W»_i|ite8{>'-^a<~ Indirect Discourse 78 . The Infinitive 80 Wishes and Commands 83 Belative and Intermediate Clauses 84 Substantive Clauses 85 Questions 87 Participles 88 : Gerund and Gerundive 90 . Supine ^ 92 k The Roman Calendar 93 MISCELLANEOUS EXEECISES 97 TABLES 105 EXTRACTS FROM VIRI ROMiE 109 WOODFORD'S EPITOME OF CJESAR. Book I. ... ^ 134 NOTES 153 QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW 195 EXAMINATION PAPERS 207 ENGLISH-LATIN VOCABULARY 213 LATIN-ENGLISH VOCABULARY 253 INDEX OF SYNONYMES 261 UTILES OF PEOinJE"0IATIOK. I. ACCORDING TO THE "ENGLISH METHOD." X. B. — The long or short Towel-sonnd indicated in these rules is wholly independent of the quantity of the Towels by the rules of Latin Prosody. 1. In Monosyllables, the vowel has — a. The long sound, if it ends the syllable : as, si, me, spe. b. The short sound,* if followed by a consonant : as, ab, cum, hoc, Tims; except ^osi, -monosyllables in es, and (in plural cases) os, where it has the long sound : as, res, hos, &. 2. An accented Penult has — as. The long vowel-soun.d before a single consonant (or a mute with 2 or r), or, before a vowel or diphthong : as, p&'ter, lib-er-a'Us, d^us, aa'cra, pa'tris. b. The short vowel-sound before two consonants (except a mutefoUowed by I or r), or x : as, reg'num, rexH. 3. An accented Antepenult has — a. The long vowel-sound before a vowd : as, Modern, M'e-mis, /&'• e-rat. b. The short vowel-sound before a consonant : as, in'su-la, i-tin'e-ris. Exceptions. — (a.) u before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) has the long sound : jU've-nis, lu'ri-dus, pu'tri-dus ; but before U, the short sound : as in res-puh'li-ca. (6.) a, e, 0, before a single consonant (or a mute with I or r) followed by two vowels, the first of which is e, i, or y, have the long sound : as impe'ri-wm, do'ce-o, a'eri-a. 4. In all unaccented syllables the vowel-sound is — o. Long, if followed by a single consonant -(or a mute with I ot r) : as, do-lo'ris ; but final syllables ending in a consonant are short, in a vowel, long : as, consul (except es, and in plur. cases os at the end of the word). b. Short, before x, or any two consonants : as, bd-lo'rv/m, rex-is'set. XIV EULES OF PRONUNCIATIOK, Exception. — Final a is sounded as in the last syllable of America : as, men'sa ; and the vowel sounds in tibi and sibi are as in the English lily. Note. — Conipounds generally follow the same rules ; hut if the first part ends in a consonant, the vowel-sound is short : as, ob'it, red'it, ai- e-rat, prm-ter'e-a, traiufi-tur (except post, and final syllables in as and OS of plural cases : as, post-qimm, posHe-ri, Iw^ce). 5. Diphthongs follow the same rules as the vowels which repre- sent them in English: thus — (o.) ce and ce have the sound of e : that is, long in coeHurn, a-ma!nus; short in JuesH-to, a-mcen'i-tas, (6.) In poetry ei may he regarded as a diphthong, as in dein'de, hav- ing the sound of i in mind : eu, mi, oi, have, when diphthongs, the same sound as in feud, author, coin : as Orpheus,, Oileus, aurum ; ui is a diph- thong, having the long sound of i in huic, cui, hui ; u in connection with other vowels or diphthongs sometimes has the sound of w after g or s ; as, qui, lin'gua, sua'dBo, quce'ro. 6. Consonants have generally the same power as in English : — (a.) Thus, before e, i, y, and the diphthongs ce, eu, m, c has the sound of s, and g of j ; ch has always the sound of h as in chemist ; e, s, t often have the sound of sh before i followed by a vowel, and before eu when preceded by an accented syllable, and as of ksh : as, socius, censui, ratio, caduceus, anxius. Note. — It is to be understood that in these examples the rule is only permissive, and that usage varies considerably among the best authori- ties. In general, when the word,*or the combination of letters is dis- tinctly foreign to us, it may be better to retain the pure consonant sound : as in men-ti-e'tur, Min'ams, ca-du'ce-us, I/y'si-as, Mc^si-a, aic-i-o'ma, nodti-ivm. It is very common, in English pronunciation, to slur or suppress the more difficult consonant sounds, particularly in such cases as an, gn, ps, pt, tm, or X, at the beginning of a word ; as in Onidms, gnotus, pseudo-, pteris, Tmolus, xylon. But, in an accurate pronunciation of these, as LaMm or Gre^k words, the full consonant sound will be retained. Finally, there can be no correct rule to authorize the slipshod and slovenly habit of enunciatien which is frequently allowed. To cultivate u, clea/r and vigorous iU,terance of unfamiliar words is one of the inci- dental benefits of careful instruction in a foreign tongue. RULES OP PRONUNCIATION. XT II. ACCORDING TO THE "KOMAN METHOD." The following are the rules adopted In the Boston Latin School, as given in " Old and New," November, 1871. The English equivalents for the long and short sounds of the Vowels are here given — a as in ah : dabam. a as in ah : ndbam. e " " ^ted : v^io. e " " fane : veni. i " " fleet: ijldeo. i " " flee: vidi. 6 " " intonate : fSveo. 6 " " tone fovi. u " " boot: /Sg'io. vl " " moon: fiigi. The Diphthongs ae and ai are sounded like ay, the English adverb of affirmation ; au like ow in owl ; oi and oe nearly like oi in oil ; eu like eh'oo; ua, when a diphthong, like viah. Ui is sounded like the French oui or English we. T\s sounded like the German u or French u. Of the Consonants, — C hasialways the hard sound : thus Cicero is to be pronounced Kee!kero. ff'tt tt tt i< It J" when used as a consonant cofrespoilds in sound to our K; thus ja^ is pronounced yam. Qu has the sound oi K :* V has a sound approximating to the English W. T has always the simple sound : thus the second and third syllables of justitia aje sounded alike. S has always the pure sound, and not the sound of Z or Sh. Ch has the power of K. Th has the power of B (Greek), or of th in thin. Z is sounded nearly like S. The other consonants are supposed to have had sounds nearly identical with the present English sounds. Note. — According to some of the hest authorities, if the vowel of the Penult is short, i or M coming immediately before it is to be regarded as a semi-vowel, and pronounced like y or w, the accent going back to the syllable before : as, Tnti'liSres, rrOSmuJ&rai, filiSlus. But in compounds, the accent wUl not be thrown back of the radical syllable : thus, im- pdStas, db-fu'Srat. * Or more correctly as in English, according to Professor Lane : compare 'Axovirai/ovs (Strabo) for Aqmtanos. DEFINITIOI^S. Articles, Nouns, Adjectives, Pronovms, Verbs, Adverbs, Prepo- sitions, Conjunctions, and Interjections are called Parts of Speech. There is no Article in Latin. A Noun is the name of any thing : as, homo, man ; navis, ship. If a noun is the name of a person, or of a thing spoken of by its own name, as if it were a person, it is a Proper Noun ; if not, it is a Com- mon Noun. Thus in the sentence Boma magna est urbs, Borne is a great city, Boma is a proper, and urbs a common noun. An Adjective is a word used to define a quality : as, earns, dear; bonus, good. Comparison shows the degree of the quality : as, Positive. Comparative. Superlative. cams, dear. oarior, dearer. carissimus, dearest.. bonus, good. melior, Ixtter. optimus, hest. A Peokoun is a word used instead of a noun : as, he for the man. The First Person, ego, /, nos, we, is the person speaking ; the Second Person, tu, vos, you, is the one spoken to ; the Third Person, he, she, it, they, is that spoken of, and has no personal pronoun in Latin, Demon- stratives being often used instead. ' A Demonstrative denotes a particular person or thing : as, hie, this, ille, that. A Relative refers to a person or thing before spoken of : as, qui, who, quod, which. The person or thing referred to is called the Antecedent : as, homo qui venit, the tnan who came. An Interrogative asks a question : as, quis adest ? who is here ? ubi- nam gentium sumus ? where in the world are we 1 A Verb is a word which tells an action or condition : as, veni, 1 came; cecidit, he fell. Mood denotes the manner of an action : as, venit, fe came (Indicative) ; venisset, he might have come (Subjunctive). DEFINITIONS. XVii Tense denotes the time of an action : as, currit, he runs (Present) ; cucurrit, ha ran (Past). Of Voices, the Active speaks of a person doing the action : as, ferit, he strikes ; the Passive, as suffering it : as, feritur, he is struck. A Participle expresses the action, etc., of a verb in the form of an adjective: &s, f&zi&aa, striking ; ictaa, struck. An Adverb is a word which quaUfies the meaning of adjectives, verbs, or adverbs : as, acerrime ferit, he strikes very hard. A Preposition is a word which expresses the relations between other words : as, in oppidum venit, he came to town ; pro patria mori, to die for one's country. A Conjunction is a word which connects other words or sen- tences : as, procerus et validus, tall and strong. Interjections are exclamations : as, heus ! halloo I Gender is distinction as to sex, and is Masculine of male crea- tures : as, rex, kUng ; Feminine of female creatures : as, regina, queen; Neuter of things: as, solium, throne. Things without sex are Neuter in English : as, stone, tree. But in Latin they are frequently masculine or feminine : as, lapis, stone (masc); arbor, tree (fem.). This is called Grammatical Gender. Number signifies how many, and is Singular when one is spoken of: as, vir, man ; Plural when more than one : as, viri, men. Case is the form a noun takes to show its relation to other words: as, pueri oxirrnnt, the boys run (Nominative) ; pueri soror, the hoy's sister (Genitive). This relation is generally shown in English by prepositions ; as, gesta Bomanorum, ike deeds of the Romans; invidia mihi, envy against me. QuANTiTT is the time taken in pronouncing a vowel or a syllable, in comparison with other syllables. Thus in the word strengthen, the first syllable is long and the second short in quantity or time, though they are both called short iij quality or sound ; in submit, the first is long and the second short, in quantity, though the latter has the accent. Quantity is reckoned much more important in Latin than in English, and often shows the difference in the meaning of words. Thus levis (long e) means smooth ; levis (short, e), means light ; oecidit is he fell ; cecldit, he mt or felled. XVIU DEFINITIONS. Emphasis is stress of voice on an important word or phrase : as, cowards run ; but brave men stand. Accent is stress of voice on a particular syllable : as, the necessary reserves. A Proclitic is a word without accent of its own, that seems to lean on the wprd after it; an Enclitic is one that seems to lean on the word before it. Thus in the sentence, The hoys, omd girls too, are here, — the is a pro- clitic, and too an enclitic. In Latin, the enclitics que, amd, ve, or, ne, whether, and sometimes cum, with, are written as part of the preceding word. Thus in Latin, the sentence given above would he, purai puelleeque adsunt. For Definitions in Syntax, see § 45. LATIN LESSONS. Before beginning these Lessons, the pupil need only learn the general signification of the cases, § 7,* and the declension of Stella. The sections to which each lesson especially refers are designated at the bottom. LESSON L FIRST DECLENSION. § 9.' Tocabulary. aqua,'' ae, f., water. Stella, ae, f., star. luna, ae, F., moon. ripa, ae, f., river-hank. fama, ae, f. , report. nauta, ae, m., sailor. puella, ae, f. , girl. rSsa, ae, f., rose. Sgricfila, ae, M. , farmer. victoria, ae, f., victory. Translate into English. 1. R8sa.' 2. Aquae. 3. Liana. 4. AgricSlsurum.* 5. Puellarum. 6. Puellae agricSlarum.* 7. Ripis. 8. RSsa puellae. 9. Liinam. 10. Agricolas. 11. RSsIs puellarum. ' Learn § 9 and 1; also c and e. " § 78, 2, c and h.. * The references are to Allen and Greenough's Latin Grammar. ■^ LATIN LESSONS. * There is no article in Latin : the word rosa may mean a rose, the rose, or simply rose. * Masculine by signification. § 6, 2. Note. — The quantity of the syllables will be marked in the vocabularies except where the rules of § 3 or those referred to at the bottom of the page apply. The pupil should be required to account for the quantity of those vowels to which the rules apply. The vocabularies should be committed to memory by the pupl before beginning to translate the exercise. LESSON 11. SUBJECT AND PREDICATE. § 49 and 2; § 45 and 2. Vocabulary. regina, ae, f., queen. insiila, ae, f., island. casa, ae, f., cottage. laudo,' praise. porto,^ carry. dono,' give. amo, I love. amas, thou lovest. amat, he loves. scriba, ae, m. , clerk. via, ae, f., way, road. serva, ae, v., female slave, pugao,' Jight. tblero,' endure. moustro,' point out, show. amamils, we love. ^amatis, you love. amant, they love. Translate into English. 1. Laudat,2 laudamus. 2. Portas, portatis, portant. 3. Monstramus, pugnamus. 4. Regina^ laudSt. 5. Scribae portant. 6. Nautae pugnant. 7. Puellae lau- dant. 8. Reginae donant. ^ These verbs are inflected in the present tense like amo : for the quantity of the final o, see § 78, 2, /. LESSONS II., III. 3 ' Notice that the pergonal pronouns I, thou, &c. , are contained in the endings of the v^rb: thus, laud^t is not merely praise, but he (she or it) praises. TJie nominative of the personal pronouns is rarely .expressed in Latin. See § 49, 2, a. • * When the subject of the verb is expressed, the pronoun is not needed in English : thus, agrioola portat, the farmer carries, not the farmer he carries. Note. — The general rules of pronunciation are given on page " xiii of the Lessons; the rules of quantity, § 3. Remember that a vo-vrel in a syllable long by position merely, has the short sound. Translate Into I;atin. 1. He carries, we carry, they carry. 2. They fight, he fights. 3. The sailor carries. 4. The queen praises. 5. Thou givest, you give. 6. The clerk gives. 7. The clerks give. 8. We point out. 9. They point out. LESSON III. SUBJECT AND OBJECT. § 51, 1 and § 52, 1. Vocabulary. filia, ae, daughter. pSciinia, ae, money. terra, ae, f., land. incola, ae, c, inhabitant. Sro, plough. devSro, devour. rana, ae, r. , frog. ciconia, ae, f., storlc. matrona, ae, f., married looman. silva, ae, r. , wood, forest. p^o, prepare. seco, cut. v5co, call. Translate Into English. 1. Agricbla nautas vScat. 2. VScamus incSlas. 3. V8- catis'puellam. 4. AgricSlae nautam v8cant. 5. Damus 4 LATIN LESSONS. rSsas ^ puellTs. 6. AgricSlae silvas sScant. 7. Matronae rSsas filiabus^ dant. 8. Ciconia ranam devSrat. 9. AgricSla viam nautis monstrat.* ' Inflect these verbs like amo. ' See § 78, 2, -/and i. ' See § 9, 2, I. . * See § 78, 2, k and ex. in is. Translate Into Xjatin. 1. He calls the sailors. 2. The farmers cut the wood. 3. They call the clerks. 4. The sailor ploughs the water. 5. The farmers plough the land. 6. The sailor calls (his) 1 daughter. 7. The stork devours the frogs. 8. The farmer shows the way to , the sailor. 9. The queen gives money to (her) daughter. 1 Words in parentheses are not to be translated. LESSON IV. QUESTIONS. § 71 Tocabularjr. litSra, ae, r., letter (of aljphabet), literae, (pi-)) ^-t letter, epistle. delecto, delight. narro, narrate, tell. Galba, ae, m., Galba. ancilla, ae, maid-servant. Translate into English. 1. Matronane^ puellam vScat? VbcSt. 2. Nonne Galba insidias pSrat? 3. AgricSla puellis viam mon- strat. 4. Num ^ poeta reginae * rSsam dat ? 5. Nonne reginaancillas vScat? Non vbcat. 6. Umbra silvarum ^ agric51as delectat. » Learn § 71 and 1: also § 4; § 6, 1, a, b, c (read the note), 2, a, b, c, 3 and 4; with § 45, 1, a and b. poeta, ae, yi., poet. perfiiga, ae, m., deserter. insldiae (pi.), F., snares. umbra, ae, f. , shade. n5n (adv.), not. fabula, ae, f.. LESSONS IV., Y. » 5 M 71, 1 and 3. » § 78, 2, a and 6. * § 51, 1. » § 50. ' Translate Into Latin. 1. Does the sailor call? Yes. 2. Does the farmer plough ? No. 3. Does the sailor call (his) daughter ? Yfes. 4. Does the deserter give a letter to the queen ? No. 5. Does he tell the story to the poets ? 6. The farmer shows the way to (his) daughter. 7. Does the clerk give the queeu the letter ? ^ 8. The moon delights the farmer. 9. Does the" shade of the wood delight the poet? ' § 14, 2, c. LESSON V. PREPOSITIONS. § 42,' c. Vocabulary. fSra, ae, F., wild beast. ato, stand. nato, "swim. ambQlo, walk. vGlo,fly. provincia, ae, f. , province. porta, ae, f., gate. aquQa, ae, f. , eagle. ora, ae, f., shore. mSdicina, ae, f., medicine. copia, ae, f., abundance. copiae (pl.)i v., forces. et, oonj., and. Bed, conj., but. Translate into Snglisb. 1. FSrae in ^ silva stant. 2. Ad silvam ambulamus, et stamus in umbra. 3. Nonne nautae in Squa ad oram insulae natant ? 4. Nautae cum puellis ambulant. 5. '" Filiaene ad silvam ambulant? 6. Agricbla viam per silvam 8 s6cat. 7. Nauta in (am) insulae ora stat. ' Learn § 42, 1, a, b, and c; also 56, c and d. ^ All the prepositions govern either the accusative or the abla- tive. See § 56. b , LATIN LESSONS. ' For the arrangement of the words in a Latin sentence, learn § 76, 1 and 2. Note. — The preposition in, with the accusative, means into ; with the ablative, it means in; ad and per are followed by the accusative ; ad means to ; per, through, : cum is followed , by the ablative, and means with, in company with. Syn. — Porta is used of a city; janua, of a house. Translate into l^atin. 1. We swim in the water. 2. The farmers stand in the woods. 3. The eagles fly to the island. 4. Do the sailors stand on the shore of the island ? 5. The sailor swims in the water. 6. We walk through the woods towa,rds the cottage. 7. The sailors (do) not stand on the shore. 8. We swim to the shore of the island. LESSON VI. SECOND DECLENSION. § 10.' Vocabulary. 5ger, agri,' m. , Jield. faber, fabri, m., smith. Squua, i, m., horse. dSmlnus, i, m. , master. pabQlum, i, n. , fodder. donum, i, N.,gift. hortus, i, M., garden'. regnum, i, n. , kingdom. servus, i, m., slave. arvum, i, s., ploughed field. magister, tri, m. , master, teacher. ggner, genSri, m., son-iri-law. vguit, he (she, it) comes. ludus, i, M., school. campus, i, m. , field. puer, eri, m., hoy. amicus, i, m., friend. janua, ae, v., door. legatus, i, M., ambassador. vir, viri, m., man. Translate into English. 1. Magister cum pueris in agro ambulat. 2. Puer in januam vSnit. 3. Pueri (we hoys) in aqua natamus. LESSON VI. 7 4. VScamus puellas in hbrtum. 5. DSmini in arvo cum servis ambulant. 6. GSuer e^ cSsa vSnit. 7. Puer e silva vSnit et in Squa ad insulam nStat. 8. Vir cum servo in arvum vSnit. 9. Vir ab insulae ora amb&lat. 1 Learn § 10, 1, 2 with 3, o and h; also 4, a, h, c,f (see the de- clension of the words on page 250) ; § 78, 2, e and/. » § 78, 2, i, and 3, a and 6. ' The preposition ex (e before consonants) is followed by the ablative, and means out of: a (a before consonants, ab before vowels and consonants) means /rom, away from; it means by, when tised with a passive verb to express the person by whom any thing is done. Syn. — Ager is the feld in general; arvum, the ploughed field; and campus, the enclosed field or plain. Translate into Ijatin. 1. The teachers call. 2. The boys swim. 3. The men give the money to the clerk. 4. He calls the boys out of the garden into ^ the road. 5. Does the master call the boys ? . No. 6. The slave comes into the field with (his) master. 7. The boy comes into the garden. 8. The girl comes out of the garden and walks-towards (ad) the field. 9. He walks in the field with (his) son and daughter. 10. The boy walks away from the water. 11. The saUor comes out of the water. * Observe the distinction between the prepositions in and ex, and ad and ab. In (with the accusative) and ex denote motion to and from the inside of a place ; ad and ab (or a) denote motion to and front the outside of a place. Thus, venit in Italiam, when one comes into Italy; ex Italia, when one comes out of Italy; but ad Italiam, to Italy, when there is no notion of entering into Italy conveyed ; just so ab Italia, away from Italy, when it is simply expressed that he came away from Italy (which he had not en- tered). LATIN LESSONS. LESSON VII. ADJECTIVES : FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. § 16.' amplus, a, um, large. noster, tra, trum, our. meus, A, um (yoc, m., mi), my. liberi, drum (pi.); m., children. saxum, i, n. , rock. rapidus, a, um, sioift. intro, enter. Vocabulary. altus, a, um, high or deep. latus, a, um, broad. flilvius, i, M., river. liber, era, erum,/ree. pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful. liber, bri, m., book. nego, deny. Translate into English. 1. Nauta in alta Squa stat. 2. AgricSla latam viam per silvam sScat. 3. Puer in magno fliivio stat. 4. Liberi in pulchro horto stant. 5. Legatus libernm virum vScat. 6. Aquila trans ^ magnum fluvium vSlat. 7. Pulchrae pnellae cum mggistro ambulant. • Learn § 16, 1, and a ; § 47. ^ The preposition trans is followed by the accusative, and means across; inter, between, among; and propter, on account of . Translate into Latin. 1. The man gives a beautiful gift. 2. They call the free man. 3. The farmer walks towards ^ the dense forest. 4. They walk into the large garden. 5. The boy comes across the large river. 6. The eagles fly across the large rivers. 7. The children stand in the deep water. ' Observe that when there is motion towards a person or place (except to names of towns), a preposition with the accusative is used: the dative is wrong. LESSON VIII. LESSON VIII. SUBJECT AND COPULA. § 45, 2, a and 6, c. Vocabulary. aula, ae, f., hall. densus, a, um, thick, close. Claras, a, um, clear, bright. parvus, a, um, small. murus, i, m., wall. pSpuIus, i, M., people. longus, a, um, long. bellum, i, k., war. mSlestus, a, um, troublesome. bSnus, a, um, good. magnus, a, um, large. granum, i, x. , seed, kernel. sum, / am. siimSs, we are. 6s, thou art (you are). estis, you are. est, he (she, it) is. sunt, they are. Translate into Ilnglish. 1. Stellae sunt clarae. 2. Puella est parva. 3. Flu- vius est magnus. 4. Sumus (we (are) nautae. 6. Puer non est magnus. 6. Luna et stella clarae sunt.^ 7. Puella est nautae filia.^ 8. Est (it is) casa agricblae. 9. In c81ae insular um nautae^ sunt. 10. Est* (there is') parva insula. ' When there are two subjects, the verb is plural. See § 49, 1. ' See § 9, 2, e. ' Notice that the predicate after the verb to be is in the same case as the subject. * In English, when the subject is indefinite, we use the word there with the verb to be; as, insula est parva may mean: the island is small, an island is small, (there) is a small island, (it)- is a small island, or the island is a small (one). Translate into Ijatin. 1 1. The way is long. 2. The moon is bright. 3. The fields are large. 4, The inhabitants of the island are sailors. 5. The islands are not small. 6. The son 10 LATIN LESSONS. of the sailor is in the garden. 7. She i is the daughter of the sailor. 8. The moon and stars are bright. 9. There^ is a large island. 10. He is an inhabitant of • the island. 11. We are farmers, not sailors. 12. The rivers are deep. 13. The children are good. 1 See Lesson II. Note 2. * See Note 4, previous page. LESSON IX. INDICATIVE MOOD OF Sum. § 29. Vocabulary. oppldum, i, K., town. praelium, i, n., battle. 16cus,' i, M., place. Deus,2 i, M. , God. templum, i, n., temple. hSri (q,dv.), yesterday. cur (adv.), why. moz, soon. miser, era, grum, wretched. schdla, ae, v., school. periculum, i, n., danger. castra,' orum (pi.), n., camp. sScer, 6ri, m., father-in-law. ira, ae, f., anger. laetus, a, um, glad, joyful, Romiilus, i, m., Romulus. Translate into iEnglisli. 1. Vir est -laetus. 2. Sum laetus. 3. Es laetus. 4. Mox erimus in silva. 5. Regina erat pulchra. 6. Erantne puellae in silva? 7. In multis praeliis fiii- mus. 8. Viri in praelio fnerant. 9. Cur hSri in schola non fuisti ? 10. AgricSlae silvas magnas densasque * sScant. 1 See § 14, 2, c. ^ See page 250 of Grammar. ' Declined like the plural of donum; for the meaning, see § 14, 2, c. * Notice that et connects ■words ■w'hich are considered inde- pendently and of equal importance, while -que joins a word closely to another as belonging to it; thus, in pueri puellaeque luduat, LESSONS IX., X. 11 {he hoys and girp are playing, -que connects the wol'ds under one proposition, while in pueri student et puellae ludunt, the hoys study and the girls play, et connects two distinct propositions. Translate into I.atin. 1. We were joyful. 2. They were joyful. 3. I was joyful. 4. I have been in the garden. 5. I was in the garden. 6. They will soon be in the woods. 7. The}'' had been in danger. 8. The man had been in danger. 9. Was the farmer's son in the large garden ? 10. The farmer sees the large and beautiful town. LESSON X. THE VERB Sum. § 29. Vocabulary. absum, am dhsent or distant. adsum, am present or near. arma, orum (pi.), n., arms. Justus, a, um, Just. cSlumna, ae, f., column. Romanus, a, um, Roman prSbus, a, um, upright. attentus, a, um, attentive. semper (adv.), always. aedificium, i, n., building. nSgotium, i, N., business. multus, a, um, many. creber, bra, biuva, frequent. frumeutum, i, n., corn. beatus, a, um, happy. discipQlus, i, m., pupil. Translate Into English. 1. Nbva aedificia grant alba. 2. Agricblae mox Srunt in silva. 3. Fuimus hgri in oppido. 4. Semper a praelio abSro. 5. Puella aegra erat. 6. Fuistisne hgri in oppido ? Non fuimus, sed eras erimus. 7. Ab- fueritis a praelio. 8. Pr8bi este, pugri, et beati eritis. 9. Discipuli sint (sunto) attenti. 10. Estne copia ^ frii- menti in agris ? Non est. 1 § 14, 2, c. 12 ' LATIN LESSONS. Translate into Ijatin. 1. The town was small, but beautiful. 2. The col- umns of the hall are white. 3. We were ^ yesterday in the garden.^ 4. The pupils will be attentive. 5. We have been on the bank of the deep river. 6, There had been many battles near the city. 7. The forces of the Romans were often in wars and battles. 8. Be just. 9. Be attentive, pupils.^ 1 The English imperfect tense is to be translated into Ijatin by the imperfect when it describes; by the perfect (aorist) when it simply states a fact. See §§ 58, 3 and 5. * Use the vocative. See § 53. LESSON XI. FIRST CONJUGATIOlSr : ACTIVE VOICE. § 31.i iNDICATiyi AND IMPERATIVE MoODS. Vocabulary. .Horatius, i, M., Horatius. inceptum, i, n , undertaking. regno, rule as king. convoco, call together. sScundo, prosper. provooo, appeal. conjuro, plot, conspire. tuus, tua, tuum, thy. gaudium, i, N., joy. Latini, orum (pi.), m., Latins. libero, liberate. dimico, Jight. occiipo, s?ize, take possession of. conclamo, cry out together. simiilo, pretend. Amulius, i,.M., Amulius. ferrum,.i, n., iron, sioord. suus, a, um, his, her, their (own). avns, i, M., grandfather. aut (conj.), or. Translate into English. 1. MSgister discipulum laudabat. 2. Magistri disci- pulos laudabant. 3. Gaudium simulavistis. 4. LStlni LESSON XI. 13 contra pSpulum Romanum conjurant. 5. Ilbratius. ad pSpiilum prov5cavit. 6. AgricSlae arva sua Srabant. 7. Dii nostra incepta secundant. 8. Romulus avum suum liberavit, Amuliumque nScavit. 9. ImpSrator oppidum nSvum in insula parva occupavSrat. 10. Para bellum. 11. Narrate fabulam. 12. Laudate prSbos puSros. 13. Ferro^ pro sua patria dimicant Horatii. ' Leam § 78, 3, a, b, and c. 2 See § 54. Syn. — Provoco is to appeal to the people ; appello, to appeal to one magistrate from the decisions of another. Translate Into liatin. 1. Thej* praised the pupil. 2. They have praised the pupil. 3, They will praise the plipil. 4. The man has called his daughter. 5. Praise the pupil. 6. Praise ye the teacher. 7. They were fighting ^ with the sword. 8. They fought with the sword. 9. He has fought well with the sword. 10. Horatius appealed to the people. 11. The fields are not ^ large. 12. Call the men from the fields. 13. They will not prosper our undertaking. * Notice that when loith expresses the means or instrument of the action, it must be translated by the ablative alone ; when it denotes accompanirnent, the preposition cum must be used. . ' When not belongs to the verb, the non in Latin must precede the verb; as, aula non est ampla, the hall is not large. 14 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XII. THIRD DECLENSION : LIQUID STEMS. § 11, ii.i Vocabulary. consul,^ Qlis, m., consul. ggnus, 6ris, N., race, class, land. pater, tris, m., father. leo, onis, m., lion. Boror, oris, f., sister. homo, inis, m., man, person. Caesar, &ris, Caesar. victor, oris, m. , victor. nomen, inis, n., name. dSlor, oris, m., pain. litns, 6ris, n., shore. sententia, ae, f., opinion. frater, tris, m., brother. elSquentia, ae, f., eloquence. scSlus, Sris, n., crime. creo, choose, make. varius, a, um, various. orator, oris, m., orator. Translate into English. 1. Consul elSquentiam oratoris ^ laudat. 2. Frater s8r6rem amat. 3. Fiatres in litSre maris cum sSroribus stant. 4. Romiiliis fratrem liberavit; 5. Ira causa est rnultorum scSlSrum. 6. BSnos hSmines laudamug. 7. Copiae ad oppidum festinabant.* 1 Learn, § 11, ii. : read a, b, c, andrf. 2 § 78, 3, a and 6. 8 What is the stem ? * Festino, hasten impatiently, hurry; propero, hasten with energy, but without hurry or impatience. Translate intt> Iiatin. 1. The men have praised the boys. 2. The boy has called (his) sister. 3. The father called (his) son. 4. The friend of the orator walks in the garden. 5. T-he consul praised the man. 6. The brother was standing with his sister on the shores. 7. They have praised the eloquence of the consul. 8. The brother walks with his sister in the garden. LESSON XIII. 15 LESSON XIII. THIRD DECLENSION : MUTE STEMS. § 11, iii.> Vocabulary. urbs, urbis, r. , city. lex,2 legis, f., law. miles, itis, m., soldier. lapis, idis, m., stone. trabs, trabis, r., beam. corpus, Sris, n., body. Justus, a, um, just. pons, pontis, m., bridge. flumen, inis, n. , river. (ops), Spis, F., aid; (pi. wealth). cQmes, itis, c, companion. validus, a, urn, strong. hiems, Smia, r., winter. solitudo, inis, f., wilderness. Translate Into Englisli. 1. TrSbes sunt longae. 2. Frater fratri fert (^bears') bpem.3 3. Miles ISpide cSmitem occidit (^kills'). 4. Vastae in iis (those) IScis solitudines erant. 5. Romu- lus noraen n8vae urbi dSt. 6. Lex est justa. 7. Trabes nSvi pontis longae sunt et vSlidae. * Learn § 11, iii., 1, 2, and 3. "" § 78, 2, b. ' The word is not found in the nominative. See § 14, 1, 2 (c). Syn. — Flumen (fluo, to flow'), properly the stream, is used as a general term for river; iluvius, river ; amuis, a broad, deep ricer ; rivus, a brook. Translate into I^atln. 1. The laws were jast. 2. The rivers are deep. 3. The winter has been long. 4. We have been in the city. 5. The beams of the bridge are strong. 6. The soldiers have fought. 7. He gave a name to the city. 8. The soldiers have called the consul. 9. The beams of the bridges are strong. 16 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XIV. THIRD DECLENSION : VOWEL STEMS. § 11.' Vocaliulary. turria, is, f., tower. bostis, is, c, enemy. piscis, is, M:,Jish. civis, is, c, citizen. nubes, is, f.," cloud. canis, is, c, dog. clades, is, r., slaughter. mare, is, N.,sea. latro, bark. niger, gra, grum, black. vasto, lay waste. valles, is, r., valley. rupes, is, f., rock. avis, is', F., bird. notus, a, um, known. imperator, oris, m., commander. Translate into English* 1. CSnis latrat. 2. Nubes est nigra. 3. Nonne hostes agios vastant ? 4. Multae turres altae erant in rlpa. 5. Magna Srat hostium clades. 5. Imperator hos- tium 2 oppida occupat. 7. Magister librum puero dSt. 1 Learn § 11, i., with 1, 2; and iv. 1, a, b, and c. ' Notice that, in nouns of the third declension, the stem either is the same as the nominative, as consul,' consul -is; or becomes the same after being modified according to § 11, ii., as nomen, nomi- nis, § 11, ii. 2; or that s is added to the stem to form the nomina- tive, as bostis, hosti -s, § 11, i. 2; iii. 1, 2, 3. Syn. — Hostis is a foreign enemy in war ; inimicus, a private, personal enemy ; adversarius, any opponent. Translate into Latin. 1. The dogs barked. 2. The dogs barked (were' barking). 3. The dogs barked (have barked). 4. The enemy (plur.) took-possession-of ^ the town. 5. The master gives his book to the boy. 6. Did you call the dog ? No. 7. The slaughter of the enemy in battle was great. 8. The sea ^ is deep. 1 Took possession of is really a compound verb, and is to be ren- dered by occupo, governing the accusative. ^ Notice that neuter vowel stems which have nominative in S, ai, ar, have i, in the ablative sing., ia, in nom. pi., and ium in the gen. pi. LESSON XV. 17 LESSON XV. ADJECTIVES : THIRD DECLENSION. § 16.' • Translate into English. 1. Puer est tristis. 2. Reges sunt pbtentes. 3. Con- silium ducis audax est. 4. Miles forti animo pugnat. 5. Naves hostiura sunt celereS ^ 6. Tempus vltae hu- manae brSye est. 7. Miles vulnus grttve tolgrat. 8. Equites veloces ad silvain festinant. 9. Vita est brevis. 10. Milites sunt audaces. ' Learn § 16, 2 and 3, and a; and the declension of the examples. ' Note. — The penult -will be marked, unless the rules account for the quantity. § 78, 3, b. Syn. — Consilium, advice, counsel ; concilium, an assembly, a meeting (of part of the people). Lex is a law passed in a comitia (an assembly of the whole people) ; scitum, one passed in a con- cilium. Fopulus (originally the patricians) came to include the lohole people; plebs (pleo, to fill), a part of the people, an inferior class until equality was established by the Licinian Laws, B.C. 367 ; the Koman people in their civil capacity were called Quiriles. Translate into l.atin. 1. The boys were sad. 2. The horse is swift. 3. The soldiers were brave. 4. The king gives large re- wards to the soldiers. 6. Lions are powerful animals. 6. We live outside-of the city. 7. The ships of the enemy are in the river. 8. The king comes to the city with a large number of soldiers. 9. The ships of the king were swift. 10. The gods are immortal. 11. We are on-this-side-of the river. 12, We were in the power of the king. 13. The soldiers swim across the river and assault the town. 14. They are walking alongside 18 LATIN LESSONS. (praeter) a large river. 15. The farmer cuts a road in the thick forest. 16. We swim iu deep water. 17. The sailors do not stand on the shore, but swim in the deep water from the island to the bank.- LESSON XVI. COMPARISON" OF ADJECTIVES. § 17.' Translate into English. 1. Sumus pbtentes. 2. Estis pStentiores. 3. Reges sunt pStentissirai. 4. Noctes brSvissimae sunt aestate.^ 5. CicSro Srat vir doctissimus. 6. Aqua est grSvior quam aer. 7. Roma clarissima urbs Srat. 8. Lux est velocissima quam sSnitus. 9. RSmus 6rat matri^ simil- limus. 10. In bello miserrimi suut agric81ae. 11. ItinSra grant difficillima. ' Learn § 17, 1, a and b. ' In summer. § 55, 1. ■* Rule 15, page 210. Translate into Latin. 1. We are happy. 2. Not all soldiers are brave. 3. The men were happy. 4. Air is lighter than water.^ 5. The men are powerful. 6. Light is swifter than the wind. 7. The soldiers are more powerful. 8. The wind is swift. 9. The journey is very difficult. 10. The swiftest animals are not always the strongeafc; 11. The nights are very short.^ 12. The soldiers are very brave. ' Use the nominative. ^ Use the superlative. LESSON XVII. 19 LESSON XVII. IKREGULAE COMPARISON. § 17.' Translate into English. 1. Hbratius^ Srat bbiius poeta, Vergilius mSlior, H8- merus optimus. 2. Nihil ^ est mglius quam sS.pientia. 3. Sol major est quam terra. 4. Luna minor est qnam terra. 5. Piurima et maxima animalia sunt in mSri. 6. Homerus est veterrimus* omnium Graecorum pbe- tarum.* 7. RegeS cum proximis civitatibus paeem et Smicitiam confirmant. 8. Tullus Hostilius proximo regi ® dissimilis fuit. 9. Caesar ex ISco supSriore venit. 10. Oppidum est in citSiiore Gallia. ' Learn § 17, 2, 3, -with a and 6. * See § 17, 1, a. " See § 10/ 4, b and c. s Rule lo. s See § 14, 1, c. « To the and Rule 15. Translate into Latin. 1. The moon is large. 2. The sun is larger. 3. The earth is larger than the moon. 4. The next king was Tullus Hostilius. 5. Caesar establishes peace with the nearest states. 6. The worst kings are not happy. 7. The horses are very swift. 8. The animals are very large. 9. The cities ^ are small. 10. The moon is smaller than the earth. ' Nouns of one syllable which have the nominative in ns and rs. as well as nouns in is and es not increasing in the genitive (§78, 3, a), and monosyllables in two consonants, have ium in the genitive plural. 20 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON xvni. ADVERBS AND CONJUNCTIONlS. § 17, 4.' Translate into English. 1. Hostes Ttaiiam longe lateque vastaverunt. 2. Ml- lites acriter^ pugnant. 3. Neque pSter neque fllius virum laudant. 4. Filia gSngri pulchre pingit (^paints). 5. Milites fortiter pugnant. 6. Miles vulnus grSve p^- tienter tSlSrat. 7. LlbSri Srant non magni, sed bbni^ pulchrique. 8. HSmines sunt aut felices,^ aut infelices. • Learn § 17, 4, and § 41, 1, a and J ; § 43, 1, a and b ; and § 45, 5, c. ^ Explain^ the formation of the adverb. ' Form an adverb from the adjective: also see § 78, 2,d (2), i. Translate into I^atin. 1. The men fought bravely. 2. The soldiers fought more bravely. 3. The soldiers endured^ their wounds very patiently. 4. Men are either large or small. 5. Neither the soldier nor the commander was in the battle. 6. Both the soldier and commander were in the battle. 7. They have laid waste the fields far and wide. 1 Use tolero. LESSON XIX. FOURTH DECLENSION. § 12.' Present Indicative of the four Conjugations. Translate into X^nglisli. 1. Laudo,^ exerceo, diico, erudio. 2. Laudas, exerces, diicis, erudis. 3. Laudat, exercet, ducit, erudit. 3. , LESSON XIX. 21 Dux exercitum nostrum exercSt. 4. SSpientes ^ luctum et moerorem deponunt. 5. Agric51a taurum cornibus* tenet. 6. PSter dSmus aediftcat. 7. Lusus animos puerorum delectat. 8. Dbminus sub solis occasum ad oppidum cum seivis vSnit. 9. Puellae Scubus pingunt.® ' Learn § 12, 1 and 2, with d and e ; for declension of domus, see p. 250; § 27, 1 and 2; also § 30, 5 and a. The pupil need learn only the few lines of the large type at the beginning of § 30 ; the present tense of the different conjugations will be found under § 31, § 32, § 33, § 34, respectively. ' § 78, 3, c; also § 78, 2, ex. in us (top of page.218). I §47, 3. * Rule 26. ' acubus pingo, embroider. Syn. — Oppidum is a fortified town, a fortress ; urbs, a city (with ^reference to its buildings); civitas, a state, a community living under the same laws. Syn. — Doceo, to leach; edoceo, to make one learn; perdoceo, to leach, thoroughly ; erudio (e and rudis, rough'), to instruct, lit., to bring from a rough condition; educo, to educate, whether in. a physical or moral sense. Translate Into Latin, 1. We praise, we exercise, we lead, we instruct. 2. They praise, they exercise, they lead, they instruct. 3. You lead the army. 4. The armies are brave. 6. My brothers are building a house. 6. The leaders of the armies fight ^avely. 7. He teaches the boy. 8. Ani- mals haye sharp senses. 9. The fields produce (gignunt) a great abun4ance of fruit. 10. Men like to hear * the singing of birds. 11. The walls of the house are strong. 12. There are a great number of houses in the city. 13. The girls are embroidering. 14. The girl embroiders. ' Like to hear, libeuter audiunt. 22 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XX. FIFTH DECLENSION. § 13.' Imperfect Indicative. Translate Into Englisb. 1. Laudabam,^ exercebam, ducebam, erudiebam. 2, Laudabat, exercebat, ducebat, eriidiebat. 3. Spes vic- toriae milite'fe delectabat. 4. Exercitus in inagnam plamtiem vSriiebat. 5. Dux in prlmam aciem^ curre- bat. 6. Impgrator fortis exercitum educebat et Sciem instruebat. 7. Milites circiter mgiidiem pugnabunt. 8. Spes Romanos desgrebat. ' Learn § 13, with 1 and 2 ; also § 27, 3 ; the imperfect tense of the conjugations; for the quantity, § 78, 2, d (1), with 3, h, and § 78, 1, ex. 2. ' Give the verb-stem of each. ' In the first rank or line, i. e. the van. Syn. — Exercitus (ezerceo, to exercise) is the drilled army ; acies, the army drawn up in battle array ; and agmeu (ago, move), the army on the line of march. Translate into Ijatin. 1. They were praising. 2. They were exercising. 3. They were leading. 4. They were instructing. 5. We were praising. 6. We were exercising. 7. We were leading. 8. We were instructing. 9. The plain was large. 10. Csesar was coming with a large army. 11. The cavalry was coming into the plain, 12. Hope delighted the army. 13. The soldiers were fighting with great fury. 14. The boys were playing in the broad field. 15. We see many new buildings in the LESSONS XX., XXI. 23 small town. 16. The boy was coming across the field into the farmer's garden. 17. A farmer cultivates (his) field outside the walls of the city, and carries (his) produce (fruges) in a t)oat ^ across the river into the town; 18. The farmer was leading (his) daughter home (domum) from the city. 19. The wind was rolling great waves to the shore. 20. There were many large ships in the harbor. 21. We swim from the small island in the deep water to the shore.^ ' 1 See Rule 26. ' Syn. — Ripa, a bank, as of a river ; litus, 5ris, the shore of the sea (the line which separates the land from the sea), the strand; ora, th^ coast (of the land). LESSON XXI. GENITIVES IN -ius. § 16, 1 (6). FuTUKE Indicative of the Four Conjugations. § 30-34. Translate into English. ^ 1. Landabis, exercebis, diices, erudies. 2. Laudabit, exercebit, ducet, erudiet. 3. Milites in iinum ^ 15cum vgnient. 4. Miles ex altera parte urbis vgniet. 5. Milites utriusque exerdtus sunt fortissimi. 6. Uter nomen nSvae urbi dSbit? 7. Spes tota Romanes de- s6rit. 8. Alius Slium^ amat. 9. Alius Sliud dictitat. 10. Uter Srat in horto? 11. Fratres Smant alter^ al- teram. 12. Alii puerum laudabant, Slii culpabant. ' § 78, 1, a, ex. ' § 47, 9. ' In apposition to fratres. 24 LATIN LESSONS. Translate into Ijatin. 1. We see many and strange animals in the sea. 2. Eomulus gave another name to the new city. 3. Some praise Caesar, others blame him. 4. The father with (his) daughter comes to the sea-shore. 5. To which (of the two) does he, give the praise? 6. The boy sits easily on (in) (his) horse. J. The horses leap into the water and swim to the bank. 8. A wolf runs out of the forest into the field ; the boys fear the wolf, and flee. 9. Do you see ttie slave with his master in the garden ? No. 10! The farmer alone ploughs the field. 