Pinkney, Joseph .loans, John and Moses Hoitt, James Eustis. Daniel Godwin, Wm. Squire, David Os- bui-n. John Gnding, Samuel and John Drake, John and Moses Jackson. Nathaniel White, Wm. Haidon, John Gay, Richard Hoadley, Henry Fowler, .lohn Emory, and John Clarke were the eiirners of this agreement. 2 Philip Pinkney, James Eu.itis, and Wm. Haidon were named in this patent; and these persons resigned their tmst to the inlialtifants snon after. 5 BiUon's Wkstcli^t^, 7, 135. * The census reports 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., 2 Eef. Prot. D.. Bap., K. C, and Univ. 6 In the Dutch "Greinburgh," literally "Grain town." In Bome early d"cds it is called " Lawrence's Plantation ;" and by the Indians, Wcckquaskeck, Weckquoesqueeck,Wiequoeshoolc, — in pure Algonquin, Weic-quoes-gticlc, the place of the bark kettle.— Bf)/(o)!'s Hist. Westchester Co., /, p. 163. This town was inlialjited by a powerliil tribe of Indians known as the Wick- quoes-quicks, ciilled by the English Wickers Creeks; and until th'' middle of the last century the natives were numerous. A cold blooded murder of an Indian was avenged 20 years after- ward liy hU nephew, in Sept. 1691. The Dutch attempted to retaliate, but without success. In Feb. 1641, the Mohawks made a descent upon these Indians, who fled to the Dutch for protection. The soldiers of the fort by night crossed toNew Jer- sey, where the Indians had assembled, and wantonly butchered nearly 100; mid 30 were murdered at Corlears Hook. This barbarity ariusod 11 tribes to vindictive war. in which the Dutch settlements nronnd Fort Amsterdam were laid waste. A peace was agreed upon April 22, 1643, but was not fully established for many years. 8 Named from a family of this name who were early settlers and kept a ferry. The first interview between Arnold and Andr6 - was to have taken place here; but, for some reason, it did not. The British commissioners sent up to obtain Andr6's release had their interview here with Gen. Greene. G6n. Washington and Gov. Clinton here met Gen. Tarleton, at the close of the war, in 1783. 7 Named from Washington Irving, -whose quaint Dutch home- stead, " Sunny Side," is a sliort distance above. The village was formerly called ^'Dearmans," or " Dearmavs Landing" 8 From '"Tarwe," wheat; and, by the natives, Alipconck, or Place of Elms. By an act of May 1, 1786, a tract of 2 acres for a burial place, 100 acres for a glebe to the Ref. Prot. D. church, and 17 acres to the Prot. E. church, were confirmed. The vil- lage is pleasantly situated opposite the widest part of the Tap- pan Zee. The site of AndrS's capture, marked by a handsome monument, dedicated Oct. 7, 1863, is about three-fourths of a mi. s. E. from the station. ^ Near the Presb. church is the monument to Isaac Van Wart, one of the capturers of Major Andrfi, — erected by the citizens of the CO., June, 1829. 1" Among these were families named Van Tassel, Van Wart, Odell, lawi-ence. Post, Archer, Hart, Acker, Dyckman, and Requa. » 2 M. E., 2 Eef. Prot. D., Prot. B., and Bap. ^ Sometimes called " Harrisons Precinct," or " The Purchase." Prior to 1774 it formed one of the six precincts of Rye Parish. Bolton's WcstcJt^ierf /, 246. It was named from John Harrison, who purchased it from the Indians Feb. 1, 1695, and confirmed to Wm. Nicolls, John Harrison, and others, June 25, 1696. It was formed a separate precinot by act of March 9, 1774. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 505 on the N. borderland St. 1 y'r?" J^^^^^^^^ Cre«k a part of the w. Rye Pond^ lies (Harrison P.O.,) in the n part ifn hV 1 ^ . °'^''''^''*""'S'^^^«"y '°'^"'- I*«rcliase, tlement coLienced at an early period Th """^ ' ''"'"''^' "^''''"S '^o--" ^he first set- &Zm" April 6 f806";rt?rt!''t '' "''; T " '"''"'■" ''' ^^"^^ ^^ <=h-g«d *° " -^-'^^ nexed April 26 1844 mies n the .h T' ''■ .''' ''*"• ^ P^^-' "^ ^^'^ ^d''" -- - of the CO Its surfe e is much i.' 1"' "'i' ''• '^ '°™"'' """^ ^"'"^^ *« «^^*«™ ^°gl« boundary. Cross RTverfloTLou.u ' "" '"' — t-nous. Croton River forms itsl. Lake^ a/d North and S uth Pond aSinZ ''" /" 1 n""' •='°*™^ ^"^^^^^^ P^^*" ^--^ack The soil is a clayey and Indriolm South Sel ^^ ^''°' " °" *^ ^'°^ "' Voun,M,e. lage, containing'aLrch and^5 houses TrorRTd'7p\:^t Ih'"' ^^ ^ ^''^"T' ^'' churches, several manufactories, and 20 houses Goir^'^^KriL^ ! s comer, contams 2 Harlem R. R Vista fn o ^ L *Z 7 «>rOldens Bridge (p.o. is a station on the in tl,n f c .f, ' 'P' '' ^ ^- ^- *'°'""''''' '^ ^ »™^11 settlement. I^ewisboro fn Hs ihis region was the scene of several Revolutionary incidents.^ There are 7 churches in town.' MAMARO]VECH.»-was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon L. I. Sound in fte s^E. part of the po Its surface is broken by low ridges of gneiss, generally extendinland S. Mamaroneck Creek, forming the k boundary, and its tributary, Sheldrake Creek, are the prin- cipal streams- The coast is deeply indented by several bays, which divide it into numerous penin- sulas and headlands. MamaronecK, (p. v.,) near the head of Mamaroneck Bay, is partly in Rye. It contains 2 churches, (Prot. E. and M. E.,) and several manufactories not at present ia operation Orlenta,» Wasliin^onTille, Clmtswortn," and Hickory Grove are viUage plats and prospective villages. Kellog-gsvilie, on the line of New Rochelle has an •xtensive tide miU. The Indian title was obtained in 1640 and in 1662. John Richbell received a ground brief from the Dutch, and letters patent from Gov. Lovelace, Oct. 16, 1668, to three necks of laud, at a quitrent of 8 bushels of winter wheat. In 1700 Caleb Heathcote acquired title to most of the eastern neck, with other lands, which was confirmed March 21, 1701. A portion descended in marriage to James De Lancey, afterward Governor of the colony, and ancestor of the present Episcopal Bishop of the Diocese of Western New York. Settlement began about 1660 ; and the village of Mamaroneck is one of the most ancient in the co. The town records date back to 1697 ; they were suspended from April, 1776, to April, 1785. During this period numerous events of historical interest occurred in this town. The day before the battle of White Plains, Col. Small- wood surprised and cut off a large body of the enemy under Major Rogers, stationed upon Nelson Hill. Col. White, of the Continental army, was overtaken near this place by Lieut. Hickford, and some thirty stragglers, who had taken refuge upon the ice, were killed. MORRIS AlVIA" — was formed from West Farms, Dee. 7, 1855. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO., lying upon Harlem River, contiguous to New York. Its surface is broken by several low ridges which extend n. and s. Most of its surface is occupied by village plats laid out since the extension of railways, and is inhabited by persons doing business in New York. Morrisania, (p. V.,) a R. R. station, in the N. E. corner, contains the St. Joseph's Ursuline Convent, an academy and free school, and 2,587 inhabitants. Mott Haven, (p. v.,)" opposite Harlem, contains 2 ' Called by the Iiidinns Mockquama. 2 Thin pond covers 210 acies and abounds in pickerel. It dischHrges into Bronx River; and it wris at one time proposed to take this wnter to sujiply New York City. 8 One of these wa.s built before the Revolution, and was used by the Ameiicans during the war ai n hospital. * ^.^mpd from John Lewis, a prominent citizen. Its northern part formed a portion of Coi-tlandt Manor; and on its division in 1734 the part in this town fell to the share of Stephen Van Cortlandt, Gertrude Bceckman, Margaret Boyd, and Skinner. Its eastern pai-t is included in the Oblong. See p. . 5 This 1 iko covers 212 acres, aid with the a^acent ponds, is fed hy springs and rivulets from Gi-eit Long Pond Mountain. Beavers inhabited its shores as late as 1837. « JIaj. AndrS was conducted to the headquarters of Col. Jameson, in North Castle, and tlience, in charge of MaJ. Tall- madgc, to Col. Sheldon's qu,irter8, in this town, from this place he addressed Gen. Washington, di.-closing his true name and rank. The house where he was detained is still preserved. ' 2 M. E., Moth. Prot., Prot. E., I'resli., Bap., and Friends, "rronouncod both Mam-aro'ncok and Mam-Sr'a-necK. The latter is more generally used, and is often contracted to ' p» Jr- | neck" or " Mar-neck," in common speech. It has been variously written Momoronack, Mamarinck, Merinack, and Momoronuck. It has been by some supposed to signify " the place of rolling stones." — Bolton's W>!stc/tester, I, 282. There was an Indian chief of this name, who resided upon the Croton. Formerly called " Mamaroneck Pointy" " Great JVeck," and "De Lanceys Neck." The eastern part of this neck is called Seamans Point, from Giles Seaman, former owner. The natives called it Waumainuck. The modern name "Edgewater" has been applied to this place. The western part is called " Long Beach Point." 10 Near this place is a rocking stone, estimated to weigh 150 tons, which may be moved by the hand. 11 A town of this name was formed March 7, 1788, and annexed to Westchester Feb. 22, 1791. It was named in honor of Gou- verneur Morris, whose estate was situated in the town. 12 Named from Jordan L. Mott, principal founder of the works. Steel works have been erected near the rail road bridge. By att of March 31, 1790, Lewis Morris was allowed to build a toU bridge at this place across Harlem River. He assigned his right to John B. Coles, who was allowed, March 24, 1795, to build a dam in Harlem River, with locks, and liability for damages. 506 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. churches, an extensive iron foundery, and 843 inhabitants. Port MorrlS,' upon the Sound, has a harbor of 60 ft. depth; and it is proposed to land vessels here that draw too much water to enter New York Harbor. A branch of the Harlem R. R. 2i mi. long connects this place with Melrose. Wilton, Old Morrisania, East Morrisanla, West Morrlsania, South Mel- rose, East Melrose, Eltona, Woodstocfe, Claremont, and Higii Bridgevllle, are si'burban village plats. A tract known as Broncks Land,' granted by Gov. Nicoll to Jonas Broncks, was sold to Richard Morris about 1670 ; and May 8, 1697, Lewis Morris obtained a patent for the township or Manor of Morrisania, with a quitrent of 6 shillings. Prior to the Revolution it formed one of the precincts of Westchester parish. Early in the war a division of the American army was stationed here ; but after the disasters of Long Island it retired northward, and British troops were posted there, but not without annoyance from partisan corps. The dwellings at Mor- risania were burned the same day as was the courthouse at White Plains. BIOirnJT PEEASASfT— was formed March 7, 1788. Ossining was taken off in 1845. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the oo. Its surface is broken by high ridges, the principal of which are Buttermilk and Chappequa Hills. Bronx River forms the e. boundary ; and Neperhan and Pooantico Rivers flow obliquely across the town. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam, well adapted to cultivation. There are several marble quarries in town. Pleasantville,^ (p. v.,) near the N. line, contains 2 churches and 358 inhabitants. Union- ville, (Neperhan p. o.,) a station upon the Harlem R. R., contains 97 inhabitants. Tarry- totvn, (p.v.,) upon the Hudson, in the s. w. corner, is mostly.in Greenburgh. Beekmau- town, on Pooantico River, is a suburb of Tarrytown. Sleepy Hollow,* Upper Cross Roads, and Eower Cross Roads are hamlets. This town was included in the Manor of Philipsburgh, granted to Frederick Philipse ; and by his will, dated Dee. 9, 1702, he granted to his son Adolph the portion of the manor N. of Dobbs Ferry, including this town. The title de- scended to his son Frederick, and was forfeited by the attainder of a son of the latter of the same name in 1779. One of the principal grantees under the State was Gerard G. Beeckman. Many Revolutionary associations are connected with this town ; and several encounters took place within its limits. The census reports 6 churches in town.^ WEW CASTL,E«— was formed from North Castle, March 18, 1791. A part of Somers was annexed May 12, 1846. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center "of the co. Its surface is much broken by hills having a general course a little E. of N., the principal of*which are Mount Prospect and the Chappaqua Hills, terminating in Mount Kisko. The Neperhan, Bronx, and Po- oantico Rivers rise in this town. Upon the borders are Chappaqua, Wampas,' and Kirby Ponds, and Croton Lake. Chappaqua Sulphur Springs, 4 mi. N. E. from Sing Sing, have acquired a local notoriety. The soil is a gravelly clay and sandy loam. Mount KiskO (p. o.) is a small village and E. E. station, on the line of Bedford. Wew Castle (p. o.,) is a small scattered vUlage, upon Kirby Pond, near the line of Bedford. Cbappaqua" (p-O.) is a B. K. station, near the s. line. Sariesville is a hamlet, near the center of the town ; and here the town business is generally transacted. This town was included within Richbell's purchase of 1660, and, with other lands, was sold to Caleb Heathcote, and was patented to him and 10 associates' Feb. 14, 1701. It was afterward known as the "West Patent of Northcastle," or simply "West Patent." Settle- ment began about 1720, or a little earlier. At the time of the Revolution it formed one of the precincts of Rye parish. It was greatly annoyed by sudden incursions of plundering parties ; and St. George's church was for a long time occupied as a guardhouse ijnd hospital by the Continental troops. The census reports 5 churches in town." afEW ROCHEliliE — was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Sound, in the s. part of the CO., and extends northward in a long, narrow strip. The surface is moderately The bridge at Harlem leading to Mott Haven is now free, the charter of its former owners having expired in 1858. The bridge formerly known as Macomb's Bridge ia removed, and is about being rebuilt. 1 Sometimes called " Morrisport." Named from Gouverneur Morris, the principal owner. 2 Called by the natives Eanachqiie. 3 Formerly called "Clarks Corners" * Sleepy Hollow is noted for being the scene of one of Irving's celebrated legends. The Dutch church at this place was formed in 1697, and the edifice erected in 1699. The communion table and service plate, originally given by the first lord of the manor, are still preserved. 5 2 Eef. Prot. B., M. E., Prim. Meth., Prot. E., and R. C. fi Called by the Indians Shappaqua, said to signify " a vegetable root.".— £o?(on's Westchester, J, 361. ' Named from the sachem, chief proprietor of these lands in 1696, whose residence is said to have been near. 8 Pronounced ShAp-parquau. It is sometimes written Cfiape- qua. 8 These patentees were Robt. Walters, Leigh Atwood, Corne- lius Depeyster, Caleb Heathcote, Matthew Clarkson, John Cald- well, Richard Slater, Lancaster Simes, Robt. Lusting, and Barne Cosens. It was settled by families named Ward, CouckliQ, Hyatt, Underbill, Haight, Cai'peuter, .Green, Kirby, Davenport, Van Tassel, Griffen, Tompkins, Kipp, Secor, Brady, Reynolds, Quiulvj^and Merrith. 10 2 IS. E., 2 Friends, and Prot. E. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 507 uneven and in some parts stony. Davenports Neck,' a peninsula containing 200 acres, and several fine islands in the Sound, belong to this town.^ Crystal Lake, e. of the village, is chiefly cele- brated for its ice, large quantities of vfhich are annually " harvested." The soil is fertile and peculiarly adapted to fruit raising.' New Roclielle, (p. v.,) upon an estuary from the Sound, in the E. part of the town, was incorp. Oct. 5, 1857. It contains 6 churches, several private schools, and about 2,000 inhabitants. A portion of the village and the lands surrounding it are occupied by elegant villas and country residences of persons doing business in New York. The steamboat landing is a half mile s. w. of the village, on a small island connected with the main land by a stone causeway. The village is a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R. Beechwood Cemetery, incorp. Jan. 30, 1854, lies a mile w. of the village. 'West 'Xew Roclielle, Petersville,* and Upper HTevr Rocbelle are scattered villages, mostly inhabited by Germans. This town was embraced in the Manor of Pelham, and was sold by John Pell, Sept. 20, 1689, to Jacob Leisler, for the settlement of a company of French Huguenots. These people are said to have been brought over in one of the king's ships, and to have landed on the n. e. part of Davenports Neck, then called "Bauffets" or "Bounfoys Point."^ They mostly purchased under Leisler in 1690. There were 23 freeholders in town in 1708. The tovm records commence Nov. 1, 1699, and until 1735 were kept par'tly in Trench. They were suspended from April 2, 1776, to June 24, 1783. A French church was organized in 1689, and in 1709 most of the members conformed to the Epis- copal faith ; and this denomination are now owners of property given by Pell. The Presbyterians also claim succession from the first French church, a part of the members of which did not conform." JVORTH CASTLE'— was formed March 7, 1788. New Castle was taken off in 1791. It occupies a long, narrow strip on the E. border of the co., adjoining Stamford and Greenwich, Conn. Its surface is much broken by hills,* particularly in the w. part. It is drained by Maharness, Byram, and Bronx Rivers and their branches. Rye Pond lies on the s. border; Byram Pond on the line of Bedford ; and Wampus Pond on the line of New Castle. Cobamong Pond, a mile e. of Byram Pond, has no inlet and is very deep. The soil is clay and sandy loam. Nortb Castle (p. V.) contains a church and a few houses. Armonk,' (p-^-O °ear the center, contains 3 churches, a woolen factory, and 20 houses. Klnslco,'° (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains several manufactories and 103 inhabitants. Quarter Station is on the H. R. R. R., in the extreme s. part. The first settlements commenced at a very early period." The census reports 7 churches in town.'^ NORTH SAIiEM" — was formed March 7, 1788. A part was annexed to Lewisboro in 1844. It is the N. E. corner town of the co. Its surface is hilly, the summits rising 100 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Croton River forms the w. boundary. Titicus" River, a principal branch of the Cro- ton, flows w. from Conn, through near the center. The valley of this stream varies in width from J mi. to IJ mi., and is bordered by steep hills. Peach Pond, on the N. border, covers 400 acres. 1 Formerly "Laylers" ("LesUes") and "Leamrts" Neck. Boaght in 1786 by Newberry Davenport, and since owned by the Daven- port family. s Davids or Hewletts Island. Named from Thaddeus Davids, the owner. It contains about 100 acres, and is fitted up for pic- nic and pleasure parties. Steamboat excursions are occasionally made thither from the city. Goat, Marketts, Wliortleben-y, Locust, and Van Cleese Islands also belon;:; to this town. Bur- dens Point, on Davenport Neck, is also a place of resort. ' From 12 to 20 acres are devoted to raising blackberries, —chiefly the variety known as the " New Rochelle or Lawton blackberry," originally a seedling from the fields, which has proved of much value. There are also extensive nurseries in town. 4 Formerly called "New Jermalem." 6 The purchase included 6,000 aores, to which Pell added 100 acres for the use of the French church. Among the refugees were Francis Le Count, David Do Bonsepas, Alexis Allaire, Har- vey Beignon, Esaye Vallean, Andrew Thaunet, David Bonnefoy, Louis Guion, Pierre Das. Pierre Palcot, Andrew Naudin and sons Andrew and Louis, Theophile and Chas. Fourrestier, Am- broise Sycard and sons Ambroise, Daniel, and Jacques, Guil- laume Laudrie, G. Latteneau, Isaaq Caillard, Marie Cothon- neau and her son Guillaume, Jean NewfnUle, Estersie Lavigne, and Jean Constant. Thos. Paine, author of "Common Sense." died in this town in 1809, and his remains were taken to Eng- land by Cohbett in 1819. His admirers have erected a monu- ment over the spot where he was interred. „ „ ,. « There are now 8 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., Bap., Af. lUeth., and R. C. , , , . ~ ^ „. 'Formerly "WTdtr. FidcU;' and afterward designated the "LCberty of North Castle." 8 Mt. Misery, in the s. E. angle, 200 to 300 ft. above the valley, is named from the fact that a large party of Indians were cut oif here by the Huguenots, in retaliation for a descent upon Now Rochelle. — Bolton's Westchester, I, p. 447. ^ Formerly '^Mill Square" and still often called by that name. 11 Formerly "Sobhins Mills." U The Indian title to this town was obtained by Caleb Heath- cote and others between 1660 and 1705, and confirmed by several patents. Of these the " Middle Patent," embracing 1,500 acres, was granted Feb. 17, 1701-02. and the w. portion was confirmed to Anne Bridges and her associates Sept. 25, 1708. A partition of the Middle and West Patents took place June 23, 1766. The allotments were balloted for and sold to numerous persons, of whom many nauted Brundsigo, Grilfin, Lockland, Sillick, Sco- field, Clapp, and others are descendants. — Boltcm's iVestctiesterj J, p. 455. Major Andr6 immediately after his arrest was sent to Col. .Tameson, stationed in this town; and from here he was al- lowed, through the inadvertence of that olBcer, to notify Arnold of his arrest. 12 3 M. E., 3 Prot. E., and Friends. 18 This town was mostly purchased by Stephen Van Cortlandt and was embraced within the bounds of his manor. The e. part, within the Oblong, was purchased in 1708 by John Belden, Sam'l Keeler, Matthew Seymour, Matthias St. John, and other inhaliitants of Norwalk, Conn. Upon the division of the ?lnnor of Cortlnnrlt in 1734, this town fell to the share of Andrew Mil- ler, John Schuyler, and Stephen De Lancey. 14 Otherwise called Mntigbticoss. The name in the text per- haps has been changed from this, and is said to have been de- rived from an Indian chief. 508 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. Beaver Pond is a small sheet of wMer near the n. line. The soil is better adapted to grazing than to grain raising. Turkey Hill lies in the s.w. part. Worth SaleiU^^ (P-^-.) i° the e. part, contains 2 churches, a paper mill, and 30 houses. Salem Center,^ (p-0-») a hamlet, is the seat of the North Salem Academy.* Purdys Station, (p. o.,) on the Harlem R. R., on the w. border, contains 2 churches and a small woolen factory. Croton Falls, (p. o.,) in the n. w. corner, is a station on the Harlem R. R. The first settlement commenced at a very early period, mostly by immigrants from Conn. The census reports 7 churches in town.* OSSIWIIVG^— was formed from Mount Pleasant, May 2, 1845. It lies upon the Hudson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is mostly a hilly upland, the ridges extending parallel to the river. Prospect Hill is a commanding eminence on the s. line of the town. Pocantico River forms its E. boundary. Marble is extensively quarried, and traces of several metals have been found.® The soil is a productive, gravelly and clayey loam. Sing" Sing*, (p. v.,) upon the Hudson, near the center of the w. border of the town, was incorp. April 2, 1813. It is beautifully situated upon ground gradually rising from the river to the height of 180 ft., and at most points affording fine views of Tappan Bay and the. opposite shore of the Hudson. It contains 4 churches, the Mount Pleasant Academy,'*^ female seminary, and several other popular female schools. Pop. 1,440. This village is chiefly noted for being the seat of one of the N. Y. State prisons. The prison was erected - at this place in 1825, with a view of employing the convict labor upon the marble quarries. It re- ceives convicts from certain southern and^eastern counties, as specified by statute.' Prospect Hill^ is a scattered settlement along the s. border, Spring Valley, e. of Sing Sing, and Sparta, s. of Sing Sing, are hamlets. This town was included in the Manor of Philipsburgh, and was settled by the Dutch previous to the commencement of the last century. The lands were forfeited by the attainder of Frederick Philipse during the Revolution.® The first church was or- ganized at a very early period, but the exact date is lost.^** The Dale Cemetery, containing 47 acres, ^ mi. N. of Sing Sing, was incorp. Jan. 14, 1851. PEIiHAM" — was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on Long Island Sound, in the s. part of the 00., on the e. border, and it embraces several islands in Long Island Sound.^^ Pelham Neck^^ is a peninsula extending into the Sound ; upon it are several elegant country seats. Its surface is un- dulating, the valleys ranging n. and s. Hutchinsons Creek^* forms the w. boundary. The soil is mostly of an excellent quality of sandy and gravelly loam. Pelbamville, near the n. angle 1 A granite boulder, weighing 60 tons or over, lies in this vil- lage, supported about 3 ft. from the ground upon the points of 5 smaller limestone rocka. There is a chalybeate spring near the village. 2 About a half mile w. of the village is a natural bridge. 3 This academy was erected between 1770 and '76 by Stephen "De Lancey for a residence, but was not used as such, and in 1786 it was purchased for its present use. It was incorp. Feb. 19, 1790. Among its students have been Dan'l D, Tompkins, Col. N. P. Tall- madge and brother, Hon. James Kent, and several other prominent citizens. Its patronage at present is small. 4 2 JI. E., Presb.. Bap.. Prot. E., Union, and Friends. s Originally called "Ossi'nsingJ' It name was changed March 14, 1846. The proper Indian nam© is said to signify " stone upon stone," and has been written Sin-Sing, and Sink Sink. A power- ful clan of Mohegans of this name inhabited this region when it was first known to the whites. ^ Snifill specimens of galena, ^Hth several ores of copper, have been obtained. Sulphuret of zinc and oxyd of manganese are occasionally found in the lime rock. T This prison was erected by the convicts themselves, 100 of whom were sent from Auburn Prison for that purpose under the charge of Capt. Elam Lynds, who had chiefly directed the building of the Auburn Prison. The novel spectacle was ex- hibited on the 14th of May. 1825, of the arrival of this band on the open ground which was to bo the theater of operations, without a place to receive or even a wall to inclose them. * * * The first day sufficed to erect a temporary barrack for shelter at night; and ever after they continued in unpausing labor, watched by a small number of guards, but held under per- petual government of their accustomed discipline and submis- hi.m tn the powerwhose vigilant eye and unrelaxing hand they felt to bo perpetually upon them and around them. — Iniroduc- U'ort to ]\'at. Hist. iV. Y., p. 1S6 The Hudson River R. R. crosses the prison grounds under two broad arches with an intervening walled space. The male prison is 484 by 44 ft. and 5 stories high, and has 1,000 cells. The w. yard is inclosed by 2 buildings 40 ft. wide, 2 storit-s high, extending from ihe main prison tu the river, and occupied by kitchens, hospital, chapel, and shops. Th- yard thus formed is 492 by 412 ft., and has a range of sliop^ 40 ft. wide, parallel to the main prison. There are al^o worlishops on the e. The female prison, upon the same premises, but under separate management, is built of rough marble taken from the State quarries. It stands on an el.vated site, e. of the R. u,, with a colonnade of the Ionic order across the end fronting the river. It was built in 1835-40, and receives female convicts sentenced to State prison from every co. in the State ; it contains 80 cells. By an act of April 18, 1859, the Inspectors of State Prisons were diiected to sell such of the premises at this place as are not re- quired for prison pui-poses, at a price not less than $250 per acre, and to appropriate the moneys thus received to buQdingand re- pairing such works at the prison as they may deem proper. 8 Formerly known as "Long Hill." 3 Families named VP'ard, Orser, Crank, Bazelie, Acker. Purdy, Merritt, McCord, Bishop, IBalyeaa, Storm, Jones, Millet, and Ryder, purchased under the Commissioners of Forfeiture. 50 There are 6 churches in town ; 3 Prot. E., Bap., M. E., and Presb. 11 Named from Thos.Pell, of Fail-field, Conn. A purchase was made of the Indians by Mr. Pell, Nov. 14, 1654; and most of this was confirmed to him by Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 6, 1666. The quitrent reserved in this grant was a lamb annually. Pelham Manor originally embraced 9,166 acres, and was confirmed by Gov. Dongan. Oct. 25. 1687, to John Pell, nephew of the first purchaser. This toM'n is mostly o\vned by a few wealthy pro- prietors, and, except Scarsdalo, is the least populous in the co. Several acres of berries are cultivated for the city market. Pelham Bridge connects the town with East Chester. 12 The principal of these is "City Island," — formerly "Minne- ford Island," or '■^Mulbt'rry IslatidJ' Its present name is derived from commercial establishments projected at an early colonial period and renewed subsequent to the Revolution. It w;is supposed that the India trade could be carried on from this place with peculiar advantage. It is now principally occupied by oystermen. Harts Island, or "Spp.ctach Island" has an area of 85 acres. Hunters Island, belonging to the estate of E. Desbrosses Hun- ter, haa an area of 250 acres, and was formerly connected with the mainland by a stone causeway and bridge. High IsLind lies near the s. point of Pelham Neck. 13 Formerly '■^Anne Hooks JNeck" from an Indian oivner ; and afterward ^^Aodiiums Neck.'"' It was a favorite place for Indian sepulture; and traces of p-aves are atill seen. A ferry was es- tablished to Hempstead Harbor and to Matagarisons Bay in 1755, by Samuel Rodman. 1* Named fi-om Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, the first settler. Its Indian name was Acquoabounck, from a term descriptive of the red cedar tree. — BoUon's Westcfiesterj I, p. 542. WBSTChESTER ClTJNTY. 509 of the town, is a newly surveyed village and station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R. Pelliam is a p. 0. on the E. border. Prospect Hill is a locality near the center. Pelliain Prloryi is the seat of a young ladies' seminary, established by the late Rev. Robert Bolton and conducted by his daughters. A settlement was made in this town in 1642,'' by Mrs. Anne Hutchinson, who was driven from Massachusetts on account of her religious belief; There is 1 church (Prot. E.) in town. POUlVDRIDGE'-was formed March 7, 1788. It lies in the e. part of the co., its s. line bordering on Stamford and New Canaan, Conn. Its surface is hilly and much broken. The Stony Hills occupy the n. part and extend 3 or 4 mi. in a n. e. direction, with steep, craggy sides and rocky summits. Cross River flows through the extreme n. corner, Stamford Mill River flows s. through the e. part, and Maharness River forms a part of the s. w. boundary. Cross Pond is on the E. line. The soil is a gravelly loam. Poundrldge, (p. o.,) near the center, is a small settlement with 2 churches. Boretontown is a hamlet, in the n. corner. The rfirst settlement commenced near the center of the town, in 1744, by Capt. Joseph Lookwood and associaltes, from Stamford, Conn. There are 3 churches in town ; M. E., Prot. Meth., and Presb. RYE*— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies on the e. border of the s. part of the co. It is a narrow, irregular strip, bordering on the Sound and Greenwich, Conn. Its surface is broken and rocky. Byram River ^ forms a small part of the E. boundary, and Blind Brook a part of the w. The soil is chiefly clay. There are quarries of hard, blue granite in town. Along the coast are several small islands.* The mirage is frequently seen upon the coast, bringing to view the shore of Long Island with great distinctness. Rye, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R., contains 3 churches, a private seminary, and 300 inhabitants. Milton, in the s. part, is a hamlet, with 1 church. Ryeport is a steamboat landing, with a daily line in summer to New York. Ryebeacb is a place of resort during the hot season. Port Chester, (p. v.,) a station on the N. Y. & N. H. R. R., contains 5 churches, several private seminaries, extensive manufactories,' and 1,695 inhabitants. It is connected with the Conn, shore by a toll bridge. King-street is a fine agricultural district, extending nearly 7 miles n. of Port Chester. Glen- vllle is a hamlet, on Byram River. The first settlemeat was commenced on Manursi»g Island.' The census reports 9 churches in town.' SCARSDAI.E"— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies in the interior of the s. part of the co. Its surface is broken by ridges and hills. Bronx River forms the w. boundary, and the E. angle borders on the Mamaroneck. Hutchinson and Sheldrake Creeks rise in this town. The soil is a clayey and sandy loam. It has no villages, and is the least populous town in the co. Scars- dale, (p. 0.,) in the w. part, contains a church and a few houses. jScarsdale Station, on the Harlem R. R., is on the w. border of the town. In the s. corner of the town is a Friends meeting house, on a site used for that purpose long before the Revolution. Gov. Tompkins was a, native of this town; and Chief Justice Morris and Maj. Wm. Popham — for many years clork of the Court of Exchequer — resided here. The census reports 2 churches in town ; Prot. E. and Friends. SOMERS" — was formed March 7, 1788, as "Siepheniown." Its name was changed April 6, 1 Upon these 'premigee Is a rocking atone weighing about 20 tons. ' 2 This setHement was soon after broken np by the Indians, who killed 18 persons, including the founder. 8 Named from the ancient Indian pound, or deer trap, which formerly stood at the foot of a high ridge 8. of the present vO- \afe.—Baltm's Westchnstnr, 11, p. 1. This town was embraced in Turner's Purchase of 1640, and once formed part of Stamford, Conn. The Patent of Stamford, granted May 26, 1685, included a portion of this town. In the settlement of boundaries in 1731, four miles were taken from Conn. A grant was made March 2, 1701, to Robert Walters. John Cholwell, Leigh Atwood, Corne- lius De Peyster, Richard Slater, i)ame Cosene, Lancaster Symes, Matthew Clarkson, Robert Lurting, Peter Matthews, and Caleb ■Heathcote. This grant was subsequently known as the " East Patent." It was sold Aug. 7, 1766, under " an act for the more effectual collecting of his M^esty's quitrents." Families named Lockwood, Ambler, Forsher, Bishop, Ferris, I-Ioyt, HoUey, Brown, Sillick, and Scotield were purchasers under this sale. Until 1775 the town formed one of the precincts of Kye. ■ In 1821, 900 acres were sold to satisfy the State claim to quitrents in the East Patent. * Called by the Indians " Poningoe." 6 Called by the Indians " Armonck." The meadows bordering it were called " Haeeco" and " Miosehassaky." * Manursing, called by the Indians " Minnewies," or Pine, Eenhawk, Great, Middle, and Little Captains Islands. ' These consist of a foundery, shovel factory, tide gristmill, and a last and shoe factory, 8 This island was bought by the Dutch W, I, Company, who sold it June 29, 1660, to John Coe, Peter Disbrow, and Thos, Studwell, The proprietors proposed to name the place Hastings, and issued a declaration of allegiance to the king, to which was annexed a description of their proposed town, embracing the country between Byram River and Blind Brook. Upon the final annexation to New York it was formed into a market town, with the privilege of holding a fair of four days, begin- ning on the 2d day of October. Courts of special sessions M-ere also held here. The Dutch made the iirst Indian purchase in this region, in 1640 ; and numerous conveyances were afterward made. By the agreement of 1660, this town was included in Conn. In 1683 it was assigned to New York. In 1696 it was nf^ajn claimed by Conn.; and the present line was fully settled May 14, 1730. The charter of Rye was granted Aug. 12, 1720 e 8 M. E., 2 Trot, E„ 2 Presb,, Af, Meth., and R. C. i» Named from Scarsdale, in Englaid, whence the Heath- cote family came. In colonial times this town formed part of the manor of Scarsdale. " Named from Cnpt, Richard Somers,the intrepid and gallant hero of the Tripolitan War. " Stephtntmim" was named from Stephen Van Cortlandt. Prior to 1788, it formed part of the township of Hanover, within Cortlandt Manor; and under the natives it formed part of the territory uf Amapogh. or Amma- •w&W.—BfilUm's Westchester, II, p. 131, 510 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 1808. A part was annexed to New Castle in 1846. It lies on the N. border of the eo., near the center. Its surface is broken by ridges in the s. ; in other parts it spreads out into level plains. Croton River forms the s. e. boundary.' Muscoot River' and Plum Brook flow s. through the town into Croton River. Croton Lake, the fountain head of the Croton Water Works, lies in the N-. w. corner, extending into Yorktown. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Somers, (p. v.,) in the n. e. part, contains 2 churches, a bank, and 20 houses.^ Croton Falls, (p. v.,) in the N. E. corner, on the line of North Salem, is a small village and station on the Harlem R. R. It has u, good 'water-power. West Somers (p. o.) is a hamlet. This town, in the allotment of the manor in 1734, fell to the share of Mrs. Margaret Bayard, Philip and Stephen Van Cortlandt, Andrew Johnston, Miller, Stephen De Lancey, and Mrs. Susannah Warren. The census reports 5 churches in town.' WJESTCHESTER*— was organized as a town, Nov. 7, 1788. West Farms was taken off in 1846. It lies on the Sound, in the extreme s. part of the co. It is bounded on the w. by Bronx River, and on the s. and e. by the Sound. Its surface is generally low and flat along the coast and rolling further inland. Several bays and estuaries extend far inland and divide the land into several peninsulas and necks. The principal of the latter are Classens Point,* between Bronx and Westchester Rivers ; Zeregors Point, next E. ; and Throggs N-eok,* a long and narrow promontory extending s. e. into the Sound. About 2,500 acres along Westchester River is a salt meadow, a portion of which is held as public property and managed by 3 trustees. The soil is a good quality of sandy and gravelly loam. The people are principally engaged in gardening and fruit growing. Westchester, (p. v.,) at the head of navigation on Westchester Creek, is a scattered village of about 1,000 inhabitants. Bronxdale, on the line of West Farms, has an extensive tape fac- tory, a dye and bleach works, and about 400 inhabitants. ScliMylerville, upon Throggs Neck, is a scattered village of 300 inhabitants. Connersville, W^aliefield, Centerville, and li'nionport are modern village plats. Fort Schuyler, upon the extremity of Throggs Neck, was begun in 1833 ; and in 1851 |848,01S had been expended upon it. The estimated cost of the construction and repairs was then $873,013.' The first settlement on Throggs Neck was made in 1642, by John Throckmorton and 35 associates, from New England, with the consent of the Dutch. The Indian title to the land was extinguished in 1643, by the Dutch, and a land brief was granted in that year, and another in 1652. The English began a settlement at Westchester' in 1642 ; but the Dutch, considering them intruders, arrested several of them, and in 1656 they surrendered themselves to the Dutch Government. The settlement was claimed by Conn, in 1663 ; but the next year it came under t)ie governineijt of the Duke of York. A patent was granted by Gov. Nicoll, Feb. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Jan. 6, 1686. A market was established at West- chester, May 11, 1693, to be held weekly ; and the same year an annual fair was established, to meet alternately at this place and Rye. It was made a borough town April 16, 1696, with mayor, aldermen, and common council, "according to the form of the best governed towns and corpora-' tions of the realm of England," and the right of holding a mayor's court, and a representation by one delegate in General Assembly. The De Lancey family, prominent ofEicials under the Colonial Government, and loyalists of the Revolution, resided in this town. The first church (Cong.) was formed soon after the arrival of the first settlers.' ■WEST FARMS — was formed from Westchester, May 13, 1846. Morrisania was taken off in 1855. It lies upon the Sound and along Harlem River, in the s. part of the co. The surface is rolling, the ridges extending n. and s. Bronx River forms its E. boundary, and Sawmill Brook flows through the center. Its soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, rendered very productive by scien- tific farming. W^est Farms, (p. V.,) a large village at the head of navigation on Bronx River, 1 This river is said to discharge 3,628,800 gallons of water per day. 2 Hachaliah Bailey, of Somers, about 1815 imported the first elephant brought into the United States. '-Old Bet" with other animals soon after imported was tbrmed the first travel- ing menagerie in the country, with which Van Amburgh, the Lion Tamer, was afterward associated. Thaddeus and Gerard Crane, Lewis Titus, and John June, familiar to the public as enterprising showmen, were from this town and North Salem. 3 2 M. E., 2 Presb., and Prot. E. 4 The Dutch called this region "VrmHandt," or the land of/ neace, and the village '■ Oorst Dnrp" or East Village. 6 Formerly " Cornhills Neck" and granted to Thos. CornluU, or Cornell, in 1646. 8 Named from John Throckmorton, the pioneer settler. A lighthouse, 61 feet high ind 66 feet above the Sound, was built here in 1826, and refitted in 1855. It has a fog bell struck by machinery 7 times per minute. 7 It was built to accommodate 1,250 men and to mount 318 cannon. "With the projected work upon Wilkins Point, in Flushing, Queens CO., these fortresses would effectually protect New York against the approach of a hostile fleet from the Sound. The fort is built of granite from Greenwich, Conn. 8 The settlers at " Vrzedlandt" at this time were Lieut. Tbos. Wheeler, Thos. U. Newman, Robert Bassett, John Cloes, Sher- wood Davies, Wm. H. Fenfall, Richard C. Meares, Samuel Havelt, Isaac Holbert, Robert Roes, Jas. Bill, John S. Genner, Richard Osbort, and Wm.Ward. The Dutch released Capt. R. Popton, Wm. Elet Black, John Gray, and Roger Wheeler, who had been arrested for taking up arms at "jyreedlandt." — BoUmi's Westchester, II, p. 160. In 1662 they were allowed to nominate their own magistrates and hold their own courts ; " but in dark and dubious matters— especially in witchcraft — the party ag- grieved might appeal to the Governor and Council." 8 There are 7 churches in town ; 2 i'riends, Cong., Prot. E, M. E., Presb., and At Meth. WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 511 3 mi. from the Sound, contains 4 churches, a carpet factory, molding mill, and gristmill. Ford- ham, (p. V.,) on the r. e., in the n. part of the town, contains 4 churches and is the seat of St. John's College.! Tremont,' Central Morrisanla/ and Trilliams Bridge (p. o.) are modern village plats. The last named is a station upon the Harlem R. R. Claremont is a village plat on the line of Morrisania. The eastern part of the present town, originally known as " The West Farms,'^ was patented April 25, 1666, to Edward Jessup and John Richardson, Indian purchasers.* Fordham was bought by the Dutch in 1639, and in 1646 it was owned by Adrien Van der Donck. In 1671 John Archer, owner of 1,253 acres, obtained a patent under the title of the " Manor of Fordham." It passed to Cornelius Steenwyok, and was conveyed by his widow in 1694 to the Dutch church in New York, in whose possession it remained 60 years.^ The High Bridge of the Croton Aqueduct connects the s. w. corner of this town with N. Y. City and Ma- comb's Bridge, in the n. w. corner. Fort No. 8 was built upon the eminence n. w. of the Archer homestead in the Revolution ; and its guns assisted in the capture of Fort "Washington in 1776. It was demolished by the enemy Oct. 20, 1782. Fort Independence, on Tetards Hill, was dismantled in 1833. Prince Charles Redoubt and the Negro Fort of the Revolution were on the s. side of Valentines Hill. There are 8 churches in town.* WHITE PIiAiarS— was formed March 7, 1788. It is an interior town, lymg s. of the center of the CO. The surface is rolling and hilly. Mamaroneck "River forms its e. boundary, and Brcmx River its w. St. Marys Lake lies along its e. border. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. White Plains' (p. v.) is situated near the w. line of the town. It contains the old and new CO. buildings, 3 churches, and several private seminaries. It is a station upon the Harlem R. R., and contains about 1,000 inhabitants. This town was purchased Nov. 22, 1683, by the inhabitants of Rye, and was settled soon after. In 1720 it was divided among 41 proprietors ;* and a charter was granted March 13, 1721, with a quitrent of 2 shillings 6 pence to every 100 acres. It em- braced 4,435 acres. Many important historical events occurred in this town during the Revolution. The village was wantonly burned Nov. 5, 1776, by a Now England major. The battle of White Plains was foiight on Chatterton Hill, in Greenburgh, opposite, and within view of the village. There are 6 churches in town.' YOIVKERS"" — ^was formed as a town March 7, 1788. It is the most southerly town in the co., upon the Hudson. The surface is rugged and broken by several ridges extending n. and s. Va- lentines Hill,"^ the highest point, is 400 ft. above tide. Tuckahoe Hill, in the e. part, and Huits Deer Ridge, extending into Greenburgh, are prominent points. The principal streams are Bronx River, forming the e. boundary, Spuyten Duyvil Creek, forming the s. boundary, Neperhan River, flowing through the center, and Sprain River and Tibbetts Brook. '^ The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. The people are largely engaged in manufactures.^' The heights along the river are studded with elegant country residences. Many of the inhabitants are engaged in busi- 1 Tliis college, situated on Rose Hill, immediately e. of the Harlem R. R,, is Under the control of the R. C. denomination. It was incorp. April 10, 18-16, having been opened for students June 24, 1841. It is under the direct charge of Jesuits, who, being aeaociated for religious motives, receive no salary beyond personal support. Six other persona are employed as special instructors upon pay. In 1858 it reported to the Regents 59 undergraduates, besides which it has about 100 other pupils. Upon the premises is a large and handsome gothic church, and St. Joseph's Theological Seminary. The main building, of atone, 2 stories high, with an attic, contains the parlor, chapel, and professors' apartments, and ia adorned with valuable paintings. Two front winga, of brick, one story each, 90 by 25 feet, contain the refectory, kitchen, study hall for the first division, and general assembly room. A large brick building contains the study hall for the second division, sleeping, play, and wash rooms. At each end of the front wings is a 3 stnry brick building, for reading hall, music, drawing, and class rooms, and dormitories. A 3 story brick building, 100 by 20 feet, contains the library, museum, wardrobe, and walkinghall, for the senior division. The &rra and property are valued at $147,000. Its libraries number 12,090 volumes, and it has a valuable cabinet of minerals. ^ Formerly " Upper Marrisama" " South I'ordham," "Adams- vitk," and "Maimt Hope," — all of which are now embraced in one village under the general name of Tremont. » A town hall was authorized to be erected April 15,1854, and was located E. of Fordham Avenue, in Central Morrisania. It was built at a cost of about $15,000. By the subsequent erec- tion of Morrisania it is brought near the s. border of this town. * This patent was bounded E. by Bronx River, and w. by a little brook called by the natives Sachwrahung,— including a neck of land called Quinnahung. The s. part of the town, or " PlaMing Neck," was called by the Indians Quinnahung. The W. side of this neck was called the " Debatable Ground," because it waa in dispute between the patentees of West Farms and Morrisania from 1666 to 1740. 6 An act of General Assembly, Dec. 12, 1753, allowed the Dutch church to sell the Manor of Fordham. — which was done, and the money received is now vested in thecity. Three hundred acres were excepted from this sale by Mrs. Steenwyck. 8 2 Prot. B., 2 Ref. Prot. D., 2 M. E., Presb., and B. C. ^ This village is divided into two parts, — the old village, lying about three-fourths of a mile from the r. b., and the new vil- lage, lying between the old village and the r. r. station. 8 Among these were families named Horton, Denham, Purdy, Brown, Lane, Frost, Disbrow, Merritt, Hyatt, Iloyt. Knapp, Pease, KniflBn, Odell, Oalpin, Budd, Lounsberry, Travis, Stock- ham, Fowler, Walter, Cox, Jeffrey, Sherwood, Lyon, and Brondig. Several of these names are still common in town. ' 3 M. E., Prot. E., Presb., and E. C. 10 Pronounced Yunk'ers. It is a Dutch word, signifying " gpn tleman," or country nobleman, — a title of respect applied fir^t in this place to Adrien Tan der Donck, the patentee and first proprietor. This town and Mile Square formed a township in the great Manor of Philipsburgh, until the Revolution. The Indians called the place Ke-ke-shick. 11 Named from the family who owned the adjoining property for about 130 years. 12 Sprain River was called by the natives Ar-men-pe-ral ; and Tibbetts Brook, Mos-ho-Iu. 13 There are about 20 manufactories in town, employing, wlien in full operation, 1,200 to 1,500 persons. Two hat factories each employ near 200 operatives. The foundery at Spuyten Dnyvil employs about 300 hands; and a pickle factory, on the Hudson, a still larger number. The Neperhan, a stream that enters the Hudson in the lower part of Yonkers Village, affords a con- siderable ajnount of water-power. 512 WESTCHESTER COUNTY. ness in New York. YOMliers, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, near the cer.ler of the w. bordfer of the town, was incorp. April 12, 1855. It contains 9 churches, several private seminaries,' a bank, and newspaper office. Pop. about 8,000. It is a steamboat landing,'' and a station on the Hudson River R. R. It has several manufactories and a great number of beautiful suburban villas.' Spuyten DuyvH, (p. v.,) on the creek separating the town from New York, is- the seat of several large founderies, and is principally inhabited by operatives. Tuckstlioe, (p. o.,) an old settlement in the E. part, is a station upon the Harlem R. R.. Neaf this place are several marble quarries. K.ing'sbrldge (p. o.) lies upon Harlem River, and is connected with New York City by a bridge. Riversdale, below Yonkers, is a group of Villas alid a e. r. station. Soutik Yonfeers is a p. o. The Croton Aqueduct passes through this town from n. to s. A castellated stone mansion, built by Edwin Forrest, the tragedian, on the banks of the Hudson, a mile below Yonkers, has lately been purchased for an educational institution by the Roman Catholics.* The country now included in Yonkers, West Farms, and Morrisania, and containing about 24,000 acres, was granted to Adrien Van der Donok in 1046, with the right and title of Patroon. He gave to his estate the title of "Colen Donck," perfected its title by purchase from the Indians, and took measures for its improvement.^ There are 11 churches in town.^ YORRTOVTIV'— was formed March 7, 1788. It lies upon the u". border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is broken and hilly. The Highlands lie along the N. bordfet ; and several points are elevated 600 to 1,000 ft. above tide. The principal stream is Croton River, flowing across the s. part. Keakatis Lake,* near the center, Mbhegan Lake, in the N. part; and Magriga- nies lake, in the N. E. corner, are small bodies of water. Crompond, (YorktOwfi p. o.,) near the center, Pines Bridge, (p. o.,) near the e. line, Jefferson Valley, (p. o.,) in the n. e. corner, and Slirub OaK, {p. o.,) near the n. line, are hamlets. A rolling mill, wire factox-y, gristmill, and sawmill have been erected 2 mi. W. of Croton dam. This town formed a part of Cortlandt Manor, and in the division of 1734 fell to the shares of Andrew Miller, Gertrlide Beeek- man, Cornelia and John Schuyler, Gertrude Verplanok, Elizabeth Skinner, John Watts, Philip Verplanck, and Susannah Warren. A Presb. chUroh built at Crompond' about 1738 was burned July, 1779, and a committee in Congress in 1839 reported in favor of paying $3,500 for the loss, as the premises had been used as a storehouse by the Continental troops. Col. Green was surprised in this town May 13, 1781, by a party of refugees, in which affair Maj. Flag, 2 subalterns, and 27 men were killed, and many wounded. The census reports 7 churches in town." 1 The principal of these are the Tonkers Collegiate Institute and Gymna:iium, conducted on the military eystem, a female seminary, and a public free school. 2 The steamer Henry Clay was hurned not far from this place, on her down trip, .liily 28, 1852. Of 500 persons on board, nearly 100 perished, among whom was A. J. Downing, the editor and author, 3 The Manor Hall, a short distance above the Tillage, bwilt about 1745. was one of the seats of the Phllipsse family. * An edifice of fine architectural proportions and great size was erected, in 1858, in the rear of the mansion. The premises form a branch of the institution located on the Central Park in New York, and are under the charge of Sisters of Charity. ^ Vau der Donck subsequently took an active part in repre sentiug in Holland the interests of the colonists against the alleged tjTanny of the AYest India Company and its servants, and finally succeeded in his efforts, notwithstanding the enmity of Gov. Stuyvc'saut and the influence he was able to bring to oppose him. He died in 1655, and his estate was afterward sold in detached portions by his widow. His settlement was laid waste by the Indians, Sept, 15, 1655, and probably remained unoccupied until after the English conquest. In 1672 Frederick 1 lypsen or Philipse, with Thos, Delaval and Thos. Lewis, bought 8,000 acres of Colen Donck, nearly all in the pre.sent town of Yonkers ; and subsequently the former became sole owner to Kings Bridge, For one of these thirds he paid £630, These possessions were extended, by further purchjise, to Croton and Bronx liivers; and in Juno, 16M, the Lordship or Manor of Philipsburgh was erected, with all the rights, honors, or privi- leges enjoyed by the most favored, excepting that of represen- tation in the General Assembly, He established a drawbridge at Spujten Duyvil Creek, built a church, still standing, in Sleepy Hollow, and made other improvements. His descendants occupied a prominent position in the colonial goveroiiient : but, siding with the royal cause, ho lost every thing in the Revolu- tion, Col . F, Philipse, tlie hist proprietor of this estate, wa^ paid f62,076 by the British Government, as an equivalent for this loss ; and his estates were sold by the State to his tenants at very moderate rates. « 3 Prot, B,, 2 M, E,, 2 Presb,, 2 K, C, Bap,, Ref, Prot; D, ' The countryE;of Cortlandtown was called by the MohegflCna Appanraghpogh ; and the z, part of Yorktown is still called '* Amawalk," — probably an abbreviation, — BolUm's Westchester. II, p. 377, 8 The Croton dam, at the head of the Croton Aqueduct, is in this town. At the top it is 166 ft, above tide and 65 ft, above the bed of the river ; 61 feet wide at low water level, with openings of 90 and 180 feet for the passage of the surplus waters. Between these is a pjirtition, forming the foundation of the gatehouse and sluiceway for relieving the structure from the pressure of the lake, and for the discharge of water during- repairs. The water flo^Vs over an ogeeKjurved apron of cut stone laid upon hewn timber, and is received in a pond, formed by a second dam, 30O ft, below. The aqueduct is taken from the lake through a tunnel, on the 8. side, 180 ft, long in' the solid rock ; and the flOw of water is regulated by a double set of metal gates. The dam was destroyed while building, in .Inn, 1841; but the present structure promises to stand without injury, and almost without rej)air, to an indefinitely remote period. The surface over which' the waste water flows is now much more ample than was intended before the accident in 1841, The pond has a capacity of 600,000,000 gallons. Croton River was named Kitchawan, signifying a large and swift current. The bend west of Pines BrMge was named Keweghtegnaok. The commissioners were obliged to purch.is6 about 900 acres of land overflowed by the dam, at an average cost of $600 per acre. Often called "Crom Pond,^''the Dutch term for Crooked Pond. It consists of 2 parts united. Near this pond is French Hill, where the French forces under Rochambeau were en- camped in 1781-82. Turkey Mountain is an extensive woodland tr:ict to the s, E, '^ 2 M. E,, 2 Friends, Bap,, Cong,, and Presb, WESTCHESTER COUNTY. 513 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Westchester Gounty. Namis op Towns. Bedford Cortlandt East Chester Greenburgh EarrisoiL Lewisboro Mamaroneck .... Morrisania* Mount Pleasant. Newcastle New Rochelle.... North Castle .... Nortb Salem Ossining Pelfaam Foundridge Eye Scarsdale Somers Westchester West Farms White Plains.... Yonkers Yorktown Total Acres of Land. 21,243i 13,6143 4,5064 12,702 8,616i 12,840i 2,831i 13,396A 11,21,1 3,601 ll,402i 10,970 6,891 1,901 8,2144 6,090 2,8D1J 17,2344 6,479 3,2364 3,276 9,699 18,3S9i 209440* 3,473 6,9664 13,624 2,182i 1,676 4,924 1,051 8,1304 2,781 1,562 4,4104 2,061 1,304 1,333 3,894* 1,261 1,1824 3,110 2,5794 992 9,317 4,267 5,036 Taluation of 1858. 81,9474 $1,326,990 2,614,160 1,216.706 4,06i;067 723,650 ; 810,786 » 683,696 1,768,362 1,684,766 697,388 1,360,900 676,133 801,427 1,404,033 633,00i3 346,734 1,468,967 334,692 1,046,691 1,808,915 1,866,274 771,610 4,078^28 1,069.492 32,925,284 6,638,117 "..ft. $276,180 602,600 243,845 487,600 141,560 144,642 46,100 36,600 261,979 148,822 429,800 119,2^5 202,760 416,400 213,760 78,774 628,348 ^6,820 319,842 422,900 364,600 170,765 816,640 176,886 $1,602,170 3,116,760 1,460,660 4,638,667 866,110 965,427 629,696 1,803,862 1,846,746 846,310 1,780,700 794,368 1,004,177 1,820,433 746,760 424,608 1,997,316 421,412 1,366,533 2,231,816 2,229,774 942,365 4,887,668 1,246,377 39,563,401 Population. 1,706 4,600 2,425 3,093 611 889 625 1,783 879 1,489 1,213 736 3,173 391 709 1,651 206 869 1.748 6,173 627 3,695 1,156 1,758 3,968 2,290 3,342 1,894 883 1,612 1,202 792 2,685 442 730 1,817 240 886 1,716 6,263 795 3,869 1,190 40,326 40,362 616 1,181 774 924 218 338 172 640 317 497 396 289 662 119 281 631 62 304 493 2,036 233 1,368 410 674 1,676 936 1,192 240 386 226 704 346 607 467 318 900 122 313 666 74 316 582 2,419 262 1,436 464 679 697 624 162 288 81 269 220 100 277 188 615 78 260 411 45 157 303 1,446 90 663 324 8,216 el 1,008 3,110 1,600 2,204 611 660 364 2,748 1,241 672 1,163 830 526 1,613 246 469 1,903 137 678 1,216 1,928 448 2,521 717 30.801 Names of Towns. Bedford Cortlandt Bast Chester .... Grreenburgh Hanison Lewisboro Mamaroneck.... Morrisania* Mount Pleasant. Newcastle New Rochelle.... North Castle .... North Salem.... Ossining PeUiam Poundridge Bye Scarsdale Somers Westche-ster West Farms White Plains.... Yonkers Yorktown Total 461 726 263 466 221 319 104 272 166 326 230 838 78 167 237 116 394 375 408 167 lag 922 940 238 781 164 827 658 282 647 634 427 108 607 397 162 1,147 446 241 208 603 638 1,244 2,127 1,636 695 858 766 1,386 233 1,068 1,074 343 898 1,266 686 126 92 430 213 1,705 676 1,296 229 661 1,728 7,332 13,074 20,078 to 665 302 17 1,949 176 440 30 1,367 476 88 136 417 111 472 40 261 1,696 48 24 246 706 1,677 « 1,412 1,491 684 1,449 842 913 257 1,469 763 446 1,166 606 831 126 683 684 326 1,639 567 822 483 1,268 2,167 11,821 20,861 Agricultdeal Products. Bush, of Gbain. 9,940 7,000 1,716 6,7604 4,2264 3,670 624 6,0734 4,6304 2,340 4,606. 2,4424 2,096 563 2,186 2,436 1,774 6,883 1,236 230 2,367 6,243 8,2014 86,1654 SS' 61,8334 36,730 16,881 34,3624 20,404 36,9904 6,576 31,2514 11,619 29,336} 26,4404 24,847 6,697 16,9694 16,7224 8,662 67,9704 22,835 7,842 17,533 30,1624 63,986 8,344 6,1004 2,572 6,127 4,187 4,390i 1,121 6,7974 4,902 2,471 4,6004 4,590 3,004 968 2,3034 4,093 1,225 6,676 3,174 2,786 2,602 3,327 7,237 630,438J 90,4964 3 o 010, 31,432 18,944 4,474 14,400 9,389 12,205 2,989 18,987 9,117 4,343 17.783 7,220 8,762 2,203 6,667 7,623 2,082 22,809 10,006 12,960 7,948 17,739 36,378 II 8,383 934 145 430 2,173 1,876 1,717 472 166 1,6094 1,447 610 1,346 1,731 493 5,765 108 118 2,243 29,006 3,889 Daihv PHOD0CTB. 0, 05 76,864 86,830 19,732 48,952 44,615 62,767 16,957, 60,258 34,260 19,500 92,036 77,376 22,236 7,910 66,029 24,213 17,339 101,278 20,965 8,537 21,610 37,644 149,901 286,249 60,1374 1,116,589 2,180 487 ^ 6 200 140 100 926 100 120 100 495 40 II 40 48 209 30 * Formed since 1866. NEW YOEK COUNTY. The city of New York^ was incorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1652, and its municipal powers were confirmed and enlarged by Gov. Dongan, April 22, 1686, and by Gov. Montgomeric, April 19, 1708. An act was passed Oct. 14, 1732, confirming its rights ; and sub- sequent enactments were embodied in one act in the revised laws of 1813 and in the revised statutes of 18 — . Numerous changes in the details of the municipal government have been made from time to time.^ The CO., from the beginning, has embraced Manhattan, Gover- nors, Bedloes, Ellis's, Blackwells, "Wards, and Randalls Islands, and the lands under water to low water mark on the shores opposite, in West Chester, Queens, and Kings cos., and in New Jersey.^ Manhattan Island is 13 j mi. long, by 2^ mi. wide at the broadest part. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains an area of 22,000 acres.* It is separated from West- chester CO. by a strait known as Spuyten Duyvil Creek,^ and Harlem River. The surface of the island was originally quite broken by ridges of gneiss and hornblendic slate, especially in the n. parts ; and immense masses of rock and earth have been removed in grading.^ A deep valley extended across the island on the line of Canal St. ;' another near Carmausville f a third at Man- hattanville ; and a fourth at Tubby Hook, near the n. extremity. The s. part of the island was covered with drift and boulders, presenting conical hills, some of which were 80 ft. above the present grade of the streets. Fresh water was readily obtained by wells sunk to the surface of the rock ; and the porous nature of the soil has greatly favored the construction of deep foundations and vaults without annoyance from water. ^ Along the e. shore, from 94th St. northward, and around Harlem, the surface is very level, and fco some extent covered Avith salt marshes. On the w. side, toward the n., the valleys are often deep and the hills precipitous. The highest point, at Fort A¥ashington, is 238 ft. above tide. Both sides of the island afford ample facilities for commerce ; and the noble harbor embraced within the shores of New Jersey, Staten Island, Long Island, and the city has scarcely an equal for the extent, safety, and facility of access, and for the amount of its commercial transactions.^* The preservation of this harbor from injurious encroachments has been it, subject of solicitude ; and investigations which these have occasioned, have developed many interesting facts connected with its interests.^^ 1 Named from the Duke of York, afterward James II. By the Dutch nanied '^ New Amsterda'ni" and by Ihe Indians '^ Manhaf/an.'' 2 Important acts were passed in 1830, 1849, 1851, 1853, and 1857, the iT^t mentioned embracing all the essential feiituros of the city government. 3 The question of jiirisdiclion upon the river was long a sub- ject of dispute with New .Jersey. A summary of the contro- versy is given in our account of the Boundaries of the State, p. . 4 The widfst jiart of the island is at 88th St., where it is 12,500 feet acroae. •' The creek flows from Hudson to Harlem River, at Kings- hridse. <* White limestone of coarse quality appeared at the surface on the E. side, between 13th and 16th Sts.. and on the w. from 29th to 31st Sts. The strata of gneiss are nearly vertical, frequently bent and contorted, and in places contJiiDed interesting minoi'als. ^ A body of water linown as tlie Collect Pond, (from Kolk, a pit.) bonlered by a marsh, extended from near Pearl to Franklin St. and from 151m to 0ran2,'e St. It was 50 feet deep, and was connected with the Hudson by a narrow inlet nearly on the present line of Canal ^t. It was a favorite resort for skating in winter and upon it experiment'^ in steam navigation were made by John Stevens in ; 179(J-U7 and '98, and by John Fitrh in 1796 and '97. The Hallsof.ruetice. known as the tombp, and the "Vive Points" district, now occupy the site of the ancient pond ; and a large sewer under Canal St. represents the position of the out let. 8 Known as the Clendenninf; Valley. The Croton aqueduct crosses this on a magnifici'ut series of arches and piers of solid masonry. 8 Until 1842 the city was entirely dependent upon wells for its Hupply of fresh water. See p. . 10 The strait known as Harlem River and Spuyten Duyril Greek is too shallow and crooked to be available for commerce. Various plans have been proposed to improve it; but none have been carried into effect. Harlem River is about 800 to 1,000 ft. "wide, and mostly bordered by narrow, marshy flats, behind which the banks rise into hills. At Kings Bridge the bank is 180 ft. high and nearly perpendicular. The Hndson River R.R. and the Harlem R. R. cross these waters, and also the High Bridge, (used only for the Croton aqueduct and foot passengers,) and the Harlem Bridge, at the head of 3d Avenue. The latter was a toll bridge until the expii-ation of the charter in the spring of 1858. Macomb's Bridge, at the head of 7th Avenue, was for- merly much used ; but it is now down. A dam was constructed at this place for using tide water; but it was found to impede navigation, and was removed. In 1827 a co. was formed to build a canal across the upper end of the island, and in 1836 a similar plan was proposed, and a canal was partly built, traces of which may be seen on the e. side of the island, at 106th St. One of the objects of tliis canal was to gain access to a marble quarry; but the stone was found to be of inferior quality, and the project was abandoned. The capacity of the harbor of New York is limited only by the depth of water on the bars at its entrance near Sandy Hook. Vessels of about 23 ft. draft can pass at high tide. The approaches by way of Long Island Sound have no practical limitation of this kind, and vessels of 60 ft. draft could approach the upper part of the island and land on the West- chester shores adjacent without difficulty. 11 The Colony and State have at sundry times granted to the city lands under water adjacent to its shores, the riparian owners being usually secured in the right of pre-emption. The principal of these grants have been as follows ; — 1(386. — All vacant lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, with rivulete, coves, and ponds, were secured by the ch.irfer gi-anted by Gov. Dongan. NEW YORK COUNTY. 515 Although the clfcy forms but a single organization, it has localities known by distinct names as villages or neighborhoods ; but the number of these is gradually becoming obliterated as popula- tion increases ; and most of them will soon be known only to the student of history.^ Of the several islands, other than Manhattan, comprised in New York City and co., those in the harbor are owned by the General Government and occupied as military posts ; and those in the East River are chiefly owned by the city and devoted to charitable or penal institutions.^ 1708.— All vacant lands on Long Island shore, between high and low water mark, between the Navy Yard and Red Hook, were granted. 1730.— Land under water, 400 ft. wide, between junction of Charlton and Washington Sts. and Marketfield St. on the Hudson, and from Whitehall to Houston St. on the East River, were secured. These grants, with the pre- vious ones, comprise 209^ acres. 1807. — Land under water, 400 ft. wide, extending northward from previous grant 4 mi. on the Hudson and 2 ml. on the East River, were granted. 1826. — ^The same was extended to Spuyten Duyvil Creek on the w. and Harlem R. on the e. 1821. — Land 600 ft. wide in front of the Battery was added. 1837. — Lands under water on West to 13th Avenue line was secured. 1852. — Lands under Harlem R, from such exterior line as the corporation might fix, to the shore, was granted. Other extensions were authorized in 1828, 1830, 1835, 1846, Assem. Doc. 8, 1856. In 1811 the exterior line was fixed by the commissioners for laying out the city into streets: but changes of their plan and the extension of streets led to encroachments upon the channel requiring remedial measures. An act was accordingly passed, March 30, 185.5, appointing 5 commissioners in pursuance of advice of a Senate committee of the year previous, and these pei-sons, associating with themselves several ofBcers of the General Government, proceeded to examine the subject. The harbor and shores were sui'veyed and sounded, the effects of tides and crn'reots examined, maps constructed, and lines for the limitation of piers and bulkheads recommended, and mostly confirmed hy law, April 7, 1857. These sui-veys were performed by 10 paities of about 200 persons from the XJ. S. Coast Survey, at a cost of gS5,000, The reports of the commission embrace a large amount of statistical and historical information. — Assem. Doe. 8, 1856; Sen, Doc. 40, 126, 1857. The first dock was built from Broad to Dock St, on the East River. " There aje now 66 piers on the w. and 7S on the e. side of the city. A part of these are built and owned by the corpora- tion, others by individuals or companies, and others jointly by the city and individuals. Of the last class the city pays one-third the cost of building and receives one-half of the revenues. The city owns 39 piers and 7 half-piers on the Hudson, and 31 piers and 20 half-piers on the East River, — the former valued at $1,428,500, and the latter at $1,829,000. They are under the care of the Street Department. The wants of commerce led to the erection of a lighthouse on Sandy Hook, at the expeose of the colouy of New York, in 1762, which was supported by special duties upon commerce until ceded to the U. S. Feb. 3, 1790. The commissioners for its erec- tion were John Cruger, P^iilip Livingston, Leonard Lispenai-d, and Wm. Bayard. It was burned in 1776. Within the Hook ai-e lights at Princess Bay, Fort Tompkins, Robins Reef, and Whitehall Landing, and numerous buoys to mai-k the channels. The tide enters at Sandy Hook at 7h. 29m. past the moon's southing, and rises at Governors Island from 2.2 to 6.1 ft., the mean rise being 4.3 ft. The harbor was frozen ovei- in 1780, and again in 1820. On the former occasion persons passed on the ice to Staten Island. It occasionally happens that the Hudson aod East Rivers will he clnsed for a few hours in intensely cold aeaaons, and people have on these occasions rashly atempted to cross ; but the occurrence is not common; and the time of closure always brief. 1 The following is a list of tlie principal of these localities:— Bloomiugdale, on Broadway, between 100th and 110th Sts.. 7 mi. from the City Hall, presents a vei-y neat appearance, and'consists mostly of suburban dwellings. It is the seat of an orphan and a lunatic asylum,— the latter forniiti^- a branch ot the N.Y. Hospital. It was called by the Dutch ■' Bloeniend DaJ:"" — Flowery Valley. CarmausvUle, on 10th Av. above 155th St., named from families named Carman, former owners of the adjoining lands, is chiefly made up of country seats. Corlaer Hook, at the angle in the East River near Grand St., named from Arent Van Corlaer, was called by the Indians "Nechtank." ,^ ^ Dominies Hook lies on the Hudson River, between Duane and Canal Sts., embracing 62 acres. It was acquired by ground brief from Stuyvesant July 4, 1654, and was alterward granted to the Kn^rlish Church. ,^ . , . . , . Fort "Wo-sliingtoa, (Wasliington Heights p.o.,) a short distance above Carmansville, is an elevated site, once fortified, and now occupied by fine dwellings. The Deaf and Dumb Asy- lum ia located near this place. „ . . x-u Green-wicli, now merged in the city, was A nn. above the City Hall, ou the Hudson. It was named by Capt., afterward Sir Peter, Warren, who owned it. The Indian name was " Sapokanigan." The N. Y. State Prison was formerly located here. Harlem (p, o.) lies between 8th Avenue and East River, about 106th St. The principal business is on 3d Avenue. It has several churches, important manufactories of India rubber, chemicals, candles, ale, beer, carriages, and row boats, and several private schools. Kings Crarden, west of Broadway, between Fulton and Reade Sts., is now partly held by Trinity Church and leased. liispenards Meadows was an irregular tract on both sides ot West Broadway from Reade to near Spring St., and along Canal St. from the Hudson to Orange St. Maiiliattanville, (p.o.,) on the Hudson, between 125th and 132d Sts., w. of 9th Avenue, contains a convent. Catholic college, and manufactories of iron, paint, and refined sugar. Strykers Bay, on the Hudson, at 96th St., is a R. R. station. Tntotoy Hook lies on the Hudson, one half mi. 3. of Spuyten Duyvil Creek. Turtle Bay is on the East River, 2 mi. n. of Corlaer Hook. Its name is a corruption of the Dutch "Deutel Bay," or Wedge Bay. Yorkville, on the east side of Central Park, extending to the East River, from 79th to 90th Sts. 2 Governors Island was formerly called ^^ Nulten Island,'^ and by the Indians -'Pag-gauck." It lies 1,066 yards s. E. from the Battery, and contains 72 acres. It is separated from Long Island by Buttermilk Channel, formerly shallow, but now of sufficient depth for the largest ships. This island was bought by Gov. Van Twiller, and has always been reserved for public defense. Quarantine was located here from 1794 to 1797, In the settlement of accounts with the U. S.. New York undertook to erect fortifications here as payment for her pro- portion of the expenses of the Revolution. Jurisdiction was ceded to the U. S. Feb. 15, 1800, with Fort Jay, then partially erected. By the authority of an act passed .March 26, 1794, £30,000 were expended by the State in fortifications, under the supervision of Geo. Clinton, Matthew Clarkson, James Watson, Richard Varick, Nicholas Fish, Ebenezer Stevens, and Abijah Hammond. A further sum of £20,000 was granted April 6, 1795, to complete the works on this and "Oyster" (now Ellis) Islands. Castle Williams (named from Gen. Williams of thiii N.Y. Militia) is a round tower on the w. shore of the island, COO feet in circumference and 60 feet high, mounting 80 casemate and 40 barbette guns. The land side is open, and a covered way leads to the works in the center of the island. Fort Co- lumbus is a star shaped work of 5 points on the summit of the island, mounting 105 guns; and South Battery, fronting But- termilk Channel, has 13 guns. These works from 1830 to 1858 coat $285,897 ; and they are adapted to a garrison of 800 men. The island is used as a receiving station for newly enlisted troops, and a school for instructing boys in music. About 60 lads of 14 years and upward are usually under instruction upon the drum, bugle, and other instruments. Bedloes Island, 2.950 yai'ds from the Battery, was named from Isaac Bedloe, the patentee under Gov. NjcoU. It was known for some years as ^^ Kennedys Island." It was ceded to the U. S. in 1800, having been previously used for quarantine purposes. It is now occupied by Fort Wood, erected in 1841 at a cost of Siil3,000, on the site of a fort built about the beginning oi the century. It mounts 77 guns, and accom- modates a garrison of 350 men. During several months in 1849 it was used bv the Commissioners of Emiijration as a hospital. £:ilis Island, formerly known af^ '' Oyder." '' BucJdng," and '^Gihhei" Island, lies 2,050 yards s.w. of the Battery, and is occupied by Fort Gibson, a work built in 1841-44, at a cost of £5,096, mounting 15 guns and requiring a garrison of 80 men. The pirate Gibbs and 3 associates were hung here April 22, 1831. Blackwells Island is a long, narrow island in the East River, extending from 51et to 88th Sts., and containing 120 acres. It was named from the Blackwell family, who owned it for a hundred years or more. It is now owned by the city corporation, and is the seat of various penal and charitable institutions. This island was formerly called " Mantiivg Island." from C;ipt. John Manning; and by the Indians it 'was named "Minnahanock." It was patented to Gov. Van Twiller, and continued private property unlil 1828, when it was sold by James Blackwell to the city for ^0,000. In 1843 the city paid $20 000 more to perfect the title. Wards Island, named from Jasper and Bartholomew Ward, former proprietors, extends along the Fast River, oppo- site New York, from 101 St. to USth St., and contains 200 acres. It was fornieily culled ^' Great Bavcut" or ^^ Great Bam" Island, and hy the Indians was named "Ten-ken-as." It was 516 NEW YORK COUNTY. The city is divided into 22 Wards, which are again subdivided into 149 Election Districts, and such other civil divisions as the election of State, city and co. officers, the administration of jus- tice, and regulation of municipal ordinances require.^ The Board of Supervisors in New York co. is composed of 12 persons, who are so classified that 2 are elected or appointed annually. A ballot can have but one name ; and it is the duty of the canvassers to declare that the two persons having the highest number of votes are elected.'' Their general powers and duties — which chiefly concern taxes and assessment — are the same as those of Supervisors in other cos. The Legislative power of the city government is vested in the Common Council, consisting of 2 co-ordinate branches, — a board of 17 Aldermen and a board of 24 Counoilmen.' The former are elected by single districts for 2 years, and the latter are elected annually, 6 to each Senatorial dis- trict.* Ordinances must be passed by both bodies the same year, and receive the assent of the JLiyiir to become valid. The regular sessions of the Board ef Couucilmen commence at 5 o'clock, p. m., on the first Mon- day in each month, and continue on each Monday and Tuesday until the business of the month is concluded. Each house elects a presiding officer, clerk, and other officers ; and the journals of each are published. The executive power is vested in a Mayor,* elected for 2 years, and in 7 Executive Departments, viz., those of Police, Finance, Streets, Croton Aqueduct, Almshouse, Law, and City Inspector, — most of which are subdivided into bureaux, each having specific duties to perform. The Mayor is charged with the general administration of the city, nominates for the approval of the Aldermen certain officers, and may suspend or remove officers within limits fixed by statute. lie communi- cates annually and from time to time to the Common Council such messages as he deems proper. The Police Department has general charge of police regulation in New York City and vicinity. By act of April 15, 1857, it was placed under the Commissioners of the Metropolitan Police Dis- trict,* of whom the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn are ex officio members. The Department of Finance is under a Comptroller, elected by separate ticket for a term of 4 years. This officer has charge of the fiscal concerns of the city, and reports the condition of its bought by Van Twiller in 16137, confiBcated in 1664, and granted to Thos. Delavel. The Wards bought it in 1806; and in Dec. 1847, a part was leased by the Commissioners of Emigration for an Emigrant Refuge and Hospital. The Commissioners have since purchased 106 acres; and a portion of the remainder is used as a Potter's Field. The cost of buildings and improve- mi-nts up to 1 s.'js was $260,000. The structures erected before Is.oO were sli^'ht barracks and shanties; but those built since are chiefly of brick. The island is supplied with Croton water; an-1 a tVi-i-v coiinf'Cta it with 106lh St. Randalls Island, named from .Jonathan Randall, who purchased it in 1784 and resided here nearly 50 years, lies N. of Wards Island, near the Westchester shore. It was ibrmerly known as *' Little Burn" Island. It was patented under the Dutch Government, but was confiscated in 1661 and gi-anted to Thos. Delavel. It was subsequently named " B^Jteislfi." " Talhots Island," and '" A/'ji/treswrs Island." The city purchased it in 1835 for 550,000. It ih now ufuipir-d by nursery schools and by the establishment of the .Sorii ty tor the Reformation of Juve- nile Delinquents. A ferry *orii]i(H it with 12'2d St. Sunken Meadow Inland lies adjacent to Randalls Island. 1 The city was divided Dec. 8. 1683, into 6 wards, known as South, East, North. ^\'cst. Dock, and Out Wards. They were designated by n'nuljns and a new ward was created by act of Feb. 23, 1791, to take effect Sept. :;:s. 17:i2. Those subsequently erected have been a« follows : — 8th, 1803. ICth, 1836, from 1 2tli. 9th. 1803. 17th, lK:i7, " 11th. 10th, ISfiS. from 7th. 18th. 1S16, " 16th. nth, 1S2.-.. 19th, 18.50, " 12th. 12th, 1H2.5. 2nth, is.-,i, " 16tb. 1.3th, 1827, " 10th 21 St. ly:,-i, " 18th. 14th, 1R27, ■' 6tli and 8th. 22d, ISSS, " 19th. Loth. 183li. " 8th. 2 Thin arrangement is made so an to place the Board of .■^uper- viBors above the reach of party [lolitics. 8 The Aldennanic Districts, i'iding Judge of the criminal courts and a magifitrate, Si-vcial of the co. officers are ex officio rhorg''d with dutifM more properly belonging to the city government; and the line of distinction betwet-n the two set-* of officers is not well 'Icfini-d. ^ The .Mayor was originally appoint'd by the Governor and Council, and from 1777 to 1822 by the Council of Appointment. Since IS'l'l the Mayor has been elected. ^ This Di.stric-t include'^ New York, Kings, Richmond, and V' o:itc]n-itt;r COS. Thr- Governor and Senate appoint 3 com- mi-isioners from the .ity of N. V.. 1 from Kings, and 1 from Westchr-.stir or Richmoni] cos. Tlie citv is divided into 11 Sur- gical Districts, each with 1 Surgeon ; and into Z', Police Pre- cincts, under a (i'li'-raland Deputy Superintendent. According to the Council :Manual for 1858, the nuinb-r of employees in the police were 1,004, of whom 11 were surgeons, 7 were attached to the office of the Commissionern. 5 were einijloyeil [n the office of the l^*'n'■^a^ Df-pai Ini'-nt. '/i in tbut of the Deputy Superin- f'-ndent. Jl as Di t-ci iv.-s, TTJ in attendance at ijublic offices and courts, 20 as harl)or police, and S41 on police station'). The number is at tiiri.s largely increas'^d, and i?; annually becoming P'rmanently greater. NEW YORK COUNTY. 517 finances annually to the Common Council. The Department is divided into the Auditing Bureau, a Bureau of Arrears, a Bureau of Taxes, a Bureau of City Revenue, and a Bureau of Deposits and Disbursements, the ofiioers of which are appointed by the Comptroller.' ^ I The number of cases annually before the Court of Sessions, for a term of years, has been c Petit Larceny. ASSACIT AND BatTEHT. Misde- meanors. Total. .s 1. i 1 42 1 1 .1 "a o 1 3 ■| 3 ■g P 5, |l l> e ^ ^ ^ 15 e ^ s8 ■^S. ^•s> 261 73 125 26 429 914 434 296 27 349 93 163 33 681 1,219 614 241 25 626 97 226 32 488 1,369 839 608 28 666 78 296 30 396 1,466 1,001 682 67 T44 138 287 33 376 1,677 1,119 737 63 907 142 396 64 537 2,035 1,311 987 65 896 148 651 86 838 2,619 1,469 1,068 66 991 193 616 90 1,168 3,047 1,741 1,128 66 977 220 609 87 1,109 2,902 1,661 1,076 66 173 334 48 697 1,262 1,399 981 51 1,064 268 436 62 672 2,548 1,636 1,003 62 1,180 261 668 69 938 2,996 1,837 1,120 71 1,419 219 837 76 1,382 3,933 2,218 1,402 112 1,483 187 662 43 1,194 3,639 2,079 1,179 94 1.476 214 978 61 1,167 3,885 2,406 1,254 97 1,415 179 1,230 67 1,120 4,011 2,570 1,242 119 1,411 108 1,162 66 1,184 3,921 1,628 1,169 77 2,047 196 929 84 1,064 28 6 4,364 1,942 1,628 69 1,788 208 986 84 1,454 26 4 4,649 2,803 1,426 41 2,041 273 1,589 284 1,627 101 40 i 6,966 3,762 1,824 195 1,919 317 1,697 344 1,784 139 60 1 6,260 4,676 2,061 134 1839. 1840. 1841. 1842. 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1847, 1848. 1849, 1850. 1S51, 1852, 1853. 1854. 1855, 1856, 1857, 1858, The cases tried in the courts of Oyer and Terminer and of General Sessions, for a period of eighteen years, have been as follows : — Murder Arson, 1st degree Manslaughter, various degrees Assault and battery with intent to kill or maim... « " " rob Kape and intent to commit rape Abandoning child in highway Robbery, Ist degree Kidnapping Riot with assault Assault and battery Procuring abortion Bigamy Incest Sodomy Perjury and subornation of peijury Arson, not 1st degree Burglary, various degrees Attempt to commit felonies Embezzlement Grand larceny, &c., 2d offense Petit larceny and attempt to commit Petit larceny, 2d offense Conspiracy Carrying slnng shot (felony) Receiving stolen goods (scienter) Accessory to felony Forgery, various degrees Receiving challenge to fight a duel Breaking jail Aiding prisoners to escape Keeping gambling and disorderly house Nuisance Selling, insuring, and advertising lottery tickets. Libel- Cruelty to animals Selling liquor without license. . 2 2 43 0| 4 l|.., ,W 1 73 ill 4 14 During 29 years ending with 1858, 38 persona have heen sentenced for capital crimes, of whom 17 have been executed, 14 had their sentences commuted to imprisonment for lite, 1 waji pardoned, 1 committed suicide, and to 4 a new trial was granted, of whom 3 were convicted of manslanghter and 1 discharged. One was under sentence of death at the beginning of 1859. — Cbmrnmi Council Manual, 1859, p. 76. 1 The Comptroller reports quarterly a list of those persons in whose favor accounts have been audited; and all moneys drawn from the city treasury must be upon his warrant, accompanied by vouchers. The following aggregates show the condition of 518 NEW YORK C N T Y. TUe Street department is under the charge of the Street Commissioner, who is appointed for 2 years by the Mayor with the advice and consent of the Board of Aldermen. He has the general direction of opening, altering, regulating, grading, guttering, and lighting streets, roads, places, and avenues, of building, repairing, and lighting wharves and piers, and of the construc- tion and repair of public roads and the filling up of sunken lots, under the ordinances of the Common Council. The paying of streets is not under his charge. The department has a Bureau of Street Improvements, of Repairs and Supplies, of Lands and Places, of the Chief Engineer of Eire Department, of Collection of Assessments, of Wharves, of Roads, and of Lamps and Gas. Of each of these bureaus there is a superintendent, or chief, and several clerks, numbering in its several ofl&ces nearly sixty persons.^ the city finances at the beginning of 1859 and the operations of the preceding year : — Appropriations in 1858 for city governniL'nt $ 5.050,007.94: Expenditures 4, US 9.. 155. 19 Expenditures in 1S5S on tru-t and special ac- counts 10,5i9,R21.54 Receipts in 1858 17,152,471.19 Permanent city debts redeemable from Sinking Funds, Jan, 1, 1859 14,399,998.00 Funded debt redeemable from Taxation, same date 1,224,000.00 Funded debt redeemable from Central Park assessments 1.600,000.00 Estimated value of public parks 14,761,526.00 " " bulkheads, wharves, and piers 3 257,500.00 " ' real estate occupied by mar- kets 1,114,000.00 " " Croton Aqueduct Depart- ment 15,475,000.00 " " propi^rtv used for Common Schools 1,200,000.00 " " property used for ferry pur- poses ]. 200,000.00 " '* property used by Fire De- partment 315,813,00 ' ' property used by GoTeniurs of Almshouse 1,260,000.00 ' ' real estate of all kinds 41,625,639.00 Assessed value of real estate within city in 1858... 368,346,296.00 " " personal estate within city resident 150,813,462.00 " ■' personal estate within city non resident 12,034,532.00 " " personal estate within city, total 162,847,994.00 " " real and personal estate 531,194,290.00 The valuation of tax and rate, for a series of years, at intervals of 5 years, from 1805 to 1825, was as follows : — K >■ Valuation. City and Coinitij Tax. Statt J'or. Total Tajc. a--. Bolts. isn^ .?:5.G45,867 1*127,094.87 2^j.48l).;j70 T2Q 727 15 80 per 1 51 " " 41i " " 49 " ■' 38i " " isin 1815 1S20 1825 Sl,f,3M.042 09,630,763 101,160,048 197.613.38 270,361.19 336,868.82 ,5163,372.08 69.530.75 60.680.03 .«6i.285.46 3.39.891.94 387.44>).86 The property, both real and personal, in New York, is of im- mense value, and is increasing at a wry rapid ratio. The taxes are uniformly heavy, and much higher than the average taxes of the other portions of the State. The following tables show a summary of the Valuation and Taxes for a series of 1 ViiJue of Real Estate. ralue of Personal Es- Utr.. Total Value. Am/mnt raised by Tax. 1826 1830 1835 1840 1845 1860 1866 1868 864.804,080 87,603,6.80 143,742,425 ?S7,221.714 177,207,299 2117,142,676 336,975,806 368,.346,296 $42,434,981 37.6S4.938 74,991.278 a5.011,801 62.787.527 78.919,240 160,022,312 162,847,994 3107,2.38,931 125,288.618 218,723,703 282,233.816 239,996,617 286,061,816 486,998,278 631,194,290 3383.789.89 609,178.44 905.602.94 1,364,836.29 2,096,191.18 3,230,086.02 5,843,822.89 8.621.091.31 Comparative Valuation and Tuxes of the City and State for a series of years. Total Valuation. City. 1835 1840 1845 1860 1866 1868 3218.723.703 252.1.35,515 239,995.517 286.061. SI 6 487 061) 8.38 531.222.642 3532,418.41 J7 641,359.819 606.640.095 727,494,583 1.402,^.19.304 1.404.907,1.79 Rate of Tax in Mills. 0.^ $1. Oity. 8518,494.00 1,354,797.29 2,096,191.18 3,230.085.02 6..S44.772.42 8.621,091.31 32.299,290.57 "3.089.920.94 4,170.627.96 6.312.789.23 11,679,016.69 15,426,693.20 City. 4.6 6.4 8.7 113 12.0 16.2 6.0 4.9 6.9 8.6 8.3 10.98 1 .Most of the streets in the lower part of the city are winding and crooki.'d ; but aljove the old settled Dutch portion Ihev are very regular. An act passed .\pril 3, 1807, appointed Simeon De Witt, (iouvirneur .Morris, and .John Ilutherford to lay out and survey the wliole island ::. of Fitzroy Road, {'tans-.-vnnrt .St., I Greenwich Lane, (Grefnwicli Avenue,) and Art Street, ( Waverly PlHce,) to the Bowery Road; and down the same to Norlli fet., (Houston .•^t,."j and thence tn the East l;iver. The power.,! of these conimissiitners were more am[ilv specified in an act passed JIarch 24, 1^09; and Canal ."t. w.is hy this act to he iri.ide a covered passai^e fur the w.iste waters of its vicinity. The labors of tliy commission ended within the time specified, and their maps were filed in the .secretary's ofBce .March 11, 1811. The surveys under tliis plan were e.X'-cuted by John Randall, jr., with Kreit accuracy, and bn.Jly lompleted in 1821. To the commendable iirethought of fiie-e gentlemen is tlie city in- debted for the admirable aiTangement of its up town streets and avenues. Tlf Streets of the portion covered in this survey generally ex- tend from the Hudson to the Kast River direct, and are known by their numbers, the lii.liest being at the time of first survey lo4, but since extended to 228. Above 14th St these are known only by their numbers, and the lots upon them are numbered E. and w. from Fifth Avenue. The^■ are each 00 feet wide, ex- cept 14th, 23d, 34th, 420. 57th, 72d, 79th, 86th. 90tb. 1061h, 116th, 12.oth. 136th, 14.5th, and 155th, er.'li of which is loO feet wkIh, The blocks between them vary from 184 to 212 feet, heing gene- rally about 200 feet, or about 20 blocks to the mile. JVie Avenues run nearly N. and s,, and are numbered from e. to w., beginning upon the East River. Several short avenues on the E. side of the city are design.ited by letters, as A imue A, beginning at the one next E. of Eirst Avi-iiue. These avenues are each loo f-et wide, except s. of 23d 3t., where Avenues A and Care 80 feet and .\ venue B 60 feet. North of 33d 3t. Fourth -\venue is 125 feet wide. The blocks between the avenues are 610 to 920 feet, being generally 800 feet. The Lands and Places Ijelonging to the city date their title from Dnngan's charter, by which all waste and unappropriated lands on Manhattan Island to low water mark, and all rivers, bays, and waters adjoining, were confirmed to the city. The real estate now belonging to the Corporation, amounting to $41,453,039, is mostly in use for Waterworks. Police, Eire, Alms- house, Sclrool, or Market purposes, or as parks, piers, bulk- heads, and wharves, ferries, and public buildings for municipal'' purposes. The city owns, be-ides these. Uncommuted quitrents res.-rved on property when sold, and water grants yet to be issued 39r;0.noo Lots under lease without covenants of renewal '325.000 " " with '■ " ;. ,500^000 Common lands 5(^0 qqq Sundry lots and gores of hind ...."!".' 2'.lj'.000 Real estate in Brooklyn 60 000 NEW YORK COUNTY. 519 The city contains 20 public and several private parks, most of which are enclosed with iron Tailing, and handsomely laid out.^ The Fire Department in some form has existed since 1853, when the city enjoyed the privilege of collecting a bearer for each house and a, guilder yearly for each chimney to support a fire apparatus. The Fire Department in its present form was incorp. April 16, 1831, and its powers have been modified by acts of March 25, 1851, and April 3, 1855.