MyJ I |l< l| |l>llll||IJI( l , l l| ll l ll |ri l |r|W| ^^^^-fe:^ 3lf. '^'^ g^;"" n(il€ 'Hi ■*-■'' ^^Sir' .(fe^x^fj^ ,-s.^ '^ 14 I J // ^'1 ' ^»-' CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY arV14352'^°""" ""'™™'y library llBifflfflSlllflillflllffi^^^ dictionary liiii oHn,a„^ 1924 031 320 603 The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031320603 ETYMOLOGICAL AND PEONOUNCHSTG DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE INCLUDING ■ 'j A VERY COPIOUS SELECTION OF SCIENTIFIC TEEMS FOR USE IN SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES AND AS A BOOK OF GENERAL REFERENCE BY THE EEV. JAMES STOEMONTH AUTHOR OF 'SCHOOL ETYMOLOGICAL DICTIONAEY AND WORD-BOOK' *THE HANDY SCHOOL DICTIONARY/ ETC. THE PBONDNCIATION OAKEFULLT EBVISBD BY THE EEV. P. H. PHELP M.A. CANTAB. ^ FOURTH • EDITION, EEVISED AND ENLARGED WITH AN APPENDIX OP SOKIPTUEE PKOPBB NAMES, ETC., EESPELT FOE PEONUNOIATIGN "WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS EDINBTJKGH AND LONDON MDCCCLXXVII ^dr^^^^B-^n- //cornell\ iUNIVERSilY \x LIBRARY, PEE FACE. This work, the result of the laboura of many years, is designed to supply a full and com- plete pronouncing, etymological, and explan- atory Dictionary of the English Language, containing an unusual number of scientific, technical, and other terms, in a handy form for general reference, and at such a price as will put it within the reach of persons of the most moderate means. Many new and im- portant features will be found in the work. The Dictionary Words.— These are printed in a bold, black type, and in singU Utters, that being the form in which words are usually presented to the reader. Capital letters begin such words only as proper names, and others which are always so printed. This distinc- tion will be of considerable use to the learner. English phrases, familiar colloquialisms, and slang and other terms useful for reference by the general reader, have been freely inserted and defined. The addition of participial ter- minations will be found a useful feature. The Grouping of Words.— The Dictionary words are grouped under a leading word, from which they may be presumed naturally to fall or be formed, or simply follow in alphabetical order. Only, however, are they so grouped when they are derived from the same leading root, and when their alphabetical order may not be materially disturbed. "When words occur in a group out of their alphabetical order, they will also be found in their place with a simple reference to the heading under which they are grouped. Care has been taken not to group to such an extent as to create diffi- culty in consulting/the work, but the alphabet- ical order of words in respect of their terminal letters is in no case attended to in the group- ing. The plan of grouping will be found to have important advantages. The words the most nearly related are immediately presented to the eye in a bold, black type, and not scat- tered over several pages, merely because their terminal letters are dififerent. The Fronnnciation. — The Dictionary words, for pronunciation, are respelt phonetically with italic letters, and divided into syllables, by dots instead of hyphens, and accented. The pronunciation has been carefully revised, in conformity with the best modem usage/ by the Rev. P. H. Phelp, M.A. Cantab., to whom the Author has also to acknowledge his great obligations for very valuable assistance he has afforded in other departments of the work. The scheme of phonotypes or sound-symbols is fully' detailed in a Table at the beginning of the work, and again briefly repeated, for the con- venience of reference, at the bottom of each two consecutive pages. The leading word of each group is uniformly respelt and marked in full ; but the succeeding ones, especially when the seat of the accent is the same, have, generally, only the terminal parts re- spelt, the full respelling of the leading word being sufficient to indicate the first part. The Etymology of Words.— For the roots, or the supposed roots, enclosed within brack- ets, the works of the best and most recent authorities havabeen carefully consulted. In the words given as derived from the non-clas- PREFACE. sical langnages— that is, not from the Latin and Greek — Wedgwood, Latham, and Max Mtlllef have been generally followed. When a Latin or Greek nonn is given as a root-word, the genitive case is fireqnently added in order to exhibit the literal elements more promi- nently to the learner. For the same reason, in Latin verbs, the supine in um is often pre- ferred to the infinitive in re. It mnst not be supposed that all the root-words given within the brackets indicate really the ultimate sources of the English words. In a very large class of English words they really are so, as in scien- tific terms, and words directly derived from the Latin or Greek, or in the case of that large class which are merely Imitative of natural sounds or natural appearances. The root-words are meant to show— (1) the probable origin of the English words; (2) their primary meanings; or, (3) their equivalents in other languages. The root-words may be considered as a core for a group of related English words. Apart from this their chief use in an educational point of view, their meaniags will be foimd highly use- ful in enabling the general reader to ascer- tain, in most cases, without difficulty, the pri- marysignificationsoftheEu^shwords. When no meaning is attached to a root-word, it is to be considered as an analogue — that is, it has the same sense as the leading Dictionary word. In regard to a numerous class of Eng- lish words usually considered as derived from the literary Latin, or from the Latin through the French, Italian, or Spanish, the best au- thorities now teach precisely the opposite. Such words are really derived from some one of that large class of related European lan- guages called the Bo&iance, including the French, Italian, and Spanish ; or from a source common not only to them, but also to English and literary Latin. Literary or classical Latin had its origin in the unwritten lan- guages and dialects of Italy. When the former ceased to be a living tongue, the latter still survived. In the same way, the present substratum of literary English has not sprang from the Anglo-Saxon of Wes- sex only, but from it and the languages and dialects, however derived, spoken in every part of Great Britain. While these fact^ must be distinctly borne in mind by the student, it is convenient to retain the fiction of derivation from or through the literary Latin In regard to the classes of words re- ferred to. In this view, the exact equiva- lents of English words in Italian, French, or Spanish, will be found highly useful and sig- nificant. It will be observed in nnmerons Instances that successive entries occur of words spelt precisely in the same way, and that tliey are so entered because they are derived from dif- ferent roots, and have, of course, different sig- nifications. This fact of itself will afford a striking example of the advantage of having related words grouped under their common root-^ffrds, instead of the usual plan of Eng- lish Dictionaries of having the most contra- dictory senses placed under the same word which itself, in two, three, or more of these senses, has quite a dififerent ori^, though spelt in the same way. The Meanings. — The meanings of the words are those usually given, but they have been simplified as mudi as possible. In the way of definition there will be found, however, a vast quantity of entirely new matter. The separate entries made, in works of the same kind, to indicate distinctions in the significa- tions of verbs, when used transitively and in- transitively, have been abandoned, as confus- ing to the learner, and as practically useless ; at the same time, however, the distinctions themselves have generally been retained. No attempt has been made to render the defini- tions exhaustive ; yet in these the work is very full. Very frequently words in a group ending in nes, ble, and bly, especially the last, are not followed by definitions. When so fonnd, the meanings are easily formed : Thus, difitinctness, state of being distinct ; distinctly, in a distinct manner ; bleakness, sute of being bleak; bleakly, in a bleak manner; improvable, that may be improved; improvably, in an improvable manner ; im- provableness, state of being Improvable : Thus, ble, meaning "that may be;" bly, manner ; and ness, state of being. The Appfflidices.— They are— a note in re- gard to prefixes being placed first — (1) A full list of postfixes in alphabetical order, having their origin indicated, and followed by exam- ples of their use ; (2) A list of common abbre- viations, with their meanings, and their full uncontraeted forms, when not English, within brackets; (3) A very full list of Latin, French, and other phrases, the name of the language, and their signification in English. Conclndiiig Remarks. — Such is a brief outline of the nature and contents of the present work. In a work necessitating so great an amount of research, and the elabora- tion of so great a mass of matter from such PREFACE. a variety of souroea during the unremitting labour of many years, tliere cannot but occur matter and arrangement that may call for adverse criticism, or at least coll forth differ- ence of opinion. Where, too, there is such a variety otlype, symbols, and marks employed, and so many elaborate details, errors may oc- cur. It is believed, however, that these will be found but few in number, and of little im- portance. Besides the Rev. Mr Phelp, already referred to, highly-qualified gentlemen were engaged on the revision of the proof-sheets as they were passing through the press. The Author begs to acknowledge his obligations to those gentlemen for their important services. Dr Page, Professor of Geology in the Durham University of Physical Science, Newcastle, and author of well-known works on Geology and Physical Geography, specially attended to the correctness of the numerous scientific terms introduced into the work. To give a list of authorities used in compil- ing the present work would serve no good end. Suffice it to say that numerous works have been diligently consulted and compared, including the best and most recent author!;- ties. While the Author's field of review has been a very extensive one, and while.he has of necessity trodden a path common to authors of works of the same kind, it is hoped that no undue use of materials from other works has been made. The most laborious care has been employed, and considerable expense in- curred, in securing accuracy. The Author trusts that this work will secure public appro- bation, and fulfil, in the opinion of those best able to judge, the objects for which it is chiefiy Edinbckgh, Octoier 1871. NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION. In this Edition a considerable number of important corrections have been introduced into the body of the work. A Supplement and a List of Proper Names have also been added. The Supplement contains about 460 additional words — chiefly such new scientific and other words as are now becoming current in our popular literature. Several emendations referring to the body of the work, and new ex- planatory matter, have . also been inserted in the Supplement The List of Proper Names consists of (1) Scripture proper names taken afresh from the authorised version, (2) all the proper names found in the Apocrypha, (8) common classical names, and (4) common historical and other names — all respelt for pronunciation according to the method era- ployed in the Dictionary. In placing the ac- cent, the authority of Smart and Dr Smith has been followed— chiefly the latter. In re- speUing the proper names, and employing the sound-symbols used in the Dictionary, a dis- tinctness and precision have been given to the pronunciation of tJiem never before attempted. Dr Page and the Eev. Mr Phelp have care- fully read over the Supplement. Mr Phelp, and two other gentlemen well known in the literary world, kindly took the trouble care- fully to go over the List of Proper Names, and adapt their ^Jronunciation to English usage. It win be observed, however, that though the pronunciation according to English idiom and usage has been preferred, the strictly classical has been sufl&ciently often indicated. It is hoped that, with these improvements and ad- ditions, this work will not only maintain the high position which it has already attained, but find increasing favour with the general public. Edinbttrqh, September 1874. CONTENTS. PAGE PREFACE iii SCHEME OF PHONOTYPEB OE SOUND - SYMBOLS FOR THE PKONUKCI- ATION OF WORDS VU AN ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE WORK, . viu THE DICTIONARY, 1 SUPPLEMENT OF ADDITIONAL WORDS, 742 APPENDICES. LIST OF POSTFIXES, 749 LIST OF COMMON ABBREVIATIONS, 752 WORDS AND PHRASES FROM THE LATIN, FRENCH, ETC., . . . 755 LIST OF SOEIPTURB PROPER NAMES, AND OTHER NAMES, . . 761 SCHEME OP PHONOTYPES OR SOUND-SYMBOLS FOB THE PRONUNCIATION OP "WORDS. Note.~{-) la the mark dividing words respelt phonetically into syllahleB; {'), the accent indicating on which syllahle or syllables the accent or stress of the voice is to he placed. The marks ( *) and ( ^) above the vowels are to be understood as having relation to the character of the sound alone, not to the prolongation, or the reverse, of the sound— that Is determined in ordinary cases by the accent- uation of the word. The mark ( ") above the symbols d/Sj, &U}, 6b, and oy, designates these as diph- thongal sounds. Soundrsymbols RPTyrpxpniinn ihfi ^nimris as Words respelt with employed in SSS'^theT^dT Sownd-symboh ami Marka RespelUng. exempitjiea m me woras. j.^ Pronunciation. d mate, fate, fail, aye, there tnat,/at,fai, <2, ^O/r. d mat, f^t mdt,'/dt. d far, calm, father .f&r. Mm, fdikiir, dUi) fall, laud, law J'cvtbl, Id^d, kSS}. € mete, meat, feet, tree m€t, 7nSt,/St,frS. i met, bed mSt, Md. ^ her, stir, heard, cur hir, stir, hird, Ic&r. I pine, ply, height .pin, pVl, hit. I'. pin, nymph, ability .pt/n, nlmf, d-Ml'%4K. G note, toll, soul not, tSl,sSl. 6 not, plot v^t, pint. 6 move, smooth m6v, sm6^. 6ijo noun, bough, cow no^n, bd^, h^. (^ boy, boil Wy, t^l. &i : woman, foot wd&Tii'^, JiM. V. pure, due, few. .pikr, du,fii,. a bud, come, tough Mtf, Mm, t^f, ch chair, match chdr, mAch. 9 game, gone, gun gdm, gdn, g-Sm. 3' Judge, gem, gin .jv^, jSm, jin. k king, cat, cot, cut Mng, kdt, kdt, kUt. s sit, scene, cell, city, cypress sit, sSn, sSl, sit't, si'prSs. sh shun, ambition shiln, dm-Msh'-Sm,. th thing, breath tWng, trSth. tk there, breathe ^Q/r, TyrStft: 2 zeal, maze, muse zei, mOz, mUz. zh azure, vision d'zhSbT, vfzji'-dn. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS. a. or adj.. ..adjective ad. adverb agrL agriciilture alg. algebra anat. anatomy anc (mcient arch architecture archseoL . . .archsology arith arithmetic aatrol astrology astroiL astronomy tiot botany chem. chemistry chron chronology com common com. commerce comp comparative conch conchology conj conjunction contr. contraction dim. diminutive dyn. dynamics E east E. I East Indies eccles ecclesiastical affairs Eng. hist... English history engln. engineering eutom entomology etym. etymology Fahr. ...h. .Fahrenheit far. lanleiy fern. feminine fort fortification gen. gender ; genitive geog geograpliy geol geology geom geometry gram grammar her. heraldry hist history hort horticulture imp imperfect participle impera imperative infln infinitive instr. instrument int interjection Interrog. . ..interrogative pronoun lit Hterature masc masculine math. mathematics mech mechanics med. medicine meta. metaphysicii mil military affairs min. mineralogy mod. modem myth. mythology N north n. noun nat. hist.. . .natural history /navigation or naval af- I fiiira neut neuter nom nominative obj objective opt. optics ornith. ornithology paint painting palxon palaeontology path pathology pers. person pert. ....... .pertaining phil philosophy phren phrenology phys physiology or physical plu. plural poss possessive pp perfect participle pref. prefix prep preposition pres present pron pronoun prov. provincial pt past tense rel relative pronoun rhet rhetoric R. N royal navy K.Cath. Ch. Roman Catholic Church S south Scrip Scripture sculp sculpture sing. singular Buperl superlative surg. surgery surv surveying theoL theology trig trigonometry U. S United States V verb W. west W.I West Indies zool zoology Alb Albanian Amer American or America Ar. Arabic AS Anglo-Saxon Bav Bavarian Beng. Bengalee Bohem Bohemian Bret Breton Celt Celtic Chald Chaldee Chin Chinese Dan. Danish Dut. Dutch Eng English Esthon Esthonian F French Fin Finnish Flem Flemish Fris Frisian Gael Gaelic Geno Genoese Ger Germaa Goth. Gothic Gr. Greet GrlB Grisons Heb. Hebrew Hind Hindustani Hung. Hungarian Icel Icelandic Ind. '..India or Indies Ir Irish It. Italian L Latin Lang Languedoc Lap Lapland Lim Limousin Lith Lithuanian Mai Malayan Manx language of Isle of Man {Latin of the middle ages, or late Latin Milan Milanese Norm Norman Norm. F. .. .Norman French N. Frls North Frisian old Eng. ...old English old F old French old Frls old Frisian old H. Ger. .old High German Pers Persian Pledm Piedmontese Pol Polish Port Portuguese Prov Provencal prov. Eng. .provincial English Kom Roman Russ Russian Sam. Samaritan Sans Sanscrit Scand. Scandinavian Scot Scotland or Scotch Serv Servian Sic Sicilian Slav Slavonic Sp Spanish Sw. Swedish Swab Swabian Syr. Syriac Teut Teutonic Turk. .......Turkish Venet Venetian W Welsh WaL Walachlan WalL Walloon Westph Westphaliaa ETYMOLOGICAL DIOTIONAEY OF THE ENGLISH LANGtTJAGE, AND EEFEEENCE BOOK A, a, the first letter of the alphabet in most lan- guages; an adjective of number, siernifying one ; the indefinite article — used before adjectives or nouns that begin with a consonant or with the sound of a consonant; an Anglo-Saxon prefix signifying at, to, in, or on; a Greek prefix, also Its form an, signifying toithout, not; a Latin prefix, with its forms at> and abB, signifying /rom or away. A 1. d one, a mark to denote a ship of the first class as to newness and being seaworthy. Aaronlc, a. a-r&n'ik,- also Aaronlcal, a. &-rdn'i-kai, of OF pert, to Aaron or his priesthood. ab, Ob, a Latin prefix; also a and abs, signifying from or away. A.B., first letters ot Artium SaccaZaureus — H/r'shi' ilm, of arts ; iak'-kd-laW-ri-Us, bachelor — meaning Bachelor of Arts, an academic title. aback, ad. d-ftafc" (AS. on-Tjaec), on the back; hack- wards, as used by sailors ; by surprise ; une^qtectedly. abacus, n. ab'A-kiis (L., from Gr. aiiafcos, a board for calculations), a counting frame ; in arcA,, the crown-, ing table of a column. Abaddon, n. A-bdd'ddn (Heb. abad, to be lost or destroyed), the destroying angel of the bottomless pit. abaft, ad., prep. a-6^f'>(AS. c^an, after, behind), a seaman's term ; at or towards the stem or hinder part of a ship ; behind. abandon, v. d-ban'dUn (F. abandonner, to desert), to give up; to desert; to foi'sake entirely: aban'doning, imp.: aban'doned, pp. : adj., wholly forsaken; given up; extremely profligate or corrupt: aban'donment, n. a giving up wholly ; a total desertion : aban'doner, n. the person who gives up. abase, v. a-bOs' (F. dbaisser, to lower— from L. ad; basis, the foot or base), to bring low; to degrade; to cast down: aba'sing, imp.: ahased, pp. O-basf: abase'ment, n. the act of humbling or bringing low. abash, v. d-bilsh' (old F. esbahir, to set agape, to confound), to confuse with guilt; to make ashamed: abash'ing, imp. : abasbed, pp. il-b^hf, confoimded ; put to silence : abash'ment, n. confusion from shame. abate, v, d-btlf (F. abattre, to beat down : It. abhat- ere, to overthrow), to lessen ; to lower in price ; to grow less ; to subside : aba'ting, imp. : aba'ted, pp. : abat- able, a. d-bd'tiX-bl, that can be lessened or abated: abate'ment, n. a reduction; a lessening; the sum abated : aba'ter. n. the person or thing that abates. abatis, n. db-a-tis or ob-d-t^, also spelt ah'attis (F. abattre, to beat down), piles of trees or their larger branches, with sharpened points outward, laid down for the protection of troops. abattoir, n. Ab-at-wdr' (F.), a public slaughter- house. ABEL abh, n. ilb (AS.), the yam of a weaver's warp. abba, n. db'bd (Chaldee), a father; a name given in the East to church dignitaries— hence baba, papa, pope : abbacy, n. db'bd-si, the dignity or rights and privileges of an abbot: abbatial, a. dba'shi-ai ; also abbatical, dbdi'l-kdl, of an abbey: ab'be, n. ab'bS, a father; a title of courtesy or honour given to persons in many Catholic countries who have given themselves to the study of divinity: abbess, n. db^b^s, aladyplaced over a nunnery. Among persons living secluded from the world in religious houses, the males are called numks, and the females nuTis. The residence of a monk is called a monastery, and that of a nun a nun- nery, abbey, n. db'bi, plu. abbeys, db'blz, a monas- tery ; a residence of persons secluded from the world, either male or female ; abbot, n. db'bUt, the superior ■ or chief person over an abbey or monastery: aoTjot- sli^, n. the office of an abbot. Abbeville flints, db'v6l, rude flint implements, in the form of spear-heads, &c., found In great abund- ance in the post-tertiary sands and gravels of the river Somme, near Abbeville, in France. abbreviate, v. ab-bri'-vl-at (L. ab; brevis, short), to shorten; to reduce to a smaller size; to abridge: abbie'via'ting, imp. : abbre'vla'ted, pp. : abbrevia- tion, n. db-br^'vl-d-shnn, the act of shortening ; a part of a word used for the whole : abbre'vla'tor, n. one who: abbrevlatory, a. -tCr't, shortening: abbrevia- ture, n. ■vhd-tm', an abbreviation, abdicate, v. db'di-kdt (L. ab; dico, I proclaim or make known), to give up a right : to renounce an office of power: ab'dica'tlng, imp. : ab'dica'ted, pp. : abdi- cation, n. db-M-kd'shiln, the act of giving up ; a sur- rendering: ab'dlcant, n. -kdni, also ab'dica^tor, -kd' tdr, one who : abdicative, a, db'-di-kaHlv, causing or implying abdication. abdomen, n. db-dO'mSn (L., from abdo, I conceal), the lower part of the belly ; abdominal, a. db-ddm'i- nOl, belonging to the lower belly: abdominous, a. db-ddm'J-niis, having a large helly: abdomlnales, n. plu. db-ddm'i-nd'iez, in zool., the soft-finned fishes which have their ventral fins placed on the abdomen, behind the pectorals. abduce, v. db-d-Os^; also abdnct, v. db-d'S.k^ (L. ab : duco, I lead), to lead or draw from ; to separate : abdn'cing, imp. : abduced, pp. db-dust' : abduc'- ting.imp.: abdnc'ted, pp.: abduc'tor.n. onewho; in anat., a muscle that draws a limb or a part outwards : abduction, n. db-dUk'-shun, in med., a drawing away from ; a carrying away by fraud or open violence : ab- ducent, a. db-dw-s&nt, separating ; drawing back. abed, ad, d-b&d' (AS.), on or in bed. abele, n. d-bS'U (Pol. bidlo, white), the white popliir- tree. mdte, m&,t,/dr, lafo; mate, mSt, Jtir; plne.pln; note, ndt, m&ve; cdto, b^,fdbt; pure, bUd; chair, gavie,jog, slmn, thing, fhere, zeal. ABER a1)erratloii, n. aVSr-ra'sMn (L. ab; erro, I wander), a wandering from the ri£:ht way, as from trutb ; moral perversitv; mental weakness; an apparent motion of the fixed stars: aberrant, a. db-ir'-rdnt, differing widely ; aber'rlng, a. wandering: alierrance, n. db-er- rdTis; also aberrancy, n. ab-Sr'ran-sl, a wandering from the right way. abet, V. a-bSf (AS.: old F. abetter, to incite; dbouta, to set dogs on), to aid; to incite: to encourage, chiefly in a bad sense : abet'tlng, imp.: abet'ted, pp. : abet'tor, n. one who abets or enoouragea, usually in a bad sense : abef ment, n. abeyance, n. a-ba'dns (F. abayer, to gape at, to pant after), state of being held back for a time ; state of expectancy ; temporary suppression. abbor, V. dft-ftdr' (L. ab ; fiorreo, I shake or look ter- rible), to hate yery much ; to despise ; to detest : ab- horring, imp. : abhorred, pp. db-Jidrd': abhorrence, n. ab-lWr'-rSns, very great hatred : abhor'rer, n. the persoriwho abhors : abnorrent, a. ing, imp.: absorbed, pp. db-sCrbd'; ab- 8ornQent,n. that which sucks up or imbibes, or a vessel which imbibes or takes up : absorbable, a. db-sdrb'd- bl, what may be sucked up : absorptive, a. db-sdrp' tlv (L. dbsorptum, to suck up), having the power to suck up: absorption, n. (&-s6rp'-sh&n, the act of drinking in or sucking up: absorbability, n. db- s6rb'd-au''C-tl, state or quality of being absorbable. abstain, v. Ob-stam' (L. abs; teneo, I hold), to keep or refrain from; to forbear: abstain'ing, imp.: ab- stained, pp. db-stdncl': abstain'er, n. one who keeps from ; abstinence, n. db'stin-€ns, the practice of keep- ing from, of one's own free will : ab'stinent, a. refrain- ing from, especially in the use of food or drink; tem- perate : ab'stinently, ad. -It. abstemious, a. db-ste'-mX-Ha (L. abstemius, tem- perate or sober), sparing m the use of food or strong driiflcs; temperate: abatem'iouB'ly, ad. -It: abstem- ious'ness, n. being sparing in the use of food or strong drink. abstergent, a. db-stir'-jSnt {L. abstergeo, I wipe dry — from aba; tergeo, I rub off), having a cleansing pro- perty—thus fuller'B earth is au abstergent: abster- sive, a. db-st^slv, cleansing. abstract, a. db'strOM (L. a^s; tractits, drawn), dis- tinct or separate from something else ; existing m the mind OTily; difficult; abstruse: n. a summary or epi- tome; an abridgment: v. db-strdkf, to separate; to draw from; to epitomise; to purloin: abstrac'ting. Imp.: abatrac'ted, pp. separated; absent in mind: abstrac'tedly, ad. : abstractedness, n. state of being separated from a real existence : abstrac'ter, n. one who; abstraction, n. db-strdk'-shiki, the act of the mind when consiuering some part or property of a body by itself, as hardjiess; absence or mind; deep thought; purloining: ab'stractness, n. being in a separate state ; not being connected with any object : abstractive, a. 'tiv, having the power to abstract: abstractively, a. -ttv-K: abstractly, ad. db-strakt-ll. abstringe, v. db-str^' (L. ab ,- atrvngo, I bind or tie tight), to unbind: abstrln'ging. Imp. : abstringed, pp. db-str^d!: abstrlcted, a. db■strikf■tM,^m\iQ\raA.. abstruse, a. &b-atr6sf (L. absl/niBUS, bidden), con- ceaJed ; difficult to be understood ; obscure : ab- stmae'ly, ad. -1%: abstruseness, n. db-atrds'-n^s, dark- ness in meaning ; obscurity. absurd, a. Gh-a&rd' (L. ab ; swrdAis, that will not bear), not fit to be heard ; what is plainly opposite to the truth; contemptibly foolish : absurdly, ad. -It: absur'dlty, n. -dl-tl, what is absurd : absurd ness, n. abundance, abundant, and abundantly, (see abound.) abuse, V. d-busf (F. abuser: L. ab; vsus, used), to treat wrongly or ill ; to misuse anything ; to violate ; to revile; to impose on; n, d-bua', lU use of any- thing; rude reproach; misapplication : abnse'fOl, a. C^, boy, /di)t; pure, &ild; cftfltr, ! ACCE using abuse: abn'slng, Imp.: abused', pp. O'Mzdft abu'ser, n. one who: abusive, a. a-b^'-aiv, carryinff on bad language or 111 treatment ; revUing ; contain- ing abuse: abu'sively, ad. -H: abu'slveness, n. abut, V. a-bHf (P. aooutir, to meet at the end; butt, to strike with the head, as a goat), to border upon ■ 1>o touch : abnt'tlng, imp. : abut'ted, pp. : abutment n d-biU''mSnt, what supports the end of a bridge; that which borders upon. abyss, n. d-bis^ (Gr. abussoa, without a bottom ; a, without ; buesoa, a bottom), a very deep place ; that which is bottomless : a deep mass of waters. Abyssinian, a. do'l-ain'i'an, of or pert, to Abys- sinia. a,c, dk, a Latin prefix, a form of ad, meaning to; the forms of ad, meaning to, are, a, ac, of, ag, aX, an, op, or, as, at, and Is so varied for the sake of euphony, according to the commencing letter of the part of the word of which it forms the prefix. acacia, n. d-kd'-aM-d (L. a thorn), the Egyptian thorn; gum-arabic. academy, n. d-kOd'S-mX (L. and Gr. academia, name of an ancient school where Plato taught), a public or private school ; a society of learned men : academic, or academical, a. Ak'O-dSm'ik, or dJc^d-dSmii-kdl, pert, to a college or imiversity: ac'adem'lcal'ly, ad. 41: academician, n. d-k&d'S-miak'dn ; also ac ade'mian, n. a member of a university or learned society ; aJso acad'emist, n. Acadia, n. d-kd'dUl-d (F. Acadie), the original and now the poetic name of Nova Scotia. acalepnae, n. plu. dk'd-U'/e (Gr. aAaZep/ie, a net- tle), a name applied to the soft gelatinous radlata known as medusse, sea-nettles. Jelly-fish, &c. acanthodes, n, plu. d-kdn'tho-dez (Gr. aka/ntha, a spine], a genera of fossil ganoid fishes having thom- Ifke nn-spines — the type of the fomily acaatnodlds, dkd/n-t!iod'l-de: acanthaceous, a. d-kdn-thd'afvha ; also, acanaceous, a. d-kd-nd'ahua,a,nnei with prick- les; acanthus, n. d-kdn'thus, the herb bear's-breech ; in a/rch., an ornament resembling thefoliage or leaves of the acanthus : acanthine, a. d-kdn'thin, pert, to or like the acanthus : acanthopterygian, a. dk-dn-tMp' t&r-tj'l-dn (Gr. akamiha, a spine ; pierugion, a winglet or fin), a term applied to fishes naving the back or dorsal fin composed of spiny rays, as the perch, gur- nard, &c. acanthoteuthls, n. d-kdrnf-tM-tuHMa (Gr. akmitha, a thorn ; teuthis, a cuttle-fish), a genus of fossil cuttle- fishes. acarldas, n. plu. d-kdriX-dS; or acarea, d-kd'ri-d (L. aca/rus: Gr. akoH, a mite), a term applied to such insects as the mite, the tick, the water-nute, &c. acatalectlc, a. d-kdt'-d-lSk'ttk {Gr. akataiektos, not defective at the end), not halting short; without de- fect : n, in poetry, a verse having the complete num- ber of syllables. acaulons, a. d-kd/U'lUs; 'also acanllne, d-ki^'t%n (Gr. a, without; kaaUoa, a stalk), in bat, applied to a plant without a stalk; stemless. accede, v. dk-sed' (L. ad; cedo, I yield), to agree to the proposal or request of another ; to comply ; ac- ce'ding, imp, : acce'ded, pp. a.ccGleTa.te,v. dk-sSl'-ir-at {L.ad; celerojlhasten; or celer, swift), to quicken ; to hasten ; to cause to move faster : accel'era'tlng, imp. : accei'era'ted, pp. : ac- ' celeration, n. dk-ailQrd'shun, the act of mcreasing speed or motion: accelerative, a, dk-aSl-^r-d'tlv ; also, acceleratory, a. dk-s&l'-&r-d-t5r''l, quickening; hastening. accenoible, a. dk-a^n'dli-bl (L. accevdo, I set fire to), capable of being infiamed or kindled: accendi- blilty, n. dUsSn-dl-bUH-n. accent, n. dk'aSnt (L. ad; canto, 1 sing with energy), the stress or force of voice put upon a sjolable or word ; the mark indicating the same: manner of speaMng: accent, v. dk-sSnv; or accentuate, v. dk-sSn'tH-dt, to pronounce a word or syllable with a particular stress or force of voice: accent'ing, imp. : accented, ?p.: accen'tuat'lng, imp. : accen'tuat'ed, pp. : accen- uatlan, n. dk-sen'tu-d'shtn, the placing accents on syllables ; the act of pronouncing words and syl- lables properly; accen'tor, n. in music, one who leads : accentual, a. dk-sSn'tu-dl, relating to accent. accept, V. dk-8&pf (L. acceptwn, to receive — from ad; captus, takenj, to take what is ofltered; to agree or consent to ; to acknowledge or promise to pay : ac- cept'ing, Imp. : accept'ed, pp. : accept'er or accept* or, n., one who accepts: accept'able, a. dk-sSpt'd-bl,' game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ACCE < pleasing or gratliying to a receiver; acreeaWe in poraon or by aemces; welcome: aoceptaDly, ad. ok- sepi'a-bli: acceptableneas, n. : accep'tabU'lty, n. -bU'i-tt: acceptance, n. ak-sept'ans, the receiving with approval; a written promise to pay money; mocepf or, n. the person who gives a written promise to pay money: acceptation, n. dk'-sdp-ta-sh'an, recep- tlon, the meaning or sense In which a word or expres- sion ia generally understood. access, n. Ok-sSs' or Ok'sSs (L. accesstis. a coming to), admission to; approach, or means of approach: accessible. a. dft-sto-si-W, easy of approach: affable: acces'slbly, ad. -E-ba: acceB'sibU'lty, n. -bUH-ti: ac- ceiBlon, n. Ok-sSsh-Un {h. ad; cessio, a yielding or giving up), an increase; an addition; an arriving at; uoat which is added : accesalonal, a. Ok-sSsh'iLn-ai, additional: accessorial, a. ak'sSs-sO'rt-dl, relating to an accessary: accessary, a. ak'-sis-sar'i; also spelt -sory, -s&r'%, aiding in doing something, or privy to It: additional: n. anything additional: one who aids or gives countenance to a crime : ac cessar'Uy, ad. -i-il; ac'cesMT'lneflfl, n acclaccatura, n. ak''aM-ak'a-t6'r& (It. accuiccata), in muaie, a grace-note. accident, n. dk'st-dSTit (L. accidens, gen. accidenhs, ■lipping, happening to), Bomothing taking place un- expectedly; an event not foreseen ; a quiulty not os- aential: accidental, a. Ok'st-dSnt'cd, happening by chance ; casual : n. anything non-essential : ac'cldont- ally, ad. -If; ac'cldentalnesB, n. : accidence, n. Ok- 8l-ain3, a book containing the deHnltions and rules of grammar as they fiUl from or succeed each other. accipenserldsB, n,p\\i.dkisip-Sn-sir'l-d4 (L.acct;pen- «r, the sturgeon), the sturgeon fiimlly—alimlted group of ganoid fishes ; tho exhiting species are chiefly of large size. accipltres, n. plu. dk-^p'l-trgz- (L. accipiter, a hawk — ^from accipto, I seize), in omith,, a term applied to the rapaclousDirds, as eagles, falcons, hawks, &a.: acdpitrlne, a. (Uc-sIp'i-tTiCn, hawk-like; rapacious. acclaim, v. Ok-klam' {t. ad; clamo, I cry out), to appiaud: n. a shout of Joy: acclaim'lng, imp.: ac^ cwmed, pp. 'kiamd': acclamation, n. d/^^/ud-Trul' shUn, applause expressed by tho voice, or by a noise with the hands or feet: acclamatory, a. ak-kldm'd' tOr'i, expressing Joy or applause. acclimate, v. Ok-kn'mat; also accllmatlBe, v. dk-kll'md-tw (L. od: and dimate, which see: F. acclimater), to accustom the body to live in a foreign country In a state of health; to inure a plant or animal to a climate not natural to It: acclimating, imp.: acclimated, pp. Ok-kll'matSd: acclimation, n. ak'kll-rrUl'shiln: accUmature, n. ak-kll'ma-tn^: accllmatlBlng, Imp. ak-kli'md-tiz'-lTiQ .- acclima- tised, pp. Ok-kli'ma-tud' ; acclimatisation, n. Ok. klVma-h-za'shHTt. accllTity, n. ak-kliv'X-t% (L. ad ; elivtis, a slope), a slope ; rising ground : the face of a hill in going up : fiiecJivifv, the face of ahtll in coming down: accllvons, a. aic-kll'vUs, rising as a hill. accolade, n. Ok'o-ldd' (L. ad; coUum, the neck), a word formerly u3ed.to designate the ceremony of con- ferring knighthood by a gentle blow of a sword on tho neck or shoulder. accommodate, v. dk-Mjn/^mo-dOt (L. ad; coTt, to- gether; modtis, a measure, a limit), to moke suitable for; to adapt to; to supply; to help; to lend: accom'- moda'ttng, imp.; accom'moda'ted, pp.: accommoda- tion, n. dk-k&in'mO-da'shiin, Buitable convenience; what is furnished to supply a want: accom'moda- tlve, a. •da'Uv. furnishing accommodation ; obliging : accom'modate'nesB, n.: accom'moda'tor, n. one who. accompany, v. ak-k&m'-pa-nl (F. aceompagner— from compagnie, company), to attend or escort ; to go with as acompanion ; to bean associate : accom pany- ing, Imp.: accompanied, pp. (XA;-fcilm:p(£n-{(2.- accom- pKOiw, n. dk-kUjnipd-ni-ir : accompaniment, n. dk- kilm'pdn-i-mSjU, something that attends or is added by way of ornament or tmjprovement; accomponlat, n. dk-Mm,'pdn'i3l, in muaic, the person who accom- panies. accomplice, n. dk-kdm-plls (L. ad; con; pHco, I fold: F. complice), a companion in doing somethbig wrong ; a confederate, usually in an ill sense. accomplish, v. dk-kdm'pKm Ih. ad ; compteo, 1 All completely), to complete; to ftnlah entirely; to bring to pass: accom'pluhing, imp.: accom'pliBhed, pp. •plKht: adj. richm acquired qu^ties and manners; elegant; reHncd: accom'pllBnment, n. the finishing inotc, mat,/Ar, Ic^; mete, mSt, ACCU entirely; attainment; ^afllmont: completion; poUte mannoTB or education : accom^UBher, n. one who : acoompllBhable, a. dk-k6miplish-d-bl! accom'pUBh- menti. n. pin. polite acquirements. accompt\ old spelling of account, which aee. accoriT v. ak-kd3brd^ih. ad; cor, gen. cordis, the heart), to make to agree or correspond; to grant or Eire ; to be suitable : n. agreement; consent; harmony : accord'ing, imp. : adj. agreeing; granting; suitable: according to, prep, phi-aae : accord ed. pp. : accord er, n one who: accordance, n. dkkdrd-dns, agreement with a person : accord'aat, a. agreeable to ; cottm- ponding to : accord'antly , ad. -1%: accordingly, ad. -» .• accordion, n, dk-k6ridi-6n, a keyed wind instrument. accoat, V. ak-k6sif (P. accoater, to Join side to side, to come up to), to apeak first to ; to addi-ess or salute : accost^ing, Imp.: accoBt'ed, pp.: accoBtaWo, a. dk- toIs*:d-6?. easy of access. accoucheur, n. dk'kdt>-sh^ {F.— from. h. ad: T. couclie, a bed), a surgeon who attends women in child- birth : accouchement, n. dk-kdbsk'Tndng, ^n&m child-birth; accoucheose, n. dk-kSb-s/iez, a midwife. account, n. dk-ko^vnt' {h. ad; con, together; puto, I tWnk— this word used to be written accompt), a aum stated on a slate or paper; a narrative or statement ; regard; explanation a statement of prices, expenses, Ac: V. to Judge; to esteem; to value; to give rea- sons; to explain; to be liable: account'lng, imp.: account'ed, pp.: accountable, a. dk-k(PUmt-d-bl,nti,Dle to answer for one's conduct: accoont'abU'ity, n. -d- bll'l-tl, being liable to answer for one's conduct ; ac- connf ably, ad. -bit: accoont'ableneBB, n.: account- ant, n. one skilled in accounts ; a cleric : account ant- Bhlp, n. the oiBce of an accountant : accountancy, n. dk-kmont'd/n-^ ^ , accoutre, v. dk-k6't^- (F. accoutrer, to dross or equip), to dress or equip for niliitaiy service ; accou- traig, imp. dkkd'lrlng: accoutred, pp. ak-k6'-t^d: accoutrements, n. plu. dk-kO'-t^-ments, military dress or equiptnents. accredit, v. dk-kred'lt (L. ad; credo, I believe or trust in), to give trust to ; to procure honour or credit for: accrediting, imp.: accredited, pp. dk-krSd'ited: adj. authorised to appear as one possessing the contl- dence of another, or as a public character. accretion, n. dk-kre'sJiiln (L. ad; cresco, I grow, or cretum, to grow), increase by external addition of new matter: accretive, a. dk-krS'tlv, growing by external additions : occrescence, n. dk-krSs'Sns. accme.v, dk-kr6' (L. ad; cresco, I grow), to arise from; to proceed: to come to; to be added as incri^ose or profit; accm'ing, imp.: accrued, pp. ak-kr6d': acom'ment, n. accnmbent, a. dk-kilm'bSnt {L. accvmbo, I lay my- self down upon— from ad; ciibo, I lie down), leaning upon; reclining at meals: accum'bency, n. 'Si. accumulate, v. dk-kA'mA'ldt (L. ad. ,- cumulus, a heap), to heap or pile up ; to collect or gatlier to- gether; to increase greatly: adj. heaped; collected: accu'mnla'tlng, imp.: accn'muli^ted, pp.: accu'mula'- tiou. n. 'Id'shun, the act of heaping up or collecting together; the tilings accumulated: accu'mnla'tive, a. taken as a whole or in the mass : accu'mnla'tively. ad. -Id'tiv-li : accn'mula'tor, n. one who gathers or accuracy, n. Ok'-kA-rd-sl (L. adt ewra, care), cor- rectness ; exactness : accurateneHB, n. dk'k&'rdt'nSs, I'Teedom from error or mistake : accurate, a. dk'kil- rdt, very exact ; free Horn error or mistake : ao'cora- tely, od. -H. accurae, v. dk-kirs' (L. ad: AS. corsian, to execrate by the sign of the cross), to devote to destruction ; to call down evil or misery upon : accursed, pp. dk- kdraf: adj. dA-fc^r'sSd, doomed; wicked; execrable. accuse, v. dk-k&tf (L. accuso, 1 blame — from ad; causa, a cause), to charge with a crime or fault; to blame : accn'slng, imp. : accused, pp. dk-kOxd': ac- cuBation. n. dk'kA-zdSshiin, being declared guilty of a crime or fault ; the charge brought against any one : accu'ser, n. one who blames or charges some one with a fault or crime; accu'sable, a. -d-bl, chargp- able with a crime: accusatory, a, dk-komiceous, partaking of the qualities or appearance of carbon. aceldama, n. d-sSl'da-md or -kSl- (Ch. akel, a field; dama, blood), a field of blood. aceph^Ia, a. d-s^-d-ia (Gr. a, without; kephale, the head), applied to those molluscs that have no dis- tinct head — as the oyster, the scallop, &u.: aceph- alouBt a. d-s6/'-il-lil3, headless. acerb, a. d-s^b' {L. acerbtts, unripe, sour), sour; bitter: acerbity, n. &-s^bH-ti ,- also acerbitude, n. a-sei-b'htud, sourness with bitterness; sharpness of temper and manners. acerlc, a. d-s&r'tk (L. acer, a niM)le-tree), of the maple-tree— aa aceric acid, an acid foimd in its Juice. acerosa, a. Os'^-Oz; also aceroos, Os'ir-us (L. aciis, a needle, or chaff; acer, sharp), in bot, linear and sharp-pointed, applied to the leaves of the fir tribe ; chaSy. acerval, a. d-s&r'vOl (L. acervus, a beap), in heap» : 3,cerva,te, v.d-ser'vat, to heap up: acer' vating, imp.: acervation, n. ds'er-vd's}iO,n, act of heaping up. acescent, a. d-aSs'Snt (L. acesco, I become sour), slightly sour; tending to acidity: acescence, n. d-sSs'ens; or SLcescency, d-sSs'Sn-si. acetabulifera, n. ds'-s-toJi'u-llif'&rd (L. a^taibu- lum, a sucker, a vinegar-cruet ; J'ero, I bear or carry), those cuttle-fishes whose arms or tentacles are fur- nished with rows of little cups or suckers : ac'etab'- nlum, n. -u-lUm, in zool., applied to such organs as the cuplike sucking-discs on the arms of the cuttle- fish ; in anat, the socket of the hip-Joint : plu. ac'- etab'ula. acetarious, a. ds'S-ta'H-us (L. acetwn, vinegar), applied to plants used as salads : acetar'y, n. ds'S- tdr'i, the acid pulp of certain fruits : acetate, n. ds- i-tdt; also aceUte, n. d.'lit, needle-ore ; an ore of bismuth found im- bedded in quartz in long, thin, ateel-grey crystals: aciform, a. ds'-l-fdJO)rm (L. CKws; forma, shape), needle- shaped. acid, u. ds'ld (L. acidus, sharp to the taste— from ACQU acus, a needle), something which causes aoumcBs to the taste : adj. sour ; sharp ; biting to the taste : acid- ity, n. &-sid'%-ti: also acldness, n. Os'ld-rUSs, the Sialityof being sour; -aoidiferous, a. ds'-id-tf-Sr-Hs . acidvs, sour ; /ero, I bear), containing acid : acid- ify, V. d-sid'-i-fi (L. acidus; facia. 1 make), to make a body sour; to change into an acid: acid'l^rlng imp. : acld'ifled, pp. -fid ; acidification, n. d-sid^- fl-ka'sJiHn, the act or process of changing into an acid : acldlfl'er, n. d-sld'tfi'^, that which changes into an acid: aoidlflable, a. d-sid-tf-l'd-bl, that may be converted into an acid: acldimeter, n. dsH-dimi &4^ (L. acidus : Gr. matron, a measure), an instru- ment used in testing the strength of acids. acidulate, v. d'SM'u-ldt (L. acid/ulus, a little sour), to make slightly som-: to make moderately acid: acld'ula'ting, imp. : acld'ula'ted, pp. : acld'ulouB, a,* slightly uour : acididae, n. plu. d-std-H-lS, mineral springs rich in carbonic acid. acldaapls, n. ds'i-dds'-pls (Gr. akis, a spear-point: aspis, a buuder), certain fossil crustaceans, so called flora, the central lobe of the head-plate projecting over the body in the form of a pointed stomacher. adnaceous, a. ds'l-ji^-shUs (L. adnua, a stone or seed in abeny), full of kernels : acenoae, a. ds'i-nGz, applied to mineral textures and surfaces which have a granulated appearance like the raspberry. aclnaciform, a. ds'ln-ds'1-f(£5}nn (L. acinaces, a straight sword or sabre), in bot, shaped like a Turkish sword or scimitar. acknowledge, v. dk-ndl'-^ (L. ad, to; and know- ledge), to own: to confess; to admit to he true; to assent to : acknowred^ing, imp. : acknowledged, pp. dk-nOl'^d: acknowledgment, n. dk-n6l'Sj-m6nt, the owning to he true ; confession ; the expression of thanks for a benefit received ; a receipt : acknowl'- edger, n. one who. acme, n. dk'mS (Gr. akme, the point), the highest point ; the top ; matmity or perfection ; the height or crisis of a disease. acne, n. dk'nS (Gr. contr. from akmai, pimples on the face), a small hard pimple, chiefly affecting the forehead. acolyte, n. dk^-6-l^ (Gr. akoloutheo, I follow as a servant), in the Rom. Cath. Ch., one whose duty it is to prepare the elements for the oftlces, to light the church, &c., and to attend on the officiating priest. aconite, n. dk-O-nit (L. aconitum: Gr. akoniton), the herb wolf's-bane, or monk's-hood; a deadly poison extracted from it : aconitine, n. d-kOn'l-tin, the alka- loid of aconite. acorn, n. d'ka^ivm (AS. acem.- Icel. akam: Dut. aker), the fruit of the oak-tree, formerly used as human food. acorus, n. dk'Orus (L., from Gr. akoron), the sweet flag, or sweet rush. acotyledon, n. d'-kif-t%-iePi-ti, sharpness; bitterness: acrimonloiu, a. Ok'-ri-mO'nl-ils (L. acn- monia, sourness), sharp; severe; sarcastic— applied to manner of speaking: ac'rlmo'nlomness, n.: ac'rl- mo'nlouBljr, ad. -II: eJsrimony,Jx. dk'rl-mdn-l, sharp' nesa or bitterness in epeakmg: acrltude, n. aJc'ri- tad, bitterness. aciita, n. OJc'-rX'ta (Gr. akritos. Indistinct), a dlvi- Bion of the animal kingdom, comprising the lowest classes of radiata, characterised by an Ind^tiuct or molecular condition of the nervous system. acroamatlc, a. ak'rO-dmAt'lk; also ac'roamat'lcal, a. -l-kdl (Gr. akroama, a. hearing), pert, to the more obscure or deeper parts of learning ; abstruse. acrobat, n. dk'ro-hdt (Or. oArros, high; baino, I go), a rope-dancer ; avaulter; a tumbler. acrocephallc, a. akf-rO-sS/Ol'lk (Gr. akros, high; kephale, the head), high-headed, or pyramidal-headed — applied to the hlgh-skulled tribes of the human famtly. acrodont, n. ah^-ro-ddnt (Gr. cUcros, high; odous, gen. odontos, a tooth), a term applied to certain fossil saurlana from the manner in which their teeth wore fixed: acroduB, a. ak'-rO-dAs, certain fossil fish-teeth, characterised by their enamel being covei'ed with fine grooves, known by the name of fossil leeches. acrogen, n. ak'rOMn (Or. akros, high: gennao, I produce), in bot, applied to plants which increase by growth at the suminlt or growing point : acrogenous, a. a-krdj'Snds. increasing by growth at the summit or growing points— as the tree ferns. acrognathus, n. ak'rdg-nd'thus (Gr. akros, high, pointed ; gnathos, the Jaw-bone), a genus of fossil fishes uom the lower chalk, characterised by their deep Jaws. acronyc, a. a-kr6n'Vc; also acron'ycal, A-kai (Gr. akros, high, extreme ; ntix, gen. nuktos, night), in as- iron., a term applied to the stars when they either appear above or sink below the horizon at tne time of sunset : acron'ycally, ad. -It. acropolis, n, a-krOp-Q-lla (Gr. akros, high; polls, a city), the highest part or citadel of a city. acrosanmi, n. dk'rO-sato'rHs (Gr. akros, high: saiiros, a lizard), an extraordinary fossil reptile found in South Africa. acrosplre, n. Ok'rO-splr (Gr. akros,- spetra, a spiral lino), the shoot or sprout at the end of a germinating seed: ac'rosplred, a. -spird. across, prep., ad. a-kr6^ (AS. a, at, on : Icel. kross, a cross), from side to side ; laid over something so as to cross it. acrostic, n. d-krds'tik (Or. akros, higli, extreme; attcJios, a row or line], a short poem of which the first letters of the lines or verses form a word— generally a proper name: adj. pert, to: acros'tlcaJly, od. -11. act, n. dkt (L. acHts, done), a dofd ; a doing ; po^rr exerted ; an exploit ; a decree or law : v. to do ; to exert power : to perfon^ : act'lng. Imp.: act'ed,pp.: action, n. afc^Sftitn, the state of acting or moving ; lorce exerteti by one body on another; a deed; a battle: actionable, a. Ok'-shiln-a-bl, Bomethlng in word or deed that may be carried to a court of law : ac'tionably, ad. -11 .■ ac- tlonary, n. dk'shfin-dr'l : ac'tlonist, n. one who : ac- tive, a. d^'^tv, nimble; lively: not dull: ac'tlvely, ad. ■H: activity, a. ak-llv'-i-ti, nimbleness; the haiiit of diligence : actor, n. dlc'-t^, he that acta or performs— fem. ac'tress: actual, a. dk'-m-dl, real; what tmly exists: ac'tnally, ad. -If: actuality, n. dk'tii.-ai'1-tl, reality: actuary, n. OkHu-dr'i. a notary; the man- aging director of an Insurance office: actniiliBe, v. dU'tu- l-d-llif, to reallBe ; to moke actuaj : ac'tualls'lng. Imp.: actualised, pp. ak'tH-d-Hzd'! actuate, v. 0^ tu-dt, to move ; to Incite to action : ac'tuattng, Imp. : ac'tuated, pp.: tuetasMon, n. dk'tna-shfm. acteoaauros, a. ak'-tS-O-saW-rHs (Gr. acte, the sea- shore ; sauros, a llaard), a fossil lizard-like animal of the chalk period having very small extremltlea. 