11. The brothers love each other. 12. Some insist on (flagitant) one thing, some another. 13. Some praise one thing, some another. LESSON XXII. NUMERALS. § 18.i Translate into Xingljsh. 1. Vir-duos filios hSbet. 2. Qu8t horas habet unus dies ? Quattuor et viginti. 3. Qu6t dies habent quattuor anni? Mille quadringentos sexaginta. 4. Qu6t horas habet iinus annus ? Octo milia septingentas sexaginta. 5. In Iggione Romana grant cShortes decem, manipuli triginta, centuriae sexaginta. 6. Oppidum Remorum ab castris octo milia ^ passuum abSrat. 7. Amicus meus habet duos filios et duas filias. - 8. Piratae viginti ta- lenta postulant. 9. Septem grant (there were') reges Romani ; primus erat Romulus, secundus Numa Pom- LESSON XXII. 25 pilius, tertius Tullus Hostilius, quartus Ancus Martius, quintus Tarqninius Priscus, sextus Servius Tullius, . Septimus Tarquinius Superbus. 10. PSter pueris binos ITbros^dabit. 11. QuSta hora est ? Tertia. 12. Frater meus Sgit (is in) annum quartum et vicesimum. ' Learn § 18, 1 (cardinals), with a, 6, c, d, and e ; also the method of forming the ordinals, distributives, and numeral ad- verbs. 2 See §18, 1, rf. * Two books apiece. Syn. — Litera, a letter of the alphabet; epistola, or literae (pi-), a letter, an epistle; literae also signifies letters, i". e. literature; hu- manitas, refinement, culture^ civilization. Translate Into I.atin. 1. The boy has six books. 2. The men have ten apples. 3. Fifty boys are in the school. 4. In the city are. ten thousand soldiers. 5. One year has three hun- dred and sixty-five days. 6. How many days have five years ? 7. Five years have eighteen hundred and twenty-five days. 8. Caesar will corne with ten ves- sels. 9. The consul has sixty vessels. 10. Csesar leads out five legions from Italy. 11. The commander was assaulting the town with an army of ten thousand men. 12. The town is six miles distant. 13. They demand six hwndred ^talents. 3,4. The master gave the boys three books apiece. 15. What (quota) o'clock (hour) is it? The fifth. 16. The boy is in Jiis tenth' year. 17. My i'iither is in his sixty-second year. -^ 26 LATIN LESSONS. LESSOlSr XXIII. PERSONAL PRONOUNS. § 19. > Translate into English. 1. Ego vbco. 2. Tu vScas. 3. Amicus vbcat. 4. Nos narramus. 5. Vos sSlutatis. 6. Ego fleo. 7. Tu rides. 8. Nos sumiis pStentes', s6d vos estis pStentiores. 9. Tu & tiistis. 10. Romulus vi^ se defendit. 11. Omnes li8mines se Smant. \ 12. In me 8t in te St in <5iiobis omnibus est animus immortalis. 13. Fratres se amant.2 14. Tu laudas' me, sSd Sgo te culpo. 15. Pueri in horto nobiscum* ambulabunt. 16. Ego et frater am- bulamus.^ 17. Ego scribebam, tu 16gebas, et frater pingebat. ' Learn § 19, 1, 2, and 3, with a, b, d, and e,- § 49, 2,- a; also § 78, 2, e. 3 See § 11, iii. 4. ' The brothers love each other. * See § 19, 3, e. * If there are two subjects connected by and, the verb is gen- erally plural; if the subjects are of different persons, the verb takes the first person rather than the second,' the second rather than the third. § 49, 1, a. Translate into Iiatin. 1. I play, thou playest, the, friend ^ plays. 2. We play, you play, the friends play. 3. We were praising, you were praising. 4. The men were praising the boys. 6. He came in company with you. 6. He comes in company with us. 7. I gave (to) you the book. 8. I will praise you. 9. You have praised me. 10. The boys have loved each other. 11. We all love you. 12. LESSONS XXin., XXIV. 27 The boy was walking with me in the garden yesterday. 13. My brother and I were walking in the king's gar- den. 14. You are reading, but I am writing. ' § 19, 2. LESSON XXIV. DEMONSTRATIVE PEONOUNS. § 20.i Translate into English. 1. Illi virum laudant. 2. Hbc bellum est saevis- simum. 3. Hujus discipuli diligentiam laudo. 4. . Hic puer diligens est, ille iners. 5. Vastae in iis IScis solitiidines Srant. 6. Aqua eos in sicco (^dry landT) r6- linquit. 7. Illi acriter pugnant. 8. Isorabatpbpulum. 9. Ille solus me laudabat. 10. Fratres se Smabant. 11. Ipse tH me laudabas. 12. Ego ipse te laudabam. 18. Ipse mSgister me laudabit. 14. Ille puer nimium se Smat. 15. Laudabo illius ^ filium. 16. Est idem, qui * semper fuit. '17. ESdem dictitat. 18. PSter fili- ain suam et f iliam ejus ad se vbcabat. 19. Haec sen- tentia mihi * placet, ilia displxeet. 20. Multi hSmines de eisdem rebus eodem die ^ non eSdem sentiunt. ' Learn §' 20, 1 and 2 with a, 6, c, and e. 2 For Ms 01. her (not referring to the subject), ejus should be used -when not emphatic ; illius, if the word is emphatic j ifitius, if very emphatic or at all sarcastic. » Qui, as. * § 51, 2, a. = § 55, 1. Translate into I/atin. 1. 1 1 give you this book, and you give me that. 2. The boy is in that place. 3. The soldiers are in that ^ 28 LATIN LESSONS. town, and the enenay in this. 4. There was a bridge over (in)' that river. 5. He hastens across tliis river into that cottage. 6. These mountains are lofty. 7. You yourself will give me this book. 8. In the same places (there) are many new buildings. 9. Those mountains are lofty ; these are rugged. 10. Caesar hastened with all his forces to the same place. 11. The king himself leads his army. 12.. On this side of these mountains (there) are many large rivers. 13. I myself will praise you. 14. This man praised me ; but that (one) blamed me. 15. We say the same things. 1 Ego must be expressed, because contrast is denoted. 2 lUe refers to what is remote; hie, to what is near. See § 20, 2 (a and 6). LESSON XXV. RELATIVE PKONOUNS. § 21.' Perfect and Pluperfect Indicative. § 30-34. Translate into Englisb. 1. Laudavi, exercui, duxi, erudivi. 2. Laudavit, exercuit, duxit, erudlvit. 3. Lauda(vi)sti,^ exercuisti, duxisti, " erudi(vi)sti. 4. Lauda(ve)ram, exercueram, duxSram, erudi(v)gram. 5. Lauda(ve)rat, exercuerat, duxerat, erudi(v)Srat. Puer, qui studet, discit.^ 6. Felix est is rex, quem omnes cives Smant. 7. Rex Numitori, qui natu major* Srat, regnum r.eliquit. 8. Multi hSmines aedificaverunt dSmos, in quibus nou habitaverunt. 1 Learn § 21, 1, a and e; also § 45, 5, and § 48. 2 See § 30, 6, a. » See § 30, 3, d and 1. * See § 17, 3, h. LESSONS XXV., XXVI. 29 Translate Into Iiatin. 1. We have praised, we have exercised, we have led, we have instructed. 2. They have praised, they have ex- ercised, they have led, they have instructed. 3. They had praised, they had exercised, they had led. 4. We had praised, we had exercised, we had led. 5. The boy whom you have blamed was my brother. 6. "The soldiers who have assaulted ^ the town have repulsed the enemy. 7. The deserter hastened across the moun- tains which are in Farther Gaul, and, came at evening ^ to Caesar's camp. 8. The man has built a house in which he has not lived. 9. 1 have boys in my school who have studied diligently and learned rapidly. * Syn. — Oppuguo is to assauU; obsideo, to besiege. ^ At evening, vesperi. ,^ LESSON XXVI. INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS. § 21.i FtTTtTRE Perfect. 31-34. Translate Into English. > 1. Lauda(v6)ro, exercuSro, duxSro, erudi(V)Sro. 2. Lauda(v)£rit, exercuerit, duxSrit, erudi(v)erit. 3. Quis me vScat ? 4. Quis scribit has litSras ? 5. Quid S,go ? 6. Quod carmen ISgis ? 7. Quis tibi hunc li- brum dedit? 8. Cum gpistSlam seripsSro, ad te vgniam. 1 Learn § 21, 1 and a; also § 45, 1 with a, 6, c, d. 30 LATIN LESSONS. Translate into Xjatln. 1. . We shall have praised, we shall have exercised, we shall have led, we shall have instructed. 2. They- shall have praised, they shall have exercised, they shall have led, they shall have instructed. 3. Who has called us ? 4. What have you done ? 5. Which book have you? 6. Who has instructed you? 7. Who gave the business to you ? Csesar. 8. Who is the leader of the army which the enemy have sent to Italy ? 9. Who gave you that book? 10. Who built that house in which you are living? 11. Whose book is this which I have found in my garden ? 12. Whose boys are those whom you are teaching in your school ? 13. Who of you have studied diligently ? 14. Who is walking towards the city ? LESSON" XXYII. INDEFINITE PRONOUNS. § 21.' Translate into EngUsh. 1. Narfavit quidam coram me istam fabulam. 2. Narrabit Sliquis coram me illam fabulam. 3. Quamli- bet (or quamvis) fabulam mihi narrate. 4. Pro sua quisque patria dimicat. 5. Quidam ex militibus dg- cimae ISgionis vgniebat. 6. FSber est suae quisque fortHnae. 7. Unusquisque nostrum* Snimum immor- talem habet. 8. Ecquis^ in.horto est? 9. Numquis in horto est? 10. Quisnam dSmi est?' 11. Quod fSeinus comraisit ? 12. Uterque Sliquod telum tSnuit. 1 Learn § 21, 2, with a, S, c, d, e. LESSON XXVII. 31 '^ Ecquis simply asks a question ; numquia asks a question, but expects the answer no. = § 50, 2. « Syn. — Quisque, each one ; uterque, each (of two) ; unusquis- que, each one ; quivis and quilibet, any one you choose , aliquis and quispiam, some one (it matters not who) ; neut. something, adj. any ; quidam (pi. some), a,, a certain, i.e. some definite person ; quis- quam, any, when it is denied that there are any; quis (after si, ne, num, ec-) , any. Note. — Observe that when the neuter is used as a noun, it takes the form quid; but when used as an adjective, quod. Translate into I^atin. 1. Some ' soldiers are brave, 2. Csesar sent a certain soldier to the town. 3. Each one will fight for his country with the sword. 4. Some one will tell this story. 5. Is anyone at home^ to-day? 6. A^ man was walking in my garden. 7. The boys are present whom you praised yesterday. 8. I will give the book to any of the scholars (you wish). 9. Is not a^ man the maker of his own fortune ? --V ^ Use aliquis. " At home, domi. ' When a means a certain or some, it is to be translated by ali- quis or quispiam. Note. — Any is to be translated by aliquis or quispiam when it means some; in negative sentences or interrogative sentences implying a negative answer, by quisquam or ullus ; and when it means any j^ou please, any you wishj by quilibet or quivis. 32 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXVIII. CORRELATIVES. § 22.i Imperative Mood. § 31-34. Translate Into English. 1. Laud a, exerce, scribS, bbedi. 2. Laudate, exer- cete, scribite, Sbedite. 3. TScete, puSri.^ 4. Disce, puer. 5. Quales . di^ces, tales sunt milites. 6. QuSt hbmines, tSt sententiae. 7. Vires exercete, pueri. 8. Ab his rebus animum tuum avSca. 9. Conservate fortunas vestras. 1 Learn § 21, 2, gr; in § 22 the corresponding demonstrative and relative forms; also § 24, 3; §^8, 2, d (3). M 53. Translate into I^atin. 1. Praise those, exercise those, write those, obey those. 2. Praise ye, exercise ye, write ye, obey ye. 3. Call the boy. 4. Learn, boys. 6. Exercise your bodies, boys. 6. As (are) the masters, so are the slaves. 7. As (is) the teacher, so are the scholars. 8. Do not admire (ne mlratus sis') all things ^ which have the show of glory. 9. Carefully train your children ; praise the good ; punish the bad. -^ 1 Omnia. § 47, 4, h. LESSON XXIX. INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. § 31-34.' Translate into IBngrlisli. 1. Caesar in Gallia hiemare^ constituit. 2. Milites urbem custodlre debent. 3, Audivistine me id dic^ LESSONS XXIX., XXX., XXXI. 33 tem ? * 4. MSgister puerum vidit in horto sSdentem. 6. Caesar cupientibus * signum d^t. 6, Scipio in Afri- cam trajecit (^passed over), Carthaginem oppugna^ turus.^ • Leam § 25 and § 30, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, a and b. " § 24, 4, and Kule 38; read § 57, 8, c and d; also leam § 72, and 1; § 58, 11. ' When I said that, lit. saying that, § 47. * To (men) desiring it. ' To attack, for the purpose of attacking. LESSON XXX. GERUNDS AND SUPINES. § 26.' Translate into English. 1. Ars navigandi^ iitilissima est. 2. SSpientia est ars Vivendi. 3. Hostes urbem nostram expugnare stu- dent. 4. Venio te rSgatum. 5. Cupiditates difficiles sunt coercitu. 6. Virtus liSmines avScat a peccando. 7. In urbem migravi hSbitatum. 1 Leam § 26, 1 and 2 ; Rule 41 and 42, the inflection under § 8, 31-34. ■' § 73, 1. LESSON XXXL PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE. § 24.' Translate Into EngUsh. i 1. Fidem servemus.^ 2. In horto ambulemus. 3, LitEras scribamus. 4. Leges observemus. 5. Sit pau^ 34 LATIN LESSONS. per, sit miser ; at est frater meus. 6. Dux impSrat ut milites stationes suas servant.^ 7. Oro ut Dii incepta nostra secundent. 8. Cura, ut puSri corpus exerceas, Snimum exc51as, mentem erudias. ' Learn § 24, 2 (read the note) ; also, § 57, 3, the inflection of the tense. ' See examples on p. 51 of the Grammar, form the tenses from the present stem active, § 30, 5, 6. " Translate, thai the soldiers keep their stations. Notice that pri- mary tenses are followed in the subordinate clause by primary tenses, secondary by secondary, § 58, 10, 1 and 2. LESSON XXXII. ^ IMPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. § 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Dux imperabat ut milites stStiones servarent. 2. Scribit ut nos mbneat. 3. Scripsit ut nps mSneret. 4. Hannibal magnum exercitum in ItSliam duxit, ut cum Eomanis pugnaret.^ 5. ImpSratorJt castris exercitum eduxit vet urbem expugnaret. 6. Tantus timer omnem exercitum occupavit, ut omnium Snimos perturbaret. 7. Curabam, ut pugri corpus exerceres, Snimum ex- colgres, mentem erudires. 8. Caesar in ItSliam magnis rtineribus (J^ forced marches') contendit, ut duas ibi iSgiones couscriberet. 1 Translate, to fight ; duxit is a secondary tense, and is followed by the imperfect subjunctive. LESSONS XXXIIT., XXXIV. 35 LESSON" XXXIII. PERFECT AND PLUPERFECT SUBJUNCTIVE. § 31-34. Translate into Englisb. 1. Non dubito quin ^ Caesar hostes supSraverit. . 2. Non dubitabam quin^ Caesar hostes supSravisset. 3. Nemo dubitabat quin mllites fortissime pugnavissent. 4. Nemo diibitat, quin puerum semper bene educaverim. 5. Nemo dubitat, quin pSter puerum semper bSne edii- cavSrit. 6. Nemo dubitabat, quin puerum semper bSne educavissem. 7. Nemo dubitabat, quiii pSter puerum semper bSne educasset.^ ' Translate, (hut) that Cmsar has, etc. * Tran^'ate, (but) that Cmsar had, etc. ' § 30, 6, a: form the tenses of the present stem active. LESSON XXXIV. PRESENT, IMPERFECT,- AND FUTURE INDICATIVE : PASSIVE VOICE. § 31.' Translate into English. 1. Laudor, exerceor, ducor, eriidior. 2. Laudatur, exercetur, diicitur, eriiditur. 3. Laudabar, exercebar, ducebar, erudiebar. 4. Laudabatur, exercebatur, dii- cebatur, erudiebatur. 5. Laudabor, exercebor, diicar, erudiar. 6. Laudabitur, exercebitur, diicetur, erudi- etur. 7. Puella ornatur. 8. MSgister discipiilum laudat. 9. Discipulus a magistro laudatur.^ 10. Re- ges bella pSrant. 11. Bella a regibus pSrantur. 12. Pueri a mSgistro dbcentur. 13. EpistSla a regina 36 LATIN LESSONS. scribetur. 14. Castellum a Labieuo muniebatur. 15. Bellum a Caesare finiebatiir. Vir^ fortis ab immlcis hSnoratur.* 1 Leani the inflections of the tenses; also § 23, 3. « § 54, 4. ' Syn. — Homo, inis, a man, a human being, includes both sexes; vir, a man, a distinguished man, a husband. * Form the tenses of the perfect stem active. Translate into liatin. 1. We are praised, we are exercised, we are led, we are instructed. 2. You are praised, you are exercised, you are led, you are instructed. 3. We were praised^ we were exercised, we were led, we were instructed. 4. You were praised, you were exercised, you were led, you were instructed. 5. We shall be praised, we shall be exercised, we shall lead, we shall be instructed. 6. You will be praised, you will be exercised, you will be led, you will be instructed. 7. The boys are praised by the teachers. 8. The boys are taught by their teachers. 9. The letters are written by the queen. 10. The war will be finished by Caesar. 11. The boys will be pun- ished by their teachers. LESSON XXXV. PERFECT, PLUPERFECT, AND FUTURE PERFECT IN- DICATIVE : PASSIVE VOICE. § 31-34. Translate into Bnglish. 1. Mllites a ducelaudati sunt.i 2. Pueri in litSrarum studiis exerciti sunt. 3. Puella ornata est. 4. Disci- LEfeSON XXXV. ' 37 piilus a magistris laudatus est. 5. Discipuli a mSgistris docti Srant. 6. Rex ornatur, rex ornatus est.^ 7. PS- ramur, pSrati sumus, pSrabamur, pSrati 6ramus. 8. Puer punitus 6rat. 9. Puer a mSgistro punitus Srat.^ 10. Pueri a magistro mSniti Srant. ' § 27, 4 and 5, and § 47. ^ Translate exercises 7 and 8, and distinguish accurately the meaning of each tense: § 23, 3; § 27, 3. ^ Form the tenses of the supine stem active. Syn. — Imperium (impero) , the supreme power (the full im- perium was the union of the military and civil authority), an empire; regnum, the royal power, a kingdom; principatum, the chief authority. TranBlate into liatln. 1. We have been praised, we have been exercised, we have been led, we have been instructed. 2. Yoa have been praised, you have been exercised, you have been led, you have been instructed. 3. We had been praised, we had been exercised, we had been led, we had been instructed. 4. You had been praised, you had been exercised, you had been led, you had been instructed. 5. The boy is (being) called by his teacher. 6. The boy is called by his teacher. 7. The boy has been called by his teacher. 8. The soldiers are (being) praised by the king. 9. The soldiers are praised by the king. 10. The soldiers have been praised by the king. 11. The soldiers were (being) praised by the king. 12. The soldiers were praised by the king.- 13. The boys have been punished by their teacher. 14. The boys had been punished by their teacher. 15. The war had been finished by the commander. ^ 38 I,ATIN LESSONS. LESSON XXXVI. IMPERATIVE AND INFUSTITIVE MOODS AND PARTI- CIPLES : PASSIVE VOICE. § 31-34. Translate into English. 1. Puer, bSne ^ edttcare, strenue exercere, prSbe ex- colSre, diligenter erudire. 2. Puer, b6ne educator, strenue exereetor, prbbe excSlitor, diligenter eriiditor, 3. Agri vastari non debent. 4. Dicit puer se ^ lauda- tum esse. 5. Bfini discipuli student exerceri in litgra- rum studiis. 6. Sapientes ^ semper rStione * r6gi student. 7. Credo eum illos pueros laudaturum esse. 8. Divitiar cus flens a CaesS,re haec ^ pStebat. ' Learn the inflection; review § 24, 3 and 4; also § §5, § 58, 11, aud,§ 72, 1 ; read § 57, 7, S, Rem. c, iand 3. ' That Tie was praised, § 58, 11. » § 47, 3. * See Rule 26. ^ These things. LESSON XXXVII. SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD : PASSIVE VOICE. § 31-34. Translate Into EngUsh. 1. Pater ciirat, ut 6go bene educer,^ strenue exercear, priSbe excSlar, diligenter erudiar. 2. M^gister curat ut nos b6ne educemur.^ 3. Milites nostri pugnant ut urbs servetur. 4. MSgister curat ut discipuli diligenter ' erudiantur. 5. MSgister cSrabat, ut discJpiilus bene educaretur, strenue exerceretur, prSbe excolgretur, dili- genter erudiretur. 6. Flebat puer, quod librum ami- LESSON XXXVn., XXXVIII. 39 sisset.^ 7. Non est dubium, quin discipulus * a me bSne momtus sit.^ 8. Non est dubium, quin urbs a militibus expijgnata sit. ■ That I am, etc. . « We are. ' Had lost. See § 45, 5, and § 63, 2. •• Give the derivation. ^ Give the verb-stem. LESSON XXXVIII. FIRST CONJUGATION. § 31.' Translate into English. 1. Ego te laudabam,^ tu me culpabas, frater jiidicabat. 2. Ego te laudabo, tu me culpabis, frater jiidicabit. 3. Ego ambulavi, tu vigilasti.^ 4. Ego ambiilavSram, tu vigiiavSras. 5. Ego te laudavSro, tu me culpavSris, frater jiidicavSrit. 6. Tu in horto ambulabas. 7. BSnos* semper laudabo. 8. Alii ^ me laudabant, alii® culpabant. 9. Discipulus mSgistrum orat, ut^ fabii- 1am narret. 10. Discipuli mSgistrum orabant, ut fabu- 1am narraret. 11. Cum hostes agros devastavissent, urbem ipsam oppugnaverunt. 12. Virtus hSmines av8- cat a peccando. 13. Milites aeriter pugnando urbem liberaverunt. 14. MSgister discipiilum laudat. 15. Discipulus a mSgistro^ laudatur. 16. Arbores terram ornant. 17. Terra arboribus^ ornatur. 18. Ora et labora. 19. Discipulus laudetur.^" 20. LibiSri a paren- tibus edncantor. 21. Ego laudabar, tu eulpabaris. 22. Urbs oppugnabatur. 23. Ego laudabor, tu culpabgris. 24. Urbs oppugnabitur. 25. Urbs ab hostibus oppug- nata est. 26. Urbs oppugnata Srat. 27. RSmus a fratre libSratus est. 28. Romulus et Rgmus in iisdeiri Ibcis educati fugrant. 40 LATIN LESSONS. 1 Learn the inflection of the verb ; review the definitions under § 23 and § 27; also § 23, 3; read § 28, 1 and 2. " § 30, 5, and b ; also § 27, 5; also read § 30, n. ; the verb-stem lauda = present stem ; form all the tenses of the present stem. ' § 30, 6, a. * The good. § 47, 3. « Some. • Others. 1 To relate, etc., § 58, 10. » § 56, 4. » Rule 26. '" Let the student be praised. Syn. — Vulnero, to wound by a cut or thrust; saucio, to wound in any way. Translate into Liatln. 1. Thou fightest, he fights, they fight. 2. We praise, we were praising, we will praise. 3. They command, they were commanding, they will command. 4. They have demanded, they had demanded, they will have demanded. 5. They are wounded, they had been wounded. 6. They are blamed, they were blamed, they had been blamed. 7. The soldiers were wounded. 8. The soldiers have been wounded by the enemy. 9. The masters praise the pupils. 10. The pupils are praised by the masters. 11. The soldiers give the signal. 12. The signal is given by the soldiers. 13. Romulus liberates Remus. 14. Remus is liberated by Romulus. 15. The brothers were educated in those places. 16. He gives the business to his brother. 17. Do you see the road which has been cut through the forest by the enemy ? 18. The enemy has been seen. 19. Csesar hastened across the river. 20. The enemy ^ hastened into Gaul and laid waste the fields. 21. You praise me. 22. Others praise you. 23. One says one thing, another another. 24. He is the same to-day that he will be to-morrow. 25. He is the same boy that runs from the thick wood across the wide field, and swims in the deep water to the shores of the island. ' Plural. LESSON XXXIX. 41 LESSON XXXIX. SECOND CONJUGATION. § 32.» Translate Into Englisb. 1. Hostes timent.^ 2. MSgister puerum dScet. 3. Viri puerum mbnent. 4. Rex Albanorum duos filios hSbuit. 5. Pater vSlet. 6. Cur tScuistis ? 7. Mentes vestras in litSrarum studio exercuistis. 8. Haec civitas florugrat. 9. Hostes in urbibus manserunt. 10. Curo, ut^ corpSrisf vires exerceam. 11. Ciirabam, ut corpSris vires exercerem. 12. TScete, pueri. 13. Vide, ne* contra virtutis praecepta pecces. 14. Laudare^ disci- pulum debemus. 15. Caesar in Gfallia detinebatur. 16. Discipuli a mS,gistro dbcentur.® 17. LitSrae in civitate nostra florebunt. 18. Milites jussi sunt pug- nare.® 19. Regis cSmites in urbe visi grant. 20. PSter ciirat, ut ggo exercear. 21. PSter eiirabat, ut Sgo ex- ercerer. 22. Debemus laudari.* 28. Hostes in castris manent. ' Learn the inflection of ^he verb; review § 24, § 25, and § 26; read §30, 2; also § 1, 3. * The verb-stem = present stem, time-o. ' To exercise, etc. * That you do not, etc. s § 24, 4, or § 57, 8, c. ' Doceo forms its supine without a connecting vowel. Translate into ILatin. 1. The masters teach the boys. 2. The masters were teaching the boys. 3. The enemy will remain in the city. 4. The king has two sons. 5. Caesar had five legions. 6. They see the city which the enemy are assaulting. 7. The enemy remained within the walls.^ 42 LATIN LESSONS. 8. Csesar admonished the tribunes. 9. Did the enemy detain Csesar in Gaul ? 10. She mourned her brother. 11. Csesar was detained by the Gauls. 12. Six vultures were seen by Remus. 13. The enemy have remained in their camp. , 14. Caesar has been detained in Gaul. 15. The tribunes have been admonished by Csesar. 16. The soldiers remain around the city. 11. The enemy remained on this side of the river. 18. Remain in the city. 19. I see the forces of the enemy in the dense forest. • Walls of a city; see synonymes. LESSON XL. THIRD CONJUGATION. § 33. • Translate into Unglisli. 1. Ego ISgo,^ tu scribis, frater pingit.^ 2. Ego pinge- bam, tu scrlbebas, frater ISgebat. 3. Hostes urbem cingent. 4. Discipuli litSras scrlbent. 5. Caesar aciem instruxerat. 6. iWe urbem miiris cinxit. 7. Lupa matrem * se gessit.^ 8. PrScas Numitori, qui natu major 6rat, regnum rgliquit. 9. Ciiro, ut praeceptor pueri Snimum excSlat. 10. CGrabam, ut praeceptor pueri Snimum excSleret. 11. Disce, puer. 12. Puer, ne con- tempsgris (perf. subj.) praecepta'mSgistrorum tuorum. 13. Educ ^ nos, dux, contra hostes. 14. Urbs a cTvibus defenditur. 15. Puer ab omnibus diligebatur. 16. Urbs miiro cingetur. 17. Deinde Romulus et RSraus urbem in iisdem 16cis, ubi expbsiti educatique fuSrant, condiderunt. 18. Inde duae iSgiones, quae proxlmae LESSON XL. 43 conscriptae grant, totum agmen claudebant. 19. Pueri pStunt, tit' e schSla dimittantur. 20. Pueri pStebant ut e sch81a dimitterentur. 21. Scribens^ et ISgeiis multum didici. ' Review § 23 to § 28 ; read § 30, 3. ' Verb stem leg-o =^ present stem ' Porm the perfect, accounting for the euphonic changes, § 30, 3, d, 1, and 1, 3. * In apposition with se : as a mother. ' Form the tenses from the perfect stem. * § 30, 6, c. ' To be, etc. ' By writing, etc. Translate into I^atin. 1. We read, we write, they read, they write. 2. We were writing the letter, we will write the letter. 3. We have written, we had written, we shall have written. 4; We draw up the line of battle, we were drawing up the line, we have drawn up the line, we had drawn up the line. 5. The boy reads the book. 6. The book is read by the boy. 7. Read the book, boys. 8. The boy asks to be ^ dismissed from school. 9. Romulus has en- compassed the city with a wall. 10. The consuls rule the republic. 11. Caesar drew up his army in the city. 12. A wolf ran from the forest across the field. 13. He enrolled the legion in Gaul. 14. The republic was ruled by the consuls. 15. The city was founded by Romulus. 16. They were educated in these places. . 17. The city has been encompassed by a wall. 18. Two legions were enrolled in Farther Gaul by Caesar. 19. The legions which Caesar enrolled in Hither Gaul assaulted the city. 20. Are the boys playing in the field ? No ; they are running towards (ad) the woods. * Use ut with the present subj. 44 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XLI. FOURTH CONJUGATION. § 34.' Translate into English. 1. Puer dormit.2 2. Punimus puerum. 3. Mllites castra muniunt. 4. Puer dormiebat. 5. Puniebamus puerum. 6. Mllites castra muuiebant. 7. Puer dor- miet. 8. Puniemus. 9. Mllites castra munient. 10. Punivimus puerum. 11. Claram vocem hujus Svis non audivisti. 12. Milites castra munivSrant. 13. RSmus moenia transiluit. 14. Caesar bellum finiv6r£tt. 15. Pueri in schSlam vSniunt ut legant et scribant. 16, Pueri in schSlam vSniebant ut ^ ISgerent et scriberent. 17. Praeceptor puerorum mentes eriidito. 18. Ne piini- vSris* pueros. 19. Pueri a mSgistro erudiuntuf. 20. Mllites nostri in Sciem educuntur, et hostes castra mu- niunt. 21. Castra a militibus miiniebantur. 22. ImprSbi a mSgistratibus pUnientur. 23. Bellum a Caesare fini- tum est.^ 24. Pater ciLrat, ut Sgo diligenter eriidiar. 25. Pater ciirabat, ut Sgo diligenter erudirer. 26. Im- prSbi pUniantur. 27. Puer diligenter erudiatur. 28. Caesar castra miinlri jubet. ' Read § 30, 4. ^ Verb-stem = present stem dormi-o : notice that the verb-stem of the first, second, and fourth conjugations end in a, e, i, and that of the third in a consonant or u : hence the distinction of vowel and consonant conjugation. * To, etc. ■• Perf. subj., do not, etc. ^ Form the tenses of the supine stem. Translate into Latin. 1. We sleep, we were sleeping, we will sleep. 2. They punish the boy, they were punishing the boy, they will punish the boy. 3. The soldiers are fortifying their camp, the soldiers were fortifying their camp, the sol- LESSONS XLI., XLII. 45 diers will fortify their camp. 4. They have punished the boy, they had punished the boy. 5. The boys come to school to read and write. 6. Punish the boy. 7. The boys are punished by the master. 8. The camp was (being) fortified by the soldiers. 9. The camp is (being) fortified by Caesar, the camp will be fortified by Csesar, the camp has been fortified by Csesar, the camp had been fortified by Csesar. 10. They have fortified the city. 11. Caesar came to the city. 12. He has come from the city. 13. Has Csesar finished the war in Gaul? 14. The soldiers. surround the enemy. 15. All hope deserted the Roman's. 16. Csesar led his army into their territories.^ 17. The city has been fortified by Csesar. 18. The war was finished by Csesar. 19. The enemy have been surrounded by the soldiers. 20. Come with me.2 21. Csesar surrounded the city with a wall. 1 Use the plural of finis. ^ Mecum. LESSON XLII. DEPONENTS. § 35.1 Translate Into English. 1. Caesar suos milites cohortatus est. 2. Omnes ad- miraatur .splendorem virtutis. 3. Milites agros pSpu- labantur. 4. Mi fili,^ vSrere pSrentes. 5. Intuemur praeclara virtutis exempla. 6. Virtutis viam sgquimur. 7. Amicus mSritur. 8. Hostes urbem aggrSdiuntur. 9. Puer, be mentitus sis. 10. Magnos hbmines virtute • metlmur, non fortuna. 11. Praeceptor gaudebat. 12. Cives maxime gavisi sunt. 18. Rgmus Numitoris grgges infestare sblitus est. 1 Learn § 35, 1 with a, S, c, d, and 2. " See § 10, 4, e. 46 LATIN LESSONS. Translate Into I.atin. 1. We admire, we fear, we approach,^ we measure. 2. You admire, you fear, you appi-oach, you measure. 3. We admire, we were admiring, we have admired, we had admired. 4. We rejoice, they rejoice. 5. We have rejoiced, they have rejoiced. 6. We dare, we dared, we have dared. 7. -We trust, we trusted, we have trusted, we will trust. 8. The garden of the king is adorned with many pine-trees and lakes.^ 9. We like to sit* under oak-trees and in caves. 10. Timid orators tremble in every limb.* • Use the proper tense of aggredior. * See § 12, 3, d. ' Lit., we sit willingly. * Lit., in all their limbs. See Rule 26."' LESSON XLIII. VERBS IN -io: THIRD CONJUGATION. § 33.' Translate into ^English. 1. Fiigiunt,^ fugiebant, fiigient, fugiant. 2. Jacit,^ jSciebat,jSciet,jSciat. 3. FSdimus, fSdiebamus, fSdiamus. 4. CSpimur, cSpiebamur, cSpiemur, cSpiamur.- 5. Mlli- tes arma cSpiunt. 6. Arma a militibus capiuntur. 7. Vir fossam fSdit. 8. Fossa a viro fbditur. 9. Amulius fratris filiam in vincula conjecit. 10. Filia ab Amiilio in vincula conjecta 6rat. 11. PrSca parvulos in TibSrim abjecit. 12. Farvuli a Pr8ca in TibSrim abjecti sunt. 13. Milites ISpides ac tela coniciebant. 14. LSpides ao tela a militibus conjecti grant. 1 Learn the inflection of capio, p. 71; read § 30, 3. 2 Verb-stem fug-i-o, present stem fugi-o ; form all the tenses W the present stem. LESSON XLIII. 47 = Form a compound with con, § 1, 3, 6; the j can be preserved or it is lost, § 1, 3, (;. Sxir. — Vinculum (viricio, Und), any thing that Unds ; catena, an iron chain; laqueus, a halter. Translate into I It is easy '^ to write, but it is not easy to write well. 37. The river flows through a lake ; it is a large and beautiful lake, and is surrounded by ^ dense woods. 88. The boy is carefully trained by his teacher. 39. My pupil wrote a letter to his friend ; but he did not tell what ^ he had written.^" 40. We shall dwell in the city in the summer,^^ but in the winter we shall all "depart into the country .^^ I §23,3; §27, 3 and 4. " A convenient test is the substitution of the active. * See § 49, 1 and a. ' Present subjunctive with ut. " Propter, with ace. ' ' Into ; use in, with ace. ' Use facile, neuter gender. See § 57, 8 a. * Use the ablative without a preposition. See Rule 26. * Use quae. '" Use the pluperfect subjunctive. ^ 11 The time when is denoted by the ablative. 12 Use ruB. See § 55, 3. LESSON XLiV. 49 LESSON XLIV. IKEEGULAR VERBS; § 29,i and § 57, 8, c. Translate into English. 1. Pbtest, pbtSrat, pStSrit. 2. Possiimus, pbtgramus, pbtSrimus. 3. Ego possum iSgere, tu potSs. scribere, sSror p8test Scu^ pingere. 4. Cura, ut possis aequo Snimo^ vitam relinquere. 5. FSrimus, fSrebamus, fS- ramus, fSrimur, ferebamur, feremur, fgramur. 6. Quid fers, mi Smice ? 8. Ferri ISborem consuetiido docet. 9. Ferte* viro auxilium. 10. Non omnis S.ger, qui s6ri- tur, fert frugeS.^ 11. Faustulus eos in cSsam tulit. ' Learn § 29, a and 5; § 58, 11; also § 37, 4, and the inflection of fero. " For gender, cf. § 12, 2; for case, see Rule 26. ^ aequo aniiuo, with equanimky. * § 30, 6, c. 6 § 11, 111, 3, 6. Syn. — Possum, I. am able, because I have sufficient power; queo, / am able, because cLt^cumstances allow me to do it. Translate into I.atin. 1. You are able, you were able, you will be able. 2. They are able, they were able, they will be able. 3. Thou art able, thou wert able, thou wilt be able. 4. We bear, we were bearing, we will bear. 5. We are borne, we were borne, we shall be borne. 6. I am able to read, but not to write. 7. Caesar was not able to defend the city. 8. You will not be able to read the book easily. 9. He has not been able to restrain his temper. 4 50 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON XLV. IREEGULAK VERBS (continued). § 37.' Translate into English. 1. Vblumus, vSlebamus, vblemus, vSlimus. 2. Noju- mus, nolebamus, nolemus, nollmus. 3. Malumus, ma- lebamus, malemus, malimus. 4. Ego vblo ISgere, tu VIS scribere, frater yult pingere. 5. Dic,^ cur me cSmi- tari nolis. 6. Oro te, ut mecum ludere vSlis. 7. SSror ambulare mavult. Discipuli vblunt nuntium scire. 9. Amici dbmi ^ sSdere nolunt. 10. Amici ambulare ma- lunt quam dbmi sSdere. 11. Noli* scribere. i Learn § 37, with 1, 2, 3, and the inflections of volo, nolo, and malo. " § 30, 6, c. ' At home,§ 55, B, d. * § 68, 2. Translate into Latin. 1. You are wishing, 3'-ou were wishing, you will be wishing. 2. They are unwilling, they were unwilling, they wiU be unwilling. 3. You prefer, you preferred, you will prefer. 4. I have wished, I had wished. 5. We wished to know. • 6. We had been unwilling. 7. The boys will prefer to walk. 8. The man wishes to remain at home. 9. Do you wish to walk in the fields with me ? ^ No ; I prefer to remain at home.^ 10. We shall be able to lead the soldiers from the camp. 11. They were unwilling to depart from the city. 12. Do the boys wish to play on the plain ? No ; they prefer to study. 13. Do you prefer to read tjr to write. I do not know (how) to write, but I wish to learn. 1 Mecum. See § 19, 8, e. ' Use domi. LESSON XLVI. 51 LESSON XLVI. IKEEGULAR VERBS (continued). § 37.i Translate into Snglieh. 1. Imus, ibamus, ibimus, eamus. 2. Ego abeo, tu ex itinSre rSdis. 3. Ij quo ^ te fata vScant ! 4. Princeps ^ ibat HSratius. 5. I, lictor, deliga puSrum'ad palum. 6. Jussit ut abirem. 7. Fiunt, f lebant, fient, f lainus. 8. Nemo fit casu* bSnus. 9. Amicus fi6ri sapiens pStest. 10. Viri cautiores fiunt. 11. Edimus ut vlva- mus; non vivimus ut gdamus. 12.- Fiat ^ lux, at lux facta est. 1 Learn § 37, 5, with 6 and 7. ' Whither. ' An adjective used for an adverb, first, or at the head. « By chance, of. Rule 26. ^ § 57^ 3. Translate into r.atin. 1. They go, they were going, they will go, let them go. 2. They become, they became, they will become. 3. They are able to become friends. 4. They return, they will return, they have returned. 6. He becomes a friend.i 6. He has become a friend. 7. They differ. 8. The soldiers bore aid to their commander. 9. They will bear the wearied soldiers into the cottage. 10. The fields bear fruit. 11. Aid is borne to the enemy, 12. The soldiers have endured^ many hardships. 13. The hardships have been endured patiently by the sol- diers. 14. ' 3VIany brave soMiers perished in the battle. 15. The king went to the town. 16. The soldiers per- ished by hunger. 17. A great part of the soldiers have perished by hunger. 18. Caesar became consul. 19. They became unfriendly. 20. The burden will become light. 21. Endure these things, soldiers. 22. They returned to the camp. 28. The enemy are not able to 5? I,ATIN LESSONS. cross the river. 24. He was unwilling to depart. 25. They passe'S. by the camp. 26. The general wished to cross the; river with all his force's on ^ a bridge, 1 Norn,. § 46, 2. * Use perfero. ' Use ablative. LESSON XL VII. DEFECTIVE AND, IMPERSONAL VERBS: PERIPHRAS- TIC FORMS. § 38.' Translate into English. 1. Militibus ^ non licebit 8 (e) castris exire. 2. PIS- cuit* CaesSri, ut ad Aiiovistnm legatos mitteret.* 3. Curritur, 4. Tibi licet id fScere. 5. Hie liber tibi Iggendus est. 6. Mihi ire licuit. 7. Amandus est ills puer. 8. Caesar castra moturus est. 9. Impgrator cum sola dScima Iggione profecturus erat. 10. Pugnap- dum est pro patria. 11. Patria Smanda est. 12. Ais- ne ? Aio. NSgasne ? NSgo. 13. Prbbos Smamus, imprSbos odimus. 1 Learn § 38, 1, a, h, c, and 2; also § 39: read carefully atod; also § 40, a and 6. ' To the soldiers, i. e. they will not he allowed. See § 51, 2, h. ' Give a full synopsis (in the third person singular) ; what is the subject of licebit ? * Jt pleased Caesar, i. e. Cmsar determined. See § 51, 2, a. * To send. See § 70, 4, and a. Syn. — ProfioiscoT, to set out on a journey; iter facere, to travel, either at home or abroad ; peregrinari, to travel abroad. Prudentia (provideo, foresee), foresight, practical judgment, knowledge of the law; sapientia (sapio, taste), good taste, discern- ment, knowledge of the world: scientia (scio, hiow), knowledge, im- plying skill in or acquaintance with, a subject. LESSON XLVIII. 53 LESSON XLVIII. WORD-FORMATION. —DERIVATION. § 44.» Translate Into English. 1. Dux exercitus interfeotus est.^ 2. Scriptor^ legit. 3. Orator eSdem dictitat.^ 4. Milites* pSriculum tl- ment. 6. Qms nomen ^ nSvae urbi dSt ? 6. Rex vScat.® 7. Regina'^ vSnit. 8. Impedimenta* in eastris sunt. 9. Catilina in sSnatum ^ vSnit. 10. SSror ipsa pSluda- mentum confecSrat. ' 11. Comploratio ^^ sSroris fSrocis juvSnis Snimum in tanto gaudio ^^ publico movit. 12. FiliSla ^ viri in liorto ambulabat. 13. HSmlnis Snimus mortalis ^^ est. 14. Romulus et RSmus urbem in iisdem IScis condiderunt.^* 15. Reges bSnos cives ^^ hSnorant. 16. Agricbla Sratrum ^^ hSbet. 17. Amor " gloriae nos impulit.^* ^ The pupil should study early the rules under §1,3: learn § 44, 1, 2, and 3; read a, b, and § 36; the remainder of § 44 should be carefully read ; also § 5. Form nouns of agency from amo, audio, mSneo, vinoo (vie), lego, venor : also a frequentative verb from scribo, § 44, 2, b. ' Verb-stem scrib, soriptor. " Form iteratives from clamo, rogo, ISgo, scribo, and venio. * § 1, 3, 6. ' No-mea (gno) ; form nouns with same suffix from fluo, luoeo, § 1, 3, 3, c,.tSgo, ago, gero, fulgeo. « §44, l,a(2). ' Form a word with the suffix inus ^na) from gallus, canis, equuB, diTUa. X Latvia tXi\ ' Give the derivation, § 1, 3, 3; remember that stems and roots, not nominatives, are used to form derivatives, but-consonant-stems either lose their consonant, or take i as a connective vowel. Form nouns with same suffix from d&ceo, impSdio, moveo, § 1, 3, d, orno. 54 LATIN LESSONS. ' Form nouns with same suffix from consul, tribunus. 1" Form nouns with same suffix from soribo (scrib-tSo, § 1, 3, 6 scrip-tio), lego, contingo (root, tag), obliviscor, § 30, 3, 6, obsideo, ambio, Imitor, occldo (§ 1, 3, g). •1 Form nouns with the suffix ium from 5di, incendo, aedtf Ico, '2 Form diminutives from rex (re-gis, reg-filua), vox, frater, mater, navis, res, corpus, hortus, rivna, meusa, silva, caput, saxum, scutum, flos (§ 1, 3, d), negotium, 5culus, lapis, liber. 1' Form an adjective with same suffix from fatum, rex, vita. " Condo (dhsL), place together; also cie&o, place confidence in. 1' Form adjectives in icua from civis, bellturt, classis. 1^ Form nouns like aratrum from fero, lavo. " Form nouns with the suffix or from clamo, caleo, timeo, faveo, filro. 18 ExpldSn the formation of the compound. A few examples are added, illustrating the manner in which words are built up from roots ("word-building"). Root ar, plough, verb-stem = present stem, ara, verb, ara-o, § 30, 1, aro, I plough; ara-tor, § 44, 1, c, 1, ploughman; Sra-trum, § 44, 1, 2 (end), plough; ara-tio, ploughing;, ar-vus, what has been ploughed; subst. ar-vum, ploughed field; ara-tiun-ctUa, small ploughed field. Give the meaning and form derivatives from the following : Root spac; see verb-stem, spSc, § 1, 3, 6, present stem, spec-i-o, § 30, 3, 8; spec-to, § 36, i; spec-ta-tor; spec-ta-trix ; spec-ta-tio; speo-ulum;' spec-ta-bllis ; con-spio-i-o, § 1, 3, b; sus-pio-i-o, § li 3, jr; ciroum-spio-i-o ; in-spio-i-o; adspic-i-o; pro-spic-i-o ; re-spic-i-o, § 1, 3, jr (end); Igg-o; § 1, 3, 2, a; di-lig-o, § 1, 3, b, ancl § 1, 3, g (end); neg-lig-o, § 1, 3,/, 2, b; intel-lig-o, § li 3,/, 1; rapio, rapto, rap-ax, rap-aci-tas, rap-idu-s, rap-Idi- tas, rap-tor, rap-ina, rap-tio, rap-tu-m, rap-tu-s; ped-u-m, op- pid-um, ped-Ioa, pe(d)a, ped-e(t)s, ped-es-ter, com-pe(d)-s; do (da-o), do-s; sto (sta-o), sta-t-io; ffig-i-o; teg-o; fulg-e-o; ju- n-go ; luc-eo ; ven-io. 1 If the word ends in o or g, the termination is ulum, not oulum. LESSONS XLIX., L. 55' LESSON XLIX. APPOSITION". § 46.' Translate into English. 1. Pr8ca, rex Albanorum, duos filios hSbuit. 2. Amulius Rheam Silviam, ejus filiam, Vestae sacerdo- tem fecit. 3. Romulus fuit rex. 4. Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxerunt. 5. Romulus rex cre- atus est.2 6. Romiilum regem populus creavit. 7. Consul^ veni ad te. 8. CicSro pSter patriae appellatus est. 9. Pro sua quisque patria dimicant ferro.* ' Learn § 46, 1, 2, and a ; also § 45, 7 and 8. * Crea-o, verb-stem ; derivatives, orea-tor, crea-trix, prea-tio. ' I, the consul. Consul is in apposition with ego, implied in the termination of veni. * They fight toith the sword, each for his country ; quisque is in apposition with the subject of dimicant. Translate into liatin. 1. Caesar, the consul, came to the town. 2. Cicero was consul. 3. The boys were led to Romulus the king. 4. Caesar, (when) consul, subdued Gaul. b.\ He will be elected consul. 6. The boy was called Romulus. 7. Caesar was the conqueror of the Gauls. 8. The com- mander, a brave man, led the army against the enemy ; he fought a great battle on-this-side-of the river. LESSON L. AGREEMENT OF ADJECTIVES. § 47.i Translate into English. 1. Virtiis pulchra est. 2. Vastae in iTs l(5cis ^ soli'tu- dines ^ grant. 3. Romulus nomen nSvae * urbi dat. 4. \ 56 LATIN LESSONS. Reges sunt p8tentes. 5. SSpientes (the wise) luctum et moerorem depoimnt. 