^ 1 r/w a,7itral Park, for the purpose of construction, is in charge of a speciul Board of Commissioners, consisting of 10 members, who serve without pay, and report annually to the Common Council. The history of this park is hrieflv as fol- lows : — On the 5th of April, 1851, Mayor Kingsland, in a special mes- sage to the Common Council, called attention to the importance of a public park sufQciently ample to meet the growing wants of the city population. The message was referred to a select committee, who reported in favor of purchasing the tract of 150 acres between 66th and 75th Sts. and 3d Avenue and the Bast Kiver; known as Jones' Wood. An act was passed July 11, 1851, allowing this to be taken ; but, from some errors in the act, the Supreme Court refused to appoint Commissioners, and the law was repealed April 11, 1854. On the 5th of August, 1851, a com- mittee was appointed to examine whether another more suitable site for a park could not be found; and the result of the inquiry was the selection of the site now known as the "Central Park." between 5th and yth Aveuues, originally extending from 49th to lOGth Sts., and in 1S59 extended to 110th St. The act for creating this park passed July 23, 1853, and an act for its regu- lation and government April 17, 1857. The grounds are 2^ miles long by \ mile wide, embracing 840 acres, of which \m are occupied by Croton reservoirs. It will be crossed by 4 thoroughfares, sunk below the general sarfaco and passing under the carriage ways and other avenues of the park, so as not to obstruL'tthe movement of visitors. Access to the grounds cannot be had from these transverse roads. This park is now under construction, and will embrace a parade ground 50 acres in extent, for the maneuver of large bodies of infantry, cavalry, and artillery ; a botanical garden, cricket grounds, playgrounds, ponds for skating in winter, and every variety of scenery which a surface naturally rugged and broken can be made to present. The plan embraces carriage drives and bridle paths, winding ways for pedestrians, and broad, noble avenues for promenade; fountains, lawns, terraces, and every variety of woodland scenery. Ground is reserved for a public hall intended for con- certs; for a large conservatory, and exotic terraces; for a geo- metrical flower garden, with wall fountains; for an architectural terrace, with a large jet and tazza fountain; for public houses of refreshment; for residences of the t^upei'intendent and head gardener; for a police station, a zoological garden, and for an astronomical observatory, chartered in 1859. The grounds now include the building erected and still used for a State Arsenal, but sold to the corporation, and the Mount St. Vincent Academy of the Sisters of Charity. There will be over 25 miles of walks, 5 miles of bridle paths, and 8 miles of carriage road. The main entrance will bo at the corner of 5th Avenue and 59th St.; but other entrances will be provided at convenient points on 7th Avenue on both ends, and along 5th and 8th Avenues. The Battery comprises a tract of about 20 acres at the s. point of the island, planted with trees and fronting upon the harbor. It was formerly a place of fashionable resort; but, in the exten- sion of commerce, it has lost most of its prestige. It is still at- tractiveon account of its cool breezes and refreshing shade. The point, formerly called Schreyers Honk, showed a number of rocks above water, upon which a platform was built iu 1693 for a battery. This shallow spot was afterward filled in ; and in 1853-56 it was further extended so as to embrace its present limits. It is valued at $3,000,000. The Bowling Green is a triangular park between Broadway and Whitehall St. and Battery Place. It is supplied with a fountain, but is not open to the public. This Park or Green foi-merly fronted the fort upon the Battery. Prior to the Revo- lution, a leaden equestrian statue of Geo. III. was placed in it; and at the commencement of the war it was thrown down and melted into bullets. The Green is valued at $135,000. The Parle is a triangular space of 10^ acres between Broad- way, Chatham, and Chamber Sts., near the present center of commercial business in the city. The City Hall, Hall of Recoids, Rotunda, and Aew City Hall, used for courts and public offices, are located upon it. It has a large fountain, which is seldom used. This tract, formerly called "The Fields," or "The Com- mon," from the beginning has been owned by the city and used for public purposes. While distant from the settled portion, it was used as a place of execution; and the victimsof the negro plot proscription were here burned. In the early part of the Revo- .lution the Sons of Liberty hero rallied to assert their rights; and at a later period it became the scene of cruelty as the prison and execution ground of American patriots. The s. gateway was formerly of marble, beautifully finished, and surmounted by two marble balls, gifts from the Turkish Guveinment to Com- modore Perry, and by him presentf^d to the city. They had been made for cannon balls. The foundation of this gateway was laid with great pomp, the Mayor presiding and depositing in it variouB coins, pri]tors, and memorials. Tlie Park is now partly surrounded by an iron fence, and its sides are open for some distance to allow the easy passage of pedestrians. Its central location renders the Park a favorite place for popular gatherings, and, from the thx'ong that are constantly passing, an audience can be swelled to thousands in abrief space of time. This Park is valued at $3,000,000. Waxhington Square, containing 9^ acres, formerly the "Poi- (er's Field," lies between Waverly Place, McDougal, Fourth, and Wooster Sts. It is handsomely laid out, and is surrounded with residences of a superior class. It has a fountain, and is a favor- ite resort for promenading. It is estimated that 100,000 persons were buried here before the ground was taken for a park. It is valued at $816,000. Union Park is an oval area, with a fine fountain, on Broad- way, bounded by University Place, 4th Avenue, 14th and 17th Sts. It is much frequented' in summer by nurses and children. It is valued at $504,000. Adjoining the park, but not within its paling, is the equestrian statue of Washington, in bronze, by H. K. Brown, erected in 1856 at a cost of over $30,000. It is 14 feet high, and stands on a granite pedestal of about the same height. Tomplcins Square, formerly a parade ground, is bounded by Avenues A and B and by 6th and 10th Sts. It is still new; but it is well laid out and will become an ornament to the eastern side of the city. A fountain is under construction, and other improvements are in progress. Madison Square, comprising 10 acres, between 5th and Madi- son Avenues and 23d and 26th Sts., is beautifully laid out and planted with trees. The adjgining streets are built up with first class dwellings, and it is one of the most fashionable places of promenade in the city. It is valued at $520,000. Adjoining this square on the west is amonument to the memory of General Worth. Stuyvpsant Square lies between 15th and 17th Sts. and Ist and 3d Avenues, the 2d Avenue passing through it. It has a fountain on each side of 2d Avenue, and is tastefully laid out and planted with trees and shrubs. It was presented to the corporation by the late Peter G. Stuyvesant, and is valued at $196,000. Reservoir Square, adjoining the distributing reservoir, be- tween 40th and 42d Sts., on 6th Avenue, from 1851 to 1858 was occupied fay the Crystal Palace. It is valued at $150,000, and is at present unimproved as a park. Manhattan Square, between 8th and 9th Avenues and 77th and 81st Sts., is a rough, unimproved piece of land, valued at $88,000. Hamilton Square, at Yorkville, between 3d and 5th Avenues and 68th and 69th Sts., has a rolling surface, mostly above the level of adjoining streets, and is uninclosed and unimproved. The corner stone of a monument to Washington was laid with pompous ceremonies on this park Oct. 4, 1847 ; but the patriot- ism that instigated the en ferprise was expended in the effort, and the work was abandoned without further action. The park is valued at $97,000. Mount Morris Sqvxire, between 120th and 124th Sts., on both sides of 5th Avenue, not yet laid out, is valued at $40,000. A square of 17 acres was reserved for a park at Blooming- dale, between 8th and 9th Avenues and 53d and 57th Sts; but the location of the Central Park has led to its abandonment. In various parts of the city are several small triangular plats at the intersection of streets, valued at $10,000 to $15,000 each. The city also contains several not belonging to the city, which are laid out with great care and are truly ornamental. St. John's Park, or Hudson Square, fronting St. John's Church and bounded by Hudson, Varick, Beach, and Laight Sts., he- longs to Trinity Church, and is valued at $400,000. It is kept for the exclusive use of the inhabitants living near it, who pur- chase keys of the keeper at $10 per annum. It contains a beautiful fountain. Gramercy Park, between 20th and 2l8t Sts. and 3d and 4th Avenues, is owned by those living around it, having been ceded to them by Samuel B. Ruggles. It is inclosed with an ii-on railing and a thick hedge of sweet prine, and is planted with ornamental trees and shrubs. It has a fountain in the center. 2 This department has a Board of Fire Wardens, consisting of 14 members, a Chief Engineer and 13 assistants, and 3,700 men, of whom 1.922 are members of engine companies, 1,262 of hose companies, and 502 of hook and ladder companies. This body of men constitutes a distinct and powerful combina- tion, whose services, although gratuitous, are prompt and in every respect praiseworthy, and whoso interests the city author- ities find it their policy to protect. The city 'is divided into 8 fire districts, furnished with 11 district fire alarm bells, all connected by telegraphic signals. There are 47 engine compa- nies, 57 hose companies, 15 hook and ladder companies, and 4 hydrant mmpiinies. The first class engines have companies of 520 NEW YORK COUNTY. Tlie Bureau of I^amps and Gas has in charge the lighting of the streets.^ The Croton Aqueduct Department is under a board styled the Croton Aqueduct Board, consisting of a President Commissioner, Chief Engineer, and Assistant, appointed by the Mayor and Alderman for five years. It has charge of all structures and property connected with the supply of Croton water and the collection of water rents ; of the underground drainage of the city, of public sewers, of permits for street vaults, of paving and repairing streets, and of digging and constructing wells. It has a Bureau of Water Rents, and one of Pipes, Sewers and Pave- ments. The department was organized in July, 1849, under an act passed April 11 of that year. Previous to this the Water Commissioners were appointed by the Governor and Senate.^ 70 men, the second of 60, and the third of 50. The hook and ladder companies have each 50 men, and the hose companies each 30. The number of fires in one year, ending Feb. 17, 1859, ■was 261, and of alarms, 160. The loss by fire on buildings was $593,647, and on stock $514,999,— of which the Crystal Palace, burned in Oct. 1858, formed a large item. During the last year two large steam fire engines have been obtained; but, except in extraordinary cases, they are not used. The city owns about 80,000 feet of hose. The Department elects one Fire Commis- sioner annually for a term of 5 years from among exempt fire- men. These commissioners form a Board to decide upon the formation of new volunteer companies, to investigate applica^ tions for admission to companies, to examine into charges against members, and for cause to suspend or remove them. The Fire Department possesses a fund derived from special trusts, donations, festivals, concerts, fines for violation of fire laws, and other sources, the income of which is applied in aid of the families of deceased and disabled firemen. The report of 1857 showed an expenditure of $30,567.91 by the trustees of this fund. Among the items of this expense were 1,978 pairs of shoes and 500 tons of coal. The invested fund amounts to $95,250. Two scholarships for educating the sons of firemen in the University of New York have been endowed by Myndert Van Schaick. 2 The city gas lights are furnished by three general com- panies, as follows : — The New York Glas LigM Oompanywm incorp. March 26, 1823, with a capital of $1,000,000. It has works on 2l8t and 22d Sts., from 1st Avenue to East River, and has 6 large gas holders at that station and 7 others at difi'erent parts of the city. It sup- plies the lamps s. of Grand St., and has about 130 miles of mains under the streets. Manhattan Gas lAgM Company was incorp. Feb. 26, 1830, with a capital of $4,000,000. It has 2 manufactories of gas, — one on the Hudson, at the foot of 18th St., capable of making daily 2,000,000 ft., and one on East River, at foot of 14th St., making 400,000 ft., and when completed will be capable of making 3,000,000 ft. daily. It supplies the city N. of Grand St., and has about 200 miles of street mains. It lights 8,000 street lamps and supplies 22,000 stores and dwellings. In 1857 it made 600,000,000 feet of gas. HarUm Gas Light Company was incorp. Feb. 8, 1855, with a capital of $250,000. Its works are situated upon Harlem River, at the N. extremity of 1st Avenue. Beside these, there are several minor gas works for furm'shing light to hotels and pri- vate establishments. 8 The Croton Aqueduct is the most extensive and costly work in America for supplying a city with water ; and its magnitude justifies a somewhat minute account of its origin and subse- quent history. In 1741 the General Assembly passed a law (which was con- tinued by repeated enactments) for mending and keeping in repair the public wells and pumps of the city. In 1774 Christo- pher Colles contracted to erect a reservoir on Broadway, between Pearl and "White Sts.; and the plan was partially carried into efiect before the Revolution. In 1785 schemes were again agi- tated, which led to surveys and examinations ; and in 1779 the Manhattan Company was formed, ostensibly to supply the city with water, but really as a banking institution, with a perpetual charter and large privileges. Its principal well was at the corner of Duane and Cross Sts., whence the water was raised by steam and distributed in pipes; but the supply was limited in amount and was of very impure quality. During the next thirty years various schemes were proposed for constructing common and artesian wells, and open canals from the Bronx and other streams in Westchester co. and Conn., and several companies were formed; but no practical steps were taken to secure the result. An act was passed May 2, 1834, which authorized the city to supply itself with " pure and wholesome water" and to issue its stock to defray the cost. The Governor and Senate appointed Stephen Allen, R. M. Brown, Charles Dusenberry, Saul Alley, and Wm. W. Fox as Commissioners, under whom accurate surveys were made and various plans and estimates considered, and resulted in recommending that the water of the Croton be taken near its mouth and brought in an aqueduct to a reser- voir on Murray Hill, 114 ft. above tide. This plan was approved, March 11, by the mayor, and in April, 1835, by the people, by a vote of 11,367 to 5,963. David B. Douglas? was appointed Chief Engineer ; hut in Oct. 1836, he was succeeded by John B. Jervis. Work was begun in the spring of 1S:;7, and so far completed as to allow the admission of water into the distributing reservoir, July 4, 1842. Its completion was commemorated by a grand civic celebration Oct. 14 of the same year. This aqueduct is a covered canal, of solid stone and brick masonry, arched above and below, 8 ft. 5^ in. high, 7 ft. 5 in. wide at the widest part, and 40^ mi. in length from the dam to the distributing reservoir. It has a descent of 47.9 ft., or 13 in. to a mi., and a capacity of supplying 60,000,000 gallons of water per day. At intervals of 1 mi. are openings through small towers for ventilation. The flow of water is generally 2 to 3 ft. in depth, or 27,000,000 gallons a day. It is covered below the reach of frosts; and the surface works are carefully guarded by fences from injury by cattle. It passes through 16 tunnels in rock, varying from 160 to 1,263 ft., with a total of 6,841 ft. In Westchester co. it crosses 25 streams 12 to 70 ft. below the line of grade, besides numerous small brooks furnished with cul- verts. Harlem River is crossed upon High Bridge in two 48 inch mains, 12 ft. below the level of the grade of the aqueduct, and furnished with gate chambers at each end. This bridge is of granite, 1,450 ft. long, 21 ft. wide between the parapets, 100 fl;. above the surface of high tide to the crown of the arch, and 114 ft. to the top of the parapets. It rests upon 15 arches, 8 of which are of 80 ft. span and 7 of 50 ft. Upon one of the piers is inscribed the following record of the construction of the bridge : — Water Com- aqssionebs. John B. Jervis, Chief "j H. Allen, Frinc. Assist. 1 Engi- P. Hastee, Resident [ neeks. B. H. Tracy, Assistant J George Law, ) no™™ apt- Samuel Roberts, }.^«™^^ Arnold Mason, UTS, > )N, J Aqueduct Bridge. Begun 1839; Finished 1848, Stephen Allen, Saul Alley, C. Dusenberry, W. W. Fox, T. T. Woodruff, The aqueduct of masonry is continued from the bridge 2 mi. to the Manhattan Valley, a depression which is 4171 ft. wide and 102 ft. deep. This is crossed by an inverted siphon of iron pipes 4,180 ft. in length, with a gate chamber at each end. The masonry ia then resumed, and the aqueduct is carried '^^-^ mi. to the receiving reservoir iu the Central Park, crossing in this distance the Clendening Valley, 1,900 ft. across and 50 ft. deep, on an aqueduct, with archways for three streets, each of which has 30 ft. span for carriage way and 10 ft. span on each side for foot passengers. The receiving reservoir in the Central Park is 1,826 ft. long, 836 ft. wide, covers an area of 3,505 acres, and has a capacity of 150,000,000 gallons. The banks are of earth, 18 ft. wide at top, and rise 9 ft. above the level of the water. The pipes pass through brick vaults. A new reservoir is now under construc- tion adjacent to the former ones, and also upon Central Park. It will cover an area of 106 acres, and will he surrounded by an earth bank of irregular outline, which will constitute a broad promenade. The distributing reservoir at Murray Hill, between 40th and 42d Sts. and 5th and 6th Avenues, is a stone structure in 2 divisions, designed to contain 36 ft. or 20,000,000 gallons. Its surface is 115 ft. above mean tide. A survey of the Croton Valley was begun in 1857, with the view of ascertaining its topography minutely, the better to decide upon future reservoirs or other structures as they may be found necessary. The ridge line or watershed inclosing the valleys above the dam is 101 mi. in length. The stream is 39 mi. in length, and its tributaries 136 mi. The total area of the valley is 352 square mi. ; and within it are 31 natural lakes and ponds, many of which are available as reservoirs, and 16 of which have been minutely surveyed and estimated. The cost of the work was $8,575,000, including water rights and land, besides $1,800,000 for distributing pipes. The expense came within 5 per cent, of the estimate of Mr. Jervis, the Engineer. The annual interest, amounting to $665,000, is paid by direct water taxes and by some indirect taxes ; and a sinking fund is provided for the final liquidation of the debt. The construction of this work has lowered the annual rates of fire insurance about 40 cts.on every $100 insured. ^Sing Sing Prison is supplied from the aqueduct as it passes near that place. The amount of pipe laid in different years has been aa follows, up to 1859 :■ Previous to 1849, 1,024,051 feet. July to Dec. 1849, 20,236 " In 1850, 41,328 « 1851, 65.199 " 1852, 63;535 " 1853, 33,782 " or 202 mi. 5,020 ft. Previous to 1854, 1855, 1856, 1857. 1858, 30,575 feet. 36,921 " 23,320 19,550 Total 1,388,380 ft., NEW YORK COUNTY. 521 Tlie Almstaouse Department is under the charge of a Board of Ten Governors of the Almshouse, generally known as the " Ten Governors.'" The department was organized under an act of April 6, 1849, and was modified the succeeding year. This board has charge of the Alms- house, of the Relief and Support of the Poor, of the County Lunatic Asylum, of the Nurseries for Poor and Destitute Children, the Penitentiary, and all the city prison^ and houses of detention, except the sheriff's jail in Elbridge Street and the House of Refuge. All ordinary appropriations for this department must be submitted to a board consisting of the President, of the Boards of Al- dermen and Councilmen, the Mayor and Comptroller.^ If this board approves, it reports to the The amount of pipe of different sizes (internal diameter) laid up to 1859 has been — 4 inch pipe 9,472 feet. 20 inch pipe 41,321 feet 6 •' '• 930,816 " 24 « « 6,4 " 10 " " 6,876 " 30 " " 44,862 " 12 " " Zr9,S04 " 38 " " 60,878 " 16 " " 14,a78 " 48 •' " 4,US7 •■ The revenues from water rents from Oct. 5, 1842, to Dec. 31, 1858, have amounted to S6,725,947 .98; and the amount has in- creased from year to year except, — in 1851 and 1866, when it fell off. Thejmhlic sewers connected with this department since Feb. 6, 1846, have imurred an expenditure of $11.3.627.13; and the amount lif $248,572.00 has been collected from permits to connect premises with the public sewers. The length of sewers coo- atructed by this department since its organization in 1849 haa been 92 mi. 1,340 ft. 1 The (iovernors of the .^Imsliouse are elected by single ballot, one being voted fur and two elected, 'ihis places the board above the control of party politics. * I'ublic measures for the relief of the poor are among the first necessities of a civilized gov.rnment: and one of the earliest statutes of the General As.-^embly in 1683 was for this object. In 16JJ aLiw was passed for llie relief of the poor at their homes; «nd about 17X4 the first almshouse was built, on the present site of the t ity Hall. In 1796 a lottery of £10,000 was granted for a Qew almshouse, and the large brick building on tbe Ferk near Cumbers St. (burned in 1854) was erected, in 1811 a tra t'nn me i-ast Elver, at the foot of 26th St.. was bought ; and the fir.'^t ■tone was laid Aug. 1, 1811. The present main edifice at Hellevue HoRpit,il was opened April 22. 1816, as a hospital, penitentiar}', and almshouse, at a cost of $421,109. The inanagement Wiis for many years intrusted to five commissioners appointed by the Common Council. In 1822 tbe average number of paupers was 1,547 and the cost of the establishment for several years was aa follows : — In 1817 $90,886 I In 1820 $84,420 " 1818 107,600 •' 1821 85,000 •< 1819 106,609 I " 1822 82,200 The law then required paupers to be returned to the town where they had gained residence; but this was often ditficult and vessels then, as since, often landed paupers in or near the city from distant places. In 1822 two vessels put about 100 paup -rs on shore a few miles from the city, and brought on their b iggage. Efforts were made to remedy these iibn.'.ea ; but it was found dlfi&cult in a large population to distinguish those coming Into the city liable to puhlic charge, until they applied for relief in the early winter months — Sen. Dk: No. 86, 1824. Mean while the affairs of the institutions at Bellevue became very corrupt and mercenary ; but a malignant fever which broke out In 1826 and committed frightful ravages In the filthy wards and loathsome cells forcd the question of leform upon the public. In 1845 the Almshouse was placed under tlie care of a single commissioner, and in 1843 the present system of euper- Yision went into operation. Blackwells Island was bought in 1828, and Randalls Island in 1835. In 1848 the Almshouse was completed on the former and the whole of both Islands aie now devoted to objects of charity and reform. Rand ills Island being in pirt under the caie of the Governors of the Almshouse and in part under the Trustees of the [louse of Refuge. Upon Blackwells Island, commencing at the s. end, are located respectively the Small Pox Hospital, the Penitentiary, Island Hospital, female and male Almhouses, Workhouse, and Luniitic Asylum. Upon Wards Island is the Potters' Teld, under the charge of thi Ten Governors ; and upon llandalls Isl.ind are the extensive nurseries and hospitals lor poor children. Bellevue Hospital, the largest in the city, remains under the charge of the Governors as a fever, surgical, and general hospitil. The CJoloied Oi-phan Asylum. Colored Home, lour city prisons, and the out-door poor, are also under the care of this department, A sh irt sketch of these several charges is essential to a full knowledge of the city. . ,, ^ . 'Bellevue Hospital, is 360 ft. lonjr, the center portion 5 stones high and the wlnss 4 stories. Upon each story are verandas and outside stairways of iron. Its arrangements throughout are ample and judicious, and it can accommodate 1,360 patients. It has a clinical theater fitted up for the accommodation of lar^e classes of students. In 1868 the number of prescriptions was 145,603; and the number of births is about 360 annually. The results of its operation during 10 years have been as i lows : — Years. 1849, 1860. 1,'61. If52. 1853, 1854. 1856. 1866, 1867, 1858. Admitted. 3,114 3,728 6.401 6,020 4,836 6,213 6,743 5,484 7,074 7,926 Discharged. 2,716 3,224 6,304 4449 4210 5,634 6.476 6,186 6.166 7,512 Rertiaini'ng. 612 671 609 647 694 674 682 602 863 843 Died. 4f3 446 550 633 679 726 629 604 667 812 \ The Small Pox Hbapital, Blacltwells TBland, web commenced April 1, 1854, !ind was finished in the same year. It is biiilr, in the Knglish gntliic 8t\le, of etooe quarried upon the island. It is 104 ft. by 44, 3 stories liigh. and cost $.38,000. It is not de- signed for the trewtment of paupers only, but is fitted up with express reference to receiving pprsons able and willing to pay for their treatment, and where, secluded from fiiends to whom tliey might impart tlieir disease, they may receive every atten- tion that science and the nmst attentive nursing can bestow. It is the only hospital of the kind in nr near the city, and takes the place of some old wooden buildings previously erected on the island. Its statistics have been as follows : — Years. Admitted. Discharged. Remaining. Difd. 1849 2b3 208 236 149 166 185 68 134 197 216 241 132 276 122 104 165 48 99 148 198 13 48 10 12 25 6 3 11 27 6 29 41 68 26 39 46 10 27 33 40 1850 1861 1553 1854 1856 1867 1868 The Penitentiary, opposite 55th St., is built of hewn stone and rubble masonry. It consists of a middle bnilding, 65 by 70 ft., and two wings, each 50 by 200 ft., making tbe whole length of the bnildintr 4ti5 ft. A new wing was finished in 1859; and another is needed for the accommodation of the inmates. The totil number of cells is 1,736. 'Ibe convicts are employed as occision requires in quarrying and dressing Rtone fur buildings upon the island, and aa blacksmiths, shoemakers, carpenters, weavers, coopers, painters, wheelwrights, &c. 'Ihis establish- ment was finished in 184S,— since which time there have been admitted and discharged the following number: — Years. Admit- ted. Dis- charged. Re- main- ing. Years. Admit- ted. Dis- charged. Re- main- ing. 1849 1850 1861 1852 1863 2,109 3,675 3,450 4,414 5,236 2,066 3.6S1 3,374 4,150 5,233 809 803 879 1,173 1,176 1854 1855 1866 1867 1868 6 9S3 6,197 4,011 3,068 2,974 6,286 6,603 1,649 1,640 2,075 873 611 633 743 773 Much the largest number of convicts are received from the piilic© courts; over a Ihird are females, and a very large pro- portion are foreigners. Over half are committed for petit lar- cany ; and the next largest number for assault and battery. The term of sentence is usually 1, 2, 3, 4, or 6 months ; and but very few are sentenced to 1 year and upward. The longest term of years reported in 1858 was 10, and this in only a single instance. The Idand Hospital, Blackwells Island, was first erected in 18-lS, under tbe name of the "Penitentiarj/ HoxpitaV Its name wa'i changed Dec. 15, 1857. The bnilding was fonnd to be con- structed "in a most reckless and careless manner, and as a public building was a reproach to any city." It continued In use, however, until destroyed by fire, Feb. 13, 1858. At tha 522 \EW YORK COUNTY. Supervisors, and if it disapproves it returns to the Ten Governors with objections. If the latter still adheres by a vote of two-thirds the subject must be reported to the Supervisors. time nf the fii-c it cnnt^iried 600 inmateg ; but they were all re- moved withont loss of life. In Feb. 1868, a most humane regu- lation was adopted, bv which the s^lfFerillji poor are relieved without being committed as vagi'aiit"^. 'i'he hnilding now in the proceas of erection to supply the place of the former is 8i stories high, iucludes 14 wards and accommodations for 741 patients. As on otlier buildings on the island, convict and workhouse labor is largely employed in the erection. The Btatislics of the hospital have been as follows: — 1849 1860 1861 1852 1S63 1854 1866 1866 1S6T 1868 Admitted. Discharged. 2,148 2,009 2 343 2,767 3,130 3,744 2,158 1,733 2,810 4,140 1,919 1,923 2,177 2.661 2,864 3,415 2,241 1,697 2,649 4.176 Remain- 192 198 267 272 314 499 360 348 636 111 109 144 74 113 AlmskftllSf^. — Of these there are two separate and similar structures, 650 ft. apart, entirely distinct in their airange- ments, and each devoted to one sex only They are each com- posed of a central building 50 ft. square, 57 ft. high to the roof, and 87 ft. to the top of the cupola, and two wings, each 60 by 90 ft. and 40 ft. to the roof They are devoted to the care of the aged and infirm, and present the following result of operations ; — Admitted. Discharged. 1849 1,672 1850 2.366 1851 2.783 1862 2,624 1853 2.198 1854 2,981 1856 3,096 1856 3,369 1867 4,204 1.S58 3,890 1,116 1,995 2,636 2,610 2,186 2,434 2,730 3,137 3,782 3,369 Remain- 1,197 96 1.304 169 1,349 203 1,282 181 1143 161 1,402 288 1,611 267 1,468 255 1,661 319 1,696 393 Lesa than one-fnurth of the whole number thus thrown upon thp charities of the city are of uMtive birth ; and more than one- half are females. The present almshouses have been in use since 1848. Workhouse.— 1h\B establishment was authorized by act of April 11, 1849, and erew out of a recommendation of the Prison Asaociation of New York, in which the Society for Improving the Condition of thf Poor concurred. A plan for buildings was adopted the succeeding seiison, and work was begun Oct. 3, 1849. The N. wing, 3 storiea high, has 150 rnom.'j. opening upon galleries around a common central hall, and capable of lodging 600 per- Bons. At the n. end ia a cross arm 4 stories high, containing workshops. A central building contains the residence of tbe Superintendent, the kitchen, storerooms, offices, chappls; and a 8. wing, for females, is constructed upon the plan and of the size of the >'. wing. This e-itablishment was designed for those able to work and who, not finding means of support, were will- ing to be committed, as well as such paupers, vagrants, and others as mviht be deemed fit subjects for employment. The malps are usually kept employed as circumstances permit, in qufirryingandgrading, and aa carpenters, coopers, wheelwrights, painters, boat builder8,blacksmiths. tinsmiths, shoemakers, and tailors, 'i'he females are employed in knitting, aewing, and other light occupations. This institution has scarcply resulted in the benefits anticipated, and of all the charities under the care of the Governors is perhaps the only one that might pos- sibly be dispensed with. It is fonnd impracticable to keep all hands profitably emplnyed ; and the name of " workhouse" loses its terrors when conpled with the idea of leisure hours, comfort- able quarters, and sufficient food. Its statistics have been as follows: — i 1R60 3 1 1 1 J >> 's 1 1 , 767 604 S2S 28 18,66 4,447 4,482 966 41 1861 637 501 286 8 18.66 4,0.34 3,890 1.022 6S mwi 616 89 210 11 1867 4 317 3,669 1,701 J.863 1864 1,458 921 629 1,186 16 1868 4,164 4,685 1,240 40 The number dischai-ged does not include those escaped or sent to other institutioiis. Th<: Lunatic Aylam, near the n. end of lilackwells Island, consist^ of an octagonal building J^O ft. in diameter and 60 ft. hifili with a cupula and two wings at right iing e^ to e;ich other, each 245 ft. long. One wins is devoted to earh sex; and the iirnmgi'nient of the wiinls admits of classificatiun. Apart From this, on the e. side of the island, is a building of stoue, 59 by 90 ft. and 43 ft. hiyh. with a veranda on each side, which is ex- clusively devoted to tfie noisy and violent flaps, where they cannot disturb the more quiet. This structure is named 'The Lodge." and. for obvious reasons, is not usually open to \isitorB. The Lunatic Asylum proper v*as l.i'^uti in the spring of I'^SS. :md after some months of suspension, the work was resumed in 1837, and the w. wing was fini^hed .luiie 10,1839. The s. wing was built in 1^47: and this, with "The Lodge," was finished in 1848. The statistics during 10 years have been as follows: — •s £> •S' !=1 ^ p> 'S ? G o 9 1 -c; "^ i 1 ■s s '« |x ^ =1 0; (5 u^ ^ "^ « 1^ S 1849 469 283 401 ■J12 l.S'.t 486 283 666 190 1850 391 261 41 4 77 1.--,'.6 liTl 2.')'1 573 ion 1861 441 3n,s 617 80 1866 366 276 697 66 1852 496 .367 527 1.S0 1867 326 296 627 76 1853 487 367 642 116 1868 356 236 666 92 This institution is admirably managed; but the proportion of recoveries is necessarily less than in those asylums in which only recent cases are admitted and the patii-nts discharged vi'hen there is no longer a hope of recovery. This is, in one sense, an asylum of the incurable. The Potfers' Field, on Kandalls Island, was placed under the charge of the Governors of the Almshouse June 19, 1850; but its location and quality of soil were made a subject of com- plaint, and it was repeatedly presented by grand juries. A tract of 69 acres was purchased on "Wards Islnnd. and brought into use in June, 1852, since ^vhich time the former field has not been used. About 2,500 interments are made annually at the public charge. The Nurxeries and Nursery Hoapitals on Randalls Island consist of about a dozen detached buildings, not arranged on any systematic plan. The grounds are inclosed and of ample extent; and a firm is connected with the institution, which goes far toward furnishing it with culinary vegetiiblea. The iustitulion is p'ovided with ample schools and playgrounds. The numbers remHining here at the beginning of 1^59 were 88 men, 96 women, 833 boys, and 303 girls. The children are indentured, given for adoption, or returned to fi'iends, as cir- cumstances warrant. The Colored Orphan Asylum was begun in the fall of 1836, and was incorp. April 16, 1838. It is situated on 5th Avenue, between 43d and 44th Sts., and is under the immediate charge of lady managers, who report to and receive funds from the Governors of the Almshouse Department. The numbers re- maining at the close of the several years since, under this ar rangement, have been as follows : — 1849.. 1850.. 1851.. 1852.. 1853.. 156 176 1854 201 207 1866 1867 .219 1868 ..237 -.233 ..234 ..2-26 ..219 In 22 years it has received in the aggregate 970 colored or- phans. This institution is partially supported by benevolent contributions and partially by occasional appropriations from the State. The Colored Homey on First Avenue, between 64th and 65th Sts., bus 4t lots of ground, on which substantial buildings are erected. It was originally intended as a House of Industry, In Oct. 1858, the found.itiona of a new building were laid, 90 ft. by 40, with a corridor from 6 to 12 ft. wide on the s. side, extending from each wing ol" the present building nearly 120 ft., so that access may be had from all parts of the house >vith- out exposure to the weather. It contains departments for male and female hospitals, home for the aged and infirm, schools, and lying-in and nureery|ncc(immodations. This is also under the im- mediate care of lady man;tgers, and is sustained by contribu- tions, legacies, and grants from the State. In point of order and neatness it equals any hospital in the city. The male hospital usunlh' has about 30 inmates, the female hospital 7.'i. the lying- in department 40, and the home of the aged 150. The average number of births is about 90 annually. The City Pnsonit — four in number, under charge of the Governors — are situated aa follows: — The Halls of Justice, or "Tombs," is situated on Center St. between Leonard and Franklin. A portion is occupied by court- rooms and prisona for persons awaiting sentence. The house NEW YORK COUNTY. 523 The Commissioners of Emigration were inoorp. by an act of May 7, 1847, and don- sist of 6 commissioners appointed by the Governor of the State, the Mayors of New York and Brooklyn, and the Presidents of the German Society and the Irish Emigrant Society. They have charge of the Marine Hospital at Quarantine, the Emigrant Depot at Castle Garden, and numerous buildings on Wards Island for the accommodation of the sick.' Tlie Liaw Department is under a chief officer called the "Counsel to the Corporation," elected for three years. He has charge of all the law business in which the city is interested, when so ordered by the corporation, and institutes all legal proceedings necessary for opening and widen- ing of streets. He draws all leases, deeds, and other papers connected with the finances of the city. This department has a Bureau of Corporation Attorney, and another of Public Adminis- trator. Tlie City Inspector's Department is under a chief officer styled the City Inspector, who has cognizance of all matters affecting the public health, pursuant to the ordinances of the Common Council and the lawful requirements of the Commissioners of Health and of the Board of Health. It has a Bureau of Sanitory Inspection and Street Cleaning, of Records and Statis- tics, and of Superintendent of Markets. Coroners report to this department all inquests made by them. The Inspector is required to report all births, marriages, and deaths, taken place within the city. He also appoints 2 Inspectors and Sealers of Weights and Measures, who hold office upon the same terms as Chiefs of Bureaus. One Street Inspector is appointed to each of the 22 wards, 1 clerk to each of the 11 markets,^ and a keeper and assistant to each of the corporation yards. of detention adjacent is an isolated building, containing 148 cells. The Jeferson Market Prison^ at tbe corner of Greenwich St. and 6th Avenue. This was enlarged in 1856, and 36 new cells built. Tlie Essex Market Prison, at the corner of Grand and Ludlow Sts.. was completed in 1857. The Prison at Yorkville was abolished in March, 1856; but it has since been revived. The commitineuts during the year 1858 were as follows :— 1st Dist. •2d DM. 3d Dist. ilJi Dist. 13,965 11,477 478 301 3,uai 1,334 64 45 4,634 2,876 693 33 31 3,633 689 ^■"'^^^•i Femafes.;:;: 191 11 Totol 3 .. 26,211 798 .35.175 The Outdoor Poor receive aid upon application at the ofBce of the Governors, in the Rotunda, on the I'atk. These pour are under the care of a superintendent and visitors; and some of the principal items for a series of years have been as follows :— Tears. Donations. Cliildren's Nursing. Trumi'n of Ptitipers and Ohihiren. Total of evert/ kind. 1850... $25,793.18 $5,934.41 $978.30 $ (,0 507 .0.j lR.nl... 27,808.13 7.926.06 1,621.67 69.336.64 1852... 31,119.86 9,660.37 980.05 91,189.S8 1853... 27,449.75 10,158.50 1,005.94 1864... 26,516.76 9.2W.00 1,1 >-7.41 1855... 29.217.88 9.900.26 1.647.78 121.861.14 1856... 41,334.13 12,803.73 2 44'(.16 96.522.60 1857... 24,7110.25 10,685.47 2,47il.21 108,766.75 1858... 19,171.31 10 774.75 l,2>:i.37 . 140,924.71 Large items are included in the last column for coal and wood, transportation of coal, and wiiges. The total expendi- tures of the department for all the charities and other institu- tinns connected with them have been as follows •— 1850 ....$406,652.60 1851.... 481,967.36 1852..., 501,896.18 18S3... 1854 ... 1855 .., . $541,280.66 . 653,874.46 . 816,672.00 , 1856 5=^39.172.58 IS.^T 896 204.45 185S 835.228.52 1 Castle Garden, (formerly '' Castip, Clinton^') at the lower point of the Battery, on the Hudson, was granted by the cor- poration of the city to' the United States, in May, 1807, for the purpose of erecting a fortificiition. The present st.uc^ire was built soon after; but the foundations were found not sufficienth strong for h^avy ordnanc\ and it was reconveyed to the corpo- ration under an act of Congress pHSsed March 30, 1822. It was subseiuently used for the puldic reception or distinguished etrang.TS, and for concerts, operas, public m-e tings, the annu l feira of the American Institute, and eimilaj purposes, until leased in 1855 to the Commissioners of Emigration as a landing place for emigrants. The Emigrant Refuge, and Hospital, upon Ward's Island, consists of several large buildings tor hospitals, nur.'^erips, and other purposes, Inc ited upon a farm of 106 acres. The total number of emigrants who h.'ive arrived in the port of New York since 1846 have been 2,486,463, distributed as f Hows : — 1847 129,061 1851 289,515 1855 136.233 1848 1SC),176 1R52 300,992 1856 142,342 1849 220,603 1853 284,945 1857 183,773 1850 212,796 1854 318,4SS 1858 78,089 The greater number of these proceed to their destination without exp'^usc to the Commissioners. The Marine Hospital ia noticed under Richmond County. See page . 2 Tlie Markets of New York are owned by the city, and leased in small jjortions to occupnota. They are as follows : — C'ttherine. — Catherine St , East Hiver. Center — Grand and Ct^nter Sts. Clintn-n — Washington and Canal Sts. E.ssex — Grand and Ludlow Sts. Franklin— Old Slip, Eiist River. F«/f 17! —Fulton St., East River. Gouvcrneur — Water, corner of Gouverneur St. Jefjersfm — Sixth Avenue, corner of Greenwich Avenue. TfymphinF— Third Avenuy and Sixth St. (now building of iron.) Union — Seuond and Houston .'^ts. Wa;-hinr/t'm—\!u\ton St., Hudson River. The principal market for wholesale is the W.ishington Market, and thilher most of the teams from the surrounding country resort for the sale of their produce. The principal fish market is adj-icent to Fulton M;irket, where fariliiies are pro- vided for unloadim^ fi-hing vessels. The immense supply of animiil food required by the popuLitinn of New York has led to enormous invtstments of capital for the production, and corre- sponding arrangements for tlie biingirg forward, of this class of provisions. Cattle are now seldom driven to market on foot. tUtnuia is the grpate---t beef producing State in the Union, and its market cattle are brought by r.b., stopping on the way only 3 or 4 times to rest and feed. About Sl2,U0O,0UO aie annually expended by New York and its suburb.^ for beef aloue. The measures taken for supplying the city with fish, oysters, and game are correspondingly great, and have each in the'r several departments led to organized systems for furnishing their pro- portion with great regularity and in quantities proportioned to the demand. The markets for live stock in New York are provided entirely by individual enterprise: and the principal ones are now on 44th St. and 5th Avenue. The great market davs are Tuesdays and Wednesdays; and, since supplies can roach tbe city at all sea- sons with equal fHcilitv, tbe amount is distributed throughout the year in a proportion nenrly uniform. This market occupies 14 atr^'j, and h is 150 yards, find, with its stalls, can accommo- date 5 000 bulloikfi, and an cqud nnraber of sheep and calves. The largest hog maikets aro at the w. end of 40th St.. and on the Hndson, at tbe foot of 37th St. There are 2 other market p[.,ce.^j — cDii on 6th St. R.of 3d Avenue and one in llnbinson St., where nearly 4.'jI).000 sheep hive been sold, b. sides cows and calves. There are also extensive markets at Bergen Hill. 524 NEW YORK COUNTY. The Judiciary Department comprises the First Judicial District of the Supreme Court of the State, with 5 justices, the Superior Court, with a chief justice and 5 justices, the Court of Common Pleas, with 3 justices, the Marine Court, with 3 justices, and the Surrogate's Court. The criminal courts consist of a Court of Oyer and Terminer, held by a justice of the Supreme Court, a Court of General Sessions, held by the Recorder or city judge. Courts of Special Sessions held by the police justices, 4 Police Court, and 6 Justices' or District Courts. The burials from the city are regulated by law and none can take place without the certificate from the Inspectors' Department, and a record of the time, cause, and circumstances of the death, as far as can be ascertained.' Tlie Board of Healtli consists of the Mayor and Common Council. The Mayor is Presi- dent. The Mayor, Presidents of the two branches of the Common Council, and the Health Officer, the Resident Physician, the Health Commissioner, and the City Inspectors, are constituted a Board of Commissioners, who render advice to the Board of Health. The Health Officer is appointed by the Governor and Senate. The Mayor, with the advice of the Board of Aldermen, appoints an Inspector of Vessels. It is the duty of the 'Board of Health to watch over the health of the city and port, and conduct and attend to the business of the Quarantine establishment.''' Perries are established from New York to Brooklyn, Jersey City, the islands, and to numerous points around the harbor. Up to 1810 the ferry boats were propelled by horse and man power; but during that year steam was introduced, and now it is exclusively used on all important routes. A few of the islands are approached only by row boats.^ The number of animals sold during 5 years at the New York live stock mai-kets has been as follows \-~ ■8 ■S-'S 1^ .2 'St -..56,474 s "S'-'H 1 68 584 S 186* 115 8-16 169,864 13131 252,32S 1068 690 Wi6 97.654 lf6,S74 12,1111 47,969 588.741 318,107 1,1.17,509 1'25,606 187,067 12,867 43,081 4(2 7.19 316 911 l,n;-l 655 1857 116 516 162,243 12,S40 31 21S 444.036 288 9''4 940,819 186S 141,749 191,374 10.138 37,676 447,4*5 651 479 1.-238.101 The number of bnllocka from the several States sending to this raarket, in 185S, was as follows : — No. ]''''■ '^y AverarjG. New York 30,980 595 Pennsylvania 1.664 45 Ohio 4389 84 Indiana 11.130 214 niiiioia 52 818 1,015 Ktutucky 9.409 181 Nn. Virgini) 895 Connecticut 590 TexiiB 1-J14 New Jersey r03 Towa 2.724 Michigan 1,682 Average. 17 11 23 n 62 32 The mode of reaching maik9t was as follows :— Bullocks, by Harlem R. R 10.558 " Hudson Kiver R. H 50,916 " New York & Erie R. K 93,820 " on foot 2 863 Swine, by Nt-w York & Erie R. R 301,671 The ahrive statistics do not incliidn barreled beef and pork) and animals slaughtered elspwheie and sent tliithei" for sale. In some pea^ons over 3,000 sheep are slaughtered per week, at Albany, fur the New York market; and the amount froni other places is very larire. 1 The Burial P.acps of New York were ori^inallv around the churches; and in 1822 there weie 22 places of interment a. ')f the City Hall. The practice was found to be offimsivo to the senses and prejudicial to tlie public iieaith, and was accordingly prohibited in the older parts of tlie city. The plan of marble cemeteries within the city was propnscd, and two were con- structed between 2d and 3d Sts. and the IJciwery and 'Jd Av. These contained 234 and 156 vaults respectively, wei-o built entirely of stone, and intenrled to receive each a largo ituniher of bodies. The plan was found unsuccessful, and soon after was fluperseded by that of rural Ci-ineterics. This apin-ojiiijite cus- tom, introduced at Greenwood in 1S42, Inih led to the laying out of nijiny similar ground.^, each rivaling the otiior in beauty of location and iu plans for ihe adornnient of tho restirg places of the dead. The principal of Ihese are ("in-enwDod, C*prefiS Hills, Evergreens, Mount Olivt. Calvary. Citizens' Union. Friends, Shearith Israel, and Washingti^ni, on Long Island; Trinity, on New York Island ; Becchwooil. at New Rnch lie : Dale, at Sing Sing; Oak Hill, at Nyack; and Mahpelah, iu We.st- cheater co.; and New York Buy and oth^Ts, iii New Jersey. Tho Potters' Field belonging tn the city is on Wards Island. By an ordinance of Feb. 3, 1851, n > burials aio allowed a. of 88th St.; and Trinity Church Cemetery, embracing 23,9^ acres between the Hudson and lOtb Av. and 153d and I55tb Ste., ia the principal one now in U30 on the island. It was purchased In 18 [2. 2 Pestilence has on several occasions committed frightful ravages among the population of ihc city. Among these visita- tions the following are worthy of record: — 1702. — A pe^til-nce. probably yellow fever, was brought from St. Thomas, of whicli 500 died up to Sept., and 70 more during the first week of that month, out of a popular tiou of 6.000 to 7,000. 1732, — In autumn an infxtioua fever prevailed, of which 70 died in a few weeks. 1743. — A "bilious plague" brok'^ out, of which 217 died in one season. It was confined to swampy ground. This is the first official report on mortality to the iVlayor. 1745. — Malignant yellow fever prevailed. 1747. — The bilious plague re-appeared. 1791. — The yellow fever prevailed, of which 200 died. 1794. — Yellow fe\er again appeared, occiisioning much alarm, — though only 20 to 30 died. 1795. — The yellow fever prevailed, carrying off 730, of whom 500 Wore f reigners lecently arrived. 1796. — A malignint fever prevailed, from filling in of docks, of which 70 died. 1797. — The yellow fever occasioned 45 deaths. 1798. — Memorable for it=> pestilence — probably yellow fever, — which appeired in New York in the fin-^t week in August, and proved fatal to 2,08t) persons, of whom 1,110 weie men 589 women, and 885 children. 1799. — Yellow fever again prevailed, but mueh less aggravated, 1801.— AboutieO died of yellow fever. 1803.— From 600 to 700 died in New Yoik of yellow fever. i-ince tliib year regular statistics of mortality for the citv are preserved for each year, from which it appears that yellow fever in 18.)5 destroyed 270, and in 1822, IfG; and that cholera deatroyi d 3 613 in 1832; 971 in 1834;5,ii71]n 18^9; and 374'in 1852. The mortuary tables show during the 50 years ending with 1853 a total of 3(i4,t9H deaths. 2 The ferries run 'ing to and from New Yoi'k are under the exclusive jurisdictiin of the corporntion, and derive their autliority by lease, usually for a term of years. The following is a summary of those now running: — Staten Istavd Fcn-ijy from Whitehall St. to Quarantine, Clif- ton, and Stapleton. Also extends to New Brighton, Factory tillage, and l\)rt Richmond. It is leased to Staten Island ft New York Ferry Co. until 1865, nt an annual rent of $5,100. HamiUfm Avenue. F>rry, from Whitehall St. to Hamilton Av., Brooklyn, 1,765 yards in length, is leased to the Union Ferry Co. until 1861. South Fary from Whitehall St. to Atlantic St., Brooklyn, and Lo'g Island Rail Road, Brooklyn, 1,476 yards in length, is leased to the Union Ferry Co. W'lll Street Ferry, from Wall St. to Montague Place, Brooklyn, 1,150 yards in length, bi'longa to the Union Ferry Co., and iff leasad until 18ti2, at an annual rent of $5,000. Fultnn S'rcpi F. NEW YORK COUNTY. 525 The facilities for passing from one point to another in the city are numerous, cheap, and con- venient, and the establishment of all of them is so recent as to be within the memory of every adult citizen. They consist of 5 city rail roads and 29 lines of omnibuses.' Since the introduction of rail roads and the multiplication of steam ferries and steamboat routes, a large number of persons transacting business in the city have been enabled to provide residences in the country adjacent, where they can enjoy the comforts and luxuries of a rural home without a sacrifice of business interests. A large proportion of the inhabitants of Brooklyn, and great numbers residing within 30 mi. of the city, on Long Island and Staten Island and in the adjacent parts of Westchester county and New Jersey, are in this manner closely identified with the busi- ness of the city, and might in one sense be included in its population. The interests of New York and of its immediate suburbs are thus so blended that they virtually constitute one great metro- polis, and would probably at this time number, within a, radius of 10 mi. from the City Hall, about a million and a quarter of inhabitants.''' The institutions of New York designed to meet the intellectual and social wants of the people in extent and variety have no equals in America ; and many of them surpass all similar institutions in the world. These institutions, noticed under special heads, are devoted to education, both general and special, to benevolent objects in various forms, to religion and morality, to intellectual culture, and to the promotion of the useful and fine arts. These institutions do not strictly all belong to the city, nor do they adequately represent the wants of the city population. Many of the schools and other institutions in the city, from their peculiarities and excellence, attract great numbers from abroad ; and, on the other hand, a great number of educational institutions in the adjoining counties depend for support almost entirely upon city patronage. A reciprocity of interests be- tween city and country is thus kept up in intellectual as well as in business affairs. Tlie Public ScllOOl System of New York now constitute one of the most important in- terests of the city, both in regard to their effect upon the social position of the people and in the amount of their annual expenditures. There were reported, at the close of 1S5S, a free academy' for the complete collegiate educations of boys, 4 normal schools for the instruction of teachers, 57 ward schools, including 51 grammar schools for boys, 48 grammar schools for girls, and 55 primary Roosevelt Street Ferry, from Boosevelt Street to Bridge Street. Brooklyn. 1 450 yd«., is le;used to Union Ferry Co. until 1867, at So.OOO per annum. Jame^t S'reet F rrij is e-tiblished fiom James Slip to South 7th Street. Willi.inisburKh. QillLe}-ine. Street Ferry, from Catherine Street to Main Street. Brooklyn. 73.J yds., is leased to the Union Ferry Co. until ISliS, at $16,000'per annum. Division Avenue Ferry e.xtends from Grand Street to South 7th Street. Williatiisburgh. Gravd Street F^rry, frum Grand Street to Grand Street, W'il- liamsburgli, is 900 yds. in l-'ngt . ffoustrm Street F n-y, from Honstim Street to Grand Street, Wiirnmshurgh. 700 yds., is leased to the Houston Street Ferry Co. until 1863, at $6,500 per annum. Tentli Slrer.l Ferry, from 10th Street to Gri.-en Point, is leased until 1S65, ar S250 per an num. Twerity-Tliird s/reet Fen-ii, from 23d Str.^et to Green Point, is leased until 1863, at SlOO per annum . Hunters Point Feny, from 34th Stre.tto Hunters Pont. Queen"! CO., is l&tsed to A. W. Winants until 13o7, at SlOO per an- num. BlackmeUs Island Ferry extend.? from 61st Street to BlrokwcUs Islnnd. Bellgate Perry, from f6th Street to .Vstiria, Queens CO., is le.ised to S. A. I'lalsev until 1S67. at $5) p 'r annnm. Wards Tsl ml Per/T/ extends from 10 tli Street to Ward< Islanl. Randalls Mini R/Tie •■ extend irom 122rl Stre t to the Institu- tions under ttie ch;u-.u:eof the Ten Governor.-., and fiom 117th Stre 1 1) the Hou« of Kefuge. Jersey City Rmi, f om Courtl ind Street to Jer.n'y City, 1 mile is leased to the Jersey City Ferry Co. until 18d6. at $5,uO I p -r annum. Bar.-Jai/ Street Perm, from Barclay Street to Ilolinlipn, N. .T.. is leiised to J. C. & K. L. Stevens until 1805, at $100 per an- num. OmalStreet Prry, from Canal Sir?et to IIoholF.tlis Ferry extendi from 19th Strest to-Iil.vaiaii Fields, The Union Ferrv Co. owned on the Ist of Xo\'. 1858, eighteen boFita, valu<'d at $iS9.S00. 1 Son.e of the [irincipal facts conceruing the city railroads are as foUowd : — C^irs run fit frequent intervals and use hoi-se power. Fare, unifurnily 5 cts. Secynd Avenue extend^ from Peck Plip. through Prarl, Clint- ham, Uowerv. Gran'l.aiid Chrystii' Streeta iind 2d Avenue, to 23d Street; theii'-e in 4iJii Street Itctnms thrnush 'Al Ave 'ue, 23d Jtri^et, 1st Avi^uu'' Alien and Gi'and Streets, Lowery, Chat- ham Dliviar, nnl Sourli Streets. Third Jmine, extend-^ thron^h Piirk "Row, Chathnm, Dowery, and od Avenue, to 61st Street, YMikvilie. Xm Y'ir\- <£ Fi'irlem If. R. exti-mis throiif^h Park Row, Cfn- trt', Uroome. iiml Bowery Stri?eis to 4th Avenue, and up to 42d Streef. where loconi )tiv ■ trains stop. Sixth Ave/iue extends tlirougli Vesey, Church. Cliamliers, W. Rroiidway, Cinal. ^'arick, and Ciirmina Streets, niid Cth Ave- nue, to 4J:th Street. Eghth Avenue, extends throuiili A'escy, Church, Cliam' ers, W. Broadway, Cm il, and Hudson Streets aud Sth Avenue to W. 5 !tli Street. NiTith Annne, trac'c laidbnt not u=!cd. The Hudion River R. I\. aud iSl-w Haven R. R. run no city cars. The nmnihus?s all have the names of their routes piinted upon the outs de. Tlie r.it-s of fare nre 4 .'i oi- 6 cts.. whinh U paid, with' ut regard to diat nice tr iveled up n or within them. Licens;--" are granted aiiiiu lily : and in 1858 439 stage licenses were lakm at $2 J. and 5 outol-tuwu lines, at .s5 per stage, animnti gin tlip ag.;r gite inSli>.3"i5. All oth' r c >nveyance8 forpu'diL- lure nre .iIs tlcenscd. tlienumljir inlf;5S being, hacks, 4W2 and ^pec'al harks, 32J. 2 Mo-it of thfsuburhan di-ilrictg of New York within thisState are parti ularly noticed in this work m tlie CMuntie.s and towns in which they are located, .leis 'y City, which has g own up within a few yeirs. had, in 1855, 21.715 inhabitant^. It is tlie terminus of the New Jersey R. U., connecting wi h 1 nes s. and w.. a' d the Union l{. R.. connecling with the New York & Erie and the .Northern New Jer^cv H. K. It is the landinR ph'ce of tlie Cun ir,i s'emi rs the seat of iinpirtaut miiMufactun'S, and tin' r Hi'leiice ">f multitudes dning bn in'^^ in ^e^v Yoik^ity. Ilobck -n City is als ) a plice of consiJi'rable inipoit:inc'.i fmm its t-roximity to the city. Tt hid. in 1S55. 6.727 idiahitants. rind-ion City, in the rear of tlie-e. hud 3 322 inhabi ants; and nunipr' us other jdaces alons the Hudson in N. J. are recei\ ing attention as ilesirable places for home^. 8 jVic Fre.-' Acadpwy was e8tthli-.lied by nn a'-toFAIny 7. 1857, subject to a popular vote whicli give 19 4 14 lor and 5 4!i'J .'g'in^t ihc meiBuri'. An ed fice ii the Oothic style of the towrdialis of the NeihM-Iaud-i, 80 by 100 ft.. was orontedon Le.xington Avo- Due> corner of 23d Street, in 1848, with accommodations for 526 NEW YORK COUNTY. departments for both sexes ; 35 primary schools, 42 evening schools, of which 23 are for males and 19 for females, and 11 corporate schools.' In the same year there were employed 1,729 teachers, — of whom 440 were males and 1,289 were females. Tlie Public Schools are managed by a Board of Education, consisting of two commis- sioners from each ward. The local affairs of each ward are managed by local Boards of Trustees. The present system was organized under an act of 1812 ; but it has been modified by various acts since. In 1853 the Public School Society was dissolved and the schools under its control were merged in the ward schools of the city. The Board of Education distributes its duties among committees, and appoints a City Superintendent to exercise a general supervision over the schools.^ Academies and Colleges. There are in the city 3 academic institutions, 2 colleges, 4 medical colleges, 2 theological schools, and a great number of schools for perfecting students in special branches of education.' 1,000 pupils. The cost of the grounds, buildings, furniture, ap- paratus, and library was $100,801.48; and the cost of mainte- nance to Jan. 1, 1859, was $33,238.17. Tlie students and the graduates in each year have been as follows : — 1849. 1860. 1861. 1852. 1863. Students Graduates.... 201 285 383 198 636 17 1854. 1866. 1856. 1867. 1858. Students j Graduates.... 537 20 688 32 875 20 805 21 885 25 Applicants for admission to this school must reside in the city, be 1-i years of age, and must have been students in the common schools 12 months, and must sustain an examination in the ordinary English studies. The school has a 5 years' course of study, and its giaduates receive the degree of A.B. Several medals and money prizes have been endowed, and socie- ties of students and alumni have been foimed. 1 The number of pupils in 185S was as follows : — Normal schools 850 Corporate schools 10,697 General aggregate 171,768 Average attendance 51,430 Free Academy. Boys' grammer school.. 29.309 Girls' " '■ .. 26,991 Primary department.... 59,276 Primaty schools 23,760 Evening schools, about.. 20,000 8 The " Free School Society," afterward the " Public School Society," was founded in June, 1805, abd its first school w;is opened May 17 1806. During its Irmg career this honored society disbursed niillionsJ of dollars of pnblic money, afforded educa- tion to 600,000 children, and fitted 1 200 teachers at its normal flchool,=;. It twice tendered it.'^ property to tlie city authorities to satisfy a p'ipulnr objection that so much property should not be managed by a corporation ; but in both instances the tender was declined. After the society was dissolved, its hooks and papers were deposited with the New York Historical Society. Its real estate used for school purposes consisted of 15 pu'dic echoolhouses, a trustee^s' hail on Grand Street, and a workshop on Crosby Street. — Dissolution of Fab. SjIiooI Sic. and Hep. of Com., p. 7. The 11 corporate schools shiire in the public money, but are in ni sense under the care of the Board. The expenses of the public schools in 1858 were as follows: — .Salarifs of teachers and jai.itors S 556,445.93 Newscho Ihouses, repairs, purchase of new sites.. 22S,810.13 FupI : 25,217.08 Books, stationery, and apparatus 105 328.31 Salaries of superintendents, clerks, and officers of the boaid 23,398.51 SuppiTt of Free Academy, including repairs 45.834.73 Evening schools 64,515.03 Normal schools 11 2J0.22 Ooutiugent expenses 43,427.05 Total expenses of public schools $1,166,266.99 3 The academies subject to rhe visitation of the Rcg.'nts are— The Deaf and Dumb Institution, in-nrp. April 15, lS3ii. Grumm ir School of Colnmhia College, incorp. April 7, 1838. New York Free Academy, incorp. Oct. 31, 1S49. Rutgers Female Institute, incorp. Jan. 23. 1840. C'lumlna CnUer/e was chartered as "King's Colle'.xe" Oct. 31, 1754. and under the Colonial Government was aided by a lottery, grants of lands and liberal private donations from England. A plot of ground between Murray, Barclay. Ch.urch, and Chapel Streets was given by Trinity Churt-h for the c dlege site, and the corner stone was laid July 23, 1756. The building was fin- ished in 1761). and during the Kevolution it was used for a hos- pital. In 1792 the trustees established a medical school, and sustained it until 1813. The college remained in its first location ontiljthe premises were greatly enhanced in valuB by the growth of the city and the spread of commercial establishments around and beyond it. An act was passed March 19, 1857, authorizing the purchase of another f-ite for college purposes, in accordance with which the grounds at the foot of Park Place were sold for $596,650, the college still retaining many lots on Barclay Street, Park Place, Murray Street, and College Place, which are rented fur long periods, and whose'prospective value it is impossible to estimate. The premises lately owned by the Trustees of the Deaf and Dumb Asylum on 49th Street, near 4th Avenue, were purchased, with 4 other lots, for ST5,366,10, and fitted up at a total cost of $114,336.01. This change is understood to be only a temporary one, the ultimate intention being to locate on the premises of the Botanical Garden, between 47th and 51st Streets, on 5th Avenue. This Garden, originally embracing about 20 acres, was laid out by Dr. David Hosack, early in the present century, for the introduction of exotic plants, experiments in agriculture and horticulture, and the promotion of science. The Governor, in his message of 1806, commended the object as worthy of public attention. In 1810 a memorial from the cor- poration of New York, the County and State Medical Society, and the Governors of the New York Hospital was addressed to the Legislature, in pursuance of which the Garden was pur- chased for $73,000, upon the appraisal of 3 commissioners, and placed in charge of the Hegents of the University. The latter placed it in the hands of the Trustees of the College of Physi- cians and Surgeons, April 1, 1811. In 1814 it was granted by the Legislature to Columbia College, upon the condition that within 12 years the College should be removed thither ; but in 1819 this condition was rescinded, and $10,000 was given to the College to aid in extending the premises upon the original loca- tion. Hhe^e grounds have also incrt-ased greatly in value, and the College is at this moment perhaps the wealthi sE in the Union, with this important feature: that its wealth is not coupled with irksome conditions and piovrsios, but left fiee to the discretion of its trustees. A grammar school haa been many years connected with the College. TJie University of the City of New Tori; located on the E. side of Washington Square, occupies a fine marble building of "the English collegiate style of ai-chitecture. It is 100 by 200 ft. on the ground; and besides the portion occupied by the College,it contains rooms leased to societies, arti--t3, and professional per- sons. This College grew out of a discussion with regard to a University on a more extended plan than any in the Union. A convention of literary and scicntifie gentlemen was held in the fall of 183J, and in that year a subscription was opened to raise $100,000 for the establi'-hment of a University. An unhappy controversy arising directly upon the appointment of a chancel- lor, the institution did not attain the pre-eminence to which it aimed. lis course of .study is essentially the same as that of other American colleges. Th& College nf Physicians and Surgeons is located on 23d St. and 4th Avenue. The sife and grounds are leased with privilFga of purchase, and funds deiived frum the pnceeds of the sale of the building on Crosby St., formerly owned by it, have been laised tn effect the purchase. The edifice now used is 75 by 100 ft., and is valued at SJO.OOO. The first story is leased for stores. Tlie College was iticorp. by the Itegcnts in'lS07. by virtue of an act passed March 21, 1791. Lectures were tirst held in 1807-08. Ihe Aledical Uepartnient of Columbia College was merged in this Nov. 1, 1813. The ColU^ge has 2 courses of lectures annually, and a library of 1.200 vt.iumes. The Uiiivei-sity Medical College, formed under an act of 'Feb. 11, 1S37, as a branch of the University of New York, is located on 14th St. between Irving Place and 3d Avenue. The building is 80 by 103 ft., 4 stories in front and 5 in rear, and is valued at $50,000. Jf^ charter provides (hat 5 students of the Free AcBr dtimy shall be admitted free of charge e.^ccept the matricnlalion fee. Us library numbers 5,000 volumes, and its museum is valued at Si5,000.. Two courses of lectures are delivered annu- ally. The New Yoj-Jc Medical College, located on E. 13th St., was incorp. in 1850. The college bnildhis is 60 by 120 ft., and is valued at $70,000. It has a 5 months' course, of lectures annu- ally. Ten students are admitted upon payment of $20 and matriculation fee. Tfie Metropolitan Medical Q>Uege, located at 68 E. Broadway, NEW YORK COUNTY. 527 In addition to the schools sharing in the distribution of the school fund, there are a great number of mission, charity, parish, denominational, and private schools, of which no reports are made col- lectively to the public. Many of these have special courses of study, or are limited to objects not embraced in a general plan of education. Several of these are numerously attended ; and in some the extent of the course of study is equal to that in our colleges.^ About 250 periodicals, embracing daily, tri-weekly, semi-weekly, weekly, semi-monthly, monthly, and quarterly, are issued in the city of New York, counting under one title the several editions issued from the same press, unless bearing different names.^ ■was incorp. March 28, 185T, It has 2 courses of lectures annu- ally. The New York Prpparatmy Schorl of Med'cine. incorp. April 13, 1859, has not been fully organized. Its charter allows it to crnfer tlie degree of Bachelor of Medicine upon persons of not less than 19 \eais of nge after sustaining an examination in tlie studies embraced in its course, and places it under the visitation of the Kegents. The Oollrge of Pharmacy, chartered April 25, 1831, has rooms in the New York Medical College, at which lectures are delivered 4 months annually, on Chemistry. Materia Medica, and Botany, and diplnmas are given. By an act of March 11, 1839, a diploma from this college is necessary for a person not otherwise duly qualified, to act as an apothecary in tlie city. The New Yirk County M dical Society was foi'med July 12, 1806, and now numhera 450 members. The Pathological Society for improvement in medical practice meets semi-monthly. The Academy rf Mpdidne was formed in 1847 and incorp. in 1851. It meets monthly at thn University, and sends 5 repre- sentatives to the State Mfdical Society. There are several other medical and surgical societies in various parts of the city. Thfi General Thciilngicai Seminary of the Prnt, E. Church of the U.S. was eatahlished at New Haven in 1819 and removed to this city in 1822. It was incorp. April 5, 1822, and is well endowed. Its library numbers over 12,000 voluifles. Tt occupies 2 handsome stone buildings, each 50 l)y 110 ft on 20th St.. be- tween 9th and 10th Avemiea. It.-i ti-ustces consist of the Bishops of the U. S. and others appointed in proportion to moneys granted to the seminary. Th£ Union Theological Seminary (Presb.) was founded in 1836, and incorp. March 27, 18^9. It is located in Wavt-rly Place, on 8th St., and near Washington Square. It has a library of 16,000 volumes. Its Board of Directors are clergymen and laymen, an equal number of each, elected for 4 years. Commercial col leges, writing srhools, and studios for instruction in the fine arts, are numerous in the city. The &;hool of Design at the Cooper Union is eminent among these fur the extent of its facilities and the numbers that avail themselves of them. Music drawing, and painting are carefully taught in many of the city schoolti; and the facilities at the Free Academy for these studies are superior to those in most other institutions. 1 The Pmtpstant Episcopal Public Schont was founded in 1710, and has continued until the present time. At some future time it will be largely aided by a bequi^st made Sept. 20, 1796, by Dr. John Baker, who, having no heii s, devised his country seat near 80 St.. on the East River, embracing 46 acres, for a charity school. With a prudent forecast, the testator preserved the pro- perty from sale until after the death of 9 persons then living; and the dense part of the city has already approached the premises. An act passed April 16, 1859, authorized the sale of portions, but no benefit has hitherto been received. In April, 1869, 3 of the 9 lives were existing. The following are the principal of the Roman Catholic schools : — The CbUege of St. Francis Javier, 39 W. 15th St., is an Institu- tion under the care of 10 Jesuit priests. Convent of the Moat Holy Redeemer, in 3d St., is under the care of 7 priests of the Order of Redemptorists. St. VincefnVs Academy, 44 2d St., is under the care of the Brothers of the Christian Schools. Academy of the Holy Infancy, in Manhattanville, and the Convent and Academy of the Sacred Heart, in Manhattanville, are under the charge of the Ladies of the Sacred Heart; the latter has 180 pupils. An institution of the same name at 49 W. 17th St., under similar direction, has 86 pupils. Mother House and Academy of Mount St. Vincent, on 105th St., upon the premises of the Central Park, has 180 pupils. St. Mary's School^ at 229 East Broadway, is under the charge of Sisters of Charity, and has 108 pupils. iSi!. P^r's School, at 16 Barkley St., is under the charge of Sisters of Charity, and has 80 pupils. St. Joseph's School, on 6th Avenue, is under the charge of Sisters of Charity. , _. , St. Lawrence. School, Yorkville, is under the charge of Sisters of Cliarity, and has 40 pupils. St. Stephen's School. .« . , , «,- ■ i . St. Vincent's School has SO boys and 50 girls ; and 65 girls m the preparatory department. Free Catholic 5b7i£w/s.— There are 25 schools of this class re- ported in the city ; at which 4,920 boys and 5,530 girls are taught. Most of the schools have male and female departments; and of these 7 are taught by Brothers of the Christiwi Schools, 9 by Sisters of Charity, 2 by Ladies of the Sacred Heart, 2 by Sisters of Notre Dame. 1 by Sisters of Mercy, and 1 by lay teacheis. Of several the teachers are not specified. These schools are named St. Patrick's St. Mary's, St. Joseph's, St. James'.s, St. Francis Xavier's, Manhatt;mville, St. Bridget's, Trnnsflgurafion, Mount St. Vincent, St. Lawrence, Sacred Heart Free School. St. Cntharine's. Most Holy Redeemer's. St. Alphonso's, St. Vincynt de Paul's Nativity, St. Columbia, Holy Cross, St. Stephen's, St. John the Kvangelisfs- St. Piiul's, Immaculate Conception, St. Nicholas, St. Francis's, and St. Johns's. 2 New Yarl: Gazette, the first paper published in the Colony of New York, was commenced in 1725 by W illiam Brad- ford. It was the lifth then in exislence in the Ameri- can Colonies. Bradfijrd continued its publisher about 17 years. In 1742 its na^oie was changed to the New Y(yrk Gazette and Weekly T^M Boy, and it was published by .Tames Parker and a s-^Kcession of owneisuutJ11773, when it w:is diacontip-i^"!. New York Weel.h/ JnurnnJ, the sec'nfl paper in the Colony, was commenced in New Yckiu 1733 by John Peter Zenger. He died in 1746. and the paper was conducted by his widow, and afterward bv his son, until 1752. when it wiis discontinued. This pftper opposed the administra- tion of Governor Cosby and supported the interest of Rip Van Dam, who had previously conducted the ad- ministrntinn. The ballads, serious charges, and, above all, the home truths in his democratic journal irritated Cosbv and his council to madness. Zenger was con- fined several months by order of the Governor and Council for printing and publishing seditious libels, treated with uawarv;intahle severity, deprived of pen, ink. and paper, and denied the visits of his friends. The popular feeling, however, was strongly against these proceedings. 'I'lie Assembly, notwithstandingthe application of the Governor, refused to concur with him and his Council. The Mayor and the magistrates also refused to obey the mandate of the Governor and Council, to attend the burning of the libelous papers " by the common hangman and whipper, near the pil- lory." The grand jury manifested equal contumacy, and ignored the presentment against Zenger. The attorney general was then directed to file an informa- tion. The judges refused to hear and allow the excep- tions taken by Zenger's counsel, and excluded them from the bar; but he was ably defended by other coun- cil, and especially by Andrew Hamilton, then a banister of Philadelphia. Zenger pleaded not guilty. Hia counsel admitted the printing and publishing of the papers, and oflfered to give their truth in evidence. The counsel for the prosecution then said, "The jury must find a verdict for the king ;" and gave the usual defi- ■ nition of a libel, asserting that " whether the person defamed was a private man or a magistrate, whether living or dead, whether the libel was true or false, or whether the party against whom it was made was of good or evil fame, it was nevertheless a libel." He then quoted from the Acts of the Apostles and from one of the Epistles of Peter, to show that it was a very great ofifense to speak evil of dignities, and insisted upon the criminality by the laws of God and man of reviling those in authority, and consequently that Mr. Zenger had offended in a most notorious and gross manner in scandalizing his Excellency our Governor, "who," said the counsel, is the king's immediate representative, and supreme magistrate of this province." Mr. Hamilton re- markedin his reply, that we are charged with printing a certain /a/.te, malicious, seditious, and scandalous libel. The word faJse must have some meaning ; or else how came it there? and he put the case, whether if the information had been for printing a certain triut libel, would that be the same thing. " And to show the court that I am in good earnest," said he, " I will agree that if he can prove the facts charged upon us to be false, I will own them to he scandalous, seditious, and a libel." He then further offered that, to save the prosecution the trouble of proving the papers to be false, the defendant would prove them to he true. To this Chief Justice De Lancey objected, •• You cannot he admitted to give the truth of a libel in evidence: the law is clear that you cannot justify a libel." Mr. Hamilton maintained that leaving the court to deter- mine whether the words were libelous or not rendered juries useless, or worse. " It was true,*' he said, " in 528 NEW YORK COUNTY. The Benerolent Institutions of New York are numerous, and comprehend measures for the relief of nearly every variety of human suffering or misfortune. Those under the direct charge of the city have already been noticed. The greater part of other institutions of like cha- racter are under the management of companies incorporated for limited and special objects. Pro- minent among these are the hospitals and dispensaries, affording relief to every class of the sick and distressed. Up to 1857, at these various institutions, 179,377 persons had been vaccinated; 1,606,559 patients had been treated ; and $297,761.60 had been expended. The Legislature usually appropriates money to several of these institutions.^ Several of the more important of the benevolent institutions of the city are supported wholly, or in part, by the State, among which are the Deaf and Dumb Asylum,'^ the Institution for the Blind, and the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents. trmt'S piist it was a ciime to tipeak truth, and in that terrible court of Siar Cliiiiiiher nianj' worthy and brave men su fered fjr so doing; and yt't even in that court and in those bad times a gi'eat and <>;ood mui durst siiy, what I hop3 will not be taken amiss in mo to say in this place, to wit; — 'The praitice of intbrmiilion for lib:]'- is a swnnl in the hands of a wiiked kins? and an arrant coward to cur down and destroy the itmrcent. The one ciiniiut, because of his high st.ition, and the otlier dare not, because of his want of c lurage, defend huiiSL-lf in anothei- manner.' " The, jury, after a short consultation i-elurned a verdii-t of not gnilty. to the giCit m'>i tification of tlie court iind of Zei ger's pei'se- cutors. but with great satisfin tion tn the people. Such was ihe st" uggle which the press luid to maintain only one bunitreil years ago, and only tbr'ly years before tlie Kcvolntion gave to iis ftvedom the sanction of Govern- ment and the impr.'>s of authority. — Inlroduction to the Nat. Iflstnrij of the State by Wm. H. S>'w ird. The New Fnrl.- Ecp.mvg Post was commenced in 1746, but was soon discontinued. TheNtw York Mercury was commenced by Hugh Gaine, and continued by him ;-il years. It was discontinued at the close of the Ifevolution ity War. The New York Ga^fifi^was corameuced in 1759 byWm.Wyman. It continued irregularly until 1767, when it was dis- continued. The ATnGii.'an Chronicle was commenced by S. Farley in 1761, and was discontinu'^d the next year. The New York Packet was commenced in 1763. It had only a brief existence. The New Ynrk Jaum d and General Advertiser was commenced in 1766 by Jolin IMt. The New Y-rk Chr-.nicia was cf>mmenced in 1768 by Alexander and .Tames Eobinson, and continued un'il 1772. Itivington's New Ym-k Gazetteer; m\ The Connecticut New Jersey, Hudson's Hioer, and Quebec Weekly Advertixer^ was commenced in 1773 by James Hivington. This paper appeared during the lirvolntion as The Moyal Gazettfi. e&miw.. published by *' James Rivington, printer to the Iting's moi,t excellent majesty." New York Packet and American Advertiser was commenced in 1776 by Samuel London. No otlier papers appeared in New York until the close of the war. For list of papers since the R.-'volntinn, see p. . 1 Tfie New Ynrk Hospital, found, d in 1770, waa incorp. June 13, 1771, and is under the c.ire of 26 governors. It has two very extensive establishments,— the hospital proper, upon Broadway, between \\oith and Duane Sts., jind the Bloomiugdale Lunatic Asylum, on 117th St. near 10th Avenue. The first hospital, built in 1773-75. was burned. A new one was soon after begun, and while still unfinished was occupied by British and Flessian troops for barracks, and it was not finaliy opened for patients until Jan. 3, 1791. On tlie 14th of March, ISOG, the Legislators enacted that S12.500 should be given to the hospital annually for 50 years, on condition that apartments for vminus tbrms and degrees of insanity should be prepared, and that an annual re- port be made to the Legislature. Tlie sum thus appropriated was to be chargeable upon duties on auction sales. In 1801 a lying-in ward was opened, and continued 20 years. In 1806 the lunatic dep irtment was organized, and one of the buildings of the present hospital was erected; but in 1816 a thiinge of site was auihorizcd. A library was founded in 1796, and a pathn- logicil cabinet inl?40; but a suitable building was not provided fur tlie latter until 1>'56. In 1853 a new and spacious bniliting, 8. of the main hospit:il was erected, upon apian tlie most perfect Vli^^?f'"'^° ^°"'^ devise. It Wiis finished in 1855, at a cost 01 $140,10:i.92. Clinical instruction, both medical and surgical, has long been civen, and I wo operating theatres have been pro- vided forthispurpose. Thehospifalon Broadway is now limited to the receiving of cases of sudden injuries from accident, and non-contagfous diseases in which there is prospect of improve- ment; and It IS not intended as for thesupportof the incurdble, or to sujiply in any sense the place of a poorhouse. Those re- ceived are either supported gratuitously, or pay at a rate baielv Bufficient todefraycost of support. Theformerconstituteabout 40 per rent, of the entire number treated. Seamen are received and their expeosee are paid wholly or in part from the hospital money paid by the U. S. Government. From Feb. 1, 1792, to 1856, lObJlI patients had been received, of whom 77.390 had been cured anil 4.76S relitn-ed. Of the 10,893 who died, many were briiiight in from the street in a dang condition. Nearly 4,000 now receive the ben-fils of the hospitnl yearly. The Lunatic Anylum, in 1818. was located at liloomingdale. A biiildiptg w.is commcncd May 7, 1^18, and was opened to patients in June 1821. The pl-^n comprehends a c?nlerlmild- ins. 211 by 60 feet, with 2 detach'^d wirig=!. A wing for the vio- lent insane male patients w;i8 bnilt in It-SO. and another for the like class uf f-males in 1837, miking the whule cost, up to 1839, S2Jn.000. In 1854 twn si)acious 2 siory hriclc buildings were erected, at a cost of S52 000. From May, 1S21, to Jan. 1856, 4,182 patients were received hereof whom 1,911 were cured, 8)1 improved, and 471 died. The gnmnds have an extent of abont 40 acres, and are finely adapted to outdoor exercise in fine weath'M-.TheannuMlexpen-eofbothiiistituti ms is about $146,000. St. Vincent's If".^jntul, at 102 and 104 E. 13th St., was esta- blished by. and is under the care of Sister.s of Charity. St. Lul,e'» Rnspital U located at the corner of 5th Avenue and 54th St. The Iniilding was erected in 1854, and is designed to accommodaie 230 patients. Jews' HoRpifal is on VP". 2Sth St., between 7th and 8th Avenues. The society was formed and a building erected in 1854. The hospital has received a bequest of $20,000 from the late Mr. Touro, (if New Orleans. Wmians' Hospital, on Madison Avenue, was established in Feb. 1K55, by Dr. J. Marion Sims, and incorp. April IS, 1857, under 27 governors. New Ynrk Eye and Ear Infirmarif. at the corner of 2d Avenue and 13th Pt.,. was incorp. March 2.t,'l822. The present building was c- mpleted in lS5ii, at a cost of $41,252.39, including the lot. It has usually received apiiropriations from the city and State. Pr.-vions to 1856, 51,580 persons had received treatment in the institution. New Y rJc Ophthalmic Hospital, on Stnyvesant St., was in- corp. April 21, 1P52, and opened May 25 following. A course of lectui'es upon diseases of the eye is delivered annually. The Childreri^s Hospital, on E. 51st St., near Lexington Avenue, was established fcr the cure of poor children otherwise destitute of aid. It is under the care of an associalion of ladies. New Asyhim for Lying-in Women, at 85 Marion St., is under the care of lady mana.irers. The New York Dispensary, on White, corner of Center St., was established in 1790, and incorp. April 8, 1795. It supplies the district s. of a line passing through Spring, Broadway, 14th, 1st Avenue, Allen, and I'ike Sts. The Eastern Dispensary, at 74 Lndlow St., was incorp. April 25, 1832. It snppl ies the district E. of the latter and s. of 14lh St. The Northern Dispensary, on Christopher, corner of 6th Sta., was incorp. Nov. 28. 1828. and opened in 1829. Its district Ilea w. of Broadway, between Spring and 23d Sts. The Demitt Dispensary, on the corner of '23d St. and 2d Avenue, was incorp. May 7, 1851. It was founded upon the be- quest of Miss Demilt, and cost about $30,000. Its district is B. of 5th Avenue, between 14th and 40th Sts, NortJi Western Dispf.nsai-y, at 511 8th Avenue, wna incorp. May 29, 1852. Its district is w. of 5th Avenue, between 23d and 60th Sts. The German Dispensary, at 132 New Canal St., was organized in Jan. 1857. Professors of the College of Physicians serve gratuitously, and have distiibuted the labor into divi.'sions. The Homeopathic Dispensary, at 59 Bond St., was established in 1855 by Dr.OttoFulIgraff, and is supported entirely by private subscription. 2 TheNrto York Institution for the Den f and Dumb v/ba in- corp. April 15, 1817, and opened May 12, 1818. It was located in the "New City Hall" until 1839, when it was removed to E. 50th St.. corner of 4th Avenue, — the premises now occupied by Columbia College. It there remained until the wants of the institution required more ample accommtJdations and the. growth of the city suggested a retreat from the approaching pressure nf business. A fine tract of ncarlv 4'J acres at Fanwond, on the Hudson, on 164th St., was accordingly purchased, and the erection of buildings was commenced in 1*853. They are in the aggregate 650 feet in length, and cover 2 acres. The insti- tution has accommodations for 450 pupils. The work was suffl- ' ciontly advanced to justify removal toward the close of 1866. NEW YORK COUNTY. o2y The city of New York has a large number of charitable corporations chieiiy dependent upon private subscriptions for support; and their management is highly creditable to those who have bestowed their time and money for the relief of the suffering and friendless. Several of these have received aid from the State and the city in their organization and support.^ The cost greatly exceeded the estimate; and uTider tm act of April, 1857, the institution was assumed by the State, with all the property connected therewith. Pupils are received from every co. of the State, and to a limited extent from New Jersey. It is strictly an educational institution, and is designed to im- part a useful amount of literary instruction, and the knowledge of some mechanical operation by which to gain support. Dr. Harvey P. Peet has been for many years President of the Insti- tution. Tlie. New York InstifiUinn for the Blind, incorp. April 21, 1831, was opened March 15, 1832, principally through the influence of Dr. Samuel Akerly, Samuel Wood, and Dr. John D. Russ. A school with 6 pupils was opened May 19, 1832, at 47 Mercer St., under Dr. Russ. By the aid of fairs and donations from indi- viduals and the city, a piece of ground and buildings on Sth Avenue were obtained of James Boorman at a nominal rent, with a covenant to sell. An instructor in the mechanic arts was procured, and in Dec. 2. 1833, the first public exhibition was held at the City Hall. The success in teaching from raised letters and characters, the proficiency of the 16 pupils in reading, geography, arithmetic, and especially in music, and the skill of their workmanship in mats, mattresses, and biiskets, excited great interest. The present site, between Sth and 9th Avenues and 33d and 34th Sts„ was purchased of Mr. Boorman at a re- duction of more than SlO.iiiio below what it could have been sold for ; and on the 30th of April. 1836. :?12.000 was given by the State, conditioned to the raising of $8,000 more by the managers. In 1839 $15,000 was given to eiect buildings. Annual reports are made to the State Ley;i-]afQre. Stato pupils have been received since 1S34; and for many years the institution has received pupils from New Jersey. Tbe site, originally beyond the improved portion of the city, i^ now in themidst of a densely settled quarter, and the squai'e which it occupies is valued at $400,000. The managei-s are end&ivoring to obtain leave to sell and erect new buildings on thp upper part of the island. The l)roceeda of the sale would, it is believed, procure new and superior premises without other aid. The institution now has 200 pupils, and employs 11 blind instructors and assistants. Tlie manual trades taught are broom, mat, bandbox, and mattress making and needle work. Musical instruction is received with great facility by the blind; and ^vith those that evince decided talent it often becomes a means of support. Those of proper age are instructed in the common and higher branches of English education; and the number of hooks with raised characters now prepared for the blind is quite extensive, including the entire Bible, and volumes upon almost every branch of useful learning. The New Tork JuvunUe Asyluvi is intended to secure the maintenance and promote the welfare of children under 14 years of age who may be in destitute circumstances. It is auxiliary to the city government. This asylum was iacorp. June 30, 1851, Its ofBce is located at 23 W. 13th St.. and its temporary asylum is at the foot of B. 50th St. A permanent asylum, erected on I75th St., near High Bridge, was opened April 2, 1856. This society takes children between 7 and 14 intrusted to them by parente, guardians, or other competent authority, and affords them the means of a moral and industrial education. A fund originally of $.50,000, and afterward of $20,000 in addition, was raised by subscription, and to this $40,000 was added by the city. The total number sent to the house of reception up to Jan. 1859, was 4.893. Several companies of 'children are sent annually to the Western States, to be indentured to farmers and others, under the direction of a judicious person. Children are also hound out in the city and vicinity as occasion offers. An act of March 25, 1856, directed a sum not exceeding $75 per annum to be levied by tax and paid to this asylum for each child committed by the city and supported by the society, and gave $20,000 toward the erection of a new house of reception on 13th St. The edifice is now nearly completed. The Society fw the Prevention of Pauperism, formed Dec. 16, 1817, after promoting the establishment of the first Pavings Bank and other institutions of public utility, resolved itself into The Society far tlie Rpformation of Juvenile Ddinquentx, Dec. 19, 1823, and measures were taken to carry the purpose implied by the name into effect. An act of incorporation was obtained March 29, 1824; and, having in that year raised ?17.n00 and obtained possession of the U. S. Arsenal near Madison Square, the estabUshment was opened Jan 1, IH'25, with 9 inmates. This place was burned in 1839, and the location changed to a building on the East River at the foot of 23d St., erected for a fever hos- pital. In 1851 the society exchanged a parcel of land it pos- sessed on Wards Island for about 36 acres on the s. end of Ran- dalls Island, where the corner stone of a new building was laid Nov. 24, 1852, by the Mayor. The buildings were opened Nov. 24, 1854. The male department will consist of a central build- ing and 4 wings, of which 2 are parallel to the front of the center bnUding%nd form together with it ^/^^^^ of 590 ft^ upon the river. The other, two wings are to radiate from the center of the rear at angles of 60°; they have not yet ^.een erected The arrangement admits of the necessary classification and | embraces every modern improvement. A workshop 3 stories high and 30 by 100 ft. is erected in the rear of each of the ft-ont wings. The female department, when completed, will be on a plan similar to the other, of 250 ft. front, and otherwise propor- tionally smaller. With the refuse stone obtained in excavation and gi-ading, a sea wall was built out to low Mater mark ; and some seven acres were thus added to the grounds. The entire cost, including the fitting up, to Nov. 1854, was $310,441.15, of which $14,199.39 had been for the Female Department. The whole number of inmates from its first opening to 1859 was 7,650; and at the beginning of that year it contained 463 boys and 77 girls. A female department is now in course of buildintj. and when complete will aftbrd to the whole a capacity for 1,000 inmates. Juvenile offenders from the several counties have been as follow : — 1 1 i s 1 i 1 00 CO <-> N.Y. Police we 90 4 V. 30 7 126 7n 7 25 27 27 7 102 123 6 27 46 27 8 142 70 11 37 44 24 14 96 73 8 40 70 47 8 61 44 7 48 66 23 8 93 203 6 62 67 23 19 83 139 1 18 23 32 17 Gov. of Almahouse... Other Cos Of the cos. not enumerated. Westchestr^'r has sent 15, Ulster 11, Queens 10, Dutchess 9, Orange and Columbia eacL 8, Suffolk 7, Oreene 6, Schoharie, .Saratoga, and Oneida each 4, Monroe and Sullivan each 3, Onondaga, Putnam, and Rockland each 2, and Erie and Richmond each 1. Of 2,041 received in 8 years, 2,039 were white boys, 4.''i9 white girls, 138 black boys, and 25 black girls; of native country, 1,548 wei'e Irish, 445 American, 218 German, 150 English, 53 Scotch, 30 French, 10 Italian. 4 Swedes, and 1 each of Spanish, Polish, Russian, Prussian, Dane, Dutch, WeUh, and Belgian. The Prison Association of New Ynrlc. incorp. in 1846, for the relief and encouragement of discharged convicts, is elsewhere more fully noticed. It ha^; a female department, organized in 1844, to provide employment to discharged female prisoners. 1 57je Orphan Asylum ^dety of New Tork was incorp. April 7, 1807. It was located on the banks of the Hudson, near 80th St., in 1840. It has 9 acres of grounds and a building 120 by 60 ft., pleasantly situated. About 200 orphans are supported in the institution. The Society for the Relief of Half -Orphans and Destitute Chil- dren was established Dec. 16, 1835, and incorp. April 18, 1837. It is located at No. 7 10th St., and is usua'ly known as the ■'Protestant Half-Orphan Asylum." It has received donations of $20,000 from John Hoshurgh and of $5,000 each from James Boorman. John Jacob Astor, Peter G. Stnyvesant, and the daughters of John Mason. The whole number of inmates re- ceived up to l.Sfiy was 1884, and the nnmber then remaining was 136 boys and lOt girls.— Owimow Cbitncil Mamia], 1859, p. 580. The Bnman Catholic Orphan Asylum, on Prince St., was incorp. April 29, 1836. It is under the charge of Sisters of Charity, and has 300 inmates,— all females. SI. Patrick's Orphan A-^jJum has a male and female depiirt- ment. The male department is on 51st St., and has 400 inmates' and the female department. Prince St., corner of Mott St., 300. They are both under the same trustees, and are managed by Sisters of Charity. The Orphans' Home of the Protestant Episcopal Church, at 74 Hammond St., was incorp. Ajiril 16, 1838. Lmkp. ami Watts Orphan Sa/ise is located at Manhattanville, between 9th and 10th Avenues and 111th and 112th Sts. This noble charity was founded by the bequest of J. A. Leake, and enhanced by the liberality of Mr. Watts, who waived a claim he had upon tbe legacy. It is incorp. under the general law. SL Luke's Home for Indigent Christian Feftnales is at 453 Hudson St, House and. School of Industry, at 100 W. 16th St , is for the gratuitous instruction of poor females in needle work. Association far the BeHef of Respectable Aged and Indigent Females is located at 20th St., between 2d and 3d Avenues. Nursery for the Children of Poor Women, at 223 6th Avenue, is under lady managers. Magdalen Female BeTievolent Asylum, between 88th and 89th Sts. and 4th and 5th Avenues, is under the care of lady mana- gers, has 40 inmates, and is designed to encourage reform in abandoned females. American Female Guardian Society and Home for the Friend- less, on E. 30th St., between 4th and Madison Avenues, was formed in 1S34. It received by donations in 1857 and '58 $49,719.79. The home school had 108 girls and 112 boys, indus- trial school No. 1 340 girls, and No. 2 165 girls. It'is managed and chieflv sunported ^y ladies. 530 NEW YORK (M)UNTY. Numorous institutions of beneficence are established upon the principle of mutual support, all t>f which derive their means from fixed contributions of members. The number of these is very great, including many which are limited to particular nationalities and to certain mechanical or other occupations.^ The city has a large number of religious associations and societies for the promotion of morality,— some national or cosmopolitan in their field of operation, and others local in their range. While some of these oppose vice and wrong in their widest sense, others restrict their efibrta to narrower limits of labor and concentrate upon a single object the united efforts of their members. There are at present about 290 churches in the city of New York.^ Tlie Mterary and Bjibrary Societies of the city exert an important influence upon the intellectual condition of the people. Many of the libraries are extensive and are provided with St. Qitharine's Ommnt and Ebuxe of Protection, on Houston St., corner of Murray St., is under the charge of Sisters of Charity. New York Ladies' Home Missionary Society of the Methodist Episcopal CInirch,(m the site of the -'Old Brewery," 61 Park St., was incoi-p. Marcli 20. 1856. St. Joi^eph's Asylum was incorp. April 15, 1S59. It is designed to support and educate in some useful employment poor orphan, half-orphan, homeless, and neglected children, especially of German origin. It has 16 managers. I^ve Points Souse of l7idusti-y is located on North St., Nos. 155, 157, 159. Children's Aid Suciety, ofBce No. 11 Clinton Hall, Astor Place, was formed in 1S53. It has for its objects to provide homes and employment for destitute children, and, to a limited extent, to adults of both sexes. Up to 1858 it had provided homes for 3.576. In 1857 it sent 468 boys, 200 girls, 28 men, and 37 women to other States. It had opened 6 industrial schools, with a total of 968 pupils, maintaiDCd a lodgiughouse for newsboys and peddlers, at a low charge, and another one for girls, and had under its direction several boys' meetings and libraries. Its annual expenses are about $15,000, not including a large amount of gratuitous services. New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor was formed in 1843, and incorp. Dec. 6, 1848. Its object is to afford temporary relief to such as do not come within the sjihere of other existing charities, and to elevate the physical and moral condition of the indigent. To discountenance indiscriminate almsgiving and street begging, it inquires through its visitors into the merits of applications, and for this end has a super- Tzsory council of 5 to each ward, and as many visitors as may be needed. It is supported by aunudl donations and collections, and in the year ending Oct. 14, 1857, expended $41,480,88. The American B'ble Society, formed May, 1816, as a national institution, claims notice in this place from the spacious and elegant edifice which it has erected. This structure occupies three-fourths of an acre, and is nearly triangular, extending 198 ft. on 4th Avenue, 202 ft. on 8th St., 96 ft. on 3d Avenue, and 232 ft. on 9th St., with a court within. It cost nearly $300,000, and contains the oflfices of numerous religious and denominar tional societies. Its manufactory of Bibles and Testaments, when in full operation, employs 600 persons. A City Bible Society was formed several years before the one above noticed ; and numerous kindred associations have been formed at different periods. 1 Of this class are Masonic, Odd Fellows, and other secret so- cieties who possess funds for the relief of the sick, the support of widows and orphans, and the burial of the dead. Others, limited to particular occupations, have been chiefly as follows — some of these have been discontinued: — The Marin-e Society of New York was created by patent April 12, 1770. It has for its principal object to collect moneys, by admission fees and yearly dues of members, for the relief of the widows and orphans of seamen. Up to 1826 it had distributed $88,100 for these objects. Its meetings are held at the United States Hotel, corner of Pearl and Fulton Sts. ; and its chief im- portance now ai-ises from the circumstance that its president is one of the trustees of the Sailors' Snug Harbor, on Staten Island. The importance of that noble trust will serve to perpetuate this society. The New York Nautical Society was established in 1820 for charitable purposes and the promotion of useful improvements. Its members were those who had been shipmasters or com- manders of vessels. The New York Waterman's Society was formed in 1825, for be- nevolent purposes and the promotion of useful improvements in navigation. It issupposed to have been discontinued. The Pilot's Charitable &)ciety was formed in 1817, for benevo lent and charitable purposes. The Humane Society was formed in 1788. Th£ Association for the Relief of DisaUed Firem en is a charity devoted to the objects expressed in its title. General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen was incorn. March 14, 1792. ^ The Mutual Benefit Society and the Mutual Aid Society of the City of New York are now extinct. The House Carpenters' Society ; the Neiu York Society of Journeymen Shipwrights ; the Provident Society ; and the Benevolent Society are charitable societies, from which we have no returns. Manhattan Provident Society of the City of New York was formed Nov. 17,1708. Friendly Society of the Town of Harlem wus formed Peb. 10, 1809. Neiv York Masons' Society was formed Feb. 20, 1807. Saint David*s Benevolent Society (Welsh) was formed in 1800, It was soon discontinued. Albion Benevolent Society was formed about 1800. It ^ was soon discontinued. Ancient Briton's Benefit Society was formed about 1805, from the two latter, and incorp. Feb. 27, 1807. It continued until 1835, when the Saint David's Benefit 2 1790 33,131 1800 60,489 1810 9fi.373 1814 95,519 1820 123,706 1.S25 166,086 1830 197,112 1835 268,089 1840 ,.. 