ASIA ■ r^'ii^H-:: w- , ,ii'' I i GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA c. ©. lE-mmmm'^t ii.a. Tientsin University Series. ->-•♦« SHANGHAI: PStlSTXED A.T THE AltfEE.IC^3Sr I>E.S3SBYTEI1I^N- IvIISSIOISr mESS. 1898. DS5+ T ^1 Cf^arnell Uniuetaitg 2Iibrarg CHARLES WILLIAM WASON COLLECTION CHINA AND THE CHINESE THE GIFT OF CHARLES WILLIAM WASON CLASS OF 1876 1918 Cornell University Library DS 5.T29 3 1924 023 054 921 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023054921 GEOGRAPHY OF ASIA BY c. D. teHHev, m.fl.. President, Imperial TientsiriA University ASSISTED BY H HSiJEH SUNG HSUN, I!V'0ish InMructov, Imperial Tientsin University. 'SHANGHAI : 1898. CONTENTS 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. U. 15. 16. The Continent of Asia, Tlie Chinese Empire Corea The Japanese Empire The Russian Empire The British Possessions The French Possessions Siam Afghanistan.. Persia Arabia Turkey Malaysia, or Malay A-rchipclago Australasia ... Islands of the Pacific pjLigiish and Chinese Vocabulary Errata •age 1 3> 3 »J 28 M 30 JJ 33 >) 38 J> A[^ )! 47 )> 48 11 49 t) 50 3) 51 )) 52 '• 54 a 56 )? 57 PREFACE «>«o '^HESE notes on the Geography of Asia are designed to meet the needs of English- ^-^ speaking Chinese students. The name of every place is therefore given in both English and Chinese. ■ ^ The Romanization of Chinese names is not quite consistent ; but the design has been to Romanize according to Wade's system, except when the name of the place has acquired a fixed English form by long usage. C. D. TENNEY. Tientsin, January Isfc, 1898. A.S1JL i^'M^)- 1. Asia is the largest of the continents. It extends north nearly to the 80th parallel of latitude and south nearly to the Equator (^ J^). It is therefore situated in three zones — the North Frigid ^ ^ ^), the North Temperate (;Jt; f^ ^), and thp Torrid (ife ^). 2. Asia contains about 17,000,000 square miles, or about one-third of the land surface of the earth. It is about twice as large as North America (:[[; iS il ?'J Jn 'M) ^^^ about five times as large as Europe (iJ; ^ E M)- From Bering Strait (^ y^ |1^) to Bab-el-Mandeb (gj 6 .S ^) ^^^ ^^^^ 0^ greatest length is 7,500 itiiles, nearly oue-third of the circumference of the earth. 3. The islands of Asia form a continuous chain from the peninsula of Kamchatka (jg ^ JU J^ 35) to the Java Sea (^ p^ f^). They are a partly submerged mountain chain. All of them are volcanic. They contain more than half of the active volcanoes of the earth. 4. The northern and north-western part of Asia is a continuous plain, the south-west a high plateau crossed by high mountains. The Himalaya System (# 3^ ^ [Ij, i|J § llj) is the principal mountain system of Asia. The different ranges of this system meet in the Hindoo- koosh (p|] M MM \ii) mountains of Afghanistan (liiif ^ ftp) and the Pamirs (|g ^ ^), and from the Hiudoo-koosh the mountain ranges extend toward the east like the fingers of a man's land. The Tbianshan, or Tien-shan (5^ ilj), Altai ( Piil ® i: [Ij ), and Stanovoi (t)f J§ ^ |[, ^ ^[j) iiountains form a broken chain of mountains toward the north-east as far as Kamchatka M ^ 5&P)- '^^^ Kun-lnn mountains (g, ^ ill) extend eastward south of the Tien-shan, and ,he Himalaya mountains are the furthest south of all, extending to the. east and the south-east rom the Hindoo-koosh. Mount Everest (Jg f^ >?i| ■± ij^J [1|), of the Himalaya mountains, is !9,000 feet high, and is the highest mountain in the world. Between these mountain rano'es ire the great plateaus of Tibet (W M) and Gobi (::3^ ^, ||1 ^ ^). Other plateaus of Asia are 'ersia (jg ^) and Arabia (liiH PJJ fg), which are much lower than the first two. The river alleys widen out into plains near the sea in the eastern and southern parts of Asia. 5. The principal rivers of Asia are the Obi (§g Jfc), Yenesei (^: gg ^), Lena (U ^\ imur (#. II U.), Yellow CMM), Yangtzii (f^ ^ ^), Pearl, or Hsi-chiang (J^ a. IP ® ft), I^'ed igC jijj), Cambodia (M l" U.)^ Irrawaddy (^ik%M W, Brahmapootra {^ ^ M ^ W* langes ('@ M). I'^^us (fU ^ {pf), Euphrates {U Uhasutai {,% ^mM ■^)- Ch'inghai (-f- •;#>, Ili (ft $), and Tibet (W ^. /. China Proper (+ A W- This is by far the most important part of the Empire. The inhabitants are almost exclusively Chinese. The rest of the Empire is occupied by people of different races, speaking different langu-ages. Inside the Eighteen Provinces the dress, customs, and religious tenets of the people, are nearly alike. Although many dialects are spoken, yet the W6n-li {% g|), or literary language, is used and understood by all China has two large and long rivers— the Yang-tzii-chiang (|§ ^ ^) and the Yellow- River, or Huang-ho (^ ^). The Yang-tzu-chiang (^ ^f a) is about 3,300 miles long ; it is navigable for large steamers for 600 miles to Hankow (^ p) and for light-draught steamers 360 miles further to. I-ch'ang (g g). Above I-chang there are rapids which are difficult to pass. Above the rapids the river is nd,vigable for light-draught steamers- for about 380 miles to- Hsii-chou (^ '}\\). The Yellow Eiver (^ \pi) (a about 2,500 miles long, but it is of little use to commerce' on account of numerous shallows.. -4 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. t The Pearl, or Canton, River (^ ^), the main branch of which above Canton is called Hsi-chiaug Cgf JJ), is in Kwangtang and Knangsi ClS^ W)- It is navigable for vessels of 15 feet draught for 130 miles from the mouth and for light-draught steamers for 75 miles further to Wn-chou Fu (t§ •>)]] Jf ). Besides these there are many other less important rivers, many of which are navigable for short distances for light-draught steamers and for river boats throughout their courses. Along the coast of China there are hundreds of islands. The two largest are Formosa (S W) and Hainan (f^ j§). The coast islands, together with many sunken reefs, make navigation very dangerous. Two important small islands are Chusan (^ ]l\) and Hongkong The lakes of China are small and unimportant. The largest is Tnng-t'ing Lake ({Js) ^ j^) in Hunan Q^ j^), which is about 2,500 square miles in extent. There are three mountain ranges in China dividing the country into the three river basins drained repectively by the Yellow River (^ jjij), the Yang-tzii-chiang (J^ ^ ^) and the Canton River (fj a)- These three ranges of mountains have nnmerous spurs, or short ranges, which branch off and diversify the country. The two most important of the ancient works of man in China, are the Great Wall (^ ffl ^ ^) and the Grand Canal (jg ff f^f). The Great Wall {M M. & M) was built by Ch'in Shih-bnang (^ ^ ^) about 220 B. C. It extends along the northern border of the Eighteen Provinces (-f- /\ ig) for a distance of about 1,250 miles. It was intended to keep out the Mongols. The Grand Canal (Jg f| Jpf) is commonly said to begin at Tientsin (5^ f^), though the Canal proper, with locks, begins at Lin-ch'iug-chou (fg -^ >)]]) in Shantung (iJj %), from°which place it goes to the Yang-tzii-chiang at Chinkiang (H fX) and on to Hangchou {Mi m iu Qh^chiang ® a). ' The Eighteen Provinces may be divided into the Northern, Middle and Southern Provinces. /. The Nottheta Provinces. Area in Estimated Provinces. Square Miles. Population. Cabitals Chihli (Iti?) 58,949 28,000,000 Pao-ting Fu (# ^ I*) Shausi (lU W) 55,268 14,000,000 , T'ai-yuen Fu (+ M m Shensi (gfeW) 67,400 10,000,000 Hsi-an Fu (® S S Kansn (t M) 15,000,000 Lan-chon Fa « j|« Z) Bhantung (lH m 65,104 29,000,000 Chi-nan Fa (^ * jL) Honan (JrT it) 67,400 23,000,000 Kai-f^n Fu (M M M) THE PROVINCE OP CHIHLI. 5 These six provinces are wholly or iu part within the valley of the Yellow River. The Yellow River (^ fpf) rises in small lakes in the sonthern part of Ch'ing-hai (^ f^) and flows in a very crooked channel toward the north-east to Lan-chou Fu (^ >}\] J^). From Lan-choa Fu it turns northward along the Great Wall and then outside the Great Wall into Inner Mongolia (^ ^ 1^). It then turns eastward and then southward, inclosing the country of the" Ordos Mongols (^ fpf ^ fl)f). It then flows for about 500 miles between Shensi and Shansi till it enters the Great Plain, having run 1,130 miles from Lan-chou. In flowing through this loess region it becomes coloured by the yellow soil, whence its name. At the south-wesl» corner of Shansi it receives its largest tributary, the Wei (f§ ^). From this point it flows through a plain to the Gulf of Pechili (4t lit ^ 'M I3l)i passing through Houan, a small portion of Chihli and Shantung. cMbii (it m- The province of Chihli (it ^'l is the most northern of the Eighteen Provinces. It is called Ghihlf ( jt ^'j (Direct Rule), because the emperor lives in this province. Chihli is bounded on the north-east by Shfingching (.^ J^),^ where for a short distance the Great Wall is the boundary ; on the east by the Gulf of Pechili (^Ib it # ^ SS) ; on the south-east and south by ■" Shantung ; on the south-west by Honan ; on the west by Shansi ; and on the north by Inner Mongolia, where the Liao River (jg jpj) forms the boundary. The extensive region beyond the Great Wall (^ M :^ M) is occupied mostly by the Ch'a-har Mongols ('^ B§ ^), and the area of this part is about half of the province. The northern and western parts of the province are hilh', but the eastern and south-eastern parts are flat, the soil being sediment deposited by the rivers. The coast line is continually advancing into th« Gulf of Pechili. The principal rivers are the Pei Ho (:|t ^rT), Ya Ho (^jl jly) or Grand Canal (^ % Jfif), the Hun Ho (il ?pj), the Lan Ho (j^ jpj) and the Pei-t'ang Ho (:|t H jljf). Among the important tributary streams are the Ta-ch'ing Ho (;ft Jh 'Ml the Hu-t'o Ho (^ f*g -j^) and the Jg Ho (a m- The Pei Ho (:ft Jpf). from Tientsin to the Gulf, is the only stream that is used for steam navigation, though the Pei-t'ang Ho might be navigated by light draught steamers. The other rivers are useful for small native boats. The capital of the Empire, Peking (;lt :^,). is situated in this province. It is about 12 miles from the Pei Ho (4t U) and about 100 miles west-north-west from its month. The total population of Peking (:Jt :^) is about 1,000,000. Peking (^t ff.) was made the capital by Kublai Khan (x {g ^) in 1264 A.D. The Ming (HJ |g) emperors made Nanking (jf :^;) the capital until Yung-lo (^^ M) changed it to Peking in 1,411, where it has since remained. Peking is divided into two parts— the Chinese City (the Southern Part) and the Tartar City or Inner City (the Northern Part). Inside the Tartar City there is still another part called the Forbidden City (^ ^ ^), in which are the palaces of the Imperial family. 6 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. The most important 'commercial city of the province is Tientsin (3^ •^), the largest port north of Shanghai (J; f^). Although not the capital of the proyince, it has been for many years the principal residence of the viceroy. To Tientsin (5c W) come goods for export from Mongolia, Chihli, SPiansi and a part of Shantung. The principal exports are sheep's wool, camels'. wool, sheep skins, goat skins and straw-hraid. The principal tea-trade of Siberia also passes through Tientsin, and thence via Kalgan (51 ^ p) to Ir-kutsk or Lake Baikal {f^ 1^ ff; jjj). The population of Tientsin is about 500,000. The capital Pao-ting Fu:(f;^ ^ JjJ) is at the head of navigation for small river boats on the Ta-ch'ing Ho (;fj ^ JpJ). A main road joins Pao-ting Fu with Peking and with T'ai-yuen Fu (:fc ^ JjJ) and other cities to the west. Kalgan or Chang-chia-kon (5^ ^ P)is in the north-western corner of the province just inside the Great Wall, at the beginning of the camel route across the desert to Siberia. Several Russian hongs.are located here, and Russian official couriers pass regularly through Kalgan with mails. Other important places in Chihli are T'ung-chou (JJ ;f'I'|) on the Pei Ho, about 12 miles east of Peking ; Shan-hai-kuan ([Ij j'§ ||) on the sea coast at the extremity of the Great Wall iM M. ^ M.)^ ^° important military post ; T'angshan (g ilj), where coal mines are located ; and Lan-chou (^ 1J'|>|), a large city on the Lan Ho. A railway connects Tientsin with T'angkn (I® f£) ^^ *^^ mouth of the river and proceeds from T'angkn through T'angshan (^ ]\\') and Lanchou (g JiJ) to Shan-hai-kuan (llj f^ ||). From this point it is to extend northward to Kirin (^ |^). Tientsin is also connected with Peking by railway, and a railway is now (1897) under construction from Peking to Paoting Fu, whence it will be extended to Hankow. Shansi (ill W)- The province of Shansi lies between Chihli (jg ^) and Shensi (j^ |f) and north of Honan (i^J jf ). The Yellow River bounds it on the west and south, and the Great Wall forms most of the northern boundary. This province is the original seat of the Chinese people. Alnaost the whole province is covered by mountaius, and throughout the province are immense deposits of coal and iron, which are at present (1897) but little worked. The mountains and plateaus are often covered to a great depth with a fine yellow earth called loess, through which the streams have cut deep valleys. The northern part of Shansi is drained by the streams which meet at Tientsin. In time of drought or flood this region is subject to famine. The rivers are unimportant. The largest is the F^n Ho (^ Jpf). The most fertile part of Shansi is the T'ai-yuen Fu Plateau, which is about 100 miles long and 30 miles broad, and at an elevation of about 3,000 feet above the sea. Through it the F6n River (^ JbJ') flows. THE PBOVINCE OF SHENSI. ' The important cities of Sliausi (jlj W) are : P'ing-ting Chou (^JJs Jg '}]]) in the eastern part of the province among the hills, the seat of coal and iron industry ; T'ai-yuen Fu (1: i^ /jj), the capital at the northern end of the plain or plateau which bears its name. T'ai-ku Hsien (^jj ^ H), F^Q-chou Fu (-^ >}j\ jj5f), Ping-yao Hsien (q5 ^ |?), Ch'i Hsien (fR ,%), and Chieh-hsia Hsieu (j^ ^ 1^), are other important cities in the T'ai-yuen Fu Plateau. Kuei-hua-ch'6ng (If -ffc JjJ) is a busy city iu the extreme northern part of the province on the edge of Mongolia (^ -j^). From this place comes much of the wool which is exported from Tientsin. ' • P'irfg-yang Fn (HJ5 ^ JjJ), in the southern part of the province on the Great Road to Hsi-an Fu (U ^ ^), was formerly an important city, but it was taken by the T'ai-p'ing Rebels and has not recovered its former importance. Chieh Chou (^| ;H'I), in the southern part of the province, is devoted to the salt business. Near the city there is a remarkable deposit of salt in a shallow lake 18 miles long and 3 miles broad. In Tai Chou (f-^ >}[]) are situated the Wn-t'ai-shan (S S ill): where there are great Buddhist temples, and where a " living Buddha " attracts thousands of Mongols from the north' every year. ShensI (}^ W)- The province of Sheusi (j^ ^) is bounded on the north by the Great Wall, on the west by Kausu, on the south by Ssu-ch'uan and Hupei, and on the east by Shansi, Honan and Hapei. Shensi is divided into two parts by a barrier of mountains which run across the southeru part of the province from east to west. North of the mountains lie the basins of the Wei River (fg J^) and several other tributaries of the Yellow River. The Wei basin is the channel of communication with Central Asia. Sonth of the mountains is the Han River valley. Hsi-an Fu (g 4g J^), the capital and most important city, was the capital of the Chinese Empire under the Chou (^ ^\ Ch'in (M 4(j), Hau (^ ^) and Sui (|^ |g) dynasties. The sides of the city wall are six miles each way. , Great roads radiate from Hsi-an Fu (g ^ M) east, west and south. That toward the east follows the Wei River to its mouth at the south-western corner of Shansi, and then by way of P'ing-yang Fu and T'ai-yuen Fu to Peking (:|t ff.) This same road proceeds up the Wei River and then over the mountains to Lan Chou (^ j'j'l) and from thence on to Hi (^ ^). One road crosses the mountains south-east of Hsi-an Fu to Shangchou ('^ JW) and connects with boat navigation on the Han River (J^ ^), and so connects with the Yang-tzu-chian^ Another road crosses the mountains to Han-chnng Fu (^ tp jjj) and on to Ssu-ch'uan (0 ;ii). 