6 ABDR actinia, n. Oc-nn'X-d (Gr. aktin, a ray), the sea-ane- mone so called from the ray-like arrangement of its tentacles, which aurroimd the mouth like the petals of aflower: plu. actin'lBB, (lA;.rtni«.A aotlnocrinuB, n. dk-Hti'dk-ri-niis ; also actlnocn- nite, dk-Hn-Ok-rl-nlt (Or. aktin; krinon, a lily), a ge- nus of encrinites characterised by the thom-llke side- arms which project fi-om tho main column, actinolite, n. dk-HuiC-llt (Gr. okHn, a ray; lithos, a stone); auo ac^ote, n. dk^tin-Ot, a mineral com- posed of radiating or thom-Uko crystals of a dark or erecnlsh hue. actlnometer, n. ak'tin'dm'S-tir (Or. aktin ; metron, a measure), an Instrument for measuring at any in- stant the direct heating power of the solar rays. aculeate, a. d-kiVld-dt (L. acus, a needle), in bot, sharp-pointed; thorny; prickly: in ssool., havmg a atlng or prickles. , . , , acumen, n. d-kS.'mSn (L. acuo, I sharpen), ahaiT- ness ; quickness ; penetration ; sagacity: acumiuatea, a. d-ka'-mi-nd'tdd, sharpened to a point: also acu- minate and acu'mlnous, a. -nits: acninluation, n. a-ku'mi-nd'-sh'^n. ., acupressure, n. a-kH-prSsh'iir (L. acus, a neeaie; prcssum, to press), in svrg., the employment of needles Instead of ligatures for tying arteries, &c. acupuncture, n. d-kH-pilTigk'tii/r (L. actis, a nee- dle; punctus, a pricklne), in surg., the pricking a diseased part with a neodlo : acupunc'tura'tlon, n. acute, a. d-kiW (L. acuius, sharp • pointodl, sharp; poneti'atlng; opposed to dull or stupid: acutely, ad. -II: acute'neas, n. ad, ad (L.), Latin prefix meaning to; it assumes, for tho soku of euphony, the various ftinna of a, ac, of, ag. al, an, ap, ar, as, ai, according to the commencing letter of the primitive or root. adactyl, n. d-ddk'-tU (Or. a, without; daktulos, a finger), m sool., a foot or locomotive extremity without toes. adage, n. dd'dj (L. adagium, a proverb), a pro- verb ; an old saying, adagio, n. d-ad'-ji-O (It.), slow time: ad. slowly. Adam, n. dd'dm, the first man :,Adamic, a. A^ddm' ffc.pert. to: Ad'am's ap'ple, n., the proimiiont part of the throat: Adamites, n. plu. dd'd-mtls, an ancient 'reUglouB sect: Adamitic, a. dd'd-mU'lk, pert. I^o the time of Adam: pre-Adamlte, a. prS-dd'd-mit, before the time of Adam. adamant, n. Od'A-mdnt (L. adamas, a hard stone— > from a, not ; damao, I subdue), what cannot be broken, tamed, or subdued ; a stone or metal of impenetrable hardness: adamantine, a. dcf^tt-mtln'/fTi., hoi-d-heart- od; not to be broken or subdued; also ad'amau'tean, a. -te-dn. adapis, n. dd'ii-pXs (Gr. o, without ; dapis, a carpet), a fossil animal somewhat roaombling a hedgehog, but three times its size. adapt, V. a-ddpf [h. ad; np/o, I fit), to fit ; to make to huit: adapt'lng, imp.: aoapt'ed, pp.: adaptable, a. d-ddpt'd-ol, that may be suited: aaaptabillty, n. a-ddpt-a-bU'-i-Vi, the being fitted or suited for: adap- tation, n. dd'dp-td'-sh^n, the act of making suitable; fitness: adapt'ednesa, n. add, v. (Id (L. ad; (to, I give), to put together; to Join; to unite: ad'dlng. Imp.: added, ^xt.m'-dSd: ad- dible, a. dd'di-U; also additive, a. dd'-dXtlv, that may be added: ad'dlbU'ity, n. : addition, n. dd-dlsh'-Hn, an increase ; uniting two or more numbers Into ono sum; something put to : additional, a. dd-dWi^fin-ai, something more : addlti'onally, ad. -It. addendum, n. ftd-dHn'diim, plu. adden'da, -dd (L.), an appendix ; something added. adder, n. dd'd&r (AS. csttr: low Ger. adder-. W. nctdr: Goth, nadrs), a poisonous aorpent; a viper: adder-fly or adder-bolt, n. dragon-fiy. addict, v. dd-dlkt' (L. ad; dictus, said, named), to give one's self up to, as to a custom or habit— usually in an ill sense : addlct'lng, imp.: addlct'ed, pp.: addlct'- ednesB : addiction, n. dd-dik-sMn. addition, &c., see under add. addle, v. rtd^dl (AS. adX, disease: prov. Sw. adel, unnej. to make corrupt : addle or at^ed, a. dd'-dld^ rotten— applied to eggB; barren: add'ling, imp.: ad- dled, pp.: ad dle-head'ed, a. of weak intellect; also ad dle-pat'ed, n, pd'-t&d, addresi.v, ad-dr6s^{V. adresser, to direct: L. direct- us, made stralglit), to apeak to; to write a direction on a letter ; to pay court to, as a lover: address'lng Imp.: addressed, pp. dd-drSsf: addresB', n, a speak- mate, mat./dr, la^; mSte, met, Jt^; 2>ine, pin; note, ndt, mOve; ADDU ing to; direction on a letter; skill; manner or mode of behayiour: plu. addresses, ad-drSs'Sz, courtship paid to a woman : addres'ser, n. one who. adduce, v. ad-das' (L. ad; diKO, I lead or bring), to offer; to bring forward; to cite; to name: addu- cing, imo. : adduced, pp. Od-d'Usf : addu'cer, n. one who: addu'clble, a. -s'I-&i;adduction,u.dd-4«ft's/nin; adducent, a. Od-dH'sSnt, bringing lonvard or toge- ther: adductive, a. ad-iiilJc'-tIv (L, ad; dv^iiis, led), that adduces : adduc'tively, ad. -Uv-Vi: adduc'tor, n. in anat, a muscle that contracte parts. adenology, n. ad'S-n6l'6-ji (Gr. aden, a gland ; logos, discourse), in anat, the doctrine of the glands; their nature and their uses : adenose,£i.(I<2'£-7idz; alsoade- nouB, dd'-S-nus, gland-lilce: adenography, n. Hd'en- Cg'-rd-fl (Gr. aden; grapho, 1 write), a treatise on the glands. adept, n. a-dSpf (L. adeptus, got, obtained), one fully skilled in anything: adj. skilful. adequate, a. dd-S-kwdt (L. ad; asquatus, made equal or like), fully sufficient for; equal to: ad'eqnately, ad. -2{: adequacy, n. dd-g'/cwa'sl, the being equal to; sufficiency for a iMirticular end : ad'eqnate'ness, n. adfected, a. ad-f6k^-6d (L. ad; /actus, done), in alg., consisting of different powers of the unknown quantity; also affect'ed. adhere, v. dd-h&r' (L. ad; TuBrm, I stick), to stick to; to cleave to; to hold to an opinion: adhe'ring, imp.: adhered, pp. dd-hSrd': adherence, n. Idd-hS- rSns, steady or Iixed attachment to; adhe'rency, n. -rSn-si, the act of sticking or adhering to : adhesion, n. Hd-hi'-zhun, applied to TTMirtcr^-the act of sticking to ; a union of parta of any body by means of cement, glue, growth, &c. ; steady attachment: adhesive, a. ad-M' 8lv, gluey; sticky: adhe'sively, ad. -ll: adne'Bive- - ness, n. : adhe'rent or adhe'rer, n. one who adheres to; afoUower: adhe'rently, adr -!1 adMbit.y. ad-hVb'itih. aaMbitum, to add to,— from ad; Tiabeo, I have or hold), to put to ; to use or apply : adhib'lting, imp.: adhio'lted, pp.: adhibition, n. dd'hX-blsh-un, application ; use. adiantites, n. plu. ad'i-dn'tlts or -tl'tSz (Gr. adi- antos, unmoistened), a genus of fossil ferns found in the coal-measures, so called from their resemblance to the existing adiantum or inaiden-hair. adieu, n.; ad., inteij. d-du' (F. a, to; Sieu, God), a farewell ; an expression of regard or kmd wishes. adipocere.n. ad'l-po-s^' (L. adeps^ fat; cera, wax), a light, waxy, or fatty substance, of a whitish-grey colour, into which animal flesh is changed when buried in moist earth ; often found in burial-grounds— hence called "grave-wax"— in peat-bog, Ac: adlpocerous, a. dd'l-pos'^-^, pert, to; adipocerite, n. dd'-l-pOs' Sr-lt, the fatty or waxy matter found in certain peat- mosses : adipocere nuneral, a fatty waxy substance found in certain coal-formations. adipose, a. dd'l-pOs; also ad'ipous, a. dd'-l-pHs (L. adiposus, fatty— from adeps, fat), full of fat ; fatty. adit, n. dd'lt (L. aditus, an approach or entrance), an under-CTOund gaUery or timnel into a mine for carrying off water or for extracting the ore. adjacent, a. dd-ja'sSnt (L. ad;jaceo, I lie), lying near; bordering upon; acUa^entiy, ad. -U: adjacen- cy, n. dd-ja-sBn-sl. ad^ect,v. dd-jSkf {L. ad; jacttis, cast), to add or put to: adject'lng, imp.: acUected,pp. dd-j6kt'6d: adjec- tion, n. Od-jSk'-sliun: adjectltions, a. Od'jSk-tlsh'iis, added to or on : adjective, n. ad'j6k4lv, a word put to a noun to modify its meaning: adj. qualifying; depending on another: adjectlvil, dd^'ik-ti'vOl, a. pert, to : ad'jectiveljr, ad.-tiv'li. adjoin, v. ad-jdyn' (L. ad;iungQ, I join), to lie next to ; to lie close to : adjoinfmg, imp. : ai^oined, pp. aldjoum, v. &d-jim' (L. ad: F. jour, a day), to pirt offfrom one day to another; to delay: adjoum'mg, imp.: adjourned, pp. dd-jUmd'^ aojoum'ment, n. putting oft to another day; the time or interval duriDg which the business is suspended. adjudge, V. dd-jvf {L. ad; judico, I judge: F. ad^ 3vmr), to determine: to decide; to award sentence: acQudg'lng, imp.: adjudged, pp. ddi'S^d': ac^udg'' ment, n. adjudicate, v. &dj6'di-kat (L. adjvdico, I give sentence in behalf of— from judico, I judge)^ to pr£>- nounce judgrnent upon ; to try or detemune as a court : adju'dica'ting, imp. : a^ju'dJca'ted, pp. : ad- judication, n. dd-jb'-dl-k&'Sh'&n, the pronouncing judgment upon; the decision or award of a court. ccSi;, 'boy,fSbt; pure, hud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ADON adjtmct, n. Ad'-jUnkt {L. ad; jwnctus, joined) some- thing added to another, generafly to modiiV or quali- fyi adj. assisting; adjnnctly, ad. -ll: adjunction, &d-3'6.nX'Shiln: aqjunctlve, a. -tlv, joining; tending to Join : n. that which is Joined : acUnnc'tlvely, ad. -ll, adjure, v. Od-j&r' {L. adju/ro, I swear soleimly— fiom ad; jaro, I swear), to charge solemnly; to bind on oath: adju'ring, imp.; adjured, pp. ddj&rd'.- ad- juration, n. dd'jO'o-rS.'shtln, the act of solemnly charging on oath ; a solemn charge on oath : adju'rer, n. one who. adjust, V. dd-jiialf (L. ad; Justus, just or proper), to fit to ; to make to correspond ; to put in order ; to settle; adjust'lng, Imp.: adjust'ed, pp.: adjustment, n. Od'jiist'ra&nt, the act of settling; a settlement: ad- just'ive, a. -1v. adjutant, n. Ad'jdb-tdrd (L. ad; jutum, to help), in a regiment, one who assists the major, and next in raiik to him: adjutancy, n. ad'jdd-tdn'sJ, the otflce of the adjutant: adjutor. n. dd-jo'ter, any one who assists: adjutrix, n. dd-jC-triks, a woman-helper: ad'juvant, a. helping: n. an assistant; in Tried., a remedy. admeasurement, n. dd-m6zh'dbr-ment (L. ad; and metior, I measure), adjustment of proportions; art or practice of measuring according to rule. , administer, V. dd-7ninr'"^ ^^ «^« r;UndrUem^anc5 : ^^S^?^:."' °- *"irga]n ; a renewal of friendship. agriculture, n. Jp'-ri-kilVtii/r (L. ager. a field • S^«fe ^}Vi *l% °I ^^rklng tL 'ground to make It fruitful; husbandry: ag-riau'tural, a. -M. fSiS-'^'i^'"'"^ *° the tillage of tffe ground: i^ricnl'- turirt, n. one engaged in ftirming : agTlcnl'turol'^, clS^aT' "' ^'"^"^^'-^ f lUr; pine, pin; nOte, nSt, mOve: AGUI 11 ALCO ing: a^ed, pp. a'gUd: aguish, u. somewhat cold and shivering:. agullla, n. a-gioil'-ld (F. aiguille^ a needle), an obe- Uak, or the spire of a church-tower, ah, int. &, an exclamatory word denoting surprise, pity, dislike, &c. : aha, int. a-h&\ expressing triumph, Burprise, or contempt : ahoy, int. d-My', attend ye— a sailor's call. ahead, ad. a-Md' (AS. a, and Mad), in advEuice ; further forward than another. ahull, ad. A-Ml' (AS. a, and KuO), the condition of a vessel with her sails furled and helm lashed a-lee. aid, n. ad (F. adder, to help— fium L. adjutare, to assist), help; relief; assistance :v. to help: to support; to relieve : ud'ing, imp. : aid'ed, pp. ; ald'er, n. one who : aidless, a. od^Ss : aidant, a. ad'ant, helping : aidance, n. ad'ftiis, help; assistance. add-de-cajnp, n. Qd'd4-k6ng, plu. aids' -de -camp (F. aide, an assistant ; du cmnp, of the camp), in an army, an officer whose duty it is to receive and convey the orders of a general. algret, n. a-grSt; also egret, n. &gr&t (F. aigrette), the little white heron; in bo(., the feathery down of the thistle. algre, n. a-^er— see eagre. algidlle, n. a'gwei' (F. needle), applied to the sharp serrated peaks of lofty mountains ; an instr. for pierc- ing holes for the lodgment of powder when blasting: algulet, n. a'guUt, or aiglet, dg'Ut, a point or tag on fringes. ail, v. dl (AS. eglian, to pain ; egle. troublesome : Goth, agio, affliction), to be sick ; to trouble ; to be in pain: ail'ing, imp.: adj. unwell; full of sickness: ailed, pp. did: all'meut, n. sickness; trouble; sUght aim,v. dm (old F. esmer, to estimate — from L. aestimo, I value), to throw at an object ; to direct a weapon to ; to endeavour; to purpose or design: n. the object or point Intended to be struck; piirpese; intention; aim'ing, imp. : aimed, pp. dmd .- aim'er, n. one who : aimless, a. am'-lSs. air,n. ar(F.,fromGr. orL. oer, air), the atmosphere ; agas ; a light breeze ; a tune or melody ; look or mien ; affected manner : v. to dry ; to expose to the air : air'- Ing, imp.; aired, pp. ard: airy, a. Ctr'-i, high In air; light like air; trifling; vain: airily, ad. Or't-li: air'- JTig, n. a ride or walk in the open air: alr'less, a. wanting fresh air : airiness, n. ar'l-nSs, the state of being opened freely to the air; lightness of manner; gaie^: air-tight, so close and compact as to prevent Che passage of air: air-bed, alarge air-tight bag iilled with air for the repose of ailing persons : air-cells, cavities in vegetable and animal sfructures filled with air : ^-gun, amusket or gxm in which compressed air. Instead of powder, is made the pro_peIting agent: air- hole, an opening to admit air: air-pipe, a pipe for the escape or supply of air : air-plants, plants rooted on others, and suspended, as it were, in the air: air- pump, a machine for exhausting or pumping out the air from vessels : air-shaft, a passage made into mines forthe admission of air: air-veasels or air-aacs, spiral ducts in plants containing air, analogous to lungs in animaJs. aisle, n. 11 (L. dla, a wing ; F. aisle or aile, a wing), wing of a house ; the side passages of a church— the middle passage is called the Tiave.- aisled, a- 'Ud, hav- ing aisles. ait, at (a contr. oteyot, from eye, an island), a small flat island in a river. All-beds, aks, the flanks or sides of a deep valley in which the town of Aix, in France, is situated, com- posed of a thick fresh-water tertiary formation, being aperfect storehouse of fossil fishes, plants, and Insects. ajar, ad. d-jdr" (AS. ceorran, to tuna: Swiss, achar, ajar), a little opened. ake, n. dk, another spelling of ache, which see. akimbo, a. d-Hm'-bO (AS. ct, at : It. sghembo, crooked, athwart: Gr. shxvmbos, crooked), arched; crooked; bent. akin, a. &-Mn' (AS. a; and cyn, family), related to by blood ; having the same properties. al (L.), a prefix, being another form of ad, signify- ing to; in Ar. al signifies tJie. ^abaudine, n. dl-d-bdn'd'Cn (L. aldbanddcus), a stone mentioned by Pliny, and so called from Alabanda, where it was cut and polished. It is a sulphuret of manganese, and usually occurs in massive granular crysfcils of an iron-black colour and semi-metallic lus- tre, found in Saxony and South America. alabaster, n. iU'd-bOs'tir (Gr. aiaiasiron), a kind ' of soft semi-transparent marble : adj. pei*t. to. alack, int. d-ldK (corrupted from aJas), an exclama- tion expressive of sorrow : alack-a-day, an exclama- tion to express regret or sorrow. alacrity, n. d-ldk'ri-tt (L. alacritas, liveliness, ardour: F. alacriU), cheerfulness; gaiety; a smart willingness or readiness. a-la-mode, ad. d'ld-TnOd' (F. after the fashion), ac- cording to the fashion. alarm, v. d-l&rm' (F. alcurmer, to frighten: It. all' ojrme, to arms— fi'om L. ad; arma, arms), to give a sign to warn of approaching danger; to surprise; to arouse to danger: n. an outcry to annotmce danger; sudden surprise; terror: alaim'ing, imp. : alarmed, pp. d'ldrmd' : alarm'ingly, ad. -1%: alarmist, n. a-l&r7n.''%st, one prone to terrify with danger: alarum, n. d-l&r'Hm, a piece of mechanism In a clock by wliicli a loud ringing noise is produced at any fixed time for the purpose of rousing one out of sleep. alary, a. dV-Hr-t (L. ala, a wing) wing-like : alate, a. dl'at, winged; furnished with appendages like wings. alas, int. d-lds' (L. lassus, wearied: Fr. las, weary), an exclamation of sorrow or pity. alb, n. dlb (L, aXbus, white), a vestment of white linen worn by the Roman Catholic clergy, albatross, n. dl'bd-tr6s, a large South-Sea bird, albeit, conj. &l'M-U (AS. all, he, and it), although; notwithstanding. Albert coal or albertite, dl'b&T-itt, a bituminous mineral found in Albert county, in the province of New Brunswick, North America. albescent, a. dl-Ms'&nt (L. albesco, I grow white), growing white; moderately white; in hot,, having a pale tinge or hoary appearance. Albigenses, n. plu, dl'-bl-jSn'sez, a sect or party who separated from the Church of Rome In the twelfth centmy.so called from Albigeois in Languedoc, France, where they first arose,— not to be confounded with the WaZdenses, who were a difl'erent sect, and arose at a dlflerent time. albino, n. ai-M'nO (L. albus, white), a person, or any animal, with white hair and red eyes ; a white negro: albinism, u. dl'bln4zm, state of being an aJbino. Albion, n. dl'-bt-dn (L. albiis, white), an anc. name of England, frequently used in poetry— so called from the appearance of the white chalk cliffs on its coast to persons coming from the Continent. albite, n dl'blt, a variety of felspar of a greyish- white or milky-white colour. album, n. Ol'bUm (L. albus, white), a scrap-boofcj a memoriai book: album grsecum, n. ttl'bUm grS'kam, the whitish hardened excrements of dogs, wolves, (Sec. albumen, n. dl-bU'mSn (L. from albus, white), the white of an egg; white matter: albuminous, a. dl- bHi'm/t-niis, having the nature of albumen. alburnum, n. dl-bHr'mlm (L., from albus, white), the soft white part of atreenextto the bark; the sap- wood: albuglneons, a. Sl'bH-j'Ln'i-iis, like the white of an egg: albugo, n. dl-bU'gO (L. a white spot), the white ol the eye, alcahest, n. dl'-kd-hSsf ; also allLaheat' (Ar.). a pretended universal solvent. Alcaic, a. dl-kd'-ik, relating to Alcaeus or to the verse invented by him : n. a Greek metre. alcald, n. dhkad' (Sp. alcaide), the chief magistrate of a town or city in Spain: sometimes spelt alcalde, iU-kdl'-dS (Sp.) alcedo, n, Ol-se'dO {LX the king-fisher, alchemy, n. Al'M-milAr. al Mnvia, the secret art; probably Ar. al, and Gr. chuma, a melting or fu- sion), the professed art of changing the other metals into gold; the art that professed to find aimlveraal remedv and other impossible things: alchemic, a. ai-kSm'-lk; also alchemical, a. az-k&m'-t-kOl, relating to alcheir^: alchemist, n. ai'kS-mfsf, one who prac- tises alchemy: al'chdmis'tlcal, a.: al'chemia'tioany, ad. -11. The above are also spelt with y for e, as al- chymy. alcohol, n. Hl'-kO-hSl (Ar. al koTiol, the impalpable powder of antimony with which the Orientals stain their eyelids; a pure extract), spirits of wine; dis- tilled spirits highly rectified ; the intoxicating prin- ciple in all spirituous or fermented liquors: alco- holic, a. ai'kO-hSl'lk, pert, to alcohol: alcoholate, n. (I?'fcO-Ad/'a(, a salt containing alcohol: alcohollse, v. dl'ko-hd-lixf, to convert into alcohol ; al'coholis'lng, cmo, b^tfdbt; pure, tUd; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ALCO 12 ALL imp.: al'cohoUsed', pp.; alcohollsatlon, n. -hdl'X-zii' shUn: alcoholmeter, n. ai'kO-hOl'me-t^ (Ar. al kohol: Gr. vietron, a measure), on instrument for ascertain- ing the strength of spirits. , Alcoran, n. Ol'la-ran' {Ar.),th6 book containing the Mohammedan law, precepts, and doctrines— now more commonly spelt koran, alcove, n. (M-fciJi/ (Sp. alcoia, a part of a room railed off to hold a bed of state), a recess in a room for a bed or stdeboard ; a shady recess In a garden. alcyonlte, n. Olst-Ontt (L. Alcifone, a daughter of jEolua, who, from love to her shipwrecked husband, threw herself into the sea, and was changed into the bird Idng-fisher : Gr. Jialkuone), a general torm applied to the spongiform fossils so common in the chalk- formation. alder, n. Hl'-dir (AS. air: Ger. eller: Sw. al: L. alnits), a true resembling the hazui : al'dem, a. made of alder. alderman, n. iV'dCr-mdn,pi\i. al'dermen (AS. eald, old ; ealder, an elder, a chief), a senior or superior ; a civic dignitary next In rank to the mayor: al'der- man'lc, a. •tJe, in the manner of an alderman : al'der- manly, a. -^I. ale, n. r-ils (L. ata, a wing; fero, I carry), having n-ings: allfonn, ai'i-faXvnu (L. ala; /omm, shape), wins-ahaped. ^ ,, , _., , allglit, V. dlif (AS. ahhtan, to light on anything, especially on the giomid), to get or come down; to settle on, oa birds : aiighi'lng. Imp. : allght'ed, pp. allgnement, n. adin-7nSnt (F. a raw, a level— from F ligiie, a lino : L. Unea, a line). In mil., the position of a body of men In a straight line ; a supposed lino to presoi-ve a fleet, or part of one, in its just direction, alike, a. ad. a-lVe' (AS, — see like), the same in appeanmco ; not different j in the some manner or degree. iQlment, v. dl'l-ment (L. alimentum, food), to maintain : n, food ; nourislunent ; suppprt : al'lment'- ing, imp. : al'lmenf ed, pp. : allmen'tal, a. supply- ing food that can nourish! al'imen'tally, ad. -11: au- manta«7, a. dlH-mSn'tdr-t, having the property of nourishing; al'lmen'tariness, n. : al'lmentallon, n. •ta'sMn, the power of affording nourishment; the state of being nourished : aUmony. n. at'l-mOn-t, tho sura allowed for the support of a wire who Is separated from her husband: al'lmen'tiTeneaB, n. In phrcn., the organ which gives a desire for food and drmk. aliped, n. dlH-pSd (L, ala, a >ving; pes, gen. mdis, a foot), an animal, such as tho hat, whoso feet, con- uoctod by a membrane, serve as wings. aliquant, a. Ol'l-kivdnt (1. aliquantum, a Uttlo), that does not divide exactly. aliquot, a. Ol^'kwdt [L. some— from alius, another ; guo(, now many), that measures or divides exactly; an aliquot part of a number is a part contained In It exact^— thus 3 Is an aliquot port of 6, 9, 12, alive, a. a-llv' (AS. a: Goth, liban, to live), endued with life ; not dead ; sprightly ; active ; easily im- pressed. alizarine, n. a-I{s'A'r{n(aZtear{, anc. name for the plant madder), a colouring principle In madder, alkaboBt, n. dl'-kd-hSst—RBB aleaheit. alkaU, n. dl'-ka-U, plu. alkaUei, dl'-kd-liz (Ar. oI- qali, the salt of ashes), a substance, such as soda or potash, which neutralises the action of on acid, and changes vegetable blues Intd green, yellows into bro^vn: alkaline, a. A^'M-Itn, having the properties of an alkali ; the alkaline eartni are time, maanesia, baryta, and strontia: al'kalin'lty, n, -i-tl: alkalisa- tlon, n, dl'kAl-t-zd'shUn, the miucing a body to have the properties of an alkali : alkalisable. a. dl'k&'liii d-bl: alkalescent, a. dl'kd-lSs'0nt, tending to be, or slightly alkaline: alkalescence, n, dl'Mi-ies'-iins ; also u'kaJeB'cency, n. -si : alkalify, v, dl-kdl'-i/i, to convert Into an alkali ; to become aJkaltno : alkal'lfy- Ing, Imp.: olkallfled, pp. cUfttU-'{-/fd .• alltaUfl^ble, a. -fi'-a-bl: alkaligenouB, a. dl'kd-liiiS'nUs {alkali; Gr. gennao, I generate), producing ancall : alkolime- ter,n. dl-kOl-im'-S-tir {alkali ; Gr. mefron, a measure), an mstrument used in testing tho strength of alkalies - aHuaim'etry , n. -trl, tho art of finding the strength of alkalies; alkaloid, n. dl'kd-lt^d (alkali: Gr. eidos, form, resemblance), a substance having alkaline pro- perties in a slight degree ; tho alkaline principle of a vegetable. alkanet, n. dl'ktt-nSf (Ar. alkanaJi, a reed), a plant whose root yields a rod dye. alkermeB, n. Ol-Jc^'mez (Ar. al; kermes, reddish grains of certain oaks), a confection; a compomid cordial. Alkoran, n. (see alcoran), the spelling with fc should be preferred: allioran'lc, a. pert, to: al'koran'lst. n one who. all, a, dtbl (AS. ealls Goth, alls: Icel. oKr— from & or ei. aye, ever), the M'hole ; every one : n. the whole number; tho entire thing: ad. wholly: when used in union with othorwords, all generally denotes whollv completely, or perfectly, all along, continually,, regu- larly: all that, Collection of similar things or occur- rences; et cmtora; all in all, everything: all-fooU'- Tj, '^^ **"'' ^^ ^P""'' ■ *U-foi»rB, a game at cords ; moving on the legs and arms : all-graclouB, perfectly gracious: all-hall, a phrase of salutation expressive of a wish for health: all-heal, name of a plant: oll- jBrtj P«™ctly Just: all-merciful, of perfect mercy; aU-haUow, n. all-salnta'-day, 1st November: all- nallow-tide, n. the time near to 1st November: all- aaints-day. 1st day of November, also named all- hallow: all- bouIb'- day, 2d of November: all-aplce, n. Jamaica pepper or pimento, the I^iilt of a tree. mate, mat,/&r, lalb; m£te, met, hh-; pine, pin; note, n6t, m6ve; ALLA 13 ALMS AUab, n. Al'ld (Ax,), the Arabic name for God. allantoic, a. Ol-an-to'-ik (Gr. alias, a Bausoge ; etdos, form), name of an acid found in the liquor of the oi- lantois — a membrane enveloping the foetus. allay, v. ai-l&' (old E. aXlegge.- AS. alecgan, to lay down: old F. alleger; It. alleggiare.- L, atleviare, to lighten, to mitigate), to set at rest ; to majce quiet ; to make less in pain or grief: allay Ing, Imp. : allay- ed, pp. a-iad': allayment, n. m-la'mSnt, state of rest after disturbance: allay'er, n. one who or that which. allege, v. ai-li{j' (F. cUleguer, to produce reasons : L. ad, to; 2eg'o,Isend,Iintrustto), to plead as an excuse; to affirm; to declare: alleg'lng, imp.: alleged, pp. ai-l^d': allegeable, a. ai^'rt-W, capable of being alleged: alleg'er, n. one who: allegation, n. dl'le- gA'akim, something offered as a plea or an excuse ; an affirmation ; an assertion. allegiance, n. tU-W-jans (L. ad, to ; mid. L. litgan- Ha, the duty of a subject to his lord— fl'om litiis, a man owing services to his lord— see liege), the tie or duty that binds any one to obedience to the govetn- ment and laws under which he lives ; an oath, colled the oath of allegiance. allegory, n. ai'lS-gdr'-i (Gr. alios, another, differ- ent; agoretio, I harangue), figurative speech; lan- guage tiiat has another meaning than the literal one ; the Jews compared to a vine in the 80th Psalm is an allegory ; allegorise, v. ai'-lS-gd-rlz', to form into an allegory; to use figurative speech: al'lflgori'slng, imp. : allegorised', -rlzd', pp. : allegoric, a. ai'lS-g6r' ik; also allegorical, a. -%-kdl, figurative ; in the man- ner of an allegory: allegor'ically, ad. -11: allegor'- IcalnesB, n. : allegorlst'. n. one who. allegro, ad. dl-Wgrd (It. : F. Uger, light, nimble), in -music, a. term denoting merrily; cheerfXUly: n. a briskmovement : allegretto, ad. Ql'le-grSt'tO, a move- ment not so quick as allegro. allelnlah, n. ai'lS-16'yd — see halleluiah. alleviate, v. dl-is'vi-at (L. alleviare, to mitigate —fromad; levis, light— see allay), to moke light : to make easier ; to lessen, as pain, sorrow : alle'via'ting, imp. : alle'via'ted, pp. : alle'vla'tion, n. -shUn, the act of lessening or making more endurable : alle'vi- atlve, a. -A'tiv, that lessens or palliates. alley, n. Ol-li (F. allde. a passage— from aller, to go), a narrow walk or passage ; a close. sOUaceouB, a. ai'li-a'shUs [U ailitmi, garlic), pert, to the garlic or onion tribe, as alliaceous odour. alliance, n. ai-li'-ans (F. : L. ad; ligo, I bind), milon formed by marriage; a treaty or union between nations ; a union for any purpose : allied, di-lld'. pp. of ally, which see; connected by marriage, interest, or friendship : allies', see ally. alligation, n. ai'li-ga'shun (L. aXligaiio, a binding or tying to), a rule in arithmetic for nnding the value or price of any mixture. alligatOT, n. Ol'lt-ga'tdr (Sp. lagarto, a. lizard : L. lacerta: Tort, allagarto], an animal of the reptile kind; the American crocodile. alliteration, n. dl-lif-^-a'shUn (L. ad; litera. a let- ter), in poetry, commencing two or more words in the same line or verse with the same letter: allit'eratlve, a. -at'lv, pert. to. allochroite, n. dl-l67i^-r6-'lt (Gr. alios, different; chroa, colour), a fine-grained, massive variety of iron- garnet, erfiibiting a variety of colours when melted with phosplMite of soda before the blow-pipe. allocate, v. aX'-l6-k&t (L. ad.- locus, a place), to give each one his share or part; to set apart for any pur- pose; to distribute: alloca'tlng, imp.: allocated, pp. : allocation, n. dl'lo-kd'sh/im, the act of setting apart for: the assigning a place for. allocution, n. eu'lO-kii'miln (L. ad; locutus, spok- en), a formal address, written or spoken. ailodium, n. dl-lO'di-Hm (Dan. odel. a patrimonial estate : Icel. odal, goods abandoned), land not held from a superior; unconditional free tenure : allodial, a. ill-l6'dX-dl, ftee of rent ; independent. allopathy, n. dl-ldp'-d-thl (Gr. alios, another; pa- tJios, disease), that mode of medical practice which consists in the use of drugs to produce In the body a condition opposite to the disease to be cured. It is opposed to bomcEopathy {Ji67n-S-6p'&-fh%), which at- tempts to cure disease by medicine which, in a state of heaJth, would have produced a similar disease, allopathic, a. dl'l6-pdth-ik, pertaining to allopathy: allopathlcally, ad. -It: allop'athist, n. one who practises allopathy. one, l}dy,/dbl; pHre, hud; chair. allophane, n. ia'-l6-/m (Gr. alios, different; pJiaino, I appear), a mineral, generally of a pale-blue colour- occurs llniug small cavities, and in veins. allot, V. ai-l6f (L. ad: Icel. JUutr, lot; F. alloHr— see lot), to assign to; to divide and parcel out; to apportion: alloc'ter, n. one who: allot'tlng, imp.: auot'tfld, pp.: allot'ment, n. that which has been parcelled out ; a share ; the part assigned. allotropy, n. dl-ldt'rd-pl (Gr. alUis, another ; tropt, a conversion or change), a term employed to denote the fact that the same body may exist in more than one usual condition, and with different physical char- acteristics: allotroplc, a. dl'lo-tr6p'ik, pert.' to. allow, V. dX-l^' (L. ad; lauda/re, to praise, in one sense; locore, to place or to let, in another: F.allouer, to assign), to admit ; to grant ; to permit ; to own; to deduct: allow'izig, imp.: allowed, pp. ai-lmd': allowable, a, dl-ltm'A-'bl, tiiSji maybe permitted; not improper or unlawful: allow'abiy, ad. -MX: allow- ableness, n. dl-ldio'-d-bl-nSs, lawfulness; fitness: al- lowance, n. dl-lo^'-dns, the act of allowing; permis- sion; a settled rate; a salary. alloy, V. ai-loy' (F. loi or aloi; It. lega,- L. ad, lex, the law or rule: Sp. ley, the proportion of silver found in ore), to mix any metal with another, gene- rally with one less valuable ; to reduce or lessen by mixture: n. a baser metal mixed with a finer; a mixture of two or more metals ; a mixture of a metal with mercuiy is called an amalgam; evil mixed with good: alloying, imp.: alloyedt, pp. 0.1-l^d': alloy- age, n. ai-loy'dj, the act of mixing metals ; a mixture of different metals. allapice, n. aU}l'spis (all and spice), pimento, so call- ed from Its mixed aromatic flavour. allude, V. dhlGd' (L. ad; lud^, I play), to refer to something not particularly mentioned; to hint at: allu'ding, imp.: allu'ded, pp.: allusion, n. dl-ld'-zhUn, a reference to something not mentioned particu--- larly; a hint: allusive, a. dl-l6'slv, having reference to something but vaguely noticed before : allu'slvely, ad. -U. allure, v. dl-l6r' (L. ad; F. lewrre, a bait: Ger. liidem, to entice), to tempt by the offer of something good; to entice, in a good or bad sense: allu'rlng, imp.: allured, pp. dl-l6rd: allurement, n. dl-l6r' ment, some real or supposed go.od that atti-acts; temptation; enticement to pleasure; allu'rer, n. one who : allu'ringly, ad. -U. alluvium, n. dl-l6'vt-ilm, plu. allu'via (L. ad; lavo or luo, I wash), earth and other matter deposited any- where by the ordinary operations of water; also allu'vion: alluvial, a. dl-(6-vl-dl, deposited or laid down by means of water. ally, V. dl-W (F. oilier, to mix : "L.ad; ligo, I hind), to unite, o^ families by marriage ; to bind together in friendship, as states with states .- n. one that is al- lied; a confederate; plu. allies, dl-llz^, countries or persons united by treaty or agreement ; confederates : ally'lng, imp. : allied, pp. dl-lid': alllaace, n. ai-li- dns, union ; confederacy ; association. atoia-mater, dl'mdrmd't^ (L. fostering mother), a name applied to any university by those who have studied in it. almanac, n. dl'md-ndk {a supposed corrupted form of AS. cai-moon-7ieed or allmonaght, a rude tracing or representation of the course of the moon), a small book containing the days of the month, with remark- able events, the tides. &c. ; a calendar. almandine, n. dl'm&n-dln' {Allabanda, a city of Caria), a lapidary's term for the violet or violet-red varieties of spinel, ruby, &c. Almighty, a. am-mlt'l (AS. : all and mighty), pos- sessing all power ; omnipotent : n, the omnipotent God : almlght'ily, ad. -H: almighfinesB, n. almond, n. d-mUnd (F. ainande: Sp. almendra: Gr. amvadalon : L. amygdala), the kernel of the nut of the almond-tree : plu. two glands situated on eacli side of the mouth near the base of the tongue : al- mond-oil, an oil obtained from almonds. almoner, n. dX'mSn-^ (Ger. almosen, alnft : F. au- monier, the officer for dispensing alms : Gr. eleenios- une, pity, alms), a person appomted by a king or queen, or a monastery, to dispense their alms or charity to the poor: almonry, n. dl'miU'rl, the residence of the almoner ; the house where alms arc given. almost, ad. cKol'mQst (A.^.\ all a.ndi most), nearly; for the greatest part. alms, n. &mz (AS. celmesse, alms), anythmg given game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. ALMU 14 AMAE to the poor in charity to relieve their wants ; alms'- bousea, houses for the reception and relief of the poor: alms'-deed, on act of charity. almng, n. Oi'milg (Heb. almug), a tree mentioned In Scripture, probably sandal-wood. aloe, n. al'O (6r. and L. aloe, a bitter herb), name of a bitter plant used in medicine : aloes, iU'Oz, the Juice of the aloe: aloetlc, a. az'-o-it'fk; also al'oet'lcal, a, •I-JttU, of or containing aloes. aloft, ad. a-ld/f (feel, d lopt. on high: Ger. tt^, the air). In the air ; among seamen, up among the rigging: Alow, ad. a-lO', in a low place ; not aloft alone, ad. a-lOn' (oil and one), by Itself; singly: adj. single ; ^^-Ithout company. aJong, prep, dldn^; aJso alongBt, prep. d-Uinqs^ lAS.aTidlang: Ger. entlang: It. ^unjroj.oy the length; lengthwise; forward : ad. in company with : along'- ■ide, by the side of, as a ship^ aloof, ad. dtltV (IoqA the windward side of a 6hip;a/oQ/', onloof-~viz.,out of danger: Dut.'o^( an oar-pin), keeping away from ; at a. distance trom. alopecy, n. ai'6-pe-sl; also, al'ope'da, -shl-d (Gr. aiopex, a fox), the fox-evil or scvirf ; any kind of bald- ness. aloud, ad. 'H-Wiod' (AS. a, on : Ger. Hvt, sound), with a high tone of voice ; with much noise. alpaca, n. aX-pOk'd, or paco, pai^-o. a ruminating animal of the mountainous districts of S. Amer., al- lied to the camel, but of smaller size, and having long woolly hair ; a fabric or cloth made fit}m Its hair. Alpha, n. ai-fd (6r.), the flrst letter of tlio Greek alphabet : the nrat or beginning : alphabet, n. di'-fd- bet (Gr. aip?ia, a; beta, b), the letters of any language arranged In aflxed order: alphabetic, a. ai manner. Alstonlte, n. dl'st6n-it, a mineral of a snow-white or greyish-yellow colour, so called fh>m occurring in the lead-mines of Alstone Moor, Cumberland. alt or alto, n. OU, dl'-to (it.— from L. altus. high), the highest note that can be sung %v1th the natural voice hymen: alto-rlllevo, n. ai-t6-Ti-WvG (L. altas; and It.), raised figures on a flat surface, so as to show one side of them : baa'so-rllie'vo is whore the figures are not bo much raised from the flat (It. basso. Tow) ; also called bass-relief. altar, n. o&I'fdr (L. aUare, an altar for sacrifice— from Icel. eldr, fire, and am, a hearth ; or AS. em, a place), a small square or round buUding of turf, wood, or stone, varying In height, on which animal^ were burnt— these were called sacriflces ; the communion- table: altarage, n. aS(ol'4a,r-d3, profits arising to Sriests from oblations: al'tar-plece, a painting or ecomtion placed over an altar : al'tar-cloth, In a church, the cloth laid over an altar. alter, v. (H&l'tir (L. ait&r, another: F. otterer, to alter), to change; to vary; to make different in some way: altering, unp.: altered, pp. d!6}l'^d: alter- able, a. atvI'^-d'M, capable of being changed ; that may be varied : al'terably, ad. -bVi : alterablenesB, n. d}lvl't^-&-bhnS8 ; also alterablllty, n. m a^e, to nourish), a pupil or scholar of a school or university. alunite, n, dl''36n-U (F. aZun, alum), alumstone ; a mineral containing alum, found in minute shining ciystaJs of a white, grwish, or reddish colour : alnu- ogene, n. d-l^n'6-jen{F.alun; Gr. ^ennoo, I produce), an oro of alumina, known as hair-salt or featlter-alum —is a frequent efflorescence on the walls of quarries or mlnvs. alveary, n. dVve-dr'-i (L. aZveoHum, a beehive— from alvus. the belly), In anat., the hollow of the external ear: alveolar, a. ai-ve'd-lO/r: also alve'olar'y, a. -ldr% containing sockets: alve'oiate, a. -lot, divided Into cells or pits : alveole, n. di'-ve-oi, the socket of a tooth : alveolus, n. dl've'o-lus (L. a small hollow or cavitv), in not. hist., a little trough or hollow channel : alveo- lites, n. plu. ai-ve'0-lits, a genus of corals composed of concentrically-arranged tables of short tubes, angu- lar ^vlthout, and rounded within : alvlne, a. dl'-vtn, of or from the bowels, always, ad. dXbl'-wdz; also, alway ad. dTol'u^d (AS. ealle wmga, the whole way), continually; for ever. A.M. , Initial letters of ante meridiem (L. before mid- day)— opposed to P.M., for post meridiem (L. after mid-day) ; Initial letters of Magister Artivm (L. Mus- ter of Arts), an academic degree higher than B. A. am, v. dm (Mooso-Gothlc im: Icel. em: AS. eom: Gr. eimi], 1st sing. pres. tenae of the verb be; I AM, one of (3od'3 titles. amadou, n, am'd-d6 {¥.), Ger. tinder; a substance resembling doeskin leather, prepared from a dry lea- thery fungus found on old ash aiid other trees. amain, ad. d-mdn' (AS. a; and Goth, magan, to ho able), ivith energy or force. amalgam, n. a-mOl'gdm (Gr. ama, together; garmo, I marry : or ama ; maXagma, that which softens— ftom mxuasso, I soften), a mixture of mercury with another metal; an alloy ofwhlch mercury forms a constituent part : a m alga m ate, v. d-mOV-gd^nUU, to compound or mix mercury with another metal ; to blend: to incor- *'??^"^5****^ "• «-»"ii'ff«^nMl's'itIn,'* a mlxing*'?o- £ ether different bodies ; a union of two or more bodlea ito one, as of railway companies. amanuensis, n. d-man'€-Sn'sis (L.— from ah, and manus, the hand), one who writes down the words of another : a writer to dictation. amaranth, n. dmid-rO/nth ; also am'araathus (L. amurantus: Gr. amarantos, unfading), a flower hi- mate, mat,f&r, IctCo; mite, mSt, hir; pine,pln; note, ndt, m^ve; AMAR 15 AMIA clined to a purple colour; in poetry, a flower whicli never fades: am'aran'tUne, a. 'tlif/n, vevt. to. amaryllla, n. amia-rU'lls (name of a country girl in Virgil), a family of plants esteemed for their beauty; the liiy-aaphodel. amasB, v. d-mds' (F. aTnass&r, to heap up : L. Tnassa, a mass), to gather into a heap ; to collect many things together: amas'sing, imp.: amassed, pp. a-mdef: amass'ment, n. amasthenic, a. Am'-as'thgn'ik (Gr. ama, together; stlienos, force), uniting the chemical rays of light into one focus, as a certain Idnd of lens. amateur, n. dm-d-*^ (F. ; L. amatw, a lover), one ■who loves and cultivates any art or science, hut does not foUow the one preferred as a profession. amativeness, n. am'd-tlv'-Ti^ (L. artto, I love ; ama- tus, loved), a propensity to love ; in phren., the name of an organ of the brain, the supposed seat of the sexual passion : amatory, a. am-d-tCr'i,, relating to love; causing love: aJD&ioiial, a. drn'-a-tC'ri-tU : am'- ato'rlally, ad. -ai-li. amaurosis, n. amiUs, lovely; F. aimable), worthy or deserving of love or affection ; coTy, boy, fSot; pure, I'M; chair, game, jog, shim, thing, there, zeal. AMIA 16 AMUS pleasing: uniabllltr, n. a'-mld-bU'-ifi, sweetness of disposition : a'miabie'neBS, n. loveliness ; agreeable- ness : a'mlably, ad. -bli. amlanth, n. dm-'i-aTith; also amianthus, n. Sm' i-dn'thus (Gr. a, without; miaino, I soil or pollute), that variety of asbestos which is found in delicate and Tegular silky fibres: am'lan'thiform, (Gr. a, miaino: L. /orma, a shape): am'ian'tlioid, -th^d (Gr. a, viiaino; eidos, form), having the form or ukeness of amianthus. amicable, a. dm't-kd-bl (L. amicus, a friend), friendly; peaceable; disposed to friendly intercourse: amicably, ad. -&2{: amlcableness, u. dm'i-ka-bl-nHs. amice, □. dm'is (L. amicttis, an outer garment), an oblong piece of linen, resembling an emhroidered collar, tied about the neck of a Rom. Cath. priest. amid or amidst, prep, d-mid' or d-midsf (AS. a, on: Icel. mtdr, the middle), among; In the middle. amide, n. dm'td; or am'mlde, n. -mid (Gr. ammi, a plant; amulon, starch), a peculiar chemical sub- *- stance entering into a large number of compounds : amldlne, n. dm'i-dln, a substance resulting from the action of hot water on starch: amldogen, n. A-mtdiO- j6n, a peculiar chemical substau'ce: ammonlde, n. dm'On-w,, an amide. amiss, a. d-mts' (AS, on; misse, in error: Dut. mitfen, to fail), wrong ; faulty ; out of order : ad. in a faulty manner. anuty, n. dm'i-tt (L. anw, I love : P. amitid), friend- ship ; harmony. ammonia, n. dm-mU'nl-il {Awnum, Egyptian god Jupiter ; also, place where first found), a transparent pungent gas ; a substance used In medicine and the arts, from which hartshorn Is made; the volatile al- kali : ammoniac, a. dm-mO'nl-dJe, pert, to : n. a gum brought from Persia, and used In medicine as an ex- pectorant: ammoniocal, a. drn'ma-nl'd-kOl, pert, to ammonia : pungent : ammonium, a. -ni-Hm, ttie sup- posed metallic base of ammonia: sal ammoniac. In chem., the salt usually called muriate of ammonia. ammonite, n. dm'mOn-U, a varied family of fossil chambered shells, colled in a plane spiral, so called from a resemblance to the horns of the statue of the ancient Egyptian god Jupiter- Ammon : ammonltlda, n. plu. dm-TTtSn-tPl-dS. the family of fossil shells of which the ammonite Is the type. ammunition^ n. dm'm.'d-nlsh'iln (L. ad; tnunio, I fortify) military stores— as powder, ball, shells, &c. amnesty, n. dm'-TiSs-tl (Gr. and L. amnestia, forget- fulnesa of the past), a general pardon of past offences by a government; an act of obftvlon. amnion, n. dm-nl-On; also am'nlos (Gr., from amnos, a lamb— so called from its softness to the touch), in anat., the inner membrane covering the foetus ; in bot., the covering of the embryo of the seed: am- niotic, a. dm'nX-ot'Vc, pert. to. among, d-mil7ig'; also amongst, d-mUngst', prep. (AS. amang or onnumg), mingled or conjoined with. amorous, a. drn'O-rils (L. amor, love : F. amoureux), fond; loving; Inclined to love: am'orously, ad. -ll: am'orous'ness, n. fondness ; being inclined to love. amorphous, a. d'mOr'/Hs (Gr. a, without; morplie. form), having no regular structure or definite form: amonthozoa, d-mSr-fozo'd (Gr. a, without ; Tnor- •ohe, form ; zoon, an animal), the lowest class of ;he animal kingdom, such aa sponges, that have no regular symmetrical structure. amortise, v. d-mdr'tlz (Norm. F. amortizer: Sp. owiorKzar, to render inalienable— from L. ad, at; mors. gen. mortis, death), to transfer lands to mortmain: amor'tlsed, pp. -tizd: amor'tlsa'tion, n. ■tiz-a'sfi.un. amount, v. d-m,mm, the doctrine of the anabaptists. anacamptlcs, n. plu. dn'd-kdm'VQcs (Gr. ana, back ; kampto, 1 bend), the doctrine of reflected light or Ejound: an'acamp'tic, a. pert. to. anacardlmn, n. An'H-kar'di-'Um (Gr. ana, similar to : kardia, the heart), the name of a genus of ornamental trees, one of which yields the cashew or marking nut. anacathartic, a. dn'd-kd-thd/r'-t^ (Gr. ana, upward ; katfiarsis, purging), exciting discharges from the mouth and nose: n. a medicine which does so ; oppo- site of catliartic. anacharls, n. dn-dk-A-rts, a troublesome plant, re- markable for the rapidity with which it has recently naturalised itself in the canals and rivers of England. anachronism, n. dn-d^-rO-nlzmf (Gr. ana, back ; chronos, time), an error in point of time ; a mistake in telling when an event happened: anach'ronis'tic, a. -tik, erroneous in date. anaclastlcs, n. plu. dn'a-klOs'Wcs (Gr. ana, back: klasis, a breaking), that part of optics wElch treats of there&actionoflight— now called dtojjfrica.-an'aclas'- tic, a. -Ok, pert. to. anaconda, n. O/n'd-kdn'dd, the largest of serpents ; a species of boa belonging exclusively to the Amer. continent. anacreontic, a. dm.-ak^rS-6n'-tJk, after the manner of the Greek poet Anacreon ; joyous. anadem, n. dn'-d-d6m (L. aTutdema—from Gr. ana, up ; dein, to bind), a garland or fillet. anadiplosis, n. dn-a-di-plO'-sis (Gr. aTia, again; dtC- plotis, double), in poet, and r?iet., a repetition of the last word or words in a line or clause in the beginning of the next. anadromoua, a. H/ri'ddrrO-mus (Gr. ana, up ; d/romos, a running, a race), in zool. , applied to those fish, as the salmon and sturgeon, which periodicaii^ visit fresh- water lakes and rivers. anaglyph, n.. dn-d-glif (Gr, ana, up; glmho, I en- grave), an engraved or sculptured ornament in relief: an'aglyph'ic, a. -ifc, pert, to : an'aglyp'tic, a. -tlh, pert, to the arts of chasing, engraving, sculpture, &c. anagoglcal, a. dn'd-g^'i-kdll (Gr. arui, up; 0^70^6, ■ ■ a leading), religiously exalting; spiritual: an'agog'l- cally, ad. -VL anagram, n. dn'd-grdm (Gr. ama, back ; gramma, a letter), a new word formed fxoitx the letters of another word; a transposition of letters: fui'agrammat'ic,-{A;; also -leal, a. -i-kea, pert, to: -ically, ad. -li: an'a- I gram'matlae, v. -tlz, to make anagrams : -tis'lng, imp. : -tised, pp. -tlssd': -tist, n. one who. anagraph, n. dn'd-grd/ (Gr. ano, up; graplio, I ■write), a commentary. anal, a. d'vM (L. anms. the excretory orifice), pert, to, or situated near, the anus. analclme, n. dn-dl-siTn (Gr. a, without; alHmos,, strong), a zeolitic mineral found abundantly in trap- peau rocks, so called from its feebly electric properties. ccPiv, hdpjfditt; pure, bUd; chair, analects, n. nlu. iln'd-iskts (L. analecta, a alave-who gathered up the crumbs left at raeal-time: Gr. ana, up ; legein, to gather), collected fragments of authors ; analectlc, a, dn'd-lSk-tik, selecting; collected. analemma, n, dn'U-lSm'md (l>.— from Gr, a/na, up ; lambano, I tEike), in geom., a projection of a sphere on the plane of the meridian. analepsis, n. dn'd-lSp'sis (Gr. a recovery), in med., recovery; convalescence: an'alep'tic, a. t%k, restora- tive: n. a medicine which gives strength. analogy, n. d-ndl'0-jt (Gr. ana, ainillar to: logos. ratio, proportion), resemblance between one thing and another in some points ; similarity or likeness between things in their properties or qualities : analogons, a. a-ndl'O-gHs, bearing some resemblance or proportion to: analogical, a. dn'd-lSjH-kdl.useA by way of ana- logy: an'alog'lcally, ad. -li: an^alog'icalneBB.n.: anal- ogise, V. d-ndl'-O-jlz, to explain by analogy: ajaol'o- gi'sing, imp.: anal'ogised, pp.: anal'oglst,one who: anal'oglsm, n. -jlzm, Investigation by analogy: ana- logue, n. dn'd-log, an object that has a resemblance to, or correspondence with, another object— OTioZo^t^ regards similarity of function, homologtie, identity of parts: anal'Dgously, ad. -Zf. analysis, n, d-ndl'i-^ (Gr. ana, again; liisis, a loosing), the separation of a compound into its ele- ments: the tracing of things to their source; the opposite of syntliesis: anal'yses, plu. -t-sez: analyse, V. dn'a-llz, to separate a compound into its elements ; to trace a thing to its first principles or motives: an'alys'ing, imp.: an'alysed, pp. -tizd: analyst, n. dn'a'list, one who analyses : an'alys'er, n. one who : an'alys'able, a. -bl: analytic, a. dn-d-nt'-ik; also an'alyt'ical, a. -t-kdl, pert, to analysis ; that separates a compound into its elements: an'alyt'ically, ad. -i-kdli: analytics, n. plu. dn'-d-lit'lks, the science of analysis. ananmeatlc, a. dn'dm-nSs'ttk (Gr. cma, again ; mnesis, remembrance), that aids the memory; anamorphosis, n. dn'd-mOr'/O-sis (Gr. ana, again ; TnorpJie, a form or shape), inperspec, an image or pic- ture on a plane or curved surface, which appears dis- torted or deformed from one point of view, and in just proportion from another. ananchytes, n. dn'dn-kl'-tSz, (Gr. ana; chute, a mound), a subdivision of fossU sea-urchins, distin- guished by their elevated helmet-like or mound-Uke form — known as "ahepherda' crowns" or "fairy loaves." anapest, n. An'd-pSst (Gr. ana;paio, I beat), a foot In poetry, consisting of three syllables— the first two short, the third long or accented— thus, u o - : an'a- pes'tlc, a. -tlk, pertaming to an anapest; also m for e. Jtnarchy, n, dn'dr-H [Gt. a, without; arche, gov- ernment), want of government; a state of lawless confusion in a country: anarclust, n. dn'dr-klst, one who attempts to introduce disorder or confusion into a country: anarchic, a. dn-S/r'kVc; also anar'cUcal^ a. -M-kSX, lawless ; confused. anasarca, n. dn'd-sdr'-kd (Gr. ana, throughout ; sojrks, flesh), general dropsy throughout the surface of the body: anasarcous, a. dn'd-sd/r'hils, dropsical. anastatic, a. dn'd-stdt'-1k (Gr. ana, up ; statos, that stands), a term applied to a method of printing fl^om zinc plates. anastomose, v. dn-ds't5-'m4i!^ (Gr. ama, through; stoma, a mouth), to unite the mouth of one vessel to another, as one vein to another : to inosculate : anas'- liomo'slng, imp.: anas'tomosed, pp. -vnOzd: anas'- tomo'sis, n. -sfa, in hot., union of vessels ; union of the final ramifications of the veins of aleaf; anas'tomot'- ic,a. pert, to: n. a medicine having the power to open the mouths of vessels. anatase, n. dnf-d-tdz (Gr. ojnata^is, a stretching forth), a name for pyramidal titanium ore, of a dark indigo blue, hyacinth-red, or yellowish-brown colour. anathema, n. d-nOth'-S-md (Gr. and L. anything de- voted, especially to evil — from ana, up ; tithemi, I put or place), a curse; a separation for destruction: an- athematise, V. d-ndth'e-md-tl!^, to pronounce a curse against ; to excommunicate : anath'emati'sing, imp. : anath'ematised', pp. -tizd': anath'emati'ser, n. one who: anath'ematua'tion, n. -il-zd'-sh'u.n. anatomy, n. d-ndt'6-mi (Gr. ana, up ; t(nne, a cut- ting), the art of separating the different parts of a plant or of an animal ; the art of dissection : in dramatic lan- guage, a thin, meagre person ; a skeleton : anatomise, V. d-ndt'O-mtz', to separate the parts of an animal body: anat'omi'slng, imp.; anat'omised', pp. •mUcJ': game, jog, shv/n, thing, iftere, xeal. ANAT 18 ANHE anat'omiBt, n. one who Is skilled in dissecting bodies : njiatomical, a. dn'a-t6m'l-kai,p6Tt to aunt.: an'atom'' ical^. ad. -H; anatomlsation, n. a-ruU'd-ml-za'sMn. anatropal, a. d-ndt'rO-pOl; also anatropous^ a. an- dt'rO-p^ (Gr. ana, up or over; trepo, I turn), in bot.; au inverted ovule, the tiilum and micropyle being near each other, and the cbolaza at the opposite end. ancestor, n. dn's6s-t^ {L, arvtecessor, he that goes before— from ante, before ; cessum, to go : F. ancsstre), a forefather ; a progenitor ; a woman is called im an- cestress : ancestral, a. dn-sSs'trai, relating to or de- scending from ancestors : ancestry, n. dn'ses-tri, birth; descent; a series of ancestors. anchor, n. dng'kdr (L. anchoru: Gr.' angkura), an Iron grappling instrument which, when dropped on the sea-bottom by means of a cable or chain, keeps a ship from drifting; any firm support: v. to stop at; to fix or rest on : am'choring, imp. : anchored, pp. dng' kdrd: an'chorage, n. dng^kdr-OJ, a place where a ship can anchor: auchorable, a. -dbl, fit for anchorage: to drop or cast anchor, to sink an anchor into the sea to keep the ship from drifting: to weigh anchor, to raise the anchor from the sea-bottom ; anchor comes home, when it drags by the violence of the wind, by a heavy sea, or by the force of a current : at anchor, or to ride at anchor, wben the ship Is kept from drifting by the anchor having a proper hold on the sea-hottom. anchoret, n. dngikO-rSt ; also an'chorite, n. -rit (Gr. a7iac?ioretes, one who retires— from ana, up, back ; ehoreo, I retire), a hermit; a religious recluse: an- clioretic, a. dng'-ko-ret'ik ; also an'choret'lcal, a. ■t-kdl, pert, to a hermit or his mode of life. anchovy, n. dn-chi'vt (Sp. and Port, anchova: SiclL and Geno. anciova), a small fish caught in vast numbers in the Medlterranerm, used as a sauce. anchvlosla, n. H/ng'lA-Ui'sls (Gr., from angkuiown, to crook or stiffen), the Immovable state of a Joint ; anchylosed, a. dn^'hl-l(izd\ fixed: anchylotlc, a, dng'H-ldt'ikt pert. to. ancient, a. dn'shSnt (F. ancien, old: L. emtiquus, old: It. anziano), old; what is long past; belonging to former times : n. (corruption of ensign), the fli^ or streamer of a ship : andents, n. plu. those who lived in old times : an'ciently, ad. -If .