312.710 1845 371,223 1850 515,047 1855 029,810 2 There are now 5 incorporated and 49 free banks in New York City, which together presented the following total aggre- gate of resources in their quarterly returns of March 12, 1859 :— Capital $68. Notes in circulation 7. Profits _ Due banks 27. Due individuals and corp. other than banks... Due Treasurer of State of New York Due depositors on demand 80 Other sums due ....,, Total liabilities ]91. Loans and discounts 123, Over-drafts Due from hanks 6. Due from directors 4 Due from brokers 3' Real estate ' *_"' 5' Specie 25, Cash items * 27! Stocks and promissory notes 12^ Bonds and mortgages Bills of sulvent banks ' 1. Loss and expense account Totfll resources 19] ,324,657 ,845,947 640,888 ,251,889 531,061 119,822 ,679,650 471,666 865,843 ,983,075 59,467 ,357,188 ,119,438 ,281,632 ,967,164 ,068,132 ,481,781 ,020.306 523,869 .023,402 372,920 865.043 There are 16 savings banks in the city, with an aggregate amount of §36,^04,419 on deposit, and with $38,757,860 in resources. — Report of Supt. Bank Department 1859: Asseni, Doc, No. 87. The fii-st movement toward a savings banli was made Nov, 20, 1816, when at a public meeting:; the plan was discussed and approved. The first deposit^ were made July 3, 1819. and witbin six months Sl5o.3TS.31 bad been deposited by 1,527 per- sons, and of this .sum S6,606 had been withdrawn. Up to 1857, ls;47,530,067.61 had been deposited in these institutions. They owe their origin to the Society for theiPrevention of Pauperism. — Common Council Manual, 1858, p. 624. TIiA Clearing House Association was formed Oct. 1, 1853, for the purpose of facilitating the settlements of banks with each other. Its office is on Arall, corner of William St. The ar- rangements are so perfected that the entire daily settlements of all the banks in their immense transactions with each other are made in six minutes. The whole amount of bank funds which passed through this institution up to Aug. 31, 1858, was S30, 675,933,556.56 ; and during that period, so perfect has been the system of balances, that the error of one cent has never been made. Fire Insurance Companies, to the number of 75, with an ag- gregate capital of $17,654,000, are located in the city. Besides these, a large number of agencies for companies in other States and in foreign countries are established in the city. The amount of capital invested in marine, life, and other insurance companie.g is not known, as no general reports are published. A list of tliese companies is elsewhere given. There are also several trust companies, with large capital, and a very great number of companies, iissociations, aud individuals engaged in the business of banking and exchange, of which no statistics are attainable. The Chamber nf Commerce was instituted in 1768, and incorp. by patent March 13, 1770. It probably owes its origin to the necessity felt toward the close of the colonial period, of con- certed action to protect the interests of tiade against the usur- pations of the British Government. Its rights were confirmed April 13, 1784, aud it has since continued in operation without material interruption. Its objects are to adjust disputes and establish equitable rules concerning trade, and to operate upon public sentiment in the procuring of such acts and regulations as the commercial interests require. Within a short time it has commenced the formation of a library of statistical and commercial works, and opened rooms auflaciently ample and convenient for the wants of the association. Its first report , was published in 1859. 1 The Custom Hou^e, located on Wall St., on the site of the old Federal Hall, is a mai'ble structure, in the Greek order of archi- tectui'e, with a Doric portico at each end. It has a marble roof, and is fireproof throughout. It was commenced in May, 1834, ai^d finished in May, 1S41, at a cost of S950,000. The Merchants' Exchange, on Wall St., built of Quincy granite, is 171 by 144 ft., and 77 feet high. A portico in front is sup- ported by 18 Ionic columns, 38 feet high, each formed of a single stone weighing 45 tons. The rotunda is 80 ft. in diameter aud 80 ft. high. The building is owned by an incorporated company, and cost over S1,000,000. The Ody Hall, on the Park, is 216 by 105 ft., with two stories and a high basement. It is built in the Italian style, and is faced with marble except on the north side. It was begun Sept. NEW YORK COUNTY. 533 The Commercial Buildings and Private Residences of New York are many of them on a scale of great magnificence. The first of these are built of marble or a beautiful kind of brownstone ; and in the upper part of the city are numerous streets which for miles present un- broken lines of palatial residences. Within the past few years a great improvement has taken place m the character of the commercial buildings erected, and many of them now in size and ele- gance have no superiors in the world.^ The Bay of New York was first discovered by Henry Hudson, then in the employ of the Dutch East India Co., Sept. 12, 1609. A settlement was made upon Manhattan Island by a company of Dutch traders, under the auspices of the West India Co., in 1612 ; but no permanent agricultural occupation began until 1623. During this year 30 families of Walloons from the Flemish frontiers, and a number of domestic animals, were sent over to form the nucleus for the permanent occupa- tion of the country. Sarah Rapelje, a child of one of these famihes, born soon after their arrival, was the first white child born in New York. In 1626, Peter Minuet, the first Dutch Governor of the colony, purchased Manhattan Island of the natives for $24, and during the same year he caused a fort surrounded by cedar palisades to be erected. A new fort was begun in 1633 and was finished 2 years after.^ The Colony of New Netherlands increased slowly ; but in 1652 a feud arose between the company and settlers, which continued during the entire period of the Dutch occupation. The interest of the company was solely to make money by their operations ; and they pursued their object by the ex- 26, 1803, aud finished in 1312, at a cost of over half a million of dollars. The upper story and cupola were burned Aug. 17, 185S, and have not been rebuilt. It is occupied by the Common Council, County Clerk, and various city and county offices. The first City Hall, built in 1698, stood on the present site of the Cuatom House, at the head of Broad St. The Hall of Records, on the Park, is chiefly interesting from its historical associations. It was formerly the debtors' prison, and in the Kevolntion it was the prison into which American priaonei'S were crowded, and from which great numbers were taken to execution. In 1832 it was a cholera hospital. Tlie pillars upon the ends are of modern origin. The JRotunda, on the Park, was built by John Vanderlyn in 1818, for the exhibition of panoramic views, and is now an office of the Almshouse. It reverted to the city at the expiration of a ten years' lease. The Halls of Justice, or " The Tombs," on Center St., is a struc- ture built of Maine granite, in the Egyptian style of architecture. It is ahollowsquare,25^by 200 ft, withalarge central building. It was erected in 1838. Executions take place in the open courts within its wnlls. The New Armory, or Down-Town Arsenal, corner of White aud Elm Sts., is 131 by 84 ft. and 2 stories high. It is built of blue stone, and is supplied with narrow windows for easy defi?nse against mobs. It is used as a receptacle for a part of the urtillery of the 1st Division N. Y. State Militia, and as a drill room. An arsenal was built by the State a few years since, on ground now within the Central Park, and which has recently been sold to the Commissioners of the Park for 275,000. It was constructed veiy poorly, and was hardly finished before it began to tumble down. Froni a pai't of the proceeds of this property a new ai-senal was built, in 1858, corner of 7th Avenue and 35th St. ; but, before it was finished, the roof, constructed on a novel plan, fell in by its own weight on the morning of Nov. 19, l^oS. The Post Office occupies the old stone 'edifice of the Middle Dutch Church, on Nassau, Pine, and Liberty Sts. It is small aud inconvenient, and poorly adapted for the purposes of a post office. In the Revolution the pews of the church were broken up for fuel, and the building was used as a prison, and at one time as a riding school. The project of a building for a post office on or near the Park has been agitated ; but there is at present no arrangement tending to that result. The Assay Office occupies an unassummg marble building adjacent to the Custom House, formerly one of the branches of the United States Bank. Its operations are elsewhere noticed. See p. . 1 Under the first race of colonists the style of architecture was an exact copy of that prevailing in Holland ; and for many years New York was noted for buildings with peaked gables. tUed roofs, and hiirh, wooden stoops. After the English con- quest, a greater variety in style was introduced. Of late years the march of improvement has completely obliterated the old style of houses, and scarcely a vestige of the olden tmie re- mains. One of the most interesting relics of the infancy ot New York now remaining is a venerable pear tree at the corner of 13th St. and 3d Avenue, formerly on the farm of {governor Peter Stuyvesant. It is widely known as " The Stuyvesant ^'The^first fort was built in the rear of Trinity Church, near the river, and portions were found in 1751 by some wodtmen in digging through a bank. The next fort stood on what is now the Bowling Green, then a high mound of ea.th overlook- ing the bay and adjacent country. A threatened invasion by thi forces of CromweU, in 1653, led to the construction of an embankment aud ditch across the then n. line of the city. This fortification extended along the present line of Wall St.; and from it that street derives its name. In 1692 a war with France occasioned a further attention to the defenses of the city, and led to the erection of a battery on the rocky point at the s. end of the island. A stone fort, with 4 bastions, afterward built at the same place, included most of the Government offices, and bore the name of the reigning sovereign for the time being. It remained until finally taken down in L788. In the summer of 1776, while an attack was expected fi'om the British army, the city was strongly fortified. Ou the s. point was the Grand Battery, of 23 guns, with Tort George Battery, of 2 guns, just above it and near the Bowlinp; Green. McDougall's Battery, of 4 guns was built on a little hill near the North River, a little w. of Trinity Church. The Grenadiers or Circular Batteiy, of 5 guns, was above, and the Jersey Battery, of 5 guns, on the left of the latter. On the e. of the town were Coenties Battery, of 5 guns on Ten Eyck's wharf; Waterbury's Battery, of 7 guns, at the shipyards; Badlam's Battery, of 8 guns, on Butgers Hill, near the Jews' burial ground; Thompson's Battery, of 9 gnus, at Hoornera Hook, and the Independence Battery, on Bayards Mount, corner of Grand and Center Streets. Breastworks were erected in several places in the city, and fortifications were erected on Governors Island, Paulus Hook, (Jersey City,) Brooklyn Heights, aud Red Hook. During the War of 1812-15 great apprehension prevailed at several times, and during the first year bodies of militia were stationed in New Utrecht and on Stateu Island to irpel any attempt ou the part of the enemy to land. Subsequently, fortifications were begun at Harlem, and in Brooklyn voluotefr companies were formed, and the citizens generally became familiar with the discipline of the camp and the duties of the soldier. In Aug. 1814, for the pur- pose of constructing a line of fortifications to prevent the ex- pected approach of the enemy, it was arranged that 3 military companies of Brooklyn should turn out to work on Monday, 3 military companies aud 1 fire company on Tuesday, the people of Bushwick on Wednesday, of Flatbush on Thursday, of Flat- lands on Friday, of Gravesend on Sutitrday, of New Utrecht on Mimdnji, and the Mechanics' t^ociety of Brooklyn, the mili- tary exenipts, and 2 fire companies, on Tuesday. The patriotic diggers crossed the ferries every morning with banners aud music, and large parties worked in the night by moonlight. The citizens of New York were not behind their neighbors in patriotism, aud numerous volunteer associations pressed their servicra upon theCommittee of Defense, without regard to party or station in life, and the rich and the poor wrought together with the most patriotic emulation. Many gave money freely to the work, and these zealous labors continued so long as there appeared reason to anticipate danger. During the same month the General Government made a requisition for 20,000 militia from New York and New Jersey to repel an attack which was reported to be in preparation. The funds to meet the expenses were raised by the city, but were repaid by the General Government the next year. Four liundred heavy * cannon were mounted on the various forts, and large quantities of ammunition weio collected. The fleet in charge of Commo- dore Decatur was also prepared for the emergency; and it is probable that these prompt preparations saved the city from an attack. Toward winter the hostile fleet bore oil to the south, and the enemy closed their operations before New Orleans. On " Evacuation Day" in 1814 the Governor ^reviewed 25,000 troops in New York, — a larger number than ever before or since mustered in one body in America. 534 NEW YORK COUNTY. ercise of an arbitrary power and without any regard to the prosperity of the settlers. This con- troversy tended greatly to develop democratic sentiments in the hearts of the people, and prepared them for the events which subsequently happened. In 1664 the colony fell into the hands of the English, and a new immigration took place, which materially changed the character of the popula- tion. A city charter, granted in 1652 and confirmed in 1686, secured many of the privileges since uninterruptedly enjoyed by the people, and formed the basis of all subsequent enactments. From the Eno-lish conquest to the Revolution the history of the city is merged in that of the State and has no features of special interest. Trade and commerce have been from the first the leading elements of the industry and wealth of the city, and in colonial times every measure of Government tending to embarrass trade occa- sioned great uneasiness. This city was among the first to feel the effects of the arbitrary measures of Great Britain, and was among the earliest to resist their tendencies.^ The aristocratic element was probably stronger in this city than in any other part of America ; and this was arrayed in favor of the British measures and against the *' Sons of Liberty." Many prominent citizens, who had warmly sympathized with the popular movement in the hope of gaining redress of grievances by petition, at length yielded their opposition when there appeared no alter- native but war, and continued active or quiet friends of the Royal Government while it lasted. Several members of the first provincial and continental Congress afterward became friends of the king. The British forces took possession of the city immediately after the battle upon Long Island, Aug. 26, 1776, and remained until Nov. 25, 1783. The anniversary of this last event, known as ''Evacuation Day," is still held in grateful remembrance, and is usually celebrated by military parade or other ceremonies. In 1785 the first Congress of the United States after the war met in this city and held its ses- sions' in the City Hall, corner of Wall and Nassau Streets. In the gallery of this building, facing Broad St., Gen. Washington was inaugurated first President, April 30, 1789. The New York Legislature returned to this city in 1784 and continued its sessions with intervals until finally re- moved to Albany with the State officers in 1797. The Port of New York was made a port of entry soon after the peace. Its revenues were collected under the State Government till 1789, but have since formed a most important source of income to the Federal Government. The receipts from customs at this port considerably exceed those of all the other commercial cities of the Union together, and defray nearly one-half the expenses of the General Government. In the midst of its general prosperity the city has had seasons of adversity.^ At different times destructive fires have 1 The principal events which occurred in the city during the troubles which led to the Revolution arebi-iefly as fuUows: — 1765, " Sons of Liberty" were organized to oppose the Stamp Act. 1765, Oct. 31. — A committee of correspondence with other colo- nies was appointed. 1765, Nov. 1. — The Stamp Act took effect, and popular excite- ment became extreme. The Lieut. Governor was burned in effigy before the fort. 1765, Dec. 26. — The ship Minerva Jwas boarded by the Sons of Liberty in search of stamp paper. The paper was traced to a brig soon after, and ten packages were seized and burned. 1766, June 29. — The Assembly petitioned for a bronze statue of 1766, Oct. 18-22.— The liberty pole on the Common (Park) was repeatedly destroyed, and there was imminent danger of a collision between the populace and the troops. 1770, Jan. 13. — New attempts were made to destroy the liberty pole, and the soldiers became riotous. " Jan. 17. — At a meeting of 3,000 citizens, resolutions were passed not to submit to the acts of oppression. " Jan. 18. — A collision took place between the soldiers and citizens at Golden Hill. ' Jan. 30. — The Corporation forbade the erection of a new liberty pole, and the people soon after planted one on their own land, inscribed "Liberty and Property." " March 29.— Another attack was made upon the pole, which excited great indignation, and led to its being nightly ujuarded, until ' May 3.— A committee of 100 was formed to resist the importation of goods under the ohnoxious laws; but they receded from their purpose .July 9, and agreed to import everything but tea. " Aug. 21.— A leaden equestrian statue of George III. was erected in Bowline; Green. This statue was thrown down by the populace on the receipt of the Declaration of Independence, July 10. 1776. It was subsequently melted up into bullets in the family of Gov. Wolcott, of Connecticut. It is said that 42.000 bullets were made from the metal, and these did service against 400 British soldiers afterward sent into Conn, by Gov. Tryon. 1770, Sept. 7.— A marble stiitue of Pitt was placed in Wall Street, in gratitude for his services in the re- peal of the Stamp Act. In consequence of the course of Pitt after he became Lord Chatham, this statue was mutilated by a mob May 21, 1772, and, having become an unsightly, head- less trunk, it was removed under an act of March 7, 1788. It is now preserved in the Fifth Ward Hotel, West Broadway. 1773, Nov. 5. — The Committee of Vigilance denounced the im- portation of tea and agreed to resist its landing. 1774, April 21. — A vessel laden with tea arrived at Sandy Hook, but was not permitted to land ; and in a few days it was sent back to London. About the same time, 18 chests of tea privately brought into port were destroyed. " May 19. — A great meeting was held in the " Fields," at which stormy revolutionary resolutions were passed. A committee of 51 were appointed; but the next day a majority of them receded from their position, and the Whigs requested their names to be struck off. 1775, April 3.— The Colonial General Assembly finally ad- journed. " July 25.— Delegates were elected to the Continental Con- gress. " Aug. 23. — Capt. Lamb was ordered by Provincial Congress to remove the cannon from the battery in the city for the forts in the Highlands. Resist- ance was offered from the Asia man-of-war, stationed off the battery; but 20 pieces— all that were mou nted — were safely carried away. 2 Two dreadful fires occurred while the city was in possession of tbe enemy. On the 21st of Sept. 177G, a fire spread from Whitehall Slip w. of Broadway, s. of Barclay Street, burning 492 houses, or one-eighth of the entire city. Another broke out on Cruger's Wharf, Aug. 7, 1778, which burned 300 housen in Great and Little Dock and the adjacent streets. Commissioners NEW YORK COUNTY. 535 occurred, which have for a time seriously retarded business. Full statistics of the commerce of the city are given in the article, Commerce, page . were appointed May 4, 1784, to settle claims to the soil and lay out streets in these burned districts. Destructive fires have since occurred, as follows : — 1811, May 19.— Upon Chatham Street 80 to 100 buildino-s were burned. " 1828, $690,000 worth of property was burned. 1835, Dec. 16. — A fire broke out in the lower part of the city, which was not arrested until 40 acres, mostly covered by large stores, were burned over, and S18,000,000 worth of property was de- stroyed. It was the most disastrous fire that ever occurred in the city. 1845, July 19.— A fire broke out near Wall Street, and extended to Stone Street, ravaging the entire district between Broadway and the e. side of Broad Street. Five to eight million dollars' worth of property was destroyed . 1858, Oct. 5.— The Crystal Palace was burned. Theaters in New York have been burned as follows :— Park, 1820, 1848 ; Bowery, 1828, 1836, 1838, 1845 ; Mount Pitt Circus, 1828 ; La Fayette, 1829 ; National, 1839, 1841 ; Niblo's, 1846 ; and Franklm, 1849. 536 NEW YORK COUNTY. The following Papers are now published in the City. Original Publishers. Alligator American Agriculturist ." American Baptist & Home Missionary Kecord.. American Craftsman American Druggists' Circular American Farmers' Magazine ; American Foreign & Christian Union American Free Mason American Home Missionary Journal American Homeopathic Review American Journal of Education & College Ee- Tiew American Medical Gazette American Medical Monthly Stephen H. Branch.. A. B. & R. L. Allen.. C. C. P.Crosby G. F. Tisdall II. Bridgeman. J. A. Nash. Edward Vernon J. F. Brennan. 1S58 1842 1835 , Orange Judd, present publisher. Henry M. Smith . 1S29 Amercantile News & Manufacturers' Reporter. American Merchant American Mining Chronicle American Missionary American National Preacher American Phrenological Journal American Publishers' Circular American Kail Road Guide American Rail Road Journal American Railway ReTiew.. Absalom Peters & S. S. Randall C.Meredith Reese, ed.; A. J.DLX,pub. E. H. Parker, ed.; E. P. Allen, pub- mo. mo. mo. mo. American Temperance Union & New York) Prohibitionist j American Turf Register Americanischer Agriculturist Americanischer Botschafter Appleton's Railway & Steam Navigation Guide- Architectural Advertiser & Builders' Register... Argua & United States Militai-y& Naval Chron- icle Atlantische Blatter Bankers' Magazine & Statistical Register Bank Note List Bank Note List & Reporter Bank Note Register & Detector of Counterfeits.. Bible Advocate Bible Society Record Bible Union Quarterly ■) Bible Union Reporter J Billiard Cue Booksellers' Medium & Publishers' Advertiser. Boys' & Girls' Own Magazine Brother Jonathan Carrington's Commissionaire Chess Monthly Christian Ambassador Christian Advocate & Journal & Zion's Herald. Christian Inquirer , Christian Intelligencer Church Journal Churchman's Monthly Magazine Coach Makers' Monthly Corn Exchange Reporter Corner Stone []][ Cosmopolitan Art Journal Courrier des l^tats Unis **] Y Cymbro Americauidd Democratic Age [\[] Democratic Review & United States Magazine.! Dental Monitor Dinsmore's Railway Guide ."" Disturnell's Rail Road Guide .........."! Dollar Weekly Express ■\y. GutmanA Co Bryant & Stratton W. B. Monck & Co George Whipple Wm. H. Bidwell, ed Fowler & Wells Charles R. Bode Dinsmore & Co D. K. Minor & G. C. Shaffer- Alexander Mann, ed Rev. Dr. Marsh.. W.T.Porter Orange Judd American Tract Society. . D. Appleton & Co W. H. Randall & Co. 1858 1858 E. H. Parker & S. H. Douglas, present publishers. « 1846 1826 1839 J. Crawley T. Ranchfurt. J. Smith Homans, jr., ed L. S. LauTence & Co A. Nichols & Co Gwyne & Day American & Foreign Bible Society ... American Bible Society American Bible Union Pub. O'Conner & CoUender. 0. A. Roorback William L. Jones Wilson & Co '" J. S. Penn, ed. ; J.W. Carrington, pub, P. MUIer & Sons. Hallock & Lyon Wangh & Mason Unitarian Association Charles Yan Wyck Rev. John Henry Hopkins, jr Rev. B. T. Onderdonk E. M. Stratton. William H. Trafton Dr. S. Jacobs. Quarterly Association Charles Lasalle John M.Welch [,,[ C. Edwards Lester, ed w. Now published by Schultz & Co. ; H. V. Poor, ed. American Railway Bureau, pub. r Begun at Philadelphia as Journal of the American Temperance 1837 ■{ Union ; united with Prohibition- ist, at Albany, in 1851, and re- moved to New York, mo. John Richards, pi'esent pub. mo. mo. mo. mo. 1853 nio. Com. in Baltimore in 1846. Eclectic Magazine of Foreign Literature.. Educational Herald. Engineer Examiner Excelsior ''"' Familienblatter Fleur de Lis !!..!!............ Foreign Missionary ."." Frank Leslie's Budget of Fun Frank Leslie's Illustrated ..,. Frank Leslie's lUuetrated Zeitung Frank Leslie's New Family Magazine German Bank Note Reporter Golden Prize Good News G. Ambler Dinsmore & Co.. J. Disturnell J. & E.Brooks.. 1858 1859 1840 1855 1848 1830 1847 1830 1853 1856 1828 1855 1858 1838 1857 1850 mo. mo. mo. mo. Benj. H. Day, present publisher. Heniy Lyon, present publisher. Carlton & Porter, present publishers. E. P. Allen, present publisher. J. H. Ayremand & W. H. Bidwell.... Smith, Woodman & Co John Hillyer Edward Bright " Albert Palmer "..... Dilthey & Gambs H. H. Lloyd & Co. Board of Missions of Presb. Church. Frank Leslie Frank Leslie Frank Leslie Frank Leslie. Frederick Gerhard Merrick B. Dean Carlton & Porter 1844 1857 d. & w. Cambro-American, Eng. & Welsh. mo. mo. Conrad Swackhamer, pres. pub, mo. mo. mo. A s. w. edition was some time issued, as the New York Express and Ad- vertiser. mo. W.H. Bidwell, present pub. mo. mo. Childs* Paper, Meth. Bpis. NEW YORK COUNTY. List of Papers now published, continued. 437 Great Republic Hall's Journal of Health Haudel's Zeitung Harper's New Monthly Magazine .".... Harpei-'s ^Veekly Journal of Civilization" Herald of Light Historical Magazine & Notes and Queries!'. Home Home & Foreign Record of Presbyterian Church Home Journal Home ^lagazine Home Missionary Homo Mission Kecord , Homeopathic Review , Horticulturist , Humorist. Humphrey's Journal of the Daguerreotype A Photographic Arts , Hunfs Merchants' Magazine Insurance Monitor & Commercial Reporter Irish American Irish News Irish Vindicator , Jewish Messenger Journal of the American Geographical & Sta tistical Society Journal of Commerce, Jr.... Journal of Finance & Bank Reporter Journal of Industiy & Monthly Price Current of Labor Journal of Medical Reform Journal of Medicine & Collateral Science Journal of Missions & Youth's Day Spring.. Journal of Specific Homeopathy Knickerbocker, or New York Monthly Magazine La CroDica Ladies' Newspaper Ladies' Repository Ladies' Visitor Ladies' Wi-eath Leader Le Bon Ton L'Echo Fran9ai8 L'Eco d'ltalia, Life Boat Life Illustrated Little Guide Little's Living Age Livingston's Monthly Law Magazine.... Lutheri.scber Herold Masonic Messenger Merchants' & Manufacturers' Journal.. Mercury Merry's Museum & School Fellow.. Methodist Quarterly Review Metropolitan Record Military Gazette Mining and Statistical Magazine... Missionary Advocate Missionary Herald Mother's Magazine & Family Monitor Monthly Record of the Five Point House of Industry Morning Courier & New York Enquirer Musical Pioneer Musical Review & Record of Musical t^ticnce. Literature, and Intelligence Musical World & New York Musical Times National Anti Slavery Sta,ndard National Ilumoriat National Magazine National Police Gazette New Jerusalem Messenger New Yorker New Yorker Beobachter New Yorker Criminal Zeitung.. Original Publishers. Oaksmith & Co.. W. W. Hall "W. Meyer , Harper & Brothers Hai-per & Brothers New Church Publication Society. C. Benj. Richardson Beadle & Adams, George P. Morris & N. P. Willis James G. Reed American Home Mission Society American Baptist Home Miss. Soc. A. D. Downing, ed. ; L. Tucker, pub. Max Conheim & Otto Brethauer. 1S59 1854 MemarJ^s. 1850 1857 1846 1854 1849 S. D. Humphrey Francis Hunt T. Jones, Jr Lynch & Cole Tho- Fr. Mea2;ber E. D. Connerj^ & Co Rev. S. M. Isaacs & Son.. 1839 1853 1849 1S64 John T. Schultz & Co Hallock, Ilale & Hallock.. S. T. Hoge Association J. D. Friend Purple & Smith, eds. ; H. Billiere. A. Mervin Humphrey & Palmer Peabody & Co M. DeLaPena John Hillyer. Carlton & Porter Laura J, Curtis John F. ScoviUe John Clancy S. T. Taylor Alex, Trey Q. F. Secchi de Cassali American Seaman's Friend Society.. Fowler & Wells 11. H. Lloyd & Co. Stanford & Delisser. John L. Livingston Henry Lndwig M. J. Drummond Thos. K. Kettle, ed. ; A. Palmer, prop, Krauth & Caldwell S. G. Goodrich W. C. Con ant. J. McClintock E. Duunigan & Bro... C. G. Stone Geo. M. Nevrton J. P. Durbin Presb. Board Miss.; A. Merwin, ed., Rev. S. Whittlesey L. M. Pease. James Watson Webb.. J. P. Woodbury.. Mason Brothers Richard Storrs Willis American Anti Slavery Suciety.., Stearns & Co Abel Stevens, ed Robert A. Seymour John L. Jewett Cornelius Mathews.. P. Schuedler , Rudolph Lerow. 1854 1858 1855 1854 Changed from Emerson's Putnam's Magazine, mo. d. & w. mo. mo. Begun at Boston; New York. mo. mo, mo. mo. Begvn at Albany. Removed to Roch- ester; P. Barry ed. Removed to Philadelphia in 1855; J.J.Smith, ed.; R. P. Smith, publisher. Re- moved to New York in 1858 ; A, 0. Moore, present publisher. mo. G. W. &. A. G. Wood, present pubs. mo. w. J. R, Taylor, present publisher. d. Issued from the oflBce of The New York Journal of Commei'ce. mo. mo. mo. John A, Gray, present publisher L.G.Clarke, ed. s. w. mo. mo. mo. w. mo. magazine. s. w. d. mo. 1853 1856 s. mo. mo. 1852 mo, 1839|C;tldwell, Southworth & Wliitney, present publishers. 1841 J, N. Steai'ns & Co., present pubs. 1828 1859 1845 1843 1833 1828 1855 1858 1849 1840 1856 1852 1845 1«55 Carlton & Porter, present publishers. w. mo. Removed from Albany. Changed from Mining Magazine ; Thos. McBlrath, present ed. Carlton & Porter, present publishers. H. H. Lloyd, present publisher. The w. ed. formerly Weekly Cou- rier & New York Enquirer. F. J. Huntington, present publisher. w, mo. mo. Carlton & Porter, pivsrut pub.s. . Geo. W. Matsell & Co., present publishers. 538 NEW YORK COUNTY. List of Papers now published, continued. New Yorker Demokrat.. New Yorker Humorist... New York Daily News- New York Day Book New York Dispatch New York Clipper New York Colonization Journal .... New York Commercial Advertiser.. New York Commercial Times.. New York Evangelist F. Schuedler Cohnheim & Brsthauer /Gideon J. Tucker, ed.; Mclntyrel \ & Parsons, pubs J R. W. Stimson A. J. Williams Frank Queen J, B. Pinney Francis Hall & Co Adams, Upham & Co... Field & Craighead New York Evening Post... New York Express Wm. Coleman Townsend & Brooks.. New York Family Com-ier.. New York Freeman's Journal.. New York Heruld Jas. Watson Webb.. New York Ledger New York Observer New York Muaicipal Gazette.. New York Spectator J. A. McMasters James Gordon Bennett.. D. Anson Pratt Sydney E. Morse & Co.. B. Merrian, ed Noah Webster New York Times.. New York Tribune.. New York Weekly New York Weekly Chronicle.. Nik Nax North American Homeopathic Journal Our Musical Friend Parish Visitor , PathKnder Periodical Paper of the Am. &. For. Bible Soc. Photographic & Fine Art Journal Picayune Polylingual Journal v Porter's Spirit of the Times Principle Programme Protestant Churchman Protestant Episcopal Quarterly Kevlew. Racing Calendar & Trotting Record Radical Abolitionist Rail Road & Financial Advertisei- Real Estate Advertiser & Reporter Republican Sabbath Recorder Sabbath School Visitor Sailor's Magazine Scalpel School & Home Journel Scientific American Scottish American Journal Scott's Report of Fashions , Seventh Day Baptist Memorial. Shipping & Commercial List & N. Y. Price Cur- rent Shoe & Leather Reporter Shoemaker Sociale Republic Sower & Missionary Recorder Spectator Spirit of Missions Spirit of the Times Spiritual Telegraph Staats-Zeitung Standard Bearer Student & School Mate ... Sunday Advocate Sunday School Advocate . Sunday School Times Swedenhorgian Tablet Original PuUisher. 1846 1843 1832 1826 1858 1830 1802 1836 Henry J. Raymond... Greeley & McElrath ., A. J. Williamson. Holman & Gray... Leison & Haney... Wm. Radde H. Dyer; Rev. C. W. Adams, pub- John F. Whitney , Henry H. Snelling. Gunn k Co. Hiram C. Sparks. Wm.T. Porter John B. Conklin C. M. McLacblin & Co H. Anthon, S. H. Tyng, & E. H. Canfield Geo. W. Wilkes &. Co. Wra. Goodell John llillyer J. W. Wheeler John Hillyer. W. B. Maxon . H. G. Lawi'ence... Marciug Willson.. Mann & Co Jas. W. Finlay ... G.C.Scott W. B. Maxon. Autrus & Bourne.. D.J. Field D. J. Field & Co.... Gustave Struve Orville A. Rooi'back .., Daniel Dana, Jr John Richards C. Patridge Anna Uhl. N. A. Calkins. James L. Smith Carlton & Porter Geo. S. Scofield Rev. Eenj. F. Barrett. D. & J. Sadlier & Co.... 1853 1835 1847 1848 1848 1797 1851 1841 1850 1857 1855 1858 1852 1847 1845 1845 1850 1832 1848 1845 1825 Remarlcs. d. & w. w. W. D. Parsons, present pub. Weekly ed. issued as the New York Na- tional Democrat. d. & w. Vanevrie, Horton k Co. pubs. d. semi. w. issued a* New York Spectator. Issued part of the time as the New York Evangelist and New York Presbyterian, d., s. w- & w. Wm. C. Bryant k Co., present publishers- d. & s. w. James & Erastus Brooks, present publishers. The Dollar Weekly Express issued from the same ofBce. d., s. w., & w. Changed from the Weekly Courier k Enquirer. R. C.) L, s, w., & w. The daily begun in 1837. Robert Bonner present publisher., Published occasionally. w. Begun as The Herald. Name changed the same year. Now pub- lished by Francis Hall k Co. d., s. w., & w. ; also California and European editions. Raymond, Wesley k Co., present publishers. d., s. w., & w. ; also California and European editions. H. Greeley & Co., present publishers. Pharcellus, Church k Co., present publishers. w. (Sheet music.) mo. Geo. W. Wilkes & Co., present pubs. mo. d. Seventh Day Bap.Publication Society, Seventh Day Baptist. American Seaman's Friend Society. mo. mo. 1836 1854 mo. Board of Publication Reformed Protestant Dutch Church, mo. Removed from Burlington, N. J. NEW YORK COUNTY. List of Papers now published, continued. 539 The Advocate of Moral Reform & Family Guar- dian The Albion The Atlas The Carrier Dove The Century !'.""!".'..!!! The Children's Magazine The Child's Paper The Churchman The CoT^tellation The Crayon The Homeopathiat , The Independent , The Inventor The Israelite Indeed The New York Jorunal of Commerce The Press , The Printer The Sun Theological & Literarj' Journal Thompson's Bank Note Reporter Tiffany's Monthly Truth Teller United States Economist & Dry Goods Reporter. United States Hotel Directory United States Insurance Gazette United States Journal United States Mining Journal United States Railroad and Mining Register.. Wall Street Broker Water Cure Journal Working Farmer Yankee Notions' Young Christian Young Men's Magazine Youth's Penny Gazette Youth's Temperance Advocate Y Drych a'r Gwyliedydd YTraethodydd Original publish^. J. R, McDowell W.Young &Co Herrick & Seaman., Daniel Dana, Jr Thos. McElrath F. D. Haniman John Hecker Park Benjamin, ed W. J. Stillman & J. Durand, B.W.Benedict Low, Hascall & Co., G. R. Lederer Association Daniel Adee. Henry & Huntington.. Moses Y. Beach Daniel N. Lord, ed J. F. Thompson Joel Tiffany. Wm. Durman Joseph Mackey Ropes, Williams & Co.. G. E. Currie Albert Palmer 1835 1822 1839 1858 1852 1831 1859 1855 John Hillyer Geo. M. Newton. John S. Dye Fowler & Wells Fred. McCready J. W. Strong Thos. Lyon N. A. Calkins. Rich. McCormick, ed.. Geo. S. Scofield. , John Marsh Wm. Roberts. 1857 1857 1827 1858 1833 1848 1840 1830 1858 1851 1843 Formerly McDowell's Journal. Devoted to British News. P. B. S. S. Union. American Tract Society. Geo. Roberts, publisher. W. Hollings worth, publisher, s. mo. Joseph H. Richards, present pub. d., s. w., & w. Hallock, Hale & Hal- lock, present publishers. d. & w. M. S. Beach, present pub. Franklin Knight, present publisher, w. P. Adams, publisher. w. Michael Madder, present pub. s.'w. mo. J. M. Emerson & Co, present publishers. mo. mo. 1852 1855 ] 1857 1851 i 1840 1854 w. (Mirror & Watchman.) mo. s. mo. List of Papers discontinued since the Revolution. Since the Revolution, the following papers have appeared and been discontinued. The list is very imperfect ; as, among the constant changes that are going on, it is impossible to ascertain precise data. It is possible that a few in this list may be still issued, and very probable that others may continue to exist under a dififerent name : Names of Papers. Abbott's Religious Magazine.mo. Academician, The Account, Weekly Advertiser, Daily Advertiser, New York Daily Advocate & Journal, New York, d. & w. Advocate, New York American, changed from Journal Age, The Age, The Age, The d Age of Reason Agricultor, New York, Alexandrian Alliance, New York Almighty Dollar, The Amaranth, The mo- Amateur, The mo. Ambassador, The mo. American Advocate for Equal Bights to Man w. American Architect American Artisan American Biblical Repoa qr. American Celt John Wiley A. & J. W. Picket, eds Bacon & Stimson... Cbilds & Swaioe.... Dwight, Townsend &Co Redwood & Fisher.. Redwood & Fisher.. Jacob Acker Grattan & Meighan Kendrick & Co Allen & Co.. C. C. Leigh, C. J. Warren & E. Wilkes C. C. Champlin John Henry C. M. Saxton S. Fleet J. H. Agnew McGee & Mitchell. 1834 1818 1848 1785 1830 1830 1833 1831 1844 1856 1846 1852 1835 1852 1851 1848 1832 1842 1844 1847 1847 1843 1855 1820 Names of Papers. American ChronopreBS mo. American Citizen d. American Citizen American Citizen & Watch Tower American Eclectic American Eclectic bi-mo. American Ensign w. American Ensign d. American Family Journal. ...mo. American Farmer & Mechanic... American Flora mo. American Foreign Anti Slavery Reporter mo. American Journal of Education. American Journal of Photo- graphy American Jubilee American Keystone American Laborer rao. American Lancet mo. American Magazine American Mail American Mechanic American Mechanics' Magazine.. American Metropolis American Mineral ogical Journal American Minerva. d. American Missionary Register, mo. American Monthly Magazine.... Alba Honeywell.... James Cheetham... John R.DePuy Absalom Peters & S. B. West... J. H. Agnew Burns & Gammons Association. Burns & Gammons Rev. D. Newell & J. R. Wianer E. B. Carter A. B. Strong, ed Joseph McKean.. C.A.Steele Wm. Goodell Callicot & Webster Greeley* McElrath Samuel Loudon Park Benjamin J. M. Van Osdel 4 S. T. Porter D. K. Minor H. G. Daylcr Archibald Bruce.... Geo. Bruce & Co U. r. M. Soc. Z. Lewis & others... W. Ilallet & A. D. Patterson 1860 1806 1843 1841 1843 1844 1846 1847 1843 1849 1844 1847 1846 1866 1851 1842 1831 1787 1847 1840 1832 1846 1819 1793 1820 1833 e.s 1810 1844 1826 1846 540 NEW YORK COUNTY. Lisf of Papers discontinued since the Revolution, continued. Names op Papers. American 'Monthly Magazine & Critical Keview. American Moral & Sentimental Magazine Ameiican Musical Joiirnal...mo. American Patriot American Patriot American Patriot & Public Ad- vertiser American Penny M;irpchanics' Maga- zine nil). Arcttirus J. H. Bigelow & 0. L. Holley Thomas Kirk.. Jas. Dunn Association .... Samuel 0. Brower. Theod. Dwight.jr. John W. Leonard.. D. K. Minor C. R. Moore, agent, J. J. Mapes, ed W. A. Cox, Me- chanic Institute. C. B. Brown, ed.. Wiley k Putnam.. B. P. Romaine C. R. Golden . S. P. Carey.., Oliver & Bro... E. B. Cliilds,ed... Argus, or Gi-eenleaf'.s New Daily Advertiser .i. Argns & United Statts Gazette.. Aristidean mo. Arthur's Home mo, Artist, The mo, Asmonean Atlantic Magazine mo Atlas, The H. D. Patterson, ed. ii. *&'g. S.Wood!.'.', Henry Dana Ward Am. Anti Sla. Soc. J. M. Adams, ed.... Matthews & Duyc- Iduck Atlas Magazine s. Atom, The Badger's Weekly Messenger.. Banner of the Constitution... Baptist Advocate Baptist Memorial r Baptist Repository.. Barnburner, The Beacon, The Belle Lettre Repositox-y mo. Better Times Bible Examiner s. mo. Biblical Inquirer Biblical Journal Bibliotheca Sacra & Theologicjil Review. l!ishct'',s New Alonthly Magazine Bookseller's Advertiser... Book Trade, The n\'u. Bowery Boy, The British Chronicle ."'" British News& Old Countryin'iiii Broadway Journiil ' Bunker Hill, The '^,'''_ Business Peporter A Merchants and Mechanics' Advertiser Cabinet, The ' J. Creenleaf. ('apt. N. Cook r^ane k Co Di'Witt&Davenport F. Guarre Robert Lyon E. Bliss k E, White J. D. Porter & E. Prescott Swineburne, Ro- gers & Co Robert G. Hatfield. B. Badger, ed Condy Raquet Robert Sears Rev. Enoch Hutch- inson, ed. Jas. Van Yalken- burgh W. J. Tenney 0. Vail A. T. Goodrich &Co. U. Hagedorn George Storrs J.B. Jones Israel Post B. B. EdM'ards & E. A.Park AVest & Trour H. AVilson P.P. Harris P. Brown, ed Vinter AIMoody... John Biscoe........ S. B. Dean & Co.. H. L. Barnum .... Henry P. Piercy . 1817 1797 1835 1841 1843 1806 1845 1851 1833 1845 1840 1840 1801 1845 1841 1834 1851 1851 1848 1851 1S42 184: 1849 1829 1834 1851 1841 1795 1841 1845 1857 1843 1849 1824 1830 1834 1847 1831 1831 1840 EC 1819 1799 1829 1848 1843 1819 1840 1844 1S50 ]S42 184-1 IS-']!* 1834 1850 1856 1842 1849 1845 1844 1834 1 1830 1858 1825 Name.^ of Papers. Calumet bi-mo. Calumet of Peace Campaign, The , Campaign of Freedom Canfleld's American Argus... Catholic Expositor & Literary Magazine Catholic Expositor & Literary Magazine mo. Catholic Magazine Catholic Register Child's Magazine mo. Childrens' Magazine mo. Choral Advocate k Singing Class Journal Christian Diadem mo. Chi-istian Family Magazine, .mo. Christian Journal k Christian Register Christian Magazine mo. Christian Parlor Magazine. ..mo. Christian Inquirer Christian Review guar. Christian Spiritualist Chronicle Ifixprcss Chronicle of the Times Churchmen's IMonthly .Magazine Citizen, The Citizen of the World City Chronicle City Guide City Hall Reporter & Nl-w York General Law Magazine City Journal and Ladies' Daily Gazette City Recorder Cobbett'fi Political Register Code Reporter mo, Colored American Columbian d. A s. w. Columbian for the Country Columbian Ladii^s and (ientle- mens' Magazine Columbian Magazine mo. Comet, The Commercial Advertiser & Spec- tator Commercial Itogister mo. Constellation Publishers. L. D. Dewey . O'Sullivant & Til- deu John Dillon Smith & P. Gallagher., Rev. A Ten Bi-oeck Mason & Law. Z. Patten Hatch . Rev. D. Newell.... T. k J. Swords Hopkina& Seymour Rev. D. Mead B. Bates James Woolsey ii gi E. S. Wiggins.. T. Swoid John McClan.T.han. G. Y.iil John Lomas.. Daniel Constellation Corrector, or Independent Ann ioao mo. Corsair, The.. Cosmopolite a semi-mo. m.ii Cosmoramji Criterion, The Cricket, The Critic, The Cuhan Crystal Fount Cycopedia Inrlianensis Daily Court Calendar Daily Evening State Kegister D.aily Gazette Daily Globe Daily 1'1,'beian !.!!!! Daily StiiN-wman Day's New York Bank Note List Democratic Chronicle d. Democratic Kepublican Dental Recorder Dewitt & Davenport's llonthiy Liti-rary Gazette Diary, or Loudon's Register Dime, The ^ Dispatch & Tattler .'.'.'.'"ci Dollar Weekly Downfall of nabylon .'.'! Dry Goods Reporter & JLr- chanfs* Gazette Dye's Bank Bulletin d. Dye's Rank Mirror s. mo. Sam. E.Cornish, ed Ch.irlesHolt John Juman, ed... Israel Post H. D. Duhccquet. Franklin Woods & Co Green.CIark * B.art- lett John Henry N. P. Willis Prentiss, Clark & Co Burton. Chas. R, Bode Wni. Leggett J. Mesa Burnett & Allen.. Piatt & Peters J. A. ScoviUe . L. D. Shaumm Cbikis k Co .-Vhijah In£rraham. Mahlon Day Wm. D. Halt W. ILagadorn Chas. W. Ballard.. Samuel Loudon Do Land& Clav .Jas.jG. Wilson & Co. Herrick & Roper... John S. Dye John S. Dye 1835 1832 1844 1848 1830 1843 1839 1840 1827 1836 18S0 1848 1843 1S17 1800 lUi 1826 1835 1854 1802 1R2S 1804 1864 1834 1847 1850 1833 I 1842 1816 ] 1816 1848 1837 1810 1819 ] 1844 1846 1834 1824 1811 1855 1830 1 1846 1815 1815 1849 1856 1845 1828 1866 184:; 1843 1845 1866 1843 1845 1842 1848 1819 1834 ] 1831 1865 1851 1791 1854 1840 1843 1835 1845 1855 1795 NEW YORK COUNTY. List of Papers discontinued since the lievohifion, continued. 541 Names op Papers. Dye's WaU St. Broker Echo & Literary Military Clirou- icle " Eclectic Museum Edmund, Cliarles & Co.'s Bank Note List Emancipator Emerald & Political Literary & Commercial Recorder Emigrant, The Emigrant & Old Countryman.... Emigrants' Magazine mo. Emmerson's Putnam's Monthly Empire Magazine mo. Empire State Empire State Democrat Enterpiard, The s. mo. Epicui-ean Gondola Era, The Eureka, or National Journal of Inventions, Patents,& Sciences European, The European, The European American European News Evangelical Guardian & Review Evening City Gazette Evening Gazette Evening Herald d. Evening Mirror d. Evening Signal Evening Star d. & s. Evening Star Evening Tattler Evergreen mo. Evergi-een, The mo. Evergreen, or Monthly Church Offering Every Youth's Gazette Examiner, The rao. Examiner, The Excelsior John S. Dye Crawley, Milne & Co John II. Agnew Joshua Leavit, ed., Hugh H.Byrne.... John S. Bai-tlett... John S. Bartlett... John Wiley PuUishers- M. 11, Andrews.. Hiram Cummings.. G. W. Bleecker Lsaac D. Geiger W. T. Adams &'Co, J. L. Kingslcy & J. P. Pierson John W. Moore 1847 1S40 1843 1840 1834 1824 1832 1836 1834 G.F.SechideCasali Kimher & Fine Asso. of Clergymen Expositor & Banking Circular... Express Messenger Family Companion mo. Family Keepsake mo. Family Magazine mo. Family Minstreh s. mo. Family Record Family Visitor & SilkCulturist.. Farmers' Guide to Science & Practical Agriculture Farmers' Library & Monthly Journal of Agriculture Farmers, Mechanics, Manufac- turers, & Sporting Man's Magazine mo. Fathers' Magazine mo. Female Advocate s. mo. Fireman's Gazette Fisher's National Magazine & Historical Record Flag of the Free Flag of Our Union For. & Domestic Chronicle.. .mo. Forcep, The quar. Forrester's Boy's & Gii-l's Maga- zine FrankLeslie's Gazette of Fashion Frank Leslie's New York Jour- nal mo. Franklin Daily Advertiser Freedom's Journal Free Enquirer Freeman's Journal & Catholic Register Free Press Free State Advocate Gazette of Education & Sunday School Journal s. mo. Gazette Extraordinary .— Gazette of the Union K.G.Evans Kingsley, Barton & Co MoiTis & Willis Jonas Winchester.. Noah & Gill W. Burns Dillon &, Hooper.... J. Wincliester.. J. Winchester B Oardnier, ed J. Stevenson W. H. McDonald & Co A. L. Stimson P. Childs&Co Burdick & Scovill .. Eedfield&Lindsley Chas. Dingley Ridgeway & Co Theodore Dwight & others L. Scott & Co. Geo. Houston John Wiley W. Goodell & S. P. Hines Rohert Sears Rev. Wood Fisher.. Williams Brothers. S. French Tooth Manufac. Co. W. C. Locke .. Frank Leslie.. Frank Leslie... Cornish &Ruswarn Frances Wright & R. D. Owen Jas. M.White.... Wm. Hagadorn.. Jas. B. Swain.... 1848 1840 1842 1831 1853 1850 1846 1836 1856 1849 1847 1817 1828 1845 1843 1827 1840 1834 1845 1840 1841 1840 1844 1S43 1812 1833 1849 1S49 1855 1846 1857 1834 1835 1851 1839 1826 1834 1832 1835 1845 1848 1848 1843 1855 1845 1853 1855 1832 1827 1843 1834 1856 1843 1843 1847 1817 1848 Names of Papers. Gazette of the Union, Golden Riile, & Odd Fellows" Com- panion Gazette of the United State8....d. Genius of Temperance.. ; Commercial Ga- mo. Geographical zette Gleaner, The Globe & Democratic Union d Globe & Emerald, or Saturday Journal of Literature. Politics. & Arts '. Golden Rule Good Samaritan Messenger Gospel Herald Gospel Luminary Gospel Sun Gospel Witness Green's National GuarJinn Halcyon Luminary & Theolog ical Repository Harbinger, The Hai-t's Path Finder Heriild of Christian Love Working Man's Friend Herald & Gazette tor the Counti y Herald of the Union Hewitt's Excelsior Ilolden's Dollar Magazine... mo, Home Circle mo, Homo Companion Home Missionary Honest Wrath Home's Rail Road Gazette Hudson's' Exchange Shipping List tri-w. Human Rights Publishers. Crampton & Clark. Lany & Turner Wm. Goodell & S. P. Hines J.Distnrnell Charles-King Caspar C. Cbilds . T. W. Gierke & Co, F. Fisk Millard & Clough. Association American Union of Associationists, Geo. Buuce & Co .. C. Edwards Lester H. W. Hewitt Garret & Co S.M.Giddings&Co. Absalom Peters M. Doheney, ed .... 0, Home Illustrated American News Illustrated News Illustrated News Illustrated New York News Independent Journ.il Independent Reflector Independent Republican Industrial Agent Infant Drummer International Monthly Magazine Inveterate, The Investigator, The Irish Democrat Irish Evangehst Irish Volunteer Iron Platform Island City Israel's Herald Janus Jeff"ersonian, The Wm. H. Hudson Amer.Anti Slavery Society e.g 1838 1852 1789 1855 1840 1848 1825 1845 1850 1830 1830 1850 1838 P. T. Barnum & H. D. Beach Webster & McLean Wm. Newell & Co. J. Hillyer Jewish Chronicle mo. Journal, The Journal of Christian Education.. Journal des Dames mo. Journal of the Fine Arts Journal of the Fine Arts & Mu- sical World. nio. Journal of the People ti-i-w. Journal of Progress Journal of Public Morals Journal of Useful Knowledge & Monthly Record of New Pub- lications Journal of Women Juvenile Wesleyan Knickerbocker Gazette Ladies' Casket mo. Ladies' Companion mo. Ladies' Diadem mo. Ladies' Keepsake & Home Li- brary mo. Ladies' Weekly Miscellany Denman & Horn ... Jarvis F. Hauk.ti.... John McLaiighhn.. John Hurley M. O'Connor Wm. Oland Bourne R. Henisen Childs, Devoe & Hill E. R. McGregor B. Brandreth Rev. Benj. 0. Pier & B. J. Height... Wm. B.Taylor W. T. Brockelbank &Co Ilarmonical Asso... Goodell, Hines & Niles Worthy L. Lee. . L. Neely J. C. Burdick.... Wm. Snowdon .. J. C. Burdick.... Burdick & Scovill. 1848 1847 1850 1795 1851 1846 1850 1855 1857 1828 1856 1849 1836 1836 1852 1843 1853 1851 178; 1752 1806 1848 1851 1850 1849 1830 1832 1851 1843 1P57 1846 1849 1S52 1835 1843 1837 1843 1845 1851 1847 1853 1832 1850 1834 1839 1844 1848 1835 1848 1855 1807 1855 1852 1856 542 NEW YORK COUNTY. List of Papers discontinued since the Revolution, continued. Names of Papers. Lady's Own LELst Section Visitor Lancet, The Lantern, The ■ Leonori's Bank Note List Liberia Advocate, New York & St. Thomas Life Insurance Examiner Life in New York Light Ship Light Ship & Sunday School Monitor Literary American Literary Gazette.. E. B. Childs, ed.. W. 0. Bourne...., J. G. Bennett Jackson & Co — L. J. Leonori John C. Johnston. Literary Journal.. Literary Miscellany Literary & Scientific Repository & Critical Beview Literary & Theological Review mo. Literary World Livingston & Wilmer's Express.. Lyceum Reporter & Critical Mis- cellany mo. Magazine of Horticulture Magazine for the Million Magazine of Useful & Entertain- ' ig Knowledge. Magnet Mason &. Tuttle's Advertiser Masonic Register & Union. ..mo. McKenzie's Gazette Mearson'e U. S. Bank Note Re- porter Mechanics & Farmers' Magazine of Useful Knowledge ... Mechanics' Magazine Medical & Phil. Journal & Re- view Medical Repository & Review of Medicine & Surgery Mentor & Fireside Review Mercantile Advertiser Publishers. Myron Finch. G. P.Quackenboss, ed Swinburne & Pat- terson R, F. Tuckerman & Co J. Trow & Co Wiley & Halsted.. Leon. Wood, jr., ed. C. F. Hoffman... Mortimer J. Smith Le Roy Sunderland J. E. i Alex. McKenzie.. Miner & Shaeffer... J. & T. Swords.. J. & T. Swords.. Mercantile Advertiser & New York Advocate Mercantile Guide & Family Jour- nal Merchant's Day Book d. Merchant's Intelligencer Merchant's Ledger d, Message Bird Methodist Protestant Metropolitan Metropolittin Courier of the Union Metropolitan Magazine Mid-Day Courier with the Morn- ing Blails,' Jlidnight Cry Military Monitor & American Register Minerva, The Minerva, orLiterary, Enter tain- ) ing, & Scientific Journal J Ming's New York Price Current. Mioing Journal & American Rail Road Gazette Mirror of Fashion Mirror of the Times Monitor, The Monitor & Messenger Monthly Bulletin , Monthly Cosmopolite.. 1849 1846 1843 1862 1860 1848 1849 1860 1846 1848 1862 1849 1834 1847 1843 1843 1840 1844 11 1824 1843 1844 1864 1838 1848 1830 1837 1810 1839 Butler & Munford in 1830 Amos Butler & Co. "Wm. E. Blakeney.. N. R. Stimson k G. roster Eustie Prescott & Co Pratt & Requa T. Brockelbank & Co A. T. Piercy Geo. Mearaon.., Joseph Mason.. Joshua V. I-Iines . Joseph Deanones. E. Bliss k E. White, f J. Houston I J. G. Brooks, John B. Grant.. Genio C. Scott... W.W.Wallace.. J. E. Jones & C. B. Turner Monthly Diadem Monthly Distribution Monthly family Circle k Parlor Annual Monthly Journal of Agriculture Prentiss, Co Geo. P. Metcalf..., John S. Skinner.. 1832 1846 1842 1836 1862 1847 1836 1814 1839 1812 1822 1824 1809 1847 1839 1848 1850 1861 1840 1848 1860 1835 1841 1845 Names of Papers. Monthly Lecturer of the National Society of Literature k Science Monthly Magazine & American \ Monthly Kcview J Monthly Military Repository Monthly Repository k Library of Entertaining Knowledge ... Monthly Recorder Monthly Recorder of Five Points House of Industry Monthly Record of PrisonJAsso- \ elation J Monthly Register, Magazine, & Review of U. S Monthly Trade Gazette Moral & Daily Advertiser Moral Lyceum Mormon, The Morning Chronicle d. Morning Chronicle d. Morning Chronicle d. Morning Chronicle & Tippecanoe Advertiser Morning Post Morning Post k Family Gazetted Morning Star Morning Telegraph Theodorns Foster... Brown, k 3. Chaa. Smith.... F. S. Wiggins.. 1825 Morning Times & Commercial Intelligencer Morning Watch Morris's National Press Journal for Home Musical Magazine Mustang Bulletin mo. National Advocate 3. w. National Advocate for the Coun- try National Democrat fO. B. B i ed.; T. ( Swords... 1799 1796 L. M J Prison Asso. of I New York. JohnBristed G.S. Wells Goodell & Hines.... CO. P.Crosby John Taylor Lazarus Beach Lewis Jonea & Co... John W. Moore Joseph Osborne Story & Hildreth... Williams Bro S. De Witt Blood good N.J. Eldridge J.V.Hines k others. National Trades Union . National Union Naval Magazine bi-mo, Ned Buntline's Own New Charitable Monthly New Church Messenger quar. New Church Repository mo. New Era & American Courier. New Industrial World New Mirror New Monthly Messenger.. News Boya' Pictorial New World Geo. White k Co . M.M.Noah A. Ingraham, ed.; C. C. Childs, pub. D. Darling k E. J. Yan Clove... 1801 1797 I 1834 1 1813 1857 1866 1865 1803 1802 1842 1840 1810 1832 1848 1846 1840 1838 1846 1836 1863 1812 1826 1851 1835 1824 1846 Rev. C. S. Stewart. Edward Z. 0. Jud- son W. C. Conant New York American New York American for the Country New York American Republic... New York American Sentinel ... New York Amulet & Ladies Literary & Religious Chronicle New York Aurora New York Bulletin New York Business Chart New York Cabinet New York Cadet New York Cadet k Daughter of Temperance New York Christian Messenger.. New York Chronicle New York Citizen New York City Budget New York Columbian s.w. New York Commercial Tran- script New York Crusader J. W. Bell John White Geo. P. MorrisJ B. Badger Dexter Park Benjamin, ed. ; J. Winches- ter, pub Johnson Verplank, D. K. Miner.. J. F. Trow ... F. risk, ed Thos.DunnjBnglish New York Cynosure New York Daily Bee New York Daily Gazette... New York Daily News New York Daily Sentinel.. W. H. Starr .. J. N. Moffatt.. Daniel Cady P. Price Judd & Maclay... J. F. Trow & Co.. B. F. Mather Alden Spooner. - Kellogg k Taylor. G. F. Sechi de Ca- sali 1848 1866 1861 1860 1861 1848 1842 1856 1839 1820 1834 1843 1846 1830 1841 1840 1847 1830 ] 1860 1847 1832 1861 1843 1861 John L. Knapp Archibald McLean Evans & Stanley . 1842 1863 1843 1834 1788 ] 1843 1830 NEW YORK COUNTY. List of Papers discontinued since the Revolution, continued. 543 Names of Papers. New York Daily Times New York Democrat : New York Directory & Business Bulletin New York Dissector quai*. New York Dutchman New York Ecclesiologist mo. New York Evening Journal New York Evening Ledger New York Examiner , New York Examiner New York Examiner New York Expositor mo, New York Farmers & American Gardeners' Magazine New York Farmers' & Historical Repository New York Farmer & Mechanic. New York Family Herald New York Fireman's Journal. New York Galaxy , New York Gazette & General Advertiser New York Herald New York JefFersonian New York Journal s. New York Journal of Education New York Journal & Patriotic New York Journal, or ^Veekly Register New York Legal Observer New York Literary Gazette & $ B K Repository New York Literary Journal & Belle Lettre Repository New York Literary Magazine & American Athenermi New York Luminary & Weekly JPublishers. E. Philip Williams, Dr. H.H.Sherwood E. Weston & Co. H. M. Onderdonk, ed Bush, Cook & Thompson si II Greene & Col R. TyrreU M.M.Noah Wm. L. McKenzie. D. K.Miner. W. H. Stewart . J.M. Stearns.... Jas. AVarnock John W. Fowler- Long, Turner & Co. E. Charles J. McKean, S. S, Randall & J. S, Denman Thos. Greenleaf- Eleazer Osgood... S. Owen Jas. G. Brooks.. Jae. S. Brooks . New York Machinist mo. New York Magazine & Literary Repository New York Mechanic New York Medical Gazette.. .mo. New York Medical Inquirer, .mo. New York Medical Magazine.mo. New York Medical & Philoso- phical JoumaL New York Medical & Philoso- ) phical Journal quar. J New York Medical & Philoso- \ phical Register / New York Medical Times mo. New York Medical Repository... New York Mentor semi. mo. New York Mercantile Journal tri-w. New York Messenger & Traveller New^ork Mirror NewYork Mirror & Ladies' Lite- \ rary Gazette J New York Miscellany New York MissionaryJMagazine. mo. New York Monthly Chronicle.... New York Morning Herald- New York Morning News..., New York Morning Post New York Morning Post & Daily Advertiser New York Musical Gazette & Literary Lyceum New York Musical Review & Gazette s, mo. R. Roster & Co D. M. Reese, ed Association of Phy- sicians & Sur- geons Anonymous iJohn W, Francis, Jacob Dyck- man, & John Beck Drs. Hosack Francis , H. D. Bulkley .. S. L. Mitchell, |E. Miller, & E. H Smith S. Wild Lyon & Hilly er.. A. L. Stimson . . D. Fanshaw J S. Woodworth & i G. P. Morris 1849 1842 1849 1845 1848 l«r;'i 1846 1824 1826 1843 1847 1843 1830 1845 1855 1858 1826 1831 1802 1845 1810 1846 1757 1786 1843 1826 1819 1825 1843 1850 1790 1843 1850 1830 1810 1809 1810 1822 1851 1797 1831 1854 1839 1843 1823 1850 T. Swords Association of Phy- sicians A. Nash & Co J. L. O'SuIlivan & S. J. Tilden Morton & Horner. Wm. Morton... Chas Dingley.. Marore Bros... 1857 1824 1830 1844 1781 1788 1840 1855 1827 1821 1811 1811 1814 1842 1804 Names op Papers. New York National Reformer ... New York Patriot & Morning Advertiser New York People's Organ New York Picayune New York Pilot New York Planet New York Quarterly New York Quartorly New York Recorder New York [Recorder & Baptist 1 Register j New York Register & Anti Ma- sonic Review semi. mo. NewYork Register & Gazette.mo. New York Register of Medicine & Pharmacy mo. New York Religious Chronicle... New York Review New York Review & Atheneum Magazine mo. New^York Saturday Post Thos. AiDgeDevyn J. J. Negrin , Jas. McKean Woodard & Co S. Skinner Kellogg & Co , C. B. Nortnn Jas. G. Reed Colley & Ballard 'E. Wright, jr.. & L. S. Cut- ting NewYork Scorpion New York Sentinel s. w. New York Shamrock New York Shanghai NewYork Spectator s. w, NewYork Sporting Magazine.mo, New York Spy New York Spy New York Standard s. mo. New York Standard & Statesman New York Statesman s. w. New York Telegraph New York Telescope New York Times New York Transcript.. New York Trraveller New York Visitor mo New York Visitor & Parlor Com- panion , New York Washingtonian New York Washington Reformer & Literary Journal New York Waverley and Lite- rary Home Circle New York Watchman New York Weekly Critic New York Weekly Globe New York Weekly Leader.... New York Weekly Magazine & Miscellaneous Repository.... New York Weekly Messenger New York Weekly Messenger New York Weekly Messenger & Young Men's Advocate New York Weekly Mirror New York Weekly Museum- New York Weekly News New York Weekly Record New York Weekly Register & Catholic Diary New York Weekly Whig New York Weskly Whig..d. & w. Nichols' Monthly Nineteenth Century Nisbitt's American Times Norton's Literary Advertiser.,.. Norton's Literary Gazette & Publishers' Circular Odd Fellows' Literary Magazine. Old Countryman Olio, The Olive Plant Olive Plant & Ladies' Temperance Advocate L'Oracle, L'Echo du Jour. & Daily Advertiser Organ of the Washington See. & Auxiliaries Parker's Journal & Weekly Gaz, PuhlisJiers. Henry Dana Ward. W.Green C. B. Norton.... Gray & Bunco.. E. Bliss & E.White. Henry Clapp & T. E. Aldrich. Geo. Mearson & Co. Michael Tookey... Francis Hall & Co. C.R. Colden Henry House John (t. Mumford, A. Nash & Co Rev. A. Dickinson... Wooster Beach . Holland, Sanford & Davies Haywood, Stanley &Co Simon Hunt J. W. Harrison. D. Joseph .. J.Burns.... B. Baker & Co.. Cleaveland&McEl rath Geo. R. Hazewell... Cleaveland&McEl rath John Bull P. Donaldson.. Burnett & Smith.. Morris & Willis... M. Plarrison , Gavin, Rodgers & Co Association J. S. Wilson , 0. L. HoUey & H, D.Ward , Thos. L. Nichols..., G. F. Nisbitt & Co., Chas. B. Norton.... Chas. B. Norton.,, S. Marks.., Pierce &_Reed.., J. J. Negrin Wm. B. Parker.. 1844 1808 1841 1 1850 1831 1840 1852 1855 1845 1848 1831 1844 1850 1823 1837 1843 1827 1848 1830 1822 1855 1830 1835 1807 1820 1831 1822 1845 1830 1835 1833 1832 1843 1838 1842 1858 1836 1855 1846 1853 1795 1831 1840 1832 1827 1810 1845 1832 1834 1833 1833 1855 1848 1849 1861 1854 1848 1829 1813 1841 1841 1843 1850 544 NEW YORK COUNTY. A List of Papers discontinued since the devolution, continued. Names of Papers. Parley's Magazine mo, Parlor Annual mo. Parlor Magazine Passion Flower Path Kinder Paul Pry Ptjitiody's Parlor Journal Pekin Tea Company's Gazette... People's Democratic Guide People's Friend and Daily Ad- vertiser Penny Dispatch Penny Gazette Petit Courrier dfs Dames, or Monthly Journal of Fashion,.. Photographic Art Journal. ...mo. Picture Gallery Plain Dealer Pooler & Co.'s Weekly Dispatch.. mo. Popular Educator Price Current Progressive Democrat Propagandist mo. Protestant Episcopal Pulpit. .mo. Protestant Magazine Protestant Vindicator Public Advertiser Publishers' Journal & Teachers & Parents' Companion i'ublic Ledger Pulpit lieporter Putnam's Monthly Magazine Quarterly Anti Slavery Maga- zine Quarterly Paper of Foreign Evangelical Society Rail lload Advocate Ramblei-'e Magazine & Histori- cal Register mo. Real Estiite Gazette Ruchahite and Temperance Uugle mo. Refoi-med Dutch Magazine.... C. S. Francis &Co. Rev. D. Newell John W. Moore Miss A. Reed Park Godwin A. Noonan & Co.... Peahody & Co James "Webster.., J. Frank Pooler & Co Dr. J. M. Lovell.. Wm. Leggett (Formerly Wilson's Dispatch) A Montgomery Alex. Miny E. Stranahan John F. Trow H.Dyer L. D.Dewey Browne, Wisner & Co J.Frank & Co 0. Hutchinson.. llolbrook, Buck- ingham & Co Geo. P. Putnam g| t:; 1843 1846 1836 1836 1843 1840 1834 1847 1841 1806 1860 1864 1836 ISM 1844 1830 1851 1853 1808 1S49 1860 1831 1834 1835 1807 1847 1842 Kegister and Spirit of the Preps. Kegigter of the Times Keporter & Banking Ciicuiar... Keports of Practice Cases in New York Courts mo. Religious Magazine mo. Republic, A Monthly -Magazine of Am. Lit, Pol. 4 Arts Republican Watch Tower ...s. w. Reviser mo. Revue Franeaise des Families et des Personaute Richardson's .Journal Rough & Ready Rush Light Sabbath Magazine mo. ■Sabbath School Monitor.. ..s. mo. Sabbath Monitor mo. Siichem Sacred Circle , Sargent's New Monthly Saturday Emporium Saturday Evening Gazette .. Saxoni'8 Musical Times mo. Sears' Family Visitor mo. Sears' New Monthly Magazine.,, Self Instructor ,,,mo, f^chool Fellow .School Mate Scientific Correspondent ' 'ntiflc Mechanic Srotti,;!] ,Timrual Senrtish Patriot Scovill's Family txazetteer, Scrutinizer 8, w, [Shamrock, or Ililjcrnian Chron,, Elizur Wright, jr. .John S.Taylor Z. Colbourn Joseph Barlow M, & T. J. Strong., R, P. D. Clergy men V.B. Palmer J, Crocker Abbott Bros 0. Bacheler, ed.. Thos. R. Whitney., Jas, Chatham Rev, Silas E, Shepherd Wm, Colbett,., Myron Finch Chas, Parker., Myron Finch Thos. Picton Judge Edmonds, Dr. Dexter & 0, a. Warren Epes Sargent Edmund B. Green T. W. Clarke & S, Paine Robert Sears Josiah Holbrook,,,, ,T, S, Dicker.son Rev, A. R,Phippen, A, C, Morey Rufus Porter, I, (1 Cummings,. Chaii. Y. Balwin.... I'MwargOiUespie... 1860 1863 1843 1857 1809 1855 1846 1834 1849 1797 1831 1851 1801 1864 1844 1857 1847 1799 1836 1841 1846 1863 1852 1843 1844 1S27 1848 1861 1846 1843 1856 1850 1846 1847 1840 1840 1860 18271 18801 186fi Names of Papers. Sporting Chronicle Standard Beiirer mo, Starns &Co,'s Monthly Bulletin.. Stars and Stripes St.ar Spangled Banner Star in the West, or Marion Chronicle Statesman Stimmet's & Pettigrew's Ameri- can Report of Fashions Student & Young Tutor Sunday Era Sunday Herald Sunday Leader Sunday Mail Sunday Morning News Sunday Morning News Sunday News Sunday Reporter Sunday School Journal s. mo, Sunday School Visitor Sunday Times & Noah's Weekly Messenger. Sylvester's New Reporter Sylvester's Reporter, Counter- feit Detector, and New York Price Current Tailor's Eclectic Repository, , mo. Teachers' Advocate & Journal of Education. Temperance Advocate Temperance Budget s, mo, Thalia, or the Gentleman's Com- pany. The German Correspondent The Great City The Log,Cabin The Muse The Nation The New Yorker The New Yorker The Old Countryman The Parthenon The Parthenon The People Shekinah Pattridge & ton,, Sbilling Gazette mo. Sober Second Thought Spectator Spirit of the Age Spirit of the Agn Spirit of the Age Spirit of Seventy-Six Brit- Moore & Jackson.., Daniel E. Sickles... Geo, F, Hopluns.... Scovill & Hyatt Fowler & Wells J. G. Brooks & E, y, Sparhawk Wm, T, Porter Rev. H. Dyer Fay & Carr Dexter & Bro.., T. W, Cummings., C. C. Tunison J. S, Denmau.. Geo, Gientworth,.,, Ingl'aham & Sweet Sam. Jenks Smith, J, Leavitt S. Vail F. A. Packard P. E. S. S. Union. Sylvester & Co,. The People's Press The People's Rights The People's Weekly Journal.... The Pick The Plain Dealer The Plow mo. The Plow, the Loom, & the Anvil The Prophet The Protestant, or Exposcr of Popery. The Ramshoru The Rainbow The Recruit The Republic The Rights of All.. The Rising Sun The Rover „, The Sun The Transcript The Town,. The Uncle Sam The Union d. The Union d The Unit The War The Way of Life The Whig The Whip S. J. Sylvester.. D. S. 4 G. Williams J. M. McKean & E, P.Allen Goodell & Hines..., W, Goodell & S. P, Hines H. Greeley Geo. H. Evans.. H. Greeley 4 Co.... Stuart & Webster. J. T. Pickering, ed, Woodworth J. Devin Riley & W. E. Robinson. R. & T. Hamilton... Windt & Evans .... B. Walsh Joseph E. Scovill... Wm. Van Norden., C. M. Saxton J. S. Skinner& Sons Brannon Rev. Geo. Bourne & Dr. Brownlee.. Van Rensselaer & Rogers Gallagher* Morrell Jonas Winchester.. S. E. Cornish Labra & Dean Day & Wisner Haywood, Lynd & Stanley Andrews, Beau- mont & Co Dexter & Bro.. .. J. Phillips 4 Co. M. M. Noah S. Woodworth4 Co. Edgar & Herries.... Geo. B. Wooldridge 1863 1846 1844 1798 1845 1847 1849 1836 1862 1847 1847 1843 1867 1812 1861 1848 1860 1861 1866 1831 1836 1840 1847 1832 1829 1836 1832 1846 1846 1831 1820 1846 1840 ] 1834 1849 1836 1850 1842 1827 1861 1849 1841 1 1844 1850 1886 1836 1862 1848 ] 1845 1830 1847 1841 1848 1843 1830 1850 1844 1834 1 1836 1845 1847 1843 1842 1850 1812 1868 1S60 1843 NEW YORK COUNTY. ' List of Papers discontinued since the Revolution, continued. 545 Names of Papers. Tlie World The Yankee Time Piece Transactions of American Eth- nological Society Traveller, Times, & Journal True American True Flag True Sun, Daily True Sun True Weeleyan Two Worlds United States Advertising Cir- cular United States Economist United States Farmer & Journal of American Institute mo. United States Law Journal. ..mo. United States Magazine United States Military and Na- val Argus United States Nautical Magazine & Naval Journal United States Keview " Demo- cracy" mo. United States Service Journal... Univercoelum & Spiritual Philo- sopher .'. Universal Traveller.... Universalist Union Vial of Wrath; Junk Bottle of Destruction. Visitor & Ladies' Parlor Maga- zine Voice of the People Wall Street Journal Wall Street Reporter Washingtonian Washiugtonian Daily News Washingtonian Organ Washington Repubhcau Water Cure Visitor & Health Journal Weekly Chronicle Publishers. J. M. Church Williams Bro..,. Philip Freneau.. Society , Hunt & Adams Wm. E. Blackeny Dexter & Bro , Assoc'n of Printers Gallagher AKettell O.Scott John W. Moore. J. P. Kettell.. S. Fleet. George F. Hopkins J. M. Emerson& Co. John Crawley, ed... Griffiths & Bates.. Lloyd & Campbell, S. W, W. Tompkins Daniel Hewitt P. Price (Satire upon Mil- lerites)!- W. S. Hawley.... Fred. Robinson.., Herrick & Rope! L. Starr &Co James Bums.. .. Joel Shaw. Hudson & Co-, •1 1837 1848 1797 1845 1831 1852 1857 1843 1849 1845 1843 1851 1852 1843 1825 1854 1838 1855 1853 1825 1847 1843 1836 1843 1840 1846 1851 1842 1843 1843 1843 1810 1800 Names of Papers. Weekly Inspector Weekly Journal Weekly Memorial & New York City Record. Weekly Museum Weekly New Yorker Weekly Review Weekly Tattler; Weekly Times Weekly Universe Weekly Visitor Weekly Western World.. Welcome Guest West's Sunday News.. Whig Union White Man's Newspaper Whittlery's (Mrs.) Magazine Wide Awake Wilson & Co.'s Dispatch mo. Woman's Temperance Paper Wood's Quarterly Retrospect of American & Foreign Practice of Medicine & Surgery Woodworth's Youths' Cabhiet... Workers' Journal Working Farmer mo. Working Men's Advocate Yankee Doodle Y Cyfail (The Friend) Young America Young America Youth's Cabinet s. mo. Youth's Companion & Weekly Family Visitor Youth's Friend mo. Youth's Temperance ^Lecturer mo. Zion's Watchman Thos. G. Fessenden N. R. Stimson Pickering, Beau- mont & Oakes.... Wm. Fairman & C, D. Stuart VanWinkle& Riqua Dillon & Hooper, N. T.Eldredge... Williamson&Burne Daniel Cady J. F. Bridge Wxnchester& Hack- sUff. Frederick West S. De Witt Blood- good, ed. A.G.Whittlery,ed, R. Bonner MaryC.Vaughan,ed K. & G. S. Wood... F. C. Woodworth., Kingman, Cross & Co. J. J. Mapes, ed. Geo. II. Evans W. H. Graham W. Rowland. Geo. 11. Evans N. Southard.. Burnett & Smith., Goodell, Hines & Niles Le Roy Sunder- land 1806 ] 1860 1812 1807 1861 1845 1842 1849 1846 1832 1837 1861 1846 1848 1861 1849 1854 1854 1847 1 1839 1849 1830 1847 1844 1S56 1838 1832 1843 1832 j 1836! ALLEGANY COUNTY. 351 in the spring of 1819, at Whitesville.' The first religious meeting was held at the house of Sam'l S. White, by Rev. Daniel Babcook, (Seventh Day Bap.,) Jan. 1, 1820.^ ]VE"W HUDSOIV— was formed from Rushford, April 10, 1825, as "Eaiglit." Its name was changed April 4, 1837. It lies upon the w. border of the co., a little n. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by valleys extending n.e. and s. w. The principal streams are Black, Oil, and Bush Creeks. The soil is a gravelly or clayey loam. IttcOrawville, (New Hudson p. 0.,) on the N. line, contains a church, 2 sawmills, and 20 dwellings ; Black Creek, (p. v.,) in the s. part, contains 2 churches and 30 dwellings. IVortll Valley is a hamlet near MoGraw- ville.^ The first settlement was made on Lot 49, in the s. part, by Spencer Lyon, from Waterbury, Tt., in 1820.' The first religious meeting was held by Rev. James Eastwood, (M. E.,) at his own house, in 1821. The first church (Presb.) was foTmed with 6 members, by Rev. Robert Hubbard, June 4, 1822.* RUSHFORD— w-as formed from Caneadea, March 8, 1816. New Hudson was taken off in 1825. It lies upon the w. border of the co., N. of the center. Its surface is a hilly upland, divided into two distinct districts by Caneadea Creek, which flows E. through near the center. The valleys of several smaller streams, tributaries of the Caneadea, divide the highlands into narrow ridges. The soil is a shaly loam underlaid by hardpan. Quarries of building stone, several sulphur springs, and a brown mineral paint resembling ocher are found in town. A woolen factory upon Caneadea Creek manufactures about 12,000 yds. of cloth annually; and a pineapple cheese factory turns out 70,000 lbs. of cheese annually. Rushford, (p. v.,) at the center of the town, contains 4 churches, the Rushford Academy, and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 654. East Rusbford (p. v.) contains several mills and 40 dwellings. The first settle- ment was made on Lot 30, in 1808, by Enos Gary, from Vt.^ The first religious meeting was held by Rev. Mr. Sanford, (Bap.,) in 1813; and the first church (Bap.) was formed in 1815, by Rev. Nathan Peck, a missionary from Boston.^ SCIO — was formed from Angelica, Jan. 31, 1823. A part of Amity was taken ofi' in 1830, a part of Willing in 1851, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It is an interior town, lying s. e. of the center of the co. Its surftice is a mountainous upland, the highest summits being 700 to 1,000 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Genesee River and Knights and Vandemarks Creeks. The soil is principally a sandy loam. Scio, (p. v.,) on Genesee River, on the line of Amity, contains a church, several mills, and 496 inhabitants, 419 of whom are in this town. The first settlement was made at the mouth of Knights Creek, in 1805, by Joseph Knight and his son Silas, from Oneida co.' The census reports 5 churches.' WARD — was formed from Alfred and Amity, Nov. 21, 1856. It is an interior town, lying s.e. of the center of the oo. The surface is a hilly upland, the highest summits being 500 to 800 feet above the valleys. The streams are Philips and Vandemarks Creeks. The soil is a clayey loam upon the hills, and a gravelly loam in the valleys. Pliilips CreeU, (p. v.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches and 16 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Abraham Wald- ruff, from Ontario co.' The first church (M. E.) was organized at an early neriod. There are now 2 churches ; M. B. and Univ. WEliliSTIliliE— was formed from Scio, Andover, and Willing, Nov. 22, 1855. It is an' 1 In the spring of the same year Johij Teater, from Dutchess cOt David Wilson and Stephen Boyce, from Mass., settled in or near WhitesTille. The first child born was Dngald C. White, Oct 23, 1819 ; the first marriage, that of Daniel KeminKton and Eliza Eaton, Jan. 1, 1824 ; and the first death, that of Sam'l W. Goodridge, Jan. 27, 1822. The first school was taught at Whiles- ville, by Deborah Corel, in the summer of 1822. Sam'l S. White kept the first inn, in 1827, at WhitcsviUe, and Josiah W. Green the first store, at Greens Corners, in 1822. Nath'l Covel erected a sawmill on Ctyders Creek, in 1822; and Jas. Maxwell the first gristmill, at Spring Mills, in 1820. 2 The census reports 6 churches; Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Preab., M. E., and Univ. 3 James Eastwood, John C. McKeen, and Jas. Davidson, from N. H., settled in the s. part in 1821. The first birth was that of Mary McKeen. in June, 1821 ; the first marriage, that of Earl Gould and Catharine Eastwood, in June, 1822. The first school was taught by Mrs. Graham McKeen,inthesummerof 1821. Wm. Andrews kept the first inn, near Black Ci'eek Corners, in 1S26, and Nelson McCall the first store, near the same place, in 1830. The first sawmill was erected by James Davidson, on Black Creek, in 1829. *The census reports 4 churches; 2 Cong. and2M. E. s Chas. Snifl, Abel Belknap, Amos Kose, and Joshua Wilson, from New England, were settlers in the town in 1809-10 ; Levi Benjamin, from Windsor, Vt., settled on Lot 30, near Rushford Village, in 1813. Bethiah Belknap, born in the spring of 1810, and Sam'l Gordon, June 12, 1810, were the first births in town ; Wm. Rawsoa and Lawrence Swift were the first married, in ISil. Plina Bannister taught the first school, near the center, in the winter of 1813-14. Levi Beiyamin kept the first inn, a little H. of Rushford Village, in 1813, and Jas. McCall the first store, at the same place, in 1814. The first sawmill was built by Mat- thew P. Cady, on Caneadea Creek, in 1815 ; and the first grist- mill, by Jas. McCall, on the same stream, in 1818. 6 The census reports 4 churches ; Bap., Cong., M. B., and Univ. ' Silas Bellamy and Silas Palmer settled in 1809, — the former at Scio Village and the latter in the N. part of the town. Polly, daughter of Silas Knight, was the first child born, in 1806, and the first one that died, in 1808 ; the first marriage was that of Silaa Bellamy and Betsey Knight, in 1809, The first school wfis taught by Lucy Moore_, near the village, in 1816. Alfred John- son kept the first inn, in 1821. The first sawmill was erected in 1822, and the first gristmill in 1823, by Benj. Palmer. 8 2 R. C, Cong., Bap., and M. E. Daniel Hart and Hezekiah Ward settled in the N. part, in 1817-18. Geo. WaldrufT kept the first inn, at Philips Creek Vil- lage, and Waldmff & Cartwright the first store. 352 ALLEGANY COUNTY. interior town, lying s. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is very broken and mountainous, the highest summits being 800 to 1,200 feet above the valleys. The declivities are too steep for profitable cultivation. The streams are Genesee River and Dyke and Chenunda Creeks, all flow- ing in narrow and deep valleys winding among the almost precipitous mountains. The soil is mostly a sandy loam. Considerable pine lumber is still manufactured in town. 'WcllSVille, (p. V.,) on Genesee River, was incorp. Oct. 12, 1857; it contains 4 churches, 2 weekly newspaper ofBces, 2 flouring and 3 saw mills. Pop. 1,286. The first settlements were made in the valley of the Genesee, about the commencement of the century.' There are 4 churches in town.' WEST AI.MOHID — ^was formed from Angelica, Almond, and Alfred, April 15, 1833. It is an interior town, lying a little n. e. of the center of the co. Its surface is a broken and elevated upland. The streams are Angelica, Black, Philips, and Karr Valley Creeks,— all flowing in narrow ravines bordered by steep hillsides. The soil is principally a clay loam underlaid by hardpan, fVest Almond (p. v.) contains a church and 15 houses. The first settlement was made at the center, in 1816, by Daniel Atherton.^ The first religious meeting was held by Kev. Robert Hubbard, (Presb.,) at the house of Daniel Dean, in 1823; and the first and only church (Bap.) was formed in 1824. iriLiIilSrCi — was formed from Independence and Soio, Nov. 19, 1851. Alma was taken off in 1854, and a part of Wellsville in 1855. It lies upon the s. border of the co., E. of the center. Its surface is a broken and mountainous region, the highest summits being 800 to 1,200 ft. above the valleys. The streams are Genesee River, Cryder, Chenunda, and Fords Creeks, all flowing in narrow valleys bordered by steep mountain declivities. The soil is a clay and sandy loam. A considerable part of the surface is still covered with forests, and lumbering is extensively carried on. Beanville, (Shongo p. u.,) on Genesee River, in the s. part of the town, contains a church and 61 inhabitants ; and Halls Port, (p. v.,) in the n. js. comer, a sawmill and 64 inhabitants. Elijah Robinson, from Brookfield, Madison co., settled on the Genesee, adjoining the State line, in 1825. He built a sawmill, made other improvements for four or five years, when he became deranged, and left the town.* The first religious meeting (Prot. Meth.) was held at the house of Daniel Baker, by Rev. Seneca Fish, in 1834.* WIRT — was formed from Bolivar and Friendship, April 12, 1838. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is a wild, mountainous upland, divided into three geuetal ridges extending n. and s. The streams are headwaters of Van Campens, Little Genesee, and Dodges Creeks. Ricliburg'li, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches, the Richburgh Academy,'' 2 steam gristmills, 2 sawmills, and 50 dwellings. Wirt is a p. o., near the center of the town. The first settlement was made in the n. part of the town, in 1812, by Benj. Crabtree and Levi Abbott, from Amsterdam, Montgomery co.' The first religious meeting (Bap.) was held at the house of Benj. Crabtree, in 1816, by Rev. Jonathan Post. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1826.' 1 The first child bom was Rachel Dyke, in 1805 ; and the first death, that of Thos. Brink, in 1807. The first school was taught, near the E. line, by Ithamer Brookings, in 1814. Nath'l Dyke built the first grist and saw mill, in 1803, ou Dyke Creek, near the E. line. 2 Cong., M. B., Bap., and R. C. 8 Jasou Bixby, Isaac Pray, and Daniel Hooker settled on the road leading from Almond to Angelica, and John Alfred, from N- J., near the N. line, all previous to 1818. The first child born was Jerusha, daughter of Daniel Atherton, in the fall of 1817 ; -and the first death, that of Jason Bixby, in the spring of 1818. The first school was taught, in the E. part, by Jasper White, in 1818. Daniel Atherton kept the first inn, in 1817, at the center, -and Samuel M. Eddy the first store, at the same place, in 1832. The first sawmill was erected by Enoch Hawks, on Angelica Creek, in 1833. * The first death was that of a child of Austin Butler, in 1837. The first school was taught near Beanyille, in 1836, by Betsey Lovell. Allen Giffbrd kept the first inn, in 1838, at Beanyille, and Jas. R. Wood the first store, at the same place, in 1839. Eiyah Robinson erected the first sawmill, near the Penn. line, on the Genesee. 6 There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Univ. * This institution haa lately been incorp. with the common school system. T Azel Buckley, from Unadilla, Otsego co., settled in 1814, and Daniel Willard, from Mass., in 1815. Mr. W. is the oldest settler now living in town. The first child born was Beiy. Crabtree, jr., in 1813; and the first marriage, that of Hyra Axdell and Lucy Crabtree, in 1814. The first school was taught, in the N. part of the town, by Sophia Hitchcock, in 1820. Alvan Richardson erected the first sawmill, in 1824, and the first gristmill, in 1825, on Gene- see Creek, near Richburgh, Mr. Richardson also kept the first inn,inl824,andFrancisL.Leroythe first store, in the same year. 8 There are 4 churches in town ; Bap., F. W. Bap., Seventh Day Bap., and M. E. ALLEGANY COUNTY. 353 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Allegany County. Names of Towhs. Alfred AUea Alma Almond. Amity Andover Angelica Belfiwt Birdsall Bolivar. Burns Oaneadea. Genterville Clarksville. .... Cuba Friendship..... Genesee Granger Grove. Hume Independence. New Hudson .. Buahford Scio. Ward' Wellsvillei West Almond. Willing Wirt Total Acres op Land. 17,783 ll,126i 925i 25,249 ll,210i 10,443i 9,417J 9,425} 7,324 4,203} 8,760i 6,415 14,48S 4,836 13,302i 11,167 3,733J 8,685 6,431J 12,9564 ll,912i 11,282 13,943i 7,223 11,404 3,910} 12,526J 270,035 11,000 11,514J 22,174 8,061 23,032 13,045 18,036J 13,260} 16,764 17,736 7,526J ll,784i 7,583 17,454 8,911 9,958 15,842 7,380 11,069 10,388J 9,262 9,003J 8,278 24,1894 10,672 7,767 9,937 Valuation op 1858. 05 327,639 221,612 102,584 400,866 364,341 308,243 377,891 369,660 160,307 179,210 274,883 339,626 316,350 174,725 594,310 420,245 168,730 216.011 2231760 354,906 223,046 269,290 433,860 304,668 163,870 272,836 289,577 135,a31 280,750 8,267,596 11.11, 75,899 9,648 1,000 70,283 10,700 10,100 46,730 19,000 6,037 14,100 44.817 10^150 29,180 110,896 78,050 9,975 12,655 850 29,200 76,606 9,260 86,400 3,850 3,875 24,000 24,848 750 10,926 828,872 403.638 231,260 103,584 471,149 375,041 318,343 424,621 388,660 165,344 193,310 319,700 349,776 345,530 174,725 706,206 493,295 178,705 227,666 224,600 384,106 299,651 278,540 620,250 308,508 167,245 296,835 314,425 136,081 291,675 9,096.468 21,372 869 618 243 907 929 1,077 462 608 666 1,237 674 421 1,120 900 449 630 695 1,070 585 751 1,005 1,657 608 587 797 848 608 169 959 1,316 868 903 1,063 386 482 521 1,163 675 360 996 938 446 688 623 1,024 551 700 990 1,527 464 640 727 20,226 191 73 348 606 339 307 414 155 189 201 474 255 168 388 367 169 260 212 425 224 275 391 185 218 291 372 203 74 384 622 340 330 414 166 195 211 493 264 164 421 386 176 265 285 428 227 274 404 639 194 226 328 173 37 323 384 236 264 266 126 155 165 272 242 140 330 331 164 196 185 295 218 246 372 415 94 203 285 Nahss of Towns. Alfred Allen Alma Almond Amity Andover Angelica Belfast Birdsall Bolivar Burns Caneadea Genterville Clarksville Cuba Friendship Genesee Granger Grove , Hnme Independence. New Hudson.. Bushibrd....... Scio Wardi Wellsvillei West Almond. Willing Wirt Total 674 696 406 355 366 484 281 167 400 312 663 163 546 490 183 391 287 765 432 609 641 345 153 457 1,388 1,152 248 1,947 1,179 1,268 996 1,006 943 488 883 925 1,273 664 1,290 1,033 601 934 723 1,416 1,384 1,233 1,191 1,222 488 1,181 27,662 1,131 997 698 777 612 716 435 287 478 644 1,449 335 941 734 293 636 449 934 706 1,043 1,667 641 661 267 709 tQ 11,183 7,716 166 8,236 8,697 3,190 4,219 3,220 1,581 1,499 3,077 1,484 4,392 2,618 7,001 3,647 2,207 3,n6 2,067 6,414 3,047 3,417 2.685 2,213 3,177 828 6,687 102,163 387 141 919 616 483 427 61' 320 216 423 450 486 226 625 662 241 432 466 730 457 610 665 384 414 261 604 Agricultural Products. Bush, of Gbath. 790 1,147 184 9,293 3,647 67 2,833 3,687i 851 114 8,522 7,737 741 1,275 760 3,323 387 3,427 1,213 13,352 201 481 504 672 1,91 368i 2,470 47,934} 42,226 4,979i 68,003 47,486 45,448} 27,281 26,656i 34,6264 27,9474 29,1234 32,998} 43,735 24,037 58,5454 43,417 16,685 44,889 31,2334 48.660} 28,403} 38,5224 31,2614 28,761 47,7684 9,099j 64,682 990,213 1^ 3,562 3,024 1904 3,0884 2,439 1,6234 2,025 1,9434 1,919 1,032 1,296 1,4684 3,7974 1,123 2,851} 1,937 1,0064 1,823 1,256 2,580} 9254 2,6734 3,426} 1,439} 2,4214 496} 2,290 63,638} ^1 10,3024 7,362 2,049 7,2994 7,826 12,063 6,360 5,271 6,648 6,611 3,963 6,833 12,006 4,364 8,481 6,320 6,065 6,766 4,201 11,640 11,9174 7,791 12,269 8,166 8,184 3,450 10,226 Is 28,694 6,691 175 22,144 11,609 3,761 3,780 6,837 2,527 1,452 4,643 7, 14,683 1,480 11,833 9,009 1,842 4,761 2,253 15,721 7,316 7,160 16,866 4,r-- 4,480 816 16,316 Daiey PRODDCXa. Il< CQ 81,224 63,640 7; 106,930 67,896 81,430 43,510 68,565 48,168 36,484 44,420 50,901 103,337 29,466 105,360 77,200 33,716 60,001 49,326 86,334 63,606 81,530 96,435 38,400 66,350 29,301 72,799 211,271 1,662,086 ^ 6 176,260 10,170 340 16,750 13,670 1,836 14.964 1,270 1,237 20,126 221,076 850 42,840 10,825 3,960 4,410 2,626 12,265 62,070 93,305 317,955 2,650 11,368 410 6,886 1,043,603 1 Formed since 1666. QUEENS COUNTY. This county was organized Nov. 1, 1683,^ having previously been included in the North and West Ridings of Yorkshire.^ Its original bounds have not been changed. It lies upon Long Island, near the w. extremity, is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and con- tains sq. mi. It extends across the island, bordering both upon Long Island Sound and the ocean. Its coasts are deeply indented by irregular inlets, bays, and harbors. The principal of these upon the sound are Oyster Bay, Cold Spring and Oyster Harbors, Mill Neck Creek, Hempstead Harbor, Manhasset Bay, Little Neck Bay, Little Bay, Powells Cove, Flushing Bay, and Bowery Bay. Upon the East River are Halletts Cove and the narrow passage of Hell Gate, and upon the s. shore, Jamaica, Hempstead, and South Oyster Bays. Along these bays and the creeks that flow into them are wide salt meadows, the most ex- tensive being upon the s. shore. Outside of the bays on the ocean side is a series of beaches and shifting sand-ridges, affording a complete protection from the storms of the ocean. These beaches are divided into distinct parts by several inlets opening into the bays.' Inclosed in the bays within the beaches is a great number of low, marshy islands separated by narrow tidal streams and covered with sedges."^ A wide strip bordering immediately upon the buys is of the same marshy character. Along the deep bays upon the n. coast are small patches of salt meadow ; but the greater part of the land upon the capes, necks, and promontories is of a most excellent character.^ A range of hills 100 to 200 feet high extends in a general E. and w. direction through the co., a little n. of the center, and irregular spurs extend northward to the sound. From the base of the ridge a wide, unbroken plain extends to the s. to the salt marshes which surround the bays.® The streams of the co. are mostly small, and afford but a limited amount of water-power. At the mouth of several of the creeks on both the n. and s. shores the ebbing tide is used for hydraulic purposes. At the head of several of the streams are little, fresh water ponds,' the principal of which is Success Pond,^ near the top of the high ridge in the s.e. corner of Flushing. The soil upon the n. side is a productive, sandy loam, in some places mixed with clay. The plains have a coarse, sandy soil, which is rendered productive only at considerable cost. Along the borders of the salt meadows is a strip of light, sandy soil, easily cultivated and of moderate fertility.® The people are principally engaged in agriculture and market gardening. Fishing and the taking of oysters afford occupation to a large number of people. An extensive coasting trade is carried on, and the co. each year furnishes a large quota of sailors. Manufactures are extensive and various, and are confined principally to the n. shore. The CO. courthouse is situated upon the plains of North Hempstead, a little n.e. of Mineola sta- tion and p.o., and near the geographical center of the co.^° 1 Named in corapliment to the wife of Charles II. 2 By a convention, held at Hempstead in 1665, Long Island, Statea Island, and a part of Westchester co. were erected into a ahire called " Yorkshire," for the purpose of holding courts and administering justice. This was subdivided into " Ridings,'* known as "iftifit Ridirig," (Suffolk co.;) " West Riding, ^^ (Kings CO., Staten Island, and Newtown ;) and " North Riding" (Queens co. except Newtown.) — TlmnipsorCs Hist. L. 7, P. 137. 3 The principal of the inlets are Hay Island, New and Gilgo Inlets, aud the entrance into Jamaica Bay; and the principal beaches are Jones, Long, and Kockaway Beaches. The last named is a favorite resort for summer residences and sea-bathing. * These islands are mostly the common property of the towns, and are valued chiefly for their hunting and fishing grounds. Immense numbers of waterfowl frequent them ; and a consider- able number of persons gain a livelihood by fishing here in summer and hunting in winter. The U.S. Government has erected 5 lifeboat stations upon the 8. shore, and the Governor appoints 12 wrecking masters for the co. '•> A considerable portion of this coast is high, affording beau- tiful sites for country residences. •J The R. R. at Jamaica is 45 feet above sea level. The ascent from Jamaica to Hempstead Junction is 59 feet, and from thence to the Syosset Branch 50 feet, making the latter 154= feet, which is the highest point on the road. The descent of these plains southward is so gradual as scarcely to be apparent. 354 The Hempstead Branch of the r.u. descends 40 feet in 2^ mi., and the Syossot Branch rises 66 feet in less than 4 mi. The highest point on the ishmd is Harbor Ilill, at the head of Hempstead Harbor, 319 feet above tide. ^ Several of these ponds have recently been purchased to supply the Brooklyn Waterworks. 8 Called by the Indians " S'lcut" from which the present name is supposed to be derived. The water is clear and cold, with an average depth of 40 feet. The pond is about 500 rods in circumference, is surrounded by a high bank, and has an outlet, but does not usually overflow. It is said to be 100 to 150 feet above tide. — Prime's Hist L. /,, P. 27 : TJiompsori's L. t, II, P. 60. s Extensive tracts in the southern section are devoted to gar- dening for the city markets. The n. side, originally covered with a heavy growth of timber, is under fine cultivation, aud is largely devoted to the raising of fruit. Plushing excels in nurseries of fruit and ornamental trees, for which this co. is second only to Monroe. Locust-timber is raised along the N. shore eastward from Glen Cove, in considerable quantities, for treenails and posts. In Oyster Bay lai'ge quantities of asparagus ai-e raised for market; and the soil appears to be finely adapted to this crop. Milk is sent to market in large quantities by R.R., especially from near Jericho, Westburj', and Hempstead. 10 The court of sessions of the ^^ North Riding of Yorkshire" was located at Jamaica in 1683 ; and a building called the " County QUEENS COUNTY. 355 The jail occupies a portion of the courthouse building.^ The county records are kept in a spacious bnck building in the village of Jamaica; ajid in the same building are offices for the [surrogate and Board of Supervisors.^ The co. has no poorhouse ; but each town provides for the accommodation of its own paupers. The Brooklyn and Jamaica R. E., extending w. from Jamaica to the co. line, is leased by the Long Island E,. R., which extends e. from Jamaica through Hempstead, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. The Flushing R. R. extends w. from Flushing Village through Newtown to the mouth of Newtown Creek. The Syosset Branch R. R. connects Hicksville, upon the L. I. R. R., with the village of Syosset, 3J mi. n. There are 7 newspapers published in the co. ; 2 at Jamaica, 2 at Hempstead, 2 at Flushing, and 1 at Glen Cove.' The CO. was mostly settled by English immigrants, under the authority of the Dutch Govern- ment during the last 20 years of its existence. The E. extremity of Long Island was claimed by the English colonies of New England ; and the boundary line was the subject of a long and angry dispute, which was never entirely settied until the final subjugation of New York by the British in 1664.* The whole of this co. was under the Dutch, except Oyster Bay, which was a disputed terri- tory. The first planters came on in considerable numbers, and were associated in the purchase of the lands from the Indians. They were mostiy united by a common religious faith; and thoy were invested with certain civil rights, which were afterward confirmed by the English Govern- ment of New York, and some of which continue to the present time. The people chose a dupli- cate set of magistrates and municipal officers, from which the Dutch Governor selected such as he pleased. The people employed their own minister, and enjoyed comparative religious freedom. The Dutch, however, did not faithfully carry out the agreement which they had entered into with the settiers, and, in 1653, delegates were sent to the city to remonstrate against certain abuses. This was not heeded, and when the people again met for a like purpose they were ordered to disperse. The inhabitants rejoiced when the Dutch rule was finally broken and they came under the pro- tection of the English. Gov. Nicoll, the first English Governor, convened deputies from the several towns upon Long Island, who met at Hempstead in the spring'of 1665. A code of laws and ordi- nances was adopted, a shire was erected, the names of towns were changed, boundaries were settled, and affairs were regulated to meet the views of the new government. From this time no land could be taken without purchase from the Indians and patent from the Governor. During the Revolution considerable numbers of the people joined the loyalists, and the co. was mostly in quiet possession of the enemy. Robberies were common, especially along the N. shore. Presbyterian churches were everywhere used for military purposes. A petty warfare was carried on in whaleboats, and daring exploits were performed by partisans of both sides. Hall" was erectwl in 1684. From 1700 to 1708 the courts were held in the Presb. church, when a new CO. hall was built, which continued in use until tlie Revolution, when it was burned. By an act of March 1, 17S5, the sum of £2,000 was raised to erect new buildings on the present location under the direction of the CO. judge. The building is a half mi. n. of the R. R., and trains stop opposite when courts are in session. Eifforts have been made to remove the Bite to Jamaica, but thus far without suc- cess, although most persons will admit that the present site is inconvenient to a majority of the inhabitants. 1 In the absence of sufficient accommodations in the vicinity, this building is also used as a hotel during the session of the court. The sheriff, who lives upon the premises, usually makes provision for dining a large number, and for furnishing lodgings to a limited extent. 2 'I'he surrogate's and clerk's offices were kept at the houses of the incumbents until 1833, when they were located at Ja- maica. The present clerk's office was erected in 1857. « The £ioi&£ Island Farmer was commenced at Ja- maica in 1819 by Henry C. Sleight. It is now pubUshed bv Charles Willing. . . The Untnri Hall Giixtte.. seini-mo., was published at Jamaica in 1S:;2 by L. Booth. . „• t ., * t TUe liOns Island Democrat was established at Ja- iiiaii'.i May 1, 1836, by Jas. G. Brenton, present publisher. Tilt JnurTiul and Messenger was published about 1843, by S, V. The Long Island Tdegraph and General Advertiser was started at Hempstead in May, 1830, by Wm. Hutchinson and O F Le Fevre. In Nov. 1831 it was changed to The Hempstead Inquirer. It is now published by ■Morris .Snedaker, , ,. , j ^ rUe aueens County Sentinel was established at n.'mpsteiMi in May, 1868, by John H. Hentz, its present publisher. The Church Record was started at Flushing in 1840, and con- tinued Si years. It was edited by Rev. Dr. F. L. Hawks, and published by C. R. Lincoln. Tlie Flashing Journal was commenced March 19, 1842, by Cbas. R. Lincoln, its present publisher. The Flushing Foirwlngist was published in 1848, by WDliam R. Prince. The Public Voice was started at Flushing in 1862 ; and in 1855 it was changed to The Ijong Island Times. It is now published by W. R. Hurling. Tfie North Hempstead Gazette was started in Dec. 1846, at Man- hasset Valley. In 1850 it was removed to Roslyn and changed to The Plain Dealer. It was subsequently removed to Glen Cove, and was continued until 1855; Jas. L. Crowley was its last publisher. TJie Gkn Owe Sentinel was published a short time in 1854 by Bright & Perry. The Gleii Cove Gazette was started in May, 1857, by E. >I. Lincoln, its present publisher. The WixKlhavfu Advertiser was published a short time in 1S53. Tlu Astoria Gazette was started in 1853 by Wm. L. S. Harrison, and continued about 18 months. The Journal of tlie Institute was published at Flushing for about 3 years. 