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ANALYSIS k\\} FORMjlTION 
 
 — OF — 
 
 Latin Words, 
 
 — WITH- 
 
 TABLES FOR AlltALYSIS. LIST OF ROOTS, Etc. 
 
 -BY — 
 
 FRANK SMALLEY, A.M., 
 
 Adjunct Professor (in charge) of the Latin Language and Literature, 
 in the SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY. 
 
 SYRACUSE, N. Y. : 
 
 ,TOHN T. ROBBKTS, I'UBLISHEK. 
 1879. 
 
 Sr 
 
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/\,)((^05S^ 
 
 Copyrighted, 1870, by Frant Smalley. 
 
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PREFACE 
 
 This little book has been prepared to meet a want sug- 
 gested in the Latin recitation room. It is designed to assist 
 the student in acquiring a knowledge of the Latin Etymology 
 such as will enable him to account for the forms he meets 
 with, and to analyze Latin words. It was necessary to intro- 
 duce a few words from cognate languages in order to explain or 
 illustrate similar forms in Latin. These are not numerous 
 enough to present any formidable obstacle to the student who 
 has not pursued other Ancient Languages than the Latin. Such 
 a student will suffer no disadvantage by the knowledge of a 
 few words from the Sanskrit and the Greek, nor will it render 
 him a less fit candidate for his degree. 
 
 A table for the analysis of Latin words at the end will 
 afford a practical application of the facts and principles 
 inculcated. This book should be used with the Grammar 
 and the lexicon in the study of Etymology. 
 
 With reference to some forms Philologists differ in opinion. 
 The explanations which appeared the best and most con- 
 
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sistent are given. The teacher might suggest other views 
 which are held. Good students are always interested in such 
 investigations, and profited by them, even if certainty is not 
 attained. 
 
 The helps made use of were chiefly the following : 
 The Latin Grammar of Allen & Greenough, which cannot 
 be too highly commended, has afforded much aid. Also 
 the ist Vol. of Roby's Grammar. Other Latin Grammars : 
 Zumpt, Madvig, Harkness, and Key. Also, Analysis of the 
 Latin Verb (Parkhurst) ; Currier's Latin Suffixes ; Compara- 
 tive Philology (Papillon) ; Grammar of the Anglo-Saxon 
 Language (Dr. March), an excellent and scholarly work, from 
 which the explanation particularly of such words as Eng. 
 o/ker, whether, aftermost, was taken, and other aid derived ; 
 Science of Language (Max Miiller) ; Language and the Study 
 of Language (Whitney) ; Latin Lexicons ; Greek Grammar 
 (Hadley) ; Sanskrit Grammar (F. Max Miiller). 
 
 Syracuse University, 
 April, 1879. 
 
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CONTENTS. 
 
 1. Roots ; definitions, etc. 
 
 2. Stems ; definitions ; formed firom roots, etc. 
 
 3. Suffixes. 
 
 4. Primary Suffixes ; list of ; signification; examples, etc. 
 
 5. Changes in Letters ; vowels ; consonants. 
 
 6. Nouns ; inflectional-endings of Parent Speech, of Latin 
 nouns ; paradigms ; endings explained. 
 
 7. Adjectives ; declension ; comparison ; etymology of Nu- 
 merals. 
 
 8. Pronouns; possessive; demonstrative; relative; per- 
 sonal, etc.; inflection of; compared with same in other 
 languages. 
 
 9. Verbs; conjugation of; suffix of conjugation, of voice, 
 mode, tense; personal-endings. 
 
 10. Adverbs ; of pronominal origin ; some others. 
 
 11. Prepositions. 
 
 12. Interjections. 
 
 13. Derivative Suffixes ; formation of words ; nouns ; adjec- 
 tives ; verbs ; adverbs. 
 
 14. Prefixes ; prepositions ; inseparable particles. 
 
 15. Composition. 
 
 16. List of Roots. 
 
 17. Table for Analysis. 
 
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Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021614726 
 
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ANALYSIS AND FORMATION 
 
 Latin \Vords 
 
 1. ROOTS. 
 
 1. A Root is a simple elementary syllable ; as, dg, Jd, em. 
 It contains the most primitive notion, and is the simplest 
 
 form to which a word can be reduced. 
 
 2. Roots are always monosyllabic, and the vowel is proba- 
 bly always to be regarded as short. 
 
 3. Roots may be divided into two classes based on an 
 inherent difference of character, vizi: 
 
 a. Those that express the idea of an object, as action or 
 condition. 
 
 They mark qualities : 
 
 (i.) of verbs ; as, /, go ; dd, give ; fa, say ; 
 (2.) of substantives; as, alb, white; ak, sour. 
 
 These roots of the first class are notional, and are to be 
 regarded as roots proper. They are also called predicative 
 roots. 
 
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8 
 
 6. Those that mark relations, giving some reference or indi- 
 cation ; as, of space, time, subject ; e. g. here, then, me, thou. 
 
 These roots are relational, and are sometimes called radicals 
 in distinction from the term roots. 
 
 They are also designated as pronominal ox demonstrative 
 roots. 
 
 Note. — Attempts have been made to trace the pronominal 
 roots back to an origin in predicative roots, but a few radicals, 
 at least, seem to be independent original forms. 
 
 4. The general character of radicals is a single sound ; 
 more frequently a consonant ; sometimes a vowel. They are 
 found : 
 
 a,. As the original radical parts 
 
 (i.) of words of relation; as, (su)b, {su)p{er, (a)b 
 
 (2.) of substantive pronouns ; as, m^e), t[u) ; 
 (3.) of adjective pronouns; as, m(eus\ i{s). 
 
 h. (i.) as case endings ; as, part-is, i, e. 
 
 (2.) as personal endings of verbs ; as, (su)m, {ama)i. 
 (3.) as suffixes to roots, forming stems ; as, {am)a ; 
 
 5. Many predicative roots are supposed to be in a second- 
 ary or modified form as known to us. This may be seen 
 from the following arrangement into Primitive, Secondary 
 and Tertiary Roots. 
 
 a. Primitive Roots are those which consist 
 (i.) of one vowel ; as, i, go ; 
 
 (2.) of one vowel and one consonant ; as, iV, eat ; 
 (3.) of one consonant and one vowel ; as, da, give. 
 
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9 
 
 b. Secondary Roots are those which consist of one conso- 
 nant, vowel, and consonant ; as, tiiti, strike. 
 
 In these roots either the first or the last consonant is modi- 
 ficatory. 
 
 C. Tertiary Roots are those which consist 
 
 (i.) of consonant, consonant, and vowel ; as, p/ii, flow ; 
 
 (2.) of vowel, consonant, and consonant ; as, drd. burn ; 
 
 (3.) of consonant, consonant, vowel, and consonant ; as, 
 y?i?<r, bend ; 
 
 (4.) of consonant, consonant, vowel, consonant, and 
 consonant; as scand, climb ; 
 
 (5.) of consonant, vowel, consonant, and consonant; 
 as, fulg, flash. 
 
 Note. — The Secondary Roots are more definite in charac- 
 ter than the Primary, and often one of the consonants, (gen- 
 erally the final one), is liable to modification ; for example 
 both tud and tup (Greek rwTr) mean strike. So also tuj and 
 fur are found with the same meaning, essentially. Each of 
 these differs from the others only by some slight modification 
 of the general meaning. Sanskrit Grammarians add several 
 more forms of the same root. 
 
 6. Little is known of the origin of roots, though a few are 
 evidently formed from noises by imitation (pnomatopmid) ; as, 
 murmur ; (see interjections also) ; and a few by gesture vocally 
 expressed ; as, sta{nd). (cf. stop). There are many words in 
 Latin the root or primitive part of which cannot be satisfac- 
 torily determined. 
 
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10 
 
 7- Roots in their primary and unmodified forms probably 
 admit of short vowels only ; though we may cite a few which 
 are long, they are probably modified roots. 
 
 In the Chinese language (predicative) roots are used with- 
 out change as words. But in the Latin, and the family of 
 languages to which it belongs (Indo-European), they are 
 never so used. 
 
 2. STEMS. 
 
 1. A Stem is the part of a word to which the inflectional 
 endings are affixed. It constitutes the body of the word ; as, 
 servus, — stem, servo. 
 
 2. The stem does not always appear unchanged in inflec- 
 tion. The following modifications are to be marked : 
 
 a. When the stem ends in a vowel, the vowel is usually 
 contracted with the case-ending; as, turri+is{gen.)=turris , 
 miisa ■\- (a)t{da.t.)=musae. 
 
 6. When the stem ends in a consonant, the final letter or 
 characteristic of the stem is often lost in the Nominative or 
 Vocative ; as, ra/io (Nom. and Voc.) from stem ration. 
 
 C. When the stem ends in a consonant the addition of a 
 close aflix (i. e. one beginning with a consonant) often pro- 
 duces an euphonic change; as, kg^s~lex; or a vowel is 
 inserted between the two consonants; as, les:^-i-\rhns — kgibus. 
 
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11 
 
 3. Formation of the Stem : 
 
 (i.) The root sometimes serves as st^ without change; 
 as, vel-le, esse. 
 
 (2.) The root vowel is increased ; as, die, dico (stem 
 dice). 
 
 (3.) The root vowel is changed ; as, vel, vol-o. 
 
 (4.) The root is reduplicated ; as, marmor, cecidi. 
 
 (5.) Roots are compounded ; d&,judices i^jus and dico). 
 
 (6.) A consonant is added or inserted ; as, toll-o (root, 
 tul),pi?tg-o (root, pig). 
 
 (7.) Stems are formed from roots by means of Primary 
 Suffixes consisting of a vowel or containing one ; 
 a.s,jugum, {xQot,jug), — stem=jug+ ; scrida (root, 
 scrib), — stem ^^scrib + a. 
 
 Note. — The Primary Suffixes, being radicals or relational 
 roots, make in fact compound words, though they are not so 
 treated. A list will be given, [see § 4.] 
 
 (8.) Stems are formed from roots by means of Deriva- 
 tional Suffixes ; as, violentus, from vis (stem, vi) -{- 
 o-lentus. 
 
 Note. — Stems may be formed by the combination of some 
 of the above methods ; as. root, die, verb-stem, dice ; (2,) (7.) 
 Root, veil, verb-stem, 'jjehe, derivational suffix, -culum, 
 vehiculum-; (7,) (8.) 
 
 4. Changes in the stem other than such as arise from 
 euphony or vowel contraction are, in nouns and adjectives, 
 indicative of case relations; in verbs, of relations of mood 
 or tense; as, /undo, slem, f wide, stem of Subj. Pres. Act., 
 funda, stem of Perf Ind. Act., fud, supine-stem, fus. 
 
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12 
 
 Note.— Auxiliary verbs answer the same purpose in En- 
 glish ; yet there is often a change in stem, to denote tense ; 
 as, do, did ; speak, spoke ; am, was, been. 
 
 5. The stem unchanged sometimes serves for a word, as in 
 the imperative aw«, which is both verb-stem and present-stem ; 
 and as in the Nominative and Vocative of the first declension, 
 and of a few stems in / and r of the third declension ; e. g. 
 consul, orator. 
 
 Note. — The Nominative suffix is incompatible with I ox r 
 either of which causes the omission of a final s; r often 
 causes the omission also of a short vowel preceding the ^,- as, 
 puer for puerus ; iener for tenerus. 
 
 3. SUFFIXES. 
 
 I. Suffixes are significant additions made to the roots or 
 stems of words for the purpose of more clearly defining their 
 meaning. 
 
 The root contains the general and indefinite idea of the 
 word. This is successively modified and limited by signifi- 
 cant additions until the meaning is specialized and narrowed 
 down to a class or an object. 
 
 Note.— (a.) The English language seeks to express most 
 relations, not by inflection, but by the use of separate addi- 
 tional words. It exists in the stage naturally succeeding the 
 
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13 
 
 inflectional stage ; the inflectional being, however, the most 
 perfect condition of language. (6.) The Chinese illustrates 
 the pre-inflectional stage of language, the roots being used 
 as words without modification or specialization. 
 
 2. Suffixes may be arranged in three classes : 
 
 (i.) Suffixes of Inflection, usually termed Inflectional 
 Endings. 
 
 a. In connection with substantives these are termed case- 
 endings, and had originally an independent significance, either 
 of a prepositional or pronominal character. 
 
 6. In the case of verbs these suffixes are termed personal- 
 endings, and designate person and number. 
 
 Note. — It is sometimes said that they are fragments of 
 pronouns. Perhaps it would be more accurate to say that 
 they are from the same pronominal roots as the pronouns. 
 
 (2.) Stem Suffixes, [see § 4.] 
 
 These are radicals or pronominal roots, having a demon- 
 strative character. 
 
 a. Many nouns have no stem-suffix, either having once 
 had it, and lost it as the result of the shifting of accent, 
 tliereby shortening the word ; as, praeceps—praecipits (Roby), 
 or, being consonant-stems (as due, dux), did not take it. 
 
 h. The majority of verbs are formed from the root — 
 whether modified by internal change or simple— by the addi- 
 tion of a stem-suffix ; as, root am, verb-stem ama. 
 
 (3.) Derivative Suffixes, [see § 13.] 
 These have probably originated from roots, but, having now 
 no separate existence, they are used to modify the meaning of 
 the word to which they are appended. They are numerous, 
 
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14 
 
 4. PRIMARY SUFFIXES. 
 
 Suffix. 
 
 a 
 
 u 
 
 ja (ia) 
 
 jan (ian) 
 ja-l- na 
 
 aja 
 
 Root. 
 
 fug 
 
 reg 
 
 fer 
 
 ak (ac) 
 reg 
 
 reg 
 
 aud am 
 men 
 
 ag 
 
 /z/ja, Greek, qjvyrj . The final « in 
 nouns of the ist declension was or- 
 iginally long, now short, except in 
 Abl. case. 
 
 jugum, (stem, jugo), Eng. yoke. The 
 vowel a becomes o. 
 
 regere, (verb-stem, rege.) 
 
 /er-(e)re,{veTh-slem,/ere.)Grk.cp£peiv, 
 Sansk. bhar-a-mi, I bear. The rad- 
 ical a becoming (?is the character- 
 istic vowel of the 3d conjugation. 
 
 navis, (stem, navi.) The Nom. of i 
 stems often occurs in -es, also in -s, 
 -r, or -l. There was a tendency in 
 nouns to lose the i. 
 
 acus, (stem, acu.) 
 
 regius,{s,t&m, reg-io). So in-vid-ia. This 
 suffix often changes the 3 to (7 as in 
 the first example, or to e, thus form- 
 ing nouns of the 5th declension ; as, 
 spec-ie-s, ser-ie-s. Also giving forms 
 from same base in both the ist and 
 Sth declensions ; as, materia and 
 materies. {via, stem, veh.^ 
 
 region-is (stem, region.^ Many of these 
 are appellatives (masc); and many 
 are abstract substantives (fem.) 
 
 amare, (stem, ama); monere, (stem, 
 motie); audlre, (stem, audi). 
 This suffix gives rise to the long a, e 
 and f, respectively of the ist, 2d and 
 4th conjugations. 
 
 arvum,{&te:m,arvo); also, aevitm, (stem, 
 aevo) ; servus, (stem, servo.) 
 
 activus, (stem, activo) ; also, captivus, 
 (stem, captive.) 
 
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15 
 
 Suffix. 
 
 ma 
 
 ara 
 
 an 
 
 na 
 
 ni 
 nu 
 
 a-njS, 
 ta 
 
 tar 
 
 tra 
 
 ti 
 
 tu 
 
 ant 
 
 as 
 ka 
 
 Root. 
 
 fa 
 
 gno 
 
 tag 
 
 prec 
 
 lib 
 
 pug 
 
 H (>g) 
 ma(?) 
 
 reg 
 lav quo 
 
 pa 
 
 spec 
 
 mor 
 
 lug 
 
 reg 
 
 gen 
 ed 
 
 fama; armus, (stem, armo, root dr) ; 
 ramus, for radmus, (stem, ramo.) 
 Seen also in superlatives ; as, sum- 
 mus {submus) ; primus, etc. 
 
 (g)nomen, (stem, nomin) ; certa-men, 
 (from cerid-re) ; acumen, (from acu- 
 ere ; nu-men, (from nu-ere.) 
 
 in-Ugris (gen), (stem, in-\-tegri) ; agris 
 (agri) ; terra ; ferrum, (^^X&vi\, ferro) ; 
 sella, {la—ra.) 
 
 precarius, (stem, prec-ari-io^^precario) ; 
 primarius. Very numerous. 
 
 libidinis (gen), (stem, libidiri); kominis ; 
 cupidinis. 
 
 pugna ; ' ternus ; ebumus ; dominus ; 
 penna. 
 
 ignis, (stem, igni) ; finis ; omnis. 
 
 manus, (stem, manu) ; comu ; pinus , 
 sinus. 
 
 regina, (stem, reg-ina); ruina ; dodrina. 
 
 lautus,{s\.&m,laufo); quoius; tantus{tam); 
 hortus. Perf. Participles, adjec- 
 tives of quantity and substantives. 
 
 pater ; f rater ; accipiter ; amator. De- 
 noting the agent. 
 
 spectrum, (stem, spectra) ; aratrum ; 
 transtrum. 
 
 mortis (gen.), (stem, morti) ; mentis 
 (gen.) / gentis (gen.) 
 
 luctus, (stem, lucto); quaestus. Also 
 supines. 
 
 regentis (gen)/ amantis (gen.) Pres. 
 Participles and a few others ; as, 
 recens. Gives rise to the -ndo of the 
 gerund. 
 
 generis (gen.), (stem, gener) ; lateris 
 (gen.) / furor. 
 
 esca , civicus , circus ; paucus. 
 
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16 
 [See also § 1, 4.] 
 
 1. These radicals indicate some particular relation in which 
 the root to which they are appended is to be conceived. 
 
 2. Remark. Before studying words of secondary form as 
 made up in part of derivative suffixes it will be better to 
 study those of simpler form, as consisting of root, primary 
 suffix and ending. We are enabled to do this now, in many 
 large classes of words at least, by the aid of the foregoing 
 list of radicals, and by the study of the terminations that will 
 be presented under each class of words. 
 
 5. LETTER CHANGES. 
 
 The limits of this book allow only the most general princi- 
 ples of vowel and consonant changes to be noticed. Many 
 changes are noted as they are met with in the treatment of 
 forms and the principle remarked. 
 
 r. Vowels. 
 
 a. 
 
 a. — Often lengthened in derivatives ; suffragitim ; and in 
 perfects ; cdTi^caraii^ca-evi (J) 
 
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n 
 
 a results from d + o, d + e, d + t; as, mdlo ; amdrunt 
 {amaverunt) ; amdtis {ama{i)tis.) 
 
 Often shortened in final syllables ; mensa. 
 
 [For a + 2 see e.] 
 
 e. — Lengthened in compensation ; cleni=^declni. Final, often 
 shortened j bene=^bene. 
 
 e results from ff-|-7, e + ^, e-^e, e + t; as, amem (amdim) ; 
 nemo (ne-he(p)mo) ; debeo (dehlbeo). 
 
 e is often omitted ; ^gno (root, gen) ; animal (animak) ; 
 hie (hice.') 
 
 e frequently by change from i before r or any two con- 
 sonants. 
 
 i. — Is sometimes lengthened and sometimes shortened in 
 the root-syllable of compounds. As final it is often 
 shortened. 
 
 I results from i + i if one be long ; but t + t=t + (t)=t. 
 There are exceptions to the last. 
 
 o. — May be long in compensation ; as, glomus for globmus 
 Frequently changed to u ; servus^=-servos. 
 
 J may result from C + ?', o-\rO, o + e; cogo (coigo) ; copia 
 {coopia) , comptus {coemptus). 
 
 u. — Often lengthened in perfects ; /undo, fudi. 
 
 « gives place to z" before suffixes beginning with m,f; 
 optimus (opitimus) ; pontifex (^poniufex). 
 
 u may result from u-\-e, u-\-i ; gradus {gradues) ; senatii 
 (senatui). 
 
 6. The most primitive vowel sound was probably a. It is 
 a simple sound, as is also that of i and u. o may be regarded 
 as composed of a + w / i? of a-\-i. 
 
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18 
 
 C. Vowels are often substituted for one another. Substitu- 
 tion is, for the most part, in the direction from the fullest 
 tone toward the lightest, i. e. from 
 
 aXa ... u ... e . . . i 
 p to u . . . e . . . i 
 u to e . . . i 
 e to i, u 
 i to e. 
 