- an'dentness, n. : ancientry, n. dn'shfyit-i^, ancient lineage. aucile, n. dn-3i-ie (L.), In anc. Rome, the sacred shield of liars, said to have fallen from heaven. ancillary, a. dn'sfl-ldr'-l (L. ancilta, a moid-servant), subservient; subordinate; as a handmaid. andpital, a. dn-slp'l-tdl (L. ancepa, gen. ancipitis, doubtml— from am, on both sides; capiU, the head), doubtful; double-formed; double-faced; Infto^, two- ed;;ed. ancyloceras, n. dn'atlds'&r-ds (Gr. ankvios, crooked or curved ; kerag, a horn), a genus of fossil chambered shells curved like a horn. and, conj. dnd (Icel. enm old Sw. cm: Dan. end), a joining word. andaJnsite, n. dn'dd-ld'sU (Andalusia, In Sp., where first found), one of the garnet family, of varied colours —grey to green, violet, blue, &c.— found in crj-stals In mica-schlst. andante, a. dn-ddn'ta (It.), In music, moderately slow; expressive. Andean, a. dn-d^'dn, of or pert, to the Andes, On' d6z, a great chain of mountauiH runnmg through S America: andesite, n. dn'de-sU, a mineral found in the Andes containing the felspar called andeslne, dn' di-^n. of a white, grey, {.Teeniah, or yellowish colour. andiron, n. dna'tm (raid. L. ayiaeno.- Ficra. tven- dijsei^-Trom wenden, to turn), in ancient kitchens, the iron bar which supported the logs used as fuel, or the epit— now applied to movable fire-irons. androccemD, n. dn'dro-se'&m (Gr. oner, gen. andros, a man), in bot., the male oreans of the flowers. androgyniu, n. dn-drdj^-nHs (Gr. aner, a man; gwiK, a woman), an hermaphrodite : androg'jmal, also androg'ynooa, a. -nOs, of both sexes ; having male and female florets on the same footstalk: androe'vnal'lv ad. -11, '' android, n. dn'dr^d (Gr. oTier, a man ; eidos, f&rm), an automatonin human form : androldes, plu. dn-drov' die. uiecdote, n. dn'Sk-ddt (Gr. anekdoion, not giving out — from a, without ; cfc, out ; doton. given), originr aUy, secret history— now, a short story ; a matter in- teresting in a man's life or conduct ; anecdotal, a dn' tk-do'tdl; also an'ecdot'ical, a. -ikai. pert to. ajiemone, n, d-n&n'o-nH, also spelt aoem'ony (Gr., I from cr7i£}nos wind), the wind-flower: uiem'onlne, a. 'nln, a substance obtained frtim the anemone : anem'- oscope, n. (Gr. anejiws, wind; skopeo, I view), an In- strument to show the course of the wind : anemom- eter, n. dn'6-mOm'e-t^ (Gr. aTwmoa; Toehvwi, a mea- sure), an instrument for determining the course, the force, and velocity of ivinds : an'emom'etry, u. -tri: sea-anem'one, see actinia. anent, prep, d-ninf {AS. ongean, opposite : Sw. on gent, on opposite), ro^irding; concerning ; respecting. aneroid, n. dn-^-oyd (Gr. a, ■vvltbout ; neros, wet, moist ; eidos, foi-m), the air boi'ometer, consisting of a small metaUic box nearly exhausted of air, and easily acted upon by the external pressure of the atmospheie. aneurism, n. dn--u-ri2nn (Gr. ana, throughout; eitrus, broad), the disease of an artery when it ex- pands and sometimes bursts, permitting the blood to spread about in the surrounding tissues ; an'enrls'- mal, a. pert. to. anew, ad. d-nH' (on new), again ; newly. aufractuose, a. dn-frdk'tn-oz (L. amfradUB, a turning or bending round), wavy or sinuous, as the anthers of gourds and cucumbers; full of turnings or windings. angel, n. dn'j6l (Gr. anggelOB, a messenger: L. angeJus),B. heavenly being: angeuc, a. dn-jei'ik; also angelical, a. -t-kOl, partaldng of the nature of angels : ganfel'lcally, ad. -H: angellcity, n. dn-jdl-is'l-ti: an- eflca, n. dn-jSl'-i-kd, the name of a plant: an'ge- >rogy, n. -Uil'd-ji (Gr. anggelos, a messenger; logos, discourse), the doctrine of angelic beings. anger, n. dng'g&r (L. angor, sorrow: Icel. aTigr, pain), ragoj displeasure: v. to provoke: to enrage: an'gering, imp. : angered, pp. dng'-gera: angry, a. dng'-grl, displeased; provofced; ra,spbg: angerly, ad. dng-g^'li; also angrily, dTig'-gri-li. angina, n. dn-ji-nd (L. 071170, I choke or strangle), an inflammation or tumour in the liiroat, impeding respiration: anelna-pectorls, -pSk'td-r^ (L. a/ngo; pectoris, of the breast), a dreadfiu disease, in whicn a most excruciating pain in the breast is felt, with a sense of strangulation. angiography, n. dn-^l-dg'-rd-fl {Gr. angHon, a ves- sel ; grap/ie. a description), a description of the vessels in the human body, angiosperma, n. plu. dn'Jt-0-sp^nm (Gr. angeion, a vessel ; spervia, seed), plants which have their seeds encased or enclosed In a soed-vessel : an'gloBper'moiu. a. -sp^'m-Os, having seeds contained in a seed-vessel. angle, n. dngigl JL. angidtts, a comer: Gr. amku- 108, bent : AS. amgel, a fish-hook), any comer, small or large; the point or comer where two lines meet j a hook to fish with : v. to flsh for anything : an'gUng, imp. : angled, pp. dng'-gld: an'gler, n. one who flshes: angular, a. d/ng-gH-ldr, sharp ; pointed ; having an- gles or corners; an'gularly, ad. -II: angularity, n dng'gti-iar'ltl, the quality of having comers or an- gles : angle-iron, n. a rolled bar of ii-on of an ancular shape for forming the edges of bridges, safes, &c., or the corners of boilers, &c. » • . ^. y* ■^^IS'v"- H^^- ^^'9^^ (L. angli). a German tribe on the Elbe, of the race of the Suevi, who afterwards passed over with the Saxons into Britain and gave ttieir name to that country: Angle-land, dng'-gl-md, England : Anglo, dnff^ffW, prefixed to a proper name— M Saxon, Norman, &c„ danotes partly Engl&h : Anelo- teith^gh'^'oth!'"^"^"^'' ^"^ P'-lySaxtSf or sj, m the English laiiBuage or manner : angUcim n tho English language ; an Eng&h idiom : ligUdi^ " Ofm-mifu. to renJer any form of expresiSn in m- other langjiago into the English idiom : an-gUcl'slnS Imp- ■■ Migllc&ed, pp. duo AsJkJ'. * ^^■ S'l/^TT' shape) formed liie an eel TmrioiX: "y™."^' ^ J"-?'*''''". »f or like a snake anguish, n. dtif^-gwuh (L, cmffais, a snake, refcrrini fjSt'"?""^ ?■■ "^s'ms ot"the animal hody^en pain of body or mind; excessive grief- y to Inflict angular— see under angle > ff u ™"- witn aitnculty— from Gr. ana, up: L. halo, I breathel state of being out of breath; ip^tlng? """^'I' mate, mai./dr, IcOi; mele, met, hir; mnc, pin; note, nil, mtnie: ANHY 19 ANOP anhydrouB, a. On-hVdr&s (Gr. an, without; Jvudor, water), not having any water ; dry ; applied to miner- alB and gases not having water as an Ingredient; anhydrite, n. dn-hl'drlt, a transparent sulphate of lime found in a crystoUlno form without the uuual ingredient of water. anil, n. AnHl (F. ; Arah. arniil), the Indigo plant. anile, a. An'il (L. cmilis— from (mus, an old wo- man), pert, to an old woman ; aged ; imbecile : anil- ity, n. dn-U'l-tl, dotage. animadvert.v. dnH-mad-virt (L, anim'os, the mind, or anima, the soul or principle of life ; ad, to ; verto, I tiu'n), to tm-n the mind to ; to consider ; to remai-k upon: an'lmadvert'ing, imp.: an'lmadvert'ed, pp.: an'lmadvert'er, n. one who: an'lmadver'Blon, n, •v&r'shUn, severe reproof; censure. animal, n. On-f-mA; (L, animal, a living creature), ahodypoBsessedoflife, sensation, and power of motion; adj. pertaining to aliving creature; gross; opposite of spiritual: anlmalise, v. dn'-t-mdi-ii^, to give ani- mal life to : an'lm^'slng, Imp. : an'imaliied', pp. -lizd' : aniJnaUsatlon, n. an't-mdl'-i-zd'Shun, the act of endoiiving wltli life : an'imalism', n. -fzm', sensual Indulgence ; mere life without Intellectual activity : an'lmal'lty, n. -l-tl, state of animal existence. animalcTue, n, dn-i-mdl'kill (L. animalcal/um), a creature very small or very minute, generally invis- ible to the naked eye : plu. an'lmai'cula, also an'i- mal'cules, -kUtz: anlmal'cnlar, a. ; also an'lmal'cu- llne, a. -lin, pert. to. animate, v. dn'i-mat (L. anima, the animal life), to give life to; to enliven; to invigorate; to inspirit: adj. alive: an'lma'ting, imp.: an'ima'ted, pp.: adj. lively; vigorous: an'lma'tor, n. one who; animation, II. d/n'i-ma'sMn, the state of being animated; pos- sessing life or spirit : an'lma'tingly, ad. -It: anima- tlve, a. dn'i-tnd-tfv, capable of giving life. anlme, n. dn'tm-S (Sp.), a white resinous drug brought from America. aumoslty, n. dn'l-mda'l-tX {P.: L. animus, mind; QBus, hating— from odA, I hate), violent hatred ; a high degree of enmity : animus, n. dn'trmvLS, the feeling that prompts; purpose; temper. anion, n. dn'i-un (Gr. ana, up ; ienai, to go), an elec- tro-negative body. anise, n. dn'ia (L. am,isfwm: Gr. a/nizon), an annual plant whose seeds have an aromatic smell, and pleas- ant warm taste: anise-seed or aniseed, dn-X-s&d, the seed of the plant : anisette, dfi^l-s^f .ujuseed cor- dial. anlfioatemonouB, a. dffi'l'ads-iSm'G-nus (Gr. anisos, unequal ; stemon, L. stamien, a thread, a fibre), in hot., stamens not equal in number to the floral envelopes, nor a multiple of them. anker, n. dri^-lcir, a Dutch liquid measure. ankle, n. d/ng'id (AS. aTicleoto: Ger. enkel, an ankle : Gr. angkiUe, a loop, the bending of the leg), the Joint that connects the foot with the leg : anklet, n. dng' kiet, an ornament for the ankle; ankled, a. ang Ion, a leaf), a variety of hornblende of a grey or clove- brown colour, so named fl-om the resemblance of its colour to that of the antJwphyllum or clove. anthracite, n. an't?iTd-slt' (Gr. aaithraMs, a burn- ing coal), a hard shining coal that bums without smoke or flame: anthraconite, n. dn-tJvrdAfO-nU, a term applied to those varieties of marble which have a coal-black lustre when polished : an'thraclt'lc, a. •sit'tk, pert. to. anthracosaums, n. dn'thrd-kO-sdUv'rSs (Gr. anthrax, coal ; saiwros, a lizard), a large foBsU saurian occurring in the coal-measures of BrilSln. anthracotherium, n. -kO-the'-r^'-Hm. (Gr. anthrax; therion, a wild beast), a fossil thick-skinned animal of the hippopotamus kind, found among the lignites or wood-coafe of Llguria. anthrakerpeton, n. -k^-pS-tUn (Gr. anthrax; erpe- ton, a reptile), a genus of fossil xeptUes of a primi- tive air-breathing type. Mithropography, n. dnHhrO-pOg'rd-fX (Gr. anthro- pos, a man ; yraphe, a writing), that branch of physi- cal geography wbiph treats of the distribution of tho human species: anthropoid, a. d/n'thrO-vi^d' (Gr. — ; eidos, aform), applied to those apeclea or the mon- key which most nearly approach the human form : anthropolite, n. dn-thrdp-dllt (Gr. — ; lithos, a stone), a petrifaction of the human body: anthro- pology, n. dnHhrO-pai'-O-fl (Gr. — ; logos, discourse), the natural hlstoiy of the human species : an'thropo- tog'lcal, a. -I6j'i-kdl, pert, to : anthropopathy, n. dn'thrO-p^'d-thi (Gr. — ; pathos, affection or feeling), human afiections or passions as pert, to the Supruinu Beinc: an'thropopathical, a. anChropomorpmte, n. dn'thrO-pO-m^'fti (Gr. a^i- thropos, man ; morplie, form, shape), one who attri- butes a human form to the Deity: -mor'phlsm, n the doctrine : -mor'phous, a. pert, to that which re- sembles a human form. anthropophagi, n. plu. dn'-thrC-p6/'-a-ji (Gr.an//iro- pos, a nmn ; phngein, to eat), cannibals ; men that eat hmnan flesh : an thropoph'agons, a. -pOf-d-gds, feed- ing on human flesh: an'tbropoph'agv. n. -nOr-dil Wie practice of eating human flesn i-v j > anti, dnm (Gr.), a prefix, with its form ant, signifies against or opposite ; in place of. antlbUious, a. dniti-bU'-l-Os. (Gr. anH. against, and bihow), good for the cure of bilious complaints. anttc. a. dn-tik (L. antiquus, old), odd; fanciful; n. odd abearance ; a buffoon : an'tlcly ad -K r^.*f^Tf*\' n- ^'I'W-'frts* (Gr. anti, against, and £&i',l * false Christ : an antagonist of Christ: an'ti- ciirist laa, a. -krist'-t-dn, opposing the Christian reli- gion, or opposite to it. h£r; ptne, pin; note, nSt, mOve; ANTI 21 APET autlclp&te, V. iln-tXs'l-pat (L. ante, Ijefore ; capio, I take), 10 be beforehana; to take first possession; to take before the proper time ; to foretaste ; an- tic'lpa'ting, imp. : anticipa'ted^ pp. : antlc'ipa'tion, n. -p&'sh'&n, the act of anticipating ; prevention ; an- ticipator, n. one who : autic'lpa'uve, a. -iid'flv; also Mitfc'ipa'tory, a. -pa'tSr-i, takmg beforehand. antlcliiial, aH^dn'ti-kll'Tiai (Gr. arUi, a^nst; klino, I bend), in geol, applied to strata which ulp in opposite directions m a roof-like form ; opposite of synclinal. autlcona, a. Hn'ti-Ms (L. anticus. In front). In bot, placed in front of a flower, as the lip of orchids. axitldote, u. dn— plu. apexes, a.hul- Ion, a leaf ), In tot., destitute of leaves. apiaxy, n. d'pl-dr'i (L. apis, a bee), a stand or sliod fbrhees; place where bees are kept: a'plar'lBt, n. one who rears bees. ap'lcal, ap'lcei, aplc'olate, &c.— see apex. apiece, ad. d-p&s' \AB. a and ^lece), to each, as a sep- arate share. apioorlnlts, n. dp'i-Sk'rin-tt (Gr. apion, a pear ; krinon, a lily), a sub-genus of fossil radiata. like tho star-Ash or sea-urchin, distinguished by their pear- shaped receptacle. apish, Ac— see ape. aplanatlc, a. dp'-plan-dt'-'Be (Gr. a, wltiiout: planao, I wander), applied to a telescope which entfrely cor- rects the aberration of the rays of light. aplomb, n. dp'-pl6m (F. aplomb, perpendicular line), settling down Into Its fit place as naturally as if by simple gravitation. apnoaa, n. ap-nt'-d (Gr. a, without ; pneo, I breathe), loss of breath; suffocation. apo, dp'O, a Greek prcdx signifying away, trora. apocaqrpse, n. a-p6k'd-lips (F. : L. apocaimin-i.'' : Gr. apokaiupsis, an uncovering; apo, from; kalnpto, I cover or conceal), a revelation ; a vision ; the last hook of the New Testament : apocalyptic, a. d-p6k' a-lip'tik; also apoc'alyp'tical, a. -H/cdl, pfertolnlng to revelation: apoc'alyp'tlcally, ad. -kdl'lt apocarpous, a. dp'a-ftsi8;n. a-p6d'0-sis (L.: Gr. apo, from; didomx, I give) in gravi., the consequent clause in a condi- tional sonteuce, expressing tho result— the clause expressing tlie condition bping called the protasiS. apogee, n. dp'Q-SB (Gr. auo, IVom ; ge, the earth), the point in the moon's orbit, or that of a planet, most remote from the earth: apogean, a. dp^H-jS-dn, pert. ApoUyon. n. d-pQl'i'Cn (Gr. apolVao, I destroy), a nanie used In the fievelatlon of St John to designate the destroying ongel of the bottomless pit branch of theology which defends the Scriptures, and sets forth the evidence of their Divine authority: apologist, n. d-pdl'-o-jtst ; also apol'ogi'ser, n. ■n-z^, one who mokes an apology, or wi-ltes In defence of another: apolorise, v. d-pil'O-j'ix, to make an excuse for; to speak in defence of: apol- ogi'slng. Imp.: apol'ogiafld', pp. -jud': apologue, n. dp'6-log, a story ; a moral fahlo. apopl^Bifl, n. d-pCf'l-^ (Gr. apo, from; plvao, I grow), in anat., a process or protiibemnce on the sui'face of a bone, generally at tlio ends : In bo(. , any Irregular swelling on the surface ; a tubercle at the base of tho seed-vessel of certain mosses. apophthegm or apothegm, n. ap'O'them—a^Q ap- othegm. apoplexy, n. dp'-O-pWi^eii (Gr. apoplexia, stupor ; apo, n-om ; plesso, I strike), a disease or an affection of the brain that causes stupor; a fit In which all seiwatlon and power of movement are suspended: apoplectic, a. dp'-o-pl&c'ttk. or ap'oplec'tioal, -ti-kdl, port, to the disease of apoplexy. apoatasy, n. ; also apostacy, n. A'pSs'td-al (L. and Gr. apo8tasia, a standing oiT n-om ; apo, fi'om ; BtaMs. a placing,* a standing), a, departure from a former profession or belief: apostate, n. d-pOs'tOt, one who forsakes his foi-mer priholples or party: adj. fiUae; traitorous : ap'ostatloal, a. -tdtit-Jedl : apoatatlse, v. a,'p6s'td-ti2f, to forsake a former profession or belief : apoi'tatl'smg. Imp. : apos'tatiaed^ pp. -tlzd!. a poiterlon, a. a'^Os-tS'-n-Or'-i (L. posterior, after), arguments drawn fi-om consequences or facts— scu a priori. apostle, n. d-pOs'al (Gr. apo, away ; steUo, I send), a person sent to perform impoi-tant business ; one of the immediate followers of Christ : apos'tleihlp, n. the ofQce or dignity of an apostle : apostolic, a. dp'Os- tOl'tk; also ap'ostol'lcal, a. -i-kdi, relating to the apostles or to tho office or an apostle : ap'oatol'lcally, od. -H: ap'oBtorical'neas, n. : apostolate, n. d-pOa'tO- lot, a mfsslon ; the dignity or office of an apostle : apostolic fathera, tho early Christian wi'lters, gene- rally of tho first centmy : apoatoUc see, a title applied to the government of the pope of Rome In reference to Ills claim of being the successor of St Peter. apostrophe, n. a-pCs'trO^/e (Gr. apo, away ; streplio, I turn), a figure of speech ; a digressive address ; u mark (') put In a word to show tho omission of a letter or letters, or merely aa tho sign of the posses- sive case in nouns : apostroph'ic, a. dp'6-drOf-ik, pert, to an apostrophe : ap'ostroph'lcalV> ad. -li i apostrophise, v. d-nOa'trd-fi^ , to make a short de- tached address to. In spefutlng ; to omit a letter or letters In a word : apoa'tropm'alng, Imp. : apos'tro- phiaed', pp. -fizd'. apothecary, n. d-peth'-e-kdr-t (L. apotheca, a store- house : Gr. avotJieke ; apo, from : iheke, a box or chest), one who prepares and sells drugs ns modl- clnea : apotheciom, n. ap'-6-the'siiinm. li\hoi., a clus- ter or case of spore-cells In lichens, frequently cup- shaped. apothegm, n. dp'O-th&m [dT. aj>o, from; phihegrm. a word), u sententious saying ; a pithy Instructivn remark: apothegmatlc, a. dp'.64Mg-mAt'-ik : also ap oUiegmaf leal, a. -hkai, after the manner of an apothegm : ap otheg'matlat, n. one who utters short maxims, or a maker of them. m&te, mdt,fiXr, l(^; mClc, mSt, Iter; plne,pln; nOte, nCt, jnOvc; APOT 23 APPR apotheOBlB, n. Hp'S'tM'o-s^ (L. and Gt. ; apo, from ; theos, God), in ancient times, the ceremony of placing some illustrious man among their gods. apotome, n. H-pOt'd-mS (Gr. apo, from ; temno, I cut or lop), in math., the difference between two incom- mensurable quantities. appal or appall, v. dp-pOfbl' {F. paUr, to grow pale : L. ad, at ; palleo, I become pale), to lose the vital powers through sudden terror ; to nil with dismay : appalling, imp. : appalled, pp. -p<^ld' : appal'- ment, n. : appjullng^, ad. -l/L appanage, n. dp'pdn-<3j (L. ad, to ; panis, food : F. apamage), lands set aside for the maintenance of younger sons of a prince. apparatus, n. dp'-pd-ra't^ (L. ad, to or for; para- turn, to prepare), a set of instruments or tools to be used for a particular purpose. apparel, n. dp-pdr'-Sl {F. appareU, outfit : Sp. amare^ar, to fit, to suit : L. ad, for; paro, I prepare), clothing: dress: v. to dress; to clothe; to adorn: apparellmg, imp. ap-p<^-Sl-1mg : apparelled, pp. dp-pd/r'Sld, appeal, v. dp-pSV (L. aj^Uo, I accuse : F. ajppeler, to call), to apply for justice ; to refer a disputed matter to another, ati to a higher judge or court, or to a superior: n. the removmg of a cause from a lower to a higher co\u1i ; a reference to another ; an address to the judgment or feelings of an audience ; an application for justice : appeal'mg, imp. : appeal- ed, pp. dp-pSld': appealable, a. ap-pel'd-})l, that may or can be appealed : appellant, n. dp-pU'ldmt, the person who appeals : appeal'er, n. one "v^o : ap* pellate, a. dp^pU-ldt; also appellator'y, a. -iSr-l, relating to appeals : appellation, n. dm'phl'ld'shvai, a name ; the word by which a thing is known : appel'- lative, a. -tiv, pert, to a common name : n. a common name as distinguished &om a proper name : appel'- latlvely, ad. -t/iv'-li: appellee, n. dp'pei-ie", the de- fendant In an appeal ; one tried for a cnme at the instance of another: appellor, n. dp-pSl'tOr, one who appeals. appear, v. &p-p^ (L. ad, to; jpareo, I am seen, I appear ; F. apparoir), to be visihie ; to come in sight: appear'lng, imp.: appeared, pp. dp-p&rd': appear- ance, n. ap-p&r'dns, a coming in sight ; the thing seen ; the loolc of a person or thing ; pretence ; show : appear'er, n. the person that appears : apparent, a. a^-pd'-rSnt, that may be easily seen ; obvious ; plain ; in science, not real — as appa/rent motitm .- appa'rent- ly, ad. 41: apparition, n. dp'-pd-r1sh'unt a ghost; a spectre ; a risible spirit : apparitor, n. dp-pdr''h tOr^ the attending officer of an ecclesiastical court; a summon er, appease, v. dp-pSi^ (L. ad ; paa, gen. jpocts, peace : F. apaiser, to appease), to quiet ; to pacify : appeaa'ing, imp.: appeased, pp. dp-p§sd': appea'ser, n. one who : appease'ment, n. : appeasable, a. dp-pd'zd-bl, that may be appeased: appea'sable'uess, n. : ap- pea'slve, a. -iv, quieting : appea'sively, ad. -It. append, t. dp-p&nd' (L. aA, to; pendeo, I hang), to attach or hang to ; to add to : append'ing, imp. : append'ed, pp.: appendage, n. dp-pSn'daj; also ap- fien'dant, n. something added to: appen'oant, a. be- onging to; attached: appendicle, n. &p-pSn'd/i-kl, a small appendage : appendix, n. ^•piSn'aiks {L.>— plu. appeudlxes, -dths-Sz, or appendices, -di-siz— some- thing appended or added, as at the end of a book ; a supplement. appertain, V. dp'p&r-tdn' [L. ad, to; per, through; ieneo, 1 hold: F. appaHenir), to belong to; to relate to: ap'pertaln'lng, imp.: ap'pertalned', pp. -tond': ap'pertain'ment, n. : appertenance, n. dp-pSr'tS- nd/ns, that which relates to another thing : apper'- tlnent, a. belonging : n. that which belongs. appetent, a. ap'-p&-t&tU (L. ad, to ; peto, I seek, I de- sire), desiring; very d^irons: ap'petence, n. -t&ns, or ap'peten'cj;, n. -tSn'^, desire; appetite; the pro- pensity in living creatures to select and feed upon such substances as are suited for their nourishment: appetible, a. dv'p&-t'i4>l, pleasing; engaging; desir- able: appetlbiuiy, n. dp}pS-tt-bil'i-ti : appetite, n. dp'-p£-tlt, the natural desire or craving for food or drink ; a strong desire for anything that aflords plea- sure : appetitive, a. dp'-pS-tl'tiv, desiring gratification. applaud, V. dp-pkmd' (L. ad, for; plaudo, I make a noise by clapping the hands : F. appiofudir), to praise by clapping the hands or by some loud noise ; to express approbation of; to commend: applaud'ing, imp. : appland'ed, pp. : applaud'er, n. one who : ap- Elaiue, n. d^-plcvtvz' (L. ad; pla/uawn, to clap the ands), the act of praising ; approbation by snouts or clapping of hands, or in some other noisy way : applausive, a. dp-pldiw'ziv, that contains applause. apple, n. dp-pf (AS. aepl: W. opal: Icel. epli: Dan. able), a well-known fruit : apple of the eye, the pupil : apple of discord, a subject of contention and envy: apples of Sodom, fruit fair to the eye, but dissolv- ing into dust and ashes when plucked. appllcate, n. dp'pll-kat (L. ad, to; pUco, I fold), lu geom., a straight line drawn across a curve so as to be bisected by the diameter ; the ordinate. apply, v. dp-plV (L. ad, to ; plico, I fold), to lay on ; to put one thing to another ; to use or employ for a par- ticular purpose ; to fix the mind with attention ; to make application ; to suit : apply'ing, imp. ; applied, pp. dp-phd': appu'er, n. one who: appUable, a. dp- pli'd-ol, that maybe applied: appU'abur, ad. -bl'if: ap- pliance, n. dp-pll'dns, the act of applying; the thing applied: applicable, a. dp'-pli-kd-bl, fit to be applied; suitable: ap'pllcabil'lty, n. 'ka-bil'X-tt: ap'pUcable- nesB, n. : ap'pUcably, ad. -bit .■ applicant, n. Op'-pli- kdnt, one who applies; a petitioner: appllcancy. n. dp'pl/l-kdn-si, the state of Being applicable: ap'julca- tlon, n. -k&'sfvWn, the act of applying; close study; great attention to, as to business; entreaty; employ^ ment of means: ap'plicatlve,a.-M-<{u: ap'pllcatory, a. -kCt^tdr-'i: n. that which applies. appoggiatura, n. ap-piSj-d46-rd (It.), In mtisic, a grace-note. appoint, V. dp-poynf (F. appoiTiier, to give wages : L, ad, to; rwMicium, apointl, tofixupon; to settle; to ordain ; to furnish ; appoint liig, imp. : appolnt'ed, pp. : appoin'ter, n. one who : appoin'table, a. -id-bl, that may be appointed : appoint'ment, n. state of being ap- pointed ; being named for an office ; a situation or of- fice; established order: plu. the accoutrements of an officer: appointee, n. dv-pdyn'ti, one appointed. apportion, v. dp-pOrihhun (L. ad, to ; portio, a part), to give a share to; to divide; to assign: appor'tionlng, imp. : appor'tioned, pp. -shund: apportionment, n. a dividing into shares or portions: appor'tioner, n. one who. apposite, a. dp'pO-s^ (L. ad; positus, placed or put), fit; suitable; well adapted to; in tot, when similar parts are similarly placed: ap'positely, ad. -zlt'Vi: ap'poaite'ness, n. fitness; suitableness: apposition, n. dp'-pO-idlsh'Un, the act of adding to; in gram,., two nouns following each other in the same case, the latter explanatory of the former, or modifying it in some way. appraise, v. ap-prd2f (F. apprecier, to value— from L. ad, to ; pretiwrt, a price), tofix the value of an article forthepunioseof sale: apprals'ing, imp. : appraised, pp. -pr est and at the least distance fl>om tbe sun or the earth : apse, in a church, the rounded endpf a basilica at the back of the altar ; the arched roof of a room. apt, a. dpt (L. aptus : P. apte, fit), ready ; quick ; fit ; suitable: aptly, ad. -fS; apt'nesB, n. readiness or quickness in learning; ntness: aptitude, n. dp'ti-t^d, a disposition for; readiness; docility. apnral, a. dp'ter-dl (Gr. a, without ipteron, a ^ving), without wings : apteiyx, n< dp'tir-'Uca, a rare bird, peculiar to New Zealand, having only short rudiments of wings, «and without a tail, a little larger than a ?ulnea?owl: apterous, a, d^'^-iils, wingless ; belong- ing to the class of insects called the aptera, dp't&r-a, or wingless insecta, aptote, n. dpttot(GT. a, without; ptotos, that can, or is wont to fall), an Indeclinable noun. apns, n. d'pits (6r. a, without ; sous, a foot), a bird so called because It did not use Its feet; a martinet; in aatron., a constellation near the S. pole. apyrexy, n. aiplr-Sk'-si (Gr. a; puresso, I have a fever— from pur, fire), the Interiolssion of a fever: apyrous, a. et'pi'r^, fire-proof; incombustible ; that sustains a strong heat without alteration: apsretlc, a. a'-plr-St'-ik, without fever. aiiyrenas, n. {b-pi'TS'-nHs (Gr. a, without; pv/ren. a seed), in hoi., fruit which produces no seeds, as cul- tivated varieties of the orange, pine-apple, &c. aqua, n. a'hwd (L. ac[ua, water), a word now much used as part of a compound: a'qua vltBe, -vl-M jL. vita, life), water of life; brandy or other spirit: a'quafortis, -fdr'-Hs ['L. fcrrti^, strong), strong water; apowerful acid, now named nitric acid : a'qua maru^, -md-r&'-nd (L. mare, the sea), sea-water ; applied to the beryl from its colour : a'qua regla, -rS^jI'd (L, rea;, gen. reais, a king), royal water : a mixture of nitric and muriatic acids; a dissolvent of gold, the king of the metals; now called nitro-muriatic acid: aquatic, a. d-fcwdt-'ik, living in the water, or much on it, as some fowls- aquarium, n. a-kivd'ri-'Sm, a glasffcaae con- taining water, ac, for plants and creatures that live In %vater : aquarius, n. d-kwd'H-Hs (L. a water-carrier), a sign of the zodiac : aqua tlnta, d-kwd tln-td (L. aqua: iCtinta, a tint Or dye— from L. tingo, I stain), a variety of engraving.imitating drawings made with indianink. aqueduct, n. dk'-wS-diUct (L. aema, water ; ductus, led), a course or channel made for conveying water either under or above ground : aqueous, a. d-kwe-ils, watery; pert, to or arising ft'om water: aqueous- ness, n. ., > . aquiline, a. Ok'-ivi'lln or -lln (L. aquila, an eagle), hooted or curved like the beak of an eagle. Arab, n. dr'db, also Arabian, n. a-rdM-d-n, a na- tive of Arabia: Arabic, a. dr'd-ilk, also Arabian, a. d-rd'bi-dn, pertaining to Arabia or to the language of its people: Ar'ablc, n. the language: Arablst, n. dr- d-blst, one versed in Arabic: Arabesque, a. ar'dbSsk (F,), in the manner of the Arabian architecture: n. an ornament in arcJu, consisting of imaginaiy foliage, stalks, plants, &c.; the Arabic language: Ar'ablsm, n. -b%zm, an Arabic idiom : Araby, n. dr'd-bl, poetic for Arabia: Ar'abs, n. plu., the wandering tribes of Arabia and Northern An-lca; now applied to the des- titute children wandering in the streets of towns. arable, a. dr'd-bl (L. arafiiiis— from aro, I plough: Gr. wroo: F.), land that can be ploughed or cultivated, arachnoid, a. d-rdk'-ndi/d (Gr. oroc/tne, a spider; eitjos. form). In anut,, a semi-transparent fine mem- brane spread over the brain and pia-mater, like a spider's web ; in bot, composed of soft downy fibres. Aralo- Caspian, a. d-rd'lO-kds'pt'dn or d'-rdlO-, a term applied to the extensive basm or depressed area occupied by the Aral and Caspian seas and surround- ing districts of country ; In geol., applied to the lime- stone and associated sandy beds of brackish-water origin which have been traced over much more than the area Indicated. Aramaic, a. (lr'cl-7na'^(fh>mAram, a son of Shem), a name applied to the Syro-Chaldean language: Ar- ame'an or Aramsean, dr'd-Tne'dn, pei-t. to the Syri- ans and Chaldeans or their language. araneous, a. d-rd'7iS-Hs (L. aroneo, a spider or cob- web), resembling a cobweb. araiicariteB,n. plu. d-ra^'kd/T'fts', a term employed to designate the fossil wood whose structure is iden- tical with that of the living a'rauca'rlae, -kd'rl-e— trees, natives of the southern hemisphere. orballst, n. dr'bd-list (L. arcus, a bow ; balista, an engine for throwing stones or darts), a cross-bow : ar- baBster, n. dr'bd-lis't^, a croas-bow-man. arbiter, n. dr'bl-t^ (L. an umpire or judge: Fin. arpa, a lot or symbol), one appointed to settle a mat- ter in dispute between two or more persons : arbit- rament, n. dr-bU'rd-ment, decision; determination; arbitrable, a. dr'M'trd-bl, determinable: arbitral, a. dr'-bi-trdl, of arbitration : arbitrary, a. dr'-M-trdr'-l, despotic; tyrannical; guided by will only: arTjltrar*- ily, ad. -i-U: arTiltrMrlneas, n. : arbitrate, v. 6^'-bt- trdt, to hear and decide in a disputed matter ; to deter- mine : arl)ltra'tlnK, imp. ; arliltra'ted, pp. : arbitra- tion, n. dr'-bi-trd'sMn, the hearing and deciding of a disputed matter by one or more peraona : arbitrator, n. aribl-trd't&r, a person chosen to decide a dispute : arbltresB, n. dr'bl-tres, or orbltratrlx, n, dr'bl-trd' ^•iks, a woman who decides. arbour or arbor, n. dr'-b&r (L. arbor, a tree: old E. }i£rbere {h^-'-beer), a garden), a seat shaded with trees; a bower; an axis or spindle (spelt arbor) : arbo- rator, a. dribO-rd'tdr, one who grows trees ; arbored, a. dr-b&rd, furnished with an arbour : arborous, a. dr'-bd-rOs, or arboreous, a. dr-bO're-Hs, resembling or belonging to a tree: arborescent, a, d/r'-bd-res'-Snt (L. arboresco, I grow to a tree), resembling a tree ; be- coming woody: arlioreB'cence, u. -Sns, also arlwrl- satlon, n. -t-«a(«Mn, the resemblance of a tree In mate, mat,/^, io%; mete, mSt, hir; plm.ptn; note, n4t, mOve; ARBU 25 AREO minerala ; groups of crystals In the form of a tree : arlaoret, n, asmalltree; a shubbery: arboretum, n. dr<{%'a-Idr, belonging to the Joints : artic'nlar'ly, ad. -11: articles of war, the miUtary code of laws for the government of soldiers and the punishment of their crfinos : ortlo- nlata, n. &r-tik'A'lar'ta, one of the great divisions of the animal kingdom, designating those creatures which ore encircled by Jointed rings, aa worms, lobsters, &c. artillery, n. ar-tU'l^-l {V. artillerie, ordnance— from mid. L. artificimn, implement with which anything is done), weapons of war ; cannon ; great guns, ito. : artillery-man, the man who assists to manage a can- non : artillerist, n. one sldlled In gunnery. ar'tisan, n.— see art. artist, n. dfr'tXst (L."ar5, gen. artis, an art), one who exercises any art or craft, particularly that of apalnter, a sculptor, an architect, a photographer, or suchUko : artiste, n. dr-t^t' (F. an artlsfc— from L.), a profos- Hional singer, dancer, athlete, or suchlike: artistic, a. At' tis'tVc, also artls'tlcol, a. -Ml, of an artist ; accord- ing to a high degree of art : artis'tlcally, ad. -11. artocarpus, n. 6/r'tO-l^-pHa (Qr. ario», bread; kar- poa, fruit), the breod-fmlt tree of the S. Sea Islands. arom, n. a'rUm (L. : Gr. aron, supposed to be anc. Egyptian word), the wake-robin found in mjiny British woods-^ plant esteemed for its medicinal qualities. Armtdellan, a. Or'Un-aet'i-an (from the Earl of Arundel), a name applied to certain ancient marbles. arondliiaceoiu, a. A-rdn'di-na'shits (L. arwndo, a reed), resembling or having the structure of roeds : amndlneons, a. dr'Un-din'l-ils, abounding with reeds. anupice, n. d-rtlstpte (L, aruspea or luvru^eic, a soothsayer), in anc Home, a diviner by the Inspection of the entrails of beasts: anuplcy, n. a-rHs'-pi-si, the art of foretelling events by the inspection or the en- trails of beasts slain in sacriflce. as, conj. prep, or ad. dz (contr. of AS. eallewa, all so : Ger. ato), sfgnHying agreement In manner In gen- eral ; likeness of manner ; for example ; equally. as, n. As (L.), the anc Soman pound, consisting of twelve parts or ounces. asofoetlda, n. He'dfU'l-dei, (L. aaa, a gum ; fcetidua, fetid: Ar. asA, healing), a gum-resln, having a highly offensive odour, obtained from an Indian tree— much used in medicine. asarabacca, n. Aa'Ar-it-lieat'kil (L, asarum, wild spikenard ; bacca, a berry), a plant whose leaves have a bitter acrid taste, and very nauseous — used In medi- cated snuffs: asarlne, n. its'-dr-ln, a substance ob- tained f^m asa/rum,. asbeBtos, n. Ha-bMiSa, also asbes'tiu (Gr. asbestos, unquenchable), a flbrous mineral of the hornblende family, having the flbres elastic and flexible, some- what resembling flax, and which cannot be consumed by Are; the different varieties receive the names of rock-wood, rock-cork, moimtain-leatJier, foaaiUpafper oTfiaai, &c.: asbestine, a. Oa-bSs'tlm, of or like asbes- tos: osbes'tlform, a, -ti'/^Htrm {Gi. asbestos: h, forma, shape), of the form of asbestos. ascmdes, n. plu. ds-kOr'-l-dez, sing. as'carl« (Gr.), ASHT the small Intestinal threadworms: uoarlna. n. aa- M-rf-fttl, aplant whose anther resembles an intestinal ascend^ v. Os-sSnd' (L, ad; sca7ido, I mount up; scaiiswm, to mount up : It. aacendere), to mount ; to go up ; to rise : aBcena'ing, imp. : aaoend'ed, pp. : as- cen'dant. a. superior; surpaaslng; in aatron., above the horizon : n. commanding iniiuence ; superiority : ascendency, n,(ls-sfln;cWn-fl1!, power; controUinglnflu- ence: ascenalve, a. as-sSn'-dv, rising or tending to rise : ascension, n. aa-sen'-BhUn, the act of going up : right ascenBion, in astron., tho arc of the equinoctial Intercepted between tho first point of Aries and the circle of declination passing through the place of tho heavenly body: ascent, n. da-s^jKT act of rising; ris- ing of a hill : ascendable, a. ds-sihidia-bl, that may be ascended : aaoen'alon-day, n. tho day on which our Lord's aaconslon is commemorated. ; ascertain, v. ds's^-tdn' {h. ad, to ; certm, fluro), to make sm-e by examination ; to establish : aa'cortain'- ias, imp. : oB'certalned', pp. -tOMd' : aBcertamatue, sk.ds'-$^-tan'-a-bl, thatmaybe madosureof byseorch f or examination: ascertamment, n. OsisSrtdn'inSnt: \ as'cortain'er, n. one who. ascetic, n. Os-sSt'-ik (Gr. asketos, exercised), one un- duly rigid or austere ; one who retires from the world : adj. retired f^om the world; austoro; also aicet'lcal, a. 't'kOi: asceticism, n. Oa-sSt'l-sizm, the practice of asoli, n. plu. 'asJi.''M, or asclana, n. plu. OsJi'-i-aiiz (L. cMcii— from Gr. a, without ; sIHa, a shadow), ap- plied to tho inhabitants of the torrid zone who are sha- dowless at noon. They are also called ampblB'cil, be- cause when not shadowless their shadows will at noon fall northwards one part of tho year and southwards at another. Tho inhabitants of the N. temperate zone at noon have their shadows always falling northwards, and those of the S. temperate zone always south, and are called antla'cll. In the frigid zones, when tho sun Is above tho horizon, the shadows of the Inhabitants ' are directed to every point of the compass in succes- sion, and they are called perla'cU. asddla, n. plu. as-std't-a, or ascld'ltuiB, n. plu. -t-dnz \ (Gr. aakidion, a little bag), on order of ahell-less mol- luscs having the appearance of small leathern pouches ' or paps, found as a pap-llko gelatinous substance on rocks, old shells, Ac : asoidlnm, n. Qs-sld'l-ilmi, In hot., j a form of leaf In which the stalk is hoUowed out and i closed by the blade as by a lid ; a pitcher-leaf. < ascites, n. plu. Oa-av-tez (Gr. a^koa, a cavity or bladder), dropsy of the belly: asoitlo. a. ds-sit'ik, also asclt'lcal, a. -^-kdl, dropsical : ascit'ioally, ad. -ll. oBcltltions, a. Aa'sl-tish-'Os (L. asoisco, X receive, I adopt), additional; sujpplementnl. ascleplad, n. Hs-klBipvad, a chorlamblc verse first used by AscleploH. aBCribe, v. ds-knb' (L. ad, to ; scribo, I write), to im- > pute to; to assign to as a cause; to attribute : ascrt'- Dable, a. -bd-bl, that maybe attributed to : aacrl'blng, Imp.: ascribed, pp. ds-knhd': ascription, n. da- hryp-alvQ/n, the act of attributing to. ascas, n, da'kHs (Gr, askos, a cavity or bladder). In bot., a membranous tubular cell, of which several aro sunk In the substance of lichens and funri containing their sporulcs, ash, n. dsh (AS. ccsci Icel. askr), a well-known tree ; i odj. made of or pertaining to the ash : ashen, a. Oah'Sn, \ made of ash ; often used for ashes, as In potash : ash- f coloured, a. coloured between brown and grey, like ashes. ashamed, pp, or a. d-sJiamd' (AS. aacamian, to bo f ashamed), contused ft-om a sense of guilt or unworthl- ness ; covered with shame. ^ ashes, n. plu. Oah'-Sz (AS. asca.- Icol. aska/ Gotli. I azgoi Ger. aache, dust, refuse), the dust or matter that I remains from a burnt body : the remains of any body I remains from a burnt body : the remains of any body reduced to dUHt : aBhy,a. dsW?, pale; lllce ashes: ash'- tT.' It;*? ^■^■«. an ash-pit : ashV-psJa, pale aa ashes : ' -^ -Wednesday, the first day of Lent -'-- ft_(j ■ ashler or ashlar, Oah'ldr (It. aaciare, to cut or hew smoothly with an axe), rough-hewn stones used for facing walls ; free or common stone oh It comeH flrom the quarry : ashlerlng, n. in carjfen. , the fixing of short upright quorterings between the rafters and the floor. a«uore. ad. d-shor' (AS. a, on, and shore), on shore ; on the land. Ashtareth, n. dah'-td-rUh (Phen. the wife of Baal), ^.^^^l^"?.^ 'i^J'i? ancient Sldonlans and Philistines, Identified with Venus of the Romans. mate, mdt./dr, Id/Cu! mste, met, Mr; plate, pin; note, n6t, mCve; ASIA i ABian, a. a'zM'cKn, also Aaiatic, a. a'zhl-dt'ik, of or pert, to Asia : Aslatlcism, n. a'zM-at'i-sizm, Imi- tation of Oriental manners. aside, ad. a-sid' (AS. a, on, and side), to one side ; apart STom the rest; at a little distance from the straight line. asmlue, Cts'l'Ti/l/n. — see under oas. ask, V. ask (AS. acsifin: Icel. aeskia: Ger. 7teisc7ien, to inquire, to demand), to beg : to solicit ; to seek from ; to question; to inquire: ask'lng, imp.: asked, pp. Aakt: as'ker, u. one who. aakuicB, ad. HS'k&mf (It. schiamcio, athwart, across ; scansare, to turn aside: Dut. schuins, aslant), side- ways ; looking towards one comer of the eye ; askant, ad. Os'kanf, obliquely: on one side. aakew, ad. Os-kH' (Gr. skaios: L. sccbvus, on the left hand : Ger. scJii^, oblique), awiy ; obliquely ; aside. aslant, ad. A-slanf (AS. a, on, and slarU], on one side. asleep, ad. d-st^' (AS. a, on, and sleep), in a state of sleep ; at rest. aslope, ad. a-sline), the day-lily, called also the Wng's spear. asphyxy, n. ds-fW-sl, also asphyxia, n. ds-fik'sl-d {Gr. a, without; sphvasis, the pulse), the temporary ceasing of the motion of the heart and arteries as in drowning or suifocation ; swooning: asphyxiated, a. ds-fUc'-sl-a'tSd, suffocated as by hanging or drowning, or by an accumulation of carbonic acid iu the blood. aspidiarla, n. ds'pid-t-d'rl-d (Gr. aspis, gen. aspi- dos, a shield), a genus of fossil stems found in the coal-measures, so called from the shape of the leaf- scaurs : aspidium, n. ds-pid'-l-Hm, a genus of ferns. aspidorhynchus, n. ds'pi-do-rtn-kiis (Gr. aspis; rhuTichos, a beak), a genus of fossil fishes charac- terised by the tapering or beak-like prolongation of their upper jaws, armed with numerous sliarp- pointed conical teeth. aspidura, n, ds'pi-dd'rd (Gr. aspis, a shield ; oura, a tail), a genus of fossil star-fishes having a buckler ar- rangement of the ossicles that protect the ai-ms. ) ASSE aspire, v. its-p%i^{L.aspiro, I breathe or blow towards —from ad, and spiro, I Ijreathe : F. aspirer), to desire with eagerness ; to pant after; to aim at something that'can be obtained with dlftlculty: aspi'rkig, imp. : a4j. ambitious: aspired, pp. ds-plrd': aapi'rer, n. one who: aBpl'rlngly, ad. -11: aspirant, n. ds-pl' rdnt, one who seeks with eagerness: aspirate, v. ds'-pt-rdt, to pronounce with a lull breath : n. a letter with a mark to show It must be pronounced with a full breath: adj. pronounced vrith a breathing: as'- pira'ting, imp. : aspirated, pp. as'-pi-rd'tSd .- as- piration, n. ds'pi-ri^'shiin, the act of pronouncing a letter witli a fuU breath ; an ardent wish or desire to attain: aapiratory, a. ds-inVdE-Mr't, pert, to breathing. asportation, n. ds'pOr-ta'shUn (L. db, from; porta, I carry), act of carrying or conveying away. asquint, ad. d-skwlnt' (Dut. schuinte, a slope, obli. quity), towards one side ; obliquely. ass, n. ds [L. asinus, an ass : Ger. esel: Pol. osiol), a well-known beast of burden, dull and slow, but patient and hardy; a dull, stupid person: asinine, a. ds'i- nln, pertaining to an ass ; like an ass. asaagay or assagai, n. ds'd-gd (Sp. azagaya, a spear or half -pike), a dart or Javelin used by the Caffres, &o. assail, v. ds-sdl' (F. assaiUi/r, to assault — from L, ad, to ; saiio, I leap), to leap or fall upon by violence ; to attack with aviewto overcome or injure, as in words or writing: assall'lng, imp.: assailed, pp. Os-sald'i assailable, a. Os-sdl'-a-bl, that may be attacked : assail- ant, n. Os-sdl'dnt, one who assails or attaclcs: adj. assaulting; attacking. assassin, n. ds-sds--stn'd-oI, that may bo transferred; that can be allotted or speclflod : assignation, n. ds'-sig-nd'-shUji, a making over to; an appointment to meet, as of lovers: assignee, n. as'sl-tiH', a person appointed to ito something ; one to whom an assignment Is made : assignment, n. Os-sln'm&nt the thing assigned; the tnuisference of some right or iutci'ost. asslgnats, n. Os'sin-yds (F.), paper money Issued by the French Government during tlie first Revolution. assimilate, v. Os-slm'-i'iat (L. ad, to: simtiis, like), to make like ; to bring to a likeness ; to change Into its o\vn substance: assim'ila'tlng, imp.: assUD'lla'- ted, pp.: assim'ilable, a. -Idbl: assimilative, a. ti.i- xini'i-la'tiv, also asslm'Uator'y, a. •tOr'i, tliat can make into a like or similar substance: assimilation, n. (is-fffm'MA'aAdn, the process by which plants and animals convert food into the various tissues of thoU' own proper substance. asttst, V. ds-suf (F. a^sister, to ruslat— n*om L. ad, to ; aisto, I am made to stand), to help : to relieve ; to aid; to succour: asslst'lng, Imp.: oisut'ed, pp.: as- Bistance, n. Os-sla'tans, help ; succour ; aid : ossU'tant, &. helping ; lending aid : n. one who helps or lends aid. assize, n. ds-aW, plu. assizes, ds-sl^zSz (L. ad, to: sesnum,tosit: oldF. cusise:, asot rate), j)Iu.,a court of Justice In England held twice a-year in every county ; sing., a statute recnlating the measure and price of commodities : ass&e', v. to fix measures or rates ; to settle : assi'zlnK, Imp. : asslzed, pp. ds-sizd' : as- sl'zer, n. one wno. associate, v. ds-s&'shi-at (L. ad. to ; socio, I Join ; sociits, a companion : F. associer), to Join in company ns a friend or companion : n. a companion ; a part- ner: asso'cla'tlng, imp.: asso'ola'ted, pp.: associa- tion, n. Os-sO'shl-a'shtln, the union of persons in a company for mutual benefit ; a society ; connection, applied to ideas: asso'da'tive, a. -tiv: aiBo'da'tor, n. one who: asso'dable, a. -d-bl. companionable: asBD'olablenesa, n. : asso'ciabU'lty, n. ■hU'€-li : asso'ciate'shlp, n.: asso'cia'tlonal, a. •shi-a'shUn-ai, pert. to. assoUzia, v. Os-soifl'e (old V. absoiller^trom L. ab, I^m ; solvo, I loose), In Scots law, to froa one accused from a chai^ : to find a criminal not guilty ; to set at liberty: assoil'zlelng, imp. -ing: assoil'zled, pp. -ed, assonant, a. ds'so-nant {L. ad, to ; sonayis, sound- ing), resembling in sound : assonanoe, n. as'so-naris. assort, V. da-adri' (L. ad, to; sors, gen. sorlts, a lot), to arrange Into sorts or clnsses ; to agree or suit : EBSort'lng, Imp. : assort'ed, pp. : assorl^r, n. one who : asBort'ment, n. the act of separating Into lots or arranging into classes ; a number of tofngs of the same kind. assuage, v. As-sivaj' (L. ad, to ; aitavia, sweet : old F. assouager, to soften), to aoftiin ; to mitigate ; to allay ; to abate or subside: assna'glng, imp. : asmage'd, pp. Os-swajd' : assnage'ment, n. mitigation: assuo- ■iva, a. ds-swa'^v, soothing ; mitigating : aisna'ger, n. one who. assnetnde, n. Os'-wg-Hld (L. assuehido, custom— from ad: sueaco, I become used), custom; habit. aasnme, v, Os-sAm' (L. aasumo, I tnke to myself— from ad, to ; sumo, I take ; sumptus, taken), to tojce upon one's self ; to appropriate ; to pretend to pos- eess ; to take for granted or without proof : assa'- mine, Imp.; adJ. haughty, arrogant: assumed', pp. : assif mlngly, ad. -ll .- oasa'mer, n. ; assumption, n. as-silm'BM.n, the act of assuming; supposition; the taking up Into heaven, applied to the Virgin Mary : assnmp'uve, a. that maybe assumed: assnmp'tlvely, ad. ■tiv-ll : assumpsit, n. Os-sSmp'slt, In law, a volun- tary promise to perform for, or to pay to another. assure, v. d-snOr' (L. ad, to ; securus, sure, certain : F. assurer), to make certain : to give conflu'ence by a promise ; to Insure : assn'rlng. Imp. : assured', pp. a-sMrd': assuredly, ad. d-shO'-rSd-H : asBU'redness, mate, mdl,/dr, laXo; rrUSte, met, n. : assu'rer, n, : asanranoe, n. it-shd'rdns, a declara- tion to dispel doubt; the utmost certainty; impu- dence ; conviction ; a contract to make good a loss by death or by fire, now rostrlctvd to life contlngancios. Asayrian, a. d-sirH'dn, of or pert, to Assyiua: n. on inhabitant of. _^ . astacoUte, n. Os-tOkiO-W (Or. astakoa, the crayfish or lobster ; lithos. a stone), a term applied to the fossil romaUis oi crustaceans, like the croynsh or lobster. astatic, a. ds-tdt'ik (Or. rr. Avlthout ; statoa, that stands or remains), being without polarity, as a, magnetic needle. aster, n. Os't&r {Or. aster, a star), an extensive gonna of plants whose flowers ha\'u a star-like aiTongomont. asteracantiiuB, n. as'ttii--d'kiin'thil8 (Gr. aster, a star ; akantha, a thorn or spine), a cemis of fbssU fin- spines of fishes, often of lai-go size, navlng their aui^ faces richly oniamontod ^vltn star-like tuberoloa. aateria, n. ds-te'ri-d, also asterlte, n. tis't&t'lt (Gr. a^tei; a star), a variety of corundum or star sap- phire, which, when cut In a certain way, sho^va a bright opalescent star of six rays: osterlatad, a. Os-U'-ri'd^tSd, radiated; star-like: asterldn, n. plu. as-t»r'i-de, the star-fish flamily. of which the common flve-rayed star-fish is taken as the type. asterisk, n. (la'tdi-iak (Gr. asteriafcos, .a little star), a smojl star (') used to refer to a note, or to niai'k the omission of words ; -a constellation or star cluster. astern, ad. a-st&m' (AS. a, on, and st&m), at the stem ; the hinder part of a ship : behind. asteroid, n. ds'^-o'yd (Gr. aster a star: eidoa, like- ness), one of the minor planets : asterolda, n. ds'Ur- oy'ilit. an order of polypes having a star-like or rayed aiTangement of tiielr tontocles when fully expanded : os'terol'daJ, a. pert to the small planets. asterolepls, n. Os't^^o-le'pia or 'H' (Gr. aater: lepis, a scale), a gigantic ganoid fossil fish of the old red sandstone. asterophvUltea, n. plu. a^'t&i'^O-fU'Hts (Gr. aster, a star ; pniuton, a leaf), foasU plants found abundantly in the coal-raeasuros, having star-like whorls of linear leaves. asthenic, a. OsthSn'ik (Gr. a, without; athcnos, strength), weak ; debilitated: aa'menorogT, n. ■nOl'd' jl (Gr. a; atfienos! logos, discoui'se), a olscourse on diseases connected with dabllH v. BJithma, n. Oat'-ma (Gr.— from a, without; Ho, I breathe), a diseoae of the organs of broatblng attended with covigh and difilcultyof breathing: asthmatic, a. dst-mdt'ik, also aitlunat'lcaJ, a. -i'hai, troubled with difficulty of breathing. astir, ad. d-stdr' (a, on, and stM, on the move; active. astomatous, a. ds/dmid'ttis (Gr. a, without; aloma, gen. atomatos, a mouth), mouthloBB ; also apelt aato- mous, Os'to-mits. astonled, v. ds-tdn'id, for aatonisJied, a word frQ- quently oucurrlng in Scripture. astonish, v. ds-tOn'iah (old F. estonner, to amaze : L. ad, to; (ono, I thunder: AS. stwiinn, to make stupid %vith noise), to fill with audden fciir and wonder; to amaze ; to confound with surprise ; aaton'ishlng, imp. ■ nston'lshed, pp. -inht: oston'lahing'ly, ad. -W; oaton'- lahmeut, n. aatonnd, v. ds-tdfond' (see above), to etrlke dumb with amazement : astound 'Ing, Imp. : astound' ed, pp. astraddle, ad. dstrad'dl (AS.