4 Commissioners were appointed to settle these claims in 1650. They were Simon Bradstreet and Thos. Prince on the part of the NewEngland colonies, and Thos. Willett and Geo. Baxter on the part of the Dutch. The boundary was fixed along the w. Itne of Oyster Bay; but the States General did not ratify the agree- ment, and the Dutch Governor neglected to carry it into elTect. The Dutch subsequently planted acolony atBrookville,(WolVL'r Hollow,) E. of the line, to assert their claims. 356 QUEENS COUNTY. FliFSOINTGi— was first granted by letters patent^issued by the Dutch Governor Keift, Oct. 10, 1645— to a company of English immigrants.^ This grant was confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Feb. 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, March 23, 1685 .^ Under the provisions of these charters a con- siderable amount of land was held in common, to be under the charge of 5 trustees, elected annually.* It was recognized as a town under the State Government, March 7, 1788.^ It lies upon the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is moderately uneven and has a gentle inclination to the n. A low range of hills extends along its s. border and separates it from Jamaica. Flushing Creek, the principal stream, forms a portion of the w. boundary. The princi- pal indentations upon the coast are Flushing Bay, Powells Cove, Little Bay, and Little Neck Bay. An extensive salt marsh extends along Flushing Creek and the head of Flushing Bay.' The soil is a fine quality of productive sandy loam. Gardening, fruit growing,' and the nursery business' constitute the leading pursuits of the people. The town supports its own poor, and has a house and farm for their accommodation. Flustain^, (p. v.,) at the head of Flushing Bay, was incorp. April 9, 1813. It contains 8 churches, 2 newspaper offices, several private seminaries,' and has a limited amount of manufactures.'" It is connected with New York by the Flushing R. R. and by a steam ferry from Hunters Point. From its proximity to New York, it has become the residence of many wealthy persons doing business in the city. Pop. 3,488. College Point," (p. v.,) on the sound, e. of Flushing Bay, is a modern village, settled mostly by Germans. It contains 2 churches, and an immense manufactory of .whalebone, India rubber, and ratan, giving employment to 500 to 700 hands. Pop. 1,150. 'Wliitestone" (p. v.) is located on the sound, in the extreme N. part of the town. It contains 2 churches, and an extensive tin and sheet ironware manufac- tory." Pop. 630. Marathon, at the head of Little Neck Bay, is a small, straggling village with one church. Several of the neighborhoods in this town are known by distinct local names." Wilkins Point has recently been purchased by the U. S. Government for the site of a fort.'* There are now 13 churches in town.'^ The first settlements were made by English, who probably had first settled in Holland. They arrived at " New Amsterdam" in 1645. They were Non-conform- ists in religion, and settled on the Dutch dominions under the promise of entire religious free- dom." But the Dutch soon commenced a series of persecutions that continued until the time of the British conquest in 1664, Several French Protestant families found their way into this town after the revocation of the Edict of Nantes ; but few of their descendants are now found. The fruits introduced by these people are said to have given the first direction to the nursery business for which this town is so celebrated. During the Revolution a British force was sta- tioned here. HEMPSTEAD— was granted by Gov. Keift to several English families, Nov. 14, 1644. This patent was confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, March 6, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, April 17, 1685.'' 1 Named by the Dutch "F/is.fcn^'en," from a place in Holland. 2 The firat patentees were Thos. Harrington, .lohn Lawrence, John Hicks, John Towusend, Thoa. btiles. liobert Eield. Thos. Saul, John Marston. Thoa. Applegate, Lawrence Dutch, Wm. Lawrence, Henry Sawtell, V.'m, Thurne, Michael Willard, Kobt. Firman, and Wm. Widgeon, for themselves and aaaociatea. 3 The patentees named in the patent of Gov. Nicoll were John Lawi-ence, (alderman of Aew York City.) Richard Corn- well, Chas. linUges, Wm. Lawrence, Itoliert ferry, Wm. Noble, John Forbush. Llias Doughty, jlobt. Field, Philip Ddall. Thos. Stdes. Benj , Field. Wm. Pidgeon, John Adama, John Hinchman, Nicholas Panell, Tobias Feaks. and .tohn Bowne; and those in the patent of Gov. Dongan w.-re V.lias Doughty. Thos. Willett, John Bowne, Matthias Harvey, Thos. Hicks, liichardCornwell, John Hinchman, Jonathan 1\ right, and Sam'l Hoy t.— Paten (s, I, 61, V, 222, 325, Sc OJice. * These lands have since been mostlytaken up by individuals, though the trustees are still elected to take charge of the re- mainder. The town records were turned, Oct. 31, 1797, by a servant girl, who was aflerward hung for the deed. 5 See p . « A chalybeate spring was discovered near the head of this marsh in ISlli. It was named ^■Chellenhum Sprivgs," and for a time attracted much attention. ' The principal fruit grown are cherries, of which large quan- tities are annually sent to the .\ew York market. 8 Flushing has a wide reputation for its nurseries, of which there are six, occnpyins Jllj acres and valued at S124,0)0. The first nursery was commenced about 175U. They now furnish every apecies of fruit tree, ornamental shrub, and exotic plant cultivated in the country. 8 The principal of these schools arc the Flushing Institute, the Flushing temale College, and the Linnean Hill temiuary. 1» The principal manufactories are the Excelsior F:mery and Pand I'aper Manufactory, a steam planing and saw mill, and a tide gristmill. n This place was formerly known as "Latorences iVecfc." Seve- ral farms have been laid out into village plats, each one taking a distinct name. An Episcopal college was incorp. here in 1840 ; but it has since been abandoned. The location of this in- stitution gave the name to the village. 12 Named from a large boulder near the landing. The place was first called "Ooolde Hill" and afterward "ClmtonvUle." 15 TWs estat.lishment gives employment to 430 hands. " Bay Side— the seat of A. G. Mickle, Ex-Mayor of New York— and SprlngT-ille are near Little Neck Bay. Fresh Meadows, Ireland, and Spring Hill are localities B. E. of Flushing Village. Rocky Hill and Union Place are farming neighborhoods. Spring Hill was the residence of Cadwallader Colden, who died here Sept. 20, 1776. His son espoused the cause of the Royalists, and hia estate was con- fiscated. 1^ M'hen fortified, this point will completely command the channel on the n., and render the approach of ghips of war toward New York impossible from that direction. 16 Of these there are at Flushing. 2 Friends, Prot. E., M. E., Ref. Prot. D.. K. C, Cong., and Bap. ; at College Point, R. C. and Luth. ; at Whitestone, Prot. E. and fli. E.; and at Marathon, a Prot. E. 1' The religious faith of these people was much the same as that afterward professed by the Quakers, who had not become at that period a distinct sect in England. Their first religious teacher was Francis Doughty, from Taunton, Mass., a Baptist, who became a Quaker in 1667, as did many of the inhabitants. The celebrated Geo. Fox visited America in 1672 and preached in this town. He was entertained at the house of John Bowne, who had particularly suffered from the persecutions of the Dutch ; but, his dwelling not being sufficiently large to accom- modate the audience, his hearers assembled under the shade of the venerable oaks, one of which is still standing. The Bowne House stands in Parsons & Co.'a Commercial Garden and Nursery, and is in a fine state of preservation. 18 The grantees named In the first patent were Robert Ford- QUEENS COUNTY. 357 Upon the erection of North Hempstead, in 1784, its name was changed to South Hempstead; and its present name was re-adopted Feb. 5, 1796. It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the s. side of the island, extending 20 mi. along the ocean, and embracing about 100 sq. mi. The shore is bordered by a line of beaches and sand hills ; and within them are Hempstead and South Oyster Bays, inclosing a large number of low, sedgy islands. West of the bay a long, narrow sandbar, known as Rockaway Beach,' extends to the s. w., forming the e. boundary of Jamaica Bay. Wide salt meadows border upon the bays, and from them the land spreads out into an almost perfectly level plain.^ The soil along the borders of the marshes is moderately fertile, and upon the plain it consists of sand and fine gravel, which is naturally barren, although it may be made productive by the proper application of manures. A considerable portion of the marshes and plain belongs to the town and is used as common property.' The people are largely engaged in market gardening. There is no poorhouse ; but the paupers are annually put up at auction and struck off to the lowest bidder. Hempstead, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. June 20, 1853. It contains 3 churches, the Hempstead Seminary,* and 1,486 inhabitants. Along the s. shore are several villages, generally scattered and extended over a large territory. They are mostly surrounded by gardens and orchards. Soutta Jerusalem, (p. v.,) in the s. e. corner, contains a gristmill and Friends' meetinghouse ; next w, are respectively Bridge Haven, containing a gristmill and church, Merrick,^ (p-o.,) and Crreenvrlcll Point, two farming neighborhoods; Freeport,* (p-v.,) a fishing village, containing 2 churches; MUburn, Baldwinville, and Christian Hook, hamlets; Rockville Center, (p. v.,) containing 1 church; Xear Rockaway, a hamlet, and Far Rocka^vay, (Rockaway p. o.,) a noted seabathing place.' Valley Stream and Fosters Meadows are two scattered settlements along the e. border. View Bridge, (formerly "Little Neck,") TVasbington Square, and Brookfield are farming neighborhoods. The first settlements were made in 1643, by a colony of English, who had previously settled at Weathersfield and Stamford, in Conn. They founded the first English settlement within the CO.* The town early acquired a prominent rank, and its records (preserved at North Hemp- stead), contain a large amount of valuable historical information. Horse races were established here by the Governor in 1690. The first church (Presb.) was started in 1648. There are 18 churches in town.' JAMAICA'" — was first granted for settlement by Gov. Stuveysant, March 21, 1656 ; and a more ample patent was granted in 1660. The rights of the town were confirmed by Gov. NicoU, Feb. 15, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, March 17, 1686." It was recognized as a town March 7, ham, John Strickland, John Ogden, JobD Karman, John Law- rence, and Jonas Wood; those in -the second patent were John Hicks, J. P., Capt. John Seaman, lUchard Gildersleeve, Robert Jackson, John Karman, John Smith, sr. and jr.; and those in the third were Capt. John Seaman. Simon Searing, John Jackson, James Pine, sr., Richard Gildersleeve, ar., and Nath'l Pearsall. —Tlumipsm'sHist. L.I., II, 14 ; Patents. IV, 66. V, 182 ; Sec. Office. 1 The CO. seal presents a view of sea and shore from this beach. The name is of Indian origin. This point was formerly inclosed by a fence from Hempstead to Jamaica Bays, and was used for pasturing cattle, horses, and sheep. 2 This plain is 16 mi. long and 4 broad. When first known to the Europeans, it was destitute of timber and covered with grass. The annual burning of this grass was prohibited by statute in 1726. It is mostly uninclosed, and used as pasture. ' About 16,000 axjres of the plain and the salt meadows are common property. The time for cutting the hay is fixed at the annual town meetings, and the first one on the ground has the choice of location. Miis leads the farmers to the meadows at an early hour on the appointed day, and sometimes during the night previous, where they stand scythe in hand, ready at the first glance of sunrise to striko into the grass before them and mow around as large a piece as they may be able. Several hundred men are often thus employed. Each inhabitant may hire as many laborers as he chooses, and may cut for sale. North Hempstead formerly enjoyed the right of cutting grass upon these meadows, but has been practically deprived of it for many years. See «Thi8 is a private seminary, owned by a joint stock company. ' On old documents variously spelled "Merie," "Moroke," and "Merilohe." Th e name was derived irom a tribe of Indians that lived in the vicinity. • Eirst settled by Edward Kaynor, and formerly known as "Saynort&wn." ' This place contains the Pavilion,— an immense hotel,— and several large summer boarding houses. 8 Among the early settlers were Kev. Eichard Denton, Jonas Wood, Wm. Kaynor, Robert Cos, Richard Gildersleeve, Robert Jackson, John Ogden, John Karman, Capt. John nnderhill, Andrew Ward, Thurston and Robt. Eaynor, Matthew Mitchell, and Robert Eordham. In 1647 the first eight, with Robt. Ash- man, Jeremy, Edmund, and Terry Wood, Benj. and John Coe, Sam'l Strickland, John Topping, John Eordham, Wra. and John Lawrence, Henry Hudson, Thomas Ireland, Richard Valentine, Wm. Thickstone, Nicholas Tanner, Wm., John, sr. and jr., Jas., and Alvin Smith, Eichard, jr., Sam'l, Dan'l, and Nalh'l Denton, Thos. Armitage, Simon Searing. Thomas Willet, Henry Pieieon, .Tos. and Wm, Scott, Henry Whiston, Eichard and John Lewis, Thos. Stevenson, John Storge, John and Robert Williams, Wm. Rogers, Richard Ogden, John Eoucks, Wm. Washburne, Thos. Sherman, Francis Yates, John Ellison, Wm. Shadding, Thomas and Chas. Foster, Roger Lines. Sam'l Clark, John Hudd, Thos. Pope, Daniel Whitehead, Edward Eaynor, John Smith, Samui'l Baccu8,and John Strickland were freeholders, and shared in the division of the lands. A part of the above locations are now included in North Hempstead. The first child born of white parents in town was Caleb Karman, son of John Karman, Jan. 9, 1645. An order was made at their General Court, Sept. 16, 1650, requiring all persons to " repaire to the publique Meetings and Assemblies on the Lords dayes, and on puldique dayes of fastings and thanksgivings, appointed by publique authority, bothe on the forenoons and afternoons," under a penalty of 5 guilders for the first, 10 for the second, and 20 for the third of- fense. The Rev. Richard Denton, a prominent founder, was their first pastor. He returned to England in 1659, and wrote a historical account of New York, which was published in Lon- don in 1670. 9 10 51. E.. 3 Prot. B., 2 Presb., 2 R. C, and one Friends. Near the M. E. Church in South Hempstead is a monument, erected to the memory of 139 English and Irish immigrants who peri.'-hed on the ships Bristol and Mexico, wrecked Nov. 21, 1836, and Jan. 2, 1837. 10 Itwas first proposed to name thisp\aGe"Canorasset." Many of the first settlers preferred the name of '^Crawford;" and the Dutch named it ^^R-uadorph," signifying " county town." The present name is by someconsidered as from the Indian "Janipco." 11 The first patent of confirmation contained the names of Daniel Denton, J. P., Robt. Coe, Capt. Bryan Newton, Wm. Hal- let, Andrew Messenger, and Nathaniel Denton: and the second named 24 persons.— Patents, I, 66, 91, V, 432; Sec. Office. 358 QUEENS COUNTY. 17S8. It is the s. w. corner town of the co. A range of low sand hills forma its N. boundary/ but the remainder of the town consists of an extensive sand plain, and a series of wide salt marshes along the shore. Jamaica Bay, forming its s. boundary, incloses a large number of low, marshy islands. Several small streams take their rise in springs and small ponds among the hills and flow s. to the bay.^ The soil is light and sandy. A considerable tract immediately bordering upon the marshes is kept in a high state of fertility by artificial means, and is devoted to market gardening. This town has long been celebrated for its race courses.^ The town poor are annually sold to the lowest bidder.^ Jamaica, (p. v.,) near the n. border of the town, was incorp. April 14, 1814. It contains 6 churches, the Union Hall Academy,* several private semi- naries, a union school, 2 newspaper offices, and several manufactories.^ Pop. 2,817. Wood- haven was organized in 1850 by a number of capitalists for the manufacture of shoes. Cypress Avenue is a it. r. station near the line of Kings co. The country in the immediate vicinity is laid out in a village plat, and named Unionville, from the Union Race Course; Clarenceville is a village plat on the r. r., e. of Jamaica ; Centerville, a plat adjacent to the trotting course; Ilopedale and Jamaica Hei^lits, two prospective villages in the N. part; "Willow^ Tree, a r. r. station, e. of Jamaica; Queens/ (p. o.,) a «. r. station near the e. line, and Springfield, a vicinage 3 mi. long, in the e. part, extending to the bay. The first settlement was made about 1656, by people from Hempstead, who in that year obtained leave of the Dutch Government to purchase lands and erect a town, " according unto their place limited, named Canarise, about midway from Hempstead." In 1702 the civil officers of government removed to this place, on account of prevailing sickness. An attempt was made soon after to appropriate the church to the use of the Episcopalians, — which was resisted, and a controversy commenced, which was not settled until 1728. In 1753 the General Assembly again convened at this place. During the Revolution the town was occupied by the British, and, especially in winter, large bodies of troops were stationed here. The Dutch Church was used as a storehouse. The first church (Presb.) was formed in 1663. The Ref Prot. D. Church was formed in 1702; and the first Prot. E. services were held during the same year. The Chapel of the Sisters — a neat edifice, built of hewn granite — was erected in the Presb. Cemetery, by Nicholas Ludlum, of New York.'' WE'WTO'WIV^ — was first conveyed by patent, by Gov. Stuyvesant, in 1652. The grant was confirmed by Gov. NicoU, ]March 6, 1666, and by Gov. Dongan, Nov. 25, 1683.^ It was recog- nized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the East River and Long Island Sound, in the n.w. corner of the co., and includes North and South Brother, Rikers, and Berriens Islands.^** A range of hills extends along the s. border; but the remaining part of its surface is level or moderately uneven. Flushing Creek forms a portion of the e. boundary, and Newtown Creek a portion of the w. boundary. Extensive salt meadows border upon these creeks and the bays. Hell Gate is a nar- row, tortuous passage between "Wards Island and Hallets Point, near the n. extremity of the town." The soil is a fine quality of sandy loam. Market gardening and the cultivation of flowers are the most important business. The town poor are let out by contract. Astoria^^^ (p-v.,) upon East River, near Hell Gate, was incorp. April 12, 1836. It contains 5 churches, a female seminary, union school, and several extensive manufactories.^^ It is particularly distinguished for its floral gardens 1 Peveral of these ponds have been purchased by the Brooklyn Water Works Company, The remains of a mastodon were fouDd in exciivating at Baialeys Pond, in this town, March 27, 1858. They consisted of six molar teeth and some small fragments of bonea, blackened, but not mineralized. 2 A course was laid out, in colonial times, around the border of Beaver I'ond, — a sheet of water adjacent to the village, since drained. Union Course was laid ont soon after the passage of the act o!'lS21. and continued under that of 183-1:. It is now owned bv thn ''Union Association," formed under general act, Aug. 2, 18.58. with a capital of $100,000. It ia a few feet over a mile in circuit. There is a trotting course s. E. of the former. 3 The town elects tiustees annually to manage its property. It hst^ a fund — given by Henry Townsend nearly two centuries since — ''for the relief of poor widows and ciiildren, persons bli'id. lamed, or aged, and such as should I>e unable to get a living, or any thnt should suffer by Are and whose necessities might call f r relief" 4 This institution was incorp. Feb. 29, 1792. 6 A cnrriHge factory and the repair shops of the L. I. B. R. Formerly called ^'BrushvilleJ' The name w;ls changed at a puM'C meeting, Jan. 1, 1^57. 7 There are now 7 churches in town ; 2 M. E., Af. Meth., Ref. Prot. D.. Presb.. Prot. E., and R. C. 8 Named ^•Middlehurg" under the Butch. 8 The first deed of confirmation contained the names of Capt. Richard Betts, J. P., Capt. Thos. Lawrence, Capt. John Coe, John Burroughs, Ralph Hunt, Dau"l Whitehead, and J. Burger Yost; and the second the names of 108 freeholders. The annual quit rent was 3£ 4s. — Patents, Ilf 78; Sec. Office: Thompson's Hist L. L, II, 142. 10 These islands are cultivated as gardens, Berriens, near Lawrence Point, has an area of 12 acres. Rikers is the largest- find most valuable, and was formerly called '■'■Hewletts Island," fiom its having been the residence of Gov. Hewlett. It is 1 mi.- from the mainland, and contains over 50 acres. It was cod- firmed to Guisbert Biker by Stuyvesant, Dec. 24, 1667, and is still owned by the family. — Thompson's Hist., IT, 154. 1^ This name wits probably derived from the Dutch '"Hellig," angry, and "Gut" a gitte. It is often softened Aown to ^' Hurl Gate." From the earliest time this has been a difficult strait to navigate owing to sunken ncUs and the strong current of the tide. In 1852 the r- cks were mostly removed by a system of submarine blasting and the navigation greatly improved. 12 This plai-e was formerly known as ^'■Hatlets Owe," and was settled by Stephen A. and John C. Halsey. At the time of it« incorpoKition it was proposed to call it "jftinswjic/c," from the Indian name of a stream near by; but the name Astoria was adopted, in hope of securing a gratuity from John Jacob Astor. In this, however, the people were disappointed, as he gave only $100 to the seminary. 13 The principal manufactories are the chemical works for QUEENS COUNTY. 359 and greenhouses.' It is connected with New York by ferries, and is inhabited by many persons doing business in the city. Pop. about 3,200. Ravens wood, (p. v.,) upon the East River, is a suburban village, and the houses consist mostly of costly residences. The poorhouse farms of New York City were located at this place previous to the purchase of the islands in the river for that purpose.'^ A rifle cartridge factory exploded here about 1850, occasioning a great destruction of life. Hun- ters Point' is a newly surveyed and thinly settled village, immediately N. of the mouth of New- town Creek. It has several manufactories,* and is rapidly increasing in business and population. JVewtown, (p. v.,) near the center, and Perry Bridg-e are stations upon the Flushing R. R. ; and Winfield and TTest Flushing are village plats upon the same roads. Maspetli^ (p. o.) lies near the head of Newtown Creek ; and Melvina, Columbusville, and Winants- Tllle are village plats in the same vicinity. L.awrenceville, n. w. of Winfield, and Mid- dletown, s. e. of Astoria, are village plats. l,ocust Grove, Unden Hills, ]Ve\v As- toria, Middle Tillage, and South TTilliamsburgli are localities and prospective villages. Dutcb Kills is a gardening neighborhood. St. Ronans 'Well, a wooded island near the head of Flushing Bay, contains 7 acres, and is a favorite resort for picnic parties. Cal- vary Cemetery, on the Laurel Hills, n. of Newtown Creek, contains 75 acres, and is owned by the R. C. denomination. Tlie Cemetery of tlie Evergreens, in the s. w. corner, is partly in Brooklyn and partly in New Lots, Kings co. It is beautifully situated upon the Cypress Hills, and contains 115 acres, with the privilege of extending its area to 500 acres. Cypress Hills Cemetery, e. of the latter, is also situated upon the highlands, and contains 400 acres.* mount Olivet Cemetery lies near Maspeth, and the liUtberan Cemetery near Middle Village. The National Race Course, incorp. May 31, 1854, is located near the Flushing R. R.' The first settlements were made in 1651, by English immigrants, who had first located in New England. The first grant of privileges obtained from the Dutch in 1652 was followed by another more liberal in its character in 1665. The early records of the town were lost during the British occupation in the Revolution. A blockhouse was built at Hell Gate during the Revolu- tion, and a water-battery, named Fort Stevens,* during the War of 1812. The first church edifice (Presb.) of which there is any record was erected, in 1670, at Newtown Village ; and the first preacher was Rev. John Moorehead, who was emploved from the first settlement until his death, in 1661. The census reports 15 churches in town.' KORTH HEMPSTEAD'"— was formed from Hempstead, April 6, 1784. It lies upon Long Island Sound, between Hempstead Harbor and Little York Bay, and on the s. extends to near the center of Hempstead Plains. A range of hills extends e. and w. through near the center; and from them spurs extend to the Sound, giving to the N. part a moderately hilly character. Hemp- stead Harbor and Manhasset Bay are irregular bays extending far inland and dividing the coast into several " necks" and points, — the principal of which are Cow Neck, Motts, Prospect, Sands, making dry alkalies, the U. S. Vulcanized Gutta Percha Belting and Packing Works, and an extensive carpet factory. 1 Grant Thorburu, the celebrated seedsman and Hoiirtt, had a nursery here ii-om 1^32 to 1851. There are now t> lli)i;il estab- lighmeuts for supplyiug the city market, besides nim^y geutle- men's greenhouSBS, graperies, &c. 2 About 1834-:i5, thd corporation of Xew York City erected ex- tensive buildings, about I5 mi. s. from Astoria, for a pauper establishment, which were sold at public auction, April 1.^,18-17, upon the removal of these institutions to the islands iu the river. Three large buildings — called the " Boys' Nursery," " School House," and " Infant Nursery," the property of Wm. W. Jliles —were leased (May 25) to the Commissioners of Emigration for a ship fever hospital, and other purposes. A public meeting was held immediately after at Astoria, to express indignation at the application of the property to these uses and to remonstrate ag.iinst it. The people failing to obtain their object, the pre- mises were assailed and destroyed on the night of iMay 25-27, 184T, by a large mob in disi^ui-^e. An attempt was made to flisten the expense of these losses upon the town; and, after repeated efforts, the owner recovered $3,000 from the State by act of March 17. 1855.— ^ssem. Doc. 18i8, Nos. 19, 181, 184, 186; Senate Dnc. 1849, No. 31, and 1850, Nos. 62 and 82. 8 Originally called "Daminin Hook." The place was after- ward owned by Geo. Hunter, who died before 1826. It is desig- nated in deeds as " Long Island City." Much of the property given to Union College by Kev. Dr. Nott as an endowment is located here, and consists of graded lots. 4 The principal manufactories are a flint glass factory, chemical works, paint and varnish iiictory, foui.deryfor the manufacture of iron pipes, and an oil and locomotive grease factory. Con- siderable ship-building is also done here. 6 Sometimes vi dttea '■ Mapat," "Mixpct," Sec. It was settled by English, and often designated "English KiUs," to di.,tinguish it from Dutch Kills. De Witt Clinton formerly resided here. A f tundery for casting metallic burial cases was established here several years since, 6 The general act forbids cemeteries to hold more than 250 acres in one co. ; and hence this was located in two. A special act allows this cemetery to hold 100 acres more in Queens CO. The highest point is 219 ft. above tide. 7 The company that owns this course is incorp., with a capital of $250,000. 8 Named from Maj. Gen. Ebenezer Stevens, who in bis youth was a member of the " Boston Tea Party" and subsequently an officer in the Revolution and the War of 1812. » 4 Prnt. B., 3 Ket. Prot. D., 3 M. B., 2 Presb., 2 E. C, and I Bap. The Ref Prot. D. Church at Newtown was formed in 1704, and a Prot. E. church at the same plaee in 1731. A M. E. church was erected near Middle A'illage in 1836, chiefly through the liberality of Jos. Harper, father of the Harper Brothers, pulH Ushers in New York. 10 Under the act of organization each town was to enjoy the right of oystering, clamming, and fishing in the other; and both continued to cut grass upon the South Meadows until 1815. They each assumed the sole care of the common lands that fell within their several bounds. At the town meeting in Hemp- stead, April, 1797, a re.solution was passed, giving to the people of that town 10 days' precedence of right in cutting grass. A suit was instituted, and was appealed to the Couit of Errors, which decided, in Dec. 1828, that North Hempstead bad no power to interfere in the regulations of Hempstead. — Opinion of Chan- cellor Kent, Johnson'.^, II, 3:2o-3o8; of Chancellor Sanford,iff)p- kins, I. 289-500; D-cision of Court of Errors, WmiWl, 11, 109- 137. The public lands of the town were sold under an act passed March 2.5, 1830. Obadiah Townsend, Sinj^letoo Mitchell, Beiij. AUiertson, and Jos. Dodge were appointed commissioners for this purpose. 360 QUEENS COUNTY. Barker, and Hewletts Points, and Plum Beaoh.^ The soil upon the plains is light and sandy, and in the n. part a sandy and olayey loam, very productive. The town poor are supported by the Jones Fund,^ at an institution situated at Brookville, in the tovrn of Oyster Bay; and 2 trus- tees are annually elected t» the board having this fund in charge. Manliasset,''' (p. v.,) near the center, a straggling village, contains 4 churches. The neck of land extending eastward of Manhasset Bay ia called Manhasset.* Roslyn, (p. v.,) at the head of Hempstead Harbor and 2 mi. above the steamboat landing, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 592. IVortli Hempstead (p. o.) is at the co. courthouse; Mlneola (p. v.) is a scattered village at the junction of the L. I. & Hempstead Branch R. Roads ; Flower Hill is a farming neigh- borhood near the center of Manhasset Neck ; Montrose, a village plat near the oounti-y seat of Wm. 0. Bryant. Westbury* is a farming neighborhood, extending from near the courthouse to the E. line of the town. Carl Place, near Westbury, and Clowesville, near Mineola, are village plats. Hyde Park,' near the r. r., l.alieville,^ near the line of Flushing, and Farmers Village, on the edge of the plains, are farming localities. Port TTasIiiiigton is a small fishing village on the w. side of Manhasset Bay. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1640, by a small company of English immigrants from Lynn, Mass., under the lead of Capt. Daniel Howe, who took possession of the head of Cow Bay, under the authority of Fawett, agent of the Earl of Stirling. The Dutch sent a party of soldiers, who captured several of the in- truders ; but they were released upon promising to quit the place. These persons afterward made the first settlement at Southampton. The necks of land of this town were first used for pasturage in com- mons. During the Revolution marauding parties committed various depradations upon the people of this town, rendering both property and life insecure. The census reports 9 churches in town.' OYSTER BAY^o— was patented by Gov. NicoU, Nov. 29, 1667, and confirmed by Gov. Andross, Sept. 29, 1677.^' It was reoognilzed as a town March 7, 1788. It occupies the e. ex- tremity of the CO., and extends across the island from the sound to the ocean. The n. shore is deeply indented by irregular bays, the principal of which are Oyster Bay, Cold Spring, and Oyster Bay Harbors, Mill Neck Creek, and Mosquito Cove. Cove Neck, Center Island,^^ and Mosquito Neck are long peninsulas formed by these bays ;" Lloyds Neck is a peninsula extending b. of Cold Spring Harbor. The great indentation of South Oyster Bay, separated from the ocean by Jones Beach, forms the s. boundary. This bay is bordered by salt meadows, and incloses several marshy islands belonging to the town. A range of hills extends through the N. part ; and the remainder of the surface is level. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam, and with proper care is very pro- ductive. The town poor are supported by the Jones Fund." Oyster Bay, (p. v.,) on Oyster Bay Harbor, contains 6 churches and 900 inhabitants;'* Glen Cove,'* (p. v.,) near Hempstead Harbor, in the N. w. part, contains 3 churches, a printing ofioe, fire insurance ofBce, and a corn starch factory." Soutb Oyster Bay (p.o.) is a scattered village on the s. shore. Farm- in^dale (p.o.) is a hamlet and r. r. station near the e. line ; Hicksville'^ (p-o.) is a r. r. station near the w. line. Syossef (p. o.) is the present terminus of a b. r. extending n. e. from 1 A lighthouse has been erected upon Sands Point, and a life- boat station is maintained here, a See page . 8 Formerly called "Tan Tards" 4 Pormerly called " Cow Neck," and by the Indians ^'Sint Sink" It was originally inclosed from Hempstead Harbor to the creek by a fence separating it from Great Neck ; and every person was entitled to put as many cattle upon it as he built standing gates or panels of fence. When afterward distributed, in 1674, these rights were called gate-rights. The number of con- tributors in 1658 was 60, and tlie number of panels offence 526. 5 Formerly called *'Hemp!ttead Harbor." Harbor Hill, in the rear of the village, is 319 feet high. The firet paper mill in the State is said to have been built here inl773,byHeudrickOnder- donk, (gi-andfather of two bishops of this name,) Hugh Gaire, and Henry Remsens. Thei-e are 2 paper mills, 2 gristmills, and a sawmill at this place. 6 The people in this vicinity are chiefly employed in furnishing milk for the New York market. 7 Upon the open grounds 8. of this place, anciently called "Salisbury Plains" a race course was established by Gov, NicoU in 1665. It was called "iVewj Market" and continued devoted to the sports of the turf more than one hundred years. 8 Formerly called "Success." from Success Pond in the vicinity. The name was changed to Lakeville in 1835. The towns of Flushing and Hempstead gave 618 acres, between the lake and Hyde Park, to Gov. Dongan, who had a country residence here. » 3 Friends, 2 M. E., Af Meth., Prot. B., Ref Prot. D., and R. C. w The lands and commons of this town are under the charge of the supervisor. The South Meadows are sold annually at auction, for about $1,200. Townsmen only have the right of fish- ing and oystering in the waters of the town. " Henry Townsend, sr., Nicholas and Gideon Wright, Richard Harrison, Joseph Carpenter, and Josiah Lathing were named in both patents.— JWeTifc, I. 104, 162; Sec. Office, 12 Formerly called "Hog Island." It is connected with the main island by a beach, includes 600 acres of excellent soil, and has a brickyard, with steam power, that makes 3,000,000 bricks annually. 13 The principal capes or points upon the n. shore are Oliveri!, Sopers, Moses, Plum, Center Island, Old Neck, Fox Island, Pea- cock, Matinicock, and Red Spring Points. " In 1836, Sam'l Jones gave S3O,O0O— known as the ".Tones Fund"— for the support of the poor of this town .^nd North Hemp- stead; andif the income of this fund was more than sufficient for this purpose, the overplus was to belong to Flushing. A farm was purchased at Brookville, upon which suitable buildings have been erected for the support of the poor. Walter R. Jones, the distinguished financier, also a citizen of this town, gave J5,000 more lor the same purpose. The fund is managed by 3 trustees, chosen by this town, and 2 by North Hempstead. The institu- tion is known as the "Jones Institute ;" and it supports 60 to 70 indigent persons annually. 1' P. 0. changed to "Syosset" Jan. 20, lS4fi, and old name re- stored one week after. Jaa. Colwell, appointed P. M. by Jeffer- son, held the office till his death, in 1854, when his granddaughter was appointed. " Formerly called "Mosquito Com." " This factory employs 40 hands, and manufactures 15 tons of starch per day. 18 Named from Ellas Hicks, the Quaker reformer. !!> Formerly known as "East Woods." QUEENS COUNTY. 361 Hicksville, projected to Cold Spring. IVorwlcta (East Norwich p.o.) is a farming settle- ment 3 mi. s. E. of Oyster Bay.i Cedar Swamp, (p.o.,) s. e. of Glen Cove, and Locust Valley, n. e. of the same place, are farming settlements. Jericho (p. o.) is a settlement, n. of Hicksville ;' fVoodbury (p.o.) is a small village, near the e. border; Lloyds Week is a farming vicinage, in the extreme n. e. part;* Betliplia^e is a farming locality, and Brook- Ville is a hamlet^ Fort IVeck. was named from two ancient Indian forts.^ Dosorls,' liattin^own, and Matinicock^ are localities n. e. of Glen Cove. An attempt was made by a party of English to make a settlement in this town in 1640 ; but the settlers were driven off by the Dutch. In 1642 other English parties, who had purchased lands of the Indians, were also driven off. The question of jurisdiction was a matter of debate until 1650, when commissioners were appointed on both sides to settle it. The w. boundary of Oyster Bay was fixed upon as the line of separation of the two colonies ; and in 1653 the first permanent English settlement was made, upon laud previously purchased of the Indians.' In 1662 the tovm formed a close alliance with Conn. De Lancey's corps of royalists built a small fort on the hill, in the village of Oyster Bay, in 1776 ; and it was occupied by Simcoe's Queen's Rangers in 1773 and '78. The census reports 16 churches in town.^" ^cres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Scliools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Queens County. Names op Towns. Acres of Land. 1 Valuation op 1858. | Population. | 1 s i ScnooLa. 1 1 If . 1 2 ■& vl Vg si 1 g ^ 0,11; $3,442,070 1 1 § 4 e; .0.3 g| 1 Flushing 11,083 3,813 $3,184,960 $257,110 3,969 4,011 1,113 1,600 667 8 2,963 Hempstead 25,463 14,888 2,660,760 349,667 3,000,427 6,264 6,213 2,022 2,051 1,409 19 4,056 14.042S 6,666 2,186,430 196,166 2,382,586 2,796 2,886 866 1,005 640 7 2.246 NewtowQ 10,28Si 2,009 3,146.600 263,290 3,390,890 2,331 2,363 1,518 904 434 10 1,733 North Hempstead 23,160i 7,989 2,534,400 288,750 2,823,150 4,683 4,763 867 1,766 914 11 H'ii'. Oyster Bay 38,622 22,960 3,368,696 420,769 3,789,464 4,109 3,938 1,51U 1,466 994 21 3,187 Total 119,549 57,204 17,071,845 1,765,742 18,887,587 23,142 23,124 7,896 8.682 5.048 74 117,366 1 Lite Stock. | AOEIOOLTDEAl PRODUCTS. 1 __ Bush, of Ghain. ;» 1 ^ > . ■J. Dairy Phoducts. 1 III 1 1 1 •1 t% i! It II II ll Eluahing 989 564 87 862 1,924 18,386 66,771 7,106 36,489 956 42,793 Hempstead : 1,651 1,383 2,54 ! 548 2,919 46,844 146,060, 9,179 63,082 100 166,048 T97 325 86 926 23,103 60,616 7,060 64,494 51 46,286 1,397 169 116 1,209 7,422 86,677 2,666i 63,983 448 17,416 North Hempstead 1,236 889 1,61 2,777 2,997 28,6705 111,309 11,1014 34,438 1,205 61,4944 240 Oyster Bay 1,884 1,776 2,19 I 5,527 4,263 49,7624 167,648J 14,294 1 38,649 587 118,947 626 — Total 7,954 6,086 9,240i 9,714ll4,228 173,188J 616,971 161,395 1 291,135 3,346 441,98341 765 1 The town records are nsnally kept at this place. 2 The p. 0. at this place was called "Buckram" until recently. 3 Eliaa Hicks formerly resided here. The first settlement was made by Robert Williams, in 1650; called by the Indians 4 This neck, containing 2,849 acres, is separated from the re- mainder of the town by Cold Spring Harbor. It is connected with Huntington, Suffolk co., by a narrow isthmus. It is princi- pally devoted to the raising of stock. The Indians called it «aiMm-se<(," and it is called "Sorse-Necl^' on old documents. It was patented, in 1685, to Jas. Lloyd, of Boston, and erected into a manor. The British maintained a post here during the Rerolutioa; and one of the officers stationed there was the Duke of Clarence, afterward "William IV. Daily steamers touch at Lloyd's Dock, on the w. side of the neck. 6 This place was settled by the Dutch, to assert their claim to lands claimed by the English. The Jones Institute is located here. 6 In 1775, Daniel Jones, of this place, gave £300 sterling for a charity school at Oyster Bay. f Sometimes written Desoris. It is an abbreviation of dos uxoris, or " dowry of a wife," — the property having come to the first settler, Coles, by his wife. 8 A Friends' meetinghonae was erected here in 1682. Peter Wright, Wm. Leveridge, Samuel Mayo, Wm. and John Washburne, Thos, Armitage, Anthony Wright, Eobt. Williams, and Kichard Holdbrook were joint purchasers. Henry Town- send obtained a grant for a mill Sept. 1661, and erected the first mill, in 1663. There were 53 freeholders in town. 10 4 M. E., 4 Prot. E., 4 friends, Bap., Kef. Prot, D., Presb., and Af. Meth. KINGS COUNTY. This county was organized with its present limits, Nov. 1, 1683.' It lies upon the w. end of Long Island, adjacent to New York Harbor, and embraces several small islands adjacent to the coast. It is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is generally level or gently undulating. A broad range of drift hills, 50 to 100 feet above tide, extends from the shore of the bay in the s. w. corner in a n.e. direction through the CO. From their summits the surface gradually declines both to the N. and s., and terminates upon the shores in extensive salt meadows. The portion lying n. of the hills is moderately uneven, being occa- sionally broken by low, isolated drift hills. The shores are deeply indented by bays, which for the most part are shallow, and very irregular in outline. The principal of these are Hallets Cove, Newtown Creek,* Wallabout,. Gowanus, and Gravesend Bays on the w., and Sheeps Head Bay on the s. Jamaica Bay, a large, shallow, landlocked bay upon the s. shore, is partially in this co. It incloses a, large number of low, marshy islands separated by narrow and irregular tidal currents. Wide salt marshes extend along the shores of the bays, and far inland along the courses of the small creeks.' The soil is mostly a light, sandy loam. A strip immediately surrounding the marshes and embracing a large share of the w. extremity is fertile, and capable of producing almost any crop adapted to the climate. Its close proximity to New York, the great commercial center of the country, renders it favorably situated for the development of manufactures and commerce ; and both of these pursuits are largely carried on at the centers of population. The agriculture of the CO. is mostly confined to gardening for the N. Y. market. All of the business of the oo. — manu- facturing, commercial, and agricultural — are so intimately connected with the interests of New York that the co. may be considered as a suburb of the great city,* The county seat is located at the city of Brooklyn.^ The courts are accommodated at the City Hall, which belongs exclusively to the city. The jail, located upon Raymond St., is closely sur- rounded by other buildings, and its ventilation is very imperfect. The average number of inmates is 80, supported at a weekly cost of §2.10 each.* The Kings Co. Penitentiary is located upon a farm of 38 acres near the s. line of Brooklyn. The buildings, now nearly completed, are of stone, and sufficiently spacious for the accommodation and care of all the prisoners of the co. The main building is 490 feet long by 86 feet broad, with two wings of 50 feet each. The total cost up to January 1, 1857 was $190,414.35. The institution is designed to be self supporting. The county clerk's office is kept at the City Hall.'' The Kings County Almshouse is located upon a farm of 70 acres in Flatbush, about three miles s. of the City Hall of Brooklyn. This institution consists of four large brick buildings, — the almshouse proper, hospital, nursery, and lunatic asylum. These buildings are spacious and well arranged, but poorly ventilated. A school is maintained through the year, and religious instruction is given upon the Sabbath. 1 From 1666 to 1683 this CO. formed apart of the "West Riding of Yorkshire," England. See p. . . 2 This creek is a tidal current, receiving several small fresh water streams, and is properly a narrow bay. 3 Upon the beach the General Government has established 2 lifeboat stations. In Jan. 1821, tlie bay and the Narrows be- tween tlie w. extremity of Long Island and Staten Island was frozen so tliat persons crossed on the ice. * For more minute description of the business of the CO., see town descriptions. 6 The courts were originally held at Gravesend; but, by an act of the General Assembly, passed Nov. 7, 16S5, they were removed to Flatbush, and a courthouse wsis built there the sue- ceeding year. This building was used until 1758, when a new combined courthouse and jail was ei^ected. By an act passed April 6, 1784, a tax of £200 was authorized to be raised to repair the injm-ies which had been done to the courthouse and jail by th" British. The repairs were expended under the direction of Philip Wagel and Jeremyas Yanderbilt. By an act of March 362 10, 1791, the courthouse and jail were directed to be rebuilt under the direction of Johannes B. Lott, John Vanderbilt, and Chas. Doughty, and £1,200 was appropriated for that purpose. During the next year £300 additional was raised to finish the buildings. These buildings were burned Nov. 3, 1832; and by act of Feb. 27, 1834, the co. seat was removed to Brooklyn. The lii-Bt CO. officers after the Revolution were Nicholas Cowenhoven, First Judge ; Jacob Sharp, jr., Clerk ; Wm. Boerum, Sheriff; and Johannes E. Lott. Surrnfjate. 8 Up to June 1, 1858, 39,910 prisoners had been confined in this jail. 7 By an act of May 1. 1828. a fireproof co. clerk's office was I directed to be built in Bnioklyu. A more spacious one was built in 1837, which was used until the office was removed to its present location in the City Hall. By an act passed in 1852, an office of Register was created ; and by a later act, discietionary powers have been granted to a Board of Commissioners for the better preservation of the public records. KINGS COUNTY. 303 Children are bound out at the age of 12 years. The average number of inmates is 1,800, sup- ported at a weekly cost of about $2.00 each. The farm yields a revenue of $3,500. The Brooklyn & Jamaica K. E. extends from the s. ferry of Brooklyn eastward through near the center of the co. The Flushing K. R. extends from Green Point, in the n. part of Brooklyn, to the village of Flushing, a distance of TJ mi. In the city of Brooklyn are several local railroad ; and from the city lines of stages extend to every village in the co. The Long Island Intelligencer, the first newspaper in the co., was published some time before 1807. Four newspapers^-three daily and one weekly — are now published in the co.' The first settlements of this co. were made mostly by the Dutch, about 1625. In 1640, a colony of Mass. Quakers, in quest of religious freedom, settled at Gravesend under the protection of the Dutch Government. Long previous to the English conquest of 1664, settlements had been made, mills erected, and churches and schools established in every town in the co. The settlers were so exclusively Dutch that the Dutch language and customs prevailed until within a comparatively recent period. Bushwick, Brooklyn, Flatbush, Flatlands, and New Utrecht were known under the English Government as the "Five Dutch Towns;" and they were associated, for certain purposes, until 1690.^* The Five Towns also formed an ecclesiastical society, and joined in the support of their m in ister until the final separation of the American church from the Classis of Holland, in 1772. Few events of interest occurred within the limits of this co. during the colonial peried. Its Revolutionary annals belong to the general history of the country. During its occupation by the British, from 1776 to 1782, the people were subjected to a series of disgraceful and oppressive acts.' Many of the inhabitants left the co. from fear of hostile visits during the War of 1812-15 ; and at times much alarm was felt, — although no hostile visit actually took place. It has shared in the growth of New York City, and is closely identified with it in business. This co. is included in the "Metropolitan Police District" created by act of April 15, 1857, and in the Board of Police Commissioners it is represented by the Mayor of Brooklyn and one other member. Vast schemes of speculation have from time to time arisen, most of which have resulted in loss, and several of them, devised upon a magnificent scale, have seriously retarded the progress of needful improve- ment. Prom 1850 to 1853 about 40 building associations were organized in this co., ostensibly to enable those of humble means to acquire a home, but practically to form contributions to a fund which was loaned to those members who would allow the highest premium. The rates submitted to were often extremely ruinous, and the speculation had but a brief existence. 1 Tlie Long Island Star was started in June, 1809, by Ihos. Kirk. In 1811 it was bought by Alden Spooner, and lias been continued by him and his sons until the prpFent time. The Brooklyn Dally Evening Star was be^n by Alden Spooner & Sons, Jan. 4, 1841. It is still issued, by Edwin B. Spooner. A semi-weekly edition was issued from The Star office in 1824. The Long Island Patriot was started at Brooklyn in 1830 by Geo. L. Birch. In 1833 it was changed to Tht Brooklyn Advocate, and was issued by James A. Bennett. In 1836-36 it was changed to The Brooklyn Advocate and Nassau Gazette, rite WtUiamsburgli Gazette was started in 1835 by Francis Q. Fish. It was afterward changed to The Waiiamsburgh DaiJy Gazette, and was issued a short tune. The American Native Citizen and Brooklyn Evening Advertiser, da., was published in 1836 by F. 6. Fish. The Metlianics' Advocate was issued a short tunc m 1810 at Hast Nftw York Tfte Real Estate Gazette, also started at East New York, had an ephemeral existence. o nc^n ^^ T?ie WiUiamsburgh Democrat was commenced June if, lb4U, oy Thomas A. DeTyr. , . ,_ ., The Brooklyn Dally Kagle was commenced m 1841 by Isaac Van Anden, and is still published. From the same office was issued , - -.occ * TJie Brooklyn Weekly Migle, which was changed m 1855 to The Saturday Evening Miscellany. T(r«-*.t,„ii Sr The Brooklyn Daily News was started m 1841 by Worthall & ■Watts, and was continued until Nov. 1843. The Brooklyn News and Times was issued m 1843 by J. S. Noble. The Age was started at Williamsburgh m Dec. 1844, and was continued a short time. . , ^ , _.,,. . . . The Democratic Advocate was pubhshed at Wilhamsburgh in 1844 by J. G. Wallace. ^ ^^ . .^.. . „ a The Brooklyn Daily Advertiser was started m 1844 by H. A. Lees and W. Foulkes, and was continued about 8 yeai-s. The American Champion was published at Brooklyn a short time in 1844. The Daily Lovg Islander was started at Williamsburgh in 1845 by Bishop & Kelley. The Williamsbmigh Morning Post was published in 1847 by Devyr A Taylor. TJie ^turday Evening Bee was issued a short time in 1848 at Brooklyn. The Orbit *as issued at South Brooklyn in 1848. Tlie Kings County Patriot was started at Williamsburgh in 1848 by Geo. Thompson and S. R. Hasbrook. Tfie Williamsburgh Times was started in 1848 by Beunet Smith & Co. Soon after the consolidation of 'Williamsburgh and Brooklyn its nfime was changed to Tlie Brooklyn Dally Timesj under which title it is now published. Tlie Excelsior was commenced in 1848 at Soulii Brooklyn, and was issued a short time. The Brooklyn Daily Freeman was published in 1849. TIte Daily Jntlependent Press was commenced July 16, 1850, at "Willinmsburph, by W. G. Bishop and J. A. F. Kelley, and was continued until 1855. The Brooklyn Momivg Journal was established in 1851 by Ho- gan & Heighway. The Union Ark, a temperance mo., was published at Brooklyn in 18— by J. Schuebly. Tlie Long Island Ameiger (German) was started at Brooklyn, Sept. 2. 1854, by Edward Bohr. The Triangle (German semi-mo.) was started at Brooklyn, April 7, 1855, by Edward Rohr. The Kings Co. Advertiser and Village Guardian (semi-mo.) was started at East New York in May, 1857, by C. Warren Hamilton. The Green Point Advertiser was published a short time in 1847 by L. Slasquerier. a A Secretary or >iegister was especially commissioned by the Governor to take the proof of wills, of marriage settlements, the acknowledgment of "-transcripts" or other conveyance, and such important contracts and agreements as required to be re- corded. 8 By an act of March 6, 1784, Kings co. was taxed $13,000 to repay Kevolutionary expenses. 364 KINGS COUNTY. BROOKLiYH'' — was inoorp. by patent, with the usual privileges of townships, under Gov. Lovelace, Oct. 18, 1667, and its rights were confirmed by Gov. Dongan, May 13, 1686. It was recognized as a town under the State Government March 7, 1788. The village of Brooklyn was inoorp. as a fire district April 2, 1801, and as a village April 12, 1816, and both town and village were incorp. as a city April 8, 1834. The city of Williamsburgh and town of Bushwick were annexed April 17, 1854.' The city extends along New York Bay and East River to Newtown Creek, occupying the n. part of the co. Its exterior line is 22 mi., and it contains an area of 16,000 acres. The s. and e. borders are occupied by a broad range of low hills, which extend E. into Queens co. Along the shore opposite the lower point of New York is an irregular bluff known as "Brooklyn Heights." A considerable portion of the s. part of the city is low and level. Newtown Creek, forming the N. boundary, is an irregular arm of the sea, receiving several small fresh water streams. Wallabout Bay is a deep indentation lying between the old cities of Williamsburgh and Brooklyn. Gowanus Bay extends into the s. part of the city.' The land that borders upon these bays is flat and marshy. Within the limits of Brooklyn are several districts known by the names which they bore when they were distinct localities, before the city was incorporated. These will eventually all be lost in the growth and consolidation of the business of the city. Broolilyii (p.o.) includes the old settled parts of the city s. of Wallabout Bay. Upon East River, in this district, are several large manufactories. The water front is entirely occupied by wharves and warehouses. Wllliams- burg^Il (p.o.) includes the thickly settled portions N. of Wallabout Bay. It contains a large number of manufacturing establishments, and its entire water front is devoted to commercial pur- poses. Green Point, (p.o.,) comprising the 17th ward, lies between Bushwick and Newtown Creeks, and occupies the extreme n. w. part of the city. It contains extensive shipyards, and manufactories of porcelain, coal oil, lifeboats, and many other articles. TVallabout (some- times called East Brooklyn) lies E. of Wallabout Bay. Bedford and Sfew Brooklyn are localities on the R. E., in the E. part of the city. BusllTVi Ck Cross Roads and BusIlTrIck ©reen are villages b. of Williamsburgh. Oo'ivanus is a village near the head of Gowanus Bay. Soutli Brooklyn comprises the portion of the city lying s. of Atlantic St. It has an extensive water front ; and along the shore immense works have been constructed to facilitate commerce.* It contains extensive wood, coal, stone, and lumber yards, and numerous planing mills, distilleries, breweries, plaster mills, founderies, and machine shops. The city is connected with New York by 11 steam ferries, all supplied with excellent boats, which perform regular and frequent trips.' From the Atlantic St. Ferry the Brooklyn & Jamaica R. R. extends E. to the E. bounds of the co." From the principal ferries lines of city railroads extend through the principal avenues and radiate to nearly every part of the city, affording easy, rapid, and cheap means of communication.' The commerce of Brooklyn is extensive, though it scarce has an independent existence, from ite intimate relations with that of New York. The docks and piers at South Brooklyn are among the most extensive and commodious in the country. Ship and boat building and repairing are exten- sively carried on at Williamsburgh and Green Point. The whole water front of the city is occu- pied by ferries, piers, slips, and boat and ship yards ; and the aggregate amount of business 1 The name i8 derived from the Dutch " SreTielc-landt" (broken land.) The patent for the township was issued to Jan Everts, Jan Daman, Albert Corneliser, Paules Verbeeck, Michael Enegle, Thos. Lamberts, Tennis Gisbert, and Bogart and Jovis Jacobson. The annual quitrent under this patent was 20 bush, of wheat. 2 Bushwick — signifying wood-town — was invested with cer- tain powers of government March 14, 1661. Another patent was granted Oct. 25, 1667 ; but it remained associated with other towns until Aug. 12, 1708. Williamsburgh Village, in this town, was incorp. April 14, 1827, and the town of Williamsburgh was formed March 16, 1840. The village and town were united and inoorp. as the City of Williamsburgh April 7, 1861, and the city and town of Buehwick were annexed to Brooklyn April 17, 1854. Bushwick now constftutes the 17th and ISth waa-ds, and Williamsburgh the 13th, 14th, 16th, 16th, and a part of the 19th wards. * Acts have been passed authorizing a canal, with basioB, wharves, and slips, to be constructed along the creek that flows into this bay. The mouth of the creek has been improved for a short distance. * The Atlantic Dock contains an area of 40 acres, and has suflBcient depth of water for any vessel. An outside pier is 3.000 feet long. The warehouses upon the piers are of granite. The Erie Ba-iin and other extensive docks along the bay liave been projected, and work upon them has commenced. These docks afford perfect security to vessels while loading and unloading, and security to goods against theft. It is estimated that $1,000,000 worth of goods are annually stolen from the wharves and ships at New York and Brooklyn. 6 These several ferries are all chartered by the Corporation of N. Y. City. The boats average 400 tone, and are noted itir the regularity with which they perform their trips. Seepage . ' This road is leased to the Long Island K. R. during tie term of its charter. A tunnel 2,750 feet long, extending undor jl por- tion of Atlantic St., commences near the ferry. It was fiiiishe^ in Dec 1844, at a cost of $96,000. f In 1856 the city authorized the granting of charters for these KINGS COUNTY. 365 transacted there forms an important item in the commerce of the State. In the extent and variety of its manufactures Brooklyn ranks among the first cities in the country. Located near the great commercial center, it has become the seat of an immense manufacturing interest.^ The U. S. Navy Yard is located upon Wallabout Bay." The premises connected with it occupy an area of 45 acres, and are inclosed on the land side by a high ■wall. Within the inclosure are various mechanic shops necessary in building and repairing vessels, a large and costly dry dock," two large buildings to cover ships of war while in process of building, extensive lumber warehouses, several marine railways, and a large amount of balls, cannon, and other munitions of war. The Naval Lyceum is filled with curiosities sent home by naval officers. Upon a gentle rise, a little e. of the Navy Yard, is a U. g. Marine Hospital* for the care of sick and infirm seamen belonging to the navy. Near it is an extensive laboratory for the manufacture of medicines for the navy.^ The grounds belonging to these establishments occupy an area of 35 acres. A little s. of the Navy Yard, upon Park Avenue, arre extensive Marine Barracks. The city is well supplied with pure, soft water, derived from Hempstead Hook, Valley, and Spring- city railroads to the parties who should offer to carry passengers I lines, without regard to distance, is 6 cents, at the lowest price. The Brooklyn City E. R. Co., formed Dec. list of these several railroads :— 17, 1853, received the grants ; and the fare upon the several [ The following is a Lines of Kailboads. lE'ulton Ferry to Washington A v.... Washington At. U> Brooklyn At... Fulton St. to Nostrand Av Nostrand Av. to Division Av Flushing St. to Throop Av Throop Av. to Division Av Kent At. to Bushwick At Bushwick Creek to Kent St Kent St. to Freeman St Fulton St. to Gowanus Creek G^wanus Creek to Thirty-Sixth St. Thirty-Sixth St. to City Line , City Line to Yellow Hook Lane.... Court St. to Ferry Moutes. Fulton Av. Myrtle Av. Flushing St. Hamilton Av. Length in Miles. 2.31 1.12 2.04 .87 2.67 .14 2.08 1..56 1.88 1.17 .66 .93 When Opened. July, 1854. Sept. " July, " Nov. " Julv, " April, 1856. Oct. 1854. Oct. 1865. Dec. " Aug. 1864. Nov. " July, 1855. July, 1866. May, 1855. 1 The following table, derived from the State Census of 1855, shows the amount and Kinds of manuiactures. Names of Manufactories. Amount of Manur factwres. Names at Manufactories. Amtmnt No. of Manu- Men. factures. 2 55,000 86 1 49,340 35 11 276,000 260 1 90,000 12 6 88,500 100 6 170,260 94 2 286,000 36 2 60,000 16 2 140,000 47 6 476,600 163 2 90.000 128 10 2,205,163 677 5 161,300 46 2 115,000 60 11 102,178 60 6 946,000 540 2 64,000 12 150,000 64 60,000 76 14 256,300 334 160,000 95 206,620 139 800,000 196 60,000 17 60,000 19 89 700,446 866 296 $18,494,351 7,368 Agricultural Implements Ax and Edge Tools Bakers Block Breweries Cabinet Camphene Chandlery and Soap. Chemical Laboratories. Coach and Wagon .^ Coffee, Spice, and Mustard. Cotton Batting Dentists' Gold Distilleries Pish and Whale Oil Flax Dressing Fur Dressing Furnaces Gas Glass Glue > Gold and Silver Keflning. Gold Pen Gristmills Hat and Cap House Building Ivory Blafik and Bone Manure... Japanned Cloth $28,000 66,000 92,535 70,000 167,265 261,324 1,670,000 229,100 320,000 70,660 68,640 70,000 100,000 2,499,000 173,000 690,000 114,700 900,000 278,000 322,000 160,000 226,000 112,000 636,000 986(000 264,000 106.960 189,600 22 6 49 58 52 149 85 64 42 86 26 67 2 215 19 98 30 600 278 282 7 7 41 48 666 161 Lamp and Lanterns.. Liquorice Machine Shops Malt Marble Oil Cloth Oil Mills Paint and Color Patent Leather Planing Mills Porcelain Rope Rosin Oil,... Sash and Blind Ship Silver Ware Steamboat Finishing.. Steam Pump Stone Cutting Tin and Sheet Iron Tobacco and Cigar White Lead Whiting Window Shades Minor Manufaetories... Total.. 2 The land occupied by the Navy Yard was ceded to the General GoTcrnment by the State in 1807. 8 The site for the dry dock was fixed by Col. Baldwin, in 1826 ; but efficient work was not commenced untU 1841. It was subse- quently prosecuted under the charge of several engineers, as follows: — .... . , idi +.. Prof. Edward H. Conrtenay ; Aug. 1, 1841, to AUE 1 1842..„ 136,264.25 Gen. wTUiam Gibbs McNeil ; Oct. 10, 1844, to «__]i 1 iflis 114,d71.Ho W P S aatoJEer : April 1, 1845, to Juno 23, 1846.. 115,951.81 Wm J MSineT5"n6 28, 1846, to Oct. 1, 1849. 1,114,311.09 Cre?.ChSlKrt;Oct.lA849,toAng.30,18^ 732,974.63 Total cost $V13,m.61 The work waa suspended from Aug. 1842, till Oct. 1844. The main chamber is 286 feet long by 35 feet wide at the bottom, and 307 feet long by 98 feet wide at the top. Depth, 36 feet. The masonry foundations are 400 by 120 feet, upon piles driven 40 feet into the earth. It is emptied by eteam pumps in 4j- hours.— P« «a° ^^'^^ 10 000 000 eal per day. The reservoir is 20 feet deep, and has a capacity of 167,000,000 gals. The whole cost of the work is estimated at |4,200,000.i The Fire Departments of the Eastern and Western Districts are separately organized under special acts.^ The city is supphed with gas by 3 companies. , ^^ , o j. • t The City Park, between Park and Flushing Avenues and Navy and Park Sts., contains 7 acres; Washington Park, between Myrtle and De Kalb Avenues and Cumberland and Canton Sts., con- tains 33 acres. It occupies the site of Fort Green of the Revolution. In the newly surveyed sections several sites for parks have been reserved by the city. The City Armory, at the corner of Henry and Cranberry Sts., was erected in 1858, at a cost of 114,000. A State Arsenal, on Clinton St., was built in 1856, at a cost of $40,000. The City Hall, situated at the junction of Fulton and Court Sts., is a fine building, faced with white marble." Besides these, there are in the city 9 banks of discount, 5 savings' banks, and 10 stock fire insurance companies. The Public Schools are under the charge of a board of education, consisting of 45 members. The cityopntains 32 school districts; and in 1857 there were employed 320 teachers,— 27 males and 293 females. The whole number of children between 4 and 21 years of age is 46,000, of whom 35,817, or 78 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total expenses of the schools for 1857 was $231,474.61. A normal school for the professional instruction of teachers has been established. The Packer Collegiate Institute, for girls, occupies an elegant building upon Jorolimon St., w. of the City Hall. It was incorp. May 8, 1845, as the "Brooklyn Female Academy." Its name was changed March 19, 1853, in honor of Mrs. Wm. S. Packer, who endowed the institution with $65,000. An astronomical observatory is connected with it. The Brooklyn Collegiate and Polytechnic Institute, for boys, on Livingston St., was incorp. April 7, 1854. It was established by a stock company, with a capital of $75,000, and has accommoda- tions for^O pupils. Besides these, there are in the city 100 private schools and seminaries, several of which are large institutions, with corps of professors and with permanent investments. The aggregate number of pupils in attendance at the schools is 2,600. The Brooklyn Institute was incorp. Nov. 20, 1824. It occupies a commodious building on Wash- ington St., the gift of Augustus Graham. It has a free library, provides free lectures and lessons in drawing and painting for apprentices, and its rooms are depositories for books, maps, models, and drawing apparatus. The Brooklyn Athenaeum and Reading Boom, on the corner of Atlantic and Clinton Sts., was incorp. Jan. 28, 1852. It occupies a large three story edifice, erected at a cost of $60,000. The first story is used for mercantile purposes, the second for a library and reading room, and the third for public lectures. The Law Library in Brooklyn, incorp. Jan. 8, 1850, is located at 341 Fulton St. The Naval Lyceum, within the Navy Yard, was established in 1833 by ofScers of the navy. It has a fine library and museum. The Kings County Lodge Library Association, at Williamsburgh, was incorp. Feb. 7, 1847. Among the societies for intellectual improvement are the Hamilton Library Association, founded in 1830; the Franklin Debating Association, in 1852; the Young Men's Association, in 1853; the St. diaries Institute, in 1854; the Ecclesion Literary Association, in 1854; and the Columbia Lite- rary Association, in 1855. The Great Northwestern Zephyr Association, designed to encourage native talent in music, painting, and sculpture, was organized in 1838. The Philharmonic Society 1 This great work is juat completed. Until a very recent date tlie city has depended upon wells and cisterns for its supply of water. There were liJ2 public cisterns in the city; hut all the supplies were entirely inadequate to the demand for water. The firet agitation for a better supply of water commenced in 1835 ; but nothing waa accomplished until 1847, when a report was made recommending the building of reservoirs to he supplied from wells. In 184:9, W. .7. McAlpine submitted a plan for ob- taining a supply from the streams flowing into Jamaica JBay. The question of prosecuting this work at public expense was repeatedly voted down. Several private companies caused sur- veys to be made, and one of them acquired titles to the streams in question ; and June 4, 1856, the Common Council subscribed $1,.300,000 to the stock of the Nassau Water Company. The work was commenced July 31, 1856, under the charge of James P. Kirkwood, Chief Engineer. Feb. 11, 1867, the rights of the Nassau Company were vested in the city. The worlts were com- pleted in May, 1859. It is contemplated erecting another reser- voir upon Prospect Hill. ^TbeFire Department of the Western District, under the care of 5 commissioners, has 7 lire districts, 22 engines, 4 hook a'lid ladder companies, 7 hose companies, and 10 alarm bells. The Fire Department of the Eastern District has 6 fire districts, 13 engines, 3 hook and ladder companies, 4 hose companies, and 2 alarm bells. 8 This building contains the city and most of the co. ofiices. It was commenced in 1836 ; but work was suspended in 1837 and was not resumed until 1846. It was completed in 1848, in a style much less costly than that of the original design. SARATOGA COUNTY. 223 Mohawk Valley, previous to 1700. The names of the first settlers and the precise date of their settlement are unknown. The first church (Bap.) was organized Sept. 3, 1794; Rev. Abijah Peck was the founder and first pastor.' CORIJVTII— was formed from Hadley, April 20, 1818. A part of Moreau was annexed Jan. 28, 1848. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n.e. part of the co. The Kayaderosseras Mt. Range occupies the central and n. parts, and the Palmertown Mts. the s.E. corner. The declivities of these mountains are steep, rough, and broken, and their summits are rooky and mostly covered with forests. A valley 4 mi. wide separates the two ranges. The principal streams are the Hudson, forming the n.e. border, and Cole Brook, flowing along the s. foot of the mountains. The Great Falls, in the Hudson, are on the border of this town.^ Among the mountains in the N. part are several fine lakes, the principal of which are Efnor, Hunt, Jenny, and Black Lakes. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Lumbering is extensively carried on, the Hudson River and small streams from the hills furnishing an abundance of water-power. Jessups Liandiug, (Corinth p.o.,) on the Hudson, contains 3 churches and 88 dwellings; and Soutb Corintli (p. v.) 1 church and 30 dwellings. The first settlement was made near S. Corinth, in 1790, by Fred. Parkman, Washington Chapman, Jeremiah Eddy, Jephtha Clark, and Jonathan Dewel.' The first church (Bap.) was organized June 1, 1822.* I>AT — was formed from Edinburgh and Hadley, as " Concord," April 17, 1819. Its name was changed Dec. 3, 1827. It is the n. w. comer tovm of the co. Its surface is principally occupied by several spurs of the Kayaderosseras Mts. Oak and Bald Mts., the principal peaks, near the center of the town, are 900 feet above the river. The whole mountain region is wild, rugged, and rooky, and scarcely susceptible of cultivation. The Sacondaga River flows in a narrow valley through the s. part. Its course is tortuous, and it is navigable through the tovm. Paul, Glass House, and Aliens Creeks are the other principal streams. Livingston, Sand, and Mud Lakes are small bodies of water in the N. part. The soil is a moderately fertile, sandy and clayey loam. Lumbering is extensively carried on. Huntsville (West Day p.o.) is a hamlet in the s.w. part. Day is a p. 0. The first permanent settlers were Phineas Austin, James Thomas, and Dyer Perry, and families named Clay and Bond. The first religious meetings were held in the barn of Peter Van Vleck, in 1801-02. The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1809. The census reports 2 churches; Christian and Ref. Prot. D. EDEVBURGH— was formed from Providence, March 13, 1801, as "NmthjiM," and its name was changed April 6, 1808. A part of Day was taken off in 1819. It lies upon the w. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is principally occupied by two high mountain ridges separated by the vaUey of the Sacondaga River. The mountain regions are rocky and broken, with a thin, sandy or gravelly soil, and are covered with forests. Beechers Creek is a. small mill stream w. of the river. The soil on the river flats is a good quality of clayey and gravelly loam. Lumbering is the chief occupation of the people. BatcUelervUle, (p. v.,) on the b. bank of the Sacondaga, contains 30 houses; and Beechers Hollow, (Edinburgh p.o.,) on the w. side of the river, 12. The first settlers came in about 1790 and located in the valley below "Fish House."* The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1798, by Rev. Mr. Munroe, from Galway." Traces of an ancient Indian burial place are visible on the s. bank of the Sacondaga, near the border of Day.' GAI.'WAY*— was formed from Ballston, March 7, 1792. Providence was taken off in 1796. It lies on the w. border of the co., s. of the center. Its n. half is occupied by a group of rounded hills forming the southern continuation of the Kayaderosseras Mts. The surface of the s. half is gently undulating. The principal streams are head branches of Feegowesee and Calderwood Creeks and the Mourning Kil. The soil is generaUy a heavy clay, intermixed in places with sand and gravel. Galway, (p. v.,) near the center of the town, was incorp. April 18, 1838. It oontainf 3 churches, a female seminary," and about 45 houses; West Galway, (p. v.,) on the border of Fulton CO., contains 1 church and 20 houses. TorKs Corners, (B. Galway p.o.,) in the n.e. 1 The census reports 6 churches ; 4 M. B., Bap., Ret Prot. D. 2 See description of Warren Co., page . s Among the early settlers were Daniel Boardman and Ste- phen and Wm. Bray ton, at Jessnps Landing; Elial Lindsay, at Great Balls : and Ambrose Clothier, in the 8. e. part of the town, in 1796. Stephen Ashley kept the first inn, about 1800; and Daniel Boardman kept the first store and bnilt the first grist- mill, about 1793. t. ». nr » 4 There are 8 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., M. E. 6 Tn 1791 the following persons wereliving in the valley, viz. : Obadiah Perry, and Saml. Rogers. Daniel Abbott, from Conn., taught the first school, in 1794; Chatfield kept the first store, in 1796; Isaac Deming biUlt the first gristmill, in 1793; and Palmer Munroe, the first woolen factory, in 1808. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; 2 M. B., Presb. T Tradition says that a band of Canadian Indians in canoes, on an expedition against the Mohawks, at this place fell into an ambuscade and were all slain. Bullets are frequently cut out of the trees in this vicinity. 8 Named from the native place of the first Scotch settlers.. 224 SARATOGA COUNTY. part, MosbervlUe, (p.o.,) near the n. border, 'Wliiteside Corners, (p.o.,) in the ir.w., Soutli Galway (p.o.) and Hfortli Galway (p.o.) are hamlets. The first settlers, from Galway, Scotland, located in town in 1774.^ Rev. Simeon Smith, from Canterhook, came in town in 1778, and located near Yorks Corners.^ He formed the first religious society (Bap.) during the following year.' GREEWFIEIjO— was formed from Saratoga and Milton, March 12, 1793. A part of Hadley was taken off in 1801. It occupies a position a little N. w. of the center of the oo. The Palmerstown Mountain Range extends along the E. border, and the Kayaderosseras Range occupies the w. part of the town. A valley 6 mi. wide separates these ranges. The principal streams are the Kaya- derosseras and its branches. The soil is generally a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Sections of the surface are very stony. Iron ore has been found in the e. part. Greenfleld Center (p. V.) contains 2 churches. Pop. 85. Jamesville, (Middle Grove p.o.,) on the s. border, con- tains 1 church, 2 paper mills, and 31 houses; Mount Pleasant, (p. v.,) in thoN.w. comer, a glass factory and 140 inhabitants ; and Porters Corners, (p. v., ) near the center of the town, 2 churches and 20 houses. 'West Greenfield, (p.o.,) IVortli Greenfield, (p.o.,) and Pages Corners are hamlets. The first settlers were two men named Haggerty and Root, who located near Haggerty Hill in 1784.* The census reports 9 churches in town.' HADLiET— was formed from Greenfield and Northumberland, Feb. 27, 1801. Its boundaries were amended Feb. 28, 1808. Corinth was taken off in 1818, and a part of Day in 1819. It lies upon the Hudson, in the n. e. corner of the co. A large share of its surface is occupied by the peaks and ridges of the Kayaderosseras Mts. Mt. Anthony is an isolated peak in the s. E. part.' Sacondaga River flows through the s. part. Its valley is narrow; and below Conklingville its current ia rapid and frequently interrupted by falls. The soil generally is a coarse, yellowish, un- productive sand and gravel. Lumbering and tanning are extensively carried on. Conkling- ville, (West Hadley p.o.,) on the Sacondaga, in the w. part of the town, contains 1 church, a large tannery,' and 39 houses. Hadley (p.o.) is a hamlet at the junction of Sacondaga and Hudson Rivers. Richard Hilton commenced the first settlement, just after the close of the Revolu- tion, on the Hudson.* The census reports 2 churches in town ; a F. W. Bap. and a Wes. Meth. HALiF MOOSP— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788, Its name was changed to " Orang^' April 17, 1816, and the original name was restored Jan. 16, 1820. Waterford was taken off in 1816, and Clifton Park in 1828. Its surface is undulating and broken by the narrow ravines of small streams. Hudson River forms the e. boundary, and the Mohawk a portion of the s. The river intervales are about J mi. wide, and are bordered by a line of steep, clay bluffs 60 to 100 feet high. The other streams are Anthonys, Dwaas, and Steena Kils. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam upland, and a fine quality of alluvium in the intervales. 'Crescent"" (p. v.) is a canal village near the center of the s. border of the town. Pop. 593. Ifliddletovrn, (Half Moon p. o.,) \\ mi. e. of Crescent, has a pop. of 230 ; Mechauicsville, (p. V.,) at the mouth of Anthonys Kil, lies mostly in Stillwater. Pop. in Half Moon, 495. Clif- ton Park., (p. V.,) on the e. border, is about one half in this town. IVeivtoivn and Smitll- town are hamlets. The first settlements are supposed to have been made between 1680 and '90, by Germans, on the Mohawk flats." The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was organized in 1800." 1 Among the early eettlere were John and James Major, John McClelland, Wm., Robt., and Alex. Kelsey, and John McHarg, who all came over in the same ship, in 1774. The first death was that of James Major, killed by the fall of a tree, Sept. 11, 1776; John McClelland or Prendergast kept the first store, in 1780; Daniel Campbell bnilt the first gristmill. 2 Mr. Smith Was accompanied by his parents and 3 brothers- in-law, Simeon Babcock, Reuben Mattison, and Joseph Bawn. ^ 8 The census reports 6 churches in town ; 2 Bap., Christian, Friends, M. E., and Presb. * 'Among the other early settlers were Brewster, Wm. Scott, -a soldier of the Revolution, who came in 1785; Isaac Den- mon, John Benedict, Nathl. Seymour, and Benj. Ingham, in 1787 ; Jas. Vail and Chas. Mirick, in 1789 ; Isaac and Darius Stephens, Reynolds and his sons, in 1790 ; Eseck Turlotot, in 1793; and Miner, soon after. Joel Reynolds kept the first inn, in 1789; Qershom Morehouse built the first saw and grist mill, at Middle Grove, tho same year. Benj. Clinch kept the first store at Porters Corners, in 1787. ' 3 Bap., 2 M. B., 2 Friends, Cong., and TJniv. fi Iron ore was formerly obtained on the w. side of this moun- tain, to supply the furnace at Luzerue. 7 Tills tannery consumes 5,000 cords of bark and manufactures 50,000 sides of leather per annum, 8 Alex. Stewart settlpil ml the TTiidann in ITfifi. T^IHoh V.Tlio Walker, at Hadley, in 1790. Wilson taught the first school, in 1791-92. Delane & Hazard built the first sawmill, in 1791 ; and Alex. Stewart, the first gristmill, in 1803. Jonathan Flan- ders kept tho first inn, and Jeremy Rockwell the first store, in 1807. Col. Gordon Conkling built the tannery at Conklingville and placed the first steam tug on the river. 8 Named from the crescent shape of the land between the Hudson and the Mohawk. 10 The canal crosses the Mohawk at this place on a stone aque- duct 1,150 feet long and supported by 26 stone piers. 11 In 1689 it was resolved by the authorities of Albany to re- move the fort about the house and barn of Harme Lievese, at Half Moon, to a more convenient place, — ^from which it is in- ferred that a considerable settlement existed at that time. In 1714 the precinct of Half Moon contained 101 inhabitants. Among the early settlers were Oldert Onderkirk, on the flats, Fort, on the Judge Leland farm, and Taylor, at Me- chanicsi'ille, before 1763. The ancient stone house on the Dail&^ bach place, in the s. w. corner of the town, was buUtin 1718^by Killian Van Den Bergh. There was a sawmill on Steena Eil, near Crescent, in 1762. Wm. Bradshaw built a gristmill on Dwaas Kil at the close of the Revolution, A bridge was erected across the Mohawk in 1794, at a cost of $12,000. 13 The census reports 7 churches in town ; 3 M. E., Bap., We8. MfitVi _ Prpflh.. tLTid In'riAnHa SARATOGA COUNTY. 225 M^t^^'fj^'^^^^''™^'^ ^"^ StiUwate*! March 3, 1802, and a part of Samtoga was annexed marcn ZS, 1S05. It lies upon the w. bank of Saratoga Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. Its surtace IS chiefly an undulating upland, 60 to 80 feet above Saratoga Lake, and broken by the deep gulleys ot small streams. The streams are Kayaderosseras Creek, forming the n. boundary, Balls- ton Uutlet treek, an inlet, and Anthonys Kil, the outlet of Round Lake, and Drummonds Brook, flowing into Saratoga Lake. Round Lake, in the s. e., is nearly circular, and IJ mi. in diameter. A swampy region covering an area of several hundred acres lies in the N. E. part of the town, at the mouth of the Kayaderosseras. The soil is principally a light, sandy loam, with clay and muck in the lowlands. Demin? Street, (Malta p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church aiid 17 houses. Maltaville, (p.o.,) in the s. part, Malta Rid^e, in the n, and Halls -Corners, are hamlets. The first settlers were two men named Drummoud and McKelpin, who came before the Revolution and located w. of the lake.i The census reports 5 churches in town.= • ^Q^'''**^^""''^ ^°™^^ ^""^"^ Ballston, March 7, 1792, and a part of Greenfield was taken off in 1793. It hes a little s. of the center of the co. Its surface is moderately hilly in the n,, and undulating in the s., with a slight inclination toward Kayaderosseras Creek, which flows s.e. through the center of the town. This stream has a rapid fall and furnishes a valuable water- power. Feegowesee Creek, from the w., is its principal tributary. In the n. part are limestone ridges, extensively quarried for building stone and lime. The Saratoga mineral spring region extends through the s.e. part. The soil is generally a sandy loam. Ballston Spa, (Ballston p.o.,) the CO. seat, was incorp. March 21, 1807. It is situated on Kayaderosseras Creek, in the S.E. corner of the town. It contains the co. buildings, 2 seminaries,' 5 churches, 2 printing offices, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 2,285, of which 1,941 are in this town. This village has long been celebrated for its mineral springs.* Rock City Mills (p. v.) contains 3 paper mills and 34 houses ; "West Milton (p. v.) a church, a paper mill, a shingle mill, a hoe fac- tory, and 40 houses ; Bloodville a scythe, edge tool, and knitting factories, and 40 houses ; and Factory Tillage 2 paper mills and 22 houses. Milton Center and Cranes Tillage are hamlets. The first settlement in town was made by David Wood and his sons Stephen, Benj., Elijah, David, Nathan, and Enoch, who bought 600 acres and moved into town before the Revolu- tion.* The first church (Bap.) was organized Jan. 22, 1793.' MOREAU' — was taken from Northumberland, March 28, 1805. A part was annexed to Corinth in 1848. It lies in the great bend of the Hudson, in the n.e. corner of the co. The w. part of the town is occupied by the rocky and precipitous peaks of the Palmertown Mt. Range. The central and e. portions are undulating and broken by the narrow ravines of small streams. The Hudson River forms the n., the e., and a part of the w. boundary of the town. Upon its course are numerous rapids and waterfalls.' The Snook Kil and its tributaries drain the s. part of the town. The soil is generally a light, yellow, sandy loam, but in the s. and w. are tracts of clay and gravel. Soutli Glens Falls, (p. v.,) on the Hudson, opposite Glens Falls, contains several manufacturing establishments;'" pop. 513. Fortsville, (p. v.,) in the central part, contains 25 houses. Clarks Corners, Reynolds Corners, and State Dam are hamlets. Morean Station is a p. o., situated on the R. & W. R. R. Settlements are said to have been made before the Revolution ; but their history is only a vague tradition." The first church (Bap.) was built in 1795.'^ 1 Irheae men were suspected of toryism and were driven from the CO. Michael Sunning, with 6 sons and 3 daughters, from Conn., came into town in 1777-78. John Rhoades and Timothy Shipman were the first settlers on Malta Ridge ; Eobt. and John Hunter and Jehjal Parks located at Maltarille about the conunencement of the Revolution. » 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. Meth., and Presb. 8 The Ballston Spa Institute, for boys, was established in 1846. The Ballston Spa Academy was opened in 1855. * In the Tillage are a cotton, oilcloth, edge tool, 2 seamless bag, and 2 knitting factories, a tannery, and 2 gi-istmills. A ni%. CO. was incorp. here March 10, 1810. 5 These springs were first discovered in the survey of the Kayaderosseras Patent in 1769. They are situated on the mar- gin of a small stream that flows into Kayaderosseras Creek. Tlie Old Springy formerly much used, was greatly impaired by the opening of La FayiAte Spring, within 30 feet, in 1825. Washingt(m Spring was obtained in 1827, by boring 237 feet in the slate. The SkUiv^, or United States Spring, is considerably impregnated with salt. Besides these are the Fulton and FranJc- Un Springs and the Low Well. In 1817, 4 springs were dis- covered within 20 feet of each other in the bed of the stream. Their properties were unlike, and after a little time they be- came firesh. These springs are generally clear, cool, and spark- line-. Their average temperature is about 50°. The mineral water is similar to that of the Saratoga Springs, only less strong. Gas is copiously discharged with these waters. 6 Bennajah Douglass, grandfather of Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, built a log house near the spring, for the accommodation of visitors, in 1792. Silas Adams and Elyah Walbridge located in the N. part of the town in 1784-86. In 1792 Nicholas Low built a tavern close by the spring ; and in 1804 he erected the *■' Sans Sonci Hotel." 7 The census reports 8 churches in town ; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., 2 Presb., Prot. B., and K. C. s Named from Marshal Moreau, who visited the U. S. in 1804-06. ^ See page . 10 In this village are 2 sash and hlind factories, a tub and spoke factory, planing mill, broom handle factory, an extensive sawmill, and marble factory. Cheney & Arne's sawmills employ 75 men, run 150 to 190 saws, and manufacture more than 10,000,000 feet of lumber per annum. The marble manufactured is a black variety obtained from the Trenton limestone in the immediate vicinity. " A man named Marvin was the first settler at Fortsville, about 1795 ; Edward and El^ah Durham and Holly St. John were the first settlers at Clarks Comers ; Hamilton built the first gristmill, about 1800. Abel Crandall kept the first inn, in 1798. 12 The census reports 5 churches; Bap., Cong., M. £., Union, 226 SARATOGA COUNTY. HfORTHlTMBERIiAIVD— was formed from Saratoga, March 16, 1798. A jart of Hadley was taken off in 1801, Moreau in 1805, and Wilton in 1818. It lies upon the E^dson, n. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or undulating and broken by deep rayines. A line of clay and slate bluffs, 30 to 100 feet high, extends along the river. Snook Kil and its -tributary, Beaver Dam Creek, are the principal streams. The soil is generally a light, sandy loam. This town shares with Fort Edward the Fort Miller Falls.' Gansevoort/ (p. v.,) on Snook Kil, in the N. part of the tovm, contains 2 churches and a pop. of 162. It is a station on the S. & W. E. E. Bacon mil' (p.o.) and IVortliuinberland, (p.o.,) in the s.e. part of the town, are hamlets. Fort Miller was built in this town in 1755, under the direction of Col. Miller. It was located upon the flat, above the rapids, and was enclosed on three sides by the river. A blockhouse was built on the heights that commanded the position on the w. The first settlers probably came in before the Revolution. Among them was a man named Munroe,* who built the first sawmill, at Gansevoort.^ There are 5 churches in town.' PROVIDElVCE^was formed from Galway, Feb. 5, 1796, and Edinburgh was taken off in 1801. It lies near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is mountainous in the N. E. and broken and hilly in the s. w. The high regions along the N. and E. borders are mostly covered with forests. Hagadorns, Hans, Cadmans, and Frenchmans Creeks, small TiiiU streams rising in the mountains and flovring s. w. into Fulton co., are the principal watercoiirses. The soil is chiefly a coarse, yellow sand or gravel of poor quality. Large tracts are stony and rocky. Wooden ware, leather, and lumber are extensively manufactured. Barltersvllle (p. o.) and Hag-adorns mills are hamlets. Providence and "West Providence are p. offices. The first settle- ment was made previous to the Revolution, but the settlers were driven off during the war. Among the first settlers after the war were Nathaniel Wells and Seth Kellogg.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Christian, and M. E. SARATOGA*— was formed as a district, March 24, 1772, and as a town, March 7, 1788. Easton (Washington co.) was taken off in 1789, a part of Greenfield in 1793, Northumberland in 1798, a part of Malta in 1802, and Saratoga Springs in 1819. It lies upon the Hudson, near the center of the e. border of the co. A range of high, rounded, and sometimes terraced hills extends If. and s. through the central and w. parts. These hills rise 450 feet above the Hudson and slope in every direction. Narrow alluvial flats bordered by high clay bluffs extend along the Hudson. Saratoga Lake forms a portion of the w. boundary. Fish Creek, the outlet of the lake, flowing through the n. part of the town, is the principal stream ; and upon it are several fine mill sites. The other streams are small brooks. The soil N. of Fish Creek is light and sandy, and in the remaining parts of the tovm it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Three mineral springs, known as " Quaker Springs," issue from the Hudson River slate, in a ravine a little s. E. of the center of the town.' Scliuylerville,"' (p. v.,) incorp. April 16, 1831, is situated on the river, at the mouth of Fish Creek. It contains 4 churches, the Schuylerville Academy, a newspaper office, a bank, cotton factory, and foundery; pop. 1,184. Tictory Mills, (p. v.,) situated on Fish Creek, con- tains 1 church, a machine shop, and an extensive cotton factory;" pop. 729. Quaker Springs, (p. V.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and 22 houses. Granger- ville, (p.o.,) on Fish Creek, is a hamlet. Deans Corners and Coveville are p. offices. The first settlement was made in the early part of the last century, upon the Hudson River.'' - The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed previous to the Revolutionary War.'' The census reports 7 churches in town." SARATOGA SPBIIVGS — ^was formed from Saratoga, April 9, 1819. It occupies a nearly 1 See p. . 2 Named from Col. Poter Gansevoort, who located here soon after the war. 3 Named from Ebenezer Bacon, who came from Conn, in 1794, and opened the first framed tavern the same year. The place has been called " I^iddl^town" and " Fopes Ccrmers" at different times. * Munroe was a tory, and fled to Canada, and Ms property was confiscated. 6 Gansevoort discovered the irons of Mnnroe's mill and erected a new sawmill. He soon after built a gristmill. Fort Miller bridge waa first erected by a company incorp. March 16, 1803. The present bridge was erected in 1845. It has a double road track and a canal towing path. 8 3 j^ef Prot. D., 2 M. E. ' Corey built the first sawmill, in 1786, and the first gristmill, soon afterward. The first inn was kept by Shank- land. 9 Written " Saraghtoga" until about 1793. Upon the old map The name was first applied to a settlement on the Hudson, in the vicinity of the present village of Schuylerville. It is said to signify " swift water," and was applied to the rapids in the river, in contradistinction to still water, just below. 8 The water of these springs contains lime, magnesvi, and iron, held in solution by carbonic acid, and a large proportion of common salt and soda. 50 Named in honor of Gen. Philip Schuyler, who resided here previous to the Revolution. During the war hia buildings and mills were burned by order of Burgoyne. 11 There are 466 looms in this factory. In 1857, 8,566,411 yds. of print cloths and silesiaa were manufactured. ^ At the attack upon Old Fort Saratoga, npon the opposite side of the Hudson, in the fall of 1745, several sawmills and other buildings, upon Fish Creek and the river, were burned, and about 30 families were killed or taken prisoners. 18 The British troops made a riding school of this chnicb during the war. .^ SAEATOGA COUNTY, 227 central position in the co. Its surface ia rolling or moderately hilly. Kayaderosseras Creek and Saratoga Lake, forming the s. boundary, are skirted by a line of low bluffs. The streams are Ellis and Owl Pond Creeks. An extensive tract lying n. of Saratoga Lake and along the course of Owl Pond Creek is low and swampy. The soil is an inferior quality of yellowish, sandy loam. The far famed mineral springs, which give to the tovm its name, are situated about 3 mi, n.w. of Saratoga Lake. They are near the center of the mineral spring region, which has a radius of nearly 10 mi.^ Saratoga Springs (p. v.) was incorp. April 17, 1826. It contains a female seminary,^ 7 churches, 2 banks, 5 printing offices, 2 public halls, and 22 hotels.^ Pop. 5,129. The business of the village is principally connected with the entertainment of strangers during the fashionable watering season. The springs are on that part of the Kayaderosseras Patent that fell to the share of Rip Van Bam. Sir Wm. Joh nson is said to have been the first white person who ever used the Saratoga vfaters for meaicinST^urposes. in 17671ie was brought to the place on a litter, and, after remaining several days, he was able to return on foot. His example was followed, and the visits of invalids soon became of frequent occurrence. In 1773, Derick Scovrton made the first clearing and erected a hut. He was followed soon after by George Arnold and Saml. Norton.* In 1783, Gen. Schuyler cut a road through from Fish Creek, and spent several weeks here, living in a tent. The next year he erected a framed house, (the first in town,) and annually afterward until his death he spent a part of the summer here vrith his family.^ Several prominent men have resided in the village.^ The census reports 7 churches in town.^ STIIiI."WATER«— was formed March 7, 1788. A part of Easton ("Washington co.) was 1 Sigh Rock Spring, the first discovered of these, was so named from a pyramidal mound of calcareous tufa 3^ feet high and 244 feet in diameter at the base which has been formed around it. An aperture 1 foot in diameter opens from the top of the rock downward, in which the water generally rises ly feet above the fiTHface of the ground. It is said that the water once overflowed the top; bnt at an early day the rock was cracked by the fall of a tree, and the water sunk to its present level. Congress Spring was discovered in 1792, by a hunting party, and named in, compliment to John Taylor, one of the number, who had been a member of the Continental Congress. The present spring w^a obtained by sinking a well in the bed of the stream near the original fountain. T?ie Columbia Spring, a few rods s. w. of the latter, is chalybeate, and constantly boiling from the escape of gas. It wafi opened in 1806, by G. Putnam. T?ie Hamilton faring, 50 rods n. e. of Congress, waa discovered by Q. Putnam, and brought into use by Dr. Clarke. Tfie Pavilion Ibuntain, opened in 1839, has a smart, pungent taste. TJie Iodine Spring, situated a few rods w. of High Bock, was opened in 1839. The water contains a large proportion of iodine and very little iron. This spring has sometimes been called the Walton Spring, from Henry Walton, a large proprietor of lands in the vicinity. The Empire Spring, the moat northerly in the village, was opened in 1846. It discharges 75 gallons per hour. The, Washington Spring, 50 rods s.w. of Congress Spring, was opened in 1806. Putnam Spring is in the immediate vicinity. Flat Bock Spring, 100 rods N. B. from Hamilton, is chalybeate. President Spring is 30 rods n. e. of High Rock ; Ped Spring, 60 rods N. E. of Presi- dent ; and Monroe Spring, 15 rods n. of Flat Rock. Ten Springs were discovered in 1814, 1 mi. n. e. of the village, ^is Sprin{f is situated in a ravine 2 mi. s. w. of Congress. There are several other springs in the immediate vicinity. Baths are connected with most of these springs, and an immense trade has sprung up in the bottling and sale of the water. The temperature of the fountains ranges from 48° to 51°, and it is not sensibly aflected by the seasons. The following table gives an analysis of several of these springs. The figiirea show the number of grains in a gallon of water. iNGEEDIENTa. 