 2. Consonants. 
 
 a. When consonant comes into contact with consonant, a 
 change is liable to occur, as follows : 
 
 (i.) Assimilation ; as, sella (sedld) ; .accurro {adcurro). 
 
 (2.) Partial assimilation, — sonants to surds j as, sup- 
 porto (subporio) ; m to n, or the reverse ; as, contero 
 (com-tero); impero (in-pero). 
 
 (3.) Omission ; as, examen (exagmeri) ; locus {stlocus). 
 
 (4.) Dissimilation, — suffix alls becomes aris to avoid 
 repetition of // as alaris ; nivalis. 
 
 (5.) Consonant inserted ; as, sumptus (sumtus). 
 
 (6.) Transposition, — of liquid and following vowel ; as, 
 stravi, sterno. 
 
 b. The letter r prefers e to i before it j as amaverunt (amavi- 
 runt). A final m or t often shortens the preceding vowel ; as, 
 sim (slm) ; amat {amat). The letter / likes u before it, but if 
 i follows it, / also precedes ; as, similis. So also bene ior bone. 
 
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19 
 C. The consonants may be thus classified : 
 
 PALATALS. LABIALS. LINQUALS. 
 
 Surds c, k, q, h p, f t, s 
 
 Sonants 
 
 5 g.j b, V d 
 
 ( Nasals -{ m 
 
 J " !■ Liquids. 
 
 a. NOUNS. 
 
 1. Most consonant stems are dissyllabic, the last syllable 
 being a primary suffix ; as, gen-er-is (gen.) 
 
 When of more than two syllables, two or even three of the 
 final syllables may be primary suffixes combined ; as, docu- 
 mentum ; precarius ; exiraneus. 
 
 In consonant stems the final consonant is, in almost every 
 instance, preceded by a vowel, and this vowel is usually short. 
 
 2. The following Table exhibits the case-endings or Suffixes 
 of Inflection, (as assumed in accordance with known laws of 
 change, from a comparison of the various languages of the 
 Indo-European family), of the original language or Parent 
 Speech. 
 
 Remark. — It will be observed that there are two more 
 cases than in Latin ; an Instrumental case, whose office is 
 now performed by the Ablative, and a Locative, traces of 
 
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20 
 
 which appear in Latin, though not sufficient to justify a new 
 case. It became in form confused with other cases so that 
 one form served for two uses. The Sanskrit has preserved 
 the eight cases. 
 
 SING. 
 
 Nominative, s. 
 
 Vocative, stem 
 
 sas 
 
 sas 
 Accusative, ^w>j am ams 
 
 Genitive, as* sams 
 
 Locative, i svas 
 
 > aus 
 
 ?u^'^^ ^! t bhjams) 
 
 Ablative, at f ^^.^^^ 
 
 Instrumental (i) ^ . t bhis 1 
 Instrumental (2) bhi \ 
 
 *Also, s/a=sa+ya (?) 
 
 3. These endings are from pronominal roots. 
 
 fi. Sing. Nom. s. Used only with masc. and fem. nouns, 
 and has a demonstrative force. The Sanskrit word which 
 contains it as a root {sa, sd, taf) corresponds to the Greek 
 article (o, 77, to), which was primarily demonstrative. The 
 neuter often ends in t. 
 
 Accus. am. m is the radical of me, Sanskrit ma. It is 
 indicative of an objective relation generally. 
 
 Gen. as. s is connected with the same demonstrative as 
 the s of the Nom. While it has with the Nom. something of 
 the force of an article, in the Gen. it marks an adjectival re- 
 lation, an adjunct. 
 
 Loc. i. Connected with the preposition in, which is a 
 development from the same radical. 
 
 Dat. ai. Sanskrit tu-6k/'am:='La.tii) tibi. abhi is Sanskrit 
 for prep. by. The Dative ending is, therefore probably con- 
 nected with this preposition. The plural form is confirmatory 
 of this. 
 
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21 
 
 Abl. at. / is a radical found in demonstrative ta—the, and 
 in adverbs, as the ending -tus in Latin; as, divini-tus ; also in 
 Latin-^ij, Grk. Sisv^from, denoting separation. 
 
 The Ablative in early Latin ended in d. The latest inscrip- 
 tion containing it dates back to i86 B. C. 
 
 6. Plural. The sign of the plural is s, which is strength- 
 ened in the Gen., Dat. and Abl. as seen in the Table. 
 
 Loc. svas. This is from the same radical as the Latin 
 reflective pronoun se. 
 
 4. In accordance with the teaching of IT 3, above, there 
 was originally but one form of declension in Latin, which 
 through changes and decay has resulted in five as arranged 
 by most Grammarians. 
 
 The various case-endings can be seen in the following 
 Table : 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 DECL. I. 
 
 DECL. a. 
 
 DECL. 3. 
 
 DECL. 4. 
 
 DECL. 5. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 a 
 
 us, urn, er 
 
 s,ormodif'd 
 
 us, n 
 
 es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 ae(ai)(as) 
 
 i(ius) 
 
 is (stem 
 
 ns (uis) 
 
 ei, (e) 
 
 Dat. 
 
 ae (ai) 
 
 6(i) 
 
 i(ei) 
 
 ui, (u) 
 
 ei, (e) 
 
 Accus. 
 
 am 
 
 um 
 
 em (im) 
 
 um, u 
 
 em 
 
 Voc. 
 
 a 
 
 e (i), er 
 
 s,ormodif'd 
 
 fls, u 
 
 es 
 
 Abl. ' 
 
 a 
 
 
 
 e(i),i(stem 
 
 u 
 
 e 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ae (as) 
 
 i, a 
 
 es, a, ia 
 
 us, ua 
 
 es 
 
 Gen. 
 
 arum (um) 
 
 orum (um) 
 
 um, ium 
 
 uum 
 
 erum 
 
 Dat. 
 
 is, abus,-v- 
 
 is (eis) 
 
 ibus 
 
 ibus(iibus) 
 
 ebus 
 
 Accus. 
 
 as [(eis) 
 
 OS 
 
 es (is) a, ia 
 
 us, ua 
 
 es 
 
 Voc. 
 
 ae [(eis) 
 
 i,a 
 
 es, a, ia 
 
 us, ua 
 
 es 
 
 Abl. 
 
 is, abus,-^ 
 
 is (eis) 
 
 ibus 
 
 ibus(iibus) 
 
 ebus 
 
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22 
 
 
 
 GREEK 
 
 FORMS. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 DECL. I. 
 
 DECL. i.. 
 
 
 DECX. 3. 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 e, as, es 
 
 OS, on, 
 
 eus 
 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 es 
 
 0, u, ei 
 
 
 yos, OS 
 
 
 Dat. 
 
 
 ei, eo 
 
 
 
 
 Accus. 
 
 an, en 
 
 on, ea 
 
 
 in, yn, a 
 
 
 Voc. 
 
 e 
 
 eu 
 
 
 1. y 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 e 
 
 eo 
 
 
 ye 
 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 
 
 
 es 
 
 
 Gen. 
 
 
 on 
 
 
 
 
 Accus. 
 
 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 5. First Declensic 
 
 sn. 
 
 
 
 
 
 SING. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Nominative, 
 
 
 Mensa, 
 
 Mens«. 
 
 Genitive, 
 
 
 Mens«, 
 
 yitnsarum. 
 
 Dative, 
 
 
 Mens«, 
 
 Mensw. 
 
 Accusative, 
 
 
 Mensflw, 
 
 Mensaj. 
 
 Vocative, 
 
 
 Mensa, 
 
 Mens«. 
 
 Ablative, 
 
 
 Mensff, 
 
 M&nsis. 
 
 a. Dei 
 
 ivation; 
 
 
 
 
 
 Root, men ; stem-suffix, ia (sa) ; whence stem, mensa. 
 
 The stem and the word in the Nom. and Voc. Sing, are the 
 same. 
 
 6. a. Sing. 
 
 ' Nom. s omitted. 
 
 Gen. ce. Two older forms occur, di and as ; aes is also 
 found. The Sanskrit is a-j'-ds. The Latin may have been 
 similar or identical ; the ending aes results from syncopation 
 ofy and the weakening of a to e. The ending at is the 
 result of dropping the final syllable, the / representing the/. 
 
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23 
 
 Or, better than the above, the Genitive had originally the 
 ending ts{=as), whence a is, and, x being lost, at, and thence «. 
 That the diphthong « originated in «/ is. a law of the language. 
 Madvig, however, regards the ai as the Loc. form. 
 
 Dat. ce. Formed by contraction from a-ai, the original 
 form. 
 
 Accus. am. 
 
 Voc. as Nom. 
 
 Abl. a. The stem-vowel was originally long throughout. 
 The Abl. may have retained its length in compensation for 
 omitted (f. [See § 6', 3. a.] 
 
 b. Plural. 
 
 Nom. a. An old form is as, which originated by the eon- 
 traction of the original -as with stem vowel. To produce ce 
 the ending as passed, by vowel-substitution, into -is; the s was 
 lost, leaving ai, whence m. [See Madvig, § 5, b. obs. i.] 
 
 Gen. drum, or a-rum. If sams be assumed as the suffix of 
 the Gen. in the Parent Speech, out of it must have come the 
 various forms for the Gen. in the derived languages. In 
 Sankrit is found the form nam. [See Miiller's Grammar, 
 pages 103, 4, 5, 6, 7, etc., paradigms.] In Greek it is doov ; 
 in Latin a-rum. Tlje r in the last may represent the .c of the 
 original form, since s is changed to r whenever it occurs 
 between two vowels. (Compare the Oscan form, azum). A 
 few words have -um. 
 
 Dat. ts, dbus. An old form is -eis {Oscan -ais). The form 
 in d-bus may easily be conceived as derived from the form 
 given in the table of original endings ; thus, bhjams^bhjas^^ 
 bios or bius-^bus. The Sanskrit has bhjas. 
 
 -a-is arises from dbus; thence by weakening comes -eis. 
 That an older ei gives rise to a later i is shown by many ex- 
 amples ; as, sibei, tibei, ubei, old forms, are later written, sibi, 
 iibi, ubi. Also, darei and /ecei, Infin. passive, are found. 
 Hence -is from -eis. 
 
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24 
 
 Another explanation may be given ; viz, that the Dative 
 
 and Ablative in is are Locative forms. 
 
 Abl. Same forms. 
 
 Accus. as. Original form ams. The letter m is changed 
 before most consonants (except/, b, and m) to n. Ams=ans. 
 The law for n is that " before s it frequently falls away, some- 
 times is assimilated." Cf. Elephas for elephans ; toties for 
 totiens, etc. ans., then passes into as. 
 
 Loc. Sing, ae for ai. Plural, identical in form with Dative 
 and Ablative. [See § 6', 2., Remark. J 
 
 7. Second Declension. 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Serves 
 
 Agar 
 
 Puer 
 
 Doniim 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Servz 
 
 Agrl 
 
 Puerz 
 
 Don? 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Serv^ 
 
 Agro 
 
 Puer^ 
 
 DonJ 
 
 Accus. 
 
 Servum 
 
 Agxum 
 
 Puer22/« 
 
 Doniim 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Servtf 
 
 Ager 
 
 Puer 
 
 DouUm 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Serv^ 
 
 AgrJ 
 
 PuerJ 
 
 DonJ 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 
 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Servz 
 
 AgrJ 
 
 Puer? 
 
 Dona 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Servorum 
 
 Kgrorum 
 
 'Pnsrorum T)ononem 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Servw 
 
 Kgris 
 
 Puerw 
 
 Dcnw 
 
 Accus. 
 
 Servos 
 
 Agr'os 
 
 Puer^j 
 
 Donfl 
 
 Voc. 
 
 Servz 
 
 Agrz 
 
 Puerz 
 
 Dona 
 
 Abl. 
 
 ServM 
 
 Kgns 
 
 Puerls 
 
 Donis 
 
 a. Derivation. 
 
 
 
 
 Root, .f (?>-z/ ; stem-suffix, o{a) ; whence stem, servo. 
 Root, dg; stem-suffix, ro{ra) ; whence stem, agro. 
 Root, pugs (?) ; stem-suffix, o{a) ; whence stem, puero. 
 Root, da; stem-suffix, no(nd) ; whence stem dono. 
 
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25 
 
 8. The stem vowel o has passed into u. In puer it is lost 
 in the Nominative together with the s; also in ager, and e 
 inserted before the r. 
 
 a. Sing. Nom. s. Sign of the Nominative. 
 
 Nom. m. Apparently a sign of neuter gender, identical 
 with the Accusative, as though a thing of neuter gender is to 
 be regarded, not as active, but as partaking of the passivity 
 of object relation. The same peculiarity (same form for Nom., 
 Accus. and Voc.) appears in Sanskrit. 
 
 Gen. i. The corresponding Sanskrit affix is -sja An old 
 Greek Gen. affix is -lo. The Latin has retained only the i (j); 
 thus, agri^agroi—agro{s)i{o.) Or, better than this, the 
 original termination was -o-is, the s was lost and the oi con- 
 tracted to /. 
 
 Dat. o. The Greek shows contraction of the ending with 
 the stem giving w. The long o in Latip has resulted from the 
 contraction of the first vowel of the case suffix, o {a), with 
 the characteristic, final «' being lost ; ihns, populo -\- ai:=populo 
 + oi—populoi=populo. The earlier form oi is found in some 
 words. 
 
 Accus. um. 
 
 Voc. e. Shortened stem-vowel. 
 
 Abl. o. In earliest times -od. 
 
 Loc. i. The proper form. 
 
 6. Plural Nora, t; a. 
 
 Masc. and fem. Early forms es (rarely e or oe), ei, eis, is. 
 
 Sanskrit as. This was the original Latin form (as), whence 
 by weakening, es, the o of the stem being syncopated. 
 Ritschl's view of the next step is "that where is the case 
 of e the pronounciation noticeably inclined to i, the habit 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
26 
 
 was gradually adopted of writing ei." Final j was lost, but 
 re-appears in the next two forms in the order of their appear- 
 ance. The ending i is the result of dropping the j from the 
 last preceding form (is). The earliest Latin form may have 
 been oes, whence e{s), e, i. 
 
 Neut. a. Perhaps the same as fem. sing, ending, as an 
 abstract or collective form. 
 
 Gen. drum, (urn), as in a-stems. 
 
 Dat. and Abl. z>. The most common form before Augus- 
 tus' time was -eis, whence the later -is. See ist decl. 
 
 Accus. -OS. See a-stems. The a of affix passes to e or /, 
 when ^-1-1? (2)=^. {Compa.re CO- igo=Mgo : mosse=mo-v-isse). 
 
 Loc. is. Compare Dat. and Abl. 
 9. Third Declension. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Dux 
 
 Nomen 
 
 Navij 
 
 ms 
 
 Svis 
 
 G. Duczf 
 
 Nominw 
 
 Na.vis 
 
 B6v«j 
 
 Suis 
 
 D. Ducf 
 
 Nominz 
 
 Nav? 
 
 B0V2 
 
 Su? 
 
 Ac. Ducem 
 
 Nomen 
 
 Navm 
 
 Bovm 
 
 Suem 
 
 V. Dux 
 
 Nomen 
 
 Nav«> 
 
 Boj- 
 
 Svis 
 
 Ab. Duci? 
 
 Nomin/ 
 
 Navi? 
 
 Bovi? 
 
 Su/ 
 
 Plue. 
 
 
 
 
 
 N. Ducifj' 
 
 Nomina 
 
 NaviRs- 
 
 Boves 
 
 Su^' 
 
 G. DucHm 
 
 Nominz^OT 
 
 Navium 
 
 Boum 
 
 Suum 
 
 D. Ductdus 
 
 Nominzdtis 
 
 NSLVI&US 
 
 Bodus 
 [(Bu^aj) 
 
 SUus 
 [{suldus) 
 
 Ac. Daces 
 
 Nomina 
 
 Navifj 
 
 Bov« 
 
 Su« 
 
 V. Daces 
 
 Nomina 
 
 Naves 
 
 Bovifi' 
 
 Sues 
 
 Ab. Ductius 
 
 NomMdus 
 
 Na\ibus 
 
 Bodus 
 [(Budus) 
 
 Saius 
 [(smdus) 
 
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27 
 
 10. In the Third Declension the stem ends in a consonant, 
 or in i or u. Consonant stems are represented here by dux 
 and nomen. The final letter of the stem of boi is the semi- 
 vowel V («). Navis is a vowel-stem in /,- Siis, a vowel stem in u. 
 
 11. Many stems apparently consonantal are really vowel 
 stems. The same remark applies to adjectives. In nouns 
 the i of the stem has in many cases disappeared. This is 
 particularly seen from the Gen. plural, which in /-stems 
 generally ends in -iurn ; otherwise in -um. 
 
 The /-stems include : 
 
 a. All parasyllabic nouns of this declension except pater, 
 mater, f rater, and accipiter ; and they end in Nom. in is, es, or 
 i?(neut) ; as turris, nubes, mare. 
 
 b. Neuter adjectives in -dli and -art used substantively, 
 which have lost the final e of the Nominative ; as, animal, 
 originally a neuter adjective, animale ; lacunar. 
 
 C. Monosyllabic stems ending in two consonants ; as, urbs, 
 nox. Also imber{bri), linter(tri), uter, neuter. 
 
 d. Nouns denoting birth or abode, having stems in -at, -It ; 
 as, Arpinas, original form, Arpinatis ; Larinas ; also Cujas 
 (Nom. Cujatis, Plant.), nostras, optimates, penates, etc. 
 
 e. Stems \n d or t preceded by a consonant (including part- 
 ciples used as nouns) ; as, adjective compounds of cor {cord), 
 (not, however, cor itself), excors, concors, discors, misericors, 
 socors, vecors ; frons {frondis), amans (part.), amens (adj.) 
 
 /'. The following : dos, faux, fur, glis, lis, mas, mus, nix, 
 renes, strix, vis. 
 
 Note. — The very numerons stems in -tat are sometimes 
 classed here, but with doubtful propriety. 
 
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28 
 
 12. Derivation. 
 
 Root, due; stem-suffix, none,- stem, diic. 
 
 Root, {^g)no ; stem-suffix, -man (miii) ; stem, nomin. 
 
 Root, nau ; stem-suffix, i ; stem, navi. 
 
 Root, bou ; stem suffix, none ; stem, bov. 
 
 Root, su ; stem-suffix, none ; stem, su. 
 
 13. a. Sing. Nom. s, as in dux, navis, bos, and sus. The s 
 dropped and i of tlie stem changed to e in nomen. The v of 
 stem dropped and lengthened in bos. 
 
 Gen. -is. In navis, z (stem-vowel) -l-(l')j'=zi-. 
 
 Dat. 2. The affix e is found in early Latin. It is the same 
 as in Sanskrit. Next appears ei, which Corssen regards as 
 the original Dative suffix. [See Table § H, 2. Dat] 
 
 The change in the ending of the Dative, i. e. to i makes it 
 identical in form with the Locative. 
 
 Accus. em (im). Original -dm passes to im ; stem-vowel z 
 + {i)m:^'im in i stents. The im often becomes em by analogy. 
 
 Voc. Like Nom. We should expect the simple stem, but 
 a tendency manifests itself to adopt the form of the Nom. in 
 the case of address, an instance of which may be seen in deus 
 (Voc.) It is natural to use the same form for subject and 
 address. 
 
 Abl. e {i), I. Early endings were -e, -ed, -id, and in i stems 
 ei, i. The last has remained in some i-stems. 
 
 If at be regarded as the theoretic original, the change to 
 -ed, Id is natural. Final d was lost, and 'e final was shortened. 
 Final e is often shortened, as in vide, cave, etc. Since the 
 time of the Gracchi the e is the most common ending. 
 
 6. Plural. Nom. es, a, ia. The last belongs to neuters in -i. 
 [For -a see § G, 8.] The form is infrequently for es. 
 
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29 
 
 Gen. um, turn. For -turn see above, -ia. For -um see ist 
 declension. Bos omits v of stem=^ 
 
 Dat. thus. The last syllable as in a-stems (Decl. ist.) The 
 i is a part of the stem in «-stems. In other words it is a con- 
 necting vowel for the sake of euphony, or from analogy with 
 «-stems. The noun bos drops v, and then, the part preceding 
 the termination, ending in a vowel, needs no such vowel and 
 we have bobus or bubus. Likewise subus occurs more fre- 
 quently than suibus. 
 