— see straddle), with Uie legs on opposite sldos of a tiling. astrsea, n. Os-tr^s'ii (Gr. atiter, a star), the goddosa of Justice ; one of the minor planets : astrieUln, ds- irM-d^, the family of star corals, so called from the arrangement and number of their cell I'ays. astragal, n. ds'-trd-adl (Gr. astragalos, the upper Joint of the neck, the ankle-joint), the ring-lTke moulding round the top and bottom of the column of a pillar; the beaded zinc bars used by zinc-workers In making diamond and ornamental wlndow-ltames astral, a. da'trdl (Gr. aster, a star), belonging to the stars; starry. astray, nd. d-strd' {AS. a, on, and stray), out of the rjeht way or proper place. i..*^t'l!?**°*^v"i^'*'*^''''^'*'* (L. ad, to; fttrictum, to bind), the act of binding close or conti-acttng : astrlc- tlve, a. a-atrVC'tiv, binding ; also astrictorv. a. aslrik't6r-i. astride, ad. a-strid' {a and stHde), ^^'lth the legs apart. " astrlnge, v.^-strinj' (L. ad, to ; atringo, I bind fast). *''*°!"iL'^'^^°^'"'^' *o contract bypresslnp togptlicr: astrlnglng, Imp.: oatrlnged, pp. ■stririjd'; aatrln- liir; pim.ptn; note, n6t, mOve; ASTR 31 ATTA gent, n. Hs-tHn'j&iit, that which contracts or draws together muscular fibre ; the principle in bai-k that tans hides for leather: ad), hindihg: astrln'gency, n. -jin-sl: astrin'gently, ad. -li. aatrograptay, n, Os-trdgira-fi (Gr. aster or astron, a star ; gi'apho, 1 describe), a description of the stars. astrouhe, n. Os'-tro-lab (Gr. astron, a star; labezn, to taike), an instrument formerly used to take alti- tudes of the Sim and stars, now superseded hy Bad- ley's quadrant. astrology, n. Os-trdl'd-j'i (Gr. astron, a star; logos, dtscourae), a science that pretends to foretell events by ohservtag the stars : aacrol'oger, n. the person who pretends to foretell events by the stars : aEtrologlcal, a. as'tr0-l6j'i-kill, pert, to : as'trological'ly, ad. 'i-kdl'-l: a8trologise,v,'*s-irfiiifi-j«2, to practise astro- logy: astrol'ogi'slng, imp.: astrol'oglaed', pp. -stzd'. astronomy, u. Os-trOn-O-mt (Gr. astron; noTiws, a law), the science IJiat treats of the motions, ma^- tudes, and everything connected with the heavenly "bodies: astronomer, n. Os-triSn'O-mer, one given to the study of the heavenly bodies: astronomic, a. Os'trO-nOm'ik, also as'tronom'ical, a. -ndm'l-kai, pert, to: as'tronom'ical ly, ad. -ll: astronomise, v. Os-trdn'O'Tntz, to assume the habits and study of an astronomer : astrou'omi'sing, imp. : afitron'omised', pp. -mlsd'. astro-theology, n. Os'-trO-the-dl'd-jt {Gr. astron, and theology), natui-al theology founded on the observa- tion of the celestial bodies. astute, a. ds-tiijt' (L. astutus, crafty: It. a£t'uio), sagacious; shan); discerning; crafty: astate'ness, n.: astute'ly, ad. -li. asonder, ad. &-sS.7i'-d&r (AS. a, on, and swndtr), apart ; separately ; in a divided state. asylum, n. &-sl-lmn (L.— from Gr. o, not; suldo, I rob: It. asilo: F. asile), a place of refuge; a sanctu- ary; a place out of which he that has fled to it may not be taken. asymmetrical, a. as'-fm-met'ri-Jcttl (Gr. a, without; summetria, symmetry), not agreeing; inhai-monious. asymtote, n. Os'im-tot (Gr. astim^totos, not fall- ing together — ^Crom a, not ; sun, together ; ptotos, apt to fall), a line whiuhi though approaching nearer and nearer to a curve, can never reach it : a^. approach- ing hut never meeting. asyndeton, n. a-sln'dS-tSn (Gr. a, not; sundetos, lound together), a figure in rltet. which keeps the parts of speech together without the use of conjunc- tions. at, prep, df (AS. aet: Icel. at: Dan. ad: Sans, adhi, upon : L. ad, to), near to ; with ; towards. atacamlte, n. tach'ment, n. seizins of eoods by lefical authority; warm affection: fldellty; strong regard to: attache, n. Atitasha,' (P.), one attached to an ambassador as one of his suite or attendants. attack, V. at-t&h' (F. attaquer .• Sp. atacar, to attack —see attach), to fall upon with force or violence ; to assault ; to assail In words : n. a lulling upon tvlth violence: satire; unft-IencUy criticism: attack'lng, Imp.: attacked, pp. at-tOkt'. attain, v. at-tan' (L. ad; tango, I touch: F. attain- dre, to reach), to come to or reach by exertion ; to arrive at; to gain; to achieve: attalu'lne. Imp.: attained, pp. at-tand': attainable, a. at-idn'tl-oli attaln'abU ity, n. -bU'-i-ti: attaln'ahleneis, n. -&2* nSs : attain'ment, n. the act of arriving at or reaching by effort; proficiency In any branch of Knowledge. attaint, V. at-tanfiL. ad, to ; tingo, I stain, or tango, I touch ; old F. attaindre, to accuse, to stain), to corrupt; to taint: to disgrace; to And guilty of treason or felony ; to render Infamous : n. a stain ; reproach ; hurt: attalnt'lng. Imp.: attalnt'ed, pp.: attalntore, n. at-tan't&r: attainder, n. dt-tan'iUr, that which renders Impure : the loss of civil rights and whole estate for the crime of treason or other capital offence by a Judicial sentence, Is called an act qf attainder. attar, n. at'-tar, or otto of roses, 6t-t6 (Hind, utr, essence : Arab, iir, perfume), a precious oil made In Eastern countries from roses ; a valuable perfume. attemper, v. dt-tem'oir (L. ad, to ; tempero, I mix In due proportion), to soften or moderate to modify ; to mingle: attem'perlng. Imp.: attem'pered, pp. -pdrd. attempt, v. m-t€mf (L. ad, to ; tenfo, I try: F. atten- ter, to attempt: old F. tempter, to try), to try; to mAke an effort to accompUsn; to endeavour: n. an attack; an endeavour to gain a point: attemp'ting, imp.: attemp'ted, pp.; attemp'ter, n. one who: atcempt'able, a. -abl. attend, v. at-tSnd' (L. ad, to ; tendo, 1 stretch out : F. attenare, to expect), to wait on : to accompany ; to be present ; to listen to to fix the attention upon : attend'lng, Imp. : attend'ed, pp. : atten'dant, n. a follower; a servant: adj. accompanying: being pre* sent: attendance, n. dt-tSn'ddns, act of serving or waiting on; duty: attention, n. dt-tSn'sh^, the act of attending ; paying lieed to ; steady application of the mind ; act of courtesy : attentive, a. eU-ten'tiv, paying due regard to ; mindful : attent', contr. for attentive : atten'uvely, ad. -tio-lt: atten'tlveness, n. the qua- lity of being attentive. attenuate, v. dt-t^n'-iL-Qi [L. ad, to; tenuo, I make thin: F. aitenuer), to make thin; to reduce in thick- ness or density: atten'uating, imp.: atten'nated, pp.: attenuation, n. a.t-t&n'ii,-(L'-miin, the act of making thin, ffnn, or slender: attennant, a. dt-tlin'-ii.-pp. d^M&■1^•<^d: attribute, n. at'tri-oM, a quality considered as be- longing to, or inherent in, ^^' ~* triDuuVfl, a, at-trib'ntiv. longing to, or inherent in, any person or thing: at- triDutrvfl, a, at-trib'Utlv, pert, to an attribute: at- trlbntable, a. at-trlb'H-ta-bl, that may be ascribed to : at'tribu'tion, n. -bil'shiln, commendation. attrition, n. at-trish'-'Un {F.—trom L. ad, to ; tritus, rubbed), tbe act of wearing by rubbing; statu of being worn by ft-lctlon ; the least measure of sorrow, or lowest degree of repentance—as opposed to contrition, the highest degree or real repentance. attune, v. at4'Sbn' (L. ad, and tune), to put in tune ; to make musical ; to arrange fltly : attu'nlng, imp.: attuned, pp. at-t-and'. auburn, a, awtjw, pin; note, nOt, m6ve; AUGU 33 mcntum, an increase : P. augmenter), to increase ; to make or become large in size or extent : augment, n. aivg'mSnt, an Increase ; a prefix ; augment'lng, imp.: augment' ed, pp.1 angmentable, a. dtvg-7nSnt'A-hl, that may be Increased : aug'menta'tlou, n. -taish^, an increase; the act of enlarging: augmen'taldve, a. -tlv, having tne power to augment: n. in gram., opposite of diminutive ; augmen'ter, n. one who. augar, n. a^'gUr (L.— from avis, a bird), among the anc Romans, one who professed to tell future events by natuiul tokens, as the s^nglug and flying of birds, and the flaahing of lightning; v. to profess to foretell events ; to guess ; to be a sign : au'guring, imp. : augured, pp. a^'ff&rd: au'gurship, n. : au- gural, a. i^'gihrtU, pert, to: auguroua, a. aW- gu-i'Hs, foreboding; predicting: augurate, v. aTi}' gS-rat, to predict: au'guratiug, imp.: au'gura'ted, pp. : augury, n. aw'gH-H, the art of fol'etelllug events; an omen or prediction. august, a. oiv-ffAsf (L. augustus, sacred,' majestic: It. augusto : F. augttste), grand ; inspiring awe ; ma- jestic; august'neas, n, digiiity of appearance ; grand- eur in mien : auguat'ly, ad. -?«. August, n. amgUst, the eighth month in the year, named mim Caesar Augusti^ : Augustan, a. atb-gH'i' tdn, pert, to Augustus or his age ; literary or refined. Angustlus, n. plu. c^-g&s'tinz, monks who follow the doctrines and rules of St Augustin. auk, n. awk (Dan. alke), the name of various sea- birds. • aularian, n. aTh-la'-rt-An (L. aula, a hall), at Oxford, the member of a haU, as distinguished fi-om a colle- gian. aullc, a. aw'lik (L. aulicits: Gr. atUikos — from Gr. OMfe, a royal palace), of or pert, to a royal court. aunt, n. Ant (contr. from L. amita, an aunt), the sister of one's father or mother. aura, n. aW-rd (L, and Gr. a«ra— fi-om Gr. ao, I blow or breathe), a very gentle breeze ; a breath; a subtle invisible vapour supposed to proceed from a body. au'ral — see under auricle. anrate, n. cv^'rAt (L. aurwm, gold), a salt of auric acid: aura'ted, a. of or like gold: auric, a. aw'rik, of or from gold. aurelia, n. c^'ve'li-d (L. av/nrni, gold; aureolus, golden), the chrysalis of an insect : aure'lian, a. -l-dn, pert, to the aurelia: n. an amateur collection of in- sects: aureola, n. d&-re'6-ld, a circle of rays round the head of a portrait, to indicate something more tlian hiunan — popularly called a glory. auricle, n. mv-rl-kl (L. av/riaida, the ear-flap: F. awrreute), the outside ear ; a venous chamber situated at the base of the heart, resembling the external ear ; aurided, a. aJ&i'TX-kld, having ears, or things like ears : auricular, a. (^■rik'-u-iar, pert, to the ear ; secret : aurlc'uUurly, ad. -U: aurlc'umrconfesBion, confession ofsins made to a priest with a view to absolution: au- rlc'ulate, a. -lot, also anrlc'ula'ted, a. shaped like the ear: aurifoiitt, a. aW-ri-fawrmiL. avHs, an ear; forma, a shape), in the shape of an ear: au'risfc, n. one who studies diseases of the ear: auricula, n. aTc- i-ihf-u-Ul, a species of primrose called bear's ear, a na- tive of Smss Alps. auriferous, a. aJb-rif-er-vs (L. aurum, gold ; fero, I produce), that yields or produces gold. aurora, n. aiw-rii'rd (L. the goddess of the morning), the rising light of the morning; the plant crowfoot : auro'ral, a. belonging to the northern lights: auro'- ra boreaUs, n. iHr'S-d'lis, shooting lights of varied colours seen in the northern parts of the heavens, gen- ei'ally called the northern lights : -australlB, n. -aws- tra'lis, the southern lights. auscultation, n. dHhs'/cM-ta'-sh'&n (L. avscultatio, a listening with attention— from Gr. ous: L. auris, an ear ; and cultiis, used or exercised : P.), the method of discovering the extent and seat of any disease con- nected witn the respiratoiy organs, by applying the ear to the part alone, or with tne help of an instru- ment called a stethoscope: auscultatory, a. dJtbs-JcHr- td-t&r'i: aus'culta'tor, n. one who. auspices, n. plu. ow'spfo-fo (L. auspicium, auguiy from birds — ^from avis, a bird; specio, I inspect), omens: influence; patronage and care; protection: auspicious, a. daiG-^^h'-Os, prosperous ; lucky ; for- tunate ; favourable : au^lci'ously, ad. -II : anspicious- ness, n. ceiv-spls?i'us-n£s, a state of favom-able promise. austere, a. aYvs-t&r' (L. aitsteriis, rough: Gr. m ; vito, I shun ; vacuus, empty: F.vuide, empty), to keep at a distance from; to Biiun ; to evacuate ; to become vacant : avoidable, a d-vdyd'-d-bl. that can be kept ftom or shunned: avold'ance, n. -rtns, the act of : avoid ing. Imp. : avoid'ed,pp.: avoid'er, n. one who. avolrdapolB, n. or a. dv-&r'-(J^-p^^ (F. amoi/r, to have; du, of the: voids, weight), goods that sell by weight; the weight of 16 oz. to the pound employed in lihe selling of oU kinds of goods sold by weight, ex- cept sliver and gold. ^ „ , avouch, V. a-vd(vch (F. a/vouer, to avow— applied to the admission by a tenant of a certain person aa hl3 feudal superior; called in L. advocore), to affirm; to assert; to amrm In favour of: avouch ing, imp.: avouched, pp. d-vdivcht': avouch'er, n. one who. avow, V. d-vdfo' (see above), to declare openly with a view to Justify; to own or confess : avow'ing, imp.: avowed, pp. tf-wdTwd'; avow'er, n. one who: avow- able, a. d-vcfUi'd-bl, that may be openlv acknowledged : avow'al, n. an open confession or declaration : avow - edly, ad. -H. , , , avnlsed, a. d-villsf (L. a, ft-om ; mUsus, plucked or pulled), plucked or pulled off: onrnlBlon, n.d-viU'-shiSn (F. avtUHon), a pulling or tearing asunder one thing from another. await, V. d-wdt' (F. guetter, to watch ; a and wa/it— which see), to look for; to bo ready for: awalt'lng, imp. : awalt'ed, pp. awake, v. d-woJ/ (AS. awoc^on— see wake), to rouse from sleep; to infuse new life into : adj. not sleep- ing: awalung. Imp.: awaked, pp. d-wdkt: awoke', pt. a-ivok': awaken, v. d-wdk'n, same meaning aa awake : awakening. Imp. d-wOk'ning ; n. a revival of religion : awakened, fip. d-wdk'Snd : awalcener, n. one who. award, v. d-wd!6frd' (prov. F. esioarder, to inspect goods : It. gvardare : r. regarder, to look at), to assign to by sentence : n. a sentence ; the decision of arbltratorB : award'ing, imp. ; awaxd'ed, pp. : award'- er, n. one who. aware, a. d-wwr' (AS. gewaere : old H. Ger. gaiwar). Informed of; foreseeing; vigilant. away, od. d-wd' (AS; anaeg: prov. Ger. eweg), at a distance ; absent : int. begone. awe, n. o^ (AS. ege: Dan. ave, correction, fear: Icel. (sgir, terrible), fear mingled with reverence: solemn dread; v. to influence by fear; to strike with rever- ence: aw'ing,imp.: awea,pp.awd: awelesB.a.: awe'- Btmck, impressed or struck with awe : awfm, a. oKio' f5bl, terrible ; dreadful : av'ftUly, qA.-U : aw'fiime88,n. aweary, a. d-wir't (AS. a and weary), weary; tired. awhile, ad. d-hwiV (a and while), for a short time. awkward, a. cUvk'wird (AS. awoh, awry : Icel. ctf- gata, a side-way : Swed. a/iuig. Inside out : F. gauche, left bond), clumsy ; bungling ; unable to use hands or tools easily: awk'ward&, ad. -It: awk'wardnesa, n. awl, n. o&Z (AS. eel: Ger. aMe: Icel. air), a shoe- maker's tool for boring holes: awl'-ahaped. awme or aume, n. mim (Ger. aum), a German mea- sure of capacity for liquids, especially for the Rhenish wines, containing 41 English wlne^auJons. awn, n. (£iim{lce\. ogn: Sw. agn: 6r. acJvne, chaff), the beard of com or grass : awnless, a. : awn'y, a. p. bOgd: DBg'man, n. a person oniployi-il to soTU;lt orders for a manufacturer. bagasse, n. b(l-ads' (F.), tho sugar-cnue nftcr It Ims heen nre.sHcil, used for fuel In the sugar manufoctork'^^ —in tne Antilles rjiHod baganz, n. ha-nnTi-z'. bagatelle, n. bOg'a-tSl' (P., also V. ha-iuc. a fi-IIli'— from L. bacca, a berry), a trifle ; a thing of nn inipoi't- ance ; name of a game. baggage, n. bdg'gaj (P. bagagu, luggofic— ftom old F. fcoffww, goods : AS. beag. a ring of silver or gold as II type of value : Icel. baugr), all the articles necessary for an army; luggage; things i-cquirud for a Journey. bagging, n. bag'{fing—»m bag. bagnio, n. bOm'-yO (It. bagno, a bath— from L. hal- Tteum), a bath ; a prison ; a bad house, bagjplpes, n. bdg'plps {bag ;nul ptif), a musical wind- instrument: bag'plper, n. om- who plays tho bagpipes. ba«uette, n. bd-gst' (P. a rofl or wand), in arch., a small round moulding less tlian nn astragiU. balkalite, n. ba'kdl-U, a. dingy, green crj-Rtalllne variety of the mineral augite found at the moutli uf one of tho rivers that fall mto Lake Baikal, Si1)crin. balkerlte, n. bO.'k6r-U, a chorolate-brown-colourcd mineral wax, fouud near Lake Baikul. Siberia. ball, V. biU (old P. bailler, to deliver: F. hall, a giving ovi»r, a Rrantlnp: It. hnfin. priwi^i— from L. iiraliy with imthorlty), to sot 36 BALD free: to libRHito on tho security of anotlior; to Invn out or free from water : n. surety for another : baU ing, imo ■ balled, pp. bald: bailable, n- bOl'd-bl, tlmt may be bailed; baUTjond, n. awrltton security given f}»r the appeamnce of a prisoner to take his trial; bail- ment, n. delivery of Roods in trust : bailee, n. bdi c . he to whom goods an- delivered in trust or on bail. bailey, n, MlH (law L. ballUim), an area of ground within the -walla of a fortress- applied to a prison, as Old Bailey: bailie, n., or balUle,Mi:i (F. baillie, an ambassador), Scotch name for an alderman or mngU- trate of a burgh. ^ „, ^ „, bailiff, n. biU'ifiV. baiUisvi}. ball), an officer of Jus- tiiMi: an iiijuiit or steward over land.- baiUwlck, n. li'il'i-iviJc (F- nn.'i AS, ivic), tho limits of a hailllr'K autliorlty or Jurisdiotion, Bale's Beads, in astron., an appeamnce as oi a string of beads round tho aun In an ecllpso. Bsdriun, n. bl'ram^ a festival among tho Turks, colehratod for three days immediately after the fiiet ofltamazan. , , , ^ .^ „ bolt, n. b&t (AS. balaih to bait a liook : Icel. beit: Sw. bete, pasture, grazing: Sw. beta, food), any substanco put on a hook to entice llsh to swallow it ; anytliiuK to alluro or entice ; refreshment taken nn a Journey ; v. to allure by food; to give Hood or drink to a beast on a Journey ; to refresh with food on a Journe>' : balflng. Imp.; baited, pp. bat'Bd. , , bait, v. bat (AS. betan, to kindle a flro by blowing it up : old F. abetter, to incite), to provoke and luirasr* with tho lielp of othei-a ; to attack with violence, us witii dogs : balt'lng, imp. : balt'ed, pp. baize, n. baz (F. baye: Dut. baey: probably Bahm, whore llret made), a coai-se woollen stuff. bake, V. bak, (Icel. baJea. to waiin : Ger. bdnen, to foment: Dut ftocfccm, to warm one's self), to hoi-di'ii by flro or tho hent of the sun : to dress food in an oven uy iirour uuw Huiit oi liib nun, tu uicna luviu ui cui "• orhy Are : ba'klng, imp. : n. the quantity baked at ono time: baked, pp. bokt, or boken, pp. ba'kSn: bater, n. ono whose employment is to bake; ba'kery, n. ba- ktjr-i, the place where bread Is baked; also bake- house. balsnldx, n. plu. bd-lshit-de (Gj-. pJialaina, or i*. balcena, awlialo), tho whale family; the fossil remalnw of great whales: balsnodon, n. ba-l6'n0-d6n (L. bala-- na, a whale: odous. gen. odoHtoa, n tooth), sub-fossil teeth of whales, not exactly roferahlo to any known species. balance, n. bdl'-dtis (F. : It. bUa/ncia: Sp. bdlanza — fromL. bi^, double ; taiii'. gen, kmcis, adiBh),apfiiroC scales ; part of a watch ; equality of weights, power, oi- force; the dlfferenci* between the debtor and creditor side of an account ; ovei'pins ; a sign of the zodiac ; thn sum due on an account : T. to miuce equal ; to settht ; to roirulato and adjust: to have equal weight, power, orlnltuence; to hesitate : bal'ancln^, Imp. : balanced, pp. bal'a/nst: bal'anoer, n. one who. balunite, n. bdl'a-nit IL, balamis, an acorn: Gr. bala/noa), a name applied to fossil shells of the bar- nacle family, whose shells generally consist of six principal valves arranged In conical fonn : balanoid, a. bdl-a-Tu^/d (Gr. balanoe, an acom ; eidos, a fonn). applied to a family of barnacles having shells in- nmgod conlcally like an acorn. balasB, n. bdl'-as (Sp. balaa: F. hnUii.-.], a lapldary'n term for the vorletlcs of the spinel ruby of a fine rose- red colour Inclining to orange. balanstlne, n. ba-ldfos'-tin (Gr, balausUon, a pome- granate flower), the wild pomegi-anato tree : balaui- ta, n. bd-taTvs'ia. fruit formed like tho pomegranate : an indehiscent Inferior fruit, with many colls ami seeds, tho seeds being coated with pulp. balcony, n. bdl'-ko-nl (P. balcon: It. balcavf: Pew. bala khamh, an upper chamber), a railod-ln raised spa^o or platformlufr(iiii.iriih(.uHe. usually before tlm windows: baloonled, n. /ifUV^o-iu*/. having balconies. baJd, a. bmid (Vin. pulja.-^, naked, l>are: Dnii. ba:ldet, unfledged: Or. hidiv.% uprckled with whitn hair; Sp. pelado. hairless), wanthig hair; destitute of natural covering: naki^d; in.ic-ant; In bot., wltlmufc beard or awn; hiivim; a whit- nmrk on thofaci': baldly, ad. -U; bald'nesB, u.: bald-faced, having a, white mark on tho face. n.s a stn^ : bald-coot, a black- bird with a conapicuous excn-scouce of white skin above Its hoak. baliMibia, n,bdl'-da-khi. (It. hahJ/trrkinn: Sp. bahl(k (L. baleares: from Gr. boKein, to throw — the inhabitants being good slingers), of or relating to Majorca and Minorca, islands iii the Medi- terranean Sea. balister or ballister, n. bdl'lsrter—sBQ baluster. balistea, n. bd-lis'-tSz [Gr. baUo or baleso, I strike, as with a dart), an extensive genus of fishes ; the file- Jish, 30 called from its rough, ja^ed, and dart-like fin- sptnes. balk, T. baTvk (Icel. balkr, a division between stalls : Sw. balka, to partition off; balk, a hewn beam), to disappoint; to fi'ustrate; to refuse: n. a ridge of imploughed land- a beam; sudden disappointment: balk'ing, imp. : balked, pp. ba^kt: the balks, a place situated among the rafters, as a hay-lofb : baJk'- er, n. one who signals to the fishermen the course of the herring-shoals. ball, n. baXvl (F. baUe: It. paUa: Sp. bala: L. pila), a round body; a globe; a bullet; a child's toy: v, to form into a ball: balling, imp.: balled, pp. baHfld: ball-cock, a hollow metal globe attached to the end of a lever to regulate the supply of water in a cistern, by floating on the surface of the water: ball ajid socket, an instrument or joint of brass \vith a perpetual screw, movable in any direction, very useful in scientific in- struments, &c. : ball-caxtridge, a cartridge having a bullet besides powder. ball, n. 6am (It. ballmre, to shake or jog: old F. Soier, to move or stir: mid. L. bcdla/r&, to move back- wards and forwards: Gr. ballo, I leap or bound), an entertainment of dancing. ballad, n. bOl'Uld {¥. ballade, a song: It. baUaia, a song sung in dancing), a simple popular song : bal- ladry, n. bdl'ldd-n, the subject or style of ballads; ballad-Einger, one who sings ballads on the streets. ballast, n. bdl'ldst (AS. bat, a. boat; hlaest, load: Ban. bag-lest, the back load or worthless load), any lieavy substance placed at the bottom of a ship or boat to steady it; the load of sand, stones, &c., which a ship carries when there is no cargo; the gravel, broken stones, &c., placed on the permanent way of a Tailway, immediately under the sleepers and rails, in order to steady them: v. to steady; to load with bal- last: bal'lasting, imp. : ballaEted, pp. ballet, n. bdl'l& (F. : It. balto, a dance), a kind of dance ; a scena acted in dancing in a theatre, and associated with music. ballista, n. bal-lls'td (L.— from Gr. ballo, I throw), a military engine used by the ancients for throwing stones. balloon, n. bdl-l6n' (F. ballon, a football: It. bal- lone—BBB ball), any round hollow body; a spherical laudy filled with light gas, so as to rise and fioat in the air : balloon'ing, n. the art of ascending in balloons : baUoon ist,n. onewho : air'-balloon, onei-aisedinto the atmosphere by being filled with a gas lighter than air : fire-balloon, one fiUed and raised by rarefied or heated silr by placing fire imder its mouth. baUon, n. bdt'ldn (F.— see ball), a round globe on the top of a pillar; a roimd short-necked vessel used as j'eceiver m distillation. ballot, n. bOl'tdt (F. ballotte, a little ball— from talle, a ball), a little ball i^ed in voting ; a ticket or written vote : v. to choose or vote by ballot : bal'lot- ing, imp. : balloted, pp. bdl'ldt-Sd. ' balm, n. bdm (F. baume — from Gr. balsamon : L. "balsamum, balsam), a fragrant plant; a valuable ointment that soothes and heals ; that which soothes, mitigates, or heals : v. to anoint with balm • to soothe: balm'ing, imp.; balmed, pp. bdmd: bauny, a. bdm't, like balm ; mild ; soothing : balm'ily, ad. i-ll: balm''lne&s, n. : balsam, n. bdHbUsdm. a soothing ointment of an oily nature; a semi-fluid resin: balsamic, a. biU-sdm-lk, or balsamical, a. -^-kdl. like balsam; soft; unctuous; mitigating: balaam'- ical'ly, ad. -1%: bal'samU'erous, ti. -if-^r-Hs (L. — ; fero, I produce): balm of Gllead, or balsam of Mecca, common names for the resinous juice of the balsam-tree of Syria, reckoned very precious : balsam of sulphur, an ointment prepared from sulphur and oil of turpentine : balsam of Saturn, an olntment'pre- pared from sugar of lead and oil of tm-pentine, &c. : balsam 'icB, n. plu. -Iks, in med., applied to several preparations for external vise. Baltic, a. bi£6>l'4%k (old Sw. btelt, as two of its en- trances ai'o still called : L. baltetts, a belt), from the Baltic or its shores, or relating to them. balmter, n. bdl'iU,-tt.r (F. balitstre: It. balavstro: Sp. barauste — from bara or vara, a rod), a little piUar ; a small column or pilaster ; corruptly spelt bannisters when placed as a guard to a staircase : balustered, a. bdl-'Os-t&rd' , fundshedwith balusters: balustrade, n. bdl'Hs-trdd (F.), a row ol little pillars united by a coping, sendng as a fence for staircases, &c. bamboo, n. bdm-b6' (Malay, bambu), a strong Indian reed, with hoUow-jointed stems. bamboozle, v. bUm-bd'zl (Dut. bum, to hum, and baesem,, to rave or talk idly), to deceive ; to confound ; to mislead ; bamboo'zlizig, imp. : bsmboo'zled, pp. ■zld. ban, n. bdn (L. bannire, to call to the ban or stand- ard ! Sp. or It. bando, a decree, banns of marriage : Sw. bann, excommunication), a public notice ; a cui'se ; a censure; an interdict; in Slavonia, the viceroy or lord-lieutenant: v. to cui-se; to interdict; to pro- claim : ban'ning, imp. : banned, pp. bdnd .■ bans or banns, a proclaination in chui'ch necessary to con- stitute a legal marriage. banana, n. bd-nd'-ndiS-p.), an herbaceous plant and its fruit, dififering from the plantain in having its stalks marked with dai-k purple stripes and spots, and the fruit shorter and rounder. banco, n. bdng'-ko (It. a bench, a bank), a word used in commerce to denote the difference in value between bank-money and current money on the Continent ; a bench: sittings In banco, so called when all the judges of a court are present. band, n. bdnd (from the verb to bind: Goth, bandi: F.bande: It. banda, a strip, a band : Ger. 6afl^, bor- der, margin), that with which anything is bound ; a narrow strip of cloth or similar material for binding or swathing ; a stripe or streak of different colour or material; acord; afillet; atie: in arcA., alowmould- ing:v. to join or tie together: band'ing,imp.:band'ed, pp. : bandage, n. bdn'daj, a fillet ; a swath ; a lon^ narrow strip of cloth used in binding up a wound or an infirmity: v.totieupwithastripOTCloth; to dress with a bandage : ban'aaging, imp. : bandaged, pp. bdn'-ddjd: bandbox, n. bdndn}6ks, a slight paper box : bandlet, n. bdnd'lSt, also ban'delet (F. bandelette, a little band), in tvrch., a flat moidding or fillet: ban- doleers, n. plu. bdn'dQ-lSrz' (F. bandouliere), small wooden cases covered with leather, each containing powder sufficient for a charge; the shoulder-belts worn by one. musketeers : ban'dog, a kind of large dog; a mastiff. band, n. bdnd (It. banda: F. bande, a band or com- pany: It. ba/ndare, to side: Sp. banda, a side or party: F. bander, to join in league ■with), a company of men united for any common object or desi^ ; a body of soldiers ; a body of musicians : v. to unite to- f ether in confederacy ; to associate : hand'ing, imp. : and'ed, pp. : band'er, one who : train-bands, tran'- bdnds. reginj_ent3 composed of citizens of London, who used to be drilled after the manner of the militia. bandit, n. bdn'dlf; banditti, n. plu. bdn-dit'S, also bandits (It. bandito, one proclaimed or denoimced — from It. and mid. L. bandire, to proclaim, to de- nounce), an outlaw ; a robber; a highwayman. bandore, n. bdn'dor (Sp. bandurria — from Gr. pandowra, a musical Instrument with three strings). a stringed musical instrument like a lute. bandrol, n. bdn'drOl. also written ban'nerol (F. banderole, a little flag or streamer), in the army, the little flag attached to a trumpet. bandy, v. bdn'dl (F. bander, to drive the ball from side to side at tennis— from Sp. banda, a side), to beat to and fro, as a ball in play ; to exchange ; to retort ; to give by turns ; to contend : n. a bent club for striking a ball at play : ban'dying, imp. : bandied, pp. bdn'dld: bau'dler, n. one who: ban'dy-legs, {F. bander, to bend), crooked legs. cofw, boy.JSiit; piire, bud; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BANE J bana, n. hOn (AS. Jtana, murderer: Icel. itma, to ■lay: old H. Grer. bana, death-blow), a polaon of a deadly quality ; any f&tal cauae of mischief : baneful, a. J)(tn'/Ml, polBonous; pernicious: baae'fally, od. -ti: bane'fulueM, n.: bane-wort, n. Mn-wM, deadly nightshade. bang, T. Mng rtlzan, n, b&r'ti-i^tn' (a corruption of bfattic- ing, which see : F. bretesche, a portal of defence : It. bertesca, a kind of rampart), a small overhanging turret which projects from the angles of towers, or the parapet and other parts of the building. barwood, n. bdr'-ioSbd, a red dyewood brought from Africa. baryta, n. bd-n'td, also baijtes, n. bd-ri'tSz (Gr. ba/rvs, heavy), a mineral, one of the simple earths, of great specific gravity, widely diffused and common- ly occurring in beds or veins of metallic ores ; the na- c(m, bay./dbt; p-&re, btid; chrnr, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeo?. BARY 40 tlve sxUphate of baryta la goQeraUy kaown as c&wk or tieavy spar: barytlc, a. bd-rlt'lk, of or contalntng ba- lyta: liaryto-calclta, n. ba-riUd-kOl'slt (Or. barua, lieavy : L. calx, gon. calcia, lime), a mineral of a wbite, yellowish, or greenlBh colour, occurring massive and crystalllaed. Doryfcone, a. bAr'ttOn {Gr. barvs, heavy; tonos, a tone), pert, to a grave deep sound : n, a male voice lictwoen tenor and bass, basal, a. baiaal—s^e base. basalt, n. ha-scetbW (Or. and L. hasaltes; Etbloplc, haaal, iron], a dark groylBh - black stone of volcanic origin, often occurring In the form of columns or prisms, throe, five, or moro sided, regular and jointed: basaltic, a. bd-^n^I^flA:. pert, to or containing basalt: basaltlne, a. ba-s(^lHin, ctystalllaed horn blonde: boialtlform, n. ba-aaTvl'ti-jd/fbrm {basalt: L. /orma, shape), resembling biLsnit In Its colunuioi- utnicture. basanltfl, n. bOx'Unit (Gr. baaanizo, I test; baaanoa, a touchstone), a mineral— called als. ■ bass, n. bOs (It. basso, low, deep), the lowest part in a harmonised musical composition: alj. low ,;^ deep; grave : baslst, n. bOs'tst, in music, a singer of buns : bass-clef, ba8ikl4/, the character placed at tho begin- ning of the stave containing the bass part of a musi- cal composition : bass'-slnger, one who sings the deep- eat or lowest part in music. ' bass, n. bOs (Dut. bast, bark or peel: Dan. baste, U* bind), a mat made of bast; a door-mat. bass, n. bOa (AS. bars, a perch), a name given i" several species of the porch. bass-relief, n. bOe'-rC-lSf (It. basso, low : Hlevare, to raise up again), sculptured ficures which do not stand far out n-om the surface ; when they stand fur- ther out they are said to be In alto-relievo : It, basso- relievo, baa-s6-re-W-vQ: F. bas-relief, ba'r&'iej". basset, n. bOs'sH (see basil), a miner's term for the outcrop or surface-edge of any inclined stratum: v. to Incline in a direction towards the surface of tlm earth, OS a stratum or seam of coal : baa'setlng, imp. : bas'seted, pp. : spelt also with it, basset, n.oas'-aCt (F. bassette), a game at cards In- vented at Venice. bassetto, n. baa-sSt'-t6 (It.), a small bass viol, bassinette, n. bOs'-^-rUit' (F.) a wicker basket, with a covering" or hood over one end, in which young children are placed as in a cradle. bassoon, n, Bfls-adn' (P. baasont It. ftcweon^ — from baaao, low or deep), in music, a boas wind-instrument, consisting of a veiy long tube and a reed for the ad- mission of the wind : bassoon'ist, n. a player on. bassorlne, n. ba8'-86-r%n(fatii dlscovorod in bas'sora- gom), a substance obtained by treating gum-resin suc- cosslvoly with ether, alcohol, and water. bast, n. boat (Dut. boat, bark, peel: Bw. basta, to bind), propiT spoiling of bass, a mat; inner bark of tho lime-tree, from which matting is made; a thick mat : basta, Impera. bda't prove to be a bastard; to reduce to the condition of a bustard: bas'tardl'slng, imp.: bas'tardlsed', pp. -dizd': bas'tardly, a, or ad. -Mj bastardy, n. hOa'tdr-dl, state of being Illegitimate. baste, v. bast (P. boston or bdton, a stick: Icel. beysta, to heat: Sw. bosta, to thump: Dan. baaJc, a slap), to beat with a stick; to moisten meat with fat whilst rousting, to hinder It fiom buming: ba'- stlng, imp. : basted, pp. ba'ated: ba'ster, n. one who. baste, v. bast (It. baata, a long stitch : Sp. bastear, to H.'w slightly: F. baiir, to stitch), to how with long stitches to keep tin- plecps of a gai rnent in shapi' while it Is being pci-manently sewn: ba'stlng, Imp.; ba'ated, pp. Bostlle, n. bds-m' (F. basfUli-), a famoufl castle or state prison In Parln, dcstioyed by tlm populace In bastlttade, v. bdaUl-ndd', or bastinado, bda'tl- nd-do {Sp. bastonada, a blow with a 8ti<;k : F. boston- 7iad«— from baton, a stick), to give a sound heating to with a stick: n. a punishment in uso among many liastern nations by which tho offender Is beaten on the soles of the feet: bas'tlna'dlng, imp.: bas'tin- a dea, pp. bastton, n.bdat'.y6n (Sp. and P. : It. baatione—Trom F. baiir, for baatir, to build), a muss of earth built as ■nUlte,mdt,/ar,la!S>i mete, met, h£r; pine, pin; ndte, nd(, mdvc; BAT 41 A wall ajid fiiced with Sods or bricks, standing out from a fortifled work to protect its walls : bastioned, 11. bdst'ySnd, I'umiahed mtli bastions. bat, n. 6(H (It. battere: F. battre, to beat: Hung. hot, a stick : Gael, bat, a staff), a heavy stick ; a pleco of wood broader at one ond than at the other ; the management of a bat at play ; cotton in sheets for quilting ; a piece of brick : v. to play with a bat at cricket: bat'ting, imp. : batted, pp. Mt'-tSd: bats- man, n. BiWa-mdn, in a-icket, the man who holds the bat. bat, n. bAt {bak, as the common name of an animal ; Scot, oak, bakioT: bcUcie-bird: Sw. nattbaka, the night- back : L. blatta, a night-moth), name of a small animal like a mouse, but mth wings without feathers, which only comes abroad at night: bat'tlsli, a. like a hat: bat'fowling, a method of catching birds at night. batardeau, n. bdt'O/r-clO' (F.), in mil.,& strong wall of masonry built across a ditch to sustain the pressm-e of the water, containing a sluice-gate, armed at the top with iron pikes, and rendered imiiassable by a tower with a conical top, raised in the middle. Batavian, a. bd-td'vl-an, Dutch. batch, n. bAch(AS. bacan: Dut. baksel, an ovenful— from balcken, to baJce), a quantity of bread baked at one time; an assortment ot things of the same Mnd. bate, V. bat (P. abattre, to break down: Sp. batir, to lose coui"ag6, to lessen), to lessen anything; to retrench ; to take away : ba'ting, imp. : ba'ted, pp. bath, n. bdth (AS. baeth: Icel. bada: Ger. baden, to bathe : Icel. baka, to heat), a place to bathe in ; that in which the body or a part of it is bathed ; in cliem., hot water, hot sand, &c., used as a source of heat or for modifying it ; a Heb. measure : bathe, r. bdtft, to wash the body or a part of it with water. &c, ; to lie in a bath : bathing, bd'^tAng, imp. : bathed, pp. bathd: bather, n. one who: diy-bath, one made of hot sand, ashes, i&c: aii>hath exposure of the body to the refreshing influence of the air; also one among hot air, as in a Turkish bath : plunge-bath, a bath in which the whole body is immersed: douche-bath, d6sh'-, in which a stream of water is made to fall from above on the body : shower-bath, in which the water is poured upon the body in the form of a shower : medicated -baths, mSd'i-ka'tid-bdths, in ^hich the water is impregnated with medical prepai-ations: lukth-metal, a mixed metal called prmce's metaJ: bath-stone, n. bdth'st6n, oolitic freestone extensively quarried for bmldiog purposes near Bath, very soft, but becoming hard on exposure to the atmosphere: bath-biick, n. -brlk, a well-known kind of stone used for cleaning and polishing metal utensils. Bath, n. odth, a high order of British knighthood. bathos, n. bi3,'th6s,(Gr. bath%is, deep ; bathos, depth), a ludicrous descent from the elevated to the mean in speaking or writing ; tJie profound, ironically, in con- tradistinction to the siibhme. bathymetrical, a. bath'€-mSt'rt-k(U (Gr. bathtis, deep ; metron, a measure), applied to the distribution of plants and animals along the sea -bottom which they inhabit. batlet, n. b&t'lSt (see bat), a flat piece of wood for beating linen in the washing. batman, n. baKo'-man (Ger. bauer. a peasant, a countryman : old E. boAon, a fortified enclosure for cattle), a person appointed to every company of a regiment to take chaise of the cooking utensils, &c., usually an officer's servant: bat-horse, oa'tt--, the pack or baggie horse allowed to a batman. baton, n. bd'tdjig, more rarely batoon, n. b(l't6n', (P. baton, for boston, a stick), in her., a mark of ille- gitimate descent ; a staff; a club ; a marshal's staff of office ; a shoit staff as a badge of office. batrachia, n„.6d-ft-d'A«-l, lovely ; fair ; elegant : beau'tlfully, ad. -li • beautll^v. baHl/i,to makn beautlfulTto adorn i heautuying. Imp.: beautified, pp. biifH-rttt; beau'- tlfler, n, one who adorns. beaver, n. M^wJr (AS. beq/ir: Ger. biber: P, bievrc — rrom l. flber). an amphibious animal valued for its fur ; a hat or cap made of the fur. /tA-; pine, p&ii note, nOt, mOve; BEAV 43 beaver, n. bS'vUr (old F. baviire—trom haver, to slaver), the movable part of a helmet which covered the Aice, and was raised or let down to enable the wearer to eat or drink. bebeerln, n. bib'ir-in, a vegetable alkali found to the bebeerena, bSb'^-k'nit, or greenheart tree of British Guiana. becafico, n. bS'M-/e'-k6 (It.— from picco, a beak or peak;^o, a fig), a fig-pecker, a bird of passage re- aembling a nightingale which feeds ou figs and grapes. becalm, v.bS-k&in' {be and calm) to still; to make quiet: becalm'lng, imp.: becalmed, pp. i6-cAmd': acy. applied to a vessel that lies iitill for want of wind. became, v. be-kam' — see become. because, conj. bS-ka^i^ (be and cause), for this cause that ; on this account that. beck, n. bSk (AS. beacen, a sign: Icel. bakna, to nod), a nod of the head meant to invite attention ; an Eng- lish weight of 161b. or a measure of 2 gals. : V. to make a sign with the head; to call by a nod: beck'iug, imp. : becked, pp. bSkt. beck, n. b&c (AS. becc: Ger. bacJi: Icel. beckr), a little stream; a brook. becket, n. bSk'6t, among secmien, a piece of rope placed to confine another rope or a spar ; a small circle or hoop of rope used as a handle. beckon, v. b6k'n (from beck), to make a sign to another by nodding or by a motion of the hand or finger : beckoning, imp. bSk'-ning .- beckoned, pp. bSk'nd. becloud, V. bS-kl(^d' [be and cloud), to obscure ; to dim : beclond'lng, imp. : becloud'ed, pp. become, v. bS-Jc3,m' (AS. becuTiian, to attain to, to befall : Ger. bekommen, to get ; beguem, fit, proper), to pass from one state to another ; to befit ; to sit gi-ace- fully: becom'lng, inrp. : adj- appropriate; graceful: became', pt. : becom'ingly, ad. -It: becom'inguess, n. bed, u. bSd (Icel. bed/r: Ger. belt: Goth, badi], something on which to sleep ; a couch ; the bottom or channel of a river ; a plot of ground in a gar- den; a layer; in geol., a stratum of considerable thickness : v. to lie ; to sleep ; to sow : bed'dlng, imp.: bed'ded, pp.: bed'dlog, n. materials of a bed: bed- chamber, n. -cham'b^, a room in which there is a bed: bed 'rid, a. also bedrid'den, a. {AH. bed-rida, one who rides on his bed), wholly confined to bed by age or sickness: bed'dothes, n. pliL the blankets, sheets, &c., of a bed: bed'fellow, n. one who lies in the same bed : bed'post, n. one of the four stand- ards that support a bed : bed'stead, n. -stSd, the wooden or iron framework of a bed : bedtick, n. bSd' ttk, the case for holding the materials of a bed; bed- bang'ings, curtains for a bed: bed'-plate, the founda- tion plate of a raarine or a direct action engine : bed- rite, n. bSd'rii, privilege of the marriage-bed. bedabble, v. bSddb^l (be and dabble), to sprinkle -with; to cover with: bedablillug, imp.: bedab'bled, pp. -bid. Mdaub, V. bS-daG)b' (be and daub), to besmear ; to sprinkle; to soil with anything thick and dirty: be- , aaub'ing, imp. : bedaubed, pp. bS-dcCfbbd'. bedazzle, v. bS-ddz'zl (be and dazzle), to confuse the sight by a too strong light; to make dim by lustre or glitter: bedaz'zling, imp. : bedaz'zled, pp. -zld. bede, n. b€d, among miners, a kind of pickaxe used for separating the ores &om the rocks in which they are imbedded. bedell, n. be'-dei {AS. bydeZ: It: bidello: L. bedeUus), a higher beadle or officer of a court or university : be- deliT', n. bs'd^l-ri, the extent of a beadle's office. bedeck, v. bS-d&k' (he and dedc), to adorn ; to grace : bedeck'lng, imp. : bedecked, pp. bS-dSkt'. bedegoar or bedegar, n. bSd'e-gdr (Pers. bdddward, a kind of white thorn or thistle), a sjpongy excres- cence found on rose-bushes, caused by the puncture of a small insect. bedew, V. bS-d^' (be and dew), to wet, as with dew; to moisten gently : bedew'lng, imp. : bedewed, pp. tS-diid': bedew'er, n. one who. bedehonse, n. bsd'hmos (AS. bead, a prayer), a charity house where the poor prayed for their bene- factors—see bead. bedim, v. bS-dim' (be and dim), to darken ; to ob- scure : bedim'ming, imp. : bedlmmed', pp. bS-dJmd'. bedizen, v, bS-dlz'n (F. badigeoner, to rough-cast in plaster), to load with oniament; to dress with un- becoming richness : bediz'ening,imp.: bedizened, pp. bS-dtz'-nd. bedlam, n. bSd'ldm (contr. from the hospital of St BEG Mary of BetJilehem In London, used as a house for the Insane), a madhouse ; a lunatic asyliun ; a place where there is a great deal of noise and uproar: oedlamlte, n. -^, one confined tn a madhouse. Bedouin, n. bdd'Sb-in {At. hedaaoi, living in the desert— ffom badw, a desert), an Arab of one of the - unsettled tribes of Arabia and Xorthem Afi'ica. bedraggle, v. bS-drdg'gl {be and draggle), to soil the clothes by suffering them in walking to reach the dirt : bedrag'gllng, Imp. : bedrag'gled, pp. -gld. bee, n. bS (AS. beo: Ger. biene: Gael, beach), an insect that makes honey and wax; an industi'ious and careful person : beemve, be'hiv, a case or box in which domestic bees build their honeycombs and store their honey : bee-flower, a plant whose flowers repre- sent singular figures of bees and flies : bee-garden, an enclosure where bees are reared: bee-line, the most direct line from one place to another : bee-master, one who keeps and rears bees : beerg-wax, biz'wdks, a wax collected by bees : bee's-wlng, acrust in port wine : bee'-bread, the pollen or dust of flowers collected by bees : bee-eat'er, a bird that feeds on bees. beech, n. bSch (Ger. buche: Icel. beyke: L. fagus), a large foreat-tree having a smooth bark, producing mast or nuts : beech-mast, the nuts of the beech-tree : beech-oil, an oil obtained from beecht.ti little bag), one much reduced in circumstances ; one who assumes what he doas not prove; oaa who Is poor and asks charity; v. to reduce to poverty: beg^garing, imp.; beggared, pp. big'gdrd: bBg'gany,a,-if,niL'an; poor: ad. meaoly ; bQg garlinesa, n. -ll-ries, poverty ; mean- ness: beggary, n. big'-g&r-l. a state of great poverty: beg'gannan, n. a man who is a buggar. beget, V. b6-gst' (AS. begettan, to obtain), to gene- rate ; to produce ; to cause to exist ; beget'ting, imp. ; begot', pt. ; begotten, pp. bS-gOt'n: beget'ter, u. one who. begin, V. bS-gln' (AS. beginnan), to commence ; to enter upon sometliin^ new; to take the first step: begln'mng, imp.: n. nrst cnnse; oHgin; ftrst state; the rudiments: began, pt, M-qdn' : begun, pp. bC- ffiin': begln'ner, n. one who ttuces the first step; an author of a thing ; one without experience. begird, V. bS-g&rd' (AS. begyrdan], to surround; to nncompat^s; to encircle: be^d'ing, imp.; beglrd'ed or begirt', pp. begone, int. bS-gdn' (Impera. of be, and pp. of go ; TJut. begaan, touched with emotion), depart; go away, emphatically; woe-begone, wO'-bS-gOn', oppressed with woo. begonia, n. bS-gO'nl-A (after M. Befrou, a French botanist), an luteresthig genua of plants common In our gardens. begot, v., begot'ten, v. (see beget), prorr*'atod. begrime, v, bi-grlm' (AS. be: Sw. grurn, ilrcjgs, mud), to sail deeply all ovor with dirt: begrl'mlng. Imp.: begrimed, pp. bd'ffrtifid'. begrudTge, V. be-grSJ' [Ati. W: F.grtiger. to grii'vo; (Jr. orudgein, to mutter), to grudge; to envy the pos- Bcsslon of: begrud'glng, imp. : bwnidged', pp. begnUe, V. UgU^UiS. be: old F. tft " ' deceive ; tc ' " " ' galled, pp. .. _ one who ; begulle'ment, n. act of deceiving. beguinB, n. plu. bSgUolTtz (P. beyuin, a linen cap: low L, beghina), a sect of religious women in Germany who devote themselves to works of piety and charity, begom, n. be'gdm, or beganm, •grfOfm; in tho £. Indies, a princess or lady of high rank. begun, v.— see begin. behalf, n. bS-liAf {AS. beliefe, profit: Goth, lialbs, half), support; favour; side or cau^o; defence. behave, v. bS-tiav' (AS. beJidbben, to restmln— fiom Jiabban. to have : Ger. gehaben, to behave), to gov«ni ; to conduct; to nut: beha'vlng. Imp.; behaved, pp. -havd': behaviour, n. bS-liav^ykr, conduct, good or liad ; manners. behead, v. bd-hSd' {be and 7uad), to cut off the hoad ; behead'ing, Imp. : n. the act of cutting olT the head — a punishment for great criinus formerly common in this country: behead'ed, pp. behemoth, n. hH'he-md'jL (Hcb.). the anlmaT de- scribed by Job, Olid supposed to be the hippopotamus or rlver-horsft. behen. n. be'h'^n (Ar.), tho name of a plant whose root is medicinal. behest, n. bS-hHat' (AS. behccs, a vow: Icel. heila, to be named), command: order; prerept. behind, prep. bS-hlnd (AS. behindan: Fin. hanta, tlie tail), at the back of; after: ad. remaiiiinK; at a distance; out of view: behlndliand, a. backward; tardy ; ad. in arrears. behold, V, bS-hOld' (AS. be; luaMan, to observe), to look steadily upon; to view: to see with attention: behold'lng, Imp. : beheld', pt. and pp. : beholden, a. h6-Mld'-Sn., indebted; obliged: behold'er, n. one who : behold', Int. see I lot behove, v. b&-h6v' (AS. behnfUtn, to be fit; beltrfi-, advantage : L. hnbeo : Dut. hebben. to have), to bo ftt ; to be necessary for; used chiefly in the 3d pers. sing. : beho'vlng, imp. b6-h6'vln(j: behoved, pp. bS-hdva': behoof, n. bS-hiif, need ; profit ; advantage. being, V. bS'iTig (see be), imp. of be : n. existence ; a state of existence; a person existing; any living creature, belabour, v. bS-ld'b&r (AS. be: L. labor, toll, ex- ertion), to heat soundly; to thump: bela'bonring, imp. : bela'bonrel, pp. -b^d. belate,v, bS-leW{kS. be: L. lafus, carried), to make a person too late : bela'tlng. Imp, ; bela'ted, pp. : adJ. too late; benighted. Delay, v. b6-lA' (Dut, beleggen, to lay around), to block up ; among seaman, to fasten, aa a rope : be* lay'ing, imp.: belayed, pp. bS-lad': belay'lng-plns, BELL the wooden pins on which the ropes ni'e btlaycd or wound. belch, V. bdlchiXf^. bealcaii: Dut. 6o?fccn, to bellow), to throw up aiivtliiiig vlolmitly. as from the stomach, or fWim a mouiitiiin ; n. the act of throwing up or out ; eructation: belch'lng, imp. : belched, pp. oeisht. beldam, n. bei'dam (F. belle, handsome; dame, lady), ancieiiilij, a good lady— no«), an old noisy woman ; a bag. beleaguer, v. bS-lS'g^r (Dut. belegeren, to besfegi' : AS. be : Uer. l could read, benevolence, n. benSv'-6-l8ns (L. bene, well ; volo, I Mlsli), goodwill ; the disposition to do good ; the good done ; a compulsory tax or assessment, formerly im- posed on the people by the kings of England : benev- olent, a. kind; possessing the desire to do good : be- nev'olently, ad. -11. Bengal, n. bSn-ga^l'. a thin stuff made of silk and hair, so called ft-om Bengal, in India, where first made : Bengal light, a fli-ework used for signals : Bengalee, n. b6ng'^ai-e', the language of Bengal: Ben^ese, n. sing, or plu. bSng'-gd-ienf, a native of Bengal. beng, n. bSTig, also spelt bang or bangue (Pers. bengh), the prepared leaf of the Indian hemp, used as a narcotic. benight, v. bS-nlt' {he and night), to overtake vrith darkness : benight'inp;, imp. : benlght'cd, pp. : adj. involved in darkness, ignorance, <»r superstition. benign, a. bS-ntn' (L. benignus, kind), of a kind and gentle disposition ; gracious : benig nant, a. bH- iilg'ndnt, kind; gi-acious: benignity, n. -nl-ti, Idnd- ness; goodness of heart: benif^y, ad. bS-nln'll: be- nig'nantly, ad. -It. ' benlaon, n. bSn'i-sUn {old F. &eTtofso?i, benediction), blessing; benediction. benjamin, n. bSn'-ja-min, common name of the gum benzom, of which benjamin is a vulgar con-uption. bennet, n. bSn'St (L. beTiedichis, praised or com- mended : F. benoite), the common name for the Geum urbanwm or herb avens, a medicinal plant. bent, n. bBnt (see bend), curvature ; the tension or strain of the mental powers; disposition towar'W something; inclination: adj. curved; inclined ; proue to; determined; in bot., hanging down towards Wiu gi'Oimd. bent, n. b&nt (Ger. binse, reed or bent gi'ass), tln^ culms or dry stalks of pasture grasses ; a coarse gians which creeps and roots rapidly through the soil by its Ariry and jomtcd stems, and thus binds it together, very difficult to eradicate. benumb, v. M-nilm' (AS. b&ruBman: Ger. beneh- men, to take away, to stupefy), to deprive of feeling; to make torpid; to stupefy: benumb'ing, imp.: be- numbed, pp. bg-nilmd': DeniUQb'nesB, n. benzoate, n. b&n'-zO-Ot (F.), a salt of benzoic acid: benzolne, n. b&n'-zQ-tn, a compound obtained &om oil of bitter almonds in brilliant prismatic ci-ystals which are inodorous and tasteless: benzole, n. bSn^-zOl: or benzin, n. b6n'zii/n, a clear colourless fluid of a pecul- iar, agreeable, ether-like odour, obtained from coal-tar : benzyle, n, bhn'zll; or benzoyle,.n. bSn'zdyl {benzoin: and Gr. {h)ule, the substance fi-om which anj'thing is co'c, boii,fwf; jivic'', hiitl; chair, gaw.jog, shun, thing, there, :e(il. BEN2 46 BETO mado), an assumed compound fonnlng tbe radical of oU of bitter almonds, benzoic acid.' Ac. banzolu, n. bSn-tO'ln or b^t-coyn' (said to be l^om Ar. benzoab), called also by a viugai- corruption benjamin; a fragrant resin obtained from a large troe of Sumatra: benaolo, a. bSn-tO'-ik, applied to an odd obtained from the gum benzoin, commonly colled ben- jaminjlowers. bequeath, v. b9-kwSlh' (AS. becwathan—trom be, and cwcBthant to soy), to give or leave by will ; to hand down to posterity: bequeatb'lng, Imp.: be- queathed, pp. od-kwBmd': beaneet, u. b6-kiOiist', something len by will ; a legacy. berbeilne, n. bSr'bir-ln (L. bo'beris, the berberry— fh)m At. berberi, wild), an alkaline substance In the form of needle-UlEe crystals of a beautiful bright yel- low, obtained trom the root of the berberry shrub. here, n. b6r (AS. bere), a variety of barley; bigg or barley-blgg. bereave, v. bS-rSi/ (AS. bereqflan, to deprlvo of), to take fi-om ; to deprive of; to render destitute : be- reav'lng, imp. : bereft, b6-r^f, or bereaved, pp. bd-T6vtV: bereav'ar, n. one wlio: bereavement, n. hS-riv'mSnt, a hea^ loss, particularly of friends, by death. berengelllte, n. bSr-dng'-gSt-tt (from St Borongela, In Peru, e. Amer., where found abundantly : tir. liVtos, a stone), one of the mineral resins, of a dork-brown colour with a groen tinge, having a dlsngroeable odour and bittor taste. berg, n. birg (Sw. berg, a mountain), a bill, gene- rally of ice : a contr. of Iceberg, which see ; berg-mohl or -mehl, bSra-mal' (Sw. mountain -meal), a recent Infusorial earth of a whitish colour and mealy sraln, also called /OMf I /arino, of common occurrouoe m bog :i.nd ancient ttUce depoalta. bergamot, n. b^-ga-mOt (F. and Sp. berganwte), a kind of pear or citron highly osteomed; a porflime obtained from its rind : tapestry of a coaruo kind, first innde at Beigamo, In lialy. bergmaster, n. b&rg'-mAs-ti^r (AS., Gor., or Sw. berg, a mountain or mine; and maater), the chief ofUcer or Judge among the Derbyshire minors: bergmote. n. oirg'mot (AS. berg: gemote, an assembly), a court or assembly for declulng all causes and disputes among the Derbyshire miners. Berlin, n. b&r-Hn' or bir'ttn, a. kind of caniago flrst made in Berlin ; fine worsted for fancy-work. berm, n. birm (P. berme: Ger. brame) In fort, a, fioth or space of ground from 3 to 5 feet in width oft between the exterior slope of the parapet and the ditch. bemade, n. b^-nd-ftl— see bamoole. berry, n. bSr'-rl, plu. berrlei, bUr'-rtx (AS, berie: Icel. ber: Ger. been: L. bacca), ojiy small Juicy fruit: berried, a. b^'rid, furnished with berries. berth, n. b&rth (Icel. bwrdi: Don, bj/rde, a burden ; n supposed corruption of breatUh), the position of a ship at anchor ; a space or room in a ship ; a place to sleep In : to give a wide berth, to leave constderoblo room for. beryl, n. bSr'-U (L. beryU-uai Pan. bidw, a cry8tal),a pi'ocious stone uf a deep rich green colour : berylUne, a. bBr'U'in, like the beryl ; a lapidary's term for th less brilliant and colourless varfotles of the emerald. beryx, n. bSriVcs. a fossU flsh belonging to tlie perch family, known to tbe quarrymen by the name olJoJin Doriea. berzeUne, n. bSr't6l-\n (after Borzelius, a Swedish obemlst), a mineral ; selenlte of copper, occurring in thin dendritic crusts of a silver-white colour and me- tallic lustre : berzellte, n. bUr'-zSl-it, a name applied to several minerals. beseech, v. b&-Bech' {o\(i 'E.ng-.beaeke: AS. be, and .