6. Audi multa ; pauca 15qu6re. 7. Reges profecti sunt. 8. Ego primus hanc orationem •legi. 9. Fratres alter ^ altSrum (one another) Smant.^ 10. Summus (the top of) mons a Tito Labieno tSnetur. 11. Hostes commeatu^ nostros (our troops) prShi- buerunt. 1 Learn § 47, 1, 2, 6, 3, a, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. « See § 14, 2, c. » See § 11, iv. 6. * See § 17, 3, c, 2. " Derivatives from the verb-stem ? ^ Composition? Explain the formation. Rule 28. ' In apposition to fratres. Translate Into Latin. 1. Powerful kings have large fields. 2. The new city- has high walls. 3. Remus founded a city in the same place where he had been educated. 4. We are strong, but you are stronger. 5. The wise educate their chil- dren. 6. They hear many things ; they speak few. 7. They were educated in^hose places. 8. The journey is short. 9. The soldiers' are brave. 10. The soldiers killed a large number of the fugitives (those fleeing). LESSON" LI. SYNTAX OF RELATIVES. § 48.' Translate into Ilnglish. 1. Puer, qui studiosus est,^ discit. 2. O rex, qui regnas, hSnora bSnos cives. 3. SSror vidit super hiimS- ros fratris pSlCidamentum, quod ipsa confecerat. 4. PrSca, Niimitori, qui natu major erdt, regnum reliquit.^ ' Learn § 48, 1, 2, 4, and 5; § 45, 5 and 6. *§45,5. »§ 1,3,(7. LESSON LII. 57 Translate Into Iiatln. 1. The soldier whom you killed was my brother. 2. The men are absent whom you blame. 3. The boys are here to whom we gave the books. 4. Caesar immedi- ately hastened from, the city and came to his army, which was already in Gaul. 5. They saw the cloaks which they had made. 6. You, O kings, who have governed the state, have blamed good citizens. LESSON LII. GENITIVE. §50.' Translate into Bnglish. 1. Rex Albanorum duos filios hSbuit. 2. Militis ^ est duci ^ parere. 3. Alter militum fugit. 4. HSratius aliquantum spatii aufugSrat. 5. Amor gloriae nos im- pulit. 6. Timor hostium * crescit. 7. Id negotii ^ hSbeo. 8. Quid mihi consilii dStis ? 9. Vir armorum pgritissi- mus 6rat. 10. Unus (of) ® ex his nuntios ad eum mittit.^ 11. Caesar, vir summi inggnii (or summo ingSnio), priidentiam cum elSquentia junxit. 12. Nostrum est pSrentes Snaare. 13. Caesaris classis mille et ducen- tarum navium (not mille et ducentis navibus) longarum fuit. 14. Hie liber fratrismei est. ' Learn Rules 8 to 11, inclusive (page 210), and read § 50, 1, 2 (with a, b, c, and'rf), and 3; or the pupil can leani § 50, etc., or the llulesy, as the teacher prefers. -^ Translate, It is (the duty) of a soldier, § 50, 1, c. ' See Rule 16. < * Translate this as subjective and as objective genitive. s Derivation? ° § 50, 2 c. Rem. ' Give the principal parts, and account for the euphonic changes. . 58 LATIN LESSONS. LESSON LIII. GENITIVE (continued). § 50.' Translate Into Euslish. 1. Miles laboris patipns erat. 2. Plena errorum sunt omnia. 3. Ille peiitus rei militafis erat. 4. SSror oblita^ est fratris." 5. Fratei" bbliitus est patriae. 6. RSminiscere pristinae virtCitis Helvetiorum. 7. Obli- viscere caedis atque incendiorum. 8. Animus meminit praetSritorum.^ 9. Romani C. Gracchum cSpitis damT naverunt. 10. Legatus gratiam Caesaris magnL* existi- mat. 11. Virtus maximi * aestimatur. 12. Te fortunae tuae poenitet. 13. Fratris mei me miseret. 14. Con- troversiarum et dissensionum obliviscimini. 15. Magni * reipublicae interest omnes copias convSnire. 16. lUud mea^ magni * interest. 17. Interest urbis. 18. Interest exercitiis. 19. Quid interest inter div item etpaupgrem? Multura. 20. Vir reus est criminis. 21. Absolvunt te jiidices injuriarum. 22. Cujusnam criminis erat ille reus ? 23. Aegrotus ^ medicinae indiget. 24. Ubi ter- rarum '^ fuisti ? 1 Learn Rule 12 and 13 ; read § 50, 4, a, 6, c, 1, 2, d, and e. i' § 47. 3 The past. § 47, 4, 6. " § 50, 1, i. ° § 50, 4, d, middle. « § 47, 3; derivation? ' § 50, 2, d. Syn. — Animus, the mind, the soul ; mens, thought or intellectual faculty ; anima, the life, the vital principle. Translate into Latin. 1. The fields of the king are beyond the river. 2. The soldiers of the general are on-this-side-of the river. 3. He seeks no ■' reward. 4. None of the enemy have fled.^ 5. Caesar had a fleet of sixty vessels! 6. The soldiers are eager for glory. 7. Many men are desirous of con- tention. 8. He was skilled in war. 9. They fled some LESSONS LIIl., LIV. 59 distance from that place. 10. Who of us ^ is wise ? 11. One of the tribunes fled. 12. Hatred towards the king actuated the people. 13. He is desirous of pleasure. 14. It is (the duty) of a good orator to speak candidly. 16. It is (the part) of a judge to hear patiently. 16. He remembers his plan. 17. He will forget his promise. 18. 1 am ashamed of my fault. 19. I am vexed and wearied at the folly of these men. 20. I repent of my folly. 21. I am weary of my life. 22. He needs money. 23. It concerns me. 24. It is the interest of all. 25. The soldiers have forgotten their dissensions. 26. They con- demned him to death. 27. They accused hifti of treach- ery. 28. Caesar acquitted the soldier of the crime. 29. He is reminded of his duty. 30. A true friend never forgets a friend. 31. This book is my brother's. 32. They are weary of life. 33. They have accused him of treachery. 34. We repent of our folly. 35. This book is my brother's. 36. It is (the part) of a wise man to say little. 37. The man is (one) of great ability. 38. Caesar had a fleet of four hundred and sixty vessels. ' Lit. nothing of reward. ^ § 19, 3, b. LESSON LIV. DATIVE. § 51.1 Translate into English. 1. Vir puSro ITbnim dgdit. 2. Fratres opem alter altgri fgrunt. 3. Parce mihi. 4. PrSbus invidet nemini.^ 6. Mai6dlcimus mSlis.^ 6. lis insidiati sunt latrones. 7. Multi mihi sunt libri. 8. Mihi Ciceroni nomen est ; mihi nomeu CicSro est. 9. PlScuit * CaesSri, ut ad eum 60 LATIN LESSONS. legates mittSret. 10. Milites non muliSribus, non infan- tibus p8percerunt. 11. Caesar turn belium Ptblemaeo, Pompeii interfectori, intulit. 12. Finem ISbori nox attiilit. 13. Caesar Hibernis Labienum praeposuit. 14. Sex nobis filii sunt. 15. Caesari erant multae legiones et fideles Sinici. 16. Urbs hostibus * erepta est. 1 Learn Rules l4, 16, 17, 18, and 19; read § 51, 1, 2, a, Rem. 3, 6, c, d, e, and 3. 2 Nullus is used in the genitive and ablative instead of neminis and nemine. s § 47, 3. * Subject ? § 70, 4, a. « § 51, 2, c. Syn. — Infans (in, not, fari, to speak), an infant; puer, a boy, from about seven to sixteen ; adolescens (adolesco, to grow), a youth, from about sixteen to twenty-four; juvenis, a young man or woman, from about twenty-four to forty-fiw. LESSON LV. DATIVE (continued). § 51.' Translate into English. 1. Laudandus est ille puer et mihi et tibi. 2. Caesari omnia erant Sgenda. 3. Duae legiones quae proxime conscriptae grant, praesidio impSdlmentis erant. 4. Caesar ISgiones duas castris praesidio relinquit. 5. Rgmus Srat matri simillimus.'^ 6. Lggatus equitatum auxilio CaesSri miserat. 7. Phil8sbphia animo mSdetur. 8. PSpiilo Romano belium indixisti. 9. Filius patri est similis. 10. Cives nSvis imperils ^ stiidebant. 11. Caesar dat negotium Seiionibus reliquisque Gallis, qui finitimi Belgis grant. 12. Movit fSroci juveni* animum com- ploiatio sbroris in tanto gaudio piiblico. " 13. Atrox id visum est fScinus patribus plebique. 14. Pax pStenda est mihi. 15. Circumdat miirum urbi, or, Circumdat LESSON LV. 61 urbem muro. 16. Sunt mihi multi ITbri. 17. Sanavit f ilium meum,* or, Sanavit mih,i filium.® 18. In omnibus rebus te consiilam. 19. In omnibus rebus consulam tibi.^ 20. Sedltio^ urbi excidio fuit. 21. Mihi scribendum est.® 22. Huuc librum mSgister mihi praemio dedit. ' Learn Rules 15 and 20 ; read § 51, 4, a, b, 5, 6, 7, and d. = § 17, 1, b. ^ Innovations ( or (Ganges in the state of affairs), a revolution. * § 51, 7, a. " He cured my son (not caring whose son). ' He cure 7, Kem. « § 51, 6, Rem. « § 47, 3. LESSON LVI. ACCUSATIVE AND VOCATIVE. § 52, and § 53.i Translate into £n£:lisli. 1. Latrones RSmum ad Amiilium regem perduxerunt. 2. Miita istam mentem. 3. Milites sanguinem sitiebant. 4. Eomani agros Remorum dep5pulati sunt, quos ^ adire pStSrant. 6. Tres Ciiriatii unum HSratium circumste- terunt. 6. Consul Caesafem sententiam rpgabat. 7. Caesar omnia consilia Aeduos celat. 8. LStini pacem ab Romanis pStierunt. 9. Mllites ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt. 10. " En haec," inquit, " mea orna- menta." 11. Turris pSdes diicentos alta est. 12. Ro- mulus urbem Romam v5cavit. 13. Vir ille grammSticam nos dScebat. 14. Grammaticam a viro illo dScebar. 15. Me miserum ! omnes me rident ^ hbmines. 16. Remus vallum transiluit. 17. Diligenter cura, mi Smice, vale- tiidinem tuam. LESSONS LVI., LVII. 63 ' Learn Rule 21 to 25; read § 52, 1, b, c, d,f, (2, a, c), a, b, c,' 3 with 4, a and c ; also § 53. ^ § 52, 1, d. * Ride -o, verb-stem, rid -e-o; root derivatives, rid -tor, § 1, 3, 2, c= ris -tor, § 1, 3, 3 = ria -or, ria -io, ria -ua. Syn. — PSto, to beg, rSgo, to ask, are general terms for either a request or demand ; poatUlo, io demand as a right ; flagito, to de- mand with earnestness ; poaco, to ask as a right, as a price or salary. Translate into Ijatin. 1. They lead Romulus to the king. 2. He shows the way to the boy. 3. Will you give me a book ? 4. Who gave you that book ? 5. They accused the soldier of treason.! 6. I will cpnceal my plans from you. 7. The guide shows the way to the soldier. 8. Caesar demanded corn of the jEdui. 9. They ask Csesar his opinion. 10. Caesar is asked^ his opinion. 11. Cassar concealed all his plans from the enemy. 12. They were not able to cross the river. 13. Remus leaped over the wall which Romu- lus had made. 14. The soldiers have laid waste the fields which they were able to approach. 15. The sol- diers thirst for honors. 16. Who taught you music ? 1 7. Will the soldiers cross the river ? ^ 18. Csesar made himself dictator. 19. I ask thee thy opinion. 1 See § 50, 4, b. ^ See § 52, 2, Rem. » See § 52, 1, d. . LESSON LVII. ACCUSATIVE AND INFINITIVE. §52,4,6. Translate Into English. 1. R5sa floret. 2. Video rSsam florere. 3. Aqua frigtda est. 4. Sentio Squam frigidam esse. 5. Amicuf 64 LATIN LESSONS. 'aegrotusest. 6. Audio amicum aegrotum esse. 7. Sen- timus cSlere ignem. 8. Rem intelligere videor. 9. Romani fortissimi fuisse dicuntur. 10. Tradunt Ro- mam a Romiilo conditam ^ esse. 11. Spero te ex itinSre ^ mox rediturum esse. 12. Spero patrem mox rediturum esse. 13. Quieto esse tibi ^ licet. 14. Te vSlere gaudeo. 1 Composition? ^ Form an adjective from iter, § 44, 1, 3. » See § 57, 8, e, Kem. Translate into Ijatin. 1. The boy studies. 2. I see that the boy is studying. 3. The friends have returned. 4. We hear that (our) friends have returned. 5. The soldiers were brave. 6. The soldiers are said to have been brave. 7. I wish that you would return. 8. I see that the moiintain is large. 9. I think that the mind of man is immortal. 10. I think that the king's army has returned. 11. It is related that the Romans were very brave. 12. 'I per- ceive that the water is cold. 13. You cannot be quiet. 14. We cannot be quiet. LESSON LVIII. ABLATIVE. § 54.1 Translate into Eng^lish. 1. Viri abstinent pugna. 2. Magno mgtu me libSra- bis. 3. Oculis videmus, auiibus audlmus. 4. Opus est mihi duce. 5. Duces nobis bpus sunt. 6. Vir dimicat ferro. 7. Nostri equites cum funditoribus^ sagittaryis-^ que fliimen^ transgressi sunt. 8. Soliis pStitus est impSrio Romulus. 9. Vir culpa dignus est.. 10. Aqua LESSON LVIII. 65 est grSvior acre (or quam aer). 11. Sol major est quam terra (or terra). 12. Erat Caesar excelsa stStura, nigris vSgStisque^ bculis, c3,pite calvo. 13. Multitudine hos- tium castra nostra complentur. 14. Murus defensoribus nudatus est. 15. Vir Ifipide interfectus est. 16. Vir a milite interfectus est. 17. Milites ad castra Caesaris omnibus cof)iis contenderunt. 18. Amulius, pulso fra- tre,^ regnavit. 19. Caius Julius * Caesar, nobilissima gSnitus familia, annum agens sextum et decimum,* patrem amisit. ' Learn Rules 26 to 33, inclusive, and 35; read § 54, 1, a, 6, c, 1 Learn Rule 46, with § 59, 1, a, 2, a, h ; read § 59, 3, a, J, 4, a, h (also 5, a and V). " Give the derivation. ' Translate, If (ever) any one was seized by his master, he was (always) rescued, etc. * Give the composition. ^ Derivatives from the verb-stem? Translate into I^atln. 1. If he should do this, it would be well. 2. If he shall do this, it will be well. 3. If I should have, any money, I would give it to you. 4. If I had done this, it would have been well. 5. If one gives me mone}^ I (always) give it to the poor. 6. If you were studying, I should rejoice. 7. If he says this, he is mistaken. 8. If you were here, you would think differently. 9. The mind grows weak, unless you exercise it. 10.. If. you would read this book, I would give it to you. 11. If this were LESSON LXII. 71 so, I should be glad. 12. If you (shall) remaiu with lue, I will give the money to you. 13. If any one at- tempted to cross the river, the soldiers prevented them. 14. If he had spoken the truth, he would have been praised. 15. If they should give. up their vessels, the enemy promised them peace. 16. If thife had been so, I should have been glad. 17. If Csesar (shall) assault the town, the enemy will flee. 18. If this is so, I am glad. LESSON LXII. COMPARATIVE AND CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. § 61.i Translate into ISnglish. 1. Quamvis mblestus dSlor sit, mSlum non est. 2. Vita brSvis est, licet supra mille annos exeat. 8. Ut desint vires, tamen est laudanda vbluntas.^ 4. Multi omnia recta negligunt, dummSdo pStentiam consequan- tur. 5. PStres mStus cepit, velut si jam ad portas hostis esset. 6. AdSro, dummSdo sis dSmi. 7. Adgro Sgo, licet, absit SmTcus. 8. DummSdo tu adsis, adSro ego. 9. Omnia postpSsui, dummbdo praeceptis patris parerem. 10. Magno me mStu^ libSrabis,* dummbdo inter me atque te murus intersit. 11» Ut sementes feceris, ita metes. ' Learn Rule 43, and § 61, 1, 2, and 3 ; and read carefully 4 and a. '^ Give the derivation. ^ ' Form a verb from metus. * Derivatives from the verb-stem? Translate into Ijatin. 1. Although the summer was passed,* Caesar led his army into Gaul. 2. Although I was present, you said that. 3. Provided I am present, you will be present. 4. Although you should kill me, yet I should say that. 72 LATIN LESSONS. 5. I shall be present, provided your father is at home. 6. I was present, although you were absent. 7. We will do this, although we know that we shall be punished. 8. Although you have laid waste our fields, yet if you will give hostages we will make peace with you. 9, Although the enemy fought bravely, yet they were driven from the town. 10. Caesar promises to give corn until they reach ^ the river. 11. On the following day, Caesar, before the enemy, could recover from their alarm, led his army into the territories of the Suessi- ones. l2. Fear seized the citizens, as if the enemy were already in the city. ' Use /exacta erat. '^ Use dum perveniatur. LESSON LXIII. TEMPORAL CLAUSES. § 62.' Translate into English. 1. Cum dbcemur, tScere debemus. 2. TibSrius Grac- chus, cum esset trYbunus plebis, a senatu descivit.^ 3. Dum haec geruntur, hostium copiae convSniunt. 4. Le- gatiCic6ronem,cum Romaeessent, audiebant. 5. ItSque, priusquam quidquam conaretur, Divitiacum ad se vScari jubet. 6. Tempestas minatur antequam surgat. 7. Du- centis annis antequam Romam cepissent, in Italiam Galli descenderunt. 8. Caesar dum rSliquae naves conve- nirent, ad horam nonam exspectavit. 9. Caesar, cum ^ Pompeium apud Pharsalum vicisset, in Asiam trajecit. 10. Caesar ad Pompeii castra pervenit, priusquam Pom- ■peius seutiret. 11. Milites cupide exspectabant, dum dux se e castris contra hostes ediiceret. 12. Rhenus LESSON LXIII. 73 servat violentiam cursus, donee cum OceSno misceatur. 13. Priusquam incipias, consulto opus est. 14. Donee te vlderam, valde soUicitus eram. 15. Donee te vidisset, noluit abire puer.^ 16. Donee te viderat, noluit abire puer. 17. Postquam Caesar aeiem instruxit, omnes hostes in unum IScum convblaverunt. ' Learn § 62, 1, 2, a, b, c, d, and e. ^ Translate, abandoned the party of the Senate: " The subjunctive in this sentence implies that the boy did go away without seeing you ; while the next sentence iniplies that he did not go until he accomplished his object. Translate into Liatin. 1. When I am at Athens, I shall hear Zeno. 2. When I was at Athens, I heard Zeno. 3. When Csesar Avas sought for to be put to death,^ he escaped from the 'city by night. 4. While these things were going on at Rome, the forces of the enemy assembled. 5. Before jou begin, there is need of deliberation.^ 6. After Caesar perceived that, he led his forces to the nearest hill. 7. He waited until the rest of the ships assembled. ' 8. When Caesar had conquered Pompey, he crossed into Asia. 9. Before they heard of my approach, I entered the city. 10. These things took ^aee after he had entered the city. 11. I waited until he came, 12. The forces of the enemy as- sembled before these things toolcplatse.^ 13, These things did not take place until he had entered the city. 14. While the senate was preparing war against Caesar, he made himself dictator. 15. They were present before it was light. 16. When a certain old man * at Athens had com« into the theatre, a place was nowhere given to him by his fellow-citizens ; but when he came to the Lacedae- monians, who, since they were ambassadors, were seated ^ in a certain place, they all rose together. 74 LATIN LESSOBTS. ' To seek for to put to death, quaerere ad mortem. 2 § 54, 1, cl. » Use facta sunt. * Use quidam graudis natu. ' Use pluperfect of consideo. LESSON LXIV. CAUSAL CLAUSES. § 63.' Translate into £n£fllsli. 1. Laudo te, quia tu me laudas. 2. Laudabat me, quod filium meum culparem. 3. QuSniam jam nox est, in vestra tecta discedite. 4. Quae ^ cum ita siut, perg«. 6. Is quamvis integer * esset, quia tribus impar erat, fiigam simulavit. 6. Alterum deinde, priusquam tertius posset consequi, interfecit. 7. Gaudeo, quod vSles. 8. Pater f ilio irascebatur, quod non solverat (^had paid) ' quod pollicitus 6rat. 9. Succenseo tibi, quia lucrum amicitiae antep8suisti. 10. Caesar ab Aeduis frumeutum flagitabat,* quod milites magna inbpia urgerentur. 11. Omnes elves gaudent, quod duces militum cupiditates coercuerunt. > Learn § 63, 1, 2 and a. ' § 48, 4. ' Although he loas unhurt; form an adjective from integer, and give the derivation. * Give the derivation. Translate into Latin. 1. You have praised me because I praised you. 2. Since it is now night, we will depart. 3. When it is night, we will depart. 4. I will praise the boy because he studies well. 5. Since these things are so,^ there is need of deliberation. 6. He accuses them severely be- LESSONS LXIV., LXV. 75 cause he is not assisted by them. 7. I am angry with you, that you should prefer gain to friendship. 8. I am angry with you because you -(actually) did prefer gain to friendship. 9. They rejoiced because they were going to assault the city. 10. The citizens rejoiced because Caesar restrained the soldiers. ^ Quae cum ita sint, § 48, 4. LESSON LXV. FINAL CLAUSES. § 64.i Translate Into English. 1. Laudas me, ut a me invicem lauderis. 2. Laudabat me, ut a me invTcera laudaretur. 3. Contendit Caesar maximis itineribus in fines Nerviorum, ut consilia eorum cognosceret. 4. Vir vSnit ut portas claudat. 5. Vir venit ut portas clauderet. 6. Caesar milites cShortatus est, ut fortiter castra defenderent. 7. Caesar milites cShortatus est, quo mortem fortius obirent. 8. AgrTc51a hSmines misit qui agrum Srarent. 9. Rex impgravit mihi ut abirem. 10. Pater jussit ut abirem. 11. Inde decretum est a s6natu, ut videret consul- ne quid^ detrl- menti^ respublica cSperet. 12. Equitatum, qui susti- neret hostium impStum, misit. 13. Puer vSnit ut videat. 14. Puer venit ut nos videret. 15. Romulus edixit ne quis vallum transiliret. 1 Learn § 64, 1, a, aud,2. " Any. « § 50, 2, c. Syn. — Licet and ooncessum est, it h allowed, refers to what is allowed by human law; fas est, it is allowed hy Divine law. 76 LATIN LESSONS. Translate into Ijatin* 1. He came to close ^ the door. 2. He has come to close the door. 3. He will come to close the door. 4. He has come to see me. 5. The Helvetians determined to depart from their own territories, in order that they might obtain possession of all Gaul. 6. He encouraged the soldiers in order that^ they might meet death more bravely. 7. He has encouraged the soldiers in order that they may meet death bravely. 8. I gave you orders to depart. 9. I have given you orders to depart, 10. He sent legates to ask for peace. 11. We have praised you, in order that we may be praised by you in turn. 12. I will strive to be serviceable to jou. 13. I have striven to be serviceable to you. 14. He sent the cavalry to sustain the attack of the enemy. 15. I ask you to do this. 16. I asked you to do this. 17. I will encourage him to learn. 18. I have encouraged him to learn. 19. I will strive to conquer. 20. I am going to look at the games. 21. I went to look at the games. 1 Observe that the English infinitive expressing a purpose (when it is equivalent to that, in order that) is to be translated by ut ■with the subjunctive, or some other of the forms on page 183. * Quo is used in preference to ut -when there is a comparative in the clause which it introduces. LESSON LXVI. CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. § 65.i Translate into English. 1. Quid obstat quominus moenia stStira oppugnemus ? 2. Sunt, qui censeant una Snimum et corpus occidere. 3. Non diibito quin verum dixeris. 4. SSpientia ast LESSON LXVI. ' 77 una, quae hSmines beatos reddere possit. 5. Vir probus dignus est, qui ab omnibus diligatur. 6. Eum deterrne- runt, qu8minus dSmo exiret. 7. Nemo est, qui id mihi persuadere possit. 8. Non dubito quin sSpientissimus sis. 9. Rufum Caesar idoneum jiidicaverat quem nftt- teret. 10. Tanta vis prSbitati est, ut earn vel in hoste diligamus. 11. Majusgaudium ^ fuit, quam quod univer- sum hSmines cSperent.^ 12. Nemo Srat, qui ctiperet me e civitate^ expellere.* 13. Nemo fuit omnium militum qui vulngraretur. ' Learn § 65, 1, a, 6, 2, a, h, c, d, e and/. ^ Translate, than (what) men could take in all at once ; § 65, 2, e. * Give the derivation. * Give the verb-stem. Translate into ILatin. 1. I will hinder him from going from home. 2. I hindered him from going home. 3. The soldiers hin- dered me from going to the city. 4. The soldiers have hindered me from going to the city. 5. There was no one wlio did not rejoice. 6. There was no one who wished to do this. 7. Wisdom alone can render men happy. 8. There are some who thought that Csesar was in the city. 9. I did not doubt that you had spoken the truth. 10. What prevents us from seeing the games ? 11. What prevented us from seeing the games ? 12. The river was so broad that he did not cross it. 13. The fear of the soldiers was so great that he^ did not lead them from the camp. 14. There is no one of the soldiers who is nAt wounded. 15. He does not de- serve to be heard. 16.- He deserved to be heard. 17. He is a su.itable person to send.^ 18. He was a suitable person to send. 19. There were some who departed from the city. 20. There are some who do not fear. 78 LATIN LESSONS. 21. There are some who wish to see the games. 22. He gave orders to lead the soldiers out of the camp. 23. What hinders him from leading the soldiers out of the camp ? 24. He is not a suitable person to lead, the sdldiers out of the camp. 25. There were some who led the soldiers out of the camp. 26. The Romans fought so bravely that they defeated the enemy^ 27. We cannot object (to it) that others should differ from us. ' Translate quern mittamus, or qui mittatur. LESSON LXVII. INDIRECT DISCOURSE. § 67.' Translate into !Eng:lish. ^ 1. Dux dicit, " Rex urbem o^ugnat." 2. Dux dicit regem urbem oppugnare. 3. Puer dicit, " Cupio dis- cere." 4. Puer dicit se cupere discere. 5, Pax est compSsita. 6. Nuntius allatus est pacem esse compSsi- tam. 7. "Omnia perierunt," inquit Caesar; " consu- lite, mllites, vestrae sSluti." 8. Caesar dixit omnia perisse ; milites suae saluti consulerent. 9. Puer dixit se, si quid haberet, daturum esse.^ 10. Censeo, si hbc dicas, te en-are. 11. Vir censebat, si hoc diceres, te errare. 12. Vir censebat, si hoc diceres, te erraturum esse. 13. Quid Sgis ? Die, quid Sgas. 14. Quis hujic librum legit. 15. Dixit se postiilaturum fuisse quis hunc librum Iggeret. 16. Miles dicit a se, quia tn se laudes, te laudari. 17. Dux dixit se intelligere quid Sgeret hostis.3 18. Dux dixit se intelligere quid egisset hostis. 19. Dux dixit se intellexisse quid egisset hostis. 20. LESSON LXVII. 79. Puer dicebat se, si posset, veuturum esse. 21. Si quid habet, dSt. 22. Puer dicit, si quid habeat, se dare. 23. Si quid habeat, det. 24. Puer dikjit, si quid hSbeat, se daturum esse. 25. Puer dixit, si quid habuisset, se daturum fuisse. 26. Caesar dixit se, postquam hostes fusi essent, castra muniturum esse. 27. Dixit * puer se tibi quae haberet daturum esse. 1 Learn § 67, 1, a, 5, c, d; 2, a, and 3. " Translate these first as simple conditional sentences, and ex- plain the change of tense and mood in indirect discourse. ' Translate these first as direct questions: then explain the tense and mood in indirect discourse. * Form an intensive and iterative verb, and derivatives from the verb-stem of the intensive. Syn. — Aveo, long for ; desidero, desire what one has had, but now feels the loss of (hence, regret) ; v61o , wish ; opto, prefer ; ciipio, desire (general term) ; gestio, desire, and mainifest it by- gestures. DIco, say (transitive form fflE-lSqui) ; loqm,speak or talk (opposed to tacere, keep silent) ; fari, talk, use articulate speech ; dicere is to speak for the information of the hearers; aio expresses the asser- tion of the speaker (opposed to nego) ; inquam is used to intro- duce the I'ery words of the speaker, and always comes after one or more words of the quotation, § 76, 3, c. Translate Into I.atjn. 1. I am going to Rome. 2. The boy. says, "I am going to Rome." 3. The boy says that he is going to Rome. 4. Csesar has assaulted the city. 5. The mes- senger said, " Csesar has assaulted the city." 6. The messenger said that Csesar had assaulted the city with all his forces. 7. He thinks that you are mistaken if you say this., 8. He thinks you would be mistaken if you should say this. 9. He thinks you would have been mistaken if you had said this. 10. He thiaks you would 80 LATIN LESSONS. b,e mistaken if you had said this. 11. He says that he sees what the enemy are doing. 12. He said that he saw what the enen^v had been doing, 13. He said that he praised you because, you had praised him. 14. The messenger said that the forces of the enemy assembled while these things were going on. 15. He said, that he feai^ed you would not come. 16. Caesar said thathe had sent his lieuten&,nts to do this. 17. The ambassador said that he was present before it was light. 18. Caesar said that the Helvetians had departed from their terri- tories in order that they might obtain possession of all Gaul. 19. He says that he has come to see you. 20. He said that he had come to see you. 21. Caesar said that he had sent the cavalry to sustain the attack of the enemy. 22. Caesar said that he feared that the general would not lead his forces out of the camp. 23. It is related that, when Caesar had conquered Pompey, he Grossed into Asia. 24. Ariovigjius said that he would not wage ' war upon the -Sduans,^ if they paid the. tribute yearly .3 25. The men said that they would give what they had. 26. He said that he would give me the book before he left the city. ' Use illaturum esse. * Use quotannis. * Use the dative. LESSON LXYIII. THE INFINITIVE. § 57.' Translate into English. 1. Putas me scribere. 2. Putabo me scribere, 3. Putas me scripsisse. 4. Putabis me scripsisse. , 5. Piito, LESSON LXVm. 81 te sciipturum esse. 6. Miles cum pugjiaretur, humi j2cebat. 7. M§mini^ eum cum pugnaretur humi jScere. 8. Dicit me cum pugnaretur humi jScuisse. 9. Dicit puer se laudatum esse (or fuisse). 10. Putat puer se landatum iri. 11. Vir dicebat se si posset, venturum esse. 12. Vir dice,bat se si pbtuisset, venturum fuisse. 13. Putabat puer se la^udatum iri {or futurum ^ esse ut laudaretur). 14. Putabit puer se laudatum iri (or fore ut laudetur). 15. Piitaverat puer se laudatum iri. 16. Nuntius dicit, Squites tela conicere. 17. Nuntius dixit equites tela conicere. 18. Nuntius dixit Squites tela conjecisse. 19. Nuntius dicit Squites tela conjecisse. 20. CEBsaiJ? intelligit bellum paratum esse. 21. Csesar inteliexit bellum paratum esse. 22. Ceesar intellexit bellum paratum iri. 23. Caesar castra miiniri jussit. 24. Caesar pontem rescindi vgtuit. 25. Caesar milites castra miinire jussit. 26. Oportet nos virtuti studere, {or) vir^ tuti studeamus Sportet. 27. NScesse est sapientem, spmper beatum esse. 28. Homone pStest dubifeire quin deus universum mundam gubernet ? 29. Dulce est pro patria mSrii 30. VSlo (cfipio, studeo, possum, debeo) discere. 31. Aliud^ est dScere, Sliud discere. 32. Dux imperavit urbem diripi. 33. Decet te. esse diligentem. ' Lpam § 57, 8, a, h, c, d, e, and k ; § 58, 11, a, b, c, d,f; and also § 67, 1, a. ^ For the time, denoted, by the infinitive in indirect discourse, see § 58, 11 and 6; thus : putas me scribere, you think I am writing; putas me scripaisse, you think that I was writing, wrote, have writ- ten, or had written ; putas me scripturum esse, you think that I mil write .-s-when the principal verb is in a past tense, the translation of the infinitive is changed, though the relation of time is the same, thus : putavisti me scribere, you thought I was loriting ; putavisti me scripsisse, you thought I had written. 6 82 LATIN LESSONS. ' Observe that the future infinitive is made up of the supine and iri ; when the verbs have no supine, fore or futurum esse ut must be used. * § 47, 4, a. Syn. — FStestaa, power, law/id authority, as of a magistrate ; pStentia, unconstitutional poioer, predominance ; p5tentatus, the power of a ruler, which is acknowledged by those subject to him; ditio, power, jurisdiction. Translate into Xatln. 1. He says, " I am writing." 2. He says that he is writing. 3. He says, " I have written." 4. He says that he has written. 5. He says, " I wrote." 6. He says that he has written. 7. He says, " While you were absent I was writing." 8. He says that while you were absent he was writing.^ 9. He says, " I will write." 10. He says that he will write. 11. He says,. " I had Written." 12. He says, that he had written. 13. He said that he had written before you came from the country. 14. He said, " I know." 15. He said that he knew. 16. He said, " I will come." 17. He said that lie would come. 18. He says, " I will come." 19. He says that he will come if he can. 20. You ought to have done this. 21. I remember that you said this. 22. You ^ may go to the city if you wish. 2-3. It is difficult to do this. 24. They wish to cross the river. 25. He said that the town would be taken.^ 26. The boy wishes to read. 27. The boy can learn. 28. He orders the soldiers to bear forward the standards.* 29. He orders the camp to be fortified.^ 30. He forbids the soldiers to bear for- ward the standards, you must be quiet. 31. It is noble to die for® a friend. 32. The soldiers ought to bear for- ward the standards. 33. I wish you would return. LESSONS Lxvm., LXIX. 83 34. Caesar said, " The enemy are coming : set out sol- diers from the camp." 35. Csesar said that thcenemy .are coming, and hence the soldiers should set out from the camp. ' Uae the imperfect infinitive. * Lit. It ii permitted to you (licet), etc.; see Kote Gr. p. 51. ' Render this both ways. See § 58, 11,/. * Translate this both ways. * Jubeo and veto always have the infiijitive of verbs in the pas- sive voice. « Pro. LESSON LXIX. WISHES AND' COMMANDS. § 68.' Translate into Englisli. 1. Laudemus nomen Dei. 2. Confer ^ longissimam aetatem cum aeternitate. 3. MSli secernant se a bbnis. 4. " Nolim 3 quifdem, Gracche," inquit, " mea bSna tibi Tiritim dividere liceat ; sed si fScies, partem pStam." 5. Utinam eas res efficere possim.* 6. Utinam vera invSnire possem. 7. Utinam ne abires. 8. Utinam ne abisses. 9. Scrlbite ; ne scriberis. 10. Noli scribere ; scripseiis. 11. Cura, ut v6nias. 12. Hostes, inquit Caesar, adventant ; proinde, milites, e castris exite. 13. Caesar dixit hostes adventare ; proinde milites e castris exirent. 14. Nolim puer veniat. 15. Ne trans- ieris RhSdanum. 16. Ineainus in urbem. 17. VSletuT dinem tuara ciira diligenter. 18. Cives mei sint beati. 19. Equidem vellem,^ ut dbmi esses. 84 LATIN LESSONS. 1 Learn § 68, 1, 2 and 3-; also § 57; S,b, 4, a,b, c, and 7, a, 6, e, with l," 2 and 3. ' 2 See § 30, 6, c. . , * I should be umoilling (in some future case) ; § 70, 8, /, Rem. ; « § 57, 4. ' / should (now) wish (on some condition riot fulfilled). Translate into liatin. 1. Let us go to the city. 2. Let us love our country. 3. Cross not the river. 4. Would that I could \ accom- plish this. 5. Do nftt forget your country. 6. Woifld that you had been here. 7. Let all who wish to accom- plish this follow me. 8. May you be happy., 9. No good 2 (man) can doubt concerning the providence of God. 10. My friends, I hope you are well.^ 11. I hope my father is alive.* 12. I wish my father were alive.^ 13. I wish my father had lived. 14. Let us imitate our ancestors. 15. Wpuldt that he had led out with him all his 'forces. 16. Oh that he Would come ! 17. Would that he had come. 1 In some future time. ^ Nemo bonus. ' May you be safe. * Would that my father may be alive (use Vivo). ; ' Would that my father were alive. LESSON LXX. RELATIVE AND INTERMEDIATE CLAUSES. § 69.» Translate into English. 1. Deus est, qui mundum rSgit. 2. Hostes legates * miserunt, qui pacem pSterent. 3. Sunt, qui vSluptateni dontemhaht. 4. Dixit puer se tibi, quodcumque hSberet, daturum esse. 5. Dignus est qui laudetur. 6. Nemo LESSONS LXX., Lxxr. 85 tam pStens est at omnia quae vSlit effidere ^ possit. 7. Animal sen tit quid sit quod dSceat. 8. Id quod hSbeo tibi dabo. 9. Id quod liabeba;t . tibi dabat. 10. Jussit, ut quae naves venisseiit Enboeam pSterent. 11. Caesat ab Aeduis frumentum flagitabat, quod essent pubKce poUiciti.^ 1 Learn § 69, 1, 2; also 1, 2 and 3; § 66, 1, a, I, c, d, and 2. * Composition? ' The subjunctive refers to the promises as made by the Aedui See § 67, 1; also §70, 1, a. Translate into I.atin. 1. Tbe boys who study well, learn. 2. The farmer sent men to plough the field. 3. There were some who thought the man should be condemned to death. 4. The boys said that they wouid give you whatever they had. 5. Would not the man ^ who should see these things, be forced to confess that there are gods. 6. No one can be kihg of the Persians (Persarum) who has not first 2 learnt ^ the discipline of the Magi (Magorum). 7. Who could love him whom he fears? 1 Haec qui videat, nonng, etc. = si qui videat, if any one were to see, etc. ^ First, ante. ' Qui non perceperit, etc. = nisi perceperit, unless, lie has learned, etc. LESSON LXXI. SUBSTANTIVE CLAUSES. § 70.' Translate into Eng:Ilsh. 1. Milites pontem fScere jussi suht.^ 2. Romulus fortissimus fuisse dicitur (traditur, fertur). 3. Eg6 86 LATIN LKSSONS. bSnus esse dicor. 4. Caesar milites Jiortatus est, ut acriter dlmicarent. 5. Caesar jussit milites castra munire. 6. Caesar vStuit milites pontem rescindere 7. VSlo ut ex itinera mox redeas. 8. Virtuti studea- mus^ oportet. ,9. PSter curat, ut ggo bejie -edii- cer. 10. sapiens semper beatus sit^ nScesse est. 11. Romulus edixit ne quis vallum transiliret. 12, Sol effreit, ut omnia floreant. 13. Omnes cives mStuebant, ne urbs ab hostibus expugnaretur. 14. Timeo, ut hos labores sustineas. 15. Accidit, ut illo tempore in urbe essem. 16. PlScuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legates mitteret. 17. Nunquam putavi fSre* ut supplex ad te vSnirem. 18. VSreor ut vSnias, or vereor ne non vSnias. 19. Legem brSvem ^ esse Sportet, quo fScilius ab imp6ritis tSneatur.® 20. Sentimus nivem esse albam. 21. Dux imp^ravit, ut milites urbem diriperent. 22. Gaudeo, quod vSles. 23. DScet te diligentem esse. ' Learn § 70, 1, 2, a, d ; 3, a, b, c, d, e,f; 4, a, 6, d, g; 5, a an(} b. " This lesson should be read in conneotion with the LIV. and LXVI. " See § 70, 3, /, Rem. * That it would happen. * A law ought to be short. * May be comprehended. Syn. — Placet, it pleases, i. e., it is one's -will or determination; libet, it pleases, i. e. , it agrees with one's inclination. Translate into Xatin. 1. The soldier is said to be brave. 2. Csesar orders the soldiers to fortify the camp. 3. Csesar. orders the camp to be fortified.^ 4. The leader commands the city to be assaulted. 5. The leader commands the soldiers to assault the city. 6. They fear that you will do this. 7. They fear that you will not do this. 8. He forbids LESSONS LXXI., LXXII. 87 the soldiers to assault the town. 9. The soldiers may depart from the camp. 10. The father takes care that his son is well educated. 11. He forbids the town to be assaulted. 12. It pleases Caesar to send ambassadors. 13. I wish that you would rdturn. 14. I seem to be joyful. 15. They seem to be joyful. 16. Thy brother seems to be joyful. ' See Note 5,, Lesson LX VI. LESSON LXXII. QUESTIONS. §71.1 Translate into English. 1. Fuistine hSri in schSla ? 2. Die, fuerisne hSri in schola ? 3. Quaerit num Caesar in urbe sit. 4. Num ita audes dicere ? 5. Uti:um iinus an plures sunt mundi ? 6. Quaeritur, utrum iinus an pliires sint mundi. 7. Utrum Cato an Caesar tibi praestantior et clarior vir esse videtur ? 8. Caesar jussit eos speculari num hostes ex castris exirent. 9. Quaeritur Dii utrum sint, necne. 10. Isne est quem quaero, annon ? 11. Ntim dubium est casune an consilio factus sit mundus? 12. Cujus hie liber est ? tuusne ? non, sed fratris. 13. Utrum vestra an nostra culpa est? 14. Immo^ in sSnatum vKnit. ^ Learn § 71, 1, a, b, c, d, 2, d, and 3. " See § 71, 3, a. Syn. — Orbis terrarum, rather than terra, when there is decided reference to other lands. 88 LATIN LESSONS. Translate into liatin. 1. Has Gaesar set out for JRome ? 2, He inquired whether Csesar had set out for Rome. 3. Is the city strongly fortified ? 4. He asked whether the city was strongly fortified. 5. Does he deserve praise ? 6. It is doubtful whether he deserves praise or not. 7. Will you perform these things or not ? 8. Do the soldiers obey their commander ? 9. Do you or I deserve praise ? 10. Is he a good man? 11. It is uncertain whether he is a good man or not. 12. Didyou inquire how great the forces of the enemy were ? 13. Is the victory due to the soldiers or to the commander ? 14. He inquired whether the victory was due to the soldiers or to the commander. 15. Is this book yours or not ? 16. He inquired whether this book was yours or not. 17. Is that the man they seek or not? 18. He inquired whether that was the man they sought or notb LESSON LXXIII. PARTICIPLES. § 72.» Translate Into XlngUsh. 1. Sole briente,2 fiigiunt tgnS^jrae. 2. Belluln Galli- cum, Caesare impgratore, gestuai est. 3. Plier, me invito,^ abiit. 4. Gives cum hostibus urbem oppugnan- tibus acriter dimicabant. 5. Hostes viotoriam Sdepti in castra se rgceperunt. 6. Faustulus libSros tulit in casam, et Accae Larentiae conjugi dedit educandos.* 7. Terra miitata non mStat mores. 8. Milites, pTlis conjectis,^ phaiangem hostium perfregerunt. 9. Vereor LESSON Lxxni. 89 ut certus sis euildi. 10. Caesar, urbe capta,® discessit. 11. Exercitus rediit, belli casum de intSgro tentaturus. 12. Quis est, qui me unquam viderit ISgentem ? 13. Hostes amnem trarisgressi castra muniverunt. 14. Caesar ea re coramotus, in ItSliam rediit, armis inju- riam acceptam vindicaturus. 15. Ex amissis civibiis dSlor fuit. 16. Agric8la hbmines misit agrum Sratliros. 17. Caesar cum sola decima l^gione prSfecturus est. 18. Priusquam incipias, constilto,'^ et ubi cOnsiilueris, inatiire facto Spus est. 19. Solem Srieutem ® cum maxi- ma vSluptate spectamus.' ' Learn § 72, 1, 6, c, 2, 3, a, 4, 5, a, h, and c; also § 64, 10, 6 and note. ' Translate, wlien the sun rises, etc. § 72, 3. » § 54, 10, 6 and note. * The participle in -dus here denotes a purpose. See § 72, 5, c. * What circumstance does this denote, — time, condition, or cause ? ° As there is no perfect active participle, its place is supplied by the ablative absolute, or by a clause with cum : as, urbe capta = cum urbem cepisset, etc. ' Lit. there is need of consulting, or freely, you need advice. ' Rising. ' Derivatives ? Translate Into Ijatin. 1. When this was known, Caesar departed. 2. Caesar, when he went to Craiil, took three legions. 3. Caesar, after he had subdued Q-aul,^ set out for Rome. 4. He assists others, without rohhing himself.^ 5. Under Ccesar as commander, the soldiers fought bravely. 6. He re- turned to Rome to contend with his enemies. 7. Many- things go on without your perceiving it.^ 8. After lie 90 LATIN LESSONS. had been elected consul, he left the city. 9. After I had spoken, you went away. 10. Because their leader was killed, the soldiers fled. 11. The soldiers, hy throwing their weapons, repulsed the line of the enemy, 12. I come to assist you. 13. When the leader ordered^ the sol- diers assaulted the town. 14. This happened one hnw- AveA.yQaxsheiove the founding of the dty. 15. Did you hear me when I said that? 16. I saw my friend sitting in the garden yesterday. 17. Csesar is going to set out from the camp with five legions. 18. Caesar lost his father when he was* sixteen years (old). ' Observe that the ablative absolute can be used only when the subject of the subordinate clause is different from that of the prin- cipal clause (except in such phrases as se invito, against his loill, used in indirect discourse, and a few others not to be imitated). ' Lit. not robbing himself, se non spolians. ' Lit. you not perceiving it, te non sentieute. * Use agens, pres. part. LESSON LXXIV. GERUND AND GERUNDIVE. § 73.i Translate into English. 1. In ambulando mecum cogito. 2. NStandi ars uti- lis est. 3. DScendo discimus. 4. Ars civitatem guber- nandi difficillima est. 5. In libris tuis Iggendis hos tres dies cum multa vSluptate exegi. 6. Cupido urbis con- dendae ^ Romiilum cepit. -7. Ars civitatis gubernandae LESSON LXXIV. 