8 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. A few miles north-west of the city is the temple called Ta-fa-ssu (:^ ^ ^), which contains in a cave a colossal statue of Buddha 56 feet high, carved out of the rock some time in the T'aug Dynastj'. The city next to Hsi-an Fa in importance is Han-chung Fu (^ 4* M)' ^^^^ *^^ border of Ssu-ch'uan. It was much injured by the T'ai^p'ing rebels, like all the towns in the Han Eiver valley, Ya-lin Fn (||r i^J^ J^) is an important city near the Great Wall in the northern part of Shensi. A garrison of Manchus is stationed here to overawe the Mongols. Other important cities in the Wei River valley are T'nng-chou Fu (^ if^•j J^), F6ng-hsiang F" (E ^ iff) a.ud Kan-chou {^ jI'H). Important cities in the Han River valley are Hsing-an Fa (Ift ^ ;ff), Ning-ch'iang Chou (g j^ >}]\) and Shang Chou (^ >}]\). Much of Shensi is barren, but the river valleys are very fertile. The productions of the province are mostly agricultural. Coal is found, but not much worked. Gold and other metala also exist. The trade of the province consists mainly in an exchange of the products of Central Asia for those of the provinces south of Shensi. Kaasu {^ M)- Kausu is bounded on the north and north-east by the Gobi (^ ^, on the east by Shensi, on the south by Ssu-ch'uan, on the south-west by Kokonor (^ f^) and the desert and ou the north-west by Cabdo (^Jf ^ ^) and Hi (^ ^). ■ Most of the province is a desert, but east of Chia-yiiKuan (^ Jg: M) ^^ t^s end of the' Great Wall, along the Yellow and Wei Rivers and their tributaries, the laud is fertile. The eastern part of the province is divided into two portions by the mountains which separate the Yellow River valley from that of the Wei River. The narrow strip of Kansu which projects into the Thibetan plateau between the Alashan (^ ^ ill) ^^^ Ch'i-lien-shau (fjlf j^ jlj), commands the passage between Central Asia and China Proper. Lan-chon (H ^)^ fl^), the capital, is on the south side of Yellow River, where it turns north-east. At. this place the river valley is narrow and defended on the west by a pass through which the road goes westward. One road goes from Lan-chou westward to Hsi-ning (® ^ }^) about ninety miles distant. To this place the tribes of Kokonor come for trade, and there the Controller General (|g 3|| ^ ^ ^ i? :/c E) of Kokonor resides. Another road follows the Great Wall westward through the Chia-yii Kuan and on to Hi. Another road follows the Yellow River to Ning-hsia (^ g )^) in the north-eastern part of the province, a town mostly inhabited by Mongols. Two roads lead to Hsi-an Fu ; one, the principal road via P'ing-liang (5p jg j^) on the Ching River -(^S JbJ) and the other via Ch'in-chou (^ ^'['1) on the Wei River (fg ;qj). THE PROVINCE OF SHANTtTNG. v The most important city on the great road . between Lan-chou and Chia-yii Kuan, is Suchou (1- ;II|). All the district between the western end of the Great Wall and Hi is politically connected with Kansu, though it is governed more lilse the colonies than like one of the Eighteen Provinces. This region is high', cold and generally sterile. It contains many salt lakes, into which small streams flow. The largest is Lobnor (^ ^ }g), into which the Tarim River (^ g /^ ^) flows from Hi. Another considerable streanf is the Purunki River (?P H ^ MX which flows into Lake Kara (b§ Pjj jg). The important towns of this region are : YiimeQ (3g f^ ^), Anhsi (^ 'g >}i]), Kami, or Kamil (B& ^), Barkul, or Ohenhsi-t'ing (£ M i')'- X ^ ii® B)' 01 Lake Barkul (fi U ^ W ifi); which has a guard of 1,000 Manchus and 3,000 Chinese, and Urumtsi or Tihna Chou (,^ ^ "^ W> 3L ^ }!k^ 'M)- '^^^ ^^^^ is the moet western department of Kansu, and it has been colonized by Chinese troops and exiles. The climate is very cold, but grain and vegetable? are grown in certain places. Goal is found in this region, and the precious metals also abound, though little worked. . Shantung Xfii ^)- The province of Shantung has a very long coast line. It is bounded on the north by the Gulf of Pechili (^ft jg ^ -^ ^), on the west and north-west by Chihli, on the south by Kiangsu, on the south-west by Honan, and on the east by the sea. The western part of the province is level, but the peninsula and the adjacent parts are hilly. With the exception of the Yellow River, which flows in a north-easterly direction across the province into the Gulf of Pechili, there is no important river in Shantung. The Grand Canal, passing through the province, greatly adds to its importance. The high mountain called T'ai-shan (^ ]}]) is situated near T'ai-an Fu (^ ^ Jj^) in this province. This mountain is mentioned in the Shu-ching (^ Jg) as that where the Emperor Shun (^) sacrificed to Heaven B. C. 2254. Every sect has there its temples, scattered up and down the sides of the mountain, and multitudes of superstitious people flock there every year. The level portion of iShantung is not very fertile, but the hilly part is rich in minerals coal, iron, copper, lead and gold. The capital of the province, Chi-nan Fn (^ ^ ^), is a well built city of about 100,000 inhabitants. It lies not far east of the Yellow River, and can be reached by small steamers from the sea. It has hills around it, and three large springs near the western gate furnish abundance of water. East of Chi-nan Fn (p jf }^) is Ch'ing-chou (^ '}^ jj?f) once the provincial capital. Chi-ning Chou (^ ^ Jfl) is a flourishing city^ on the Grand Canal. Lin-ch'ing Chou (gg p lfi|.n on the Grand Canal, is the dep6t for produce brought on the Canal. The only port open for for&ign trade is Chi-fu, properly Yen-t'ai (jtg -A) on the northern side of the Shantung Promontory {^ [Ij ^). to THE CHINESE EMPIRE, Owing to the difficulty of transportatioa from the interior the trade of Chi-fa has not developed much, since the openmg of the port (1858), but the trade of the northern provinces has •been mostly diverted to Tientsin. Wei-hai-wei (|^ ^ ^) is an important fortified harbor near Chi-fa on the northern side of the Promontory. "With Port Arthur or Lii-shun-k'ou (Jg JK P)ia ShSng-ching on the opposite side of the Gulf it guards the entrance to the gulf of Pechili. TSng-chou Fu (^ if'I'j /jrf) is an important city on the coast of the Gulf west of Chi-fu. Honan ({rJ" ^). Honan is bounded on the north by Shansi, Ohihli and Shantung, on the east by Kiangsa and Anhui, on the south by Hupei, and on the west by Shensi. It is one of the most important and fertile provinces of China. It was formerly called '" Chung-hua-ti " (tf» $ ^)) afterward enlarged into Chung-kuo (i4» P) The province is divided among three river basins ; the Yellow in the north, the Hnai (fH Jflf) in the south-east, and the Han ij^ ^) in the south-west and west. Between the last two basius is a high and almost impassable range of mountains. The road across the mountains goes through a remarkable pass 30 miles long near Nan-yang Fa m Pi M)- The Yellow Kiver basin is very fertile and populous, but owing to the lack of natural banks it is liable to overflow from the river at seasons of flood. The capital, K'ai-fSng Fu (|g ^ jjf ), is situated a few miles from the south bank of the Yellow Eiver. It was the capital of the Empire in the Sung (^ |g) dynasty from A. D. 960 to 1129. The capital of the Empire has at various times been located at different places in Honan, In the Hsia (;g |g) dynasty it was Yang-hsia (^ %), near the modern T'ai-k'ang Hsien i-k M. W)- 111 the Shang (^ U) dynasty ^it was at Kuei-t§ Fu (^ {g /j^). In the Choa (JU ^), Han (^ in), Chin (f- |)J) and T'ang (§ gj) dynasties, it was near Honan Fa m it M)- Cart roads lead from K'ai-f^ng Fu northward to Peking, westward via Honan Fu ta T'nng Kuan (^f ||), Hsi-an Fu (W ^ jjj), etc., and southward vi& Nan-yang Fa (^ j^ /jj) to Hsiang-yang Fu (^ ^ ^) in Hupei, and thence to all important towns in the Han River (^ fX) valley. Honan Fu (j^f jf jf) and K*ai-f6ng Fu (gg ^ ^) are also connected with the Hiiai River basin by roads passing through Ch'6a-chou Fu (^- jWi jjj). Notes. THE PEOVINCE OF EIANGSU. 11 //. The Middle Provinces. Area in Estimated Provinces. Square Miles. Population. 1. Kiangsu (a H) 44,500 About 38,000,000 Chekiang ()$f -Jl) 39,150 , ^ 26,000,000 3. Kiangsi (^ W) 12,176 , 30,000,000 4. Anhui (^ ii) 48,461 , 34,000,000 5. Hupei m -it) 70,450 „ 30,000,000 6. Hunan (-I it) 74,230 „ 19,000,000 7. Kueichou (t ffl) 64,550 5,000,000 8. Ssuch'uan(0 )]\) 66,880 • ,' 21,000,000 Capitals. Su-choa Fu (M 'M m Hang-chou Fu {i^ JH jjj) Nan-ch'ang Fu (j^ g ^) An-ch'ingFu {^ M B) ' Wu-ch'ang Fu (|$ 1 }^) Ch'ang-sha ¥a {^^ J^) Knei-yang Fu (# j^ M) Ch'eng-tuPa (^ gj /jj) These eight provinces lie mostly, within the valley of the Yang-tzii. They contain more than half of the popalation, the most flourishing cities, the most fertile land, and the best harbors of (Jhina. Kiangsu {U. M)' Kiangsu is bounded on the north by Shantung, on the east by the Yellow Sea, on the south by Chekiang, and on the west by Anhui and Honan. The surface is flat, being composed of silt brought down by the Yellow River and Yang-tzu-kiang. The 'soil is fertile, and the population of this province is larger than that of any other province of China. Transportation in this province is by means of boats and wheel-barrows. As Kiangsu is crossed from north to south by the Grand Canal, and from east to west by the Yang-tzii-ktang, , and as it contains numerous lakes and small streams, facilities for transportation are unusually good. The largest lake is T'ai Hu (i; j^), which lies partly in Kiangsu and partly in Chekiang. Other large lakes .^jonnected with the Grand Canal are Hung-ts6 (gt ^), Kao-yu (jg ^), and Pao-ying (a IS)- The principal productions of Kiangsu are tea, silk, cotton, sugar and medicines. The important cities are Chiang-nyig Fu, or Nanking {'^ ^ J^, ip if m)> Su-chou(^ >}\\), Shanghai (J: f^) and ChSn-chiang or Chinkiang (H ^). Nanking (^ ^) is a beautiful city on the southern side of the Yang-tzii. It was the capital of the Empire in the Eastern Chin (y^ ^) dynasty, and again in the Miug dynasty. It is famous for its manufactures of satin and crape, for its fine buildings and for its scholars. It is the residence of the Viceroy of the Liang Chiang (^ ^), i.e., Kiangsu, Anhui, and Kiangsi. Formerly Nanking was well known in foreign countries for its Pao-en-t'a (f^ ^, ^) or Porcelain Tower, which was destroyed by the T'ai-ping rebels in 1856. 12 THE CHINESE EMPIRE, The city of Suchou (j^ J>|'|) now exceeds Nanking in size and riches. It is situated on many islands lying in the T'ai Hu {± >||). It was almost de'stroyed by the rebels, but is rapidly regaining its old beauty. It is famous for its fine buildings, gardens, scholars and for its manufactures -of silk, linen and carved and ornamented work of various kinds. Shanghai (J: ^) is the most important port in the Chinese Empire, It was opened as a _ port for foreign trade in 1843. It is situated at the juncture of the rivers Huang-pa (^ f§ ^) and WnsuDg, or Suchou Creek {^'MU-^X ^M M M). about 12 miles [from the Yang-tzii, The village of Wusung (^ -1^) is at the mouth of the Wusuag River, where it empties into the Yang-tzii. There are three foreign Concessions ; the French, the English and the American. In 1890 the population of the three settlements was about 208,000. The population of the native city is supposed to be about, 125,000. More than one-half of all the foreign trade of China is done at Shanghai. ' . Chinkiang (^ ■^) is situated on the right bank of the Yang-tzu, where the Grand Canal connects with the river 150 miks from its mouth. It was opened as a port for foreign trade in 1860. The population is estimated at 135,000, The exports are not so extensive as it was expected they would be on the opening of the port. Chekiang (^ tC)- Chekiang is bounded on the north by Kiangsn, on the east by the sea, on the south by Fukien and on the west by Kiangsi and Anhui. The great plain of China extends into the part of the province adjacent to Kiangsn, but all the rest of the province is hilly. The Nan Shan range of mountains runs through the province from north-east to south- ,west, dividing it into two portions. The northern portion is drained by the Ch'ien-t'ang Chiang (^ iS &) and the southern portion by the Chiao Chiang (If^ ^) and Ou Chiang ([^ ^). The valleys are .fertile and beautiful. Tea and silk are important products. In the plain in the northern part of the province are situated the important cities of Hu-chou (1 W )^), Chiahsing (^ ^ Jf ), Hangchou (^ >)]] Jj^f) and Ningpo (^ ^ J^). Hangchou (J^ >)<\\ }^), the capital, is one of the most beautiful cities in China. It lies near the Ch'ien-t'ang Chiang iu full view of the ocean, and is surrounded by beautiful and varied scenery. The tides in the Ch'ien-t'ang Chiang (^ ;tg j^) rise very high and make the current flow furiously, and there is also a famous bore in the river, so that the commerce of Hangchou by ocean is not great. The bore of the Ch'ien-t'ang Chiang is a tidal wave from 6 feet to 10 feet high, which sweeps up the river at certain times of the month, coming as far as Hangchou, Hangchou was the capital of the Empire during the latter part of the Sung (^ ||) dynasty (1129-1280), The two treaty ports are Ningpo (^ j^) and W^nchou (j|g >)j\). THE PROVINCE OF KIANGSI. 13 Ningpo (S J8t) is situated at the janctioa of three rivers which, when united, are called the Yung-chiaug (^ ji). The scenery about the city is very beautiful. The population is usually estimated at a quarter of a million. Ningpo was opened as a treaty port in 1842, but foreign trade has been carried on here from ancient times. In 1522 a colony of 1,200 Portuguese settled here, but were driven out 20 years afterward. The foreign trade of Ningpo is not extensive, owing to the nearness of Shanghai. At Ningpo there is a famous pagoda 15 stories high, built in the Sung (^ ^) dynasty, called T'ien-f6ng-t'ah (% ^ i|f)- W§n-chou (|g ^'1^) was opened as a treaty port in 1876. It is beautifully situated on the Oa-chiang, or WSn-chou-chiang (|| ^). The principal exports are bamboos and poles and oranges. There are no foreign merchants at WSnchou. The trad6 is mostly diverted to Foochou (® iW)- The estimated population is 80,000. Off the coast of Chekiang lies the Chusan {-fy (Ij) archipelago, of which Chusan {■fy ill) is the largest island. All the islands form one district, of which the city of Ting-hai (^ ^ ^) is the capital. Klangsl (Jt W). Kiangsi is bounded on the north by Hupei and Anhui, on the east by Chekiang and Fukien, on the south by Kuangtung and on the west by Hunan. The Yangtzu (g, ^ ^) passes through the northern portion of the province. The whole province is within the beautiful basin of the Kan-chiang with its tributaries and the narrow valleys. The Kan-chiang (|§ a) 'rises in the southern part of the province, flows toward the. north-east and empties into the Po-yang Lake. The Po-yang Lake (^ ^ jj^) is nearly 90 miles long and about 20 miles broad. It contains many beautiful islets, and the scenery around the lake is very fine. The surplus waters of the lake empty into the Yangtzu. The Kan-chiang is navigable for steamers as far as Nan-ch'ang Fu (^ g J^\ for lart'e river boats to Kan-chou Fu (ff ^fl }^) and for small boats to Nan-an (^ ^ j^), about 300 miles from the Po-yang Lake. From this city goods for the south are transported overland through the Mei-ling Pass (|^ ■^). The soil is generally fertile and well cultivated. The agricultural products and exports are tea, wheat, silk, cotton, indigo and sugar. The principal mannfeictures are porcelain, silk and cotton cloth. Nan-chang Fu (^ g ^), the capital, is a large and important city on the Kan-chian» near Po-yang Lake. * 14 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. Other important cities are Lin-chiang (E| U M% C^i-an (§ ^ )^), Kan-chon (^ j^ ^) and Nan-au (f| ^ jj^) on the Kan River. Nan-k'ang (f& ^ fl'f ), oa the western side of the Poyang Lake is near the "Vale of the White Deer" (^ ^ p), where Chu-hsi (:^M) 'i^ed. Jao Chou (^ >m ;iJ), on the eastern side of the lake, is the great shipping port for fine porcelains. About 40 miles north-east of Jao Chon (^ >m ^) is the famous Ching-t6-ch6n {■^ fg ^), from ancient times the seat of porcelain manufacture. It was destroyed by the T'ai-ping rebels, but is now regaining its former importance. The province contains one treaty port, Kiukiang (^ -^ jjSf), situated on the Yangtzii, a short distance above the outlet of the Poyang Lake. Much of the tea passes through' Kiukiang to Hankou (^ P) or Shanghai (J: ^). Its commercial importance is diminished by the nearness of those ports. The population is about 50,000. It was opened as a treaty port in 1861. Anhui (S ^). Anhui is bounded on the north by Honan and Kiangsn, on the east by Kiangsu and Ch,ekiang, on the south by Chekiang and Kiangsi and on the west by Honan and Hupei. The province is cut in two by the Yangtzu River, the larger portion lying north of the river. The ^uai River (f^ Jpf) flows through the northern part, emptying into the Hung-ts6 Lake (gt ^ jjjg). The scenery is very fine and much diversified. The soil is fertile and well cultivated. The principal products are tea, silk, cotton and hemp. The capital An-ch'ing (^ ^ jj^) i| situated on the Yangtzu River. Other important cities are Hui-chou (^ >}\\ }^) in the south-eastern part, celebrated for the manufacture of ink and lacquered ware, Ning-kuo Fn (^ p /j|f) in southern Anhui, F^ng- yang Fu (gt [^ )^) on the Huai River, Ying-chou Fa (|| ^ ^) and Liu-an Chou (-^ ^ ^\) in the western part of the province. The only treaty port of the province is Wuhu (m ^) on the south side between Chin- kiang (f| ^) and Kiukiang (^ ^) rather nearer the former. It was opened as a treaty port in 1 877. [t is connected by canal with Ning-kao Fa C^ g jf) and also with several other cities near by, from which come tea and silk. The population is estimated at 80,000. Hupel (ij -it). Hupei is bounded on the north by Shensi and Honan, on the east by Anbni, on the south by Kiangsi and Hunan and on the west by Ssuch'uan. The province is hilly and monntainons, except in the south-eastern part, where there is a large plain, in which are many small lakes. The province is divided by the Yangtzu into a northern and a southern part. Through the northern part flows the great river Han {MU), which empties into the Yangtzu at Hankou im 0). THE PROVINCE OF HUNAN. 