 Accus. es (is), a, ia. 
 
 Abl. See Dative. Loc. See «-stems (Decl. ist.) 
 
 14. Fourth Declension. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Nominative, 
 
 Gradwj- 
 
 Genw 
 
 Genitive, 
 
 GradSj 
 
 Gen« (GenMj) 
 
 Dative, 
 
 Grad^z 
 
 Gen« 
 
 Accusative, 
 
 Gradw»? 
 
 Gen5 
 
 Vocative, 
 
 Grad^j- 
 
 Gen« 
 
 Ablative, 
 
 GradK 
 
 Gen« 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 
 Nominative, 
 
 Grad^J' 
 
 Gen Ma 
 
 Genitive, 
 
 Gra^Auum 
 
 Geauum 
 
 Dative. 
 
 Gradibus 
 
 Gembus 
 
 Accusative, 
 
 Grad^j- 
 
 Genua 
 
 Vocative, 
 
 Grad«J 
 
 Genua 
 
 Ablative, 
 
 GxAdibus 
 
 Gembus 
 
 a. Derivation. 
 
 Root,gra(i; stem-suffix, u; stem,gradu. 
 Rootjgon; stem-suffix, 2^ / stem, genu. 
 15. &. Sing. Nom. s, or none. 
 
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30 
 
 Gen. s, with preceding u lengthened. An old Gen. in u is 
 exists, whence us ; .for «+?=«. 
 
 Dat. i. See Declension 3d. 
 
 Accus. m. 
 
 Abl. At first probably ended in -//, which was lost. 
 
 C. Plural, Norn, s, a (neut.) An old form is u-us, u-es 
 (=u-as), gives its. 
 
 Gen. -urn. 
 
 Dat. and Abl. ibus, {ubus), the latter rarely ; the i of the 
 former is the result of the weakening of u. 
 
 16. Fifth Declension. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Pluk. 
 
 Nominative, 
 
 Di^j- 
 
 Di«- 
 
 Genitive, 
 
 Di« (ditf) 
 
 V>\erum 
 
 Dative, 
 
 Di« (dil) 
 
 Yi\ebus 
 
 Accusative, 
 
 Dim 
 
 'D\es 
 
 Vocative, 
 
 Di^j 
 
 Yi\es 
 
 Ablative, 
 
 Y)\-e 
 
 Yi\ebus 
 
 17. The long ^characteristic of this Declension arises (in 
 most cases) from an original a, or syllable containing a. The 
 Fifth Declension is a variety df the First, and many nouns 
 have forms common to the two. 
 
 Nouns other than those ending in -ies (except res, but 
 inclusive of dies) were probably originally j-stems ; since, e. g. 
 spes appears in the plural in the old forms, speres (Nom., 
 Accus.), speribus (Dat., Alb.) 
 
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31 
 
 Dies was itself, perhaps,, originally the stem. Compare 
 diur- in diurnus. It is now treated as an ^-stem. 
 
 U. Derivation. 
 
 Root, ; stera, die. Derivation is seen better in such a 
 
 word as acies. Root, ac ; stem-suffix, ie (id) ; stem, ade. 
 
 All the terminations have been noticed under the other 
 Declensions. The Locatives Ablative (Sing). 
 
 7. ADJECTIVES. 
 
 1. Declension. The declension of Adjectives, involving 
 the same case-endings as are used with nouns, it is unneces- 
 sary to take them up in detail. 
 
 There are, however, nine o-stems which are peculiar in 
 their Gen. and Dat. Sing, endings. But the same peculiarity 
 appears in a few pronouns, and may be noticed in that con- 
 nection. 
 
 2. Comparison. 
 
 a. The suffixes for comparison are added to the stem of 
 the positive which is denuded of its final vowel. They are 
 
 for the 
 
 Comparative, Nom. -ior, -ius {neut) ; 
 
 Superlative, Nonr. -issimus-a-um. 
 
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32 
 
 &. In the original language the stems or suffixes are com- 
 binations of emphatic radicals, as follows : 
 
 Comparative, -jans ; Superlative, -Jans + ia=:-ista ; 
 Sanskrit, Comparative, -ijas ; Superlative, -ishtha ; 
 Greek, Comparative, -loov ; Superlative, -laroi; 
 Latin, Comparative, -/(?;-( -?W) ,• as, cams, car tor ; Root, 
 
 ma^^great, (whence mag) ; Comparative, ma-jor, 
 
 ma-jus. 
 
 C. Again, original forms are : 
 
 Comparative, -ra, -ta-ra ; Superlative, -ma. -ta-ma ; 
 Sanskrit, Comparative, -iara; Superlative, -tama ; 
 Greek, Comparative, -repoi ; Superlative, -//oS 
 
 {7tp6fA.Oi) ; 
 
 Latin, Comparative, -terus ; Superlative, -mus i^primus). 
 
 The suffix -terus in Latin is seen in al-terus, u-ierus, etc. 
 
 The Latin Superlative suffixes -Umus and -rimus are from 
 -tama=^ -timus, the t being assimilated to the preceding letter. 
 So -tumus^ -tama, e. g. sep-tumus. 
 
 The Latin Superlative suffix -issimus ^ -jans{^is') -V 
 ■tama=^-istimus^-issimus. So also -Jans + ma=^ -ios-mo=^ 
 is-mo=^ -imo ; 2a, plur-imo, etc. 
 
 The word magister may be from mag, (root of magnus) + 
 -ios -\- ter{tara) ; i. e. tAe greater person. In like manner, min- 
 ister, from root min (minus) -\--ios-{-tara=z-ister. 
 
 A few English forms will afford interest to the student : 
 
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33 
 
 English — From -ra comes -re{-er) ; as, e-re, ov-er. 
 
 " From -tara comes -ther, -ter, -der, etc. ; as, o-ther, 
 
 af-ter, un-der. 
 " From -majans-ta comes -most ; &s, fore-most. 
 
 The radical k{v)a=^what, united with -tara gives 
 
 Sanskrit katara ; Grk. Korepo? ; Lat. uter; Eng. 
 
 whether. From an=that, comes 
 Sanskrit antara ; Grk. srepo?; hat. a/terus ; 'En^. other. 
 
 Note. — The word aftermost affords an instructive illustra- 
 tion of the use of radicals, and of their comparative force ; 
 thus, aftermost^af-ta-ra-ma-jans-ta. 
 
 3. Numeral Adjectives. 
 
 The Etymology of a few of the Numeral Adjectives is here 
 given : 
 
 a. Cardinals. 
 
 unus. Sanskrit, tka ; Grk., ez?(?*'j) ; Parent Speech, ai-na; 
 Lat., oi-no^-unus. The radical is /. 
 
 duo. Sanskrit, dva ; Grk., Svo; Par. Sp., dva ; Lat., duo. 
 The radical is d, denoting addition. 
 
 tres. Sanskrit, tri ; Grk., rpeii {rpi); Par. Sp., trt ; Lat., 
 tres (tri). Radical is tar=t-\- r emphatic. This t=ta of the 
 superlative, as in quar-to also. 
 
 quatuor. Sa:nskrit, kdtvdr ; Par. Sp., katvar ; T-zX., quatuor. 
 The Par. Sp., katvar=ka for ika=one and tvar {tar—tri)=^ 
 three. Hence one and three. 
 
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34 
 
 quinque. Sanskrit, /a^i an ; Grk., nevrs. ; Par. Sp , kankan ; 
 Lat., quinque. kankan^=ka + ka(^=:ika), a reduplication de- 
 noting the completion of one hand in counting. 
 
 sex and septem, doubtful. 
 
 octo. Sanskrit, iijAf«/ Grk. 6m (a ; Par. Sp., akta; Lai., 
 octo. Ak-tan is from ak—one and superl. suffix -ta, and denotes 
 the completion of all the fingers once in counting. 
 
 novem. Sanskrit, wiiwara/ Grk., ivvsa {vaFav); Par. Sp., 
 navan ; ha.t.,fiOvem. JVbvem \s akin to novus=:nevf. Denotes 
 the beginning of a new count. 
 
 decern. Sanskrit, ddgan ; Grk., Sena ; Par. Sp., dakan ; 
 Lat., decern. From dva-kan or two multiplied by five. 
 
 b. Ordinals. 
 
 Most of the Ordinals are superlative forms ; as, 
 
 I>rim.us=pro + ma ; 
 
 Sextus^^sex + ta ; 
 
 duodevice-simus = duodevice + ta-ma[iimo=simo = simus) . 
 
 But alter has the suffix-ending ter(tra) comparative. [See 
 
 Comparison.] 
 
 Secundus is a partciple of sequor. 
 
 8. PRONOUNS. 
 
 I. The Possessive Pronouns are declined like adjectives of 
 the First and Second Declensions. 
 
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35 
 
 2. The Demonstrative Pronouns are, hie, is, ilk, iste, ipse 
 and idem. 
 
 Hie, is, and ille are thus declined : 
 
 Tills. 
 
 SING. M. F. 
 
 Nom. hie haec 
 
 Gen. hujus bujus 
 
 Dat. huic huic 
 
 Ace. hune hanc 
 
 Abl. hoc hac 
 
 PLtlR. 
 
 Nom. hi 
 
 Gen, 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 hoc 
 
 hujus 
 
 huic 
 
 hoe 
 
 hoc 
 
 hae haec 
 
 horum harum horum 
 
 his his his 
 
 hos has haec 
 
 his his , his 
 
 That. 
 
 Nom. ille 
 Gen, illius 
 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 Voc. 
 Abl. 
 
 illi 
 ilium 
 
 That. 
 
 F. 
 
 ilia 
 illius 
 illi 
 illam 
 
 illo ilia 
 
 illud 
 illius 
 illi 
 illud 
 
 illo 
 
 IS 
 
 ejus 
 ei 
 
 eura 
 eo 
 
 PLOE. 
 
 ii(ei) 
 eorum 
 
 eos 
 
 illi 
 
 illorum 
 illis 
 illos 
 
 ea 
 
 ejus 
 
 ei 
 
 earn 
 
 ea 
 
 TJutm. 
 eae 
 earum 
 eis or lis 
 eas 
 eis or iis 
 
 Those. 
 
 illse 
 illarum 
 illis 
 illas 
 
 id 
 
 ejus 
 
 ei 
 
 id 
 
 eo 
 
 ea 
 
 eorum 
 
 (is) 
 
 ea 
 
 (is) 
 
 illis 
 
 illis 
 
 ilia 
 illorum 
 
 illis 
 ilia 
 
 illis 
 
 4. Derivation. 
 
 Hie. Stem, ho ; enclitic -ee, an emphatic demonstrative par- 
 ticle. 
 
 a. It is best to regard the pronoun as having had this 
 enclitic {^-ce), in all its cases, and not merely in the cases which 
 now retain e. Where no c occurs, it has been lost as well as 
 its vowel. The enclitic -ne may be appended, in which case 
 -ce (ei) of the Nom. appears ; as, hieine. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
36 
 
 b. The change of stem-vowel is probably due to gender. 
 The letter a represents fem. gender, which prefers long 
 vowels ; and, therefore, we have the diphthong cb. 
 
 It is very probable that an i demonstrative has been added, 
 giving the forms hie and hcec from ho and -ce. Neut. Plur. 
 Nom. hake is found. 
 
 5. a. Singular Nom. no J appears. 
 
 Ge'n. -JUS {-ius). Stem-vowel changes to tt, and -ce is lost. 
 Sanskrit ending -sjas ; Greek, r/ii ; corresponding to Latin 
 -ius {-Jus). The original radicals giving rise to these forms 
 were sa->rma + as=zsma-\-as=:smi-\-as^:sjas. The as is the 
 original Genitive ending, and sa-^-ma^^^ihis and here, so that 
 the Gen. hujus is a heap of demonstratives with a Gen. end- 
 ing. A simpler explanation is that the case is formed by the 
 regular case-ending us (as), preceded by i, as in the Nominative 
 /precedes c ; thus, ho-\-i-TUS=^hujus. 
 
 The sign of the Dative is affixed to the stem, whose vowel 
 is changed to u. 
 
 Hoice occurs. Cf. Grk. r{. 
 
 Accus. n for m. Law : Before most consonants, — except 
 the labials/, b, m, — m becomes n. The stem-vowel becomes «. 
 Before two consonants usually changes to u, — and so often 
 before a final consonant ; as, honc=-hunc ; quom^^quum. 
 
 Abl. See nouns. 
 
 Loc. The Locative form is htc, used as an adverb. 
 
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37 
 
 6. Plural Norn. Hi=ko + i; hae=ha + i. The -ceis lost in 
 masc. and fem. 
 
 Masc. ffisce is found for hi. 
 
 Fem. Haec is found for hae. 
 
 Neut. Conforms, as in nouns of the Second Declension, to 
 the fem. sing. Nom. [See above, 4. 6.] 
 
 Gen. rum. See nouns. Horunce, harunce, horunc and 
 harunc occur. 
 
 Dat. and Abl. See nouns. Hibus occurs. 
 Accus. See nouns, and neut. Nom. haec. 
 Loc. Same form as Dat. and Abl. 
 
 6. Ilk. Stem, illo {olio). Early form ollus is mentioned by 
 Varro. 
 
 a. Singular, Nom., masc. No s ; the o of the stem changed 
 to e. 
 
 Nom., fem. Regular. 
 
 Nom., neut. d. This appears as t in Sansk., and is the 
 sign of the neuter. The other endings have been seen in 
 other words. 
 
 A Locative illic may be mentioned. 
 
 7. Iste. Stem, isto. Is a compound of is and the radical ta 
 and is declined like ille. Iste is found for Istus. 
 
 8. Is. Radical i ; Stem, t and eo. 
 
 a. Singular, Nom., masc. s. The proper sign. 
 
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38 
 
 The Locative is ibi. It will be more convenient to mention 
 this ending (-fo') under the head of Personal Pronouns. 
 
 9. Ipse. Stem ipso^=i+p + so, is a compound of is and p-se 
 The p is the same as in rea-pse, quis-p-iam. Jpsus occurs. 
 
 10. Idem. Is a compound of is and -dem{=^very or same). 
 
 11. The Relative Pronoun is gut. The Interrogative and 
 Indefinite Pronoun is guis {qui). 
 
 Qui and gtiis are thus declined. 
 
 SING. M. Y. N. 
 
 Nom. 
 Gen. 
 Dat. 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 PLUR. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. quibus or quis (quels) 
 
 Ace. quos quas quae (qua) 
 
 Abl. quibus or quis (quels) 
 
 13. Derivation. 
 
 Qui. Radical kva; stem, guo and qui. 
 
 The letter c is equivalent to qu in many words, and c as well 
 as q in Latin represents an earlier k. 
 
 a. Sing., Nom., masc. Probably from the stem quo +i de- 
 monstrative. Thus the Relative. But in the Interrogative the 
 o of the stem weakens to i. [See below.] 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 qui, quis 
 
 quae 
 
 quod quid 
 
 cujus 
 
 cujus 
 
 cujus 
 
 cui (quoi) 
 
 cui 
 
 cui 
 
 quem 
 
 quam 
 
 quod, quid 
 
 quo (qui) 
 
 qua 
 
 quo 
 
 qui 
 
 quae 
 
 quae (qua) 
 
 quorum 
 
 quarum 
 
 quorum 
 
39 
 
 Nom., fem. In like manner from the fem. form of the 
 stem, qua -\-i^ quae. 
 
 Nom., neut. Has the sign of neuter gender, d. 
 
 Gen. See Demonstrative Pronouns, (/^zy'w). Quoius oq.c\\xi,. 
 
 Dat. Same, {huic). Quoi ozc\x\s. 
 
 Accus. Quern is probably from the stem qui. So guam is 
 the fem. form of the stem quo (qua) with Accus. ending. 
 
 Abl. Regular. From stem ^?^2 comes the Abl. qui, all gen- 
 ders, used much as adverb. 
 
 6. Plural, Nom , masc. See hie. Fem. and neut., same. 
 
 Gen. Regular. Dat. and Alb., quibus from stem qui. The 
 forms quis, queis occur. 
 
 Accus. As nouns. 
 
 Loc. A Locative quobi occurs in the form of ubi. 
 
 14. The stem ^«(7 would give an Accus. ^w»z. The ^yielded 
 to « as in ^ stems of nouns, giving quum, or in accordance 
 with 13, above, cum, used as a conjunction. So cui^quoi ; and 
 cur^quor [quare? cuirei?) 
 
 15. Quis and quid, the two forms of the Interrogative or 
 Indefinite, which differ from the Relative, are from the stem 
 qui. 
 
 16. Nine adjectives have ius in the Gen. and i in the Dat., 
 like the foregoing pronouns. These are, alius, nullus, solus, 
 lotus, ullus, unus, alter, uter and neuter. 
 
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40 
 
 ij. Personal Pronouns. 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 
 ?ST PERSON. 
 
 2D PERSON. 
 
 1ST PERSON. 
 
 2D PERSON. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 ego 
 
 tu 
 
 nos 
 
 v5s 
 
 Gen. 
 
 mei 
 
 tui 
 
 nostrum (tri) 
 
 vestrum (tri) 
 
 Dat. 
 
 mihi 
 
 tibi 
 
 nobis 
 
 vobis 
 
 Accus. 
 
 me 
 
 te 
 
 nos 
 
 vos 
 
 Voc. 
 
 
 tti 
 
 
 vos 
 
 Abl. 
 
 me 
 
 te 
 
 nobis 
 
 vobis 
 
 1 8. Derivation. 
 
 
 
 Pronoun 
 
 of the Firs 
 
 t Person. 
 
 
 
 On examination there seems to be three separate stems or 
 base-forms on which the cases are built. These can probably 
 be reduced to one. Take first the 
 
 rt. Sing. Accus. me. 
 
 The corresponding Sanskrit form, [see Miiller, Sanskrit 
 Gram., page 127], is mdm and md, the final m of the former 
 being the case-sign ; Greek, ejus and pis. 
 
 The letter a has passed into e. The Radical is evidently 
 simply m ; the stem of the singular me. 
 
 Dat. mi^i; Sanskrit mdhjam ; Greek, SfAoi, and yuoz. 
 
 From some termination similar to this hjani of the Sanskrit 
 came the -hi in mihi. The a of the stem has passed to the 
 opposite extreme, i. The form mehe occurs ; also mi. We 
 may conjecture that mihi is for mifei, /^original bh, which 
 becomes b in tibi, sibi. 
 
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41 
 
 Gen. Supplied by the Gen. of the Possessive Pronoun, 
 meus, or possibly Locative. 
 
 Abl. me. Sanskrit, mat. An old form medoccxixs. Cf. Abl. 
 of nouns in d. 
 
 Nom. ego. Sanskrit, ahdm ; Grk., iyw {s'yoav). 
 
 The aAa of the Sanskrit may be resolved into the radicals 
 ma+ga, the latter syllable giving rise to -ha, gha (Sansk.), ye 
 (Grk.) an emphatic enclitic, aha is equivalent to {m)agha. 
 In Latin the development gave {m)ego, m being the radical 
 and me the stem. 
 
 6. Plural, Nom. nos. Sanskrit, astm, (also vajam) ; Sans- 
 krit, Accus. asmdn or nas. 
 
 The force of the radicals in the above Sanskrit forms is 
 /and he=we or {m)a-\-sma. The nas is from ma + s{ma){n). 
 Hence in Latin nos, the no represents the stem me {ma), the j- 
 is a relic of a pronominal radical meaning he. 
 
 Gen. Supplied by the Gen. of the Possessive Pronoun 
 nosfer. 
 
 Dat. nobis. Sanskrit asm&bhj'am, (also nas). 
 
 The Latin is from nos + bis, the ^/ in the last syllable being 
 the -bu {-bus) of nouns, the s the sign of the plural. Hence 
 ■bis= -bus. 
 
 Abl. as Dat. in form. 
 
 19. A Gen. Sing, mis is found which is me-\-is=mi+is=mis. 
 
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42 
 
 The Accus. form med, which is found, has probably had the 
 original d of the Abl. incorrectly transferred to it. 
 
 20. Pronoun of the Second Person. 
 
 a. Sing. Nom. ^M. Radical,/; stem, /»a=/« and /e, Sans- 
 krit, tvam. 
 
 Gen. Supplied by the Gen. of the Possessive Pronoun, 
 tuus ; or Locative. 
 
 Dat. tibi. Sanskrit, tubhjam ; Greek, Goi. [See mihL\ 
 
 Accus. te^tvem. Voc. tu. Abl. te ; Sanskrit, tvat. An 
 old form ted occurs. 
 