91 est difficillima. 8. Prbficiscendum mihi erat illo ipso die. 9. Hostes in spem venerant pbtiendorum castro- rum.3 10. Caesar ISquendi finem fScit. 11. Asinus idoneus est 5n6ra portando, 12. Asinus idoneus est SnSribus portandis. 13. Ars pueros educa,ndi difficilis est. 14. Catilina bellum suscepit * reipublicae delendae causa. 15. Agricola hSmines mlsit ad agrum Srandum. 16. AgricSla, hbmines mis^t agri Srandi causa. 17. AgricSla hSmines misit agrum Srandi causa. 18. Oppi- duni magnam ad ducendum^ bellum dabat fScultatem. 19. Ager cSlendus est, ut fruges f§rat. ' Learn § 73, 1, 2, and Rule 41; also read § 73, 3, a, I, c, and d. * Or, urbem.condeudi. ' What would be the construction if the gerund had been used? ■* Composition? ^ For protracting, etc. Form derivatives from the verb-stem. Translate into I.atin. 1. The mind is nourished by learning and thinking. 2. We learn by teaching. 3. He is desirous of hearing. 4. He is desirous of hearing Plato. 5. They undertook the war for the sake of destroying the republic. 6. He came here for the sake of seeing his friends.^ 7. He crossed the river by swimming. . 8. Gracchus obtained the tribuneship for the sake of avenging his brother's . death. 9. I must write a letter. 10. Virtue must be cultivated. 11. The field must be ploughed. 12. We must set out immediately. 13. What must we do, friends ? 14. He was desirous of possessing the camp. 15. Ambassadors came to seek peace. 16. We must not believe all men. 17. I must write. 18. We are desirous of seeing and hearing many things. 19. You 92 LATIN LESSONS. must Bght for liberty. 20. We learn to write by- writing', to speak by speaking. 21. We must leap from the walls andfigit with the enemy. 1 'Express this in as many ways as possible, § 64, 2. LESSON LXXV. SUPINE. § 74.> Translate into English. 1. Ibat spectatum' liidos. 2. Id fScile dictu est. 3. Orator dignus est auditu. 4. Oratores Romam vSniunt pacem pStitum. 5. Legati totlus fSre Galliae ad- Caesa- rem gratulatum convenerunt. 6. Legati venerunt injii- rias questum. 7. Quod optimum factu videbitur, fScies. 8. Divitiacus Romam ad sSnatum venit, auxilium postu- latum. 9. ^dui legatos ad Caesarem mittunt rbgatum auxilium. 10. Quod optimum est factu, fSciam. 11. Exclusi eos, quos tu ad me salutatum miseras. 12. Fas est dietu ; nSfas est dictu. 13. Agricbla hSmines mlsit agrum Sratum. 14; Eamus Jovi Maximo* gratula- tum.* ' Learn § 74, 1 and 2, Kule.42. " § 5i, 2, b. ' Derivatives from the verb-stem. Translate into Ijatin. 1. They sent legates to the city to demand peace. 2. The soldiers advanced to forage. &. They sent to in- quire what they should do. 4. This is difficult to be done. 5. The men came to plough the field.^ 6. Many things are difficult to be doiie. 7. They set out for the city to see the games.^ ' 8. A true friend is difficult to LESSON LXXV., LXXVI, 93 be found. 9. The enemy came with a large army to ■assault the camp. 10. It is difficult to read this. 11. When the war with the Helvetii was finished, ajnbas- sadors from almost th« whole of Gaul ^ came to congratu- late Caesar. 12. The farmer sent men to plough the field.2 1 Expi'ess this in as many different Ways as possible, § 64, 2. ^ Use the genitive. LESSON LXXVI. THE ROMAN CALENDAR. Translate into Enelish. 1. Ciaesar Idibus Martiis in senatum Venit. 2. Natus est ante diem tertium KSlendas Martias (or Natus est a. d. iii. Kal. Mart.). 3. Supplication es decretae sunt in ' a. d. iv. et iii. et pridie Idus NSvembris.^ 4. De fratre nuntii nobis venerunt ex a. d. iii. Nonas Januarias. 5. Supplicatio decreta est ad pridie Nonas Maias. 6. Im- pgravit mihi ut adessem in postridie Calendas Januai'ias (or in a. d. iv. Non. Jan.). 7. Is dies erat a. d. v. Kal. Apr. 8. Spero te apud nos Graecis KSletidis ^ cenaturum. 9. Natus est a. d. ix. Kaiendis Octobris.^ 10. Obiit KSlen- dis AUgustis. 11. Meministine me ante diem xii. Ka- lendas NSvembris ^ dicere in sSnatu, fSre in armis certb die, qui dies futurus esset ante diem vi. KSlendas NSvem- bris, G. Manlium ? 12. Consul cSnfftia in a. d. iii. Nonas Sextilis 2 edixit. 13. In ante dies viii. et vii. Kaleiidas Octobris^ cbmitiis dicta dies. 14. Venire jussi siimus ad Nonas Februarias. 15. Is dies erat pridie Idus Jan. 16. Is dies erat a. d. xi. Kal. Feb. ; a. d. iii. Idus Jan. : 94 LATIN LESSONS. a. d. iii. Nonas Mart. ; piidie Idus Mart. ; a. d. xvi. Kal. DScembris.^ 17. Spero me circa Idus Qctobris^ Romae futurum esse. 18. Dixi ego Idem in senatu, caedem te optimatium contulisse-in ante diem v. Kaiendas N5vem- bris.^ ' In ante, for. 2 Observe that the form in is in these dates is the accusative plural. ' The Greek Calends, a phrase signifying never; this style of reckoning not being used by the Greeks. Translate into I^atin. 1. He died on the fifth of January. 2. He was born on the fifteenth of October. 3. He was born on the six- teenth of March. 4. He came to Rome on the fifteenth of April. 5. On the first of March he entered the senate. 6. The time of the elections is appointed for the twenty- fifth of July. 7. We came to Rome by the tenth, of February. 8. The day was the tenth of July. 9. A public thanksgiving wa^ ordered for the tenth of i May. 10. Special religioils services were ordered for the ninth, tenth, and eleventh of November. 11. On the second of May I will be at Rome. 12. On the first of July I will be at Athens. 13. About the beginning of June,^ in the consulship of M. Tullius Cicero and C. Antonius, he first began to-address-himself-to 2 single (persons). 14. We set out for .Rome on the second of November, and arrived there on the tenth; on the twelfth we laid our demands before the senate ; on the fifteenth we left the city. 15. On the first, second, or third of October I shall go .to Rome. ' About the beginning of June, circiter Kalendaa Juniaa. * Use appellare (historical iufinitive). XESSON LXXVI. 95 ADDITIONAL EXERCISES. Translate Into I>atin. 1. The waves on the shores [of the sea] are high. 2. Volsinii, a town of the Tuscans, was'consumed^ by light- ning. 3. Neither you nor I have done this. 4. You and he praise" the streams of the country. 5. The man said one thing and the boy another.^ 6. Homer is called the king of poets. 7. The Sequani shuddered at the cruelty of Ariovistus. 8. Hear much,? speak little. 9. After his death the people repented of their judgment. 10. Caesar kept demanding corn of the ^dui. 11, The elephant is said to live two hundred years. 12. Augustus died at Nola., 13. He wandered about the banks of the river Po and .the shores of the Adriatic Sea. 14. A good man forgets all injuries. 15. At what price does he give lessons ? * 16. It is not lawful for any man ^ to lead, an army against his country. 17. Having learned these things, CsBsar returns to the fleet. 18. What o'clock is it ? 19. Is that your fault or mine ? 20. He asked whether that was your fault or mine. 21. If they (shall) give hostages, Caesar will make peace with them. 22. Can anybody do this ? 23. Can somebody do this ? 24. Plato lived eightj''-orie years. 25. Where- fore It pleased him to send^ legates to Ariovistus, to demand ^ from him that he should appoint some place central with respect to both of them for a conference, (sayiing) that he wished to treat with him concerning the republic, and the highest interests of both. 26. On the 10th of April we set out for the province. 27. Is this said to have been done by night or by day ? 28. The Germans have not entered a house for fourteen 9'6 XATIN LESSONS. years. 29. It is of,. great consequence^ to me^ that I should see you. 30. On the last day of December he set sail,!" and arrived at Athens on the 10th of January. 31. In the first of the spring the consul came to Ephe- STis, and, having received the troops from ^^ Scipio, he held ^2 a speech ^^ in-pvesence-of ^* his soldiers (in which), after extolling their bravery, he exhorted thein. to under- take ^^ a new war with ^^ the Greeks, who had (as he said) helped Antiochus with auxiliaries. ' Use concrematum est. ' See § 50, 4, d. * Use aliud . . . aliud. ^^ Use solvit. ' Use the plural. " Use a. * Lit. teach. '^ Ugg habuit. o Use licet neminL " Use contionem. » See § 64, 1. '< Use apud. ' See § 64, 2 (2). '« Use ad with the ger. of accipere. 8 See § 50, 4, d. « Use cum. MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. I. sum AND ITS COMPOUNDS. § 29, 1, a. Learn the principal parts and meaning of absum,^ adsum, desum, insum, intersum, obsum,^ praesum, prosuin, possum, sttbsum,^ supersum. Translate Into I.atin. 1. God is present in all places. 2. They profit neither themselves nor others. 3. They were not able to profit me. 4. He has been absent from home six months. 5. This cannot profit you, but injures you and your friends. 6. A leader was wanting to the army. 7. The cavalry profited our army. 8. He was present in the battle. 9. They were able to be present. 10. They governed the city for ten years. ^ For euphonic changes, see § 1, 3, g. ' Principal parts, obsum, obesse, ofiui. * Princi'pal parts, subsum, subesse, no perf . n. eo AND ITS COMPOUNDS. Learn the principal parts and taeauing of abeo, aiSeo, ante-eo, circumeo, coeo, e:seo, ineo, intereo, iutroeo, obeo, pereo, prae-eo, praetereo, prodeo, redeo, subeo, transeO, veneo. Translate into I.atin. 1. The soldiets crossed the river. 2. He was sur- rounded by the fleet of the fenemy. 3. The merchants came to sell their goods. 4. Hannibal returned to his native country. 5. They went forth from their terri- tories. 6. They fortoed the plan of entering the city. 7 98 LATIN LESSONS. 7. Caesar approached the city. 8. In the heginning of spring we will return to you. 9. He died at Rome. 10. The dog barks at the passers-by.^ 11. Bring me aid or I shall perish. 12. The soldiers attacked the enemy while crossing the river. ' Lit. (hose passing by. III. feroAND ITS COMPOUNDS. Learn the meaning and the principal parts of affero, refero, ante- ferro, aufero,' confero, differo, infero, offero, effero, tollo, de- fero, profero, transfero. Translate into Latin. 1. He wages war against Rome. 2. Hannibal trans- ferred the war into Italy. 3. We preferred peace to war. 4. Verres removed gold and silver fi'om Sicily. 5. The soldiers retreated and betook themselves to the moun- tain. 6. The Romans intrusted the chief command to Csesar. 7. Friends often differ from each other. ' b before f becomes u. IV. CASES. 1. Thou and my friend have written the letter. 2. Caesar, the leader of the army, has waged war in Italy and Gaul. 3. I who am encouraging you cannot (en- courage) myself. 4. He is ashamed of his cruelty. 5. I am weary of life. 6. The wise man will teach his son justice. 7. The people made Caesar consul. 8. Every tenth man was chosen. 9. Every sixth man was chosen. 10. All the best men (lit. each best man) were chosen. 11. They fear this enemy. 12. Hannibal crossed the Alps with his army. 13. The river goes through the midst of the city. 14. This, lastly (ad eztremum), I particularly (magnopere) ask you. 15. We ought not MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES. 99 to conceal our opinions from our friends. 16. He leads his army over the river. 17. Caesar leads the cavalry- over the bridge. 18. The people appoint him general. 19. O wolf, excellent guardian, as the saying is (ut ajunt), for the sheep (^ew.) 20. The Romans were eager for glory. 21. One man (jAat.') must not fight with (cum) two. 22. What pleases you also pleases me. 23. This thing is unlike that. 24. The life which we enjoy is short. 25. We pity those who repent of their faults. 26. We love those who have repented of their faults. 27. When these things had been done, and the whole of Craul had been subsided, the nations which d 37. He was a suitable man to send. 38. He deserves to be praised. 39. He came into the garden for the sake of taking a walk. 40. God has made the animals for the sake of man, as for instance (ut), the horse for riding (vehi), the ox for ploughing; 41. Man is naturally eager to learn. 42. The soldiers were eager to fight. 43. Wrapping-paper (charta emporetica) is worthless (inutilis) for writing. 44. I fear he has not received the letter. 45. I fear that, if I give this letter to him, he will open it (solvere). 46. (It is) by obedience (obsequium) (that) you have brought it about (efEicere) that no one is dearer to the king than you. 47. After the war was finished the con- sul returned to Rome. 48. Although the ground (locus) was unfavorable (iniquus), nevertheless Csesar deter- mined to attack the enemy. 49. Although I have asked you to come to me, nevertheless I know that you" cannot help me. 50. As the consul was hastening ^ to Rome, the enemy overtook (consequi) his army. 51. The MISCEELANE0D3 EXEECISES. 103 soldiers crossed the river without any hesitation.* 52. Divide your troops without weakening them? 53. He divided my tiooT^& without dividing his own?^ 54. The consul cannot cross the river without dividing his army}^ bb. No army can be divided without being weakened}^ 56. We cannot let him go without giving him money. 57. He departed without accomplishing his mission (res). 68. Can you condemn the army without also condemn- ing the general ? 59. He received the letter ^^ and,^* without opening (resolvere) it, laid it down. 60. You have written (do) many letters to Rome without writing any ^* to me. , 1 Translate this clause in two different ways, § 54, 10 6, note. ' Use ne quia. * Use ut nemo. * Qui videat = si quia videat. '§69,2,rf. 6§69, 2;2, a. '§69, 2; 2, 6. ° (1) Nihil dubitantes, § 72, 3, Rem. ; (2) neque quidquam dubitaverunt; (3) nulla iuterposita dubitatione; (4) sine uUa dubitatioue. ° Ne debilitea. , ^^ (1) Cum suas non divideret; (2) suis non divisis. ^^ (1) Nisi ezercitum diviserit; (2) nisi czercitu diviso. ^ (1) Quin debilitetur ; (2) ut non debilitetur. " § 54, 10, 6. " § 72, 3 and Kem. " cum nuUas, YII. TENSES IN LETTERS. (Extract from one of Cicero's Letters to Attious.) Nihil habebam,^ quod scriberem ; neque enim novi quicquam audieram et ad tuas omnis rescripseram pridie ;^ sed, cum me aegritudo non solum somno privaret, verum ne vigilare quidem sine summo dolore pateretur, tecum ut quasi loquerer, in quo uno acquiesce, hoc nescio quid nuUo argumento proposito scribere institui. 104 LATIN LESSONS. Translation : — I have nothing to write you ; for I have no news, and I answered all your (letters) yesterday. But since my anxiety not only deprives me of sleep, but does not suf- fer me even to be awake without great uneasiness,. I have determined to write I know not what, upon no particular subject, that I may as it were converse with you ; in this alone I find 'consolation. 1 § 58, 8; this change of tenses is found particularly in the be- ginning and end of letters, especially in the phrase / have nothing to write ; but never in general statements. ' The adverbs of time remain unchanged, — or heri, yesterday, becomes pridie; hodie, to-day, quo die; and eras, to-morrow, postridie. 1. I have nothing to write, and yet as my servant is going to Rome, I ^ must write you something. 2. I write this letter immediately after ^ receiving your letter, and will give it to the postman to-morrow. 3. I wrote (dare), yesterday and will write again to-morrow. 4. I desire to make out^ a longer letter, but there is noth- ing to write about, and I cannot make fun* by reason of ^ (my) anxiety.^ ' § 51, 4, a. 2 Use statim ut « Use faoSre. *UsejQoara. i" prae. ' cura. EEADIITG LESSOR'S. I. FABLES. NOTB. — The figures in the following sections refer to ttie rtiles in § 75 of tlie Grammar. 1. Tlie Kid and the Wolf. Capella,' stans" in teoto domus,' lupum^* vidit' pra3tereun- tem, et ludificavit. Sed lupus, " Non tu," inquit "sed locus tuus, me ludificat.'' 2. The Boy bathing. Puer, balneum petens in fluvio, aqua paene exstinctus est. Et vixens viatorem quendam, clamavit " Subveni mihi!"" Sed hie exprobravit puero" temeritatem. Puel- lulus autem dixit, " Primum subveni, deinde reprehendere^' licet." 3. The Fox and the Lion. Vulpes Tidit leonem retibus^° captum, et stans prope, ludi- ficavit eum insolenter. Leo autem, "Non tu,'' inquit, "me ludificas,* sed malum quod in me incidit." 4. Tli^ Ass in the Lion^s Shin, Asinus, pellem leonis' indutus, circum currebat, cetera animalia''* terrens. Et cum vulpem videret, earn quoque ter- 106 LATIN LESSONS. rere" conatus est. Sed hseo, asini vagitii'^ audito, "Scito," inquit, "me^'^quoque territam fiituram fuisse uisi te vagien- tem audisaem."*' 5. The Hound and the Lion. panis venaticus" leonem vidit, et insecutus est. Cum autem leo se verteret, ac rugiret, canis metuens retrorsum fugit. Turn vulpes,- odnspicata, " malum caput ! " inquit ; "Tene°^ leonem sectari'! cujus* ue vocem quidem tolerare pdtuisti." 6. The Wolf and the Lamb. : Lupus insecutus est agnum. At hie in templum confugit. Lupo autem agnum invocante, et minitante pontificem eum sacrificaturum, respondit agnus, "Mallem quidem deo sacer esse quam a te trucidari.". 7. The Ant. Formica quso* nunc est, olim homo erat. Et maxime agri- culturse" studens, laboribus^" suis contentus non erat; sed semper, bonis'' alienis' invidens, fruges proximorum carpebat. Jupiter autem, iratus ejus avaritifE,'" mutavit eum in animal quae nunc formica ■'.vooatuf. Sed, forma''. immutata, indolem non mutavit ; nam etiam nunc, circumiens ad acervos fiii- menti, fruges alienas coUigit, sibique*^ reponit. 8. The Ant and the Dove, Formica qusedam sitiens descendit ad fontem ; sed, flumine" correpta, peene est submersa. Columba autem^ hoc videns, yirgulam decerpsit, et in aquam injecit; super quam* formica asoeudehs, sese servavit. Turn forte auceps,' arundinibus FABLES. 107 . collectis, proficiscitui' ad columbam capiendam.^* Quod''' vi- dens, formica pedem aucupis momordit. Et ille, punctu^° doleus, arundiuibus abjectis, columbam liberavit. 9. The Cat and the Mice. In quadam domo multi erant mures. Quo cognito, felis intravit, et singulos^ correptos" comedebat. Et mures, dum -perpetuo capiuntur, in foraminibus latuerunt, nee felis eos consequi'" potuit. Cum igitur dolo^ opus asset, ut e latibulis allicerentur," de jtrabe suspensa, simulavit se ^ esse mortuam. Sed quidam e muribus, videns earn, "At," inquit, "etiam si saccus esses,^' non aggrederemur." 10. The Farmer and the Snake. Agricola senex, hiemis tempore, serpentem invenit gelu rigentem, et miserescens sub veste condidit. Mox serpen^ in- calescens, et indolem suam recuperans, benefactorem momordit interfecitque ; qui moriens dixit, "Justa patior, qui* animali" improbo vitam servaverim." ** 11. The Widow's Hen. Vidua qusedam gallinam habuit, quae singula ova quotidie peperit. At rata, si plus hordei*" gallinae" dedisset," banc bina quotidie ova parituram, ita fecit. Sed gallina, pinguis facta, ne singula quidem postea parere valebat. 12. Stratagem of the Mice. Bellum quondam inter feles et mures exortum est. Et mures, semper victi, cum una convenissent, censuerunt se 108 LATIN LESSONS. talia pati,°° quod duces non haberent.*' Duces igitur elege- runt ; qui, quo^' faciliiis cognosci possent/^ comua iuduti sunt. Proelio*^ deinde facto, et muribus devictis, ceteri quidem facile effugerunt ; duces autem, propter comua, foramina^' intrare nequiverunt, et ad unum capti sunt ac devorati. 13. The Stag and, the Lion. Cervus quondam sitiens venit ad foutem. Ubi inter biben- dum,*' videt imaginem suam in aqua ; et miratur quidem 6omua, quippe quse longa essent" et pulchra; sed crura magnopere contempsit, ut macilenta atque debilia. Ita dum secum oogitat, leo subito apparet, et sectatur cervum ; hie autem, fugiens, longe antecurrit. Et currens per campos latos, usque servatur ; cum autem in silvestrem locum intrdsset, comibus inter virgulta hserentibus, longius currere non potuit. Et a leone captus, moriturus dixit, " me miserum ! servatus enim per id quod contempsi, proditus sum ab eis quibus" maxime confidebam.'' 14. Union is Strength. Agricola senex,' cum mortem sibi^' appropinquare sentiret, filios convocavit — qui, ut fieri solet,' interdum inter se dis- cordes erant — et fascem^" virgularum aflFerri jussit. Quibus allatis,*' filios hortatur ut fascem frangerent. Quod cum facere non possent, distribuit singulas virgas ; iisque celeriter fractis, docuit juvenes quam firma res esset*' concordia, dis- cordia quam imbecilla. 15. The Lion's Share, Societatem junxerant' leo, juvenca, capra, ovis. Prseda*' autem, quam ceperant, in quattuor partes divisa, leo " Prima " TALES FROM BOMAN HISTORY. 109 inquit " mea est ; debetur enim hseo prfestantise mese. Tollam quoque secundam, quam meretur robur meum. Tertiam vin- dicat mihi" egregius labor meus. Quartam qui sibi arrogare voluerit, is sciat^' s6 babiturum me sibi inimicum." Quid facerent imbelles bestise 1 aut quae sibi leouem infestum habere vellet ■? 16. King Log and King Stork. Ranse, doleirtes propter turbatam civitatem, legatos mise- runt, qui a Jove regem postularent.^ At ille, videns earum simplicitatem, demisit trabem in paludem ubi habitabant. Primo igitur ranse, sonitu territse, in ima palude sese abdide- runt. Moi autem, cum viderent trabem immotam innoxiam- que, paullatim ad tantum audacise" pervenere, ut insilientes in earn ibi subsidereut. Tum, dedignautes se^^ talem habere regem, iterum ad Jovem convenSre, orantes ut sibi^* regem alteram daret ; primum enim inertem esse," atque nequam. Sed Jupiter, iratus, immisit ciconiam, a qua'" captse sunt ac devoratee. II. TALES FEOM EOMAIT HISTOKY. 1. Romulus and Remus. 1. Proca,'' rex^ Albanorum,' duos'' filios,^ Numitorem et Amulium, habuit.^ Numitori," qui* natu^° major erat, reg- num reliquit : sed Amulius, pulso'^ fratre, regnavit, et, ut eum subole privaret, Rheam Silviam, ejus filiam, Vestse" sacerdo- tem^ fecit;. quae* tamen Romulum^' et Remum uno partu''* edidit, natos deo Marts ''^ creditos.^ Quo cognito,^ Amulius ipsam iu vincula conjecit, parvulos alveo" impositos abjecit in no LATIN LESSONS. Tiberim, qui tunc forte super ripas erat effusus ; sed, relabente flumine, eos aqua in sicco reliquit. Vastse turn in iis locis solitudines erant. Lupa, ut fama traditum est, ad vagitum accnrrit, infantes lingua lambit, ubera eorum ori" admoyit, matremque' se gessit. 2. Cum lupa ssepius ad parvulos, veluti ad catulos, revei- teretur, Faustulus, pastor regius, rem animadvertit : eos tu- lit in casam, et Accse" Larentise conjugi* dedit educandos. •Qui,* adulti inter pastores, prime ludicris certaminibus vires ^ auxere, deinde venando^" saltus peragrare^' coeperunt, turn latrones a rapina pecorum arcere. Quare iis^* insidiati sunt latrones, a quibus Remus cajtus est ; Romulus autem vi se defendit. Tunc Faustulus, necessitate compulsus, indicavit Romulo quis esset*° ejus avus, quae mater. Romulus statim, armatis pastoribus, Albam"' properavit. 3.. Interea Remum latrones ad Amulium regem perduxe- runt, eum accusantes, quasi Numitoris greges infestare" soli-^ tus esset ;*' Remus itaque a rege^ Numitori ad supplicium traditus est : at Numitor, considerato adolescentis vultu,'° baud procul erat quin nepotem agnosceret.** Nam Remus oris* lineamentis^' erat matri^' simillimus, setasque tempori" expositionis congruebat. ,. Dum ea res animum Numitoris anxium tenebat, repente Romulus superveuit, fratrem libe- ravit, et, Amulio interfecto, avum Numitorem in regnum reetituit. 4. Deinde Romulus et Remus urbem in iisdem locis, ubi ex- positi eduoatique fuerant, condiderunt :° sed orta est inter eos contentio, uter nomen novse urbi daret,*^ eamque regeret : adhibuere auspicia. Remus prior sex vultures,^* Romulus postea,** sed duodecim, vidit. Sic Romulus, augurio victor, Romam vocavit ; et, ut earn prius legibus quam mcenibus muniret, edixit ne quis vallum transiliret.** Quod'' Remus irridens transilivit ; eum iratus Romulus interfecit, his increpans verbis : " Sic posthac malo afficietur, quicumque transiliet moenia mea." Ita solus potitus est imperio" Romulus. TALES. FROM ROMAN HISTORY. Ill 2. Horatiiand Curiatii. Erant apud Romanos trigemini Horatii, trigemini quoque apud Albanos Curiatii. Cum iis agunt reges, ut pro sua quis- que patria dimiceut" ferro. Foedus ictum est ea lege,"* ut unde victoria, ibi quoque imperium esset. Itaque trigemini arma capiunt, et in medium inter duas" acies procedunt. Con- sederant utrimque duo exercitus. Datur signum, infestisque armis'^* terni juvenes, magnorum exercituum' animos gerentes, concurrunt. ■ Ut primo concursu'^ increpuere arma, horror ingens spec- tantes"' perstrinxit. Consertis deinde manibus, statim duo Romani alius super alium exspirantes ceciderunt : tres Albani vulnerati. Ad casum Romanorum conclamavit gaudio exer- citus Albanus. Romanos jam spes tota deserebat. Unum Horatium tres Curiatii circumsteterunt : is quamvis integer, quia tribus'^ impar erat, fugam simulavit, ut singulos"' per intervalla secuturos" separatim aggrederetur.*' Jam aliquan- tum^ spatii'" ex eo loco ubi pugnatum est aufugerat, cum respiciens videt unum Curiatium baud procul ab se abesse.'^ In eum magno impetu redit, et, dum Albanus exercitus in- «lamat Curiatiis, ut opem ferant fratri,'^ jani Horatius eum occiderat. Alterum deinde, priusquain tertius posset conse- qui,'* interfecit. Jam singuli supererant, sed nee spe nee viribus pares. Al- terius* erat intactum ferro corpus, et geminata victoria ferox animus. Alter fessum vulnere fessum cursu trahebat corpus. Nee illud proelium fuit. Romanus exsultans Albanum male sustinentem arma^^ conficit, jacentemque spoliat. Romani ovantes ac gratulantes Horatium accipiunt, et domum°° dedu- ciint. Princeps ibat Horatius, triuni fratrum* spolia prse se gerens. Cui** obvia fuit soror, quae desponsa fuerat uni^' ex Curiatiis, visoque super humeros fratris paludamento°° sponsi, quod ipsa confecerat, flare" et crines solvere coepit. Movit feroci juveni" animum comploratio sororis in tanto gaudio publico : stricto itaque gladio^ transfigit puellam, simul earn 112 LATIN LESSONS. verbis increpans : " Abi hinc cum immaturo amore ad spon- sum, oblita fratrum,^'' oblita patriee. Sic eat^' qusecumque Romana lugebit hostem.'' Atrox id^ visum est facinus patribus" plebique, quare rap- tus est in jus Horatius, et apud judices condemnatus. Jam accesserat lictor, injiciebatque laqueiim. Turn Horatius ad populum provocavit. Interea pater Horatii senex^ proclama- bat filiam^ suam jure csesam fuisse; et juvenem amplexus, . spoliaque Curiatiorum ostentans, orabat populum, ne se orbum liberis^' faceret. Non tulit populus patris lacrimas, juvenem- que absolvit, magis admiratione virtutis quam jure causse. Ut tamen csedes manifesta expiaretur, pater, quibusdam sacri- ficiis peractis,*^ transmisit per viam tigtUum, et filium, capite adoperto, velut sub jugum misit : quod* tigillum sororium appellatum est. III. LIFE OF POMPEY. 1. Gn. Pompeius, stirpis senatorise, bello'* civili se'* et patrem consilio servavit. Pompeii pater sue exercitui" ob avaritiam erat invisus. Itaque facta" est in eum conspiratio. Terentius quidam, Gn. Pompeii filii contnbernalis, hunc occi- dendum susceperat, dum alii tabernaculum patris incenderent. Qua3 res juveni Pompeio** coenanti" nuntiata est. Ipse, nihil^ periculo motus, solito ^ hilarius bibit, et cum Terentio eadem, qua antea, comitate'* usus est. Deinde cubiculum ingressus clam subduxit se tentorio,^' et iirmam patri" circumposuit custodiam. Terentius turn destricto ense'^ ad lectum Pompeii accessit, mxiltisque ictibus°* stragula percussit. Orta mox seditione,'* Pompeius se in media conjecit agmina, milites- que tumultuantes precibus et lacrimis placavit, ao duci" reconciliavit. LIFE OP POMPEY. 113 2. Pompeius eodem bello'* civili, partes SuUse secutus, ita egit ut ab eo" maxime diligeretur. Anuos^' tres et viginti- natus, ut SuUse^ auxilio* veniret, paterni exercitus reliquias coUegit, statimque dux peritus exstitit. lUius magnus apud militem amor, magna apud omnes admiratio fuit, nuUus ei*" labor tsedio,* nulla defatigatio molestise™ erat. Cibi^'' vini- que^'-' temperans, somni parcus, inter milites corpus exercebat. Cum alacribus saltu,'° cum velocibus cursu,^ cum validis luota^° certabat. Turn ad SuUam iter intendit, et in eo itinere tres hostium exercitus aut fudit aut sibi adjunxit. Quem^* ubi Sulla ad se accedere'' audivit, egregiamque sub signis juventutem aspexit, desiliit ex equo, Pompeiumque salutavit imperatorem ; ^ deinceps ei'^' venienti solebat assurgere de sella et caput aperire, quern honorem nemini nisi Pompeio tribuebat. 3. Postea Pompeius in Siciliam profectus est, ut eam°^ a Carbone, SuUse inimico,* occupatam^ reciperet." Carbo com- prehensus et ad Pompeium ductus est. Quem''^ Pompeius, postquam acerbe in eum invectus fuisset, ad supplicium duci" jussit. Longe moderatior fuit Pompeius erga Sthenium, Sicu- Ise cujusdam civitatis principem. Cum enim in earn civitatem animadvertere decrevisset, quae sibi^* adversata fiierat, excla- mavit Stlienius, eum^^ inique facturum,'' si ob culpam unius omnes plecteret. Interroganti Pompeio," quisnam ille unus essef!" "Ego," inquit Sthenius, "qui meos cives ad id in- duxi." Tam libera voce^° delectatus Pompeius omnibus'* et Sthenic" ipsi pepercit. 4. Transgressus inde in Africam Pompeius Jubam, Numi- dia3 regem,' qui Marii partibus'® favebat, bello persecutus est. Intra dies quadraginta hostem oppressit, et Africam subegit adolescejis quattuor et viginti annorum. Tum ei litterse a Sulla ^ redditse sunt, quibus jubebatur exercitum dimittere, et cum una tantum legione successorem exspectare. Id segre tulit Pompeius; paruit tamen, et Romam'^ reversus est. Re- vertenti incredibilis multitude obviam ivit. Sulla quoque lajtus eum excepit, et Magni cognomine appellavit; nihilo" 114 LATIN LESSONS. minus Pompeio*' triumphum petenti restitit; neque ea re a proposito deterritus est Pompeius, aususque est dicere,*" plures solem orientem adorare quam oocidentem : quo dicto innuebat SuUae' potentiam minui,'" suam vero crescere. Ea voce'* audita, Sulla juvenis constantiam admiratus exclamavit: " Triumphet, triumphet 1 " 5. Metello" jam seni* et bellum in Hispania segnius gerenti collega^ datus est Pompeius, ibique adversus Sertorium vario eventu dimicavit. In quodam prcelio maximum subiit peri- culum; cum enim vir vasta corporis magnitudine'^ impetum in eum fecisset, Pompeius manum hostis amputavit, sed mul- tis'* in eum concurrentibus, vulnus in femore accepit^ et a suis fugientibus desertus in hostium potestate erat. At praster spem evasit ; barbari enim equum ejus auro phalerisque exi- miis instructum ceperant. Dum vero prsedam inter se alter' cantes partiuntur, Pompeius illorum manus effugit. Altera prcelio^ cum Metellus Pompeio'"' laboranti auxilio™ venisset, fususque esset Sertorii exercitus, hie dixisse fertur : " Nisi ista anus supervenisset,*" ego huno puerum verberibus casti- gatum Romam" dimisissem." Metellum anum appellabat, quia is jam senex^ ad mollem et effemiuatam vitam de- flexerat. Tandem, Sertorio interfecto, Pompeius Hispaniam recepit. , 6. Cum piratse maria omnia infestarent, et quasdam etiam Italise urbes diripuissent, ad eos opprimendos" cum imperip extraordinario missus est Pompeius. Nimise viri' potentise" obsistebant quidam ex optimatibus, et imprimis Quintus Catu; lus, qui cum in contione dixisset, esse'° quidem prajclanim virum^ Gnseum Pompeium,'^ sed non esse uni''* omnia tribu- enda,*' adjecissetque : " Si quid ei accident, quem in ejus locum substituetis 1 " Acclamavit . universa contio ; " Te ip- sum, Quinte Catule." Tarn honorifico civium testimonio victus, Catulus e contione discessit. Pompeius, disposito per omnes maris recessus navium prsesidio, brevi terrarum orbem ilia peste''' liberavit, prsedones multis locis victos fudit ; eos- dem in dedilionem acceptos in urbibus et agris procul a mari LIFE OP POMPEY. 115 collocavit. Nihil hsio victoria*' celerius;'' nam intra (juadra' gesimum diem piratas toto mari expulit. 7. Confecto bello piraticO) Gn. Pompeius contra Mithridatem profectus est, et in Asiam magna celeritate contendit. Pros- lium cum rege conserere'^ cupiebat, neque opportuna dabatur puguandi facultas, quia Mithridates interdiu castris se con- tinebat, noctu vero hand tutum^ erat congredi"' cum hoste in locis ignotis. Quadam tamen nocte** Mithridatem Pompeius aggressus est. Luna magno fuit Komanis^ adjumento.* Quara cum Romani a tergo haberent, umbrae corporum longing projectae ad primos usque hostium ordines pertinebant j unde decepti regii milites in umbras, tamquam in propinquum hos- tem, tela mittebant. Victus Mithridates in Pontum profugit. Ad versus eum filius Pharnaces rebellavit, quia occisis a patre'" fratribus'^ vitae'* suae ipse timebat. Mithridates a fiho obsessus veiienum sumpsit, quod cum tardius subiret, quia adversus venena multis antea medicaminibus corpus firmaverat, a milite Gallo volens interfectus est. 8. Pompeius deinde Tigranem, Armenite regem,* qui Mith- ridatis partes secutus fuerat, ad deditionem compulit; quem tamen ad genua procnmbentem erexit, benignis verbis recrea- vit, et in regnum restituit; £eque pulchrum ^ esse judicans et vincere'^ rages et facere. Tandem rebus Asise compositis, in Italiam rediit. Ad urbem venit non, ut plerique timuerant, armatus, sed dimisso exercitu,'^ et tertium triumphum biduo dnxit. Insignis fuit multis no vis inusitatisque ornamentis^ hie triumphus : sed nihil illustrius visum, quam quod tribus triumphis tres orbis partes' devictse causam prtebuerunt ; Pom- peius enim, quod antea contigerat nemini, primum ex Africa, iterum ex Europa, tertio ex Asia triumphavit : felix opinione "^ hominum futurus, si, quem glorise, eimdem vitae finem habu- isset, neque adversam fortunam esset expertus jam senex*' 9. Inita erat inter Pompeium, Caesarem, et Crassum so- cietas; postea vero, cum Crassus, contra Parthos profectus, prceHo fusus occisusque fuisset, orta est inter Pompeium et Caesarem gravis dissensio, quod hie superiorem, ille vero par 116 LATIN LESSONS. rem ferre non poterat ; inde bellum civile exarsit. Csesar cum infesto exercitu in Italiam venit. Pompeius, relicta urbe ac deinde Italia'^ ipsa, Thessaliam petiit, et cum eo consules senatusque omnis ; quern insecutus Csesar apxid Pharsalum acie fudit. Victus Pompeius ad Ptolemseum Alexandrise re- gem, cui tutor a senatu datus fuerat, profugit ; sed ille Poiri- peium^ interfici*' jussit. Latus Pompeii sub oculis uxoris mucrone coufossum est, caput abscissum, truncus in Nilum conjectus. Dein caput velamine involutum ad Csesarem dela- tum est, qui eo°' vise lacrimas fudit, et pretiosissimis odoribus cremandum curavit. 10. Is fuit viri prsestantissimi post tres consulatus et toti- dem triumphos vitse exitus. Erant in Pompeio multse ae magnse virtutes, at! prsecipue admiranda frugalitas. Cum ei asgrotauti prsecepisset medicus, ut turdum ed-eret, negarent autem servi, eam avem usquam sestivo tempore posse reperiri, nisi apud Lucullum, qui turdos domi saginaret ; vetuit Pom- peius turdum inde peti, medicoque dixit : ." Ergo nisi LucuUus perditus deliciis esset,*^ non viveret Pompeius 1 " Aliam avem, qusB parabilis esset, sibi jussit apponi. 11. Viros doctos magno in honore habebat Pompeius. Ex Syria decedens, confecto bello Mithridatico, cum Rhodum venis- set, nobilissimum philosophum Posidonium cupiit audire; sed cum is diceretur tunc graviter segrotare, quod maximis poda- gras doloribus cruciaretur, voluit saltem Pompeius eum visere. Mos erat ut, cum consul aedes alicujus ingressurus esset, lictor -fores virga percuteret, admonens consulem adesse ; at Pom- peius vetuit fores Posidonii percuti, honoris causa. Quem ut vidit et salutavit, moleste se ferre dixit, quod eum non posset audire. At ille: "Tu vero," inquit, "potes; nee committam, ut dolor corporis efficiat, ut frustra tantus vir ad. me venerit." Itaque Cubans graviter et copiose disseruit de hoc ipso : nihil esse bonum, nisi quod honestum esset, et nihil malum dici posse, quod turpe non esset. Cum vero dolor interdum acri- ■ter eum pungeret, ssepe dixit : " Nihil agis, dolor, quamvis sis molestus; nunquam te esse malum confitebor." LIFE OF CiESAE. 117 IV. LIFE OF C^SAE. 1. C. Julius Csesar, nobilissima genitus familia,^ anniim agens sextum et decimum, patrem amisit. Paullo*' post Cor- neliam duxit uxorem, cujus cum pater SuUse'* esset inimicus, voluit Sulla Csesarem compellere'* ut earn dimitteret ; neque id potuit efficere. Ob earn causam Caesar bonis^^ spoliatus, cum etiam ad mortem qusereretur, mutata veste, noctu elapsua est ex urbe, et, quamquam tunc quartanse morbo laborabat, prope per singulas noctes latebras commutare cogebatur ; et comprehensus a ^dlse liberto, vix data pecunia'^ evasit. Pos- tremo per propinquos et affines sues veniam impetravit, diu repugnante Sulla, qui* cum deprecantibus ornatissimis viris denegasset, atque illi pertinaoiter contenderent, victus tan- dem dixit, eum, quem salvum tantopere ouperent, aliquando optimatium partibus,^ quas simul defendissent, exitio* futu- rum, multosque in eo puero inesse'' Marios. 2. Csesar, mortuo Sulla et composita seditione civili, Rho- dum secedere'* statuit, ut per otium ApoUonio, tunc claris- simo dicendi magistro, operam daret ; sed in itinere a piratis captus est, mansitque apud eos quadraginta dies.^ Per omne autem iUud spatium ita se gessit, ut piratis ''' terrori^ pariter ac venerationi^ esset. Interim comites servosque dimiserat ad expediendas pecunias, quibua redimeretur. Viginti talenta piratse postulaverant ; ille vero quinquaginta daturum'^ se spopondit. Quibus numeratis, expositus est in litore. Csesar liberatus confestim Miletum,'^ quse urbs proximo aberat, pro- peravit ; ibique contracta classe, stantes adhuc in eodem loco prsedones noctu adortus, aliquot naves, mersis aliis,^^ cepit, piratasque ad deditionem redactos eo affeoit supplicio, quod* illis saepe per jocum minatus erat, cum ab iis detineretur ; crucibus" illos suffigi jussit. 3. Csesar quaestor* factus in Hispaniam profectus est ; cum- que Alpes transiret, et ad conspeotum pauperis cujusdam vici 118 .LATIN LESSONS. comites ejus per jocum inter se disputarent, an illic etiam asset ambitioui " locus ; serio dixit Ceesar, malle se ibi primum esse quam Romse'* secundum. Ita animus dominationis" avidus a prima setate regnum concupiscebat, semperque in ore habebat hos Euripidis, Grseci poetse, versus : Nam si viotatv- dum est jus, regnandi gratia violandum est ; aliis rebus pietatem colas.*' Cum vero Gades/' quod est Hispanise oppidum, ve- nisset, visa Alexandria magni imagine ingemuit, et lacrimas fudit. Causam quasrentibus amicis : " Nonne," inquit, " ido- nea dolendi causa est, quod nihildum memorabile gesserim, earn setatem adeptus, qua** Alexander jam terrarum orbem subegerat ? " 4. Ceesar in captanda** plebis gratia et ambiendis*^ honori- bus patrimonium effudit; sere alieno oppressus ipse dicebat, sibi " opus esse millies sestertium,'" ut haberet nihil. His artibus consulatum adeptus est, coUegaque ei datus Marcus Bibulus, cui^° Cffisaris consilia baud placebant. Inito magisr tratu°' Csesar legem agrariam tulit, hoc est, de dividendo egenis civibus^' agro publico; cui legi^^ cum senatus repug- naret, Caesar rem ad populum detulit. Bibulus collega in forum venit, ut legi^' ferendse*' obsisteret ; sed tanta commota est seditio, ut in caput consulis cophinus stercore^* plenus effunderetur, fascesque frangerentur. Tandem Bibulus, a satellitibus Caesaris foro^^ expulsus, domi*^ se continere per reliquum anui tempus coactus est, curiaque abstinere. In- terea unus Csesar omnia ad arbitrium in republica adminis- travit; unde quidam homines faoeti, quse eo anno gesta sunt, non, ut mos erat, consulibus*^ Cfesare et Bibulo acta esse dicebant, sed Julio et Csesare, unum consulem nomine et cognomine pro duobus appellantes. 5. Cassar functus consulatu''' Galliam provinciam accepit. Gessit autem novein annis,** quibus in imperio fuit, hseo fere. Galliam in provinciae Romana3 formam redegit ; Germanos, qui trans Rhenum incolunt, primus Romanorum^" ponte fabric cato aggressus maximis affecit cladibus.^' Britannos antea ignotos vicit, iisque" pecunias et obsides imperavit; quo in LIFE OF CJISAR. 119 bello raulta Csesarls facta egregia narrantur. Inclinante in fugam exercitu, rapuit e manu militis fugieutis scutum, et in primam aciem volitans pugnam restitiiit. In alio prcElio aqui- liferum terga vertentem faucibus^" comprehendit, in contra- riam partem retraxit, dexteramque ad hostem protendens : "Quorsum tu," inquit, "abis'? Illic sunt, cum quibus dimi- camus." Quo facto militibus animos addidif 6. Caesar cum adhuc in Gallia detiueretur, ne imperfecto bello discederet, postulavit ut sibi liceret, quamvis absenti, iterum consulatum petere;'* quod ei a senatu est negatum. .Ea re commotus in Italiam rediit, armis injuriam acceptam vindicaturus; plurimisque urbibus'^ occupatis Brundisium con- tendit, quo Pompeius consulesque confugerant. Tunc summEe audacise faoinus Csesar edidit : a Brundisio Dyrrachium in- ter oppositas classes gravissima hieme'* transiit; cessantibus- que copiis, quas subsequi jusserat, cum ad eas arcessendas** frustra misisset, morse^'' impatiens castris noctu egreditur, claqi solus naviculam conscendit obvoluto capite, ne agnosce- retur. Mare, adverse vento vehementer flante, intumescebat ; in altum tamen protinus dirigi navigium jubet; cumque gubernator psene obrutus fluctibus^' adversse tempestati ce,- deret : " Quid times 1 " ait ; " Csesarem vehis." 7. Deinde Ctesar in Thessaliam profectus est, ubi Pompe- iiim Pharsalico proelio fudit, fugientem perseoutus est, eumque^ in itinere cognovit occisum fuisse. Turn bellum Ptolemseo,^' Pompeii interfectori,* intulit, a quo sibi quoque insidias parari videbat ; quo victo, Caesar in Pontum transiit, Pharnacemque, Mithridatis filium, rebellantem aggressus intra quintura ab adventu diem, quattuor vero, quibus in conspectum venerat, horis, uno proelio profligavit. Quam victorise celeritatem in- ter triumphandum notavit, inscripto inter pompse omamenta trium verborum titulo, Veni, vidi, vid. Sua deinceps Csesa- rem ubique comitata est fortuna. Scipionem et Jubam, Numidise regem, reliquias Pompeianarum partium in Africa refoventes, devicit. Pompeii liberos in Hispania superavit. Clementer usus est victoria,'^ et omnibus," qui contra se 120 LATIN LESSONS. arma tulerant, pepercit. Regressus in urbem, quinquies triumphavit. 