15 The soil is very fertile and the means of transportation are good. Grain, silk, cotton, tea, and timber are produced. The capital "Wuch'ang (jgg g )^) is situated on the south side of the Yangtzu, opposite the mouth of the Han River. It is a large and important city. It is the residence of the Viceroy of Hu-iiuang (fg ^), i.e., Hunan and Hupei. The Viceroy Chang Chih-tung (^ j^ }^) has established various mills and machine shops at this place. C6al mines have been opened near this place. Han-yang (^ J^ /jj) is situated on the other side of the Yangtzu in the fork formed by the Han and Yangtzu, and on the east side of the Han River is the treaty port Hankow. The three cities together make a great centre of population. Hankow (j|| p) was opened as a treaty port in 1861. It is the most important of the river ports. It is the centre of the tea trade. A large and fine foreign settlement has been made here, which, besides the usual buildings, contains several factories for the preparation of the Russian brick tea. This brick tea is shipped extensively to Siberia (|f JJj jfij gg) via Tientsin and Kalgan (3i ^ P), also to a less extent vi^ the Han River and northward. The population of Hankow is estimated at 800,000. Hankow is about 600 miles from Shanghai, and accessible to large ocean steamers. Ich'ang (g g), the second treaty port of Hupei, is situated on the northern side of the Yangtzu, about 360 miles above Hankow.' It was opened as a treaty port in 1887. Steamers of light draught can come to this city. T'ung-yu (flg ^) is obtained from the fung-tzu tree in this region, and opium is extensively grown. The population is about 35,000. Sha-shih (^P ffi), the third treaty port of Hnpei, was opened to trade by the Japanese treaty of 1895. It is situated on the northern bank of the Yangtzu about 70 miles below Ich'ang. Hunan {^ ^). Hunan is bounded on the north by Hupei, on the east by Kiangsi, on the south by Kuang- tung and Kuangsi, and on the west by SsQch'uan and Kuei-chou. It is drained by four rivers, which all empty into the Tung-t'ing Lake (}^ ^ jgg). The largest is the Hsiang-chiang (M U.), which rises in the south-eastern part of the province. The basin of this river occupies nearly half of this province, and with its numerous tributaries it is safely navigable for cargo boats, so that by its means there is easy transportation between the Yangtzu and all the eastern part of Hunan to the borders of Kiangsi and Kuangtung. 16 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. The second river in size is the Yiian-chiang Qjc ^C). which rises in the soutli-western part of the province and flows into the sonth-western corner of the Tung-t'ing Lake. This river has many rapids which make navigation difficult and dangerous. Between the Hsiang-chiang and the Yiian-chiang is the Tzu-chiang (^ ^), the navigation of which is also hindered by numerous rapids. The north-western part of the province is drained by the Li-shui Qf ^rjC), which is almost useless for navigation. The Tung-t'ing Lake, into which these four streams empty, is the largest lake in China. It is about 220 miles in circumference. Its appearance varies with the seasous. In the time of flood it is full of water, but at other times it is like a great marsh, containing many small lakes and intersected by streams. The agricultural products of Hunan are about the same as those of Kiangsi and Hupei. The province contains vast mineral deposits of coal, iron, copper and tin, but these have not been much developed. The capital, and most important city, is Ch'ang-sha (-g ^ ^) on the Hsiang River. Other important cities of Hunan are Ytteh-chou Fn (■§• ji] ^), near the outlet of the Tung-t'ing Lake ; Hsiang-t'an ({fg jg j|^), a famous tea market on the Hsiang River ; and Ch'ang-tS (M M J0) 0^ t^^ Yilan River. Hunan has a good reputation for scholarship. The people are usually considered brave, but rather lawless. In the south-western part of the province are aboriginal tribes called Miao-tzii (U ^). Kueicbou (# jlfj). Kueichou is bounded on the north by Ssuch'uan, on the east by Hunan, on the south by Kuangsi, and on the west by Yunnan. This is the poorest of the Eighteen Provinces in the character of its people and in the amount of its products. A range of mountains passes from the north-eastern side in a south-westerly course to Yunnan, forming the wastershed between the valleys of the Yangtzu and the Hsiang River. The eastern portion of the province is largely occupied by the Miao-tzii (gf ^), semi-savage tribes, distinct from the Chinese in language and customs, who live in the hills, and who are frequently engaged in warfare with the Chinese. The climate of Kuei-chou is very unhealthy. The only large river is the Wu (,^ ^), which empties into the Yangtzii near Ch'angking (fi M M) ^'i Ssiich'uan.. There are also numerous small streams which afford transportation by small boats and rafts. The agricultural and mineral products of the province are varied, thongb not much developed. THE PROVINCE OF SSDCH'UAK 17 The capital Kaei-yang {^ ^ )^) is situated among the monntains, and is the smallest of the pvoviucial capitals. • * Ssucb'uan (0 J\\). Ssiich'uaa is bounded on the* north by Ch'inghai (-^ ^), Kansuh and Shensi ; on the east by Hupei and Hunan ; on the south ■ by Kueichon and Yunnan ; and on the west by Tibet (M m)- The province is about double the size of most of the other provinces, and is the richest of all in its productions. Ssucb'uan is naturally divided by the four principal rivers, which run from north to south into the Yangtzu. These rivers are the Chialing' (^ ^ ^), the Ch'nng or the T'o (tfjf ^, X « m U.)> the Min (|I|S ^) and the Yaluug (?| {fi ^). The populous and important part of the province is the part east of the Min River, The country west of the Min is a part of the great table land of Tibet Cg ||{), and is unfit for cultivation, except in small spaces and in a few valleys. The ea,stern portion of the province is very fertile, and enjoys an exceptionally good climate. A great variety of grains and fruits is cultivated. The chief exports are silk, salt, opium, musk, "t'ung"'^il, gentian, rhubarb, tea, coal, copper, iron and insect wax. Petroleum and natural gas are found in this province. The latter is used in evaporating the salt water obtained from salt wells. Ch'Sngtu (Jtg 15 JjJ), the capital, lies on the river Min in the largest plain of the province, roughly measuring 100 miles by 50 miles. It is a very large and wealthy city. Its population has been estimated at nearly a million. Other important cities are Chungking (g; g }^), at the month of the Chia-ling-cbiang ; Lu-chou e^i >}W), at the mouth of the Ch'ung-chiang ; Hsil-chou ($[ j^ )^), at the mouth of the Min-chiang ; P'ing-shan Hsien (^ [Ij ^), above Hsti-chou {$(_ >}j\ ^) ; and K'nei-chou (g j]] )^), near the border of Hupei (jj^ :|t). West of Ch'6ng-tu, on the road to Tibet, the most important towns are Ya-chou (||g 'jj\), Ta-chien-lu (#T ^ !®) and Bafang (E. If). SsQch'uan contains one treaty port— Chungking (g g)— which was declared open to trade in 1891. It is of immense importance as a distributing centre for Western China. It is 1,250 miles from the mouth of the Yangtzu. Navigation is hindered by the rapids above Ich'ang (S W)j ^'^^ ^^ y®t (1897) no steamers have ascended the rapids ; the trade being all carried on in native boats. The river is navigable for light draught steamers as far as Hsu-ohou (^ M) and for a considerable distance up the Chia-ling-chiang and the Min-chian"'. The yearly rise of the Yangtzii is about 70 feet. 18 THE CHINESE EMPIRE, ///. The Southern Provinces. Area in Estimated Provinces. Square Miles. Population. • 1. Fakiea (5^ ^) 53,480 About 15,000,000 2. Knangtung (^ %) 79,456 „ 19,000,000 3. Kuangsi (^ M) 78,150 7,000,000 4.* Yunnan (g ^) 107,969 6,000,000 Capitals. Fu-chou Fu (H ^ /iJ) Canton ^(^ #1 M) Knei-lin Fu (# #7^=) Yun-uan Fu (^ if ijj) r This section lies south of the Nau-ling mountains (^ -^). The rivers mostly run toward the south-east into the South China Sea (^ j^) or the Gulf of Tonglung (^ m ^ J5S)- These provinces have a sub-tropical climate. There are no large rivers in this section of China except the Pearl River or Chn-chiang (Mm- * Fukien ($g ^). Fnkien is bounded on the north by Kiangsi and Chekiang, on the east by the China sea, on the south by Kuangtung and the sea, and on the west by Kiangsi. The western border coincides almost exactly with the watershed between the Kan River (® U) of Kiangsi and the Min River (fi^ ^) of Fnldeu. The coast line of this province is bordered with many islands. The principal river of this province is the Min (^ ^), which drains about three-fourths of the province. Its length is over 300 miles. -It is not navigable for large vessels, bnt it is very useful for small craft. At its mouth the tide rises 18 or 20 feet. The scenery on both sides of the river throughout its course is very beautiful, and the country is very prosperous. The river next in size is the Lung-chiang (f| ^), which empties into the sea near Amoy (^ f^). This province is famous for tea. A popular variety of black tea for foreign export, called Bohea tea, is grown in the " Bohea Hills " (J^ ^ jlj) in the northern part of the province. The province contains two treaty ports — Fu-chou (f| ;H'l) and Amoy (^ f^). Fn-chon ($S 'M Ji^)' ^^^ capital and most important city, is situated on the Min River, 34 miles from its mouth. Ordinary steamers come up the river as far as the Pagoda Anchorage at Pagoda Island (^ g i§)i 9 miles below the city. Near Pagoda Anchorage is a large government arsenal called Fu-chou Arsenal. Fu-chou is built around three hills, and the wall measures between 6 and 7 miles in extent. Fu-choti Was opened as a treaty port in 1842. It reached its highest prosperity as a busihess pott in 1880. Since that time, owing to the competition .of India (fp ^ 19) and Hankoo (jH P) in tea production, the business of the poffc has steadily declined. Notes. THE PROVINCE OF KUANGTUNG, 19 Amoy (^ P^). the second treaty port of Fiikien, is one of the oldest trading ports after Canton (^ ')]\ jjj). The Portuguese went there in 1544, but were expelled for cruel conduct toward the Chinese. The English also traded there during the 17th and 18th centuries. Amoy is situated on an island at the mouth of the Lung-chiang (f| ^). The harbor is one of the best on the coast. Amoy was captured by the British in 1841, and it became a regular treaty port after that time. The population is estimated at 300,000. The principal exports are tea and sugar. « Other important cities of Fnkien are Ch'iianchon (^ '}\] )j5f), between Amoy and Fu-chon, Chang-chou (jf >)'\\ }^), Hsiug-hua (ft ft f^) and Yen-p'iug (5E Sp }^). Kuangtuag (^ %). Kuangtnng is bounded on the north by Hunan, Kiangsi and Fukien, on the east and south by the South China sea, and on the west by Kuangsi. The surface of this province is hilly, but not rugged, the soil is fertile and well watered, transportation is good by means of the many streams which intersect it, and the productions, natural and manufactured, are many and varied. The coast line is about one thousand miles long, and is studded with many islands. The principal river is the Pearl River (^ Jl;), which rises in Yunnan and' flows through the provinces of Kuangsi and Kuangtung. This is 'commonly called the West River (^ ^), west of the city of Canton (^ ffl jjj), and the Pearl River (H ^), between Canton and the sea. Two important branches of this river, which empty into it near Canton, are the North River (^tl Jl)> which rises in the northern part of Kuangtung and flows toward the south, and the East River (^ ^), which rises in the north-eastern part of Kuangtung and flows south-westward, emptying into the Pearl River at Whampao (^ 3f ) below Canton. The only other large river in the province is the Han River (^| ^), which rises in Fukien, flows southward and empties iuto the China sea near Ch'ao-chon (j|g >}\\ f^). The capital Kuang-chou Fu, or Canton (^ >yi\ )^), is the most important city of the province, and is probably the largest city of China. Its population is estimated at 1,000,000. It is situated on the Pearl River, about 42 miles from the sea. Up to 1843 all of the regular foreign trade of China was transacted at Canton. Formerly the foreign residences were in the West Suburb (U ||), but they were burned in 1856, and since that time the foreign settlement has been on the island of Shamien (^ 'g) in the river. The trade and manufactures at Canton are mainly connected with the foreign commerce. Among the most important manufactures are silk, straw-mattiug, fire crackers, paper and cotton cloth. Canton was taken by the Eiiglish in the year 1841, and again was taken by the English and French in 1857. The anchorage for the ocean-going steamers is at Whampao on the Pearl River, 12 miles below Canton. Since the cession of Hongkong (§ jf) to the British (1842) the importance of Canton has diminished. 20 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. The other ports of Kuangtnng are Swatow (jilj if), Hoihow (^ P) in Haiaan (^ ^), and Pakhoi (4fc ^) on the Gulf of Toagking (]K g JS JJS:). Swatow, or Shaut'on, (I'll! ^) is situated at the month of the Han River (^ ^). It was opened to foreign trade in 1860. It is the port of the large city of Ch'ao-chou Fa (^ j^ }^). The nearness of Hongkong prevents the trade from becoming very extensive. The principal export is sugar. Hoihow {^ p) is the seaport of Kinng-chon (^ >)i\ jjj) in Hainan Qf$ ^). It was opened to foreign trade in 1876. The trade is still very small. The island of Hainan (f^ fg). in which this port is situated, is the largest of the islands belonging to the Chinese Empire. It is connected with the province of Kuangtnng. It is abont 150 miles long and 100 miles broad. It is separated from the mainland by Hainan Strait, which is 12 miles broad in the narrowest place. The interior is mountainous, and is occupied by a race of people similar to the Miaotzu of Kueichou, who are only partially subject to the Chinese. The Chinese inhabitants are mostly descendants of Fukienese, and live along the coast. Hainan (^ ^) lies south of the Tropic- of Cancer (^fc ffc Sft ^), and has therefore a tropical climate. Pakhoi (^t ^) was opened to foreign trade in 1877. It is a small city situated on the Gulf of Tongking on a small peninsula. It is the port of the important city of Lien-choa (^ >)^ jjj). Since the opening of Lung-chou (H >)\{) in Kuangsi much of the trade of Kuangsi, which formerly passed through Pakhoi, goes through Tongking (y^ ^). Some of the important cities of Kuangtnng are Ch'ao-chou Fu (j|g >}^ fl?f) on the Han River, Shaochou (fg >)]\ J^) on the North River, Nanhsiung (^ ^ >}j\) on the North River, Hui-chou (^ ')i\ )^) on the East River. Macao, or Aomfin (^ f^), is situated on a peninsula projecting from the island of Hsiang- shan (§ |lj) at the mouth of the Pearl River. It was first occupied by the Portuguese in 1557, and has been held by them ever since that time. Up to 1848 the Portuguese paid the Chinese Government a yearly rental of 500 taels, but after that date they refused to continue the payment, and by a treaty concluded in 1887 the Chinese ceded the sovereignty of the peninsula to Portugal. The circuit of the settlement is about 8 miles. Its position is beautiful and the climate agreeable. The population is about 80,000, of whom about 7,000 are Portuguese and other foreigners. This port was once very important, but Hongkong has taken away most of its trade. Hongkong (^ ^) is a small island off the month of the Pearl River, belonging to Great Britain. It is 40 miles from Macao and 90 miles from Canton. It is the most important commercial port of Eastern Asia, and will be more fully described under "British Possessions." The peninsula of Kow-loon (^ H) on the mainland opposite Hongkong, was ceded to . Great Britain in 1860. Kuangsi (^65). Kuangsi is bounded on the^north by Kueichou and Hunan, on the east by Kuangtnng, on the south by Tongking (^ ^,) and on the west by Tongking and Yunnan. THE PROVINCE OF YUNNAN. 21 The province is generally hilly, though in the eastern part there are extensive plains where rice is grown. There are mines of gold, silver and other metals. In the western part there are forests which produce much timber. There are no manufactures of importance. The province is well watered by the West River (^ ^) and its tributaries. The principal tributary from the south is the Yii River (^ ^), about 500 miles long, which empties into the main stream near Hsiiu-chou (-g #1 J^). The krgest tributaries from the north are the Hsiang-chiang or Lung-chiang (fl iC X ^ ^ il) ^^d the Kuei-chiang or T'an-chiang (^ ^). The capital Kueilin (J^ i^ jf ) is a poorly built city on the Kuei-chiang. The principal commercial city is Wu-chou (1^ >}]\ ]^), near the border of Kuangtung, on the Hsi-chiang, just below the month of the Kuei River. Lung-chon (f| }'\\). near the border of Tongkiug C^ ^), was opened as a port of entry for foreign trade in 1889. It is situated on a branch of the Yu River. At present the trade is small, but it is expected that when the French have constijucted their railways in Tongking the trade will increase. Yuanan (^ it). Yunnan is bounded on the north by Ssuch'uan, on the east by Kuei-chou and Kwang-si, on the south by Tonglsing and Burmah (^ %), and on the west by Burmah and Tibet O ^). Most of the province is a great plateau 5,000 to 6,000 foet high, on which are mountain ranges with numerous gorges and narrow valleys. Several important rivers rise in this province — the Hsi-chiang (^ ^), the Mei-kong or Oambodia (Lan-ts'ang) River (j^ \^ ^), the Salwen or Lu-kiang (-/^ ^) and the Songkoi or Red River (^ ^) of Annan (^ if). Yunnan is inhabited by many tribes, who are in partial subjection to the Chinese. In 1873, and for 18 years previous, it was the seat of a great Mohammedan rebellion, which was put down with great slaughter by the Chinese in 1873. The natural mineral resources of this province have been little develop 3d, though ptobably they are greater than those of any other province. Coal, salt, gold, silver, copper, zinc, lead, iron and tin are all exported. The capital Yunnan Fu (g_it J^), on Lake Tien Q^ fg), is 'an important city, and is the Beat of a considerable trade via the Yangtzii as well as southward with Burmah. Tali Fu (;/c M Jff) is an important city on the Erhhai Lake (-^5 j^ M)- It was the capital of the Mohammedans when they held the province. The port of entry Mfentzu (■^ g) was opened for foreign trade in 1887. It is situated in the southern part of Yunnan, about four days' journey from the border of Tongkinf and about two days from Manhao (^ ^), a village on the Red River, wh'ch was also opened to foreign trade at the same time. Considerable trade is done at Meiigtzu already, and it is steadily increasing. 