-tecon, to seek), to aak for earnestly : to entreat: to Implore ; beieech'lng, Imp. : besought', pp. and pt. bA-aoSGut': beieech'er.n. one who: beseech'lugly, od. -ZZ, beseem, v. b&'B&m' (old Sw. aaema: (Ter. gezie- men: Dut. beUsmen, to be fitting, to become), to be- come; to befit; to be decent for: beBeem'lnJBTt Imp.: beseemed, pp. hS-semd': beieem'lngly, ad. -II, beset, v. bS-sSV (AS. besettan), to surround ; to on- close; to press on all sides; to perplex: beiet'tlng. Imp.: odj. habitually attending: oeset', pt. pp. beside, prep. bH-Ad' (be and side ,- by the side), at tlio side of a person or thing : over and above ; be- sides, prep, bd-sfdz', over ana above: ad. or conj. more than that ; moreover : beside hlnuelf, out of his wits. besiege, v. b9-8ii}' (AS. be: F. aiege, to besiege), to surround any place with Boldlera, as a city or town, in order to take possession of It by force ; to besot : be- ile'glng, Imp.: adj> employed In a alege; siu'rounding wltn armed forces: besieged, pp. bt-sHjd': beiie'ger, n. one who. besmear, v. bS-sm6r (be and 'Smear), to cover all over; to soil witli dirt: besmear'lug, Imp.: besmear- ed, pp. bB-amdrd'. besom D. bS'sitm (AS. be^em— from besmas, rods: Ger. besen), a large bi-ush of bli-cli or holr for swooping ; a broom : v. to sweep : be'aomlng. Imp.: besomed, pp. M'vUmd, beiot, bS-aSt' (AS. be .- Ger. satt, full ; F. sot, dull, gross), to stupoiy ; to moke dull or senseless : beiot'- ting, imp.: besot'ted, pp.: beiottedly, ad. -U: besot'- tednesa, n. stupidity; Infatuation : beiot'tlugly, ad, -II. besought— see beseech. bespangle, v. bS-spang'gl (AS. be : Gael, spang, oirf- tblng sparkling : Dut. apana, a spangle), to adorn with spangles ; to covoi- with guttering ot^locts : bespEUi'- gllng. Imp.: bespangled, pp. bS-spang'-gld. bespatter, v. bS-apat'-tt'fr (Dut. hespafteTi, to splosh), to sprinkle with water or mud: beapat'terlng, Imp.: bespat'tered, pp. -tcrd. bespeak, v. b6-^6k^ (bs and ^eaJc), to speak for beforehand ; to engage for a future time ; to lorobode ; to sliow : bespetUt'er, n. one w,lio : bespeak'ing, Imp, : bespoke, pt, bS-mOk': bespoken, pp. oe-^a2iIs, drinking in ; spongy: blblo, n. bXb'l-0, the wine-fly. bibasic, a. bl-ba'sfk (L. bis, two ; basis, a base), hav- ing two bases— applied to acids which combine with two equivalents of a base. Bible, n. bi'bl {Gr. biblion, a book), the book; the Holy Scriptures : Biblical, a. &{&'!{-A;dZ, relating to the Bible; Bib'lical'Iy, ad. -It: Bibliclst, n. btb'-li-^t, also Bibllst, n. one skilled in the knowledge of the Scripture. blDllography, n. "b'Cb'U-Sg'-rd-fX, (Gr. biblion, a book; ffrapho, I write), knowledge and history of books; bibliographer, n. blb'lf.-6^rii'f&r one who is skilled in the knowledge of books : bib'Iiographlc, a. -gr&f-ik, also bib'Uographlcal, a. •^•kdl, pert, to the history of books ; blbuolatry, n. bW-U-il'd-trt, book-worsnip, especially applied to an extreme rever- ence for the Bible: bibliomancy, n. b'Qi'-l'l-d-m&n'^, (Gr. biblion, a book; manteia, prophecy), divination by the Bible: bibliology, n. bW-ll-Ol'-d-jl (Gr. biblion. a book ; logos, discourse), a treatise on books ; Biblical literature or theology: blb'liolog'ical, a. -ySo'l-kdl, pert, to: blbUomanui, n. blb'-lt-O-md-nl-d (Gr. bib- lion, a book ; mania, madness), a rage for the posses- sion of rare and curious books : ub'Uoma'niac, n. -ni-Hk, one who has a rage for books: blbliopbust, n. Mb'li-Hp'-d-list, and bibliopole, n. -pOl' (Gr. biblion, a book; jjoieo, I sell), a bookseller: blbllotheca, n. bib'li-O-tM'kd (Gr. biblion, a book ; tJieka, a case or box), a repository for books; a library: blVliotta'ecal, a. -dthiS-kCU, pert. to. bicapsolar, a. bt-kdp'sH-l&r (L. bis, twice, and cap- sular), in bot., havingtwofleed-capsules to each flower. bicarbonate, n. bl-kdr'bo-ndt (L. bis, twice; and carbonate), a salt having two equivalents of carbonic acid to one equivalent of a base : bisnlphate, n. bl-s^' fat, constituted as preceding— and many other similar formations in bi. bice, n. bis (old F. bis; bes. In composition, being often employed to aignlfy perversion or inferiority), a pale-blue or green colour. biceps, n. bl'sSps (L. bis, twice; caput, the head), double-headed; in anat., applied to certain musdes that divide into two portions ; bicipital, a. bl-^'4' tai, and biclpltoufl, a, M-s^'-i-tHs, having two heads ; also bicephalous, a. bi-8Sfiit. hieden). to tell to do; to request; to offer a piico; tn wish: bade, pt. had: bidden or bid, pp. bld-n: hid- dlng, imp. bld'd/lng: n. an Invitatlnn; an order: bidder, n. ono who offers a iirlco: bid, n. bid, an offer at an auction. bide, V. bid (AS. bidan, to wait. I'> roniain). to Buffer; to endure; to live; to remain in a ]tl;tri'; to (iontinue in a state; biding, imp. bl'diiuj, dwi-IIiiig; remaining. bidental, a. bl-d^n'tai (L. bis. twice ; dens, n tnotli— gen. dentis), having two teeth: bidentate, a. I'l-iU'n' fat, in bot., applied to leaves that have their niartriiml liieiBions or teeth edged by smalloi- toeth. bidet, n. bid'-St (P. bidet: It. bidxtto], n small hnrso ; an article of bedroom furniture. biennial, a. &l-dn!ni-(U (L. bia, twice; anmis. iiyoai), continuing or lasting throughout two yeara— ajiplicil to plants that do not boar flowers and seed till tli« Hecond year, and then die : n. a plant that stands two yonvB : bien'nially, ad. -ll. bier, n. bSr (AS. baer: F. hiere: Ger. bdra). a fiame tif wood, or a carriage, on which the dead are borne to tUt} grave. bieotingB, n. plu. best'Jnrj: (sro beestinga), the lirat milk given by a cow after rjiiving. bifacial, a. bl-ja'shi, twice ;/cro, I carrj-), bearing fruit twice a-year. biffln, n. bl/^/in (supposed corruption of bcpjin, from its reserablanco to raw beef), an apple so calletl, drii'il in an oven and flattened for keeping. bifid, a. M'/id (L. bia. twice ; .fidi\ I cl.Tt or Kiillt). i-Wt in two ; opening with a cleft, but not deeiily di- vided: alsoblidate.a. fti/^l(M'. bifold, a. bl'/Old (I., bfe ami f'thl}, double; of two kinds ; bi'form, a. -/arvrm (L. jallng in trinkets or Jewellery. bljagate, a. blijSb-gAf (L. bis, twice ; jugrmt, a yoki'), in bot., having two pnli-s of leaflets on a pinnate Inif. bilabiate, a. M7(1:M-(1/ (L. ftis, twice; labium, alip). in bot., having the mouth of any tubular organ dlvldtti into two principal portions, termed lips. bilateral, a. bi-m'-Ar-at (L. bis, twice ; lat-us, amv). In bot., arranged on or towards opposite sides; buat- eral symmetry, that construction in vertebrate ani- mals where the organs of the body are arranged mom or leas distinctly in pairs. bilberry, n. bll'-bSr-H (AS. bleo, blue : Dan. blaa-baa; blue heny). name of a small wild fndt of a dark-blno colour, called In Scotland blaeberry ; whortlo-bcrry. bllboea, n. plu. bU'-bOz [Bilboa ; X. boitc, a shackle : Dut boeue), among mcvi'iners, a sort of stocks or wood- en shackles for the feet, used for pffendera. bile, u. bit (L. bills, bUo: F. bUe), a tlilck. yellow, bitter liquor separated In tlio Uver. and coUected In the gnll-hladder; gall; ill humour: hmoiw, A. bilyHs, iinxins excess of bile: bil'lonmeBB, n.: binary, a. ■y&r-i,ot or relating to bile; bile-duct, n. a viasi'i or canal to convey bllo. _ _ ^ ., ... bile, n, hit (AS. Vyl, a blotch), mort; frequently boil —a soft tumour upon the flesh. , , , „ ■ bilge, n. bW (Gofll. bidg, a boUy: Icol. buZkt, a hump: Dan. bulk, a hunp— a different spoiling of bulge) the swelled out or bellied iiart of a cask ; the breadth of a ship's bottom on which she rests when aground: also called bilage, bU'aj: v. to have a fVacture In a ship's bottom: to spring a leak: bUge- water, n. water lying on a shlp^s bottom or bilge: bilged, m\ blMd: bll'ging, imp.: bilge-pump, tlw pump employed to draw off the bilge-water. bimigsgate, n, bil'ingz-gat (the gi-eat flsh-mnrkH in London), rough or foul language, such aa is Hpokcii at Bilingsmite. bilingual, a. bl-ling'gtriU {L. bis. twice; imgiia, :i tongue), in two languages : bllin'guouB, a. -giv^iis, speaking two liiiisiingca. , ^, ^ biliteral, a. hUii-Cr-ai (L. bis, twice; Ittera, a letter). of two letters. „ bilk, V. btlk (Sw. balka, to partition off— fluothi'r spelling of balk), to defrnud ; to cheat; to leave Inths lurch :T»Uk'ing, imp.; bilked, pp. bUkt, bill, n. bU (AS. Ml ; Ger. beit, an axe : Dut. bille, a stone-mason's pick), an Insti-umont for hewing ; an anc. milltaiy weapon ; a hooked instrument for cuttliig hedges, pruning. &c. ; the beak of a fowl or bird : billed, a, bild, nmiJahod with a biU. bill, n. /»ii(mld. KbiUla, a seal: Dut. 6fyc(, anote). an account for goods; a printed advertisement; in laii; a declaration in writing; of some fault or wrong ; a written promise to pay money in a certain tlmo ; a form or draft of a proposed law before parliament ; n ivi ittrn lint of particulars In law, in commerce, or in 111 )it'r social usages: bill of exchange, a written order on a person In a distant place requesting him to jia>- money to another^the person who diuws the bill W called tlio rfmiw?-, the peraon requested to pay tl)e money the rirnwee. tho peraon to whom the money i-; Eayable is ealleii thi-vmii-c; bill of fare, In a hotel, a stof artleies ninly for food; bill of entry, In com., n written account of ttoods entered at tiie custom-house : bill of lading, a written account of goods shipped by a person on board an outward-hound vessel, imd signed by tho master or captain : bill of health, a certlflcato or the health of a ship's crew: bill of mortality, an olllcial return of deaths in anyplace; bill of rights, a summary or list of the rights and privileges claimeii by a people : bill of sale, a written Inventory or list given by the sellnr of prrsonal property to the pur- cliasorT bill of exceptions, a written statement of errors in law tendered to the presiding Judge boforo a verdict Is given: bill in chancery, a written state- mentputlnor filed in the Court of Chanceiy: true bill, an attested written statement by a grand Juiy of sufficient evidence against a prisoner 'to wnrmnt ii trial : bill obamber, in Scot., a partlmilar department of the Court of Session for dealing with certain ^^^itte^ documents; bill of suipenslon, in Scot., a written application or appeal from a lower to a higher court, to prevent execution of a sontenco in a criminal trlnJ : bill of divorce, in the Jmrish law, a cei-taln form of writing given by a husband to a wife by which his marriage with lier was dissolved: blU-Btlcker, one who posts placards, &c. bill, v. m (from bill, a brak), to caress as doves Joining bills; to be fond: billing, imp.; billed, v]>- btld. biUet, n. blUm {¥. hilhi, ticket, dlminutlvn of bill), -a smiill letter; a tiek'-t directing soldiers where to iiidle, m(\t,J('ii; hft'-; wi-le, mCt, Iirr; pTiie, -jiJn ; vOir, ■not. BILL 49 lodge: V. to quarter soldiers: billeting, Imp.: billeted, Dlllet, n. bXl'lSt (P. billot, a stick or log of ■wood cut for firewood), a small log of wood for firewood. blUet-doux, n. Ml'-ia-dd' (F. MUet, a letter; doux, sweet), a short love-letter. billiards, n. plu. htl'y^dz (F. biUa/rd— from F. bille; L. pilum, a ball), a game played on a long table cov- ered with cloth, with ivory balls and a cue or maco : blll'iard, a. pert. to. billion, n. btl'y&n (L. bis, twice, and million), a million of millions. billow, n. bU'lO (Dan. bolge; Sw. hoifa; Dut. bolghe, a wave of the sea), a very large wave or surge of the sea: v. to swell or rise into large waves; to surge; billowing, imp.: billowed, pp. -led: billowy, a. -lo-i, full of billows ; awellbig into great waves. bllobate, a. bi-lO'bat (L. bis, twice; Gr. lobos, the ear-lap or lower part of tiie ear), having two lobes. bUocnlar, a. bl-lOk'-u-Kl/r (L. bis, twice; loaUus, a little place), in bot., containing two cavities or cells. blmanous, a. bl-ma'nUs (L. bis, twice ; 7nanus, the hand), having two hands ; two-handed : bimana, n. -ma'na, the order of mammalia of which man is the sole representative— the aves and monkeys being quadrummiotis, or four-handed. bimensal, a. bl-Tnen'sai {L. bis; Tnensis, a month), occurring once in two months. bin, n. bin (AS. bin, a manger, a hutch : Sw. binge, a heap), a wooden box or chest used for holding corn or flour, &c. ; a compartment in a wine-cellar. bin (L. bini, two by two), a prefix meaning double ; by twos ; of two ; another form of bis, twice. binary, a, bl'-n^ri {L. bi/ni, two by two : F. bi/naire), consisting of two, or two parts : dual ; in astron., ap- plied to double stars ; in chem., applied to compoimds consisting of two elements; n. constitution of two: blnate, a. M'ndt, growing in pairs ; double. bind, V. Mnd (AS. or Goth, bindan, to bind or tie : Icel. binda, to bind or knot— see bunch), to tie toge- ther; to fasten ; to confine or restrain ; to oblige by a promise, an oath, or an agreement ; to form or sew on a border ; to render costive or bard : bind'ing, imp, : n. the cover of a book, &c.: adj. obligatory: bound, pt. and pp. b&bmd: bind'er, n. a person or thing that binds: bindery, n. bl7id'&r-t, a binder's workshop. bind, n. bind, or bine, bin (Ger. bund, a bunch, a truss), a miner's term for tough, argillaceous, or clayey BISM bind, n. bind (Icel. binda, to bind: Lith. mnnu, to wreathe, to plait : L. vinea, a vine), the winding or climbing stem of a climbing plant,— thus, hop-bme, the shoots of hops : woodbine, the honeysuckle : blndwood or binwood, in Scot., the ivy: bindweed, a wild plant with twining stems ; a convolvulus. blng, n. bing (Sw. binge, a heap: IceL bvmga, to swell— same as bin), a heap ; a miner's term for a heap of ore or other mineral of a certain size. binnacle or binacle, n. blmZ-dM (formerly written bittacle, n. bl^'d-ftf: F. habitacle), a turret-s&aped box placed on board a ship near the helm in which the compass is kept. bmocle, n. bfn'O-kl (L. binus, double; oculus, an eye), a telescope fitted with two tubes for both eyes : binocolar, a. bi-nOk'-'A-ldr, having two eyes ; employ- ing both eyes at once— as binocular vision. binomial, n. bl-no'mi-dl {h. bis, twice; nomen, a name), in alg., a quantity consisting of two terms con- nected by the sign plus (-f-). or minus ( ~ ) : adj. pert. to; binomlnons, a. bi-ndm'i-nils : binomial Bystem, in zooL, the system according to which every animal receives two names, the one indicating the genus to which it belongs, the other being its own specific name — as canis familiaris, the domestic dog. blnona, a. bl'nus (L. bini, two by two), double ; in a pair, as leaves. binoxalate, n. bIn-Sks'-dl-at (L. bis, twice; Gr. oxor lis, a kind of sorrel— from Gr. oxus. acid), a combina- tion of oxalic acid with a base in which the former is in excess: binoxlde, n. -dks'id (L. bis, twice, and exygen), the second degree of oxidation of a metal or other substance, biography, n. bl-dg'rd-fi (Gr. bios, life; grapJio, I write), the written histoir of the life and character of a particular person : bi'ograph'ic, a. -o-grA/Hk, also bi'ograph'ical, a. -i-Ml, pert, to the written life of stny one : bi'ograph'ically, ad. -i-Ml'i: biographer, n. bl-dg'rd-f&r, a writer of lives. biology, n, bl-Ql'd-jiiOr. bios, life ; logos, a discourse), the science which investigates the phenomena of life, whether vegetable or animal: biologic, a, bi'6-lOj'ik, also bi'olorlcal, a. -6 laj'-l-kai, relating to the science of life : biol'ogist, n. -Ct'O-jist, one who treats of the phenomena of life. biparons, a. Hp'ar-ils (L. bis. twice; pario, I bring forth), having two at abirth : bip'artite, a. -tit (L. bis twice ; partitus, divided), divided into two parts, as a leaf; having two corresponding parts: bip'artltion n. -tlsh'-ii.n, the act of dividing or making into two corresponding parts : bip'artlle, a. -til, that may be divided into two parts. biped, n. bi'pM (L. bis, twice ; pes, afoot— gen. vedAs), an animal having two feet : bipedal, a. bip'S-dai oi- bl-p6'd-aa elastic mineral pitch or caoutchouc, eiaterite—aa a black, hard, brittle, and gloaay mineral, asphalt : bltn'mlnate, v. -mt-ruU, to unpregnatewlthbltumen: bitu'mlna'tlng.lmp.: bltu'- Dlna'ted, pp.: bltn'mlnlferoni, a. -XTer-Hs (L. /era, I produce), producing bitumen: bttn'mlnlae, v. -mf-nle, to prepare or coat with bitumen : bltu'nunl'* alng, imp. : bltn'mUilaed, pp. •nird : bltn'mlnlia'tlon, n. -ni'ta'shUn, the natural procesa of being converted Into bltumlnoua matter: bttn'mlnoni, a. -mi-nils, full of or containing bitumen. BLAC bivalve, n. bl'vOiv (L. bis, twice; vatwe, ft>Mln« doors), a shell consisting of two parts which sliuc and open, as the mussel or oyater: In bot., a aoodcaao orvesaolof like kind: adj.. also blTalvular, -vtl-Mr, and blval'vouB, -vtfa, Laving two sbeUs, aa the oyster blvouao, n. btv''dt>-ak (F. : Ger. bei-ivadte, an (uldl- tlonal watch : Sp. vivac, town-guard), the encamp- ment of an army for the night In tlio open air : v. to take rest or rofroahment In the open air. as an army on march, or travellers on a Journey: blv'ouaoing* '%^kS.?rMV,y-(F.)'oad; ftmtaatdcal: bl.«*., -sdrtrd (It.), In mtwic, strange and fantastical, as ap- plied to the style of movement. ^^, ^ , blab, V. waft (Don. blabbre, to babble: Ger. plavpam, to speak confuaedly orthoughtlesaly : Gad. Ualaran, a stammerer; Dut. labbmTlo toll tales), to tattle ; to tell talflB ; to toll aocrota In a thoughtleaa manner : n. a tell-tale; one who reveals things which ought not to bo told; blabTiar, n. -bdr, a teU-talei blabbing, Imu ■ blabbed, pp. 'blAbd. blaok. a. btak {Qer. Ueicli, and Dut. bteck, polo, or bleak, which seema to bo the original meaning of block: luel. blackr, bluish-grey or pale), the opposite of white ; dark ; cloudy ; diamal ; sullen ; very wicked : n, name of tho darkest of colours : a necro : v. to molce black j to Ulrty or soil : blaoklng, Imp. : n. a Bubatance used In poliahlng boota and ahoes; that which makes black : blacked, pp. biakt i block, iib, a. a little black : blackly, ad. -li : block'new, n.: blook-Mt, a law which mokea It felony to appear ai-med with the t&co blookoned; blaok-amber, n. tho name given by PruBsian amber-dlggera to Jetr-j Wook-ort, maglo or conjuration : black-oaU, v. In aaociely, to r^ect a pro- posed member by putting black balls in the voting or ballot box : -balung, imp, : -boiled, pp. : black-bond, Scotch minor's term for the Ironatones of the cool- mooauroH which contain coaly matter aufliclent for calcining the ore without tho oddltlon of coal ; blook- berry, the fhilt of the bramble : blookblrd. a species of alngnig-bird : blook-boord, aboard painted black, uaed in achoola for teaching purpoaes : blaok-book, on old book said to have been composed In 1176, containing a doBCi-lptlon of the Court of Exchequer, Its offlcera, privileges, Ac. : a book compiled undor the authority- of Henry VIII. In regard to monasteries; a book treating on necromancy : blaokcap, a bird, ao collod from Ita black crown; an apple roasted till black: blaok-cottle, a general term for bulls, oxen, and cowa: black-chalk, a soft block orbluiah-block clay or ehole found in aubordlnate layers In sovorol formo- tions, olso collod Italian cliaik, Oennon chalk, &a. ; black-cock, the heath-cock or black grouse; blaok- frlor, one of an order of monka, also called Domlnl- cana: block-flux, n. a mixture of carbonate of pot> ash and charcoal, used in chemical oporattoDB; black-hole, a place of conflnemont for aoldiors : blook- iock, a miners term for sulphuret of zinc or blonder iloofc-lead, a familiar name for graphite, from ita resemblance to tho motal lead, called also plumbago, uBod In making lead penclla: black-legs, o dls- oaae omong calves and sheep: black-leg, a common gambler: a cheat: blook-lettte, n. tho old English alphabetic character: black-mail, a tax In money or kind paid in olden tlmea to robbcra for protection; any tax unjuatly or unfairly exocted; black-puddlnff^ a pudding made of blood thickened with meal : blook- aheep, n. an outcast; a poraon lU-behaved and of low- habits : blaok-itrokes, o range of planks Immediately- above tho woJos in a alilp'a aldo covered with tar and, lamp-black : blook-thom, a troo very branchy, armed with strong sharp spines, and bearing amall round black ftult like pluma or cherries— also called tho sloe: block-Tomlt, one of tho fatal symptoma of yellow fever: block-wad, an earthy ore of manganese, uau- allv called wad, which see: blockamoor, n. biak'-O^ m6r, a negro ; a black man : black-browed, a. applied. I to a person with black eyebrows ; gloomy ; threaten- ' ing ; dismal. Dlaokan, v. bldk'n (fh>m black), to make black; to Bolt; to defame: blackening, imp. blOk'nina: blaok'- ened, pp. 'Snd : black'ener, n. one who. blackffuard, n. blAg'gdrd (a name originally given in dnrlaion to tho lowoat claaa of menials or hangora- on about a court or great houaehold), a mean low fol- low ; one who uses loul language j any dirty uboIosh man or boy; a scoundrel : v. to deftuno; to employ 1 foul or abusive language In speaking of any one: • mAte, mdt,/dr, loTc; mite, mSt, her; i>trt«, j^»; note, nO^ mOve,- BLAC 51 BLEN black'euardlug, Imp. : lalack'guarded. pp. : black'- guardiBm, n. -izm, tlie conduct or language of a black- guard. black-Tod, n. iWi^rdd, a high officer of the queen's household, and of the order of the garter, so called l^-om the hlack staff which he carries as a hadge of office. hlackflmlth, n. hiak'smtth, one who manufactures articles from iron. bladder, n. biad'd&r (AS. hUedre: Icel. Wadra, a lubhle, a blister : Ger. Uatter, a pustule), a thin sack or bag in animals for containing particular fluids, such as the urine and the gail : blad^ered, a. -d^rd, swelled like a bladder: blad dexy, a. -d6r-f. like a bladder. blade, n. blOd (Icel. Mad, leaf of a tree, blade of a sword : Oer. Uatt ; Cut. blad, a leaf, a plate), the long leaf or spire of gittas, or of a like plant; the cutting part of a knife ; the broad part of an oar ; the part of a tool that Is broad or thin ; a brisk, gay, bold rellow : T. to furnish with a blade: bla'dlng, imp.: bla'ded, pp. : adj. applied to crystals composed of long and narrow plates, like the blade of a Imife; laminated: blade-bone, the upper flat bone of the shoulder: blades, n. plu. blddz, the principal rafters or breaks of a roof. blaln, n. blan (AS. Uegen; Dut. or Dan. hlegne; Icel. blina, a boil or pimple), a sore : a blister. blame, v. biam (F. oldmer, to blame; Norm. F. blaamer; L. blasphemcere, to revile, to defame: dr. blaspJiemein, to speak impiously: It biasimare, to blame), to find fsxHt with; to censure; n. censui'e; crime; expression of disapprobation; reproach: bla'- mlng, imp. : blamed, pp. oiamd : blamewor'tliy, a. : blamewor'thinesB, n. : blame'fnl, a. -fdbl: blame'- AiUy, ad. •fdbl-'i: blameToIneBS, n. : bla'mer, n. one who : blamable, a. bia'md-bl, deserving of censure ; faulty; culpable: bla'mably, ad. -bli: bla'mableness, n.-bl'nSs: blamelesB, a. b^m^ffo, without fault: inno- cent; free from blame; guiltless: blame'lessly, ad. 21 .- blamelesBneis, n. blanch, T. bldTisli (P. blanchir, to whiten— (torn blanc, white : Dan. blank, shining, polished), to make white ; to tak^ out the colour : blanch'lng, imp. : adj. whitening: n. the operation of brightemng pieces of silver, or of making white like sliver other metals ; the operation of wmtening vegetables by covering them from the light : blanched, pp. blO^nsht : blanch - er, n. one who. blancmange, n. blOng-mdngzh', or blancman'ger, u. 'zha (F. white food or jelly), a confected white jelly. bland, su. bldnd (L. Kandus, gentle : Dan. lina, soft), inild; soft; gentle: bland'ly, ad. -li: bland'neas, n.; blandation, n. bldn-dd'sMn, gross flattery: blandUo- qnence.n. bldn-dU'G-kivSns (L. loguor, I speak), fail, mild, flattering speech : blaadlBh, v. bian^dish, to ca- ress; to soothe; to soften: blan'dlsher, n. one who: blan'dlBhlng, imp.: blan' dished, pp. -disht: blan'- dishment, n., and blan'dishing, n. soft words tending to win the heaxt; caresses. blank, a. btangk (F. blaaic,\r\\ite: Dan. blank, ^ning: Ger. blivJcen, to shine), denoting an unwritten ticket, or one not obtaining a piize ; empty ; void ; confused ; confounded; in ver^e, without rhyme; n, avoid; any empty space ; paper unwritten on or wii^out marks ; a ticket ^vithout value : v. to make void or empty ; to confuse; to efface or rub off: blank'ing,imp.:braiiked, pp. bldngkt: blsLnkly, ad. -li: blank'ness, n.: point- Duiiik, Uie shot of a gun levelled horizontally, the shot proceeding in a straight line without curving: blank verse, verse without, or void of rhyme. blanket, n. bldngk'et (F. blanchet— from btanc, white), a wocdlen cover for a bed : v. to toss in or cover with a blanket: blauk'etizig, imp.; n. cloth for blankets: blank'eted, pn. blare, n. otor (Dut. bZaeren, to bubble, to blister: Gael. blore,a. loud noise), a roar; a bellowing noise: V. to bellow; to roar: bla'rlng, imp.: blared, pp. blard. blarney, n. bldr'-nl (from a legend connected with Slamey Castle, Ireland), smooth deceitful talk; flat- tering words meant neitjier to be honest nor true. blaspheme, v. blOs-fSm' (see blame), to speak of God with irreverence ; to speak in impious terms of any of God's names and attributes: to curse or swear: blas- phe'ming, imp.: blasphemed', pp. -/emd': blaspbe'mer, II. one who : blaa'phemons, a. -/S-miis, impious ; con- taining blasphemy: blaa'phemonsly, ad. •us'H: blas'- phemy, n. -t, iiroverenco in speaking of God ; profane language. blast, n. lldst (AS. bltesen, to blow; Ucesf, a blast], a violent rush of wind ; the sound of a wind-instru- ment; any destructive influence: an explosion of gunpowder: the air introduced into a furnace: v. to cause to wither; to blight; to affect with a sudden calamity; to destroy; to confound ; to split rocks by gunpowder: blast'lng, Imp.: n. the act of separating stones or rocks IVom their beds by blowing them up with gunpowder: blaBt'ed,pp.: blast-pipe, the waste< steam pipe in locomotive engines, of prime impoitance in causing a greater draught in the flre-tuDes and through the fire-grate: bla^t-furnaoe, a furnace for smeltmg Iron ore, &c., whose heat is vastly Increased by air, generally heated, being forced into it by ma- chlneiy-~the air so introduced is called tJie blast. blastema, n. blOs-WmA (Gr. blastarw, I germinate), in Sitirg., a subtransparent glairy matter, containing a multitude of minute corpuscles forming the basis of part of an animal, as the blastema of bone; in hot., the whole of the embryo after the cotyledons havebeen abstracted : blaate'mal, a.-^mdl, pert, to ; rudimentaiy. blaatodenn, n. blOs'tO-dinn (Gr. blastos, a bud; derma, a skin), the germinal disc or spot which forms on the egg in uie early stage of incubation. blatant, a. bia'tdnt (Dut. blaet, a boaster: Gael. blore, a loud noise : L, blatero, 1 talk idly or prate), bellowing as a beast : blatter, v. biat't^!-, to make a senseless noise ; to prate. blaze, n. blox (AS. blase or bloese, a torch or lamp : Icel. blossi, a flame; Dan. blus, a torch), the strong flame of any burning body; the full light of day. blaze, n. blttz (Dut. blesse, a white streak on the forehead: Ger. blasse: Dan. hits), the white mark on the face of an animal ; a white mark on a tree when a part of the bark is etript off. blaze, T. bldz (AS. bkesan; Dut. blcase/n, to blow), to blow abroad ; to spread news ; to publish : bla'zing, imp.: blazed, pp. bl&zd: bla'zlngly, ad. -li. blazon, V. blO,'zn{A%. bloese, a name, splendour: F. bVxson, a coat of arms), to portray armorial bearings in their proper colours ; to deck ; to embellish ; to adorn ; to make known f£ir and wide : n. show ; pomp- ous display: bla'zonlng, imp.: blazoned, pp. biaZ-zmd: bla'zonment, u.: bla'zoner, d. one who: blazonry, n. bld'-7m-r%, that branch of heraldry which describes or explains coats of arms in proper terms; IJie art of delineating the figures and devices of a coat of arms in their proper colours or metals. bleach, v. blSch (AS. blOBcan—froTa. blase, pale : Dut. blaft^Ti^-see black), to make white ; to take out colour ; to grow white in any way : bleach'mg, imp. ; n. the art of making anything white, especially cloth : bleached, pp. bUcht: bleach'er, n. one who ; bleach'ery, n. -^-i, a place for bleaching: bleaeSilug-powder, a salt of lime— the chloride. bleak, a. bUk (AS. bloec, black: Ger. bleich; Dut. bleeA;, pale), cold; open; e:q)osed; cheerless; solitarj': bleaklsh, a, cheerless and open in a certain degree: bleak'y, a. ■^: bleakly, ad. -ZS: bleak'ness, n. blear, a. bl&r (Dan. Inasre, a blister : low Ger. bla/rren, to cry or weep— hence, blavr-oge, a red watery eye), sore, watery, and tenderln the eye : v. to make sore and tender: blear'ing, imp. : bleared, pp. blerd: blear'ed- ness.n. state of one whose eyes are blear ; blear-eyed, having sore eyes : blear'ness, n. soreness of the eyes. bleat, n. blSt (an imitative word: Ger. bloken, to bleat as a sheep), the cry of a sheep : V. to cry as a sheep : bleat'lng, imp. : bleat'ed, pp. ; bla'tant, a. making a noise like a calf or sheep. bleed, v. bUd (AS. bledan— see blood), to lose blood by any means ; to draw blood ; to run sap from a tree : bleed'ing, imp.: n. a flow of blood; operation of let- ting blood; haemorrhage; adj. flowing with blood or Juice: bled, pp. bl&d: bleed'er, n. one who. blemish, n. blSm'tsh (old F. ble^mir, to soil or spot, to make livid with blows— i^om blesme, pale, wan: Icel. blami, the livid colour of a bruise), any defect; any mark or scar that lessens the beauty and propor- tion; deformity; imperfection In character: v. toim- Iiair or Injure ; to tarnish : blem'tshing, imp. : blem'« Bhed, pp. -isht: blem'ishable, a. -d-bl: blem'lshless, a.: blem'lsher, n. one who. blenchr V. blSnsh (same as blink, and probably flinch), to shrink ; to start back ; to give way. blend, V. blSnd (AS. blendan: Dut. blanssen, to dab- ble in water: Icel. blanda, to mix), to mingle together BO as not to be able to separate ; to confound : tuend'- Ing, imp.; n. in painting, so laying on different tints au to render it impossible to tell where one colour aitv, boy,/Sbt; pure^ bUd; chair, game, Jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BLEN 52 BLOS begins and another ends: blend'ed.pp.: bl6nd'6r,one who. blende, n. NSnd (Oer. bteriden, to dazzle), a tenn applied to BBVoral minerals having a peculiar lustre ur glimmer, variously coloured, as hornblende, zinc- blende, &c, now eenerally restricted to the sulpburet of zinc ; the blac^ack or mock ore of English miners : blendoiu, a. b Sn'ai&s, relating to blende. blenuorrhcsa, n. bien'-dr-rd'a, (Gr. blenna, mucun ; Theo, I flow), an excessive flow 6r secretion from mu- cous glands In anv situation. blenny, n. bUin-nl (Gr. blenna, mucus, slime), name of a flsh of several species, so called from tho mucous matter covering the body. bless, v. blSs (AS. btetsian, to bless— firom blithe, morry, Joyful: Bohem. 6Za«, happily), to make liappy; to prosper ; to praise ; to give tlionlts to ; to gloriiy or praise tor benefits received : bles'slng, imp, : n. a wish of happiness to another; gift; bcnont or advantage; dMne favour: blessed or bleat, pp. blSst: blessed, a. blSa'aSd, happy and prnspoi-om ; enjoying spiritual happliioBs: blessedly, nd. -^i.- bles'sedness, n.: bles'- ser, n. one who. blew, v. bl6—Bee blow. blight, n. blit (AS. bkcc, pale: low Ger. hlekJem, to shine: old H. Ger. WicA-yhtr, bllght-flro or lightnings from the Idea of being blasted with lightning), adlseoAo rommon to plants, by which tlioy are withered either wholly or partially ; anything nipping or blasting : v. to retard growth or prevent fertility; to bloat; to frustrate; Dllght'lng, imp.: blight'ed, pp.: bllebt'- Insly, ad. -If. blmd, a. bllTid (AS. blind: Goth, blinds t Icol. blindr —connected with blink), deprived of sight ; wanting discernment; heedless: inconsidorate ; morally de- praved : V. to deprive of sight ; to darken ; to doeelve : n, something that darkens or obscures ; a cover or screen: bUna'lng, lmp.:bllnd'ed,pp.: blindly, ad. -li: bllnd'ness, n. want of sight ; intolloctual darkness ; bUnd'fold, a. having the eyes covodhI: v, to hinder from seeing: bllndiold'ing. Imp.: bllndfold'ed, pp.: bUndmon's-bufl {Ger. blimel-maus), a play or game, in wlilcli one having his eyes covered tries to catch any other of the players : blmdman's-ball, a common fun- gus : blind coal, a miner's term for those coals which, dotlcicnt in bitumen, burn away without flame: blinds, bllndz. In mil., a temporary dofenco in pres- ence of an enemy mode of branches intonvovon ; blind aide, a familiar term for a wcnkncss or foible : blind-worm, a small reptile coven-dwlth scales, and having n forked tongue, but hannloss — called also slow-worm. blink, n. blingh (AS. &//n?i, to dazzle : Ger. blicken, to shine, or blinken, to twinkle), a wink; a glance ; a look ; a moment : v. to wink ; to twinkle with the oyo ; to see dimly or obscurely : to ovode : blink'lng, imp. : blinked, pp. bllngkt: bunkers, n. plu. Whigltf-irt. roverlngs for the eyes of ahorse tokeopitfromsoi'liii,' on either side: to blink the question, to shut onr'n eyes to It; to make one's self wilfully blind to it: bllnk'y, a. liable to wink by ovorstralnlng tho eyes: ■now or Ice blink, the peculiar reflection from snow or Ice In arctic regions. bliss, n. Ufa (AS. blia, toy— see bless), happiness fn a very high degree ; felicity ; Joys of heaven : bllsB'ful, a. -/iTui. full of bliss: bllH'fully, ad. -li: bliis'fnlneBs, n.: bllsslesB, a. blister, n. blla'Ur (AS. blcesan, to blow : L. puatula, a bubble, a pimple: Dut. bluyster], a thin white swelling on the skin, generally filled with watery fluid ; the scales on Iron or Hteol : v. to nilHu blistcni ; to rise in blisters: blis'terlng, Imp. : bUs'tered, pp. ■tird: blls'tery, a. -tir-l, full of blisters. bllte, n. but (Gr. bliton: L. blitum), a kind of amaranth ; a genus of plants called strawberry blitn, from the appearance of the fruit which succeeds the flower. blithe, a. Ulth (AS. bUtJie, merry. Joyful: Goth. bleitfis, mild : Dut. blijile, cheerful), goy: morry; Joy- ous; sprightly: also In same- sense blltheful, a. -/dbi, andnllthe'some, a. -silm, mirthful: bUthe'ly. nd. -It: blithe'ness, n. : bllthe'someness, n.: bllthe- somely, ad. -aUm-li. bloat, V. blot (Icel. blautr, soft: Dan. blod; Sw. bl(Jt, soft), to swell ; to pulT up ; to make vain : to grow turgid : bloat'lng, imp. : bloat'ed, pp : bloat'ed- noss, n.: bloat'er, n. small flsh partially dried, generally applied to half -cured herrings, block, n. blOk (F. bloc, a. log or muss: Gael, bloc, round : Dut. blok : Ger. block), a heavy piece of timber or stone ; any mass of matter ; the lump of wood on which persons were beheaded ; any hinuranun or ob- struction ; the piece of wond in which the wheels of ft pulley run ; a row of liouses : v. to shut up ; to stop ; to obstruct : blook'ing. Imp. : blocked, pp. blOkt .- block- head, n. blOk'hSd, a stupid fellow; a dolt: blockish, a. dull; stupid: blookishly, ad. -It: block'lahness, n. ■ block'Uke, a*. : block-tin, n. pure tin in stampoil bara or blocks : adj. noting a vessel made of double or tJ-lple plutos of tinned Iron ; blockliouse, n. a kind of fort cliTefly constructed of hewn timber. blockade, n. blOk-kad' (It, bloccare, to block up : Sp. bloquear, to blocktide—ft'om block), the surrounding or sliuttlng up any place with a sutllciont number of soldiers or ships, In order to prevent any interconi-su with its inhabitants : v. to shut up a town or a fortresn with an army or with ships, to compel it to surrender: blooka'(Ung, Imp. : blocka'ded, ])p. : to raise a block- ade, to force or drive a\vay tho troops or ships from tholi- positions. . . ,. blonde, n. blOnd (F, blond, light yoUow, flaxen: Pol. blaay, pale), a fair woman, opposed to hrwiette; a kind of slfic lace : blond, a, foil' ; uavlng a fair com- blood', n. blUd (AS. blod: Dut. bloed: Ger. blut), the fluid which circulates through the veins and artorleB of animals, essential to lire ; klndi*od ; honouiublo birth or extraction : v. to stain with blooil ; to give a taste of blood, or to provoke the dcslro for It j to heat or exasperate: bloof ing. Imp. : blood'ed, pp. : blood'- BtaJ^ed, a. stained with blood; guilty oi murder: blood'thlrsty, a. cruel: blood'shot, a. red: inflamed: blood'shed, n. waste of liio: blood'shedder, n. ono wiio : blood'sheddlng, n. act of shedding blood : blood'sucker, n. any animal that sucks blood, as a loech ; a ci-uel man : blood-boaght, a. purchased by shedding blood: blood-gulltlnesB,n. crime of shedding blood : blood-horBe, one of a full or high breed : blood- vessel, a vein or artery; bloodstone, a variety of chalcedony of a dark green colour, sprinkled M'lth as'p red spots— also called hcHolTOpe: bloodhot, of the samo iioat as blood: blood-hound, a hniuid for tmuk- Ing human bolngs by scent; a hunter after human blood : blood-money, money obtained as tho reward for Supporting a capital charge: bloody-flux, tho disease colled^ dyaencery, in wiitch the discharges from tho bowols have a mixture or blood; blood- spavin, a distemper In horses, conHlsting of a soft swelling growing through the hoof, and usually full of liliiud: bloody-sweat, a sweat accompanied with a discharge of blood ; a disease called the sweating sickness : flesh and blood, human nature ; moitiu man: cold blood, free from excitement or poasiun: cold-blooded, a. cool and calculating, used in a bad sense; not having warm blood: hot mood, in astato of excitement and blind fury : hot-blooded, a. very impulsive ; ft(!ry : prince of the blood, one of royal descent: bloodless, a. -Ms, without blood; lifeless: inactive: blood'lesaly, ad. -li: blood'y. (u --h atalneil with blood; cruel; murderous: blood'lly, ad. -t-lit blood'lnees, n. : bloodletter, one who lets blood : bloodletting, n. act of ono who lets blood. bloom, n. blOm (Icel. blomi; Dut. bloeme ; Gor. Uume, a flower— see blow), blossom; tho (lower of any plant; the beginning of youth or manhood ; life; vigour; beauty; bright or blue colour on fruit, aa on the peach or giape; a clouded appearance which varnish sometimes aasumea upon the surraci) of a pic- ture; a whitish waxy Hi.rrtlon produceil on the sur- face of some leaves and fruits: V. to yield blnsaoms* to flower; to be In a state of vigour; to liiivit tho fteshnesa and beauty of early life: bloom'ing. Imp - adj., healthful; fresh-coloured: bloomed, pp. bUmtd: bloom'lnglj- ad. -li: bloom'lngness, n. : bloom'y. a. -f, full of bloom. •" bloom, n. bliim (AS. bloma, n mass, a lump), tho rough mnss of Iron from the puddling furnace after uniierKoing the firat hammering: bloom'ery or -mt n. -'>i. the lut-noce In which eiist in converted inlo mallenble Iron ; bloom'ing, n. the process of convert- ing cant into malleable Iron. blonom, n. ms'-aUm (AS. bloam; Dan. bluaae, to blaze: Dut. Woaem, a blossom), tho flower of nny plant, ospeclally when it prece.ies fruit: v, to put forth blossoms before the fruit begins to grow: blos'- Boming, imp. : n. the flowering of i.lantfl:l>loB'Bomod. pp. •aHmdi blos'flomy, a. -aflm-l, full of blossoms : bloa'- somlcM, a. mate, mat,/&r, im); mCte, mSl, Jiir; pine, pin; note, n^t, mOvci BLOT 53 BOAT blot, V. 1)161 [Ctui. plet, a Btain ; Fm. blat, tare : Scot. ilud, a lump of anything Boft), to spot or stain with ink or any other colouring matter; to destroy j to eJTace: to defame: n. a spot or stain; a blemish: blot'tlng, imp.: blot'ted, pp. : blot'ter, n. one who, «r that which : blotting-paper, a soft unsized paper, vsei for~drying freslily-written paper hy imbibing a portion of the ink: blot'ty, a. bl6t'-tl, full of blots. Idotch, n. blSch {Ger. plotz, a blow or the sound of it— see blot), a scab or eruption on the skin : v. to blacken or spot ; blotch'ing, imp. : blotched, pp. ildcht: adj. irregularly disposed in broad patches: Uotch'y, a. 4, ftal of blotclies. blq.te, V. blot (Sw. biota, to soak, to steep— see bloat), to dry by smoke as fish : blo'tlng, imp. : blo'ted, pp. : blo'ter, n. a smoked or dried herring, now usually spelt bloater. blouse, n. bl(^vs (F.), a loose overcoat made of a light material ; a smock-ft'ock. blow, n. blo (Gi.plege, a stroke ; L. plaga, a blow : Goth, bligmoan; Dut. blowen, to sti-ike), a stroke; ftrst act of hostility ; a sudden calamity. blow, V. biO (AS. blawan, to blow or breathe ; Ger. blafien, to puff up}, to move as air ; to pant or puff ; to throw or drive a current of air into or upon; to ■warm by the breath ; to deposit eggs as flies : blow'- Ing, imp.: blew, pt. bid: blown, pp. blOn: blow'er, n. one who : blowy, a. bloH, windy : blow-pipe, n. -pip, a tube througn which a current of air is driven on a flame to obtain an increased heat: blow-off- pipe, in a steam-engine, the pipe fixed to the bottom of a boiler for dischar^iig the sediment : blow'ers, n. plu. -^T2, in cocU-miniTig, the puffs or jets of car- biuretted hydrogen given off by fissures in the coal: blow-baU, the downy head of the dandelion : blow- Sy, the carrion-ily: to blow over, to pass away: to blow up, to drive up into the air by gunpowder ; to raise, or swell with the breath : to blow out, to extin- guish by the wind or by the breath: blowing-house, the blast-furnace in which tin-ore is fused: blown upon, made stale or disreputable— applied to persons. Dlow, V. blo (AS. blowian, to bloom: Ger. bluJien, to bloom or blossom), to coine into flower ; to show flower : blow'lng, imp, : blown, pp. bldn. ■ blowze, n. bl^z (AS. &2j/5a, atorch: Dut. blose, the redness of the cheeks), a gixl whose face looks red by running much in the open air ; a ruddy fat-faced wo- man ; blowzy, a. hldio'zi, fat and ruddy. blabber, n. bli&'b&r {ajx. imitative word, jioting the noise made by a mixture of air and water spluttering, as the water blubbers up, in the sense of froth), the coating of fat of a whale or seaJ; the sea-nettle, jelly- fish, or medusa : v. to shed tears and slaver ; to weep in a noisy manner : blubliering, imp. : adj. slavering and chUdish weeping : blub'bered, pp. -b^d : blub - berer, n. one who. bludgeon, n. bl-Udj'im (Goth. Uyggwan, to strike : Gr. plego, I strike : a probable corruption of blood, as being able to cause bloodshed), a short heavy stick. bine, u. bid (AS. bleo: old H. Ger. ilaio: F. bleu: mid. L. blaws), one of the primary colours ; azure : adj. resembling blue ; dejected : v. to make blue : blu'ing, imp. ; Dined, pp. bl6d: blue'ness, n. : blu'- ifih, a. tinged with blue : blu'lsbly, ad. -Vt : blu'ish- ness, n : blue-piU, n. a pill containing mercury : blue- stocking, n. (a literary club chiefly of ladles, so called Irom the leading member, a gentleman, always ap- pearing la blue stockings), a woman devoted to litera- ture: blue-stone, n. also called bine-vitriol, sulphate of copper, used as a caustic ; blue-shone, an Australian miner's term for the basaltic lava through which they bave sometimes to dig in search of gold: blue- John, a miner's term for fluor or Derbyshire spar : blue-bon- net (also in Scot, a cap woven of thick blue worsted yam), blue-bell, blue-bottle (also a large fly), names of ' plants : blue-book, a book containing a government official return or report, so called from its blite cover : blue-breast, a bird : blue-cap, a small bird ; a fiish : 'blue-devils, or the blues, bl6z, colloguiiQ name for certain appearances presented to the diseased brain after a drinking debauch ; lowness of spirits : blue- light, a signal-rocket ; blue-peter, a small flag used as a signal for sailing : prussian-blue, a colour or dye. bluff, n. bin/ (Dut. blaf, plain, level, not sloping but rising straight up), a high steep bank generally fac- ing the sea or a river; an abrupt .manner: adj. abruptly rising as a Bborei big ; vainglorious ; swag- gering; blustering: bluffly, ad. -11: bluff 'ness, n. : Dluf ^, a. -ft, having bold projecting points of land : bluff-headed, not pointed ; obtuse— applied to a ship that has her stem too straight up ; biuff-bowed, ap- plied to a vessel having broad and flat bows. blunder, n. blUn'aer (Dan. pludder, earth and water mixed together— hence confusion, trouble), a gross mistake ; a stupid error : v. to mistake grossly : to err stupidly ; to act without reflection : blun'der- ing, imp. : a^. stupid ; floundering : blun'dered, pp. -d&rd: olun'aerer, n. one who: blunder-head, n. -hSd, a stupid fellow : blun'deringly, ad. -U. blun'derbuas, n. -bits (Dut, donder-biis— flora bus a firearm : Ger. donner-btichse, thunder-gun), a short, wide-mouthed, veiy noisy hand-gun. blunt, a. blUnt {Sw. blott, naked, bare: Swiss bluntsch, the sound of a round heavy body falling into the water plump : Ger. plwmp, rough, heavy, diill), not shai'p ; having a thick edge ; plain ; unceremon- ious ; wanting in manners : v, to take away the sharp- ness of an edge ; to weaken any appetite or passion ; to impair any power or affection of the mind : lilunt'- Ing, bnp. : blunt'ed, pp.: blunt'ly, ad. -li: blunt'- ness, n. blur, n. bMr (Bav. plerren, a blotch on the skin : Dut. blaar, a blister), a spot ; a stain : v. to sully or stain ; to bletoish : blur'ring,imp.: blurred, pp. blurd. blurt, V. bl£ rt (Scot, blii t, a bui-st— as a blirt of freeting, i.e., a burst of weeping: Dut. bidder, a ladder), to throw at random ; to utter words hastily and unadvisedly : blurt'lng, imp. : blurt'ed, pp. blush, n. blUsh (AS. blysa; Icel. blys, a torch : Dan. 6iiwse,toblaze: Dut. 6Zosem, a blossom), a glow of red on the cheeks or face excited by a sense of modesty, shame, or indignation : v. to redden ou the cheeks or £ace ; to carry a blooming colour : blush'ing, imp.: adj. showing ablush : blushed, pp. blUsht .