1^ 1 3 i •1^ 1 1^ IS 2 1^ if") 1"^ 267.00 2.66 15.40 46.71 68.00 6.68 2.05 trace. 386.00 3.50 8.98 95.79 98.10 6.07 1.50 trace. 270.00 8.00 30.30 43.12 141.32 3.00 }i.oo{ 148.87 ■ 1.33 20.79 42.70 60.67 6:39 trace. 270.30 3.00 27.04 36.20 92.40 6.39 trace. 189.10 2.60 17.54 61.69 69.29 6.68 trace. 137.00 2.00 76.00 26.00 1.00 3.60 160.20 1.70 10.40 44.26 48.00 1.10 80 226.68 2.76 4.70 62.60 60,24 4.10 .62 .25 214.00 2.00 14.32 1.68 61.60 68.80 .21 7.00 .84 .66 281.60 2.75 16.60 40.92 92.60 3.25 1.60 Hydrobromate of potaesa Total solid contents. 407.30 597.943 690.76 279.65 460.33 346.68 244.60 269.10 361.74 361.01 439.12 Carbonic acid gas (inchea) Atmospheric air 272.06 4.60 311.00 7.00 287.50 6.60 316.00 4.00 304.00 6.00 360.00 4.00 371.00 3.26 480.01 8.09 488.10 348.88 6.41 262.60 6.80 Total gaseous contents 276.66 318.00 rpo.oo 294.00 320.00 309.00 364.00 374.26 366.29 269.30 StaiU's Analysis, 1838 ; AUm's Analysis^ 1858.— Secfc's MiTier rc^y^ Slightly different results have been obtained from differ- ent analyses. „ . ^ j,, 1.1 S'Temple Grove Female Seminary, a boarding school, was estahUshed in 1853. It has 11 teachers, and the number of stu- dents is limited to 100. ^ ^ • ■ *v 8 Several of these hotels are among the most extensive m the country. Union Hall was built in 1802, by G. Putnam ; The Columbian, in 1608, by Jonathan Hobnes; Congresa Hall, in 1812, by G. Putnam ; The Pavilion, m 1819, by Nathan Lcwia ; and The United States, in 1824, by John Ford. AU of these have been enlarged since their erection. ^ ^ , 4 Norton joined the British, and his property waa confiscated. 6 Alexander Bryan and Henry Livingston were the first set^ the first sawmill, the first large hotels, and opened several of the springs. Dr. Clement Blakely, the first physician, came with Putnam, and remained 3 years. John and Ziba Taylor opened the first store, in 1794: Bobt. Ellis and Geo. Peck built the first gristmill, in 1814 ; and Ward & Rogers, the first clothing works, in 1815. Henry Walton resided here for several yeare. He was proprietor of the whole village N. of Congress St. Several of the noted springs were on his estate. 8 Eseck Cowen, Justice of the Supreme Court, and compiler of " Gowen^s Reports^' resided here until his death, in 1844. Chancellor Reuben H. Walworth resides in town. 1 Bap., M. E., Prot. Meth., Presb., Prot. E., R. C, and Univ. 8 Named from the " still water" in the Hudson, on the borders of the town. 228 SARATOGA COUNTY. taken off in 1789, and Malta in 1802. It lies upon the Hudson, s. e. of the center of the co. It ia uneven in the s. and moderately hilly in the N. The highest point is about 250 feet above the Hudson. A range of clay bluffs 60 to 100 feet high borders upon intervales of the Hudson and Anthonys Kil. The streams are generally small brooks flowing in deep gulleys worn in the drift deposits.! The n. w. corner borders upon Saratoga Lake. The river intervales are alluvial. West of the river bluffs is a vvide belt of heavy clay; and in the s.iv. part is a sandy tract interspersed with swamps. Upon the lake shore is a sulphur spring.^ Stillwater, (p. v.,) inoorp. April 17, 1816, is situated on the Hudson. It contains 4 churches, and manufactories of lumber, paper, woolens, and castings. Pop. 552. Mectanicsville, (p. v.,) situated on the Hudson, at the mouth of Anthonys Kil, partly in this town and partly in Half Moon, is a station on the Troy & Saratoga R. R. It contains 5 churches,^aprintiB^offii8ie,«aiui.aiH^xtensive linen thread manufac- tory .« °Pop. 1,111,-616 in Stillwater, 495 in Half Moon. Bemis Heights,* (p.o.,) on the Champlain Canal, near the Hudson, and Ketcliums Corners (p. o.) are hamlets. This town was included in the Saratoga Patent of 1684; and settlement was commenced about 1750.^ The first church (Cong.) was established in 1763.* There are 8 churches in town.' "WATERFORW— was formed from Half Moon, April 17, 1816. It lies at the junction of the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, in the s. E. corner of the co. Its area is about 7 sq. mi. Its surface is mostly an upland, 50 to 100 feet above the river. The Mohawk is bordered by an almost perpendicular range of slate bluffs, and the Hudson Valley by a range of clay bluffs. The soil is a sandy, clayey, and alluvial loam of great fertility. The falls in the Mohawk furnish a valuable water-power. Waterford,' (p. v.,) incorp. April 6, 1801,"' situated on the Champlain Canal, near the confluence of the Hudson" and Mohawk Rivers, is an important station on the Troy & Saratoga R. R. and the Albany & Northern R. R. It contains 6 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, and several manufacturing establishments." Pop. 3,083. Settlement was commenced by the Dutch at a very early day. The census reports 7 churches in town.'* WII., and 1 Friends. « S-aid to be named from a small remnant of Indians, who were driven from Cfjnn. and settled here. 7 Near Wood Creek, 50 feet above the present surface of the stream, aro found pot holes worn by water, evidently by an ancient current flowing southward. 8 A blast furnace was built at Mt. Hope in 1826, which makes 6 tons of pig iron daily. A forge was built at West Fort Ann in 1828, for making anchors and chain cables. » Incorp. March 7, 1820. 10 While this fort was in process of erection, a force of 1500 French and Indians were sent to destroy it; but, learning that Col. Nicholson was posted here with a superior force, they re- turned. While the English were awaiting at this place the opening of a road and the construction of bateaux on Lake Champlain, a fatal sickness broke out in the camp, and great numbers died as if poisoned. In October Col. Nicholson re- turned with his crippled forces to Albany. Charleroix states that this sickness waa produced by the treachery of the Indians, who throw the skins of their game into the swamp above the camp. It is more probable that it was a malignant dysentery caused by the malaria of the swamps and the extreme heat. 11 The Americans were obliged to retreat in consequence of their ammunition giving out. They destroyed their works, and fi-lled trees across the road and creek, obstructing the route to Fort Edward as much as possible. The removal of these obstructions caused a delay of several weeks, which finally proved fatal to the invading army. 12 The first ediilce was built in 1810,2 mi. b. of Doweys Bridge, and Isnowusedasaschoolhouse. The census reports 5 churches' 2 Bap., M. B., Moth. Prot., and Free. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 235 mer, but to^^ard the e. the surface rises to a height of 200 to 300 ft. and spreads out into a beauti- tuUy undulating upland. The Hudson, Moses Kil and Dead Creek are the principal streams. The soil upon the nyer is a mixture of heavy clay and alluvium, but farther e. it is a sandy or gravelly loam. In town are several extensive manufacturing establishments.^ Fort Edward' (p v ) IS finely situated on the Hudson. Pop. in 1858, 1,565. The Washington Co. Seminary and Female Collegiate Institute,^ one of the largest academic institutions in the State, is located at this village. Fort Miller (p. v.) is situated on the Hudson, about 7 mi. below Fort Edward. Pop. 225. Fort Fdwards Center is a p. o., and Durkeetown is a hamlet. The first family that located m the town or co. was that of Col. Lydius, son of Rev. John Lydius, who, having acquired the title to Dellm's discarded patent,* built a house, and engaged in trade with the Indians at what IS now Fort Edward Village.^ His daughter, Catherine, was born here, and was the first white child born in the co. Fort Nicholson was built in 1709, but was soon after abandoned. As a part of the plan of military operations against Canada, about 600 men, under Gen. Lyman, were sent forward, in June, 1755, to build a fort where Fort Nicholson had formerly stood, at the great carrying place to Lake Champlain.^ Fort Edwai-d was a very important dep8t for arms and ren- dezvous for armies in the great expeditions against Canada; and it served aa a vast hospital for the sick and wounded until 1760, when it was allowed to go to decay. During the Revolution it was again occupied by both British and Americans. Fort Miller is named from the fort built, about 1755, in the bend of the river opposite the village.'^ After the peace this town settled rapidly. "Wm. Duer,^ son-in-law to Lord Sterling, was the pioneer of Ft. Miller, where he built a large house and sawmill. There are 6 churches in town.^ GRA1WII.I.E— was formed March 23, 1786. It is situated upon the e. border of the co., n. of the center. Its surface is undulating and hilly. The ridges generally slope gradually to their -summits, which are elevated 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys. Quarries of excellent roofing slate have been opened in different parts of the town.^° Wide intervales of excellent land extend along the course of Mettowee, or Pawlet," and Indian Rivers. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam, and is particularly adapted to potatoes, large quantities of which are exported. A limited amount of manufactures*^ is carried on in town. Crranville*^ (p. v.) contains an academy and 450 in- habitants ; IVortli Oranvtlle (p. v.) a female seminary and 220 inhabitants ; Middle Graii- Tille (p. V.) 439 inhabitants ; and Soutli Oranville (p, v.) 111. The land in this town is em- braced in several grants made to about 30 captains and lieutenants who had served in the French "War.** Barnaby Byrnes Patent, of 2000 acres, in the s.e. corner, was sold to Kennith McKennith, a merchant of New York, who again sold it to Donald Fisher, a tailor of that city. Fisher induced several relatives of his to remove from Scotland and settle upon his tract. In the Revolution he withdrew to Canada, and his lands were confiscated and sold ; but, owing to some informality, the 1 The dam at Fort Edward furnishes water for 4 gang sawm ilia, a machine shop and furnace, a flouring mill, plaster mill, paper mill, and cotton factory. At Fort Miller Dam are a grist and saw mill, fulling mill, machine shop, and woolen factory. 3 Incorp. under Gen. Act of 1847. 8 Under the M. E. denomination. The seminary building is 300 ft. long by 40 broad, and 3 stories high, besides an extensive wing. It has accommodations for 600 pupils. * See page . 6 His house was burned by the Indians in 1749, and his son taken prisoner. <^ It waa named Port Lyman; but a few years after the name was changed to Ft. Edward, in honor of Edward, Duke of York, grandson of Geo. II., and brother of Geo. III. It stood on the bank of the river, n. of the creek, and within the present village limits. It was 4 sided, with bastions on 3 angles, the fourth being protected by the river. Its ramparts of earth and timber, 16 ft. high and 22 thick, were mounted with 6 cannon and en- closed several large buildings. Storehouses and barracks were built on Monroes Island, opposite. A band of savages attempted to Burpriflc it in Aug. 1759, but were repulsed by Maj. Israel Put- nam and his rangers. In the winter following, Putnam saved the fort from destruction by a characteristic exercise of cool in- trepidity and daring. The fort accidentally took fire, and the flames spread with great rapidity in the Immediate vicinity of the powder magazine. Putnam placed himself in the path of the flames, and fought desperately until the fire waa subdued; and when he retired from his post his arms, fece, and hands were entirely skinned, and the frail covering of the magazine was completely charred. The murder of Jane McCrea took place July 27, 1777, near a spring, and beside a venerable pine tree a little e. of the village. This tragedy was at once reported throughout the country, and aided greatly to weaken the influence of the British, while it aroused the patriots to more desperate efforts in resisting the in- traAttra. The old nine tree died in 1849 ; and in 1853 it was cut down and made into canes and boxes as mementos of the event. The remains of Miss McC. are interred in the Union Cemetery. 7 The flat upon which this fort was erected is protected on three sides by the river and a narrow bay ; it was further defended by a strong parapet of timber covered with earth, and with a ditch in front. A blockhouse was built upon the bluff that overlooks the point ; and within the flat storehouses were erected. a He was the first State Senator from this co. Among the first settlers were Noah Payne, from Warren co., Conn., in 1766, Timothy Buel, and the Crocker families. Nath'l Gage was living at Ft. Miller when these famiUes arrived. The Durkee, Saun- ders, and Bell families settled in the upper part of the town. The first one of these consisted of a father and 5 sons, from R. I. These settlers first took out titles under Lydius, but, finding them invalid, they bought of the Schuyler proprietors. Thereis no tradition of loss to the settlers from this cause, — whence it is inferred that Col. Lydius refunded whatever he may have re- ceived. Hugh Monre, (owner of Monroe's Island,) Patrick Smith, and Dr. Jaa. Smith settled at Fort Edward about l7^. The house of Patrick Smith— still standing, i mi. 8. of Canal Aqueduct — was the headquarters of Burgoyne and Gen. Schuy- ler at different times during the Eevolution ; and it waa the co. courthouse. 2 M. B., 2 Prot. E., Ref. Prot. D., Presb. 10 The laborers engaged in this business are mostly Welsh, Extensive arrangements are in preparation for cutting and dressing this for a variety of ornamental and useftil purposes. 11 This stream, rising among the Green Mts., is sul^'ect to sud- den and severe freshets, which render the maintenance of bridges difQcult and expensive. 12 At Granville Tillage are a paper mill and woolen factory. 13 Incorp. in 1849, formerly called " Bishops Comers." 14 These grants became known by the names of the patentees, as "Gfrants North and South Patent," '*Lakes Foient," *'Hutchin sons Patent," " KeUeys Patent," "J)upersom Patent," &c. 236 WASHINGTON COUNTY. State afterward bought off his claim, for |12,000.^ The first carding machine used in the State was erected at Middle Granville, in 1808.^ The first church (Presb.) was formed April 2, 1782; the first pastor, Rev. Oliver Hitchcock, was settled in 1786 ; and the church was erected in 1795.' GREEIVWICH — was fijrmed from Argyle, March 4, 1803. It lies on the E. border of the CO., in the n. angle formed by the junction of the Hudson and Batten Kil. Ranges of hills, 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys, extend through the central and eastern parts of the town. Bald Mt., near Batten Kil, is the principal peak. The declivities of the hills are so gradual that the surface appears to be rolling rather than hilly. Upon Batten Kil are two considerable falls, one of which is 75 ft. in height. The other principal streams are the Cossayuna, Rogers, and Stony Creeks and Livingston Brook. Cossayuna Lake extends into the N. E. corner of the town. The soil is a slaty and gravelly loam interspersed with patches of clay. The town is more extensively engaged in manufactures than any other in the co.^ Union Tillage,* (Greenwich p. o.,) lying partly in this town and partly in Easton, contains an academy and 1,173 inhabitants, 888 of whom are in Green- wich; Bald Mountain^ (p- v.) 225 inhabitants; East Crreenwicb (p. v.) and Center Falls each about 100 houses ; and Xortb Greenfv^icli (p. v.) 70. Ci-alesvillc ("p. v.) is a manufacturing village of about 40 houses, on the line of Easton. I^akeville (Lake p. o.) is a hamlet. It is supposed the first settlement was made by the Dutch, previous to the French War, a few families of them remaining at the time of the Revolution.' About 1733 a large number of Scotch emigrants had come over under the promise of grants of land from Government, — ^which promise was not fulfilled. Jan. 5, 1763, three of these emigrants— Duncan, George, and Jas. Campbell, sons of Laughlin Campbell — petitioned for 100,000 acres ; and on the 11th of Nov. following a patent of 10,000 acres was issued to the 3 brothers, their 3 sisters, (Rose Graham, Margaret Eustace, and Lily Murray,) and 4 other persons. This grant embraced about one-third of the town of Greenwich. The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1774; Rev. Leonard Bowers was the first preacher.* HAMPTOiV — was formed March 3, 1786. It lies upon the E. border of the co., N. of the center. A range of hills, about 500 ft. above the valleys and for the most part covered with forests, extends through the central and eastern parts of the town. Poultney River, separating the town from Tt., is the principal stream. Along its course is a wide intervale of fine land. The soil is a gravelly loam interspersed with clay. The intervale is alike fertilized and desolated by the frequent overflows of the stream. Hampton Corners (Hampton p.o.) contains 20 houses, and L.OW Hampton^ (P-o-) 5. The greater part of this tovra was included in patents granted to Provincial officers. The n. part embraces about 2000 acres of Skenes Little Patent.'" The first settlement was made some little time before the Revolution," by Capt. Brooks, Col. Gideon Warner, and Webster. The first church (Prot. B.) was built at a very early date;" Rev. Stephen Jeweth, from N. J., was the first preacher. JHARTPORD— was formed from " Wesifield," (now Fort Ann,) March 12, 1793. It lies near the center of the co. The s. e. section is broken and hilly, and the center and N. w. level or gently undulating. The summits of the highest hills are 500 to 700 ft. above the level of the Champlain Canal. The principal streams are East Creek and its branches. Slate and limestone of an excellent quality are found among the hills.'" The soil in the s. e. is a rich, slaty loam, and that in the n. w. a heavy clay. There are several chalybeate springs, the principal of which is 1 Capt. Dan'l Curtis, from New Lebanon, N. Y., came into to^vn about 1780 ; Capt. Bbenezer Gould, from Killingly, Conn., Nath'l Spring, Asaph Cook, Tim. Allen, F. S. Hodge, Ebenezer Walker, and Dan'l Doane, settled before or about the time of the Revo- lution. Baker kept an inn at North Granville, about 1790, and Jenks kept a store as early as 1795. Nath'l Spring erected a gristmill at Granville, about 1787. A school was taught by Jas. Richards, in 1783, at South Granville. 2 It is said that this carding machine was obtained secretly from England and for some time was worked in private. 3 The census reports 10 church buildings ; 2 Friends, 2 Presb., Bap., Cong., M. E., Meth. Prot., Wes. Meth., and Prot. E. f Batten Kil is improved by a dam of 8 tt. fall at East Green- wich, one of 9 ft. at Battenville. a diim and falls of 25 ft. at Center Falls, a dam of 8 ft. at Union Village, a fall of 40 ft. at Galesville, and a dam near the mouth of the stream. The Di-on-on-dah-o-wa Falls are not improved. There are a woolen factory, a grist, saw, and plaster mill, at East Greenwich, a manufactory of seamless bags at Battenville, a woolen factory, grist, saw, and piaster mill, at Center Palls, and mills near the mouth of the stream. 5 The first settlement in this village was made in 1781, by John Whipple, and it was first called " Wliipple City" It was Incorp. March 29, 1809. The first cotton factory in the State was erected her© in 1804, by Wm. Mowry, who had received his in- struction at the pioneer establishment of Sam'l Slater at Paw- tucket, R. I. In this village are several mills and machine shops and a large carriage factory. « This village is entirely dependent upon the manufacture of lune widely known as the Bald Mt. lime. At the kilns of R. W. Lowber 60,000 bushels are annually manufactured. 7 Among the first settlers at Lakeville wei-e Alexander Reid, John McEachron, and Robt. McNaughton; at East Greenwich, Archibald Livingston ; at Carters Pond, Asa Carter ; near Gales- ville, Abraham Lansingh, Gage, White, Teifer; and at Center Falls, Thos. McLean, Jas. Conoly, Nathan Rogers, and Smith Barber. 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., Cong., Rfif. Prot. D., and Asso. Presb. * A paper mill here manufactures annually 240,000 lbs. of wrapping paper, w This patent of 9000 acres was granted .Tuly 6. 1771. 11 Among the early settlers were Sam'l Beman. Peter P, French, Hyde, Benj. Rice, Rufus Hotchkiss, and Ja.son Kellogg. French £ Beman kept the first store, and the former the first inn. 12 The first religious society formed was M. E. The censuB re- ports 4 churches ; Bap.. M. E., Prot. E., and Sec. Advent. 13 Lime for local use was made in this part of the town. WASHINGTON COUNTY. 237 upon the farm of Alvin Briggs, near the center. Among the limestone ridges in the n. part are several small caves. JVortli Hartford (Hartford p. o.) contains about 300 inhabitants ; Soutb Hartford (p.o.) 150; and L,og Village 50. This town embraces the Provincial Patent, granted, May 2, 1764, to 26 commissioned officers of the N. Y. Infantry.' Settlement was not com- menced until after the Revolution.^ The first church (Bap.) was built in 1789.' HEBROar*_was formed March 23, 1786, and named from Hebron, Conn. It lies near the center of the e. border of the co. A broad mountain range extends through the center, occupying nearly one-half of its entire surface, and a series of high hills extends through the e. and w. sections. The summits of the highlands are 300 to 500 ft. above the valleys and are mostly crowned with forests. The ranges of hills are separated by the valleys of Black Creek and its principal w. branch. The soil is a sandy and slaty loam, of a light, porous nature, easy of culti- vation, and well adapted to resist the extremes of wet and drouth. In the hilly regions is con- siderable rocky waste land. In the n. and e. are extensive and valuable quarries of slate. IVortll Hebron^ (p. v.) contains the North Hebron Institute and 12 houses ; East Hebron (Hebron p.o.) 12 houses; TTest Hebron (p. v.) the West Hebron Classical School and 25 houses; Belcher^ (p. v.) 20 houses; and SlatevlUe (p.o.) 8. This town was embraced in patents granted to officers and privates who had served in the French War, — ^mostly to Scotch Highlanders belonging to the 77th Kegt. of Foot. These grants were made so long after the war that those who were entitled to them never appeared to claim them. The first settlements appear to have been made before the Revolution. There are two academic institutions in town. The first church (Asso. Ref. Presb.) was organized in 1780 ;' Rev. Dr. Gray was the first pastor. JACKSOST — was formed from Cambridge, April 17, 1815. It lies on the e. border of the co., S. of the center. The n. branch of the Taghkanick Range occupies the E. portion of the to'ma, and several parallel ranges extend through the central and w. portions, rendering the entire surface very hilly. The summits of the hills are 300 to 800 ft. above the valleys and are generally crowned with forests. The declivities are often steep and rocky. The principal streams are Batten Kil and Owl Creek and their branches. In the valley between the hills that border immediately upon Batten Kil and those further w. are several small lakes, known as Long, Big, Dead, and Little Ponds. These lakes are beautiful sheets of water, surrounded by hills, forests, and fine cultivated farms. The soil is a slaty loam and very productive. Jackson Center (Jackson p. o.) contains 16 houses ; CoUa, (p. V.,) on the line of Cambridge, about 30 houses; and Anaquassacook 12. Por- tions of this town and White Creek were embraced in the Anaquassacook Patent of 10,000 acres, granted May 11, 1762.' The first settlers were James Irvine, Peter Magill, and John Miller, all of whom located in the s. part of the town.' The only church (Ref Prot. D.) in town was organized Dec. 31, 1833 ; Rev. Jas.W.. Stewart was the first pastor. Geo. Law, one of the projectors and pro- prietors of the California line of steamships, was a native of this town. KIlVCiSBITRT — ^was incorp. by patent May 11, 1762, and recognized as a town by the State Government March 23, 1786. It lies on the w. border of the co., n. of the center. Nearly all of its surface is level or gently undulating. A range of hills, rising about 150 ft. above the valleys, occupies the extreme e. edge of the town. The principal streams are the Hudson, in the s. w. comer ; Wood Creek, upon the e. border ; Halfway Brook, in the n. w. comer, and Moss Brook. At Bakers Falls,'" upon the Hudson, the river shoots dovra a steep descent of ledges, in all 76 ft. in 60 rods, forming a scene of great beauty, and affording an extensive water-power. The soil along the valley of Wood Creek is a hard, stiff clay; in the other parts of the town, a sandy or gravelly loam. There are extensive quarries of limestone in town, furnishing an excellent building material • from these quarries was obtained the stone for the locks on the Champlain & Hudson iThis patent contained 26,000 acres, each officer receiving l.OOO acres. , a i t* ' Col John Bnck, Manning Bull, Stephen and Asa Bnmp, John and Edward Ingalls, and Nathan and Sam'l Taylor were among the first settlers. Aaron and Bber Ingoldsbee, from Boylston, Mass., came in 1782, and Timothy Stocking, Ehenezer SnJth, and John Paine in 1784. A school was taught in 1790, at North Hartford, by Thos. Paine, from Conn. A gnstmiUwas built of logs at an early date. ,, „ „ n 8 The census reports 4 churches in town; M. R, Bap., Cong., and Union. Rev. Wm. Miller, originator of the helief that the second advent of Christ would take place m 1843, resided in this 4 During the Revolution, and for some time after, the place was known as " Black Oreek." 6 Locally known as " ifunros ifead&ws." * Locally known as " Bedlam" 7 The census reports 7 churches; 2 M. E., 2 Sec. Advent, Bap., Asso. Presb., and Asso. Ref Presb. 8 This patent was granted to Ryer, Jacob, Freeman, and W. M. Schermerhorn. Johannes, Nicholas, and Peter Quackenboss, Thos. and John Smith, and Joseph Jansen, all of Schenectady. Among the settlers on the Anaquassacook were Hugh Thompson and Ebenezer Billings, and near the ponds John McLean and Jonathan Conger. A schoolhouse was built in 1780, a little w. of Peter Hill's residence. An inn was kept by Isaac Murray about 1790. John McGill built a store of logs, in 1781, on the site of the present residence of Peter Hill. 10 Named f^om Albert Baker, the second settler in town. 238 WASHINGTON COUNTY. Canal. Manufacturing is carried on to a considerable extent.' ISandy Ilill^ iv-'^-) has a popu- lation of 1,260. Moss Street contains 25 houses ; Kingsbury (p. o.) 25 ; Pattens Mills (p.o.)20; Dunliains Basin 10; Vaug-lins Corners 12; Adamsville (p.o.) 12; Liangdous Comers 5 ; and Smiths Basin (p.o.) 8. Kingsbury Patent, containing 26,000 acres, was granted to Jas. Bradshaw and 22 others, from Conn., May 11, 1762. The first settlers were James Bradshaw, Albert Baker, and his sons Albert and Charles, from New York City.' A sawmill was built at Bakers Falls before the Revolution, and a gristmill in 1807. The town was the scene of many an adventure during the French War,* and the settlement was entirely broken up during the Eevolution. Traces of a road cut by Burgoyne's army are still visible near Moss Street. The first minister was Francis Baylor, a Moravian, about 1776. Meetings were held by the Prot. E. and the Bap. in 1795.* Several noted men have been residents of this town." PirXflfAM'— was formed from "Westfield," (now Fort Ann,) Feb. 28, 1806. Dresden was set off in 1822. This town lies in the extreme N. end of the CO., upon the mountainous peninsula between Lakes George and Champlain. The mountains are divided into two separate ranges by the valleys of Mill and Charter Brooks. The w. range of mountains rises abruptly from the surface of Lake George, and in the s. part of the town attains an elevation of 900 to 1,000 ft. above the surface of the lake. The greater part of the surface is rocky, broken, and unfit for cultivation ; but sections of arable land extend along the valleys of the small streams and the borders of Lake Champlain. The soil is generally a hard, gravelly loam. Graphite of a fine quality is found in abundance. A small pond lies among the mountains, on the w. side of the town, 300 feet above Lake George. Putnam Corners, (Putnam p.o.,) containing about 10 houses, is the only village. The tilla- ble lands were mostly granted to privates of the N. Y. Provincial regiments, and feeble settle- ments had probably commenced before the Revolution.^ The first church (Asso. Presb.) was built in 1801;' Rev. James Miller, from Scotland, was the first pastor. A private academy at Putnam Corners was established in 1854. SA1.EM — was formed by patent Aug. 7, 1764, and was recognized by statute March 23, 1786. It lies on the e. border of the oo., s. of the center. Its surface consists of moderately elevated ridges, separated by narrow valleys, all extending in a n. e. and s. w. direction. The hills are usually bordered by gradual slopes and their summits are crowned with forests. There is very little waste land in town. Batten Kil, forming tlie s. boundary, and Black, White, and Trout Creeks, are the principal streams. Lyttlcs Pond, in the n. part of the tovra, is a beautiful sheet of water lying in a basin among the hills and surrounded by forests. The soil is a rich, slaty or gravelly loam. Salem, (p. v.,) incorp. April 4, 1803, has 832 inhabitants; Shusban (p. v.) about 25 houses; and Eagleville, (East Salem p.o.,) Clapps Mills, and Fitches Point have each 40 to 50 inhabitants. James Turner and Joshua Conkey, from Pelham, Mass., were the first settlers, in 1761. They were joined, the next year, by Hamilton McCoUister. In 1764 a patent of 25,000 .acres was obtained,- — one-half owned by a company of New England settlers and the other by Oliver De Lancey and Peter Du Bois, two Government officials." These last sold their share to Rev. Thos. Clark and his company of Irish and Scotch immigrants at a perpetual rent of one shilling per acre." The Camden Tract, on the E. part of the town, was granted to captains 1 The dam at Sandy Hill, across the Hudson, 1,200 ft. long and 10 ft. high, furnishes water-power for several mills and a woolen factory. At Bakery Falls there are a paper mill and 2 gristmills. The lumber business of the town is very extensive and im- portant, the sawmills being supplied with logs floated down from the Upper Hudson. There are also iu town establishments for the manufacture of pianos, steam engines, portable saw- mills, &c. 2 This village has been a half-shire town since 1807. It was incorp. March 9, 1810. 8 Among the other first settlors were Michael Uoffnagle, Solo- mon King, Oliver Colvin, and Nchemiah Seely. 4 At one time 17 soldiers were .taken prisoners by the Indians and carried to the present site of Sandy Hill Village. They were seated on a log, iu a row, when their captors deliberately began to tomahawk tbem, taking them in order from one end of the log. When all wore killed but one, (John (Juackenboss, of Albany,) a squaw claimed him, and his life was spared. He returned after a few years of captivity, and resided near Iloo- siok, in Cambridge. In Aug. 1758, Mijs. Putnam and Rogers encountered a p.irty of French and Indians in this town, during which engagement Putnam was made prisoner. The enemy were finally compelled to withdraw, with a lose of 00 men. 6 The census reports 9 churches ; 3 Bap., 3 M. E., Presb Prot. B., and K. C. 6 Gov. Wright received his legal education at the offlce of Henry C. Martindale, of Sandy Hill. Lieut. Gov. Pitcher, for some time Acting Governor, was a citizen of this town. Hon. Wm. P. Leo, late Chief Justice and Chancellor of the Sandwich Islands, was a native of Sandy Hill. ' Named in honor of Gen. Israel Putnam, who in this vicinity, as major in the colonial service, performed some of hia morit daring exploits. 8 The first sawmill w.-is erected by Eobt. Cummings, In 1802, on Mill Creek, 1 mi. from Lake Champlain. The first child bom was James Jennings, in 1803; the first death was that of Anne Thompson, in ISOi Eobt. Patterson kept tbe first school, in 1804. Many of the first settlers were Scotch, and among them were Obadiah Blake, Robt. Cummings, John Blair, Wm. Hutton, George Baston, Pelatiah Bugbee, John Butterfleld, and Joslah aark. » There are 2 churches; Asso. Presb., and P. W. Bap. 10 This patent was sun'cyed into 308 lots, and a largo pine lot was reserved for the common benefit, and cut up into small lots for division; 3 lots near the center of the town were set apart to support the minister and schoolmaster. " The Now England and Scotch settlers were mixed together In their settlements, and often on alternate iarms; and, in con- sequence of the rivalry between the two parties of proprietors, the town wos speedily settled. The New Englanders wished to call the town "Wliitc Crrjik," and the Scotch "New Ptn'tli;" and each name was strongly insisted on. ERIE COUNTY. 287 drift, consisting of clay and gravel. The soil of the valleys is generally a gravelly loam and The principal pursuits in the n. are grain raising, and in the s. stock and wol grovring and dairying. The hilly regions are much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The people of Buflalo and Tonawanda are mostly engaged in commerce and manufactures.' _ Buffalo is the county seat.^ The courthouse, situated on the corner of Clinton and Ellicott Sts., is a substantial brick building, containing the court and jury rooms, the office of the co. clerk, and most of the other oo. offices.' The jail is a small stone building on the same lot. The Erie Co. Penitentiary is located on Fifth St., in Buffalo. The buildings are 5 in number,— the male and female prisons, the workhouse, the warehouse, and the superintendent's dwelling. Prisoners are received from Allegany, Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Genesee, Orleans, and Niagara cos. The average number in confinement is 130.* The Erie Co. Poorhouse is located on a farm of 153 acres in the N. E. part of Buffalo. There are 2 buildings,— one designed for use as the poorhouse proper, and the other for the accommodation of the insane. The average number of inmates is 300, supported at a weekly cost of ?1.00 each." The principal works of internal improvement are the Erie Canal, the Rochester & Buffalo, and the Lockport, Niagara Falls & Buffalo branches of the New York Central R. R., the Buffalo, New York & Erie, and the Buffalo & State Line Rail Roads,« all terminating in the city of Buffalo, and the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., extending through New- stead, Clarence, Amherst, and Tonawanda. A railroad from Buffalo to Pittsburgh is now in pro- cess of construction. A pier, lighthouse, and breakwater have been built at the mouth of Buf- falo Creek.'' With the exception of the Indian Reservation and the Mile Strip, along Niagara River, this co. was all included within the Holland Purchase.' The Indian lands, containing 130 sq. mi. and lying upon both sides of Buffalo Creek, at its mouth, were purchased in parcels, at different times ; and the whole territory is now thickly settled. The first settlements were made at Buffalo, about 1794-95, and in other places within a few years after. The generous outlays made by the Hol- land Company in the construction of roads, bridges, mills, &c. led to a rapid occupation of all the best lands in the co.» On the morning of the 30th of Dec, 1813, u, British force of about 1,000 men crossed over from Canada and captured Black Rock and Buffalo. The American forces then stationed at these places were superior to the British in point of numbers ; but the officers were not qualified for command, and a large share of the militia fled upon the commencement of the action. The village of Buffalo was burned in retaliation of the wanton destruction of Newark, in Canada, by the Americans under Gen. George McClure, (then of Steuben co.,) a short time before.^" The finishing of the Erie Canal and of the N. Y. Central B. R. tended greatly to develop the resources of the co., and to convert Buffalo, its chief city, into the greatest commercial place on the upper lakes. The first newspaper in the co. was established in 1811." 1 See pages . 2 By the act of March 11, 1808, erecting the co. of Niagara, Buffalo was named the co. seat, on condition that the Holland Land Company deed to the county not less than half an acre of land for a site for the public buildings, and erect thereon a courthouse and jail. The company complied with these con- ditions, and erected, in 1810, a wooden courthouse and a stone jail. In the mean time the courts were held at the house of Joseph Landon. The courthouse waa burned by the British in 1813. Soon after the close of the war, a new one was erected on Washington St., fronting La Fayette Park. The first officers of Erie co. were Sam'l Wilkeson, ^irst Judge; John G, Camp, Sheriff; James L. Barton, Oo. Clerk; andEoswell Chapin, Sur- rogate. 8 The present courthouse was built in 1850, at a cost of $18,000. The commissioners under whose supeiTision it was erected were Albert H. Tracy, Ralph Plumb, and Timothy A. Hopkins. 4 The penitentiary lot contains 5 acres, and is enclosed by a stone wall 14 ft. in height. The male prison is built of stone, and the other buildings of brick. Fonr-iifths of all the convicts ar-e of foreign birth. They are maintained at an average weekly expense of 65 cts., and are employed principally in the manu- facture of harness findings, upon contract, — the males at 20 cents per day, and the females at 16. 6 The poorhouse was built in 1852, under the supervision of Silas Kingeley, at a cost of $30,000. It consists of an octagonal center, 75 ft. in diameter, with 2 wings, each 80 ft. long by 40 ft. wide; the whole 3 stories high and built of stone. Of the in- mates in 1857, 71 were lunatics and 11 idiots. « The main linos of the N. Y. Central and the Buffalo, N. Y. & Erie R. Koada extend through Aldon, Lancaster, and Chick-/ towaga; the Lockport & N. P. branch of the N. Y. Central, through Tonawanda i and the B. & State Line K. R., through West Seneca, Ilambur^ih, Evans, and Brandt. The Buffalo &. Brantford (Canada) R. K. terminates opposite Buffalo. ' See page . 8 See page . * A large share of the later settlers of the co. have been Ger- mans; and this class of people now constitute about one-fifth, of the entire population of the co. The population of several of the towns in the immediate vicinity of Buffalo is almost, exclusively German. 10 l?he loss at Buffalo was reported at 66 frame, 1 stone, and 2 brick houses, 16 stores and offices, 85 barns, and 15 shops, valued : together at $190,000; at Bla£k Rock, 16 frame and 11 log houses, 8 barnd, and 5 outhouses, valued at $19,000 ; and at other places 20 frame and 67 log houses,^ 5 stores, 29 barns, 30 shops, i^c, wot th $141,000. Total, 834 buildings, worth $360,000, not including the buildings of the Messrs. Porter. — Albania Argus, Am-it 22, 1814. u The Buffalo GazetLe, the fiirst paper in the county, was com- menced Oct. 3, 1811, by S. H. k H. A. Salisbury. It was removed to Ilarris Hill in 1813, and back to Buf- falo in the spring of 1814. In April, 1819, H. Jl. Salis- bury became sole proprietor, and changed the name to TH Niagara Patrixit. On the erection of Erie co. in 1820 itwas changed to The Buffalo Patriot. It was successively nnd6o. the editorial charge of Wm. A. Carpenter, Harvey Newcomb, and Guy H. Salisbury. The Daily Qtmmereial Advertiser was issued ftom the same ofBce, Jan. 1, 1835. Soon after. Dr. T. M. Foote and B. A. Manchester became associated in the management of the two papers ; and in Aug. 1838, the Aurora Stand- ard was merged in them, and A. M. Clapp, its pub- lisher, became one of the proprietors of the joint con- - 288 ERIE COUNTY. AI^DE^ — was formed from Clarence, March 27, 1823, and a part of Marilla was taken off in 1853. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. b. of the center. Its surface in the w. is level, and cern. In May, 1839, they were united with the Buffalo Journal, and the weekly waa published as The Patriot and Journal, aud the daily as Tfie Cviiiintrcial Advtrtiser and Journal, by E. K. Jewett & Co. Tlie following year the daily appeared as The Buffalo Commercial Advertiser, and under these titles the papers are still published, under the editorial charge uf Dr. S. B. Hunt. Since ISiaO a semi- weekly Commercial Advertiser has been issned. TheNiagarn Journal was established in July, 1815, by David M. Day; and in 1820 its name was changed to Tlte Buffalo Journal. In 183i it passed into the hands of E. J. Roberts, and in 1835 it was suspended. The Buffalo Whig was eBlablished in 1S34 by D. M. Day ; and in 1835 it was united with the Buffalo Jourual, and ap- peared as The Buffalo Whig an^i Journal. Jan. 1, 1838, M.Cadwallader and Dr. H. R. Stagg were associated with Day, and in Feb. they issued The Buffalo Daily Journal. In 1838 the establishment passed into the hands of E. R. Jewett, b}' whom the papers were united the following year with the Buffalo Patriot and the Commercial Advertiser. The Gospel Advocate (Univ.) was begun in 1822 by Kev. Thomas Gross. In 1823 Simeon Eunton, and iu 1820 Kevs. L. S. Everett, Theophilus Fisk, and M. Tuttle, became pro- prietors. In 1828 it was removed to Auburn. The Black Hock Beacon was published by L. G. Hoffman from 1822 to 1824. The Buffalo Emporium was issued in 1S24 by J. A. Lazelle and Simeon Francis, and continued about 5 years. The Bku:lcffock Gazette was begun in 1824 by Bartemus Fergu- son, who disposed of it to S. H. Salisbury in 1825. Iu 1827 it was removed to Buffalo, and its name changed to Tlie Buffulo and Black Hock GazeUc. It wae discontinued in 1828. The Black Hock Advocate was begun in Feb. 1826, and was pub- lished 1 year by Dan'l P. Adams. The Western Advertiser, after an existence of 3 months, was merged in the Buffalo Patriot in the spring of 1828. The Buffalo Republican was commenced in April, 1828, by W. P. M. Wood. It was successively v.nder tlio charge of S. H. Salisbury &. W. S. Snow, S. H. Salisbury, H. L. Ball. Ohas. Faxon & Jas. Stryker, and Chas. Faxon. In 1835 the Buffalo Bulletin was merged in the Republican, and the Daily Star was bought by Faxon and continued under its old name. Horatio Gates and W. L. Crandall were successively editors. In Dec. 1838 the office was burned and the papers were suspended ; but the weekly was resumed by Quartus Graves in 1839. Jan. 1, 1842, Henry Burwell, then proprietor, changed its name to The Democratic Economist; and in Oct. following Joseph String- man succeeded, and changed it to The Mercantile Omrier and Democratic Economist. In Feb. 1843 it appeared as * The Buffulo Courier and Economist ; and iu March as The Buffulo Courier. July 1, 1846, it was united with The Pilot, and r/i€ Couri>^ and Pilof, d., tri-w., and w., was published by Stringman, Manchester & Brayman. In Dec. it was chan^^d to The Buffalo Courier, its present title. It has passed successively tbrough the hands of Robt. D. Foy & Co Seaver & Foy, Wm. A. Seaver, Seaver & Sandford, and to J. H. Sandford, its present publisher. The Buffalo Bulletin was issued in 1830, and was published by Hoi-ace f^teel 4 years, by James Faxon 1 year, and was united with The Republican in 1835. The Daily Star was commenced in 1834 by Jae. Faxon, and in 1S35 it was united with Tho Republican. The National Pilot was started in Feb. 1845, by Manchester & Brayman, and was united with The Courier in July 1846. ' Tlie Wamivg, semi-mo., was published in 1828 by Rev J B Hyde. ' ' The Buffah Herald, (Presb.,) edited by Rev. Randolph Stone in 1831, only reached its second number. The Gospel BuTuner was begun in 1832 by Beni. Clark, and con- tinued 2 years. Th€ Philanthropic mo., was started in 1832 by Nathaniel Pot- tLT, jr., aBd continued 1 year. The Examiner, ma, (Unit.,) was published in 1833. I he Literary Bnq/iirer, nemi-mo., commenced Jan. 1, 1833, was -PI. m P"^''^'**^d 2 years by Wm. Verrinder. The Transcript, d. and w., commenced in Aug. 1835, by Henrv Jj'axon, was continued only 6 months. The Young Men's Temperance BeraU was started in 1835 bv A rPT. n .,^-S^°^^.enoriE-B- French, and continued 1 year. ' The Daily Enquirer, The DaHy Wliig, and The Loco Foco were campaign papers issued in 1835 The Buffalo Specta^ (Presb.) was started in 1836 by J & W Butler, and continued 2 years Tlie Bethel Magazine, mo., was commenced by tho Bethel Society in 1836. It was afterward changed to The Bethel Flag, and in 1846 united with the Sailors' Magazine, of New York, The Buffalonian, w. at first and d. afterward, was published about a year; and in 1838 it was unittd with The Mercury. This paper was continued until 1840 by T. L. Nichols and K, Simpson successively. Der WeUbuergtr was started in 1837 by G«o. Zahm, and was published successively by him, by bis administrators, and by Brunck & D- niidion. In 1853 ii was united with The Buffalo Deii^ocrat, and took the name of The Buffalo Democrat and Welibuerger} d. and w., by which title it is now pubhthed by iirunck. Held & Co. T7ie Buffalo Democrat (German) was started in 1850 by Chas. de Haas ; and in 1853 it was united wit Ji The WeltLuerger. The Sun, d. and w., was issued in the wintei- of lh38. and was published 1 year by Abraham Densmore and E. H, Eaetabrook successively. The Moon, a penny daily, was issued during the summer of 1839. Bristol's Gazette and Bcrald of Health, mo., was comnitnced in 1839 by C. C. Bristol. The next year it appeared as Brill's Gazette, and was discontinued in 1842. The Friend of Youth, mo., was started in 1839 by Rev. A. T. Hopkins, and was published 1 year. The Buffalo Sentinel, d. and w., was published during the sum- mer of 1839 by Thomas Newell. The Morning Tattle?; d., was started in 1840 by Langdon, Fouchette & Shaeffer. Its name was changed to The Morning Times, by J. S. Walker, and it was discontinued soon after. Der VoU s Schild was published by F. H. Singer during the summer of 1840. The Phalanx, d. and w., was published 6 weeks in 1840 by C. D. Ferris. The Buffalo Garland was published in 1840 by Geo. W, Bungay. Honest Industry was published in 1840 by Dr. Daniel Lee. The Volkfrmnd (^German) was published in 1840 by Adolphus Sleyer. The Western Presbyterian was issued in March, 1S41, by Rev. J. C. Lord, and continued 1 year. The Western Literary Mtbsenger, semi-mo., was started in July, 1841, by J. S. Chadbourne. C. D. Ferris, Jesse Clement, Chas. Faxon, and E. K. Jewett, at different tiuie.«. were interested in its publication. From 1842 it was pub- lished weekly until 1857, when it was discontinued. Bannister's Life in Buffalo was published a few weeks in 1841 by N. H. Bannister. The Sublime Patriot, semi-mo., was published during the winter of 1841-42 by T. J. Southeriand. The Buffalo American was started in 1842 by T. Foster & C. F. Butler, and continued 1 year. The Old School Jeffersonian and The Daily Gazette were pub- lished from 1842 to '43 by Charles Faxon. TIte Temperance Standard was published in 1842 by H. H. Salisbury & A. M. Clapp. The School Header was published about 3 months in 1842 by A. W. M'ilgus, Prescott's Telegraph was published in 1842 by W. Prescott. The Buffalo Gazette, d. and w., was started in 1S43 by H. A. Salisbury, B. A. Manchester & J. 0. Brayman, and con- tinued 3 years. TJie Freimiithige (German) was started Jan. 1843, by Alexander Krause & Adolphus Meyer, and continued 2 years. The Telegraph, d. and w., (German,) was started in Nov. 1845, by H. B. Miller. Louis Tickers, Adolphus Hilman, and C. Essellen have successively had the editorial charge. It is now published by P. H. Bender, and edited by C. Essellen. The Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly RevlcAv of Medical and Surgical Sci- ence WM Started in June, 1845, by Dr. Austin Flint. In 1853 Dr. S. B. Hunt became associated in its manage- ment, and in 1855 its sole proprietor. In 1858 it passed into the hands of Dr. Austin Flint, jr., its present pro- prietor. The Western Cataract waa started in 1845 by L. P. Judson; Jaa. Dubois, W. B. Williams, and Chauncey Hulburt were mT. ™r successively editors. In Jan. 1847, it was changed to The Western Temperance Standard, and was discontinued the following year. The Impetus was started in 1845 by E. W. Spaulding, and con- tinued 6 months. The Mcmiing Express was started Jan. 14, 1846, by A. M. Clapp & Co. In 1855 The Daily Democracy was united mm. ™*"S '^^ Express, and it appeared as ihe Buffalo Morning Slxpress aud Daily De- mocracy, by which name it is now published. A mx T. ^^^"y ^°*i tri-weekly edition are also issued. The DeTTMcracy, d. and w., was started in May, 1854, by G. W. Haskins. The Rough Notes was merged in The Demo- cracy soon after; and in Aug. 1855, The Democracy was united with The Express. The Rough Notes, d., was started in March, 1852, by Geo. Reese. ERIE COUNTY. 289 in the e. gently undulating. It is watered by the head waters of Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks. The soil is a deep, fertile, sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Aldeil, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. R. R., contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 285; Alden Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses; and Mill Grove, (p. v.,) in the N. w. corner, 18 houses. Crittenden (p.o.) and 'Wende are stations on the N. Y. C. R. R. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1810, by Moses Fenno.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, in 1811. The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813-14. There are now 6 churches in town.^ AMHERST' — was formed from Buffalo, April 10, 1818 ; and Chicktowaga was taken off in 1839. It lies upon the n. border of the CO., between Clarence and Tonawanda. Its surface is level. Eleven Mile and Ransoms Creeks flow across the town in a n. e. direction ; and Tonar wanda Creek forms its n. boundary. The soil is a sandy and clayey loam. Upon the land of John Foglesonger, in the s. part of the town, is a very copious sulphur spring. A gristmill with 3 run of stone has been built on the stream formed by it. A ledge of limestone extends across the s. part of the town, from which limestone is quarried in various places. Beneath this ledge is a layer of hydraulic limestone, which is extensively quarried at Williamsville and burned for waterlime. 'Williamsville,* (p-v.,) incorp. in 1850, is situated on Eleven Mile Creek, in the s. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy,^ and several manufactories.* Pop. In 1854 Bann & Cowan became proprietors, and the same year it was united with The Democracy. The Western Evangelist (Univ.) was started in June, 1846, by Rev. L. S. Everett, and continued 1 year. The Amhassadorj (Univ.,) started the same year, was removed to Anbnm in 1847. The Journal of Commerce^ d., was started in 1847 by John W. Jones, and continued 6 months. Thji S^yAliCj d. and w., was started by Livingston, Alhro & Co., Jan. 26, 1847. Quartus Graves, Maynaid & Welsh, C. A. Kellogg, and C. C. Bristol were successively inte- rested in its management. In 1857 The Buffalo Daily Times was united with The Republic, and it was issued as The Buffalo Republic and Times, d., tri-w., and w. Guy. H. Salisbury is the present proprietor. A campaign paper was published in connection with this paper in 1856. The Buffalo Daily Times was started in Aug. 1867, by the Times Association; and the next year it was united with The Republic. Ber Freie Demokrat was published in 1848. Tlie Wool Grower and Magazine of Agriculture and HbrticuHure, mo., was started in 1849 by T. C. Peters, and continued until 1862. Tlie DaUy Qneen City, a penny paper, was started in 1860 by G. J. Bryan. The title was changed in 1852 to The Buffalo Evening Post, under which name it is now published. Tlie Buffalo Christian Advocate was started in Jan. 1860, by John B. Robie. In 1867 it was changed to The Advocate, under which name it is now published. Common Sense was published in 1860 by D. P. Stile. Die Aurora, w. and semi-w.,was started in 1850 by Chris- tian Wieckmann, its present publisher. Das Kirchllche Informatorium, semi-mo., was started in July, 1861, by Conrad BSr; and m 1854 T. Andr. A. Grabau, its present editor, assumed its charge. The Sunday Btdletin was stiirted in 1861 by Wm. F. Bodgevs, and continued 9 months. ,„„ ^ „ j, The Youth's Castct, mo., was started m 1851 by -Beadle & Vanderzee. It is now published by Bobt. Adams. The American Milkr was published in 1861 by Wm. C. Hughes. The Etiangelical Christian was published in 18ol by Geo. btanhro & Co rfte American Cdt and Catholic Citizen was brought from Bos- ton, Mass., to Buffalo in June, 1862, and continued untU May, 1853, when it was removed to New York. Die Hammiath and DiaUetischer Hansfieund was started in 1862 by Conrad BSr, and continued 1 year. Sonntags BUM was started in 1882 by Brunck, Held 4 Co., and continued 1 year. ^ , j, „ j The Sunday Visitor was started in 1862 by Reed & Moore, and The United States Mail, mo., was published in 1852 by Jewett, Thomas & Co. . , , , *i. ... toko The Buffalo Daily Ledger was pubhshed a few months m 1852 bv T. Richardson. ^ , „ The Pathfinder was published in 1862 by CJarles Faxon. The Say BeraUw^ published about 3 months m 1863 by Tlve. Scl^aZ,' B^^'PrUid, semi-mo., (German,) was started i lie aaum w^ Conrad Biir, and continued 1 year. r*«iarX^6«wLpnblishedinl863byD S ManlyACo. The bSio Catholic Sentinel was started in June, 1863, by Michael Hagan, its present publisher. mmlrirU Abe>id Schvle, semi-mo., was published m 1864 by Kev. C. Dichlman. The Atlantis, mo., (German,) brought from Cleveland, Ohio, to Buffalo in 1856, is edited by C. Essellen. The American Rights was published from Sept. 1864^ to July, 1865, by Geo. Beese 4 Co. ThA Age of Progress, conducted by Stephen Albro, was com- menced in 1854 and discontinued in 1S58. The Zeitschrift was published about 4 months in 1864 by Conrad Bar. Zeiclien der Zelt, mo., was started in June, 1855, by Drexler. In 1858 T. Gottlieb Ade became its editor. The Home has been published since Ja-n. 1856, by E. F. Beadle. The Buffalo Allegemeine Zeitung, w. and semi- w., was started in May, 1856, by Frederick Beinecke, the present publisher. The Buffalo Patriot, d., (German,) was published during the campaign of 1866 by Voght & Jung. Das Hlstorlsche Zeitblatt und Iilterarlscher Anzeiger, mo., was started in May, 1857, by Conrad Bar, its present publisher. The Home Monthly was started Jan. 1, 1860, under the editorial charge of Mrs. H. E. G. Arey and Mrs. Gildersleve. The Inventm^s Advertiser was published at Buffalo by Thos. P. How. Tlie Aurora Democrat was established at West Aurora in Oct. 18o5, by Deloss E. Sill, publisher, and continued about 1 year. The Aurora Standard was started at East Aurora Aug. 1, 1835, by A. 51. Clapp. In 1S3S it was removed to Buffalo and merged in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. The Springville Express was commenced in May, 1844, by Edwin Hough, and continued until the fall of 1848. The Springville Herald was established in May, 1850, by E. D. Webster; oiid in Dec. 1856, it passed into the hands of J. B. Saxe, its present publisher. The American Oilizen was started at Springville in Feb. 1656, by Lucius C. Sanders, and continued nearly a year. The Tonawanda Commercial was started at Tonawanda in 1846 by Sylvester Hoyt, and continued about a year. The Niagara Fiver Pilot was commenced at Tonawanda in 1853 by Packard & Foxlonger. In Aug. 1856, it passed into the hands of S. 0. Hayward, by whom, in Nov. 1867, it was changed to The Niagara Frontier, under which name it is still published. The Mental Elevator was pubhshed a short tune m the Seneca language. 1 Among the first settlers were Joseph Freeman, John Eastar brook. Wm. Snow, and Arunah Hibbard, who came in IMO; Saml. Slade, James Crocker, Saml. Huntington, and Jonas Stick- ney, who came in 1811; and Wm. Dayton, who came in 1812. The first birth was that of a daiighter of Arunah Hibbard ; and the first death, that of Polly Cransaky, in 1812. John Kogers built the first sawmill, in 1813 or '14, and the first gristmill, in 1817. Amos Bhss kept the first inn, and Seth Eastabrook the first store, both in 1816. The first school was taught by Mehe- tabel Eastabrook, in 1815. 2 Bap., Presb., Evang. Luth., M. B., and 2 R. C. 8 Kamed in honor of Lord Amherst, commander of the English forces in America in 1769-60. 4 Named from Jonas Williams, one of the early settlers. 5 The Williamsville Classical Institute. The whole number of students for the year 1867 was 222. « A gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, a furnace, a broom factory, a chair fiictory, and a waterlime mill, the last producing 3,000 to 6,000 bbls. of hydraulic cement per year. 290 ERIE COUNTY. 1 166. Eg^ertSTllIe, Getzville, East Amlierst, and Westwood are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Timothy S. Hopkins and Elias Kansom, from Great BaiTinf;. ton, Mass.i There are 9 churches in town.^ AlIKORA— was formed from Batavia, as " Willink," April 11, 1804. Its name was changed April 15, 1818. Clarence was taken off in 1808, Buffalo in 1810, Concord, Hamburgh, and Eden in 1812, Holland and "Wales in 1818, and a part- of Elma in 1857. It occupies nearly a central position in the co. Its surface is rolling in the N. and hilly in the s. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, and their summits are 150 to 300 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Cazenove Creek and its branches. The soil is gravelly loam in the valleys and clayey among the hills. Willinfe., (p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 29, 1849, is situated on the e. branch of f^azenove Creek, in the n. part of the town. It contains 2 churches and a woolen factory and has a pop. of 365. East Aurora, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. e. of Willink, contains 2 churches, an academy,' and several manufacturing establishments. Pop. 360. West Falls, (p. v.,) on the w. bank of Cazenove Creek, in the s. part of the town, contains 1 church, 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and about 30 houses ; and Griffins Mills, (p. v.,) on the same stream, near the center of the town, contains 1 church, a sawmill, a gristmill, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in the fall of 1803, by Jabez Warren, Henry Godfrey, and Nath'l Emerson.* The evidences of ancient Indian occupation were plainly visible upon the advent of the whites.* The first church (Bap.) was organized with 16 members, in 1810, by Elder Irish. There are 7 churches in town.' Ex- Pres. Millard Fillmore and Hon N. K. Hall, Judge of Supreme Court and Ex-P. M. Gen., were for some years residents of East Aurora. BOSTOK— was formed from Eden, April 5, 1817. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the oO. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the n. branch of Eight-een Mile Creek, which flows N. w. through near the center of the town. The valley of this stream is about three-fourths of a mile wide. In this valley the soil is a fine, fertile loam, and upon the hills it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Boston, (p. v.,) on the N. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a tannery, a cow-bell factory, and 40 houses ; Boston Center, (Patchin p. o.,) on the same stream, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, and 20 houses; and JVortll Boston, (p. v.,) 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. The first settlement was made by Didemus Kinney, in 1803.' The first religious services were conducted by Kev. John Spencer, in 1810. There are 7 churches in town.' BRAKfDT' — was formed from Collins and Evans, March 25, 1839. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is generally level, with a gentle inclina' tion toward the lake. Cattaraugus Creek forms a part of the s. boundary. The other principal streams are Big Sister, Delaware, and Muddy Creeks. The soil is generally a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Brandt (p. v.) contains 20 houses, and Mill Brancll (Farnham p.o.) 30. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Moses Tucker.^" The first religious services were conducted by Benj. Olmsted, in 1820. A union church is the only one in town. 1 Among the early settlers were Wm. Maltbury, Jonas Wil- liamfi, James Harmon, Horatio Kelsey, Seth Canfield, Enos A. Armstrong, and Jas. Harris. Tlie first sawmill was built in ISOl, by Thomson ; and the first gristmill, by Wm. Maltbury, in 1808. Elias Ransom kept the first inn, in 1805, and Juba Storrs & Co. the first store, in 1812. s Bap., Disciples, M. E., and Germ. Cath. at Williamsville, and 2 Evang. Luth., Free, Mennonite, and K.C. in other parts of the town. 8 The Aurora Manual Labor Seminary was chartered Oct. 18, 1833; and in 1S38 its name was ohangedtothe Aurora Academy. The manual labor department was long since abandoned. ^ These were followed by Joel and John Adams, Tabor Earlle, and Humphrey Smith, in 1804, and Wm. Warren, Thos. Tracy, Christopher Stone, and Luther Hibbard, in 1805. The first birth was that of Orra Warren, in Dec. 1805 ; and the first death, that of a daughter of Humphrey Smith, in 1806. Phineas Stevens built the first sawmill, in 1806, and the first gristmill, in 1807. Gen. Wm. Warren kept the first inn, in 1806, and Adams & Hascall the first store, in 1808. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in 1806. 5 Two hills, in the n. part of the town, were fortified by cir- cular breastworks, in many places 6 to 8 ft. high. Human bones, of almost giant size, have been dug up near the fortifica- tions ; and pieces of pottery and iron axes have been found in the vicinity. — Letter of Rev. Asfier Wright In'1809 an ancient copper plate, 12 by 16 inches, covered with letters or hiero- glyphics, was plowed up upon the laud of Ephraim WoodrulT, in Aurora: the finders, not knowing its value as a specimen of antiquity, converted it into a dipper and skimmer. — TM-ne^^s ITol. Pur., p. t68. « 2 Presb., Bap., Cong., M. B., TTniv., and R.C. 7 Oliver and Charles Johnson settled in the town in 1805, and Eichard Cary and Sam'l Eaton in 1807. The first bii-th was that of Phinney Johnson, in 1806; the first marriage, that of David Stannard and Esther Yaw, in 1810 ; and the first death, that of Joel Beebe, in 1809. Ethan Howard built the first mill, in 1810 ; Job Palmer kept the first inn. in 1811 ; and Aaron J. Tupper the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Joel Eddy, in 1810. ' 8 Bap., Free Will Bap., Evang. Luth., Eriends, M. E., Meth. Prot., and Univ. Named from Col. Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief. His Indian name was " Tha-yan-da^^ec-gah," said to signify "wood partly burned," or "a brand;" and as the Indians are unable to distinguish'^ from ( in their pronunciation, it became Brant— Ashsr Wright, Missionary at the Caitarauffus Ifcsen-atifm. 10 John, Kobei-t, and Major Campbell, and John West, settled in the town in 1808, and Ansel Smith, Robt. and Wm. Grannis, and Benj . Olmsted, in 1819. The first birth was that of a son of John West, in 1818 ; the first marriage, that of Levi Grannis and Leah Hallida, in 1819 ; and the first death, that of Matthew West, in 1822. The first mill was built by Sam'l Butts, in 1822 ; the first inn was kept by Josephus Hubbard, in 1826; and the first store, by Milton Morse, in 1835. Julia Bradley taught the .first school, in 1823. ERIE COUNTY. 291 BUFFAL,© CITT— was formed as a town, Feb. 8, I8IO.1 Amherst was taken off in 1818, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of Buffalo was incorp. April 2, 1813, re-organized in 1815, and again in 1822, and incorp. as a city April 20, 1832, with its limits enlarged by the addition of that part of the Mile Strip Reservation^ s. of York and North Sts. By the provisions of a new charter, granted April 13, 1853, the then town of " Black Rock" was included within the city limits. The city lies at the E. extremity of Lake Erie, extending nearly 10 mi. along the lake shore and the upper part of Niagara River, and occupies an area of about 40 sq. mi. The principal streams are Big Buffalo and Scajaquady* Creeks, — the former emptying into Lake Erie and the latter into Niagara River. The principal business part of the city is on the lake shore around the harbor. The land in this locality is low, and was once considered "an irreclaimable morass ; but it is now densely covered with substantial warehouses and large stores, intermingled with fa-ctories, foundries, mechanics' shops, and dwellings."* The site rises gradually, and attains in one or two places an elevation of about 100 ft.; but the greater portion of the area occupies an extended plain of an average height of 50 ft. above the lake. On the "Buffalo Plains," and along the river at North Buffalo, are extensive quarries of limestone, furnishing an excellent building material.^ The city is regularly laid out, and the streets are broad and straight. The flagging and paving are done in the most substantial manner, and are kept in excellent repair.^ The main part of the city is supplied with wholesome water from Niagara River by the Buffalo Water Works Company. The reservoir, situated on Niagara between Connecticut and Vermont Sts., is 88 ft. higher than the river, and has a capacity of 13,500,000 gallons. The water is elevated by two force pumps, each of a capacity of 235 gallons, and is distributed through 31 mi. of pipe.' Lower Black Rock is supplied by the Jubilee Water Works with water obtained from the Jubilee Springs. It is conducted through wooden pipes, of which there are more than two miles laid.^ There are 5 postoffices in the city,— Buffalo, North Buffalo, Buffalo Plains, Red Jacket, and Black Rock. The harbor of Buffalo is formed by Big Buffalo Creek, along which for more than a mile is a continuous line of wharves. A pier extends from the s. side of the harbor 1500 ft. into the lake, forming an effectual barrier against the encroaching sands, which everywhere on the lake have a tendency to accumulate on the w. side of piers. At its extremity is a lighthouse." The Erie Canal enters the city along Niagara River, from which it is separated by a seawall, and extends southward to near the mouth of Buffalo Creek, and thence eastward to Hamburgh St. The Erie Basin, just n. of the mouth of Buffalo Creek, protected lakeward by a breakwater, and the Ohio Basin, about one and one-fourth mi. from the mouth of the creek, containing an area of 10 acres, are both connected with the harbor and canal and are sufficiently deep to float the largest lake vessels.'" A ship canal more than a mi. in length extends along the w. side of Big Buffalo Creek parallel to the shore of the lake. This canal, the basins, the Erie Canal, and the harbor are all connected by numerous slips. Six railroads terminate in the city; and another — the Buffalo & Pittsburgh — is in process of construction.'' 1 The city of Buffalo was taken off in 1832, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of "Black Sock," in this town, was incorp. April 24, 1837, and receives its name from the color of the rock which outcrops at the ferrj- landing. The remaining part of the town was organized as Black Kock, Feb. 14, 1S39; and in 1853 it was annexed to the city. 2 gee p. — ^. s Named A-om an Indian of that name, and pronounced Ska- Joc'quad-da. * Buffalo City Directory, 1868. 6 The pier, the breakwater, the arsenal, St. Joseph's Cathedral, and many of the most substantial buildings in the city, are in part or wholly built of this stone. 6 Tliere are 251 mi. of located streets within the city limits, 37^ mi. of paved streets, 205,000 line or feet of stone sidewalks, and 108 mi. of plank walks. There are 1,960 street lamps in the city, lighted by gas fuinished by the Buffalo Gas Light Com- pany. 'Ibe present cost of the street Improvements is estimated at $.i,00li,0U0 ; and the aggregate of taxes for local improvements in 1867 waa $3i.6 913. ^ The Buffalo Water Works Company was incorp. March 15, 1849. The original cost of the works was $400,000; and $66,000 of the eatnings have been expended in extending the works. Connected with them are 320 street hydrants, and 20 under- ground reservoirs, having an aggregate capacity of 407,850 gal. 8 The Jubilee Water Works Company was organized in 1827, with a capital of $20,000. At one time the company hud 16 mi. of wooden pipe laid, fully supplying Black Kock and a part of Buffalo; but, while the increase of population created a greater demand for water, the supply from the springs diminished, and in 1845 the citizens of Lower Black Eock purchased the works and confined the supply to their own village. s The lighthouse is built entirely of stone and iron. It is 44 ft. bidh, 26 ft. in diameter at its base, and 12 ft. at the top. The molehead upon which it stands is 160 ft. in diameter and has a depth of 15 ft. below the surface of the water. The pier and lighthouse were completed in 1833. It is furnished with a first class dioptric Kresnel apparatus. to These basins were constructed by the State as parts of the great system of internal navigation ; but their sites were fur- nished by the city. The Erie Basin cost $300,000, and the Ohio Basin $60,000. They were commenced in 1848 and finished in 1868. Vessels driven by storms and failing to gain an entrance to the harbor find a capacious and sheltered retreat in the har- bor of Black Rock, — formed by a mole from Bird Island to Squaw Island, a distance of 2916 yards. This, with the islands, forms a harbor 4,565 yards long and from 88 to 220 yards wide, with an area of 136 acres. Besides affording an exceedingly convenient harbor, with an average depth of 15 feet, this work secures a water-power of about 4i ft. A ship lock is constructed at its foot; and it is on the line of the Erie Canal. 11 Besides these, 5 plank roads, a macadamized road, and a turnpike terminate in the city. 292 ERIE COUNTY. Buffalo is the second commercial city of the State, and the largest and most important upon the great lakes.' Its situation at the foot of navigation upon Lake Erie and at the western terminus of the Erie Canal makes it the principal port for the transhipment of the products of the great grain region of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and gives to it the command of the greater part of the commerce of the lakes.^ The number of entries at this port during the year 1857 was 4,017, with an aggregate of 1,618,672 tons ; and the number of clearances was 3,564, with an aggregate of 1,603,134 tons.^ The exportation and importation by canal is also immense;' and it is estimated litis often called " The Queen City," and " The Queen City of the Laltea." 2 The amount of grain received in 1857 was 15,443,778 huRh., and of flour 926,411 bbla., of which 16,348,930 bush, of grain and 845,953 bbls. of flour were received by lalie. The same year there were received by lake 29.799 head of cattle, 75.174 ho^ ftud 44,972 sheep. The following table shows the imports, ijy lake, of flour and grain for a series of years : — Year. 1836.. 1837.. 1838.. 1839.. 1840.. 1841.. 1842.. 1843.. 1844.. 1845.. 1846.. 1847.. 1848.. 1849.. I860.. 1851.. 1852.. 1863.. 1854.. 1856... 1866... 1867... Flour. Whrat. 139,178 126,806 277,620 294,125 697,742 730,040 734,308 917,617 915,030 746,760 1,374,529 1,867,000 1,249,000 1,103,039 1,268,224 1,299,613 976,657 739,756 936,761 1,126,048 845,953 304,090 450,360 933,117 1,117,262 1,004,661 1,636,000 1,656,430 1,827,241 2,177,500 1,770,740 4,744,184 6,489,100 4,620,117 3,681,346 4,167,121 6,549,778 5,424,043 3,610,792 8,022,126 8,466,671 8,334,179 204,366 94,490 34,148 71,327 201,031 464,530 223,963 137,978 64,200 1,456.258 2,862,300 2,298,100 2,593,378 5,988,775 5,136,746 3,666,793 10.109.973 9.711,230 9,632,477 6,713,611 Oattt. I Barley. 28,640 2,663 6,5' 14,144 2,489 18,017 23,100 218,.300 446,000 660,000 359,680 1,140.340 2,596,231 1,480,656 4,441,739 2,693,222 1,733 382 1,214,780 4,876 4,710 1,617 47,630 3,600 142,773 497.913 401.111)8 313,885 62.304 46.327 37,844 Eye. 1,600 3,26' 909 2,160 i;228 1,332 466 28,250 70,787 17,809 10,652 112,271 107,162 177,066 299.691 246,810 48,536 The annual average receipts of tloui- during the first five years was about 360,000 bbls.; during the next five it was 820,000; during the next five, 1,474,000 ; and during the next five, 909,000. The whole amount of grain received in 1847 was 9.668,187 bush., and in 1865 20,788,475 bush.,— the greatest amount in any one year. This was a greater amount than was received that year in any other port in the world. The following table shows the receipts of leading articles during three seasons; — Ashes, caslcs Beef, bbls. Broom Corn, bales... Barley, bush Butter, lbs Bacon, lbs Cattle, No Cranberries, bbls.... Coal, tons Copper Ore, lbs 4.295 3,265 97,804 33,320 9,725 7,366 62,304 46,327 1,988,920 1,241,600 10,768.396 9,220.932 14,049 25,283 225 4U4 69,878 53,612 660,000 1,870,488 * The following tables show the i 1851i. 1857. 2,976 69,911 5 086 37.844 923,000 3,612.619 29,799 91 67,247 2,587,600 Cotton, bales Corn, bush E.ggs, bbla Feathers, sacl^s Fish, bbls Furs, bdls Flax, bales Flour.bbls Hemp, bales Hides, No Horses, No.'. Hogs, No Iron, pig, tons Lard, lbs Lead, pigs Leattier, rolls Lumber, ft Lath, No Meal, corn, bbls Nuts, bbls Oil, bbls Oats, bn.'ih Torli, bbls Pelts, bdls Robes, Buflalo, bales... Rye, busli Seed.s, bbla Sliiu.s,bdls Staves, ^o Sliingles, No Slieep, i^o Tobacco, lihds Tobacco, cases Tallow, lbs Wliisky, bbls Wheat, bush Wool, bales 1855. 239 8,711,230 6,691 379 6,762 1,112 1,276 936,761 1,191 90,964 862 69,944 3,994 10,367,136 67,309 2,266 72,026,661 246,000 807 346 4,700 2,693,322 106,682 4.311 480 299,591 20 622 2,391 16,421,668 1,7(4000 26,608 4S9 3.470 1,234,100 37,087 8,022,126 47,168 1856. 681 9,632,477 6,326 820 5,826 890 729 1,126,048 327 111,856 408 72,713 2,077 5,336.600 30,677 2,326 60,684,641 920,000 1,800 806 2,870 1,733,382 60,477 3,368 287 246.810 16.297 1,814 18,566,039 398,000 41,467 623 3,837 634,900 30,009 8,466.671 41,692 1»)7. 317 6,713,611 8,286 242 6,211 636 622 846,963 912 139,061 193 76,174 1,323 643,000 22,247 2,613 68,283,319 1,602,000 150 113 1,789 1,214,760 20,283 1,696 1,160 48,536 14.830 2:173 23,024,213 1,669,000 44,972 270 2,102 446,760 42,140 8,334,179 35,613 The total value of the importations of these three years were, in 1855, $48,767,315: in 1866. $10,429,871; and in 1867, $34,846,692. 8 Following is an exliibit of tlie number of entrances and clearances, their tonnage and crews, for six successive years : — Year. No. Tonnage. Men. 1862 9,441 8.298 8,912 9,211 8.128 7,581 3.092,247 3,262,978 3,990,284 3,360,233 3,018,587 3,221,806 127,491 128.112 120,838 111,616 112,051 132,183 1853 1864 1856 1,866 1867 ments that vear w»s «1 fi Q^B -in , JH''^i'"^,^'!'' shipments of leading articles for the year 1867 :-The total value of the canal ship, ments that year was $16,966,i40, and the tolls of the same received at the collector's ofBoe amounted to $669,637.41. RECEIPTS. Lumber, ft 1,863 693 Timber, 100 cubic ft 30,920 Staves, lbs Wood, cords 25,836 Cheese, lbs 22,662 Wool, lbs 1,320 Hides, lbs 130,500 Flour, bbla 28,621 Wheat, buah 19,966 Rye, bush 7.778 Corn, bush 1,131 Barley, buah 37,434 Bran, kc. lbs 236,689 Beans and peas, bush 10,908 Potatoes, bush 3.342 Dried fruit, lbs 130,900 Hops, Ills 621,862 Domestic spirits,gals 24,720 Leather, lbs 714,135 Furniture, lbs 4.363'775 Pig iron, lbs 12,417,114 Castmgsand ironware, lbs 30,902,467 Domestic cottons, Iba 694,868 Domestic salt, lbs 52,278,989 Fi.roign .salt, lbs 193,839 Sugar, lbs 12,768,136 Molasses, lbs 7,701,144 Cofl'ee, lbs 4.900,077 Nails, spikes, Ac. lbs 2JS56,471 Iron and steel, lbs 12,417.666 Raili-oad iron, lbs., 32,187,521 Crockery and glassware, lbs 5,600,277 All other mdse. lbs 92!894,060 Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 74,134,242 G\psum, lbs 560,687 Coal, lbs 116,193,297 Sundries, lbs 10,471,711 SHIPMENTS. Lumber, ft 43,727,623 Timber, 100 cubic ft 12 486 Staves, lbs 185,921,748 Ashes, casks 1 829 Pork, bbls 9',95 Beef, bbls 5,.26a Bacon, lbs 2,112,093 Cheese, lbs 65 469 Butter, lbs 9,874 Lard, tallow, and lard oil... 710436 Wool, lbs 1,826,289 Hides, lbs 780,885 Flour, bbls 88,092 Wheat, busb 6,673,827 Rye, bush 6,841 Corn, buah 5,001,203 Barley, bush \\ 635 Oats, bush .' 905,814 Bran, &c. lbs 4,796,624 Dried fruits, lbs Cotton, lbs .V Tobacco, lbs '.".". 16,563 HemP' lbs 49,690 Seed.lbs 6011,364 Flaxseed, lbs 1 077 228 Hopi=.lbs i;629 Domestic spirits, gals 836000 Leatbor,lbs 66,786 Furniture, lbs 393,025 Lead, lbs 214.416 Pig iron, lbs 1,240,408 Bloom and bariron,lbB 87.736 Castings and ironware, lbs 121,789 Domestic salt, lbs 32,100 Iron and steel, lbs 201,703 Railroad iron, lbs Crockery aud glassware, lbs.. 122.594 All other mdse, lbs 674,242 Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 4,989,599 Coal, lbs 28,061,882 Copper ore. lbs 2.566,201 Sundries, lbs 12,771000 ERIE COUNTY. 293 that the value of merchandise and property transported by s.. e. is greater than the entire amount of the lake commerce of this port." About one-fourth of the shipping of the lake is owned by the citizens of Bufiklo.* Shipbuilding is extensively carried ou.» The manufactures of the city are extensive and various.* The principal public buildings are the Custom House, Fort Porter, the State Arsenal, and the city markets. The Custom Souse, on the corner of Seneca and Washington Sts., is a handsome and well built structure, containing, beside the custom house office, accommodations for the post-office and the U. S. courts. It was constructed, at a cost of |140,000, from designs furnished by the U. S. Treasury Department.* Fort Porter, built in 1842-48, is a fortification on the bank of Niagara Kiver at the point where it emerges from Lake Erie. The State Arsenal, erected in 1858, is a massive stone building fronting on Batavia St.^ There are four large markets, conveniently located in different parts of the city.' The Public Schools of the city have long enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. They are care- fully nurtured through the operations of an enlightened public sentiment, and are so excellent in all their departments that scarcely any other elementary schools are supported or needed. They are thoroughly graded, consisting of three general departments. The third department is an advanced school for the whole city ; and in it a complete academic course, excepting the classics, is taught. There were, in 1857, 32 school districts, employing 189 teachers, — 24 males and 165 females. The number of children, between 4 and 21 years of age, was 28,000, of whom 15,593, or a small fraction more than 55J per cent., were in attendance some portion of the year.' The Buffalo Female Academy, a flourishing institution, situated on Delaware Avenue, was opened for students in July, 1852.' 1 The amount of live stock received by R. R. in 1857 was 78,404 head of cattle, 232.375 hogs, and 72,496 sheep. 2 The amount of shipping owned in Buffalo, as shown by the custom bouse boo]£s, is aa follows : — Vessels. Steamers.... Propellers.. Tugs Barks Brigs Schooners .. Scows Total.. JVo. 242 Tonnage. 10 9,067 50 30,186 20 2,629 7 3,537 21 6,784 129 36,460 5 473 88,136 s The following table shows the shipping launched in 1867 :— Vessels. 4 Steamers 10 Propellers.... 13 Tugs , 21 Schooners 1 Dredge 25 Canal Boats.. Tannage. 4,086 5.070 1,145 7,955 $352,000 349,000 126,800 353,400 In connection with one of the shipyards of the city is a dry dock of sufficient capacity to admit a steamer of over 2,500 tons ; also a marine railway; and near by is a large derrick for hoist- ing boilers and heavy machinery. * The following is a list of the manufacturing establishments in operation in 1857 Agricultural Works. 5 Ax & Edge Tool M'factory... 3 Awl « 1 Basket Manufactories 6 Bellows " 2 Billiard Table « 3 Blank Book & Bookbinding 8 Boiler Manufactories 4 Box " 5 Brass " 3 Breweries 31 Brickyards 9 Britannia Ware 2 Boot & Shoe Manufactories 3 Brush " 2 Bnrr Millstone " 2 CabinetWareManu factories. 11 Car and Car Wheels 2 Carriage Manuactories 9 Chair " 2 Chromotype Printing J Co^ch & Harness Hardware 2 Comb Manufactory 1 Confectioneries 10 Cooperages 1* Distilleries 3 Engraving ^-- •_ 9 Earthen ware Manufactories. 2 Fence (iron) " 4 Fire Works " 2 Flour Mills 10 Flour Mill Manufactories.... 3 Founderies 7 Glove Manufactory 1 Glue " 1 Gold Beaters " 2 Gunshops 3 Harness, Saddle, &c.M'facts 13 Hat & Cap Manufactories... 16 Iron Works 8 Japanned Ware 4 Lantern Manufactories 2 Last Manufactories 2 Leather " H Lithographing 3 Lock Manufactories 5 Marble Works 6 Machine Shops 10 Melodeon Manufactory 1 Oakum Oil Organ Pail and Tub Paper Mill Philosophical Instruments.. 1 Piano Forte Manufactory.... 3 Planing Mills 5 Plane Manufact^jry 1 Pocket Book " 1 Pottery 1 Printing Establishments 17 Pump Manufactories 3 Eegalia " 5 Rope " 4 Sail « 4 Sash & Blind « 7 Saw " 2 Shingle " 2 Stove Manufactories 3 Silk " 1 Shipyards 7 Silver Plating 4 Soap & Candle MTaetories... 14 Soda & Sarsaparilla " ... 4 Stnrch " ... 2 Stave " ... 2 Steam Sawmills 3 Stone Ware Manutactorj'.... 1 Tobacco " .... 9 Tanneries 2 Type & Stereotype F'dries... 3 Upholsteries 10 "Vice Manufactory 1 White Lead " 2 Whip " 1 The value of the articles manufactured in 1857 was about $10,000,000, of which the leading products are estimated as follows:— ships and boats, $1,800,000; leather, $1,600,000; fiour, $1,000,000; stoves and other castings, $600,000; machines, $600,000; distilled stuffs, $400,000; piano fortes, $350,000 ; boots and shoes, $100,000. For most of the statistics of the commerce and manufactures of BufiFalo we are indebted to the Annual Statement of the Trade and Commerce of Buffalo for 1857, issued from the office of the Gcymmercial Advertiser. 6 The custom house building was commenced in 1855 and completed in 1858. It is 3 stories high, exclusive of basement, and has a front of 110 ft. on Seneca St. and 60 ft. on Washington St.. with a total elevation of 70 ft. above the sidewalk. Its ex- terior is of light gray sandstone, obtained from Cleveland, Ohio ; and the whole is fireproof throughout, the floors being of small, segmental brick arches, turned from wrought iron beams, rest- ing on tubular girdei-a. The girders rest upon the walls, and are supported in the middle by cast iron columns reaching to the foundation of the building, « The arsenal is 165 ft. long by 65 ft. wide. Its front, 50 ft. wide, projecting 16 ft., from the main building, is flanked by octagonal towers 60 ft. high. The walls are 40 ft. high; and at each coiner is a heavy, square turret. The cost of the building was $290,800. 7 Elk Street Market is 30 ft. wide by 375 ft. long, having a veranda 24 ft. wide extending the whole length of each side. The Court Street Market consists of a main building, 51 ft. sq., with 4 wings, one on each side. The N. and s. wings are each 91i ft. long by 36 wide, and the E. and w. wings are each 61 It. long by 36ft. wide. TheCliuton St. and Washington St. Markets are each 395 ft. long by 36 ft. wide, with a veranda 24 ft. wide ex- tending the whole length of each side. 8 The total expenses of the schools for 1857 were $160,019.86, and the total receipts the same; number of volumes in district libraries 8,216. 8 This institution owes its existence in a great measure to the liberality of Jabez Goodell, who contributed over $10,000 toward its establishment. The academy occupies one of the most eli- gible and beautiful sites in the city. There are two academic buildings, Goodell Ilall and Evergreen Cottage,— the foi mer oc- cupied for school purposes, and the latter as a dwelling by the family of the principal. 294 ERIE COUNTY. The Buffalo Medical College, on the corner of Main and Virginia Sts., was organized in Aug. 1846, under the charter of the Vniversity of Buffalo. A course of lectures is giyen each winter; and the students are admitted to the hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on stated days, during the visits of the medical and surgical ofUcers. -uv i. j n The Buffalo Mercantile College, on the corner of Main and Seneca Sts., was established Oct. 10, 1854. Its object is to impart a theoretical and practical knowledge of business transactions. The Buffalo Commercial College, on Main St., is an institution similar in character to the Mer- cantile College. The Buffalo Law Library Association, incorp. April 2, 1833,— capital $10,000, in shares of |100 each,— was formed for the purpose of securing the benefits of a professional library beyond the reach of private means. The Young Men's Association was established in the winter of 1835-36, and incorp. in March, 1843. It has a library of about 10,000 volumes, and a reading room, which is well supplied with papers from most of the principal cities of the Union. During the winter months lectures are maintained by the association. The German Young Men's Association was organized in 1841 and chartered in 1846. The library contains about 2000 volumes, mostly German works. The Young Men's Christian Union was established in May, 1852, and incorp. March, 1853. ^ It has for its object the moral and intellectual improvement of young men. Its library and reading rooms are in Kremlin Hall, at the junction of Niagara and Erie Sts. The Young Men's Catholic Association and the Buffalo Catholic Institute are societies similar to the preceding. The Buffalo Medical Association was formed in 1845 and incorp. in 1856. Its objects are purely scientific and professional, and its membership is confined to the medical profession of the county. The Mendelssohn Association, organized Jan. 1858, has for its object the improvement and culti- vation of vocal and instrumental music. The Deutsche Leidertafel and the Deutscher Saengerbund are German societies of a similar character. The Buffalo Orphan Asylum, located on Virginia St., was organized in 1835 and incorp. April 24, 1837. The site was donated by Louis S. Le Couteulx, and the present building was erected in 1850. The average number of inmates is about 80. The Buffalo Female Orphan Asylum, on the corner of Batavia and EUicott Sts., was established in 1848, under the care of the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The present number of children is 98. The Biffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on Virginia St., was incorp. July 5, 1848. The building contains 20 wards, and the average number of patients is 130. The Buffalo General Hospital was incorp. Nov. 21, 1855, and went into operation in 1858. It was founded by individual donations, amounting to $20,000, and a State appropriation of $10,000.' The Lying-in Hospital, on Edward St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The Buffalo City Dispensary, a society of physicians, was organized to afford gratuitous medical services to the destitute. The Association for the Belief of the Poor disburses among the needy each vrinter sums ranging from Sl,500 to $8,000. The Firemen's Benevolent Association was incorp. March 23, 1837, and has for its object the accumulation of a fund for the relief of indigent and disabled firemen and their families. The Buffalo Physicians' Charitable Fund Association was organized in 1858, to provide means for the assistance and relief of the widows and orphans of medical men. A M. E. church was founded in Buffalo, in 1809, by the Rev. Jas. Mitchell ; but it had no per- manent organization. The oldest church now in the city {1st Presb.) was organized Feb. 2, 1812, by the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood. The next established were a Prot. E., Bap., a M. E., and a Univ. There are now 57 churches in the city.^ Most of the church edifices are large and commodious ; and many of them are of a high order of architectural beauty. St. Joseph's Cathedral (R. C.) is 1 This hospital in located on Iligh St., and is a two story brick ptructure, 160 ft. long by 75 ft. wide. The w. wing only of' the general plan is finished ; but that is complete in itself, and has 4 wairls, capable of accommodating 100 patients, 2 U K.C., 8 Presb., 7 Prot. B., 7 M.S., 6 Bap., i Oer. Evang., 3 Lnth., 2 Ref. Prot. D., and 1 each Asao. Presb., French Vrot., Unit., Univ., Mission, and Bethel, The R. C. Church of 8t. Louis, in this city, has been prominently before the public from the refusal of its trustees to convey their church property to the bishop, and the extraordinary but ineffectual efforts made by the Roman pontiff to induce obedience to this order. In 1883 Cardinal Redini visited America, having this as a prominent object of his mission ; but the trustees were inflexible, and BtUl continue the owners of their property. ERIE COUNTY. 295 aie largest and most costly in the city.^ St. Paul's' and St. John's, (Prot. E.,) and the North and Central (Presb.) churches, are elegant and substantial structures. The earliest notice of the site of the city of Buffalo is found in the travels of Baron LaHoutan, who visited this locality in 1687.» No vrhite settlers located here until after the American Revo- lution. A village of the Seneca Indians lay on Buffalo Creek, about 3 mi. from its mouth. In March, 1791, Col. Thos. Proctor, U. S. Commissioner, visited "Buffalo Creek,"— as this village was then called,— on an embassy to the Indians. The locality around the mouth of the creek was then called "Lake Erie," and Cornelius Winney, an Indian trader, resided there.'' The place was visited in 1795 by La Rochefoucault Liaucourt, a French nobleman, who says that " at the post on Lake Erie there was a small collection of four or five houses."^ Buffalo was laid out by the agent of the Holland Land Company in 1801, and was called by them "New Amsterdam."^ Set- tlement was commenced at Black Rock in 1807.' In 1808 " New Amsterdam" was made the county seat of Niagara co. ; and its name was then changed to Buffalo. In 1812 it became a military post. In Dec. I8I3, a party of British and Indians crossed over from Canada, defeated the Ameri- can forces, and fired the villages of Black Rock and Buffalo. Only two dwelling houses were left standing.^ The rebuilding of the village was not commenced until 1815. Buffalo had from the first a formidable rival in Black Rock. While the mouth of Buffalo Creek was obstructed by a bar, Black Rook possessed an excellent harbor and monopolized the infant commerce of the lake. The " Walk-in-fhe- Water," the first steamboat on Lake Erie, was built at Black Rook in 1818. The construction of Buffalo harbor was commenced in 1820, by the citizens ;' and in 1827 the General Government assumed its completion and built the present pier and lighthouse. The Erie Canal was finished in 1825 ; and from that time to the present Buffalo has increased in wealth and popu- lation with the characteristic rapidity of the cities of the West."' CHICKTOTT AG A"— was formed from Amherst, March 22, 1839 ; and a part of West Seneca was taken off in 1851. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. The surface is level. The principal streams are Eleven Mile, Cayuga, and Slate Bottom Creeks The soil is a heavy, tough clay. Cbicktowaga and Four Mile Creek are p. ofSoes. The first settle- ment was made by ApoUos Hitchcock, in 1808.^^ There is but I church (R. C.) in town. CliAREWCE — was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 11, 1808. Alden was taken off in 1823, and Lancaster in 1833. It lies upon the n. border of the co., between New- stead and Amherst. Its surface is level. A limestone terrace about 50 feet high, with a wall- like front facing the n., extends e. and w. through the center of the town. The streams are Tona- wanda Creek, on the n. border, and Ransoms Creek, flowing N. w. through near the center of the town. The soil in the n. part is clayey, and in the s. a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by 1 The cathedral is 236 ft. long, 86 ft. wide in tlie body, and 120 at tlie transept. The ceiling is 75 ft. high, the roof outside 90 feet, and the epii-e, when finished, will be 220 ft. high. The windows are all of beautiful stained glass, the larger ones in figures representing sacred scenes and characters. The tri- partite window above the altar represents the birth, cruci- fixion, and ascension of Christ. This window was executed in Munich, at a cost of $6,000. « This church was erected at a cost of about $100,000. It has a chime of 10 bells, which cost $15,000. 8 La Hontan recommended to the French Government the eractiOD of a fort at this place. * Winney's house — undoubtedly the first erected in Buffalo — stood near where the Washington St. Canal Bridge now is. 'Besides Winney, Johnston, the British Indian interpreter, Martin Middaugh and his family, and his son-in-law, Ezekiel Lane, resided here at that time; and in 1796 Asa Bansom, Jesse Skinner, and "Black Joe" were also here. Skinner kept an inn, and Winney and "Black Joe" an Indiap store. * The principal streets were named from members of the Hol- land Land Company. Main St. was called " WiUinks Avemie," Niagara St. " Sckimmelpennicks Avenue," Genesee St. ''Busti Avenue," Erie St. "YoUeahaoem Avenue," and Church St. "Slad- nitzlci Avenue." In ?S26 these names were changed by the trustees of the village. The business of the Holland Land Com- pany was transacted here for a short time previous to the open- ing of their office at "Hansoms Grove," now Clarence Hollow, ' The surveyor general was directed (April 11, 1804) to lay out the land about Black Bock— forming a part of the Mile Strip— into lots and report to the legislature. This was ac- cordiuEly done; and in his report tha surveyor general stated his belief that this was the best, if not the only, place at this end of the lake where a harbor of proper size could be constructed. From the earliest period the U. S. had desig- nated this vicinity as the site of a fortilication. The report closed with the foUowing words:— "It will be observed that streets are laid where it will either be impracticable or useless to open them soon. It may, notwithstanding, be useful now to contemplate, in the plans of towns, what will be necessary ar- rangements a century hence. Such plans on record, while for the present they can be productive of no harm, may prevent those aberrations from order that might hereafter be a cause of much inconvenience; and, without being governed by ex- travagant calculations, no doubt can be entertained that the future importance of this place will justify extensive views in the projection of its arrangements." The village, like Lewiston, Oswego, Salina, and Fort Covington, was patented in small parcels. 8 See p. . In 1825, Congress made an appropriation of $80,000 to compensate the inhabitants for the losses incurred by this disaster. " The sum of $1,861.25 was raised by subscription, and a loan of $12,000 was obtained from the State, A pier, extending 80 rods into the lake, was built, and a lighthouse erected upon the land. The Superior — the second steamboat launched upon Lake Erie— was built at Buffalo in 1822. 10 The population at ditferent periods has been as follows : — 1810 1,508 1830 8,668 "'■i'^ •»'"<' 1814 1,060 1836 19,716 1820 2,095 1840 18,213 3826 6,141 The population of Black Rock (now about 12,000) is included in the returns of 1855 only. u This name was given at the suggestion of Alex. Hitchcock. It is a corruptiou of the Senec&word " Jiik-do^waah-gdi," signi- fying " the place of the crab-apple tree," the Indian uame of this locality. 12 Among the early settlers were Sam'l Lasuro, Eoswell Judson, Abraham Hatch, and Maj. Noble. The first birth was that of a child of Koswell Hatch, in 1810; and the first death, that of Franklin Hitchcock, in 1818. The first mill was built by Sam'l Lasure, in 1810 ; and the first inn was kept by Jesse Munson, in 1816. 1845 29,773 1860 42,201 1866 74,214 296 ERIE COUNTY. limestone. Clarence Hollow, (Clarence p. o.,) near the s. e. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, the Clarence Academy,' and a pop. of 400; Clarence Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses. Harris Hill (p. o.) and JVortU Clarence {p. o.) are hamlets. The first settlement was made at Clarence Hollow in 1799, by Asa Ransom.'' The census reports 7 churches in town.' COliDElV*— was formed from Holland, April 2, 1827. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is an elevated upland, rolling in the E. and hilly in the w. The w. branch of Cazenove Creek flows through the w. part of the town and is bordered by steep declivities 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Colden, (p.v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, and 34 houses; GleniVOOd, (p. v.,) on the same stream, contains 1 church, 8 sawmills, 2 lath mills, a tannery, and 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Richard Buffum.* The Presbyterian, at Glenwood, is the only church in town. COLiIillVS— was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839, -and North Collins in 1852. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is a rolling upland, sloping gradually to the w. and descending abruptly to Cattaraugus Creek upon the s. The summits of the ridges are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms the s. boundary of the town; and the other streams are Clear Creek and its tributaries. The channels of these streams are narrow and deep. The soil is a clayey loam on the uplands and a gravelly loam along the streams. Collins Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 36 houses. Angola is a p. o. near the n. w. corner of the town. Gowanda lies partly in this town.* The first settlement was made in 1806, by Jacob Taylor.' There are 5 churches in town.