22 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. //. Manchuria CM H ^tf)- Manchuria is the name given >by foreigners to the provinces of Sh6ng-ching (^ ^), Chilitt (a W) s-nd Hei-lung-chiang (M. || ^). This region is called by the Chinese Kuantnng (||| ^), Liao-tung (3^ M) or, more correctly, Tung-san-sh^ng {^ H W)- It is bounded on the north by Siberia Cgf J|j fij gg), on the east by the Primosk province of Siberia and by Corea (Jg g), on the sonth by Corea and the Gulf of Pichili (JitW-M'^ W>' and on the west by Mongolia (^ -fi-)^ Chihli ([II ^) and Siberia. The northern boundary is the Amur, or Saghalien River (Hei-lung- chiang) (H || ^) to its junction with the Dsuri (,|| ^ ^ij ^). The eastern boundary is formed by Lake Hinka (^ ft fj^) and Usuri River, separating Chilin from Siberia, the Ch'ang-pai-shaa (M 6 ill) between Chilin and Corea and the Yalu (lj| ^ ^) between Sh^ng-ching and Corea. The western boundary is formed in part by the Argun River (PiU M "S" ^ M)> a tributary of the Amur, with the two large lakes — Hurun (|if -f^ }^) and Puyur (^ U ^)— and by the upper part of the Songari River {^ 1^ £C). From a point on the Songari River, north of the town of Chilin or Kirin ("g Ifc) to Shan-hai-kuan ([Ij ^ %%), there was formerly a barrier of stakes separating- Mongolia and Manchuria, but it does not- exist now, except at certain passes. The principalriver of Manchuria is the Amur River, formed by the junction of the Aignn and Shilka Rivers. The Aigun rises in Mongolia, flows through Tsi-tsi-har, or Hei-lung-chiang (M SI Jl X 2 S ^ "& IS)' ^^^ forms the north-western boundary between that province and Siberia. The Shilka River (^ ^ 3S JrT) ""i^^s on the boundary between Mongolia and Siberia and flows through Russian territory to its junction with the Aigun. The Amur forms the northern boundary of the Chinese Empire to its junction with the Usuri, after which it takes a north-easterly course to the sea of Okhotsk (f^ ^ 2^ ^ W) ^^ i^ navigable for vessels of 12 ft. draught for 600 miles and for vessels of lighter draught 2,000 miles. The Amur receives many large tributaries, both from the north and from the south. The principal streams from the north are the Zeya (i^ i% ?iij ip it M), tlie Baria (^ 5!l ;Si ^rT IP |5 ii W, the Garin (g ^ fij) and the Amgun (PrJ ^ j;^ JqJ). The principal tributaries from the south are the Songari, or Sung-hua- chiang and the Usuri, The Songari is the most important of all these tributaries. It rises in the Long White Mountains (g j^ jlj) and flows north-west and then north-east. It receives the large tributary called the Nonni (J^ ^), and from the mouth of the latter to the Amur the Songari forms the boundary between the provinces of Hei-lung-chiang and Chilin. At San-shing (H ^)' ^^^ miles from its mouth, it receives from the south the Hurka, or Mutan-chiang (J^L JJ M tO- '^^^ Usuri River rises near Vladivostock (j§ ^ ^) and flows northward, forming the boundary between Siberia and the Chinese Empire. The Amur and its two Chinese tributaries, are navigable for small steamers. The Tumen itiver (-g P^ ^) rises in Corea and flows north- east and then south-east, forming the boundary between Corea and Chilin and between Corea and Siberia. The Yalu, or Aichiang {^ ^ ^), rises in Corea and flows between Corea and Chilin and Sheng-ching, emptying into the Yellow Sea. The Liao River (jg J^f) rises in the northern; part of Chihli and flows east and then south, emptj'ing into the Liao-tung Gulf (jg % j§) at Ninchnang (^^ ^j. The whole of Manchuria is hilly. The ranges in the south-eastern part are called the; Ch'ang-pai-shan. These vary from 3,000 to 8,000 feet in height. The Hsing-an Mountains-: {M ft M) occupy the north-western part of Manchuria, extending into Mongolia and Siberia. THE PROVINCE OF SHENG-CHING. 2» The mountains of Manchuria are wooded, and furnish timber for nse in the northern provinces of China. They also abodnd in game — bears, tigers, wolves, deer and nnmerons small far-bearing animals which are hunted for their skins. The streams and lakes also abound in fish. The arable lands of the southern province, Sheng-ching, are cultivated by Chinese from Shantung and Chihli, but the northern provinces are wild. Sheng-ching {,3. If.)- Sheng-ching, the southernmost of the three provinces of Manchuria, is bounded on the north by Mongolia, on the north-east and east by Chilin and Corea, on the south by the Liao-fung Gulf and the Yellow Sea, on the south-east by Corea, and on the west by Chihli. The capital is Ffing-t'ien, Moukden or Sheng-ching ($ 5c fl^ X. H §? ff-.)- I*^ I'^s on the Hun River (^ fiif), a small branch of the Liao River ( jg Jpf), and is reckoned to be 500 miles from' Peking. This- was the ancient capital of the Manchus, and is looked upon by the emperors as very important for this reason, and because the burial ground of the ancestors of the Manchu Emperors is near by at Hsing-ching (^ 7^), sixty miles east of Moukden. The population is estimated to be about 200,000. Chia-chou (|^ ^'|'|), the most important city after Moukden, is on the coast of the Liao- tung Gulf, about half way between Shan-hai-kuan and Moukden. The harbor is shallow and exposed to southern gale. The railway from Shan-hai-kuan to Chilin will pass through this city, Niuchuang or Newchwang (^ J^), at the. mouth of the Liao River, is the only treaty port of this province. It was opened to foreign trade in 1881. The climate is cold, and the port is closed in wioter. The trade is not extensive; the principal exports being beau, beaa oil and bean cake. Formerly there were barriers of stakes, " the palisades," separating this- province from Mongolia and from a neutral strip of land between Corea aad Sheng-ching, bat these barriers have ceased to exist, and the neutral strip has been annexed to China, leavino- the Yalu (11 m ^) as the boundary between China and Corea. The most important military post of Sheng-ching is Lii-shun-k'ou or Port Arthur (]^ j^ P) at the northern side of the Gulf of Pechili, opposite Wei-hai-wei (j^ f^ ^). This port is strongly fortified, and has a large dock. Just east of Lii-sh^n-kau is a fortified harbor called Ta-lien-wan {^ j^ j§). Chilin or Kirin (* i^). This is an immense thinly populated region bouDded on the north by the Amur, on the east by the Usnri, on the south and south-east^by Corea and Sheng-ching, and on the west by Hei-lung-chiang, Mongolia and Sheng-ching. This province is mostly mountainous, and is inhabited by Manchus, who live by hunting- ' and fishing. Some Chinese have settled in the river valleys, where they cultivate the soil. The government of Chilin is entirely military. The capital is Kirin or Chilin (* *fcV situated on the Songari {j^ '^ ^). Its population is estimated to be about 50,000. Aa arsenal has been established here, at which all sorts of ammunition and arms are made by- European methods. Shipyards are also located here, at which river boats are constructed. The most important military post next to the capital is Hun-ch'un (j|^ §), on the Turn en River (§ f^ ^), 10 miles from he Russian Border and about sixty miles from Vladivostock iM # I6> •^ l^i^g^ garrison is kept here, and the forts are provided with effective Krupp guns. ■24 THE CHINESE EMPIBE. Other important military posts are San-shiog (H M.) and Ningnta (^ -jS" ^). 01 the Mntan River. K'uan-ch'Sng-tzu {% ^ -J) is an important trading town in the western part"' of Ohilin.' Petnna (fg ^ ff^), on the Songari River, is an important town. Hei-lnng-chiang, or Tsi-tsi-har (^ H ■^.) This is the northernmost province of Man- -chnria. It extends abont 400 miles from east to west and 500 miles from north to sonth. It is bounded on the north and north-east by Siberia, on the east by Chilin, on the soath by Mongolia and Chilin and on the west by Mongolia and Siberia. This is the wildest of the three provinces, and is under a military government. The mineral resources of the province are very great. A flourishing gold mine is now -(1897) worked by foreign methods at Mo-ho (p M) ^^^^ the Amur River. The capital Tsi-tsi-har, or Pu-k'nei (^ @ B& ^), is situated on the Nonni River (j^ jt£). It is surrounded by fertile land, and is the centre of considerable trade. Saghalieu, Hei-lung-chiang-ch'^ng, or Aignn (:^ J? M IP M M ^ M) i^ ^.n important military post on the Amur River near to the Russian town of Blagoveschensk (^ H y^). Hu-lan-pei-erh (l"^ f^ ^ W)> on a small branch of the Argun River (pijl M tST M ST)) i^ the most important military post in the north-western part of the province. Notes, MONGOLIA. 25 ///. The Colonial Possessions of tlie Chinese Empire. Mongolia (fj ]&). Mongolia (■^^ ■^) is a general term fur the vast area of desert and grazing land extending from the Eighteen Provinces on the soath to Siberia on the north, and from ManchuriS, on the east to Russian Turkestan on the west. In this general sense Mongolia includes Outer and Inner Mongolia (^ ^ 7&, $h ^ •&), Uliasutai (,i M «l ^ ■&), Hi (^ ^ and Kokonor (^ m)- Inner Mongolia (.^ ^ ^). Inner Mongolia (^ ^ 7^) is bounded on the east by Ohilin (^ :^) and Sheng-ching {^ ;^), on the south by four provinces of Chihli (jg ^), Shansi ([Ij 'g), Shensi (|^ H) and Kansuh ('tt ^)> O'l the west by the extension of Kansuh, and on the north by Outer Mongolia {^ ^ •^) and Hei-lung-chiang. The Great Wall is usually considered the southern boundary, but the jurisdiction of Chihli, Shansi and Shensi now extends to a considerable distance north of the wall. Parts of this division adjacent to the wall and to Manchuria are now cultivated by Chinese, but the larger part is occupied by Mongols, who live in teats and support themselves by their flocks and herds. Nearly all of Inner Mongolia is suitable for grazing. There are no important towns, but the trade is done at Ohiofise or Manchu towns, especially at Kalgan or Chang-chia-k'oa (51 SK P) in Chihli, Kuei-hua-ch'^ng (|f ^ ^) in Shansi, Yii-lin (|fr ^ )^) in Shensi, and K'uan-ch'6ng-tzu (^ ^ -J) in .Chilin. The Russian post roads cross Inner Mongolia at Kalgan or Chang-chia-k'ou. Outer Mongolia (5th ^ "jSt) Outer Mongolia is bounded on the north by Siberia, on tke east by Hei-Inng-chiang, on the south by [nner Mongolia, and on the west by Uliasutai and Kansuh. About half of this great area is occupied by the Desert of Gobi, or Sha-mo {-^ S lU ^ ^). The rest is grazing land. The most important town is Urga, or Ku-lun (^ Jkt\i $iM 3), on the Tula River (J£ Ji fpj), a branch of the Selenga River (^ IS ^ ?^) which empties into Lake Baikal (^ ^ U JiS IP & ^> Urga is divided into two divisions — the Chinese and Mongol settlements. The Chinese are not allowed to have their families witB^them. Urga is the residence of two Mancha oflGlcials who have the highest authority ,in Mongolia, but the different tribes of all the div-isiona of Mongolia are governed by Mongol chiefs, or princes, and the autho- rity of the Chinese government is only nominal. Urga is considered a sacred place by the Mongols, because one of the Living Buddhas resides there. The overland trade with Russia crosses Outer Mongolia by the Russian post road to Kiachta ('[^ % m), an important trading town just over the -Russian border. On the Chinese side of the border there is also a tradino- town called Mai-mai-ch'gng (g % J^). The climate of Outer Mongolia is very cold on account of its hio-b altitude and the dryness of the air. The latter also causes great extremes of temperature so that it is often very hot by day and very cold by night at the same season. Uliasutai (,i M 3S ii ■&> Uliasutai, or Cobdo, is the name given to the extreme north-western part of Mongolia. The tribes of Mongols living in this district are subject to the authority of the Chinese officials living at the town of Uliasutai. 26 THE CHINESE EMPIRE. Uliasutai contains many rivers and lakes, and the soil is said to be fertile, but the people who inhabit this pai't of Mongolia are very rude and wild, and do not give much attention to the cultivation of the soil. The two principal towns are Uliasutai (,^ S 3S ^ "a ) ^'^^ Cobdo (?? ^ ^)' Tlie former is a place of considerable trade. /// (^ m Hi is a vast region lying on both sides of the Tien-shan (5J ill)- ^^'is divided into two Lu or circuits; viz., the Tien-shan-pei-lu (^ ilj ^^ Wt) ancl the Tien-shan-nan-lu (5c ill ^ K)- The former is sometimes called Sungaria and the latter Eastern Turkestan. The Northern Circuit (5^ jl| :}t f&) extends about 900 miles from east to west and 300 miles from north to south. "The Southern Circuit (5c llj ^ |§) extends over 1,200 miles from east to west, and is from 300 to 500 miles in breadth. The chief characteristics df this region are its high altitude, its many salt lakes aud its large tracts of desert. The inhabitants are moBtly Mohammedans, though many Chinese soldiers have settled in fertile portions aud many Chinese criminals have beeu banished to this region. The principal lake is the Lobnor (,^ ^ ^), which receives the water of the Tarim (^ S. Tfy f^)> ^^ immense river 1,150 miles long. The Hi River (P ^ ^) flows westward through the Northern Circuit, emptying into the Balkash Lake (Q ^ ?& ff* JiK) ^^ Russian Turkestan ("g j^). The most important town of Hi and of Western China is Kuldja, or Hui-yuen (^ ^ jjj) on the Hi River. This was destroyed at the time of the Mohammedan Rebellion, but is now regaining its former importance. The two most important towns of the Southern' Circuit are Kashgar (^ ff- Bg ^) and Yarkand (^ f^ yi) on the Kashgar (^ ff |!g ^ ^) and Yarkaad (MW%.W rivers, tribu- tary to the Tarim. Other towns of the Southern Circuit are Ushi (^ ff-) and Aksu (f^ ^ ^) on the Aksu River ( Pill ;S ^ M) and Khoten (ft ^) on the Khoten River (ft ^ JfJ). One of the largest lakes of Hi is the Bostany or Bagarash (g, '^ ^ :^ j^ M M)' Kokoaor, or Ching-hai ($f ^). This division is a high table land bounded on the north by the extension of Kansah ( ^ ;^), on the east by Kansuh {Xi M) ^^nd SsQch'uan (0 Jlj), on the south by Tibet (|5 j|{), aud on the west by Hi (# W)- There are several steppe lakes in this region, the largest of which is called Ching-hai (W W)^ 10,500 feet above the sea. The region is very sterile, and is inhabited by tribes of Buddhist and Mahometan Mongols, who are very lawless. The government is military. The chief official lives at Hsi-ning (gf ^ ^) in Kansuh above 100 miles east of the Ching-hai Lake. The trade of Kokonor is mostly done at this place. The mineral resources of Kokonor may be very great, but they are undeveloped, TIBET, OB HSI-TSAVG. 27 Tibet, or Hsi-tsang (|f ||{). Tibet is bounded on the north by Hi and Kokonor, on the east by Ssuch'uan and Yunnan, on the south by India (f|I SE W)> ^i « 1. Transcaacasia (.MtsM^ ^fc')• 2. Fralsk (,i ^ i§). 3. Tnrgai (® ^ ^ ^). 4. Transcaspian (*D ^ 3^ ^ ^ W)- 6. Stepnoi (¥ iK H *')• 6. Turkestan (Ib) SB H ^). 7. Western Siberia (W ib 'H 35 W 7&)- 8. Eastern Siberia (W ^t ^ 35 IE M)- The total area of Asiatic Russia is over 6,000,000 square miles, or about one-third larger than the entire Chinese Empire. A large part of this vast empire is so cold as to be uninhabitable. * The, Russian dominions border upon the Chinese Empire from the Pamirs to Corea, a distance of about 5,000 miles. /. Transcaucasia (^ *I1 H ^ i^). Transcaucasia is the region south of the Caucasus Mountains (]^ iH ^ lll)» north of Turkey (j: % ^) and Persia (gjj %), between the Black (^. ^) and Caspian Seas (Ju ^ gE^). The capital and most important town is Tiflis (^ ^ fO ^ M) i° t^^^ interior, connected b y rail with Batum (|| i ^ M)» ^ po^t on the Black Sea and Baku (H ^ ;i^), a port on the Caspian. //. Uralsk (.t ^ it). Uralsk is a province governed by a military governor. It is bounded on the north and west by European Russia, on the east by Tnrgai and the Aral Sea (P^ ^ |^ ^), and on the south by the Caspian Sea and Transcaspian. The capital is Fralsk (,^ ^ |^) on the Ural River (,^ ^ {^). ///. Turgai {J^mm. %)• Tnrgai is a province governed by a military governor. It is hounded on the north by European Russia, on the east and south by the Stepnoi and Turkestan. The capital is Tnrgai (^ ^ S M) oi^ ^ stream of the same name flowing into a small steppe lake. |34 THE RUSSIAN EMPIEE. IV. Transcasplan (in ^ |S ^ ^ W> The Transcaspian province is governed by an official- called in Russian " Nacholjnik," or chief. This province lies east of the Caspian Sea and includes the vassal states of Khiva (S W W) and Bokhara {^ ^ M B)- Although the Transcaspian Province is mostly barren and thinly peopled, it is important politically, since it forms the northern boundary of Persia and Afghanistan and stretches eastward to the Pamirs. The Transcaspian Railway passes through this province from Michaelovsk (^^M^WfiS) on the Caspian Sea along the border of Persia, turning to the east and north-east through Merv {■% M S> Bokhara (^ B& ® i^), and Samarkand (j|{ J^ if ^ ^) to Tashkent (^ ff ^). Through most of its extent this province is a high table-land intersected by mountains. The most important river is the Amoo, or Oxus (PqJ /fc Ji^), which flows into the Aral Sea. The important towns are Askabad (f^ ^ !