 6. Plural, Nom. vos \ Sanskrit,yz^j'«if, {aiso j'ujdm) ; Sanskrit 
 Accus. j'usAmdn, and vas. 
 
 The force of the radicals in the above Sanskrit forms is 
 t^ou and he^^^you, or tu {tva)=ju,+sma. The vas is from 
 {t)va-\-s{hman)=^va+s^vas. So in Latin vos, the vo repre- 
 sents the stem {t)va, the s, is a relic of a pronominal radical 
 meaning he. 
 
 The Gothic preserves the /, thus jus^vos, Eng. ye. 
 
 Gen. Supplied by the Gen. of the Possessive Pronoun, 
 vester. 
 
 Dat. vobis. Sanskrit, jushm&bhjam, (also vas). [See Dat. 
 Plural of ist Personal Pronoun, and Nom. Plural of this 
 Pronoun.] 
 
 Abl. as Dat in form. 
 
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43 
 ■ 21. A Gen. Sing tis is found, te+is—ti+is—tis. 
 An Accus. form -ted is found. [See above, 19.] 
 22. Enclitics to Pronouns. 
 -te to iu only, -p- in ipse, qid-ppe, t.\c.—ce (?) 
 -met, -te, -pte, emphatic. pte=pote (?) (utpote). 
 -dem=same ; -dam=a certain one. 
 
 -quam—axiy ■ quisp-iam, the final iam^jam from stem/a (?),• 
 nam, emphatic. 
 
 ■que=qui, relative (.') ; -z/M=thou wishest. 
 
 -lubet (libet)=\t pleases. 
 
 9. VERBS. 
 
 1. There are seven things to be chiefly considered iti verb- 
 forms : (i) the root, (2) the stem, (3) conjugational suffixes, 
 (4) suffixes of voice, (5) modal suffixes, (6) temporal or tense 
 suffixes, (7) personal endings. 
 
 2. The following verbs whose roots end in a vowel add 
 the personal endings to the root, and are, therefore, Irregular 
 Verbs ; as, dare, fdri, flare, ndre. stare, usually referred to the 
 First Conjugation ; also inquam (root, qua^, and ire (root, i) ; 
 a\soJiere, nere, reri, i^^ually referred to the Second Conjuga- 
 tion. 
 
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44 
 
 3. Other Irregular Verbs have roots ending in a consonant, 
 and are edo (ed), fero {/er), sum {es), volo {vel). 
 
 4. The Stem. — Present Stem. 
 
 The various methods of the formation of stems from roots 
 have been already given. § 2. 3. 
 
 These are general ; § 3. 3. (7.), refers to conjugational 
 sufHxes which are to be considered. 
 
 5. It may also be added that in verbs of the Third Conju- 
 gation the characteristic or suffix of conjugation (1?) may be 
 preceded in the present stem by n, t, sc, or i; as, cer-no, 
 no-SCO, tol-io=iollo (tal), pel-io=pello {pal). 
 
 6. The i thus appended is also part of a conjugational 
 suffix to be referred to. 
 
 7. In the First, Second, and Fourth Conjugations the 
 present stem appears in all parts of the verb, though subject 
 to some modifications, and is called the verb-stem. [See IT 8, 
 below.] 
 
 8. The Perfect Stem is formed in one of the following 
 methods : 
 
 (i.) It is identical with the root j as, volv-o, volv-i. 
 
 (2.) The root vowel is lengthened ; as,/^^;?,/^/'. This 
 originated in reduplication ; Xhvis,fdfac=/a-ic= 
 fee; d-ag—aig=eg. 
 
 (3.) Reduplication of the root ; as, cado, cectdi; tango, 
 tetigi. Cf. Eng., do, did. The root vowel and 
 initial consonant or consonants are prefixed to the 
 root. 
 
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45 
 
 The vowels undergo changes, the tendency 
 to attenuation being greater in the root vowel 
 than in its reduplication ; thus, cado, cecUi; fallo, 
 fefelli; pello {pal), pepuli. 
 
 The reduplicate syllable is sometimes lost ; as, 
 iuli—tetuli; fido=fifidi. This is common where 
 verbs are compounded with a prepositional prefix ; 
 as, contigi ; percurri ; though both forms sometimes 
 occur ; as, percucurri. 
 
 a. [The following rules may be given for reduplication : 
 {a) The prefixed vowel is short, {b.) It is e if the stem 
 vowel is a or e. (c.) Otherwise it is the same as the root 
 vowel, (d.') If the root vowel is a it becomes e before two 
 consonants, « before one. (<f.) If « it becomes «. (yi) Before 
 a single / the vowels e and o become ic. See examples above. 
 (^.) If the root begins with sp, st, sc. the reduplicate 
 syllable takes both consonants while s is lost from the root 
 syllable ; as, spo-pondi; ste{a)ti.'\ 
 
 (4.) By suffixing -u or -v to the stem or root, the latter 
 {v) to vowel-stems, the preceding vowel being 
 always long ; as, fremo, frem-u-i; peto, petl-v-i ; 
 nosco, no-vi. 
 
 (5.) By suffixing -j' to the root; as, luceo, luc-si^^luxi. 
 The root often retains the modifications of the 
 present stem except the conjugational affix; as, 
 pango {pag), panxi; dtco {die), dlxi. 
 
 a. [The following rules of euphony may be given : Before 
 the affix -si, {a.) a sonant palatal becomes surd, that is, be- 
 
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46 
 
 comes c. But, (b.) k, re, Ig and rg lose the palatal ; 3iS, fulcio, 
 ful-si; algeo, al-si. (c.) The letter c unites with s to form x. 
 So also any surd palatal which becomes c ; as, rego, rexi ; 
 traho, traxi. {d.) b is changed to / / as, scribo, scripsL, But 
 jubeo, Jussi. {e.) v is converted into c, and unites to form x ; 
 as, vivo, vixi. (But Roby regards this as arising from the 
 form vigv-si—vigsi^^vicsi=vixi). {/.) Roots in m may insert 
 p ; as, como., com-p-si, or comsi. But premo, pressi — a case of 
 assimilation. (^.) Roots in d, t and r, either drop that conso- 
 nant, assimilate it, or reject the j ; as, sentio, sensi; quatio, 
 quassi ; verio, versi ; ludo, lusi ; prando, prandi ; cedo, cessi ; 
 haereo, haesi ; gero, gessil\ 
 
 g. The Supine Stem is formed by adding t 
 
 (i.) To the root ; as, sto (std), siaium ; duco, ductum. 
 A connective t is in some cases inserted ; as, 
 genitum (root, geri) ; alitum (root, al). 
 
 (2.) To the verb-stem ; as, amatum ; deletum ; audiium. 
 
 a. [A few changes may be noted when the i is preceded by 
 a consonant, (a.) The t is often changed to s. {b.) (i) 
 Before the / {s) the letters g, q and h change to c ; (2) or, if 
 either of these letters be preceded by /or r, the final conso- 
 nant is dropped ; as, (i) irahe, tradum; augeo, auctum ; coquo, 
 coctum ; (2) parco, par sum ; tnulceo, mulsum ; tergeo, tersum ; 
 (f.) b is changed top ; as, scribo, scripium ; (d.) Roots ending 
 in m often insert p before the /,• as, emptum, (root, em) ; (,?.) 
 Roots in d or t usually change the affix t into j (tensum or 
 tentum ; vb. tetidd). The preceding letter {d, t) is then assim- 
 
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47 
 
 ilated ; as, cedo, cessum ; or dropped ; as, verto, versum ; necto, 
 nexum). If v precede the characteristic t, it may be changed 
 to u, {cautum, root, cav,) ; elided, (motum, root, mov) ; or 
 changed to c, (victum, root, viv) ; (/.) The characteristic r 
 may become s, or change the affix t to s, or both remain un- 
 changed; ■&&, gero, gestum ; verro. versum ; sero, serium.\ 
 
 lo. The following is a Table of Verb-endings : 
 VEEBAL FOBMS. 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 
 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 INDIC. 
 
 STTBJ. J?re»cnf. indic. 
 
 SUBJ. 
 
 Bing. 1. o 
 
 '.. 'S 'S 
 
 'm 
 
 or 
 
 
 ''. 
 
 2. s 
 
 1=5 3 
 
 r^ <N -* 
 
 s 
 
 ris or re 
 
 11 
 
 ns (»■ re 
 
 3. t 
 
 t 
 
 tur 
 
 tur 
 
 
 to 
 
 
 
 t)<!- 
 
 
 Plur. 1. mus 
 
 "S "® '* 
 
 mxiB 
 
 miir 
 
 -^.a 
 
 mnr 
 
 2. tis 
 
 |5S 
 
 tis 
 
 mini 
 
 i a 
 
 mini 
 
 3. nt 
 
 t=^WM 
 
 Impt 
 
 ntur 
 rfect. 
 
 f^« 
 
 ntur 
 
 Sing. 1. bam 
 
 
 rem 
 
 bar 
 
 
 rer 
 
 2. bas 
 
 
 res 
 
 baris (re) 
 
 
 reris(re) 
 
 3. bat 
 
 
 ret 
 
 batur 
 
 
 retur 
 
 Plur. 1. bamus 
 
 
 rEmus 
 
 bamur 
 
 
 rEmur 
 
 2. batis 
 
 
 retis 
 
 baminl 
 
 
 rSminl 
 
 3. bant 
 
 
 rent 
 
 bantur 
 
 
 rentnj 
 
 JFuture. 
 
 i. ii. 111. IT. 
 
 1. bo am 
 
 2. bis es 
 
 3. bit et 
 
 Plur. 1. bimus emus 
 
 2. bitis «tis 
 
 3. bunt «nt 
 
 00 V Q <» 
 
 .g.2 s-B 
 
 i. ii. 
 
 iii. ir. 
 
 
 bor 
 
 flsr 
 
 
 beris (re) 
 
 «ris (re) 
 
 bitur 
 
 etur 
 
 bimur 
 
 emur 
 
 •^.g 
 
 bimini 
 
 emini 
 
 |i 
 
 buntur 
 
 «iitur , 
 
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48 
 
 Terfect. 
 
 . 1. I 
 
 2. isti 
 
 3. it 
 
 Plur. 1. imxis 
 
 2. istis 
 
 3. erunt or 5re 
 
 'S'(>(,9. 1. eram 
 
 2. eras 
 
 3. erat 
 
 Plur. 1. eramiis 
 
 2. erStis 
 
 3. erant 
 
 5t?J^. 1. ero 
 
 2. eris 
 
 3. erit 
 
 PlurA. erimus 
 
 2. eritis 
 
 3. erint 
 
 Sin<j. 2. — 
 3. to 
 
 Plar.l. te, tote 
 3. nto 
 
 enm 
 
 eris 
 
 erit 
 
 erimus 
 
 eritis 
 
 erint 
 
 -tns eta, 
 torn) 
 
 -ti rtae, 
 ta; 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 jssem 
 
 issEs 
 
 isset 
 
 issgnras 
 
 issEtis 
 
 issent 
 
 -tns eta, 
 turn) 
 
 -ti Ctae,' 
 
 ta; 
 
 Futuve Perfect. 
 
 -tns I'ta, 
 turn) 
 
 -ti rtae, 
 ta; 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 (sum 
 ■ es 
 (est 
 
 fsiinms 
 - estis 
 (sunt 
 
 - eras 
 (^erat 
 
 Ceramus 
 
 - eratis 
 (erant 
 
 (ero 
 eris 
 
 (erit 
 
 Cerimus 
 - eritis 
 (erant 
 
 re 
 tor 
 
 mml 
 ntor 
 
 Sim 
 
 sis 
 sit 
 
 slmns 
 
 sltis 
 
 sint 
 
 essem 
 
 esses 
 
 esset 
 
 essEmns 
 
 essetis 
 
 essent 
 
 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FORMS. 
 Infinitive, 
 
 Pres. re (Tres stem) 
 Perf. isse (Perf. stem) 
 Put. turns fa, nm) esse 
 
 Pres. ns, ntis 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Fut. turns, a, um 
 
 i. ii. iv. rl, iii. I (old rier, ier) 
 tns (ta, turn) esse 
 turn Irl 
 
 Participle. 
 
 tns, ta, turn 
 Ger. ndus, a, um 
 
 Supine, tnm, tu 
 
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49 
 II. Conjugation of the Verb. 
 
 PIEST CONJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 StTBJUNCTIVB. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SnBJDNOTrVE. 
 
 Present, I love Or am loving. 
 
 I am loved. 
 
 amo, I love. amem amor 
 
 ama«, thou lovest. ame« ajadria {re) 
 
 amflji, lie loves. amei amdtur 
 
 amdmus, we love, sacaemus amdmur 
 
 aundtis, you love. ametis ^mamini 
 
 avaanf, they love -araent aiacmim" 
 
 amer 
 ameris (re) 
 
 avaemur 
 amemmi 
 amentiu- 
 
 Imperfect, I loved (used to love.) 
 
 I was loved. 
 
 amdbcmi, I loved. 
 
 avadbas 
 
 aradbat 
 
 amabdmAm 
 
 amabdUs 
 
 am.dbant 
 
 avaarem 
 
 amdres 
 
 amdret 
 
 ama/remus 
 
 avaaretis 
 
 avadrent 
 
 amabar 
 
 amabdris (re) 
 
 amabdtur 
 
 aTaabdrmir 
 
 amaba/mmi 
 
 araabamlMr 
 
 ama/rer 
 
 ama/rerig (re) 
 
 ama/retur 
 
 ama/reirmr 
 
 araaremmi 
 
 amwrent/wr 
 
 Future, I shall love. 
 
 I shaU be loved 
 
 amaJo, I shall love. 
 
 arsxdbis 
 
 anxdbit 
 
 amabitis 
 avadiunt 
 
 anidbor 
 
 amaberis (re) 
 
 aiaabitwr 
 
 atnabwiw 
 
 asuabimmi 
 
 aniatmntw 
 
 Perfect, I loved (have loved.) 
 
 I Tvas (have been) loved. 
 
 amavi, I loved. 
 
 amavwfo' 
 
 amavi'i 
 
 aynayvmui 
 
 amavisfe 
 
 axD.a'^erunt (ere) 
 
 amaverim 
 amaveris 
 ama-verit 
 amaverlmus 
 ■ aiaaYerltis 
 avaaverint 
 
 amStMS sum 
 amatus es 
 amatMS est 
 amatj sumus 
 amati estis 
 amati sunt 
 
 amatws sim 
 amatMS sis 
 amatMS sit 
 amati simits 
 amati sltis 
 amati sint 
 
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50 
 
 Pluperfect, I had loved. 
 
 I had been loved) 
 
 amaveram, I had 
 
 nmsiveras [loved. 
 
 amaverai 
 
 SiViiayerdinus 
 
 amavCT-osfos 
 
 nmaverant 
 
 avuscvtssem 
 
 a,Taa\isset 
 araavissemus 
 
 axnaUis eram 
 amates eras 
 amates erat 
 amati erwrrms 
 amafe' erdtis 
 amatj erant 
 
 amatMS essem 
 amatMs esses 
 amatMS esset 
 amaU' essemva 
 amate' essetis 
 amafa' essent 
 
 JFuture Perfect, I shall have loved. 
 
 I shall have been loved. 
 
 amavero, I shall have loved. 
 
 amavms 
 
 amaYerit 
 
 amav«HmMS 
 
 amavmfes 
 
 amaYerint 
 
 amates ero 
 amatM« eris 
 amatos erit 
 amafa' ermms 
 amati eritis 
 amate' et-unt 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 IMPEEATIVE. 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 Fres. Sma, love thou. 
 
 &m.ate, love ye. 
 Fut. amato, thou shalt love. 
 
 aTHClto, he shall love. 
 
 araatote, ye shall love. 
 
 aTawnto, they shall love. 
 
 aradre, be thou loved. 
 amamlni, be ye loved. 
 aindtor, thou shalt be loved. 
 avadtor, he shall be loved. 
 
 aTaantor, they shall be loved. 
 
 NOUN AND ADJECTIVE FOEMS. 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pres. amdre, to love. 
 Perf. araaYisse, to have loved. 
 Fut. amaturus esse, to be about 
 to love. 
 
 avudri, to be loved. 
 avaSius esse, to have been loved. 
 amatMm hi, araHtus fore, to be 
 about to be loved. 
 
 PAKTIOIPLES, 
 
 Pres. amans, loving. 
 
 Perf. 
 
 Fut. amaturus, about to love. 
 
 amatMS, beloved. 
 
 'Gerundiee. am.anduji, a, urn, to be loved (lovely. ) 
 Gerund. araanduvt, -di, -do, loving. 
 
 Supines. amCitiim, aiufitM, to love. 
 
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51 
 
 SECOND COKJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE, 
 
 Present, I warn. 
 
 m6n«o, I warn, 
 mones, you ■warn. 
 monet, he warns, 
 monmas 
 monefos 
 raonent 
 
 moneawre 
 
 monms 
 
 Taoneat 
 
 monedrmis 
 
 Tdonedtis 
 
 laoneant 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 I am warned. 
 
 monetw moneaw 
 
 raoneris (re) ■mon.em'is (re) 
 
 monetur vaouedt/ur 
 
 monemur raonewmur 
 
 monemmi mouea/mmi 
 
 vaonentur moneantur 
 
 Imperfect, I warned (was warning.) 
 inoncSawre monerem laonebar 
 
 Future, I shall warn. 
 monebo 
 
 I was warned. 
 laona'er 
 
 I shall be warned. 
 
 raonebor 
 
 Perfect, I warned (have warned.) I was (have been) warned, 
 monm monumm montt'ra sum monitas sim 
 
 Pluperfect, I had warned, 
 monueraro monutssem 
 
 I had been warned. 
 monitMS eram inonite« essem 
 
 Future Perfect, I shall have warned. I shall have been warned. 
 
 monu^j'o 
 
 
 monitMS 
 
 ero 
 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 &,ng. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Pr. mone, warn. 
 F. vaaaeto 
 monefe) 
 
 monete 
 
 raonetote 
 
 monento 
 
 monere 
 
 monetor 
 
 monetor 
 
 
 monemmi 
 monentor 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 Pr. monere Pf. monuisse Pr. monm Pf. monituses.ie 
 
 F. moniUlrus esse F. momiumiri (mamius fore) 
 
 PABTICIPLES. 
 
 monens moviAv/rus monltes 
 
 (?«r. mxynendwrn, di, etc. 
 
 monendus 
 Sup. monitem monito 
 
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52 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATIOlSr. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATIVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTrVB. 
 
 Present, I rule. 
 
 
 I am ruled. 
 
 rggo, I rule. regflOTi 
 regis, thou rulest. regas 
 regit, he rules. rega^ 
 
 rego?* 
 
 regeris (re) 
 xegiMr 
 
 reg<w 
 
 regam (re) 
 rega^Mr 
 
 regimus, we rule, regamw* 
 regltis, you rule. regafM 
 regunt, they rule, regqnt 
 
 regimur 
 regimmi 
 reguntur 
 
 Tegdmur 
 regcmiini 
 regantur 
 
 Imperfect, I ruled (was ruling. ) 
 
 1 
 
 I was ruled. 
 
 legebam, I ruled. , Tegerem 
 
 regeJflT 
 
 regerer 
 
 Future, I shall rule. 
 
 
 I shall be ruled. 
 
 rega»i, I shall rule. 
 
 regiw 
 
 
 rages 
 
 regem (re) 
 
 
 Perfect, I ruled (have ruled. ) I was (have been) ruled. 
 
 rexi, I ruled. xe^erim rectMS sum rectus dm 
 
 Pluperfect, I had ruled. 
 
 
 I had been ruled. 
 
 rexero, I shall have ruled. 
 
 
 rectus ero 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 fting. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Pr. 2. rege, rule. 
 F. 2. reglto 
 3. reglto 
 
 regite 
 
 regitote 
 
 regunto 
 
 regere 
 regitor 
 regitor 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 regimini 
 reguntor 
 
 Pr. regere Pf. rexisse Pr. regi Pf. rectus esse 
 
 F. rectHrus esse F. rectum iri (rectus fore) 
 
 Oer. regendum, di etc. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 rectHrus rectus regendus 
 
 Sup. rectum, rectu 
 
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53 
 
 VERBS IN to (present stem) are inflected as follows : 
 
 INDICATIVE. SUBJUNCTIVE. IKDIOATIVK. 
 