- blu^'ingly, ad. -11: blush'ful, a. -fSbl: blugh'fuUy, ad. -li: bluah'- leas, a. bluster, n. bMs't&r (from blast: Bav. blasten, to snuff, to be out of temper), noise ; tumult ; irregu- lar noise from idle boasting and vainglorious talk ; swagger ; fltful gusts of wind : v. to be loud and noisy in talking ; to puff : to bully ; to swagger : blus'terlng, imp. noisy; boastful; windy: blus'tered, pp. -t^a: blns'terer, n. one who : blus teringly, ad. -U. boa, n. bo'a (It. boa or bora, any filthy mud, a venomous serpent that lives in mud : L. 600, from 60s a cow, because supposed to suck cows), a general name for the largest kind of serpents ; a fur cravat for the neck : boa-constrictor, n. -Mn'Stri1(f-t6r, the great boa, a native of Africa, India, &c. boar, n. bor (AS. bar : Dut. beer), the male svrine ; fern., sow : boai^ish, a. like a boar. board, n. bord (AS. bord; Dut. berd; Ger. brett, a board or plank), a slab, or flat piece of wood sawn from a log ; a table ; food or diet ; a council, or meet- ing of managers convened for business ; the deck of a ship : boardS, bOrdz, planks ; the covers of a book ; the line over which a ship runs between tack and tack: board, V. to cover witn flat pieces of wood ; to enter a ship by force ; to furnish with food and lodging for a - price iboard'lng, imp.: board'ed, pp. a.: pasteboard, layers of paper pasted together to make a board : board'er, n. one mmished with food at a price ; one who boards a ship in action : board'able, a. -d-bl, that may be boarded : to fall over-board, to fall over a ship's side : the weather-board, the side of aship which is to windward : boarding-house, a liousein which per- sons are provided with lodging and food for a price: board-wages, money given to servants when they pro- vide food for themselves : boarding-pike, a sword-Jilie weapon used by sailors in boarding an enemy's ship ; to make short boards, to tack frequently : starboard, right-hand side : boarding-school, a school where the pupils are lodged, educated, and provided with food for a price. boast, v. bOst (Ger. pausien, to swell the cheeks : Fris. poesten, to blow), to speak in high praise of self ; to speak in exulting language of anotner ; to brag ; to vaunt: n. a brag; self-praise or commendation ; occa- sion of exultation; exaggerated or ostentatious ex- pression; boaat'ing, imp. : adj. ostentatious inwords; glorying; vaiinting; n. the act of boasting : boast'ed, pp.: boaat'ingly, ad. -It: boast'er, n. one who; Doaat'fal, a. -/obi, given to boasting: boast'fully, ad. -1%: boaat'folness, n. : boasting, n. the paring of stones by stone-cutters vrith the broad chisel ; among carvers, the rough cuttipg round the ornaments, to reduce the whole to their proper contour or outlines. boat, n. bOt (AS. bat : Dut. boot : Icel. batr; F. bateau). cn42— Bolo'gnlau,bo-I(I'nl-r?;f, of or from Bologna — a ponderous spar, native sul- fihate of boiytes. found In roimded mosses near bo- ogna. bolster, n. hOl'st^- {AS. bolster: Dut. buU, a hump: Sp. bulto, a swelling), along pillow or cushion for lay- ing the head on in bed ; a pod for support ; a quilt ; a tool for punching holes and making bolts : v. to sup- port; to hold up: bol'sterlng, imp.: bol'stered, pp. stira: bol'sterer, n. one who. bolt, n. bolt (Ger. bolxen, a cross-bow bolt : Swiss, botz, an upright beam on another: F. boulon, a big- headed peg of wood: Dut. btUt, a nob or hump), an arrow; a dart; a small round bar of wood or metal; a stream of lightning; a meteoric stone: v. to fasten with a bolt; to make secure; to utter or throw out precipitately: bolt'sprlt, same as bowsprit, which see : bolt-aprlght, perpendicular ; nerfectly upright. bolt, V. bolt {Dut.ouydel, a small oag: Cier. oeutetn, to bolt meal— Item beutel, a bag: F. bluter, to bole meal), to separate the bran from the flour by shaking the mass backwards and forwai-ds in a cloth of loose texture : bolt'lng. Imp. : bolt'ed, pp. : bolt'er, n. one who : bolt-head, a matrass or receiver : a sifting ap- Saratus : bolt'lng-hntoh, n. -h^tch, the bin or tub for le bolted meal: bolt'ing-tnb, a tub to sift meal In. bolus, n. bO'lUe (L. bolus, a mass : Gr. bolos, a lump), a soft mass of medicine to be swallowed at once llko a pill, but larger. bomb, n. 6flm (L. bombus, a bumming or buzz : F. bombe: It. 6om6a— fi'om an Imitation of the noise o£ the explosion), a hollow iron ball filled with guii- Sowder and fitted wltli a ftiae, and fired from a mor- ir ; a stroke on a hell ; bombard, v. bOm-bdrd' (F. boTiiftcwde— from bombed, to throw bomb-shells, &c. Into a town or fortified place in order to destroy it : bombard'lng.imp.: boini)ard'ed,pp.:bombard'mflnt, n. : bom'bBTdleT', n. -bdr-d6r', n. the soldier who at- tends the firingof bombs : bomb-ketob orbomb-veasel, a strong ship from which bombs can be thrown Into [b town or fortress from sea: bomb-proof, a. a building sufflclently strong to resist the explosive force ami weight of tolling bombs. bombasine or bombosin, n. hitrn'-bd-zCn' (F. horn* basin, a cotton stuflF; L. bombjfcinus, silken ; Gr. &07?i- bux, the silk-worm), a twilled cloth of sUk, or silk and cotton. bombast, n, hUm'-bOst (It. bambagia, cotton: Gr. 6om6w!C raw.Bllk: Ger. 6tiiim7)(w(— llrom bamn, tr«i- and bast, bark), a soft loose atuIT used to swoU out gar- ments ; an inflated swelling style in speaking or writing: bombaa'Uc, a. -bfla^Wt, high-soimdlng ; big and pufllng without much menning : oombas'tlcal'ly, Jiir} pine, ptn; note, nOt, mOvc; BONA 65 BOOT ad. 'kdl'-i: bomUc, a. ISm'-bik, relating to the silk- worm : tiombyc'enoiu, a. -VisH'nils, silken ; of or like the Bilk-worm. boua-flde, a. M'-nH-fi'-OS (L. with good faith), with- out fraud or deception ; real. bonasus, n. bO-nits'iis (L, hotiasus), an animal of the ox kind, having a mane like a horse, found In Central Europe ; the bison or aurochs, bonbon, n. botig'Mng' (F.), a sweetmeat; a sugar- plum. bond, n. bdnd (AS. Undan, to bind : Gor. band, a string : old Dut. Bond, a tie), anything that binds, as a rope, a chain, &c, ; union j an obligation ; a vow or proinise; a written agreement; a government store for goods on which the duty remains unpaid : v. to place in government storehouses ; to secui'e ; to give oond for : bond'lng. Imp. : bond'ed, pp. : adj. applied to goodsleft in hond-titores : bonds, piu, bdTiaJi, chains ; imprisonment; in carp., all the timbers disposed in the wall of a house : bond-atores, -atom, n. plu„ places where goods are stored on which the duty has not been paid: bond, a. in a state of servitude or slavery; bound — as bondman, bondmaid, bond-servant, bond- service, bond-slave : bondage, n. Mn'daj, slavery ; imprisonment: bondsman, n. bOndz'-TnUn; a slave; a surety. bone, n. bOniAS. ban; Ger. bein, the bone of the leg : Dut. been ,■ W. bon, a stem or base, the legs being the stems or supports of the body), the llrm hard sub- stance that composes the flramework or skeleton of ver- tebrate anlmaJs ; any part of the skeleton : adj. made of bone : v. to stiffen with whalebone ; to take out bones: bon'ing, imp., sometimes speltboneing: boned, b6nd, pp.: boneless, a. -ISs, without bones : bon'y, a. -t, fullof Dones; stout; strong; consisting of bone ; hard and brittle : bone-bMck,n. charredbones: bone-brown or ivory-brown, bone and ivory roasted till they be- come of a brown colour throughout: bone-anst, ground bones: bone -earth, the earthy or mineral part of bones, consisting chiefly of phosphate of lime : bone-ache, pain In the bones: bone-bed, thin strata or layers found in several places in the earth's crust, so called flrom their containing innumerable frag- ments of fossil bones, scales, teeth, coprolites, &c. : bone-breccia, an admixture of fragmente of limestone and hones cemented together Into a hard rock by a reddish calcareous concretion: bone-lace, flaxen lace: bone-roavin, a hard swelling on the ^side of the hock of a horse's leg : body and bones, altogether ; wholly: bone-aetter, one who is skilled in the setting of broken bones : bone'-aetting, n. the restoration of a broken bone to its proper place. bonfire, n. bdn'/Cr (Dan. baun, abeacon, sndjire), a large fire made in the open air as a sign of rejoicing, or for display. bonlto, n. oo-n1'tO (Sp.), a species of tunny-fish, cele- brated on accoimt of ife pursuit of the flying-flsh. bon-mot, n. bdng'-mO (F. bon, good ; mot, a word), a jest ; a witty saying or reply. bonnet, n. bdn'nSt (F. bonnet: Gael, boineid, a head- dress : Ir. boiTiead, a cap— from beann, the top ; eide, dress), a covering for the head worn by women; in Scot, a round worsted cap, of a dark-blue colour, formerly much worn by men : bon'neted, a. wearing a bonnet; iniw/oi., an additional piece of canvass made to lace on to the foot of a sail in order to make more way in calm weather: bonnette, b6n'nSt (F.), in/or«., a small work with two faces, having only a parapet with two rows of palisades: bon'nBt-a-pre'tre,-a:pra'^r (F., priest's cap), a field-work, havmg at the head three salient and two re-entering angles, so called fl'om its resemblance to a bishop's mitre: bonnets, the cast-iron plates which cover the openings in the valve-chambers of a pump. bonny, a. bdn'nl (F. bon or bonne, good— from L. tonus, good), handsome; beautiful; merry: n. a dis- tinct bed of ore which has no communication with a vein. bon-ton, n, bSng'-t6ng (P.), the height of f&shlon. bonus, n. bo'rvtts (L. good), a premium for a loan ; a consideration for some service done; an extra divi- dend to shareholders ; a division of the profits of an assurance office to its policy-holders. bonze, n. b6nz, pin. bonzes, bdn'zes, aname given by Europeans to the neathen priests of Japan, China, &c. booby, n. bd'M (Sp. bobo, foolish : It. babbeo, a sim- pleton : F. badaud, a dolt), a dunce ; a stupid fellow ; a pupil at the foot of a form or class ; a water-bird of the pelican tribe. Boodhlsm. n. bdd^tzm, also spelt Buddhism, n. bUd'-izm, the religion of some Eastern nations who worship Boodh; &dd,orBnddha,biZd'd(E: Boodliistor Bttd'dhlst, n. a worshipper of Buddha : adj. pert. to. i book, n. bi^h (AS. boc: Goth, bolai, writing; boTcos, the Scriptures : Buss, bulma, the alphabet : Ger. buch), printed sheets of paper stitched and bound together; a volume or part of a volume ; a division: v. to enter or write in a book: book'lng, imp. registering In a book : adj. applied to the omce at a railway station where the tickets are sold to travellers : booked, pp. bSbkt, entered in a book as a passenger by rail, coach, or steamer: bookless, a. without a book: book'blnder,n. one whose trade It is to cover the sewed leaves of a book with boards and leather: bookblnd'ing, the art or process of covering books with boards, or with boards and leather: book-debt, n. money due to a tradesman or dealer for work done, or for goods : book-keeper, n. an accountant: book-keeping, n, the method of entering sales of goods, and all kinds ot transactions in business, in books in a regular manner ; book-learning, n. that obtained from books only: bookcase, n. a case for holding books : bookseller, n. one who deals in books : bookstand or bookstall, n. a stand in an open place, or on the street, on which are placed books for sale: bookworm, n. an insect de- structive to books ; one too much given to books : book-learned, a. well read in books : without book, by memory; book'lsh, a. -tsft, jgiven to reading; ac- quainted only with books: book'iBhly, ad. -11: book'- Ldbmess, n.: bonkland, n. (AS. bocla/nd), charter land, held by deed under certain rents and services. ^ boom, n. 6dm (Dut. borym, a tree or pole : Ger. baimi, a beam), a long pole or spar used in a ship to stretch out any particular sail at the bottom; a chain, arope, spars, or some other obstacle placed across a river or harbour to prevent the entry or approach of hostile ships; booms, b6mz, in nav., space in a ship's waist set apart for the boats and spaxe spars. boom, V. bOm (Dut. boimnen, to sound like an empty barrel when beaten upon), to sound loud and dull like a gun; to roll and roar; to rush quickly, as a ship through the water : n. a hollow roar, as shot rush- ing throizgh the air: boom'ing, imp.: boomed, pp. b6md. boomerang, n. bdm'^-iS/ng, a curved wooden war- club thrown by the natives of Australia with wonder- ful precision. boon, n. h6n (AS. ben, petition, prayer: Icel. otianie, a petition), request : answer to a prayer or petition ; a favour granted ; a free gift. boon, n. b&n, the woody heart of dried flax. boon, a. b&n. (L. bonus; F. b(m, good), gay; meny, as boon companion. boor, n. hor (AS. ffebwre, a peasant; Dut. boer: G}er. boater), a countryman ; a rustic ; a clown ; an ill-man- nered, coarse, and Ignorant man; boor'lsh, a. rustic; awkward and rude in manners : boor'ishly, ad. -11 .- boor'ishneBS, n. coarseness of manners. boose or boiue, v. bOz (see bouse), to drink much with others: boosy, a. bds^^, fuddled; merry: boos'- ing. Imp.: boosed, pp. &(ted. boot, V. b6t (AS. ooiam,, to pay the price of: Dut. boete, fine, forfeit), to profit: to do good; to enrich :n. profit ; gain ; advantage : to boot, ad. into the bargain : ooot'y, n. ■%, plunder; pillage: bootleHS, a. without advantage; not contributing to further the end in view: bootleBsly, ad. 1%: bootlessness, n. boot, n. b6t (F. botte, a boot: Dut. 6o(e— same as Irish brogue: Sp. 6o(a; It. 6otta, a hollow skin), a covering for the foot and ankle, and sometimes part of the leg ; a box for luggage in the fore part of a coach : v. to put on boots : to make ready for rid- ing; boot'iB;g, imp.: booted, pp.: boot'jack, n. an article for taking off hoots: boot-tree, n. a boot- last; a block on which boots are stretched: bootee, n. b6t-&, a short or half boot: boots, n. plu. hCts, an imder- servant in a hotel or inn, whose duty it Is to clean the boots of travellers ; a familiar term for the youngest officer at a regimental mess : boot- topptog, scraping off the adhering matter from a ship's bbtfom, and then daubing it with tallow: boot and saddle, the trumpet call which precedes the march of *^^baSea, n. hii-6'Uz (Gr. or L. boiites, a ploughman), the constellation following the Great Bear. booth, n. b6Hb (Gael, bolh or bothan, a cottage or hut- Icel. b-ud. a hut: Dut. 6oed), a house or shed built of light materials, as wood or boughs of trees ; a c^, h6y,fSbt; pare, liid; chair, game, jog, s7iun, thing, there, zeal. BOOT 56 BOTT' stall at a fiUr: lioothy or liothy, n. Vdth'i, In mnny iiarta of Scotland, a hut built of whatever materials ia neai-est at hand— wood, turf, or stone— for the ac- commodation of uomarrlcd farm-servants. booty, n. b6'ti{Sv/. byte—tram byta, to exchange or dLvldo: F. butin; It oottino, plunder: Ger. beute, hooty), spoil gained from the enemy; plunder : pillage. bo-peep, n. bo'pSp (see bogle), cnlldren In play loo]{- Ing from a place of concoalment and drawing back a^^ln. Dorachlo, n. bQ-rdk-khH (Sp. borracha, a bottle, usually of a pig's skin, with the hair inside, dressed with resin and pitch, to keep wlno or liquor sweet), a bottle or cask ; a drunkard. boracio, & bo-rii»''ik (see borax), of or from borax : boraoic acid, a compound of boron and oxygen : bor- Mlte,n.&(Jr'd-sU, an anhydrous compound of magnoBia and boraclc acid: borate, n. bO'-rat, a salt of boraulc acid. borage, n. bU'rHkj (new L. borago, a corruption of gcorago—trom. h. cor, the heurt, and ago, I bring), a lant used in the belief that it strengthened or ex- llaratod the heart borax, n. bQ'rahs (Ar. bauivw. a species of nitro: F. borax: Sp. borrax), a salt In appearance like ciya- tals of aliun, found in Japan, Italy, and Peru, used In soldering metals— a compound of boraclc acid and soda. borborygmui.n. bOr'bOr-tg'-mils {Gr. borboTVdzo, I produce a rumbling in the bowels), the gurzlingnolso produced by the movement of wind In tuo intestines. borcer, n. b6r's^ (fh)m bore) , an Inatniment for boi*- Ing holes In laive rocks in order to blow them up. Dord, n. bdra, a minei^s term for the face of cool parallel to the natural Assures. Borda'i circle, bdr'dOz-sAr'lcl, a repeating reflecting circle, invented by J. C. Borda, an eminent French sur- veyor, who died 1799. border, n. baHor'-dir (P. bordure, border, welt: AS. aHdlcel. fiord), the outer edge or paH of anything; the surrounding line or limits of a large or small trait of land : V. to be near to ; to roach to ; to aiUoln ; to adorn with a border: to ornament; to limit: bor'der- Ing, imp.: bor'derea,pp. -dird: bor'derer, n. one who dwells at or near the boundary of a country. bore, V, bOriQer.boho'en; lool. bora; L. fora/re, tn bore: Fin, i)urra,toblte),tomakeaholeinahardbotly with some tool ; to perforate : to pierce ; to annoy by repeated appUcatlous : n. the hole made by piercing or boring with a tool ; the cavity or hollow in anything, as in a gun-barrel: a person or thing that annoys: bo'rlug, imp.: n. the operation of piercing holes; a ?ierforailon : bored, pp. bOrd: bo'rer, n. one who, or hat which : boredom, n. bOridUm, realm or domain of bores. , bore, n. bor (a word imitative of the sound produced ; P. barre: Icel. bara; Norm, baara, a wave or swell: variously expressed in Eng. by aigre, eagre, or /ii/pre), tho advancing front of the tidal wave as it ascends certain rivers or estuaries, especially at a spring tide. boreal, a. bo'rS-dl (L. boreas, the north wind : Rubs. borei], northern ; pert, to the north, or to tho north wind. borecole, n. bOr'kSl, or curled colewort, a hardy species of kale. boree, n. bo're, an Irish dance. bom, pp. bdlGrm—Bea bear, to bring forth: born again, having received spiritual life, Dome, pp. oOtti'— see bear, to carry. boron, n. bO'rSn (from tao root bor In boraa). In chem.. one of the elementary substances, the base of boraclc acid: bomret, n. bitr'dbr-St', a combination of boron with a simple body. borongh, n. buWa (AS. burg, a city : Icel. borg ,- It. borgo; F. bowg, a town— from Goth, bairgan; AS. beorgan, to protect), a corporate town ; a town which uends a burgess to Parliament: borongh- English, a customary descent of lands to the youngest son : bor- onf^imoiiger, one who trollies in the patronage of parllamentaiy boroughs. borrow, V. Ddr'rO (AS. borg or borh, a surety, a loan — ft*om AS. beorgan, to protect), to solicit from another on loan ; to receive on credit for a time ; to imitate ; tocopy: bor'rowlng,imp.: bor'rowed, pp. -rod: bor'- rower, n, -^, one who. bort, n. bdrt, or boort, n. bdOrt, a kind of impuro diamond Imported ftom Brazil, used for polislilng other stones. boscBige, n. bGs'JO^iolAF. boscage; It boseo, a wood), mdte, m^,/dr, U^; mate, mil, underwood j a thicket ; a landscape In which thickets are painted; bosket or bosauet, n. bds'-kdt, a gi-ove; a bower: bos'ky.a. -M. wooded; shady. bosh, n. bd-f/MTurk. bosh, empty, vain: Scot boss, hollow, empty), silly nonsense. bosom, n. bdoz'Hm (AS. boaum, bosom ; Oor. biu^en), the breast of a human being and the parts adjacent ; the clothes about tho broast ; the seat of the passions ; embrace; reiroat; nsylum: adj. intimate; dear; con- fldentiol! V. tn L'imc(»al; to cborisli; to preserve with care: bos'omlng. Imp.: bos'omed, pp. -umd. Bosporus, n. bOs'pO-rits, also spelt Bosphoms (L. —from Gr. bosporos, the heifer's ford : from Or. boiw, helfor, and poros, a ford), a narrow sea; a stroit: Bospo'rlan, a. -ri-dn, pi'i-t. to. boas, II. bOa (F. bo^sc, a bunrli : Dut. busse, knob of a buckler: Ger. batisch, a proji-rtlon: Scot, bona, hol- low), something raised from tlm smfaoe; a protuber- ance : a stud or knob ; in aeol. , n rounded mass of rock tliat has resisted donudatlon, or a sudden protrusion of trap or other Igneous rock ; a short trough for hold- ingmortorwhen tlllngaroof : boised, a. bdst, studded; In bot., having a romuUnl surface with a prcjectlng point in tho centre: bossy, a. bOa'-sl, raised: bos'ioi, n. pin. -Sz, projecting onionients used in arch. In vari- ous situations. botany, n. bOt'd-nl (Gr. botaiw, herbn^fo— ftom bos- kein, to i'i'<-d, to graze), that bmnch of natural history which treats of plants, their structure, functions, pro- perties, and habits, by which they are distinguished from each other: botanic, a. b6-tdnHk, also Dotan'- ical. a. -i-kai, relating to plants in general : botan'- Ically, ad. -U: botanist, n. bdt'-a-ntst. one skilled In tho nature andBti'ucturoofplants; bot'onlie , v. -jiiz , to seek for plants for tho purpose of study ; botanl'- fllng. Imp. a. ; bot'antsed, pp. -nlxd. botch, n. bdch (It bozxa, a swelling: Dut. botae, a lump or boll: Gaol, boc, a blow, a pimple), a red swelling on tho skin, particularly the laoe; a blotch ; work ill dono: v. to mond or patch clumHlly : botoh'- Ing, Imp.: botched, pp. bUcht .-botohy, a. bOch\ marked with botches: botou'er, n, one who: botoh'ery, n. •&r-l, clumsy addition; patchwork. bot-fly— see bots. both, adj. oonj. bOiJi (AS. butu or batwa: Icol. badirt Sana, ubhaui Ger. beide), tho one and the other : tho two ; as well. bother, n. bdifbU^r (Gaol, both, perturbation), fuss; bustle ; confusion ; v. to annoy ; to tease ; to perplex i both'erlng, imp. : both'ered, pp. -ird! botb'era'tlon, n. -d's/nln. bothrodendron, n. bdth'rO-ddn'drBn (V.r. hofhros, a pit or cavity; dvnd/ron, a tree), In iinil., a genus of coal-measiu'e stems with dotted suriaccH, and with opposite rows of deep oval concavities. bothy— see booth. bo-tree, n. bo'-trH, In India, the sacred tree of tho Buddhists, planted close to eveiy temple. botryoldal, a. bOt'r%-6^i'daj. (Gr. boirua, a bunch of gi-apes; eidoa, shape), n^m^mbllngaclustor of grapes. bots, n. or botts, bdts (Gael, boiteag, a maggot: bouda, maggots In barley), a disease of horses caused by small worms hatched In their intestines from tho larvffi of tho bot-fly .- bott, n. b6t, a holly- woim, espe- cially In horses. boUel, n. bOt't (F. botet, diminutive of botte, u bunch or bundle : Gael, botteal), a bundle of hiiy. bottle, n. bdt'l (F. bouteiUe, a bottle, a bubble— from botte, a bunch: It hottiglia), a vessel with a nai-row neck for holding liquids : v. to shut up into a bottle : bot tUng, hnp. -tllng; bot'tled.pp. -fid: bottle-head, a Boi-t of whale: bottle-nosed, with a noso full and swollen at the" end : bottle-holder, one who admlnlg- tors refroBimient to a combatant : a backer ; a second —usually In a prize-fight bottom, n. bd(tMm (AS. botm: Dut. bodem; Gor. bod^l Icel. botn. the lowest part), the lowest part of anytb ng; tho foundation or base; that on which anything rests; the deepest port of a subject; tho lowest part of a declivity J tho end; natural strength : a ship: V. to found or build upon; to lost upon as a, support: bot'tomlng. Imp. ; bot'tomed, pp. -tUmd- bot'tomlesi a. without a tottr-m ; veiT On, an Indian of the highest or priestly caste : Brahm'lnlsm, n, -^zm, the religion of the Brahmins: Brahmin'ical, a. •i-kilt, relating to the office or char- acter of a Brahmin. braid, n. brOd (AS. breOan, to weave : Icel. bniqda, to weave nets), flat cord; trimming; a band of hftir formed by plaiting three or more folds togotaier : v. to weave or plait : brald'lng, Imp. : brald'ed, pp. i ftdj- edged with plaits or knots. brails, n. plu. brOiz (P. braies, breeches, drawers : F. bratUer—trom desbraHler, to tie up). In a sJnji, smaJl ropes used to truss up sails. ^ „ brain, n. bran (AS. braegmi Dut breghe), a soft whitish mass inclosed In the skull of man or animals. In which the spinal marrow and all the nerves termi- nate; the understanding; imagination: v. to km by dashing out the brains : Twaln'Ing, imp. : brained, pp. brand^ bK^-pan, the skull contaimng the brains : brain-sick, a disease In the understanding: giddy; addle-headed: brainless, a. without understanding: braln'lsh, a. hot-headed : no brains, no understanding j braird, n. brO/rd (AS. brord, p- prick or point, the first blade or spire of gross or cony, In agri., the first appearance of a crop after the seed has been sown. bralt, n. brat (prov. F. braed, to rub or grind down), a rough diamona. bra&e, n. brOle (Gael, brae; L. bra^iAvm, the arm, as the typo of exertion and strength : Icel. braka, to sub- due : ft. braca, a horse's twitch : AS. bracan, to pound or knead; Dan. brags, to break flax), a skeleton car- checking the ,r-„— , — - , ■ an inclosure for cattle ; a bit for horses ; a wooden frame for confining the feet of vicious horses In shoe- ing: brake-man, n. one who manages abrake of a car- riage: brake-van, n. inrailwaytraiTis, a carriage fur^ nishod with powerful braJees. brake, n. orak (Dut. broeck, a fen or marsh: Gor. brm:h, a wood In a mai-shy place : old F. broil, copse- wood, cover for game), bi-oken ground covered with a tangled growth of bushes: brak'y, a. •%, rough; thorny; prickly. brake, n. brOk, or bracken, n. brOJc'Sn (connected with last as the natural growth of waste places : W. bruk, heath: Icol. brok, sedge: Don. bregne, bracken or fern), fern. bramble, n. brdm'bl (AS. bremel or brembel; Dut. braeme, bramble : Swiss, brom, a bud : It. broniboH, cabbage-sprouts), a creeping shrub, very rough an.d prickly, producing a black ben-y like the roapberry : bram'bled, a. -hid: bram'bly, a. -bVl, full of brambles. bran, n. brUn (Bret. breTm; W. bran; It. brenna; F. bra?t— from F. oren, excrement, ordure), the husks or shells from groimd wheat; the husks of any grain ; branny, a. -nt. bran-new (a corruption of brand-new), bright as a firebrand, or fresh like a trade-mark. branch, n. brdnsh (Bret, bram^; It. branco} F. brofficJie, tlie branch of a tree : It, branca, the fang or claw of a boast), tlie shoot of a tree or plant ; an arm ; any part of a body or system ; a descendant from a common Earent : v. to divide Into parts ; to nproad out : ronoh'ing, Imp. : branched, pp. brUnsM : branoh'- less.a. : branch y, a. -f, full of branches : branch'lness, n.; branohlet, n. a little branch: root and branch, wholly; totally, bronchliB, n. plu. brang'M-S (Gr. brmigchia, tlie gills of a fish), the gills or breathing organs of animals living entirely in water : bran'ohliu, a. -Ja-ai, relating to the glUs of fishes: bran'chiopods, n. plu. -kl-d- pddz iGr. pous arfoot— gen. podos), cniBtacean animals having gills attached to the feet : br&u'ohlop'odons, a. 'ra'nla, a French brawl), a squabble ; a wrangle : con- fusion : V. to wrangle : bnurgllng, Imp. : bran gled, pp. -gld. Drank, n. br^gk (L. brance, a Gallic name for a certain bread-corn), buckwheat. branny, a. brdn-nf— see braiL brash, n. brOsh (flvm brush : Sp. broza,^ chips : Gael, bruis, splinters: F. brosse, bushy ground), a name, in many parts of England, applied to a mass of broken and angular fragments derived from the sub- jacent rocks ; broken fi-agments ; refuse ; boughs of trees ; a i-ush or eruption : water-brash— see water. brasler, n. brCb'zl-&r (F. braise, embers— see brazil- wood), pan for holding burning coals ; one who works in brass— better spelt brazier: brasll, n. brA'zU, a pigment. brass, n. brds (AS. braes, tvora. being used in solder- il^: Icel. bra^, solder: It. bronze, burning coals; bro7izo, brass), a compound of copper and zmc of a yoUow colour ; impudence: braa'ses,n.plu. -sfi^, slabs or plates of brass on tombstones or monuments having engraved or raised Rgures on them, much used In the middle ages: bras'slng, a. coating with brass: bras'sy, a. -si, made of brass ; like brass : bru'slneBB, a. -shnHs : brass-band, an instrumental band. brat, n. drdf (AS. bi^t, a cloak, a clout : W. brat, a rag : Gael, brat, a mantle), a name given in reproach to a child. brattice, n. brUt'tis (Ger. brett; Dut. berd, a plank or board : Scot, brettys, a fortification : It. bertesca, a kind of rampart), a fence or wall of boards in a coal- mine, or round dangerous machineiy; also spelt bretuce. bretage. braunite, n. brcSSim'U (in honour of M. Bi*aun of Gotha), an abundant ore of manganese. bravado, n. brd-va'dO (Sp. firauodo— see brave), a boast or brag ; a menacing display meant to frighten. brave, a. brO/v (F. brave, brave, gay : It. brava/re; F. braiaer, to swagger, to affront : Sp. bravo, bullying— see brag), bold ; daring ; com^eous ; gaUant : brave'- ly, ad. M.- bravery, n. bTQ.'Vir-i, courage ; heroism ; fearlessness of danger : brave, n. a man cmring beyond discretion ; an Indian warrior ; v. to defy : to cnaUenge ; to encounter with courage: bra'vlng, imp.: braved, pp. brO/vd. bravo, int. brd'vO (It., Sp.) well done: n. an as- sassin ; a murderer for hire. bravura, n. bra-v6'-rA (Sp. courage, brag), a song difficult to sing: adj. difficult; brilliant. brawl, n. brmvl (F. brailler, to cry often : Dan. bralle, to talk much and high : Gael, braodhlach, noise, dis- cord), a noisy quarrel ; uproar : v. to quarrel noisily ; tomakeanuproar: brawVln^.imp.: adj. noisy; quar- relsome: brawringly, ad. -U: brawled, pp. brcrnld: brawl'er, n. one who. brawn, n. brdHhn (It. brama, a piece of flesh violently pulled away from the whole : old H. Ger. brdto ; Fris. braede, a lump of flesh : old F. braion, muscular parte of the body), the flesh of a boar prepared in a particu- lar manner ; the muscular part of the body ; the arm : brawn'y> a- -*. or brawned, a< brcCtund, muscular ; hard ; bulky : brawn'er, n. a boar killed and dressed for the table : brawn'lneas, n. braxy , n. Brdft^s?, a disease amons sheep— also called dysentery or gall-scour; ,the mutton of animals so affected. bray, n. bra (P. braire, to cry like an ass : Gr. bracho, to crash, to roar: Icel. brak, crash, noise : Djin. brage, to crash), the cry of an aas ; any similar loud harsh sound: v. to make a loud harsh noise like an ass: bra3r'lng, imp.: brayed, pp. br&d: bray'er, n. one who. bray, v. brd (Sp. bregoff-, to work up paste or dough; F.broyer; Bret.oraea,tobrayinamortar: W.breuan, a mill), to rub or grind down in a mortar ; to pound ; to grind small: bray'ing, imp. : brayed, pp. brad. braze, v. bras (P. braser, to solder: AS. brces, brass, from being used in solder : Icel. bras, solder- see brass), to solder with brass: bra'zliig, imp.: brazed, pp. brazd: brazen, a. bra'zdn, made of brass ; ci^, b(fy,fdbt; pure, bM; chair. 9 BREA impudent; shameless : bra'zenly, ad. -U: bra'zenness, n.: bra'zen-faced, a. remarkably Impudent : bra'zen- face, n.: brazier, n., also brasler, bra'zi-^, a worker in brass ; a pan for holding burning coals. brazil-wood, n. brd-zSl'-, (Port, braza, glowing em- bers : old E, brasil, of abright red : Sw, brasa, to Waze), a heavy wood of a red coloui', used in dying red, im- ported ft:om Brazil : braziliaa, a. bra-Al'-l-an, of or from Brazil: brazlletto, n. brd-zil-lSt'to, an inferior Wnd of brazil-wood : brazil-nut, fruit of a palm of Brazil. Note.— The modern name of part of S. Amer., Brazil, is derived from furnishing the brazil-wood. breach, n. brich (AS. brice; F. brecJie, a breach or opening in a wall), a gap or opening ; the act of break- ing, or state of being broken ; the breaking of a law, or the non-fulfllment of an agreement ; a nemect of duty : v. to make an opening or gap in anythfng : breach'- Ing, imp,: breached, pp. brUclit: breachless, a. bread, n. &r3d(Icel. braud; Ger. brot; AS. bread, bread), food in general ; loaves ; cakes or biscuits pre- Sared from flour of any kind of grain ; sustenance : readless, a. without bread: bread-fl^uit, the fruit of a tree whose pulp resembles bread when baked bread-stuff, com, meal, or flour for bread. breadth, n. brSdth (Dan. bred, an edge or border Sw. bradd, edge— see broad), a noun formed i^om the adj. broad; extent of surface in the shortest direction ; width: breadthless, a. having no breadth. break, n. ftrdfc (Goth, brikan; Ger. brechen; 'L.fraii- gere, to break : AS. brecan, to break, to overcome), an opening; a rent; a tear; a pause or interruption; a stop: V. to separate or divide by force ; to rend ; to crush ; to weaken or impair ; to tame or train ; to in- terrupt; to lessen theforce of; to dissolve or abandon; to explain or open a matter to any one ; to decline in health: breaking, imp. : broke, pt. &roA: broken, pp. brO'-hn. : break'er, n. brOfC-^, one who, or that whiuh ; a wave broken into foam by dashing on a rocky shore; something placed in a river for breaking the force of floating ice, or for breaking It up : break- age, n. 'Oj, a breaking; an allowance for articles destroyed in the carriage : breaking or breaklng- In, taming or training horses : breaking, n. bank- ruptcy: break-neck, a. -n^A;, steep; dangerous; break- water, n. -wdKa'tAr, a mound or wall built in the sea, or at the mouth of a harbour, to break the force of the waves and protect the shipping ; to break ground, in mil., to commence a siege by opening trenches: to break down, to fail or cause to fail: a break- down, a failure ; an accident : to break the heart, to injure much or to destroy with grief: to break up, to dissolve ; to put a sudden end to ; a break-up, afailure ; a dissolution : to break upon the wheel, to punish a criminal capitally by stretching his body upon a wheel and oreakmg his bones: to break forth, to burst out; to exclaim : to break from, to go away with some vehemence : to break In, to enter unexpectedly: to break into, to enter by force: to break loose, to fl*ee from restraint ; to escape into ft-eedom : to break off, to desist suddenly ; to abandon : to break out, to discover itself in sudden effects ; to arise or spring up; to break through, to force a pas- sage: to break upon, to discover itself suddenly: break of day, dawn ; the light preceding the appear- ance of the sun above the horizon. breakfast, n. brSk'fdst (break and fast), first meal in the day, or the food so taken; v. to take the first meal; break'fasttng, n. the act of taking breakfast. bream, n. brim (F. breme: Dut. braessem), abroad- shaped iresh-water fish of the carp family; v. among sea/men, to bum off the sea-weed, ooze, &c., from a ship's bottom: bream'lng, imp. ; breamed, pp. bremd. breast, n. br&st (AS. breast: Goth, briists: Dut. borst, the breast), the fore part of the human body, be- tween the neck and the belly ; in quadrupeds, the part between the fore feet ; the heart ; the conscience ; the affections ; in minijig, the face of coal-workings ; the wooden partition that divides a shaft from bottom to top into two compartments: v. to meet in front: breast'lng, imp. : breasfed, pp. : breast-deep or breast-high, up to the breast : breast-hooks, among seamen, pieces of compass or knee timber placed withinsid!e a ship to keep the bows together: breast- knees, timbers placed in the forward part of a vessel across the stem to tmite the bows on each side : breast- plate, n. annour for the breast ; breast-rail, the upper rail of the balcony on the quarter-deck : breast^work, in/or(., a mass of earth hastily thrown up for defence as high as the breast ; innav., asetof fkumlngtermi- game, jog, shun, thing, fftere, seal. BREA 60 natlng the quarter-deck aiid poop at tlie foremost and after end of the forecastle ; a pai-apet not high enough to require a banquette : breast-hone, tJie bone at the breast ; the Btemum : breast-pin, an ornamental pin used to fasten a necktie or any similar covering over the breast. breath, n. brSth (AS. bixcfh, an odour, scent), air drawn into the lungs of aulniala and driven out from the same — In man and the more highly oi^anlsed ani- mals through the mouth and nostrUs ; respiration : a single drawing in and driving out of air; a gentle breeze of air ; life ; pause ; time to breathe ; an In- stant : breathe, v. bi'ith, to draw in and give out air ; to live ; to rest ; to speak, softly to ; to expivss, as words: breath'lng, Imp.: n. respiration; uttoiunce; an ardent desire or longing alti?r; secret prayer; accent; adj. living; vital: breathed, pp. hr^thd: breath'er, n. one who; breathful, a, hrSth'/Obl : breathless, a. out of bi-eath; breathlessly, ad. -It: breathlessness, n. state of being out of breath : breathing -place, n. breth'iTig-, a pause; breathing- time, n. pause ; relaxation. breccia, n. oi^k'shia (It. a crumb or fragment) in geol, any rock composed of an agglutination of anyular fragments— a conglomerate being compos- ed of rounded water-worn pebbles : breo'ciataa, a. composed of angular fragments cemented together ; os'seooB-breccia, n. a rock composed of fragments of bone cemented together. bred, pp. of breed, which see. breech, n. brlcji, more usually In the plu. breeches, hrlchiSz (AS. brxc: L. braccB; Iciil. brolc; It. braclic; old F. broffues, trousers), a close-fitting garment worn by men, fads, and boys, covering the lower part of the bo^ : breech, t. brich, to put into breeches ; to wtilp on the breech : breech'ing, imp. : n. the pai1i of a harness which passes round the hinder part of a horse : pin. the ropes %vith which cannon are lashed or fastened to the ship's side: breeched, pp. brlcht: breech, n. brScli, the hinder part of anytbmg, especi- ally of a gun ; the part where the body separates into two legs: breeeh-foadlng, a. in mU., receiving the charge at the breech instead of the muzzle : breech- loader, n. a firearm that receives Its load at the breech. breed, v. hr&d {AS. bredan, to nourish, to cheilsh : Dut. broed^i, to hatch as egss: Grer. briiten, to bring eggs or spawn into active llie : W, hnod, hot, warm), to generate ; to hatch ; to produce young ; to occa- sion: to educate; to train; to instruct; to raise from the best kinds: n. a race of men or other animals from the same stock; a kind; a caste; of^prlngj a variety; a hatch; a brood: breed'lng, imp. : n. edu- cation; manners: bred, pp. br&d: breeder, n. one who. breeze, n. brSz (F. briae, a cool wind : It. brezza, chill- no38 or shivering; imitjitlve of arustling noise), asoft- blowing wind; a gentle gale: v. to blow gently: breezy, brS'zl, subject to frequent breezes : breeze'- iQSB, a. breeze, n. brSs (AS. briosa; Ger, bremse, a gad-fly— from Ger. brummen ; Frls. brimme, to hiun), a gad-fly ; a stinging-fly— also spelt brlze, breese. breeze, n. brSz (F. bris or ddbris, rubbish : Gor. brosame, a crumb: Gaol, bris, to break), dust; rub- bish—also spelt brlss, biist. brelthauptito, n. brl'tJidpUU (after Professor Broitliaupt), antlmonial nickel of a light copper-red with a violet-blue tarnish. brent-goose, n. bi^nt'gOs (Ger. hcUber ente, a half- duck), a migiutoi7 sea-bird ; the smallest species of gceso. brethren, n. plu. brSih'-rSn (plu. of brother, which see), members of the same society or profession. breve, n. brSv (It breve— from L. brevis, short), a figure that marks the longest sound in music. brevet, n. brSv'-St (F. brevet, a commisHlon— fi-om L. brevis, shout), the commission which confers on an offlcer the next highest rank to the one he holds, but does not entitle him to the Increased pay: adj. taking rank by brevet : brev'etcy, n. si, the rank or condition of a brevet. brevliay, n. brS'vt-ir-i. (F. br&oiaire, a breviary : L. brevioHmji, an abridgment or abstract— from L. brevis, short: It. breviaHo), an abridgment; the book con- taining the daily service of the llomon Catholic and Greek Churches. brevity, n. brSviUl (P. brUvetdi L. brevitas, short- ness—from brevis, short), shortness ; conciseness ; con- BRIG tained in few words: brevier, n. brS-vSr', small prlut- Ing-types. brew, v. br6 (old F. braua; Gael, braich; W. brag, sprouted com, malt : Icel. brugqa, to brew — from AS. brug, malt: Ger. brauen; Dut. orouwen, to brew), to make beer, ale, &c., by boiling and mixing the mate- rials and fermenting tliem; to contrive; to plot: brew'lng, Imp.; n. the act of making beer from molt, &c. ; the quontltymadoatone time : brewed, pp. bi-6d: brew'er, n. one who ; brewery, n. brd'-^-i, the houso containing the apparatus where brewing ia carried on ; also brew-hOQse. brewsterite, n. br6s't^-lt (after Sir David Brew- ster), aminoriu occurring In short prismatic crystals of a greyish-white or yellowish colour, and viti-eous lustre: brews'tollne, n. -tO'Kn, a transparent colour- less fluid occun-Ing in the minute cavities of rock- crystals, Ac. sold to be liquid carbonic acid. nribe, n. brib (F. bribe, a lump of bread ; W, briwo, to break; briw, broken : It. hirbanti, a cheat), a price or reward given to Induce any one to do a criminal or Immoral action ; a gift forthe purpose of obtaining an undue compliance — unless In lamular language, never used in a good sense ; v. to give or promise a reward with the view of perverting the Judgment or conduct of another ; to hire for a bad purpose : bxil>lng. Imp. : bribed, pp. bribd: bri'ber, n. one who: bribery, n. bi-i'b&'t, the practice of giving or taking bribes: brlbeless, a.: brll}able, a. -biX-oZ, capable of being bribed, brick, n. ftrWc (F. brimie, a brick i AS. brice, a fnig- ment : It. briccia, a coflop or slice), a shaped mass of clay burned hard In a kiln, and tised for building pur- poses; a small loaf of bread: v, to lay or pave with bricks; to imitate bi'ickwork on plastered walls: brlck'y, a. -t, full of or formed of bricks: brickbat, n. a piece of a brick : brick-kiln, n. a furnace in which bricks are hai-dened by Are : bricklayer, n. -la'-ir, the man who buUds with brlclcs: brlcK-ciay, the day used In the manultotm-e of bricks, tiles, &c. ; In geol., used in contradistinction to boulder-clay, and denot- ing the finely-laminated clays which overlie the true boulder-clay: brlck'nog'glng, n. -ndg-'!;t»ij;, brickwork built up between timber framing : brlckma^er, n. one who makes bricks : brlckfaiaking, n. bride, n. brld (AS. bryd; Ger. bi-ant, abrlde; Goth. bnU?ts, daughter-in-law : W.vriod, married), awoman about to be married, or nfiwly married : bridal, a. bn'dfU (AS. bryd-eale, bride-ale, the marriage-feast, then the mairlage itself}, pert, to a wedding ; n. a wedding or mai-rioge: bride or bride's man; bride or bride's maid, a female attendant on a bi'ldo; bride or bride's cake, a wedding - cake : brlde'groom, n. (AS. bryd-guTna^from bryd, and guma, a man), the man about to be married, or newly married. bridewell, n. brid'-wiU (ft-om St Bride's Well In Lon- don, near which a palace was built, aftoi-waKls turned into an hospital), a houso of coiTectlon ; a place where criminals ai-e confined. bridge, n. brl^ (AS. bricpe: Ger. briicke), a roadway oyer arches spanning a river, a valley, &c. ; the paA of a stringed instrument over which the strings are stretched: V. to stretch a roadway across, as over a river; bridg'lng, imp.: bridged, pp. brl^d: bridge'- lefiSj a. ,.^'i'S'<'':^»''ttlAS.IrHdtl: laeLUmt: Dm.hidsel). tlw hit and reins by which a rider Is aWe to piide and restrain a horao j any restraint or chock ; a curb ; v. to put on J hrtdlo ; to restrain ; to govern i to curb : to hrt,Sil.''^1,^?i'd"'t fj?*'"*!?' Willed, pp. tin'iid: swff 'i^ '"K,"^- '"ir-trom t brevis, short: Ger. V K ^ opjfle or letter), short; concise: n. an abridged writing; an epitome; short written Instruo- nrw lSl!i?l2„ ™™>?»ahK a case before a court i^.i. ^!?lStl'' '^'•f'^^7.' '"'• ■»■■ briefness, n. ■njery, a. -«, full ot briers; thorny . ?^*' ",Vw " '°™*!!- "' SHsrtBiMw-see brigantlno). a shjp with two masts, square rigged """s""""";. troop), a body of soldiers, whether of infantry or cav- airy, consisting of several regiments, butot™ fixed Srisa'ded"' '"'° l»'l™'l™™*'3^'2f-" <™ ■ dler-genersj 'dedVn ?°Sl,^K bribes: iriga'dlng, lmp.1 ■i^^A' i-Ji" """r who oommnjida a brigS JTom It. hriga, s&lfe: mid L. tr^ml, a light-armed male, mai,/dr, liiXb; mite, mU, Mr: plne.ptni note, nil, mtve; BRIG 61 ndafie, n. -itn-ciaj, theft; robbery. Iftntme, n, brlg-an-tln (It. brigcmte, a pirate; ida/re, to play the pirate at sea), a light awlft foot-aoldler), one of a hand of robbers; a freehootor: brlg'andaj "- -"' " --^ --■■ — brlgftntj hrigcmdare, ^ , .___ Teasel formerly used by pirates. bright, a. brlt (AS. beorlit; Icel. hiartr, bright: Goth, bairhta, clear, maolfest), shilling ; clear ; lHua- trlous; evident; clever: bright'ly, ad. -It: bri«ht'- neas, n. ; brighten, v. brit'n, to make clear or utiin- Ing; to Increase the lustre of; to cheer; to clear up : bnght'euing, imp. brit'-nlng: brightened, pp. brff'ncl. brill, n. bril, a flah of the turbot kind. brilliant, a. bri.l'ya.nt {F. hriller, to shine: L. beryl- Ins, a brlcut shining precious stone : It. briUaire, to quaver with the voice), sparkling with lustro; glit- tering ; splendid : n. a diamond cut in such a way as to refl-act the light and make It more glittering: brill'lantly, ad. -li: brlU'lautneas, n. : brlll'lancy, n. -si, great brightness. brills, n. plu. brilz (Ger. bnlle, spectacles), the hair on the eyelids of a horse. brim, n. bt'lm (Ger. brame; Litli. bremas, border: Icel. barmr, the edge : AS. brjmme), the edge, rim, or border of any vessel : v. to flll or he fllled up to the edge or rim: brlm'mlng. Imp.: adj. full to the top: brunmed, pp.: brlm'JesB, a.:- Drlm'rul,a, -/(J6i: brim'- mer, n. a glass full to the rim. brimstone, n. brVm'-stOn (AS. bryne, a burning, and stone], a hard brittle substance of a yellow colour; sulphur ; reduced to powder by sublimation, it is called 7/0 (Vers qf biHmstone: brlm'atony, a. -I, con- talnlnuf brimstone. brinded, brinidSd, and brindled, a. brtn'dtd (Icel. brondottr, croas-borred in colour: It. brano, a bit: F. brill, a morsel), streaked; spotted; coloured in stripes. brine, n. brin (AS. bry?ie, -saltneas: Dut. brijn, pickle : Icel. brim, the surge on the sea-shore), water mixed with a large quantity of salt ; water of the ocean: t. to steep among salt and water: brl'ning, imp. : brined, pp. brlnd: briny, a. brl'ni, pert, to the sea or to brine: brl'nish, a. -nlsh, salt: bri'nishness, n. bring, V. bring (AS. bringan : Dut, brengen), to fetch; to bear; to convey; to produce; to cause to come ; bring'lng, imp. : brought, _pt. pp. brc^t .- bring'er, n. one who : to bring back, to recall : to bring about, to effect or accomplish : to bring forth, to produce as fruit : to bring forward, to produce to view : to bring out, to expose : to bring In, to im- port ; to introduce : to brli^ on, to cauao to begin : to bring up, to nurse; to educate; to cause to come up : to ormg to, to check or arrest the progreas of a ship while sailing : to bring to light, to make cleoi- ; to discover : to bring to mind, to recall to memory : to bring off, to clear; to procure to be acquitted: to bring over, to convert; to draw to a new poity: to bring to pass, to effect. brink, n. briiwk (Dan. andSw. brink, decU\ity; Icel. bringr, hillock: W. bryn, a hill), the edge or margin of a steep place. bplak, a. brisk (F. brusque, lively, qulcl^: It. b^-usco, eager: W. brya, haste), active; nimble: full of life and spirit ; lively; sparkling: briskly, ad. -K: brisk' .. »._.J4. _- .. .^. . vithlifi >. bnskt. __■ an ani- mal: Icel. briosk; Sw. brusk, gristle; Bohem. brisako, a little belly), that part of the breast of an animal that Ilea next the riba. bristle, n. bris'sl (AS. byrst; Sw. borat; Dut. 6or- stel; Scot, birse, a thick elastic hair: Swiss, borzen, to stand out), the atiif hair on the backs of swine, par- ticularly wild boars ; any stiff hair: v. to stand erect as bristles; to strut about with head erect in anger or defiance: brlst'Ung, imp. -lliig: brist'led, pp. -aIcJ.- bristly, a. -tt, thick set with bristles ; rough. bristol-board, n. brla'tCl-bQrd (from the town of Bristol), a kind of fine pasteboard having a smooth surface: bristol-stone, u. a quartz crysUil of great purity. Britannic, a. bri-tdn'n\k (L. Britannia, Britain), pert, to Great Britain ; British : britan'nla metal, n. -nl'tJ,amotallicaIloyof block-tin, antimony, bismuth, and copper : British, a. n. brlt'ish (AS. Brittisc], pert, to Britam or its people: Brit'on, n. -Gn, a naiive of Britain. brittle, ft. hrit'tl (AS. brytcm; Icel. briota; Dan. hryde, to break), easily broken; not tough: brit'tle- nesa, n. : to brisk up, to eiHlven ; to appear with life and spirit: brisk'lngup.imp. : brisked up, pp. &r^>tf. brisket, n. bjis'k€t (F. bnchet, the breast of an ani- BEOM ness, n. -n^s, the quality of being easily broken Into fi-agments ; want of tenacity. britzaka, n. bris'kd (Buss, britshka), a long open, carriage that can be closed at pleasure. broach, n. brock (W. procio, to thi-uat ; Gael, brag, to goad: F. brocJier, to spit), a spit: aspire: v. to pierce as with a spit ; to tap, as a cask, in order to draw off the liquor; to let out; to utter; to make public: broaching, Imp. : broached, pp. brOcht: broacn'er.n. a spit ; one who opens or utters : to broach to, among' seamen, to Incline a vessel suddenly to windward so atf to expose it to the danger of oversetting. broad, a. brulvd (AS. brdd: Goth, braids: Icel. breidr: Ger. breit), wide; not narrow; extensive; open ; coarse ; not delicate ; bold : broadly, ad. -H .- breadth, n. brSdtJi .- broad'ness, n. : broad'cast, n. theact of throwing the seed from the hand in Bowing: adj. thrown fi-om the hand upon the earth as in sow- ing ; not planted in rows : ad. by scattering or throw- ing as fi'om the hand: broadcloth, n. line woollen cloth double the usual width: broad-seal, the great- seal of England : broad gauge. In rcuilwaya, the width of 6 or 7 feet between the rails, as distinguished from the naiTow gauge of 4 ft. 8i in. : broadside, n. the side of a ship above the water-line ; in a war-ship, all the guna on one side discharged at once : broad- sword, n. a sword with a broad blade; the claymore of the Highlandera : broaden, v. bralfvd'-n, to make or grow broad: broad'ening, imp. -ntnff; broad'ened, pp. '&nd. Brobdingnaglan, a. brOb'dtng-na'J't-dn, a gigantic person, like an inhabitant of Brohdinguag in ' Gulli- ver's Travels.' brocade, n. brO-k&A' (It. broccata, a sort of cloth ivrought with gold or silver: F. brocher, to stitch or' embroider), siDc stuff, woven with variegated gold and silver threads, and raLsed fliowora : broca'ded, a. woven with figures, &c. brocard, n. brOk'&rd (after Burkhard, bishop of Worms), an elementaiy principle or maxim; a pro- verbial rule in law, ethics, or metaphyaics. brocatello, n. brdk'a-tdl'io (It. : Sp. brocatel), a spe- cies of brecciated marble, the component fragments of which are of various colours ; a coarse-figured fabric. broccoli, n. brdk'ko-ll (It.), a variety of cauliflower. brochure, n. bro-ah&f (F.