*& ^), Merv, Khiva and Bokhara. Stepnoi iMWE. 'M)- The Stepnoi Departm.ent comprises the, three provinces of Akmolinsk (PSJ 3S ^ ^ ^ S W)> Semipalatinsk (§4 ?l^ ipS ^ 3^ Sf ^ W) ^"^^ Semirechinsk (^ jg" i^). The Stepnoi is governed by a Governor-General residing at Omsk (f^ M M ^ M)* Each of the provinces has also a military governor. The greater part of this region consists of steppes, or level plains, suitable for grazing. Akmolinsk (^ "^MWM "^ ^\ the north-western province of the Stepnoi, is thinly populated. - The Irtish River (gg ^ !jf ff }g), a tributary of the Obi (^ J^), flows through the north-east corner of the province, and the Ishim {^ ff- @ JqJ"), a tributary of the Irtish, is the only other important river. Lake Balkash (E fj B§ ff j^) forms part of the eastern boundary. Omsk (^ ® ^ ;S), the capital of the Stepnoi^ provinces, is on the Irtish River. Petropavlovsk (JS !|# -^ flifi W -H # S5 M) a'ld Akmolinsk on the Ishim River, are important towns. Lake Balkash (E f|( "& ff 'M)> in size the second inland sea entirely enclosed by Asia, is about 400 miles long and 50 miles broad in the widest part. It receives many streams, both from Russia and Chinese territory, the largest being the Hi River (gff ^ '(fj), which flows in a westerly direction from Hi through Semirechinsk into the Balkash. Semipalatinsk (^ ^ ififl ^ Sg ^ jg) is bounded on the east by the Chinese department of Uliasutai. It is separated from Chinese territory in part by the Tarbargatai Mountains (if f^ E "& •& -i), a chain of the Altai Mountains (|ig f| -j^ ^). The Irtish is the only large river. Besides Lake Balkash it contains a large steppe lake called Zaizan Nor {^ ^ f^ M M HI Sin ^)- situated near the boundary of the Chinese Empire. Semipalatinsk, the capital, and Pavlodar (ipfl "i" j^ ^ H ^), both on the Irtish, are important towns. Semirechinsk (^ ^ i^) is bounded on the east and south by the Chinese department of Hi, from which it is separated for a part of the distance by the T'ienshan (5i; lU). The greater part of this province is mountainous, and it contains many steppe lakes, the two largest of which are Issik-kul (P M f^^ME. ji) and Ala-kul (JrT J4 ]? M JSB) near the Chinese border. RUSSIA IN ASIA. 35 Verni, the capital (^W BtSiMnMU M). Kopol (^ IS tk M) and Lepsinsk (?!( ^ ^ Kf 3§I M) are important towns. Turkestan (0 ^ £ ig). Turkestan includes the three provinces of Samarkand (^ ,B| ^ ^), Ferghana (^ ^ -^p) and Syydaria Cg 5^ ^) with the Amoodaria Department (|!jij 7^ i^). It is governed by a Governor-General, who resides at Tashkent (J§ ff- =f). These provinces lie south and south- west of the Stepnoi. Each has a military governor. • Samarkand (^ ^ ^ ^) is a very monntainons province lying just north of Bokhara. Jhe Zarafsban (Jj^ M "M ^ M) and the Syrdaria ("g g JrT) are the only large streams. The province is thinly populated. The capital is Samarkand (^ ,^ J^ ^) on the Transcaspian Rail- way. Khojent (^ ^ f*) on the Syrdaria, is an important town. Ferghana (^ W ^) is bounded on the east by Chinese Turkestan (§f g). A considerable part of the region known as the Pamirs was joined to this province in 1895. Ferghana is se- parated from British territory on the south by a narrow strip of land, in some places not more than 10 miles wide, which includes both sides of the Hindoo-koosh Mountains (f(J M. W-M iil)- It is very mountainous, containing the Alai (PqJ ^ •^) and Pamir mountains. The Syrdaria rises in this province, also the Chinese river Kashgar (^ ■fh Bf ^ JrT). The Chinese town of Kashgar is near the boundary of this province. • Khokand (f^ ^) and Osh (f |5 ff) are important towns. Syrdaria is ihe province east by the Aral Sea north of the Amoo. Amoodaria lies along the Amoo River and the coast of the Aral Sea. Tashkent (}§ f-f- ^) on the Syrdaria, Chimbai (^ |&) in Amoodaria and Chimkent (^ ■^) are important towns. The Syrdaria River flows through this province and gives it its name. The Aral Sea is the largest inland sea entirely belonging to Asia. Having no outlet its waters are salt. Its length in 262 miles and its breadth 184 miles. It receives the two large rivers — Amoo and Syrdaria. Western Siberia (H ifc fj gg W }§)• This is not a political division, bat a descriptive term which includes the two provinces of Tobolsk i%^ E.M'^'-M) and Tomsk (fE ® ^ ^ '-M)- ^^i^h extend from the Stepnoi on the south to the Arctic Ocean on the north. The inhabitants of the middle and southern parts are mostly European Russians or their descendants, and each of the two provinces has a civil governor. This part of Siberia is divided into four distinct belts or zones ; the agricultural, the mountainous, the forest, and the Toondras, or frozen marshes of the north. The Obi (fg ^t) and its tributaries are navigable in the summer. The capital and most important towns of the two provinces are Tobolsk (fg ffl. ^ ^ M) and Tomsk i^^B^'^M) respectively. Eastern Siberia (^ JtM ^"M. ]&)• Eastern Siberia contains two Governor Generalships, viz., Irkutsk (P W M ^ "^ ^} and Amur (M M W ^M)- 36 THE RUSSIAN EMPIEE. The Oovernor-General of Irkutsk rules the three provinces of Yeniseisk (^ ^ ^ ^), Irkutsk ^m M^:^''M)> and Yakutsk (SS ^ ?Jc ^ '-§)■ Yeniseisk extends from Outer Mongolia to the Arctic Ocean. Irkutsk, the adjacent province, is hounded on the south by Outer Mongolia and on the east by Lake Baikal (# ^ t^ jj^). Both of these provinces are divided into agricultural, forest, and Polar belts. About three-fourths of the inhabitants are European Eussians, and the remainder are Russian Tartars or Mongols. The navigable streams of these two provinces are the Yenisei (^ ^ |g ^) and its tributaries. The upper part of the Lena (^ ^ •^) also flows through Irkutsk. The upper Tunguska (jj -j^ ^ "^ fflj), called Angara (^ ^ ^ JpJ), where it leaves Lake Baikal, conveys the waters of that lake into the Yenisei River. Lake Baikal (^ B§ U iB |n |& ^) is the largest fresh water lake of Asia. It is about 400 miles long, and is about 45 miles wide, and the water is 1,800 feet deep. It is navigable by steamers in summer, and sledges cross on the ice in the winter. Each of , the two provinces of Yeniseisk and Irkutsk has a civil governor. The important towns of Yeniseisk are Yeniseisk {^ J^ m «). Achinsk (M g Hi ]£ M) and Krasnoyarsk Cg m^WmMM ^)- The most important town of Irkutsk is Irkutsk {^ M M ^ ^ M) near Lake Baikal, the residence of the Governor-General. Yakutsk, the third province of thisj^section, includes an immense region in the northern part of Siberia, eastward to the Stanovoi Mountains. It includes the Lena River (^ ^ ^) with its tributaries. It has few inhabitants and little land which can be cultivated. The province has a military governor residing at Yakutsk on the Lena River. The Governor-General of Amur resides at Khabarovka ("& E iH "g" ^ ID ffi fj) in the Primorsk Province (^ ^ ^ i§). He has under his jurisdiction the four provinces— Transbaikal mn^W} m Amur in mm *'), Prlmorsk (^ ^ ^ ^), and Saghalin (iB&miB^SHft). each of which has also a military governor. The Transbaikal is bounded on the south and- east by the Chinese provinces of Outer Mongolia and Hei-lung-chiang. About one-third of this province is fit for agriculture, and it supplies grain for most of Eastern Siberia. The Yablonoi Mountains iM^ ^W ^M) a continuation of the Stanovoi Mountains, cross this province. About 70 per cent of the inhabitants are European Russians, and' the remainder Mongols, The principal rivers are the Shilka {/BM^ M)> a tributary of the Amur River, and the Selenga (^ H ^ J^), which flows from Mongolia through the Transbaikal into Lake Baikal. The capital is Chita (^ ^ M). Other important towns are Kiakhta ('f^ ]£ ^) near the border of Mongolia on the Russ'ian post road from Kalgan (M ^ P) to Irkutsk, and JSTerchinsk (^ ^ ^ |p g ^ E Hf ;^) on the Shilka River. The Amur Province extends along the border of the Chinese province of Hei-lung-chiang from the mouth of the Shilka to the mouth of the Usuri. The province is thinly populated, and most of the £owns are on the north bank of the Amur River. The most important place ia Blagovestchensk (ffe 1 ^ ID ^ ^ 115 M ft E ^ iS) on the Amur River at the mouth of the Zeza ($S S M in it Jfll); the largest tributary of the Amur from this province. The Primorsk, or Maritime Province, includes the whole of the Pacific Coast of Siberia east of the Usuri River, and from the border of Corea to the Bering Strait. It includes the Notes. RUSSIA IN ASIA. ; 87 two peninsnlas of Chukot and Kamchatka. The sontheru portion, called the Usnri District, is. the only part of the Primorsk which has much population, or which can be considered important. Tjje Amur River (^ || f£) lies wholly in this province from the mouth of the Usuri to the sea. By treaty the Chinese are allowed free navigation. The most important town of the Primorsk is Vladivostock (^ ^ ^) in Peter the Great Bay (^^^W^ W)- The harbor is perfect, and a large floating dock affords facilities for repairing vessels. A military governor and also an admiral reside here. Khabarovka (fg jflj), the residence of the Governor- General, is on the Amur fiiver at the mouth of the Usuri and connected with Vladivostock by rail. Nicolaiepk (Ja ii 35 ^ # ^ ^ m J® 1i) is the port of the Amur River, situated about 20 miles from its month. Saghalin is a large island off the coast of the Primorsk. It is a penal colony for the worst class of convicts. The climate and soil are both unfavorable for agriculture. The island contains 10,000 convicts, and is governed by a military governor residing at Due (^ -^) on the western coast. The most important work now proceeding in Russia for increasing the power of the Empire in Asia, is the construction ofthe Transiberian Railway to connect European Russia with the Pacific Coast. This railway crosses from European Russia into the southern part of Tobolsk. It passes through the northern part of Akmolinsk through Tomsk, Yeniseisk and Irtutsk to Lake Baikal. From the city of Irkutsk the railway is to skirt the southern end of the lake and proceed eastward down the Shilka valley to the Amur River. It will follow the Amur River to the mouth of the Usnri, and it then turns southward to Vladivostock. At present (1897) this road is finished from Vladivostock to Khabarovka at the mouth of the Usuri, and from the west as far as Irkutsk. The principal towns of Siberia are on the line of tbis railway. They are Vladivostock, Khabarovka, Nerchinsk, Chita, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Achinsk, Tomsk and Omsk. ^8 THte BRITISH EMPIRE. The British Empire in Asia (^ ^). The British Empire in Asia and its adjacent islands inchides India (^ ^), Burma (H -^J) Baluchistan (f^ f^ -^), Aden (55-7 ), Ceylon (^ ^), the Straits Settlements {M^ 6 M SS 3S J^ Jl), Hongkong (^ f^) and a part of Borneo {^^%^Wt J^)> together with numerous small islaflds in the Indian Oceain. India (Pp m- The peninsula of India, or Hindostan, projects in a wedge-shape southward into the Indian' Oceail, being bounded on the east by the Bay of Bengal {^ Jji Ji f§ j^) and on the west by the Arabian Sea (f^ JlJ fg f^). The eastern coast is called the Coromandel Ooast, and the western' the Malabar Coast. India, is bounded on the north by Tibet, Chinese Turkestan, the Pamirs and Afghanistan. The climate of India is cool in the northern part, but extremely hot in the middle and southern parts. In the north, the country is mountainous, and contains valleys and small plateaus of very high altitude. The interior of the greater part of the peninsula is hilly, but there are many extensive plains and river bottoms. The most important rivers are the Ganges (fa J^), the Brahmapootra (|| i^ |^ ^ f£) and the Indus (P|J ;g J^). In size, India is nearly equal to the Eighteen provinces. Its popula- tion is about 280,000,000. Most ojf India is very fertile. In the 17th century, a British trading company, called the East India Company, acquired a little territory, which has been gradually extended until now the whole of India, excepting a few small settlements of Portugal and France, either belongs to Great Britain or is governed by native rulers who are tributary to Great Britain. The capital and most important city of India is Calcutta (Jji ^ ^ ^;j*) on the Ganges. The Viceroy of India resides here. The trade of Calcutta is immense. The other chief towns of India are : — Patna ('|'@ %) on the Gauges. Bombay {^ g) on Bombay Island, a great commercial city, and becoming an important city for cotton manufactures. Madras {% ^7 ^ g), the most important town on the Coromandel Coast. Benares (f|§ % g.), a sacred city of the Hindoos on the Ganges River. Allahabad (PnJ Ji Bg ^t #), an important military station and large city on the Ganges. Trichinopoli (fg M ft %l WL M) > an important military station in Southern India. Lahore (^ "Ig), in Northern India, famous for silk manufactures. THE BRITISH EMPIEE IN ASIA. 39 Hyderabad (^ f§ ^ £,), the capital of oae of the tributary kingdoms, the Nizam's Dominions, in Central and Southern India The government of India and Burma is carried on by thirteen administrations under the Viceroy at Calcutta, viz. : — Under Governors. Madras (ft ^T tt ID- Bombay a K). Under .Lieutenant-Governors. Bengal {^ ^p ^). \ North-west Provinces with Oudh (W '^h '-§ iSi M f*)- Punjab C^ tu £). Under Chief Commissioners. Burma (Upper and Lower) (,^ %). Assam (MM ^)- Central Provinces (^ !§). Berar (f# ^). * British Baluchistan (j^ ^ ^). /'Andaman Islands (^ ;/c i^ fe)- 1 Nicobar Islands (^^ pf G g ft). Ajmere Merwara (M 'MMWM^ W- Goorg C^ If ^). The Governors of Madras and Bombay have greater independence than the others. British India is divided into 245 Districts with a magistrate at the head of each, who is responsible to the Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, or Chief Commissioner of the province. Burma (§i ^) is now included in British India, but it is not a part of the peninsula of Hindostan, and originally formed a separate kingdom. A part of Southern Burma was annexed by Great Britain in 1826, another part in 1852, and the whole northern part of the country in 1885. Burma is bounded on the north by Tibet and Yunnan, on the east by Yunnan, the French Shan States and Siara, on the south by the Bay of Bengal, and on the west by the Bay of (Bengal and by the two Indian provinces of Assam and Bengal. Burma is divided into Upper and Lower Burma. Upper Burma is a hilly country, rich in minerals. Lower Burma is mostly a rich alluvial plain. The rivers of Burma are the Irrawaddy (^ fi % ^), with numerous large branches, and the Salwen (^ ^). The latter rises in Tibet and flows through Yunnan before it enters Burma. The Irrawaddy is navigable for 900 miles from its mouth to the town of Bhamo. The chief town of Lower -Burma is Rangoon (^ ^) on the Rangoon River in the "delta of the Irrawaddy. It is connected with Mandalay by railroad. * See note on page 40. 40 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. The chief town of Upper Burma is Mandalay (^ :fi g") on the Irrawaddy. Other important towns are Bhamo (g, 0) at the head of navigation on the Irrawaddy, Tenasserim (.