 Present, I take. 
 
 cS,pio, I take. capiam 
 
 capis, thou takest. capias 
 
 oapit, he takes. capiat 
 
 oapim/us, we take, capidnms 
 
 capitis, yoTi take, capidtis 
 
 capiunt, they take, capiant 
 
 Imperfect, I took (was taking. ) 
 oapiebam, I took. caperem 
 
 Future, I shall take. 
 
 capiam 
 capies 
 
 capior 
 
 caperis (re) 
 
 capitwr 
 
 caplmur 
 
 capimni 
 
 capiuntur 
 
 Perf. cep* 
 Plup. ceperam, 
 V. P. cepero 
 
 ccpenm 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 I am taken. 
 
 capia/r 
 
 capidris (re) 
 
 oapidtur 
 
 capidmmr 
 
 capidmini 
 
 capidntur 
 
 I was taken. 
 caperer 
 
 I shall be taken. 
 
 oapie7-is (re) 
 
 captus sum 
 captMS eram 
 captM« ero 
 
 captiM sim 
 eaptMS essetn 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 cape 
 
 capito 
 
 capita 
 
 capite 
 
 capitate 
 
 capiunto 
 
 Infin. capere cepisse 
 
 Pairt. capiens capXurus 
 
 Bupine. captum 
 
 capere 
 capitor 
 oapitor 
 
 capi 
 
 captiis 
 
 captM 
 
 ca,pttmnt 
 capiuntor 
 
 captMs esse 
 ca 
 
 FOUKTH COKJUGATION. 
 
 ACTIVE VOICE. 
 
 INDICATrVE, SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 Hresent, I here. 
 
 audio, I hear. aoAiam 
 
 audis, thou hearest. audto 
 avMt, he hears. aaddat 
 audm««, we hear. aoAidmus 
 auditis, you hear, audidtis 
 awAiunt, they hear. aaSiant 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 audio?" 
 
 audira (re) 
 
 auditor 
 
 audmw 
 
 awMnvini 
 
 aadiuntur 
 
 PASSIVE VOICE. 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 I am heard. 
 audia/r 
 
 aoMdris (re) 
 
 au&idtur 
 
 aadidmur 
 
 au6iam,wi 
 
 audiantur 
 
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54 
 
 Imperfect, I heard (was hearing.) I was heard. 
 
 audaeSajre audirem wiMeba/r wi&vrer 
 
 Future, I shall hear. I shall be heard. 
 
 audiam, I shall hear. andia/r 
 
 axiAies auddmis 
 
 Perfect, I heard (have heard.) 
 audlvi, I heard. aadaverini 
 
 Pluperfect, I had heai'd. 
 aadivermn, I had audivw«em 
 [heard 
 
 Future Perfect, I shall have heard. I shall have been heard. 
 audivcro, I shall have heard. auditws ero 
 
 I was (have been) heard, 
 audltes sum audltMS dm 
 I had been heard, 
 auditor eram anditus essem 
 
 
 ACTIVE. 
 
 
 IMPERATIVE. 
 
 PASSIVE. 
 
 
 ^mg. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 
 Sing. 
 
 Plur. 
 
 Pi: 
 
 2. audi, hear. 
 
 audJte 
 
 
 aaAlre 
 
 avAimmi 
 
 F. 
 
 2. audita 
 
 au&tdte 
 
 
 avAUor 
 
 
 
 3. andlto 
 
 avi&nmto 
 
 
 auditor- 
 
 axiAiuntor 
 
 
 
 
 INFINITIVE. 
 
 
 Pr. 
 
 audire 
 
 Pf. audiv«s«« 
 
 Pr. audiri 
 
 Pf. audit!;.? 
 
 F. 
 
 audlturus esse 
 
 
 
 F. audItW7i 
 
 , ire (andStus fori 
 
 Qer. audiendum,, di, etc. 
 
 INDICATIVE. 
 
 1. sum, I wm. 
 
 2. 6s, tTwu art. 
 
 3. est, he (she, it) is. 
 
 Plur. 1. sumus, we wre. 
 
 2. estis, you a/re 
 
 3. sunt, tliey are. 
 
 Sing. 1. gram, I was. 
 
 2. Sras, thou wast. 
 
 3. Crat, A« was. 
 
 Plur. 1. eramus, we were. 
 
 2. ertXtis, you wen-e. 
 
 3. erant, tliey were. 
 
 PARTICIPLES. 
 
 auditwrMS audltws audiendus 
 
 Sup. audltMOT, audita 
 
 Present, 
 
 SUBJUNCTIVE. 
 
 , sim, I am,, may be, etc. 
 sis 
 sit 
 
 slmus 
 
 sitis 
 
 sint 
 
 Imperfect, 
 
 essem, wm (would or fSrem 
 esses, might be, etc.). fOres 
 f6ret 
 
 essSmus 
 essBtis 
 
 fSrent 
 
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55 
 
 Future. 
 
 : 1. gro, I sliall he. 
 
 2. 6ris, tfimi wilt be. 
 
 3. grit, Tie will be. 
 
 Plur. 1. erlmus, we shall be. 
 
 2. erltis, you. will be. 
 
 3. grunt, they will be. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 fugrim, was (home 
 
 fuSris 
 
 fugrit 
 
 fuerimus 
 
 fuerltis 
 
 fugrint 
 
 Sing. 1. ful, I was (have been.) 
 
 2. fuisti, thou least. 
 
 3. fuit, he was. 
 
 Plur.. 1. fulmns, we were. 
 
 2. fuistis, you were. 
 
 3. fuBrunt, they were. 
 
 pr fuBre. 
 
 Pltijferfect. 
 
 Sing. 1. fugram, I had been. fuissem, had 
 
 2. fufiras, thov hadst been, fuisses 
 
 3. fugrat, lie had been. fuissot 
 
 Plur. 1. fueramus, we had been. fuissSmus 
 
 2. fuerStis, you had been. fuissBtis 
 
 3. fugrSnt, tliey had been. fuiseent 
 
 Future Perfect. 
 
 Sing. 1. fugro, / shall have been. 
 
 2. fngris, thou wilt hm>e been. 
 
 3. fugrit, h£ will have been. 
 
 Plur. 1. fuerimus, we shall have been. 
 
 2. fuerltis, you will hone been. 
 
 3. fuerint, they will home been. 
 
 1, may home 
 [been. ) 
 
 {might or would 
 [ha/ve been.) 
 
 Xntperafivf.. 
 
 este, be ye. 
 estOte, ye shall be. 
 sunto, they shall be. 
 
 Present, gs, be thou. 
 Future, esto, thou slialt be. 
 esto, h£ shall be. 
 
 Tniinitive. 
 
 Present, esse, to be. 
 
 Perfect, fuisse, to ha/ve been. 
 
 Ifuture. fore or futurus esse, to be about to be. 
 
 jFuture Participle, futurus, a, una, about to be. 
 
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56 
 iz. Suffixes of Conjugation. 
 
 These Suffixes (except -io of such verbs as capio) have been 
 already mentioned. [See Primary Suffixes, a, a/a.] 
 
 (i.) First Conjugation. Suffix, a/a. The/ syncopated, and 
 a-\-a=^d. 
 
 Second Conjugation. Suffix, aja. Final a is elided, and 
 j=i ; a + i^=e. 
 
 Third Conjugation. Suffix a. Becomes e ; regere ; be- 
 comes i or u ; r^t, regunt. 
 
 Third Conjugation. Verbs in io. Suffix, -ja. ja=^io. 
 The a is dropped in most parts, or becomes e or u ; 
 capiebam, capiunt. 
 
 Fourth Conjugation. Suffix, nja. The first a becomes i, 
 j^^i and t-\-i^l. Final a appears as in verbs in io, 
 above. 
 
 (2.) The o final vowel of the first person singular present 
 Indicative is a modification of the suffix a, or of the filial 
 a of the suffix aja. In the First Conjugation this final a 
 passes to o, and a (j) + o—o. In this conjugation the conju- 
 gation al suffix is rarely omitted in any part, though sometimes 
 in the perfect and supine stems, as crepare, crepui. Often a 
 connective («) is inserted ; as crepitum. In the Second Con- 
 jugation final a of aja becomes as above. The conjuga- 
 tional suffix in this conjugation is mostly limited to the pres- 
 ent stem. The remarks made above apply here also. 
 
 In the Third Conjugation, a passes into as above. 
 
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57 
 
 In verbs in io of the Third Conjugation the final vowel of 
 ja is subject to the changes noted, and the first vowel (i) is 
 subject to the same changes as in the regular verb of the 
 same conjugation. 
 
 Fourth Conjugation. [See \ 12. (i.) above.] 
 
 13. Suffixes of Voice. 
 
 (i.) The Active Voice has no suffix to distinguish it. 
 
 (z.) The Passive Voice in the present stem, is formed 
 from the Active by affiwtig the Accusative of the 
 reflective pronoun, se. The final e o{ se is usually 
 lost, the s in most cases becomes r from the ten- 
 dency of y to pass info r when occurring between 
 two vowels, or when final and preceded by a 
 vowel; as, amo + se=amo + r^amor. 
 
 (3.) The suffix se (r) is preceded by a connecting 
 vowel (2d pers., sing, i, otherwise «.) when at- 
 tached to forms ending in any consonant but m, 
 or to s of the first person plural. These last are 
 dropped before the suffix; as, amas + i+se^= 
 amaris; amat+u+se^amatur ; amaba{m) + se= 
 amabar ; amabamu{s)-\-se=amabamur. 
 
 (4.) The 2d sing, amaris— amare, (abbreviated.) So 
 in other tenses. The z before s final, active, be- 
 comes e in passive ; as, amabis, amaberis ; tegis, 
 tegeris. 
 
 (5.) In the Infinitive final e becomes i before the suffix 
 which takes a connecting vowel (e) ; as, ama7-e\e 
 + s{e)—amari+e+r, (a form that occurs in early 
 Latin) =amari, by loss of final syllable. 
 
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58 
 
 (6.) The second person plural has a peculiar termina- 
 tion, -mini This is probably a participial suffix 
 in force, and=Greek-/<£yoS, and here stands for 
 the full form which would have esiis ; as, monemini 
 esiis. The same ending appears in Jemina (A), 
 alumnus, etc. 
 
 14. Suffixes of Mood and Tense. 
 
 It will be best to consider these together, for, since the 
 verb is made up in part, in its mflectional forms, of the verb 
 esse, many suffixes are at the same time characteristic of 
 mood and tense ; as the re of the Imperfect Subjunctive is 
 a sign of mood (ra + i=re), the / representing the modal 
 sign, and a sign of tense, the ra representing the Imperfect 
 Indicative of the verb esse. 
 
 (i.) Indicative. 
 
 a. Imperfect. The temporal suffix of this tense is -ba- ; 
 thus, ama-ba-m. This has arisen from a form of the verb to 
 be, like the Sanskrit Imperfect of that wtxh,abhava{m); whence, 
 by removing the augment and the aspiration from the first 
 syllable, and syncopating the v, there results ba-a=ba. 
 
 b. Future. The suffix of this tense is also from the verb 
 to be, the root of which in SanskVit is bhu. The radical ja 
 has a future force. So bhu+ja=bu-\-ja=bja=bio. The 1? 
 of bio remains in the first sing., and third plural («), the / 
 being syncopated ; in the other persons the is dropped ; as, 
 monebo, monebis, monebunt. 
 
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59 
 
 The above applies to the First and Second Conjugations. 
 The future of the Third and Fourth Conjugations is an opta- 
 tive form, produced like the present subjunctive of the First, 
 which see. 
 
 C. Perfect. The perfect stem has been treated of. By 
 § 9. 8. we see that the perfect stem is sometimes formed by re- 
 duplication, and sometimes by lengthening the root vowel, 
 which may have resulted from contraction, or perhaps in 
 some cases in compensation for an omitted reduplicate syl" 
 lable ; as, lego, legi. The personal endings are suffixed with 
 a connecting vowel, i (becomes e in 3d plural), directly to 
 this stem. 
 
 In § 9. 8. (4.), maybe seen another method of forming the 
 perfect stem. The v (u) is connected with the root Mu, 
 whence /ui, the perfect of the verb esse. By the loss of the 
 6k or / we have the suffix u {v), (cf. potui i) as, audivi, ama- 
 vi, monui. 
 
 In § 9. 8. (5.), another method of forming the perfect stem 
 may be seen. The s is from the root es (as) of the verb esse. 
 Perhaps it is a part of the imperfect (eram=:esa {m) = {e)s(a)) 
 thus suffixed, after the analogy of the Sanskrit ; serpsi; rexi. 
 
 In a few words the two suffixes, s and u are combined ; as, 
 messui. 
 
 d,. Pluperfect. To the perfect stem is suffixed the imper- 
 fect of esse ; as, amaveram. 
 
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 e. Future Perfect. To the perfect stem is suffixed the fu- 
 ture of esse; as, amavero. But 3d ^\\xx^\=amaverint, not 
 amaverunt, to distinguish from the perfect. Old form Fut. 
 Perf \sfaxo, irorafac+ero{—eso)=facso=faxo. 
 
 (2.) Subjunctive. 
 
 a. Present. The suffix of mood is a. This combines 
 with the suffix of conjugation so as to give in the Second, 
 Third and Fourth Conjugations, a ,• as, rega + am^regam. 
 In the Second and Fourth Conjugations and in verbs in to of 
 the Third Conjugation, the final a of the conjugational suffix 
 is retained and combines with the modal suffix a to produce 
 a; thus, monea + a + m^monedm ; audia + a + m^audiam ; 
 capia + a + m=: capiam. 
 
 Another modal suffix is ja. It is properly optative, and is 
 found in the Present Subjunctive of the First Conjugation, 
 and the Fut. Indicative of the Third and Fourth ; as, ama 
 • +/(«)+/ = amet ; rega + /(rt:) + / = reget ; audia + «(«)+/ = 
 audiet ; capia=i{d)-\-t=capiet. But in the first person sing, 
 fut. regain ; audiam, etc. 
 
 6. Imperfect. To the present stem is suffixed the Imper- 
 fect Subjunctive of the verb esse; as, ama+sem^=ama-^rem 
 ^=amarem. 
 
 (',. Perfect. To the perfect stem is suffixed, with a connect- 
 ing vowel, the Present Subjunctive of the verb esse; as, 
 amav -I- z -I- sim = amavermi. 
 
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61 
 
 The change of j' to ^ has been noted, r prefers e to i before 
 it. Faxim=fac+sim. 
 
 di. Pluperfect. To the perfect stem is suffixed, with a 
 connecting vowel, the Imperfect Subjunctive of the verb ifwe ,- 
 as, amav + i-\-ssem^amavissem. The s of -sem is redupli- 
 cated. 
 
 (3.) Infinitive. 
 
 The Infinitives, i. e., present, perfect and future active, and 
 present and perfect passive, are to be regarded as represent- 
 ing the Dative Case, i. e., verbal nouns in the Dative, the 
 final e being a Dative ending. The Future Infinitive passive 
 combines iri Inf. oi eo, with supine in m. 
 
 a. Present. To the present stem is suffixed (e)se, present 
 Infinitive of the verb esse. Final e is case ending ; thus, 
 ama + s + e^ amare. 
 
 6. Perfect. To the perfect stem is suffixed, with a con- 
 nective, the Infinitive of the verb esse; as, amav-Vi-^ sse^^ 
 amavisse. [See Imperf. Subj.] 
 
 (4.) Participles. Active Voice. 
 
 a. Present. [See .Primary Suffixes.] ama + nt+s^^amans, 
 (stem, amant.) 
 
 b. Future. The ending -iuro {-turus) is the radical iar 
 combined with the radical a={o). This is suffixed to the 
 present stem ; thus, ama + iurus—a^maturus. 
 
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Passive Voice. 
 
 a. Perfect. [See Primary Suffixes, ta.'\ 
 
 b. Future. [See Primary Suffixes, ««/.] With this is 
 combined the radical ai^—o); \h\is, ama + nd+us^^amandus. 
 
 It will be convenient to regard the above as being all 
 
 formed on the supine stem, (rules for the formation of which 
 have been given,) though the t really belongs to the suffix. 
 
 (5.) Supines. [See Primary Suffixes, tu ; also Supine 
 Stem. J That in m is Accusative ; that in u , Ablative, or 
 Dative (?) They are equivalent to infinitives. 
 
 15. Personal Endings. 
 
 These are derived from the same radicals as the Personal 
 Pronouns. 
 
 (1.) The radicals may be represented thus : 
 
 
 SINGULAR. 
 
 
 1ST PERSON. 
 
 ZD PERSON. 
 
 3D PERSON. 
 
 ma. 
 
 tva=ta. 
 
 ta. 
 
 me. 
 
 thou. 
 
 PLURAL. 
 
 this, he. 
 
 1ST PERSON. 
 
 ID PERSON. 
 
 3D PERSON. 
 
 ma + ta. 
 
 ta + ta. 
 
 an + ta. 
 
 I-\-thouz=:we. 
 
 thou + thou =you. 
 
 he + he— they. 
 
 (2.) The ist person sing, of the verb omits the m in the 
 Present, Perfect, and Future-Perfect Indicative, and verbs of 
 the First and Second Conjugations, in the Future Indicative. 
 Inquam and sum alone retain it in the Present Indicative. 
 
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63 
 
 Its vowel has disappeared, as in the first syllable of all 
 these suffixes in most forms. 
 
 (3.) The suffix of the second person sing, becomes s{i} by 
 the change of jf to s. 
 
 In the Perfect Indicative ( remains and is preceded by a 
 euphonic s; as, afnav + t + s + ti=amavisit. The i is con- 
 nective. 
 
 The Imperative drops the ending ; as, ama. 
 
 (4.) The suffix of the third person sing, becomes t{i) or to ; 
 as, ama + i—amai; (Imperat.), ama+to—amaio. (Does not 
 belong to the supine stem.) 
 
 The 2d sing. Imperative, amaio, is probably the form of 
 the third person serving as second. 
 
 (5.) The suffix of the first person plur. becomes ma + si= 
 
 (6.) The suffix of the second person plur. becomes ta+si 
 :=ti+s{t)=iis. 
 
 In the Imperative the ta + ta becomes to + te^^tote; as, 
 amatoie. 
 
 (7.) The suffix of the third person plur. becomes nt in 
 most forms. 
 
 The final vowel, n + (a=nto, is retained in the Imperative j 
 as, amanto. 
 
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64 
 
 The first vowel, an-\-t=ant=unt, is seen in case of stems 
 ending in a consonant to which the suffix is directly appended ; 
 as, edunt, sunt. 
 
 The first vowel also appears as u in the Perf. Indicative 3d 
 plural ; as, amav + i+s + unt=amaverunt; the i is connective, 
 s is euphonic as in the zd person sing, and plural. It changes 
 to r, which converts the preceding i to e. 
 
 16. The Verb esse. 
 
 The forms of this verb have been referred to as serving as 
 auxiliaries to the formation of the Latin verb. It will be 
 best to inspect some of its forms. 
 
 There are two roots, es {as) and bhu. From the latter 
 comes the perfect stem of the verb and the parts formed on it. 
 
 Fore, forem, etc., are from the root thu {/u.) Fore=fuse= 
 Infinitive. 
 
 The parts hovafu are regularly formed. 
 
 (i.) Indicative. 
 
 a. Present, ist sing, m is personal ending ; u, connective. 
 The vowel of the root is lost. 2d sing. Either the persona! 
 ending sit) is omitted, or s of the root falls away when it is 
 appended. 
 
 ist plural. [See ist singj. 3d plural. The vowel of the 
 ■ root is lost, unt^^ant. 
 
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 6. Imperfect. The a which appears as connective between 
 the root and personal ending is probably a sign of past time, 
 or a temporal suffix; thus, es + am=eram. 
 
 c. Future. The suffix/a is appended to the root ; as, « + 
 ja + m—esiom^=ero. m is lost in the first person. The a of 
 ja appears in the 3d plural erunt as u. But the fut. perf. 3d 
 plur. \%fuerint. [See Fut. Perf Ind. above.] 
 
 (2.) Subjunctive. 
 
 (I. Present. The optative suffix is appended to the root ; 
 as, {e)s+ja-\-m^=siem (as found in early Latin) = yzw. 
 
 6. Imperfect. To the stem of the Imperfect Indicative, 
 «« (^ra), is appended the optative suffix /a ,• as, ifj'fl +/ (a) + 
 m^^esa -Vi+ m^=esem=^essem. 
 