8. Bellis civilibus confectis, Caesar, dictator ^ in perpetuiim creatus, agere insolentius coepit. Senatum ad se venientem sedens excepit, et quemdam, ut assurgeret monentem, irate vultu^° respexit. Cum Antonius, Caesaris in omnibus expe- ditionibus comes, et tunc in consulatu coUega, ei^* in sella aurea sedenti pro rostris diadema, insig-ne regium, imponeret, non visus est eo facto oiFendi."' Quare conjuratum est in eum a sexaginta amplius viris,^' Cassio et Bruto ducibus conspira- tionis. Cum igitar Csesar Idibus'* Martiis in senatum venis- set, assidentem specie officii circumsteterunt, illicoque unus e conjuratis, quasi aliquid rogaturus, propius accessit, renuen- tique togam ab utroque humero apprehendit. Deinde cla- mantem, " Ista quidem vis est,'' Cassius vulnerat pauUo infra jugulum. Csesar Cascse brachium arreptum graphio trajecit, conatusque prosilire aliud vulnus accepit. Cum Marcum Bru- tum, quem loco filii habebat, in se iiTuentem vidisset, dixit : " Tu quoque, fill mi ! " Dein ubi animadvertit undique se strictis pugionibus peti, toga caput obvolvit, atque ita tribus et viginti plagis''' confossus est. 9. Erat Caesar excelsa statura,''* nigris vegetisque oculis,'" capite'^ calvo, quam calvitii deformitatem segre ferebat, quod saepe obtrectantium jocis esset obnoxia. Itaque ex omnibus honoribus sibi a senatu populoque decretis non aliud recepit aut usurpavit libentius, quam jus laurese perpetuo gestandse. Eum vini" parcissimum fuisse ne inimici quidem negarunt; unde Cato dicere solebat, unum ex omnibus Csesarem ad ever- tendam rempublioam sobrium accessisse. Armorum* et eqiii- tandi® peritissimus erfit ; laboris ultra fidem patiens ; in agmine noununqnam equo, saepius pedibus anteibat, capite detecto, sive sol, sive imber esset. Longissimas vias incredi- bili celeritate confecit, ita ut persaepe nuntios de se praevenerit, neque eum morabantur flumina, quae vel nando^' vel innixus inflatis utribus" trajiciebat. LIFE OP CATO. 121 Vr LIFE OF CATO. 1. Marcus Cato, adhuc puer,* inviotum animi robtir ostendit. Cum in domo Drusi avunculi sui educaretur, Latini de civitate impetranda*^ Romam'' venerunt. Popedius, Latinorum prin- ceps, qui Drusi hospes erat, Catouem puerum rogavit, ut Latinos apud avunculum adjuvaret. Cato vultu constant! negavit id se facturum. Iterum deinde ae ssepius interpellatus in proposito perstitit. Tunc Popedius puerum, in excelsam sedium partem levatum, tenuit et a,bjecturum inde se minatus est, nisi precibus" obtemperaret ; neque hoc metu^° a senten- tia eum potuit dimovere. Tunc Popedius exclamasse'* fertur : " Gratulemur^' nobis, Latini, hunc esse tarn parvum j si enim senator esset, ne sperare quidem jus civitatis nobis liceret." 2. Cato, cum salutandi gratia ad Sullam a psedagogo duce- retur, et in atrio cruenta proscriptorum capita viJisset, SuUse crudelitatem exsecratus est ; seque"^ eodem esse animo signi- ficavit, quo puer alius nomine Cassius, qui tunc publicam scholam cum Fausto, SuUse filio, frequentabat. Cum enim Faustus proscriptionem paternam in schola laudaret, diceret- que " se, cum per setatem posset, eandem rem esse facturum," ei'° sodalis gravem colaphum impegit. 3. Insignis fuit, et ad imitandum prseponenda, Catonis erga fratrem benevolentia. Cum enim interrogaretur, " quem om- nium maxime diligeret,"^' respondit, "fratrem.'' Iterum inter- rogatus, "quem secundum maxime diligeret," iterum, "fra- trem,'' respondit. Quserenti" tertio idem responsum dedit, donee ille a percunctando desisteret." Crevit cum setate ille Catonis in fratrem amor : ab ejus latere non discedebat ; ei in omnibus rebus morem gerebat. Annos^ natus viginti nun- quam sine fratre coenaverat, nunquam in forum prodierat, nun- quam iter susceperat. Diversum tamen erat utriusque ingeni- um : in utroque probi mores erant, sed Catonis indoles severior. 4. Cato, cum frater, qui erat tribunus militum, ad bellum 122 JiATIN LEssoira. profectus esset, ne eum desereret, volmitaria stipendia fecit. Accidit postea, ut Catonis frater in Asiajja" proficisci ooge- retur, et iter faciens in morbum incideret : quod"' ubi audivit Cato, licet tunc gravis terapestas sseviret, neque parata esset magna navis, solvit e portu Thessalonicse exigua navicuja'"' cum duobus tantum amicis tribusque servis, et, psene haustus fluctibus, tandem praeter spem incolumis evasit. At fratrem, modo defupctum vita,'' reperit. Tunc questibus'" et lacrimis totum se tradidit : mortui corpus quam magnifieentissimo potuit funere extulit, et marmoreum tumulum exstrui curavit suis impensis."' Vela deinde facturus, cum suaderent amiei ut fratris reliquias in alio navigio poneret,* animara^' se^" prius quam illas relicturum respondit, atque ita solvit. 5. Cato quaestor' in insulam Cyprum missus est ad colligen- dam*' Ptolemsei regis pecuniam, a quo populus Romanus heres' institutus fuerat. Integerrima fide"' eam rem administravit. Summa longe major quam quisquam sperare potuisset redacta est. Fere septem milia talentorum ■'° navibus'* imposuit Cato : atque, ut naufragii pericula vitaret, singulis vasis,'* quibus^° inclusa erat pecunia, corticem suberis longo funiculo"' alli- gavit, ut, si forte mersum navigium esset, *° locum amissse pecuniae cortex supernataus indicaret. Catoni advenienti senatus et tota ferme civitas obviam effusa est, nee erat res triumpho" absimilis. Actae sunt Catoni a senatu gratiis, praeturaque illi et jus spectandi*' ludos prsstextato extra ordinem data. Quern honorem Cato noluit accipere, iuiquum esse affirmans, " sibi decerni, quod nulli alii tribueretur." 6. Cum Caesar consul legem reipublicae'^ perniciosam tulis- set, Cato solus, ceteris exterritis,*' huic legi" obstitit. Iratus Caesar Catonem"" extrahi curia,"' et in vincula rapi, jussit : at ille nihil do libertate linguae remisit, sed in ipsa ad car- cerom via de lege disputabat, civesque commonebat, ut talia molientibus adversarentur. Catonem^' sequebantur mcDsti patre&, quorum unus, objurgatus a Caosare quod nondum misso senatu'^ discederet, "Malo," inquit, "esse cum Catone in carcere, quam tecum in curia." Exspeotabat Caesar, dum ad LIFE "OP CICEKO. 123 humiles preces Cato sese demitteret : ** quod ubi frustra a se sperari intellexit, pudore victus, unum e tribunis misit qui Catouem dimitteret." 7. Cato Pompeii partes bello civili secutus est, eoque victo, exeroitus*" reliquias in Africam cum ingeuti itinerum difficul- tate perduxit. Cum vero ei summum a militibus deferretur iinperium, Scipioni," quod vii- esset consularis, parere'^maluit. Scipione etiam devicto, Uticam, Africse urbem, petivit, ubi filium hortatus est, ut clementiam Csesaris experiretur; ipse vero coenatus deambulavit, et cubitum*'' iturus arctius diutiua- que in oomplexu filii hsesit ; deinde, ingressus cubiculum,^ferro sibi ipse mortem conscivit. Csesar, audita Catonis morte, dixit ilium glorise^^ suse invidisse, quod sibi^' laudem servati Catonis eripuisset. Catonis liberos, eisque patrimonium iucolume, servavit. VI. LIFE OF CICEEO. ■ 1. Marcus Tullius Cicero, equestri genere,''' Arpini,°° quod est Volscorum oppidum, natus est. Ex ejus avis unus verru- cam in extremo naso sitam habuit, ciceris grano^' similem : inde cognomen Ciceronis genti inditum. Cum id Marco Tul- lio a nonnullia probro^ verteretur; "Dabo operam," inquit, " ut istud cognomen nobilissimorum nominum splendorem vincat." Cum eas artes disoeret, quibus setas puerilis'' ad humanitatem solet informari, ingenium ejus ita eluxit, ut eum sequales e schola redeuntes medium, tanquam regem, circum- stantes deducerent domum :'°" immo eorum parentes, pueri fama commoti, in ludum litterarium ventitabant, ut eum viserent. Ea res tamen quibusdam" rustici et inculti ingenii* stomachum movebat, qui ceteros pueros graviter objurgabant, quod talem'condiscipulo suo honorem tribuerent.** 2. Tullius Cicero adolescens €loquentiam et libertatem suam ad Versus SuUanos* ostendit. Chrysogpnum .quendam, Sullse 124 LATIN LESSONS. libertum, acriter insectatus est, quod, diotatoris potentia*' fretus, in bona civium invadebat. Ex quo, veritus invidiam, Cicero Athenas petivit, ubi Antiochum philosophum studiose audivit. Inde eloquentise gratia Hhodum*'" se contulit, ubi Molone,'^ rhetore turn disertissimo, magistro' usus est. Qui, cum Ciceronem dicentem audivisset, flevisse^' dicitur, quod prsevideret*^ per hunc Grsecos a Romanis ingenii et eloquentise laude superatum*^ iri. Romam^^ reversus, qusestor in Sicilia fuit. Nullius vero qusestura aut gratior aut clarior fuit : cum in magna annonse difficultate ingentem frumenti, vim inde Romam mitteret, Siculos initio offendit ; postea vero ubi diligentiam, justitiam et comitatem ejus experti fuerunt, majores qusestori suo honores, quam ulli unquam prsetori, detulerunt. 3. Cicero, consul factus, Sergii Catilinse conjurationem^sin- gulari virtute, constantia, curaque compressit. Is nempe, in- dignatus quod in petitione consulatus^ repulsam passus esset, et furore amens, cum pluribus viris nobilibus Ciceronem inter- ficere, senatum trucidare, urbem incendere, aerarium diripere constituerat. Quss tam atrox conjuratio a Cicerone detecta est. Catilina metu consulis Roma'° ad exercitum, quem pa- raverat, profugit ; sdcii ejus comprehensi in carcere necati sunt. Senator quidam filium supplicio mortis ipse affecit. Juvenis scilicet, ingenio, litteris et forma inter sequales con- spicuus, pravo consilio amicitiam .Catilinse secutus erat, et in castra ejus properabat : quem pater ex medio itinere re- tractum" occidit, his eum verbis increpans : "Non ego te Catilinse^' adversus patriam, sed patriae adversus Catilinam, genui." 4. Non ideo Catilina ab incepto destitit, sed infestis signis Romam petens, cum 'exeroitu csesus est. Adeo acritei" dimi- catum est, ut nemo hostium proelio^' superfuerit : quem quis- que in pugnando ceperat, eum, amissa anima, tegebat locum. Ipse Catilina longe a suis' inter eorum, quos occiderat, cadave- ra cecidit, — morte pulcherrima, si pro patria sua sic occubuis- set. Senatus populusque Romanus Ciceronem patriae patrem^ LIFE OF CICERO. 125 appellavit : ea res tamen Ciceroni^* postea invidiam creavit, adeo at abeuntem magistratu'^ verba facere ad populum vetuerit quidam tribunus plebis, quod cives, indicta causa/* damnavisset,*^ sad solitum duntaiat juramentum prsestare ei^° permiserit. Turn Cicero magna voce : " Juro,'' inquit, "rem- publicam atque urbem Eoniam mea° unius^ opera ^° salvam esse " : qua voce delectatus populus Ilonianus, et ipse juravit verum esse Ciceronis juramentum. 5. Paucis post aunis'' Cicero reus faotus est a Clodio," tribuno plebis, eadem de causa, qnod nempe cives Romauos necavisset. Tunc moestus senatus, tanquam in publico luctu, vestem mutavit. Cicero, cum posset armis^' salutem suam defendere, maluit urbe "' cedere, quam sua causa caodem fieri.'' Proficiscentem omnes boni flentes prosecuti sunt. Dein Clo- dius edictum proposuit, ut Marco Tullio*' igni et aqua''' inter- diceretur, 6t ejus domum villasque incendit. Sad vis ilia diuturna non fuit ; mox enim, maximo omnium ordinum stu- dio, Cicero in patriam revocatus est. Obviam ei redeunti ab imiversis itum est. Domus ejus publica pecunia restituta est. Postea Cicero, Pompeii partes secutus, a Csesare victore veniam accepit. Quo interfeoto, Octavium heredem Caesaris fovit atque omavii;, ut eum Antonio" rempublicam vexanti^ oppo- neret ; sed ab illo deinde desertus est et proditus. 6. Antonius, inita cum. Octavio societate, Ciceronem jamdiu sibi^* inimicum, proscripsit. Qua re audita, Cicero transversis itineribus fugit in villam, qure a mari proxime aberat, indeque navem conscendit, in Macadoniam transiturus. Cum vero jam aliquoties in altum proveotum venti adversi retulissent, «t ipse jactationem navis pati non posset, regressus ad villam : "Moriar," inquit, "in patria saspe servata." Mox adventanti- bus percussoribus, cum servi parati essent ad dimicandum fortiter, ipse leoticam,"^ qua*' vehebatur, deponi jussit, eosque quietos pati, quod sors iniqua cogeret. Prominentia* ex leo- tica, et immotam eervieem prsebenti, caput praecisum est.. Manus quoque abscissae : caput relatum est ad Antonium, ejusque jussu inter duas manus in rostris positum. Fulvia, 126 LATIN LESSONS. Antonii uxor, quse se a Cicerone" Isesam arbitrabatur, caput manibus''' sumpsit, in genua imposuit, extractamque linguam acu confixit. 7. Cicero dicax erat, et facetiarum^' amans, adeo ut ab inimicis solitus sit appellari Scurrd consularis. Cum Len- tulura, generum suum, exiguse staturse' hominern, vidisset longo gladio aocinctum : " Quis," inquit, " generum meum ad gladium alligavit 1 " Matrona qusedam, juniorem se quam erat simulana, dictitabat se triginta tantum annos habere. Cui Cicero : " Verum est," inquit, " nam hoc viginti annos'' audio." Gsesar, altero consule mortuo'* die Decembris ultima, Cani- nium consulem hora'* septima in reliquam diei'" partem re- nuntiaverat : quem ciun plei'ique irent salutatum^^ de more : "Festinemus,"^ inquit Cicero, "priusquam abeat magistratu.'' Be eodem Caninio scripsit Cicero : " Fuit mirifica vigilantia^' Caninius, qui toio suo consulatu" somuum non viderit."** VII. LIFE OF BEUTUS. 1. Marcus Brutus, ex ilia gente quse Eoma*° Tarquinios ejeoerat oriundus, Athenis'* philosophiam, Rhodi eloquentiam, didicit. Sua eum virtus valde commendavit : ejus pater, qui Suite partibus" adversabatur, jussu Pompeii interfectus erat; unde Brutus cum eo graves gesserat simultates : bello tamen cii^ili Pompeii causam, quod justior vidergtur, secutus est, et dolorem suum reipublicse utilitati^* posthabuit. Victo Pom- peio, Brutus a Csesare servatus est, et praetor etiam factus. Postea cum Csesar, superbia^* elatus, senatum contemnere, et regnum affectare coepisset, populus, jam prsesenti statu *" baud IsBtus, vindicem libertatis requirebat. Subscripsere quidam primi Bruti stature,'* Utiiiam viveres / Item ipsius Csesaris statuas : "Brutus, quia reges ejecit, primus consul factus est; hie, quia consules ejecit, postremo rex factas est." Inscrip- LIFE OF AXJGUSTDS. 127 tmn quoque est Marci Bruti prsetoris tribunal! ■'' : Dormis, Brute ! 2. Marcus Brutus, cognita populi Romani voluntate, ad- versus Csesarem conspiravit. Pridie quam Caesar est occisus, Porcia, Bruti uxor, consilii'^ conscia, oultelluro. tonsorium, quasi unguium resecandorum ^* causa, poposcit, eoque, velut forte e manibus elapse, se ipsa vulneravit. Clamore ancil- larum vocatus in cubigulum uxoris, Brutus objurgare earn coepit,- quod tonsoris officium prseripere voluisset ; at Porcia ei secrete dixit : " Non casu, sed de industria, mi Brute, hoc mihi'* Vulnus feci : experiri enim volui, satisne mihi animi esset*' ad mortem oppetendam, si tibi'* propositum ex sen- tentia parum cessisset." Quibus verbis auditis, Brutus ad caslum manus^* et oculos sustulisse dicitur, et exclamavisse : " Utinam dignus tali conjuge"' maritus videri possim ! " 3. Interfecto Csesare, Antonius vestem ejus sanguinolentam ostentans, populum veluti furore quodam adversus conjuratos inflammavit. Brutus itaque in Macedoniam concessit, ibique apud urbem Philippos^ adversus Antonium et,Octavium dimi- cavit. Victus acie, cum in tumulum se nocte** recepisset, ne in hostium maniis veniret, uni'* comitum" latus transfodien- dum prsebuit. Antonius, viso Bruti cadavere, ei suum injecit purpureum paludamentum, ut in eo sepeliretur. Quod cum postea surreptum audivisset, requiri furem et ad supplicium duci jussit. Cremati corporis reliquias ad Serviliam, Bruti matrem, deportandas curavit. Non eadem fuit Octavii erga Brutum moderatio : is enim avulsum Bruti caput Eomam ferri jussit, ut Caii Cajsaris statuse'* subjiceretur. VIII. LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 1. Octavius Julise, Caii Csesaris sororis, nepos, patrem quad- rimus amisit. A majore avunculo adoptatus, eum in Hispa- ]28 LATIN LESSONS. niam profectum secutus est. Deinde ab eo Apolloniam** missus est, ut liberalibus studiis'^ vacaret. Audita avunculi morte, Romam rediit, nomen Csesaris sutnpsit, coUectoque veteranorum exercitu, opem Decimo Bruto" tulit, qui ab An- tonio Mutinse'^ obsidebatur. Cum autem urbis aditu^* prohi- beretur, ut Brutum de omnibus rebus certiorem faceret, prime litteras laminis** plumbeis inscriptas misit, quae per urina- torem sub aqua fluminis deferebantur. Ad id postea colum- bis'' usus est : iis'* enim diu inclusis at fame affectis litteras ad coUum alligabat, easque a proximo mcenibus'* loco emitte- bat. Columbse lucis'^ cibique avidse, summa aedificia petentes, a Brute excipiebantur, maxime cum ille, deposito quibusdam in locis cibo, oolumbas illuc devolare instituisset. 2. Octavius bellum Mutinense dnobus proeliis confecit, in quorum altero non ducis modo, sed militis etiam functus est munere :°' nam aquilifero graviter vulnerato, aquilam humeris subiit, et in castra reportavit. Postea reconciliata cum An- tonio gratia, junctisque cum ipso copiis, ut Caii Caesaris necem ulcisceretur, ad urbem hostiliter acoessit, inde quadringentos milites ad senatum misit, qui sibi consulatum, nomine exer- cituSi deposcerent." Cunctante senatu, centime legationis princeps, rejecto sagulo, ostendens gladii capulum, non dubi- tavit in curia dicere : " Hie faciet, si vos non feceritis." Cui rcspondisse'' Ciceronem ferunt : "Si hoc modo petieritis Ca3sari consulatum, auferetis." Quod dictum ei deinde ex- itio^fuit: invisus enim esse coepit Csesari, quod libertatis'^^ esset amantior. ,3. Octavius Ca3sar, nondum viginti annos natus, consulatum invasit, novamque proscriptionis tabulam proposuit : quae proscriptio SuUana^'' longe crudelior fuit : ne tenerse quidem 8etati" pepercit. Puerum quendam, nomine Atilium, Octavius coggit togam virilem sumere, ut tanquam vir proscriberetur. Atilius, protinus ut e Capitolio descendit, deducentibus ex more amicis, in tabulam relatus est. Desertum deinde a comitibus ne mater quidem proe metu recepit. Pueritaque fugit, et in silvis aliquamdiu delituit. Cum vero inopiam LIFE OP AUGUSTUS. 129 ferre non posset, e latebris exiit, seqtie prsetereuntibus*' indi- cavit, a quibus interfectus est. Alius puer etiam impubes, cum in ludum litterarium iret, cum psedagogo^ qui pro eo corpus objecerat, necatus est. 4. Octavius, inita cum Antonio societate, Marcum Brutum Csesaris interfectorem bello persecutus est. Quod bellum, quanquam seger atque invalidus, duplici proelio transegit, quo- rum'" prioire, castris''' exutus, vix fuga^° evasit; altero victor se gessit acerbius. In nobilissimum quemque captivum saeviit, adjecta^ etiam supplicio^' verborum contumelia.'^ Uni suppli- citer precanti sepulturam respondit, "jam illam in volucrum atque ferarum potestate futuram." Ambo erant captivi pater at filius ; cum autem Octavius noUet, nisi uni, vitam con- eedere, eos sortiri jussit, utri'^ parceretur. Pater, qui se pro filio ad mortem subeundam obtulerat, occisus est; nee servatus filius, qui prse dolore voluntaria occubuit nece : neque ab hoc tristi spectaculo oculos avertit Octavius, sed utrumque spec- tavit morientem. 5. Octavius ab Antonio iterum abalienatus est, quod is, repudiata Octavia sorore, Cleopatram ^gypti reginam duxis- set uxorem : quse mulier cum Antonio luxu et deliciis certa- bat. Gloriata est aliquando se centies sestertium '" una coena absumpturam. Antonio,'* id fieri posse neganti, magnificam apposuit coenam, sed non tanti sumptus' quanti promiserat. . Irrisa igitur ab Antonio, jussit sibi afferri vas aceto''* plenum : exspectabat Antonius quidnam esset^^ actura. Ilia gemmas pretiosissimas auribus " appensas habebat ; protinus unam detraxit, et aceto dilutam absorbuit. Alteram quoque simili modo^* parabat absumere, nisi prohibita fuisset. 6. Octavius cum Antonio apud Actium, qui locus in Epiro est, navali prcelio dimicavit. Victum et fugientem Antonium persecutus, ^gyptum petiit; obsessaque Alexandria,'' quo Antonius cum Cleopatra confugerat, brevi potitus est. An- tonius, desperatis rebus, cum in solio regali sedisset regio dia- demate cinctus, necem sibi conscivit. Cleopatra vero, quam ^ Octavius magnopere cupiebat vivam comprehendi, triumpho- 9 '13.0 LATIN LESSONS. que*' servari, aspidem sibi in cophino inter ficns afferendam curavit, eamque ipsa braohio " applicuit : quod ubi cognovit Octavius, medicos vulneri remedia adhibere jussit. Admovit etiam Psyllos, qui venenum exsugerent,^* sed frustra. Cleopa- trse*' mortuEe communem cum Antonio sepulturam tribuit. 7. Tandem Octavius, hostibus victis, solusque imperio'' potitus, clementem se exhibuit. Omnia deinceps in eo plena mansuetudinis*^ et humanitatis. Multis*' ignovit, a quibus ssepe graviter Isesus fuerat, quo in numero fuit Metellus, unus ex Antonii praefectis. Cum is inter captives senex squalidus sordidatusque processisset, agnovit eum filius ejus, qui Octavii par,tes secutus erat, statimque exsiliens, patrem complexus, sic Octavium allocutus est : " Pater mens hostis tibi fuit, ego miles : non magis ille poenam, quam ego prsemium, meriti sumus. Aut igitur me propter ilium occidi jube, aut ilium propter me vivere. Delibera, quseso, utrum sit*^ moribus*^ tuis convenientius." Octavius postquam paulum addubitavis- set, misericordia motus, hominem sibi infensissimum propter filii merita servavit. 8. Octavius in Italiam rediit, Eomamque triumphans in- gressus est. Tum bellis toto orbe compositis, Jani gemiiii portas sua manu clausit, quse tantummodo bis antea clausse fuerant, primo sub Numa rege, iterum post primum Punicum .bellum. Tunc omnes^* prseteritorum malorum oblivio cepit, populusque Romanus prsesentis otii Isetitia'* perfruitus est. Octavio" maximi honores a senatu delati sunt. Ipse Augus- tus cognominatus est, et in ejus honorem mensis Sextilis eodera nomine est appellatus, quod illo mense** bellis" civili- bus finis esset impositus. Equites Romani natalem ejus biduo semper celebrarunt : senatus populusque Romanus universus cognomen Patris Patriae maximo consensu ei tribuerunt. Au- gustus, prse gaudio lacrimans, respondit his verbis : " Compos factus sum votorum*'' meorum ; neque aliud mihi optandum est, quam ut hunc consensum vestrum ad ultimum vitse finem videre possim." 9. Dictaturam, quam populus magna vi offerebat, Angus- LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 131 tus, genu nixus, dejeotaque ab humeris toga, deprecatus est. Domini appellationem semper exhorruit, eamque sibi tribui edioto vetuit, immo de restituenda'" republica non semel cogi- tavit ; sed reputans et se privatum non sine perioulo fore,°* et rempublicam plurium arbitrio commissum iri, summam retinuit potestateni, id vero studuit, nequem novi status-'' poeniteret. Bene de iis etiam quos adversarios expertus erat et sentiebat et loquebatur. Legentem aliquando unum e nepotibus invenit ; cumque puer territus volumen Ciceronis, quod manu tenebat, veste tegeret, Augustus librum cepit, eoque statim reddito : " Hie vir,'' inquit, " fili mi, doctus fuit et patriae amans." 10. Pedibus saepe per urbem incedebat, summaque comitate adeuntes^ excipiebat ; unde cum quidam, libellum supplicem porrigens, pree metu et reverentia nunc manum proferret, nunc retraheret ; " Putasne," inquit jocans Augustus, " assem te elephanto dare " ? Eum aliquando convenit veteran as miles, qui vocatus in jus periclitabatur, rogavitque ut sibi adesset. Statim Augustus unum e eomitatu suo elegit advocatum, qui litigatorem commendaret. Turn veteranus exclamavit : " At non ego, te'* periclitante bello Actiaco,' vicarium qusesivi, sed ipse pro te pugnavi " ; simulque detexit cicatrices. Erubuit Augustus, atque ipse venit in advocationem. 11. Cum post Actiacam victoriam Augustus Eomam ingre- deretur, occurrit ei inter gratulantes opifex quidam corvum tenens, quem instituerat hsec dicere : Ave, Caesar victor, im- perator. Augustus,- avem officiosam miratus, eam viginti milibus nummorum^" emit. . Socius opificis, ad quem nihil ex ilia liberalitate pervenerat, affirmavit Augusto ilium habere et alium corvum, quem afferri postulavit. Allatus corvus verba, quae didicerat, expressit : Ave, Antoni victor, imperator. Nihil B&, re exasperatus, Augustus jussit tantummodo corvorum doctorem dividere acceptam mercedem cum contubemali. Salutatus similiter a psittaco, emi eum jussit. 12. Exemplo incitatus, sutor quidam cor-vum instituit ad parem salutationem ; sed, cum parum proficeret, ssepe ad 132 LATIN LESSONS. avem non respoudentem dicebat : Opera et impensa periit. Tandem corvus coepit proferre dictatam salutationem : qua audita dum transiret, Augustus respondit : " Satis domi ta- lium salutatorum^" habeo." Turn corvus ilia etiam verba abjecit, quibus dominum querentem audire solebat : Opera et impensa periit : ad quod Augustus risit, atque avem emi jussit, quant i-'* nullam adhuc'emerat. 13. Solebat quidam Grseculus descendenti e palatib Augusto honorificum aliquod epigramma porrigere. Id cum frustra saepe fecisset, et tamen rursum eundem facturum Augustus videret, sua manu in charta breve exaravit Greecum epi- gramma, et Grseculo venienti ad se obviam misit. Ille legend© laudare coepit, mirarique tam voce quam vultu gestuque. Dein cum accessit ad sellam, qua^° Augustus vehebatur, de- missa in pauperem crumenam manu, paucos denarios protulit, quos principi daret ; dixitque " se plus daturum fuisse, si plus habuisset." Secuto omnium risu, Grseculum Augustus vocavit, eique satis grandem pecimiae summam numerari jussit. 14. Augustus fere nulli se invitanti negabat. Exceptus igitur a quodam coena satis parca et psene quotidiana, hoc tantum iususurravit : " Non putabam me tibi" esse tam famil- iarem." Cum aliquando apud PoUionem quendam coenaret, fregit unus ex servis vas crystallinum : rapi ilium protinus Pollio jussit, et, ne vulgari morte periret, abjioi mursenis,^® quas ingens piscina continebat. Evasit e manibus puer, et ad pedes Csesaris coufugit, non recusans mori, sed rogans ne piscium esca fieret. Motus novitate crudelitatis, Augustus servi infelicis patrocinium suscepit : cum autem veniam a viro crudeli non irapetraret, crystallina vasa ad se afferri jussit ; omnia manu sua fregit ; servum manumisit, piscinamque com- pleri prsecepit. 15. Augustus in quadam villa ajgrotans noctes inquietas agebat, rumpente somnum ejus crebro noctusB cantu; qua molestia cum liberari se vehementer cupere significasset, miles quidam, aucupii** peritus, noctuam prehendendam curavit, vivamque Augusto attulit, spe ingentis prsemii ; cui Augustus LIFE OF AUGUSTUS. 133 mille nummos dari jussit : at ille, minus dignum prsemium existimans, dicere ausus est : " Malo ut vivat," et avem di- misit. Imperatori nee ad irascendum causa deerat, nee ad ulciscendum potestas. Hane tamen injuriam aequo animo tulit Augustus, hominemque impunitum abire passus est. 16. Augustus amicitias non facile admisit, et admissas con- stanter retinuit : imprimis familiarem habuit Msecenatem, equitem Komanum, qui ea,^ qua apud principem valebat gratia ita semper usus est, ut prodesset omuibus^' quibus posset, noceret nemini. Mira erat ejus ars et libertas in flectendo*' Augusti animo, cum eum ira incitatum videret. Jus ali- quando dicebat, Augustus, et multos morte damnaturus vide- batur. Aderat tune Maecenas, qui circumstantium turbam perrumpere, et ad tribunal propius accedere, conatus est : cum id frustra tentasset, in tabella scripsit hsec verba, Surge tandem, camifex : eamque tabellam ad Augustum projecit ; qua lecta, Augustus statim surrexit, et nemo esC morte multatus. 17. Habitavit Augustus in aedibus modicis, neque laxitate neque cultu conspicuis, ac per annos amplius quadraginta in eodem cubiculo hiemie et aestate mansit. Supellex quoque ejus vix privatae elegantiae' erat. Idem tamen Romam, quam pro majestate imperii non satis ornatam invenerat, adeo ex- coluit, ut jure sit gloriatus, " marraoream se relinquere, quam lateritiam accepisset." Raro veste alia usus est, quam con- fecta ab uxore,^ sorore, iilia, neptibusque. Altiuscula erant ejus calceamenta, ut procerior quam erat videretur. Cibi* minimi erat atque vulgaris. Secundarium panem et pisciculos minutos et ficus virides maxime appetebat. 18. Augustus non amplius quam septem boras'" dormiebat, ac ne eas quidem continuas, sed ita ut in illo temporis spatio ter aut quater expergisceretur. Si interruptum somnum re- cuperare non posset, lectores arcessebat, donee resumeret. Cum audisset senatorem quendam, licet sere alieno oppressum, arete et graviter dormire solitum, culcitam ejus magno pretio** emit: mirantibus dixit: " Habenda est ad somnum culcita, in qua homo qui tantum debebat dormire potuit." 134 LATIN LESSONS. 19. Exercitationes oampestres equorum et armorum statim post bella civilia omisit, et ad pilam primo folliculumquo transiit ; mox, animi laxandi causa, modo piscabatur hamo, modo talis nucibusque ludebat cum puerculis, quos facie et garrulitate amabiles undique conquirebat. Alea multum de- lectabatur ; idque ei vitio^ datum est. Tandem, afflicta vale- tudine, in Campaniam concessit, ubi remisso ad otium animo, nullo hilaritatis genere^' abstinuit. Supremo vitse die, petito speculo, capillum sibi comi jussit, et amicos circumstantes percontatus est, num vitsa mimum satis commode egisset ; ^' adjecit et solitara clausulam : " Edite strepitum, vosque omnes cum gaudio applaudite." Obiit Noise'* sextum et scptuagesi- mum annum agens. IX. THE HELVETIAN WAE. FROM CjESAE-S gallic WAE. Book I. 1. Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. Unam incolunt Belgse, aliam Aquitani, tertiam Celtse, qui* lingua^' nostra Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, ^° institutis, legibus, inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen dividit, a Belgis Matrona et Sequana. Fortissimi^ sunt Belgae, prop- terea quod proximi sunt Germanis,'' qui trans Rhenum inco- lunt, quibuscum continenter bellum gerunt. Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute^" prsecedunt, quod fere quotidianis prceliis cum Germanis contendunt. Una pars initium capit a flumine Rhodano ; continetur Garumna flumine, oceano, fini- bus Belgarum. Attingit etiam fl\imen^ Rhenum. Vergit ad septemtriones. Belgse ab extremis Galilee finibus oriuntur; pertinent ad inferiorem partem fluminis Rheni; spectant in septemtriones et orientem solem. Aqiiitania a Garumna flu- mine ad Pyrenseos montes et eam partem oceani, quse est THE HELVETIAN WAR. 135 ad Hispaniam, pertinetj spectat inter occasum soils et sep- temtriones. 2. Apud Helvetios nobilissimus^ et ditissimus fuit Orge- torix. Is conjurationem nobilitatis fecit , et civitati'' per- BUasit, ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent. Facilius eis persuasit, quod undique, loci natura,^^ Helvetii oontinentur; una ex parte, flumine Rheno, latissimo atque altissin^o, qui agrum Helvetium a Germanis dividit ; altera ex parte, monte Jura altissimo, qui est inter Sequanos et Helvetios ; tertia, lacu Lemauno, et flumine Rhodano, qui Provinciam nostrara ab Helvetiis dividit. His rebus adducti, constituerunt ea quae* ad proficiscendum pertinerent comparare ; *' juraento- rum et carrorum quam maximum numerum coemere ; seraen- tes quam maximas facere ; cum proximis civitatibus amicitiam confirmare. In tertium annum profectionem lege confirmant. Ad eas res conficiendas^' Orgetorix deligitur. Is legationem ad civltates suscepit. In eo itinere persuadet CasticO| Sequano, ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet, quod^ pater ante habu- erat. Itemque Dumnorigi ^duo, qui maxinie plebi acceptus erat, ut idem conaretur persuadet. Inter se jusjurandum dant, et totius Gallise sese potiri posse sperant. Ea res est Helvetiis'* enuntiata : Orgetorigem ex vinculis causam dicere coegerunt. Damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni'** cre- maretur. Die constituta"* Orgetorix ad judicium omnem suam familiam, et omnes clientes obseratosque conduxit. Per eos se eripuit. 3. Cum civitas, ob eam rem inoitata, armis jus suum ex- sequi conaretur, Orgetorix mortuus est. Post ejus mortem nihilominus Helvetii id quod constituerant facere^' couantur. Ubi se paratos esse'' arbitrati sunt, oppida sua omnia, vices, privata sedificia incendunt. Trium mensium molita cibaria quemque domo effierre jubent. Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus* itineribus domo exire possent ; unum per Sequanos, angustum et difficile, inter montem Juram et flumen Rhoda- num ; alteram per provinciam nostram multo facilius atque expeditius, propterea quod Rhodanus nonnullis locis vado^' 136 LATIN LESSONS. transitur. Extremum oppidutn Allobrogum est Geneva. Ex 80 oppido pons ad Helvetios pertinet. Omnibus rebus'^ ad profectionem comparatis, diem dicunt, qua die ad ripam Rho- dani omnes conveniant. Csesari cum id nuntiatum esset, maturat ab urbe proficisci, et in Galliam ulteriorem contendit. Pontem jubet rescindi.^ 4. Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores'' facti sunt, lega- tes ad eum mittunt, qui" dicerent sibi" esse in animo sine nllo maleficio iter per provinciam facere. Csesar a lacu Le' manno ad montem Juram murum fossamque perducit. Negat se posse^ iter uUi per provinciam dare.^' Relinquebatur una per Sequanos via, qua, Sequanis invitis, propter angustias ire non poterant. His'' cum persuadere non possent, legates ad Dunmorigem mittunt, ut, eo deprecatore,^ impetrarent. Dum- norix apud Sequanos plurimum poterat, et Helvetiis" erat amicus, quod Orgetorigis filiam in matrimonium duxerat. Ita- que rem .suscipit, et a Sequanis impetrat, ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. 5. Caesar in Italiam magnis itineribus contendit, duasque ibi legiones conscribit, et tres ex hibernis educit, et in ulteri- orem Galliam, per Alpes, ire contendit. In fines Vocontiorum die septimo pervenit; inde in Allobrogum fines, ab Allobro- gibus in Segusianos exercitum ducit. Hi sunt extra provin- ciam trans Rhodanum primi. Helvetii jam per angustias et ' fines Sequanorum suas copias transduxerant, et .^duorum agros populabantur. .^Edui, cum se''' defendere non possent, legates ad Csesarem mittunt, rogatum*'' auxilium. Eodem tempore Ambarri, consanguinei' ^Eduorupi, Csesarem certioreol faciunt, sese, depopulatis agris, non facile ab oppidis vim hostium pro- hibere. Item AUobroges, qui, trans Rhodanum vices posses- sionesque habebant, fuga^' se ad Csesarem recipiunt. Csesar non exspectandum sibi statuit, dum in Santonos Helvetii per- venirent. 6. Flumen est Arar, quod per fines ^^duorum et Sequano- rum in Rhodanum influit, incredibili lenitate,^' ita ut oculis in utram partem fluat judicari non possit. Id Helvetii, rati- THE HELVETIAN WAR. 137 bus et liritribus juuotis, transibant. Ubi Csesar certior faotus est tres copiarum partes Helvetios''^ transduxisse, quartanx vero partem citra flumen esse, de tertia vigiUa e castris pro- fectus ad earn partem pervenit, quae nondum transierat. Eos impeditos aggressus, magnam eorum partem concidit. Reliqui sese in proximas silvas abdiderunt. Is pagus appellabatur Tigurinus : ' nam omnis civitas Helvetia in quattuor pagos divisa est. Hie pagus Lucium Cassium consulem interfece- rat, et ejus exercitiim sub jugum miserat. Ita, quse pars calamitatem populo'* Eomauo intulerat, ea princeps pojuas persolvit. 7. Hoc proelio facto, reliquas copias Helvetionim ut conse- qui posset, pontem in Arare faciendum curat, atque ita exer- citum trausducit. Helvetii, repentino ejus adventu commoti, legatos ad eum mittunt, cujus legationis Divico princeps fuit, qui bello^ Cassiano dux Helvetiorum fuerat. Is ita cum Csesare agit : Si pacem populus Romanus cum Helvetiis face- ret, in eam partem ituros, ubi Caesar eos^'' esse voluisset ; sin bello persequi perseveraret, reminisceretur et veteris incom- modi^^ populi Romani, et pristinse virtutis Helvetiorum ; se ita a patribus majoribusque suis didioisse, ut magis virtute quam dolo conteuderent. Quare, ne committeret, ut-is locus, ubi constitissent, ex calamitate populi Romani nomen caperet. 8. His Csesar ita respondit : Sibi" minus dubitationis dari, quod eas res, quas commemorassent, memoria^^ teneret. Si veteris contumelise'^' oblivisci vellet, num receutium injuri- arum memoriam deponere posse t Tamen, si obsides ab iis sibi dentur, uti ea quae poUiceantur facturos intelligat, et si iEduis de injuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorum intulerint, item si Allobrogibus satisfaciant, sese cum iis pacem facturum. Divico respondit : Ita Helvetios a majoribus suis institutos esse, uti obsides accipere, non dare consueverint ; ejus rei populum Romanum esse testem. Hoc responso dato, discessit. Postevo die castra ex eo loco movent. Idem facit Csesar. Equitatum omnem praBmittit, qui" videant, quas in partes hostes iter faciant. Qui alienoloco cum equitatu Helvetiorum 138 LATIN LESSONS. proelium committunt, et pauoi de nostris cadunt. Helvetii audacins subsistere, nonnunquani nostros lacessere coepenmt. Csesar suos a prcelio continebat ; ao satis habebat in prsEsentia hostem rapiiiis^^ prohibere. Ita dies'*' circiter quindecitn iter fecerunt, uti, inter novissimum hostium agmen et nostrum primum, non amplius quiuis aut senis milibus'^ passuum interesset. 9. Interim quotidie Csesar ^duos°* frumentuni, quod* essent publice pollioiti, flagitare. Nam, propter frigora, non modo frumenta in agris matura non erant, sed ne pabuli quidem satis magna copia suppetebat. Eo autem frumento/^ quod flumine Arare navibus subvexerat, minus uti '' poterat, quod iter ab Arare Helvetii averterant, a quibus discedere nolebat. Diem ex die ducere^" iEdui; conferri, comportari, adesse dicere. Ubi se diutius duci intellexit, et diem instare, quo die frumen- tum''* militibus metiri oporteret, convocatis eorum principibus, quorum magnam copiam in castris habebat, in his Divitiaco et Lisco, qui summo magistratui ^^ prseerat, graviter eos ac- eusat, quod ab iis non sublevetur ; prsBsertim cum, magna ex parte eorum precibus adductus, belhim susceperit. Turn demum Liscus proponit : esse nonnullos, quorum auctoritas apud plebem pkirimum valeat ; hos"^ seditiosa atque improba oratione multitudinem deterrere,'' ne frunientum- conferant. Ab iisdem nostra consilia hostibus enuutiari ; hos a se coerceri non posse. Quin etiam, quod rem Cajsari enuntiarit, intel- legere sese quanto id cum periculo fecerit ; et, ob eam causam, quamdiu potuerit, tacuisse. 10. Csesar hac oratione Duranorigem,^' Divitiaci fratrem, designari'' sentiebat ; sed quod, pluribus prsesentibus, eas res^'jactari nolebat, celeriter concilium dimittit; Liscnm re- tinet ; dicit liberius atque audacius. Eadem secrete ab aliis quaerit ; reperit esse vera . ipsum esse Dumnorigem summa audacia,^^ magna apud plebem propter liberalitatem gratia, cu- pidum novarum rerum"; complures annos^ omnia ^duorum vectigalia parvo pretio redempta habere ; propterea quod, illo licente, contra liceri audeat nemo. His rebus suam rem fami- THE HELVETIAN WAR. 139 liarem auxisse, magnum numerum eqiiitatus semper circum so habere. Favere Helvetiis^* propter affinitatem ; odisse Csesa- rem et Eomanos, quod eorum adventu potentia ejus demiuuta, et Divitiacus frater in antiquum locum gratite atque honoris sit restitutus. Si quid accidat Romanis, summam in spem regni per Helvetios obtinendi venii-e ; imperio populi Romani, non mode de regno, sed etiam de ea quam habeat gratia, desperare. 11. Cum ad has suspiciones certissimse res accederent, satis esse causae arbitrabatur, quare in eum aut ipse auimadver- teret, aut civitatera animadvertere juberet. His omnibus unum repugnabat, quod Divitiaci fratris summum in populum Romanum studium, summam in se voluntatem, egregiam fidem, justitiam, temperantiam cognoverat : nam ne ejus supplicio Divitiaci animum offenderet verebatur. Itaque, priusquam quidquam couaretur,'*^ Divitiacum^'' ad se vocari jubetj simul commonefacit quae, ipso°° priBsente, in concilio Gallorum sint dicta ; et ostendit quae separatim quisque de eo apud se dixerit. Divitiacus multis cum lacrimis obsecrare coepit, ne quid gravius in fratrem statueret : scire*' se,^ ilia esse vera ; sese tamen et amore fraterno et existimatione vulgi commoveri. Quod si quid ei" a Cajsare gravius accidisset, cum ipse eum locum amicitise aqud eum teneret, neminem existi- maturum non sua voluntate factum ; qua ex re futurum, uti totius Galliifi' animi a se averterentur. Caesar ejus dextram prendit ; Dumnorigem ad se vocat ; fratrem adhibet ; quse in eo reprehendat ostendit ; monet ut in reliquum tempus omues suspiciones vitet. 12. Eodem die, ab exploratoribus certior'' factus hostes sub monte consedisse millia^'passuum ab ipsius castris octo, qualis esset^' natura m'ontis,'et qualis in circuitu adscensus, qui cog- noscerenf** misit. Renuntiatum est facilem esse. De tertia vigilia Titum Labienum, legatum, cum duobus legionibus summum jugum montis adscendere jubet. Ipse de quarta vigilia eodem itinere, quo hostes ierant, ad eos contendit ; equitatumque omnem ante se mittit. Prima luce, cum sum- 1-40 LATIN LESSONS. mus mons a Tito Labieno teiieretur, ipse ab hostium castris not! longius mille et quingentis passibus abesset, neque aut ipsius adventus, aut Labieui, cognitus esset, Considius, equo admisso, ad eum accurrit ; dicit montem, quern a Labieno occupari voluerit, ab hostibus^ teneri ; id se ex Gallicis armis atque insignibus cognovisse. Caesar suas copias in proximum collem subducit, aciem instruit. Labienus, ut erat ei prse- ceptum (ut undique uno tempore in hostes impetus fieret), monte occupato, nostros exspectabat, proelioque abstinebat. Multo denique die, per exploratores Csesar cognovit montem a suis teneri, et Considium, perterritum, quod* non vidisset pro viso renuntiasse. Eo die, quo consuerat intervallo, hos- tes sequitur ; et millia passuum tria ab eorum castris castra ponit. 13. Postridie ejus diiai, quod omnino biduum supererat cum exercitui frumentum metiri oporteret, et quod a Bi- bracte, oppido ^duorum longe maximo et copiosissimo, non araplius millibus passuum duodeviginti aberat, rei frumen- tarise" prospiciendum existimavit, ac Bibracte^' ire contendit. Helvetii, seu quod perterritos Romanes discedere existimarent, sive quod re frumentaria^* intereludi posse confidereut, itinere con verso, nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ao lacessere coeperunt. Postquam id animum advertit, copias suas Caesar in proximum collem subducit; equitatumque, qui sustineret hostium impetum, misit. Ipse interim in colle medio tri- plicem aeiem instruxit. Sarcinas in unum locum conferri, et eum ab iis, qui in superiore acie constiterant, muniri jussit. Helvetii, cum omnibus suis carris secuti, impedimenta in unum locum contulerunt. Ipsi confertissima acie,^° riSjecto nostro equitatu, phalange facta, sub primam nostram aciem succeggerunt. Caesar, primum suo'^ dehide omnium remotis'* equis, ut spem fugse tolleret, cohortatus suos, proelium com- misit. Milites, e loco superiore pilis missis, facile hostium phalangem perfregerunt. Ea desjecta, gladiis districtis in eos impetum fecerunt. 