%M M'M %■) ^^ ^^^ southern part in the Malay Peninsula (22 i^ i Ji 3x)- The population of Burma is estimated to be about 7,500,000. The prevalent religion is Buddhism. The Principal Tributary States of India. Hyderabad, or the Nizam's Dominions (f^ ^ X =8 -^ S)- Cashmere (^^ |n "^ {f M W)> i" the extreme^ north, in the mountainous Himalayan region. Mysore (J f^ ^), in Southern India. Central India States (*f» f P fS ^ '■§), from which comes the Malwa opium. Eajpootana (^ij B /|> /^ il ^ Jl&). a large territory, part of which is desert. Nepal (^ fjS ® 15 Jif M ^). capital Khalmandu (-^, 5 ^ ^), a native kingdom situated just south of the Himalaya Mountains, is nominally independent, though a British resident resides at the capital. The population is about 2,000,000. Bhutan (^i^ '^ ^ E ID '^^ :J3*) i^ a smaller state than Nepal, also situated in the edge of the Himalayas and nominally independent. Both of these states are in close relations with Tibet on account of the large number of Buddhists living in them. Baluchistan (j^ |^ ^), capital Kalat (Bg $fc), is a mountainous country occupied by tribes of Mahometans, the chiefs of which owe allegiance to the Khan of Kalat. It is bounded on the north by Afghanistan, on the east by India, on the south by the Arabian Sea, and on the west by Persia. The country is semi-independent, but altogether under the control of India in regard to external relations and also to a considerable extent in internal affairs. The population is estimated to be 220,000. Note. — British Baluchistan is contiguous to the native Baluchistan on the east. The term Baluchistan is sometimes used to cover both districts. Aden (SS T)- Aden is connected with British India in government. It is an important military and naval place, because it commands the entrance to the Red Sea {^ ^). It is the centre of a British Protectorate over the Arab tribes of Southern Arabia. The Somali Coast Protectorate on the African side of the Gulf of Aden and several small islands, are also connected with Aden. The most important islands are the Kuria Muria Islands (iSr M 3S /t: M 35 § ^) off the coast of Arabia, and Socotra (f^ ^ f* ^) at the entrance of the Gulf of Aden. Ceylon {^W- Ceylon is an island in the Indian Ocean separated from India by the Palk Strait (}(g ^ ji^). It has belonged to England since 1796. It is a separated colony, having no political connection with India. The island is 266 miles from north to south and 140 miles from east to west. It lies within the Torrid Zone. The interior is mountainous, and the climate varies with the altitude. The principal productions are tea, coffee, rice and tropical fruits and spices. THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN ASIA. 41 The capital of Ceylon is Colombo (pf j^ Jjj). Tlie two important ports of Ceylon are Point de Galle ('^ f* ^ H) at the south and Trinkomali (^ rT i^l M) ^^ t^^ north-east. The population of Ceylon is over 3,000,000 and the prevailing religion is Buddhism. The Maldive Archipelago (J^ Mi"^^ W A)^^ under the rule of the Governor of Ceylon. The Straits Settlements (M ^ ^ M WC ^ M M)- This is the name given to the British Possessions in the southern part of the M^lay Peninsula governed from Singapore. The settlements include the British provinces of Singa.pore (fjf ^ ^), Penang (^ |6j5 {^). Province Wellesley (M M ± ?!l W). and the Bindings (T T * ft), and Malacca (i fij ^) : also the following states with native rulers under British protection; Perak (j^ !i||l), Selangor (^ W f^). Sungei Ujong and Jelebn {^M M ^ Ik ^ ^i ^)> Negri Sembilan (^ :^ M H St M). Johore {^ ^), and Pahang (^ ^). Singapore (If ^ ^). Singapore is an island situated off the southern extremity of the Malay Peninsula (22 JjS i il!i 35) almost under the Equator. It is 27 miles long and 14 miles broad, and is separated from Johore by a narrow strait about three quarters of a mile wide. The town of Singapore is situated on the south side of the island. It has a fine harbour, and, in regard to the number of vessels calling, is one of the greatest ports in the world. Five docks and all the arrangements necessary for shipping are found here. The population of the island is about 185,000 of whom 122,000 are Chinese. The Governor of the Straits Settlements resides here, and a British military force is situated here. Penang (^ ^ ^). Penang is the northernmost of the settlements. It is an island about 15 miles long and 9 miles broad, situated off the west coaat of the Malay Peninsula. The chief town of the island is George-town (^ f^ ^). The production of the island is betelnuts. The trading passing through the place is quite extensive. The population of George-town is about 85,000. It is the centre of the government of Province Wellesley and the Dindiugs. Province Wellesley (^ M ± f "J '-§)■ Province Wellesley is a strip of coast about 45 miles in length, opposite the island of Penang. It is very fertile and under a high state of cultivation. It is governed from Penang. The Bindings (T T ^ ft> The Dindiugs, eighty miles south of Penang, include a group of islands and a strip of the mainland, about 22 miles long by 10 miles in width. The Bindings are under good cultivation, but otherwise little developed. Steamers call regularly at the largest island— Pulo Pangkor (5| if H ^). 42 THE BRITISH EMPIEE. Malacca {% M ¥)• Malacca is the largest of the settlements. It is situated on the western side of the Malay Peninsula, 'about 110 miles north-west of Singapore. It is about 42 miles long and from 8 to 25 miles in width. It was formerly of great commercial importance, but has become less important owing to the growth of Penang and Singapore. - Perak (^ m)- Perak is a native state situated on the western coast of the Malay Peninsula. Its greatest length is 120 miles, and its greatest breadth is 90 miles. It is a well-watered and fertile state. It is governed by a Sultan and a British resident. The chief industry is tin mining, but copper, tea and spices are also exported. The principal river is the Perak River, which is navigable for small steamers for 40 miles and for river boats another 125 miles. The seat of government occupied by the British resident is Taipeng {-j^ 2}!). The principal port is Port Weld (j^ 5 ■l^)> which, is connected with Taipeng by rail. Another railway extends for 50 miles up the valley of the Perak River from the coast. A large number of Chinese are connected with the tin mines of Perak. Selangor (Jg ^ f^). Selangor lies on the western side of the Malay Peninsula just south of Perak. Of the 81,000 inhabitants 51,000 are Chinese. The principal industry Is tin mining. Agriculture is also practised. Klang (^ ^) Is the principal port, situated about 14 miles from the mouth of the filang River. The other port is Selangor at the mouth of the Selangor River, From Klang a railway has been built to Serendeh (^ ^ ^f ), a distance of 46 miles. Sangel Ujong and Jelebu {^ m ,% M Jk'M ^ m- These two states are combined nnder British protection, and the British resident ia practically ruler of the country. This state lies just south of Selangor, and is like Selangor In productions. The area is 660 square miles, and the population about 22,000, of whom one- third are Chinese. Negri SembUan (^ i^ M H ib !?)• This is a group of five small states, which occupy 2,000 square miles of the interior of the Malay Peninsula south-east of Sungei Ujong. The productions, mineral and vegetables, are similar to those of the other states of the peninsula. The population is about 48,000, of whom 6,000 are Chinese, THE BRITISH EMPIRE IN ASIA. 43 Johore {^ ^). This state lies in the southern part of the Malay Peninsula, opposite Singapore. Ifc is irnled by a Sultan, who is under the protection of Great Britain. The area is about 9,000 square miles. The population is about JiOO,000, of whom 150,000 are Chinese. The capital is Johoi'e Bharn (^ -^ £, §), just across the strait from Singapore. The products are principally spices and timber, for all of which Singapore is the port of shipment. « Pahang (^ ^). Pahang is on the eastern side of the Malay Peninsula. It is bounded on the north by Siamese territory and on the south by Johore. Its area is about 10,000 square miles. It is drained by the Pahang River. The capital is Pekan (ff^ ^) on the Pahang River, a few miles from its mouth. Gold and tin mines are found in this state. The population is about 68,000, of whom over 7,000 are Chinese. Hongkong (f ^). Hongkong is commercially the most important place in Eastern Asia. It is situated off the Coast of Kuangtung, near the mouth of the Canton River. It is 90 miles from the city of Canton. The colony includes the island of Hongkong, ceded to Great Britain by the Chinese in 1841, and Kowloon (^ H), a part of the mainland opposite the island, ceded in 1860. The island is 1 1 miles long and from 2 to 5 miles broad. It consists of a broken ridge of hills with scarcely any land fit for cultivation. What makes Hongkong valuable is the magnificent harbour, 10 squ^e miles in area, between the island and the mainland. Most of the population is found in the city of Victoria, the houses of which rise from the water's edge as far inland as the hills can be comfortably ascended. A tramway and a common road connect the harbor with the top of the ridge of hills, called the Peak District, and many dwelling houses are DOW built on the top of the hills. The population of Hongkong is over 220,000, of whom over 210,000 are Chinese. British Borneo (^ BMn^ ^)- Although Borneo is not a part of Asia, yet its nearness to Asia makes it proper to describe it with the other parts of the British Empire in Asia. Next to Australia and New Guinea, Borneo is the largest island in the world. The Dutch claimed sovereignty over the southern and western parts of the island, though they exercise their authority only along the coast. The territories of the British North Borneo Company, the ■Sultan of Brunei and the Rajah of Sarawak extend along the northern and north-eastern coast. Sarawak (S if ^ ]^ in W )|^ ^) is ruled over by a Rajah or King named Brooke, a man of English descent, whose kingdom is under the protection of Great Britain, but whose office is hereditary. Brunei (j^ % P), north-east of Sarawak, is governed by a native ruler called Saltan, under the protection of Great Britain. 44 THE BRITISH EMPIRE. British North Borneo (:[£; ^ J^), north-east of Brunei, is geverued by the British North Borneo Company, a commercial organization, under British protection. Most of the trade of all parts of Borneo is in the hands of the Chinese. In British North Bo.rneo' there are more than 10,000 resident Chinese. The exports of Borneo are the precious metals, wood, birds' nests, and the usual vegetable products of the Torrid Zone. The principal towns of North Borneo are Kuching (-j^f ^), the capital of Sarawak, on the Sarawak Eiver ; Claude Town (;g ^ :j^ ^) on the Baram River ; Brunei, the capital of Brunei on the coast,, and Sandakan ([J| fj i^), the chief port of the British North Borneo Company'^ territory. Labuan (^ ^ A) is a small island off the coast of Bornea, which was ceded to Great Britain by the Sultan of Brunei in 1846. The Chinese on the island number over a thiOasand» aud control most of the trade Notes. THE FRENCH POSSESSIONS. 45 The French Possessions {fi 1 M ife)- The French Possessions ia Asia are : — , 1. Indo-Ohina, which includes Tongking (^ M IB 4t ilf)> Annam (^ ^), Cochin China (T * if) Cambodia (^ jf H), and the French Laos (^ S X « ^ M). 2. French India, which includes several cities with small tracts of territory surrounding them. Indo-Chlna. Indo-China is governed by a Governor-General, under whom there are a Lieutenant- Governor for Cochin China, and Residents-General for Tongking, Annam, Cambodia, and the Laos territory. Tongking (4t iJf )• Tongking is bounded on the north by Yunnan and Knangsi, on the east by the Gulf of Tongking (^ ^fC j^), on the south by Annam, and on the west by the French Laos. It is divided into seventeen provinces. The interior of the province is hilly, and abounds in minerals. Near the sea there is a large and fertile plain. The principal river is the Red River (jgC J^), which rises in Yiinnan and flows through Tongking into the Gulf of Tongking. This river is navigable for light draught vessels as far as Manghao (^ %) in Yiianan. Mengtzu, (^ g ) near Manghao, has been made a treaty port to provide for the trade carried by this river. Hanoi {^ ^), the capital of Tongking, is situated on the Red River, 110 miles from its mouth. Haiphong (^ gj) is the chief sea port of Tongking. It is situated at the month of the Red River. Other important towns of Tongking are Haiduong (^ |^) on a branch of the Red River near its month and Namdinh (^ ^) and Sontay ( [Ij 'g^ ) on the Red River. Annam (^ F^.) The kingdom of Annam is a narrow strip of country between the mountains and the sea> south of Tongking and north of Cochin China. It is a kingdom under French protection. The capital and principal town is Hu6 ("g § HI H m). situated on the Hu6 River. The population of Hue is about 100,000. Other ports of Annam are Tourane ( \^ ^ ), about 40 miles south-east of Hue, and Quinhon ( If t ) still further south. The trade of Annam is almost entirely in the hands of Chinese. 46 THE FRENCH POSSESSIONS. Cochin China (f S ^). Opchin China is a French colony boanded on the north by Aunam, the French Laos, and Cambodia ; on bhe east and south by the China Sea ; and on the west by Cambodia and the Gulf of Siam. The southern part of Cochin China is a great plain mostly devoted to the growing of rice. The Meikong River (J^ f3|" 0;) empties into the China Sea by five large months in Lower Cochin China, which is intersected by many small rivers and canals. Cochin China is divided into seven provinces. The capital and most important city is Saigon (U K). Its population is about 20,000. The city is situated on the Saigon River about 40 miles from the sea. The largest vessels can come up the river to Saigon. The city is well built, and contains large docks and many fine buildings. It is connected with Singapore, Haiphong, and Hongkong by submarine cable, and land telegraph lines connect it with the principal interior towns. A railway, 25 niiles long, connects Saigon with Mitho ( ^ ^ ) on the Meikong River. Cholon ( ^ ^), four miles from Saigon, is the seat of most of the Chinese trade. It is connected with Saigon by a steam tramway. Population about 40,000, of whom nearly half are Chinese. Cambodia Ct if H ID ft ID- Cambodia is a monarchy under French protection-. It lies between Siam and Cochin China, having a sea coast on Gulf of Siam. It is watered by the Meikong, which flows through it from north to south. The capital Fnom-penh ( ^ J§- ;|^ ) is situated on the Meikong River. Although the country is nominally only a protectorate, the administration is entirely in the hands of the French, and the trade passes through Saigon. The French Laos {^ W- X^M W)- This is a country lying east of the Meikong extending from Cambodia to Yunnan. It is divided among various tribes who are under the general authority of a Resident who is respon- sible to the Governor-General of Indo-China. The French Cities of India (PP J^ ^ Jl M)- France formerly had large possessions in Hindostan, but now she holds only a few cities with a small territory around each. The most important is Pondicherry (7^ Jj^ ^ H), which is the capital of the French Indian possessions. Pondicherry is on the Coromaiidel ( !oast 85 miles fi'om Madras. The area is 115 square miles. The other French towns are Chandernagore ^ iUMMMW) ou the Hooghly near Calcutta, Karikal (i^tl ^ ^ M) »« the Coromaudel Coast south of Pondicherry, Yanaon {^ j^ ^) on the Coromaudel Coast north-east of Madras and Mah6 {% H) on the Malabar Coast. The trade of French India is decreasing, and the. cities are not of great importance. SUM. 47 Siam iMBB)- The kingdom of Siam lies between Burma aud French Indo-China. It is bounded on the north by the British and French Laos (or Shan States) and on the south by the Gulf of Siam and the British Malay states of Perais: and Pahang. The river Meikoug (j^ f^ ^) forms the eastern boundary of Siam, the river Sal wen J^ ^) was the ancient religion of the country. The adherents of this religion are now called Parsees. The capital of Persia is Teheran (^ ^ ^), a city of about 100,000 inhabitants, situated in the northern part of the country near the Blburz Mountains (^ M ■^ M i lll)i which extend across the country between Teheran and the Caspian Sea. Other important cities are Tabriz (^ fg ^ij ^) in the north-western part, Ispahan (£j[ ^ G ^) ii the central part, formerly the capital, Meshed (^ ^ ^) in the north-eastern part, con- sidered a holy city by the Mohammedans, and Bnshire {^ f^ ^), an important port on the coast of the Persian Gulf. Wild animals abound in Persia owing to the extensive uninhabited wastes. The principal exports are silk goods, rugs, perfumery, jewelry, and various elegant knick-knacks. 50 ARABIA. Arabia (.^ M fS)- Arabia is a hot desert plateaa with oasis and fertile valleys scattered throngh it. The shore of the Red Sea aud a part of the Persiau Galf shore are claimed by Turkey. Great Britain holds Aden (gg f), at the entrance of the Red Sea. Oman (^ Jg), with Muscat (;fc Ep) as its capital, is situated at the entrance of the Persian Gulf. The rest of Arabia is under no central government, and is claimed by no nation. The inhabitants are divided into tribes, each ruled over by a chief, or Sheik. The area of Arabia is 1,219,000 square miles and the population is sup- posed to-be about 5,000,000. The -natives are of the Mahometan religion. In Turkish Arabia are situated the sacred Mahometan cities of Mecca (^ ^) and Medina (|^ ^ ^), to which Ma- hometans from all parts of the world go on pilgrimages. Notes. TURKEY 51 Turkey (±:^^m)- Turkey in Asia is a part of the Turkish Empire, whose capital is Constantinople (^ |§f J3. ■7*) in Europe. It is a poor and weak country, because of its bad government. The region which it occupies is of great historical interest, and has at different times in the past been very important. Turkey is now the leading Mahometan country of the world, and the Sultan of Turkey considers himself the head of the Mahometan Church. Asiatic Turkey includes the peninsula called Asia Minor ()J» gg fS 55) between the Black and the Egean Seas ; Syria (,^ H ^), the region between Asia Minor and Arabia y Koordistan (■6" M 65 Sf i3")> north-east of Syria ; Armenia (gg M ^ Jb 55)) between Koordistan and Russian Transcaucasia ; Mesopotamia (^ ^ ^ ^ jS 55); the valley of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers ; El Hasa (^ £ B^ ^), the northern part of the Persian Gulf coast of Arabia; and the western part of Arabia on the Red Sea. Palestine (® :;fi;), the original home of the Jews (® ^ A) aid the place where Jesus Christ lived, is in Syria. The Ottoman Turks (PSJ ^ ^ i^ A) who rule over this country are a tribe of Tartars who came originally from Central Asia. The people over whom they rule are of various lan- guages and races. The important cities of Asiatic Turkey are Smyrna fi ^ ^) near the northern coast of Asia Minor ; Scutari (i iS' A ?!l). opposite Constantinople on the Bosphorus (G ± ^ 8& i ll^); Jerusalem (fflj 88 Jlf ijf), the ancient capital of the Jews in Palestine ; Damascus Uz J^ fe)> ^^ inland city of Syria ; Bagdad (£,^11 ^), on the Tigris River, the ancient capital of the Saracen Empire ; Mecca (^ Jp) and Medina (^ J^fe, ^), in Turkish Arabia. Many other cities might be mentioned which were of great importance in ancient times, but whose prosperity has now disappeared. Cyprus (g it ]?