 (3.) Infinitive. 
 
 M. Present. To the root is appended e, a case sign of the 
 Dative ; as, es+e=esse. 
 
 6. Perfect. To the perfect stem fit is appended the present 
 Infinitive {se) by means of the connective i. j is reduplicated 
 as above. 
 
 10. ADVERBS. 
 
 I. For Adverbs derived from nouns and from adjectives 
 see Derivative Sufiixeg, § 13, 5. 
 
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66 
 
 2. It will be proper to notice here a few Adverbs derived 
 from pronouns or originating" in such, together with a few of 
 more irregular derivation. 
 
 Stem Aff. hic, here, is a Locative, =/w + /+f('. 
 
 hoc, hue, hither ; Accusative forms. 
 ^2«<r, hence, =^(7 + /« + «. The z« is probably 
 
 the same as ihde; Greek, -^fK=:whence. 
 hdc, by this way ; Ablative, substantive 
 
 omitted. 
 
 Stem i or eo. tbi, there, is a Locative. [See Pronouns.] 
 eo, thither ; Accusative. 
 inde, thence. The -de denotes separation. 
 ed, by this way ; Ablative, ita, [see below.] 
 
 Stem ^ui or fuo. «^2', where, is Locative ; ongina.\\yai6i{^uubi), 
 
 as in alicubi. 
 quo, whither ; Accusative. 
 unde, whence. Equivalent to a Genitive. 
 
 Originally ciinde {quu-nde). 
 qua. by what way ; Ablative. 
 quam, how ; Accusative. 
 quum, when ; Accusative. 
 uniquam, ever ; for cumquam (?) 
 quando, when. Sanskrit, kada. The dO, is a 
 
 temporal suffix (-rfl?). 
 ut, uti, how ; originally cut, cuti[quuii), 
 
 probably. [See below.] 
 cur{quur), why; from quare (?) or cut rei{}) 
 quod, because ; Accusative neuter=that, in 
 
 that, etc. 
 
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67 
 
 quotiens, how often ; from quoti, an old 
 Dative (?) 
 
 For the termination see Gram. 
 Numeral Adverbs. It may have 
 originated in the comparative ending 
 -jans. 
 quin, but that ; from qui (Abl) +ne(non.) 
 usquam, uspiam, anywhere; from qu(i)-'rs-V 
 quam (piam) ? the s being euphonic. 
 
 Radical ta. iam, so ; Accusative form. 
 
 turn, then ; also Accusative. Cf. quum. 
 totiens, so often ; from foti, an old Dative (.?) 
 
 [See quotiins^ 
 tunc, then ; from ium + ce. 
 item, autem, uti(ut) [see above.] ; owe their 
 
 last syllable to the same radical. So au-t, 
 
 et, a-t, are, perhaps, Locatives from the 
 
 same. 
 i-ta, this wise ; Ablative. 
 
 Radical na. na^an^n, prep. 
 
 nam, for. -nam, enclitic. nem-{pe). {e)-nim. 
 nunc, now ; from num + ce. 
 
 Radical sa {so), sic, {sei+ce). .f?'-=«V(?)=in that way, if (?) 
 
 Radical da {do), with an idea of time. 
 
 -dam, -do, -dum, {agedum), -dem, -de. 
 do-{do-nec). 
 
 3. Some other Adverbs. 
 
 coram, face to face ; con + w(face) + am , 
 Accusative ? 
 
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 dam, secretly ; cela + am ; Accusative (?) 
 palam, openly ; from pando (Key). Better, 
 
 from pateo, though patulus, i. e., fern. 
 
 Accus. pafulam, contracted. 
 saltern, at least ; p&rhA^s^^ saluiem. 
 anted., formerly; for anteatn (ante+eam{is)) ; 
 
 or, Accus. plur. neut. 
 simul, together. Sanskrit, samA ; Greek, 
 
 ajAa. Root j-<z;w=one (?). 5fw^/ from the 
 
 same (?)i 
 semper, ever, always; sem (Sanskrit, sand,, 
 
 ever; root j'a»z=one (?))+/^r(=/ifr). [See 
 
 Comparatives.] 
 illico, immediately; from in + toco. 
 hodie, to-day ; from hoc + die. 
 interim, mean while; frominter + im{=eum). 
 jam, now,=^aw2(is)(?); or Sanskrit ja ; 
 
 Greek dr} ; radical /a. The last, belter. 
 
 Corssen says jam =diam (diem), 
 etiam, and also ; from et+jam. 
 
 11. PREPOSITIONS. 
 
 ab, from ; from radical p{a) ; Sanskrit, apa, 
 
 off. 
 amb-, about ; radical b (?) ; Sanskrit, abhi. 
 coram. [See Adverbs.] 
 
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69 
 
 cum, with ; akin to Sanskrit s&m, together. 
 Ci7»z=oldform. Con and co as prefixes. 
 
 de is Abl. from stem da. 
 
 dis-, apart ; radical dva, two. Whence, 
 probably, ve-. 
 
 in, in, into ; stem an ; Sanskrit, ni. 
 
 inter, among; composed of in + ter (a Com- 
 parative suffix.) 
 
 intra, inside ; an Albative fem. of inter. 
 
 juxia, near; roots, y«^-|-.f/a=standing 
 joined (?) 
 
 ob. on account of ; radical, / (a) ; Greek, ini. 
 
 per, through ; radical, p(ci). 
 
 pro, for; radical, /{«). 
 
 se {sed), apart ; radical, s(a). 
 
 sub, under ; super, upon ; radical, ipia) ; Sans- 
 krit, tipa ; Greek, vtto, vitsp ; Eng. up. 
 The er of super with comparative force. 
 
 trans, across : from the radicals ta-^ra. [See 
 Comparatives.] 
 
 ultra, on the further side ; an Abl. compara- 
 tive from a form uls. 
 
 12. INTERJECTIONS. 
 
 I. Many Interjections are imitations of sounds. 
 
 a, ah, ha ; used in warning or sorrow. So 
 Eng. ah ; Germ. ach. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
70 
 
 hui; astonishment ; Eng. whew is like it. 
 »fl:^/ pain, j/^j:^ / astonishment, ehem, hem ; 
 
 surprise. Cf. Eng. ahem, hem. 
 st ; hush. Cf. Eng. sh. And many others.. 
 
 2. Some Interjections are abbreviated words or sentences. 
 mehercules, mehecule, meherde, hercules, hercle^ 
 
 which mean me Hercules juvet. 
 medius fldius, means me deus Fidius juvet. 
 Edepol, perhaps an abbreviation of a sentence 
 
 like the above. Some explain it as^^^er 
 
 aedem PoUucis. 
 epol, J>ol ,\ further abbreviated. 
 mecastor, ecastor ; from Castor, as above. 
 ecere, perhaps for ec{^—ce) + Ceres or en + 
 
 Ceres. 
 
 13. DERIVATIVE SUFFIXES. 
 
 I. It is impossible to analyze all of these secondary suffixes. 
 They are doubtless developments from primary forms. They 
 specialize the conception of the primitive to which they are 
 attached. The same suffix does not always express the same 
 modification. In some cases there are several suffixes which 
 denote essentially the same idea ; as, tus and iura. Analogy 
 is sometimes permitted to interfere with system. 
 
 The suffixes are attached to roots or stems. The stem may 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
71 
 
 be in its primary form, or may have previously received a 
 secondary suffix. The final vowel of the verb-stem {a, e, i, u,) 
 is long before the derivative ending. 
 
 Stems in o and a change the stem-vowel to t before certain 
 suffixes. " Many consonant-stems insert i after the analogy 
 of /-stems; as, loquacUas." — A. & G. But Roby regards 
 loquax, pax, etc., as belonging to «-stems ; i. e., that the i is a 
 part of the stem. 
 
 As the suffixes are usually given they sometimes include 
 the characteristic of the stem, and are sometimes exclusive 
 of it. 
 
 2. Nouns. 
 
 
 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 BASE. 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 Sdes (maso), 
 
 Nouns 
 
 AtlamM-; 
 
 patronymics 
 
 Atla/ntiades ; 
 
 as (fern) 
 
 (pers.) 
 
 Mne- 
 
 
 JS^neadea 
 
 al 
 
 Nouns 
 
 anim-; 
 cuUUo) 
 
 pertaining to, 
 
 etc. 
 
 animal ; euUtal 
 
 alis, (ale) 
 
 (( 
 
 mort^iy 
 
 t( 
 
 mortalis 
 
 anus 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 sull(a); urb(i) 
 
 Gentile; be- 
 
 Sullanm ; wria- 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 
 longing to, etc 
 
 nus 
 
 ar 
 
 Nouns 
 
 caleii); exem- 
 pl(p) 
 
 pertaining to, 
 etc. 
 
 caloa/r ; exempla/r 
 
 are 
 
 a 
 
 coll(o) 
 
 i< 
 
 eolla/re. 
 
 aris 
 
 (t 
 
 popul(o) 
 
 i( 
 
 populaHs 
 
 arius 
 
 (t 
 
 wgentio); mr 
 
 occupation ; 
 place of 
 
 a/rgentan-ms ; mr- 
 arium 
 
 atuB 
 
 t( 
 
 conml ; sen 
 
 rank, office, 
 condition 
 
 consulat/us ; sena- 
 tus 
 
 bra (ber, 
 
 Verbs 
 
 tere ; verte 
 
 means; place 
 
 terebra ; vertebra 
 
 brum) 
 
 
 
 of, etc. 
 
 
 brium 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 hide ; mcmu 
 
 instrument, 
 
 hiMbrium; man- 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 ubrium 
 
 brum 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 candda; lap 
 
 means; place 
 
 candelabrum ; 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 
 of, etc. 
 
 la(p)brum (lip) 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
72 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 buliim (a) 
 
 bus 
 cio 
 crum 
 
 ciilus(a,uin) 
 
 do 
 
 ela 
 
 ensis 
 
 ema 
 
 es 
 
 etum (turn) 
 
 ex 
 
 go 
 ia 
 
 iSdes (ias) 
 ides (is) 
 Ides (eis) 
 ies 
 
 iGus (a, Tim) 
 
 icus (a) 
 
 ile 
 ills 
 
 inns (a) 
 
 inus (a, um) 
 
 io (masc. ) 
 io(fem.) 
 is 
 ium (s) 
 
 BASE. 
 
 Verbs 
 
 Noxms 
 Verbs 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 Verbs 
 Verbs 
 
 Nouns and 
 Verbs 
 Nouns 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 Verbs 
 Boots 
 Nouns 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 Roots 
 Nouns and 
 
 Verbs 
 Nouns and 
 
 Verbs 
 
 Verbs 
 Nouns 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 Verbs 
 Nouns 
 Nouns, Adj 
 
 and Verbs 
 Verbs 
 
 Nouns 
 Verbs 
 
 Nouns and 
 Verbs 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 moa; infunde 
 
 homin 
 cvmbula ; liie 
 
 li; or a 
 
 s; cupi 
 
 cande ; Austod 
 
 amanu ; 
 
 atn{o) 
 
 cam-: luce 
 
 guerc(u) ; 
 myrUfi) 
 sen; ra/m(o) 
 
 ori ; verte 
 
 inmd^e) ; 
 host(i) 
 
 face; sere 
 
 lyilKa); ped 
 
 a/m{cb) ; Iot{o) 
 
 capi' ; equip) 
 api'(i); 
 
 quinlXo) 
 dom(a) ; 
 
 pag(?) 
 ooncub(a) ; 
 
 reg(e) 
 rest(i); lud(o) 
 Ug(e); regie) 
 
 gen; sen 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 means; place 
 of, etc. 
 
 diminutives 
 means ; place 
 
 of, etc. 
 diminutives 
 
 chiefly ab- 
 stracts. 
 
 instrument ; ' 
 abstracts 
 
 occupation 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 weabulum ; in- 
 
 fundibuVwrn 
 morbus 
 Twmundo 
 ambulacrum ; 
 
 lucrum 
 
 qnk/iLlus; oraeu- 
 
 him 
 libido ; cupido 
 
 candela ; evsto- 
 dela; tnitela 
 anwmuenm ; 
 
 place of 
 diminutival 
 
 usually ab- 
 stracts 
 
 abstracts and 
 concretes 
 
 vocation ; per- 
 taining to 
 
 vocation ; per- 
 taining to 
 
 place of 
 
 pertaining to 
 
 appellatives 
 abstracts 
 see es 
 see ia 
 
 ca/oerna ; lucerna 
 
 sedes ; caedes. 
 quercetum ; 
 myrtetum, 
 senex ; ramex 
 
 origo ; vei'tigo 
 
 ini>idia:lwstia 
 
 faMes ; sei-ies 
 
 mlicus ; pedica 
 
 amiaiis; lorica 
 
 ca/prile ; equile 
 Aprilis; Qwintilis 
 
 dominu^; patina 
 
 concuhinua ; 
 
 regina 
 restio ; luMo 
 legio; regio 
 
 genhis ; senium 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
T6 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 BASB. 
 
 ROOT OR stem/ 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ix 
 
 Nouns and 
 Verbs 
 
 append{e) ; 
 forn{o) 
 
 
 a/ppendia ; fornix 
 
 olus (a, m) 
 
 Nouns 
 
 fiU(o) ; 
 braehi(o) 
 
 diminutives 
 
 filiolus; braehio- 
 lum 
 
 lus (m) 
 
 i( 
 
 agr(p) 
 
 ** 
 
 agellus 
 
 mo 
 
 Verbs 
 
 ser{e) 
 
 
 sermo 
 
 men 
 
 Verbs 
 
 (g)no; 'flu(e) 
 
 act ; means ; 
 result 
 
 nomen; fiumen 
 
 mentum 
 
 (( 
 
 mone; orna 
 
 it 
 
 monumentum ; 
 ornwmentum 
 
 mica 
 
 a 
 
 fi 
 
 participial 
 
 femina 
 
 mnus(a) 
 
 a 
 
 ale; eel? 
 
 u 
 
 alumnus ; colum- 
 
 monia(m) 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 aeri ; matr 
 
 means ; qual- 
 
 7hCl> 
 
 aarimmiia; mat- 
 
 
 and Verbs 
 
 * 
 
 ity; pertain- 
 ing to 
 
 nmonium 
 
 mus(a) 
 
 Verbs 
 
 ar ; fa 
 
 
 wrmus ; fama 
 
 nus(a, m) 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 som ; rege 
 
 pertaining to, 
 
 somnua ; regnum 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 ' 
 
 etc. 
 
 
 o 
 
 (( 
 
 comed(e) ; 
 capit 
 
 occupation, 
 etc. 
 
 comedo; capita 
 
 or 
 
 Adjectives 
 and Verbs 
 
 tum(e); alg(e) 
 
 quality; state, 
 etc. 
 
 Uimor ; algor 
 
 strum 
 
 Verbs 
 
 lu(e); nhon{e) 
 
 See Primary 
 Suffiifes 
 
 lusbrum ; mons- 
 trum 
 
 tas 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 poAJbper ; tem- 
 pus 
 
 abstracts 
 
 pampertas; tem- 
 pestas. 
 
 ter,tra,trum 
 
 
 
 See Primary 
 Suffixes 
 
 
 ties 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 plan(o) 
 
 abstracts 
 
 planities;[Beetia'] 
 
 tio 
 
 Supine 
 Stem 
 
 gna ; ora 
 
 u 
 
 natio ; oratio 
 
 tis(Bis) 
 
 Nouns (?) 
 and Verbs 
 
 met{e); gen 
 
 
 inesm; gens 
 
 tius Ca, m) 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 minuie); 
 
 " 
 
 minutia; saevi- 
 
 
 and Verbs 
 
 saet)(o) 
 
 
 tium 
 
 tor (sor) 
 1 
 
 Supine 
 Stem 
 
 ag; a/r{a') 
 
 agency 
 
 aotor ; a/rator 
 
 trix 
 
 11 
 
 
 Pem. of tor 
 
 
 tudo 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 multio); forti 
 
 abstracts 
 
 multiiAMk) ; forti- 
 tudo 
 
 tura 
 
 Supiue 
 
 Stem 
 
 pig; fieotie) 
 
 employment ; 
 result ; ver- 
 bal abstracts 
 
 pictwra ; flexura 
 
 tus (a, m) 
 
 (i 
 
 fa; men 
 
 abstracts ; re- 
 sult 
 
 fatum; mensa 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
74 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 BASE. 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 sus (a, m) 
 
 
 
 euphonic for 
 tus (a, m) 
 
 
 tus 
 
 Supine 
 Stem 
 
 exercie); fle 
 
 act 
 
 exerdius; fletm, 
 4th Decl. 
 
 ulus (a, m) 
 
 Nouns and 
 Verbs 
 
 porcip); regie) 
 
 diminutives 
 
 porculus; regula; 
 speculum 
 
 us 
 
 
 gen ; frig 
 
 
 genus ; frigus 
 
 3. Adjectives. 
 
 
 aoeus 
 
 Nouns 
 
 farr; Tierh{a) 
 
 pertaining to; 
 of 
 
 farraeeus ; 
 herhoKus 
 
 Sous 
 
 Verbs 
 
 mer(ci); du{e) 
 
 quality of 
 
 meracus ; cloaca 
 
 alis 
 
 Nouns 
 
 fatip) ; 
 flw}i{o) 
 
 pertaining to, 
 etc. 
 
 fatalis ; fiwoialhi 
 
 aneus 
 
 Verbs ; 
 
 extr(a); sicc(o) 
 
 Vbs.^pass. 
 
 extraneus ; aic- 
 
 
 Nouns; 
 
 
 partic; Ns., 
 
 caneus 
 
 
 Prep's 
 
 
 etc.=per- 
 taining to 
 
 
 anus 
 
 Nouns 
 
 api-, oppid(o) 
 
 belonging to; 
 coming from 
 
 apianus; oppi- 
 daniis 
 
 aris 
 
 Nouns 
 
 sol; saecuKo) 
 
 pertaining to, 
 
 etc. 
 pertaining to, 
 
 Solaris; secnlaris 
 
 avius 
 
 Nouns 
 
 mn(o) ; prec 
 
 mnarius ; pre- 
 
 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 carius 
 
 as 
 
 Nouns ; 
 Adj's ; 
 Pron's 
 
 noit/r(o) ; 
 optimlo) 
 
 origin 
 
 nostras ; optimas 
 
 atus 
 
 Nouns and 
 Adj's 
 
 alb{o);barb{a) 
 
 provided with 
 
 aibatus ; barbatux 
 
 ax 
 
 Verbs 
 
 aud{e); fer{e) 
 
 quality ; ten- 
 dency 
 pertaining to; 
 
 audax; ferax 
 
 ber (bris, 
 
 Nouns ; 
 
 mulier ; 
 
 muUebris ; 
 
 bre) 
 
 Verbs ; 
 Adj's 
 
 lug{e) 
 
 etc. 
 
 lugubris 
 
 bilis 
 
 Verbs 
 
 sta; doma 
 
 passive quali- 
 ties 
 
 stdbilis; domabiliis 
 
 bundus 
 
 
 mori; mta 
 
 participial, 
 with contin- 
 uance of 
 
 mcrihundus ; 
 mtabundus 
 
 bus 
 
 Prep's and 
 
 »uper ; acer 
 
 quality of 
 
 superbus; 
 
 
 Adj's 
 
 (acri) 
 
 
 acerbus 
 
 centi 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 du(o); tre 
 
 multiples of a 
 hundred 
 
 ducenti ; trecenti 
 
 oer (oris,cre) 
 
 Boots, Vbs. , 
 etc. 
 
 i3ol(a); ac 
 
 causing 
 
 isolucer ; acer 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
75 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 BASE. 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ceuB 
 
 
 
 See aceus 
 
 
 cius (tius) 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 tiribun(o); 
 prope 
 
 pertaining to 
 
 tribunicms ; pro- 
 pitius, tertius 
 
 cuius 
 
 
 duM ; tv/rpi 
 
 diminutives 
 
 dulaiaulus ; tur- 
 piauMis 
 
 cundus 
 
 Verbs 
 
 fa; fe 
 
 as bundus 
 
 faoundMS ;fecun- 
 dus 
 pavidvs ; IwrMdm 
 
 dus 
 
 Verbs and 
 
 pm>(6); 
 
 partici'l; pos- 
 
 
 Nouns 
 
 herb(a) 
 
 seBsedof,etc. 
 
 
 5lis 
 
 Verbs and 
 Adjectives 
 
 (yrud(o);fid(e) 
 
 pertaining to, 
 etc. 
 