— from brocher, to stitch), a pamphlet ; a small book of only a few leaves. brocK, n. brdk (AS. broc), a badger. brocket, n. br6k'-&t (F. 6rocar(— -from broche, a sharp snag), a two-year old red-deer, having a single sharp snag to his antler. brogon, brO'-gdn, or brogue, brOg n. (Gael, brog, a shoe), a coarse light kind of shoe ; a heavy shoe hai'- Ing the sole studded with nails ; a dialect or maimer of pronunciation, aa Iiish brogue. broil, n. bri^l (F. brouillei; to Jumble or mix : It. broglio: Gael, broighlich, noise, confusion), a tumult; a Jumbled noisy quarrel ; discord. Droll, V. brayl (contracted from F. brasiller, to roast on the braise or glowing coals : Scot, brisslc , to parch, or broil: It. brustolare, to scorch), to agitatu by expo- sui-e over the fire ; to dress meat over a fire on a grid- iron ; to be subjected to the action of great heat ; tO' be in a great heat : broU'lng, imp. : broiled, pp. broyld: broil'er, n. one who. broke, V. brOk, pt.: broken, pp. brO'kSn (from break, which see) ; bro'ken, a. rent asunder ; nigged ; un- even; infii'in: broltenly, ad. -l/t: bro'kenness, n. -kSn-TiSs, state of being broken: broken-hearted, de- pressed or crushed by grief or despair: broken-wind- ed, a. having short breath or disordered respiration. broker, n. brO'k^ (Lith. brokas, a fault, matter of blame: Russ. brakovat, to pick and choose: Dut. brack, damaged), one employed by merchants to buy* and sell for them ; one who deals in second-hand, goods : exchange-broker, n. one who deals in homei and foreign money: stock-broker, n. one who buys and sella shares for others: pawn-broker, n. one. who lends money on goods left with him: Insurance- broker, n. one who secures, at a certain mte per cent,. that the value of a ship and cargo sliall be paid, if lost at sea : broTierage, n. -tJj, the fee, wages, or commis- sion paid to a broker for buying or selling for another s bro'klng, imp. doing business as a broker: adj. pert. to. bromine, n. brO'mtn (L. bromiumr—from Gr. bromos. a bad smell), one of the elements related to chlorine- and iodine in its cliemical qualities: bromal, n. br6'- inal, an oily colourless fluid, obtained by the action of co'S', b^./Sut; pure, bUd; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BRON bromine on Alcohol: bro'mlc, a. -rnXk, an acid com- pounded of bromine and oxygen : bro'mate, n. -tnat, a, compound of bromic acid wltti a base: bro'mlde, n. -mid, a compound of bromine witb a metallic boae : bro'mite, n. -m/U, or bromic silver, an ore of silver occurring In olive-green groins : bromuret, n. br6m' A'r5t, a basic compound of bromine and anotlierole- bronobla, n. iHrHnffM-a, bron'chla, n. plu. -fti<2 (Or. irongdios, the windpipe), the tubes that branch off from the windpipe to the lungs : bron'chial, a. -H-iU, pert, to the bronchiee ; also bron'chlc, a. -klk .- bronchl'- tlB, n. -la'tla iitis, denoting inflammation), InQom- mation of the air-tubes or bronchlsB that lead to the lungs ; bron'chocele, n. -kd-sSl (Gr. -keU, a tumour), a tumour on the fore port of the neck— oIbo called goitre: bronchot'omy, n. -kat'-0-m% (Gr. tome, a cut- ting), an Incision Into the windpipe or larynx between the rings— also called tracheotomy or laryngotomp : bron'chos, n. 'kHs, one of the subdivisions of the trachea or windpipe ; plu. bron'oM. -&i : bron- cboph'ony, n. -M/'d-nl (Gr. phone, voice), the muffled and Indistinct speech of any one labouring under a bronchial affection. brontei, n. brCn'tSz (Gr. brontes, a giant, one of the Cyclops), in geoL. a genus of Devonian trllobites, cliarocterlaed by a brooa, radiating, fan-lUce tail. bronze, n. bronz (It. bromo; Bp. bronce, pan-motal: Icol. braza, to braze or solder), a metallic substance made of copper and tin ; a colour to imitate bronze ; any ancient figure or medal made of bronze is called a brome: T. to imitate bronze by a colouring matter; bron'zbig, imp. n. the art or act of giving to articles the appearance of bronze; bronzed, pp. a. brOnzd (It. bronze, embers), coloured like bronze; tanned; sunburnt: bron'^, a. -zl, like bronze: bron'zlte, n. ■at, a variety of diallage or schiller-spiu', so called from its metallic lustre and pinchbeck colour ; bronze powder, a metallic powder used to give to tin and iron goods, Ac., a bronze-like appearance, brooch, n. brOcti (Sp. broca, a tack or button; broche, a clasp), an ornament for the breast; a Jewel : V. to adorn with Jewels. brood, V. hrOd (AS. brod, a brood: Dut. broeden, to eit on eggs : W. brwd, hot), to sit over, as a bird over her eggs : to spread over as with wings ; to dwell on a subjecc in anxious thought; to cherish: n. off- spring: progeny; the number of bbrds hatched at a time: brooa'ing, imp.: brood'ed, pp.: brood-mare, a mare kept for breeding. brook, n. brisbk (AS. broca, a brook ; W. bructien, the bubbling or springing up of water : GaeL bruich, to simmer: Gr. hruauj, I roar), a small stream of water less than a river; a streamlet: brooklet, n. •lit, a small brook: brook'y, a. -i, abounding in brooks. brook, V. briS}h (AS bruca/n, to use, to enloy : Goth. bnkl^an; Ger. braucken, to use), to hear ; to endure : brook'lng, imp. : brooked, pp. orObkt. broom, n. ordm (AS. brom: Dut. brem), a wild ■ shrub producing yellow flowers and pods ; a besom or brush with a long handle, made originally of the Jyroom bush: broom'y, a. -{, full of broom: broom- stick, n. -stVc, the staff or handle of a broom. brose, n. brOz (a softened form of broth: low Ger. broi, boiling water: old Eng. browys, pottage), a Scotch dish, mode by pouring a boiling liquid over diT oatmeal or peoscmeal, and then stirring it up. oroth, n. broth (It. brodo; F. broiiet, broth: Dut. hroej/e; Ger. brUhe, boiling water: Gaol, bntich, to boll), a dish consisting of flesh, barley, and vegetables, with the water in which they are boiled. broCbel, n. brUth'&l (Sp. borda, a hut or cottage: F. borde, a Uttle cottage), a house of ill fame. brother, n. br&ffb'^ {QAns. bhratr: Gfael. bratha/tr: W. braitd : L. frater), son of the same parents ; one that resembles another In appearance or manners ; a relation or kinsman; broth en, plu, : brethren, plu. Itreth'ren, members of the same society or profession : broth'erleas, a. : broth'erllke, a, : broth erhood, n. an association ; a fraternity : broth'erly, a, -H, kind ; affectionate; pert, to: broth'erliness, n. : brother- german or germaln, n. ■Jir'man (L. germa/nus, come of the same stock), a full orother: brother-uterine, n. '■Q.-t&r-'ln (L, uterus, the womb), a brother by the same mother only: brother-in-law, n., brothera-in-law, plu, a sister's husband ; the brother of a husband or wife, brougham, n. brd'&m (after Lord Brougham), a light four-wHeelea close carriage. 62 BRYO brought, V. brcSO)t, pt pp. of bring, which see. brow, n, brofo (AS. braew; Ruas. brov, brow : Dut. bmuwe, an eyelid, margin : Icol. bra, eyelid), the rldgo over the eye; the forehead; the edge or brink of a steep place, as of a river or hill ; eyebrow, n. I'brm, the hair over the eye ; to knit the brows, to frown ; to scowl : browbeat, v, brdluihtt, to daunt or depress by haughty and stern looks ; to bully into submission by oirogant and Impudent language : brow'beatlng, imp. n. : browlieaten, pp. -bSt'n. brown, a. br&bm (Ger. orown ; Icel. and F. brun ; It. bruno, perhaps the colour of things burnt— from Goth, brinncm, to-bum), of a dark or dusky colour, inclining to redness : t, to make duslw or dark : brown'ing. imp : browned, pp. broV}nd : brown'lsh, a, somewhat brown : brown'nesa, n. ; brown-coal, n. lignite: brown - study, n. gloomy or dull thouglitfulness or reverie : broim'lng, n. liquid burnt sugai- used for colouring gravy, &c; the act or operation of giving a brown browse, v. brtfbiz (F. brouaer, to nibble off the sprlga and buds ; bromt, a sprig : Sp. broza, brushwood), to oat the tenderleaves and branches of trees and shrubs, as cattle or sheep : n. the tender branches of trees or shrubs : brow'slng, Imp. : browsed, pp. brdivzd. bmcine, n, brdskn (after Bruce, the traveller), a vegetable alkaloid extracted from on African plant. bmcite,n. brda'lt (a^er Dr Bruce of Now York), a mineral, a native hydrate of magnesia. bmln, n. brC'-'in (Dan. bruin; Icel. brun, brown), a name for a bear. bruise, n. brdz (P. briser. to break: old F. hndaer; Gael, brisd, to break), an Injury on the flesh by Its being crushed with a heavy or blunt substance ; a contusion : V. to crush or hurt by pressure ; to pound or reduce to cnarao powder, as minerals or grain : bruising, imp. : brulseo, pp. brOecf ; bruiser, n, oi'6z'-ir, he who, or that wWch : a prlze-flghter. bi*olt, n. brd'U (P. : It. bniito, a muttering), a report ; fame : v. to report ; to noise abroad ; bm'ifting, imp. : bruited, pp. noised or rumoured abroad. bmnutl, a. brO'-mOl (P.— ti*om L. bi^uma, winter), of or relating to winter. brunette, n. brdb-nSf (P.— from brun, brown, dusky), a woman with a dark or brownish complexion ; oppo* site of blonde. brunt, -n. brAnt (Serv. broma, a cattle-bell, which the leading beast of the herd boro on Its neck ; Gris. brunza, the first train of baggage-animals), the flrsfi shock of an onset ; the greatest fury of the battle; the force of a blow. brush, n. brUsh (Ger. and Sw. borate, a bristle, ft brush : F. brosse, a bush, a head-brush : It. bruaca, heath for brushes : Icol. bruskr, a tuft of grass), an articlemadeof hair, bristle, &c., set in wood, for clean- ing, as dust l^om clothes, or for painting ; a skirmish ; a slight encounter ; the toll of a fox ; v, to rub or sweep as with a brush ; to touch or strike lightly : brnsh'ing, imp. : brushed, pp. brUsht : brush'er, n. one who : broah'wood, n. a lot of small trees or bushes growing closely together ; a coppice or thicket : brushT. a. ■%, rough ; shaggy : bruBh'ineHs, n. shagglness ; bnuk- wheels, wheels without teeth, which move others by friction. brosque, a. brObsk (P. ; It, bruaco, harsh), rude : rough or blunt in manners : bnuqne'ness, n. a blunt rough manner : bnuqnerle, n. brJbsk'-rl, bluntnoas. bmte, n. br6t (L. brutua ; It. bruto, stupid, irrational : P. brut, raw, rough), a beast ; any animal except man ; a savage imfeeling man or woman: adj. Irrational; rough; uncivilised: bru'tal, a. -tOl, pert, to a brute; cruel; unfeeling; bm'tally, ad, -M: brutality, n. •idZ-i-tt, Inhumanity; savageness: brn'talise, v. -Ite, to make brutal or Inhuman; to become like a beast: bm'tEUl sing, imp.: bru'talised, pp. 'l/izd: bru'tlftr, v, -H-/I, to reduce to the state of a brute : bru'tlftrlng, imp, : brulJifled, pp. -/M.- adj. reduced to the condl. tion of a brute : bra tlsh, a. -tUh, like a bruto or beast; ferocious : bra'tlshly, ad, -It: bru'tlshneii, n bryony, n. bn'-d-ni, also bryonia, n. bn-C-nl-a (L. bryonia : Or. bruon^trom bruo, 1 abound, from its abundance: P. 67l/on6), plants of different genera-the roots are powerfully acrid : bryonlne. n, liH'-e-n'in, a yellowish -brown bitter substance obtained from the root. bryozoa, n. bri'-O-zO'-a (Gr. bruon, moss ; zoSn, an ani- mal), the minute moUusca which live united hi maaHOB in a branched and moaa-Ilke manner: bry'ozo'an, a. pert. to. ' mate, mat, fdr, IcCB); mite, met, Wr; pine, ptn; ndte, nOt, mflue; BUBA 63 BULG bubalna, n. bH'bd-liisiL. a buffalo), in geol., the Teinalns of the musk'buffalo, bubble, n. bUb'bl (an Imitative word; Dut. bobbel: It. bvbbola, a bubble ; Bohem. bublati, to luurmur : Scot, bub, a blast of wind), a round fllm or skin of water full of air; anything empty ; a false show; something not real: v. to rise up in air-bells, as on the top of a liquid ; to run with a gentle gurgling noise ; to cheat : bubblliig,imp. &i2&'&I{7i^.- adj. running with a gurgling sound: Dubliled, pp. -md: bub'bly. a. -bli, consisting of bubbles : bublaler, n. one who cheats. bubo, n. bu'bo, plu. buboes, bH'boz (Gr. botUton, the groin: F. biibon), a swelling of the lymphatic glands, especially those of the groin and armpit : bubonocele, n. bil-b6n'6-sSl{GT. kele, a tumour), a rupture in whicli the intestines break down into the groin. buccal, a. biUc'-kai (L. bucco. the cheek), belonging to the cheek. buccaneera, n. plu. bilk'A-nSrz' (from the Carlb lan- guage, — barbacoa, a kind of grate on which the flesh of their prisoners waa cooked ; botican, the place of such a feast: F. b(mcaner, to cook and smoke flesh at the same time), persons who, in the W. I. and S. Amer., hunted wild animals for their skins, and rudely pre- served much of the flesh by drying it after the Indian faaliion, cailed bucaning; pirates or sea-robbers, who in former times principally attacked the Spanish settlements in Amer. : buc caneer'lng, n. -nerHng, the practice or profession of a buccaneer. bucentaur, n. bu-sen'ta^Sjr (Gr. bous, an ox ; kentau- ros, a centaur), in myth. , a monster, haJf-mau, half-ox : (It. bticentoro), the state-barge of Venice used in the ceremony of espousing the Adriatic. bnccinator, n. bUk'sin-aHdr (L. hiiccina, a kind of trumpet), a muscle forming a large part of the cheek —so called tram being used in blowing wind-instru- ments: bac'dnal, a. -01, trumpet-like. buck, n. bUk (AS. bucca; W. bwch; F. 6owo— pro- bably from the tendency of the animal to but or stiike with the forehead : Gael, boc, a knock or a blow), male of the deer, the goat, the rabbit. &c.; a fop ; a dashing ■ youngfellow: buck'ish, a. foppish :DackBiln,u.akind of leather. buck, n. bilk (Gael, bog, mo^, to steep or soak : Bret. bouk, soft: Dan. bog-aske, the ashes of beach-wood), lye or suds In which clothes are bleached or washed : V. to wash or steep clothes in lye : buck'ing, imp. : n. in mining, crushing ore : bucked, pp. b^M. bucket, n. buk'kSt (F. baguet, a i^ : Russ. buk, a washing-vessel), a domestic vessel of various shapes for containins^ water, rubbish, or ashes ; a pail used by sailors : buck'etful, a. buckle, n. bUk'kl (F. txmcte, a curl or buckle : PoL pukiel, a lock of hair: Ger. biickel, a boss or stud), an article consisting of a rim and tongue, used for fasten- ing together parts of dress ; a curl: v. to fasten with a buc^e ; to engage in a matter wilih zeal : buckling, imp.: buckled, pp. huk'kld. buckler, n. buk-ler (F. boitclier, a shield with a cen- tral boss— fi-om boticle, protuberance), a kind of shield. buckra, n. bUk'rd (in Calabar, a demon, a powerful being), among the blacks, a%^hite man : adj. white. buckram, n. buk'-rdm (F. botigran: It. buchercmie, —from bitca, a hole), coarse linen cloth stiffened with glue: adj. stiff; precise. buckwheat, n. buk'-hwSt (Dan. bog-hvete—fram. Ger. biiche; Dan. bog, beech-mast), a kind of grain having three-cornered seeds resembling beech-nuls: back- thorn, a genus of plants. bucolic, n. bu-Ml'^ (L. bttcolicus; Gr. bvkolikos — from Gr. bovkolos, a cowherd), a pastoral poem : adj. relating to coimtry affairs. bud, n. bUd (Bohem. bodka, apoint ; bodek, a thorn), the shoot or sprout on a plant containing the future leaf or flower ; a flower not blown or expanded : v. to put forth shoots; to sprout; to grow as buds: bud'- dlBg, imp. : bud'ded, pp. : bndlet, n. a bud growing troTa another bud. Buddha, n. bwi'dd, Buddhism, n. b^'d/lzm, &c.— see Boodhlsm. bnddle, n. bUd'dl, among miners, a wooden ftame used for washing ore: t. to wash ore: bad'dliztg, imp. bUd'-ling: huddled, pp. bUd'-dled. budge, V. 6iy (P. bouger, to move: Bret. Bouig, movement : Ic^. buBt, fi-eguent motion), to move on ; to stir: bud'ging, imp.; budged, pp. bi^d: bud'ger, u. one who. budge, u. bUJ (Rubs, push', fur-skins ; pushit', to line with fur), dressed skin or fur of lambs, formerly used cring or ornament, especially of scholastic ij. solemn, like a doctor in his fur; stem: budge-barrel, n. a small barrel with one head, the other having a loose leathern cover, used in carrying powder in a siege. budget, n. ba^'-St (F. bougette, a leather bag : It. boU getta, a leathern bucket — from biUga, a skin), a bag with its contents ; a stock or store ; the annual finan- cial scheme of the British nation. buff, n. buf (L. b^ibaills; Buss, buival; F. buSfie, the wild ox or buffalo ; It. buffalo), a sort of soft leather prepared from the skin of the buffalo ; a col- our near to yellow; yellow substance on blood in inflammations : adj. of the colour of buff-leather, or made of it : bnfEs, a regiment of soldiers, so called from their buff-coloured facings : buf 'ly, a. -/i, pert, to the colour on the surface of blood; resembling buff: buf- falo, n. -fd-lO, a kind of wild ox : buffle-headfed, a. bUf-fl- Md'Sd, having a large head like abuffalo ; dull ; stupid. buffer, n. buf-fir (low Ger, bi^en, to strike: It. blotto, a cuff), apparatus at the ends of railway Cfumagea, which, wnen driven in, spring out again, and BO prevent injury to the carriages coming into contact; any cushion-like article to take away the force of a blow : buffer-head, n. in railway ca/rriages, the part of the buffer apparatus which receives the concussion: buffet, n. b'^-f&t, a blow with the flst; a box ; a slap : v. to strike with the fist or hand ; to box or beat; to contend against: buffeting, imp.: buffeted, pp. : buf feter, n. one who. , buffet, n. biiJ'-J&t, (F. hviff&t, primarily, the tap of a tavern, then a sideboard), a cupboard or set of shelves for crockery; a sideboard. buffoon, n. bO/'/dn' (F. bovffon, a jester- fi-om It. bvffajrt, to puff, to blow hard), a man who amuses others by tricks, antic gestures, aiidjokes : v. to make ridiculous : bufloon'lng, imp. : bufloon'ery, n. -&r-X, the tricks of a buffoon; low Jests; drolleries: buf- foou'lBh, a. : buffoon'ism, n. -"izm: buffo, n. bSi^'-SO, the comic actor in an opera. bufonites, n. plu. bu'/O-nffs (L. bufo, a toad), toad- stones ; serpents' eyes ; fossil palatal teeth of extinct shark-like fishes. bug, n. 6% (W. yuacai, what produces dread or dis- gust : Alb. boube ; Russ. bvka, a bugbear), a name ap- Slied to various insects ; an offensive insect common 1 dirty dwelling-houses : bug'gy, a. -g^, full of bugs : bug'glnesB, n. bugbear, n. bug'-bOur (bug, with bear, as an object of dread), anything that scares or ftightens, real or ima- flnary: v. to alarm or scare by any means: bug"- earing, Imp. : bngl}eared, pp. ^SS7i n- oug'gl, a light one-horse vehicle open at top; a gig. bugle, n. bu'gl (F. huffle; It. bmffiUo, a wild ox), a hunting-horn, formerly spelt bvffalo-horn ; a musi- cal instrument; a genus of plants; along slenderglass bead, generally black. hugloBB, n. bH'glds (L. bUffZosso— from Gr. bous, an ox, and giossa, a tongue), the plant ox-tongue ; aplant used in dyeing and colouring. buhl, n. bai (after Boule, a French carver in wood), unbumished gold, mother-of-peajl, &c., used for in- laying in dark wood, &c.: buhl-work, inlaying wood, &c., with metal or mother-of-pearl. buhrston or buirstone, n. bir'-ston (old Eng. bur, a whetstone for scythes), a rough silicious stone used in making millstones for grinding com. build, V. bild (Ger. bilden to form, to fashion : old Sw. bylja, to raise a habitation), to construct ; to make or raise ajiything — as a wall, a house, or a ship ; to shape into a particular form ; to raise on a foundation ; to increase ; to depend on as a foundation: bulld'ing, imp.: n. an edifice; a fixed structure— as a house, a church: built, pt. pp. bUt, or huilded; pp. bil'dM: builder, n. b'U'&r. one who erects buildings. bukshiidia— see backshlslL bulb, n. bUXb (L. bvibus, a globular root, an onion : Gr. bolbos), a root consisting of scales or layers, as the onion — or solid, as the crocus : bulbed, a. bvlbd, round- headed : bulblferous, a. bul-blf-^-us (L. fero, I bear), producing bulbs: bulbous, a. bvlb'Hs, globular; con- taining bulbs: bulbil or bulblet,n. bvl'-bU, bUXb'Ut, in bot., separable buds in the axil of leaves, as in some lilies: bulbous-based, in bot, applied to leaves which are turned at the base. bulbnl, n. bdbl'biU (Pera.), the Persian mghtingale. bulge, n. 6«?7(Gael. bolg, a swell or blister; bulg, a ship's bUge or convexity: Icel. bolga, a tumour), titte coto, boy, fdbt ; pwre, b-id; cJiaiT, game, jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. BULI 64 BURD broadest part of a cask ; a protuberance : a swelling out : T. to swell out ; to bilge as a ship : bul'gtng, Imp. : bulged, pp. billjd. bulimia, n. bH-lfm'-l-a, or bulimy, n. bU'li-mt {Gr. 6ou, a particle which augments the meaning of words, and limos, hunger), excessive appetite for food. bulk, n. bUlk (Dan. bialke, a beam ; another form of balk, which see), size ; magnitude ; the main mass or body ; the whole cargo of a ship In the hold : to break bulk, to begin to unloEul a ship ; to break open a pack- age of goods : In bulk, In the mass ; cargo loose in the hold of a ahip and not enclosed in boxes or packages ; bulkliead, n. -/tdtf, a partition across the hold of a ship : bul'ky, a. -ki. large; of great size: bul'klness, u. -nSs, greatness In bulk or size. bull, n. bObl {W. bivlai Iccl. boUi: Gor. bulte), tho male of the cow kind: In Scrip., a fierce and nower- ful enemy: bnlliih, -Uh, bull-headed, buU-like, a. pert, to a bull; dogged and self-willed: bull-bolting, n. the rendering oulls fiurlous by setting doga to attack them: bull-dog, n. a large - bonded, strong' jawed, variety of dog : bull-fight, n. an amusement among the Spanish and Portuguose. consisting of an exhibition of m^n flghtfng with wild bulls: bull-fly, n. a gadfly : bullock, n. bwl'Ok (AS. buUuca), a cast- rated bui! or ox fed for slaughter : buU-coli, a male calf; a young stupid fellow. bull, n. bobl (It. boUa, a seal ; L. bulla, a boas or ornament), a name at first applied to the seal attached to an edict of the Pope, but now applied to tlie edict itself; a blunder; In the Stock Excliansce, tliose who try to raise the price of stocks are called bulls, and those who try to lower their price, bears: buU's-eya, n. bSblZ'%, among; seamen, a piece of wood slinpod like a ring ; a dark distant cloud, ruddy In the centre, fore- telling a Sturm ; the centre mark on a target for shoot- ing at ; a small round window or opening. buUate, a. bM'iat (L. builn, a bubble). In bot., gar- nished with studs like bubbles or blisters. bullet, n. bSbl'l&t (F. boulet—^vovn L. hxtlla, abubble), a round or oblong ball of metal, used for loading pis- tols, guns, or rifles. boUetln, n. brn'-i!^ IM (F. a packet : It. buUeifino— from buila, an edict of the Pope), an ofUclal report or notice; a public announcement. bull-flnoh. n. bobl'-finsh (corruption of ftud-flnch, as causing destruction atnon;{ buds), a song-bird. bullion, n. bftbl'tjiin (F. bulon. base coin: Sp. vel- lon, an alloy of silver and coijper : mod. Or. boullono, I seal or stamp: formerly the mint wbi'io the pre- cious metals vrarv alloyed and made into money), gold or silver of the standard fineness, in any fonn not money — generally in small bars called Inffots; gold and silver In the maas ; foreign or uncurrent coin. bully, n. babl'll (Dut. buldfiren, to Ijluster: On: poltem, to make a noise : S \v. buller, hoIsh), a quarrel- some cowardly fellow ; one who blUHtors and threatens ; V. to insult with noise; tooverawe bythroats: bully- ing, imp. -M.lnff; bullied, pp. -ltd: biUllrag, v. -rig, to insult in a bullying manner. bulrush, n. Ixibl'rash (bull, meaning large, and rwih), a large strong kind of rush. buise, n. biUs (Port, bolsi, a purse), In India, a bag or purse in which to carry or meiiauro valuables— aa diamonds. bulwark, n. bSbl'w&rh (Dut. bnlwerck, a fortified wall : F. boulevnrt, the ramparts of a town, a broad street at Paris (boulevard) Hurroundlmi what was once the city : It. baluarte), a rampart ; a fortification ; any means or defence or protection, orltrlnally made of the boles or trunks of trees ; the rallboards of a ship ; v. to fortify with a rampart; to protect, bum, V. bilm (Dut. hommen, to boat a drum; L, bomlni'*: Or. bombos, a hummlnar. buzzing noise), to make a whirring noise ; bumble-bee, n. hUmihl—or humble-bee, hUm'bl—ii itargo bee. bo called fVom tlie noise It makes— contracted Into bumbei:. bumastos, n. bSb-w/ta'tds (Gr., an Immense bunch af grapes). In gfol., agonusof silnrlan tr[lnbltes--so calb'd ftom their oblong-oval or grape-like form, and known to collectors as t)iH Barr trUobitc. bumballlfl, n. biimf-baX'-lf{troTn the notion of a hum- ming ordnnnlng noise), cnlloqwially, an under-balllfT; one employed to dun or arrest for debt. bumboat, n. bUm'-bnt (Dut. bvm hoot, a very wide flshlng-boat: Fria. bnm, ground, a floor: Dut. boom, a beam), a boat employed in conveying provisions, Ac, to outlying vessels. mate, mdt, /dr, luTo ; mSle, mSt, bump, n, "bilmp {W.jwmpto, to thump, to bang : «twn», around moss: F. pompette, a nimple on the skin), a sweJling ; a thump : v. to make a noise ; to strike against ; to thump : bump'lng. Imp. : bumpea, pp. b&mpt: bumper, n. bUm'p^, a. cup or glass swellea or filled to the brim. bumpkin, n. biS.m'kln (Ger. baum; Dut. ooom, a beam, a log), an awkward country fellow; a rustic: bumpldnly, ad. -ll. bun or bnim, n. biln (F. bigne, a knob rising after a knock ; bignet, a little round loaf : It. bugno, a boil or blain: Gaol, bonnach; Scot, bannoch, a Uttle coke), a sweet cake. bunch, n. bUnsh (Icel. banga, to beat ; bunki, a heap : Dan. bundt; Sw. bunt, a bunch), a lump or knot ; a cluster ; a protuberance : a number of things grow- ing together or tied together ; a miner's tenn lor an irroguTar lump of ore : v. to swell out In roundness ; to Ibrm or tie in a lot or bunch : bunch'lng, Imp.: bimched, pp. bUnsht -. bunchy, a. bUmh'-i, growing In bunches ; liaving tufts ; bunch'iness, n. bundle, n. biin'dl (AS. byndel; Dut. hondel, somo- thlng bound up: Dan, bundt; Sw. bunt, a bundle), a numner of things put together and tied : v. to tie up together : bundling, imp. : bundled, pp, biin'dld: bnndle-pUlar, a column or pier with others of small dlmonsioiiB attached to it. bung, n. biing (old Ger. bunge, a drum : Dut, and F. bonde, a bung : W. bwng, a bung-liole), a large round cork or wooden stopper for the hole In a cask : v. to stop up the opening in a cask with a bung : bung'ing, Imp.: Dunged, pp, biln^d: bung-hole, n. the hole In a cask by which It la filled or emptied, bungalow, n. bilng'-gdl6 (native name, bangla), in India, a country-houae of one floor or flat only. bungle, n. bilng'gl (Icel. 66nff(m, arudeporformance -. Dan. banice; Iccl. banga, to strike, as nailing on a pntrh), anything 111 done; a botch; an affair mls- manageil : v. to do anything clumsily ; to mismanage an affair; to botch: bun'glmg, imp.: adj. awkwardly done: bungled, pp. bUng'-gla : bun'gUngly, ad. -ll: bun'gler, n. -glir, oiu- who. bunion, n. b^n'i/iin (from bun, which see), a horny excrescence on a too. bunker, n, bUng'k&r (.Sw. bvnke, a wooden vessel; Icnl. bunki, a heap), a laitre wooden box for containing coals; a bin: bunk, n. bUngk, a large wooden caso BoiTing for a seat during the day, and for a bed at nisrht. bunkum, n. bUng'kitm (from Buncombe, North Ca- rolina, U.S.), speech-making for mere show. bunt, n, biint (Dan. bundt,- Sw. bunt, a bunch, a bundle), the beliy or protuberance or bagging part Of a sail : bnnt-llnes, n. plu. ropes on the bottoms of Balls to draw them upwards : bunting, n. bUn'ting, a thin woollen cloth used for flags, and vai-iously col- oured. bunting, n. bjln'ttng {Gvv. Bitnf, varlegntod), anamo for different kinds of birds, as yellow bwiHng, corn- bunting, snow-bimtivg.- bun'ter, n. -t&r. In geol., tho upper now rod sandstone., buoy, n. bdjf (Dut. boei; F. hou^e; Sp. toj/ct; Frla. boye, a lump or cluster), an empty cask, or a small structure of wood, made for floating on the water, to point out shallows or rocks, &c. : life-buoys, articles kept In ships to be thrown Into the water when any person falls ovii-bnard to keep him afloat; afloat: v. to Iceep afloat: toltcarun; losupport; tosustnin; to place buoys ; to float : buoy'ing, imp. : buoyed, pp. ho&d; buoyancy, n. b^ii'-dn-sl, the quality of floating on water or In air; ligbtncBs; buoyant, a. floating; llpht; that cannot sink: buoy'antly. ad. -ll: buov'- antnesB, n, « j j i j buprertlB, n. Wi'prhi'if^ (Gr. bouprei^tif), an insect that causes Inflammation In oxen— ft-om l>, ffi?v; i?; i"^/" k"! IF-. ?ar&o(e-from ba^be, beard), eel mil thicker and shorter— called also burden, n. ft^r/dn^sometlmoa written bur'then (A3. byrt/ten: Gor. burde— from beran, to bear), something JUr; pine, pin .■ nOtc, n&t, mCve; BURD 65 curried^ a load ; Bomethlne grlovoua or oppresBlvo ; the provalllDg Bcntlment In a song ; the cnoi-us ; a ships capacity for carrying: v. to lay on a load; to oppress: bnr'aening, imp. -dn-ing: Dnr'denQd, pp. -and: l9ur'dener,n. one who: bur'densome, a. -dn-sum, grievous to be borne : Ihtiguing; oppressive: bur'den- Bomely, ad. -1%: burdenaomenesB, n. bi^ook, n. h&ryB. ad. Boon ; shortly; by-the-by, ad. by ft(V; pine, ptn ; note, nit, mOve; BYRE 67 CADG the way; introiJuctoiy to some thinga not in the direct course of conversation. byre, n. 6ir (old F. bouverie, a stall for oxen : F. ioei^; L. bos, an ox), in Scot., a house for cowa. ■bysBUfl, n. bfe^sils (L.— fiom Gx. btissos, fine flax), In conch., the fine silky filaments by which the mussel and other bivalves attach themselvoa to the rocks and sea-bottom; in bot. the ailky tufta of mould or fungus -growth springing' Irom damp and decaying subBtancea: hya'soUte, n. -d-lit (Gr. btissosi Utkos, a stono), a term applied to flue flbrous varieties of anii- anthm, tremoUte, &c. : bya'slne, a. -sin, of or like silk : byssa'ceoua, a. -aa'sMs, inbot., composed of deli- cate filaments rosembling cotton or wool : bys'soid, a, •soyd (Gr. eidoa, form], m bot, very slender, like a cobweb. Byzantine, a. biz-itn'-tln, relating to Byzantium: byzantlne, n. biz'an-iin, a large gold coin. c e, contr. for L. centum, a hundred. caaba, n. ha'a-bd (Ar. ka'ba^i, a sguoi-e building), a black sacred stone in the temnle at Mecca, said to have been given by an angel to Abraham ; the temple itaelf. cab, n. Arrt6(Heb. ffobafi, to hollow), in Eaatei-n coun- tries, a. measure for dry goods. cab, n. kab (contraction for cabriolet), a one-horse coach: cab'man, n.: cab'atand, n. cabal, n. ka-bdl' (V. cabale, a club, a party: Heb. gabb&Wi, tradition, mysterious doctrine), a few men imited secretly for some pai-ty purpose ; a junto : v. to deaign secretly; to intrigue: cabal'Ung, imp.; ca- balled, pp. -bald': cabal'Ier, n. one who. Note.— In its modern sense of "political intrigue or plotting," cabal was first used in 1071, when, by " a whimsical coincidence," it was found to be formed by the initial letters of tlie names of the members of the Cabinet — ClilTord, Arlington, Buckingham, Ashley, and Lauder- dale. cabaJa, n. kOb'a-lO, or ca1)al, sometimes ca'balism, n. (see above), a secret science or knowledge which the Jewish rabbins alleged they possessed, and by which they professed to be able to explain all Scripture diffi- culties : cab'allst, n. -list, one skilled in the secrets of the cabala: cab'aliB'tic, a. -tik, or cab'allB'tlcal, a, -H-kai, having a secret meaning: cab'alifl'tlcally, ad. -IX. caballlne, a. kab'al-llnih. cdbaUus, an inferior riding or pack horse : Gr. kaballes : It. cavallo .- F. chevcdl pen, to a horse : n. a coarse variety of aloes used as a medicine for horses. cabaret, n. kdb'd-ra (F.), a house where liquors are retailed ; a tavern. cabbage, n. kab'-bQj{F. caboche; It. capo; old Sp. cabo, ahead), a well-known vegetable; v. {F. cabas; Dut. kabas; Sp. cabacho, a frail or rush basket), to retain part of an article ; to pilfer : n. any nart of a thlngretoined unjustly: cab'bagtDg,imp.: cabbaged, pp. -0(^(2 : cab'bage-tree, n. a species of palm-tree, bearing a substance which is eaten like cabbage. cabulng, n. kab'ling. the brcaJdng up of puddled iron into small pieces, which are reheated and then wrought into bar-iron. cabm, n. kOb'tn (F. cabane; It. capanna, a shed or hovel : w. caban, a booth or hnt), a small room or en- closure ; a shed ; a small apartment in a ship : v. to live or confine in a cabin : caVining, imp,: cab'lned, pp. -tnd: cabin-boy, n. a boy who waits on the passen- gers and officers of a ship : cab'lnet, n. -7i6t, a small private room or closet ; the secret council of a sover- eign ; the executive government of a country, so called because originally held in a small room or cabinet ; a piece of lumiture containing boxes and drawers : acQ- pert, to : cablnet-coimcU, n. a confidential meet- ing of a sovereign's advisers : cablnet-qiaker, a man who makes articles of household furniture. cable, n. IcOrbl (F. cdble; Sp. ca&rc— from old F. cJiaable; mid. L. cabulus, an engine of warr Icel. kadai, a rope : Ar. habl, a rope), a rope or chain of various degrees of thlcknesa, used in ships : a cable's- length, 720 feet: cabled, a. ka'bld, fastened with a strong rope : Cd/Uat, -bW, a small cable : cable- monldlngs, in arch., wreathed mouldings resembling the twisted strands of a rope. caboched, a. kH-bdsJif (F. caboche, head : L. camit, head), in Tier., having the head of a beast with a full- faced view, and nothmg of the neck seen. cabocle, n. kdbid-U, in Brazil, a compact brick-red minei-ol, resembling jasper. caboose, n. ka-boVihut, knbvis; Dan. kabys; Sw. kabysa, a cook's room in a ship), the kitchen or cook- ing-place of a ship, called a pdUey in a ship of war. cabriolet, n. kab'-rl-o-la' (F,— {torn cabriole, a goat- leap, a caper), a one-hoi-ae coach with a hood and a cover for the legs. cacao, n. ktl-kH'O (Mexican, cacaimtl), the chocolate tree : cocoa, u. ko'ko, a substance prepared from the cacao nibs or nuts. cachalong, n. Ms7i'd-lSng (found on the banks of the river Cacb, in Bucharia, whence the name), amilk or blue white variety of opal. c&chalot,n.kash'-a-lOt(ff.; I>\it. kazilot : Svf.kaselot), the sperm or spermaceti whale. cache, n. kOsh {F. a lurking-hole), a secret store or deposit of supplies, as of food. cachectic, a. ka-kSk'tik, also cachec'tlcal, a. -tt-kai (Gr. kakos, bad ; {h)exis, habit), pert, to a vitiated or deranged state of the body called cachex'ia, -kSk'ai-a; also cachex'y, n. -st. ' cachinnation, n. kitk'-ln-na.'sh'Un (L. cachinnare, to laugh aloud), loud or immoderate laughter : cachiu- natory, a. kd-ktn'nd-tiSrH, laughing inunoderately. caciaue, n. A:(Z-£^(Sp.),apBttyking, particularly of anc. Mexico. cack, n. kUk (Dan. kakke ; Dut. kakken ; Ger. kacken ; L. cacare, to go to stool), to go to stool ; to ease the body bv stool : cack'ing, imp. ; cacked, pp. kdkt. cackle, V. kak'kl (an imitative word: Sw. kakla; F. camteter, to chatter : Dut. kaeckelen ; Turk, kakulla, to cackle), to make a noise like a hen or other domestic fowl ; to make a silly noise : n. the noise of a fowl, as a hen ; idle talk : cadtling, imp. : n. the noise of a hen or goose: cackled, pp. kak'la: cackler, n. -ZA', one who. cacoethes, n. kUk'O-e'thSz (Gr. kakos, bad ; ethos, custom, habit), bad custom or habit, generally applied to scribblers : cacography , n. kakOg'-rd-fl (Gr. grapho, I write), bad spelling: cacology, n. kd-kdl'o-ji (Gr. logos, a word), bad grammar or speaking: cacoph- ony, n. k*re. 6ild; chair, game, jog, shtin, thing, there, zeal. CADI 68 CALE tadl, n. ka'di, a Turkish magistrate orjud^e. cadmeon, a. kad'tne'-an, relatlne to Cadmus, who 1b sold to have Introduced into Greece tlie sixteen simple letters of the aljfhabot, hence called Cadtman letters. cadmlnm, n. kdd'mt-Hm (L. cadmia, an ore of zinc), a bluish-white meta! discovered in 1818 ; an old term for zinc ore : cadminin yellow, a pigment of an In- tense yellow colour. cadncean, a. kaa'H-s&an (L. caduceum ; Gr. keru- keion, a herald's staif: It. caduceo: F. caducee), be- longing to Mercury's caduceus or wand, cadncom, a. kadH'kds (L. cadticas, falling— ftom cado. I fall), falling early, as a leaf ; having a tendency to fall off. csecom, n. se'hSm (L. ccbcus, blind), In anat, the blind gut, applied to a part of the intestinal canal : csBcal, a, sS'kai, port, to ; havbig a closed end. CBspltose, a. ses'pi-toz, also cea- (L. cceapes, turf). In bot,, applied to plants which are densely crowded In turf-Uke patches. CEBaora, n. aS-zA'rd, alao cea- (L. ftom coesum, to cut), in verse, the resting of the voice on a syllable ; In Latin verse, the cmsivra divides tho verse or lino Into two ports : cnan'ral, a. •rd^ pert. to. care, n. kdf^/a (F.— see coffee!, a coffee-house: caf- fe'lc, a. -/e'Vc, of or pert, to coffee : caffe'lne, n, -In, a bitter atimiuating principle found in coffee. Oafflre, n. kaf/r [Ar. kSfir, infldel), one of a power- ful race or tribe in South Africa. caftan, n. kOf-tan (Turk, quartan: Ruas. kaftan,: F. ca/etan), a Persian or Turkish vest. cage, n. k/3j (L, cavea, a hollow place, a coop : Sp. gavia: It. gabbia : F. cage), a box for birds, generally made of wire-work ; an enclosure for wild boaats ; outer work of timber ; the vessel for bringing up cuals, &c. tram, pits : v. to shut up or confine : ca'gmg, imp. : caged, pp. kOjd. caiman or cayman, n. kd'-mdn (name given by natives of Guiana), the American crocodile. caluozolc, a. kd'nO-zQ'lk (Gr. kainos, recent ; zoe, life), lni;eot., applied to the upper atratlAod systems holding recent forms of life. caique, n. ha-ew (F. and 9p.: Turk, qaia, a boat}, a small Spanish ship of war ; a light skin used on the Bosphorus. cairn, n. ftdj-n (Gael, and W. cam, a heap), a heaj) of stones of a conical form and crowned by a llat stone, found In various parts of the country, generally over an anc. place of sepulture. cairngorm, n. kam'gdUvrm, a brownish -yellow or amber-coloured variety of rock-crystal foimd in the Cali'ngorm mountains. caisson, n. kaa'a6n or kas-86bn' (F.), a wooden box filled \vlth military stores ; an ammunltion-wag^on ; a wooden ttame used in layiog foundations In water. caitiff, a. kCt'tlf (F. diitif, poor, wretched: It. cat- tivo, a wretch), base; vile; wicked and mean: n. a mean, despicable pei-son. cajaput, n. kOj'e-pM (Malay), an oil from tho East Indies. cajole, v. kd-jOV (F. cajoler. to flatter), to deceive by flattery; to coax : cuo'llng, imp. : cajoled', pp. ■/old': cajoler, n. one who : cajolery, n. -Wr-t, flat- tery. cake, n. kdk (Sw. kaka. a cake or loaf: Dan. kage ; Dut. koeck: Ger. kucJien). a mass of dough baked of various shapes; thin flat places of oatmeal dough haked; a flattlsh mass of anything adhering or BtlcHc- Ing together : v. to form into a flattlsh maaa ; to harden into a lamp : ca'klng, imp. ; caked, pp. kakt .- caklng-coiJ, tlie kinds of coal which cako or run together in the Are. calabash, n. kai'a-btlsh' (Sp. calebasa .- F. calebaase — from Ar. garah, a kind of gourd ; aihas, 6iy), a vessel or cup made of the shell of a gourd ; a lar;^e fruit shaped like a pear. calamary, n. kai'a-mOSrl, (mod. Gr. kalamaH, Ink- stand: L. catamu8. a reed-pen), tho cuttlo-ftsh. calamine, n. kdl'a-mln (L. calamus, a roed — because when smelting it adheres to the fUmaco in the form of reeds), common name for the carbonate of zinc : cal'amlte, n. -mtt, a soft asparagus-green variety of tremolito: cal'amltea, n. plu., in geol., fossil stems occurring In tho coal-measuros— no called ftom their resemblance to gigantic reeds: calamua,n. AHlI'(J>mTl8, a rush ; a reed, anciently used as a pen to write with, or made into a musical Instrument ; In bot, a liollow inarticulate stem : oalamiferoua, a. -rnXf-ir'Ha (L. calamus, ft reed; fero, I bear), In bot, producing reeds; reedy. , ,. calamity, n. ka-iamH-H (F. calamiU: L. calamitas, advoralty), a great miaforcuno or cause of misery: calamitous, a. -tils, producing distress and misery ; full of miaeiy: calam'ltoualy, ad. -li: calamltous- neaa, n. „ calaah, n. kd-lOsh' (F. caUches It. calessa: Sp. co/eso^from Sei-v. and Pol. kolo, a circle or wheel), a llglit carriage with low wheels ; a hooded carriage ; a calathiform, a. kd-Klth'i-fcSCvrm. (Gr. kcdathis, a basket; L. forma, shape). In bot, hemispherical or concave, like a howl or cup. „,.,,., caloaneum, n. kal-ka.'ne-iim (L. the heel), In anol., the great bone of the heel : caloa'neal, a. -n&-al, port. calcar, n. kUl'-kOrCL. a spur). In &o(., a projecting hollow or solid procoas from the baso of an organ: tlie Itirnace in which the first calcination of sand and potoahea for making gloss la effected : cal carate, a. •at, having a spur, or like one. ^ ^ „ calcareotta, a. kdl'karH'Ha (L. calcarivs, pert, to Umo —from eaix, lime : F. calcaire : It. calcario), having tho qualities of Ume ; containing lime : calca reous'ness, n. : calcareous tufa, a loose and filahle variety of car- bonate of lime : ool'carlf erouB, a. -k&'rlf'ir-iia (L. ca^cedony, n. kiu-s^d'S-tk (Itom Ctiolcedon In Bithy- nla), a mlnena of the quartz family, closely allied to the opal and agate— also written chalcedony : calced'- onyx, n. -ntfcs, varieties of agates of an opaquo white colour, alternating ^vith translucent greyish. calceola, n. JUti'aS'Odd (L. calceoVus, a small shoe), in geol., a fossil brachiopod, having its under or central valve flatly conical, or compressed like the potnt of a shoe, and fitted with a lld-llko upper valve : calceolaria, n. k, allpper-wort ; a plant producing clusters of beautiful yellow or purple flowers. calcine, v. kdX'sln (It. caidna, lime— fi'om L. calx, lime — gen. caJMs : F. caXcivcr, to calcine), to reduce to powder hy means of heat ; to reduce a substonco by lioot to a calx state: cal'clnlng. Imp.; cal'dned, pp. -sind: calcln'able, a. -A-hl: oarclna'tlon, n. •^• na'sh'O.n, the act of reducing to powder hy heat j the Erocesa of reducing any ore or mineral to a calx by oat: oalclferous, a. 'Slf-&r--As (L. fero, I produce), contalnlug lime: cal'cifonn, a. -^jaXirrm {l.. forma, a Himpe), in tho form of calx or lime : cal'clte, n. -sV^ crystallised varieties of carbonate of lime: cal'cium, n. ■al-Hin, the metallic base of calx or lime. calcosraphy, n. kahkig'-rd-ft (L. caXas, lime— gen. caXds ; Gr. graplio, I write), tlie art of engraving in tho style of a clialk-drawing. calc-aintor, a. kaik'^Vn'-tir (L. calx, lime— gen. ml- ds: Ger. aint&m, to drop), a atalogmltical orstalOR- tlttcal deposit from calcareous waters : calc*ipar or calcareona-apar. ciyatalllsed carbonate of Ume or cal- cite ! calc-tuiT, •i-Sf, or calcareona-tufa, -t6'f(l, a porous corhonato of Umo, generally depoaited from springs. calculate, v. kdl^ka-Kitlh. calculiis. a pebble: F. calcuter, to calculate), to perform any operation In arithmetic or mathematics in order to find a result ; to compute ; to estimate anything : cal'cula'tlng, imp. : cal'cula'ted, pp. : ccU'cula'tor, n, one who ■ calculable, a. -id-bl: cal'cula'tlon, n. -la'sJiHn, com- putatlon ; the result of an oporatlon in arithmetic ; an estimate arrived at in the mind by comparing vari- ous facta : cal'cula'tlve, a. -tiv, tending to calcidote. calculus, n. kOl'-kn-m (L. a pebblet in surg., the stone in tho bladder ; apart of the mathomatlcs : col'- cular y, a, -Mrfi relating to the dlaenae of the stone : n. the mass of little stony knots In some ftults : cal'- oulouB, a. -M8, stony ; gritty ; also col'culoae, a. -toz. caKiron, n. kceTuVdrSn (L. caldarium, a vessel for Bupplylng hot water to a bath : F. cJiaudron : Sp. calderon), a largo kettle or boiler : caldera, kdlde'-rd, a Spanish term for the deep caldron-like cavitlea which occur on the summits of extinct volcanoes. OaJedonian, a. kdVS-dO'-ni-dn (Caledonia, name of ?S°7'i5!l***'«^??*^** = ^- «■ Scotchman : caledonlte, n. ff "L^f 'iv'il'' V^° ^SP.^^'i'^ sulpbato-carbouato of lead, found at the Loadhllls in Scotland ™;?5i?^*S*^*' ,*' ft<*'V warming; giving heat: n. a aubstance which excites heat at the part wher.i ai.- E,ll1^ ^^^ efac'tlon, n. -/ak'-ahiln. the operation of making warm ; state of being warm : cafefy, v. -fi. mate, mdt.f&r, laXv; mSte, met, h&r; pine, pin; note, nUt, mfive; CALE i to become hot; to "be heated: cal'efying, Imp.: cal'< oflad, pp. -/Id. calenaor, n. kdl'Sn-d^iL. caiendarium, an account- book ; It. calG7ulario,~tiom L. calendce, the first day of the lloman month — from calo, I proclaim), an almanac ; a register of the days, weeks, and months In the year, &g. : v. to register : cal'endarlng, Imp. : cal'endarea, pp. -dird : calendB, n, plu. kaiisndz, first day of each month among the Romans : calen'drlcal, a. -dri'kai, pert. to. calender, n. kdl'Sn-d^ {F. calandre: L. cyli^idnis: Gr. kulindros, a cylinder), a press, consisting of heated rollers, between which clouts are passea to finish them off: v. to press between heated rollers: cal'en- derlng, Imp.: cal'endered, pp. -d^d: cal'eudrer, n. ■drir, one who calenders clotns. calendula, n. kd-ienidH-ia (L. calendcB, the first day of the Roman month), a genus of plants including the common marigold; a substance obtained from the marigold, uscdln medicine. calenture, n. kdl'6n-tilr (Sp. calentar, to heat), a violent fever, chiefly alfecting sailors in hot climates. caiescence, n. ktl-lSa'adns (L. caleo, 1 am warm), a growing worm. calf, n. k/if; calvea, plu. k&vz (AS. cetUf: Ger. kalbt Dan. kalv), the young of the cow kind; a stupid or cowardly person : calve, v. kdv, to bring forth a calf, OS a cow : calv'lnff, imp.; calved, pp. kdvd; calf - l8h, a. -ish, stupid : cau-skln, the skin of a calf dressed or made Into leather. calf of the leg (Gael. caZjpa i Icel. kai/i— the primary meaning being a Imnp}, tbe thick fleshy part of the leg behind. calibre or caliber, n. kdl'i-'b^ (Sp. calibre, bore, diameter, quality— from Ar. kaUb, form, mould : F. calibre: It. ca^i&ro). the diameter of a body ; the bore of a gun ; capacity of the mind ; the extent of mental or intellectual qualities possessed by any one : cal'- Ibered, pp. a. -l-b&rd, measured with compasses called calUpers. calico, n. kdl'i-ko (from Calicut In E. Indies ; F. call- cot), unprlntod cotton cloth: calico-printing, n. the art of dyeing cotton cloth, or covering cotton cloth with figures of various colours : calico-printer, n. one who.- calid, a. kdl'id (L. caKdua, worm), hot ; burning ; ardent: calidlty, u. ka-lid'-i'ti. callgraphy or calligraphy, n. kd-lig'rd-fl (Gr. kdlos, boautrfUl, fair: grapho, I write), elegant or beautiful writing: oallg'raphlBt, n. one who writes beautifully: calleraphlc, a. kdl'-%-grOf-1k, pert. to. callpaBh, n. kOl'K-pdsh (F, carapace; Sp. galamago, fresh-water tortoise), the pru-t of a turtle belonging to the upper shell ; cal'ipee, n. -i-pS, the part belonging to the under shell. callpera, n. plu. kdl't-p&rz, also spelt callipers (from calibre), a kind of compasses for measuring the di- ameters of round bodies. caliph, n. kd'llf (Ar. khalif, a successor : Sp. calif a), the title tusumed by the successors of Mahomet ; cal'- iphate, n. -i-fdt, the office or government of the caliph. callathenlcB, n. plu. kdl'is-th&n'-lks (Gr, hdos, beau- tiful : stTierios, strength), the art of promoting the health of thebo(^ by exercise : cal'lsthenic, a. pert. to. calk, v. k(^ak (L. calcare, to press or stuff : F. caumte, a piece of lint placed in the orifice of a wound : G^l. cole, to ram, to drive), to close the seams between a ship's planking with oakum to prevent them admit- ting water; to point or rough the shoe of a horse to prevent its slipping on ice: calk'lng, imp.: calked, pp. kd!&)kt: ciuk'er, n. one who: calkins, n, plu. fajJSJuk'ins, the promuient parts of a horse's shoes shar- pened to prevent its slipping on the ice. call, v. kaiCol (L. caZo,Tcall: Icel. koXla: Dan. kalde), f name ; to Invite to come ; to summon ; to warn ; to exhort ; to visit : n. a summons or invitation ; a com- mand; a short visit: cal'Ung, imp.; n. business; em- ployment; called, pp. kc^ld: caller, n. one who: to call down, to invite or bring down ; to call back, to bring again ; to revoke : to call for, to claim or re- quire: to call to mind, to remember: to call out, to speak aloud ; to summon to service ; to call la, to withdraw from circulatinn; to collect: to call forth, to bring out: to call off, to bring away; to divert: to call up, to bring before ; to bring to recollection : to call over, to read aloud the several items or par- ticulars of anything : to call on, to pay a visit to ; to pray to or worship : to call at, to visit a place. campers, n. plu.— see calipers. ) CAMA caUouB, a. kdV-ms (L. cailus, hard thick skin: Fin. kallo, the scalp or skull), hard: hardened in mind: unfeeling: cal'IoUBly, ad. -ll: callousnesB, n.: caUoi'- Ity, n. -lOs'l-tt, a horny hardness on tho skin : callose. a. 'tOz, In bot, having hard spots or callosities. callow, a. kdl'-lo (L. calvus, bare : AS. calo ; Dut.. kael, bald), naked; destitute of feathers, as a bird. calm, a. k&m (F. calme; It. Sp. calma, absence of wind, quiet), still ; quiet ; tranquil : undisturbed : n, stillness ; qmet ; repose ; freedom from agitation or motion : v. to still ; to quiet ; to free from agitation ; to pacify; to tranquilllse : calm'lng, imp.: calmed, pp. kdmd: calm'er, n. one who: calmly, ad. -li: calm'ness, n. calomel, n. kdl'O'mei (Gr. kalos, beautiful; melas, black), a preparation of mercury much used in medl- cine ; an ore of mercury. caloric, n, kd-ldr'ik (L. calor, heat: F. caXorique: It. calore), the cause or matter which produces heat : cal'orif'ic, a. 'if'tk (L. fado, I make), causing heat : calor'ifica'tion, n. -Jl-ka'shiin : calorifere, n. kd-liri i-f&r (F.— from L. calor, heat; Jerre, to bring), an apparatus for conveying and distributing heat, par- tfcularlyln conservatories: cal'orime'ter, n. -^Vm'-M&r {L. calor, heat; Gr. metron, a measure), an apparatus for measmlng the heat contained in bodies. calotte, n. ka-l6t (P. ), a cap worn on the top of the head as an ecclesiastical ornament In France. calotype, n. kdl'o-tlp (Gr. kalos, beautiful ; iupoa, a type or stamp), photographic process. caloyer, n. ka-l(iy'£r (mod. Gr. kalogeros, a monk— from Gr. kaZos, good; geron, an old man), a Greek monic. caltrop or calttirop, n. kdl'trdp (AS. coltmppe, a species of thistle), an iron instrument with four spikes, placed In ditches or breaches as an obstacle to the advance of troops ; a plant whose A:iiit Is armed with spines. calnmba, n. kd'Utm'bd {kalumb, the name given to it in Mozambique), the root of a plant used as a tonic : cal'umblne, -bin, the bitter extract of calumba root. calumet, n. kdl'db-mit (F.— from L. calamus, a reed), a pipe smoked by the American Indians when they make peace or a treaty—hence a symbol of peace. calnninlate, v. kd-lu-m'nl-dt (L. calvmvnia, a mali- cious slander: F. calonvnie), to accuse falsely and maliciously ; to slander ; to spread evil reports of any ot\e maliciously : calum'nia'ting, imp. : caium'nla'ted, pp. : calum'nia'tor, n. one who : calum'nia'tion. n. -d'slva.n; calmn'nious, a. -nX-iis, slanderous ; injurious to character: calum'niously, ad. -U: calum'niator'y, a. -tir'i, slanderous : calumny, n. kdl'-Hm-nl, slander ; false accusation ; the making and spreading of reports injurious to character. Calvary, n. kdX'-vd'ri (L. calvaHa, the skull of a man or beast: F. calvaire, Calvaiy), the place where Clirist was crucified ; a small chapel lu a Rom. Gath. country wherein are represented tne scenes of Christ's passion and crucifixion. calve, V. kdv— ^66 calf. Calvinism, n. kdl'vin-izm, the doctrines of Calvin, the Swiss Protestant reformer : Cal'vinist, n. one who holds these : Cal'vlnis'tlc, a. -is'tik, also Cal'vlnls'- tical, a. -ii-kdl. calx, n. kdXks, plu. calxes, hdVt'sSs, or calces, kdl- sSz (L. cab;, limestone), lime or chalk; the ashes or residuum left after burning a metal or mineral. cal3rmene, n. kdt'-l-m€ne (Gr. kalemenai, to call by name), in geol., a genus of trilobites having deeply- trllobed shells— called also " Dudley locusts." caljrptra, n. kd-llp'trd (Gr. kaluptra, a covering for the head of a woman), in &of., little hoods covering the inflorescence of mosses : calyp'trate, a. -trdt, havmg a calyptra. calyx, n. k&'Viks, plu. calyxea, kd'-lXksSs, or calyceo, kdl'i-ses (L.