•&), iu the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea, is nominally connected with the Turkish Empire, but the government is administered by Great IBritain. 52 MALAYSIA, OE MALAY ARCHIPELAGO. Malaysia, or Malay Archipelago (g -^^ 5 %). The principal islands of this division are : — The Philippine Islands (»J, g 5^ S ft)- belonging to Spain. Borneo (|g ^ |m |n ^ %\ belonging to Great Britain and Holland, Sumatra (M f^ ^ Wi &). belonging to Holland. Java (;i; (^ ft) „ „ „ The Celebes (1 S W 5 A) » The Molucca Islands (^ H Jfl ^ ft) belonging to Holland. These with the numerous smaller islands adjacent to them form a sort of connection between Asia and Australia and New Guinea. They are all of interest to China, because great numbers of Chinese live in all of them, and the trade is mostly in the hands of Chinese mer- chants. The climate of these islands is intensely hot and the products are similar to those of the Malay Peninsula. The Philippine Islands (>J^ g ?K S &)• This group includes over a thousand islands. The largest island and the one nearest to China is Luzon (g ^ ft). Manila (,f| ^ $]J), the capital and the most important city of the islands, is situated on the western coast of Luzon, This is a rich and busy city of about 50,000 Chinese Mestizos or half breeds. Manila is famous for the export of tobacco. Other ports, of the Philippine Islands are Iloilo Cfi* ^ ^ W)' i^ ^bie island of Panay {^ ^) and Cebu (^ g^) in the island of the same name. <• Borneo (H B U ID Wi ft)- Next to Australia and New Guinea, this is the largest island in the world. It is about 8.50 miles in length and 600 miles in breadth. The Equator passes through the middle of ifc. British Borneo has been described under the British Empire in Asia. The Dutch claim sovereignty over the southerh and the western part of the island. The principal Dutch ports are Pontianak (g, t]). on the west coast and Banjermassin (JSE ^ ,l| ^ |n Wi I'l'). on the southern coast. The Dutch power in this island, as in the other islands of this archipelago, does not extend far inland. Sumatra (1 PI ^ 1 ft in M ^)- * ' This island comes next to Borneo in size. Like Borneo it is divided into two nearly equal parts by the Equator. It lies in a north-westerly and south-easterly direction, and is over a thou- sand miles in length. A mountain range runs through its whole length nearer to the western than to the eastern shore. The island is nominally under the dominion'of the Dutch, but a lar»e part of the interior is practically independent. The Dutch capital is Padang (/V ^), on the west MALAYSIA, OB MALAY AECHIPELAGO. 53 coast. Other important towns are Kotoraja {vj ^ it M) and Bencoolen (^ ® ® @1 Sumatra is separated from the Malay Peninsula by the Strait of Malacca (1^ M ^^ W 0)' Many small islands lie ou both sides of it. The best known are Banca (^ lni ^ SiM ^) and Billiton (JIj ^ ^), which are famous for their tin mines. Java (Jf^m)- Java is an island similar in form to Sumatra, but much smaller. It is separated from Sumatra by the narrow straits of Sunda (H fj^ ^^ jl^). It is famous for the export of coffee, .sugar, and spices. The capital, Batavia (Gi ^ i^ 35 SI IS ^ G)' i"^ t^^ northern part, is also the capital of the Dutch possessions in Malaysia. The Governor-Greneral resides here. Batavia is the most important commercial port of the Malay Archipelago. There is a large Chinese population. The Celebes Islands (S M "5 ^ A) This group is situated east of Borneo. It consists of one large irregular island, near which are many small islands. The capital and chief town is Macassar (,|| -^ ^ ^). The climate and yrodaotions of the Celebes are similar to those of the other islands of Malaysia. The Moluccas (;S ^ *ll ? A). This group of islands lies east of the Celebes between those islands and New Guinea. The largest islands of the group are Qilolo (jg J| Jp) and ■ Ceram (|| ^). The people are mostly savages, and trade is but little developed. Ternate ((§ ^) and Amboina (^ fg ^) on small islands are the principal towns. ~ ' 54 AUSTRALASIA. Australasia (ft ifi f J 5S a 1 ifi il %). This division inclades New Guinea (£1 ;i|i gg), Australia (ft Jflj ifij 5g); Tasmania (^ ^ M z^)' ^^"i ^^'"' Zealand (||f 'g ^), together with several groups of small islands, the most im- portant of which are New Britain (ff % g), New Ireland, or the Bismark Archipelago (if PqJ j^ ^), the Solomon Islands {'^ H PI S %)> ^^^^ ^^^ Hebrides (if # ffi JftJ ifi 5 ^), and New Caledonia (if MM^ fb A)- A^ew CFu/nea (EH^ S5). This island lies just south of the Equator. After Australia, it is the largest island in the ■world. Its length is nearly 1,500 miles and its greatest breadth 430 miles. The north-western half belongs to Holland and the eastern half is divided between Great Britain and Germany. The island is rich in tropical products, but is not much developed. The capital of British New Guinea is Port Moresby (Jg f^ i IglJ), in the south-eastern corner of the island. Australia (ft J| M 35). Australia is so large that geographers differ in opinion, whether to call it an island or a continent. Its area is about 3,000,000 square miles, while that of Europe, the smallest of the continents, is only 8,700,000 square miles. The greatest length of Australia from east to west . is 2,300 miles, and the greatest breadth from north to south is 2,000 miles. The surface is a nearly level plain with low mountain ranges on the eastern and western margins. Most of the interior is a desert. There are no important rivers. The vegetation and the wild animals of Australia are very different from what we find in any other part of the world. Among the animals, the kangaroo and the ornithorhynchns (or duck bill) are the most 'peculiar. The inhabitants of Australia are- mostly of British descent, and the island is a part of the British Empire. Australia is divided into five colonies :— 1. Victoria (iH ^ ^ij), Capital Melboorne (^ Jg: Jg). 2. New South Wales (if ^ H S Ml » Sydney m ^ Jb)- 3. Queensland (J, ^ ]i), „ Brisbane (t^ fj ^ $EE). 4. South Australia (ft Jt ?ij gg r& ig), „ Adelaide (ffi f^ Jj?). 5. Western Australia (ft ^ flj gg W W). » . Perth (it ^ fS)- The leading occupations of Australia are agriculture and the raising of cattle and sheep. Gold mining is also important in Victoria and Western Australia. The gold mines were discovered after those of California, and many Chinese went there to work in them, therefore the common name given to Australia by the Chinese is " Hain-'chin-shan " (if ^ lU). AUSTEALASIA. 55 Tasmania iM M ^ ^)' Tasmania, formerly called Van Dieman's Land, is a British colony lying just sonth of Australia. It is mountainous and wooded. The climate is temperate. The principal occupa- tions are agriculture and cattle raising. The capital and principal city is Hobart Town New Zealand (if W '^)- New Zealand is a British colony, and consisting of two large and a number of Ibiall islands lying east of Australia. The surface of the islands is mountainous, and the climate is temperate. The islands are volcanic. The two principal islands are called North Island (^[j ft) and South Island (f^ %). As they extend through 12 degrees of latitude the. difference in climate between the northern and southern ends of the islands is very great. Agriculture and sheep raising are the principal occupations. New Zealand is a flourishing colony rapidly increasing in wealth and population. The capital is Wellington (^I^ ^ iE)) ia North Island. Other important cities are Auckland {% ^ ■^), in North Island, Dunedin iM. J^ J£). in South Island, Christchnrch (^ ^ ^ # S)> in South Island, and Nelson (^ M M)' ii South Island. New Britain and New Ireland (.1^ ^ M Ik WiM W M)- These islands lie east of New Guinea, which they resemble in climate and productions. They are now claimed by the Germans, and are collectively called the Bismark Archipelago (^ ± ^ « A)- ne Solomon Islands (^ ^ f^ 5 ft). This group of islands belongs to Germany. The islands extend south-east for 700 miles from the Bismark Archipelago. They are still undeveloped and but partially explored. The New Hebrides (ff # fg fij ^ 5 ft). These islands lie south-east of the Solomon Islands, which they resemble. They are not claimed by any European power, but Great Britain and France combine to exercise a loose pro- tectorate over the islands. New Caledonias Cif MM ^ ^ &)• This island, with several smaller islands in the neighborhood, belongs to France. It is celebrated for its nickel mines. It is about 250 miles long and 30 miles broad. The French use it for a penal settlement. The capital is Noumea (^ ^ ^), on the south-west coast, which has regular steamer communication with Australia and France, and is connected with Australia by a telegraphic cable. SQ ISLANDS OF THE PAOIFIC. Islands of the Pacific {^si^-^m ^> There are numerous groups of small islands scattered over the Pacific Ocean east of the Malaysia and Australasia. The Sandwich Islands (H ^ f| ^ 5 ^ m^ ^ ill), in the northern part of the Torrid Zone, are under the protection of the United States. The capital and most important city is Honolulu (>/|j ^J i^ i^) Many Chinese live in these islands. % The Caroline Islands (-^ JH ^ 9 ^) are a widely scattered group of small islands claimed by Spain. They lie east of the Philippines. The Fiji Islands (|^ ;^ ^ -ft), east of the New Hebrides, belong to Great Britain. The Samoan Islands (^ Jft 35 ? ft) are under the joint protectorate of Great Britain, Germany, and the United States. The Aleutian Islands (^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ft), in the Northern Pacific, form a chain between Alaska (M ^ ^ ^) a^id Kamchatka. They belong to the United States. Notes. VOCABULARY. Achinst - Adelaide - Aden Afghanistan Aigun, or Sagalien, or chSng Ajmere Merwara Akashi Akmolinsk Aksa Alai Mountains - Ala-knl - Alashan - Alaska Aleutian Islands Allahabad Altai Monntaina Amboina - America - Amgun - A moo, or Oxas, or Amoodaria Amoodaria Amoy Amnr Amur Anching - Anchoa - Andaman Islands Angara - Anhsi Hei ME lang-chiang - m mm^m m n n ssn ^ ^ M'^Wi Town, Russian Empire. 35 6^ 2^ „ Australia. 55 "J* „ British Empire. IW IS ?F Country, Asia. ^ j| j^} Gity, Chinese Empire. ^ ^ ^ Province, India. ^ ^ Wi Strait, Japan. M%M Province, Russian Empire. „ Ijg Town, Akmolinsk, Russian Empire. . M ^ ^ City, Hi, Chinese Empire. %MU River „ JJ5 •^ Mountains, Russian Empire. Lake, Semirechinsk, Russian Empire. -^ ^ ill Mountains, Kansu, Chinese Empire. ikM ^ Territory of The United States. ^ ^ ft Islands, Northern Pacific. 1^ ^ !!# City, India. f@ iC ill Mountains, Asia. ^ ffi S5 Town, Moluccas Islands. M JU M Continent. ^ iS M River, Siberia. PqJ Tf: {^ River, Central Asia. M ?fC ^t Province „ g P^ Port, Chinese Empire. Mil a River, Asia. Province, Siberia. ^ M M City, Anhui, Chinese Empire. §tm » Corea. ^ ^ ft Islands, British Empire, g ^ Jpf River, Russian „ 3f W 'M City, Kansu, Chinese Empire. MMM *r -s VOCABULARY. Anhai ^ Wi ^ Proviace, Oliiaese Empire. Annam - - - - - - ^ ^ Kingdom, Indo-China. Arabia - ^ M Pjj fS Country, Asia. Ara-knl M i& M S. 'M Lake, Russian Empire. Aral Sea PiU ^ 1$ f# Sea, Russian Empire. Argun "SS-W "^ ^M River, Manchuria. Armenia SS M ^ /^ SS Division, Turkish Empire. Asia 35 3^ 35 ffl Continent. , Asia Minor - - - - >Ji SS $ffl 35 Division, Turkish Empire. Askabad PrI SS "& H Town, Transcaspian, Russian Empire. Assam - - - - - . - M ^ ^ Province, India. Auckland - - - - - - M^M ^i^y, New Zealand, Australasia. Australasia - ^Mlf!l3gSmE^^ Australia J^ ftfe ^J 35 Continent.^ Awaji ^ 8& Island} Japanese Empire. Aynthia Jt ^ 35 City, Siam. Bab-el-Mandeb - Bagarash (See Bostany.) Bagdad - Baikal Baku Balkash - Baluchistan Banca Bangkok - Banjermassin Baram E& Strait, between Asia and Africa. Baria Barkul Batang Batavia Batum Benares - Bencoolen- Bengal ,, Bay Berar Bering Strait Bhamo - G *P ^ City, Turkey. •W^MM^^M Lake, Russian Empire. - H jft M Port, Transcaucasia, Russian Empire. ■ - E ll B& ft ri Lake, • ^^'^ Tributary State, India. #15 *B ^ in i5 ¥ Island, Malaysia. ^ ^ City, Siam. - iE ^ ,i ^ ID Ji JP* Town, Dutch Borneo: ■ E. ^ M E,iver, British „ * ^MBMn'^^M " Siberia. -QM.i$ mi^Wli Town, Kansu, Chinese Empire. •^MMM^ Lake, „ E SS Town, Ssuchuaii, „ E^flSSinPiilG. City, Java, Malaysia. ft i ^ M Po"^*-) Transcaucasia, Russian Empire. - fl& Si S City, India. ■ ^ @/Ji in ^ ■& M Town, Sumatra, Malaysia. - :£ Jo ^ Province, India. - 3E )&n ^ ^ 11 Bay, Indian Ocean. ^ ^ Province, India. - ^^ ^ Strait, between Asia and North America. E, ^ Town, Burma. VOCABULARY. Bhara ■ E @ City, Johore. Bhutan - - - -^#^EliD/P^ State, India. Billiton Jt M, ^ Island, Malaysia. Bismark Archipelago- - - ^ i ^ ^ fe Islands, -Australasia. Biwa M^ M -Lake, Japan. Black Sea ^^ Sea, between Asia and Earope. Blagoveschensk- Mf^JS ID^^lRMft ESf iS Town, Siberia, Russian Empire. Bohea ^ ^ ill Hills, Fukien, Chinese Empire. • Bokhara ^"SMS State, Transcaspian, Russian Empire. » » M Town, Bombay :£ H Province, India. „ .„ City, „ Bonin Islands - - - - th ^ W^ W A Islands, Japanese Empire. Borneo - - - - ^ il illP Sx Ji Island, Malaysia. ' Bosphoras- - - - G ± iSlt |& ± j^ Strait, Turkey. Bostany, or Bagarash -E #f Ell # i® M JIS Lake, Hi, Chinese Empire, Brahmapootra - - - 31 # 11 ^ ^ River, India. Brisbane M. 3^ SS SS City, Queensland, Australia. British North Borneo- - - ■ - 4b ^ J^ -Division, British Empire. Brunei ?¥ ^ S Tributary State, Borneo, British Empire. )» ------ jj ji City, „ Bungo - - - ♦ - W^W M Channel, Japan. Burma M ^ Province, ludia, British Empire. Bushire ^ ® ® Town, Persia. - . c Calcutta iOW ^^ City, India. Cambodia - - - - ^ iS H. Ill W 11 Division, Indo-China. or Meikong - - - MfM iL Hiver, Southern Asia. Canton ^ ^M M City, Kuangtung, Chinese Empire, Caroline Islands - - - -fe' H ^^ ^ ft Islands, Pacific Ocean. Cashmere - - - - S 1^ ID }S ft ^ ^ Tributary State, India. Caspian iPH W^^ Sea, between Asia and Europe. Caucasus "M^^M ]ii Mountains, Russian Empire. Cebn W iC ft Island, Malaysia.- „ W Se Town, Celebes - - - - - ® W S S ft Islands, ^ „ , ... Central Provinces - - - - p^ ^ Division, India, ... Ceram - - - - - - - W ^ Island, Malaysia. Ceylon ^ M ft » Sputh of India. Cha-har ^ "& M Tribe, Northern Chihli, Chinese Empire. Chandernagore - - - S ^ M 5K ^ 1? City, India. VOCABtTLAET. Chang-chon Fa • Ch'ang-pei-shan Ch'ang-sha Fa Ch'ang-tS Fa Ch'ao-chou Fa Chefoo, or Ohifoo, or Yen-t'ai Chekiang - Chemalpo - Ch'6n-chou Fa Ch'^ng-ta Fa Chi-an Fa- Chi Chou - Ch'i Hsien Ch'i Lien Shan Chi-nan Fu Chi-ning Choa Chia-hsing Fa Chia-ling Chiang Chia-yii-kaan Chiang-hna Chiang-ning Fn, or Nanking ^ Chiang-yaan Tao Chiao Chiang - Chieh Chou Chieh-hsiu Hsien Ch'ien-t'ang Chiang Chihli - , - Chilin (See Kirin.) Chimbai - Chimkent - Chiu Choa Ch'in Choa China Chinkiang- Ching Ho - ^ Ch'ing-chon Fa- Ching-hai, or Kokonor )» " ■ Cbing-chi Tao - Ching-t6 Chen - Ch'ing-shang Tao Chita C)iolou - Jt irn J!9 City, Fukien, Chinese Empire. ■ :S & Ul Moantain, „ • &Wf M City, Hanan, „ ' ^ iM M f> » " ' ■ M 'M ^ » Knangtang, „ ffl -^ Port, Shantang, • Wltu'S Province, ir. ;i| Port, Oorea. • ^ m M City, Hanan, Chinese Empire. •^MM » Ssuchuan, „ ■ o S ^ » Kiangsif „ P Jfl Town, Oorea. W Wt City, Shansi, Chinese Empire. ■ Iff ^ ill Mountain, Kansn, „ - ^^M City, Shantung, „ • m^% » ' ■ MMM » Chekiang, „ - MWtL River, Ssuchaan, „ - * Sf# II Town, Kansu, - £C S & Island, Corea. M %1^'ff^ City, Kiangsa, Chinese Empire. - iCLW-M, Province, Corea. W. £n River, Chekiang, Chinese Empire. - m% City, Shansi, - ^ ^ Jii » - M $S ^ River, Chekiang, ; „ - E ii W Province, „ :^ 6 Town, Syrdaria, Russian Empire. & ^ " » » |g >M City, Shengching, „ M iMI i. Kansa, „ 4* S Country, Asia. - ^tLM City, Kiangsa, Chinese Empire. ^ M River, Kansu, „ ■ W iW'l M City, Shantang, ff^ Province, „ ^^ Lake, „ • ^ ^ ^ Province, Oorea. ■ :^ f^ j^ Town, Kiangsi, Chinese Empire. • M^ 'M Province, Corea. - # ^ M City, Siberia, Russian Empire. ^ ^ Town, Cochia-China. VOCABULAET. Christchurch - - - -"^HL M ^ ^ City, New Zealaad, Australasia. Ch'uan Choa J& il'H ijj » Fukien, Chinese Empire. » ^ jI'H ,, . Corea. . Ch'aan-lo Tao :^ JH JE Province, Oof ea. Chukot "M, i: 'H -Peninsula, Siberia, Ch'ung Chiang, or T'o Chiang /iji Jl X «,-,- n a-l at„ii x,yAi« Dominions - - - 1 =F X « ^ #} State, India. Hyderabad ■ - - - ?# ^ ^ £ Capital of above. 