 (yriLdelis; fldelis 
 
 eBsis 
 
 Nouns 
 
 circ(o); for(o) 
 
 i( 
 
 eircenm ; foren- 
 
 gnus 
 
 Nouns and 
 Adjectives 
 
 terr{a); aU(o) 
 
 quality of ; 
 source 
 
 terrenus; aliemin 
 
 er 
 
 Verbs 
 
 inta(n)g(e) 
 
 participial 
 
 ifiteger; tmier 
 
 emus 
 
 Nouns 
 
 lu>di(e); Mb 
 
 belonging, 
 pertaining to 
 
 hodiernus; liiberr- 
 nus 
 
 esimus 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 dueent(i); 
 
 Ordinals from 
 
 ducentesimus ; 
 
 
 
 trecentii) 
 
 Cardinals 
 
 treeentedmvji 
 
 ester (estris) 
 
 Nouns 
 
 camp{p); 
 
 belonging. 
 
 ca/mpestris ; ter- 
 
 
 
 t&rrifl) 
 
 pertaining to 
 
 retiris 
 
 eus 
 
 u 
 
 ign(i); nit> 
 
 quality of 
 
 igneus; niveus 
 
 6us 
 
 1( 
 
 Epicurio) 
 
 belonging to 
 
 epiourms 
 
 ginta 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 Pri; quinque 
 
 ginta=:decem 
 &, ti ; multi- 
 ples of ten 
 
 triginta; quin- 
 quaginta 
 
 ginti 
 
 u 
 
 (d)m; 
 
 
 Diginti 
 
 genti 
 
 See centi 
 
 
 genti^cen- 
 tum 
 
 
 iiicus 
 
 Nouns 
 
 ^gypt(o): 
 Gorinthip) 
 
 pertaining to 
 
 .^gypUaeus ; 
 Corinthiacus 
 
 icus 
 
 u 
 
 Oermcmip); 
 
 u 
 
 OermoMiffiMs; 
 civicus 
 
 ilis 
 
 Verbs, 
 
 ag{e'); hum(o) 
 
 passive quali- 
 
 agilis ; hwmilis ; 
 
 
 Nouns, etc 
 
 
 ties 
 
 habilis 
 
 iHs 
 
 Nouns 
 
 ow{i); sen)(o) 
 
 pertaining to 
 
 citdlis; senilis 
 
 illus 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 tantip) ; 
 quant(p) 
 
 diminutives 
 
 tanWus; quan- 
 tillus 
 
 Inus_ 
 
 Nouns 
 
 dmip); mairii) 
 
 quality of 
 
 divimis; marinus 
 
 Itus' 
 
 Verbs and 
 Nouns 
 
 avMf); atoip) 
 
 participles ; 
 provided 
 -with 
 
 auditnjLs; avitus 
 
 ius 
 
 Nouns 
 
 noxia); aer 
 
 quality of 
 
 noxius; aerius 
 
 Ivue 
 
 Nouns and 
 Verbs 
 
 aest{u) ; cad{e) 
 
 quality ; 
 tendency 
 
 aestivus; cadims 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
76 
 
 SUFFIX, 
 
 BASE. 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 ndus 
 
 "Verbs 
 
 ama; infa 
 
 Gerundive ; 
 participle 
 
 amandus ; 
 infandus 
 
 nquus 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 long{o); 
 propie) 
 
 belonging to 
 
 longiTiquus ; 
 propinqutts 
 
 m(pl.) 
 
 " 
 
 ter ; octo 
 
 distributives 
 
 terni; octoni 
 
 nus 
 
 Nouns 
 
 ebwr ; vei' 
 
 quality of 
 
 eburnus ; vermis 
 
 olens 
 
 
 
 [see olentus] 
 
 
 olentus 
 
 (( 
 
 vi ; mn(o) 
 
 full of; 
 abounding in 
 
 violentus ; 
 mnolentus 
 
 osus 
 
 (i 
 
 fliiat(u\ niv 
 
 full of; 
 abounding in 
 
 fluotuosus ; 
 nvKosus 
 
 ter(tris, tre) 
 
 (1 
 
 eques (sex & 
 inensi) 
 
 belonging to 
 
 equester ; 
 semestris 
 
 ter,(tra, 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 nos ; ms 
 
 " 
 
 ■nosier ; 
 
 trum) 
 
 
 
 
 vaster (vester) 
 
 temus 
 
 Nouns 
 
 diu 
 
 relations of 
 
 hesternus ; 
 
 (tumus) 
 
 
 
 time, etc 
 
 diuturnus 
 
 timus 
 
 (< 
 
 fini ; man 
 
 relations of 
 place, etc 
 
 finitimus ; 
 maritimus 
 
 tinus 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 maPuUa) ; 
 
 pertaining to 
 
 matutinus ; 
 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 intui 
 
 
 intestinus 
 
 ttnus 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 eras; diu 
 
 (( 
 
 crastinus ; 
 diutiniis 
 
 tus 
 
 Verbs and 
 Nouns 
 
 al; fas 
 
 participles ; 
 having 
 
 alsus ; fastus 
 
 uKs 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 our{ni); ed(e) 
 
 pertaining to. 
 
 euruUs ; edulis ; 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 
 etc. 
 
 pendulis 
 
 ulus 
 
 Adjectives 
 and Verbs 
 
 alb(o) ; ered(e) 
 
 diminutives 
 from Adj's; 
 Vlis. ^incli- 
 nation 
 
 albulics; credulvji 
 
 us 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 Verbs 
 Nouns and 
 
 honor; mTi{e) 
 
 having 
 
 Tionorus ; vitun 
 
 utue 
 
 corn(u); ofitiu) 
 
 provided -with 
 
 comutus; 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 
 
 astutus ; nanv- 
 tvs {nas(o) 
 congrwu-s ;) mor- 
 
 uus 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 congru(e): 
 
 quality ; 
 
 
 Verbs 
 
 mort(i) 
 
 tendency 
 
 tuus ; annuus 
 
 vus 
 
 
 
 See Primary 
 Suffiifes 
 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
77 
 
 4- Verbs. 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 BASE. 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 (a)o 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 aura; lei>(i) 
 
 ■a d 
 
 cura/re ; lev are. 
 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 
 $ 
 
 These are de- 
 nominatives of 
 Conj. 1st. 
 
 
 The Conju 
 
 gation'l Suffiy 
 
 is sufficed to 
 
 II 
 
 the stem, or to 
 the stem denud- 
 ed of the stem- 
 vowel. 
 
 (5) 60 
 
 Nouns and 
 
 eal/e^o) ; luo 
 
 tU3 ^ 
 
 ■i 1 ■ 
 "1 
 
 eahere ; lueere. 
 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 
 Denominatives 
 
 
 
 
 of Conj. 2d, 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 'p. 
 
 formed as above 
 
 (6)0 
 
 u 
 
 acu; minu 
 
 erbs denote i 
 i, or the perfi 
 he base. 
 
 acuere ; minuere. 
 Denominatives 
 of Conj. 3d; suf- 
 fix appended to 
 stem of substan- 
 tive. 
 
 (I) to 
 
 " 
 
 saei)(o) ; 
 
 
 saemre ; a/ibdire. 
 
 
 
 aur(d) 
 
 Denominatives 
 
 
 
 
 
 of Conj. 4th, 
 
 
 
 
 ^ ^1 
 
 formed as those 
 
 
 
 
 ^ 
 
 of Conj. 1st. 
 
 esso (isso) 
 
 
 cap; inoip 
 
 intensives ; 
 denote eager- 
 ness 
 
 capessere ; inaip- 
 issere. Conj. 3d. 
 
 iUo 
 
 Nouns 
 
 camill{a) 
 
 diminutives, 
 feeble action 
 
 camUlari. Conj. 
 1st, mostly from 
 dimin utive 
 nouns. 
 
 ito (to, so) 
 
 Participle 
 
 dict(o); 
 
 intensives, or 
 
 dietita/re ; quag- 
 
 
 in, -to 
 
 quassip) 
 
 iteratives 
 
 sare. Conj. 1st. 
 
 SCO (asoo, 
 
 Verbs; Ns.; 
 
 ign{t); clario) 
 
 inchoatives 
 
 ignescere; clm-es- 
 
 esco, isoo) 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 
 
 cere. Conj. 3d. 
 
 iirio 
 
 Supine Stm. 
 
 empt(o); 
 
 desideratives 
 
 empttirio ; nup- 
 
 
 or Analo- 
 
 nuptip) 
 
 
 turio; Sullatu- 
 
 
 gous form 
 
 
 
 rire. Conj. 4th. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
78 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 SUFFIX. 
 
 BASE. 
 
 ROOT OR STEM. 
 
 SIGNIFICATION 
 OF SUFFIX. 
 
 See Pronouns 
 and Adverbs 
 
 EXAMPLES. 
 
 a 
 
 Nouns 
 
 stems in fls(o) 
 
 way ; manner 
 
 recta 
 
 ao 
 
 
 
 See Pronouns 
 and Adverbs 
 
 
 am 
 
 These are 
 
 probably Ac- 
 
 cusatives, 
 Sing. Pern. 
 
 olmam ; coram, 
 
 as 
 
 " 
 
 " Ac- 
 
 cusatives, 
 Plur. Fem. 
 
 foras; aliens 
 
 bi 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 i; quo 
 
 Locatives 
 
 ihi ; ubi 
 
 dam, dem, 
 
 
 
 See Pronouns 
 
 
 do 
 
 
 
 and Adverbs 
 
 
 5(6) 
 
 Adjectives 
 
 car(o); 
 liber(o) 
 
 manner 
 
 ca/re; liber e ; 
 bene 
 
 I 
 
 
 
 See Pronouns 
 
 Probably Abl. of 
 manner, qui; 
 or Loc't'v's, her'i 
 
 Ic, 00, tic 
 
 
 
 K 
 
 
 Jens (les) 
 
 Numerals, 
 etc. 
 
 sex; oct{o) 
 
 "times" 
 
 sexiex; octies ; 
 totiens 
 
 im 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 illip); ho ; i 
 
 Locative or 
 Accusative 
 
 illim; hinc 
 {=Mm-Ge); enim 
 ■=(iii-vrn) 
 
 im 
 
 Verbs and 
 
 ra/pt(o) ; 
 
 manner 
 
 raplim; statim ; 
 
 
 Nouns 
 
 stat{o) 
 
 
 gregatim 
 
 atim, utim, 
 
 Similar to 
 
 
 
 
 sim, tim 
 
 Past Par- 
 ticiples 
 
 
 
 
 is 
 
 Nouns and 
 Adjectives 
 
 mag ; fori 
 
 (1) Neuter Ac- 
 cusative ins 
 
 (2) Ablative 
 Plural 
 
 magis ; fai-is 
 
 no 
 
 
 
 See im above 
 
 
 nde 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 i ; quo 
 
 
 inde ; nude. The 
 de=Prep. de 
 with short e (?) 
 
 
 
 Ns.; Adj's ; 
 
 tnodio); <o); 
 
 manner ; 
 
 modo ; ed; vera 
 
 
 Pronouns 
 
 «CT'(0) 
 
 direction 
 
 
 orsus (m) 
 
 Adverbs. ; 
 
 retr(p); pr(o) 
 
 dii-ection ; 
 
 retrormm ; 
 
 
 Preps. 
 
 
 towards 
 
 plVl'SVS 
 
 tor 
 
 Adjectives 
 of 3dDecl. 
 
 aeri; forti 
 
 manner 
 
 ■xcriter ; fortiter 
 = comparative 
 ttixo) 
 
 tus (itus) 
 
 STs.; Adj's ; 
 
 in ; dimn(o); 
 
 rigin or 
 
 'iitus ; dii'initus ; 
 
 
 Preps. 
 
 fund(p) 
 
 source 
 
 fundi tits 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
I. Prepositions. 
 
 79 
 
 14. PREFIXES. 
 
 PREFIX. 
 
 a, ab, abs 
 ad 
 
 ante 
 circum 
 cis 
 com 
 
 contra 
 de 
 e, ex 
 
 inter 
 
 ob 
 
 per 
 
 post 
 prae 
 praeter 
 
 FORCE AND CHANGES. 
 
 away. May denote departure, negation, or be 
 used to complete or intensify ; becomes au 
 in ab +fero-=aufero. 
 
 towards. Is sometimes intensive, or even incep- 
 tive. ad\& assimilated rarely before m; some- 
 times before /, r, s; regularly before c. g,p, t. 
 
 before. 
 
 around. May lose m before /. 
 
 on this side of. 
 
 =cum, together. Denotes accompaniment. May 
 be intensive, =forcibly. Other forms are 
 con and co. Com is used before b, m ; coft 
 before c, d, f, g, /, q, s,v; co before n in co- 
 necto ; co-niveo ; co-nitor ; conubium. Com and 
 con before/,- is assimilated or becomes con, 
 before /, n, r. 
 
 against. 
 
 down. Often intensive, =utterly. 
 
 ^«^,=from within. Often intensive. May denote 
 negation. 
 
 in, on. Often intensive. Is either assimilated 
 to / or retains n ; becomes m before b, m, p. 
 May be intensive, or denote separation. 
 Is assimilated in intelligo. 
 
 towards. May be intensive. Assimilated before 
 c,f, g,p, and sometimes before m. 
 
 through; perarare=\.o plow through. With ad- 
 jectives is intensive,=very ; permagnus=^ 
 very large. 
 
 after, afterwards. 
 
 before. With adjectives is intensive. 
 
 past, beyond. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
80 
 
 sub 
 
 subter 
 
 super 
 
 trans 
 
 FORCE AND CHANGES. 
 
 under, slightly. Is assimilated before c,f,g,p, 
 and sometimes before m and r; with ad- 
 jectives=J'^»2^zc/^a/. 
 
 over, beyond. 
 
 across. May be intensive. 
 
 2. Inseparable Particles. 
 
 amb 
 
 di, dis 
 
 in 
 
 intro 
 ne, nee 
 po, pot 
 
 pro, por 
 
 re, red 
 
 se, sed 
 
 semi 
 sesqui 
 
 around. Loses b before a consonant and the m 
 
 is sometimes assimilated. 
 asunder, away. May be intensive, or may denote 
 
 negation. Loses s or assimilates it before a 
 
 consonant; changes s \.o r before a vowel. 
 not^=un{^ng^ Negatives nouns and adjectives. 
 in, into, 
 not. 
 Denotes power or possession, or emphasizes ; pot- 
 
 valeo=^polleo. 
 forward, long ago. May be intensive. Pro^= 
 
 great, in some words ; as, pro-avus^gx^ax- 
 
 grandfather. 
 back, again. Denotes often, also, negation, red 
 
 usually becomes re before a consonant. 
 apart, or with adjectives, without. Same euphonic 
 
 change as red. 
 half. Often sem before vowels. 
 once and a half, 
 not. vegrandis=^ixai\\. ; also intensive, vepallidus 
 
 = very pale. In vehemens, ve takes the form 
 
 of vehe. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
• 81 
 13. COMPOSITION. 
 
 The prefixes used in compound words have been given 
 above together with their euphonic changes. It remains 
 only to notice other compounds. Words are usually formed 
 by composition in one of the following ways : 
 
 1. Compounds of numeral and substantive; as, triceps; 
 
 unanimus. These are Adjectives. 
 
 2. Compounds of adjective and substantive; as, misericors ; 
 mediterraneiis. Adjectives. 
 
 3. Compounds of substantive and substantive ; as, capri- 
 
 cornus ; alipes. Adjectives. 
 
 The first of the two substantives has an attributive force. 
 
 4. Compoundsof words simply united together; &?,, octodedm ; 
 suovetaurilia {su + ovi+tauro.) Mostly numerals. 
 
 5. Compounds of object and Verb ; as, cedifldum ; agricola ; 
 navigare. 
 
 6. Compounds of Verb-stem in e and facere or fieri ; as. 
 tepefacere ; tepefieri. Causative Verbs. 
 
 7. Compounds of subject and Verb ; as. terrigena ; regifu- 
 gium. 
 
 8. Compounds of Adverb (or oblique case) and Verb ; as, 
 benignus ; beneficus ; cornicen [cornu + canere) ; malevolus. 
 
 9. Compounds of Adverb (or oblique case) and participle ; 
 
 as, sollicitus [soilo^=toto + ciere.) 
 
 10. Words are often used together without making a true 
 compound. But sometimes such words are written 
 together as a compound. Examples are. respubliea ; ag- 
 ricultura ; veri similis. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
82 
 
 Id. A PARTIAL LIST OF LATIN ROOTS. 
 
 ac, sharp 
 ag, drive 
 agh,* say 
 
 (Cf. adagium) 
 
 (Cf. nego) 
 alg, be cold 
 al, nourish 
 al, (an), that 
 alb, white 
 am, love 
 
 (orig'ly kaTn) 
 ang, strangle 
 ap, obtain 
 
 (apiscor) 
 ap, water 
 
 {aqua) 
 ar, plough 
 arc, restrain 
 
 (Cf. Sk. raksk—servare) 
 ard, burn 
 arg, shine 
 
 (argentum) 
 
 (Sk. raj') 
 
 * Note. — g often drops before i. Cf. 
 maF-tor=major. agh becomes ag when 
 gh is medial, ag~io. Cf capia. 
 
 aud, hear 
 
 [d=^r. Cf. auris) 
 aug, increase 
 bo, drink 
 
 [bib—bi + bi) 
 
 (Cf. Sk. pa) 
 cad, fall 
 <:«/, be hot 
 can, sing 
 ra/, take 
 car, be without 
 ^ar/, pluck 
 cav, be aware 
 (Tift/, give away 
 eel, impel 
 
 (cello, ground form of 
 celer, etc.) 
 eel, hide 
 
 (Cf. Grk. HaXvTcroa) 
 cen, puncture =count 
 
 (censeo) 
 cer=^cre, separate 
 ci, go 
 
 (causative, cieo) 
 
 (Cf. Grk. nlw) 
 cing, gird 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
83 
 
 dang, clang 
 
 {pnomatopKia) 
 dud, shut 
 def, steal 
 du, spoken of 
 col, till 
 cog, cook 
 ere, grow 
 cred, believe 
 crep, rattle 
 cub, lie down 
 i:«/>, desire 
 cur, run 
 //«, give 
 da^ place 
 ya»?, harm 
 ///<r, say 
 doc, teach 
 (/ij/, feel pain 
 dom, tame 
 
 (akin to dam above) 
 dom, build 
 
 {domus, Cf. Grk. (yi/^aj 
 " Sk.dama) 
 dorm, sleep 
 (/«<r, lead 
 
 A!^, eat 
 em, buy 
 <?,f, be 
 /a, say 
 yffiT, do 
 ^/, deceive 
 /arc, cram 
 ya/, gape open 
 /av, favor 
 ■ /end,f strike 
 /&;-, bear 
 y»7/, boil 
 j^d, trust 
 yf(/, split 
 7f^, form 
 ^e, weep 
 _/?«■, bend 
 ^ig, strike 
 
 (mostly in compounds) 
 J?u, flow 
 
 (_/?««/ ==/?«. «/ beco mes (T 
 in fluxi) 
 fod, dig 
 ^^, cherish 
 frag, break 
 frem, roar 
 
 *NoTE. — Only in composition, 
 addo, condo, ferdo^ etc. 
 
 s -j-NoTz. — Only in compounds </j^<ni/i>, 
 infensus, etc. 
 