14. Gallis** magno erat impedimento,^ quod, pluribus eo- THE HELVETIAN WAR. 141 rum scutis'^ uno ictu^^ pilorum transfixis et colligatis, cum ferrum se iuflexisset, neque evellere, neque, sinistra impedita, satis commode pugnare poterant. Tandem vulneribus defessi, et pedem referre,. et, quod mons suberat circiter mille pas- suum, eo se recipere coeperuut. Capto moute, et succedenti- bus nostris, Boii et Tulingi, qui agmen hostium claudebant, ex itinere nostros aggressi, circumvenere ; et id conspicati Helvetii, qui in montem se receperant, rursus instare et proe- lium redintegrare cceperunt. Romani conversa signa bipartito intulerunt ; prima et secunda acies, ut victis" ac submotis re- sisteret; tertia, ut venientes exciperet. Ita ancipiti proBlio diu atque acriter pugnatum est. Diutius cum nostrorum impetus sustinere non possent, alteri se, ut coeperant, in mon- tem receperunt ; alteri ad impedimenta et carros sues se con- tulerunt. Nam hoc tbto prcelio, cum ab hora septima ad vesperum pugnatum sit, aversum hostem videre nemo potuit. Ad multam noctem etiam ad impedimenta pugnatum est; propterea quod pro vallo carros objecerant. Impedimentis castrisque nostri potiti sunt. Ibi Orgetorigis filia atque unus e filiis captus est. Ex eo prcelio circiter millia hominum cen- tum et triginta superfuerunt, eaque tota nocte ierunt ; in fines Lingonum die'* quarto pervenerunt ; cum, et propter vulnera militum et sepulturam occisorum, nostri eos sequi non potuis- sent. Csesar ad Lingones literas nuntiosque misit, ne eos frumento neve alia re juvarent. Ipse, triduo intermisso, cum omnibus copiis eos sequi coepit. 15, Helvetii, omnium rerum inopia adducti, legates de dedi- tione ad eum miserunt. Qui "cum se ad pedes projecissent, suppliciterque locuti pacem petissent, atque eos in eo loco, quo tum essent, -adventum suum exspeotare jussisset, parueruut. Eo postquam pervenit, obsides, arma, seryos, qui ad eos per- fugissent, poposcit. Helvetios in fines sues reverti jussit ; et quod, omnibus frugibus amissis, domi°° nihil erat, AUobrogi- bus imperavit, ut iis frumenti copiam facerent ; ipsos oppida vicosque, quos incenderant, restituere jussit, quod noluit eum locum ^ vacare,*" ne, propter bonitatem agrorum Germani in 142 LATIN LESSONS. Helvetiorum fines transirent. In castris Helvetiorum tabulse repertse sunt, literis Grsecis confectse, quibus in tabulis nomi- natim ratio coiifeota erat, qui numenis domo°° exisset*' eorum, qui arma ferre possent ; et item separatim pueri, senes, mulie- resque. Summa omnium fuerat ad millia treceuta sexaginta et octo. Eorum, qui domum redierunt, repertus est numerus millium centum et decern. X. THE WAE WITH AEIOVISTUS. 1. Bello Helvetiorum confecto, totius fere Gallise legati, principes civitatum, ad Csesarem gratulatum convenerunt : intelligere sese, tametsi, pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis populi Bomani, ab iis poenas repetisset, tamen earn rem non minus ex usu terrse Gallise quam populi Romani accidisse ; ■propterea quod, florentissimis rebus, domos suas Helvetii reli- quissent, ut toti Gallise'* bellum inferrent, imperioque potiren- tur ; locumque domicilio deligerent, quern opportunissimum ac fructuosissimum judicassent ; reliquasque civitates stipen- diarias haberent. Petierunt, uti sibi concilium totius Gallise in diem certam indicere liceret ; sese habere quasdam res, quas ex communi consensu ab eo petere vellent. Ea re per- niissa, jurejurando ne quis enuntiaret inter se sanxerunt. Eo concilio dimisso, iidem principes, qui ante fuerant ad Csesarem, reverterunt petieruntque uti sibi" secreto de omnium salute cum eo agere liceret. Ea re impetrata, sese omnes flentes Csesari ad pedes projecerunt : Non minus se contendere, ne ea, quse dixissent, enuntiarentur, quam uti ea quse vellent irapetrarent ; propterea quod, si enuntiatum esset, summum in cruciatum se ventures viderent. 2. Locutus est pro his Divitiacus : Gallise totius factiones esse duas ; harum alterius principatum tenere ^duos, alterius Arvernos. Hi cum de potentatu inter se multos aunos con- THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 143 tenderer! t, factum esse, uti ab Arvernis"' Sequanisque Ger- mani mercede''" arcesserentur. Horum primo circiter millia qulndecim Ehenum transisse; posteaquam agi-os, cultum, et copias Gallorum homines barbari adamassent, transductos esse plures. Nunc esse in Gallia ad centum et viginti millium numerum; cum his ^duos eorumque clientes semel atque iterum contendisse ; pulsos, oranem nobilitatem,^^ omnem se- natum, omnem equitatum amisisse. Quibus calamitatibus, qui plurimum ante in Gallia potuissent, coactos esse Sequanis obsides dare, nobilissimos civitatis, et jurejurando civitatem obstringere, sese^ neque obsides repetituros, neque auxilium a populo Romano imploraturos, neque recusaturos quorainus perpetuo sub illorum imperio essent. Unum se esse ex omni civitate ^duorura, qui adduci non potuerit, ut juraret, aut liberos suos obSides daret. Ob earn rem se''^ ex civitate pro- fugisse, et Romam°° venisse, auxilium postulatum.*'' Sed pejus victoribus Sequanis, quam ^duis victis accidisse ; prop- terea quod Ariovistus, rex Germanorum, in eorum finibus consedisset, tertiamque partem agri Sequani occupavisset. Futurum esse paucis annis, uti omnes ex Gallise finibus pel- lerentur, atque omnes Germani Rhenum transirent. Ariovis- tum autem, ut semel Gallorum copias prcelio vicerit, superbe et crudeliter imperare, obsides nobilissimi cujusque liberos poscere, et in eos omnia exempla cruciatusque edere. Homi- nem esse barbarum, iracundum, temerarium; non posse ejus imperial diutius sustineri. Nisi si quid in populo Romano sit auxilii,^" omnibus Gallis idem^ esse faciendum,^' quod* Helvetii fecerint, ut alias sedes, remotas a Germanis, petant ; fortunamque, qusecunque accidat, experiantur. Csesarem deterrere** posse," ne major multitude Germanorum Rhenum transducatur. 3. Hac oratione habita, omnes, qui* aderant, magno fletu auxilium a Csesare petere coeperunt. Animadvertit Csesar, unos Sequanos^ nihil earum rerum^° facere,"^ quas^' ceteri facerent ; sed tristes terram intueri. Ejus rei causa quae asset, *^ cum ab iis stepius quajreret, neque ullam omnino 144 LATIN LESSONS. vocem exprimere posset, idem Divitiaous respondit : Hoc esse graviorem fortunam Sequanorutn quod soli ne in occulto qui- dem querij^' neque auxilium implorare,*' auderent, absentis- que Ariovisti crudelitatem, velut si adesset, horrerent. His rebus cognitis, Caesar Gallorum animos confirmavit : mag- nam^'^ se habere"' spem,^' beneficio suo adductum, Ariovistum finem injuriis facturum. Multse res eum hortabantur, quare earn rem^ cogitandam et suscipiendam putaret ; imprimis, quod iEduos, fratres ssepenumero a senatu appellatos, in ser- vitute videbat Germanorum teneri; quod, in tanto imperio populi Eomani, turpissimum sibi et reipublicse esse arbitra- batur. Gernianos'^ Khenum transire'^ periculosum videbat; neque sibi temperatures existimabat, quin, ut ante Cimbri Teutonique fecissent, in provinciam, atque inde in Italiam, contenderent j quibus rebus ^' quam maturrime oceurrendum putabat. 4. Quamobrem placuit ei," ut ad Ariovistum legates mitte- ret, qui ab eo postularent," uti aliquem locum medium coUo- quio diceret : Velle'^ sese''^ de republica et summis utriusque rebus cum eo agere."* Ei legationi Ariovistus respondit : Si quid ipsi''' a Csesare opus esset, sese ad eum venturum fuisse ; si quid ille se velit, ilium ad se venire oportere ; sibi autem mirum videri, quid in sua Gallia, quam bello vicisset, aut Csesari^' aut omnino populo" Eomano negotii^" esset. His responsis ad Csesarem relatis, iterum legates cum his maudatis mittit : Quoniam, beneficio affectus, banc sibi populoque Ro- mano gratiam referret, haso esse, quae ab eo postularet; pri- mum, ne quam hominum multitudinem amplius trans Rhenum in Galliam transduceret ; deinde obsides, qnos haberet ab .^duis, redderet ; neve his" sociisve" eorum bellum infer- ret. Si id non impetraret, sese, ''^ quoniam senatus censu- isset, uti, quicunque Galliam provinciam obtineret, amicos populi Romani defenderet, .(Eduonim injurias non neglec- turum."* 5. Ad hsec Ariovistus respondit : Jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, quemadmodum valient, imperarent; populum Ro- THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 145 manum victis," non ad alterius prtescriptum, sed ad suum ar- bitrium, imperare consuesse. ^duos^'' sibi, quoniani belli fortunam tentassent, ac superati essent, stipendiarios^ esse factos." Se'^ obsides redditurum non esse; neque bellum^^ illaturum, si stipendium quotannis penderent. Caesar, cum vellet, congrederetur ; intellect urum, quid invicti Germani, qui inter annos quatuordecim tectum non subissent, virtute possent. Eodem tempore legati ab iEduis et Treviris ve'nie- bant ; ^Edui questum,^^ quod Harudes, qui nuper in Galliam transportati essent, fines eorum popularentur ; Treviri, pagos centum Suevorum ad ripas Eheni consedisse, qui transire co- uarentur. Quibus rebus Csesar vehementer commotus matu- randum sibi existimavit, ne, si nova manus cum veteribus copiis Ariovisti sese^* conjunxisset, minus facile resisti posset. Itaque, re frumentaria comparata, magnis itineribus^^ad Ario- vistum contendit. 6. Cum tridui viani^^ processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ario- vistum''^ cum omnibus copiis ad occupandum Vesontionem, quod^ est oppidum maximum Sequanorum, contendere," tri- duique viam a suis finibus processisse.^ Id ne accideret, prsecavendum Csesar existimabat. Namque omnium rerum,' quee ad bellum usui erant, summa erat in eo facultas ; idque natura'^' loci sic muniebatur, ut magnam ad ducendum^^ bel- lum daret • facultatem ; propterea quod flumen Dubis psene totum oppidum cingit ; reliquum spatium mens pontinet, ita ut radices ex utraque parte ripse fluminis contingant. Hunc murus arcem efficit, et cum oppido conjungit. Csesar, occu- pato oppido, ibi prsesidium coUocat. Dum paucos dies rei frumentarise causa ^' moratur, ex percunctatione ''^ nostrorum Yocibusque^' Gallorum ac mercatorum, qui ingenti magnitu- dine^ corporum Germauos,^^ incredibili virtute^' atque exer- citatione in armis, esse prsedieabant ; ssepenumero sese, cum iis congresses, ne vultum quidem atque aciem oculorum ferre potuisse ; tantus subito timer exercitum occupavit, ut omnium mentes animosque perturbaret. Hie ortus est a tribunis militum reliquisque, qui, amicitise causa Csesarem secuti, non 10 146 LATIN LESSONS. magnum in re militari usum habebant. Alius alia causa '° illata petebant, ut discedere liceret; nonnulli, ut timoris suspi- cionem vitarent, remanebaut. Hi, abditi in tabernaculis, aut suum fatum querebantur, aut cum familiaribus suis commune periculum miserabantur. Totis castris testamenta obsigna- bantur. Horum vocibus''° etiam ii, qui* magnum in castris usum habebant, perturbabantur. Qui se^^ minus timidos''* existimari volebant, non se hostem vereri, sed angustias itiue- ris, at magnitudinem silvarum, quse intercederent inter ipsos atque Ariovistum, dicebant. Nonnulli etiam Csesari renunti- abant, cum castra''^ moveri ac signa ferri jussisset, non fore dicto audientes milites. 7. Haeo^^ cum animadvertisset, convocato consilio omnium- que ordinum adhibitis centurionibus, vehementer eos iucu- savit ; quod, aut quam in partem, aut quo consilio ducerentur, sibi quarendum aut cogitandum putarent : Ariovistum cu- pidissime populi Romani amicitiam appetisse : cur hunc temere quisquam ab oflBcio discessurum judicaret t Sibi " quidem persuaderi, cognitis postulatis, eum''^ neque suam neque populi Eomani gratiani repudiaturum. Quod si, fu- rore impulsus, bellum intulisset, cur de sua virtute aut de ipsius diligentia desperarent 1 Factum ejus hostis periculum, cum, Cimbris et Teutonis a Caio Mario pulsis, non minorem laudem exercitus, quam imperator, meritus'* videbatur. Fac- tum etiam nuper in Italia servili tumultu.'* Ex quo judicari posset, quantum haberet in se boni*" constantia; propterea quod, quos aliquamdiu inermes timuissent, hos armatos supe- rassent. Denique hos esse eosdem, quibuscum ssepenumero Helvetii congressi, non solum in suis sed etiam in illorum finibus, plerumque superarint, qui tamen pares esse nostro exercitu non potuerint. Si quos adversum proelium Gallorum moveret, hos reperire posse, Ariovistum,^ cum multos menses castris se tenuisset, desperantes'* de pugna et disperses subito adortum" magis consilio quam virtute vicisse. Qui suum timorem in angustias conferrent, facere arroganter, cum aut de officio imperatoris desperare, aut ei prsesoribere, viderentur. THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 147 Quod non fore dicto audientes milites dicantur, nihil ** se'"' ea re commoveri, et proxima nocte de quarta vigilia castra mo- turum, ut quam primum intelligere posset, utrum apud eos ofiBcium an timor valeret. Si prseterea nemo sequatur, tamen se cum sola decima legione iturum, de qua non dubitaret, sibiqi;ie" eam prsetoriam cohortem futuram. 8. Hac oratione habita, mirum in modum conversse sunt omnium mantes, summaque cupiditas belli gerendi innata est; princepsque decima legio per tribunes ei gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium fecisset. Deinde reliquse legiones ege- nmt, uti Ceesari satisfacerent ; et, itinere exquisite per Divi- tiacum, quod ei maximam fidem habebat, de quarta vigilia, ut dixerat, profectus est. Septimo die ab exploratoribus" certior factus est, Ariovisti copias a nostris millibus passuum quattuor et viginti abesse. Cognito Csesaris adventu, Ariovistus legates ad eum mittit : Quod antea de coUoquio postulasset, id^^ fieri licere,*" quoniam propius accessisset. Non respuit conditio- 17 em CiBsar ; magnamque in spem veniebat, pro suis populi- que Eemani in eum beneficiis, fere uti pertinacia^* desisteret. Dies celloquio dictus est, ex eo die quintus. Interim Ariovis- tus postulavit, ne quem peditem Cfesar adduceret; uterque cum equitatu veniret ; alia rattone se non esse venturum. Csesar, quod neque colloquium ^^ tolli volebat, neque salut'em suam Gallorum equitatui cemmittere audebat, cemmedissi- mum esse statuit, omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis, eo milites legionis decimse impenere, ut prsesidium quam amicis- simum haberet. Planities erat magna, et in ea tumulus ter- renus. Hie locus aequo fere spatio ab castris utrisque aberat. Eo ad colloquium venerunt. Legionem Csesar passibUs ducen- tis ab eo tumulo constituit ; equites Ariovisti pari intervallo constiterunt. 9. Ariovistus, ex equis ut coUoquerentur, et praeter se denes ut ad colloquium adducerent, postulavit. Csesar initio ora- tionis beneficia commemoravit ; quod rex appellatus esset a senatu ; quod munera amplissima missa ; quam rem et paucis contigisse et pre magnis officiis docebat. Decebat etiam, quam 148 LATIN LESSONS. veteres quamque justse causae necessitudinis ipsis cum ^duis intercederent ; quae senatus consulta, quamque honorifica, in eos facta essent ; ut omni tempore totius Gallise principatum tenuissent. Postulavit delude eadem, quse* legatis in mandatis dederat. Ariovistus ad postulata Csesaris respondit : Trans- isse Rhenum sese''^ lion sua sponte, sed arcessitum^ a Gallis;'" sedes habere ab ipsis concessas ; obsides ipsorum voluntate dates J stipendium ''^ capere jure belli ; non se Gallis-'' bellum intulisse ; omnes Gallise civitates ad se oppugnandum*^ ve- nisse ; et uno prcelio superatas esse. Si iterum experiri velint, iterum paratum sese decertare ; si pace uti velint, iniquum esse de stipendio recusare, quod sua voluntate ad id tempus pependerint. Amicitiam populi Eomaui sibi^" prisesidio^" non detrimento esse oportere. Quod multitudinem Germanonmi in Galliam transducat, id '^^ se ^^ sui muniendi non Gallise im- pugnandse causa facere. Se prius in Galliam venisse quam populum Romanum. Nunquam ante hoc tempus exercitum populi Romani provincise fines egressum. Quid sibi vellet ? Cur in suas possessiones veniret 1 Provinciam suam banc esse sicut illam nostram. Ut ipsi concedi non oporteret, si in nostros fines impefum faceret, sic item nos esse iniquos, qui in suo jure se interpellaremus. ■ 10. Multa ab Csesare^ dicta sunt, quare negotio°° desistere non posset : Neque suam neque populi Romani consuetudinem pati, uti optime meritos socios desereret ; neque se judicare, Galliam potius esse Ariovisti quam populi Romani. Si judi- cium senatus* observari oporteret, liberam debere esse Gal- liam, quam' bello victam suis legibus*' uti°' voluisset. Dum hsec in oolloquio genuitur, Csesari nuntiatum est equites Ario- visti propius tumulum accedere, et lapides^^ telaqiie in nostros conjicere. Csesar loquendi finem fecit ; se ad sues recipit ; imperavit ne quod omnino telum in hostes rejicerent. Nam, etsi sine iillo periculo legionis deleotse proelium fore videbat, tamen committendum non putabat, ut, pulsis hostibus, dici posset, ab se in colloquio circumventos. Posteaquam in vul- gus militum elatum est, qua arrogantia Ariovistus usus Gallia THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 149 Romanis** interdixisset, impetumque in nostros ejus equites fecissent, multo major alaoritaa studiumque pugnandi exer- citui' injectum est. 11. Biduo post Ariovistiis ad Csesarem legates mittit, velle'" se''^ agere^ cum eo; uti aut iterum colloquio diem consti- tueret, aut ex legatis aliquem ad se mitteret. Colloquendi Csesari causa visa non est. Legatum ex suis sese magno cum periculo ad eum missurum, et hominibus^' feris objecturum, existimabat. Commodissimum visum est, Gaium Valerium Procillum propter fidem et propter linguse Gallicae scientiam, qua'^ multa jam Ariovistus utebatur, ad eum mittere, et Mar- cum,Mettium, qui hospitio Ariovisti usus erat. Quos cum m castris conspexisset, conclamavit : Quid ad se veBirent 1 an speculandi causa? et in catenas conjecit. Eodem die castra promovit, et milibus passuum sex a Csesaris castris sub monte consedit. Postridie prseter castra Csesaris suas copias trans- duxit, et milibus passuum duobus^ ultra eum castra fecit; eo consilio,''* uti commeatu,^' qui ex Sequanis et ^duis supporta- retur, Csesarem intercluderet. Dies continuos quinque Caesar pro castris suas copias produxit, ut, si vellet Ariovistus prpelio contendere, ei potestas non deesset. Ariovistus exercitum castris continuit ; equestri proelio quotidie contendit. 12. Ubi eum^'' castris se^* tenere^ Csesar intellexit,' ne diutius commeatu^' prohiberetur, ultra eum locum circiter passus sexcentos castris idoneum locum delegit ; acieqiie tri- plici instructa, primam et secundam in armis esse, tertiam castra munire jussit. Eo circiter hominum numero sexdecim milia expedita Ariovistus misit ; quse copise nostros muni- tione prohiberent. Csesar, ut ante constituerat, duas acies hostem propnlsare, tertiam opus perficere jussit. Munitis cas- tris, duas ibi legiones reliquit, quattuor reliquas in castra ma- jora reduxit. Proximo die Csesar e castris utrisque copias suas -eduxit ; paulumque a majoribus progressus, aciem in- struxit, hostibusque pugnandi potestatem fecit. Ubi ne tum quidem eos prodire intellexit, circiter meridiem exercitum in castra reduxit. Tum demum Ariovistus partem suarum copi- 150 LATIN LESSONS. arum, quae castrk minora oppugnaret,** misit. Acriter iitrin- qiie pugnatum est. Solis occasu ** copias Ariovistus, multis et illatis et acceptis vulneribus, in castra reduxit. 13. Cum ex captivis qusereret Ceesar, quam ob rem Ario- yistus proelio^' non decertaret, banc reperiebat oausam; quod apud Germanos consuetudo esset, ut matres familise sortibus et vaticinationibus declararent, utrum pfoelium sommitti ex usu esset, necne; eas dicere: Non esse fas Germanos supfirare, si ante novam lunam prcelio contendissent. Postridie Csesar omnes alarios in conspectu hostium pro castris minoribus con- stituit, quod minus multitudine militum legionariorum pro hostium numero valebat. Ipse, triplici instructa acie, usque ad castra hostium accessit. Turn demnm necessario Germani suas copias eduxerunt ; omnemque aoiem rhedis et carris cir- cumdederunt, ne qua spes in fuga relinqueretur. Eo mulieres imposuerunt, quae in proeliura profioiscentes milites, passis ma- nibus, flentes implorabant, ne se Romanis traderent. 14. Csesar singulis legionibus singulos legatos et quaestorem prsefecit, uti testes^ quisque virtutis haberet. Ipse a dextro comu, quod earn partem^ minime firmam hostium esse ani- mum adverterat, proelium commisit. Ita nostri acriter in hos- tes, signo dato, impetum fecerunt ; itaque hostes celeriter pro- currerunt, ut spatium pila in hostes conjiciendi non daretur. Rejectis pilis, gladiis pugnatum est. At Germani, celeriter phalange facta, impetus ^^ gladiorum exceperunt. Reperti sunt complures nostri milites, qui in phalangas insilirent, et scuta manibus revellerent, et desuper vulnerarent. Cum hos- tium acies a sinistro comu pulsa atque in fugam conversa esset, a dextro comu vehementer multitudine suorum nostram aciem premebant. Id^^ cum animadvertisset Publius Crassus adolescens, qui equitatui^* prseerat, tertiam aciem subsidio^ misit. Ita proelium restitutum est, atque omnes hostes terga verterunt, neque prius fugere'^ destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum, milia passuum ex eo loco circiter quinquaginta, pervenerint. Ibi perpauci, aut viribus confisi transnatare contenderunt, aut lintribus inventis sibi salutem repererunt. THE WAR WITH AEIOVISTUS. 151 In his fuit Ariovistus, qui, naviculam deligatam ad ripam nactus, e^ profugit; reliquos omnes consecuti equites nostri interfecerunt. 15. Duae Ariovisti uxores in ea fuga perierunt ; duse filiso harum, altera oocisa, altera capta est. Caius Valerius Procillu's, cum a custodibus in fuga, trinis catenis^" vinctus, traheretur, in ipsum Csesarem hostes persequentem incidit. Quse quidem res Csesari non minorem quam ipsa victoria voluptatem at- tulit. Is, se prsesente, de se ter sortibus consultum dicebat, utrum igni statim necaretur, an in aliud tempus reservaretur ; sortium beneficio se esse incolumem. Item Marcus Mettius ad eum reductus est. Hoc proelio trans Rhenum nuntiato, Suevi, qui ad ripas Rheni venerant, domum reverti coeperunt. Ubii magnum ex his numerum occiderunt. Csesar, una eestate duobus maximis bellis confectis, maturius paulo quam tempus anni postulabat, in hiberna in Sequanos exercitum deduxit ; hibemis Labienum praeposuit ; ipse in citeriorem GaUiam ad conventus agendos profectus est. , KOTES. I. PABLES. 1. domns : genitive, 4th declension, § 12, 3 (c) ; how does it differ in meaning from domi 7 — prsetereuntem agrees with lupuni, object of vidit. 2. subveni (imperative), hslp. — puero, etc., reproaehed to the hoy his rashness ; we should say, reproached him for his rashnesst 3. malum (nominative), understand me ludificat. 4. pellem indutus, hamtg put on the skin, § 52, 3, Remark. — au- dissem for audivissem, § 30, 6 (a). 5. tene .... sectari, you hunt a lion ! see § 57, 8 {g). — ne . . . . [[oidem, ^tet tmn^ whose voice even you could not endure. 6. pontiflcem sacrificaturum sc. esse, Ihai fhe priest would, etc. ; see § 67, 1. — mallem, would rather, § 57, 4 (c). 7. quae : for the gender, see § 48, 2. 8. aucupis : for the fonn, see § 11, iii, 1 (i). 9. singulos correptos comedebat, caUgM and ate them, one hy one : see § 72, 3. — dum capiuntur, see 58, 2- (e) : we should use a past tense in English. — simulavit ae esse mortuam, pretended to he dead, § 70, 2 (d). 10. jnsta, justly ; lit. just things : see § 41, 1 (i) ; § 47, 4 (6). 11. rata banc parituram [esse], supposing that she would lay, § 67, 1 ; 72, 1 (6). 12. quo : generally used instead of ut with comparatives, § 64, 1 (a). 13. usque, for a while. 14. ut fieri solet, as often happens. — frangerent : for the tense, see § 58, 10 (e). — quam firma res asset, how strong a thing is, etc. : see § 58, 10 (d). 16. in palude, see § 56, 1 (c), Bemark. 154 LATIN LESSONS. II. TALES FROM ROMAN HISTORY. These extracts have been taken from Viri Romw, a compilation made in the last century from Livy, Valerius Maximus, and other historical writers. The earlier tales, though very famous, are en- titled to little credit as history, but contain such traditions as were current at the time of the empire. 1. rex AlbanOTum. The Albans were atizens of Alba Longa (the long white city), the chief city of Latium. It was situated on the Alban Lake about twenty miles southeast from Eqme. It was at the head of the league of the thirty Latin cities, until, supplanted by Some. — nata major, lit. greater by birth, i. c. older; for the ablative^of natu see Rule 26 ; how is major compared? what kind of a clause is qui natu major erat? — regnum (same root with rego, to rule) is the royal I power. — pulso fratre, lit. his brother having been eicpelled, or, when he had expelled his brother ; for the case of fratre, see Rule 35. Notice that the noun in the ablative absolute denotes a different person or thing from the subject of the sentence. — ut eum subole privaret, this is a &ial clause depending on fecit, and denotes the purpose of the action. "Why is privaret in the imperfect tense ? — ejus refers to Numitor ; if Amulius had been referred to, suam would have been used. — Vestse. The priestesses of Vesta, called the Vestal Vir^ns, kept alive the sacred fire of Vesta, the divinity of the Hearth. They were six in number, ' and were never to be married so long as they remained in this seri'ice. — quse, i. e. Rhea Silvia: translate, but she : see § 4^, 4. — quo cognito, lit. this being ktwvm,; this ablative absolute denotes time : render, when this was known. — Tiberim. The Tiber rises in the Apennines, and after a course of about two hundred and fifty miles, empties into the Tuscan Sea by two mouths near the town of Ostia, which derives its name from being near the mouth (ostium) of the Tiber. Rome was situated about eighteen miles from the mouth of the Tiber. For the termination of the accusative in -im, see § 11, i. 3, 1. — impositos, etc. : render, placed the little ones m a skiff (and) threw them into the Tiber. — relabeute flumine, when the river fell again. — in sicco, on dry land. — What is the plural of locus? — solitudines (from solus, alone) : for the gender, see § 11, iv. 1 (b). — ubera eorum ori admovit, suckled them. — matremque ae gessit, asctecJ as their mother. 2. saepius, quite often. — pastor regius, the king's shepherd, § 50, 1 (a). — reverteretur : for the mood, see § 62, 2 (b). The clause in- troduces a reason for Faustulus noticing the fact. — (eos) conjugi NOTES. 155 dedit educandos, gave them to his wife to he brought up (to bring up). The gemndive agrees with eos, and expresses a purpose passively : see § 72, 5 (c). — vires, see § 11, III. 4 (<<).— venando, in hunting: see § 73, 3 (d). — piimo .... delude .... turn, mark a threefold division of a subject. — coeperunt, see § 38, 1 (a). —Why is a expressed before quibus? — What kind of a pronoun is quia? The clause quis esset ejus avus, who was his grandfather, contains an indirect question. Rule 45 ; the direct question would be, quis est ejus avus, who is hisgroAidfatherl Is this clause subject or object? — armatis pastoribus, having armed, the shepherds. — Albam, see Rule 36. — Is properavit in the historical perfect (aorist) or the perfect definite ? 3. accusantes, accusing him as if he was accustomed to molest, etc., i. e. of being m the habit of m/ilesting, etc. — a rege, i. e. by Amulius, who was now king. — baud .... agnosceret, was not far from recog- nizing, etc. : see § 65, 1 (6). — lineamentis, § 54, 7 (a). — simillimus, very like : see § 17, 1 (i). — animum. Numitoris, etc., kept the mind of Numitor anxious ; anzium agrees with animum. — condiderunt, why plural ? see § 49, 1. — contentio, what gender ? — uter, which of tJte two ; this is an indirect question depending on the verb impKed in conten- tio. — adhibuere auspicia : auspicia (avis and specie} means divina- tion by means of birds ; augurium (avis, and an old verb gurio from which comes our word garrulous) bad nearly the same meaning. — prior, § 17, 3, an adjective agreeing with Bemus, where we should use an adverb ; in place of the ordinal adverbs, prius, primo, posterius, the corresponding adjectives are often used, § 47, 6. — Komam, etc. , he called (the city) Jiome. — ut . . . . muniret, that he might fortify it by laws sooner than by walls ; antequam and priusquam are often sep- arated. Why is muniret in the imperfect subjunctive ? what is the ob- ject of edixit? — ne quis, that no one: when a purpose is expressed, ne quis is used instead of ut nemo, that no one ; ne uUus for ut nul- lus, that none; ne unquam for ut nunquam, that never; ne usquam for ut nusquam, that nowhere. — vallum, earthen rampa/rt. — quod, this ; it relates to the clause edixit, etc. — sic .... mea, whoeverr shall leap over my walls shall be thus affected with evil ; the subject of afficie- tur is understood, the antecedent of quicnmque ; afficietur, transiliet, see § 59, 1 (a). — solus : for the inflection, see § 16, 1 (b). On the death of Romulus, Numa Pompilius was elected king. He is said to have been the author of ISie religious institutions of. Rome ; he instituted the pontiffs who had the general superintendence of religion, and the augurs who consulted the will of the gods. Numa was suc- ceeded by TuUus Hostilius during whose reign a war broke out between Borne and Alba Longa. 156 LATIN LESSONS. 1. eraat, there were ; trigemini is the subject. — cum iis agunt reges, the kings treat with these. — ut .... ferro, that they should Jight with the sword each for his own country; quisque is in appositioa with fratres ; sometimes the verb agrees with quisquC' instead of the proper subject-word ; why subjunctive ? why present tense ? — ea lege, on these terms. — ut unde . . . . lit. that whence victory (should be), there it also should empire be ; nude is a relative adverb, and has ibi for its antecedent. — Why is esset subjunctive ? — itaque, therefore ; ita-que, and so. — infestis armis, with preserited arms. — terni : this distributive numeral implies, three on each side. — animos, the courage. 2. ut, when. — concursu, § 54, 10. — consertis manibus, with their hands woven together, i. c. in hand-to-hand conflict. — alius super alium, one upon the other. — ad casum, ai the disaster. — gaudio,. why ablative ? — exercitus (ezerceo, to exercise) is the drilled army ; agmen (to lead), an army on the line of march ; aoies, an army drawn up in line of battle. — deserebat, was on the point of deserting. — tota : for inflec- tion, see § 16, 1 (6) : give the English derivative. — Horatium : for vo- cative of names in ius, see § 10, 4 (c). — circumsteterunt, see § 52, 1 {d). — integer (in, not, tango, to touch), unhurt. — tribus, why dative ? — secuturos, when they should follow : see § 72, 4 (a). — aggrederetur, why imperfect subjunctive,? — aliquantum spatii," some (of) distance. Rule 10. — pugnatum est, they fought (lit. it was fought, or, the fight- ing took place). — non, not, is the usual negative ; ne is used in wishes, prohibitions, and purposes ; baud is used with adjectives and adverbs, and in the phrase baud nescio an. — loco has in the plural loci and loca : see § 14, 2 (c). — ut, what kind of a conjunction %. why is it fol- lowed by the present subjunctive ? — opem, the nom. of this word is not used. — posset, see § 62, 2, 3 (c). 3. siuguli, oTie on each side. — supererant, see supersum. — alteriua limits corpus and animus. — fessum agrees with corpus. — bellum (from duellum, duo), war; proelium, an engagement, action; pugna (root pug, whence pugno), any kind of a contest or battle ; acies, a pitched bat- tle. — sustinentem, a participle agreeing with sum understood : trans- late, kills him while he can scarcely hold up his arms. — jacentem, as he lies prostrate. — domum, Rule 36. — princepa : in the place of the ordinal adverbs, prius, primum, posteriua, the corresponding adjectives are often used when they belong to a noun in the sentence. — cui, dative after obvia, see § 51, 2, his sister met %im. — quae, see § 48. — uni, why dative ? — ex Curiatiis for Curiatiorum, see § 52, 2, Rem. — vise, what does this participle denote ? -^ paludamento, why ablative? This was the military cloalc worn by officers ; the sagum was worn by the common soldiers. — juveni, see § 51, 7 (a). — comploratio, rule for the gender? NOTES. 157 — abi, from abeo. — oblita agrees with tu, the subject of abi. — eat, let her perish. — hostis, a fo/reign enemy in war ; inimlcus, u, private personal enemy ; adversarius, any opponent. ^ L atrox agrees with facinus.— in jus,/or WaZ.—lictor. The liotora were the attendants who walked before the king (afterwards the higher magistrates). Their duties were to arrest the guilty, and punish them by beheading or scourging ; they carried the fasces, — axes bound in a bundle of rods ; the axes, as symbols of beheading and scourging. — provooavit : provoco was to appeal to the people for life ; appello, to appeal to a magistrate. — interea and interim both mean in the mean time ; interea refers to an event continuing during the whole of the time, interim to one occuiTing at some time in the interval. — jure, rightfully. -^ Distinguish between the meaning of ne, non, baud. — To whom does se refer ! — peractis, see perago ; when certain sacrifices had heen, performed ; trausmisit per viam, placed over the road. III. LIFE OF POMPET. 1. suo exercitui, to his army. — belle civili, i. e. the war between Marius and SuUa, B. C. 83 - 82. — distinguish between itaque and ita- que, see § 4, 2 (c). — facta est : fio, in the sense of to he made is used as the passive of facio. — oonspiratio : for the gender, see § 11, IV. (6). — quidam, see Lesson XXV. — contubemalis, a tent-mMe. It was the custom for young men of rank, who wished to. learn the art of war, to accompany a general on his campaign ; these were called oontubemales. — eum occidendum, to kill him ; the participle in -dus may be trans- lated in three ways : (1), like the ijresent infinitive active or passive, see § 72, 5 (c) ; (2), see § 40, (i) ; (3), see § 73, 2. — incenderent, see 62, (i) & (c). — ^^quse, see § 48, 4. — coenanti, (while) supping. — nihil, in no respect, § 52, 3. — solito' hilarius, with more tham, his jisual hilarity. — eadem .... usus est, he used the same affability as before ;. qui after idem is translated as. — districto ense, ^Bith drawn sword. — stragula, the covering of his bed. — suo duci, to their leader : suo here refers not to the subject pf the sentence, but to the militea the object of placavit and reconeiliavit. 2. partes, the party. — secntus, see seqnor. — ita egit, so acted: see ago. — diligeretur, see § 65, 1. — annos natus, when he was twen- ty-three years oW. — statimque .... exstitit, and immediately became 15-8 LATIN LESSONS. a skilful leader. — nnllus .... tsedio, no labor was irksome to him. — saltu, in Uwpiiig. — aut .... adjunxit, he either routed or joined them to himself : see fundo. -» quern .... audivit, when Sulla heard t/iat he was approaching him. — egregiamqiie .... aspexit, and saw his dis- tinguished youth (i. e. Pompey) under his staiidard. — imperator, as im- perator. — ei venienti, wJten he approached (him). — quern, this. — tribuebat, he was accustomed to bestow : see § 58, 3. 3. profebtus est, see proficiscor, — ut . . . . reciperet, that he might retake it (as it) had been taken possession of, etc. — quem .... jusait, Pompey co7nmanded that he should be led to punishment, after that lie had sharply rebuked him : for the construction after jubeo, see § .57, 8 (d), end ; § 70, 2. — Siculse principem, the chief of a certain Sicilian city. — in, against. ■ — animadvertere, to take nwasures. — si .... plecteret, if he punished all on account of the fault of one ; in direct discourse, Tu inique facies, si ob culpam unius omnes plectes, see 59, 4. ^interro- ganti Pompeio, when Pompey asked. — ego .... qui, it was I . . . . who. — libera voce, wUh his bold speech. — peperoit, see parco, see § 30, 3 {d), 1. 4. qui .... favebat, who favored the party of Marius. — adoles- cens, (though being) a youth. — a Sulla, by Sulla. — quibus, by whom. — dimittere, to disband. — cum .... legione, with only one legion. — id ... . Fompeius, Pompey was displeased at this. — reverteati, when he returned. — obviam ivit, came out to meet him. — laetus, with joy, lit. joyful ; see § 47, 6. — nihilominus . . . . reatitit, nevertheless he opposed Pompey seeking a triumph : see Hand-book under the word tri- umph. — cognomen, see § 15, 1 and 2. — a proposito, from his pur- pose. — ausus est, see § 35, 2. — quo .... minui, by this saying he in- sinuated that the power of Pompey was decreasing; for the infinitive see § 58, 11. — triumphet, let him triumph-; see § 68, 1. 5. Metello .... Pompeius, Pompey was appointed as a colleague to Metellus, etc. — subiit, he incurred. — vasta .... magnitudine, of great size of body. — fecisset, see § 62, 2 (b). — multis .... concur- rentibus, when inany rushed upon him. — fugientibus, who fled. — prseter spem, contrary to his expectation. — illi .... caperent, they captured, etc. — illorum .... effiigit, escaped from their hands. — labo- rauti, liard pressed, — {eit-av, (Sertorius) is said. — fusus est, see fundo. — supervenisset, had come up: see § 59, 3 (b). — puerum, i. e. Pompey; he was only thirty years old when he was sent into Spain to conduct the war against Sertorius. 6. infestarent, see § 62, 2 (J). — ad eos opprimendos, see § 64, 2 (4). Pompey was appointed to this command in the j'ear B. C. 67. In consequence of the Social and Civil Wars, and the absence of a fleet in NOTES. 159 the Mediterranean Sea, the number of pirates had so increased that they often plundered the cities on the coast, and cut ofl' all communication between Rome and the provinces. — nimise viri potentise, the loo great power of the man. — imprimis, especially. — qui cum, when lie. — esse .... tribuenda, that Cneius Pompey is indeed, etc. — si quid, if any- thing. — ecquem, who'in. Is this the direct or indirect discourse ? brevi, in a short time. — prsedones .... fudit, /ic conquered and raided the pirates in many places. — acceptos, when he had received. — flidit, see fiindo. 7. Give the synonymes of proficiscor. — Pompey was appointed in B. C. 66 to the command of the war against Mithridates in place of LucuUus. — opportuna, suUable. — castris, in his camp: see § 55, 3 (J). — noctu .... igaotis, but by night it was not safe, etc. — luna .... adjumento, the inomi was a great assistance, etc. — nam .... pertinebant, for since the Romans had this behind them, the shadows of their bodies being cast foTwaird quite a distance, extended even to the front ranks of the enemy. — regii milites, the soldiers of the king. — Pontus, for the boundaiies : see Hand-book. — why is a expressed beforepatre? — timebat, etc., Jie feared for his own life : see § 51, 2 (3). — quod .... subiret, and wJien it (the poison) operated too slowly. 8. partes, the party : what does this relative clause denote ? see § 63, 1 and 2. — quern .... erexit, yet he raised him up kneeling before him. Give the synonymes of regnum. — seque pulchrum judicans, judging it to be equally noble. — rebus Asise compositis, wlien the affairs of ^sia had been settled: see compono. — nt, as. — tertium .... duxit, Jm cele- brated a third triumph within two days, i. e. three triumphs in the space of two days. — hie triumphus, this triv/mph, i. e. this series of triumphs considered as a whole. — quam quod, tha-n because. — tribus triumphis, for three triwrnphs. — tres .... devictse, three parts of the world being conquered. — quod : what is the antecedent of quod ? what is contingo compounded of ? Syn. Accidit is used of any unexpected event ; con- tingit, of what occurs by the gift of fortune, generally something favor- able ; evenit, it turns out, is used of what is either lucky or unlucky. — ex, on account of. — felix opinion e, in the estimxUion. — si ... . habu- isset, if he had had the same end of life as of glory. 9. orta est, see orior. — hie, the former ; ille, the lattir. — exarsit, see § 36 (c). — quem .... fiidit, Ccesar followed and routed him with his army at Phm-salia : the battle of Pharsalia was fought in B. C. 48. — victus .... profugit, after Pompey had been conquered he fled .... to whom he had been appointed tutor by the senate. — sub oculis, before the eyes. — delatuiu est, see defero. — qui .... fudit, who whern, he saw this, shed tea/rs.. — illud .... curavit, he took care to have it hv/nied, etc. 160 LATIS LESSONS. 10. is ... . exitus, s^lch was the end^of the life of a most renowned man etc. — cum .... medicus, when his physician ordered him when gj^jc, negarent .... reperiri, lut his servant said tJuit that bird could not befoimd anywhere in the summer time. — nisi apud LucuUum, un- less at the house of ImcuUus. — aliam .... apponi, he commanded thaJ, another Hrd which was easy to be procv/red should be set before him. 11. Posidonium. Posidonius was a Stoic philosopher. Why is au- dire in the infinitive ? — voluit .... visere, Pompey wislied at least to calliipm him ; what kind of a verb is viso ? (See Gr. foot of p. 99.) — qnem .... salutavit, when he saw and saluted him. — moleste se ferre, thcd lie grieved. — nee .... effioiat, neither will I allow that the pain of my body shall cause that, etc. — cum pungeret, bui when sometimes tlie pain afflicted him severely, —nihil agis, lit. you accomplish nothing, i. fi. Uis of no use. — quamvis, although. IV. LIFE OF C^SAR. 1. annum .... decimum, being in his sixteenth year. — paulo post duxit uxorem, u little while after he viarried Cornelia ; duoere uxo- rem, to marry, is said of the husband only. — cujus .... inimicus, since her father was tmfriejidly to Sulla : how does inimicus difier from hostis ? — ut earn dimitteret, to divorce her, lit. that he should divorce her. — honis,. property : see § 47, i (6). — cum .... qusesreretur, when he was even sought for in order to be put to death : what kind of a clause is this ? why imperfect subj. ? on what verb does it depend ? — mutata veste : what does this participle denote ? how is the ablative absolute rendered 1 — quartanse, supply febris, lit. sick loith the disease of quar- tan agim ; laboret, why subj. ? — per proximos sues, by m^ans of his relations : for the use of per, see § 54, 4 (6). • — qui .... denegasset, wheii he would have refused it to the distinguished men who begged for it : denegasset, see § 62, 2 (J). — aliquando .... fdturum, will ruin (lit. be for a ruin) the party of tJie aristocracy, etc. : give the synonymes of cupio ; of puer. 2. Sulla died B. C. 78 — mortuo, see 35, 1 (a). — secedere, to re- tire. — per otium, at (his) leisure. — dicendi, of oratory. -^ operam daret, might give (his) attention. — Syn. maneo, remain, whether for a long or short time ; commoror, remain for some time in a place, so- journ ; habito, 4well permanently. — se geasit, he conducted himself. — NOTES. 