1 Icbang S ^ Pert, Hupei, Chinese Empire- Ichou $k 'M City, Corea. Idzumi ft ^ '^ |1^ Strait, Japan. Iki - - - - '- - - S iK Island, Japanese Empire. Islands of the Pacific - - - ic ^ # S ft Hi ^ M Division, Chinese Empire. „ - ■ Pmm River, Hi, Iloilo - - - - - P B& B Port, The Philippines. India, or Hindoostan - - - - ^ M Country, British Empire. Indian Ocean ^9 M f^ Oeean. Indo-Ohina - 'it iJi ^ W ^ ^ M W M Division, French. Possessions. Indus f-W M M River, India. Inland Sea - - ^ - - Pi ^ Sea, Japan. Irkutsk - - - - ^ M M^ ^ ''M Province, Siberia, Russian Empire. „ - - - ■ Pm m^^m City, Irrawaddy ^ i^%M ^ River, Southern Asia. Irtish ^ W ^ iY ^ " .Russian Empire. Ishim 'P ff @ M .. Ispahan iU ^ G ^ City, Persia. Issik-kul - - - ^ M ^"M W' M. M La^ke, Semirechiusk, Russian Empire. J Jao-cbou Fu ^ >}\\ J^ City, Kiangsi, Cbinese Empire. Japan. H ^ 13 Country, Asia. Japan Sea H^f^ Sea, Northern Pacific. Java - - - - - 1/1^ I^ ft Island, Malaysia. „ Sea - ;i;Pi^ Sea, Jg Ho - - ■ t - - - ife M River, Chihii, Chinese Empire. VOCABBLAEY. Jelebu Jerusalem - Johore Johore Bharu ■ Jl M ^ State, Straits Settlements. M&Wii^ City, Turkish Empire. m ffe State, Straits Settlements. iliJG# City,- K Kabul Kai-f^ng Fu Kalat Kalgan Kamchatka Kamil, or Hami ■ Kan Chiang Kan-ohou Fu • • Kan GhovL - Kandahar - K'ang-ohing Kansu Kao-yu Kara Lake Kavikal Kasbgiir 35 KeluDg Khabarovka Khalmandu Kbiva I) Khojent Khukand - Kboten Kiachta Kiangsi Kiangsu Kioto, or Saikio- Kirin, or Chilin - Kiukiang - Kiungchou Kiushiu - - - Wi^M ■ - - 51^ P - - « ^ *(i m as - - - B& ^ ■ - - mtt - - - m m M - - - ^m - ■ - -H-mW - ■ - mmm - ■ ■ «& W ffi - imm^m ■ ^ Semirechink, Russian Empire. Kotaraja "^ ^ ^ M Town, Sumatra, Malaysia. Kowloon ^ II w British -Empire. Krasnoyarsk - - %MMW WM ^ % Town, Siberia, Russian Empire. Ku-lun, or Urga- -, - jj f^ in ,^ M S City, Chinese JErapi^e. Kuching iS" ^ „ Sarawak, British Borneo^ K'uan-ch'^ng-tzu - - - - ^ ISiS "? Town, Manchuria. Kaangtung M^W Province, Chinese Empire. Kuangsi MIS 'M Kueiohou :i: jI'H '^ K'uei-ohou Fu - - - - - ^ W[ M City, Ssuchuan, „ Kuei Chiang, or T'an Chiang - - J^ Jt River, Kuangsi, ,, Kuei-hua-ch'eng - - - - IW ffc M ^i'y* Shansi, „ Kuei-lin Fu l&Vf- M " Kuangsi, „ Kuei-t6 Fu M%M » Honan, - „ Kuei-yang Fu "Si^^M ,< Kueiohou, „ Kuldja, or Hui-yuan - - - - ^ ^M » Il'» Kun-lun H,-^lll Mountain, Asia. Kung Choa ^ i^\ City, Oorea. Kuria Muria - - lSf||357fcM3S5fe Islands, Indian Ocean. Kurile Islands - - - "f* fe in '^^ f 'J 5 A » Japan. L Labuan M 1^ % Island, near Borneo. Lahore ^11 Town, India. Lan Chou - P iHI City, Chihli, Chinese Empire. Lan-chou Fu "^ 'M M ,. Kansu, Lan Ho \%M River, Ghihli, Laos - - - - ^^5(.. Kuangsi, ft 'M City, „ „ ^ ■ B ^ & Islaud, the Philippines. M M P5 ^o'"*' ^^^^ Knangtnng. .^ -^ ^ ^ Town, the Celebes, Malaysia. Ift #r Ji H Province, India. - BiJitM City, India. •^ ^ » » - H S M Town, Outer Mongolia, Chinese Empire. ■ lii ^J ¥ Province, Straits Settlements. „ Strait, Asia. - 2E 5^ A Peninsula, Southern Asia. ■ mwm^ ■ J^ ^J ft ^ 5 A Islands, Indian Ocean. "M. ^ ^ X ^i® ^'I'l Division, Chinese Empire. " M ^C W Town, Upper Burma. ffi i^ Village, Yunnan, Chinese Empire. - Mj J^ M City, the Philippines. W: ta » Arabia. , - - ^ m ^ ,, ., - ?^ "^ -^ River, Southern Asia. ^ ^ Mountain Pass, Kiangsi, Chinese Empire. ■ i? -^ ^ City, Victoria, Australia. - M '^ M River, Slam. W. 9 City, Yunnan, Chinese Empire. - M M "M » Transcaspiaa, Russian Empire. - ^ ri # » Persia. ^^7f.'M^?S. Division, Turkish Empire. ^ ^ ^ ^ M ^ City, Transcaspiau, Eussian Empire, life iL River, Ssuchuan, Chinese Empire. m a ,. Eukien, ^^ Town, Cochin-China. M M Mining District, Manchuria. - & ^IHt ^ A Islands, Malaysia. / 12 VOCABULARY. Mongolia, Inner - - - - ^ ^ "6" Division, Chinese Empire. ' Outer . . . . ^^-^ Mn-pa TfC f® City, Corea. Muscat ?fC ^ )) Arabia. Mysore S ^ if State, India. N \ Nagasaki - ^^ Port, Japan. Namdinh M ^ Town, Tongking, Indo-China. Nan-an Fa ^ ^ M ^^^1^ Kiangsi, Chinese Empire. Nan-ch'ang Fu - t - - - fS iM ii^ » » »> iS"an-hsinng Chou - - - - if ^ M ,, Kuangtnng, „ Nan-k'ang Fu ^MM » Kiangsi, ^ Nanking, or Chiang-ning Fa ^%^U%M » Kiaugsn, " „ Nan-ling - - ' - - - - if # Mountains „ Nanshau ^ lU „ Chekiang „ Nan-yang Fu - - - • - - "^ l^ M City, Honan Negri Sembilan- - - ft ^ M H J:b ^ States, Straits Settlements. jjg]gon ^©^ City, New Zealand, Australasia. Nepal - - - -ylS ffi IF in fP it ^ State, India. Nerchinsk- - M^S^JIifS^^ Town, Siberia, Russian Empire. New Britain - - - - M^U Island, Australasia. New Caledonia - - - M M M ^ Jt % New Guinea, or Papua - - - G •?P ilS .. » New Hebrides - - -if # fg f!l %W^% Islands New Ireland - - - - if Pnl U li Island , New South Wales - - - if if H 1. W? British Colony, Australia, Australasia. 'New Zealand M'^M Island Nicobar Islands- - - - 1 rT E S A Islands, Indian Ocean. Nicolaievsk - Bri^^WRf^in^if Port. Siberia. Russian Empire. Niigdta tiM City, Japan. Niiig-ch'iaugChou - - - -^%'M „ Shensi, Chinese Empire. Ningula - ^tJf Town, Manchuria, „ Ning-hsia Fu ^ M M City, Kansu, Niug-kuo Fu mm f^ .. ^^^^^' Ningpo m'SiM >• Chekiang, Niuchwang f^ Port, Shengching, „ Nizam's Dominion (see Hyderabad.) Nonni River MK ^i^er, Manchuria. North Frigid Zone - - - - itM^ VOCABULARY. 13 North Island Noumea - Obi - Oki Gronp- Okhotsk . Oman Omsk Ordos is Osh . Oshima - . - . . Onchiang, or W^n-chou Chiang Oudh . . - . Oxus, or Amoo, or Amoodaria ^fc S island, New Zealand, Australasia. iSLM M City, New Caledonia „ o i? ifc ?Rr River, Siberia. ^ lU Islands, Japan. 2^ ^ f§ Sea, Northern Pacific. §J J^ Division, Arabia. • ^ M ^ City, Stepnoi, Russian Empire. M ^ M Tribe, Northern Shensi, Chinese Empire. -k M. City, Japan. ^ ff* Town, Ferghana, Russian Empire. •^ % Island, Japan. U ^ River, Chekiang, Chinese Empire. ift f* Division, India. - P^ ;^ JbT River, Central Asia. ^ Padang . . - Pagoda Island - Pahang - Pakhoi . - - Pakiiam - - - Palestine - - - Palk Strait Pamirs . - - Panay - - - Paoting Fa Pao-j'ing - Papua, or New Guinea Patna - - - Pavlodar - - - Pearl, or Hsi Chiang - Pei Ho - - - Pei fang Ho Pekan - - - Peking - - - Penang Perak - - - Persia A 1^ City, Sumatra, Malaysia. - M S: i§ Island, Fukien, Chinese Empire. ^ ? State, Straits Settlements. „ River ^ „ > 4Ij ^ Citj^ Kuangtuug, Chinese Empire. G. r& Town, Siam. - J® :fc Jfe Division, Turkish Empire. - 'M^Wi Strait, between India and Ceylon, - IS tJS 10 Mountains, Central Asia. ^ ^ Island, The Philippines. - ^"^M City,.Chihli, Chinese Empire. - R ii ji Lake, Kiangsu - G ' Semipalatinsk, Russian Empire. ^ m W &I River, Kuangtung, Chinese Empire. - 'ib m ' „ Chihli, - 4t 81 M » » » ^ T City, Pahang, Straits Settlements. 'it "M C-apital, Chinese Empire. - ' - ^W i^ Island, Straits Settlements. ^ ^ State, „ River, Perak, „ ■ MM ^ Country, Asi-a. ^^ VOCABULARY. ^^^^^ itW% 'City, Western Australia. Pescadores BM9 A Islands, Japanese Empire. Peshawar Jg i? g Town, India. Peter the Great Bay - - :k^'^Wi^'M Bay, Northern Pacific.^ Petropavlovsk - Jt'^ilipS'tAw^^ Towd, AkmoUusk, Eassian Empire. Petuna - -• - . . - ik M th » Manchuria. Philippines - - - -thB^P-ik Islands, Malaysia. P'ing-an Tao - - - - . - ^ ^ Ji Province, Corea. P'ing-liang Fn ^^§,M City, Kansn, Chinese Empire^ P'ing-shan Hsien - - - - ^ ^% „ Ssuchuan, P'ing-ting Chou ^p ;£ -Itj „ Shansi, P'ing-yang ^^ City, Corea. P'ing-yang Fn ¥ Hjt „ Shansi, Chinese Empire. P'ing-yao Hsien ^^% „ Pnompenh ^ tf M » Cambodia, Indo China. Point de Galle - - - - ^ fi [^ S Port, Ceylon. ; Pondicherry - - - - ^fC ^ ^ M City, India. Pontianak H, ■fej Port, Dutch Borneo. Port Arthur - -' - - - M M P » Manchuria. „ Hamilton EjSCA Island, Corea. „ Moresby - - - - Jp Hf i S'J City, New Guinea, Australasia. „ Weld j^ 5 fS Port, Perak, Straits Settlements. Portugal ®^3^® Country, Europe. Po-yang fI5PJ^iS8 Lake, Kiangsi, Chinese Empire. Primorsk ^ iW' ^ W Province, Siberia, Russian Empire. Pulo,Pangkor - - - ^ ^W % Island, the Bindings, Straits Settlements. Punjab^ ^SUE Province, India. Purunki ^ M.^ M River, Kansu, Chinese Empire. Puyur Lake K^^ife Lake, Manchuria. Q Queensland B ^ W British Colony, Australia, Qaelpart P ffl fe Island, Corea. Quinhon If t Port, Annam. R Eajpootana - - -flH^fiin^ii State, India. Rangoon MS Town, Lower Burma. Eed River, or Songkoi - - - jfjn JpJ River, Southern Asia. Red Sea - - - - - - ifX ^ Sea, between Asia and Africa. Russia ^ JH ^ 13 Country, Europe and Asia. VOCABULARY. 15 Sado- - - - ■ ^m Island, Japanese Empire. Saghalin - - ■m. R A ipS'^ii „ Russian Empire. Saigoa - - - - WR City, Cochin China. Salwen, or Eu Chiang - - - m a River, Siam. Samarkand - - - m^w^ Province and city, Turkestan, RussianliEmpire. Samoan Islands- - - -mm^m% Islands, Pacific Ocean, „ Sandakan - - - - - ihnm Port, British Borneo. Sandwich Islands - Enm »faainffitm Islands, Pacific Ocean. Sanshing - - - ■ - Em City, Manchuria. Sarawak - - mm m^mmm^ State, British Borneo. » - t> River,- Scutari - • - ±lk:km City, Turkish Empire. Selangor - - ' ■ - ^mm State, Straits Settlements. 5J - - " " 1) Port, „ ?? - - " " »> River, Selenga - - - - mm^M ,, Mongolia and Siberia. Semipalatinsk - - -m^mmmm^ Province, Russian Empire. 3> " - - )) City, Semipalatinsk, Russian Empire. Semirechinsk - - - - ■ -tM'-M Province, Stepnoi, „ Seoul - - - - mmM Capital, Corea. Serendeh - - - - - ^mm Town, Selangpr, Straits Settlements. Shamien - - - iPM Island, Kuangtnng, Chinese Empire. Sha-shih - - - - - ^' rff Port, Hupei, „ Shan-hai-kuan - - - - - ]hmm Town, Cbihli, ~ Shang Chou - - - - m M City, Shensi, „ Shanghai - - - - - ±m „ Eiangsu, Shansi - - ■ - \msiM Province, „ Shantung - - - - - mmw ji )> Shantung Promontory - - - ^ m« Promontory, „ Shao-ch'iog - - - •-■ mm}B City^ Kuangtnng, „ Shao-chou- - - - - IS '}\'\ M )) i> )) Sheng-ching , - - - - r^MW Province, „ Shensi - - - - IB^WW » )) Shikoku - - - - , - Ha Island, Japan. Shilka - - - - ^m^M River, Siberia. Shiraonoseki - - - - TIB Strait, Japan. Siam- - - - - mmm Country, Asia. " Siberia - - - w xt m ss Division, Russian Empire. Sihon, or Syrdaria - - - - -SMM River, Central Asia.' 16 VOCABULAEY, Singapore 59 ■ " " ■ Smyrna . . - - Socotra - - - - Solomon Islands Somali Coast Protectorate - Songari - - - - Sontay - - . - South Australia South Island Ssiichuan - - - - Stanovoi - - - - Stepnoi - Straits Settlements - 3? ^ Suchou . ^ - - )? - - - - Sumatra - - - M f^ Sunda . . . - Snngei Ujong - - - Swatow - - - - Sydney - - - - Syrdaria, or Sihon )5 Syria . - - - - - ±^m - mwmm - - miBK oj m a m ?!l 3£ it W - - m )\\ « Hf if JK f h ^ lU ^ M ^ ^ - - m>MM - - -M n - m^mm ^ M M ^ - - ?iii m ■ - m^Jt - W 5 M - - w g W Island, Straits Settlements. Town, „ City, Turkish Empire. Island, India Ocean. Islands, Australasia. British Protectorate, Africa. River, Manchuria. Town, Tongbing. British Colony, Australia. Island, New Zealand, Australasia. Province, Chinese Empire. Mountains, Asia. Division, Russian Empire. ,, British „ City, Kiangsu, Chinese Empire. „ Kansu, „ Island, Malaysia. Strait, between Sumatra and Java. Statej Straits Settlements. Port, Kuangtung, Chinese Empire. City, New- South Wales,. Australia. River, Central Asia. Province, Russian Empire. Division, Turkish ,. Tabriz Ta-chien-lu Ta-ch'ing Ho - Ta-ch'iu - Ta-lien-wan Tai-an Fu- Tai Chou - T'ai Hu - T'ai-k'ang Hsien T'ai-ku Hsein - T'ai-pei Fu Tai-peng - T'ai-shan - T'ai-wan Fu T'ai-yiian Fu - Takow fs m m n^m :/c m M ^nl ^mm M^M « M ±m ±Mm ±'4m m-^hM ±^ M\l\ MW^ ±B)^ nm City, Persia. Town, Ssuchaan, Chinese Empire. River, Cbihli, „ City, Corea. Harbour, Manchuria. City, Shantung, Chinese Empire. „ Shansi, „ Lake, Kiangsu, „ City, Honan, „ „ Shansi, „ „ Formosa, Japanese Empire. „ Perak, Straits Settlements. Mountain, Shantung, Chinese Empire. City, Formosa, Japanese „ „ Shansi, Chinese „ Port, Formosa, Japanese „ VOCABULAET. 17 Tali Fn - Tamshni - - - Tangshan - - - Tarbargatai Taritn - - - Tashkent' - Tasmania - - .- Ta-t'ung Cbiang Teheran - Tenasserim T6ng-chou Fa - Teog-kirri Nor - Ternate - - - Thianshan, or T'ien-shan Tibet Tien Lake - - - Tientsin - - - Tiflis- Tigris - - - Ting-hai - - - Tobolsk - >) - - - Tokio, or Yedo - Tokio Bay, or Yedo Bay Tomsk - 9) _ - - Tongking - Gulf of - Torrid Zone Tourane - - - Transbaikal Transcaspian Transcaucasia - Tricbinojioli - ^ - Trinkomali Tropic of Cancer Tsi-tsi-har, or Puk'uei Tsngarn . - - Tsushima - Tnla- T'umSn :- T'ung Chou :^M M City, Ynnnan, Chinese Empire. ^ 7jC Port, Formosa, Japanese „ ^ llj Town, Ohihli, Chinese Empire. ^ME B& Mountains, Central Asia. ^ M."^ 'M River, Hi and Kansn, Chinese Empire. ■ ^ ff* T City, Syrdaria, Russian Empire. S Wf 1^ ^ Island, Australasia; - :/<; [pI ^ River, Corea. , - mmm city, Persia. iMMMW ^ Town, Burma. - ?^ 'M }^ City, Shantung, Chinese Empire. mmS.m Lake, Tibet, f^ ^ Town, Moluccas, Malaj'sia. 5c llj Mountain, Central Asia, W ^ State, Chinese Empire. 'M 'M Lake, Yuunan, Ohioese Empire. Jim City,-Chihli, ^ % M M M 'I Transcaucasia, Russian Empire. &^ S. M River, Westeru Asia. - &W M C!ity, Cbekiang, Chinese Empire. f6 ffi M ^ ^ Province, Western Siberia, Russian Empire. „ City, Tobolsk,. „ y^'M » Japan. - 'Mff.'M Bay, „ f^W:M M Province, Western Siberia, Russian Empire. „ City, Tomsk, „ "Mff. &i'^t^ Division, Indo-China. ^ M J^ SS: Cfalf> South China Sea. ?^ ft Ro'"*') Annam. ■ S ^ 1^ HI W Province, Siberia, Russian Empire. mM.m»'MW. Town, India. - WPi^M. Port, Ceylon. - '^itm^m ^ ^ "& M C^ty, Hei-lnng-chiaug, Mancharia. ^ IS ^ J^ Strait, .Japan, if ,^ Island, „ - %i& M River, Outer Mongolia. - ^ PI Dl " between Corea and Russian Empire. 'M M City, Chihli, Chinese Empire. 18 VOCABOIAET. T'ang-choa Fa T'nng Kuan TuDg-t'ing - Tunguska - Turgai Turkestan - Tnrkey Tzu Chiang - |p1 ffl }^ City, Sliensi, Chinese Empire. - - mm Town, „ - M MM Lake, Hunan, ''M i Wf 1^ M Eiver, Siberia, Russian Empire. MWMU Province, - MM MM City, Turgai, ® if ^ JrT River, „ SB H ^' Division, i B ^ ID §5 -P{ Country, Europe and Asia. R &1 River, Hunan, Chinese Empire. u Uliasutai, or Cobdo - - • 1^ M. ^^ "a Division, Chinese Empire. - - - - » Town, Ural .I^^M River, Asia. Uralsk ,% Hi '-M Province, Russian Empire. Mi^M City, Uralsk, Urga (see Ku-lun) Urnmtsi - - - ,1^ i^ /fc ^ SI ji 'Hi jl'I'I „ Kansa, Chinese Empire. Ushi- - - - ' - . . ,^ ff- Town, Hi, Chinese Empire. Usuri l^M^i U^ River, Manchuria. Vladivostock W ^ ^ Town, Siberia, Russian Empire. Verni - - ^W^mMt^^MMM .. Semirechinsk, „ Victoria iH^^'J British Colony, Australia. w Wei River Wei-hai-wei Wellesley- Wellington Wen-fihou- fi JrT River, Shensi, Chinese EnJpire. ■ M ^ ^ Harbour, Shantung, „ M d: Jf!) ^S Province, Straits Settlements. ■ ^h ^ fE City, New Zealand. - fm il'H J^ » Chekiang, Chinese Empire. W^n-chou Chiang (see On Chiang) Western Australia - - ^ Jfe ^'J 35 W W British Colony, Australia. Whampao S ffi Village, Knangtung, Chinese Empire. Wu-ch'ang Fu ^^ M City, Hupei, „ Wu Chiang - - ' - - - ,^ ^ River, Kueichon, „ TCCABULAKY. Wn-chou Fu - - . - |g >)]] j^ City, Knangsi, Chinese Empire. Wnhu ^ jgg „ Anhui, ,; Wnsnng ^'M Village, Kiangsn, „ Wusnng Chiang, or Snchon Creek) -p. Wa-t'ai-shan £. S llj Hills, Shansi, „ Yablonoi - - - • ^ >$ ^W ^M Mountains, Russian- Empir^. Ya Chou MM City, Ssiichuan, Chinese Empire. Yakntsk 31 ;$ ?^ !S Province, Siberia, Russian Empire. Yalu II i^ a River, Corea. ' Ya-lung Chiang - - - - ^MtC „ Ssiichuan, Chinese Empire. Yanaon ^815^ City, India. Yang-hsia F# H Ancient City, Honan, Chinese Empire. Yangtzii - - - - - - % -p ^ River, Chinese Empire. Yarkand MW % Town, Hi, „"--"-- „ xtiver, „ „ Yarmornk- - ,- - -H'l^^^fi Lake, Tibet, „ ^ Yashan - - - - - - :^lli City, Corea. Yedo (ancient name of Tobio) - . - Yedo-Bay (same as Tokio Bay) - - - Yellow, or Huang Ho - - - K Jflf River, Chinese Empire. Yenisei M ^ ^ M » Siberia. Yeniseisk M' J^ ^ Province, Siberia. V City, . Yenp'ing - - - , - - - ^ ^ M » Eakien, Chinese Empire. Yezo 4t ^ jI ■£ « ^i ^ Island, Japan. Ying-chou Fu M 'M M City, Anhui, Chinese Empire. Yokohama tl M ^ovt, Japan. Yokosuka - - - - - tl H S Town, „ Yu Chiang ^ tC River, Kuangsi, Chinese Empire. Ytl Ho, or Grand Canal - iP IfJ IP ^ ^ M Canal, China. Yu-Iin Fa If ^ Jj^ City, Shensi, Chinese Empire. yti-m6n H PI M » Kansu, Yuan Chiang ^ - - - - - 'iK. U ^iver, Hnnan, Yiiensan, or Port Lazaref - - - % [ll Port, Corea. Yueh-chou Fu -^ }l\ M City, Hunan, Chinese Empire. Yung Chiang S &: River, Chekiang, Yunnan _ - 8 if W Province, „ ~ - 9^ M 'City, Yunnan, „ 19 20 TOCABULAET. Zaizan Nor - ^ Zarafshau - Zeya River Zone, Torrid „ North Temperate „ South „ „ North Frigid - „ South ,, W M Mi^^M Lake, Semipalatinsk, Russian Empire. -MW^^^ River, Samarkand, „ ^ H M in it JrT » Siberia, - 41j fm "iTT - itfi^ "=x>C=^Oo- EI^I^^T^: Page 4. 2Qd line. For " (^ ^)" read "(^ |f )•" 8. 1st paragraph uader Kausn. For " iJabdo " read " Cobdo." „ 21. For " Mentzu " read " Mgagtzu." „ 22. For " Primosk " read " Primorsk." „ For "Aigna" read ''Argaa." „ ., For " (ft jf 1^ Jt) " read " (ft ^ K)" ,, 23. For " Lii-shea-kau " read " Lti-shun-k'oii." „ 24. For " Noiini" read '-Nouni."" „ For " Hu-lan-pei-erh" read "Hii-lnu-pei-erh." „ 27. For *'Bramapoofca " read " Bramapootra." „ 34. For - (fqr Ji ij M j^) " read " (liijl ^4 jg S i^) " „ 3&. For " (B§ ^f. Hmg) '■ read (^ ff |I| ^ M)" „ 36. For ''{<^mM^mmM^) " read " c^ P^j mmmwM m-" „ 39. , For"(3feca)"read"(i^Ji)-' 47. J 45. For " Mangbao " read " Maiibao." 55. For "New Caledonias" read "New Caledonia." 55. 2ad paragraph, 1st line. Omit "and " before " consisting." -1 v|a,ys.nijk',i| F*: . «»'