— from Gr. kalux, the cup of a flower), in hot., the envelope or outer' covering of a flower: cal- yclne, a. M!'I-5tn, or calyclnal, a. kd-lis'-i-ndl, of or relating to a calyx ; of the nature or appearance of a calyx : calycle, n. kdl'i-kl, also calyculuB, n. kd-Uk' H'las, a row of leaflets at the base of the calyx on the outside: calycled, a. kdl'l-kld, also calyculate, a. kd-Wc'-H-l&t, having the appearance as if possessing a double caXya. cam, n. kdm (W. com, crooked, bent), in mech,, a projecting part of a wheel or other moving piece, in- tended to produce an alternate or variable motion. camaleu, n. kd-ma'-yH (F. ) a stone engraved In relief; a painting in a single colour. coto, b(iy,/^t; p-&re, bUd; chair, game, jog, shun, thing, ihere, zeaX. CAMS 70 OAND camber, n. kam'bir (F. cambrer, to bow, to crook : Sp. combar, to bond : Or. kampto, I liond), a boom of wood sllglitly arched upon tlio uppor Burfbce ; oam'- beiing, a. bending— oppllod to tuo dock of a Hlih) lilgber in the miadlo than at tho onds: ouu'berea, a. -bCrd, urched. oamblit, n. kam''blai (F. cattibtste; It. and Sp. cam- hiata, a money-chaueor), a banker or monoy-cbangor ; one akllled In the screnco of exohanee : oamliiBtrv. n. -ft-(, the Bclenceof exchanges, wolguts, Ac.: com'blal, a. -bt-ai, port. to. cambium, n. kdmibi-itm (now L.), In lot., tho muull- nglnoua fluid wblcb Ilea botwoen the young wood and the bark of a tree. Cambrian, a. kam''bri-iln (Cambria, one. nanio of Walea), Inpeol., atorm ugod to doBlinin-to the lowest fosalllferoua rocks as dovolopod In Wales, and their equivalents in other oountrfes ; port, to Waloti : n. a native or Inhabitant of Wales. cambric, n. kAm'brlk (ft*om Oambray, In Flandora), a kind of fine white lluon ; adj. port, to or niado of. came, v. kAm, pt. of come, which sno. camel, n. cAm'-Sl (L. cameltw : Gr. kameloa .- Ar. fjamal), a largo quadruped usod in tho East for the transport of goodj, and for riding on. camellia, n. ka-mSlH-d (after OamoUufl, a Moravian Jesuit, and traveller In Asia), agonus of plants adinliud for their beautiful flowers and elegant loaves. oamelopard, n. kttm-Sl'6-pird {h. canielus, a camel, and pcvrcuUis, tlio female panthor), a wild animal with IX long slender nock aod spotted skin ; a glrolfu, cameo, n. kCim'S-6 (It. tximmeo : F. caTnaJeu— said to be ftom Pers. camaJien, loodBtone, as having been flrat' employed for signets), a stone on which ngures are engraved In relief; shells are now commonly uaedoa a substitute for gems. camera, n. kMniSr-a (L. camera; Or. kamara, an arched roof, a chamber : It. camera), a chamber or compartment for exhibiting, by means of rofleotlon, any external thing: oamera-iaolda, -Id'sl-dil (L. a light chamber), an lustrumont for so reflecting distant landscapes on paper, Ac, as to allow Ihom to be Bkotched : comera-obscura, -&b-Bk&'-rCl (L. dark cham- ber), a darkened chamber or box, In which, by mouna of lenses, external objects. In their natural uoloui's, are exhibited on any white flat surface within It ; cam'- erated, a. -(I'tm, divided Into chambers, as certain shells ; arched. Oameronlan, n. kdm'drO'nJt-dn, a follower of Kl<'h- ard Cameron, In Scotland, who refused to accept the Indulgence granted by Charles II. to tho Presbyterian clergy. oomliade. n. k&m'l'SHd ( V.—trom F. cJiemtse : Sp. camisa, a shirt), an attack mode by soldiers In the dark— ao called from their putting their ahlrta over their dress to distinguish each other by, camlet, n. k(bta'm{F. camelot), a cloth flrst mode of camel's or goat's hair, now of wool or goat's hair, with silk: camleted, a. wavy llko camlet', volned. cammook, n. kam'mdh (AS. eammoc), tho plant rest- harrow— so called from the length and toughness of Its roots, by wlilch the harrow Is arrested. camomile, n. kdrn'O-mM (Gr. chamai-melon, earth- apple, so called from the smell of its flower), a plant wiioae flowers have a fragrant smell and a bitter aro- matic taste, much used In medicine — spelt also cham- omile. camp, n. kAmp (L. camp-ua, a plain : It. campo), the ground occupied by an army at reat : v. to rest an army in the open country (see encamp) : camp'lng, Imp.; camped, pp. kampt: camp-foUower, n. one who follows an army without serving. campaign, n. kHm-pAn' (F. campagnei It. ccum- poffTia, the plain open fleld), an extensive tract of country not hilly ; the time an army is engaged either In marching, flghtlng, or In camp : v. to serve in a campaign : campaign'lng, imp. : campaigned', pp. ■pAnd': campalgn'er, n, one who. campanology, n. kam'pa-nOt'd-ji (low L. campana, a bell; ur. logoa, a discourse), tho art of ringing bells, or a treatise on tho art. campanula, n. k port, to uantpbor: campnora- tlng,imp.:cam'phora'ted,pp.; adj. imprognatod with camphor: campnor-tree, n. tho tree producing cam- phor ! camphogen, n. kam'/0-j6n or •j&n (new L. cam- phorat camphor, and Gr. gettein, to orlng forth), tho product of tho distillation of camphor wltli dry phoa- phorlc acid: cBm'phoraceous, a. 'a'ahUa, of or Uku camphor: camphoric, a. -/or'-ik, of or from camphor. oompuUtropouR, a. kam'pA-ltifrO-piia (Gr. kmnpuloa, curved: trepo, 1 turn), In lot, having tho ovulo and its integuments ao bent that tho apex la brought near thohnum,the hllum oadohalaze botug togotbei>-alBo cam'puUt'ropal. „ camwood, n. cilm n. -zd'shUn, the act of declaring any person a saint: can'onshlp, n. the beneflce filled by a canon; also can'onry. n. -H. 1 1> „ , „, _.» mental projection over a door, a window, &c. ■ v to cover with a canopy : can'opylng, imp. -pi-ing ; can'o- canon, n. kdn'-y6n (Sp.), in Western America, a deep gorge or i-avlne between high and steep banks. canopy, n. k&n'a-pi (Gr. konopeion, a bed with fuze curtains to keep off flies— ii-om konom, a gnat : conopeum: F. cana/pi), a covering over a throne or - bed ; a covering over the head; m arch., an oma- ""*"' projec" "^ — - — i--i-— ~ 'Aihacj pied, pp. -pld. canorous, a. kd-iUi'riis (L. cantrms, melodious— ftoni ctwto, I sing), musical; tuneful: cano'rously, ad. -li: cano'rousnesB, n. cant, V. kdnt (Gaol. caAnnt, speech, language ; can, to sing, to name : L. ccvnto, I sing), to speak In a whin- iug tone of voice : n. whining affected speech ; hypo- critical jargon ; slang: cant'mg, imp. : adj. speaking in a whining tone of voice: n. the talk of a would- be religious person : cant'ed, pp. : cant'lngly, ad. -li. cant, v. kdnt (Ger. kanten, to put a thing upon its edge, to tilt: Dan. kant; Sp. canto, edge, angle), to pitch forward ; to place upon the edge, as a cask; to Jerk; to throw; among carpen., to cut off an angle fl-om a square piece of timber : n. an inclination fi-om a horizontal line; a thrust; a push: cuit'ing, imp. : adj. turning up on edge ; giving a sudden thrust. cant, kdnt, contracted for canTWt. Cantab, kdnitdb, or Cantabrldglan, n. -ta-brlj'i-dn, a member or scholar of Cambridge university. Cantabrlan, a. kdn-t&'-brl-dn, pert, to Cantabria, on the Bay of Biscay, in Spain. cantankerous, a. kdn-Utng'k&r-Hs, In familiar lan- guage, cross-grained; ill-conditionea in temper: can- tan^eronsnes8,n. crossness; ill-humour; petulance. cantata, n. cAn-td'td (It.— from L. canto, 1 sing), a poem set to music. canteen, n. kdntSn' (It. caTtfina, a wine-cellar), a tin vessel for carrying a Uquid ; the store and tavern at- tached to a barracks. canter, n. k&nUir {a contr. of Canterbury gallop), a moderate gallop : v, to run, as a horse in an easy gal- lop : can'tering, imp. ; cau'tered, pp. -t&rd. canterbury, n. kdn't^r-ber'-l (from a city in England), a stand or receptacle for music, &c. : canterbury- hellB, a species oi campanula. canthaHs, n. kdn'-thdr-%s : ctrntharldes, n. plu. -%-dez (Gr. kantJiaris, a kind of beetle), the Spanish fly, used in making blistering plasters : canthar'ldlne, u. ■i-din, the blistering principle in Spanish flies. cantons, n. kdn'ims (L. carUhits; Gr. kanthos, the iron ring around a wheel), the angle or comer of the eye. canticle, n. kSn'tt-kl (L. canto, I sing), a song : pin. the Song of Solomon, or Song of Songs. canto, n. kdn'to (It. canto, a song: L. cantus, stag- ing), apartordivlsionofapoem; in Tni^sic, the leading part; a song: cantlllate, v^ kAn'tihldt, to chant; to recite musically : can'tilla'ting, imp. : can'tilla'ted, pp. : can'tllla'tion, n. -Id'shiln, chanting; reading or reciting with musical cadence, ctuiton, n. kdn'-tOn (F. : It. ca}i(on«— from canto, a comer), a division of a country : v. to divide into dis- tricts or cantons; to allot quarters to troops: can'- toning, imp. : can'toned, pp. -t6nd: can'tonal, a. pert, to or divided Into cantons : can'tomnent, n. the part of a toivn or village assigned to a body of troops ; separate quarters for soldiers. Note.—Taa verb can- ton and the words derived from it are now more usually, and always among military men, pronounced with the accent on the second syllable, thus— canfon', canto'ning, canton'ment, &c. canvas, n. kdn'vds (F. canevas, canvas : L. cannabis; It. cannevo, hemp), a coarse cloth made of flajc or bemp, used for tents, sails, painting on, Ac. ; in a ship, the sails are called the canvas: adj. made of canvas: can'vass, v. (a metaphorical meaning taken from sifting a substance through canvas), to discuss ; to examine into ; to solicit votes or interest; to make interest in.favour of: n. a close inspection into ; dis- cussion; debate; a seeking; a solicitation: can'vas- sing, imp. : canvassed, pp. -v&st .- canvasser, n. one who. ■ cany, a. k&'nl (see cane), full of canes ; consisting of canes. ■ canzonet, n. kdn'z6n-6t' (It. canzona, a song: L. canere. to sing), a little or short song in one, two, or three parts. V caontckonc, n. kSb'chSbk (a native Indian word), india-rubber ; the dried Juice of various tropical plants, used in the manufacture of waterproof cloths, coto, boy,/Sut; pHre, bUd; chair, game,Jog, sJvun, thing, there, zeal. CAP 72 CAPS overshoes, flexilile tubes, &c. : caoat'chine, n. -chin, or caout'cbonclue, n. -chMO-sln, a volatile liquid dis- tilled from india-rubber. cop, n. kdp (AS. asppe, a cap: Bp. capa; It. cappa; F. chape, a cover ; Gr. akepo, I cover), a cover for the head; a cover Id general ; the top or highest part; a mark of some office or ditjnlty : v. to cover the top end or orifice ; to uncover aa a mark of reverence or civility ; to render complete ; to invest with official dis- tinction ; to admit to professional honours by the act of capping: capj>ing,lmp. ; capped, pp. cdtp^; cap-a- pie, ad. -a-p^ (F.), from head to foof ; all over, as armed cap'O-pie: cap-of-malntenance, a cap carried before the kings of England at their coronation : to set one's cap at, to take measures to gain the altec- tions of a man : cap'ftil, a small quantity, used by sailors when speaking of the wind. capable, a. ka'-pd'Ol (F. capable— trom L. capio, I take! able to conwiin or receive ; having the requisito mental, moral, or physical ability ; qualified for ; ca'phbleneu, n. -bl-nda, the quality of being capable : ca'pabU'lty, n. ■hU'-i-ti, the quaUty of being able or qualified for: capaclouB, a. M-^d'sA^, roomy; lorfro; that will hold or take in much ; extensive : capa'- clooBly, ad. -II : capa'clouanesa, n. : capacitate, v. ka-paa'ltat, to qualify; to enable: capac'lta'tlng. Imp. : capac'ita'ted, pp. : capac'lta'tion, n. -ta'shHit i capao'lty, n. -M, the power of containing ; extent of room or space ; the power of receiving Instruction ; ability ; profession or occupation. caparison, n. kd-pHr'l-sun (Sp. caparazon, coroaas of a fowl, cover of a aaddie), an ornamental cover laid over the saddle of a horse ; T. to cover with an orna- mental cloth, aa a horse; to deck; to dress out superbly : caparisoning, imp. : capar'lBoned, pp. ■sund. cape, n. hap (L. caput, the head : It. capo .- F. cap), any portion or point of land stretching Into the sea; a headland ; a cover hanging from thS neck over the back and shoulders ; a short loose cloak. caper, v. kn'pir (L. caper, a goat : It. capro, a buck : F. capriole, a caper In dancmg), to leap, skip, or Jump ; to prance ; to spring : n. a leap ; a skip, aa In dancing ; a leap In sport, as a goat or liimb ; ca'per- Ing, imp.: adj. leaping; skipping: ca'pered, pp. -;:^c2.* ca perer, n. one who : to cut capers, to dance in a A'otlcsome manner ; tonlay pranlcs. capers, n. ka'p&rs {F. capre: L. t..^. gab^, the buds of the capor-plant preserved in vinegar capias, n. kd'pl-Oa (L. take or seize hold of), a writ of arrest before, or execution after, Judgment. capillalre, n. kdp-i-loy (F.L a syrup prepared with an infusion of the maiden-hair fern. capillary, a. kap'il-Ur-t {L. capiUua, hair: F. capil- laire, capillary), resembling hair; tubes or canals, extremely fine and minute, through which moisture ascends spontaneously, are called capillary IvXtea: capillary attraction, the power that porous bodies have of drawing up or sncldng in moisture : cap '11- laries, n. plu. -u, in annt., the extremely fine extre- mities of the arteries, Ac. : cap'iUar'ity, n. -Ubr'-l-tl, the state or condition of: cap iUa'ceous, a. -W-shUs, veryslender, like hair: capiUaiment,n. Ica-inl'ia-mSnt, a fine fibre or filament : capU'Uform, a. -ll-faljorm, {h. forma, shape), hair-shaped. capital, a. kdp'i-tal (L. capitaJis, that by which life is endangered, pre-eniineni— from caput, the head: It. capitale ,- F. capital), chiefs principal ; first in im- portance ; punlshablo by loss of life ; great ; large of size: n. the ornamental part of a column, pillnr, or fiilnster placed at the top Immediately over the shaft, lut under the entablature ; a chief city or town ; a large letter or type ; a stock-in-trade, consisting of money or goods : capitally, ad. -21 ; cap'italist, n.-fsf, one possessed of large means and engaged In business : capitalise, v. -iz, to convert into capiwA, as money or stock: cap'itali'sing, Imp.: cap'ltallaed, pp. -lUd: cap'italisa'tion, n. -t-zd'-Bhi'ln. act by which anything Is converted Into capital : cap'ita'tion, n. ■tet'skiln, so much per head or Individual ; a poll-tax : capitate, a. kdp^tOi, In bof., like a pin-hood; having a rounded summit, as some hairs: Cap'itaii-Pacna'. n. -tdn- pa-shd', the chief admiral of the Turkish fleet : capita- tion-tax, n. a tax Imposed on each person above a cer- tain age : capitatlon-grant, n. a sum of money paid annually fop each chlldattending an elementary scnool by the Committee of Council on Education, on the^- filment of certain conditions. capltol, n. kap'4-tOl (L. capitoUum—tiom caput, the mdte, rndtf/dr, Uifo; mite, met. head), the temple of Jupiter; a fort or castle In Rojuo where the senate of anc. Rome met ; the bullninp occupied by the parliament or Congress of the U.b. of Amer. : capltoiian, kOp'i-tO'll'On, or capitoUne, a. cdplt'O'lm, pert, to the Capitol of Rome. capitular, n. fcd-pfi'd-Mr, or caplt'ulary, -T (L. capitu- lum, a little head.'the head or chapter of a pillar— rrom caput, the head), the laws of an ecclesiasucal council or chapter; the member of a chapter: ad), relating to the chapter of a cathedral: capit'nlarly, ad. -W; caplt'ulate, v. -lat, to surrender, as an armv or garri- son to an enemy, on certain conditions : caplt'ula tlon, n. -la'aMn, the act of thus surrendering to an enemy ; the written conditions or treaty : caplfula'ting, imp. : oaplt'ulft'ted, pp. : oapit'ula'tor, n. one who : capit - nlmn, n. Mm, In hot, a flower-head composed of a number of florets arranged without stems on the sum- mit of a single peduncle. caplvi, n. M-wS'dJ— see copaiba. capnomancy, n. Mp'nO-mOn'sl |Gr. kapiws, smoke ; Ttianteia, divination), divination by the motion or appearance of smoke, . ,„ , , capnomor, n. kdp'-nO-mifr (Gr. Jcapnos, sraoKo: moira, a port), a colourless oil obtained from the oil capoch or caponch. n. M-p6ch' (Sp. copwc/io— fl-om capa, a cover), a monk's hood ; the hood of a cloak. capon, n. kQ,'p6ii (Sp. capojr, to castrate: mod. Gr. apokopto, I cut offf, a cock-chlckeu fed for the tohle; a castrated cock: ca'ponlse, v. -nix, to cas- trate, as a fowl : ca'ponl'sing, Imp. : ca'poniaed, pp. •niza. caponlere, n. k&p'O-nSr^ (F. camonni&re : Sp. capo- neraj, in mil. , a lodgment for soldiers In the diy ditch or the glacis ; a kind of way covered by a parapet, and palisaded : a cut In the glacis leading from the cov- ered way to the worics at the foot of the glacis. capot, n. ka-pSf (F. capot, a great-coat : Gor. caput, ruined), a winning of all the tricks of cards at the game of piquet : v. to win at piquet. oapoucta, n, kd-pOch'—RGO capooh, capping verses, kdp'lng (Icel. ka^p, contention), in /a/nvtltar language, contending In the citation or verses : to cap, to beat one. caprlc, 0. kap'rik (L. caper, a he-coat), obtained from butter, or the outter ana fat of the goat ; applied to an acid, as capric acid : cap'rate, n. -rat, a salt of caprlc acid. CI '" "" do- ouB, a. •vrtsh'-'ds, given to change; whlmafcal; fickle; apt to change opinions or intentions suddenly : ca- prici'ously, ad. -U: caprlci'ousness, n. Capricorn, n. kdp'ri^cdfbm (L. caper, a goat ; comu, a bom), one of the twelve signs of the zodiac : tropic of Capricorn, the parallel In the S. hemlspliere, whose latitude is equal to the sun's greatest deollxiation, about 23" 28'. caprid, a. kdp'rid (L. caper, a he-goat), relating to the goat tribe : cap'rlne, a. -Tin, pen. to a goat. capriflcation, n. Icap'rl-fi-kaet-knlght, a soldier who has never known the hardships of autual sevvlco: car* pet-bag, a travelling-bag made of the samo materials aa carpets. carpoUtei, n. plu. kdr-pO-Ws, also car'poUthea, ■llthz {Gr. karpoa, frait; lithoa. a atone), in geoL, a general term for foasll fruits. Carrara marble, M-rdi-ift, a pure white marWe Itoiu Mossa Carrara In Italy, carrIage,n./«lrfV(oldEne. c(woc7ie; It. cairoccio; V, cniTosse, a conveyance with springs- from L. carnts, a cart), the act of carrying or conveying ; the thing that carries; any vehicle with springs; a coach; be- haviour or conduct ; tho chiU'gQ or coat of conveyance of goods. carrier, n, k&r''rl-&r—9ori cany. oajTlon, n. kdr-rX-On (It. carogna; F. charogne— fromL. caro, flesh), flesh unfit for human food: adj. relating to: carrion-crow, the species of crow com- mon in England which feeds on carrion. Inserts, &c camraade, n. kar'rOn-ad (fi-om Carron In Scot,, Avhero flrat made), a short cannon formerly uaed In the navy. carrot, n. mr'rdt (F. carotte: It. rnmtn), n long esculent root of a reddish colour; carroty, a. kdr- rOt-l. like a carrot in colour. carry, v. Mr'rl (F. charrier, to convoy in a car: wai. curare, to convoy in a cart : L. carrus, a car), to hoar; to convey; to elTert or accompllah; to lead- or draw; to produce; to transact or conduct ; In mil., to obtain posaoHBlon of a military position by force : car' rylng Imp. : car'ried, pp. ^d: carTler, n. -H-A-, one Who: to carry away, in naval language, to break a spar ; to part a rope ; to carry off, to kill ; to boar awny : to carry on, to promote; to help forward: to carry I out, fully to accomplish ; to put into execution ; to hCr; pine, pXn; note, ndt, wwJre; CARS 75 CASQ carry through, to axicceed by perseverance ; carrler- plgeoo, a variety of the pigeon employed for carrying letters. carse, n. Mrs (W. cars, a bog), In Scotland, low. ftrtlle, alluvial land neai' a river, or the valley through which a river flows. cart, n. k&rt (AS. krat; It. cmretio; F. charrette— fi-om L. carrus, a two-wheeled cart), a carriage for the ronveyance of goods, &c. : v. to cany away in a cart : cart'lng, imp. : cart'ed, pp. : car'ter, n. one who drives a cart: cartage, n. kdr'taj, conveyance in a coi't ; cost of goods so conveyed : cart-horse, u. a strong horse fordrawingacart: cart-load, n. as much ns can be caiTled in a cart : cart-wright, n. one who constructs carts. carte, n. kdrt[Y.), a card; a bill of fai-e at a hotel. carte-blanche, n. c&rt-hldngah (F. carta, paper; 'blanche, white), a paper signed but not Allied up; unconditional power to do some business for another ; corte-de-vlsite, n. kiXrt'-d6-ve'zet' (F.— literally, a card of visit), a small photographic likeness gummed on a card— so called from Its original use as a visiting card : plu. cartos-de-vlBit«. cartel, n. k&r'-tSl (It. carttlla, pasteboard), a written agreement between states at war for an exchange of prisoners: cartel-ship, n. a ship employed in convey- ing exchanged prisoners, or the messenger to obtain an exchange. OarteBian, a. kCLv-W-zM'O/n, pert, to the doctrines of the French philoaopher Descartes : n. a person who believes in the philosophy of Descartes. Carthaginian, a. kArHn.&'j%n'l-0,n, pert, to anc. Car- thage ; n. a native of. carthamufi, n. k&r'-tha-niiis (L.— from Gr. kathairo, I purge, I purify), the wild or bastard saffron ; saiflower : cax^hamlne, n. -rnln, a colouring matter obtained fl'om the safflower. CarthuBian, n. kdr-th6'zM-an, one of an order of monks, named from Ohartreux in France: a^J. pert. to, cartilage, n. k&r'tU-e^ {F.— ft-om L. cartilago, gris- tle), gi'Istle ; a whitish elastic substance, softer ^an bono, and bai'der than ligament: car'tllag'iuous, a. -M-WJ*'l-niIs, having gristle instead of bones. cartoon, n. k&r-Un' (It. cartoiie, pasteboard— from carta, paper: L. c/iarics), asketehmadeonpaper, Ac, as a design to be executed in tapestry, in mosaics, or on glass ; a design on paper to be transferred fl-om the paper on to the fi:esh plaster of a wall, and painted in fi'esco. cartonch. n. kdr-t6sh' (F. cartouche: It. cartocdo, a paper case), a cartridge-box; a small wooden case nlled with riile-balls or small cannon-balls for ^efng discharged from a gun; in arch., an ornament re- presenting a scroll of paper. cartridge, n. kdr'trij (a corruption of cartouche: L. charta, paper), a small bag or case made of paper, pasteboard, wool, So., for containingpowder and balls, used for loading rifles or cannon— containing powder alone they are called blank-cartridges— with ball, they are called baU-cartrldgea : cartrldgB-box, n.the small leather case in which ^e soldier holds his cartridges: cartridge-paper, n. a thick sort of paper. cartmaary, n. k&r'tH-Mr'i {¥. cartiUaire: lowL. car- trilarium), a register book; one who keeps records, &c. caruncle, n. kdr'-'Sng-kl (L. caruncula, a little piece of flesh— from caro, flesh), a small fleshy excrescence, diseased or natural, as the comb of a cock; in iot., a fleshy or thickened appendage of the seed : carun'- oular, a. -kH-lSr, pert, to or naving the form of a caruncle : canm'cula'tedj a. having a fleshy excres- cence. carve, v. k&rv (AS. ceor/an; Dut. kervan, to cut or carve : Ger. kerhen, to notch), to cut into pieces, as meat; to cut into forms or shapes; to engrave or flculptiu-e : carv'lng, imp.: n. the act of cutting; the artof cutting fi^es in wood, Ac; sculpture: carved, pp. /c(trud .■ car ver, n. one who: carving-knife, n. a Knife for cutting and slicing meat attable: to carve out, to cut or take out from some large thing ; to lay out by design. carvel, n. kdr'vSt (another form of caravel), a small ship ; Jelly-fish. caryatides, n. plu. kar'i-itt'X-dez, in arch., fejnale , figures used to support entablatures-^o called fi"om the women of Carya iu Arcadia : car'yat'lc, a. -ik, pert. to. caryocariB, n, kdr'i-Sk'a-'i^s (Gr. karuon, a nut, and AraHfi, a shrimp), in geol, a small crustacean, having a long, pod-shaped, bivalved carapace. caryonhyllla,n. kar'i-O-fiVll-a (Gr. Jcaruophullon, a clove), literally " clove-shaped ; " in geol., a section of lamellated flower-like corals : car'yophyila'ceons, a. ■l&'sh'&s, in bot„ having corollas of five petals with loug claws, as In the pink : car'yoph'ylline, n. -Hf-ll-lvn, a crystalline substance extracted l^om cloves. caryopslfl, n. ftttr'I-dD-sfs (Gr. karuon, a nut, a ker- nel : opsis, sight, form), in hot., a dry, one-seeded, in- dehiscent tl'ult, incorporated with a thin pericarp, forming a single giiUn— as in wheat, barley, ao,. casava, n. kd-ad'vd (Sp. cazabe), bread made f^om the starch obtained from the root of the tapioca plant. cascade, n, kds-kctd' (It. cascata; F. cascade, a fall of water— from It. casca/re, to fall), a waterfall ; water flowing over steep roclcs. coscallio, n. kas-kdl'y6 (Port, cascalho, gravel), a name given In Brazil to the gravelly deposit in which diamonds and gold ore found. cascariUa, n. kOs'-kd-ril'ld {Sp. cascara, bark of trees), the bark of a tree of Jamaica g a powerful tonic. case, n. kas (F. caisse, a box : It. cassa, a chest : Sp. casco, a cask : Dut. kast ; Ger. }ciste, a chest : L. cassus, hollow), a covering; a box; a sheath; afi'ame; a cer- tain quantity : v. to cover in ; to put in a case or box : ca'slng, imp. : n. a covering: cased, pp. k&st: case'- harden, v. -hdrd'n, to harden the outer part— aa iron, by converting it into steel : case-hard'ening, imp. : case-hard'ened, pp. : case-knife, n. -nlf, a long kitchen- kaife : caaeworm, n. caddia-worm ; a worm or grub which maJves itself a case: case-shot, n. shot in a case: case'mau, n. a compositor. case.n. kds (L. casiis, afaU : F. cas, a case, amatter), that which falls, comes, or happens ; an event ; con- dition or state in which any person or thing may chance to be ; a question for discussion ; a cause in a court ; the inflection of nouns : in case. If it should so happen : in good case. In good condition or health of body. caselne, n. kd'sS-1/n (F.— from L. caseus, cheese: It. cascio), the cheesy portion of the curd of milk: ca'seous, a. -^, like cheese; liaving the qualities of cheese : ca'seic, a. -^k, of or fi'om cheese. caeemate, n. fcOs'mat (F.: Sp. casa-mata—troTii casa, a hoiae, and matar, to slay), a vault of mason-worlc in the flank of a bastion serving as a battery : case'- mated, a. liaving casemates. casenaeut, n. kas'-mSnt (It. casamento, a large house), a window made to turn and open on hinges ; a hollow moulding : case'mented, a. having casements. caseous, a.— see caseine. casem, n. ka'-z^m (F. casenie— from L. casa, a hut), small sleeping-places for soldiers near the ramparts. cash, n. kdkh (F. cwisse ; It. cassa, a merchant's cash ' or counter), money on band, or at command, as in a chest or in the bank ; ready money ; a Chinese copper coin: v. to tm-n into money ; to exchange for money: caBh-account, n. in Scot., an account of advances made by a banker to a merchant or trader who has given security for the repayment of them : cash-credit, the privilege of drawing money out of a bank on security being given : caah-hook, n. the book in which money paid out and received is written down : caah'- Ing, imp.: cashed, pp. kdsht: cashier, n. hd-shSr', a clerk who has charge of the money and the cash-book. cashew, n. kd-shd' (P. acajou ~ from the native name), a tree of W. I. and S. Amer. and ita fruit, wliich yields an acrid juice, there growing at the apex of the fl-uit a flattened kidney-shaped nut yielding a caustic oU. cashier, v. kd-sMr' (Dut. kasseren; F. casser, to break— ft-om L. cassus, empty), to dismiss fixim an office of trust for bad conduct ; to re,]ect or discard : caahler'ing, imp.: cashiered', pp. -shSTd', dismissed; discarded. cashmere, n. k&sh'mSr a rich and costly ahawl, so ; called from the place in India where first made : adj. ' of or pert. to. casino, n. hd'sS'na (It.— from casa, a house), a small country-house ; a saloon for dancing, Ac. cask, n. Adsfc (Sp. casco, a vessel for holding liquids ; F. casque, a case), a round, close, wooden vessel for holding liquors, formed of staves and hoops. casket, n. kdsk'&t (dim. of cask: F. cassette, a case for Jewels), a small chest or box for holding Jewels, trinkets, &c. casque, n. kdsk (F.— from Sp. casco, a helmet, a cask), a helmet or head-piece for a soldier* n^y. 'b&j.f^ot; pare, "bUd; duiir, game jog, shun, thing, there, zeal. CASS 76 CATA cassation, n. kda'Sti'shiln {F—trom casser, to make void), the act of repealing or annulling: court of cassation, n. the highest court of appeal In France, cassava— see casava. cassia, n, cOsh'l-a (L. andGr.) a name for many species of aromatic plants ; il spico ; a medicine. cassideous, a, kd-sid'l-Ha (L. caesis, a helmet), In hot. , having one large liclmet-shapod petal, as the aconite. Cassiopeia, n. kas'VC-pe'-y& (after the mythical wife of Oepheua), a constellation on the opposite side of the pole to the Groat Bear, and at aoout the same distance from it. casBlterlte, n. kOs-stt'-ir-lt (Gr. kassiteros, tin), the oxide of tin, being the ordinary tin ore. cassock, n. kas-a6k (F. cosaque ; It. caaacca, a man's long gown : Gael, ccuag, a long coat), a long, close- flttrng vestment worn by clergymen under their pulpit- gowns : cas'socked, a. -aSkt, clothed with a cassock. cassowary, n. kds'ao-wa'ri (Hind, kasauwaris], & large bird which runs with great rapidity, a native of the B. I. cast, V. kitat (Icel. kaata; Sp. cascar, to crack, to burst: F. casaer, to break: It. caacare, to fall), to throw or fling : to sow seed ; to rojoct ; to reckon ; to contrive or pun; to mould or staapo, to ponder or weigh, as in tne mind: n.athrow; the distance passed hy a thing thrown; a glance oria turn of the eye; chance or nazard ; a form or Hhapc ; a tlngo ; manner ; whatever Is run into a mould: cast'ing, Imp. : cast, pt. and pp. : to cast aside, to dismiss or reject : to cast away, to ruji-ct ; to lavish : to cast down, to de- ject or depress; to cast forth, to throw out; to ox- nale ; to cast off, to dlecard, or to put away : to cast out, to r£^ect; to throw or turn out: to cast up, to compute ; to reckon ; to eject or vomit : to cast on, to put ur place on, as loops of worsted on wires ; to cast one's self on, to resign or yield to the disposal of, without reserve: to cast in the teeth, to upbraid; to blame for : to cast in one's lot with any one, to take the chance ; to share the fortune : last-cast, all ventured on one effort: cast-iron, n. Iron molted Irom the oro, and run Into moulds— called also plg-lron or ca«t-metal: cast-steel— see steel: coitlng-vote, a vote that decides, when the votes are equally divided. Castalian, a. ktta-ia'll-an (L. caatalitts), port, to Cofitalia, a spring on Mount Parnassus sacred to the Muses. castanets, n. plu. kfis'-td-nSta (Sp. caetana, a ches- nut), small concave shells of ivory or hardwood, uhaped like spoons, rattled with the lingers In donC' ing. • castaway, n. kOat'-d-rca (coat and away), a person lost or abandoned : adj. uHuless ; of no value. caste, n kdat (Port. ca.itu, breed, race), a name ap- plied to each of the four classes Into which the Hindoos are divided ; a class or circle of persons In any com- munity who chlelly hold intercourse within their own limits. castellated, a, kOa'tM-ld'tSd (It. caatelle ; L, castd- 2um, a fortlHed place— from L. codfra, a camp), having turrets and battloments like a ca.t. or pp. kaKat—^ea catch. cam, n. kcml (AS. cawl: F. c&le, a kind of little cap), a netted membrane covering the lower intestines ; the membrane covering the head of a child when bom ; a net for enclosing the hair. cauldron, n. k'ml-dr6'n, —see caldron. caulescent, a. kaJtv-Us'Snt {L. cavlis, a stalk), In bot, haviDg a true stem : caullcle, n. -ll-Jd, a short stem : cau'Ucole, n. -ll-kM, in hot , a short stem ; in arch. , one of the curled tops in a Corinthian capital; plu. in hot., small stems rising immediately from the nock of the root: caullform, a. -ll-fdlOfrm (li. forma, shape), same as canleicent : caallne, a. -iVn, growing on a caulls or stem. cauliflower, n. ka^l'-t-ft^or (L. cavils, a stem, and flower), a kind of cabbage with a thick, soft, white flower. canlk, n. kaTitk (see calk). In a ship, the operation of driving oakum into the seams between the planks of a ship: caulklng-iron, an iron chisel for driving in the oakum. canse, n. kaTvz (L. caiwa, a cause; It. causa; 7. cause), anything that produces an effect ; the person or thingthat brings about or does something 1 areason; a motive or inducement that urges or impels ; a suit at law; a party or side : v. to effect or produce ; to occa- sion: cau'smg, imp.: caused, pp. kaTiJzd: causal, a. ka!(vz'dl, relathig to or expressing cause: causality, n. kcUdD-zeU'i-t'l, agency of a cause ; quality of causing : cauaaUy, ad. kam:^-dl-lt: caiuahle, a. kd^vz'a-u : causation, n. hdJCD-zH'ahUn, the act or power of caus- ing or producing: cau'satlve, a. -tiv, that clTccts as a cause : causelesi, a. having no cause : causelessly, ad. -Vi : causelessneBS, n. : cau'ser, n. one who. causeway, n. kc^s^-iva (F. chauss^, a raised way : mid. L. ccuceta, a road), a raised roadway paved ; a raised road over wet or marshy ground : causey, n. kc06}'zl, a contr. for cattseway : can'seyed, a. -sda, or cause'wayed, a. -wad, paved with bloclts of stone. caustic, a. kcH&s'tik, or cau'stlcal, a. -n-kat (Or. kaustikos, having the power to bum), burning ; cor- roding ; that has power to destroy a living texture : cauB'flc, n. a substance that acts like Are when ap- plied to a livlng.hody ; nitrate of silver: caustlc'lty, n. -tts'l-tl, the quality of being caustic. cautery, n. k<^'Ur-l (Gr. kaaterion, a hot Iron for marking— ft-om kaio, I bum: L. cauterium), a burning or soaring of living flesh with a hot iron, or by caustic medicine, so as to remove a diseased part ; cau'terlse, V. -t^-iz, to bum or sear living flesh : can'terl'slng, imp.: can'terlsed, pp. -Izdi cau'terlia'tlon, n. -l-zdi shim, the act of burning or searing with a hot iron ; also cau'teriam, n. -izm. caution, n. kaTo'shUn (L. comHo, a taking heed : It. cjiuzione: F. coufton), greatcareln the midst of dangei-s; forethought ; a pruaent course of conduct ; security for; an advice; a warning: v. to warn; to exhort: cau'tlonlng,imp.: cau'tloned, pp.-aMnd; cau'tionary, a. ^-X, containing warning ; given as a pledge : can'- tloner, n. in Scot, one bound for another : cau'tlonry, n. -rl. In Scot, suretlship; the obligation of snreti- shlp : can'tious, a. -shUs, very careful in condurt ; wary; watchful; discreet: can'tlously, ad. -W; cau'- tlousneas, n. cavalcade, n. Mu'tW-ftfld (F.— see cavalry), a proces- sion of persons on horseback. cavalry, n, kav'Oi-rl (It. cavcUlo; F. clieval; h. cah- allus; Gr. kaballes; old Eng, capfo, a horse), hotBe-sol- diers : cav'aller', n. ■d-l&r' (It. cavcUiere: F. chevalier), a horseman ; an armed horseman ; a knight ; a gay soldier; in mit, an elevation of earth situated with- in a work overlooking the surrounding parts: adj. sprightly; gay; bravo ; generous ; haughty: cav'ac llerr, n. plu. -leraf, in mtg. hist., the partisans of TtUlte, mOtf/dr, luXo; mSte, mSt, CELE Charles I.: cav'allBrly, ad, -il, arrogantly ; disdain- fully : cav'aUer'nesB, n. cavatlna, n. kdv'-a-U'ntL (It.), In music, an air of one movement, frequently preceded by a recitative. cavajdon, n. kd-vd'-zhUn (It. cavazioTie, excavation), -In arch., an excavation for the foundation of a build- lug or for cellarage. cave, n. kO/o (L. caws, hollow; Fin. kopva, any- thing hollowed or vaulted), a hollow place under oaJthorrocks, as at the side of a hill; aden; a cavern; V. to hollow or scoop out; to dwell In a cave; (followed by In), to fall in, as earth in digging a pit : ca'Ting, imp.: caved, pp. kO,vd: cavity, n. kao'-l-tt, a hollowfn anything : cave-earth, the reddish calcareous teartli accirniufated In anc. caverns. caveat, n. }a,'-&l-vorthy of blamo : oen'surably, ad. -bli : cen'aurable- neaa, n. cenauB, n. sSn'siif (L. census, a registering and ra- ting of citizens; It. senso: F. sens), an authoritative enumeration of tho Inhabitants of a state or country : ceu'aual, a. -shSb-al, of or relating to a census. cent, a. sSnt (L. centum., a hundred, of which cent is an abbreviation ; It. cento : F. ceiit), a liundred : per cent, a certain rato for each hundred of any tiling; in the U.S. of Amer., a copper coin, in value the hundredth part of a dollar, being a little more thonahalf^enny sterling : per-centage, n. -f(V. somuch for each hundred : centenary, n. aSn^tSn-&r''l, the num- ber of a hundred ; cen'tena^rian, n. a person a hun- dred years old : centen'nial, a. -tSn'-ni-ai (L. annus, a yeai-}, nert. to a hundred years : centes'lmal, a, 46a'l-7ndi {L. centesiimts), the hundredth; centeB'i- mally, ad. -It: cen'tipode or cen'tipod, n. tt-p6d{L. pes, a foot— gen. pedis), an insect with many feet, re- puted 100; cent per cent, £100 for each £100, as prollt or interest. centaur, n. sSn'tdJOir (L. centawnis ; Gr. kentav/ros, aherdsman M'ho fought on horseback— from Gr. kenteo, I spur ; tauros, a bull), a fabulous being said to have beon half man and half horse ; In astroiu,& constella- tion, pai-t of a bright group in the soutliernnemispheru. centering, n. aSn'ter-i'r^{aee centre), the temporary frame on wliich an ai-ch la built. centigrade, n. sSnitl-grad (L. centum, a hundred; ffradiw, a step), a thermometer divided, between thu rreezliig and boiling points of water, into 100 parts or degi'ces. centime, n. sSn-tem' {F.—fromL. centvm, a hundred), the hundredth part of a fi*anc. centimetre, n, sSn-tim'S-t&r, or eGn'-tt-vul'-tr (F. — fi'om L. centum, a hundred ; Gr. mctron, a measiu-c), a French measure of length, equal to -394 in., or about 2-6ths in. IDnglish. centre, n. sSn'tir (Gr. Jcentron, anything with a sharp point: L. centrum, the middle point), the mid- dle point or place : v. to place on the middle point ; to collect to one point ; to settle exclusively on one ob- ject ; to rest on : cen'trlng, -tring, or cen'terlng, -ttr- •ing, injp. : cen'tred or cen'tered, pp. -t^d .- cen'tral, a. -irdl, placed at or near the middle : cen'trally, ad. 41: cen'trause, v. -iz, to draw or bring to a centre : cen'- trali'alng, imp. : cen'tralised, pp. -Vizd: cen'trallsa'- tlon, n. -za'shun: cen'trallBm, n. -tsm, the combination of several parts Into one whole: central'ity, n. -J-ti, state of being central: centre-bit, n.-^^-M^ an instru- ment withaprojectingconical point, nearly in the mid- dle, for boring circular holes : centre of gravity, that Eoint of a body which, being supported, the whole ody will remain at rest, even though acted upon by gravity : centre of motion, the point in a body which remains at rest, while all the otlier pai'ts move round it : cen'trical, -tri-kOl, and cen'tric, a. -trVc, placed in or near the centre or middle ; cen'trically, ad. -ll : cen'tricalneaa, n. centrifonil, a. sSn-tr'^-il-gdl (L. cejitrum, the centre, and/ufirio, Iflee), tendmgto fiyor go off from the cen- tre ; in bot, applied to that kind of inflorescence in plants in which the central flower opens first : cen- trip'etal, a. -trip'S-tat (L. peto, I seek, I move to a place), tending to the centre ; having a desire to move to the centre ; in bot., applied to that kind of inflores- cence in plants In which the flowers expand from be- low upwards : centrifugal force, the force by which bodies, when set in motion round a centre, have a tendency to fly off at a tangent ftom the circle round which they move : centripetal force, the force which drives or impels a body towards some point as a centre ; the force or gravity by which bodies tend to a point or centre. centuple, n. sSnrma, shape), shaped like the bralJi : cerebrltli, n. aSr'-B-brl'tle, inflammation of tho brain: cer'ebrold, a. -brtfifd {L. cerebrum, the brain ; Gr. eidos, shape), like or analogous to brain : cerebro-splnal, a. -brO-spi'-ndl (L. spina, the spine), belonging to the brain and spinal cord. ceremony, n. sSr'S-jndn-X (L, cceremonia, pomp or state in reflglouB rites : F. c^dmtmie), outward forms or rites in religion ; formal rules or regulations ; cer- tain kinds of^ social Intercourse ; state etiquette ; cer'emo'nial, a. ■mG'-nt-CU. according to established forms or rites, as of the Jewish religion ; ritual: n. outward form; a system of rites or iiiles established by authority: cer'emo'nially, ad. -li: cer'emo'nioui, a. -«s, full of ceremony ; formal ; exact and preclso : cer'emo'nlously, ad. -H .- cer'emo'nionineH, n, the practice of too much ceremony or formality. cerlthinm, n. sS-rVh'l-ilm (Gr, keration, a small horn), In zool., a goateropod, with an elongated, many- whorled, turretea shell. ceriom, n. aS'-rl-Am (from tho planet Ceres), one of the rarer metals found in the mineral cerite, sSr'it. cemnouM, a. s^'nil-Ht (L. cerTiuwt, bending or stoop- ing with the head to the ground), in bot., pendulous ; nodding. cerography. n. af,-T6g'rtl-fl (L. cera, wax; Gr. {jraphe, a writing), tho art of engraving on a waxed copper plate. ceroon, n. a5rdn' (Sp. wron^fl-om acra, a large basket), a bale or package In skins or hides. ceroplaitlc, n. ae'rO-pUln'tlk (L. cera, wax ; Gr. pUta- aein, to form), the art of modelling In wax : adj. modelled In wax. ceroslne, n. sfirfff-rfn (L. cera, wax), a waxy sub- stance found on the surface of the sugar-cane. certain, a. s&r'-ta/ti (F.— IVom L. c^tv^, sure: It, Mrfo), not doubtful; sure; tbat cannot be denied; un- failing; flxed or regular: cer'talnly, ad. -li: cer- tainty, n. -H, a real state ;4exemptIon from doubt or failure : oer'tes, od. -(toi assuredly ; in truth. ■ certify, v. a&r'tl-fl (L. txrtua, sure, and/ocio, I make : F. certifier), to testify to in writing ; to declare or In- form positively: ceriilMng, imp. : certified, pp. -fid: adj. testified to in wrltbig ; assured : cer'tlfler, n. one ^vho : certificate, n. -tlf-i-kat, a declaration In writing to testify something ; a testimonial of character: T.to give a status or position to by a written declaration, as to a parishioner by a clei^yman, or to a teacher by the Cfommtttee of Privy Council on Education : cer- tlf Ica'ting, imp. : certlf Ica'ted, pp. : ad}, declared In writing to have a certain status: certlrlca'tlon, n, •ko/almn, the act of certifying: oer'tltude, n. -ti-md, certainty ; freedom fl-om doubt. certiorari, n. a&r'-ahi-o-rOrTl (low L. cerWororg, to certify— from L. certior, more certain), a writ issued from a superior court to an Inferior one, to remove a cause depending In It. cerolean, a. a&-r6'l%'ebn (L. ccervleus, dark blue), blue ; sky-coloured : ceruliflc, a. a&r'6-l%p'(k, producing a blue or sky colour : cerlillno, n. -lln, a preparation of indigo. ceruse, n. an ore of lead— see under cerate. cemsBlte, n. sS'-rHs-sU (L. ceruaaa, white lead: V. c&ruse), a common ore of lead found In beds or voliis with galena. cervical, a. air'ffl-kai, (L. cervix, tho nock— gen. cervida : It. cervice), pert, to the neck. cervine, a. s^'vtn (L. cervua, a deer), pert, to a stag or deer : cer'vinoua, a. -vl-nds, dork, tawny, or deep yellow with much grey. cervix, n. ai^'ima (L. the neck), the bode part of the neck ; any part of an organ rosombling a neck. cesorlan, a. a&-z(i'rl'-wheeled carriage dra\vn by one horse. chalaza, n. kd'la'za, or chalaze', n. -loz' (Gr. chat- aza, a small tubercle), In bot., the disc-like scar wliere the nourishing vessels enter the nucleus of the ovule. chalcedony, n. kai-sSd'0-nl (fTomChalcedon, a town in Asia Minor), a variety of quartz with some opal disseminated through it : charcedon'ic, a. sS-don-'Ue, pert, to : chalced'onyx, n. sSd'O'ntks (chalcedony, and onyx), a variety of chalcedony. chalcolite, n. kal'kC-Ut (Gr. c^alhos, copper, and ttthos, a stone), a mineral occurring in scales of an emerald-green coloiu* : chalcography, n. kai-k6g'rd-/i (Gr. grapho, I write), engraving on copper : chalcog'- r«)her, n. one who; also cbalcog'raphut: chalcopy- rites, n. plu. kdl'kO-pl'-i'lts (Gr. chalkos, copper, and pyrites), copper pyi-ites, a common ore of copper. Chaldalc, a. kOl-da'ik, or Chal'dee, a. -dSfL. cJialdcei ,- Gr. chaldaioi, the Chaldeans), pert, to ChaJdea : n. the language or dialect of the Chaldeans : Chalde'an, u. 'de'-an, a native of: adj. pei1;..to: Chalda'lBm, n. ■da'-'izm, an idiom or peculiarity in the Ohaldee dialect. chalder, n. chc^lia& (old F. cJiaitldron, a kettle), In Scotland, a dry measure containing nearly eight Im- perial quarters : chaldron, n. chtrnt'drSn, a measure for coals containing thirty-six bushels. chalice, n. chai'ts (It. and F. calice ; L. calix, a cup : Gr. kulix), a cup or bowl ; a communion-cup : chaV- iced, EL 'ist, having a cell or oup. chalk, n. cha'^)k{F. chavik-irom L, calx, lime), a soft calcareous stone of a white colour : v. to rub or mark with chalk : chalk'lng, imp. : chalked, pp. chaTvkt : chalk Ineas, n. : chalk'y, a. -f , like chalk : to chalk out, to lay out; to plan ; to describe: red- chalk, a natural cloy contabiing carbonate of Iron : brown-chalk, a familiar name for umber: black- chalk, a variety of draMng-slate : French-chalk, a variety of steatite or soapstone. challenge, n. chai'lUnj (F. diaianger, to challenge— firom L, ^aliimniare, to Institute an action at law), a call or summons to fight in single combat ; the letter or message containing the summons; an exception taken to a voter or Juror ; the demand of a soldier on sentry : v. to call or summon to light ; to call to an- swer ; to call to prove an assertion ; to take exception . to a Juror : challenging. Imp. : challeuged, pp. and a. -ISrifd! chEd'lenger, n. one who; challengeable, a. •d'bl, that may he challenged or called In question, chalybeate, n. ka-lib'i-at (L. chalybs; Gr. chalupa, very hard Iron : F. chalybe, chalybeate), medicine or water containing a solution of Iron : adj. impregnated with iron ; having a taste like that of Iron : chalyblte, n, kUl'i-bit, an iron ore— called also sparry or spathoso iron, carbonate of Iron, or alderite. Cham, n. k&m, the sovereign prince of Tortary— also written Kham. chamade, n. shd-mOd' (Port, chama/r; L. clamare, to call : F. chamade), the beat of a drum or the souud of a trumpet inviting an enemy to a parley. chombe^ n. cluXm-b^r (F. chambre, a chamber: L. camera; Gr. kamara, a vault or arched roof), an apaiiiment in a house ; a retired room ; a political or commercial body, as a chamber (^ commerce ; a hol- low or cavity ; that part of a gun which contains the powder, &c., called the charge; in a mine, the spot where the powder is placed: chamTjerlng, n. im- modest behaviour: cham'bered, a. -b^-d, consisting of chambers or cavities ; divided Into cavities : cham'- 'berlain, n. -2(ln(F. chambellan: It. camerlengo), one who has the <^arge of the apartments, &c„ of a sover- eign or noble ; a servant who has the care of cham- bers ; the treasurer of a corporation : cham'berlaln- ahip, n. the oflice of ; cham'ber-mald, n. a woman who cleans and arranges bedrooms : chamber practice, the practice of a barrister who gives his opinions privately or in his chambers. chameleon, n.M-m(!'2I-dn(L,c7iamceteon;Gr.c7iamai- leon, ground-lion— from chamai, on the ground ; leon, a lion), an animal of the lizard kind that can change the colour of its skin ; in chem., manganate of potass, fi'om the changes In colour which its solution under- goes. chamfer, n. chitm'fir (F. dcJiancrer, to slope or slant: Port. chaJjfrar, to slope, to hollow), a small gutter or channel ; a bevel or slope : v. to cut a furrow in; to channel; to slope; to wilnkle: cham'fering, imp.: cham'fered, pp. -/Srd. chamois, n. shdm-wa (F. chamois: It. camoscio), a kind of goat or antelope; a soft leather originally made from its skin. chamomile, n. kd,m'6-mll or m{Z,(Gr. chamai, on the ground, and melon, an apple), a plant so called from the smell of its flowers. champ, V. ch^mp (old F. champayer, to feed, to graze : Icel. kampa, to chew~fi"om kiammi, a jaw), to bite %vith repeated action of the teeth so as to be heard; to chew ; to devom*; to bite frequently: cham'- plng, unp.: champed, pp. chdmpt: cham'per, n. one who. champagne, n. sJidm-pAn' (F.), a kind of sparkling wine from Champagne, In France. champaign, n. sJiAmipan (L. campus, a plain : It. campo:^. champ), a flat open country: aaj. level; open. champignon, n. shUm-pin'ydng (F.), an edible mushroom ; the small mushroom of the fairy rings. champion, n. chdm'pt-dn (Icel. kaj^, contention : "W. camp, a feat : Sp. campear, to be eminent : Ger. Jcampeln, to dispute), a man who undertakes to de- fend the cause of another in combat or otherwise ; one who is bold or successful in a contest ; a hero : cham'- pionatalp, n. state of being a champion. chance, n. cJiO/ns (F. cJiance, chance : L. cadere : Sp. caer : Port. caJiir, to fall), an unforeseen event ; acci- dent ; what fortune may bring ; an opportunity : v, to happen; to occur without design: to risk: adj. casual: chan'clng, imp. : chanced, pp. chanst. chance-medley, n. ch&Tis-med'-H (F. cJiaude meslde— f^om chatid, hot, and mesUe, bickering, fight), an acci- dental conflict not prepared beforehand ; in law. un- intentional homicide in self-defence, or on a sudden quarrel. chancel, n. ckAn'sSl (old F. chancel : L. cancelli, lat- tices with which the chancel wns enclosed), that part in a church where the altar is placed. chancellor, n. chdn'sSl-ir (F. chancelier : L. cancelli, lattices, as anciently sitting behind them), a judge or officer in a court who possesses the highest power and dignity ; a great officer of state ; the head of a uni- cavy, to a regiment in ino anny, to a family, &c. : chap lalncy, -si, and onap - lalneblp, n, tho office, station, or biwiness of a cnap- *chaplet, n. chdp'iet (F. chapelet—tTom L. caput, the head), a garlondT or wreath encircling the heaa ; a string of oeads. called a paternoster or rosary, usoa by Eoman Catholics to keep count of their prayers ; a little moulding carved Into beads, &c. chapman, n. chttp'man (AS. ceap-man, a merchant —see cheap), an Itinerant dealer; a travelling mer- chant. chapped, chappy— see chap. ,_ , . , chapter, n.cMi;-