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84 
 
 fri, rub 
 
 lab, lick 
 
 fru=^frug, enjoy 
 
 lab, glide 
 
 fu, be 
 
 /a^, bite 
 
 fug, flee 
 
 laet, joyful 
 
 fud, pour 
 
 (Cf. Sk. las=lucere) 
 
 fulg, flash 
 
 lat, be hid 
 
 /ar, be mad 
 
 /az/, wash 
 
 gaud, be glad 
 
 lax, relax 
 
 ^m, sigh 
 
 /f^, collect 
 
 gen, beget 
 
 //, besmear 
 
 ^<?r, carry 
 
 {lino) 
 
 glab, smooth 
 
 lie, permit 
 
 glu, swallow 
 
 (Cf. Grk. Sini^) 
 
 gno, know 
 
 lig, bind 
 
 hab, have 
 
 liq, leave 
 
 ^a?^r, drain 
 
 loq, speak 
 
 hi, open 
 
 /z^iT, shine 
 
 /^z<!»2, ground 
 
 lud, play 
 
 ', go 
 
 /2<^, mourn 
 
 ic, strike 
 
 ma = met, measure 
 
 {Ci.Jac) 
 
 (Cf. modus, metior) 
 
 jac, throw 
 
 ma{g), great 
 
 jo, joke 
 
 mal, bad 
 
 jub, bid 
 
 OTa«, wait 
 
 jug, yoke 
 
 med, heal 
 
 /«p, assist 
 
 »?ifrt^, middle 
 
 /a, beat out 
 
 {med-\-io=medid) 
 
 (whence lamina) 
 
 men, think 
 
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85 
 
 met^ma {q. v.) 
 merg. plunge 
 mig, mix 
 min, lessen 
 mor, die 
 mov, move 
 mule, stroke 
 na, swim 
 nac, obtain 
 noc, hurt 
 nub, cover 
 od, hate 
 or, rise 
 /a, feed, protect 
 
 {pasco, pater) 
 pad, spread 
 
 ( pando, pendeoij)) 
 pag, fix, bind 
 
 {pango, paeiscor, pax, 
 etc.) 
 pat, suffer 
 
 (Grk. na'^ ; 7taGx<^) 
 pel, thrust 
 pen, inside 
 
 ^penes, penetro) 
 pet, seek s 
 
 pig, paint pot. 
 
 plag, strike 
 
 {plango) 
 pie, fill 
 plic, fold 
 pos, put 
 
 (pono) 
 plu, flow 
 pluv^^plu 
 
 (akin to y?«) 
 po*=^bo, drink 
 porc^posc, demand 
 
 ( /wiTi? ^=^porc -^-sc-^-o) 
 prec, pray 
 
 {prec^^porc. See also rc^) 
 prem, press 
 /«, pure 
 
 (Cf. Sk. /z/ = cleanse) 
 /«^, prick 
 
 {pungo ; pugna) 
 qua, say 
 
 {in + quam) 
 ra, think 
 
 (r^(7r) 
 rad, scrape 
 rap, sieze 
 
 Note. — poto from ^o lengthened to 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
86 
 
 reg^ rule 
 rep, creep 
 rid, laugh 
 rig, moisten 
 rog* ask 
 ru, fall down 
 rup, burst 
 sa, produce 
 
 {sero) 
 sal, leap 
 sap, taste 
 sat, enough 
 scand, climb 
 sci, know 
 j«^, cut, tear 
 scrib, write 
 jftf, cut 
 sed, sit 
 j^^, follow 
 serp, creep 
 serv, drag away 
 sol, be wont 
 
 (sol— sed, to sit down 
 to (1)) 
 w«, sound 
 
 *NoTE. — This is another form of 
 prcc=porc=posc. 
 
 sop, sleep 
 sorb, suck up 
 spar, scatter 
 spec, look 
 sper, remove 
 
 {spre^sper) 
 
 (Sk. sphur, destroy) 
 sper, hope 
 
 (Cf. Sk. jr/«/%, desire) 
 spol, strip 
 spond, promise 
 j/ia;, stand 
 ster, spread out 
 
 (ster=-stre (strd) 
 slip, compress 
 strig, draw tight 
 stru, pile up 
 
 (stru=^struv) 
 stud, take pains 
 suad, exhort 
 sur, sound 
 
 (siisurro^ 
 tag, touch 
 teg, cover 
 tern, cut 
 
 (temno ; tempus ; tem- 
 plum) 
 
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87 
 
 ten, stretch 
 tep, be warm 
 ter, rub 
 
 tex, weave 
 tig, wet 
 tol, raise 
 
 (tollo ; tuli ; (f)latuni) 
 ton, thunder 
 tud, beat 
 
 (tundo) 
 und, wet 
 
 (undo) 
 ur, burn 
 
 (Also bur, as in bustum) 
 vad, speak 
 
 (z'«j-= bail = one speak- 
 ing for) 
 
 vag, wander 
 val, be strong 
 veh, carry 
 vel, pluck 
 
 (also w«/) 
 vert, turn 
 j'^f, clothe 
 »/<;, conquer 
 vid, see 
 WW, live 
 voc, call 
 »(?/, be willing 
 
 (also vel and Z"?^/) 
 Z'i;/?', roll 
 vor, devour 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Note. — The first ten double pages of the following Tables 
 are designed for verbs and verbal forms ; the rest for other 
 words. The headings will at once suggest how they are to 
 be used. But a few examples have been given as an illustra- 
 tion. It will be well for the student to note under each head 
 the section to which be refers. 
 
 In the table for verbs the heading Case-ending \% placed with 
 Personal-ending, for such forms as Supines, though these may 
 be analyzed as nouns. 
 
 The abbreviations that are suggested are: V., verb or 
 verbal; N., noun or nominal; A., adjective; Ab., adverb; 
 Num., numeral ; Pers., personal ; Pro., pronoun ; Prep., prep- 
 osition : PI., plural; Sg. or Sing., singular. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Tables for analysis. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
(0 
 
 (>) 
 
 yoke 
 
 §/4 
 
 :um=with 
 
 iE 
 < 
 
 a,(e) 
 
 c i -— 
 
 i'a) 
 
 il','},i 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
[(a) 
 conjudge 
 
 [(a) 
 prjsrumpe 
 
 t; 
 
 (a) 
 conjiinge ' 
 
 (same) 
 
 3§ 
 
 5)and(7) 
 
 (f>)and(7) 
 
 Id 
 Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 Jd 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges 
 
 praerumpebatur 
 
 -i(a)=e 
 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
V 
 
 
 (.) 
 
 yoke 
 
 burst 
 
 §/4 
 
 cam = with 
 
 before 
 
 §», 12, 
 
 a, (e) 
 
 §9,14.2 
 
 i(a) 
 
 ba 
 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
. [(a) 
 conjunge 
 
 prajTumpe (same) 
 
 (a) 
 conjunge ( 
 
 si 
 
 ,6)and(7) 
 
 (ft)and(7) 
 
 !d 
 Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 Jd 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges - 
 prasrumpebatiir 
 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Diijitize'l by Microsoft® 
 

 MO 
 
 (0 
 
 §16 
 
 yoke 
 
 at 
 
 5/4 
 
 cura=with 
 
 Digit 'zed by 
 
 §9, iz 
 
 , (e) 
 
 
 i(a) 
 
 §9,'3. 
 
 Viicrosoft® 
 
[(a) 
 conjunge 
 
 [(a) 
 prsrumpe 
 
 
 (a) 
 conjunge 1 
 
 (same) 
 
 .», 5. id 
 6)and(7) Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 .(6)and(7) 
 
 id 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges . 
 
 prsenimpebatur 
 
 a-i(a)=e- 
 
 conjom, etc. 
 
 Dicitized by Microsoft® 
 
(0^ 
 
 (l) 
 
 yolce 
 
 §/4 
 
 cum=with 
 
 before 
 
 a, (e) 
 
 a, (e) 
 
 
 §9, '3, 2 
 
 '^Lr 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
.m 
 
 conjunge 
 
 [{a) 
 prssrumpe 
 
 (a) 
 Csnjunge I 
 
 (■same) (6)and{7) 
 
 ?J 
 
 ;6)and(7) 
 
 Id 
 Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 3d 
 Imp. 
 Ind, 
 
 conjunges - 
 
 praerumpebatur 
 
 
 a--i (a)= 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Digiti 
 
 itized by Microsoft® 
 
M.3 
 
 (■) 
 
 (0 
 
 & 
 
 §/6 
 
 yoke 
 
 cum=with 
 
 Digitiy.ed by nficrosoft® 
 
 < 
 
 
 r; (e) ■ 
 
 jHi^ 
 
 i'a) 
 
 §»,'3.J 
 
 a, (e) 
 
•e 
 
 > 
 
 [(a) 
 conjupge 
 
 [(a) 
 prffirumpe 
 
 (a) 
 cenjunge \ 
 
 ■°3 
 
 KP4 
 
 §», 3, id 
 ,6)and(7) Fut. 
 Ind 
 
 (same) (6)atjd(7) 
 
 3d 
 Imp 
 
 conjunges 
 
 prasrumpebatur 
 
 59,14, 
 a-i(a)= 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Dig 
 
 'tized by Microsoft® 
 
§'..1 
 
 ■10- 
 
 (l) 
 
 yoke 
 
 §;4 
 
 < 
 
 
 a, ft) '' 
 
 §9,14,= 
 
 (•'','3.2 
 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
[(a) 
 conjunge 
 
 [(a) 
 prsrumpe 
 
 (a) 
 cenjunge ; 
 
 (same) 
 
 6)and(7) 
 
 (6)and(7) 
 
 PJ 
 
 5d 
 Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 !d 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges 
 
 praarumpebatur 
 
 i9, 14. 2 
 -i(a)=e 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Digitizeq by Microsoft® 
 
Pi 
 
 "6f 
 
 {.) 
 
 yoke 
 
 burst 
 
 §/4 
 
 :um=witt 
 
 Digii/zed by Microsoft® 
 
 
 «; (e) 
 
 §»,'3-^l 
 
 .1 a, (e) r 
 
[(a) 
 conju^ige 
 
 prsrumpe 
 
 cenjunge < 
 
 (same) 
 
 
 :6)and(7) 
 
 (6)and(7) 
 
 Id 
 Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 !d 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges • 
 
 prffirumpebatur 
 
 S 
 
 a-i (a)=S 
 
 Digitizec by Microsoft® 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 

 {>) 
 
 §/« 
 
 yoke 
 
 .414 
 
 :u*h=witt 
 
 befor* 
 
 Digifized by Microsoft® 
 
 !.,(*) 
 
 < 
 
 
 'a, {e) 1 r l'~ ba 
 
 1 
 
13 
 
 6 
 
 - L(a) 
 conjuTige - 
 
 prsrumpe 
 
 (a) 
 conjunge ( 
 
 (same) 
 
 ;6)and(7) 
 
 (6)and(7) 
 
 <2 V 
 
 Id 
 Fut. 
 Ind. 
 
 Jd 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges 
 
 prienimpebatur 
 
 §9,r4,z 
 a-i (a)=e 
 
 I I 
 
 Dibitized by Microsoft® 
 
 \ i 
 
 S 
 P 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
V) 
 
 (■) 
 
 yoke 
 
 :um=witn 
 
 IE 
 < 
 
 < 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 j a, (e) 
 
 a, fel 
 
 t'a) ' 
 
 §»,'3.i 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Ua) 
 conjunge 
 
 [(a) 
 prsrtimpe 
 
 (a) 
 conjunge 
 
 (same) 
 
 &)ancl(7) 
 
 li:>)and(7) 
 
 !d 
 Fut. 
 Iiid. 
 
 Jd 
 Imp. 
 Ind. 
 
 conjunges 
 
 prasrumpebatnr 
 
 a-i (a)=e 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
< 
 
 5'. 
 
 (0 
 
 yoke 
 
 §/4 
 
 cum=wit 
 
 a, (e) 
 
 i(a) 
 
 burst 
 
 before 
 
 §9,13, ^ 
 
 a, (el 
 
 D/c '/Y/zed b] • Microsoft® 
 
[(a) 
 conjunge 
 
 [(a) 
 prsarumpe 
 
 (a) 
 conjunge 
 
 (same) ( 
 
 6)and(7) 
 
 >)and(7) 
 
 !d 
 Flit. 
 Ind. 
 
 !d 
 mp. 
 [nd. 
 
 conjunges 
 
 prjerumpebatur 
 
 a-i(a)=e 
 
 conjoin, etc. 
 
 Dig 'feed by Microsoft® 
 
(g)no 
 
 (I) 
 
 (!) 
 
 Digitized ^y Mic 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 
 pictura 
 
 ■osoft® 
 
■as 
 
 {i)a 
 
 , ;.Ii) 
 
 (a)i 
 
 bus 
 
 §C, } Dat. 
 prep.byC?) 
 
 §«, J, '' 
 
 pictiirje 
 praanominibus 
 
 pictura, -36 
 
 -menrminis 
 
 l-(a)i=JE 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc. 
 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized by'Microsoft® \ 
 
(g)n< 
 
 (0 
 
 paint 
 
 know 
 
 tuna) 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 pictura 
 
 Dig 'tized I y Mlct osoft® 
 

 « 
 
 (z)«r. 
 
 (a)i 
 
 5W 
 
 §«, 3 Dat. 
 prep.by(r) 
 
 §«, 3. '' 
 
 pictur.'e 
 
 praenominibiis 
 
 Digitized 
 
 pictura, -^ 
 
 by Microsoft® 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc. 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
(g)n( 
 
 (I) 
 (■) 
 
 paint 
 
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 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 pictura 
 
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 §»>9 
 
 (i)a. 
 
 
 (a)i 
 
 8,3,(3) bus 
 
 §«, J Dat. 
 pi-ep.by(?) 
 
 §«, 3, ft 
 
 picture 
 
 praenominibus 
 
 pictura, - 
 
 -men.-minis 
 
 
 a-(a)i=:e 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
(g)n( 
 
 (0 
 
 paint 
 
 Digiti: :ed by 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 pictura 
 
 Microi oft® 
 

 §»,9 
 (I) a 
 
 (a)i 
 
 |3, 3,(J| bus 
 
 §«, J Dat. 
 
 pi-ep.byC?) 
 
 §«, h l> 
 
 picturje 
 
 prffinominibus 
 
 pictiira,-ae 
 
 -men, -minis 
 
 a-(a)i=£e 
 
 R 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc 
 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
(g)ni 
 
 (I) 
 
 c: 
 
 paint 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 5 
 
 o 
 
 > 
 
 pictura 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
§»,9 
 
 (2) a 
 
 §8,3,(3) bus 
 
 
 (a)i 
 
 §6, 3 Dm. 
 
 prep.by{:) 
 
 §«, !, '' 
 
 pictune 
 
 prJEnoTninibus 
 
 Digitized 
 
 pictura, 'X 
 
 -men , -minis 
 
 by Microsoft® 
 
 a-(a)i=se 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
(g)no 
 
 (I) 
 
 Digitized by 
 
 Vlicros :>ft® 
 
 o 
 > 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 

 {z)a 
 
 §3,3,(3' 
 
 (a)i 
 
 bus 
 
 §«, 3 Dat. 
 prep.by(?) 
 
 5, 3, ft 
 
 picture 
 
 prsenominibus 
 
 pictura, -33 
 
 -men, -minis 
 
 -(a}i=je 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc. 
 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft^ 
 
U CO 
 
 (i) paint 
 (g)nd (0 know 
 
 pig 
 
 befort 
 
 tur(a, 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 pictura 
 
 Digitized by Mictosoft® 
 
^(2 
 
 (2)n. 
 
 (a)i 
 
 ?, 3,{il bus 
 
 §«, J Dat. 
 prep, by (?) 
 
 §«, 3, '' 
 
 picture 
 
 prjBnotninibus 
 
 pictur£i,-a2 
 
 a-(a)i=<'E 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc. 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized\by Microsoft® 
 
(g)iio 
 
 (I) 
 
 (0 
 
 pamt 
 
 before 
 
 tuna) 
 
 verbal 
 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 pictura 
 
 Dig itized i >y Mia osoft® 
 
t3 V 
 
 §9,9 
 (2)n. 
 
 §8, 3,(JI bus 
 
 (a)i 
 
 §«, i Dat. 
 prep-by(?) 
 
 §«, 5, '' 
 
 picturlE 
 
 pr^enommibus 
 
 e 
 
 o 
 
 pictura, -ae 
 
 d 
 
 'i 
 
 a-;a)i=ae 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc. 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
(g)no 
 
 (I) 
 
 (0 
 
 before 
 
 D/fifi tized t y Micr ysoft® 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 pictura 
 

 §9,9 
 
 §»,!,{!! 
 
 (a)i 
 
 bus 
 
 §«, 3 Dat. 
 prep.by(?) 
 
 §0, 3, '' 
 
 pictura; 
 
 prrenoniinibus 
 
 -m2ii,-ni r.ij 
 
 Digitized b/ Microsoft® 
 
 a-,a)i— re 
 
 ^iiclure, ; ■.Gloria. ,,eic. 
 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
s 
 
 4 
 
 (I) 
 
 paint 
 
 tur(a) 
 
 verbal 
 abstract 
 
 (g)no 
 
 (I) 
 
 before 
 
 usually 
 means 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
 I 
 

 {z)a 
 
 §3, J,(J) 
 
 (a)i 
 
 bus 
 
 §C, J Dat. 
 prep.by(r) 
 
 picturas 
 
 praenominibus 
 
 pictura,-ae 
 
 •men, -minis 
 
 a-(a)i=^ I 
 
 picture, pictorial, etc. 
 name (nomen), etc. 
 
 Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
Digitized by Microsoft® 
 
latin anfl Greek Text Boots fo r Co lleges ami Pre paralory Schoels. 
 
 Allen & Greenough's Latin Grammar. 
 
 Leighton's Latin Lessons, (designed to accompany the Grammar). 
 
 Six Weeks' Preparation for Reading Caesar, (designed to accompany the 
 
 Grammar, and also to prepare pupils tor reading at sight.) 
 Allen & Greenough's Caesar,* Cicero,* Virgil,* Ovid,* Sallust,* Cato Major, 
 
 Latin Composition, Preparatory Latin Course, No. II . (with Vocabnlary.) 
 
 containing four books of Caesar's Gallic War, and eight Orations of 
 
 Cicero. 
 Keep's Parallel Rules of Greek and Latin Syntax. 
 Allen's Latin Reader. Selections from Crosar, Curtius, Nepos, Sallust, Ovid. 
 
 Virgil, Plautus, Terence, Cicero. Plioy and Tacitus. With Vocabulary. 
 Crowell & Richardson's Brief History of Roman Literature. (In preparation.) 
 Crowell's Selections from the Less Known Latin Poets. (In preparation.) 
 Stickney's De Na^ura Deorum. (In prepartion.) 
 Allen's (F. D.) Remnants of Early Latin. (In preparation.) 
 Leighton's Critical History of Cicero's Letters. (In preparation.) 
 Leighton's Elementary Treatise on Orthography, (lu preparation.) 
 White's Junior Student's Latin-English Lexicons. 
 Goodwin's Greek Grammar. Revised and Enlarged Edition for 1879. 
 White's First Lessons in Greek. Prepared to accompany Goodwin's Greek 
 
 Grammar. 
 Leighton's Greek Lessons. Prepared to accompany Goodwin's Greek 
 
 Grammar. 
 Goodwin & White's First Four Books of the Anabasis. 
 Goodw^in's Greek Reader. 
 
 Goodwin's Selections from Xenophon ar;d Herodotus. 
 Anderson's First Three Books of Homer's Iliad. 
 Goodwin's Greek Moods and Tenses.. 
 
 F. D. Allen's Prometheus of .^schylus. (In preparation.) 
 Tarbell's Orations of Demosthenes. (In preparation.) 
 Flagg's Public Harangues of Demosthenes. (In preparation.) 
 Tyler's Selections from the Greek Lyric Poets, (In preparation.) 
 Seymour's Selections from Pindar and the Bucolic Poets, (In Preparation.) 
 Whiton's Select Orations of Lysias. 
 White's CEdipus Tyrannus of Sophocles. 
 F, D. Allen's Medea of Euripides. 
 
 Sidgwick's Introduction to Greek Prose Composition. 
 White's Schmidt's Rhythmic and Metric of the Classical Languages. 
 Liddell & Scott's Greek-English Lexicons. Abridged and Unabridged. 
 
 From Frank Smalley, Professor of Latiiii Syracuse Univerisity. 
 
 January, 1878. 
 
 After a careful study of the merits of various Latin Grammars, and after 
 consultation with some whose experience and scholarshipmake their judgment 
 very valuable, we have adopted for use in the Latin classes in the University 
 the last edition of Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. It contains in ex- 
 cellent form the results of the latest researches in respect to the devrlop- 
 ment of forms and constructions, ana adds new interest to a subject which, 
 as treated in most grammars, is a collection of forms and rules afloiding the 
 student no light as to their connection or development. We think it a {ireat 
 advance on any of the other grammars that have been in common use in 
 schools and colleges. 
 
 We also use the latest Latin Composition by the same authors with most 
 satisfactory results, ^ 
 
 It would be very much better for scholarship in our classes if all students 
 entering were drilled in the grammar they must there use and have used 
 the Prose Composition which will there be continued. 
 
 A Full Descriptive Catalogue Mai'ed on Application. 
 
 *With or without Vocabulary. 
 
 GINN & HEATH, Publishers, Boston, New York, and Chicago. 
 
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