* COHrCORU— was formed {rom " Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and Collins and Sardinia were taken off in 1821. It lies upon the s. border of the co., between Sardinia and Collins. The surface is a rolling or hilly upland, with steep declivities bordering upon Cattaraugus Creek. Townsend Hill, the highest point, is nearly 1500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are Cattaraugus Creek, upon the s. boundary of the town, and its tributaries. Several small brooks, forming the head waters of Eighteen Mile and Cazenove Creeks, take their rise in this town. The soil in the s. part is a gravelly loam, and in the N. a clayey loam underlaid by hardpau. Springville, (p.v.,) incorp. April 11, 1834, is situated in the s. part of the town, and contains 5 churches, the Springville Academy, a newspaper ofBce, and several manufacturing establish- ments.' Pop. 953. Mortons Corners, (p-v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, 2 saw- mills, a, gristmill, and 20 houses. Woodwards Hollow (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made in 1808, by Christopher Stone.'" The first church was organized Nov. 2, 1816, by Rev. John Spencer. There are 7 churches in town." EAST HAMBURGH— was formed from Hamburgh, as " Ellicott," Oct. 15, 1850. A part of West Seneca, as " Seneca," was taken off in 1851. Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1852. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a, broken upland. Chestnut Ridge, the highest land in the town, has an elevation of about 500 ft. above Lake Erie. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, broken by narrow ravines formed by the streams. Smokes Creek and its branches are the most considerable streams. The soil is a loam, gravelly in the n. and clayey in the s. East Hamburgb, (p. v.,) n. of the center of the town, 1 Established as the Clarence Claasical School in 1841, by J. Hadley and R. Blennerhassett. 2 Asa Hansom was a man of considerable influence with the Indians. They gave him the name of "O.MJis-(a-no.aA.s5Mo-nicV' signifying " maker of silver," or "maker of silver money." Gen. Timothy Hopkins settled in the town in 1797 ; Asa Chap- m.an, Timothy James, Wm. UpdegralT, Christopher Saddler, Levi Felton, Abraham Shope, John Haines, and John Gardner, in 1801 ; Andrew Dnrnet, Geo. Shnrman, Bera Ensign, and Jacob Shope, in 1803; and Daniel Bailey in 180-1. The first hirth was that of Harry B. Ransom, in 1801; and the first death, that of Keyes. in 1804. Asa Ransom opened the first public house, in 1801. built the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1806; Otis R. Hopkins kept the first store, in 1811. The first school was taught by Rebecca tfamlin, in 1805. s 3 Mennonites, Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Presb., and Union. 4 Nanii'd from CadwalladerD. Colden, then in the State Senate. 5 Thos. Pope, Josiah Brown, and L. Owen settled in the town in ISIO, and Jesse Soutlnvick, Richard Sweet. Nath'l Bowen, and Silas Lewis in 1811. The first birth was that of a child of Thos. Pope, in 1811; the first marriage, that of Jas. Sweet and Char- lotte Buffum, in 1810; .and the first death, that of Nathaniel Bowen, in 1812. Richard Butfum built the first mill, in 1810. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in the winter of 1814. 6 See page . 7 Joshua Palmerton, Stephen Peters, Turner Aldrich, and Stephen Lapham settled in the town in 1810, and Stephen Wil- bur and Sylvanus Bates in 1811. The first birth was that of a son of Aaron Lindsley, in 1810; the first marriage, that of Stephen Peterson and Sarah Palmerton, in 1811 ; and the first death, that of Straight, in 1812 Jacob Taylor built the first mill, in 1812; John Hanford kept the first store, in 1813, and Nathan King the first inn, in 1816. The first school was taught by John King, in 1815. 8 Christians, Friends, F. W. Bap., Presb., and Union. 8 A woolen factory, 2 planing mills, a turning shop, a saw mill, 2 gristmills, a tannery, a stone sawing mill, and a furnace and machine shop. 10 John Albro and John Russell settled in the town the same year, Sam'l Cochrane in 1809, and Rufus Eaton, Joseph Adams, Alva Plumb, and David Shultiez in 1810. The first birth was that of Lucius Stone, in 1809; the first marriage, that of Jas. Bunnell and Anna Richmond, in 1813 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. John Albro, in 1808. Anna Richmond taught the first school, in 1811. 11 Bap., F. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., R. C, Union, and Univ. ERIE COUNTY. 297 contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and 40 houses. ElUcott (p. o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made in 1803, by David Eddy, from Rutland, Vt.^ There are 3 churches in town ; Friends, M. E., and Union. EDEIV— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812. Boston was taken off in 1817, and Evans in 1821. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is hilly and broken in the E. and level in the w. A ridge about 500 ft. above the lake extends along the E. border. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile Creek and its branches. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. JGdeil, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, a stave and shingle mill, a tannery, and 63 houses ; Eden Val- ley, (p.v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, contains a, gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. Clarks- bury and East Eden are p. offtces. The first settlement was made in 1808, by Benj., Joseph, and Samuel Tubbs.^ The first religious services were conducted by Rev. Wm. Hill, in 1812. There are 8 churches in town.' EliMA — was formed from Lancaster and Aurora, Deo. 4, 1857. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently rolling, the summits of the ridges being 50 to 100 ft. above the valleys. Big Buffalo and Cazenove Creeks flow through the town. The soil is a clayey loam in the n. and a gravelly loam in the s. Spring Brook, (p.v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 300. Elma" (p. v.) has several manufacturing establishments* and 34 houses ; and Upper Ebenezer 27 houses. The first settlement was made in 1827, by Taber Earlle.' There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and R. C. EVABfS^— was formed from Eden, March 23, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839. It lies upon the lake shore, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level. The land rises from the lake in a bluff 20 to 40 ft. high ; and the highest part of the town, near the e. border, has an eleva- tion of 160 ft. above the lake. The streams are Big and Little Sister Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Evans, (p.v.,) situated on Big Sister Creek, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 45 houses; Angola, (p. v.,) on the same stream, is a station on the Erie R. R., and contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and about 45 houses ; nrortli Evans, (p. v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, in the n. b. part of the town, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 40 houses; East Evans, (p.v.,) in the n. part of the town, and Pontlac, (p.v.,) on Big Sister Creek, in the s. E. part, contain about 20 houses each. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Joel Harvey.' There are 7 churches in town.'" CrRAlVD ISIiASTD — was formed from Tonawanda as a town, Oct. 19, 1852. It is the n. w. comer town in the co., and comprises Grand, Buckhorn, and Beaver Islands, in Niagara River. Its surface is nearly level, and a considerable portion of it is still covered with forests. The soil of the upper part is clayey, and of the lower part sandy. The people are principally engaged in grain raising and lumbering. Grand Island is a p. o. on the e. shore. There is no village on the island, although it is thickly settled along the shores. The first settlers were squatters, who located soon after the War of 1812 and before it was decided to which Government the island belonged." In 1820, Mordecai M. Noah, of New York, conceived the project of forming a 1 Ezekiel Oook and Zenas Smith settled in the town in 1803, and Amos Ciolvin and Ezekiel and Daniel Smith in 1804. The first marriage was that of Almon C. Lajre and Lydia Spragae, in 1808; the first birth, that of a son of Daniel Smith, in 1806; and the first death, that of the same child, in 1806. Dan'l Smith built the first mill, in 1807; John Green kept the first inn, in 1807, and David Eddy the first store. In 1809. Ihe first school was taught by Anna Eddy, in 1807. 2 Among the first settlers were John Marsh, Silas Este, and CalTin Thompson, who came in 1809, and Daniel and Edward Webster, in 1810. The first birth was that of Hannah Tubbs, in 1809 ; the first marriage, that of David Doan and Anna Ilill, in 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jas. Welch, in 1812. Eliaha Welch built the first sawmill, in 1811, and the first gristmill, m 1812. Wm. Hill kept the first inn, in 1814, and Fillmore & Johnson the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by Rowena Plaok, in 1812. . „ „ 3 3 Ref. Prot. D., Bap.. Bvang. Luth ., M. E., Presb., and K. O. 4 2 sawmills, a shingle and turning mill, 2 gristmills, and a tannery. 6 Kamed from a very large elm tree near Elma A illage. » 1 gristmill, 2 planing mills, and a chair factory. ' Timothy Treat, Isaac Williams, Willard and Jas. Fairbanks, and Amasa Adams settled in the town in 1830 and Zima A. Hemstreet, Abraham Taber, and Jacob Pettengill in 1831. The first birth was that of H. Scott Fairbanks, in 1831; the first marriage, that of Gould Hinman and Louisa Adams, in 1835; and the first death, that of the wife of Isaax! Williams, m 1630. The first mill was built by Eastabrook, in 1824; and the first inn was kept by Taber Earlle, in 1829. Emily Paine taught the first school, in 1831. 8 i<)amed from David E. Evans, agent of the Holland Land Company. 9 Fisk and Worder settled in the town in 1808, Aaron Salisbury and Aaron Cash in 1809, and Andrew Tyler and Elgah Gates in 1810. The first birth was that of a daughter of David Cash, in Jan. 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Whiting Cash and Persia Taylor, June 28, 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jonar than Cash, in 1811. Henry Tuttle built the first mill, in 1817 ; Joel Harvey kept the first inn, in 1806 ; and John Harris the first store, in 1816. The first school was taught by Hib- bard, in 1811. During the War of 1812 a party of British sailors and mariners landed near Sturgeon Point, in the night, and commenced plun- dering the inhabitants. Judge Aaron Salisbui-y, then a young man, seized his musket and started off alone to get a' shot at them. When he arrived they were retreating to their boats, and an exchange of shots produced no damage on either side. They started for the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, and he on foot endeavored to get there before them; but they had landed when he arrived. He immediately commenced firing; and they, not knowing how large a force was opposing them, re- treated to their boats and speedily left. Here one man fright- ened away 100 and saved the inhabitants from plunder. w 3 Bap., 3 Cong., 8 M. B., and E. C. 11 The treaty of peace fixed the boundary between the two countries along the principal branch of Niagara River. A dis- pute in regard to which was the principal branch was settled in 298 ERIE COUNTY. colony of Jews upon Grand Island, as an Ararat, or resting place, for that scattered and broken people.^ HAMBURGH^— was formed from "T^^7^m^^" (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and East Hamburgh was taken off in 1850, and a part of West Seneca, as ''Seneca," in 1851. It lies on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface in the e. is rolling; but in the w. it is nearly level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. A bluff averaging 50 to 100 feet high borders the lake. The principal stream is Eighteen Mile Creek. The soil is mostly a clayey loam ; in the s. e. corner it is gravelly. IVUites Corners, (p. v.,) on the N. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, in the s.e. part of the town, contains 5 churches, a gristmill, a saw- mill, a tannery, and has a pop. of 609; Water Valley, (p-O-0 on the same stream, w. of Whites Corners, contains a woolen factory, a furnace, and 20 houses; Abbotts Corners, (Hrjnburgh p. o.,) in the e. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, a shingle mill, and 145 inhabitants. Big" Tree Corners and Hambur^b-on-the-r-alie are p. offices. The first settlement A^as made in 1804, by Nathaniel Titus and Dr. Rufus Belden.^ There are 7 churches in town.* SlOIil^AlVO — was formed from ''Willinlc," (now Aurora,) April 15, 1818; and Colden was taken off in 1827. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. e. of the center. The surface is a high, broken upland, divided by the valley of Cazenove Creek. The summit of the highland is about 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The soil is a gravelly loam, intermixed in some places with slate and clay. The valley of Cazenove Creek is very fertile. Holland, (p. v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,^ and 28 houses. The first settlement was made in 1807, by Jared Scott, Abner Currier, and Arthur Humphrey, from Yt.^ There is but 1 church (Bap.) in town. IjAIVC ASTER — was formed from Clarence, March 20, 1833; a part of Elma was taken off in 1857, and a part of West Seneca in 1851. It is an interior town, n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level. Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks are the principal streams ; upon them are several mill sites. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam, liancaster^ (p* v->) incorp. March 13, 1849, is a station on the N. Y.C. R. R., in the w. part of the town. It contains 6 churches, a bank, and several manufactories.'^ Pop. 1,259. Bowmansvllle, (p. v.,) in the n. w. corner of the town, 1818, by commissioners appointed respectively by the United States and British Governments. While the matter was still undecided, a large number of lawless persons — mostly refugees from justice frum both sides of the river — squatted upon the island, locating principally along the shores. Remaining for some time unmolested, they began to commit extensive depre- dations upon the timber ; and finally they set up an independent government and elected a full quota of municipal officers. In April, 1819, the legislature passed an act authorizing the re- moval of these intruders. During the succeeding summer the governor issued a proclamation commanding them to desist from depredations upon the property of the State, and at once to remove. A few obeyed the command; but, seeing no active demonstrations on the part of Government, they returned. In the fall of 1819, Gov. Clinton directed Col. Jas. Cronk. the sheriff of Niagara co., to call out a sufficient military force for the pur- pose and forcibly expel them. On the 9th of Dec. 1819, the sheriff", accompanied by Lieuts. Benj. Hodge and Osborne, 2 Serjeants, 4 corporals, and 24 privates, went to the island in boats, manned by 20 boatmen, to carry into execution the orders of the governor. Every facility was given the people to remove ■with their effects; and the boatmen took them to either shore, as they might elect. The military were divided into 3 parties : a vanguard, to read the governor's orders and assist in clearing the houses ; a second party, to forcibly remove all property left in the buildings; and a rear guard, to burn the buildings and complete the removal and destruction. Seventy houses were burned, andl50 people, consisting of men, women, and childi-en, were turned out shelterless upon the U. S. and Canada shores. Two buildings, filled with grain, alone were saved. The removal and destruction occupied 5 days and cost the State $568.99. A few famiUes returned immediately, but did not re- main. 1 In a memorial to the legislature in 1820 for the purchase of the island, Maj. Noah explained his object; recounted the persecution which his co-religionists in the Old World had suf- lered through many centuries ; pointed out the benefits that had resulted to Spain, Portugal, France, and Germany fronithe com- mercial enterprise and the capital of the Jews when allowed the exercise of their rights; and painted in brilliant colors the benefits that would accrue to the U. S. if his people could ex- change "the whips and scorns of Europe. Asia, and Africa for the light of liberty and civilization" which this country afforded. He estimated that there were 7,000.000 of Jews in the world, and predicted that, if the existence of an asylum of freedom were made known, large numbers would be induced to emigrate. The sanction of law was asked to give confidence to those who might not otherwise be induced to remove. His attempt to gather the Jews, like those before it, ended in day dreams. The European rabbii refused to sanction the effort; and Maj. Noah soon gave up the attempt, leaving no trace of his '-city" upon the island but a monument of brick and wood. It bore, on a marble tablet, the following inscriptions from Deuteronomy vi. 4: — ARARAT, A CITT OF REFUGE FOR THE JEWS, Founded hy Morbecai M. Noah, in tJie month of TrzRi 5,586, (September, 1825,) and in the 50th year of American Inde- pendence. The monument has since tumbled down; and the schemes of Mordecai the Jew have scarcely a place in memory or a trace in history. A Boston company was formerly extensively engaged in the manufacture of ship timber upon the island. 2 Named from Hamburgh, in Germany. 8 Benj., Enos, and Joseph Sheldon settled in the town in 1805, and John Fox and Elisha and David Clark in 1806. The first mamage was that of Ezekiel Cook and Anna Smith, in 1807. Nath'l Titua kept the first inn, in 1804; and John Cummings built the first mill, in 1805. * Bap., F. W. Bap., Evang. Luth., M. E., and R. C. at Whites Corners, and M. E. and Presb. at Alabotta Corners. 6 2 sawmills, a gristmill, and a tannery; the last named is a large establishment, employing about 20 men, and turning out about 30,000 sides of leather per annum. 6 They wore followed by Dan'l McKean and Fzekiel and Har- vey Colby the same year, and by Increase Bichardson. Samuel Miller, Theophilus Baldwin, and Sandford Porter in 1808. The first birth was that of Dan'l McKean. in 1808. Joshua Parsons kept the first inn, in 1817, and Leonard Cook the first store, the same year. The first school was taught by Abner Cux'rier, in 1808. 7 A glass factory, a bedstead factory, a tannery, a gristmill, and a sawmill. ERIE COUNTY. 299 contains 1 church and has a pop. of 196. Town Uue, 'WInspear, and liOoneyville are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1803, by Jas. and Asa Woodward.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, at the house of Benj. Clark, in 1809. There are 8 churches in town.^ M AKIIiIiA'— was formed from Alden and "Wales, Dec. 2, 1853. It is situated near the center of the E. border of the co. The surface is rolling. Big Buffalo Creek crosses the s. w. corner ; but the principal part of the town is drained by the head waters of Little Bufi'alo Creek. The soil in the N. E. and s. w. is a sandy and gravelly loam ; but elsewhere it consists of clay and muck. Marilla, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, a shingle mill, and 235 inhabitants. The first settlement was made by Jerry and Joseph Carpenter, in 1829.* There are 3 churches in town; Disciples, M. E., and R. C. arEWSTEAD— wa« formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) as "Erie," April 11, 1804; its name was changed April 18, 1831. It is the n. e. comer town of the co. A limestone terrace extends through near the center of the town. North of this the surface is level, in many places marshy ; and the soil is a clayey loam intermixed with marl and sand. To the s. the surface is level, or gently undulating, and the soil a sandy and clayey loam underlaid by limestone. The town is watered by several small streams, the principal of which is Murder Creek.^ A layer of hydraulic limestone crops out along the terrace, and waterlime is extensively manufactured from it. Akroil,^ (p. V.,) inoorp. Oct. 1850, is a station on the Canaudaigua & N. P. branch of the N. Y. C. B. R., near the center of the town. It contains 4 churches and several manufacturing estab- lishments.' Pop. 462. Falkirk, 1 mi. e. of Akron, is a hamlet. The first settlement was made in the early part of the present century.* The first religious society (M. B.) was organized in 1807, with 12 members, at the house of Charles Knight, by Rev. Peter Van Nest and Amoa Jenks. There are 4 churches in town.' JVORTU COIiEIMS— was formed from Collins, Nov. 24, 1852, a.a" Shirley ;" its name was changed June 24, 1853. It is an interior town, lying in the s. w. part of the co. Its surface is roUing, the summits of the ridges being 200 to 300 ft. above the valleys. The town is watered by tiie head branches of Eighteen Mile, Clear, and Big Sister Creeks. The streams generally flow through deep ravines bordered by steep declivities. The soil is a gravelly loam. Wortli Col- lins, (Collins p. 0..) in the n. w. part of the town, contains 2 churches and 34 houses. Shirley (p. V.) and Eang^ford, (p. o.,) near the center, UTew Oreg^on, (p. o.,) in the e. part, and Marshfield, (p. o.,) in the s., are hamlets. The first settlers were Stephen Sisson, Abram Tu«ker, and Enos Southwick, from Warren CO., who moved into the town in 1810.'° There are 8 churches in town.'' SARDIIVIA — ^was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. It is the s. e. corner town of the CO. The surface in the e. part of the town is gently rolling, and in the w. it is hilly. Shepherd Hill, s. w. of the center, is 1040 ft. above Lake Erie. Cattaraugus Creek forms the s. boundary. In the E. part the soil is a gravelly loam, and in the w. it is clay underlaid by hardpan. Sar- dinia, (p. V.,) in the s. E. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a woolen factory, a gristmill, a tannery, and 40 houses. Protection is a p. o. The first settlement was made by George Richmond, from Vt.'^ The first religious services were conducted by the Rev. John Spencer, in Feb. 1815. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and M. E. 1 Among the early settlers were Alanson Eggleston and David Hamlin, who capie in 1804, Joel Parmalee, in 1805, Warren Hamlin, in 1806, Wm. Blackman, Peter Pratt, Kerney, and Elisha Cox, in 1807, and Eliae Bissell, Pardon Peckham, and Beuj. Clark, in 1808. The first birth was that of a pair of twins, children of Zophar Beach, and the first death, that of a child of Wm. Blackman, both in 1808. Eobinfon bnilt the first sawmill, in 1808 ; Ahaz Luce opened the first store, in 1810, and Jos. Carpenter the first inn, in 1812. The first school was taught by Freelove Johnson, in 1810. ^ „ « 2 2 Evang. Luth., 2 M. B, Disciples, Ger.Meth., Presb., and R. C. » Named from Mrs. Marilla Rogers, of Alden. _ < Rice Wilder, Cyrus Knney, and Rodman Day settled in the town in 1831. The first birth was that of Sarah Einney, jn Oct. 1831. Jesse Barton built the first sawmill, in 1828, and the first gristmill, in 1832. Miles CarpenUr kept the first store, in 1848, and the first inn, in 1860. The first school was taught by Sophia Day, in 1833. . , ,. . * s Called by the Indians "SeMinifut," noise or roar of distant water The creek was named from the fact that about the time of the first settlement a white man was murdered upon it, within the present village limits of Akron, by an Indian who was conducting him to Canada. 6 Named from Akron, Ohio, and the latter from a Greek word signifying " summit." ' 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills. 1 waterlime mill, 1 furnace and machine shop, 1 planing mill, 1 stave and shingle mill, and a tannery. 8 Among the early settlers were Otis Ingalls, David Cully, Peter Van de Venter, Sam'l Miles, John Pelton, Charles Barney, Aaron Beard, Robt. Durham, Tobias Cole, and Sam'l, Silas, John, and Thomas Hill. Peter Van de Venter kept the first inn, in 1802, and Archibald Clark the first store, in 1809. The first school was taught by Keith, in 1807. » Bap., Presb., M. E., and Jl. C. 10 Xhe first birth was that of Geo. Tucker, in Aug. 1810; the first marriage, that of Levi Woodward and Hannah Southwick, in 1812; and the first deaths, those of two girls, twin daughters of Stephen Sisson. Stephen Stanclifif built the first mill, in 1818 ; Stephen Tucker kept the first inn, and Chester Hose the first store, both in 1813. The first school was taught by Phebo Southwick, in the summer of 1813. 11 2 Friends, 2 M. E., 2 R. C, Bap., and Cong. 12 Among the early settlers were Ezra Nott, Henry Godfrey, and Josiah Sumner. Elisha Rice and Giles Briggs settled in the town in 1810. The first biith was that of Hay Briggs, in 300 ERIE COUNTY. TOIVAWAIVDA— was formed from Buffalo, April 16, 1836 ; and Grand Island was taken off in 1852. It lies in the n.w. part of the co., at the angle formed by the junction of Tona- wanda Creek and Niagara River. Its surface is generally level. Eleven Mile Creek crosses the n. part of the town. The soil along Niagara River is clayey ; in the interior it is sandy. Tona- wanda, (p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 3, 1853, is situated on the Erie Canal, at the confluence of Niagara River and Tonawanda Creek. It has a good harbor,^ and is an important station on the B. & N. F. R. R. It is the western terminus of the Q, & N, F. branch of the N. Y. C. R. R. It contains 5 churches, a newspaper office, a bank, an elevator,'^ and several manufacturing establish- ments.3 Pop. 1,257.* The first settlement was made in 1805.^ There are 8 churches in tovm.® "WAIVES — was formed from Aurora, April 15, 1818; and a part of Marilla was taken off in 1853. It is situated near the center of the b. border of the co. Its surface is broken and hilly and inclined toward the n. The principal stream is Big Buffalo Creek. The soil in the n. is a gravelly loam, and in the s. clay underlaid by hardpan, "Wales Center^ (P''^->) ^^ ^ig Buffalo Creek, in the n. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 40 dwellings; Wales, (p. v.,) on the same stream, contains 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 30 dwellings; and Soutli Wales (p. v.) contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1805, by Oliver Pettengill.' There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. E. and a Free Will Bap. WEST SEWECA — was formed, as '* Seneca/' from Chicktowaga, Hamburgh and East Ham- burgh, and Lancaster, Oct. 16, 1851 ; its name was changed March 25, 1852. It is situated on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface is gently undu- lating in the e. and level in the w. The streams are Big Buffalo, Cazenove, and Smokes^ Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. The town is mainly settled by a society of German religion- ists, generally known as Ebenezers, but who style themselves the "Community of True Inspira- tion.'^^ Middle Ebenezer, on Buffalo Creek, contains a church, calico printing factory, woolen factory, sawmill, oil mill, and 67 houses ; IjOwer Ebenezer, on Cazenove Creek, contains a church, sawmill, gristmill, tannery, and 50 houses; and ]Ve"%v Ebenezer contains a large manufactory of cotton and woolen goods, an extensive dyeing works, and 9 dwellings. Reserve and West Seneca are p. offices. The first settlement was made by Reuben Sackett, in 1826.^^ There are 4 churches in town.^^ 18U; and the first death, thatof a son of Henry Godfrey, in 1814, Sumner Warren built the first mill, in 1811 ; Geo. Ilichmond kept the first inn, in 1811; and Clark & Co. the first store, in 1816. The first school was taught by Melinda Abbey, in 1814. 1 Large quantities of lumber are received at this port from Canada and the Western States. The quantity re-shipped by canal in 1857 was, of timber, 841,011 cubic feet; of sawed stuff, 4,815.441 ft.; and of wood, 16,007 cords. 2 This elevator has a storage capacity of 250,000 bush., and facilities for elevating 2000 bush, per hour. 3 3 sawmills, 3 shingle mills, a planing mill, and a furnace and machine shop. * This is the pop. of that part of the village in Erie co. A part of the village is across the creek, in Niagai-a co.; and the pop. of this is not known. 6 Alex. Logan, John King, and John Hersey settled in the town in 1805 ; Emanuel Winter, Jos. Haywood, Oliver Standard, John Cunningham, Josiah Guthrie, Ebenezer Coon, Thos. Hon- nan, and Joseph Hersey, in 1806; Henry Anguish, in 1808; and Frederick Buck, in 1809. Henry Anguish kept tbe first inn, in 1811, and Judge Wilkinson the first store, in 1823. The first mill was built by Osborne, in 1819. 6 Disciples, Evang.Luth,, M. E., R. C, and Wes. Meth. at Tona- wanda Village, and Bvang. Luth., M. E., and R. C. in other parts of the town, ' Ethan and Wm. Allen and Jacob Turner settled in the town in 1806, and Chas.and Alex. McKay, Ebenezer Holmes, andWm. Hoyt in 1807. The first birth was that of Wm. Pettengill, in June, 1806. Isaac and Eli Hall built the first mill, in 1811 ; Isaac Hall kept the first inn, in 1816; and Orsamus Warren the first store, in 1824. The first school was taught by Jaa. Wood, in 1811. In 1813 an Indian hatchet was found imbedded in a tree at Wales Center, and in 1825 John Allon related the fol- lowing circumstance concerning it. About the time of the first settlement of Buffalo an Indian came to that place and exhibited tbe skin of a white child, and boasted that he had murdered and skinned the child for the purpose of making a tobacco pouch. Truman Allen, (brother of the narrator,) hearing the boast, became bo enraged that he followed the Indian to Wales and shot him. He buried the body and rifle in the sand, and stuck the tomahawk into a tree, where it was afterward found as above stated. 8 Named from an Indian who resided near its mouth and who was un inveterate smoker. 9 This community purchased 7,622 acres belonging to the Buf- falo Indian Reservation in 1844, and commenced their settle- ments the same year. They are largely engaged in agriculture and manufiictures ; and their wares have obtained so excellent a reputation that they find a ready market at Buffalo and else- where. They have a community of property, reside in villages, and several families usually occupy the same house. They are governed by a board of trustees; and their business is done through an agent, who appears to have almost unlimited control of matters. They are honest, industrious, and frugal; and in the contented and peaceful tenor of their lives they present a model which might well be copied by some of the restless and ambitious Yankee race. 10 Among the other early settlers were Artemns W. Baker, John G. Wells, Isaac Earlle, and Geo. Hopper, who located in 1828. The first child born was a daughter of Joel Decker, in Aug. 1828 ; and the first death, that of Peter Beal, in 1834. Geo. E. Elderkin taught the first school, in 1839; Reuben Sackett kept the first inn, in 1826; the Ebenezer Society, the first store, in 1845 ; and Ballon & Tubell built the first mill, in 1837. 11 2 Lutheran and 2 Community of True Inspiration. ERIE COUNTY. 301 Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Erie County. Names op Towns. Acres of Land. 1 Valuation op 1858. PoPnLATION. 1 1 1 1 SCHOOIfl. 1 1 1 i 1 1! 1 . 1 vl it Amherst 17,2984 19,363* 13,6044 7,666J 10,6124 9,2804 17,770 9,716 18,174 23,9504 16,184A 16,2614 14,4004 4,017 14,468j 12,0364- 14,6604 7,0374 19,491 18,8914 16,0324 8,6994 14,638S 6,632 8,960 12,003 13,934* 6,153 l,613i 2,3364 6,4084 14,637 12,702 11,6924 17,080 8,170 7,814 10,977 13,684 8,183 9,369 16,3034 652 11,886 8,3534 13,994 3,7724 7,025 11,743? $643,985 1,274,820 452,240 290,300 269,310 29,334,840 867,992 1,032,130 221,260 610,090 624,648 660,470 490,430 405,625 701,088 237,667 734,686 222,403 890,276 300,175 954,056 498,076 337,600 616,477 330,315 668,293 $15,400 86,500 62,120 11,600 11,200 6,182,220 9,800 96,676 3,575 76,900 20,950 49,160 23,126 7,600 19,900 114,375 6,600 73,400 16,600 30,376 60,080 16,475 61,100 14,600 2,250 $659,386 1,361,320 504,360 301,900 280,510 36,617,060 877,792 1,128,806 224,825 686,990 545,698 609,630 513,555 413,225 720,988 237,667 849,060 228,903 963,675 316,775 984,430 658,166 862,975 677,577 344,916 667,543 1,230 2,665 1,872 908 670 37,661 1,314 1,695 709 1,013 1,409 1,012 1,241 1,194 483 1,617 691 2,854 704 1,676 964 888 1,385 870 1,333 1,174 2,663 1,793 861 623 36,663 1,212 1,568 672 1,012 1,396 934 1,185 1,068 355 1,420 630 2,635 673 1,411 895 877 1,184 819 1,190 469 951 733 810 196 10,613 488 687 289 362 631 394 470 452 161 660 265 1,065 292 696 368 360 460 336 416 469 1,016 759 311 211 14,716 497 630 283 408 536 388 470 463 173 664 266 1,080 294 695 367 369 607 341 493 395 727 578 298 169 6,153 365 469 286 287 627 330 414 384 90 386 260 794 257 486 340 328 323 329 602 16,666 13 17 14 10 9 34 7 14 10 13 19 13 13 11 14 5 13 12 11 9 15 12 16 8 11 6 987 2,270 973 691 878 28,000 996 1,118 649 633 1,166 826 961 898 969 420 1,020 686 1,649 646 1,166 748 682 916 641 923 Aurora BuffiiloCity Chicktowaga. Collius ..,„. East Hamburgh. Evans Grand Island Hamburgh Marilla Noith Collins Sardinia Tonawanda West Seneca Total 340,3074 253,344^1 43,256,039 7,060,480 50,216,619 67,668 64,673 21,674 26.193 3-28 61,603 Names op Towhs. Live Stock. Aqricoltural PnoDOCTa. 1 s IK'S ' 1 ■1 BoaH. OF Grain. i II Is Daikt Products. 1^ III i •| 1 Il ^1 il Alden Amtierat^ 565 1,004 1,033 453 281 2,116 611 1,073 337 618 709 664 617 614 129 780 486 908 337 1,051 674 712 465 676 282 766 1.230 1,191 1,016 789 332 588 896 824 1,559 1,757 688 1,149 1,384 489 638 1,187 1,126 616 1,252 1,576 1,874 534 1,546 603 1,01J 1,294 1,236 1,16S 817 1,609 862 1,161 797 2.764 2.461 1,368 1,271 1,467 260 818 780 1,176 487 1,018 2,588 1,036 629 1,258 508 2,306 1,568 6,828 2,431 1,326 86 870 4.844 1.710 i;628 3,329 4,160 2,687 3,167 631 1,646 3.604 1.236 i;896 6.706 2,464 6,062 346 4,784 21 728 1,976 1,233 603 503 2,503 814 1,869 372 776 886 862 914 846 779 1,007 658 1,494 608 1,668 816 697 888 688 824 10,666 36,1705 6,934 2,185 1,421 7,616 9,687 45,471 1,297 5,045 1,949J 3,7994 6,5164 2,2415 4,017 3,3684 9,0874 22,235 9684 48,700 1,432 1,484 19,818 6,119 7,154 46,890 82,6165 77,611* 48,7634 23,2214 42.716 40,432} 99,576 27,7984 40,530 93,043 69,367* 69,4264 60,281 16,845 55,646 43,647* 84,964 22,9744 100,6774 45,981 66,294 43,499 65,540* 31,017 3,647 3,173 6,3884 4,0294 2,020* 4,184 3,2724 2,606 2,697 6,906 6,7244 6,6234 4,3125 5,333* 1,002 6,208 3,041 4,439 1,821* 3,322 6,410 3,401 2,416 4,336 2,798 16,412 19,496 31,068 16,107 12,860 22,519 17,271 17,064 11,710 10,691 22,666 31,2565 20,371 13,922 9,928 21,119 7,107 31,934 7,779 20,663 19,992 18,811 8,991 16,431 20,392 5,853 8,740 17,985 10,997 6,391 2,970 6,743 30,864 3,819 16,866 17,3654 19,2644 14,121 11,138 148 11,170 10,761 13,520 1,118 20,726 12,606 10,266 2,179 12,229 470 56,42 69.60 111,09 66,13 66,73 15,40 64,13 86,74 64,20 78,73 98,11 110,12 112,66 94,06 23,42 102,80 77,86 80,30 43,39 107,77 103,42 95,64 26,92 112,16 30,261 4 4,000 6 100 4 15,095 5 115,645 7 82,282 9 4,950 3 890 5 42,000 6 686,384 6 460,881 38,600 30,455 9 27,625 40 23,380 7,907 3,130 4 2,904 7 4,190 9 615,804 5 28,470 5 37,860 D 410 3104 1,186 769 1,403 . 681 1,184 1,562 1,541 2,0044 1,432* 1,868 9754 687J 2,137* 270 702 397 2,251 3,329 175 1,8474 30 Chicktowaga.™... East Hamburgh. Eden ;.... Elmai - Evans Grand Island Hamburgh Holland Marilla, North Collins Sardinia Tonawanda Wales West Seneca Total, 18,983 26,608'29,83l'66,085'24,791ll263,792ill,358,349 I98,0114l446,3604'266,196 'l,866,132'2,038,392" 26,654 | 1 Formed since 1855. OSWEGO COUNTY. This county was formed from Oneida and Onondaga, March 1, 1816.' It is situated upon the s.E. extremity of Lake Ontario, centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains an area of sq. mi. Its surface is generally level or gently undulating. A series of bluffs 20 to 40 feet high border immediately upon the lake; and from their tops the land stretches out in long and gradual slopes, occasionally broken by the valleys of the river courses. The general inclination is northerly, as indicated by the drainage, though the summits of the ridges within half a mi. of the lake have about the same altitude as those upon the s. border of the co. A low ridge extending in an easterly and westerly direction, from 3 to 5 mi. N. of Oneida Lake, forms the watershed between Lakes Ontario and Oneida. In the e. part of the co. this ridge turns northward and unites with the system of highlands which separates Lake Ontario and the valley of Black River. The highest point of this range, in the town of Redfield, is 1,200 to 1,500 feet above tide. The rocks of this co. consist of the Lorraine shales, in the extreme N. part, on the lake; the gray sandstone,^ extending from the N. E. corner to near the center, its southern limits being marked by a line drawn due E. from Oswego River about 1 mi. from its mouth ; the Medina or red sand- stone, bordering on the last, and comprising more than one-third of the area of the CO.; and the Clinton group of shales, slate, and sandstone, occupying the extreme s. border. These rocks are exposed only in the N. E. part and along the river courses, being generally covered with a thick mass of drift and alluvial deposits, consisting of sand, gravel, and clay. The gray sandstone is hard and compact, and is little affected by the action of the elements ; hence the disintegration is slight, and the soil upon it is thin and poor. The Lorraine shales are easily disintegrated, and form the basis of the strongest and richest soils in the co. The red sandstone crops out on the banks of all the streams which flow through the region which it occupies. It is extensively quarried for building stone, though it is more easily acted upon by the elements than the gray sandstone. Weak brine springs are found associated with this red sandstone throughout the co. The Clinton group, occupying the entire s. border, consists of parallel layers or beds of shale and red and gray sandstone. This is the same geological formation in which is found the principal iron ore beds of Penn. and Oneida co. ; and throughout the formation in this co. iron ore is found. The drainage of the w. and s. parts of the co. is principally through Oswego River, and of the n. and E. portions through Salmon River and a great number of smaller streams that flow directly into the lake. Oswego River is formed by the junction of Seneca and Oneida Rivers at Three River Point. It is 23 mi. in length, and falls 128 feet in its course, in several distinct falls, each of which furnishes an excellent water-power. Oneida River, forming the outlet of Oneida Lake, is 18 mi. in length, and falls about 12J feet in its course. Salmon River and other streams flowing into the e. extremity of the lake all have successions of rapids and cascades, which furnish to that portion of the CO. an abundance of water-power. The principal bodies of water are Lakes Ontario and Oneida. The former, constituting the N. w. boundary, presents an almost unbroken coast line for a distance of 40 mi. within the limits of the co. Great Sandy Bay, in the town of Sandy Creek, is the only considerable indentation. The mouth of Oswego River furnishes a valuable harbor, the only one of importance in the co. Oneida Lake, constituting a portion of the s. boundary, is 141J feet above Lake Ontario.' It is one link in the chain of the internal water communication of the State. A considerable portion of the land in its immediate vicinity is marshy. Iron ore beds and a fine quartz sand, used in the manufacture of glass, are found upon its N. shores. The soil found in the shale and sandstone region has already been noticed. The drift and alluvial deposits which cover the greater portion of the co. furnish a great variety of soil. The sandy portions are light and weak, while the clayey portions are hard, tough, and unyielding in many places. Where these are mixed, a rich, deep soil is the result. Along the e. border of the co. are great quantities of limestone boulders, which essen- 1 Its Dame was derived from the Indian On-ti-ah-nn-taque. Tlio I 2 Xhia Kray sandstone has been used for grindstones. Parly French explorers called it ^^Chonaquen.^' The portion lying 3 This height is that given by the State Geologists. Joseph E. E. of Oswego KivtT was taken from Oneida, snd that lying w. from Bloornfield, Civil Engineer of Oswego Co., who has made several Onondnga. TheOnondagaportionembracedthe township of Han- surveys through this region, makes the height of Oneida LtOie nibal and ."SS lots of Lysander, belonging to the Military Tract. 1 124 feet above Lake Ontario. 802 ERIE COUNTY. 287 alluV""^'^''"^ °^ '^^^^ ^"^ ^"^^^^^^ '^^^ ^°'^ °^ ^^^ ^"^^^^^ '® generally a gravelly loam and The principal pursuits in the n. are grain raising, and in the s. stock and wool growing and dairying. The hilly regions are much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The people of JJuttato and Tonawanda are mostly engaged in commerce and manufactures.^ _ Buffalo IS the county seat.^ The courthouse, situated on the corner of Clinton and EUioott Sts., 13 a substantial brick building, containing the court and jury rooms, the office of the co. clerk, and most of the other co. offices.' The jail is a small stone building on the same lot. The Erie Co. Penitentiary is located on Fifth St., in Buffalo. The buildings are 5 in number,— the male and female prisons, the workhouse, the warehouse, and the superintendent's dwelling. Prisoners are received from Allegany, Chautauque, Cattaraugus, Wyoming, Genesee, Orleans, and Niagara cos. The average number m confinement is 130.* The Erie Co. Poorhouse is located on a farm of 153 acres in the n. e. part of Buffalo. There are 2 buildings,-one designed for use as the poorhouse proper, and the other for the accommodation of the insane. The average number of inmates is 300, supported at a weekly cost of ?;i.00 each." The prmcipal works of internal improvement are the Erie Canal, the Rochester & Buffalo, and the Lockport, Niagara Falls & Buffalo branches of the New York Central R. R., the Buffalo, New York & Erie, and the Buffalo & State Line Rail Roads,« all terminating in the city of Buffalo, and the Canandaigua & Niagara Falls branch of the N. Y. C. R. R., extending through New- stead, Clarence, Amherst, and Tonawanda. A railroad from Buffalo to Pittsburgh is now in pro- cess of construction. A pier, lighthouse, and breakwater have been built at the mouth of Buf- falo Creek.' With the exception of the Indian Reservation and the Mile Strip, along Niagara River, this co. was all included within the Holland Purchase.' The Indian lands, containing 130 sq. mi. and lying upon both sides of Buffalo Creek, at its mouth, were purchased in parcels, at different times ; and the whole territory is now thickly settled. The first settlements were made at Buffalo, about 1794^95, and in other places within a few years after. The generous outlays made by the Hol- land Company in the construction of roads, bridges, mills, &c. led to a rapid occupation of all the best lands in the co.» On the morning of the 30th of Dec, 1813, a British force of about 1,000 men crossed over from Canada and captured Black Rock and Buffalo. The American forces then stationed at these places were superior to the British in point of numbers ; but the officers were not qualified for command, and a large share of the militia fled upon the commencement of the action. The village of Buffalo was burned in retaliation of the wanton destruction of Newark, in Canada, by the Americans under Gen. George MoClure, (then of Steuben co.,) a short time before.'" The finishing of the Erie Canal and of the N. Y. Central R. R. tended greatly to develop the resources of the co., and to convert Buffalo, its chief city, into the greatest commercial place on the upper lakes. The first newspaper in the co. was established in 1811.'^ 1 See pages . 2 By the act of March 11, 1808, erecting the co. of Niagara, Buffalo was named the co. seat, on conditioD that the Holland Land Company deed to the county not less than half an acre of land for a site for the public buildings, and erect thereon a courthouse and jail. The company complied with these con- ditions, and erected, in 1810, a wooden courthouse and a stone jail. la the mcau time the courts were held at the bouse of Joseph Landon. The courthouse was burned by the British in 1813. Soon after the close of the war, a new one was erected on Washington St., fronting La Fayette Park. The first officers of Erie co. were Sam'l Wilkeson, First Judge; John G. Camp, Sheriff; James L. Barton, Co. Clerk; andKoswell Chapin, Sur- rogate. ' The present courthouse was built in 1860, at a cost of $18,000. The commissioners under whose supervision it was erected were Albert H. Tracy, Ralph Plumb, and Timothy A. Hopkins. * The peuitentiary lot contains 5 acres, and is enclosed by a stone wall 14 ft. in height. The male prison is built of stone, and the other buildings of brick. Four-fifths of all the convicts are of foreign birth. They are maintained at an average weekly expense of 65 cts., and are employed principally in the manu- fecture of harness findings, upon contract, — the males at 20 cents per day, and the females at 15. 5 The poorhouse was built in 1862, under the supervision of Silas Kingsley, at a cost of $:i0.000. It consists of an octagonal center, 75 ft. in diameter, with 2 wings, each 80 ft. long by 40 ft. wide; the whole 3 stories high and built of stone. Of the in- mates in 1857, 71 were lunatics and 11 idiots. « The main lines of the N. Y. Central and the Buffalo. N. Y. A Erie R. Roads extend through Alden, Lancaster, and Chick-, towaga; the Lockport 4 N. P. branch of the N. Y. Central, through Tonawanda; and the B. & State Line K. R., through West Seneca, Hamburgh, Evans, and Brandt. The Buffalo & Brantford (Canada) R. R. terminates opposite Buffalo. 7 See page . 8 See page . 8 A large share of the later settlers of the CO. have been Ger- mans; and this class of people now constitute about one-fifth of the entire population of the co. The population of several of the towns in the immediate vicinity of Buffalo is almost exclusively German. 10 The loss at Buffalo was reported at 66 frame, 1 stone, and 2 brick houses, 16 stores and oflBces, 35 barns, and 15 shops, valued together at $190,000 ; at Black Rock, 16 frame and 11 logiiouses, 8 barns, and 5 outhouses, valued at $19,000; and at other places 20 frame and 67 log houses, 5 stores, 29 barns, 30 shops, &c\, woi th $141,000. Total, 334 buildings, worth $360,000, not including the buildings of the Messrs. Porter. — Albany Argils, April 22, 1814. 11 The Buffalo Gazette, the first paper in the county^ was com- menced Oct. 3, 1811, by S. H. & H. A. Salisbury. It was removed to Harris Hill in 1813, and > back to Buf- falo in the spring of 1814. In April, 1819, H. -A. Salis- bury became sole proprietor, and changed rthe name to The Niagara Patriot. On the erection of Erie co. in 1820 it was changed to The Buffalo Patriot. It was successively under the editorial charge of Wm. A. Carpenter, Harvey Newcomb, and Guy H. Salisbury. TT}£ Daily Commercial Advertiser was issued from the same office, Jan. 1, 1835. Soon after. Dr. T. M. Foote and' B. . A. Manchester became associated in the management of the two p.^pera ; and in Aug. 1838, the Aurora Standi ard was merged in them, and A. M. Clapp, its pub- lisher, became ona of the proprietors of the joint con- 288 ERIE COUNTY. ALOEJV — was formed from Clarence, March 27, 1823, and a part of Marilla was taken oflf in 1853. It lies upon the e. border of the co., n. e. of the center. Its surface in the w. is level, and cern. In May, 1839, they were united with the Buffalo Journal, and the weekly was published aa Tlie Patriot and. Journal, and the daily as 37ie Cuiinntrcial Advtrtistr and Journul, by JE. K. Jewett & Co. Tlie following year the daily appeared as Tlie Buffalo Commercial Advertiser^ and under thi-ao titles the papers are still published, under the editorial charge of Dr. S. B. Hunt. Since IS-oG a semi- weekly Commercial Adveriisr:-r has been issued. The Niagara Journal was established in July, 1815, by Dayid M. Day ; and in 1820 its name w;is changed to The Buffalo Journal: In 1834 it passed into the hands of E. J. Roberts, and in 1835 it was suspended. The Buffalo Whig was established in 1834 by D. M.Day; and in 1835 it was united with the Buffalo Jourual, and ap- peared as The Buffalo Whig ami Journal. Jan. 1, 1838, M.Cadwallader and Dr. H. R. Stagg were associated with Day, and in Feb. they issued The Buffabi Daily Journal. In 1838 the establishment passed into the hands of E. R. Jewett, by whom the papers were united the following year with the Buffalo Patriot and the Commercial Advertiser. The Gospd Advocate (Univ.) was begun in 1822 by Rev. Thomaa Gross. In 1S23 Simeon Buiiton, and iu 18215 Revs. L. S. Everett, Theophilus Fisk, and M. Tuttle, became pro- prietors. In 1828 it was removed to Auburn. Th£ Black Mock Beacon was published by L. G. Hoffman from 1822 to 1824. The Buffalo Emporium was issued in 1824 by J. A. Lazelle and Simeon Francis, and continued about 5 years. The Black Mock Gazette was begun in 1S2J: by Bartemua Fergu- son, who disposed of it to S. H. Salisbury in 1825. In 1S27 it was removed to Buffalo, and its name changed to Thp Buffalo and Black Bock Gazette. It was discontinued in 1828. The Black Mock Advocate was begun m Feb. 1826, and was pub- lished 1 year by Dan'l P. Adams. The Western Advertiser, after an existence of 3 months, was merged in the Buffalo Patriot in the spring of 1828. TJie Buffalo Me.publican was conimeuced iu April. 1828, by W. P. M. Wood. It was successively under the charo-e of S. H. Salisbury & W. S. Snow, S. H. Salisbury, H. L. Ball. Chiis. Faxon & Jas. Stryker, and Chas. Faxon. In 1835 the Buffalo Bulletin was merged in the Republican, and the Daily Star was bought by Faxon and continued under its old name. Horatio Gates and W. L. Crandall were successively editors. In Dec. 1838 the office was burned and the papers were suspended ; but the weekly was resumed by Quartus Graves in lib39. Jan. 1, 1842, Henry Burwell, then proprietor, changed its name to Tlie Democratic JSconomist; and in Oct. following Joseph String- man succeeded, and chauged it to The Mercantile Courier and Democratic Ec(mamist. In Feb, 1843 it appeared as ' The Buffalo Courii r and Economist ; and iu March as The Buffalo Courier. July 1, 1846, it was united with The Pilot, aud TJie. Courier and Pilot, d., tri-w., and w., was pubHshed by Stringraan, Manchester & Drayman. In Dec. it was chinii:;ed to The Buffalo Courier, its present title. It has passed successively through the bands of Robt. D. Foy & Co Seaver & Foy, ^Vm. A. Seaver, Seaver & Sandford, and to J. H. Sandford, its present publisher. The Buffalo Bulletin was issued iu 1(^30, and was published by Horace gteel 4 years, by James Faxon 1 year, and was united with The Republiaiu in lti35. The Daili/ Star was commenced in 1834 by Jag. Faxon, and in 1835 it was united with Tho Republican. The National Pilot was started in Feb. 1845, by Manchester & Brayman, and was united with The Courier in July, The Warning, semi-mo., was published in 1828 by Rev J B Hyde. ' * The Buffalo Herald, (Presb.,) edited by Rev. Randolph Stone in 1831, only reached its second number. The Gospel Banner was begun in 1832 by BerJ. Clark, and con- tinued 2 years. The Philanthropic, mo., was started ia 1832 by Nathaniel Pot- ter, jr., and continued 1 year. The Examiner, mo., (Unit.,) was published in 1833. Ihe Literary Enquirer, HQmi-mo., commenced Jan. 1.1833 was -7.x m P"t''.'sh«d 2 years by Wm. Verrinder. Ihe Iramcnpt, d. and w., commenced in Aug. 1835. bv Henrv ^x. ^ ^«*0"' was continued only 6 months. "' "^ ^^nry The Tming Men's Temperance BeraU was started in 1835 bv A Th. n. •} g^^^^""-- & E. B. French, and continued 1 year. The Daily Enqmrer, The Daily Whig, and Tlie Loco Aco were mr „ campaign papers issued in 1835. The Buffalo Specta^ (Presb.} was started in 1836 by J A W Butler, and continued 2 years •«■»*• The Bethel f^azine, mo., was commenced by the Bethel Society m 1836. It was afterward changed to The Bethel Flag, and in 1846 united with the Sailors' Magazine, of New York. The Buffalonian, w. at first and d. afterward, was published about a year; and in 183S it was united with The Mercury. This paper was continued until 1840 by T. L. Nichols and R. Simpson successively. Der WeUbuerger was stai-ted in 1837 by Geo. Zalira, and was published successively by him, by bis admioistratora, and by Brunck & D< niidion. Iu 1853 it was united with The Buffalo Democrat, and took the name of Tlie Buffalo Democrat and Weltbuerger, d. and w., by which title it is now published by Jjrunck, Held & Co. The Buffalo Democrat (German) was started in 1860 by Chas. de Haas; aud in 1853 it was united with The 'Weltluerger. The Sun, d. and w., was issued in the wintei' of lb38, and was published 1 year by Abraham Densmore and E. H. Eastaljrook successively. The Moon, a penny daily, was issued during the summer of 1839. Bristol's Gazette and JJtrald of Health, mo., was commenced in 1^^39 by C. C. Bristol. The next year it appeared as Br'.stoVs Gazette, aud was discontinued in 1842. ZVie Friend of Youth, mo., was started in 1839 by Rev. A. T. Hopkins, aud was published 1 year. The Buffalo iSentinel, d. and w., was published during the sum- mer of 1839 by Thomas ^.'ewell. The Morning Tattler, d., was started in 1840 by Langdon, FoQchette & Shaeffer. Its name was changed to The Morning Times, by J. S. Walker, and it was discontinued soon after. Der Yoll.s Schild was published by P. H. Singer during the summer of 1840. The Phalanx, d. aud w., was published 6 weeks in 1840 by C. D. Fen is. The Buffalo Garland was published in 1840 by Geo. W. Bungay. Honest Industry was published in 11S40 by Dr. Daniel Lee. The Voll^i^freund (German) was published in 184U by Adolphus Mej er. The Western Presbyterian was issued in March, 1841, by Rev. J. C. Lord, aud continued 1 year. The Western Literary Messenger, semi-mo., was started in July, 1841, by J. S. Chadbourue. C. D. Ferris, Jesse Clement, Chas. Faxon, and E. R. Jewett, at different timeh. wei-e interested in its publication. From 1842 it was pub- lished weekly until 1857, when it was discontinued. Bannister's Life in Buffalo was published a tew weeks in 1841 by N. H. Bannister. The Sublime Patriot, semi-mo., was published during the winter of 1841-42 by T. J. Southerland. The Buffalo American was started iu 1842 by T. Foster & C. F. Butler, and continued 1 year. The Old School Jeffersonian and Tlie Daily Gazette were pub- lished from 1S42 to '43 by Charles Faxon. Tlie Temperance Standard was published in 1842 by H. H. Salisbury & A. M. Clapp. The School Reader was published about 3 months in 1842 by A, W. Wilgus. Prescotes Telegraph was published in 1842 by W. Prescott. The Buffalo Gazette, d. and w., was started in 1843 by H. A. Salisbury, B. A. Manchester & J. 0. Brayman, and con- tinued 3 years. The Frezmiilhige (German) was started Jan. 1843, by Alexander Krause & Adolphus Meyer, and continued 2 yeai^. The Telegraph, d. and w., (German,) was started in Nov. 1845, by H. B. Miller. Louis Tickers, Adolphus Hilman, and C. Essellen have successively had the editorial charge. It is now published by P. H. Bender, aud edited by C. Essellen. The Buffalo Medical Journal and Monthly- Review of Medical and Surgical Sci- ence was started in June, 1845, by Dr. Austin Flint. In 1853Dr. S. B. Hunt became associated in its manage- ment, and in 1855 its sole proprietor. In 1868 it passed into the hands of Dr. Austui Flint, jr., its present pro- prietor. Tlie Western Cataract was started in 1845 by L. P. Judson. Jas. Dubois, W. B. Williams, and Chauncey Hulburt were m^ T^ successively editors. In Jan. 1847, it was changed to The Western Temperance Standard, and was discontinued the following year. The Impetus was started in 1845 by B. W. Spaulding, and con- tinued 6 months. Tlie Morning Express was started Jan. 14. 1846 by A M. ^^^l^nt ^?.' ^"^ ^^^^ '^^^ ^^"y Dembcracy was united with ahe Express, and it appeared as The Buffalo Morning Sxpress and Daily De- mocracy, by which name it is now published. A weekly and tn-weekly edition are also issued. The Democracy, d. and w., was started in May, 1854, by G. W. Haakina. The Rough Notes was merged in The Demo- cracy soon after ; and in Aug. 1856, The Democracy was united with The Express. «"i«<,™,y The Sough Notes, d., was etarted iu March, 1862, by Geo. Reese. ERIE COUNTY. 289 in the e. gently undulating. It is watered by the head waters of Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks. The soil ia a deep, fertile, sandy, gravelly, and clayey loam. Alden, (p. v.,) a station on the B. & N. Y. R. R., contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 285; Aldcu Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 20 houses; and Mill Grove, {p. v.,) in the s.w. corner, 18 houses. Crittenden (p. o.) and fVende are stations on the N. Y. C. R. R. The first settlement was made in the spring of 1810, by Moses Fenno.^ The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, in 1811. The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1813-14. There are now 6 churches in town.^ AMHERST' — was formed from Bufialo, April 10, 1818 ; and Chicktowaga was taken off in 1839. It lies upon the n. border of the co., between Clarence and Tonawanda. Its surface is level. Eleven Mile and Ransoms Creeks flow across the town in a n. e. direction ; and Tousr wanda Creek forms its N. boundary. The soil is a, sandy and clayey loam. Upon the land of John Foglesonger, in the s. part of the town, is a very copious sulphur spring. A gristmill with 3 run of stone has been built on the stream formed by it. A ledge of limestone extends across the s. part of the town, from which limestone is quarried in various places. Beneath this ledge is a layer of hydraulic limestone, which is extensively quarried at Williamsville and burned for waterlime. ff^illiamsville,* (p-^-i) inoorp. in 1850, is situated on Eleven Mile Creek, in the s. part of the town. It contains 4 churches, an academy,^ and several manufactories.* Pop. In 1854 Rann & Cowan became proprietors, and the same year it waa united with The Democracy. The Western Evangelist (Univ.) was started in June, 1846, by Rev. L. S. Everett, and continued 1 year. Tlie AmhassadoTf (Univ.,) started the same year, was removed to Auburn in 1847. The Journal of Qymmerce^ d., was started in 1847 by John W. Jones, and continued 6 months. The Republic^ d. and w., was started by Livingston, Albro & Co., Jan. 26, 1847. Quartus Graves, Maynard & Welsh, C. A. Kellogg, and C. C. Bristol were successively inte- rested in its management. In 1S57 The Buffalo Daily Times was united with The Bepublic, and it was issued as The Bufialo Republic and Times, d., tri-w., and w. Guy. H. Salisbury is the present proprietor. A campaign paper was published in connection with this paper in 1856. The Buffalo Daily Times was started in Aug. 1867, by the Times Association; and the next year it was united with The Bepublic. Der Freie Denwhrat was published in 1848. The Wool Grower and Magazine of Agriculture and Horliculture, mo., was started in 1849 by T. C. Peters, and continued nntU 1852. The DaUy Queen City^ a penny paper, was started in 1850 by G. J. Brj"an. The title was changed in 1852 to Tlie Buffalo E^-vening Post, under which name it is now published. The Buffalo Christian Advocate was started in Jan. 1860, by JohnJB. Bobie. In 1867 it was changed to TUe Advocate, under which name it is now published. Common Sense was published in 1860 by D. P. Stile. Die Aurora, w. and semi-w.,waB started in 1860 by Chris- tian Wieckmann, its present publisher. Das Kircliliclie luformatorlum, semi-mc, was started in July, 1861, hy Conrad Biir; and in 1864 T. Andr. A. Grabau, its present editor, assumed its charge. Tlie Sunday Bulletin was started in 1861 by Wm. F. Eodgers, and continued 9 months. -„--,, ■„ j. The Youth's Casfcet, mo., was started m 1861 by Beadle 4 Vanderzee. It is now published by Kobt. Adams. The American Miller was published in 1851 by Wm. C. Hughes. The HvangeJical avristian was published in 1861 by Geo. Stanbro The American CeU and Catholic Citizen was brought from Bos- ton, Mass., to Buffalo in June, 1852, and continued until May, 1863, when it was removed to New York. me Hamcenpath and Diatttischer Bansfreund was started in 1862 by Conrad Biir, and continued 1 year. SomUags BlaU was started in 1862 by Brunck, Held & Co., and continued 1 year. „ , o „ j The Sunday Tisttar wiis started in 1862 by Keed & Moore, and continued 1 year. . t „ ** The Vnited States Mail, mo., wa« pubUshed m 1852 by Jewett, Thomas & Co. ^. . iqko The Buffalo Daily Ledger was published a few months m abi by T. Bichardson. The Pathfinder was published in 1862 by Charles Faxon. The Swttday Herald was published about 3 months m IBOiS oy TM SchooTand' Home. 'PrUmt, semi-mo, (German,) was started in March, 1863, by Conrad Bar, and continued 1 year. TheDibraruand Gardenvrm published in 1853 by D. S.Manly &Co. The Buffalo Catholic Sentinel was started in June, 1863, by Michael Hagan, its present publisher. lUmtrirte Abend Sch-uU, semi-mo., was pubUshed m 1864 by Key. 0. Dichlman. The Atlantis, mo., (German,) brought from Cleveland, Ohio, to Buffalo in 1856, is edited by C. Essellen. The American Eights was published from Sept. 1854, to July, 1856, by Geo. Eeese & Co. Tlie Age of Progress, conducted by Stephen Albro, was com- menced in 1864 and discontinued in 1858. The Zeitschrift was published about 4 months in 1854 by Conrad Biir. Zeicheu der Zeit, mo., was started in June, 1855, by Drexler. In 1858 T. Gottlieb Ade became its editor. The Home has been published since Ja.n. 1856, hy E. F. Beadle. The Buffalo Allegemeine Zeltung, w. and semi- w., was started in May, 1856, by Frederick Reinecke, the present publisher. The Buffalo Patriot, d., (German,) was published during the campaign of 1856 by Vogbt & Jung. Das Historische Zeltblatt und liiterarlscher Anzeiger, mo., was started in May, 1867, by Conrdd Bar, its present publisher. The Home Monthly was started Jan. 1, 1859, under the editorial charge of Mrs. H. E. G. Arey and Mrs. Gildersleve. Tlie 2nventm''s Advertiser was published at Buffalo by Thos. P. How. The Aurora Democrat was established at West Aurora in Oct. 1835, by Deloaa E. Sill, publisher, and continued about 1 year. Tlie Aurora Standard was started at East Aurora Aug. 1, 1835, by A. M. Clapp. In 1838 it was removed to Buffalo and merged in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. The Springmtle Erpras was commenced in May, 1844, by Edwin Hough, and continued until the fall of 1848. The Springvllle Herald was established in May, 1860, by E. U. Webster ; and in Dec. 1866, it passed into the hands of J. B. Saxe, its present publisher. Tlie American Oilizen was started at Springville in Feb. 1866, by Lucius C. Sanders, and continued nearly a year. The Tonawanda Qmimerdal was started at Tonawanda in 1846 by Sylvester Hoyt, and continued about a year. The Niagara Biver Pilot was commenced at Tonawanda in 1863 by Pacliard & Foxlonger. In Aug. 1866, it passed into the hands of S. 0. Hayward, by whom, in Nov. 1867, it was changed to , . The Klagara Frontier, under which name it is still published. The Mental Elevator was published a short tune m the Seneca language. 1 Among the first settlers were Joseph Freeman, John Eastar brook, Wm. Snow, and Arunah Hibbard, who came in 1810; Saml Slade, James Crocker, Saml. Huntington, and Jonas Stick- nev who came in 1811; and Wm. Dayton, who came in 1812. The first birth was that of a daughter of Artmah Hibbard; and the first death, that of Polly Cransaky, in 1812. John Rogers built the first sawmill, in 1813 or '14, and the first gristmill, in 1817 Amos Bliss kept the first inn, and Seth Eastahrook the first store, both in 1816. The first school was taught by Mehe- tabel Eastahrook, in 1816. ^ „ „ „ 2 Bap., Presb., Evang. Luth., M. B., and 2 R. C. 8 Kamed' in honor of Lord Amherst, commander of the English forces in America in 1769-60. 1 Named from Jonas Williams, one of the early settlers. » The Williamsville Classical Institute. The whole number of students for the year 1867 was 222. » A gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, a furnace, a broom factory, a chair fitctory, and a waterlime mill, the last producing 3,000 to 6,000 bbls. of hydraulic cement per year. 290 ERIE COUNTY. 1,166. E^gertsTllIe, Getzville, East Amberst, and "Westwood are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Timothy S. Hopkins and Elias Ransom, from Great BaiTing;- ton, Mass.i There are 9 churches in town.^' AURORA— was formed from Batavia, as " WUlink," April 11, 1804. Its name was changed April 15, 1818. Clarence was taken off in 1808, Buffalo in 1810, Concord, Hamburgh, and Eden in 1812, Holland and Wales in 1818, and a part of Elma in 1857. It occupies nearly a central position in the CO. Its surface is rolling in the N. and hilly in the s. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, and their summits are 150 to 300 feet above the valleys. The principal streams are Cazenove Creek and its branches. The soil is gravelly loam in the valleys and clayey among the hills. "Willinli, (p. v.,) incorp. Dec. 29, 1849, is situated on the E. branch of r-azenove Creek, in the n. part of the town. It contains 2 churches and a woolen factory and has a pop. of 365. East Aurora, (p. v.,) about 1 mi. e. of Willink, contains 2 churches, an academy,' and several manufacturing estabKshments. Pop. 360. TVest Falls, (p. v.,) on tie w. bank of Cazenove Creek, in the s. part of the town, contains 1 church, 2 sawmiUs, a gristmill, and about 30 houses; and Crriffins Mills, (p. v.,) on the same stream, near the center of the town, contains 1 church, a sawmill, a, gristmill, and 25 houses. The first settlement was made in the fall of 1803, by Jabez Warren, Henry Godfrey, and Nath'l Emerson.* The evidences of ancient Indian occupation were plainly visible upon the advent of the whites.' The first church (Bap.) was organized with 16 members, in 1810, by Elder Irish. There are 7 churches in town." Ex- Pres. Jlillard Fillmore and Hon N. K. Hall, Judge of Supreme Court and Ex-P. M. Gen., were for some years residents of East Aurora. BOSTOIV — was formed from Eden, April 5, 1817. It is an interior town, lying s. of the center of the co. Its surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valley of the n. branch of Eighteen Jlile Creek, which flows n. w. through near the center of the town. The valley of this stream is about three-fourths of a mile wide. In this valley the soil is a fine, fertile loam, and upon the hills it is a gravelly and clayey loam. Boston, (p. v.,) on the K. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, contains 3 churches, 2 gristmills, 2 sawmills, a tannery, a cow-bell factory, and 40 houses ; Boston Center, (Patchin p. o.,) on the same stream, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, and 20 houses; and IVortll Boston, (p. v.,) 1 church, a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. The first settlement was made by Didemus Kinney, in 1803.' The first religious services were conducted by Rev. John Spencer, in 1810. There are 7 churches in town.* BRAIVDT' — was formed from Collins and Evans, March 25, 1839. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, in the s. w. corner of the co. The surface is generally level, with a gentle inclina- tion toward the lake. Cattaraugus Creek forms a part of the s. boundary. The other principal streams are Big Sister, Delaware, and Muddy Creeks. The soil is generally a grstvelly loam intermixed with clay. Brandt (p. v.) contains 20 houses, and Mill Brancll (Farnham p.o.) 30. The first settlement was made in 1817, by Moses Tucker.^" The first religious services were conducted by Benj. Olmsted, in 1820. A union church is the only one in town. 1 Among the early settlers were Wm. Maltbury, Jooas Wil- liams, James Harmon, Horatio Kelsey, Setli Canfield, Enos A. Armstrong, and Jaa. Harris. The first sawmill was built in ISOl, by ■ Thomson ; and the first gristmill, by Wm. Maltbury, in 1808. Elias Ransom kept the first inn, in lb05, and Juba Storrs & Oo. the first store, in 1812. 2 Bap., Disciples, M. E., and Germ. Cath. at Williamsville, and 2 Evang. Luth., Free, Mennonite, and 11. C. in other parts of the town. 8 The Aurora Manual Labor Seminary was chartered Oct. 18, 1833; and in 1S38 its name was changedtothe Aurora Academy. The manual labor department was long since abandoned. * These were followed by Joel and John Adams, Tabor Earlle, and Humphrey Smith, in 1804, and Wm. Warren, Thos. Tracy, Christopher Stone, and Luther Ilibbard, in 1805. The first birth was that of Orra Warren, iu Dec. 1805 ; and the first death, that of a daughter of Humphrey Smith, in 1806. Phineas Stevens built the first sawmill, in 1S06, and the first gristmill, in 1807. Gen. "Wm. Warren kept the first inn, in 1806, and Adams & Hascall the first store, in 1808. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in 1806. 6 Two hills, in the n. part of the town, were fortified by cir- cular breastworks, in many places 6 to 8 ft. high. Human bones, of almost giant size, have been dug up near the fortifica- tions ; and pieces of pottery and iron axes have been found in the vicinity. — Letter of Bev. Aslier Wright. In 1809 an ancient copper plate, 12 by 16 inches, covered with letters or hiero- glyphics, was plowed up upon the land of Ephraim Woodruff, in Aurora: the fiodei-s, not knowing its value as a specimen of antiquity, converted it into a dipper and skimmer. — Turner's Hoi. Pur., p. t68. 6 2 Presb., Bap., Cong., M. E., Univ., and K. C. ' Oliver- and Charles Johnson settled in the town in 1805, and Richard Gary and Sam'l Katon in 1807. The first biith w;is that of Phinney Johnson, in 1606; the first marriage, that of David Starnard and Esther Yaw, in 1810 ; and the first death, that of Joel Beebe, in 1809. Ethan Howard built the first mill, in 1810; Job Palmer kept the first inn, in 1811 ; and Aaron J. Tupper the first store, the same yeai'. The first school was taught bv Joel Eddy, in ISIO. 8 Bap., I'ree Will Bap., Evang. Luth., Friends, M. E., Meth. Prot., and Univ. » Named from Col. Joseph Brant, the Mohawk chief. His Indian name was " Tha-yan-da-n^-gah," said to signify " wood partly burned," or " a brand ;" and as the Indians are unable to distinguish d from t in their pronunciation, it became Brant— Asher Wright, Misidonary at the Cattaraugus Feservatu.n. i» John, Kohert, and Major Campbell, and John West, settled in the town in 1808, and Ansel Smith, Robt. and Wm. Qrannia, and Benj. Olmsted, in 1819. The first birth was that of a son of John West, in 1818 ; the first marriage, that of Levi Graunis and Leah Hallida, in 1819 ; and the first death, that of Matthew West, in 1822. The first mill waa built by Sam'l Butts, in 1822; the first inn was kept by Josephus Hubbard, in 1825 ; and the first store, by Milton Morse, in 1836. Julia Bradley taueht the .first school, in 1823. * ERIE COUNTY. 291 BCFFALiO CITT— was formed as a town, Feb. 8, 1810.' Amherst was taken off in 1818, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of Buffalo was incorp. April 2, 1813, re-organized in 1815, and again in 1822, and incorp. as a city April 20, 1832, with its limits enlarged by the addition of that part of the Mile Strip Eeservation^ s. of York and North Sts. By the provisions of a new charter, granted April 13, 1853, the then town of "Black Bock" was included within the city limits. The city lies at the E. extremity of Lake Erie, extending nearly 10 mi. along the lake shore and the upper part of Niagara River, and occupies an area of about 40 sq. mi. The principal streams are Big Buffalo and Scajaquady* Creeks, — the former emptying into Lake Erie and the latter into Niagara River. The principal business part of the city is on the lake shore around the harbor. The land in this locality is low, and was once considered "an irreclaimable morass ; but it is now densely covered with substantial warehouses and large stores, intermingled with factories, foundries, mechanics' shops, and dwellings."* The site rises gradually, and attains in one or two places an elevation of about 100 ft. ; but the greater portion of the area occupies an extended plain of an average height of 50 ft. above the lake. On the "Buffalo Plains," and along the river at North Buffalo, are extensive quarries of limestone, furnishing an excellent building material.* The city is regularly laid out, and the streets are broad and straight. The flagging and paving are done in the most substantial manner, and are kept in excellent repair.* The main part of the city is supplied with wholesome water from Niagara River by the Buffalo Water Works Company. The reservoir, situated on Niagara between Connecticut and Vermont Sts., is 88 ft. higher than the river, and has a capacity of 13,500,000 gallons. The water is elevated by two force pumps, each of a capacity of 235 gallons, and is distributed through 31 mi. of pipe.' Lower Black Rock is supplied by the Jubilee Water Works with water obtained from the Jubilee Springs. It is conducted through wooden pipes, of which there are more than two miles laid.* There are 5 postHsfBces in the city, — Buffalo, North Buffalo, Buffalo Plains, Red Jacket, and Black Rock. The harbor of Buffalo is formed by Big Buffalo Creek, along which for more than a mile is a continuous line of wharves. A pier extends from the s. side of the harbor 1500 ft. into the lake, forming an effectual barrier against the encroaching sands, which everywhere on the lake have a tendency to accumulate on the w. side of piers. At its extremity is a lighthouse.' The Erie Canal enters the city along Niagara River, from which it is separated by a seawall, and extends southward to near the mouth of Buffalo Creek, and thence eastward to Hamburgh St. The Erie Basin, just n. of the mouth of Buffalo Creek, protected lakeward by a breakwater, and the Ohio Basin, about one and one-fourth mi. from the mouth of the creek, containing an area of 10 acres, are both connected with the harbor and canal and are sufficiently deep to float the largest lake vessels." A ship canal more than a mi. in length extends along the w. side of Big Buffalo Creek parallel to the shore of the lake. This canal, the basins, the Erie Canal, and the harbor are all connected by numerous slips. Six railroads terminate in the city ; and another — the Buffalo & Pittsburgh — is in process of construction.'' 1 The city of Buffalo was taken off in 1832, and Tonawanda in 1836. The village of ^^Black Sock," in this town, was incorp. Aprfl 24, 1837, and receives its name from the color of the rock which ontcropa at the ferry landing. The remaining part of t)ie town was organized as Black Rock, Feb. 14, 1839; and in 1853 it was annexed to the city. 2 gee p. — — . 3 Named irom an Indian of that name, and pronounced Ska- Joc'quad-da. 1 Buffalo City Diredan/, 1858. 6 The pier, the breakwater, the arsenal, St. Joseph's Cathedral, and many of the most substantial buildings in the city, are in part or wholly built of this stone. * There are 251 mi. of located streets within the city limits, 37i mi. of pared streets, 205,000 line or feet of stone sidewalks, and 108 mi. of plank walks. There are 1,960 street lamps hi the city, lighted by gas furnished by the Buffalo Gas Light Com- pany. The present cost of the street Improvements is estimated at $'.i.OOO,000 ; and the aggregate of taxes for local improremeuts in 1S57 was $366,913. ' The Buffalo Water Works Company was incorp. March 15, 1849. The original cost of the works was $400,0U0; and $66,000 of the earnings have been expended in extending the works. Connected with them are 320 street hydrants, and 20 under- ground reservoirs, having an aggregate capacity of 407,860 gal. 8 The Jubilee Water Works Company was organized in 1827, with a capital of $20,000. At one time the company had 16 mi. of wooden pipe laid, fully supplying Black Rock and a part of Buffalo ; but, while the increase of population created a gi-eaier demand for water, the supply from the springs diminished, and in 1846 the citizens of Lower Black Rock purchased the works and contined the supply to their own village. ^ The lighthouse is built entirely of stone and iron. It is 44 ft. hijrh, 26 fl. in diameter at its base, and 12 ft. at the top. The molehead upon which it stands is 160 ft. in diameter and has a depth of 15 ft. below the surface of the water. The pier and lighthouse were completed in 1833. It is furnished with a first class dioptric Fresnel apparatus. w These basins were constructed by the State as parts of the great system of internal navigation; but their sites Avere fur- nished by the city. The Erie Basin cost $300,000, and the Ohio Basin $b0.000. They were commenced in 1848 and finisliod in 1858. Vessels driven by storms and failing to gain an entrance to the harbor find a capacious and sheltered retreat in the har- bor of Black Rock, — formed by a mole from Bird Island to Squaw Island, a distanct- of 2915 yards. This, with tlie jsl;mds. forins a harbor 4.566 yards long and from 8S to 220 yards wide, with an area of 136 acres. Besides affording an exceedingly convenient harbor, with an average depth of 15 feet, this woi-k secures a water-power of about 4i ft. A ship lock is constructed at its foot ; and it is on the line of the Erie Canal. 11 Besides these, 6 plank roads, a macadamized road, and a turnpike terminate in the city. 292 ERIE COUNTY. Buffalo is the second commercial city of the State, and the largest and most important upon the great lakes.' Its situation at the foot of navigation upon Lake Erie and at the western terminus of the Erie Canal makes it the principal port for the transhipment of the products of the great gram region of the Upper Mississippi Valley, and gives to it the command of the greater par of the commerce of the lakes.^ The number of entries at this port during the year 1857 v^^as 4,017, with an aggregate of 1,618,672 tons; and the number of clearances was 3,564, with an_ aggregate of 1 603 134 tons.« The exportation and importation by canal is also immense;* and it is estimated > It is often called " Ihe Queen City," and " The Queen City 2 The amount of grain received in 1857 was 15,443,778 bunh., and of flour 926,411 bbls., of which 15,348,930 bush, of gram and 816 953 bbls. of flour were received by lake. The same year there were received by lake 29.799 head of cattle, 75.174 hogs, and 44,972 sheep. The following table shows the imports, by lake, of flour and grain fur a series of years 188li... 139,178 304,090 204,366 28,640 4,876 1,600 1837... 126,805 450.360 94,490 2,663 1838... 277,620 933,117 34,148 6,677 1839... 294,125 1,117,262 1840... 697,742 1,004,661 71,327 1841... 730,040 1,636,000 201,031 14,144 1842... 734,308 1,636,430 454,630 4,710 1,228 1843... 917,617 1.827,241 223,963 2,489 1,3.32 1844... 915,030 2,177,500 137,978 18,017 1,617 456 1845..- 746,760 1,770,740 64,200 23,100 1846... 1,374,529 4,744,184 1,455.238 218,300 47,630 28,250 1847... 1,867,000 6,489,100 2,862,300 446,000 70,787 1848... 1849... 1850... 1,249,000 4,620,117 2,298,100 660,000 17,809 1,103.039 3.681,346 2.693,378 359,680 3,600 1861... 1,258,224 4,167,121 5,988,776 1,140,340 142,773 10,662 1852... 1,299,513 5.649,778 5,130,740 2,596,231 .197,913 112,271 1S53... 975,667 5,424,043 3,i;i;5.79:; l,480,66.'i 401,098 107,152 1854... 739,756 3,510,792 10,109,973 4,441,739 313,886 177,066 1855... 936,761 8,022.126 9.711,230 2,693,222 62304 299.691 1S56... 1,126,048 8,466,671 9,632.477 1,733,382 46,327 245,810 1857- 845,963 8,334,179 6,713,611 1,214,760 87,844 48,636 \ Barley. Eye. The annual average receipt- of flour duiing the first five years was about 360,000 bbls.; during the next five it was 820,000; during the next five, 1,474,000 ; and duvinc the next f.ve, 969,000. The whole amount of giain received in l<'-47 was 9,668,187 bush,, and in 1866 20,788,475 bush., — the greatest amount in any one year. This was a greater amount than was received that year in any other port in the world. The following table shows the receipts of leading articles during three seasons : — Ashes, casks Beef, bbls Broom Corn, bales.. Barley,bush Bntter.lbs Bacon, lbs Cattle, No Cranberries, bbls.... Coal, tons Cupper Ore, lbs.. IS-'iS, 4 29.i 97,804 9,725 62,304 1,988,920 10,768 396 14,049 225 59,878 500.000 ISiiS. 1857. 2,976 69,911 6,086 37.844 023,000 3,612,519 29,799 91 67,247 2,587,600 Cotton, bales Corn, hush Eggs, bbls Feathers, sacks rish, bbls Furs, bdls Flax, bales Flour,bbl8 Hemp, bales Hides, No Horses, No Hogs, No Iron, pig, tons Lard, lbs Lead, pigs Leather, rolls Lumber, ft Lath, No Meal, corn, bbls Nuts, bbls Oil, bbls Oats, bush Pork, bbls Pelts, bdls Robes, Bufialo, bales.. Eye, bush Seeds, bbls Skins, bdls Staves, No Shingles, No Sheep, No Tobacco, hhds Tobacco, cases Tallow,lbs Whisky, bbls Wheat, bush Wool, bales 1855. 239 8,711,230 6,691 379 6,762 1,112 1,276 936,761 1,191 90,964 362 69,944 3,994 10,357,136 67,309 2,265 72,026,651 246,000 867 346 4,700 2,603,322 106,682 4,311 480 299,591 20,622 2,391 16,421,568 1,764,000 26,508 489 3,470 1,234,100 37,087 8,022,126 47,168 1856. 681 9,632,477 6,326 820 6,826 890 729 1,126,048 327 111,866 408 72,713 2,077 6,335,600 30,677 2,326 60,684,541 920,000 1,800 805 2,870 1,733,382 60,477 3,368 287 246,810 16,297 1,814 18,656,039 398,000 41,467 623 3,837 634,900 36,009 8,466,671 41,692 mn. 317 6,713,611 8,286 242 5,211 635 622 845,963 912 139,061 193 76,174 1,323 643,000 22,247 2,513 68,283,319 1,602,000 160 113 1,789 1,214,760 20,283 1,695 1,160 48,636 14,830 2,173 28,024,213 1,669,000 44,972 270 2,102 446,760 42,140 8,334,179 35,813 The total value of the importations of these three years were, in 1866, $48,767,316: in 1856, $40,429,871; and in 1867, $34,846,692. 8 Following is an exhibit of the number of entrances and clearances, their tonnage and crews, for six successive years : — Year. No. Tcmnage. Ifm, 1S62 1853 1X54 9,441 8,298 8,912 9,211 8,128 7,581 3,092,247 3,262,978 3,990,284 3,360,233 3,018,687 3,221,806 127,491 128,112 120,838 111,616 112,061 132,183 1855 1.S56 1867 i The following tables show the receipts and shipments of leading articles for the year 1867 : — The total value of the canal ship- ments that year was $16,956,740, and the tolls of the same received at the collector's office amounted to $569,537.44. RECEIPTS. Lumber, ft 1,863 693 Timber, 100 cubic ft 30,920 Staves, lbs Wood, cords 2,5,836 Cheese, lbs 22,662 1,320 130,500 28.621 19.966 7.778 1,131 Barley, bush 37,434 Wool, lbs.. Hides, lbs Flour, bbls.... Wheat, bush.. Rye, bush Corn, bush.. Bran, ic. lbs 236,689 Beans and peas, bush 10,908 Potatoes, bush 3.342 Dried fruit, lbs 130,900 Hops, lbs 621,862 Domestic spirits, gals 24,720 Leather, lbs 714,136 Furniture, lbs 4,363,776 Pig iron, lbs 12,417,164 Castings and ironware, lbs 30,902,457 Domestic cottons,lbs 594,868 Domestic salt,lbs 62,278,989 Foreign salt, lbs 193,839 Sugar,lbs 12,768,136 Molasses, lbs 7,701,144 Coffee, lbs 4,900,077 Nails, spikes, 4c, lbs 2,866,471 Iron and steel,lbs 12,417.666 Railroad iron, lbs 32,1S7,621 Crockery and glassware, lbs 5,606,277 All other mdse,lbs 92.894,060 Stone, lime, and clay, lbs 74,1.34,242 Gypsum, lbs 660,687 Coal, lbs 116,193,297 Sundries, lbs 10,471,711 SHIPMENTS, Lumber, ft 43,727,623 Timber, 100 cubic ft 12,485 StMves, ll)s 186,921,748 Ashes, casks 1,829 Pork, bbls 9,196 Beef, bbls 5.266 Bacon, lbs 2,112,093 Cheese, lbs 66,469 Butler, lbs 9,874 L,trd, tallow, and lard oil... 710,435 Wool, lbs 1,325,289 Iliiles, lbs 7™,SR6 I'lnur, bbls RK,I102 Wheat, bush 6,073,827 Rye, hush 6,341 Corn, bush 6,001,203 Barley, bush 11,638 Oats, bush 905,814 Bran, &c. lbs 4,796,624 Dried fruits, lbs Cotton, lbs Tobacco, lbs 16,563 Hemp, lbs 49,690 Seed, lb.'! 506,364 Flaxseed, lbs 1,077,228 Hops, lbs 1,629 Domestic spirits, gals 836,000 Leather, lbs 56,786 Furniture, lbs Lead, lbs Pig iron, lbs Bloom and bar iron, lbs Castings and ii-onware, lbs Domestic salt, lbs Iron and steel,lbs Railroad iron, lbs Crockery and glassware, lbs,. All other mdse, lbs Stone, lime, and clay, lbs Coal, lbs Copper ore, lbs Sundries, lbs 393,026 214,416 1,240,408 87,736 121,789 32,100 201,703 122,594 674,242 4,989,699 28,061,862 2,666,201 12,771,000 ERIE COUNTY. 293 that the value of merchandise and property transported hy r. r. is greater than the entire amount ot the lake commerce of this port.' About one-fourth of the shipping of the lake is owned by the citizens of Buffalo.^ Shipbuilding is extensively carried on.» The manufactures of the city are extensive and various.* The principal public buildings are the Custom House, Fort Porter, the State Arsenal, and the city markets. The Cmiom Home, on the corner of Seneca and Washington Sts., is a handsome and vrell biiilt structure, containing, beside the custom house office, accommodations for the post-office and the U. S. courts. It was constructed, at a cost of |140,000, from designs furnished by the U. S. Treasury Department.' Fort Porter, built in 1842-48, is a fortification on the bank of Niagara River at the point whore it emerges from Lake Erie. The State Arsenal, erected in 1858, is a massive stone building fronting on Batavia St.« There are four large markets, conveniently located in different parts of the city.' The Public Schools of the city have long enjoyed a deservedly high reputation. They are care- fully nurtured through the operations of an enlightened public sentiment, and are so excellent in all their departments that scarcely any other elementary schools are supported or needed. They are thoroughly graded, consisting of three general departments. The third department is an advanced school for the whole city; and in it a complete academic course, excepting the classics, is taught. There were, in 1857, 32 school districts, employing 189 teachers,— 24 males and 165 females. The number of children, between 4 and 21 years of age, was 28,000, of whom 15,593, or a small fraction more than 55J per cent., were in attendance some portion of the year.* The Buffalo Female Academi/, a flourishing institution, situated on Delaware Avenue, was opened for students in July, 1852.' 1 The amount of live stock received by R. b. in 1857 was 78,404 head of cattle, 232,375 hogs, and 72,496 sheep. 2 The amount of shipping owned in Buffalo, as shown by the mstom bouse books, is as follows : — VesseU. Steamers..., Propellers.. Barks Brigs Schooners .. Scows Total.. Tonnage. 10 60 20 9,067 30,186 2,629 7 21 129 3,537 6,784 35,460 5 473 88,136 8 The following table shows the shipping launched in 1857 :- 4 Steamers 10 Propellers .... 13 Tugs 21 Schooners 1 Dredge , 25 Canal Boats.. Tonnage. 4,086 5,070 1,145 7,955 Vatufi. $352,000 349,000 126,800 353,400 In connection with one of the shipyards of the city is a dry dock of sufficient capacity to admit a steamer of over 2,500 tons ; also a marine railway; and near by is a large derrick for hoist- inn boilers and heavy machinery. * The following is a list of the manufacturing establishments in operation in 1857 Agricultural Works 5 Ax &. Edge Tool M'factory ... 3 Awl « 1 Basket Manufactories 6 Bellows " 2 Billiard Table « 3 Blank Book & Bookbinding 8 Boiler Manufactories 4 Box « 5 Brass « 3 Breweries 31 Brickyards 9 Britannia Ware 2 Boot & Shoe Manufactories 3 Brush " 2 Bnrr Millstone " 2 CabinetWareManufactories, 11 Car and Car Wheels 2 Carriage Manuactories 9 Chair " 2 Chromotype Printing 1 Coach & Harness Hardware 2 Comb Manufactory 1 Confectioneries 10 Cooperages 14 Distilleries 3 Engraving • 9 EarthenwareMannfactories. Fence (iron) " 2 4 Fire Works' « 2 riour Mills 10 Flour Mill Manufactories.... 3 Founderies 7 Glove Manufactory 1 Glue " 1 Gold Beaters" 2 Gunshops 3 Harness, Saddle, <5:c. M'facts 13 Hat & Cap Manufactories... 16 Iron Works 8 Japanned Ware 4 Lanteni Manufactories 2 Last Manufactories 2 Leather " H Lithofcraphing 3 Lock Manufactories 5 Marble Works 6 Machine Shops 10 Melodeon Manufactory 1 Oakum " 1 Oil " 4 Organ " 1 Pail and Tub " 1 paper Mill Dafanf T^afViai Philosophical Instruments.. Piano Forte Manufactory.... Planing Mills Plane Manufactory Pocket Bock " Pottery Printing Establishments Pump Manufactories Kope " Sail « Sash & Blind « Saw " Shingle " Stove Manufactories.. Silk « Shipyards 7 Silver Plating 4 Soap & Candle M'factories... 14 Soda & Sarsaparilla " ... 4 Starch " ... 2 Stave " ... 2 Steam Sawmills 3 Stone Ware Manutactory.... 1 Tobacco " .... 9 Tanneries 2 Type & Stereotype F'di-ics... 3 Upholsteries 10 Yice Manufactory 1 White Lead " 2 Whip « 1 The value of the articles manufactured in 1857 was about $10,000,000, of which the leading products are estimated as follows :— ships and boats, $1,800,000 ; leather, $1,500,000; flour, $1,000,000; stoves and other castings, $600,000; machines, $600,000; distilled stuffs, $400,000 ; piano fortes, $350,000 ; boots and shoes, $100,000. For most of the statistics of the commerce and manufactures of Bufifalo we are iudebted to the Annual Statement of tJie Trade and Commerce of Buffalo for 1857, issued from the office of the Qymmercial Advertiser, 6 The custom house building was commenced in 1855 and completed in 1858. It is 3 stories high, exclusive of basement, and has a front of 110 ft. on Seneca St. and 60 ft. on Washington St., with a total elevation of 70 ft. above the sidewalk. Its ex- terior is of light gray sandstone, obtained from Cleveland, Ohio ; and the whole is fireproof throughout, the floors being of small, segmental brick arches, turned from wrought iron beams, rest- ing on tubular girders. The girders rest upon the walls, and are supported in the middle by cast iron columns reaching to the foundation of the building. 6 The arsenal is 165 ft. long by 65 ft. wide. Its front, 50 ft. wide, projecting 16 ft. from the main building, is flanked by octagonal towers 60 ft. high. The walls are 40 ft. high ; and at each corner is a heavy, square turret. The cost of the building was $290,800. 7 Elk Street Market is 30 ft. wide by 375 ft. long, haviug a veranda 24 ft. wide extending the whole length of each side. The Court Street Market consists of a main building, 51 ft. sq., with 4 wings, one oo each side. The N. and s. wings are each 91i ft. long by 36 wide, and the e. and w. wings are each 61 ft. long by 36 ft. wide. The Clinton St. and Washington St. Maikets are each 395 ft. long by 36 ft. wide, with a veranda 24 ft. wide ex- tending the whole length of each side. 8 The total expenses of the schools for 1857 were $160,019.86, and the total receipts the same; number of volumes in district libraries 8,216. This institution owes its existence in a great measure to the liberality of Jabez Goodell, who contributed over $10,000 toward its establishment. The academy occupies one of the most eli- gible and beautiful sites in the city. There are two academic buildings, Goodell Hall and Evergreen Cottage,— the former oc- cupied for school purposes, and the latter as a dwelling by the familv of the nrincipal. 294 ERIE COUNTY. The Buffalo Medical College, on the corner of Main and Virginia Sts., was organized in Aug. 1846, under the charter of the Uaioersity of Buffalo. A course of lectures is given each winter; and the students are admitted to the hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on stated days, during the visits of the medical and surgical ofUcers. The Buffalo Mercantile College, on the corner of Main and Seneca Sts., was established Oct. 10, 1854. Its object is to impart a theoretical and practical knowledge of business transactions. The Buffalo Commercial College, on Main St., is an institution similar in character to the Mer- cantile College. The Buffalo Law Library Association, incorp. April 2, 1833,— capital |10,000, in shares of $100 each,— was formed for the purpose of securing the benefits of a professional library beyond the reach of private means. The Young Men's Association was established in the winter of 1835-36, and incorp. in March, 1843. It has a library of about 10,000 volumes, and a reading room, which is well supplied with papers from most of the principal cities of the Union. During the winter months lectures are maintained by the association. The German Young Men's Association was organized in 1841 and chartered in 1846. The library contains about 2000 volumes, mostly German works. The Young Men's Christian Union wa,s established in May, 1852, and incorp. March, 1853. It has for its object the moral and intellectual improvement of young men. Its library and reading rooms are in Kremlin Hall, at the junction of Niagara and Brie Sts. The Young Men's Catholic Association and the Buffalo Catholic Institute are societies similar to the preceding. The Buffalo Medical Association was formed in 1845 and incorp. in 1856. Its objects are purely scientific and professional, and its membership is confined to the medical profession of the county. The Mendelssohn Association, organized Jan. 1858, has for its object the improvement and culti- vation of vocal and instrumental music. The Deutsche Leidertafel and the Deutscher Saengerhund are German societies of a similar character. The Buffalo Orphan Asylum, located on Virginia St., was organized in 1835 and incorp. April 24, 1837. The site was donated by Louis S. Le Couteulx, and the present building was erected in 1850. The average number of inmates is about 80. The Buffalo Female Orphan Asylum, on the corner of Batavia and Ellicott Sts., was established in 1848, under the care of the Sisters of Charity of St. Joseph. The present number of children is 98. The Buffalo Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, on Virginia St., was- incorp. July 5, 1848. The building contains 20 wards, and the average number of patients is 130. The Buffalo General Hospital was incorp. Nov. 21, 1855, and went into operation in 1858. It was founded by individual donations, amounting to $20,000, and a State appropriation of $10,000." The Lying-in Hospital, on Edward St., is under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The Buffalo City Dispensary, a society of physicians, was organized to afford gratuitous medical services to the destitute. The Association for the Belief of the Poor disburses among the needy each winter sums ranging from $1,500 to $8,000. The Firemen's Benevolent Association was incorp. March 23, 1837, and has for its object the accumulation of a fund for the relief of indigent and disabled firemen and their families. The Buffalo Physicians' Charitable Fund Association was organized in 1858, to provide means for the assistance and relief of the widows and orphans of medical men. A M. E. church was founded in Buffalo, in 1809, by the Rev. Jas. Mitchell ; but it had no per- manent organization. The oldest church now in the city (1st Presb.) was organized Feb. 2, 1812, by the Rev. Thaddeus Osgood. The next established were a Prot. E., Bap., a M. E., and a Univ. There are now 57 churches in the city.^ Most of the church edifices are large and commodious ; and many of them are of a high order of architectural beauty. St. Joseph's Cathedral (R. C.) is 1 This hospital if) located on High St., and is a two story brick 8tructui-e, 160 ft. long by 75 ft. wido. The w. wing only of the general plan iH finished; but that Is complete in itself, and boa 4 wards, capable of accommodating 100 patients. 2 14 R. C, 8 Presb., 7 Prot. E., 7 M, E., 6 Bap., 4 Ger. Evang., 3 Luth., 2 Kef. Prot. D., and 1 each Aseo. Presb., French Prot,, Unit., Univ., Mission, and Bethel. The R. C. Church of cit. Louis, in this city, has been prominently before the public from the refusal of its trustees to convey their church property to the bishop, and the extraordinary but ineffectual efforts made by the Roman pontiff to induce obedience to this order. In 1863 Cardinal Bedini visited America, liaving this as a prominent object of his mission ; but the trustees were inflexible, and still continue the owners of their property. ERIE COUNTY. 295 the largest and most costly in the city.> St. Paul's' and St. John's, (Prot. E.,) and the North and central (Fresb.) churches, are elegant and substantial structures. ihe earliest notice of the site of the city of Buffalo is found in the travels of Baron La Hontan, who visited this locality in 1687.' No v^hite settlers located here until after the American Revo- M 1' 1 701 n ^ °^ ^^^ ^'""^"^ ^'"^'^''' ^"y °° ^^^'^''° <^™«'^' ^^"^^ 3 mi. from its mouth. In March 1791, Col. Thos. Proctor, U. S. Commissioner, visited "Buffalo Creek,"-&s this village was then called,-on an embassy to the Indians. The locality around the mouth of the creek was then called Lake Erie," and Cornelius Winney, an Indian trader, resided there.* The place was visited m 1795 by La Rochefouoault Liancourt, a French nobleman, who says that "at the post on Lake Erie there was a small collection of four or five houses."^ Buffalo was laid out by the agent of the Holland Land Company in 1801, and was called by them "New Amsterdam.'" Se1> tlement was commenced at Black Rock in 1807.' In 1808 " New Amsterdam" was made the county seat of Niagara co.; and its name was then changed to Buffalo. In 1812 it became a military post. In Dec. 1813, a party of British and Indians crossed over from Canada, defeated the Ameri- can forces, and fired the villages of Black Rock and Buffalo. Only two dwelling houses were left standmg.8 The rebuilding of the village was not commenced until 1815. Buffalo had from the first a formidable rival in Black Rock. While the mouth of Buffalo Creek was obstructed by a bar. Black Rock possessed an excellent harbor and monopolized the infant commerce of the lake. The " Walk-in-the- Water," the first steamboat on Lake Erie, was built at Black Rock in 1818. The construction of Buffalo harbor was commenced in 1820, by the citizens ;" and in 1827 the General Government assumed its completion and built the present pier and lighthouse. The Erie Canal was finished in 1825 ; and from that time to the present Buffalo has increased in wealth and popu- lation with the characteristic rapidity of the cities of the West.'" COICRTO'W AG A"— was formed from Amherst, March 22, 1839 ; and a part of West Seneca was taken off in 1851. It is an interior town, lying n. of the center of the co. The surface is level. The principal streams are Eleven Mile, Cayuga, and Slate Bottom Creeks The soil is a heavy, tough clay. Ctilcktowaga and Four Mile Creek are p. offices. The first settle- ment was made by Apollos Hitchcock, in 1808.