161 nt . . . esset : does this clause denote purpose or result ? — why is esaet in the impf. subj. ? — Give the syn. of interim. — ad ... . pecunias, to get money: for the gerundive denoting purpose, see § 64, 2. — aervus, mancipium, famulus, all mean a slave ; servns, as one politically inferior ; maucipium, a salable commodity ; famulus, a. family possession. — Syn. comes (con, eo), compcmion, a fellow-traveller ; socius, a companion, member of the same society ; sodalis, a companion in amusement or pleas- ure. — quibus redimeret : does this relative clause denote purpose or result ? — Miletus, a flourishing city of Ionia. — proxime aberat, was at the nearest distance off. — Syn. poena, general word for punishment ; supplicium (supplico, laieel), a severe punishment (the criminal kneel- ing for the blow) ; cruciatus (crux, cross), torture, as of one on the cross ; tormentum (torqueo), a racking torture, to extort confession. 3. Quaestor .... factus : fio, in the sense of, to be made, appointed, is used as the passive of &cio. — inter se, together. — concnpiscebat, de- sired earnestly, coveted ; see § 59, 3. — in ore habebat, lit. had in his ' mouth, i. e. kept repeating. — colas, see § 68, 1. — quod, see § 48, 2. — memorabilis: a partitive genitive could not be used after nihil, only neuter adjectives of the second declension are so used : see § 50, 2, Rem. — orbis terrarum must be used in preference to terra, when there is a decided reference to other lauds. 4. in ... . honoribus in soliciting the favor of the plebeians, and in ca/rmassing for the magistracies (honors). — dicebat .... sestertium, lit. he used to say that there was need to himself of 1,000 times 100,000 sestertii, — 100,000,000 sesterces, or nearly $4,000,000 ; sestertium, gen. plur. used for sestertiorum : see § 85, 3.— ut haberet nihil: after he had freed himself from debt, there would be nothing left of his own. — consulatum : every Roman citizen who aspired to the consulship had to pass through a regular gradation of public offices, and the age in which he was eligible to each was fixed by the Lex Annalis, B. C. 179, as follows : for the Quiestorship, which was the first of the magistracies, one must be twenty-seven years of age ; for the ^Edileship, thirty-seven ; for the Prffitorship, forty; and for the Consulship, forty-three. See Hand-book, p. 84-87. — inito tulit (see ineo), when he had en- tered upon the office Cwsar proposed, etc. — egeuis oivibus, among needy citizens. — ut . . . . obsisteret, that he might oppose the law's being^ en- acted. — foro, from the forum. The Forum was situated between the Capitoline and Palatine hills ; it was the chief place of public business. There were other fora, but this was distinguished as Forum Romanum, or as Forum, being the most impoi-tant. — domi se continere, to re- main at home. — curia, frmn, the senaie-house : senatus, the senate, either the senators or the place where they met ; curia, the building where the senators assembled. — "quidam, some. — non ut mos erat, not as was the 162 LATIN LESSONS. custom ; mos, an estahlished custom, especially of a nation ; consuetudo, TwMt, which resalts in a settled usage (mos) ; cseremonia, a religious ceremony. — consulibus Csesare et Bibulo. In, the coTisuUhip of Omsar and BibiUus. The year was generally designated at Bouie in this way ; the name of the consuls for the year being put in the ablative absolute with consulibus.- This was the year B. C. 59. In this case the two names (nomen, i. e. Julius ; cognomen, Csesar) of Csesar are used : see §15. 5. A Consul after his term of office expired was often sent as pro- consul to govern a, province ; by Sulla's laws a consul must remain in Italy during his term of office, and then might be sent to govern a pro- vince. Csesar departed to his province in B. C. 58. — gessit .... fere, during the nine yea/rs in which he was in power he accomplished in sub- stance the following. — primus Komanorum, first of the SmrMTis. — ponte £ibricato, hy construding a bridge. — maximis .... cladibusj Afi mckde a great slaughter. — iis, from them. — quo in bello, in this war. — inclinante in ftigam, giving way. — Syn. Scutum, any shield; cli- peus, a round shield ; parma, similar to clipeus, but smaller, a buckler; ancile, an oval shield. — in primam aciem, to tM front. — terga ver- tentem, twming his back {to the enemy), fleeing. — illic sunt, there a/re those. — animos, courage. * 6. adhuc, still. — ut . . . . absenti, that it should be permitted to him although absent; what is the subject of liceret? It was a law that every candidate for the consulship should appear before the magistrate, and have his name entered on the official list of candidates before elec- tion. — vindicaturus, to avenge ; see § 72, 4. — Brundisium, a town in Calabria, was the port from which those going from Borne to Greece or the East embarked ; Dyrrachium, a city on the coast of lUyrieum. — cessantibus copiis, his forces delaying ; what does this participle de- note ? — flante, blowing. — in altum, (mt into the deep sea. — dirigi, to be steered. — cederet, would yield. Caesar had sailed from Brundisium with only 20,000 men. Owing to the vigilance of the enemy the rest of Caesar's army was unable to follow him. His position was thus critical ; cut off from the rest of his army, and threatened by a force three times superior to his own. In his impatience he attempted to sail in a fisher- man's boat across the Adriatic to Brundisium, for his reinforcements, but the storm compelled him to turn back. In a short time the re- mainder of the army succeeded in crossing ; at the battle of Pharsalia (in Thessaly), Pompey's army was totally defeated. (B. C. 48.) 7. ftigientem, (him) fleeing. — eumque .... ftiissp, amd on the way he learned that he had been killed. — Syn. Cognosca, learn (something beforehand) ; agnosco, recognize (something before known. — Ftolemseo, against Ptolemy. The war against Ptolemy is called the Alexandrine NOTES. 163 war. — quattuor .... profligavit, hut he amqwred him m one hattU within fowr hours after he had come ; the relative quibus is in the abla- tive agreeing with its antecedent horis.^ inter triumphandum, dv/ring his triumph. After a successful Cftmpaign, the victorious general was awarded, by a -decree of the senate, the honor of a triumph. He entered the city in a chariot drawn by four horses, preceded by the captives and spoils of war, and followed by his soldiers. After passing along the Via Sacra, he ascended to the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus to offer sacri- fice. Pompeianarum partium, of the Povipeian party. The battle was fought at Thapsus, in Africa, in B. C. 46. — in Hispania : the two sons of Pompey, Cneius and Sextus, had collected a large army in Spain. After a hard-fought battle Csesar completely defeated them at Munda, (B. C. 45). 8. eoepit, a perfect, sometimes translated like the present, § 58, 5 (rf), Rem. — quendam, for quemdam. — assurgeret, why imperfect subj. 1 — ei . . . . sedenti, on him sitting m the golden chair. — regium, royal. — a sexaginta .... viris, hy more than sixty men; amplius, see § 54, 5. — conjuratum est, a conspiracy was formed : see § 39, (c). — Idibus Martiis, on the Ides of March, i. e. the 15th. — assidentem cir- cumstetenmt, they stood around him sitting, umder pretence of paying honor. — quasi .... rogaturus, as if to ask something. — clamantem, sc. eum, i. e. Csesarem. — arreptum, whibh he had seized. — qnem .... habebat, whom, he had regatrded as his son. 9. erat .... statura, Ccesar was of, etc., see § 54, 7 (a). — segre fere- bat, grieved (on account) ; quod .... obnozia, it was often the subject for the jokes of his slanderers. — sibi, to him. — laurese gestandse, of wearing a crown of laurel. — eum .... fiiisse, that he was. — ini- mici : give the synonymes. — ne and quidem enclose the emphatic word as in the text ; see § 76, 3 (b). —ad rempublicam, to overturn- the republie. — anteibat, see anteeo. — detectum, uncovered ; see detego. — give .... esset, whether it was sunshine or rain. Syn. Pluvia, rain (general word) ; imber, rain (heavy, pouring shower) ; nimbus, raim, (from dark clouds). — longissimas vias. Csesar was noted for the rapidity of his movements ; he is said to have travelled at the rate of one hundred Roman miles per day, equal to about ninety-two English milest — innixus .... ntribns, resting upon injlaied bags. 164 LATIN LESSONS. V. LIFE OP CATO. 1. domo, what kind of a noun is domus ? what is the meaning of the genitives domus and domi? — de civitate, i. e. to obtain the right of citizenship : full citizenship consisted of private and public rights : see Hand-book under Civitaa. In how many ways can a purpose be ex- pressed in Latin 1 Give the synonymes of impetro. — se id factnrum, that he would do that. — in excelsam .... levatum, after he had taken him to a high part of the hovM. — obtemperaret, should comply with hoc metu, ly this fear, i. e. through fear of this. — exclamasse, for ex- clamavisse, see § 30, 6 (a). — gratulemur, let us congratulate. Syn. Gratulor, congratulate, wish one joy ; congratulor is used in the same sense as gratulor, but generally of many persons. — hunc esse, thai he is. — si ... . asset, fm if he were a senator. — ne . . . . quidem, not even to hope : see § 59, 3 (6). 2. in atrio: in the atrium the Roman received his friends ; here were the images of his household gods, and of his ancestors. About the atrium were the various rooms of the house. — seqne .... Casaius, amd he showed that he was of the same opinion with another boy, (lit. o^ which another boy was) Cassius by name. — se . . . . facturum, that he ... . would do the same thing. — impegit, see impingo. Give the synonyines of sodalis. 3. insignis .... benevolentia, the affection of Cato towards his brother was remarkable, and should he held up for imitation. — quserenti tertio, to one asking him the third time, ille .... amor, that remarkable affecr iion of Cato towards his brother : see § 20, 2 (6). — ei . . . . gerebat,A« gratified him in all things. — indoles, the natural disposition. i. voluntaria .... fecit, served voluntarily as a soldier ; on what does the clause ne eum desereret depend ? what is the subject of acci- dit ? — quod, this. — licet, although. — Thessalonics. A city of Mace- donia. — cum .... servis, with only two friends and three servants, — prseter .... evaait, contrary to his emspectation he escaped unharmed. — defiinctum viX&^dead; see § 54, 6 {d). — totum se tradidit, he gave himself wholly up. — mortui .... extulit, he interred the body of the deceased with as magnificent funeral rites as possible. — vela facturus, being about to sail : lit. to make sail. — animam .... respondit, he re- plied that he would, etc. — solvit, loosed (sc. navem) the ship from her moorings. 5. quaestor, as guestor : the quaestors had charge of the finances of the state, i. c. to receive the revenues, and make the payments for the military and civil services. At first there were only two, but with the NOTES. 165 conquests of the republic, the numher was increased to forty. — Cyprum : give the situation of Cyprus. — heres, as cm, heir. — summa .... redacta est, the amount broiight back was far greater than any one could have hoped : redacta, see redigo. — singulis vasis, to each vessel ; vas in the plui-al is of the second declension ; vasa, orum. — si ... . esset, if by chance the ship were sunk. — Catoni .... effusa est, the senate .... poured out to meet Cato on his return. — actse sunt, were given,. — prse- tuia .... data, the prcetorship was given to him, and contrary to custom the right of beholding the games, although clothed in the prcetexta. — quein, this. — iniquum esse affinuans, affirming that it was unjust: with what does iniquum agree '> 6. extrahi curia, to be dragged forth from the senate-house. — at ... . remisit, bvt lie abated nothing from the boldness of his language. — sed .... via, but evem on the way to prison. — ut . . . . adversarentui, tliat they should oppose those doing such things. — quod .... discederet, be cause he departed from, the senate, altltough it vms not yet dismissed. — sese demitteret, condescended. — quod .... intellexit, when he saw that this wa,s hoped for by himself in vain. — qui .... demitteret \ what does this relative clause denote ? ■ 7. epque victo, and when he v:as amquered. — exercitus reUqnias, the remnants of his army. — cum .... imperium, but when the chief ^ower was conferred upon him by the soldiers. — vir consularis. One who had been a consul was called consulaxis. — Seipione .... devicto, even when Seipio was conquered. — et . . . . iturus, and being about to go to bed. — dixit ilium, he said that. — quod .... eripuisset, because he Md taken from Mm, etc. : for the subjunctive see § 63, 2. VI. LIFE OP CICERO. 1. equestri genera, of equestrian family. — Arpini, at Arpinum. -^ ex ... . unus, one of his ancestors; see § 50, 2 (e), Eem. — sitam, placed, see sino. — inditum, bestowed upon. — cum .... verteretur, when this was cast as a reproach by some to Cicero ; see § 51, 5. — dabo operam, / will strive, — vincat, sAall surpass. — quibus .... informari, by which his boyhood was accustomed to be trained to learning. — ut . . . . domum, that his equals returning from school standing around him in the midst, etc. — pueri fama, by the reputation of their boy. — in ventitabant, kept going into the school forr literature ; see § 36, (6). — stomaohum movebat, stirred the anger of. — tribuerent, why subjunctive ? Give the English derivatives. 166 LATIN LESSONS. V 2. libertum, a freedman : libertinus is the general word for freed* man, but when used with the name of his former master the form is libertus ; the attack was in his speech for Eoscius Amerinus, delivered in B. C. 80. — ex .... invidiam, fea/rmgihe ill-will of him. — ubi .... usus est, where he employed Molo . . , . as teacher. ■ — nullius .... quses- tura, but the qumstorship of no one : see § 16, 1 (6). — ingentem .... vim, a large amowni o/<3or^^.-^majores .... detulerunt, they, conferred greater honors, etc. 3. Catilinse : the conspiracy of Catiline was crushed in the year B. C. 63. — in petitione consulatus, in his canvass for the consulship. — cum .... constituerat, with mamy noble men he determined to Jqll Gieero, etc. — Roma, from Bmne. — quern, him. — ex medio itinere, from, the midst of his journey. — non .... genui, I did not beget thee for Catiline against thy eovjniry, etc. : for genui, see gigno. 4. adeo .... dimicatum, so fiercely did they fight, lit. it was fougM. — quem .... locum, tlie place Ichich each one held while figJUing, this, his life being lost, he covered with his body. — inter .... cadavera, among the bodies of those w/wm he had killed. — cecidit, fell ; see cado. — adeo .... plebis, so that a certadn one of the tribunes of the plebeians forbade him when going out of office to speak to the people. — indicia causa, their cause not having been pleaded. — sed .... permiserit, but it was only permitted to him to give the cuxustomed oath. — mea unios opera, by the aid of me alone ; § 46, 2 (c) ; 47, 5 (6). 5. reus factus est, was prosecuted. — vestem mutavit. The senate wore mourning attire, such as a person about to be tried for a criminal offence. — cum, although. — urbe, from the city. — sua causa, on his account. — proficiscentem, him departing. — ut . . . . interdiceretur, that Marcus Tulliiis should be forbidden the use of fire and water, i. e. forbidden to obtain the bare necessities of Ufe, and therefore obliged to go into exile ; see § 51, 2 (/). — obviam .... itum est, all went out to m£et him when returning: ei, see § 51, 2 (2). — partes, the party. — veniam, pardon. — quo interfecto, when he was killed. ■ — ut . . . . op- poneret, in order that he might place him against Antony [who was] dis- turbing the republic. 6. transversis itineribus, by cross-roads. — quae .... abera>t, which was very near the sea,. — transiturus, for the purpose of crossing ; see § 72, 4 (end). — in altum provectum, having put out to sea. — retulis- sent, see referro. — in patria saepe servata, in the country (which I have) of ten preserved. — mox .... peionssovihvLS, pres^tly his murderers coming nearer. — qua, in which. — eosque .... quod, that they quietly should endwre what. — prominenti .... prsecisum, then leaning out of the litter, and offering his neck unmoved, his head was cut off. — positum, was placed. — se . . . . Isesam, that she had been i/njv/red by Cicero : see NOTES. 167 Isedo. — in g^nna, iipon her knees. — extraetam .... con&dt, pierced the ton^ie torn out, with a needle ; aou, see § 12, 2. 7. scurra eonsulaxis, the jesting consular. — accinctum, equipped. — juniorem .... erat, that she was younger than she was. — dictitabat .... habere, kept saying that she was only thirty years old : what kind of a verb is dictitabat ? how formed ? — cui, to her. — andio, see § 58, 2 (d). — altero .... ultima, the other consul having died on the last of December. — Caninium. .... renuntiaverat, declared Caninius consul at the seventh h/mr for the remaining part of the day ; this was about one o'clock in the afternoon. As the new consuls entered upon office on the iirst of January, Caninius was consul for only a part of one day. — aalutatum, to salute him. — festinemug, let us hasten. — mirifica vigi- lantia, of remarkahle vigilance ; see § 54, 7. VII. LIFE OF BRUTUS. 1. ex ... . oriondns, descended from that fa/trdly which had expelled the Tarquinsfrom Rome. — SuUse partibus, tlie party of Sulla. — cum .... gimultates, had borne a severe grudge agaitist him. — dolorem .... posthabuit, he regarded his ovm resentment less than the advantage of the republic. — regnum affectare, to aim at the royal power. — prse- senti statu, at the present state of affairs. — subscripsere, wrote under ; perfect, third person plural. — primi Bruti, i. e. Lucius Junius Brutus who had expelled the Tarquins from Rome. — hie, i. e. Csesar. — tribu- nali, cm the judgment-seat ; notice that neuter nouns in e, al, and ar hare i in the ablative. 2. pridie quam, the day before. — cultellum tonsorium, a razor ; what kind of a noun is cultellum? see § 44, 1 (3). — eoqae vul- neravit, this as if by chance slipping from her hands, she wounded her- self. — tonsoris .... prseripere, to take away the duty of a barber. The Eoman barbers not only shaved and cut the hair, but also pared the nails, etc de industria, designedly. — an oppetendam, whether there was enough courage in me to seek death; easet, why subjunctive ? — maritus, see § 46, 2. — ai cesaiaset, if your design should not turn out according to your desire. — mihi, see § 51, 7 (d). 3. Fhilippos : Philippi took its name from its founder, Philip, the father of Alexander the Great. — uni prsebuit, he offered his side to ^be pierced by one of his companions. — ei, upon it. — ut, etc., that he might be bwried imU. — quod audiviaset, whmi he heard that this 168 LATIN LESSONS. was afterwcM-ds stolen. — cremati corporis, of fhe lody (after it Was) bivrned. — non .... moderatio, the moderation of Octavius towards Bru- tus was not the same. — is ... . jussit, for he commanded that the head of Brutus, being torn off, should be borne to Borne ; see § 57, 8 {d), end. VIII. LIFE OP AUGUSTUS. 1. a majore avunculo. Julius Csesar, the brother of Julia, the grandmother of Octavianus. — vacaret, he might have leisure (to attend). — Apollonia was a city of lUyria. It was celebrated as a seat of learning, and thither the nobility of Rome repaired to study the literature and philosophy of Greece. — Mutinse, at Mutina (Modena), a city of Cisal- pine Gaul. — cum .... prohiberetur, but when he was prevented from entering the dty. — ut . . . . faceret, in order that he might inform ; cer- tiorem, see Rule 2. — quae .... deferebantur, which loas borne under the water of the river by a diver ; see § 54, 4(6). — ad id, for that purpose. — summa, see § 47, 8. — maxime .... instituisset, eapeaially when lie had trained the doves to fly thUher, etc. 2. in ... . munere, in one of which he performed the duty not only of a leader, but also of a soldier. — reconciliata .... gratia, a reconcilia-. tion being effected mth Antony. — Syn. Ulciscor, revenge from, a feeling of anger ; vindico, avenge as an act of justice. — qui .... deposoerent,~ to demand the consulship for himself in the name of the army. — hie .... feceritis, Ac will act, if you shall not act, see § 59, 4 (e). — si ... . au- feretis, if in this manner you shall seek the cortsulship for G(esar, yow will obtain it; see § 59, 4 (c). — quod .... fuit, afterwards this speech was his ruin ; see Rule 20. — invisus .... amantior, for he began to be hateful to Caisar, because lie was too fond of liberty. 3. invasit, seised upon. — novamque .... tabulam, a new proscrip- tion list. — SuUana, than the Sullan (proscription). — pepercit, see parco, § 30, 3 (cC), 1 and 2. — nomine, see § 54, 9. — ut . . , . prosori- beretur, in order that as a man lie might be proscribed. — protinus ..... descendit, immediately after he descended from the capitol (built upon the Capitoline hill), — qui .... objecerat, who had exposed his body in front of him. i. Societate : this was the second triumvirate, an alliance formed between Octavianus, Antony, and Lepidus, B. C. 43. — quod, this. — qnanqnam, although. Syn. — -fflger, disordered ; either mentally or' physically ; segrotuB, a, um, ill, unwell ; morbidus, diseased ; the last NOTES. 169 two are used of bodily sickness. — castris .exutua, being stripped of his camp ; Rule 28. — altero .... acerbius, in the other, as a victor he con- duced hiinself crudl'ifT' — sseviit, he vented his rage. — adjecta .... contumelia, abusive language being added even to punishment. — uni .... respondit, to one suppliantly beseeching burial he replied. — illam, i. e. sepulturam. — Syn. Volucer (properly an adjective), a/iiy winged creaiure, including insects ; avis and ales, a winged creature ; avis is a general word for bird ; alites, are large birds, and in the language of the augurs, a bird whose flight was to be interpreted, as distinguished from ocines, birds whose cry furnished the omen. — cum .... parceretnr, but when Octavius was willing to grant life to one only, he commanded them to determine by lot which of the two he should spare. — pro filio, in the place of his son. — se . . . . obtulerat, offered himself. — prse dolore, on account of his grief. — voluntaria .... nece, by a voluntary death. — morientem, (while) dying. 5. repndiata, beimg divorced. — duxisset uxorem, married. — cen- ties sestertium, 100 times 100,000 sesterces, about 400,000 dollars, see § 85, 3. — Antonio .... coenam, s!ie served a magnificent dinner to An- tony denying that this was able to be done. — tanti, of so much. — quanti, as, -^ irrisa .... Antonio, therefore she being laughed at by Antony. — esset actura : for sequence of tenses, see § 58, 10. — auribns, from auria. — simili ; notice that the ablative retains i, and the gen. plur. ium, in all neuters ending in e, al, and ar. 6. Actium : Actium is really in Acamania, at the entrance of the Sinus Ambracius. This decisive battle was fought September 2, B. C. 31. It completely crushed the republicans, and formed the commencement of the eihpire. Alexandria : this city was founded by Alexander the Great. — cum, although. — neeem sibi conaoivlt, lit. {procured death for himself), committed suicide. — vivam, alive. — aspidem .... oura- vit, took care that an asp shmild be brought to her in adwig basket among some figs. — quod : what is the antecedent ? — medicos .... jusait, he commanded the pliysicians to apply remedies to the wound. — Paylloa, the Psylli, a people of Libya, celebrated for their skill in curing the bite of the most venomous serpents by sucking out the poison without injury to themselves. — Stn. Communico and participo, give a share of; impertio and tribuo mean give or impart, without implying that any part is retained by the donor. — fruatra, in vain ; said of one who has gained nothing by his toil ; nequidquam, in vam; of one who has not accomplished his purpose. 7. clementem se exhibuit, proved himself merciful. — cum .... processiaaet, when he an old ma/n, filthy and clad in ragged garments, proceeded among the captives. — non .... meriti aumua, he does not merU punishment more than I do reward; see § 49, 1 (a). — me ..... 170 LATIN LESSONS. occidi, t?iat I should he killed. — ntrum, which of the two. — moribtis; observe the difference in meaning between the singular mos, custom, and the plural mores, cha/raMeri from which our wioT&^noral is derived. 8. Jani gemini, of the two-faced Janus : Janus is represented as an ancient king of Italy. He is said to have sheltered Saturn, when pur- sued by Jupiter, and to have received from him the power of knowing both the past and future. Hence he is represented with two faces, one looking backward, and the other forward. — tantummodo, only. — post .... bellum : the first Punic war began in B. C. 264, and terminated in B. C. 241. — delati sunt, were conferred. — ipse .... cognominatus, fte wcos surnamed Augustus. — Sextilis : this month was called Seostilis, because the Roman year originally, began with March. The year was made to begin with January in B. 0. 153. — eodem nomine, i. e. Aiigus- tits. — biduo, for the space of two days. — celebramnt, see § 30, 6 (a). — maximo consensu, with the greatest unanimity. — compos .... meo- rum, / have obtained my wishes, 9. dictaturam .... deprecatus, he begged to be free from the dictator- ship. — genunixus, kneeling. — non semel, more than once, lit. not once only. — sed .... poeniteret, but thinking that both as a private eitiun he should not be without peril .... that no one should repent of the new slate of affairs. — tegeret, was trying to hide. — Syn. Doctns, learned, ae- complished; peritus, experienMsd, skilful; eruditus, educated. 10. summaque .... excipiebat, he received those approaching him with the greatest courtesy. — libellum .... porrigens, offering a peti- tion. — putasne .... dare, do you suppose that you are giving. — eum .... miles, at one time a veteran soldier met him. — ut sibi adesset, that he would aid him. — sed .... pugnavi, btct I myself, etc. — eru- buit : see § 36, j(a). — ipse .... advocationem, cmne himself as an advocate for him. 11. quem, which. — socius : give the synonymes and English deriva- tives. — ad .... pervenerat, to whom nothing from, etc. — Antoni, see § 10, 4 (c). — nihil, lit. in no respect, see Rule 24. — tautummodo. 12. parum profieeret (sc. corvus), made but little progress. — opera .... periit, my labor and expense have gone for nothing. — satis .... habeo, / have enoiw/h of such saluters at home; see § 50, 2 {d}. — turn _ . . . . adjecit, tlien, the crow added even those words. — quanti (se. tanti), for so much , ... as. 13. Graeeulus, insignificant or paltry Greek: the Greeks, though better educated, were despised by the Romans as a servile and cowardly race. — honoriiicnm porrigere, to offer a short poem as a mark of honor. — exaravit, he wrote. — et misit, and sent it to tlie Greek comimg to meet him^ — ille gestuque, he, on reading it, began to NOTES. 171 praise it, and to manifest his admiration Iry Ms voice as well as ty %is countenance and gesture. — qua, in which. — demissa .... manu, putting his hand into his lean pu/rse. — qnos .... daret, to give -to the prince. — se plus daturum, etc. : in direct discourse, plus darem, si plus habe- rem. — summam, amov/at (of money). 14. fere nulli, to hardly anybody. — exceptus .... insusurravit, therefore having been entertained by a certain one cuC a very frugal and ordinary dinner, he only whispered this. — me .... fiutniliarem, thai I was so intimate with you. — patrocininm suscepit, undertook the protec- tion. — servus : what are the synonymes ? 15. rompente .... cantu, the fij^uent screeching of an owl inter- rupting his sleep. — liberari .... cupere, that earnestly desired to be free from. — prehendendam : in what three ways may the J)articiple in dus be translated % 16. Augustus .... admisit, Augustus did not easily form friends ships, — impirimis .... Maecenatem, above all he was intimate with McBcenas. — qua .... valebat, which he exercised with tJie prince. ^ jus .... Augustus, sometimes when Augustus was administering justice. — multos .... danmaturus, about to condemn many to death. — qua lecta, this being read. Syn. — tento, try by feeling, carefully to test ; experior, try by eaeperiment; periclitor, try, facing the danger arising from the experiment. 17. Bupellex .... erat, his household furniture also was scarcely of the elegance of that of private persons. — cibi .... vulgaris, his food was comtnon, and very little in a/mount ; see 50, 1 (c). 18. dormiebat, used to sleep. — audisset, for audivisset. — licet, although. 19. exercitationes campestres, exercises in the Campus Martius. — transiit, he resorted. — modo .... mode, at one time . ... at another. — alea, in gaming. — id .... datum est, this was imputed as a fault to him ; what is the antecedent of id ? — remisso .... animo, his mind being giving up to leisure. — vitse .... egisset, whether he had acted pretty well the comedy of life. — edite .... applaudite ; words of this kind were usually added at the end of the plays in the theatre ; this Augustus applies to his departure from the stage of life. Augustus died iu A. D. 14. Nola is in Campania, nearly east from Naples. 172 LATIN LESSONS. IX. THE HELVETIAN WAE. C. JtJLius C^SAB was born in the year B. 0. 102 (usual date B. C. 100), and was assassinated in the year B. 0. 44, at the age of fifty- seven years and eight months. This date of his birth is consistent with the fact that he was jEdile in B. C. 65, Praetor in 62, and Consul in 59; since these offices could not be held by the Lex Annalis until one had entered upon the age of thirty-seven, forty, and forty-three respectively. The Romans liad already extended their power over the Greek states of the East, and had virtually subjugated all the peoples that skirted the Mediterranean sea, except the Celtic tribes of the West. Their conquest the Roman people intrusted to Caesar. His relation- ship with Marius and Ginna, his refusal to divorce his wife Cornelia, his wanderings during the proscription of Sulla, his bravery at Mity- lene and in Cilicia, his defence of the Latin colonies, his brillia,nt successes in Spain, his liberality and magnanimity, and even his "vices endeared him to the people, and all eyes were turned towards him as the leader of the popular party. For a long time the Romans had felt the importance of possessing Gaul, but as yet had made no systematic eifort to extend their dominion in that quarter farther than occupying the seaboard between the Alps and Pyrenees (B. C. 118). The climate of Gaul was healthy, the soil rich and fertile, and the intercourse easy by land and sea with Rome. For a long time Roman merchants and farmers had emigrated in great numbers to Gaul, and so disseminated Roman culture and civiliza- tion, that many of the tribes could transact business in the Latin language. The centre of this civilization and refinement was the old Greek city Massilia ; also the resort of those who had been banished from the capital. The merchants stationed here carried on an extensive trade with the interior of Gaul, and even with Britain. They transported their produce up the Rhone and Saone, and thence by land to the Seine and Loire, or across to the Garonne, and so to the Atlantic. This intercourse produced a close connec- tion between the tribes from the Rhone and Garonne to the Rhine and Thames. Caisar saw how essential the possession of this coun- try was to the Roman state, and that to its conqueror it ofifered the prospect of surpassing the fame of Camillus and Marius. NOTES. 173 Csesar's effort to gain control of the government by means of Catiline's conspiracy, while Pompey was in the East engaged in the war against Mithridates, was unsuccessful. But Pompey's vari- ance with the senate on his return from the East gave Otesar an opportunity of forming an aUiance with him. C*isar promised him tlie support of the democratic party to carry his measures in spite of the senate. He also succeeded in effecting a reconciliation be- tween Pompey and Crassus. This was called the first triumvirate (B. C. 60). In return for these favors Csesar was to be consul the next year (B. 0. 59), and in accordance with the Sullan laws, to govern as pro-consul a province the following year. He was in- trusted with the command of Cisalpine G-aul, Illyricum, and the province Narbo, or simply Provincia, with three legions, for the term of five years. Caesar had now attained his object. As pro- consul of Cisalpine Gaul, he could watch the progress of affairs in the capital, while the threatening movements of the tribes in Gaul opened to him the prospect of subjugating the country and training an army for the civil war impending, which he saw was inevitablo between himself and Pompey. Of the population of Gaul, the iBdui had entered into an alliance with Rome, while the Belgse in the north and the Sequani in the south sought an alliance with the Germans. The .lEdui, relying on the assistance of Rome, imposed heavy toUs on the navigation of the Sa^ one. The Sequani complained bitterly of this, and thinking that the Eoman government was too fnuch occupied with its own contentions at home to furnish its clients assistance, determined to rid themselves of the influence of Eome, and punish the .lEdui. For this purpose they invited the German prince, Ariovistus, with about 15,000 men, to their assistance. The .^dui were defeated, and forced to pay tribute to the Sequani, to give hostages, and to swear never to wage war for their recovery, or to solicit the aid of Rome. Divi- tiacus, the chief magistrate of his clan, alone refused to sign the treaty, and fled to Rome to ask assistance. Ariovistus now invited other tribes across the Rhine, and demanded land to settle them on; the whole frontier of Gaul from the sources of the Rhine to the ocean was threatened by the invasion of the German tribes. These tribes so pressed upon the Helvetians, who were hemmed in on the south and west by the Alps, Lake Geneva, and the Jura mountains, that they determined to abandon their country to the Germans, and seek larger and more fertile fields in the West. Csesar, on the ex- 174 LATIN LESSONS. piration of his consulship, had remained in the vicinity of the capital until he accomplished his political schemes. But when the news reached him that the Helvetii had abandoned their homes, and were advancing upon Geneva with the purpose of crossing the Rhone and forcing their way through the Province, he hastily made his preparations, and reached the Rhone in eight days. The following is a brief outline of Caesar's campaigns in Gaul (see Latin Reader) : — I. Csesar checks the attempt of the Helvetians to colonize in Western Gaul, and forces them, after a bloody defeat, to return to their own territory. He then engages with a powerful tribe of Germans, who had made a military settlement in Eastern Gaul, and drives them, with their chief, Ariovistus, beyond the Rhine. II. A formidable conspiracy of the northern populations of Gaul is suppressed, with the almost complete extermination of the brav- est Belgian tribe, the Nervii, in a battle which seems to have been the most desperate of all Csesar ever fought. In this campaign the coast towns of the west and northwest (Brittany) are reduced to submission. III. After a brief conflict with the mountaineers of the Alps, who attacked the Roman armies on their march, the chief opera- tions are the conquest of the coast tribes of Brittany (Vtneti, etc.), in a warfare of curious naval engineering in the shallow tide-water inlets and among the rocky shores. During the season, the tribes of the southwest (Aquitani), a minihg population, allied to the Iberians or Basques, are reduced by one of Oassar's officers. IV. An attack from the Germans on northern Gaul is repulsed ; and Cfesar follows them, by a bridge of timber hastily built across the Rhine. Returning, he crosses to Britain in the early autumn, for a visit of exploration. v. The partial conquest of Britain (se'cond invasion) is followed by various movements in northern Gaul, in which the desperate condition of the Roman garrisons is relieved by the prudent and brave conduct of Labienus and Quintus Cicero. VI. Caesar makes a brief expedition across the Rhine against tlie Germans. Some general disturbances are quelled, and northern Gaul is reduced to peace. VII. Vercingetorix, a brave and high-spirited chief of southern Gaul, effects a conspiracy of the whole country, which is at length subdued. Vercingetorix, in brilliant equipment, surrenders himself NOTES. 175 to secure the quiet of the country, and is taken in chains to Rome, where he is afterwards put to death in Caesar's triumph. VIII. Slight insurrections, breaking. out here and there, are easily subdued, and the subjugation of Gaul is made complete. During the winter of the following year (B. 0. 50) Caesar em- ployed himself, in settling the conditon of the country, and concili- ating the favor of the people. The territory was united with the province of Narbo until B. C. 44, when two new governorships, G-aul proper and Belgica, were formed out of it. Caesar imposed h'ght taxes, and left the levying of them to each community. Al- though he showed every consideration to the nation, and spared their national, political, and religious institutions, so far as was con- sistent with their subjection to Rome, yet he did not renounce the fundamental idea of his conquest, the Romanizing of Gaul. He bestowed the franchise upon a number of noble Celts, admitted several to the senate, introduced the Roman monetary system, and made the Latin the language used in ofificfal intercourse. By his wise and judicious measures the laws and institutions of Rome were thoroughly accepted by the people, and became the basis of their social and political life. " But the fact that this great people was ruined by the Transalpine wars of Caesar was not the most important result of that grand enterprise ; far more momentous than the negative were the posi- tive results. It hardly admits of a doubt that, if the rule of the senate had prolonged its semblance of life for some generations longer, the migration of peoples, as it is called, would have occurred four hundred years sooner than it did, and would have occurred at a time when Italian civilization had not become naturalized either in Gaul, or on the Danube, or in Africa and Spain. Inasmuch as the great general and statesman of Rome, with sure glance, per- ceived in the German tribes the rival antagonists of the Romano- Greek world; inasmuch as with a firm hand he established the new system of aggressive defence down even to its details, and taught men to protect the frontiers of the empire by rivers or arti- ficial ramparts, to colonize the nearest barbarian tribes along the frontier with the view of warding off the more remote, and to re- cruit the Roman army by enlistment from the enemy's country; he gamed for Hellenico-Italian culture the interval necessary to civilize the West just as it had already civilized the East. Ordinary men see the fruits of their actions; the seeds sown by men of 176 LATIN LESSONS. genius germinate slowly. Centuries elapsed before men understood that Alexander had not merely erected an ephemeral kingdom in the East, but had carried Hellenism to Asia ; centuries again elapsed before men understood that Caesar had not merely conquered a new province for the Eomans, but had laid the foundation for the Ro- manizing of the regions of the West. It was only a late posterity that perceived the meaning of these expeditions to England and Grermany, so inconsiderable in a military point of view, and so barren of immediate results. An immense circle of peoples, whose existence and condition hitherto were known barely through the re- ports — mingling some truth with much fiction — of the mariner and the trader; was disclosed -by this means to Ihe Greek and Roman world. This enlargement of the historical horizon by the expedi- tion of Csesar beyond the Alps was as much an event in the world's history as the exploring of America by European bands. To the narrow circle of the Mediterranean states were added the peoples of Central and Northern BTurope, the dwellers on. the Baltic and North Seas; to the old world was added a new one, which thenceforth was influenced by the old and influenced it in turn. What the Gothic Theodoric afterwards succeeded in came very near being already carried out by Ariovistus. Had it happened, our civihzatton would have hardly stood in any more intimate relation to the Ro- mano-Greek than to the Indian and Assyrian culture. That there is a bridge connectiflg the past glory of Hellas and Rome with the prouder fabric of modern history ; that Western Europe is Romanic, and Germanic Europe classic ;' that the nanies of Themistoeles and Scipio have to us a yery different sound from those of Asoka and Salmanassar ; that Homer and Sophocles are not merely, like' the Vedas and Kalidasa, attractive to the literary botanist, but bloom for us in our gardens, — all this is the work of Csesar ;■ and while the creation of his great predecessor in the East has been almost wholly reduced to ruin by the tempests of the Middle Ages, the structure of Csesar has outlasted those thousands of years which have changed religion and polityfor the human race, and even shifted the centre of civilization itself; and it stands erect for what we may term perpetuity." — Mommsen. 