^^ There is but 1 church (R. C.) in town. CL.ARE1VCE— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 11, 1808. Alden was taken off in 1823, and Lancaster in 1833. It lies upon the N. border of the co., between New- stead and Amherst. Its surface is level. A limestone terrace about 50 feet high, with a wall- like front facing the N., extends E. and w. through the center of the town. The streams are Tona- wanda Creek, on the n. border, and Ransoms Creek, flowing n. w. through near the center of the town. The soil in the N. part is clayey, and in the s. a sandy and gravelly loam underlaid by 1 The cathedral is 236 ft. long, 86 ft. wide in the body, and 120 at the transept. The ceiling is 75 ft. high, the roof outside 90 feet, and the spire, when finished, will be 220 fr. high. The windows are all of beautiful stained glass, the larger ones in figures representing sacred scenes and characters. The tri- partite window above the altar represents the birth, cruci- fixion, and ascension of Christ. This window was executed iu Munich, at a cost of $5,000. 2 This church was erected at a cost of about $100,000. It has a chime of 10 bells, which cost $15,000. 8 La Hontan recommended to the French Government the erection of a fort at this place. * Winney's house — undoubtedly the first erected iu Buffalo — stood near where the Washington St. Canal Bridge now is. 6 Besides Winney, Johnston, the British Indian interpreter, Martin Middaugh and his family, and his son-in-law, JSzekiel Lane, resided here at that time; and in 1796 Asa Kansom, Jesse Skinner, and "Biack Joe" were also here. Skinner kept an inn, and Winney and ''Black Joe^' an Indian store. 6 The principal streets were named from members of the Hol- land Land Company. Main St. was called " Wdtinks Avenue," Niagara St. " Schimnieljoennicks Avenue," Genesee St. '-Busti Avenwi,'' JSrie St. "VoUenlumns Avenue," and Church St."Slad- nitzki Armue." In ffi26 these names were changed by the trustees of the village. The business of the Holland Land Com- pany was transacted here for a short time previous to the open- ing of their office at "Hansoms Qrme," now Clarence Hollow, J Ilie* surveyor general was directed (April 11, 1804) to lay out the land about Black Hook— forming a part of the Mile Strip— into lots and report to the legislature. This was ac- cordingly done; and in his report the surveyor general stated his belief that this was the best, if not the only, place at this end of the lake where a harbor of proper size could be constiTicted. From the earliest period Ihe U. S. had desig- nated this vicinity as the site of a fortiiicalion. The report closed with the following words:— "It will be observed that streets are laid where it will either be impracticable or useless to open them soon. It may, notwithstanding, be useful now to contemplate, in the plans of towns, what will be necessary ar- rangements a century hence. Such plans on record, while for the present they can be productive of no harm, may prevent those aberrations from order that might hereafter be a cause of much inconvenience; and, without being governed by ex- travagant calculations, no doubt can be entertained that the future importance of this place will justify extensive views in the projection of its arrangements." The village, like Lewiston, Oswego, Salina, and Fort Covington, was patented in small parcels. 8 See p. . In 1825, Congress made an appropriation of $80,000 to compensate the iuhabitante for the losses incurred by this disaster. The sum of $1,861.25 was raised by subscription, and a loan of $12,000 was obtained from the State. A pier, extending 80 rods into the lake, was built, and a lighthouse erected upon the land. The Superior — the second steamboat launched upon Lake Erie— was built at Buffalo in 1822. The population at different periods has been as follows : — 1846 29,773 1850 42,261 1866 74,214 1810 1,608 1830. 1814 1,060 1835 19,715 1820 2,095 1840 18,213 1826 5,141 The population of Black Rock (now about 12,000) is Included in the returns of 1866 only. 11 This name was given at the suggestion of Alex. Hitchcock. It is a corruption of the Seneca word '• Jiik-do-waah-geh," signi- fying "the place of the crab-apple tree," the Indian name of this locality. 12 Among the early settlers were Sam'l Lasure, Roswell Judson, Abraham Hatch, and Maj. Noble. The fii-st birth was that of a child of Koswell Hatch, in 1810; and the flist death, that of Franklin Hitchcock, in 1818. The first mill was built by Sam'l Lasure, in 1810 ; and the first inu was kept by Jesse Munson, in 1816. 296 ERIE COUNTY. limestone. Clarence Hollow, (Clarence p. o.,) near the s. e. corner of the town, contains 3 churches, the Clarence Academy,' and a pop. of 400; Clarence Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and about 40 houses. Harris Hill (p. o.) and Worth Clarence (p.o.) are hamlets. • The first settlement was made at Clarence Hollow in 1799, by Asa Ransom.^ The census reports 7 churches in town.' COl,»EI«*— was formed from Holland, April 2, 1827. It is an interior town,^ lying s. of the center of the co. The surface is an elevated upland, rolling in the E. and hilly in the w. The w. branch of Cazenove Creek flows through the w. part of the town and is bordered by steep declivities 150 to 200 ft. high. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Coldeu, (p. V.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains a sawmill, a gristmill, and 34 houses ; Glenwood, (p. v.,) on the same stream, contains 1 church, 3 sawmills, 2 lath mills, u, tannery, and 30 houses. The first settlement was made in 1810, by Richard Buffum.^ The Presbyterian, at Glenwood, is the only church in town. COIililSfS— was formed from Concord, March 16, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839, and North Collins in 1852. It lies on the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is a rolling upland, sloping gradually to the w. and descending abruptly to Cattaraugus Creek upon the s. The summits of the ridges are 150 to 300 ft. above the valleys. Cattaraugus Creek forms, the s. boundary of the town; and the other streams are Clear Creek and its tributaries. The channels of these streams are narrow and deep. The soil is a clayey loam on the uplands and a gravelly loam along the streams. Collins Center (p. v.) contains 1 church and 36 houses. Angola is a p. o. near the n. w. corner of the town. Goivanda lies partly in this town.^ The first settlement was made in 1806, by Jacob Taylor.' There are 5 churches in town.* COWCORD— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and Collins and Sardinia were taken off in 1821. It lies upon the s. border of the co., between Sardinia and Collins. The surface is a rolling or hilly upland, with steep declivities bordering upon Cattaraugus Creek. Townsend Hill, the highest point, is nearly 1500 ft. above tide. The principal streams are Cattaraugus Creek, upon the s. boundary of the town, and its tributaries. Several small brooks, forming the head waters of Eighteen Mile and Cazenove Creeks, take their rise in this town. The soil in the s. part is a gravelly loam, and in the N. a clayey loam underlaid by hardpan. Spriogville, (p. v.,) incorp. April 11, 1834, is situa:ted in the s. part of the town, and contains 5 churches, the Springville Academy, a newspaper ofBce, and several manufacturing establish- ments.' Pop. 953. Mortons Corners, (p. v.,) in the s. w. part, contains 1 church, 2 saw- mills, a gristmill, and 20 houses. Woodivards HollO'W (p.o.) is a hamlet. The first settle- ment was made in 1808, by Christopher Stone.'" The first church was organized Nov. 2, 1816, by Rev. John Spencer. There are 7 churches in town." EAST HAMBURGH— was formed from Hamburgh, as " Ellicott," Oct. 15, 1850. A part of West Seneca, as " Seneca," was taken off in 1851. Its name was changed Feb. 20, 1852. It is an interior town, lying near the center of the co. The surface is a broken upland. Chestnut Ridge, the highest land in the town, has an elevation of about 500 ft. above Lake Erie. The declivities of the hills are generally gradual slopes, broken by narrow ravines formed by the streams. Smokes Creek and its branches are the most considerable streams. The soil is a loam, gravelly in the N. and clayey in the s. East Hamburgli, (p. v.,) n. of the center of the town, 1 Established as the Clarence Classical School in 1841, by J. Iladley and K. Blennerhassott. 2 Asa Ransom w.is a man of considerable influence with the Indians. They gave him the name of "0-wi«-ia-n(wi^sgi«Mltcft," signifying " maker of silver," or "maker of silver money." Gen. Timothy Hopkins settled in the town in 1797; Asa Chap- man, Timothy James, Wm.Updegrafr, Christopher Saddler, Levi J'elton, Abraham Shope, John Haines, and John Gardner, in 1801 ; Andrew Dnrnet, Geo. Shnrman, Bera Ensign, and Jacob Shope, in 1803; and Daniel Bailey in 1804. The first birth was that of Harry B. Ransom, in 1801; and the first death, that of Keyes, in 1804. Asa Ransom opened the first public house, in 1801, built the first sawmill, in 1805, and the first gristmill, in 1806 ; Otis R. Hopkins kept the first store, in 1811. The first school was taught by Rebecca Hamlin, in 1805. 3 3 Mennonites, Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Presb., and Union. 4 Named from Cadwalladei-D. Golden, tlien in the State Senate. 6 Thos. Pope, Josiah Brown, and L. Owen settled in the town in 1810, and Jesse Southwick, Richard Sweet, Nath'l Bowen, and Silas Lewis in 1811. The first birth was that of a child of Thos. Pope, in 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Jas. Sweet and Char- lotte Buffum, in 1810; and the first death, that of Natlianiel Bowen, in 1813. Elcharii Buffum built the first mill, in 1810. The first school was taught by Mary Eddy, in the winter of 1814. fl See page . 7 Joshua Palmerton, Stephen Peters, Turner Aldrich, and Stephen Lapham settled in the town in 1810, and Stephen Wil- bur and Sylvanus Bates in 1811. The first birth was that of a son of Aaron Liudsley, in 1810; the first marriage, that of Stephen Peterson and Sarah Palmerton, in 1811; and the first death, that of Straight, in 1812 Jacob Taylor built the first mill, in 1812; John Hanford kept the first store, in 1813, and Nathan King the first inn, in 1816. The first school was taught by John King, in 1815. 8 Christians, Friends, F. W. Bap., Presb., and Union. ^ A woolen factory, 2 planing mills, a turning shop, a paw mill, 2 gristmills, a tannery, a stone sawing mill, and a furnace and machine shop. 10 John Albro and John Russell settled in the town the same year, Siun'l Cochrane in 1809. and Rufus Eaton, Joseph Adams, Alva Plumb, and David Shultiez in 1810. The first birth was that of Lucius Stoue, in 1809; the first marriage, that of .Tas. Runnell and Anna Richmond, in 1813 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. ,Tohn Albro, in 1808. Anna Richmond taught the first school, in 1811, 11 Bap., V. W. Bap., M. E., Presb., R. C, Union, and Univ. ERIE COUNTY. 297 contains 2 churches, 2 sawmills, and 40 houses. EUlcott (p. b.) is a hamlet. The first settle^ mentwas made in 1803, by David Eddy, from Rutland, Yt.' There are 3 churches in town; Friends, M. E., and Union. EDEIV— was formed from "Willink," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812. Boston was taken off in 1817, and Evans in 1821. It is an interior town, lying s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface 18 hilly and broken in the e. and level in the w. A ridge about 500 ft. above the lake extends along the e. border. The principal streams are Eighteen Mile Creek and its branches. The soil is a graveUy loam intermixed with clay. Eden, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, contains 3 churches, a sawmill, a stave and shingle mill, a tannery, and 63 houses ; Eden Val- ley, (p.v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and 20 houses. Clarks- bury and East Eden are p. ofBces. The first settlement was made in 1808, by Benj., Joseph, and Samuel Tubbs.^ The first religious services were conducted by Rev. "VVm. Hill, in 1812. There are 8 churches in town.' EliMA— was formed from Lancaster and Aurora, Dec. 4, 1857. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is gently rolling, the summits of the ridges being 50 to 100 ft. above the valleys. Big Bufi'alo and Cazenove Creeks flow through the town. The soil is a clayey loam in the n. and a gravelly loam in the s. Spring Brook, (p. v.,) on Cazenove Creek, contains 2 churches and several manufactories.* Pop. 300. Elma^ (P-t.) has several manufacturing establishments^ and 34 houses ; and Upper Ebenezer 27 houses. The first settlement was made in 1827, by Taber Earlle.' There are 2 churches in town ; Presb. and R. C. EVAIVS*— was formed from Eden, March 23, 1821. A part of Brandt was taken off in 1839. It lies upon the lake shore, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level. The land rises from the lake in a bluff 20 to 40 ft. high ; and the highest part of the town, near the E. border, has an eleva- tion of 160 ft. above the lake. The streams are Big and Little Sister Creeks. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Evans, (p.v.,) situated on Big Sister Creek, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 45 houses; Angola, (p.v.,) on the same stream, is a station on the Erie R. R., and contains a gristmill, a sawmill, and about 45 houses ; l¥ortll Evans, (p. v.,) on Eighteen Mile Creek, in the n. e. part of the town, contains 3 churches, a gristmill, a sawmill, a tannery, and about 40 houses ; East Evans, (p.v.,) in the n. part of the town, and Pontlac, (p. v.,) on Big Sister Creek, in the s. E. part, contain about 20 houses each. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Joel Harvey." There are 7 churches in town.'" CiRAIVD ISEAIVD — was formed from Tonawanda as a town, Oct. 19, 1852. It is the N.w. comer town in the CO., and comprises Grand, Buckhorn, and Beaver Islands, in Niagara River. Its surface is nearly level, and a considerable portion of it is still covered with forests. The soil of the upper part is clayey, and of the lower part sandy. The people are principally engaged in grain raising and lumbering. Grand Island is a p. o. on the E. shore. There is no village on the island, although it is thickly settled along the shores. The first settlers were squatters, who located soon after the War of 1812 and before it was decided to which Government the island belonged." In 1820, Mordecai M. Noah, of New York, conceived the project of forming a 1 Ezekiel Cook and Zenas Smith settled in the town in 1803, and Amos Colvin and Ezekiel and Daniel Smith in 1804. The first marriage was that of Almon C. Laire and Lydia Sprague, in 1808; the first birth, that of a son of Daniel Smith, in 1806; and the first death, that of the same child, in 1806. Dan'l Smith bnilt the first mill, in 1807 ; John Green kept the first inn, in 1807, and David Eddy the first store, in 1809. The first school was taught by Anna Eddy, in 1807. 2 Among the first settlers were John Marsh, Silas Este, and CalTin Thompson, who came in 1809, and Daniel and Edward Webster, in 1810. The first birth was that of Hannah Tnbbs, in 1809; the first marriage, that of David Doan and Anna Hill, in 1815; and the first death, that of Jas. Welch, in 1812. Elisha Welch built the first sawmill, in 1811, and the first gristmill, in 1812. Wm. Hill kept the first inn, in 1814, and Fillmore k Johnson the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by Eowena Plack, in 1812. 8 3 Ref. Prot. D., Bap.. Evang. Lnth ., M. E., Presb., and K. C. I 2 sawmills, a shingle and trailing mill, 2 gristmills, and a tannery. 6 Named from a very large elm tree near Elma Village. 8 1 gristmill, 2 planing mills, and a chair factory. ' Timothy Treat, Isaac Williams, Willard and Jas. Fairbanks, and Amasa Adams settled in the town in 1830, and Zima A. Hemstreet, Abraham Taher, and Jacob Pettengill in 1831. The first birth was that of H. Scott Fairbanks, in 1831 ; the first marriage, that of Gould Hiuman and Louisa Adams, in 1835; and the first death, that of the wife of Isaac Williams, in 1830. The first mill waa built by Eastabrook, in 1824; and the first inn was kept by Taber Earlle, in 1829. Emily Paine taught the first school, in 1831. 8 Named from David E. Evans, agent of the Ilolland Land Company. 9 Fisk and Worder settled in the town in 1808, Aaron Salisbury and Aaron Cash in 1809, and Andrew Tyler and Elyah Gates in 1810. The first birth was that of a daughter of David Cash, in Jan. 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Whiting Cash and Persia Taylor, June 28, 1815 ; and the first death, that of Jona- than Cash, in 1811. Henry Tuttle built the first mill, in 1817 ; Joel Harvey kept the first inn, in 1S06; and John Harris the first store, in 1815. The first school was taught by Hib- bard, in 1811. During the War of 1812 a party of British sailors and mariners landed near Sturgeon Point, in the night, and commenced plun- dering the inhabitants. Judge Aaron Salisbury, then a yonng man, seized his musket and started off alone to get a shot at them. When he arrived they were retreating to their boats, and an exchange of shots produced no damage on either side. They started for the mouth of Eighteen Mile Creek, and he on foot endeavored to get there before them; but ihey had landed when he arrived. He immediately commenced firing; and they, not knowing how large a force was opposing them, re- treated to their boats and speedily left. Here one man fright- ened away 100 and saved the inhabitants from plunder. 10 3 Bap., 3 Cong., 3 M. E., and R. C. 11 The treaty of peace fixed the boundary between the two countries along the principal branch of Niagara lUvcr. A dis- pute in regard to which was the principal brauch was settled in 298 ERIE COUNTY. colony of Jews upon Grand Islahd, as an Ararat, or resting place, for that scattered and broken people.^ HAMBURGH^— was formed from "TFtZZm/c," (now Aurora,) March 20, 1812; and East Hamburgh was taken off in 1850, and a part of "West Seneca, as ''Seneca," in 1851. It lies on the shore of Lake Erie, near the center of the w. border of the co. Its surface in the e. is rolling; but in the w. it is nearly level, with a gentle inclination toward the lake. A bluff averaging 50 to 100 feet high borders the lake. The principal stream is Eighteen Mile Creek. The soil is mostly a clayey loam ; in the s. e. corner it is gravelly. "Wliites Corners, (p. v.,) on the n. branch of Eighteen Mile Creek, in the s. e. part of the town, contains 5 churches, a gristmill, a saw- mill, a tannery, and has a pop. of 609; IVater Valley, (p.o.,) on the same stream, w. of Whites Corners, contains a woolen factory, a furnace, and 20 houses; Abbotts Corners, (Hamburgh p. o.,) in the E. part of the town, contains 2 churches, a sawmill, a shingle mill, and 145 inhabitants. Big Tree Corners and aianibiarg-b-on-tlie-l.alte are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Nathaniel Titus and Dr. Kufus Belden.^ There are 7 churches in town.* HOIiliAIVD — ^was formed from ''WiUinJc," (now Aurora,) April 15, 1818; and Colden was taken off in 1827. It lies upon the e. border of the co., s. e. of the center. The surface is a high, broken upland, divided by the valley of Cazenove Creek. The summit of the highland is about 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The soil is a. gravelly loam, intermixed in some places vrith slate and clay. The valley of Cazenove Creek is very fertile. Holland, (p-"^-!) on Cazenove Creek, contains 1 church, several manufacturing establishments,^ and 28 houses. The first settlement was made in 1807, by Jared Scott, Abner Currier, and Arthur Humphrey, from Vt.^ There is but 1 church (Bap.) in town. liAWCASTER — was formed from Clarence, March 20, 1833 ; a part of Elma was taken off in 1857, and a part of West Seneca in 1851. It is an interior town, n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level. Cayuga and Eleven Mile Creeks are the principal streams ; upon them are several mill sites. The soil is a clayey and gravelly loam. I^ancaster, (p. v.,) incorp, March 13, 1849, is a station on the N. Y.C. K. R., in the w. part of the town. It contains 6 churches, a bank, and several manufactories.'^ Pop. 1,259. ^Bo'iTmansvillei, (p-"^-)) in the n. w. corner of the town, 1818, tiy commissionerB appointed respectively by the UDited States and British Uovernmentg. While tbe matter was stiU undecided, a large number of lawless persons— mostly refugees from justice frum both sides of the river — squatted upon the island, locating principally along the shores. Remaining for some time unmolested, they began to commit extensive depre- dations upon the timber ; and finally they set up an independent government and elected a full quota of municipal olBcers. In April, 1819, the legislature passed an act authorizing the re- moval of these intruders. During the succeeding summer the governor issued a proclamation commanding- them to de.^jist from depredations upon the property of the State, and at once to remove- A few obeyed the command; but, seeing no active demonstrations on the part of Government, they returned. In the fall of 1819, Gov. Clinton directed Col. Jaa. Cronk, tlie sheriff of Niagara co., to call out a sufticient military fnrce for the pur- pose and forcibly expel them. On tbe 9th of Dec. 1819, the sheriff, acoompanied by Lieuts. Benj. Hodge and Osborne, 2 Serjeants, 4 corporals, and '2-i privates, went to the island in boats, manned by 20 boatmen, to carry into execution the orders of the governnr. Every facility was given the people to remove with their efTects ; and the boatmen took them to either shore, as they might elect. The military were divided into 3 parties: a vanguard, to rt-ad the governor's orders and assist in clearing the housi's; a second party, to forcibly remove all property left in the buildings; and a rear guard, to burn the buildings and complete the removal and destruction. Seventy houses were burned, and 150 people, consisting of men, women, and children, were turned out shelterless upon the U, S. and Canada shores. Two building?, filled with grain, alone were saved. The removal aud destruction occupied 5 days and cost the State $568.99. A few families returned immediately, bxit did not re- main. 1 In a memorial to the legislature in 1820 for the purchase of the island. Maj. Noah explained his object; recounted the persecution wbirh his co-religionifl ly Despatch, published by E. C. Hatten about 1 year. Tlie Fulton Sun was started in 1841 by N. B. Northrop. In 1842 it was united with the Mirror. The Fultrm Mirror was established Aug. 20, 1842, by Daniel Ayer. It was soon after united with the Sun and issued as The Fulton Swn and Mirror. In Sept. 1844, it was sold to Spencer Munroe, and soon after discontinued. It was succeeded by Til© Fwlton JPatrlot. M. C. Hough, John A. Place, and T. S. Brigbam were successively interested in its publi- cation. The latter was succeeded by R. K. Sandford, its present publisher. Tlie Oswego County Gazette, commenced at Fulton in 1853 by Geo. E. Williams, was merged in The Fulton Patriot in 1858. The Port Ontario Aurora was published by Yan Cleve and subsequently by Dickinson from 1837 to 1839, when it was united with The Pulaski Advocate. The Oswego County Devwcrat was started at Mexico in 1838 by Thomas Messenger. It was afterward styled The Messenger, and was discontinued in 1839. The Phcenix Gazette, started at Phoenix in 1851, was published by Jerome Duke, and afterward by Geo. E. WilHams until 1853, when it was removed to Fulton. The Phcenix democrat was established in 1852 by an association. In 1854 it was sold to James H. Field, and the next year he gave it the name of The Phcenix Banner. In 1855 it was published a short time as The Amai-ican Banner and Oawpgo Cmmty TimEs. It was sus- pended in 1855, and in 1856 it was revived by Mary Frances Tucker, and called The American Banner and Literary Gem. Eight months after- ward it was sold to Levi Murrill, by whom it was pub- lished as The American Banner until 1857. After being suspended two months, it was revived, under the title of The Phoenix Reporter, by Joshua Williams, by whom it is still published. 1 There is a tracUtion that the French established a military post here at a very eaily period ; but research among the papers of that period does not corroborate the statement. 2 There were several portages on this route,— aronnd the falls in the streams, and across from Wood Creek to the Mohawk. 3 Not a single trace of this fortification now remains. * This fort stood at the junction of West 6th and Van Buren Sts. 6 The French landed 50 mi. e. of Oswego, and marched along the l^ke shore under cover of their naval force. The English garrison numbered 2,000 strong. Col. Mercer, the English com- mander, was killed by a cannon shot on the 2d day of the siege. « In this grant the State made reservations of the territory at the mouth of the river, within the limits of the city of Oswego, and also at the falls in the village of Fulton. Most of these reservations were disposed of at public sale in 1S27. At an earlier date, considerable tracts in Scriba's Patent, on Oswego River, were jointly purchased by Gen. Alexander Hamilton, John Laurence, and John B. Church. Several other grants were also made along the river. Other tracts of considerable magni- tude were purchased by Scbroeppel, Rosevelt, and others. ' This survey and subdivision was made by Benjamin Wright, who in 179^-94 ran the base line from Rome to Fort Ontario, on which the towns of Scriba's Patent were laid out. The town- OSWEGO COUNTY. 305 " Vera Cna,"'' (now Texas.) He here built a saw and grist mill, store, and other buildings, and commenced an active trade on the lake; and for some years the place bid fair to become a formid- able rival of Oswego, and the most important commercial station upon the lake. A few other settlements were made at other points in the co., principally under the auspices of Mr. Scriba, pre- vious to 1800 ; but immigration did not begin to flow in rapidly until a few years later. The lands of Mr. bcriba were divided and sold to a great number of different parties; and while his exertions and expenditures were of gi-eat service to the first settlers, they proved extremely unprofitable to him- T^\ w *'°"''°°'^ ^^*^ '^'^ *^® frontier settlements, the growth of this region was seriously retarded by the War of 1812. Oswego Village became the theater of stirring military events ; and on the 5th of May, 1814, it was taken by the British.' At the return of peace, immigration again flowed in, and the subsequent history has been one of steady and continuous progress. The opening of the Erie and Oswego Canals, m this State, and of the Welland Canal, in Canada, greatly increased the commercial importance of the city and stimulated the manufacturing interests throughout the oo. ALiBIOlV— was taken from Richland, March 24, 1825. It is an interior town, lying E. of the center of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating. The summits of the ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys, and the highest point in town is 392 feet above Lake Ontario. The low- lands are wet and in some places marshy. Salmon River flows through the n. part.* In the n.e. part are 2 or 3 small ponds. The soil consists of deposits of sand and gravel, and is of medium quality. Drift deposits cover the whole surface, except along the river courses, where the underlying rocks crop out. Much of the s. part of the town is yet unsettled. Considerable manufacturing is carried on.* Sand Bank, (p. v., ) on Salmon River, is a station on the Watertown & Rome R. R., midway between the two places. It contains 1 church, a hotel, 4 stores, 2 tanneries, 5 sawmills, and a flour- ing mill. Pop. 313. Pineville, (Salmon River p. o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., situated on Salmon River, contains 1 church, an inn, a store, a sawmill, and a large tannery. Pop. 144. Bfew Centerville, (p. o.,) a station on the W. & R. R. R., and Oug "Way (South Albion p.o.) are hamlets. The town was first settled early in 1812, by Gary Burdie, of Williamstown, on Lot 29, and Peter Henderson, at Sand Bank.' There are 4 churches in town.' AMBOT — ^was formed from Williamstovm, March 25, 1830. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., s. of the center. The surface is rolling and has a general southerly inclination. Its highest point is about 450 feet above Lake Ontario. It is drained principally by Fish Creek and other small tributaries of Oneida Lake. In the s. and w. parts are numerous small lakes and ponds, the principal of which are Painter Lake, North and South Ponds. The N. half of the town is in the region of the gray sandstone, and the s. half in that of the red or Medina sandstone. The soil is principally a sandy or gravelly loam. Amboy Center (p. v.) contains 13 houses; West ships of Seriba's Patent, like those of MaoomVs Purcliaae, re- ceived names fi-om the proprietors that are kuown only in deeds ; viz., — 1. Fulda „ Ava, Lee, and Annsville. 2. Munden Lee and Home. 3. Solingen Annsville 4. Florence Florence. 5. Franklin Williamstown. 6. Middleburgh Araboy. 7. Linley Camden. 8. Bloomjield Lee and Annsville. 9. Embden Vienna. 10. Edam Vienna. 11. Rotterdam Constantia. 12. Delft „ West Monroe. 13. Breda. Hastings. 14. Brugen Palermo. 16. Mentz Volney. 16. Georgia Schroeppel. 17. Fredericksburgh Scriba and Oswego City. 18. Oswego Scriba and Oswego. 19. Vera Cruz New Haven. 20. Mexico Mexico. 21. Kichland. Bichland. 22. Alkmaer Albion 23. Strasburgh Parish. 24. Erlang. Schroeppel. The townships of the Boylston Tract in this co. are,— 6. Campania Boylston. 7. Arcadia Kedfleld, (once Greenboro'.) 10. Eichland Sandy Creek and Kichland. 11. Longinius OrweU. 12. Redfleld Redfleld. Bichland appears to be uncertain, or this name has been appUed to two surveys. 1 Vera Cruz was laid out into city lots by Mr. Wright, who was an .igent of Scriba, and considerable improvtments were made. A 4 rod highway was cut from Rotterdam to Vera Cruz, .a distance of 20 mi., from lake to lake. In 1798 a schooner was built there by Mr. Seriba's agent, which was engaged in the trade between Vera Cruz and the Canadian port of Kingston. It is said tliat in 1804 more merchandise was sold there than at Oswego or Utica; and in the imagination of many persons Vera Cruz was destined to command the trade of Canada and the West. But, by a series of disasters on the bike, a large portion of the male residents were lost to the infant settlement; and the restrictive policy of Mr. .Jefferson's administration, followed by the War of 1812. extinguished the iiatteiing prospects of Vera Cruz. The events and the action of half a century have nearly obliterated all traces of the once promising city. 2 At the time of the purchase Mr. Seriba's fortune was esti- mated at $1,500,000 ; but the whole of it became swallowed up in his efforts to promote the interests of the infant settlements; and he died Aug, 14, 1836, at the age of 84, a poor man, 8 See page , * Before the dams were built upon this river, great numbers of salmon were annually taken. 6 Large quantities of lumber, leather, and barrels are manu- factured, the latter for the Onondaga salt and Oswego tionr markets. There are 38 sawmills, 3 tanneries, and 2 gristmills in town. s In 1813 David, Luther, and Benj. Lilly and Allen McClarn settled in the town. The first birth was that of a son of Luther Lilly, in 1813 ; the iirst marriage, that of Henry Baker and Lucy Burdie, in 1819 ; and the first death, that of a son of Luther Lilly, in 1813, The first inn was kept by Dr. Brace, at Sand Bank, in 1814; and the first store, by Animi Ilinkley, in 1828. The Lilly brothers built the first sawmill, in 1813. and Ezekiel Smith the first gristmill, in 1818. The first school was taught by Sylvia Breed, in the summer of 1817. ' 2 Union, Bap., M. £. 306 OSWEGO COUNTY. Amboy (p.v.) 20; and CarterviUe (p. v.) 12. Joseph Perkins from Conn., was the first settler, in 1805.^ There are 2 churches in town; M. E. and Bap., both located at Amhoy Center. BOYI^STOIir^-was formed from Orwell, Feb. 7, 1828. It lies upon the n. border of the co., E. Of the center. Its surface is rolling in the center and e., and moderately hilly m the w It ha^ a westerly inclination, and its highest points are 700 to 800 feet above tide. The soil m the n. and w. parts is a productive, gravelly loam, the underlying rock being the Lorraine shale The s.e. corner of the town extends into the gray limestone region, and the soil is l^g^t ^^d thin. BOTlston (p ) is in the n. w. part. The first settlement was made m 1810, on Lots 2 and 3, by John Wort and Michael Sweetman, both from Canajoharie.« Meetings for religious worship are held in the town by the Episcopal Methodists and the Wesleyan Methodists. COIVSTAWTIA*— was formed from Mexico, April 8, 1808. Hastings was taken off in 1825, and West Monroe in 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, in the s.e. comer of the co. The surface is nearly level, and is slightly inclined toward the s. The principal streams are Scnba and Black Creeks, flowing into Oneida Lake. Iron ore is found in the Clinton group of rocks, which extend through the s. part. The soil consists of clay, gravel, sand, and vegetable mold, and in general is fertile. Most of the interior is yet unsettled. Frenchmans Island, in Oneida Lake, about 3 mi, from Constantia, belongs to this town; it contains about 28 acres.* Lumber, leather, glass, and iron are extensively manufactured. « Cleveland,^ (p. ^.,) incorp. April 15, 1857, is located on Oneida Lake, in the e. part of the tovra. It contains 2 churches, 2 glass factories, and several other manufactories. Pop. 1,005. Constantia, (p.v.,) in the w. part, on Oneida Lake, contains 2 churches and has a pop. of 600. Bernliard Bay, (p.v.,) on the lake, contains 2 churches, a glass factory, and 360 inhabitants. Constantia Center is a p. o. Soon after the purchase of Scriba's Patent, in 1790, Mr. Scriba commenced the first settlement of his lands at Con- stantia, and established agents and laborers there in 1793.« There are 7 churches in town.^ OR AWB Y— was formed from Hannibal, April 20, 1818. A part of Oswego was taken off in 1836. It lies on the w. bank of Oswego River, in the s, w. part of the co. The surface is gently rolling, with a slight inclination to the n.e. Oswego Kiver flows through a valley from 30 to 60 feet below the general level of the tovra ; within this town it has a fall of 40 feet. Lake Nea-tah-wan-ta, near the center of the e. part, is about 1 mi. in diameter. It lies about 25 feet above the river at the head of the falls. The streams are Ox Creek, Six Mile Creek, and the outlet of Nea-tah-wan-ta Lake. The soil is generally a sandy or gravelly loam. Bradstreets^° or Battle Island is in Oswego River, about 4 mi. below the Oswego Falls. Starch, leather, lumber, and the products of wood are extensively manufactured.^^ Oswego Falls, (p. v.,) incorp. Oct. 12, 1853, a station on the S. & 0, R. R., is situated on Oswego River, opposite the village of Fulton. Pop. 703. Granby Center and iSoutli Oranby are p. offices. The first settlement was made at the falls in 1792, by Laurence Van Valkin, from Rensselaer co., N. Y.*^ There are now 2 churches in town.^^ 1 Among the early settlers were David Smith, in 1815; Win. and Tsiiac Claxton and John Brought, in 1818 ; and Sap;e Park, in 1821. The first inn was kejit by Joseph Perkins, in 1805; the first sawmill waa built by Joseph Murphy, in 1822, and the first gristmill by Sage Park, in 1828. The first school was taught by Cynthia Stoddard, in the summer of 1823. 2 Named from Tho.«!. Boylaton, who held, for a few hours, the title of a tract since known as the Boylston Purchase. He never owned the tract; the conveyance waa simply a trust, and quickly passed into other hands. 3 Among the first settlers were David Webb, in 1810; R. Streeter, in 1814; and Peter and Samuel Wells, in 1815. The first birth was that of Phebe Ann Wood; the first marriage, that of Samuel Wells and Elizabeth Gordon ; and the firat death, that of an infant child of Mr. Ward. Eeuben Snyder built the first sawmill, in 1822. The first school waa taught by Polly Allport, in 1817. * Named by the proprietor, Geo. Scriba. B "During the French Kevoluiion of 1793. when the French nobility were compelled to seek safety in flight, and the trains of exiles to this country were crowded with dukes and princes of the blood, the Count St. Hilary, a yonng Frenchman, and his beautiful and accomplished wife, a daughter of the noble house of Clermont, landed upon our shores. Following the trail of emigration westward, they reached Oneida Lake, then on the great thoroughfare of travel; and. attracted by the beautiful island and its primitive forests, they landed upon it, and con- cluded to make it their fature home. Here, in the deep Boli- tude of nature, they enjoyed for many months perfect peace and quietude. Their place of residence was at length discovered by Chancellor Livingston, who had formerly enjoyed the elegant hospitalitiea of the Indy'a family at Paris. He visited them in their rural home, and, after spending some time with them, he prevailed upon them to return with him to his mansion upon the Hudson. There they, continued to reside until Bonaparte had put an end to the reign of terror and restored mucb of the. confiscated property to the exiles of the Revolution, when they returned to France. Several years after, as Livingston stood upon the bank of the Seine, amidst a crowd of distinguished Parisians, to witness the first experiment of Robert Fulton in steam navigation, he wns recognized by the Count, who at once took him to his residence, and treated him duringhis stay at Paris as a generous benefactor and an honored guest. Livingston's man- sion upon the Hudson and thefirst steamboat ofFulton and Living- ston were both named, in honor of the lady's family, ' Clermont.' " ^ There are 34 sawmills, 2 flouring mills, 3 glass factories, 2 tanneries, an iron foundery, and other manufacturing establish- ments in town. 1 Named from James Cleveland, who settled here in 1828. 8 Solomon Waring. Josh ua Lynch, and Dr. Vandercamp settled in town in 1793; and John Bern hard in 1795. The first birth was that of George Waring, April 11, 1796. The first store waa opened in 1793, by Mr. Scriba, and the first inn the same year, by Major Solomon Waring. In 1794-95, Mr. Scriba erected in this town the first sawmill and gristmill built' in the co. The first school was opened in 1797, at Constantia. » Presb., Prot. E., M.E., Asso. Presb., Friends, Ref. Prot. D., R.C. 10 So named from the circumstance of a battle having been fought upon it between the English, under Col. Bradstreet, and the French, with their Indian allies, in 1756; see page . u There are 16 sawmills, 1 gristmill, 2 tanneries, and a starch factory in town. 12 Henry Bush settled in town in 1793; Penoyer in 1794; Peter Hugunin in 1803 ; Bamet Morrey in 1804 ; and John Hut- chinson in 1808. The first store was opened in 1792, by an Inthan trader by the name of Fowler ; and the first inn was kept by Joha J. Walrad, in 1807. The first sawmill was built by Schenck & Wilson, in 1814, and the first gristmill in 1822. Berg. Robinson taught the fii'st school, in 1812. 13 Prot. Episc. and M. E. OSWEGO COUNTY. 30r brS alf St^!^Tn°™"^ *''°°' ^y^'^der, as a part of Onondaga cc, Feb. 28, 1806, and em- mS lis th ^ '""^^^ "''• ^^'°S w. of the river. Oswego and Granby were taken off in 30to50fe^tab„v;T,;"°T ^^^r^'^' '°- ^^"^ ''"^^'' ^' gently undulating, the ridges being The soil if! ?r . 7'- ^° '^' '• P''^' '^^^ ^«^«^=^1 ^^=^-P^. o-« of which covers ioo acres is found n T ^^^^ ^T"^^^ ^°''"- ^ ^^1* ^P"°S' fro'" ^1^'°1^ =^" l^'^ been manufactured, been dioov! /•'^' "°"T u P"°^' °^ ^"°"' «'^'^'-'^«teristic of the Medina sandstone strata, have ^rofit^dr tI "" ''^''^, °*'''' ^°'*^^''''' ^"^^ ""'^^ °f ^"ffi^ie'^t ^t^'^^gtl' t° -«°der their working Ztof wn fi" P^'^^'P^ ^'^"'^facturing establishments are those of leather, lumber, and the pr^ contin, n V, T?''*'i^- "'^ °" ^"-^ ^"« <^^-'^' '^ li*«« ^- °f the center of the toln, M^UCornt-'. Tso th ?."' .'r"^\ Hannibal Center (p. v.) contains 20 houses; and «.ri i««^^ i^. * ^""'^''^ P- °-^ ^^- Wheelers Corners is a hamlet in the n. part, Za h^, ITf T-u^^'l '' ^ P- °- '^^' ^''' ^^"^^'^^°* ^^^ -^« i'' 1802, by Thomas Sprague and his sons, from Milton, Saratoga co.^ The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1815.3 ^ ^ H ASTIHf GS-was formed from Constantia, April 20, 1825. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Kiver, in the s. part of the co. Its surface is level or gently undulating, its northern boundary being about 75 feet above Oneida Lake. The soil is clay, sand, and gravelly loam. In some parts ^ ^^ r^ .'.' ™? ^ ^""^ ^'^^'^ ^^^^' ^y "^'SS^^S- ^--^e «Pri"g« a« foiled in several parts m the red Medina sandstone formation. In the n.e. part is a tamarack swamp, of about5 acres, in the center of which is an immense spring 10 feet in diameter. This spring is on a level with the surrounding summit; and it is surrounded by a deep, loose muck which extends downward to an unknown depth. There are 18 sawmills, several gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. Central Sqnare (p. v.) contains about 50 houses ; Hastings, (p. v.,) in the n. part, 30 ; Caughdenoy, (Coc-e-noy,) (p. v.,) on Oneida River, in the s.w. part, 30; and Hastings Center (p.o.) 15. Smiths Mills and Fort Brewerton are villages of about 20 houses each. The latter is situated at the foot of Oneida Lake, on the site of old Fort Brewerton.* The first settlement was made at Fort Brewerton, by OUver Stevens, in 1789.^ There are 4 churches in town. MEXICO— was formed from Whitestown, April 10, 1792, as part of Herkimer co. Parts of Richland and New Haven were annexed May 9, 1836. It included the northerly towns of Oneida CO., nearly all of Lewis and Jefferson cos. w. of Black River, and all of Oswego co. E. of Oswego River. Camden was taken off in 1799, Champion, Redfield, Turin, Watertown, and Lowville in 1800, Adams in 1802, Lorraine and Williamstown in 1804, Volney in 1806, Constantia in 1808, New Haven in 1813, and Parish in 1828. Its surface is gently rolling. It is well watered by numerous small streams, the principal of which are Little Salmon and Sage Creeks. There is scarcely a foot of waste or broken land in the town. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, covered deep with alluvial deposits. The soil consists of clay, sand, and gravelly loam, and is very productive. Considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying; the manufacture of lumber, barrels, and leather is carried on to some extent.* Mexico, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. Jan. 15, 1851, and con- tains 3 churches, an academy,' 12 stores, 2 banks, 3 hotels, 8 flouring and grist mills, a sawmill, a furnace and machine shop, 3 coach factories, 4 carriage shops, and 3 cabinet shops. Pop. 948. Colosse, (p. V.,) in the s. e. part, contains 1 church, 2 inns, a store, 2 sawmills, and 2 gristmills. Pop. 119. Texas,' (p- v.,) located near the mouth of Little Salmon Creek, contains 30 houses; Union Square, in the e. part, is a p. office. The names of the earliest settlers within the pre- sent limits of this town are lost. There were about 25 who had already located in 1798 ; Jonathan Parkhurst and Nathaniel Rood, from Oneida CO., came that year.' By the upsetting of a boat upon the lake, in 1799, Capt. Geerman and 6 others were lost, and in 1804, by a similar disaster, 9 others. ^ There are 18 sawmills, a stave factory, 2 gristmilla, and 2 tanneripB in town. 2 Watson Earl, Samuel Baron, Joseph Weed, Sterlinff Moore, David Wilson, and Israel Messenger settled at Hannibal Center in 1805. The first birth was that of Carr Sprasue, in 180.') ; the first marriage, that of Daniel Thomas and Pmdence Sprague, in 180.3 : and the first death, that of a daoehter of Thomas Sprague, in 1806. The fir.=t eristmill was built by Earl & Golton, in 1805 ; and the first sawmill, by Silas Crandell, in 1 Sll. The first inn was kept by Henry Jennings, in 1808; the first store, by Benj. Phelps, in 1815 ; and the first school was taught in 1810. 8 The eensns reports 4 churches ; 2 Gap., Cong., and M. E. * A little B. of the fort ground is a sandbank, in which bones are found belonging to men over 7 feet high. A mound at the E. extremity of the bank is fall of human hones, indicating the place of sepnltnre for thousands. — Clark'it Onrmdapa, ntl. 2. p. 182. 6 Among the early settlers were Timothy Vickery, Chester Loomis, Solomon Allen, and .Tacob Rice. The first birth was that of John L. Stevens, in 1802 ; the first marriage, that of SiUa Bellows and Betsey Vickery, in 1808; and the first death, that of Horatio Stevens, in 1792. Chester Loomis kept the first inn, in 1815; and Hastings Curtis, the first store, in 1820. The first school was taught by Patrick Vickery, at Caughdenoy. » There are 19 sawmills, 6 gristmills, a fulling and cloth dress- ing mill, a woolen factory, and 3 tanneries. t The Mexico Academy was organized in 1826, as the " J?mssd- aer Oswego Academy." Its name was changed May 19, 1845. 8 Formerly called *'Vera Cruz" See p. , B Phineas Davis and Calvin Tiffany, from Conn., settled in 1799; John Morton and Asa Davis in 1801; Peleg Brown. Daniel Eames, and Leonard Ames in 1804 ; and Solomon Peck in 1805. The first birth was that of Tniman Rood, Aug. 10, 1799; and the first marriage, that of Richard Gafford and Mrs. Eood, widow of N. Rood. The first grist and saw mill were built by Jlr. Soriba's agent ; and the first store was kept by BenJ. Wright. The first school was taught by Sanford Douglass, at Colosse, in 1806. SOS OSWEGO COUNTY. leaving but 1 male adult inhabitant in the settlement.' There are 10 religious societies and 9 church edifices in town.^ SfEW HAVEIV — was formed from Mexico, April 2, 1813. A part was annexed to Mexico May 9, 1836. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, v. of the center of the co. The surface is rolling and generally smooth. It is watered by Spring Brook, Catfish and Butterfly Creeks, 3 small streams flowing into Lake Ontario. There is quite an extensive marsh near the mouth of Butterfly Creek, in the n.e. part of the town, and another in the s.w. part. The underlying rock is gray sandstone, and the soil is principally a sandy and gravelly loam. Stock raising receives more atten- tion in this than in the other towns of the Co., and a limited amount of manufacturing is done.' afew Haven, (p. v.,) situated near the center of the town, on Catfish Creek, contains 2 churches, 2 inns, a store, a sawmill, a gristmill, and about 50 houses. Butterfly is a p. o. near the e. line of the town. The first settlement was made by Rood and Doolittle, at New Haven, in 1798.* The first church (Cong.) was organized at New Haven Village, in 1817; and Rev. William Williams was the first minister. There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. ORTTEIil.— was formed from Richland, Feb. 28, 1817, and Boylston was taken off in 1828. A part of Richland was annexed March 27, 1844. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the CO. The surface has a s.w. inclination, its e. border being elevated 300. to 500 feet above its w. and 700 to 1,000 feet above Lake Ontario. It is moderately hijly, and is considerably broken in places by the deep ravines of the streams. Upon Salmon River is a fall worthy of note. The stream flows over a rocky bed in a series of rapids for 2 mi. and then falls over a precipice 110 feet perpendicular. The banks of the stream below the fall are 200 feot high. The soil is generally a gravelly loam. The E. half of the town is yet uncultivated. Lumber and other products of wood form the leading articles manufactured ; and considerable attention is given to stock raising and dairying.^ Orivell Corners, (Orwell p.o.,) in the w. part, contains 1 church, 3 stores, an inn, a sawmill, a gristmill, a tannery, a steam cabinet factory, and about 40 houses. Maline is a hamlet in the s. part. The first settlers were Nathaniel Bennett and his son Nathaniel, from Rensselaer co., N. Y., on Lots 82 and 83, and Capt. Noyes, on Lot 29, in 1806.^ There are 3 religious societies in town.' OSWEGO CITY— formed from Oswego and Scriba, was incorp. as a village March 14, 1828, and was enlarged and organized as a city Marsh 24, 1848.' It is situated on Lake Ontario, at the mouth of Oswego River,' that stream dividing the city into two nearly equal parts. The river is bordered upon each side by a ridge, which rises in gradual slopes to a height of about 100 feet, and ends in bluffs on the lake shore 40 to 60 feet high. The summits of these ridges are about 1 mi. apart, and descend from the river in the same gradual slopes as toward it. One mi. w. is a valley opening through the ridge into the river above the falls, through which the Oswego must have once flowed into the lake. The s. border of the city is skirted by a bluff or escarpment about 160 feet above the lake, indicating an ancient lake or sea beach. Here i;ommences the deep ravine excavated by the river through strata of red sandstone of the Medina group and underlying shale. From this the geological induction is made that, at the last great physical change which elevated the country from the bed of an ancient ocean and brought the river into existence, it fell directly into Lake Ontario, at the escarpment, by a fall of moderate y 1 Oipt. Geerman, Nathaniel Rood, Spencer and son, WlieiUon. . Clark, and Doolittle were those who were hist bv the first acciflent. Tenj. Winch was the male Burvivor. - 2 Bop., 2 M. B., Cong., Presb., Free and Union licthela, K. C, Pmt. Fren., and Union. The Union Society holds its meetines in the Town Hall at Mexico. 3 There are 9 sawmills, 2 gristmills, and other manufactnrine establishments in town. ,„'' J'"';,^^'''*'''' '"■"■''^'' '° *'•<' *°™ ™ 1788; Solomon Smith in ISllO ; 0. Dralie and Capt. Gardner in 1804 ; David Enos, Joseph Bailey, and J;imes Jerret in 1806; and Warner Bralte in 1808 riie fli-st birtli was that of Jolin D. Smith, in Feb. 1S06 The first sawmill was erected by Ira Foot, in 1805, and tlio first |ristmill by lYaldo Brayton, in 1809. Harriet Eason taught the nrst school, in the summer of 1806. 6 Tliere are 16 sawmills, 16 shingle mills, ft gristmill, and a tannery in town. Among tlie early settlors were Bcnj. Beynolds, .Toshua IIoI- lis. Aldcn, Gilbert, and Timothy Dalch. The first marriage was tliiit of Uobeit Wooley and a danghter of Nathaniel Bennett, sen., in 180T ; and the first death, that of the mother of Timothy Balch, in 1810. The first school was taught by Jesse Aiken, in 1810. Joseph Watson built the first sawmill, in 1810, and Jonah Tompson the first giiatmiU, in 1816. I M. B., Presb., and Bap. A Union church at Orwell Corners is occupied by tho Presb. and Bap. societies. ' At the first village meeting, held May 13. 1828, Hon Alvin Bronson was elected President, and Daniel Ilu^unin, fr George Fisher, Nathaniel Vilas, jr.. David P. Brewster, Theiiphilns S Morgan, Joseph Turner, and Orlo Steele, Trustees. Tlie first city officers, elected in April, 1848. were as follows- Jllai/or James Piatt; Mdeniifn, Hunter Crane, Gilbert Mollison, Ste- phen H. Lathrop, liobert Oliver, Geo. S. Alvord, John Boieeol. Samuel S. Taylor, and William S. Malcolm. Tho council a» pointed J. M. Casey Pity Clerk. ^ " By tlie river and canal it is 38 mi., by R. E. S5 mi., n n w of Syracuse ; by the Oswego and Erie Canals 208 mi., by the Oswego and Central line of K. r. 183 mi., ajid by the surveyed route of the Oswego & Troy R. K. 170 mi., w. N. w. of Albany OSWEGO COUNTY. 309 height, the upward movement being gradual and intermittent. The pauses by which it was inter- rupted are marked by ancient beach lines, ridges, and terraces found at different heights above the lakes 1 he Oswego Falls are now 11 feet high; and, as they have receded s. 12 mi., to the village ot i ulton, with an ascending average grade of about 9 feet per mi. in the excavated bed of the river, they must have diminished in height and grandeur from age to age during the whole period of re- cession. Ihis hypothesis is sustained by geographical and geological analogy with the Palls of the ^enesee and the Niagara. The aggregate fall of the river within the 12 mi. is 110 feet, of which d4 feet are withm the hmits of the city; and the whole fall is so distributed by 6 successive dams, built by the State for canal and slackwater navigation, that the water of the river may be used by raceways nearly the whole distance, affording one of the finest water-powers in the world. The river forms the outlet to the 11 lakes which cluster in the basin of Central New York, and drains a wide extent of territory. These lakes form natural reservoirs which prevent floods or undue ex- haustion, the extreme elevation and depression of the river not exceeding 3 feet, so that destructive freshets, so common to great water-power rivers, never occur. The mouth of the river admits vessels of the largest class navigating the lakes; and the erection of piers and a lighthouse by the U. S. Government renders it one of the safest and most accessible harbors on the lakes, susceptible of inde- finite enlargement, and combining canal and R. R. transportation with the advantages of position as the nearest lake port to tidewater. A hydraulic canal extending along both sides of the river is studded with mills, elevating warehouses, and other manufacturing establishments. The city is handsomely laid out, with streets 100 feet wide, intersecting each other at right angles. The E. and w. banks of the river are connected by two bridges, built by the city,— the lower one, an iron bridge with a draw for the passage of vessels, on Bridge St., the upper on Utica St., at the terminus of the Oswego & Syracuse R. R. The principal public buildings are an edifice recently erected by the U. S. Government, containing a custom house, post-office, and U. S. courtroom,' a city hall,^ jail, orphan asylum, city hospital, city library, and 12 churches.' The Orphan Asylum is situated upon the elevated ground in the southern part of the city, com- manding a fine view of the city, harbor, and lake. It was founded in 1853, mainly through the influence of the ladies of Oswego, and continues to be principally supported by them. Orphans and children of destitute parents, from earliest infancy to 8 years of age, are admitted and cared for and afterward placed out in respectable families. A primary and Sabbath school are connected with the institution. The number of inmates ranges from 50 to 100. The Citi/ Library was founded by a donation of $25,000 from Hon. Gerrett Smith. The edifice is finely located upon the B. side of the river ; and the library at present contains 9,000 volumes.* The Public Schools are graded and free ; they are under the care of a Board of Education and Superintendent. The system embraces the primary, j unior, senior, and high school departments ; and pupils can receive instruction from the primary branches to an extended academic course. In 1857 there were in the city 23 school districts, in which were employed 47 teachers, — 8 males and 39 females. The number of children between 4 and 21 was 5,516, of which 4,175, or 75 per cent., attended school during some portion of the year. The total receipts and expenses during the year was 126,341 14; the number of volumes in the district libraries, about 3,000. The commerce of Oswego is very extensive, and is increasing much more rapidly than the popu- lation.' Being situated near the foot of lake navigation, and nearer to N. Y. than any other lake port, it has commercial facilities superior to those of most of the Western cities. A considerable share of the produce of the West flows through this port on its way to the seaboard markets ; and it is the principal entrepSt of the agricultural products of Canada West. The salt of Onondaga is mostly distributed through the Great West from this place ; and vast quantities of the manufactured goods of the East are sent through the same channel. The official report of the value of the lake and canal trade, derived from the Custom House and Canal Collector's Office, for 1845, was $7,951,409, and for 1856 was $50,612,603, showing an annual average increase of nearly 20 per cent. The amount of registered tonnage in 1846 was 15,513 tons, and in 1856 it was 46,467 tons.' The manufacturing interests of the city have attained to considerable magnitude, although the vast water-power of Oswego River is occupied but to a limited extent. Flour made from the wheat 1 This edifice is constructed of CleTeland sandstone and iron, and ifl entirely fireproof. Tta cost was about $120,000. 2 Tllis building contains the rooms of the Commnn Council and Board of Education, and the offices of the City ClBrls, Ke- oorder. and other city officers. » 2 Prot. E., 2 Presb., 2 Bap., 2 M. B., 2 R. C, Univ., and Af. Meth. < This edifice, erected in 1856, is built of briclc, and is m Tiy 62 feat, with a vestibule 16 by 16 feet, a basement 9 feet high. with 2 stories above, having an aggregate height of wjill of 36 feet above the basement. 6 Pop. in 186,% 16.816. Estimated in 1868, 18,000. * The operation of the late Reciprocity Treaty with England has proved, as was anticipated, most favorable to Oswego. Tlte importatinn of grain at the port in 1856 was 13.504,074 bushels : and the peculiar manufacturing and commercial advantages of the place have made it the great flour and graiu market of Cen- tral New Yorlc and Northern New England. 310 OSWEGO COUNTY. of Canada and the Western States forms the leading article manufactured. The Oswego mJls 18 in number, with an aggregate of 100 run of stone, are capable of grinding and packing 10,000 barrels of flour per day,— a greater amount than is manufactured at any other place on the continent.' Shipyards and 2 marine railways rank among the important manufacturing establishments of the city, and give large employment to labor. The Oswego Starch Factory, erected in 1848, upon the hydraulic canal, on the w. bank of the river, is one of the most prosperous and extensive estar blishments of the kind in the world.^ Lumber is extensively dressed in the city for the Western markets, from Canadian sawed lumber entered free under the Reciprocity Treaty. The Oswego Cotton Mills is a well managed and productive establishment, operating 83 looms, 2,664 spindles, and giving employment to 65 operators. A little above, on the same canal, is an exten- sive tannery. The Ontario Foundery, Steam Engine and Machine Works, is one of the most extensive and prosperous establishments of the kind in the State. Many other branches of manu- factures are carried on in the city. The early history of Oswego has already been noticed in the general history of tlie^ co.' Its distinctive and modern history dates from its surrender by the British in 1796. The withdrawal of the British garrison took away from the place all that had ever been established of civilized society, and left it as new as though man had never resided there. During the year following the evacuation, Neil MoMullin, a merchant of Kingston, moved thither, bringing with him a house framed at Kingston.* In 1802 but 2 or 3 vessels were owned on the American side of the lake, trade being principally carried on by vessels belonging to the Northwest Pur Company. During this year Benajah Boyington built a warehouse on the w. side of the river, and Arch. Fairfield became a forwarding merchant. Salt from the Onondaga Springs was at that time the most important item in the commerce of Oswego. In 1803, Matthew McNair engaged in the forwarding business and purchased a schooner. In 1804 he built another, and, in connection with other gentlemen, purchased a number of Canadian vessels.* From this period shipbuilding was carried on briskly, and it formed a leading interest until the breaking out of the War of 1812. The war put an end to commercial transactions ; but the place became the scene of stirring mili- tary events. The fort was garrisoned and commanded by Col. Mitchell. On the 5th of May, 1814, the British fleet under Sir .James Yeo appeared ofl' the harbor and opened a heavy fire upon the place. The fire was returned by the 4 small guns which constituted the only armament of Fort Ontario, and by a small battery on the w. side of the river. The next morning the British took position still nearer the shore, and under the cover of a heavy fire 2 columns of the enemy eflfected ■ a landing. After a gallant but vain defense. Col. Mitchell retreated, leaving the fort and town in possession of the enemy.* The principal object of the attack was to secure the naval stores destined for the new vessels building at Sackets Harbor ; but a large share of these were at Oswego Falls, 12 mi. above, and were not taken. Several cannon and other heavy articles lying upon the wharf were sunk in the river, at the command of Col. Mitchell ; these were afterward recovered. On the morning of the 7th the British retired, and the fleet proceeded n. to blockade Sackets Harbor. Lieut. Woolsey, who had charge of the stores, immediately dropped down the river, and, with 19 boats laden with stores, set out on the lake under cover of night, and supported by a body of riflemen and Indians, under Maj. Appling, on shore. The boats were pursued, and took refuge in Sandy Creek, where an action took place, resulting in the capture of the entire attacking party.' Oswego recovered slowly from the effects of the war, and its commercial transactions were com- paratively unimportant until the opening of the Oswego and Welland Canals.* In the mean time 1 Five nf these mills are located on the harhor, and elevate their grain from lake vessels and diBcharge flour and grain into canal boats. Six grain warehouses on the harbor elevate and discharge in the same way. The other mills, located above, eleviite from and discharge into canal boats. The elevating capacity on the harbor is 37,-500 bushels per hour, and the storage room over 2,000,000 bushels of grain, — rendering Oswego the best reciving port on the lakes. 2 This factory was founded by a stock company, with a capital of $50,000; and, under the supervision of Thos. Kiugsford & Sons, its capital has been increased to S450,000. and its main block of buildinc^ have grown to the enoi-mous dimensions of 510 feet front by 2.50 feet deep, with immerous detached buildings and an exten'iive box faotory. The main establishment works up 500,000 bushels of grain (mostly corn) and makes 12,000,000 pounds of starch per annum. Large quantities of the article are sold and used in London, Liverpool, and the principal cities on the continent of Europe. It gives employment to 200 men. 8 See piiee . * When Mr. McMullin and his family banded at Oswego they found two American residents, — ,Tohu Love and Ziba Phillips. They were tradTs, and left soon after. Capt, Edward O'Oonner, of the Revolutionary Army, came in during the same year. Matthew McNair and Bradner Burt and his father came in 1802; Henry Eagle in 1808; Alvin Bronson in 1810; and Wm. DoUo-, way in 1811. In 1810 the population numbered 300. Rankin McMullin, son of Neil McMullin, born in 1800, was the first child born within the present limits of the city. 6 In 1804 all commercial transactions were carried on with unrestricted freedom. No ship papers, licenses, reports, or oaths were required, the keen-scented custom house ofBcers not having yet smelt out the commerce of the lakes. 8 The British loss in the action was about 200, and the Ame. rican 60. The British carried off several of the prominent citi- zens, and kept them prisoners until they were duly discharged. Among the prisoners were Alvin Bronson, Abraham Hugunin, and Eli Stevens, ' Pee page , » In 1818, 10 years before the Oswego Canal was completed, 36.000 barrels of Onondaga salt were received at Oswego, of which 26,000 barrels went to Western States by the portages round Niagara Falls. At that period the price of salt at Oswego was 1S2.50 per barrel, and the cost of transportation from Salina, by Oswego, to Black Rock $1.41 per barrel. In 1856 there were received at Oswego 700,000 barrels, of which over 500,000 went to upper lake ports through the Welland Canal, at a cost of OSWEGO COUNTY. 311 Sh"!!?' T°fv^ r?' ^ ^'^^i°^ P"'''^* °^ '^' P^°Pl«- ^^ 1816, steam navigation was first intro- Tn 1 89q%0 A 1 ^ ^"°' ^""^ '^' ^^-eat progress since has been of immense importance to Oswego. In 1829-30 AlymBronsou and T. S. Morgan erected the first flouring mill. In 1828 the Oswego Canal was finished, and in 1830 the Welland Canal was opened, gi4g a new impulse to trade and opening to the place an almost boundless commerce in the future With the advantages of natural position and the stimulus of the lines of internal improvement, both the commerce and manufactures of Oswego have increased in an almost unprecedented manner; and there is every reason to believe that this increase is to continue for many years to come. ,.?»*!Tm*^**o'7!J^^7T.^' *'°™''^ ^'°'^ Hannibal. April 20, 1818. A part of Granby was annexed May 20 1836. It hes upon the shore of Lake Ontario, on the w. side of the river. Its surface is generally rolling, ending in a bluff shore upon the lake. The streams are the Eight Mile, Kice, Snake and Minetto Creeks. A fall in Oswego River within the limits of this town affords an abundance of water-power. The underlying rock is principally red sandstone, and the soil a gravelly toajn. lJould«rs and water-worn pebbles are scattered over the surface, making it very stony in places. Minetto, (p. V.,) situated on Oswego River, 4 mi. from the city, contains 150 inhabitants. Soutb West Oswego is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1797, by Asa Rice, from Conn. Reuben Pixley came m 1800, and Daniel Burt in 1802.^ There are nowin the town 2 churches ; M. E. and Bap. PAI.ERMO— was formed from Volney, April 4, 1832. It is an interior town, lying just s. w. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating. The large swamp in the e. part of the town is 57 feet above Oneida Lake, and the ridges are about 25 feet above the swamp. The streams are Scotts and Catfish Creeks. The soil is generally a sandy loam. Lumber and the products of wood are the principal manufactured products of the town.' Palermo, (p.o.,) situated near the center of the town, and Vermillion (p.o.) each contains 1 church and about 15 dwellings. The first settlement was m^de in 1806, by David Jennings, Simeon Crandall, and Sylvanus Hop- kins.* The first settled preacher was Rev. Asaph Graves. There are now 4 churches in town.* PARISH'— was formed from Mexico, March 20, 1828. It is an interior town, a little s. B. of the center of the co. Its surface is undulating, but considerably broken by ravines, and in some parts rough and stony. The streams are Salmon Creek and its branches. The valley in the w. part is 246 feet above Lake Ontario, and the E. summits are 25 to 50 feet higher. The soil con- sists of clay, sand, and gravel, and is moderately fertile. Less than half of the town is under culti- vation. There are 12 sawmills, 4 shingle factories, and other manufacturing establishments in town. Parisliville, (Parish p.o.,) on Salmon Creek, in the w. part, contains 1 church and 34 houses. The first settlement was made in 1804, by Thomas Nutting, Eliada Orton, Jonathan Bedell, Amos Williams, and Rev. Gamaliel Barnes.' There are 2 churches in town ; M. E. and Bap. REDFIEliD — ^was taken from Mexico, as part of Oneida co., March 14, 1800.» It is the n. e. corner town of the oo. Its surface is hilly in the s., but in the n. it spreads out into a high, roll- ing plateau 800 to 1,000 feet above tide. A wide intervale extends along the course of Salmon River, which stream drains nearly the whole town. The underlying rock is gray limestone, and the soil upon it is generally a thin and moderately fertile gravelly loam. The soil of the intervale is a deep, sandy loam of good quality. The greater part of the town is still unsettled, and the uplands are frosty and forbidding regions. Center Square, (Redfield p. o.,) situated on Salmon River, in the s. part of the town, contains 2 churches and about 30 houses. Oreenborou^ll is a p. 0. in the n. e. part. The settlement of the town was commenced in 1798, by immigrants mostly from Conn.' The first church (Cong.) was organized with 19 members in 1802, by Rev. Joshua Johnson. There are now 2 churches in the town ; Cong, and M. E. transportation ranging from 10 to 20 cents per barrel from Salina to Chicago. This price for freight is much less than it is from St. Clair River to Chicago, less than half the distance, illustrating the fact that the demand for up freights is at the great receiving point of down freights. 1 A sawmill at this place is one of the largest in the State, and is capable of sawing 20,000 feet per 24 hours. 2 Among the early settlers were Nathan Nelson and Beckwith, in 1804; Eleazur Perry, in 1805 ; Jonathan Buel and Jacob Thorpe, in 1806; and Daniel Robinson, in 1806. The first birth was that of Thomas Jefferson Rice, in 1801 ; the first mar- riage, that of Augustus Ford and Miss Rice, in 1800; and the first death, that of an infant child of A.sa Rice, in 1798. 8 There are in the town 8 sawmills, 3 shingle and stave fiic- tories, 2 gristmills, and 2 tanneries. * Among the first settlers were Alvin Walker. Stephen Blake, and Zadock Hopkins. The first birth was that of Alvin Walker, jr.; the first marriage, that of Joseph Jennings and Sally Cha- pin ; and the first death, that of Zadock Hopkins, — all in 1811. The first inn was opened in 1816, by Stephen Blake : and the first sawmill was built by Phineas Chapin, in 1812, The first school was taught by Harriet Eason, in the summer of 1812. « 2 M. E. and 2 Bap. * Named from David Parish, who purchased the town before its settlement. 1 Paul Allen settled in town in 1806. The first birth was that of Ransom Orton. in 1805 ; the first death, that of Jonathan Bedell, killed by the fall of a tree: and the first marriage, that of Nathan Parkhurst and the widow Bedell. John Miller kept the first inn, in 1807 ; and Martin Way and Paul Allen built the first sawmill, in 1808. The first school was taught at l^arish- ville, in the summer of 1807. s The town of -Arcadia," so called, was annexed Feb. 20, 1807 The town of " Grr.enbm'o" was erected Feb. 21, 1843, and re-an nexed March I. 1^48, in consequence of fi-audnlent practices with regard to assessments upon the lands of non-residents. 9 Among those who settled in the town in 1798 were Amos Kent, Josiah Tryon, Nathan Sage, Jonathan Harmon, James 312 OSWEGO COUNTY. RSCOIiAIVD— was formed from ■Williamstown, as part of Oneida CO., Feb. 20, 1807. Orwell was taken off in 1817, Sandy Creek and Albion in 1825, a part of Mexico in 1836, and a part of OrAvell in 1844. It lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario, n. of the center of the co. The surface is generally level or gently rolling, broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The E. part is 250 feet above Lake Ontario, and Pulaski Village is 131 feet above,— giving to the town a decided westerly inclination. The principal streams are Salmon Eiver.i Deer and Sandstone Creeks; and upon each of them are falls, furnishing a large amount of water-power.^ Spring Brook is a small stream flowing from several large springs in the B. part of the town, and in the course of 3 mi. falls 150 feet. The springs are perpetual, and rather increase than diminish in summer; so that the power furnished is abundant and constant. The mouth of Salmon River furnishes a good harbor. The underlying rock is the Lorraine shales; the soil is a sandy loam, with some clay in the s. w. part, and is generally fertile. Pulaslii, (p. v.,) on Salmon River, about 3 mi. from its mouth, is the half shire of the oo. and was incorp. April 26, 1832. It contains 4 churches, a courthouse, an academy,' a newspaper ofBoe, a bank, and several manufacturing establishments.* Pop. 1,168. Port Ontario, (p. v.,) on Salmon River, near its mouth, contains about 50 houses; and Holmesville (South Richland p.o.) 1 church and 20 houses; SelfeirU, at the mouth of Salmon River, contains a church, a, U. S. lighthouse, and 30 dwellings. Richland Station, on the W. & R. R. R., is in the e. part of the town. The first settlement was made near the mouth of Salmon River, in 1801, by Nathan Tuttle, of Canada, and Nathan "Wilcox and Albert Bohannan, from Rome.* The first church (Cong.) was organized Jan. 22, 1811; and the Rev. Oliver Leavitt was the first-settled pastor. There are 7 churches in town.^ SAIWDT CREEK— wag formed from Richland, March 24, 1825. It lies on the shore of Lake Ontario, upon the n. border of the co. Its surface is rolling and has a westerly inclination, its E. border being elevated about 500 feet above the surface of the lake. It is drained by Little Sandy Creek and many smaller streams, all of which have rapid currents and are frequently interrupted by falls, which furnish a good supply of water-power. Great Sandy Bay, a portion of Lake Ontario, nearly landlocked, lies principally within the limits of this town. The soil consists of gravelly loam and disintegrated shale, and is generally productive. Lumber is the principal manufactured pro- duct.' "Wasbingtonville, (Sandy Creek p.o.,) situated on Little Sandy Creek, 4 mi. from its mouth, is a station on the W. & R. R. R. Pop. 423. The first -settlement was made in 1804, by Joseph Hurd and Elias Howe, from Oneida co.* The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1817, by Rev. Mr. Dunlap. There are now 3 churches in town.' SCHROEPPEIi'"— was taken from Volney, April 4, 1832. It lies in the s. part of the CO., in the n.e. angle formed by the junction of Oneida and Oswego Rivers. The surface is level or gently rolling. It is watered by Scott and Fish Creeks and many smaller streams. A swamp extends northward from the mouth of Fish Creek to the N. border of the town, and is a half mile to a mile in width. The soil is a rich sandy loam and clay. The underlying rooks, which belong to the Clinton group, nowhere crop out in the town. There are 10 sawmills, 4 shingle mills, and other manufactures in town. Plioenix,'' (p-v.,) on Oswego River, 2 mi. below Three River Point, was incorp. in 1848. It contains 3 churches and a newspaper office. Pop. 1,164. GlI- bertsville, (Gilberts Mills p. u.,) in the n. part, contains 2 churches. Pop. 442. Ilinmans- Ville, (p. V.,) in the extreme w. part, on Oswego River, contains 25 houses ; and Pennelville, Drake, Eli Stronp:, Betij. Austin, Samuel BrooliB, lilliakim Si- moiifls. Nathan Cook, Ebonezer Chamberlain, David Harmon, and Elihu Tnei-.iham. The firat birth was that of Ezra L.H. Cham- berlain; and the first death, that of an infant son of Dr. Alden, in 1801. The first saw and grjst mills were built in 1801; and the first inn was opened the same year, by David Butler. The first school was taught in 1802. by Rev. .Joshua Johnson. 1 At the mouth of Salmon River is a harbor admitting vessels of liRht draught. 2 There are 19 sawmills, 8 shingle mills, 6 flonring and Rrist mills, 2 cotton factories. 2 paper mills, a tool factory, and several other manufacturing establishments iu the town. 8 The Pulaski Academy was organized .Tune 4, 1853. * 2 paper mills, 4 flouring and grist mills, 3 sawmills, and 3 tanneries. 6 Among the early settlers were Hugh Montgomery, in 1801; John luger.'^oll, Benj. Bull, Isr.ael Jones, John Farriham, and . .Tohiisnn, in 1804; Jeremi.ah Matthewson. in 1807; and Ephraim and Justus Fox, in 1808. Tiie first birth was that of Benj. Tugersnll, Aug. 28, 1804 ; the first marriage, that of Saml. Crippen and Huth Tuttle, the same vear; and the first death, that of a child of Nathan Tuttle. The first inn was kept by Benj. Winch, in 1806 ; and the first store, by John Meacham, in 1810. The first sawmill was built by John Hoar, in 1806 ; and the first gristmill, by Jeremiah Matthewson, in 1808. Milly Ellis taught the first school, in the summer of 1808. « 3 Bap., 2 M. B., Cong., and Prot. E. ' There are 11 sawmills, 2 shingle mills, 2 gristmills, and 2 tanneries in town. 8 In 1805 Asel Hurd and 5 families from Vt., by the name of Meacham, settled in town. The first sawmill was* built by Wm. Skinner and Joseph Hurd, in 1804; and the first gristmill, by James Ilinman, in 1806. Simeon Meacham kept tlie first store and tavern, in 1806 ; and the first school was taught at the house of George Harding, by his daughter, in 1807-08. The first birth was that of Laura Hurd ; the first marriage, that of Henry Patterson and Lucy Meacham, in 1806 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Elias Howe, in 1807. 8 Presb., M. B., and Bap, — all at Washingtonville. 10 Pronounced ecru'ple; named from Henry W. Schroeppel. His father, Geo. C. Schroeppel, purchased the whole of Township 24 and a large part of 16, of George Soriba. Henry W. settled in the town in 1819. and is still a resident. 11 Named in honor of Alex. Phoenix. OSWEGO COUNTY. 313 (p. V.,) near the center, 15. Settlement was commenced by Abram Paddock, in 1800.' The first cnuron [in. ii.) ^as organized in 1826. There are now 5 churches in town.^ SCRIB A^— was taken from "FredericJcsburgh" (now Volney ) as part of Oneida co., April 5, 1811. it lies upon the shore of Lake Ontario and the e. hank of Oswego River. Its surface is rolling, the ndges extending n. and s., and elevated 100 to 180 feet above the lake. It is drained by Black Oreek, flowing s., and Nine Mile, Four Mile, and Wine Creeks, flowing n. Upon several ot these streams are valuable mill privileges. The soil is a gravelly and sandy loam, stony in places, and only moderately fertile. Scriba Corners, (Scriba p. o.,) near the center of the town, contains 1 church and about 40 houses. IVortli Scriba is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Henry Everts, in 1798.* There are 3 churches in town.^ VOI.JVEY8— was formed— by the name of " Frederichshurgh" —^xom Mexico as part of Oneida CO., March 21, 1806. Its name was changed April 5, 1811. Scriba was taken off in 1811, and Schroeppel and Palermo in 1832. It lies upon the e. bank of Oswego River, a.w. of the center of the CO. Its surface is undulating, with high, steep banks bordering upon the river. The ridges are 50 to 100 feet above the valleys and 100 to 200 feet above Oswego River. The red sandstone crops out on the bank of the river and is extensively quarried for building stone. The falls upon the river furnish an immense water-power.' The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam. Fulton,^ (p. V.,) on Oswego River, at the Oswego Falls," was incorp. April 29, 1835. It contains 6 churches, the Ealley Seminary,'" 2 newspaper offices, and a large number of manufacturing establishments. Pop. 3,192. Seneca Hill, (p. v.,) on Oswego River, in the n. w. corner of the town, contains 50 dwellings and the largest flouring establishment in the State." Volney Cor- ners, (Volney p. o.,) near the center, contains 18 houses. The present village of Fulton became the seat of a floating population in the early part of the eighteenth century ; but permanent settle- ment was not commenced until 1793.'^ The first church (Presb.) was organized in 1814; and the Rev. Mr. Leavitt was the first settled minister. There are 9 churches in town." TFEST MONROE— was formed from Constantia, March 21, 1839. It lies upon the n. shore of Oneida Lake, s. e. of the center of the co. The surface is level and marshy in the s., and rolling, broken, and stony in the N. A marsh on the bank of the lake covers an area of more than 1,000 acres, and a considerable portion of it produces cranberries. In the valleys between the ridges, in the n. part of the town, are several smaller marshes. Red sandstone, the underlying rook, crops out in this town and furnishes a plentiful supply of valuable building stone. Bog iron ore is found in the n. part ; and it is said that traces of lead and silver have also been found. The soil is a medium quality of clay, sandy and gravelly loam. IVest Monroe and Union Settle- ment are p. offices. The first settlement was made in 1806, by Martin Owens, Abel and Joseph B. Ames, Ebenezer Loomis, and Sylvanus Allen.'* The first church (Presb. ) was organized in 1843.'* WIIil.IAMSTO'WlV— was formed from Mexico, as part of Oneida CO., March 24, 1804. Richland was taken off' in 1807, and Amboy in 1830. It lies near the center of the E. border of the CO. The surface is undulating in the s., but broken and stony in the w., and moderately hilly in the E. It is drained by Fish Creek, flowing into Oneida Lake, and the head branches of Salmon 1 Thomas Vickery and La Hommedieu settled in 1807 ; and Wm. Miles in 1808. The first hirth was that of Joseph Vickery, Sept. 11, 1807; and the first marriage, that of John Lemanier and Sally Winter. The first sawmill was erected by H. W. Schroeppel, in 1819; and the first gristmill, by A. & H. Gilbert, the same year. The first store was kept by Andms Gilbert, in 1821 ; and the first inn, by Alex. Phcenix, in 1828. Horatio Sweet taught the first school, at Three River Point, in 1813. 2 2 M. B., Cong., Bap., and F. W. Bap. 8 Named in honor of George Scriba, the original proprietor of this and several of the adjoining towns. * Aeahel Bush and Samuel Tiffany settled in town in 1801; Wm. Burt and Iliel Stone in 1806; and Dr. Deodatus Clark in 1807. The first birth was that of Heni-y Everts, jr. ; the first marriage, that of John Masters and Eliza Baldwin, in 1806; and the first death, that of a child of Hiram Warner. The first inn was kept by Iliel Stone, in 1806; and the first store, by Orrin Stone and Aaron Parkhnrst, in 1819. Benj. Eoblnson, from Manlius, taught the first school, in 1804. 6 Bap,, M, B.. and a Bethel Free and Union. fi Named in honor of Volney, the French author, who visited the town in 1808, while on a tour through the U. S. 7 There are 7 flonring mills in town, having an aggregate of 42 run of stone; also a large number of sawmills and other manufacturing establishments. . . „ ,, , 6 Named in honor of Robei-t Fulton. It was onginally called ^Oswego Falls'* . . 9 The portage at this place was the only mtermption m the internal water communication between Schenectady and the ports upon Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence River, after the construction of the canal connecting Wood Creek with the Mo- hawk River, by the Western Navigation Co., in 1796. 10 The Fulton Female Seminary was incorp. in 1836, and in 1842 it was changed to the Fulton Academy. In 1849 it received a donation of $3,000 from Mrs. M. E. Falley and assumed the name of the Falley Seminary. At the same time it came under the charge of the Blank River Conference of the M. E. Church. It is now a private institution. 11 This flouring mill has 15 run of stone, with a separate wheel to each run, and a capacity of giinding and packing 1,200 bai-- rels of flour per day. 12 Daniel Masters settled at Oswego Falls in 1793 ; Laurence Van Valkenburgh, below the falls, in 1795; and John Van Buren in 1796. John Waterhouse settled in the town in 1797; and Ebenezer Wright in 1800. The first birth after the permanent settlement was in 1795 ; and the first death, that of John Waters house, in Aug. 1799. Daniel Masters kept the first inn, at tho falls, in 1794 ; and he and Goodell erected the first sawmill, in 1796. Miss A. Waterhouse taught the first school, in 1800. 15 2 M. B., Presb., Prot. E., Cong., Bap., Prot. Meth., Wes. Meth., and Union. 1* Deacon Smith, from Mass., settled in the town in 1808, and Hiram Nickerson in 1810. The first birth was that of Azariah Ames. The first inn was kept by Deacon Smith, in 1812; and the first school was taught by Caroline Barnes, in 1810. 16 The census reports 2 churches ; Presb. and F. W. Bap. 314 OSWEGO COUNTY. Kiver. The surface of Fish Creek at Williamstown Mills, in the s. E. part, is 354 feet above Lake Ontario, and the hills in the N. e. are 200 to 300 feet higher. The greater part of the town is yet unsettled. The soil is a moderately fertile sandy or gravelly loam. Lumber and leather are the principal manufactured products. Williamstown, (p. v.,) on Fish Creek, in the s. part, is a station on the W. & R. R. E. Pop. 240. JLasoag, (p. v.,) a little w. of the center, is a station on the W. & K. R. E. and contains about 25 houses. The first settlement was made in 1801, by Gilbert Taylor, Solomon Goodwin, Ichabod Comstock, Dennis Orton, Henry "Williams, and Henry Filkins.' The first church (Cong.) was founded in 1805, by Eev. Wm. Stone.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Oswego County. Names op Towks. Albion Amboy Boylaton CoDStantia. Granby Hannibal Hastings Mexico. New Haven.... Orwell Oswego City... Oswego-Town.. Palermo Parish Eedfleld Ricbland Sandy Creek... Schroeppel Scriba Volney WeRt Monroe.. Williamstown Total ACBES OF Laitb. 9,196} 6,327i 6,486 6,161 16,468 18,094f 13,262J 20,206i ll,410i 8,537i 2,042 12,242J 12,2384 9,0104 6,9884 , 19,632 16,738 13,0664 14,3984 16,141 6,2374 6,271i 244,128 16,109 18,070J 17,379 28,660 13,674? 12,035 14,010 8,011 7,603 17,346 7834 7.4944 12,777 16,921 61,836 11,869 6,5694 11,619 8,936 12,6214 14,663i 20,2814 328,0471 Valuation op 1858. $262,340 105,160 70,117 324,299 608,863 410,170 645,900 633,030 283,880 170,681 4,262.372 659,736 347,670 241,014 181,547 709,161 410,995 603,290 1,417,675 574,963 120,390 140,161 12,983,314 $7,760 5,660 1,300 15,100 20,270 13,650 44,300 95,400 41,195 7,000 1,401,410 26,900 18,100 16,975 7,466 881,960 34,300 24,100 30,800 44,280 5,700 3,100 1,946,566 $270,090 110,710 71,417 339,399 629,133 423,820 690,200 628,430 326,075 177,681 6,663,782 586,636 365,770 257,989 189,002 791,111 445,296 627,390 1,448,476 619,213 126,090 143,261 14,929,869 1,147 636 424 1,691 1,963 1,665 1,610 2,016 1,011 669 8,022 1,428 1,048 876 452 2,079 1,175 1,937 1,539 3,365 631 490 1,065 636 391 1,764 1,784 1,473 1,469 2,007 1,001 689 7,794 1,332 975 800 346 1,933 1,098 1,810 1,419 3,111 586 463 241 187 35,662 33,736 12,649 13,711 413 215 144 592 694 690 681 782 396 241 2,618 623 424 323 144 735 418 686 658 1,166 224 182 435 222 146 831 433 260 2,962 645 467 337 168 677 488 766 687 375 190 146 442 468 611 606 743 344 232 1,771 293 277 296 139 520 337 443 632 866 204 170 Schools. BS 926 445 278 1,306 1,620 1,117 1,399 1,375 730 617 5,987 1,164 784 762 393 1,660 1,019 1,459 1,293 2,310 613 312 27,249 Names of Towks. Albion Amboy Boylston Coustantia. Granby Hannibal Hastings Mexico New Haven Orwell Oswego City... Oewego-Town. Palermo— Parish Kedfield Richland Sandy Creek... Sciiroeppel Scriba. Volney West Monroe.. Williamstown Total Lite Stock. j Ageicultubal Products. 1 !> i °>1 |l 813 1 1 .1 ~~705 Is 1 4,349 1 •8 i; 1 " 429 769 1,296 42,7164 1,7564 20,454 8.020 83,800 10,560 220 622 464 864 404 1,261 22,1934 1,2734 7,184 6,248 46,822 1,314 169 314 670 460 308 881 19,196 1,063 6,871 2,731 36,860 70,522 392 640 4.87 996 654 2,767 27,962 1.208 9.000 5,060 47,886 1,060 903 1,381 1,120 3,025 1,600 2,9004 108,261* 3,409 36,795 25,932 106,210 3,201 1,097 1,490 1.317 2,215 1,887 3,2894 101,906 3,670 31,255 37,664 127,843 13,766 669 1,180 966 2,692 1,243 6,268 70,766 2,627i 18,041 20,016 87,643 6,641 1,007 1,666 2,290 3,170 1,994 4,7144 109,560 6,376 61.244 40,064 204,992 130,916 531 1,260 1,048 1,878 886 1,5684 47,49.8i 2,6664 18,716 36,141 133.650 15,804 278 680 909 682 470 3,572 35,744 1,766 9,631 4,244 106,324 122,780 596 63 694 194 1,204 2924 4,3064 492 1,9101 5,225 3,400 748 884 936 1.934 1,060 1,720 48,183 4,054 19,928 16,830 97,306 3,630 591 1,146 1,005 2,331 1,074 6,0374 64,211 2,8744 24,640 30,886 107,316 12,060 403 835 822 1,263 90C 2,264 40,6134 1,8084 14.350 16,099 81,665 16,100 162 420 767 461 176 180 16,2184 2,352 6.786 327 33,980 161,90C 866 1,678 2,244 3,042 i,6ia 2,269 97,0194 6,077 30,962 47,315 174,675 12.3.970 667 1,134 1,683 2,126 1,139 6,786 64,207 3,3464 14,370 24,873 139,117 167,676 760 1,275 1,064 2,768 1,165 2,243 83,848 3,3134 14,689 13,356 81,222 44,566 691 931 1,174 1,302 1,080 2,727 36,2614 4,7664 21,662 33,325 159,614 11,490 904 1,096 1,124 2,186 1,606 1,686 76,3394 4,367 23,236 39,370 102,662 68,451 249 619 465 907 465 1,1834 26,251 1,403} 7,142 7,943 47,609 8,367 176 392 326 417 38,088 313 1,234 68,1634 17,610 1,158,647 689A 6,057 6.267 28,800 2,950 976,461 12,398 20,189 21,983 21,836 68,138 391,912A 425,916 2,036,174 1,821 1,432 1,264 837 1,893 1,2954 2,549 2,0704 1,027 1,052 1,444 2,242 284 1,931 2,220 1,087 906 1.351 916 1 The first marriage was that of Joel Rathbum and Miss P. Alden, in Sept. 1802; and the first death, that of Mrs. Sarah Orton. in the spring of 1804. Isaac Alden opened the first inn, in 1803, built the first sawmill, the same year, and the first gristmill, in 1804. The first store was opened in 1806, by Banl. Fnrman. The first school was tanght by Philander Alden, in 1803. 2 There are now 2 churches in town ; Cong, and M. E. CHAUTAUQUE COUNTY. This county was formed from Genesee, March 11, 1808. It lies upon the shore of Lake Erie, and is the s. w. corner co. of the State. It IS centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. The surface is mostly a hilly and rolling upland. A bluff, , with a mean elevation of 20 ft., extends along the lake; and from Its summit the land spreads out into an undulating region, gradu- ally rising for a distance of 3 or 4 mi. This comparatively level tract IS bordered by the declivities of a hilly upland, which occupies the center and s. part of the co. The highest summits are 1,000 to 1,200 feet above Lake Erie and 1,800 to 2,000 ft. above tide: The uplands are broken by several deep valleys, the principal of which mits nf thp l,ni= zt * A • f \*^f « of Chautauque Lake and Connewango Creek. The sum- raleltfroiV fT;,\°^*^l.''''' Bhore,form the watershed which divides the waters of iiL t r f of ^1 -^ghany River. The declivities bordering upon the valleys are in many places too steep for profitable cultivation. ^ Connewango Creek, flowing along the e. border and receiving Cassadaga Creek and Chautauque Outlet, IS the largest stream in the co. The other principal streams are Cattaraugus, Silver, Wal- nut Canadaway Little Cattaraugus, and Twenty Mile Creeks, flowing into Lake Erie; French and Little Brocken Straw Creeks, tributaries of Alleghany River; and Prendergast Creek, flowing into Chautauque Lake. Besides these and their tributaries are numerous smaller streams flowing directly into Lake Erie. Chautauque Lake is a beautiful sheet of water, 18 mi. long and 1 to 3 mi wide, occupying a deep valley in the highland region about 10 mi. s. E. of Lake Erie > It is 726 feet above Lake Erie and 1,291 ft. above tide. The hills that surround it are 600 to 800 ft. above its surface. Its outlet forms a branch of Connewango Creek, which latter stream is a tributary of Alleghany River. Several other small lakes are located among the highlands, the principal of which are Bear, Cassadaga, Mud, and Finleys Lakes, all 700 to 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The rocks of this co. belong to the Portage and Chemung groups,— the former occupying the n. half of the co. and the latter the s. half. The summits of the highest hills in the s. are crowned with conglomerate, belonging to the Catskill group and affording the only good building stone in the s. part of the co. The sandstones of the Portage group are quarried to some extent in the n. part. Lime is obtained in limited quantities from limestone boulders and marl beds. One of the most peculiar geological features of the co. is the numerous springs of carburetted hydrogen gas found in various localities and especially along the shore of Lake Erie. It comes from the shales of the Portage group, and at various places is turned to profitable account. The soil upon the uplands is principally clay mixed with disintegrated shale, generally knovm as flat gravel; and in the valleys it is a fine quality of sandy and gravelly loam mixed with allu- vium. Along the lake shore is a strip of productive clay loam. The uplands are arable to their summits, but are generally much better adapted to pasturage than tillage. The various branches of agriculture form the leading pursuits of the people. Stock and wool growing, and dairying, are largely and successfully carried on. Spring grains and fruits are also largely produced. Manufactures are few and unimportant and are chiefly confined to the local wants of the people. Commerce — an important item in the business and wealth of the co. — is chiefly concentrated at Dunkirk, which is at once an excellent harbor upon the lake and the w. terminus of the Erie R. R. The county seat is located at Mayville, in the tovm of Chautauque, at the head of Chautauque Lake.'' The courthouse is a fine brick edifice, erected in 1834, at a cost of $11,000. The jail is a brick building, with stone cells, on the opposite side of the street from the Courthouse. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building contiguous to the courthouse.' The poorhouse is located upon a farm of 160 acres, near De Wittville, 3J mi. s. e. from Mayville. 1 Near the middle this lake is contracted to the width of a few rods, giving it the appearance of two lakes coanected by a narrow strait. 2 This CO. waa united with Niagara from the date of its organi- zation in 1808 until 1811. The first court was held June 25, 1811. The commissioners to locate the co. buildings were Jonas Williams, Isaac Sutherland, and Asa Ransom. The first co. officers were Zattu Cushini:, First Judge ; MHtthew Prendergast, Philo Orton, Jonathan Thompson, and Wra. Alexander, Assodate Jvdges; David Eaaon, Sheriff; and .John E.Marshall, Go. Clerk. 8 In 1858 the supervisors authorized the erection of a new clerk's office at a cost of $2,500. 315 316 CPIAUTAUQUE COUNTY. The average number of inmates is 130, supported at a weekly cost of 44 cts. each. A school is taught 6 to 8 months in the year. The buildings are poor and dilapidated and are destitute of proper accommodations and means of ventilation. The N. Y. & Erie R. E,. extends through Hanover and Sheridan and terminates at Dunkirk. This road opens a direct communication with New York, and, taken in connection with the con- necting railroads and vessels upon the lake, is one of the most important of the great thoroughfares between the Atlantic seaboard and the Valley of the Mississippi. The amount of freight carried over the road is immense ; and the business connected with it gives employment to thousands of men. The Lake Shore R. R. extends along the lake through Hanover, Sheridan, Pomfret, Port- land, Westfield, and Ripley. This forms another link in the great chain of "Western travel, and connects with the ErieR. R. at Dunkirk and with the N. Y. Central at Buffalo. The proposed Erie and New York City R. R. extends through the s. part of the co., connecting Erie, Penn., with the N. Y. & Erie R. R. at Great Valley .^ Nine weekly newspapers are now published in the co.'^ In 1782 a party of British and Indians, with a train of artillery and other munitions of war, spent the months of June and July around Chautauque Lake in constructing canoes and making other preparations to navigate Alleghany River in a contemplated attack upon "Fort Pitt,^' near 1 The surveys of this r. r. have been made, and considerable work has been done in grading. 2 The Chautauque Gazette, the first paper published in the co., was started at Fredoniain Jan. 1817, by Jas. Percival. It was afterwaid issued by Carpenter &, Hull, and by Jas, Hull, until 1822, when it was suspended. In 1823 it was revived by Jas. Hull, and continued until 1826, when it was uoited with the Peoi>le's Gazette and its name was changed to The Fredonia Gazette. It was issued a short time by Hull & Snow, when it was removed to Dunkirk by Mr. Hull and changed to The DurOdrk Gazette. In a few months it was removed to West- field and uuited with The Chautauque Phoenix. The Peoples Gazette was started at Forestville in 1824 by Wm. S. Snow. In 1S26 it was removed to Jredonia and united with The Chautauque Gazette. Tlie Chautauque Eagle vidiB commenced at MayvilleinMay, 1819, by Kobt. J. Curtis, and was continued about 1 year. Tlie Fredonia Censor was commenced in 1821 by Henry C. Frisbee, who continued its publication for 17 years. In 1838 it passed into the hands of E. Winchester, and was published by him 2 years and by R. Ounnington 1 yeiir. In 1841 it was bought by Wm. McKinstry, and it is now published by W. McKinstry & Co. TliA Western Star was started at Westfield in June, 1826, by Harvey Newcomb, and was discontinued after 2 years. It was soon after revived, as The Chautauque Phcenix, by Hull & Newcomb. In 1831 its name was changed to TJie American Eagle, and it was issued by G. W. Newcomb. In 1838 it was changed to The WealOetd Cnurier, and was issued a short time by G.W. Bliss. Tlie Jamestown Journal was commenced in June, ly^i). \" ^"^^ entire territ^rv nZ • ^^^ ^ ^^^^ the town of Chautauque was formed, and embraced the fir town StlT . ^^ "'''^'l '^' ^^'"^ °f *^« '=°- I^ ^P"l °f *« «-«e«ding year the Milan DardEl"" . p' "' "n^".^ ^°'" '^'^''''^^ ^^ elected supervisor, and John Mc- Stsoe S,7lf ; ' . "^ *"• "^''^^"^'^ ^^™ '^PP"'"*^^ the first justices of the peace.^ In 1806 the first mail route was established between Buffalo and Erie, Penn.' The lands in the Levi Bearll t" ^'^^/^'^^'^'^ ^"-hase. A tract of 60,000 acres in the s. E. part was sold to Levi Beardsley, James 0. Morse, and Alvan Stewart. In 1835 the Holland Land Company sold their outstanding contracts and unsold lands to Trumbull Gary & Co., of Batavia; and the new proprietors imposed such conditions upon the extension of contracts that the settlers rose en masse and demohshed the land office at MayviUe and burned the records in the public high- way in 18d8 the interests of the co. were transferred to Duer, Morrison, & Seward, and the troubles were satisfactorily settled. ARKWRIGHT— was formed from Pomfret and ViUenova, April 30, 1829. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface is an elevated upland, broken and hilly in the s. w., and rolling or moderately hilly in the n. b. The highest summit-near the center, said to be the highest land in the co.— is 1,000 to 1,200 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal streams are Canadaway, Connewango, and Wahiut Creeks. Mud Lake, on the e. border, covers an area of about 10 acres. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Upon Canadaway Creek, in the s. w. part, IS a fine cascade with 22 ft. perpendicular fall. Arkwright Summit is a p. o. in the e. part of the town. The first settlement was made in the n. w. corner, by Byron T. Orton, Benj. Perry, and Augustus Burnham, from the eastern part of the State, in 1807 .^ The first religious meeting was held at the house of Aaron WUcox, in 1810, by Rev. John Spencer. The first church (Bap.) was organized by Elder Thos. Grennel, in 1820.* BIJSTI'— was formed from BUicott and Harmony, April 16, 1823. It lies upon the s. border of the CO., E. of the center. Its surface is hilly and broken. It is drained by several small streams flowing into Chautauque Lake, which lies along the N. border, and by others flowing e. into Connewango Creek. The soil is a clay and gravelly loam. Bustl €orners (Busti p. o.) contains a church, gristmill, and sawmill. Pop. 201. The first settlement was made on Lot 61, in 1810, by John L. Frank, from Herkimer co.' The first church (Cong.) was formed Aug. 30, 1819 ; Rev. Lemuel Smith was the first minister.' 1 Judge Elial Foote, (now of New Haven. Conn..) for 20 yearB First Judge of Chautauque CO., says that the first settlement in the CD. was made in 1794, by several persons from Erie, Penn. ; and amonLj them were the brothers Lowry. These persons had been induced to locate in Penn. by fraudulent representations, and were afterward obliged to leave their improvements and commence anew in the wilderness. They settled within the limits of Chautauque CO.; but the precise place is unknown. 2 Previous to 1804 the whole of the present co. formed a part of the town of Batavia, in Genesee CO. The elections were held at Batavia, nearly 100 mi. distant, to which place the electors were compelled to go if they voted. In 1812 the Board of Super- visors consisted of 2 members, representing the towns of Chau- tauque and I'omfret. The county seat bad been located at May- ville. much against the wishes of the people of Pomfret; and, in consequence, the supervisor of Pomfret voted against the appro- priation of $1,500 to build the courthouse and jail. After re- peated attempts to effect the object, the question was temporarily laid aside. When the accouTits of the town oflBcera of Pomfret were presented, the Chautauque member voted In the negative, and affairs came to a dead lock, but were finally settled by a compromise, which allowed both the appropriation and the account to go through. 8 The first mail was carried by a man named Metcalf, who went on foot and carried the mail matter in a pocket hand- * The company demanded compound interest on all Buma due, and an increase of one-third upon all extenaiona of contracta. 6 Aaron "Wilcox settled in 1809, Nathan Eaton in 1810, Uriah L. Johnson, Jonathan and Benj, Spragiie, from Otsego co., near the center, in 1811, and Simeon Clinton, from Otsego co., at the center, in 1813. The first child born was Horatio Nelson John- son, May 11, 1811 ; the first marriage, that of Asahel Burnham and Luania Eaton, May 11,1815; and the first death, that of Augrustus Burnham, in 1813. The first school was taught by Lucy Dewey, near the center, in the summer of 1813. Simeon Clinton kept the first inn, in 1817 ; and Beig. Orton built the firat sawmill, in 1818, on the e. branch of Canadaway Creek. fl The census reports 3 churches ; 2 M. E. and Christian. 7 Named from Paul Busti, of the Holland Land Company. 8 Lawrence Frank settled on Lot 62 in 1810, Heman Bush and John Frank, from Herkimer co., and Theron Vlumb, from Mass., on Lot 60, in 1811. The first marriagce was that of Zebrick Root and Polly Parmiter, in 1813; and the first death, that of Lawrence Frank, in 1811. Eve Frank, a young lady, was carried off by the Indians in 1811, and was gone 3 years, when she re- turned home and was married. Soon after, her husband was taken by the Indians and detained about the same length of time. These incidents are noted upon a tombstone in the grave- yard at Busti. The first school was taught by Olive Marsh, on Lot 61, in 1813. Capt. Heman Bush kept the first inn and store, and erected the first mill, on Stillwater Creek, in 1815. « The census reports 5 churches; Cong., Bap., M. E., Univ., and Christian. 318 CIIADTAUQUE COUNTY. CARROliL.'— was formed from Ellicott, March 25, 1825. Kiantone was taken off in 1853. It is the s. E. corner town in the co. Its surface is broken and hilly in the n.e. and E., and rolling in the s. and s. w. The highest summits are 900 ft. above Lake Erie. The principal streams are Connewango and Stillwater Creeks. The soil is a clay loam in the n. and E., and a gravelly loam in the s. and w. Frewsburgli, (p. v.,) in the n. w. part, contains 2 churches, a gristmill and sawmill. Pop. 400. Fentonville is a p. o. near the s. w. corner. Joseph Akins, from Rens- selaer CO., the first settler in town, located on Lot 29, in Jan. 1807.^ There ai-e 2 churches iu town ; Bap. and M. E. CIIAR1.0TTE— was formed from Gerry, April 18, 1829. It is an interior town, lying n. e. of the center of the co. The surface is moderately hilly and divided into several ridges by the val- leys of the streams. North Hill and Lake Hill, the highest points, are about 1,000 feet above Lake Erie. It is drained by Mill Creek and several tributaries. The soil is chiefly a, clay loam. Charlotte Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches, a good water-power with some manufactories, and 10 dwellings ; Sinclearville,' (Gerry p. o.,) near the s. line, contains 4 churches, 2 grist- mills, and 2 sawmills. Pop. 450. The first settlement was made near the center, in 1809, by Robt. W. Seaver and Wm. Divine, from Oneida CO.* The first religious meeting (Presb.) was held at Sinclearville, in 1811; and the first church (M. E.) was formed in 1816. There are now 6 churches in town.* CHAUTAUQUE— was formed from Batavia, (Genesee co.,) April 11, 1804, and embraced all the territory now included within the limits of Chautauque co. Pomfret was taken off in 1808, Portland in 1813, Harmony in 1816, and Cljmer, EUery, and Stockton in 1821. It is an interior town, lying a little w. of the center of the co. The surface is elevated and moderately hilly, oc- cupying the watershed between the waters of Chautauque Lake and those of Lake Erie. Chautauque Lake is on the E. border, and chiefly within the limits of the town. The soil is a clay loam of good quality. Mayville, (p. v.,) pleasantly located near the head of Chautauque Lake, was incorp. April 30, 1830 ; it contains the co. buildings, 3 churches, the Mayville Academy, a news- paper office, and a flouring mill. Pop. 501. De 'Wittvllle, (p. v.,) in the E. part, contains a church, the co. poorhouse, and 133 inhabitants; Hartfield, (p. v.,) on the lake inlet, contains a church, gristmill, sawmill, and furnace. Pop. 123. Magnolia is a p.o. on the lake, near the s. line. The first settlement was made at Mayville, in 1804, by Dr. Alexander Molntyre.' The first church (Bap.) was formed at Mayville, in 1820, by Elder Wilson.' CHERRY CREEK.— was formed from Ellington, May 4, 1829. It lies on the E. border of the CO., a little N. of tiie center. The surface is hilly in the n. w., and rolling in the s. E. Along the s. border are several small swamps. It is drained by Connewango Creek and several tributaries, flowing s. The soil is clay and a gravelly loam. Clierry Creefe, (p. v.,) in tlie s. E. part, contains 3 churches, 2 sawmills, and a gristmill. Pop. 240. The first settlement was made on Lot 15, in 1812, by Joshua Bentley, from Rensselaer co.* The first religious services were held at the house of Ward King, in 1817 ; the Rev. Mr. Hadley (Bap.) was the first preacher.' CEYMER'"— was formed from Chautauque, Feb. 9, 1821. Mina was taken off in 1824, and French Creek in 1829. It lies upon the s. border of the co., w. of the center. The surface is a hilly upland, broken by the valleys of Brocken Straw Creek and its tributaries. The soil is a gravelly loam. Considerable lumber is still manufactured. Clynier, (p. v.,) near the center, contains 1 Named in honor of Charleg Carroll, of Carrollton. 2 Labau Case settled on Lot 31, Wm. Akins on Lot 21, in 1807 ; Jas, Akins on Lot 13, in 1818 ; Jamos Hall on Lot 11, in ISIO ; and Wm. Sears on Lot 11, in 1811. The first child born was Hamilton Tj'ler, in 1810 ; the first marriage, that of Wm. Bowleg and Jerusha Walton, in 1811 ; and the first death, that of — — Woodcock, killed hy the fell of a tree in 1810. Stephen Rogers taught the first school, in 1813, on Lot 51. The first sawmill was built hy John Fren and Thos, Russell, on Lot 61, iu 1811, and the first gristmill hy John Fren, on the anme lot, in 1817. William Sears kept the first inn, on Lot 11, iu 1814, and James Hall the first store, on the same lot, in 18:24. 8 The village derives its name from its first settler, Maj. Sam'l Sinclear, who came in from Madison co. in 1810. * John Picket, John Cleveland, Chas. Waterman, and Harvey 0. Austin, from Eastern N, Y„ settled iu the w. pjirt in 1809. The first school was taught at Sinclearville, iu the winter of 1811-1-2, by Wm. Gilmore. M(\j. Sinclear kept the first inn, in 1811, and Plumb, Edaon & Winsor the first store, in 1817, at Sinclearville. Maj. Sinclear erected the first sawmill, iu 1810, and the first gristmill, in 1811, on Mill Creek. ' 2 M. E., 2 Univ., Cong., and Bap. * Jonathan Smith settled about the same time, near the w. shore of the lake, and Peter Baruhart, from Penu., on tlie E. shore; Martin Preudergast and Messrs. Grifiith and Bemns, also on the E. shore,inl806. Judge Peacock was also an early settler. John Scott kept the first inn, at Mayville, in 1808, and J. & M. Prendergast»the first store, in 1811. ' The census reports 7 churches; 2 Bap., 2 M. E., Cong., Prot. B., and P. W. Bap. 8 Jos. Kent settled on Lot 9, in 1815, and Willard Cheney on Lot 10, Wm. Weaver on Lot 16, Ansou Hendrick on Lot 16, and Cogsdill Brawn on Lot 15, in 1816. Reuben Cheney taug^ht the first school, in 1818; Gen. H. Frost kept the first inn, in 1823, and Seth Grover the first store, in 1831, at the village. Wm. Kilbourn built the first sawmill, in 1824, on Cherry Creek, near the village. The first death wag that of Lydia Page ; she was buried in the woods near the village. Joshua Bentley lost a daughter, 2 years old, in 1817,— supposed to have been carried off by the Indians. ^ The census reports 3 churches ; 2 Bap. and F. W. Bap. 10 Named in honor of Geo. Clymer, one of the signers of the Declaration of Independence. KINGS COUNTY. 367 of Brooklyn, for the encouragement of music, was incorp. May 6, 1857. The Brooklyn Eorti- cuUural Society was incorp. April 9, 1854, and holds annual fairs. The Hunt EorticuUural and Botanical Garden was incorporated April 9, 1855, with a capital of $150,000. It has a garden of 16 acres. The Brooklyn City Hospital, on Raymond St. near De Kalb Avenue, was incorp. May 8, 1845. Its present buildings were opened April 28, 1852. It is supported by voluntary contributions and legislative appropriations. The Brookhjn City Dispensary, located at 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. March 5, 1850. It is supported in the same manner as the hospital. The Brooklyn Dis- pensary, (Ilomeopatliio,) 83 Court St., was incorp. Dec. 3, 1852. It is supported by private sub- scriptions. The Williamsburg DispcTisary, on the corner of 5th and South Sts., was incorp. March 4, 1851 ; 2,221 persons received medical treatment at the institution in 1857. It is supported by private contributions. The Brooklyn Central Dispensary, 473 Fulton St., was incorp. Dec. 11, 1855. The Brooklyn Gei-man General Dispensary is boated at 145 Court St. The Brooklyn Eye and Ear Infirmary, 109 Pineapple St., was incorp. March 27, 1851. The Orphan Asylum Society was incorp. May 6, 1834. The institution ia situated upon a fine site on Cumberland St. near Myrtle Avenue. The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum of Brooklyn was incorp. May 6, 1834. The asylum for boys is located at the corner of Clinton and Congress Sts., and the asylum for girls upon Congress St, near Clinton. The former has 120 inmates, and the latter 250. The girls are under the charge of the Sisters of Charity. The support of these institutions is principally derived from the income of a large property bequeathed by Cornelius Heeney and under the charge of the Brook- lyn Benevolent Society.^ The Brooklyn Association for Improvinr; the Condition of the Poor was formed Mlarch 2G, 1844. It numbers about 180 visitors, whose duty it is to investigate the condition of the poor in every part of the city, afford such temporary relief in the way of food and clothing as the cases may warrant, and to refer the needy to the appropriate sources for permanent relief. This association distributes $6,000 to §7,000 per year. The Brooklyn Benevolent Society, founded upon a bequest of Cornelius Heeney, was incorp. in May, 1845. It is managed by 11 trustees, of whom the Archbishop of X. Y. and the Mayor of Brooklyn are ex officio members. Its funds are principally devoted to the support of various Catholic charities. The Brooklyn Society for the Relief of Respectable and Indigent Females, incorp. in 1851, was founded by John B. Graham, who erected a fine edifice, corner of Washington and De Kalb Sts., as a home for the unfortunates named in the title. It derives its support from private subscriptions. The Children's Aid Society was organ- ized in Feb. 1854, as an industrial school. The Brooklyn Industrial School Association, under the management of ladies of tlie several churches, was incorp. April 4, 1854. It has established schools in different parts of the city for girls who do not attend the public schools, and who are entirely deprived of moral training. The Brooklyn Female Emplotjmeni Society, an association of ladies to furnish employment to respectable females who may be reduced to want, was incorp.. April 19, 1854. Its office and salesroom is at 65 Court St. The Church Charity Association for the relief of the aged, sick, and indigent was incorp. in March, 1851. It is under the patronage of the Prot. E. Church. The churches of Brooklyn are justly celebrated for their general elegance and beauty of archi- tectural design. Large numbers of people doing business in New York reside in Brooklyn; and this has led to the erection of so great a number of churches that the city has been denominated the " city of churches " In 1858 there were 139 churches in the city.^ Connected with these churches are various religious and charitable societies." The Freemasons, Odd Fellows, and Sons of Tern - s The following ia a list of the piiscipal of theee societies, with the dates of their formation: — The Brooklyn City Tract Society 1830 The Brooklyn Bible Society 1841 The Prot. Benevolent and Library Association...... 1844 The WilUamsbnrgh Bible Society 1846 The Navy Mission S. S. Association Jun6l6,.1849 The Brooklyn Female Bible Society 1860 TheBenev.Asso. of the Ch. of the Holy Trinity.... May 10, 1860 The Warren Street Mission Feb. 3,1853 The WUliamsburgh City Mission Society March, 1863 The Brooklyn T. M. Chris. Association Dec. — ,1863 The Mount Prospect Mission Society Jan. 23, 1854 The Hope Mission School .„ Mar. 16, 1^54 The Brooklyn Sunday-School Union Sept. 12, 1854 The Brotherhood of the Prot. E. Churches Sept. 21, 1864 The Howard Benev. Society (TJnita.) Dec. — , lf>64 The Convocation for Church Kxtensiou (Prot. E.).. June 25, 1854 The Tanderbilt Av. Mission S. S Mar. 16, 18S8 1 The other benevolent Catholic societies in the city are as foUows:— a. James's Sdinol, J.iy St, with 5t>0 pupils under the Brothers of Christian Schools, and iM pupils under thebistors of Mercv ; HI. PauCs Fancdt Solwol, with 400 pupils, under the Ssters uf rharity; S. iVto-s and PaursScl,ocUjntb SOORir s^ under theSisters of St.Joseph; St. JUap ^r of a,e&a,mth 300 girls, uu.ier the SisUrs of Chanty; Convent and Jlmafe &1ukI ittocheU to the Church of the Holy Tnmty ; f^""^. "^ Boaruing jlcathm>, of the Sisters of St. Jo^ph; «f'«?',™'* Academa of tl,c risO^tion; St. Fmneis of Ass,sCs Oo^tvent tfSisier^ofMeTcyandA'unsofthe Order of SI. /)">"'"«•, T^? Lcl^ZfiZl SoMy ofSt-PcU^s and St-Pa'a-sChurA was incorp. June 15,1888, to sustain a Sunday-school and llbrai7, and suppSrt the sick and bury the dead. l^JP'^'^ "" "=™- nected with all the churches except that of St.Charles. s 1» Prot B , 22 M.B., 17 Presb., 15 Ref. Prot. D., 15 R;C.,16 Riui 10 Cone., and 20 consisting of Covenanters, Asso^esb., iS;' Kof^fsb., Uuita., Univ.,aer. Evang., Moravian, Friends, Ind. Cong., Ind. Meth, and Jew. 568 KINGS COUNTY. peranoe all have lodges in the city; and besides these are numerous societies for mutual relief and protection.' Greenwood Cemetery, upon the s. line, is mostly within the limits of the city. It is owned by a joint stock company, incorp. April 18, 1838. It comprises an area of 400 acres, beautifully located upon the elevated and broken ground e. of Gowanus Bay. The grounds were purchased, and opened for burial in 1842; and up to Aug. 1858, 64,000 burials had been made. It is one of the oldest and most beautiful of the rural cemeteries connected with the great cities in this country. The grounds are laid out with taste ; and many of the sculptured monuments are costly and beautiful specimens of art. The Cemetery of the Evergreens, upon the E. line, is partly in Queens co. It is beautifully located upon a bluff, affording fine views of New York, the bay, the ocean, and the surrounding country. It was opened for interment in 1849. The Friends' Cemetery lies near the city line, N. of Greenwood. It has a fine location ; but, in accordance with the principles of the sect, no ornamental monuments are allowed to be erected in it. The Citizens' Union Cemetery, incorp. in 1851, contains an area of 29 acres. The trustees allow the burial of persons of color and of the poor for no charge except that of opening and closing the ground. The first settlements were made under the Dutch Government, in 1625, by several families of French Protestants from near the river Waal, in Netherlands, who located near Wallabout Bay. They named their settlement "Walloons," and the bay "Walloons BogU," from which is derived its present name Wallabout.^ Little progress was made in settlement for many years ; and no governmental organization was effected under the Dutch. Up to the commencement of the present century the population was principally confined to several little hamlets scattered over the terri- tory now embraced in the city. Since 1840 the increase of population and the growth of the city have been very rapid, scarcely paralleled by the magical growth of the cities of the West.' Although possessing a' separate municipal government, in all its business and interests it forms an integral part of the city of New York. In the summer of 1776, New York and vicinity became the theater of stirring military events. After the British had evacuated Boston, Washington marched imme- diately to New York, believing that the enemy would make this the next point of attack. Every effort was made to construct and strengthen the military defenses of the place. Strong works were erected in Brooklyn and other points upon Long Island, and largfe bodies of troops were posted there to defend them. The British arrived, and landed their troops upon Staten Island July 8 ; and on the 22d of Aug. they passed over to Long Island, to the number of 10,000 strong. They landed in New Utrecht, whence three roads led over the hills to where the Americans were encamped. One of these roads passed near the Narrows, the next led from Flatbush, and the third far to the right by the route of Flatlands. It was the design of Gen. Putnam, who commanded the American forces, to arrest the enemy upon the heights ; and the appearance of columns of ti'oops early on the morning of the 27th on the middle road led to the belief that the main attack was to be made at that point. While intent upon this movement, it was found that the main army of the enemy were approaching from the direction of Bedford, and that there was imminent danger of being surrounded by them. Attacked in front and rear, the Americans fought with bravery; but a part only succeeded in gaining their entrenchments. The loss of the Americans was more than 3,000 in killed, wounded, and prisoners ; and of the enemy, less than 400. Gens. Sullivan, Sterling, and Woodhull were taken prisoners, — the last named of whom died from wounds inflicted after his surrender. The Americans withdrew to New York early on the 30th, under the personal direction of Gen. Washington.* The American prisoners taken at this battle, and those taken afterward during the war, were confined in the hulks of old ships anchored in Wallabout Bay, 1 The following is a list of theae BOcietiea : — Tiio Erin Fraternal Benev. Society Formed 1S35 The Emerald Beuev. Society 1839 The Emmet Benev. Society May 8,1848 The Shamrock Benev. Society May 5,1848 The Laborers' Union Benev. Soc. of WilliamBburgh April 17, 1860 The Lahorera' Union Benev. Society Jan. 30,1851 WiUiamaburgh Mut. Ben. Soc. of Operative Masons June 14, 1863 " Laborers' Union Benev. Society May 13,1853 Operative Plasterers' Benev. Society Dec. 27, 1854 Society for Visiting the Sick and Burying the Dead Oct. 13, 1855 Ancient Order of Hibernians July 18, 1856 United Brethren Aug. 8,1856 Washington Sick Supporting Association Feb. 17, 1858 * Among these settlers were families named D. Rapalje, Le Escuyer, Duryee, Le Sillier Cersbon, Conseiller, and Murserol. — Benson's Memoir, p. 18. Sarah Rapelje — born here on the 9th of June, 1625 — was tho first white child born on the island. She received 20 morgens of land from Peter Minuet, the Dutch Gov- ernor. A tide mill was built at the head of Wallabout Bay at an early period. 8 The following table shows the increase of population of the whole territory included within the city since 1790 :■ 1790 2,143 1800 3,034 1810 6,2(10 1815 4,664 1820 8,106 1825 11,749 1830 17,014 1836 27,864 1840 42,622 1846 72,769 1860 180,767 1866 205,260 * A heavy fog — very unusual for the time of year — completely enshrouded the island, and under its protection the Americans silently passed ovex to the N. Y. Bide. The British did not dis- cover the movement until the rearguard of the Americans were beyond the reach of pursuit. KINGS COUNTY. 369 where aey perished by hundreds and thousands from violence, cold, foul air, and stiuted food.^ „ f L .• "" " considerable amount of voluntary labor was expended in ereotina; a line ot tortihcations around the city, and bodies of troops were stationed there to protect the people. r^'l^'^if n*.*^'rrr ^^'^^^^'^ ^y ^ov. Stuyvesant in 1652, and its rights were confirmed by Gov. Nicoll Oct. 11, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Nov. 20, 1685.3 It was recognized by the State Government March 7, 1788. New Lots was taken off in 1852. It is the central t«wn in the co., lying immediately s. of Brooklyn. A low, broad range of hills extends along the n. border, oecupymg nearly one-fourth of its surface. The remainder of the town is level. The soil is light and sandy, but productive. Flatbusb (p. v.) is a long, scattered village, extending through the center of the town. It contains 4 churches,* the Erasmus Hall Academy,^ and many elegant dwellings. Greenfield is a thinly settled village plat in the s. w. corner of the town. A part of Greenwood Cemetery lies in the n. w. corner. Galilee Cemetery lies e. of the village. The first settlement was made by the Dutch at an early period. FI.ATL,A]V»S»— was incorp. by patent under Gov. Nicoll, Oct. 4, 1667, confirmed by Gov. Dongan, March 11, 1685,' and recognized by the State Government March 7, 1788. It is the s. B. town in the co. The surface is very flat, as indicated by the name ; and a considerable portion consists of salt marshes bordering upon Jamaica Bay.^ Several small, marshy islands belong to the tovm.» Flatlands (p. o.) is a farming settlement. Canarsie'° (p. o.) is a hamlet, upon the road leading to the bay. The first settlement was made by the Dutch, in 1636. Bx-Gov. Wouter Van Twiller had a tobacco farm in this town while it was under Dutch rule. There are 3 churches in town ; 2 M. B. and Ref. Prot. D. GRATESEWD"— was granted to English settlers, by patent under Gov. Keift, Dec. 19, 1645, and confirmed by Gov. Nicoll, Aug. 13, 1667, and by Gov. Dongan, Sept. 10, 1686." It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It is the most southerly town in the co. The surface is generally very level. A beach and ridge of sand hills extend along the coast, and in the rear of these are extensive salt meadows. Coney Island is separated from the mainland by a narrow tidal current flowing through the marshes." Gravesend, (p. v.,) near the center, is compactly built, and was formerly fortified with palisades. It was the county seat prior to 1686." Union- vlUe is a small settlement on the bay, near the w. line. The Cove is a settlement on Sheeps Head Bay. This town was settled before 1640, by English Quakers, from Mass. Lady Deborah Moody — a woman of rank, education, and wealth — ^was a prominent person in this enterprise.' The liberal terms of their first grant were not fully regarded by the Dutch; but the prudence and firmness of Lady Moody eventually secured a, good degree of respect and a more indulgent policy toward them. In 1655 the settlement was saved from destruction by North River Indians by a guard from the city. In 1656 the people petitioned for and obtained 3 big guns for their protection. In 1659 the town agreed to give Henry Brazier 500 gilders for building a mill, and 1 The first prison ship was the Whitby ; but this and another were burntxl. and. in April, 1778, the Jersey became the receiving ship for prisoners. Tlie Hope and the Falmouth, anchored near by. were the liospital ships ; and upon these most of the deaths oc- curred. It is reported that 11,500 prisoners died upon these ships during the war. The prrwistent barbarity and cold-hearted in- humanity practiced by the British toward these prisoners finds no parallel in the history of civilized nations; and the horri- ble sufferings of the prisoners in their foul dungeons, reeking with filth, disease, and the air of the charnel house carried through months and years, completely cast into the shade the lessfu- borrors of the Middle Passage, or of the Black Hole of Cal- cnlta. The graves of these martyrs of freedom were uncovered while gra.lingjiir the Navy Yard, in 180S. Twenty hogsheads of bum's were collected, deposited in 13 coffins,— representing the 13 oi iKinal States,— and, May 26, 1S08, they were buried upon Hur Ison .ivccn-, near the Navy Yard, under the auspices of the Tammany Sficiety. The land upon which they were interred was given for that purpose by .John Jackson. Several years since, Benj. Romaine inclosed the remains in a vault: and, April 11, 1861, an association was incorp. for collecting funds to build a monunient- 2 Named '■Midwmd" (Slid wood) by the Dutch. 8 In the first patent, .Tan Snedacor, Arent Van Hatten, Jo- hannes Megassolensia, and others, were named as grantees; and in the second. Rev. J. Mogassoleusi", Oornelins Van Rnyren, J. P. Adrien Hegeman, Jan Snedacor, Jan Stryter. Frans Barents, (pastor,) Jacob Stryker, and Cornelius Janse Bougart were patcntt«s — Pjt/'.nU, IV, 4^, 51. * Kef Prot D.. (formed in 1634,) M. E., Prot. E., and R.C. 6 This institution, incorp. Nov. 17, 1787, was the flrat ooechai> tered by the regents. , tt „ j « Oalled "iVcu> Amtsfcrrl" by the Dutch, from a place in Holland. 7 The patentees named in the first instrument were Elbert Elberts, Govert Lockermans.Roeliffe Martens, Pieter Claes, Wm. Garrits, Thos. IlillebrantS; Stephen Coertsen, and Coert Stevens ; and thWse in the second were E. Elberts, R. Martens, Pieter Classen. Wm. Garretsen, Coert Stevens, Lucas Stevenson, and John Teunissen. Theannual quitrent was 14 bushels of wheat. 8 These marshes and flat lands produce large qu.lntities of hay. 9 The principal of these are Bergen Island, on the bay, and Barren Island, upon the coast. Upon the latter island is a largo bone boiling establishment, to which place are removed all the dead animals from New York. The business is very extensive, and largo quantities of hides, fat, bones, hair, and manure are annually produced. It) Named from a tribe of Indians that formerly occupied this region. 11 Named from the 3English town of this name, or from the deep sounds on the shore. — Thompson's Hist., II, 169. 13 The grantees named in the first patent were Lady Deborah Moody, Sir ETanry Moody, Bart., Ensign Geo. Baxter, and Sergt. James Hubbard; those in the second were Thos. Delavall, .Tas. Hubbard, Wm. Bound, sr., Wm. Goulding, and John Tilton ; and those in the third were James Hubbard, John Tilton, jr., Wm. Goulder, Nicholas Stillwell, and Jorham Gnilock. The quitrent was 6 bushels of wheat. 13 "Qmi/sis Island," from afamilyof that name. Itisafavor- ite summer resort. A fine shell road and bridge connect it with the mainland. It embraces 60 acres of arable land, and about half a dozen families winter there. 14 The village plat embraced 10 acres, subdivided into 39 lots for houses and gardens. A street surrounded this plat. Tha land around was laid out in lota diverging from the central nucleus. 370 KINGS COUNTY. every man a day's work, with a team, or 2 days without, in building a dam. The first church (Ref. Prot. D.) was formed in 1655. Besides this, there are in town 2 M. B. churches. TSE'W LiOTS^— was formed from Flatbush, Feb. 12, 1852. It lies in the extreme e. part of the CO. Its surface is generally level, the s. half being occupied by extensive salt meadows. East IVew York (p. v.) is a prospective city of "magnificent distances" near the n. line.'' It eon- tains a newspaper ofSce, 4 churches, a manufacture of dyestuffs and colors, several shoe manu- factories, and 1,000 inhabitants. Cypress Hills is a newly surveyed village near the n. e. corner. The Cypress Hills Cemetery, Cemetery of the Evergreens, and Cemetery of the Congre- gation of Emanuel (Jewish) are partly in this town. The first settlement was made by about 20 families from Holland and a few Palatinates, in 1654. In 1660 the portions of lands previously held in common were divided into lots and assigned to individuals. During the same year a horse- miU was erected. For many years the deacons of the church were chosen overseers of the poor, and from 1799 to 1812 the schools were under the direction of church officers. A detach- ment of 1,200 militia was stationed here in the War of 1812, in anticipation of an attack from the British. There are 5 churches in town.' IVEW IITRECHT— was inoorp. by Gov. Stuyvesant in 1662, by Gov. Nicoll, Aug. 15, 1668, and by Gov. Dongan, May 13, 1686.* It was recognized as a town March 7, 1788. It lies upon the Narrows, in the w. part of the co. A range of low hills extends across the N. border, and the re- maining part of the surface is level. The soil is a light, sandy loam, but for the most part is highly cultivated. IVew Utrecht, (p. v.,) in the s. part, is a small, compact village. In ancient times it was inclosed by a palisade as a defense against Indians and pirates. Fort Hamilton, (p. V.,) near the U. S. grounds, is a fine village, chiefly inhabited by persons doing business in New York. Bath is a place of summer resort on Gravesend Bay. Bay Rid^e is a suburban vil- lage adjoining Brooklyn. Fort Hamilton is a U. S. fortification upon the bins' commanding the passage of the Narrows.* Fort La Fayette is a strong water battery built upon Hendricks Reef, 200 yards from the shore.* There are 6 churches in town." Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Liv Stock, Agricultural Products, and Domestic Manufactures, of Kings County. Names of Towns. Brooklyn Flatbush riiitlands Gravesend New Lots New Utrecht. . Total.. Acres of Land. l,662i 2,616 S.2.36J 2,606 1,862 3,9994 l,19Ci 179 1,960 696 9S3i 691 15.871J- 5.694} 92.688,497 11.1 Valuation of 1858. $88,136,781 1,124,142 563.351 644,241 746,916 1,673,067 ^^_ $10,338,494 610,000 160,626 124,860 182,800 301,400 $98,476,276 1,634,142 713,876 669,091 929,716 1,874,467 ,0 97,129 1,669 879 664 1,181 1,435 108,121 1,721 699 692 1, 1,295 22,673 266 232 200 335 104,296.5661 102,847 113,508 23.970 43.133 11.872 94 60,772 41,438 808 258 226 444 459 10,SS7 16: 17: 127 286 239 St 47,500 578 673 388 817 Names of Towns. Brooklyn Flatbush , Flatlands , Gravesend New Lota New Utrecht.. Total.. Live Stock. AoniCDLTURAL PRODUCTS. 11 f*'« EUBH. OI Grain. 1 ■& • ■s. Dairy Peoductb. Ifl iii 5 1 .S s i la •is Is ■§,J fe:S<3 S § to 1,808 1 * g nS «^ £4 iJS 4,760 14 1,731 1,828 31,324 400 28,565 60 361 24 218 356 2,660 13.462 1.097 84,822 320 52 258 577 4,979 11.380 1,789 103,760 300 126 223 378 4,182 9,137 683 70,695 11.030 268 84 188 316 4,486 10,647 871 80.186 6,396 315 70 216 2 629 4,911 14,116 1,343 50,326 4 6,3141 370 1 2,834 2 13,964 22.946 90,065 6,183 368,243 54 17,426 iThia part of Flatbush was called by the Dntch "Oswout," East Woods. A patent was granted to 40 of the principal in- "habitanta, March 25, 1677, by Gov. Andross. 2 This city was laid out during the epeculative days of 1835- 36 as a rival of New York. A ship canal, extending to Jamaica Bay, waa to make the place a port of entry. 8 Ref. Prot. D., Prot. B., Ger. Evatig. Luth., M.E., and R. C. 4 The grantees in the patent of Gov. Nicoll were Nicasius de Sille, JacquBfl Cortilleau, Francis Browne, Robt. Jacobsen, and Jacob Swart,— P(z(en(s, IT, 52; and those in the patent of Gov. Dongan were Jacques Oorteljour, Ruth GooBten, John Verkerke, Hendrick Mathyse, John Kieraen, John Van Dyck, Guiabert Thyson, Carol Van Dyck, Jan Van Cleef, Cryn Jansen, Meyndert Ooerten, John Hansen, Bowent Joosten, Tcunis Van Pelt, Hen- drick Van Pelt, Lawrence Janse, Gei'rit Cornelissen, Dirk Van Stutphen, Thomas Tiorkeon, Gerrit Stoffelsen, Peter Thysen, Anthony Van Pelt, Anthony Duchaine, Jan Vanderventer, and Cornelia Wynhart. The annual acknowledgment was 6 bush, of good winter wheat, payable, at the city of New York, March 25.—Fatents, V, 407. 5 This fortress was commenced in 1824 and completed in 1833. The total cost of the structure in 1858 was S552.000. It mounts 60 heavy guns, of which 48 bear upon the channel. 6 Formerly called "Fort Diamond." It was commenced in 1812, and in 1861 it had cost $341,941. It mounts 73 heavy guns. These forts were located and planned by Gen. Bernard, a French engineer. 7 2 Prot. E., 2 Ref. Prot. D., M. E., and R. C. SEKECA COUNTY. This county was formed from Cayuga, March 29, 1804. A part of Tompkins was taken off in 1817, and a part of Wayne in 1823. It lies w. of the center of the State, centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. It occupies the greater part of the land which lies between Seneca and Cayuga Lakes, and extends several mi. N. of Seneca Lake Outlet. A high ridge enters the co. I from Tompkins and occupies nearly one-fourth of its surface. The summit of the extreme s. portion of this ridge in this co. is 700 to 800 feet above Seneca Lake and 1,100 to 1,250 feet above tide. Toward the N. it gradually declines to the level of Seneca Lake. The ridge is bordered in some places by steep declivities and in others by gradual slopes, and in the s. part of the co. generally terminates in high bluffs on the shores of the lakes. At the foot of Seneca Lake the bluffs, on an average, are about 20 feet high ; but toward the s. they gradually rise to an elevation of 100 to 150 feet. At the foot of Cayuga Lake the shore is low and shelving ; but in Eomulus a bluff shore commences, which gradually increases in height until on the s. border of the co. it attains an elevation of 150 to 200 feet. From the summits of the bluffs to the central summit of the ridge the land generally rises in beautiful, smooth, gradual slopes, broken in a few places by sharp declivities of a terrace-like forma- tion. From Ovid toward the n. the land abruptly descends about 200 feet, and then by gradual slopes to the level of Seneca River. The region immediately n. of Seneca Lake Outlet and w. of ihe Cayuga Lake Outlet is level, and some of it is marshy. In the N. w. corner of the co. is a great number of alluvial ridges, composed principally of gravel. These ridges extend in a n. and s. direction and are 30 to 50 feet high. Their declivities are generally very abrupt toward the n., E., and w., but more gradual toward the s. The geological formation of the co. is very simple. The rocks overlie each other in parallel layers slightly dipping toward the s. The lowest rocks that crop out in the co. are those of the Onondaga salt group, including both the red shales and gypsum. They are found along Seneca River, where the gypsum is extensively quarried. Next above these are heavy, compact masses of the corniferous limestone, occupying a belt of country 2 to 3 mi. wide s. of Seneca River. The intermediate waterlime and Onondaga limestone strata are developed in this co. only in very thin and scarcely noticeable layers. The corniferous limestone furnishes a building stone of great excel- lence and is extensively quarried. Next in order come the Marcellus and Hamilton shales, occu- pying a broad belt through the co. and extending nearly to the -summits of the ridges ; the TuUy limestone, a layer of only a few feet in thickness, but valuable from the quantity and quality of lime manufactured from it; and the Genesee slate, a dark, shaly rock which crowns the summits of the southern hills. These rocks throughout the co. are covered with a deep deposit of drift, con- sisting of clay, sand, gravel, and hardpan, and crop out only along the shores of the lakes, the narrow ravines of the streams, and the steep declivities of the ridges. In the n. w. corner of the CO. this drift is arranged in ridges with narrow valleys scooped out between them.i The principal stream is Seneca River, forming the outlet of Seneca Lake. It has a course of about 14 mi. between the two lakes, and in that distance falls 60 feet. The falls are principally at Waterloo and Seneca Falls, furnishing an excellent water-power at each place, but much the greater at the latter From Cayuga Lake, Seneca River flows n. e. through a marshy region and forms a portion of the E boundary of the co. Clyde River, a tributary of the Seneca, flows through a portion of the marshy region in the N. B. corner. The other streams are all small brooks and creeks, and for the most part are rapid torrents flowing in deep gulfs worn in the shaly rooks. They are frequently interrupted by waterfalls, are nearly dry in summer, and are subject to severe freshets Seneca Lake, the w. border of which forms the greater part of the w. boundary of the co., is oo 1 216 feet above Lake Ontario and 447 feet above tide. It occu • mi. long and 2 to 4 mi. broad. It is : pies a deep valley between the hills, „ . f „ ^ + v, ■ i,. generally bold; and from their summits the land slopes gently and gracefully upward to a height Dies a deep valley between the hills, and it varies in depth from 300 to 630 feet. Its shores are IThe oosition and character of these remarkable ndges seem 4- • nf^ff. ttat the whole region has been subject to the force S wf bodto 01 ru™tag witer moying in a southerly direc- tn-miuZteZZi%ot,i.ei that at a geological period im- mediately preceding the present one, the waters of Lake On- tario, then much above its present level, flowed through the valleys of Seneca and Cayuga Lakes and discharged into tJie Sus- quehanna. ^ 371 372 SENECA COUNTY. of 200 to 700 feet above its surface, furnishing some of the most quiet and beautiful scenery -n the State. This lake is never entirely frozen over. Cayuga Lake occupies a parallel valley on the e. border of the co., and is 38 mi. long and 1 to 3J mi. wide. It is 60 feet below Seneca, and its greatest depth is 346 feet. Near the foot the lake is very shallow, and a large extent of land, immediately adjoining and lying along the course of its outlet, is swampy .^ Further s. the shores are bluif and the country is of the same general character as that bordering upon Seneca Lake. The soil is generally of a very excellent quality. The sandy and gravelly loam of the drift de- posits are well adapted to either grain raising or grazing. The lower portions of the ridges are enriched )jy the disintegration of the rocks above, making the soil very productive. The lowlands bordering upon Seneca River are clayey and in many places mixed with disintegi-ated gypsum and limestone. North of the river have been found extensive marl deposits of great agricultural value. North of the foot of Seneca Lake is a sandy region once considered worthless ; but upon trial the soil has been found susceptible of being made productive at little expense. The marshy regions w. of Cayuga Outlet are covered with thick deposits of marl and muck. Measures have been instituted to drain these marshes ; if successful a new and exceedingly fertile region will be added to the pro- ductive lands of the State, The CO. is a half-shire, the co. seats being located respectively at Ovid and Waterloo.^ The court- house and clerk's office at Ovid are brick buildings, situated in the e. part of the village. The combined courthouse and jail at Waterloo is a brick building, situated near the r. r., fronting the public square, in the w. part of the village. The co. poorhouse is located upon a farm of 126 acres, upon the line between Seneca Falls and Fayette, 4 mi. s.e. of Waterloo.^ Four weekly newspapers are now published in the co.* The public works of the co, are the N. Y. Central R. R., extending through Seneca Falls and Waterloo, and the Seneca Canal, extending along Seneca River through the same towns.^ Above the falls at Waterloo the canal is formed by slackwater navigation upon the river. The lands in this co. were iirst brought to the notice of the whites by the expedition of Sullivan, which passed along the banks of Seneca Lake in 1779. Portions of the land at that time had been cleared and were under cultivation. The Indians had a tradition that this whole region had once been occupied by a race that pursued agriculture, but which had long ago disappeared. Many of Sullivan's soldiers, attracted by the beauty and fertility of the lands, after the war settled in various parts of the co. The first settler, Job Smith, who located at Seneca Falls in 1787, and the second, Andrew Dunlap, who located at Ovid in 1789, came in by way of Chemung River. The third settler, Lawrence Van Clief, who settled at Seneca Falls in 1789, came in by way of Oneida Lake and Seneca River.^ After 1790 settlement progressed rapidly, and the most fertile lands 1 This Bwampy region is the aouthern termination of the noted Montezuma Marshes. 2 The county seat was located at Ovid upon the erection of the CO. in 1804. The courthouse was built in 1806. Wliile a part of Onondaga co., in 1790, courts were held at the barn of An- di'cw T'Tinlap. In 1817, upon the erection of Tompkins co., the CO. seat was removed to Waterloo ; but in 1822 the co. was divided into two jury districts, and the courts have since then been held alternately at Ovid and Waterloo. The fii'st co. officers were Cornelius Humphrey, i^irsi Judge; Pilaa Halsey, Clerk; Wil- liam Smith, Shm-iff; and .Tared Sandford, Surrogate. 8 The jivi-vago number of inmates is 60, supported at a weekly Ciist of SlOO fjich. A school is taught 4 montlis in the year. The estiiMi-hmetit seems to be pretty well arranged and managed. * The Seneca Patriate the first paper published in the co., was started at Ovid in 1815 by Geo. Lewis. In 1816 it was changed to The Ovid Gazette. Upon the change of the co. seat in 1817, it was removed to Waterloo and changed to The Waterkin Gazette, and was continued several years by the original proprietor. TJte Sen-eea Farmer was started at Waterloo in 1822 by Wm. Child. In 1832 it was removed to Seneca Falls and united with the Seneca Falls .Journal. The Wtterlon Rrpuhlican was issued a short time in 1822. Thp Wat rloo Obsrrver was started in 1824 by Charles Seutell. It was soon after issued a short time as The Oh There are 5 churches in town.^ OVID— was formed March 5, 1794. Hector (Schuyler co.) was taken off in 1802, and Covert in 1817. It lies s. of the center of the co., and extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake. Its surface consists of an immense ridge, 600 ft. above Seneca Lake and about 1,100 ft. above tide, descending from the center of the town toward the lakes. The bluffs upon the lakes are 20 to 50 ft. high and nearly perpendicular. A great number of small streams flow into both Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, the principal of which are Sheldrake, Osborn, Groves, and Barnum Creeks on the E., and Sixteen Falls Creek on the w. These streams have all worn deep, ragged ravines in the yielding shales. They are frequently interrupted by cascades, and in summer are nearly dry. The soil consists principally of clay and gravel intermixed with sand and the disintegrated rocks. Ovid, (p. v.,) near the n. line, contains a courthouse, co. clerk's office, 3 churches, the Ovid Academy,' a steam mill, and ax factory, and about 650 inhabitants, Ovid l.andin^ is just over the town line in Romulus. Sheldralie Point, (Sheldrake p. u.,) a steamboat landing upon Cayuga Lake, contains a church, steam sawmill, boat yard, and 168 inhabitants. Ovid Center contains 20 houses. Kidders Ferry, (p. o.,) near thes.E. corner, and Scotts Corners, near the center, are hamlets. The first settlement was made in May, 1789, by Andrew Dunlap, from Penn., who located on Lot 8, in the n.w. part of the town.* The first religious services were held at the house of Abraham Covert, in 1794. The first settled preacher (Ref. Prot. D.) was John Lindley, in 1800.^ The New York State Agricultural College and farm are located on the N. line of this town, w. of the village.* In the s. part of the town are the remains of an ancient fortification.' ROMULiUS — was formed March 5, 1794. Fayette was taken off in 1800, and Varick in 1830. It lies s. of the center of the co., and extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake. Its surface is rolling or moderately hilly and has a general northerly inclination. The high bluff from Ovid extends into the s. border of the town, where it drops down abruptly about 200 ft. The land slopes from the center downward to the E. and w. The streams are small and generally flow in deep channels. The surface is smooth, except along the courses of the streams, and is nearly all arable. The soil is a fertile, gravelly and clayey loam. Romulus, (p. v.,) on the line of Varick, contains a church, steam sawmill, female seminary, and 36 dwellings. Hyatts Corners, in the s.E., contains 20 dwellings. Romulus Center is a p. o. 'Wliitneys Landing' is a station upon Cayuga Lake ; and Cooleys and Freleiglis Points and Ovid L.anding are stations upon Seneca Lake. The first settlement was made by David Wisner, in 1789. There is but one church (Bap.) in town. 1 Mr. Faussett brongbt in his family in 1790. Jas. .Tackson, from Penn., settled in the N. w. part in 1789 ; Silas Halsey, from L. I., near Lodi, in 1792. The next year hia sons and sons-in-law and their families, numbering 18 persons, came in. The ilrst child born was a daughter of Geo. Faussett. Peter Smith kept the first ion, and Silas Halsey built the first gristmill, in 1794. 2 3 51. K., Bap., and Ref. Prot. D. 8 In 1855 the name of this institution "was changed to the Seneca Collegiate Institute. * 'I'he first settlers, mostly from Penn. and N. J., followed the trail of Sullivan's army and located in the w. part of the town. Among them were Wm. Dunlap and Joseph Wilson, from Penn., Peter Smith, from N. J., and Henry Wharton, in 1789 ; Abraham Covert and his son Abraham A., from N. J., in 1790; Elijah Kiime, from Dutchess CO., and John Seely, from Saratoga CO., in 1792 ; Nicholas and Richard Huff, Peter Hughes, Ahrahnm De Mott and his son James, in 1793; and William and Robert Dun- lap and Tennis Covert, in 1794. In the Bummer of 1795, Jonas C. Baldwin settled on Lot 11, whore he remained until 1801, when he sold out and removed to Lysander, Onondaga co., and laid the foundation of Baldwinsville. The first child born was David, son of Andrew Dunlap, Feb. 2, 1793; and the first death was that of George Dunlap, brother of Andrew, Sept. 24, 1791. A triple marriage in 1793 was the first in town. The parties were Joseph Wilson and Anna Wyckoff; Abraham A. Covert and Catherine Covert ; and Enoch Stewart and Jane Covert. They were obliged to cross Seneca Lake to find a justice authorized to ferform the ceremony. Benj. Munger taught the first school, in 795 ; John McMath kept the first store, in 1797, and the first inn, in 1800 ; and B. Boardman erected the first mill, in 1793, on Lot 2. 6 There are now in town 7 churches ; 2 Presb., 2 M. E., Ref. Prot, D., Bap,, and R. C. 6 This institution was incorporated in 1853 ; and the buildings are now in process of erection. They were designed by S. E. Hewes, of Albany, and consist of a main building 51 ft. front and 132 deep, having a wing on each side 86 by 60, and transverse wings 60 by 128. It is designed to accommodate about 400 stu- dents. The farm contains 600 acres. 7 On Lot 29, within i mi. of the s. line of the town, and ex- actly on the dividing ridge between the two lakes, once existed a mound or fortification of an irregular, elliptical form, in- closing about 3 acres, and surrounded by an embankment of earth, which in 1801 was about 3 feet in height, with a base 5 to 8 feet in width. The present proprietor, George Bo Dine, -with his father, removed here in 1802, and built a house within the inclosed space, where he has since resided until within a few SENECA COtJNTY. 375 SEIVECA FAL.I.S— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It lies upon the w. bank of Cayuga Lake, n. of the center of the eo. The surface is nearly flat, and it is elevated 30 to 50 ft. above Cayuga Lake. The shores of the lake are low and shelving, and the n. portion is swampy. Seneca River flows e. and n. through the center of the town, its valley dividing the town into two distinct parts. The river flows over a series of ledges into a deep chasm apparently worn by its waters. Just E. and s. w. of the village are extensive gypsum quarries. The soil is a stiff, hard clay in the s. and E., a sandy loam in the n. w., and aheavy vegetable muck in the n. e. Seneca Falls^ (p. v.,)^ upon Seneca River, near the center of the town, was incorp. April 22, 1831. It is a station upon the N. Y. G. R.R. and the Seneca Canal. The total fall is 51 feet, and famishes an abundance of water-power, which IS largely improved. It contains 7 churches, the Seneca Falls Academy, a union school, 2 news- paper offices, extensive manufactories of fire engines, pumps, machinery, iron, and woolen goods, and a great variety of other articles.^ Pop. about 4,000. The first settlement was made by Job Smith, from Ulster CO., upon the present site of the village in 1787 ; he left in 1793. The first permanent settler was Lawrence Van Clief, in 1789.^ The first religious services were held by M. E. missionaries, about 1797 ; and the first regular minister was Rev. Matthew Stewart, (Presb.,) in 1804.* TYRE— was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It is the n.'e. corner town of the co. The E. half is a swamp, being the s. termination of the Montezuma Marshes. The w. half is occupied by peculiar drift ridges similar to those already described in Junius. These ridges are 30 to 50 feet high, and generally have very steep declivities upon all sides except the s. One of the longest of these, in the w. part of the town, extends nearly two-thirds of the distance from the s. line to the N. Its summit ia nearly level ; and the road which is located upon it appears as though built upon an artificial embankment. The soil is clay and muck in the e. and a gravelly loam in the w. Tyre City, {Tyre p. o.,) near the center, contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. Cruso is a p. 0. on the n. line. The first settlement was made by Ezekiel Crane, from N. J., who came in 1794.^ The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1805. Elder Don Ralph was the first preacher.^ TARICH. — was formed from Romulus, Feb. 6, 1830. It extends from Seneca to Cayuga Lake,, across the center of the co. Its surface is slightly inclined toward the n. The slopes of the ridges are years. The work was evidently of great antiquity, — the timber on the inside being of the same size and apparent age of that in the surrounding forest. Upon the bank and in the ditch large oak trees — the growth of centuries — were standing. In the embankment were several openings a few feet in width, which were once probably used for gates or entrances. In making an excavation for a cellar, on the e. side, 6 skeletons were found at the depth of about 2 feet. This was in 1857. Several had been found previously ; and, though all the softer parts of the bones had long since disappeared, the teeth and a few of the larger bones still remained. Inside of the embankment may still be found pieces of a coarse kind of pottery, ornamental pipes, Ac. De Witt Clinton visited this place in 1810; and his theory is that this was one of a number of similar works of defense found occupying the most commanding positions in Western New York, and in the valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi, erected by a race more civilized than the Indians, and that they preceded the latter in the occupation of this country: their origin and end are alike a mystery ; their annals defy the ken of human re- search, and their history will remain a sealed book perhaps for- ever. The Indians were never able to give any account of this fortification, as it was older than their traditions. 1 Named from the falls in the river, the Indian name, "Shar se-ounae," signifying rolling water. 2 Downs & Co.'s manufacturing establishment, commenced in 1840, has a capital, including real estate and machinery, of about $200,000. They are largely engaged in the manufacture of pumps and a great variety of other ai-ticles, use annually 3,800 tons --.f iron, 1,500 tons of coal, and employ 230 hands. Their yearly sales amount to about $400,000. They also manufacture GoCfe's Patent Knitting Machine, and are largely engHged in the manu- facture of hose, turning out 800 pairs per day ; 70 persons are employed in this department. The Island Worlts of Silsby, Myndei-se & Co., commenced in 1848, is engaged in the manu- fiicture of steam fire engines, portable steam engmeS; and a variety of other machinery. It employs 150 persons, and turns out work to the amount of $200,000 per year. Cowing & Co. s works commenced about 1840. They are engaged in the manu- facture of fire engines, pumps, and various other article8.--6m- nlov 95 men, and turn out work yearly to the amount of $75,000 to $80 000 The Phoenix Woolen Mills gives employment to 90 nersons, and manufactures goods to the amount of $150,000 per annum Besides these, there are in the place several flouring mills, having in the aggregate 32 runs of stone, 2 distilleries, a brewery 2 planing mills, 5 fonnderies and machine shops, a Bcvthe and fork factory, a woolen factory, and several minor TT^annfartories About 50 tons of iron are used daily m the ZyerIlTnS^ci^vieB.-American ReveiUe, Seneca mis ISf^. 8 Mr Smith was the first white settler upon the Milrtary Tract. ' Mr. Van Clief was a Revolutionary soldier, having been in the battles of White Plains, with Washington at Valley Torge and with Sullivan, in his campaign against the Indians. He settled on the river, and engaged in piloting boats over the rapids until the locks were built in 1815. Among the other early settlers were James Bennett, Col. John Harris, and Parker. The first child born was a daughter of Lawrence Van Clief, Nov. 29, 1790; the first marriage, that of Ely and Pamela Parkhurst, in 1796 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Job Smith, in 1792. The first school was taught by Leonard, in 1797. Lawrence Van Clief kept the first inn, in 1794; and Col. Wilhelmus Mynderse kept the first store, in 1795, and built the first saw and grist mill, about the same time. In 1794, Robert Trout, Nicholas G-ouverneur, Stephen N. Bayard, and Elkanah Watson, under the title of the Bayard Company, bought of the State 100 acres of land on the n. side of the river, embracing the greater part of the water-power upon that side. In 1798 they purchased 250 acres on the s. side, and in 1809, 650 acres more on the same side, the two purchases embracing nil the water-power upon that side of the z-iver. In 1816 they bought 450 acres more on the n. side, completing the purchase of the water-power. In 1795 the company sold a one- fifth interest in their purchase to Col. Mynderse, and coustituted liim their agent. In 1795 the " Upper lied Mills" were erected under his direction; and in 1807 the "Lower Ued Mills" were erected. The Co. refused to sell their land, neglected to improve the immense water-power that they owned, and in 1825 broke down, and the property was sold for about one-fifth of its cost. In 1829-30 the manufacturing interests of the place began to increase. About that time a paper mill was erected by Channcey Marshall, G. V. Sackett. and Ansel Bascom ; a cotton factory, by Judge Sackett; a machine shop, by McCIary & Halliday; and a clock factory, by Marshall & Adams. Until the locks were built, in 1815, the most important business of the place was that of transporting goods and boats around the rapids. The " dress reform" movement was commenced in this town by Mrs. Amelia Bloomer, who adopted the dress known as the Bloomer Dress in 1849. 4 The census reports 7 churches in town; Bap., M. E., Wes. Meth., Prot. E., Presb., Bef. Prot. D., and R. C. 6 Asher Halsey, from N. J., came in 1798. Among the other early settlers wVre Stephen Crane. Peter and Kzr.i Degarmo, Robert Gould, Thos. Susson. Lewis Winans, and 'I'hos. W. Rose- velt. The first child born was Banl. Crane; the fir^t marriage, that of James Conk and Betsey Woodwortb : and the first death, that of Ezekiel Crane. Nancy Osman taught the first school, in 1804. Stephen Crane kept the first inn, in 1809; Nicholas Traver built the first t-awmill, in 18u7, and Noah Davis the first gristmill, in lfil7. 6 There are 4 churches in town; Disciples, Bap., M.E., and Ref. Prot. D. 376 SENECA COUNTY. so gradual that nearly every part is arable. The streams are all small. Near the center of the town is a cranberry swamp; occupying about 800 acres. The soil is a gravelly loam intermixed with clay. Bearytown, (Fayette p. o.,) upon the line of Fayette, in the n.e. part, contains 3 churches, a steam sawmill, stave factory, and 128 inhabitants, of whom 51 are in this town. Romulus (p. V.) lies on the s. border. East Varicli (p. o.) is a landing upon Cayuga Lake. McDuffee TovFn is a hamlet in the s. E. corner. Varicli. is a p. o. The first settlement was made by James McKnight, in 1789.' There are 3 churches in town ; Bap., Presb., and M. B. WATERIiOO — was formed from Junius, March 26, 1829. It lies on the n. bank of Seneca River, n. w. of the center of the co. The surface is almost one unbroken flat. A marsh extends E. and w. through the town s. of the center, and another occupies the n. e. corner.'' The bed of Seneca River, on the s. boundary, is almost level with the general surface. The soil is muck and clay in the n. and E., gravel along the N. border, and a sandy loam in the center and w. Waterloo, (p. V.,) on Seneca River, near the e. border of the town, was incorp. April 9, 1824. It is a station upon the N. Y. C. R. R. and upon the Seneca Canal. A fall of 24J feet in Seneca River furnishes an excellent water-power, which is mostly improved. It is a half-shire of the co., and contains the courthouse, 6 churches, the Waterloo Union School, a bank, a large shawl factory,' 3 distilleries, 2 malt houses, 3 flouring mills, 5 sawmills, 2 founderies and machine shops, 2 oil mills, and nume- rous other manufactories.* Seneca River above the falls, being seldom frozen, is navigable through- out the year. This village is an important depot of lumber from the s. w. cos., and of coal from the Susquehanna and Blossburg Mines. Pop. 3,050. Soutb Waterloo, formerly called "Schoyes," is on the opposite side of Seneca River, in Fayette. Settlement was commenced by John Greene, from R., I., in 1789.^ The first religious services were held about 1816.^ Acres of Land, Valuation, Population, Dwellings, Families, Freeholders, Schools, Live Stock, Agricultural Prodwcts, and Domestic Manufactures, of Seneca Count?/. Names op Towns. AcEES OP Land. | Valuation of 1868. PoPmATION. 1? >• S Schools. 1 g 1 1 it -.i !S i 1 Je Id 1 g 1 11.0, e ^ 1 1 1 1 rl el 894 16,648} 3,2744 816,199 160,015 976,214 1,146 1,084 418 432 361 3 Fayette 27.105i 6,425 1,437,514 100,615 1,538,129 1,708 1,662 613 653 491 16 1,166 Junius 13,172} 3,304 706,478 34,250 740,728 713 702 269 295 228 8 690 17,112 14,251 4,483 3,812} 696,611 916,147 67,770 201,393 764,281 1,117,640 1,016 1,098 1,002 1,176 401 424 402 439 298 374 9 9 424 1,022 Ovid Komulus 17,9771- 6,600 793,589 148,000 941,689 979 900 342 360 261 12 855 Seneca Falls ll,781i 2,.316 :,479,650 481,315 1,960,865 2,611 2,473 836 066 619 10 1,906 Tyre 10,602| 8,438| 402,243 18,100 420,343 717 702 279 283 212 7 648 Varick 16,606J 4,468 761,261 62,376 813,626 858 866 340 343 271 11 725 Waterloo 8,693J 3,816 1,029,875 369,750 1.389,625 1,964 2,082 747 781 526 7 1,574 Total 161,949} 46,93eiM 9,039,357 1,623,583 110,66-2,940 1 12,710 12,64Sl 4,669 4,944 3,621 102 9,802 Names op Towns. Live Stock. AORICnLTURAL PRODnCTS. 1 Bush, of Geain. 1 ■& • ■g. Dairy Products. 1 III 1 3,576 1 s 1 ■sl II It 20,648 If 0.33 ij 150. Covert 679 1,207 731 1,117 16,990 115,334 1,561 3,197 70,239 1,660 Fayette 1,390 1,689 1,31 8,290 3,272 36,082 194,820 4,145 5,205 21,622 140,312 400 685 Junius 731 889 72' 5,623 1,410 17,870 97.287 2,049 13,718 11,296 83,600 6,290 471 Lodi 763 1,183 73- 3,460 1,611 13.611 101,248 1,988 4,612 17,734 68,295 414 101 Ovid 688 983 80i 3,968 1,167 16,129 101,851 1,7114 3,549 26,718 60,068 700 282 Romulus 862 933 76t 6,134 1,261 10,682i 143,746i 2,160} 1,9S9 20,024 69,136 700 462i Seneca Fails 660 631 69J 4,042 4,245 12.763i 67,435} 2,029i 4,759 12,966 63,095 1.576 99 Tyre 677 864 621 4,616 1,019 13,633 80,966} 2,043J 10,023 20,696 72,346 1,793 747! 765 717 38 4,276 14,563 7,379 l,670i 1,631 12,809 10.766 52,467 36,126 70 1,320 217 "Waterloo 492 874 46 3,559 ' 47,534 1,080 68,097i 23,886 Total 7,497 9 860' 7,13 17,632 159,583 1,083,12 U 20,879}! 72,544 176,5 -78 706, 574 13,812 3,216 B The first child born was a son of James McKnight, in 1790. * The waters of Black Brook which flow through the central swampy region are impregnated with earthy and vegetable matter, which gives to them the peculiar quality of clearing the inside of steam boilers of the incrustations of sulphate and car- bonate of lime resulting from the use of hard water. 6 The Waterloo Woolen ^lanufacturing Co. was organized in 1836, with a capital of S"150,000 ; 200 to 250 hands are employed ; 300.000 lbs. of wool are used, and 40,000 long shawls are annu- ally manufactured. This is, next to the Bay State Mills, the largest phawl factory in America. fi Among these establishments is a plaster mill, boatyard, and drydock, 4 copper, tin, and sheet iron factories, a fanning mill, ajid washboard factory, and 2 cabinet and furniture shops. ^ Among the other early settlers were Jabnz Gorham, from Ballaton, (Saratoga co.,) who located upon the pre.'sent site of the village. Salmon Disbrow, from Saratoga co., came in about the same time. The first child born was John Smiih, in 1808; the first marriage, that nf Job Smith and Miriam Gorham, in 1799; and the first deaths, those of John Gregory and Jamea Hull, two Revolutionary soldiers, who drew lots in this town, settled upon them, and both died nbout 1S08. Isaac Gorham taught tlie first school, in 1810; Jabez Gorham kept the first inn, about 1795; Charles Swift, the first store, in 1815; and Jamps Bear built the first mill, in 1794. 8 The census repnrts 6 churches in town; Presb., Prot. B., Ref. Prot. D., M, E., Disciples, and Friends. CHENANGO COUNTY. -7^^ This county -was formed from Herkimer and Tioga, March 15, 1798. Madison was taken off in 1806. It is an interior oc, lying s.E. of the center of the State ; is centrally distant mi. from Albany, and contains sq. mi. Its surface is a hilly upland, , broken by the deep ravines of the streams. The highlands consist I of two principal ridges, extending n. and s.,— the first lying between I Unadilla and Chenango Rivers, and the second between the Chen- nango and Otselic. These ridges are subdivided by numerous parallel and lateral valleys, and their declivities are often too steep for pro- fitable cultivation. The summits are broad and rolling, and of nearly uniform elevation throughout the co. ; and the highest points are 600 to 800 feet above the principal valleys. Susquehanna River flows s. w. through the s. e. corner, receiving from the N. the Unadilla, which forms the greater part of the e. boundary of the co. The principal branches of the Unadilla and Susquehanna are Beaver Creek, Shawler, Great, Kent, and Kelsey Brooks. Chenango River flows in a generally southerly direction from the N. border of the co. to near the center, and thence s.w. to the s. w. corner. It receives from the E. Handsome Eddy, Padgets, and Pages Brooks, and from the w. Canasawacta, Fly-Meadow, Ludlow, and Genegautslet Creeks, and Pleasant, Fly, Cold, and Mill Brooks. Otselic River flows s. w through the N. w. corner, receiving from the E. Middletown Brook and Brackel Creek, and from the w. Manns, Buck, and Ashbel Brooks and Mud Creek. In basins among the hills, far above the valleys, are numerous small ponds. The valleys of the Susquehanna and Chenango are among the finest in the State. They consist generally of a fer- tile and highly cultivated intervales of an average width of about 1 mi., usually bordered by steep and finely wooded hillsides. All the valleys of the co. seem to have been formed by the action of great currents of water, which have plowed deep furrows in the gently rolling region which probably once formed the general face of the country. The lowest rooks in the co., appearing upon the N. border, belong to the Hamilton group. Suc- cessively above these toward the s. appear the Tully limestone, Genesee slate, the Portage, Chemung, and Catskill groups. The sandstone of the Portage group furnishes a good material for building and flagging. Several quarries have been opened along the Chenango Valley between Greene and Oxford. A quarry of the same stone a little below Oxford furnishes grindstones and ■whetstones. The rock which crowns the summits of the s. hills is the red sandstone of the Che- mung group. The soils are almost entirely derived from the disintegration of the rocks. In a few localities is found a very limited amount of drift. Upon the hills the soil is principally a shaly loam, and in the valleys a fine quality of productive alluvium. The CO. is almost exclusively agricultural. Dairying is the leading pursuit, and is gradually gaining upon all the other branches of agriculture. Stock and wool growing are carried on to some extent. Grain is produced, though not in sufficient quantities for the wants of the people. Hops are cultivated to some extent along the river valleys. The CO. seat is located at Norwich.' The courthouse is a fine stone building, situated near the center of the village, fronting the public park.' It is built in the Grecian style of architecture, with a colonnade in front, supported by Corinthian columns. The jail is a stone building, con- tiguous to the courthouse. The clerk's office is a fireproof brick building, upon the courthouse lot. The poorhouse is situated upon a farm of 170 acres in Preston, 6 mi. w. of the courthouse. The average number of inmates is 90, supported at a weekly cost of 56 cts. each. The farm yields a revenue of |800. The house is poor and dilapidated, and the accommodations for the inmates are extremely poor. A school is taught 6 months in the year. 1 The CO. at first had half-shires, the courts heitig held al- teniiitelT at Hamilton (now in Madison county) ™d Oxtord. From the organization of Madison co., in 1806, until 1809, the four" were Iw alternately at Oxford and North Norwich. By «rf of March 6, 1807, the co. seat was located at Norwich, ine S^w Lurthouse was bnilt and first occupied in 1809 The first conrthouse waa a wooden DuUdm^, erected at a cost of S6,500. The present courthouse was built in 1837, at a cost of $16,000, under the direction of "Wm. Randall, Wm. Know! ton, and Eraa- tus Latlirop. commisBioners. The present jail was erected in 1830, at a cost of $2,000. It is a two story Ijuilding, containing 10 cells and a house for the jailer. 2 The first CO. officers were Isaac 7oot, First Judge; JoabEnos, and Joshua Leland^ Judgex : Oliver Norton and Jlisha Payne, As>dstant Justices ; TJri Tracy. Sheriff; Sidney S. Breese, Clerk; and John L. Mercereau, Surrogate. m 378 CHENANGO COUNTY. The Chenango Canal extends along Chenango River through the co. It crosses the river below Earlville, below Sherburne, and below Greene, upon wood aqueducts, supported by stone piers. The Albany & Susquehanna R. R., now in process of construction, extends along the Susque- hanna through Bainbridge. Five weekly newspapers are now published in the co.^ This CO. included 11 of the "Twenty Towns" or "Governor's Purchase," the "Gore" lying between them and the Military Tract, the Harper Patent of 16,000 acres, Vermont Sufferers' Tract of 40,960 acres,^ Livingston Tract of 16,000 acres, the French Tract of nearly the same extent, a portion of the Chenango Triangle Tract, and several smaller tracts. The territory included within the Twenty Tovmships was ceded to the State by the Indians, in a treaty held with Gov. George Clinton, at Fort Schuyler, Sept. 22, 1788.' This tract is sometimes called " Clinton's Purchase," and sometimes " The Governor's Purchase." The early settlers were principally from Vt., Conn., and the eastern part of the State. The settlers in the n. part of the co. came in by way of Rome, and those in the central and s. parts by way of Chenango and Susquehanna Rivers. Many of the early settlers almost perished from want of food, at times, during the first few years. A colony of French settled at Greene in 1792, but. 1 Tlie Western Oracle, the first paper published in the co., was commenced by A. Romeyn, previous to 1^0-t, at Sher- burne Pour Corners. It was discontinued in 1808 or '09. The Olive Branch was etafted at Sherburne in May, 1806, by Phinney & Fairchild. In 18US John F. Fairchild became sole proprietor. Miller, Lot Clark, and John li. Johnson were successively interested in its publication. In 1S12 or '13 Johnson changed its name to TJie Volunfp.er. In 1816 the press was purchased by John F. Hubbard, who commenced The Norwich Journal. In 1844 it passed into the hands of La Fayette Leal and J. H. Sinclair, who merged it with The Oxford Republican in 18-47 and changed the name to Tlie CUeiiango Union. Harvey Hubbard purchaaed- Leal 8 interest Oct. 20, 1847, find the paper is now pub- lished by Hubbard & Sinclair. The CJienango Patriot was commenced at Oxford in 1807 by John B. Johnson, and its publication continued for 3 or 4 yrs. The President VfAB published at Oxford in 1808 by TheoptiluB Eaton. TJie Republican Messenger was commenced at Sherburn in 1810 by Petit & Percival. TJie Oxford Gazette was started in 1814 by Cliauucey Morgan, who published it some years, when it was sold to 5eo. Hunt, and afterward to Hunt & Noyes. Mr. Morgan again became proprietor in 1826, and after a few years the paper was discontinued. The Republican Agriculturalist was commenced Dec. 10, 1818, by Thurlow Weed. It soon passed into the hands of CurtisB, who continued it for a short time, when it was discontinued. The People's Advocate was commenced at Norwich in 1824 by H. P. W. Brainard. It passed into the hands of Wm. G. Hyer, and was discontinued in a short time. The Chenango Republican was commenced at Oxfnrd in 1826 by Benj. Cory. In 1828 it was jmrchased by Mack & Chap- man. March 3, 1831, Wm. E. Chapman and T. T. Flagler commenced a new series, and soon after changed its name to TJie Oxford Republican. In 1838 Mr. Chapman became sole proprietor. It was successively published by J . Taylor Bradt, Benj. Welch, jr., R. A. Leal, C. E. Chamberlin, and La Fayette Leal. In 1S47 it was merged with The Oxford Journal and published as The Chenango Union. TJie Anil Mamnic Telegraph was commenced at Norwich in Nov. 1829, by E. P. Pellet. In 1831 B. T. Cook became asso- ciated in its {publication. Its name was subsequently changed to The Chenanffo Telegrapli. In 1840, on the death of E. P. Pellet, it passed into the hands of his brother, Nel- son Pellet ; and upon his death, in 1851, it was conducted tor the estate by liJ. Max Leal and F. P. Fisher. In Sept. 1855, it was purchased by Rice & Martin, by whom it is now published. Tlie CJienango Patriot was commenced at Greene in 1830 by Nathan Randall. It afterward passed into the hands of Joseph M. Farr, who changed its name to The C/ienango Democrat, and in a short time it was discontinued. Tlie New Bf.rlin Herald was commenced in 1831 by Samuel L. Hatch. In 1834 it was published by Randall & Hatch. It soon after passed into the hands of Isaac C. Sheldon ; and afterward into the hands of Hiram Ostrander, who changed its name to The New Berlin Sentinel. It was discontinued about 1840. TJie Chenango Whig waa published at Oxford a short time in 1835. TJie Miniature, a small mo., was issued from the same oiBce. The Sherburne was commenced in 1836 by J. Worden Marble. In 1839 it was removed to Binghampton. Tlie Oxford Times was commenced in 1836 by a joint stock company. It was for some time conducted by H. H. (. ook. In 1841 it passed into the hands of E. H. Purdy and C. D. Brigham. In 1844 it was published by Waldo M. Potter; in 1845. by Potter & Galpin; and in 1848 J. B. Galpin became sole proprietor, and still con- tinues its publication. TJie Rainbi-idge Bugle was commenced in 1843 by J. Hunt, jr. In 1846 its name was changed to TJie Bainbridge Freeman ; and in 1849 it was merged in TJie CJienango Free Di'mocrat, commenced at Norwich Jan. 1, 1849, by Alfred G. Lawyer ; and J. D. Lawyer soon after became associated in its publication. It was then early removed to Cobleskill, Schoharie co. TJ\A New Berlin Qazette was commenced in 1849 by Jos. K. Fox and M. E. Dunham, and was published about 1 year. Th£ Chenavgo Ni-wx was commenced in 1850 by A. T. Boynton. J. M. Haight soon after became associated in its publi- cation, and subsequently became sole proprietor. He removed the press to Norwich, and, in connection with A. P. Nixon, commenced the publication of TJie Temperance Advocate in 1855, and published it 1 year, when it was discontinued. The Saturday Visitor was commenced in 1852 by Joseph K. Fox. Its name was soon after changed to Tiie Social Visitor, after which it was published about 5 years. TJie Spirit oftJie Age was commenced at Berlin in 1852 by J. K. Fox, J. D. Lawyer, editor. It was continued but a short time. The Oxford Transcript was commenced in 1853 by G. N. Carhart, and was published tibout 6 months. TJie SJierburne Transcript was commenced in 1855 by James M. Scarritt, and was publisht'd about 2 years. Tlie Chenango American was commenced at Greene, Sept. 20, 1855, by Denison & Fisher, its present pub- lishers. TJie Daily Reporter was commenced at Norwich in 1857 by J. H. Smith. In 1858 it was purchased by Rice & Martin, and was soon after discontinued. TJie Literary Independent was commenced at Norwich in the fall of 1858 by a company of young gentlemen con- nected with the academy. It was published about 4 months. Tlie We-w Berlin Pioneer was commenced Feb. 19, 1859, by Squires & Fox, its present publishers. 2 This tract was granted to relieve those persons who had pur^ chased lands of the State of N. Y. within the present limits of Vt. These lands were claimed by both N. H. and N. Y.. and, after an angry and protracted controversy, extending through several years, New York surrendered her cUim to Vermont. 8 These towns were designated originally by their numbers only, and are now in the counties of Madison, Chenanco, and Oneida, as follows: — Present Towns. Nelson, Madison co. Eaton, « Madison, " Hamilton, " Lebanon, " Georgetown, " Otselic, Chenango CO. Smyina, " Sherburne, " Norwich and"! (< New Berlin, J Present Towns. Plymouth, Chenango co. Pharsalia, " McDonough, " Preston, " Norwich, " New l*erlin, " Columbus, " I Brookfield, " Sangerfield and ) „ , , Bridgewater, f The first church (Cong.) was formed Nov. 19, 1807. Kev. David Harmon was the first preacher.^ GERMAIV^— was formed from De Kuyter, (Madison co.,) March 21, 1806. Otselic was taken off in 1817, Lincklaen in 1823, and a part of Pitcher in 1827. It is located centrally upon the \r. line of the co. The surface is hilly, and watered by several brooks, forming what is called Five Sti-eams, which flow through the town in a s. direction. The soil is a sandy and gravelly loam, well adapted to grazing. liiver mores Corners, (German p. o.,) near the w. line, is a hamlet; and E^ast German is a p. o. The first settlement was made in 1795, by Benjamin Cleveland, from Oneida co.* The first church (Presb.) was formed at an early period, and a M. E. association was formed in 1815, at the house of Walter Oyshlenbank.^ GREECE® — was formed from Union (Broome co.) and *' Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) March 15, 1798. Coventry was taken off in 1806, and Smithville in 1808. It is the s. w. corner town of the CO. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, divided into two distinct parts by the valley of the Chenango. The hills rise 500 to 700 feet above the river, and are broken by the ravines of the streams. Chenango River flows s. w. through the center, in a broad valley about 1 mi. in width. The Chenango Canal passes through the valley. Genegantslet Creek flows s. through the w. part in a wide valley, and joins the Chenango a few miles below the village of Greene. Pages Brook flows through the s. e. corner ; and several small streams are tributary to the Chenango. The soil is a gravelly and shaly loam on the hills, and alluvium in the valleys. Greene, (p. v.,) near the center, was incorp. April 12, 1842. It contains 4 churches, a flouring mill, furnace, and 814 in- habitants. East Greene (p. v.) contains a church and 158 inhabitants. Genegantslet (p. V.) contains 1 church and 12 houses. The first permanent settlement was made by Stephen Ketcbum, in 1792.' The first church (Bap.) was organized in 1795,^ by Elder Nathaniel Kellogg, 1 Goodell and Clark settled near Mr. Jones in 1786, and Benj. Jones at the same place in 1788. Ozias Tale and Wm. Starka located a little N. of Coventry in 1792, Elijah Warren on Lot 2, in 18114, and Moses AUis, Roger Egerton, and Z. Hutchin- son soon aftyr. The first birth was that of Wm., eon of Moses AUis, in 1794; the first marriage, that of Simeon Parker and Polly Sprague ; and the first death, that of a son of Roger Eger- ton,inl790. Sherman Page taught the first school; Benj. Jones kept the first Inn, in 1788, and Jotham Parker the first store, in 1799. The first gristmill was erected by Capt. Parker, in 1795, and the first carding and cloth dressing milj. by A. and Wm. H. Rogers, about the same time. 2 The census reports 5 churches ; 2 Cong., 2 M. E., and Bap. 3 Xamed fi-om Gen. Obadiah German, the orisinal owner of the township. 4 Abraham Livermore settled at Livermores Corners, in 1796, with his wife and children, Abraham, jr.. Becka, Daniel, Polly, Abel, Cyrus, Hepsey, Sally, and Martin Livermore. From their isolated position in the wilderness — remote iirom any settlement — the Cleveland and Livermore familiea suffered great priva- tions and hjirdshipa during the first years of their settlement. In June. 1776, Mr.Clevelaud set out for "Fort Slanwix" for pro- visiona, his family being entirely destitute. He intended to re- turn in 3 or 4 days, but was detained for some time. On the fourth day of his absence, his wife and children, who had eaten nothing for 3 days except a few roots found in the woods, set out for their nearest neighbors, in Cincinnatus, on Otselic River, 4^ mi, dis- tant. When about a mile from home, they encountered a bear, and were frightened back. The next morning the mother was too wealt to walk, and the two older children again set out for Mr. Raymond's, on the Otselic. Upon learning the suffering condition of the family, Mrs. Raymond made them a pudding of bran, — the only food she had in the house. This and a bottle of milk kept the family from starvation until relief came. At another time; when the family were reduced to the last ex- tremity, two uumilked cows came to their house one night, and went away in the morning, farnishing them with milk for several days. It was never known where the cows came from or where they went to. Other families in the vicinity suffered in a similar manlier. The first birth was that of Polly Cleveland, in 1796; the first marriage, that of Jonathan Head and Hepsey Liver- more ; and the first death, that of — ^ Hartshorn. Ahraham Livermore kept the first inn; Jonathan Chandler kept the first store, and erected the firat mill and factory, on the e. branch of Otselic River. 6 The census reports 3 churches ; Preah., M. B.. and F. W. Bap. fl Named in honor of Gen. Nath'l Greene. That part of the original township of Greene lying e. of Chenango River was^ in- cluded in a purchaao made by the State from the Oneida and Tas- carora Indians in 1785. These lands were subsequently sold by the State to individual patentees. ' Mr. Ketchum located within the hounds of the present vil- lage of Greene. In the fall of 1792 a settlement was made by a company of French refugees. One of their number, Chas. Felix De Bulogne, had preceded the main body, and made a purchase of 15,000 acres lying on the e. side of Chenango River. The first party that came consisted of M. Bulogne, M. Shamont, M. Le Fevre, M. Bravo, M. Du Vernet, and RI. Obre. A portion of them had families; and several young ladies were among the party. In Otsego CO. Simon Barnet joined the party, and subsequently M. Dutremont, with his family, settled with them. Before the dispersion of the colony they were joined by Jos. Jxiliand, who was theonly French emigrant that became apermanent resident. M. Bulogne, on his way to Philadelphia in the spring of 1795, waa drowned while fording a creek much swollen by the floods. The untimely death of the leader of this adventurous band proved fatal to the future success of the settlemeat. The failure of the company to pay the balance of the purchase money due on the tract caused the title to revert to the original patentees. After all the hardships and privations thf^y had endured, the failure to secure a title to their land proved a signal for dis- persion. The majority of them left in the year 1796. In 1794, Talleyrand, the celebrated French diplomatist, visited his fellow- countrymen in Greene. Among the early permanent settlers were Nath'l Kellogg, Zopher Betts, Benajah Loomis, Cornelius Hill, and David Tremaine, who located at East Greene in 1793. The first road that was cut through the town was called 'TAe Chenango Hood." It runs from the present village of Bain- bridge to the mouth of Page Creek, on the Chenango, — a dis- tance of about 25 mi. The first settlers upon this road within the then limits of the town, commencing at the w., were Nathan Bennett, Joshua Root, Kleazur Skinner, Thomas Elliott, Joab Elliott, Roawell Fitch, Aden Elliott, Philo Clemmons, Capt. Man- deville, Simeon and Benj. Jones, Hardin Bennett, Record Wilber, and Deacon Richards, who came in from 1792 to '95. The settlers who located in the s. part, w. of the river, were Jas. and Herman Terwilliger, Elisha and Noah Gilbert, Stephen Palmer, and Jos. an'd Cornish Messenger, as early as 1796. The fi ist birth was that of Johnston Rundall, son of Jos. Rundall, — ^for which honor the mother subsequently received a deed of 50 acres of land from the Hornby Estate. Cartwright taught the first school, in 1794; Conrad Sharp kept the first inn, in 1794; Elisha Smith the first store, in 1801. Conrad Sharp built the first sawmill, in 1795, and Abraham Storm and Henry Toi-se the first gristmill, in 1794. 8 The census reports 9 churches ; 6 Bap., 2 M. E., Presb., and Prot. E. ' CHENANGO COUNTY. 381 and was the first church of that denomination in the co. Elder Kellogg continued its pastor about 30 years. GUIliFORD— was formed from Oxford, April 3, 1813, as "Eastern." Its name was changed March 21, 1817. It lies on the e. border of the co., s. of the center. The surface is hilly and broken, consisting of the elevated lauds between Chenango and Unadilla Rivers, the hills rising 200 to 700 feet above the valleys. It is drained by the Unadilla, which forms the entire e. boundary, Guilford Pond Creek,i and several other smaller streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, occasionally intermixed with clay. Ouflford, (p. v.,) located in the valley of Guilford Pond Creek, contains 3 churches, an iron foundery and machine shop, and several mills ; pop. 263. Guilford Center (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 20 dwellings. East Guilford, (p. v.,) in the s.E. corner of the town, contains a church, a mill, and 15 dwellings. IMount Upton, (p. V.,) upon thew. bank of the Unadilla, contains 4 churches, several mills, and other manu- facturing establishments; pop. 190. Rockdale, (p. v.,) on the river, 4 miles below Mount Upton, contains 2 churches, a grist and Saw mill, and 25 dwellings. The first settlement was made in 1787, by Bzekiel Wheeler, a little n. of Mount Upton, on the farm now occupied by his grandson, Silas Wheeler, 2d.'' The first church (Bap.) was formed by Elder Orange Spencer, in 1803.' l.IHirCK.IjAEHf* — was formed from German, April 12, 1823. A part of Pitcher was taken off , in 1827. It is the n. w. corner town of the co. Its surface is a hilly and broken upland, divided into ridges by narrow ravines extending n. and s. The declivities of the hills are usually steep, and the summits are 400 to 600 feet above the valleys. Mud Creek, a branch of the Otselic, flows s. through the w. part of the town. Ashbel Creek and several other small streams take their rise in the s. and e. parts. The soil is a shaly and clayey loam, liincklaen, (p. v.,) on Mud Creek, contains a church and 15 dwellings. Burdick Settlement, in the n. part, contains a church and 12 dwellings. IVortli liincklaen is a p. o. in the n. e. part. The first settle- ments were made about 1796. The first religious services were held by Rev. Seth Williston, in 1798. The census reports 4 churches in town.* MACDOIVOUGH* — was formed from Preston, April 17, 1816. It is an interior town, lying w. of the center of the co. The surface is hilly, and in some places broken by deep ravines and sharp ridges extending n. and s. It is drained s. by Bowmans and G-enegantslet Creeks and several other streams. Genegantslet Lake lies near the w. border. The soil is a clay loam, better adapted to grazing than tillage. Macdonough, (p. v.,) on Genegantslet Creek, contains 2 churches, several mills, and 168 inhabitants. East Macdonougll (p. v.) contains 2 churches and 14 dwellings. The first settlements were made in 1795, by Nathaniel Locke, Loring and Emery Willard, Henry Ludlow, and others.' The first religious association (M. E.) was formed in 1798. The first church edifice (F. W. Bap.) was erected in 1831 ; Elder Steer was the first pastor.' HTEW BERIillV — was formed from Norwich, April 3, 1807, changed to "Lancaster," May 9, 1821, and original name restored March 22, 1822. It lies upon the e. border of the CO., N. of the center. Its surface is a rolling and hilly upland, the ridges extending n. and s. Unadilla River forms its e. boundary ; and Great Brook flows s. through near the center. Mathewson 1 This stream has a fall of 140 feet in passing throiigh Guilford Village, affording a fine and very valuable water-power. s Joshua Mcrcereau and his brother (Frenchmen) settled at the mouth of Guilford Creek, and erected the first mill ih town, in 1789 James Phelpa and Button settled near Rockdale in 1790; Kobert McLeod, on Lot 1, in 1791 ; Danl. Savage, John Nash, and Nelson Robbins, from Ballston Spa, in 1792, at and near the old Four Corners; and Isaac Fuller, from Guilford, Conn., and John Secor, from Haverstraw, on Lot 2; Gurdon and Wyatt Chamberiin, at Mount Upton; Wm. and Nathaniel Hyer --all in 1793. Major Richmond and his sons Joseph and Seth,' Asa Haven, father of Hon. Solomon G. Haven, of Buffalo, Ban! T. Dickinson, father of Hon. Danl. S. Dickinson, of Bing- hampton, Caleb Bnrdick, Saml. Smith aud Pans Windsor were also among the pioneer settlers of the town. The first child torn was Giles Savage, Sept. 18 1792; the tot mamage that „f Powell and the widow of Isaac Fuller, m 1793; and the first death, that of Isaac Puller, in 1793. Ezekiel Wheeler kept the first inn, in 1796 ; and Sullivan Reynolds kepUhe first store and er«;ted the first mill on the Unadilla, in 1790. The first school was taught by Nathan Bennett, in 1794. 8 The Mi^B reports 12 churches; 6 M.E., 2 Bap., 2 Oong, Presb., Prot. E., and Union. ■ » »»v » 4 Named fl-om John Lincklaen, former proprietor of the town- Bhip and several adjacent tracts. Among the early settlers were Guerdon Wells, Abel Fairchild, Elisha Catlin, Joseph Pulford, Backus, Nathaniel Gray, Wolcott Bennett. Joseph Dar- ling, Jesse Catlin, Aaron Peet, John Wilson, Elisha Blount, Christopher Shipman, and Walters. The first child born was Matilda Wells, about 1800 ; and the first death, that of a child of Christopher Shipman. Wm. Bly taught the first school ; Elisha Catlin kept the first inn ; Fairchild Brothers, the first store ; Catlin & Shipman built the first sawmill, and J. Pulford the first gristmill. 5 Bap., Seventh Day Bap., Cong., and M. E. * Named in honor of Commodore Macdonough. 7 Edward Colbnrn, Benj. Ketchum, Benj. Kenyon, Epliraim Fish, John Anderson, Nehemiah Dunbar, Jonah and Sylvanus Moore, Joseph aud Ransom Cook, Wm. Mead. Wm. Norton, Danl.Wainwright, Adam Oyshlenbank, and M.Turner settled in town from 1795 to 1808. The first marriage was that of fcfylva- nus Moore and wife ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Benj. Ketchum. The first school was fciught by Capt. Joshua A. Burke. Sylvanus Moore kept the first inn, in 1799, and Henry Ludlow the first store, in 1802. Gates Wilcox erected the 6rat gristmill, in 1808 ; .Tohn Nevins, the first paper mill, in 1828, at Macdonough Village. Henry Ludlow built the first sawmill, on the outlet of Genegantslet Lake, in 1798. BThe census reports 4 churches; Bap., M. E., Presb., and Union. 382 CHENANGO COUNTY. Pond is a small body of -srater near the w. border. The soil is a shaly loam, occasionally inter- mixed with clay. Wew Berlin, (p. v.,) upon the UnadiUa, in the n.e. part of the town, was incorp. April 17, 1816. It contains 4 churches, the New Berlin Academy, a newspaper office, paper mill, cotton factory, ropewalk, and several minor manufactories. Pop. 740. Soutb Hfew Berlin, (p.v.,) upon the Unadilla, in the s.E. part, contains 2 churches and 285 inhabitants. A portion of the village is in Otsego co. Holmes vllle, in the extreme s.e. corner, contains 2 tanneries and about 20 houses. New Berlin Center is a p. o. The first settlement was made by Daniel Soribner, upon the Unadilla, in 1790.i -jhe census reports 8 churches in town.^ Hon. Henry Bennett, who has been elected to Congress five successive terms from this district, resides at New Berlin Village. IVORTH NORYTICH— was formed from Norwich, April 7, 1849. It is an interior town, lying N. E. of the center of the co. Its surface consists of the valley of Chenango River and the high rolling uplands which rise upon either side. The summits of the hills are 200 to 600 feet above the valley. It is drained by Chenango River, Cold and Fly Brooks, and several other small streams. The soil is a gravelly and slaty loam, in some places mixed with clay. BTortU HTor- tvich, (p.v.,) upon the Chenango, contains 2 churches, several mills, and about 150 inhabitants. It is an important village upon the Chenango Canal. Kin^S Settlement is a p. o. in the E. part of the town. The first settlers were Josiah Lothrop and Amos Mead, who located on Lot 1 in 1794.'' The first church (Bap.) was formed in 1796 ; Elder Eleany Holmes was the first preacher.* IVOKWICH — was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "Jericho," (nowBainbridge,) Jan. 19, 1793. Pharsalia, Plymouth, and Preston were taken off in 1806, New Berlin in 1807, and North Norwich in 1849. It is the central town upon the E. border of the co. Its surface consists of two high, rolling ridges, separated by the valley of Chenango River. The highest summits are about 500 ft. above the valleys. Chenango River flows s. through the w. part. It receives the Canasar wacta and several other streams as tributaries. Unadilla River forms the e. boundary. The soil upon the uplands is a shaly and gravelly loam, and in the valleys a gravelly loam and alluvium. Hforwicll, (p.v.,) upon Chenango River, in the n. part, was incorp. April 16, 1816. It contains the CO. buildings, 4 churches, the Norwich Academy, 2 banks, 2 newspaper offices, 2 piano forte factories, 3 carriage factories, 2 tanneries, 2 blast furnaces, a hammer factory, planing mill, sash and door factory, and plaster mill. Pop. 2,430. TVllite Store, (p. o.,) on the Unadilla, con- tains a church, gristmill, and 10 houses. The first settlement was made in 1788, by Avery Power.* The first religious services were held by Rev. Manasseh French, in 1793 or '94.* OTSEliIC — was formed from German, March 28, 1817. It lies on the N. border of the co., w. of the center. Its surface is hilly, consisting of high ridges 500 to 800 ft. above the valley of Otselic Creek, which are broken by the ravines of the streams. Otselic Creek is the principal stream, and flows s. w. through the center of the town. Several small streams are tributaries of the Otselic. The soil on the hills is a shaly loam, and in the valleys alluvium. Otselic, (p. v.,) in the N. part, contains 100 inhabitants ; Soutll Otselic, (p.v.,) in the s. w. corner, 1 church and 225 inhabitants. The first settlement was commenced about 1800, by Ebenezer Hill.' The first preacher was Stephen C. Nicholas. There are 2 churches in town ; Bap. and F. "W. Bap. OXFORD — ^was formed from Union (Broome co.) and "Jericho," (now Bainbridge,) Jan. 19, 1 Among the other early settlers who came about the same time were Nathl. and Joseph Medbery, who located upon Great Brook ; Saml. Anderson, Silas Burllngame, Jeremy Goodrich, Levi Blakealee, Charles Knapp, and Joseph Moss, who located upon the preseut Bite of the village. The first child born was Louisa Bancroft, in 1797 ; and the first marriage, that of Danl. Williams and Phila Packer, in 1794. .Tosiah Burlingame taught the first school ; Danl. Scribner kept the first inn ; Levi Blakes- lee the first store ; and Job Vail built the first mill. 2 2 Bap., 2 Cong., 2 M. B., F. W. Bap., and Prot. E. * Among the other early settlers were Judge Joel Thompson, .Jeremiah and Abner Purdy, and Benj. Ferris, from Dutchess CO., in 1795 ; and Jesse Rundell, Jacob Grow, Gen. Obadiah German, Ebenezer Hartwell, and James Purdy, in 1796, — all of whom settled at the village and along the valley of the Chenango. The first child born was Amos Mead, jr., Sept. 12, 1794 ; the first marriage, that of Ebenezer Ilartwell and Ruchel Mead, in 1795 ; and the first death, that of Mrs. Abner Purdy, in 1796. Thomas Brooks taught the first school ; Amos Mead kept the first inn, in 1803, and Gen. Obadiah German the first store. Bely. Hart^ well built the first gristmill, in 1803. * The census reports 4 churches in town ; 2 M. B., Bap., and Univ. s Among the other early settlers were David Fairchild, Silas Cole, Wm. Smiley, Nicholas Pickett, Maj. Thomas Brooks. Israel, Charles, and Matthew Graves, .Tosiah Brown, John Wait, Wm. Ransfoi'd and sons Hascall and Wm., jr., John Harris, Manasseh French, Joab Enos, Josiah Brown, Elisha Smith, Ueuben, Wm., and Stephen Steer. Stephen Collins, James Gilmore, Moses Snow, John Kandall, John McNitt, and David and John Shattuck. The first child born was Lucy Power; the first male child, Mai*- cus Cole ; the first marriage in the town and co. was that of Hascall Bansford and Harriet Graves, July 12, 1792. Benj. Edmunds kept the first inn; Jonathan Johnson was th« first physician ; and Elisha Smith built the first saw and grist mill. 6 The census reports 5 churches in town ; Bap., M. E., Cong., Prot. E., and Union. , 1 An Indian name, signifying Plum Creek. 8 Among the early settlers were Reuben Buckingham, David Steadman, Wm. Fish, Jonah Wolcott, Wm. Cross, ^^'m. Ilurl- but, and Wm. Smith, in the N. part; Ellas Benjamin, Buell Warner and his sons Oliver, Abner, and Buell, jr., Beuoni Parce, Lewis Cook, Jineas Thompson, John and James Warner. Abra- ham Fairchild, and Wm. Greene, in the s. part. I-Iannah War- ner taught the first school. Ebenezer Hill kept the first inn, in 1810, and built the first gristmill, in 1820. George Coles kept the first store, in 1812. James Rush built the first saw- mill. sste&a