1. Gallia : Gaul extended from the Pyrenees and the Gulf of Lyons on the south to the British Channel and German Ocean on the north. It was bounded on the west by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the east by NOTES. 177 the Rhine and Italy. It was called Transalpina (1. e. beyond the Alps), to distingaish it from Cisalpina (i. o. ore this side of tlie Alps), in north- em Italy. It included France, Belgium, part of Switzerland and Hol- land, and the part of Gei-many west of the Rhine, In the division which Ciesar here makes he does not include the southeast part, called Gallia Narbonensis, or commonly Provincia, whe%ce the modem name Pro- vence. The Roman dominion in the Provincia was secured by the establishment of Narbo Marcius, a Roman colony on the Atai, in B. C. 118. The most remote Roman towns towards the west and north were Lug- dunum, Convenarum, Tolosa, Vienna, and Geneva. The country was well provided with roads and bridges. The commerce on the Rhone, Garonne, Loire, and Seine was considerable and lucrative, and extended even into Britain. The people were tall, of fair 'complexion, and san- guine temperament ; fond of fighting, and easily discom-aged. They were skilled in working copper and gold. Copper implements of excel- lent workmanship, and even now malleable, have been found in the tombs of Gaul. The Romans are said to have learned, the art of tinning and silvering from them. They had" attained so much skill in mining, that the miners, especially in the iron-mines on the Loire, acted an important part in sieges. There was no political union ampng the different clans, no leading canton for all Gaul, no tie, however loose, uniting the whole nation under one leadership. Sometimes one canton would extend its power over a weaker one, as the Suessiones in the north, the maritime cantons in the west, the two leagues in the south, one headed by the MAm, the other by the Sequani ; but the Celts as a nation lacked political unity, and the cantons, for the most part, existed independently side by side. In matters of religion they had long been centralized. The association of Druids embraced the British islands, all Gaul, and perhaps other Celtic communities. The Druids had a special head elected by the priests themselves, special privileges, Jis exemption from taxation and military service, and an annual council. The Province in Osesar's time extended from the Pyrenees to the Alps on the coast, and was bounded on the east by the Alps, on the west by the Mens Oevenna (Cevennes), southward from the latitude of Lugdu ■ num (Lyons), and on the north (where it narrowed ofl) by the Rhone from the western extremity of Lake Geneva, to the junction of the Rhone and Saone. — omnis : Csesar means all of Gaul, except that part which had been subdued by the Romans, in opposition to Gallia in the limited sense of one of the three divisions (see Hand-book). — tres is placed at the end of the sentence as being the significant word, incjicatr ing the number of divisions. — unam : supply partem. — aUam, another (part) : if Caesar had been enumerating them in order, he would have 12 178 LATIN LESSONS. nsed alteram or secundam. — tertiam , . . , appellantur, the third, those who are called in our language Gauls. — institutis, in cusf/yins ; when three or more nouns stand together, the conjunctions may be omitted altogether, or used between the first and .second, and second and third, etc. — inter se, among themselves, or from one another. — di- vidimt is to be supplied after Matrona et Sequana. — propterea quod, because. — Germanis, to t/ie Qermans. — incolunt, dwell. Give the syn ouymes of bellum. — quoque, also ; the ablative of quisque is quoque — virtute, in valor : virtus, from vir, means manhood. :=- una pars, ome part, of the main divisions of Gaul, i. e. Gallia Celtica. — flumine, etc. notice that the connectives are omitted. — flnibus: finis, limit ; plur. fines, limits, often applied to what is included in those limits, terriUrHes. —ad, t&wards. — Belgae ; hence the modem Belgium. — inferiorem par- tem, towards the mouth of the river. — ad, near to. — spectat inter occasum solis, it looks between the setting of the sun, 1. e. it looks north- west. 2. apud, among ; apud with the name of a person means at the house of; with the name of ati author, in the un-itings of. — nobilissimus, see § 17. — ditissimus from dis.' — Note the position of the word Orge- torix at the end of the sentence, to give prominence to the name. Syn. nobilis, clarus, illustris, denote distinction ; clarus is one celebrated for his deeds ; illustris, for his rank or character ; nobilis, for Kis noble birth; celeber and inclitus, denote cc&6r%, are generally used of things, not of persons. — civitati, the state, i. e. the people, all the inhabitants of a state under one government ; it is here the indirect object of per- suasit, while the clause introduced by ut is the direct object. — exirent is plural on account of the plural implied in civitas. — coutinentur, are hemmed in. — una ex parte, on one side. — altera, see note, § 1. — altissimo ; altus, high, when reckoned from below ; deep, when from above downward. — Helvetium, see Helvetius. — laou Lemanno: now Lake Geneva. — altissimo, very high. The pupil should be required to describe the rivers and give the situation of the places mentioned in the text : see Hand-book. — tertia, sc. ex parte. — adducti, induced. — pertinerent is in the subjunctive, because it is implied that these things belonged to their departure in the opinion of the Helvetians ; which (as the Helvetians thought) pertained to their departv/re. — jumentorum (from jugo, to yoke) is both pack and draught animals. ■ — sementes . . . . facere, to make as large sowings as possible ; for the force of quam with the' verb possum in connection with the superlative, see § 17, 5 (6). — proximus has no positive, its place is supplied by propinquus. — in .... conflrmant, they fix upon their departure for the third year by law. ■ — oonficiendas, to aAxomplish. In how many ways may a purpose be ex- pressed in Latin (§ 64, 2) ? what would be the construction if the gerund NOTES. 179 were used? — deUgitur: deligo, to choose (not to te undecided in one's choice) ; eligo, choose, in the sense of selecting. — Sequano, the Sequa- nian. — ut regnum .... occuparet : this clause is the direct object of persuadet ; persuadet is in the historical present, and therefore fol- lowed by the imperfect subjunctive. Give the syuonymes of regnum. — plebi, to the ^plebeians ; see Hand-book. — ut idem conaretur, thai he should strive for the sarne thing. — totius, all. — Synonymes. om- nia, all (without exception), in opposition to nemo ; universi, all col- Ifectivdy, in opposition to singuli ; ciincti, all united together in oppo- sition to dispersi ; totus, the whole as made up of parts, which may be broken up ; whereas omnia applies to each individual. — ea res, this design, lit. this thing. — ut, when. — ex ... . dieere, to plead his cause in chains ; lit. out of chains, i. c. (being) in chains. — danmatum, sc. eum, translate, it was necessary that the punishment should follow Mm condemned, namely, that he should he burned; the clause ut igni,crema- retur explains poenam ; for this use of the subjunctive see § 70, 4. Syn. — ignis, J5re; flamma,/a?»e; incendium, a conflagration; ignis is the cause, flamma, the effect. — familiam, household. — clientea, for the relations between client and patron at Rome, see Hand-book ; here the word is applied to the retainers of the Helvetian chief. — obseratoa, debtors. — per eos se eripuit, hj their tneajis he rescued himself; for the force of per, see § 54, 4 (b). — cum, see § 62, 2. 3. incitata, incensed. — jus auum exsequi, to inforce (lit. follow out) their authority. — nihilominus, lit. the less by nothing, nevertheless. Syn. — Conor, try, attempt; molior (moles), undertake a difficult work; nitor, (lit. lean upon) ; strive. ^Syn. — sedifloium is a general word for buildings of all kind ; domua, the house as the residence and home of the family ; sedes also means a dwelling-hou^e, composed of several apartments. — incendo,.accendo, inflammo, all mean to set on fire; incendo, from within ; accendo, from a single point, as to light a lamp ; inflammo, to put into a blaze, either from within or without ; succendo, set on fire frmti beneath; cremo, destroy by burning. — timm mensium (genitive), for three months. — quemque, each owe ; domo, from home ; jubent, for the constmetion after jubeo see § 57, 8 («?) ; § 70, 2. — quibus iti- neribus : the noun to which the relative refers is sometimes repeated as in this case ; this repetition of the antecedent is necessary when there are two nouns preceding, and it might be difficult to determine to which the relative referred ; the relative clause denotes a consequence and takes the subjunctive, see § 65, 2. — The pupil should be required to trace this route on the map. —alteram, the other (of the two). — nonnullis, see § 41, 2 (e), Eem. ■ — locis, for the omission of the preposition see § 55, 3 (/). — vado tranaitur, is crossed by a ford. — AUobrogum. The Allobroges dwelt on the sduth side of Lake Geneva next to the Helvetii, where the IbO LATIN LESSONS. Rhone flowed from the lake. — ad Helvetios pertinet, extends (across) to the Helvetii. The Helvetii occupied a greater part of what is now Switzerland. — diem dicunt, tliey appoint a day ; for the repetition of the antecedent, see note above. — conveniant, are to assemble : the in- dicative means that they are assembling ; what does this relative clause denote, purpose or result ? Describe the Khone. — maturat, hastened, the historical present ; what is the object of maturat ? — ab urbe, from ike city, i. e. Rome. Caesar had obtained previously to the expiration of his consulship (B. C. 59), the provinces Cisalpine Gaul, and Illyricum with three legions for five years ; afterwards Transalpine Gaiil was added with another legion. He set out from the city as pro-consul in the spring of B. C. 58. — Galliam ulter^orem, Farther Gaul, i. e. Gaul beyond the Alps, or Transalpine Gaul. 4. certiores facti sunt, ^oere informed. — Syn. Legatus, ati arribas- saclor, a lieutenant ; orator, one who pleads a cavse, an envoy, an ora- tor ; rhetor, one who. gives lessons in rhetoric, a rlietorician. — qui dice- rent, to say, lit. who should say, a relative clause denoting purpose. — sibi esse in animo, that it was their intention,'\it. that it was to them in miiul : what is the subject of the verb esse ? — sine uUo maleficio, without (doing) any harm. The Helvetii had two ways by which they could go fi-om home, one through the narrow pass between Mount Jnra and the baniks of the Rhone ; the other by the fords of the Rhone, which led directly into the province. In order to prevent the Helvetii from taking this route, he drew a line of fortifications on the southern side of the river, from Lake Geneva to the Jura mountains, a distance of about eighteen miles. — negat se posse, he says he cannot ; aego is generally used in preference to dice non. — una is emphatic, one' only.- — ut .... impe- trarent, that he being the intercessor, they might obtain (their request). — plurimum poterat, was able to accomplish a great deal, sc. facere, or more freely, had great influence. — Aisnevia, friendly . ■ — in matrimonium duxerat, had married, when speaking of a man taking a wife ducere (uxorem) was used, i. e. he leads her to his house ; of a woman taking a husband, nubere was used, lit. nubere se viro, to veil herself for a hus- band, — an allusion to the veil worn during the maraiage ceremony. — itaque, therefore. — What is the object of impetrat ? 5. in Italiam, into Italy, i. e. into Cisalpine Gaul. — duas legiones conscribit : in addition to the four he already had. The Allobroges and Vocontii were both iu the province. — jam, By this time, i. e. while Csesar was absent collecting troops. — Syn. Populor, to ravage (by pillage and fire) ; vasto, to lay waste; depopulor, utterly to ravage. — rogatunt, to ask, see § 74, 1. — d'epopulatis, for the use of the participle of the de- ponent verb in a i)assive sense see § 35, 1 (a) and (g). — sese .... non facile .... prohibere, thai tluy could not easily wourd off, etc. — se .... NOTES. 181 recipiunt, ietook themselves. — non exspectandum (esse) sibi statuit, he thoiigJU lie ought not to wait : sibi, see § 51, 4. 6. flumen est Arar, there is a river (called) Arar ; now the Scume. It unites with tlie Rhone at the city of Lugdununi (Lyons), about seventy miles from Lake Geneva. — quod agrees with flumen, see § 48, 2. — incredibili .... possit, with incredible smoothness of current, £o that U cnmiot he determined by the eyes in v>hat direction it flows ; leuitate, smoothness, contrasted not only with the Rhone, but with the rapidity of the rivers in Italy. — possit, see § 65, 1. — ratibus et lintribus juno- tis, the ablative absolute to supply the place of the perfect active parti- ciple ; lintribus, smcdl boats; these were boats ma;de of logS hollowed out. ^— transibant, were now crossing. — Helvetios transduxisse, that the Helvetians had, etc. In Napoleon's Csesar, this place of crossing the Saone is said to have been at Chalons sur Saone. — de tertia vigilia, just at the beginning of the third'watch. The Romans divided the night into four watches (the first beginning at sunset), each of three hours ; the third watch began at midnight. — aggressus has the sense of a perfect active jiarticiple, see § 25, 3 (n). How does concidit differ from concldit ? — is pagus, this canton. ■ — appellabatur, from appello, name, also to speak to; voco, call, summon; nomine, name, in the sense of appointing or electing ; cito, quote. -^ L. Cassium, this defeat was in B. 0. 107. — consulem, see Hand-book. — sub jugum. It was considered the lowest degree of military disgrace for the Roman soldiers to be obliged to pass under the yoke. The yoke was formed by placing two spears upright in the giound, and fastening a third across the top of the other two ; uuder this the conquered army must pass in token of subjugation. — ea . . . . persolvit, was the first to suffer punishinent ; princepa is equivalent to prima. 7. ut, in order thai. — consequi, to overtake. — in Arare, over and upon, i. B. a floating bridge. — faciendum, see § 72, 5 (c). — why is ejus used, not suo? — cujus .... fiiit, the chief of which embassy was Dimco. — bello Cassiano, in the war with Cassiius, i. e. in B. C. 107, when the consul Cassiiis was the commander. — agit, argues, discourses. — Syn. DuXj a leader, a general; ductor, a guide; impeTator,.a corwmandesr or emperor. — pacem and bello are placed prominently to mark them as significant words. This section is in indirect discour.se, depending on dicens (saying) implied in agit. In direct discourse it would read : si pacem populus Bomanus cum Helvetiis faciet (or faciat) in eam partem ibimus (or eamus) ubi Caesar eos esse constituerit. For the use of the future indicative or present subjunctive, see § 59, 4 (a and 6) ; constituerit, if the future is used in the protasis, would be in the future perfect indicative, otherwise in the perfect subjunctive. The tenses are secondary, after the histoiical present agit. — perseveraret has Caesai 182 LATIN LESSONS. for its subject. In direct discourse, sin bello perseveraa, reminiscere et veteris incommodi, etc. — reminisceretur .... incommodi, he should retnemher both the old overthrow. — ne committeret, he should not bring it to pass ; ne commiseris in direct discouree. — Syn. oala- mitas (lit. a, stonn that troke down the stalks [calamos] of the corn- fields), calamity; infortunium, misfortwne, as loss of property; miseria, misery, affliction ; infelicitas, ill-luck. 8. his, sc. legatis. — sibi .... dari, that the less doubt was given to him. — tenet memoria, Jield in memory ; remembered. — veteris con- tuineliae,/(»'merMisMW.— dentur is in the present subjunctive, although respondet, the leading verb, is an historical present, see § 58, 2 (d). — facturos, sc. Helvetios. — iBduis is governed by satisfaciant. — ipsis: the dative follows the compound in intulerint ; § 51, 2 (d). — satis- faciant, pay damages. The direct discourse would be : mihi minus dubitationis datnr, quod eas res, quas commemoravistis, memoria teneo. Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci velim, num potero recen- tium injuriarum memoriam deponere ? Tamen si obsides a vobis mihi dabuntur (deutur), uti ea, quae pollicemini, vos esse facturos intelligam, et si .^duis de injuriis quas ipsis sociisque eorum inta- listis, item si Allobrogibus satisfiicietis, cum vobis pacem faciam.^ hoc responso dato = cum hoc responsum dedisset. — idem neut. ; the masculine is idem. — qui videant : what does this relative clause denote, cause, purpose, etc. ? — videant is plur., because equitatum implies equites as the subject. — qui, these. — alieno loco, in an unfavorable place, lit. a place better for the other party ; for the omission of the prep osition, § 55, 3 (/). — audacius, still more boldly. — ac . . . . prae^ sentia^ and deemed it sufficient for the present. — ita, in such a way, — novissimum agmen, the part of the aimy nearest to those pursuing, i. e. the rear. — nostrum primum, our front. — non .... interessfct, not more than poe or six miles {each day) intervened ; milibus, see § 18, 1 {d) ; the distributives quinis and senis imply that this was the con- stant difference between the armies. 9. interim, give the syn. — quotidie, every day, is used of things that are daily repeated ; in singuloa dies, daily, of those things which from day to day are making advance. — .ffiduos and firumentum, see § 52, 2 (c). — quod .... flagitaxe, kept demanding .... which they had promised in tlie name oftlie state ; flagitare, the historical infinitive, see § 57, 8 (A), equivalent to flagitabat ; pollielti essent refers to the promise as made by the jEdui, see 66, 1 (*). — frigora, the cold cli- mMe, the plural is emphatic ; the plural of words relating to the weather was often used as, soles, sunbeams ; nives, falls of snow. — non mode followed by sed (etiam), nut only .... but also, places the emphasis on the last ; when both sentences are negative, non modo, [non] .... sed NOTES. 183 ne quidem (:= sed etiam non), the second non in the first clause is omitted if both sentences have the same verb, and the verb is in the second clause ; if both clauses have their own verb, asin the text, both negatives are used ; ne . . . . quidem, see § 76, 3 (6). — pabuli, green fodder. — suppetebat, was at hand. — autem, besides, see § 76, 3 (i). — quod .... subvexerat, which he had broiight up the river Arar in ves- sels. — diem .... ^dui, tlie JEdui kept putting him (Caesar) off from day to day. — ducere^ historical infinitive. — conferri .... dicere, they kept saying that it was collecting, bringing together, was close by ; the sub- ject of conferri, comportari, and addesse is frumentum ; they all depend on dicere. — se diutius duci, that he was put off too long. — frumentum. The Roman soldier received no meal or btead as his monthly allowance, but merely the giain which he had to pound and make bread for himself. — qui .... praeerat, who was invested with the chief magistracy ; qui refers to Liscus. — Why is ab expressed before lis ? why is aublevetur in the subjunctive ? does it refer the charge to Caesar as the general or as the historian ? why present subjunctive ? — Syx. Bemum, at, length, (not till now) ; denique, finally (in short) ; taVi- dem, at last (after many efforts) ; posfremo, lastly (last in order). — proponit, set forth, introduces the indirect discourse which follows. — • plurimum valeat, is very powerful ; valeat, what woiUd this be in the direct discourae ? — seditiosa .... oratione, by seditious and wicked speeches. — ne frumentum conferant, from contributing the corn ; con- ferant is plural on account of the collective noun multitudo preceding, — nostra in the direct discourse would be changed to vestra. — a se, by himself ; a mo in the direct discourse. — quin etiam .... enun- ciaveiit, moreover as to his having, disclosed the affair to" Ccesar. — intel- legere .... fecerit, he was well aware with how great peril he did that : — Syn. Intellego, understand by means of reflection ; sentio, perceive by the senses or by the mind. — quamdiu potuerat, as long as he had been able, — Sy^. Tacep, utter no word,, be silent, pass over in silence ; sileo, make no noise, be still. 10. Dumnorigem .... designari, that Dumnoric was meant. Dum- norix led the national party among his people, as opposed to Rome, while his brother Divitiacus favoi'ed an alliance with the Romans. — pluribua prsesentibus, lit. more being present, or in- the presence of so many. — eas res jactarri, that these matters should be considered ; jactari, a fre- quentative from jacio. — Give the syns. of concilium. — reperit esse vera, he finds (that these statements) things are true. — ipsum .... audaciai, tlmt it was Dmnnorii himself, a man of the greatest audacity. — cupidum novanun rerum, desirous of a revolution. — complures .... habere, that he has farmed fur many years all the revenues of the /Edui at a low price. — Syn. Voetigal, tithes (decuma), on agricultural 184 LATIN LESSONS. produce ; iributum, wn. extraordiow/ry property tax, levied in the tribes^ and paid back when the exigency was passed ; scriptura, rent of the pas- ture lands ; portorium, harbor duties originally, afterwards applied' to tolls paid on transit of merchandise. The revenues among the Romans were not collected directly j but were farmed out (or leased) by the cen^ eors to contractors called publican}, who paid a fixed sum into the treasury, and collected the taxes for their own use ; they so abused their privileges, that the name publican became to be a term of reproach. — Ulo liceute, he bidding. — audeat, see § 67, 1. — rem familiarem, ^ri- vate property. Dumuorix is the subject of favere and odisse. — SvN. Potentia, power as an attribute of a person ; potestas, power as of a Magistrate, ^otoer to do anything; ditio (Aicio), power, jurisdictiom. — siquld .... Romanis, if anything- then should happen to the Romans. ^— si quid, see § 21, 2 (d). — obtuiendi, see § 73, 3. (a). — imperio, umder the government, ablative absolute. — de regno, of royal power. 11. certissimse res, the most undoubted facts. — animadverteret, should pimish him. — unum repuguabat, one coiiMdcration opposed. — summum .... studium, the great attaehinent towards the Roman people. — voluntatem, affection. — ejus refers to Dumnorix. —rverebatnr, give the synonymes. — itaque .... conaretur, therefore before he attempted anything : for the subjunctive see § 62, 2 {c).. — commonefacit, reminds, lit. warns. — ipso praesente, when he himself was present, i. e. Diviaticus. — de eo, concemiiig him, i. e. Dumnorix. — apud se, before himself i. e. CiEsar. — ne quid .... s'tatueret, tliat he should twt determine anything too severe against his brother. — scire .... vera {sa,y'uig),< that h,e knew those things were true. — Syn. Populus, the people, originally only the patricians, came to include the plebeians ; plebs; common people, opposed to the patricians ; vulgus, the ignorant multitude. — quod .... acci- disset, because if anything too severe should be done to him by Caesar. — eum locum, that placf = so high a place. — apud eum, i. e. Caesar. — i'uturum, it would happen, see § 58, 11 (/). — ani^ii, th£ affections. — fratrem adhibet, he has his brother present. 12. exploratoribus : Syn. Explorator, a sco2<2 y speculator, a s^; emasaarius, a secret agent. — milia passuum = 4, 854 ft., a little less than an English mile. — qualis .... adscensus, what its ascent by a circuitous -route. — qui cognoscerent, •misit, he sent -(persons) to ascertain; qui cognoscerent denotes the purpose (see § 65, 2) ; the antecedent of qui is the object of misit : what is the object of cognoscerent ? — facilem, sc. ascensum. — eodem itinera, along the same route. — quo, by which. — prima luce, at daybreak. — summus mons, the summit of the mouniaim,, see § 47, 8. — ipse, and when he himself, sc. cum. — passibus, see § 55, 2 (b). — neque .... Labieni, and (when) neither his own approach nor that of Lahienus. — equo admisao, wUh his horse at full speed. — volu- NOTES. 185 erit In indirect discourae. — se is the tsnhject of cognovisse. — ex ... . inaignibas, hy tlie Gallic arms and ornaments ; insignibus, lit. marks of distinclion. This refers probably to the style of armor. — subducit, draws off. — ut ei prssceptum, a^ he had been instructed. — exspectaba.t;,> cojitiniLed to Ipok out : imperfect, see § 58, 3. -^ multo denique die, at last, when 7nuch of the day had passed. — pro vise, as seen ; lit. for seen. — what is the object of renuntiasse ? — quo conauerat intervallo, vnth ■ the usvial distance ; intervallo is the antecedent of quo. 13. diei, see § 50, 4 («), Rem. — metiri, to measure out. — rei .... ex- iatimavit, he thought he must look out for supplies, sc. sibi esae. — seu .... exiatimarent, because they believed that the Romans, being terrified, were departing ; the subjunctives exiatimarent and confiderent repre- sent the idea as existing in the minds of the Helvetii. Caesar's army was composed of four veteran legions, and two legions newly levied ; the Helvetians had about 70,000, with about 20,000 auxiliaries, in all nearly 90,000. For the time denoted by the infinitive see § 58, II ; discedere, here is the imperfect of the infinitive. — a novissimo agmine, 07i the rear. — postquam id animum advertit, after tliat Coesar perceives this ; id is governed by ad in composition, see § 52, 1 (d). — in coUe medio, on t/ie middle of the hill. — sarcinas, each soldier's baggage; in this sense only used in the plural : each soldier carried besides, his personal baggage and trenching tools (sarcinas), arms, saw, basket, provisions for a number of days, five stakes for fortifying the camp, — in all about sixty irounds ; the impedimenta were the heavy baggage, tents, engines of war, etc., which were carried in wagons or on horses. — eum, sc. locum. — in au- periore aoie, in tlie upper line, i. e. those on the top of the hill, the two legions of newly levied soldiei-s. — confertissima acie, in very close array. — phalange &cta : the phalanx consisted of a large body of men in solid mass, with their shields raised above their head, locked and over- lapped so as to fonu a close fence. — sub .... aaccesserunt, tliey ad- vanced close up to our front line. — primum .... equia, first his oian horse. — pilis : the pilum was a shaft of wood, a little more than six feet long, vrith a sharp iron head projecting about nine inches. — perfrege- runt, broke through, see perfringo. — ea diajecta, when this (phalanx) was broken apart. 14. Gallia .... impedimento, it was a great hindrance to the Gauls. pluribua eorum acutia, several of tlicir shields, see synouymes of scutum. — cum .... inflexisaet, v>heii tlie iron (head) became bent. Their shields were locked over their heads, and overlopped one another ; a javelin would pierce through more than one, and biiid them together. Movements of their left hands, in whii:h the shield was held, were thus impeded. — pedem referre, to retreat. — eo, thither. — capto monte, the mountain being reached. — sUccedentibus uoatris, our men coming. 186 LATIN LESSONS. close up below. — agmen .... claudebant, closed the enemy's line of march.— ^ ex itinere, on the march, — ciroumvenere, perfect tense, third peraon, plural. — Komani .... intulerunt, tlie Bmnans turned, and ad- vanced in two divisions : the Eomans indicated the movements of their armies by terms derived from the signum, the standard : thus signa con- vertere, to turn ; signa conferre, to engage ; signa inferre, to advance; it was the third line that wheeled about and advanced^ while the first and second opposed the Helvetians who had been driven back. — ut .... resisteret, that it might resist those (who had been) conquered and driven back: for the subjunctive see § 64. — ancipiti proelio, in a double conflict. — alter! .... alteri/iJ/to one parti/ . ... the otiier party, refer- ring to the Helvetians, and to the Boii and Tulingi respectively: ^- ab hora septima, from one o'clock in the afternoon ; the day began at sun- rise, and ended at sunset ; the end of the sixth hour was noon. — pug- natnm sit, the battle raged, see § 62, 2 (c). — aversum hostem, an enemy turned about. — nemo, fi'om ne and bomo. — ad multam noo- tem, till late at nigM. — pro vallo, for a rampart ; the vallum was composed of the dirt heaped up (agger) from the ditch (fossa) against the stakes (valli). — captus est, see § 47, 2. — eaque tota nocte, during that whole night, see § 55, 1 (6). — nostri, sc. militis. — potuisseut, see § 62, 2 (J). — literas, a Utter. — ne . . . . rejuvarent, (ordering) that they, etc. ,15. qui cum, when they. — suppliciter locuti, speahing suppliantly. — quo tum essent, where they tlien were ; the subjunctive is used to in- dicate that Cassar did not know where they were, see § 66. — paruerunt, they obeyed. — qui .... perfiigissent, which had fled to him, i. e. whai- ever, etc., see § 59, 1 (a). — poposcit, see § 30, Z (d)\; § 30, 5 ((i). — ut . . . . facerent, lit. that they should supply them with corn, i. e. to sntpply, etc. — tabulae, lists. — Uteris Grsecis confectae, made out in Greek letters. — ratio confecta erat, an account Iiad been kept. — qui numerus .... eorum, what number of them. — posaent, see § '66. — summa, the sum. X. THE WAR WITH ARIOVISTUS. 1. totius fere,' from nearly, etc. — gratulatum, to congratulate. — intellegere se, (saying) that they knew. — pro .... populi Romani, for the injuries of the (done by) Helvetians to the Boman people ; Helveti- orum is subjective, and populi Romani objective, genitive ; both depend oninjuriis. — exusu .... &ac\dis,&&, that this had happened no Uss to the NOTES. la I advantage, of the land of Gaul. ^ judicassent, should Judge, see § 67, 1 ; for the form, see § 30, 6 («). — stipendiarias, (as) tributaries. — in diem certam, for a certain day. — indicere, to appoint. — sese .... valient, that tliey had certain things which they vrished to ask from, him, in accord- ance ivith the general consent. — jurejurando .... sanxerunt, they bound tJbcmselves by an oath that no one should disclose (their deliberations) : Syn. Jusjurandum and juramentum denote u civil oath hy which one promises something ; sacramentum, a military oath, by which a soklier promises not to forsake his standard. — uti .... liceret, llmt it should be permitted to tliem to disctiss with him without witnesses concern- ing Uui safely of all. — Caesari, of Caesar, see § 51, 7 (a). — non .... impetrarent, (saying) that i/icy strove no'less that those things shmild not be divulged which they might say, inam, to obtain what they wislied. — se ventures, tliat tluiy would come. 2. factiones esse duas, th^re are two (political) parties. — principa- tnm tenere, stood at tlie head. — factuinesse, U came to pass. — why is ab expressed ? — Rhenum, see § 52, 1 (rf). Describe tlie Rhine. — hprum, of tlie latter. — ad numerum, to the number. — semel atque semel, agaiii an^ again. — clientes, i. e. the states dependent on tlie jEdui. — pulsos, so. uSduos, the subject of amisisse. — neque .... essent, neither should they refuse to be perpetually under their power ; assent, why subjunctive ? unum se esse, thaX lis was the only one. — postulatiun, to ask. — pejus .... accidissa, a worse thing liad happened; pejus is the subject of accidisse. — fiiturum esse, U would come to pass. — omnes, sc. Galli. — ut semel, wJicn once, i. e. as soon as. — nobilis- simi cujusque, of each distinguisJied'man, see § 17, 5 (c). — in eos .... edere, he gives forth upon tJiem all (kinds of ) examples and lortiires. — - hominem, etc., that he was a, etc. — nisi, unless there is some help, etc. — idem esse, etc., the same thiicg will be done, etc. — ut, (namely) that, etc., what kind of a clause is this ? ^ fortunam, etc., and try what- ever fortwne may befall thern. — Csesarem, etc., Caesar could prevent a greater number of Germans being led across the Rhine. — Rhenmn, why accusative ? Compare major. 3. nnos .... facere, the Sequani alone did, etc. STN.^Reliqui, the others of whmn some have been na.med before ; ceteri, the rest (of the same class) ; alii, others, different persons. — ejus rei, of this conduct. — om- nino, etc., h extort any reply at all. — Is the i long or short in idem ? — hoc,, on this account. — ne . . . . quidem, see § 76, 3 (J). — auderent, see § 35, 2. — absentis, even when absent. — confirmavit, cheered up, etc. (sajdng). — beneficio sue, by his (former) kindness, i. e. Csesaris. — multse res, many considerations. — quod .... teneri, because he saw that the ,^dui, often called brothers and kinsmen, etc. — in tanto im- perio, considering the great power. — Gennanos .... videbat, lie saw 188 LATIN LESSONS. Oiat it was perilous (to the interests of the Roman people) for the Germams to gross .the Rhine. — sibi temperatures, that they would restrain' t/iemi selves : for the meaning of tempero with the dative and accusative, see § 51, 2, 3 (end). — ut, as. — Cimbri: the war against the Ciinbri and Teutones was ended by Mariiis and Crassus, at the battle of Aqute Sextia (B. C. 102), and near Vercellae (B. C. 101). —Why is fecissent in the subjunctive ? Does it refer to Caesar's own past conviction or to others I — quibus .... putabat, he thought hx ought to meet these things ag, quickly aspossibh; rebus is governed by oceurendum. — quam, see § 17, 5 (b). 4. placuit ei, it pleased him, i. e. lie resolmed. — qui .... poatU" larent, to ask from him; in how many ways may a purpose be expressed in Latin ? — uti .... diceret, that he slwuld appoint soms place midway between both for a conference. — summis utriusque rebus, the highest interest of both. — si ... . esset, if he himself had need of cmything from Cmsa-r ; opus stands in the pi'edicate ,; it is used either impersonally with the ablative, or personally with the thing needed in the nominative. § 54, 1 {d), Kem. — si .... velitj if he wants anything of him; with se sup[jly faeere, that he should do anything ; notice that esset is in the imperfect subjunctive, denying the want of anything from Caesar in past time ; velit in the present subjunctive, implying that Caesar does now want something from him. — quid .... negotii esset, whai business there was, etc. — M? responsis, this reply. — for iterum in enumeration of par- ticulars, see note on § 1. — beneficio affectus, hardng been treated tcitJt kindness. — hauc .... referret, Jie iiow inade such a return, etc. ; hanc = talem. — hsec esse, quae, that these are the thinxjs which; this clause depends on mittit. — Syn. Gratiam habere, to feel tlmnkftd •; gratias agere, to return tlmnks in words ; gratias referre, to show one's self thankfid by ousts. — ne quam, any. — si id non impetraret, i/ fte (Cassar) should not obtain tliat. — Syn. Obtineo, hold, occupy ; impetro,- obtain by entreaty; adipiscor, get, or obtain. — sese .... neglecturum^ thai he should not neglect, etc. — quicunque . . i . obtinebat ; the- gov- ernment of the Roman provinces was assigned by the seriate to the consuls by lot. — ^ Syn. Tueor, defend or protect against dwnger, in opposition to neglige ; defende, defend, from an actual attack, in opposition to desere. 5. jus esse belli, it was the law of war. — pepulum . . . censuesse, tlmt the Roman people was accustomed to command the conquered not ac- cording to the dictates of another, etc. — sibi, by himself. — stipendia- ries esse factos, have become trWutaries. — congrederetur, 'might 7neet him (in battle) ; the subjunctive instead of the accusative with tlig hi- finitive. — quid .... pessent, what tlm invincible .... ivere able (to do) by tlwir valor. — eedem tempore. — Syn. Tempus, tiine (in general), NOTES. 189 an epoch, an opportunity ; sevum, a long- space of time, an age ; tem- pestas, an entire spajx of time, a period, a season, — ^dui questum, the ^dui (came) to cmnplain, so. veniebant. — Treviri, sc. veniebant questum. — si .... conjunxisset, i/lthis) mctc body should join, etc. — ne . , . . minus .... posset, that he would be less easily resisted. 6. tridui viam, a nuirch of three days, see § 52, 1 (6). — What is the subject of nuntiatum est ? — occupandum : is this the gerund or genin- dive ? — quod, see § 48, 2. — contendere, was hastening. — processisse, had accomplished. — prsecavendum .... existimabat, Coesa/r thov,ghi that great precautimi, should be taken by him, sc. sibi esse. — facultas, ahun- da7u:e. — ad ... . bellum, for protra^ing the war. — facultatem, vieans. — reliquum .... continetj a mountain occupies the remaining space. ^- ita .... contingant, so that the banks of the river touch the foot of the iiiountain on cash side (of the mountain). — hunc .... efficit, a wall ■makes this (mountain) a citadel. — dum, see § 62, 2 (d). — ex percunc- tatione, etc., from the inquiries of our (men) and the remarks of the Gauls and merchants, who said tliat the Germaiis were, etc. ; vocibus, see § 14, (a). -— prsedicabant, see § 58, 3 ssepenumero .... potu- isse, (saying) tJiat they had contended with tliem very often, and were not able to endure even (the expression of) tlieir countenance and the look of their eyes. — Syn. Facies and oculi, the face, tlie eyes in a physical point of view ; vultus, tlie counteihance, tJie looks. By tlie face, whieh is unchangeable, one man is distinguished from another ; by the coimte- nance, which is changeable, the motives of the mind are indicated. — tri- bunis : there were six tribunes in each legion, and each commanded the legion in turn for two months. — non magnum .... habebant, hMd no great experience in military affairs. — alius .... petebant, one having assigned one cause, another another, requested. — totis castris, through- out the whole camp. — qui, etc., those wlio unshed to be considered, etc. -^ non .... dicebant, said that they did iwt, etc. — intercederent, see § 66. — castra moveri, that the camp should be moved: for the description of the camp see Hand-book. — non .... milites, iliat the soldiers would not be obedient to the order ; milites is the' subject of fore ; dicto is in the dative after audientes. 7. omniumque .... centurionibus, the centurions of all ranks being admitted ; there were sixty centurions in each legion, and each centurion commanded a century. In this case all the centurions in the army were summoned to the council of war ; ordinarily a council of war was com- posed of the commander-in-chief, the lieutenants, the tribunes, and the chief centurion of each legion. — quserendum .... putarent, they fhouglU that they should inquire into, or deliberate ; see § 51, 4 (a). — Ariovistum, (saying) thai Ariovistiis. — ab officio, from his duty, to the Iloman people iil return for what they had done for liim. — sibi .... 190 LATIN LESSONS. persuaderi, thai he was indeed persuaded, lit. that it was indeed per swaded to him ; what is the subject of persuaderi? — cognitis postu- latis, when his demands, etc. — quod si, but if. — sua, their own ; ipsius, his (Ciesar's). — Syn. Amens, without reason ; demens, Jinad, infatuated ; insanus, not in one's senses ; excors, weak-minded ; amentia like amens, simply without reason ; dementia^ like demens ; furor, irritation. — factum, etc., that a trial of this enemy had been made. — Syn. Periculum, lit. a trial ; heuce risk, danger ; discrimen, a distinction, difference, a turning-point. — servili tumultu, at the time of tlie servile insurrection ; the war with the gladiators in B. C. 73 - 71. — Syn. Tumultus, stronger than bellum, used by the Romans to denote a war in Italy, or against the Gauls ; turba, confusion. — constantia, a reso- lute spirit. — Syn. Supero, lit. rise above, hence to conquer (sm adver- saiy) ; vinoo, conquer (opposition). — demum, at length, not till now; denique, finally, in short ; tandem, at last, after many efforts ; poa- tremo, lastly, in order of time. — si quos, if any one. — castris, in his camp, see § 55, 3 [f). — consilio, by stratagem. — qui, etc., those who attributed their fear to the narroioness of the roads acted arrogantly, since they appeared eithe^ to despair of the commander's doing his duly, or to dictate to him. — quod .... dicantur, as to their saying that, etc. — nihil, etc., A« was moved not at all by this circumstance. — moturum (esse), that he should move. — quam primum, as soon as possible. — sibique .... futuram, lit. that it should be u, prcetoriam, cohort to him- self: the prStorian cohort was the general's body-guard ; it had more pay and privileges than the other soldiers. 8. belli gerendi, what would be the construction if the gerund were used ? — innata est, see innascor : what is the force of in, in com- position with verbs ? with adjectives ? see § 44, 3 (g). — princeps = prima. — quod .... fecisset, because lie had formed, etc. : the subjunc- tive is used to express the opinion of the tribunes ; see § 63, 2. — ege- runt, acted in the same manner. — itinere exqulsito, the route having been smtght out. — Ariovisti .... abesse, that the farces of Ariovistus were distant, etc. — Syn. Abesse, to be absent, denotes absence as a local relation, to be away from a place ; deesse, to be wanting, denotes absence by which a thing is rendered incomplete. — quod, (saying) what. — id fieri licere, tJiat could be accomplished ; licere depends on mittit. — pro .... beneficiis, in consideration of his own benefits and those of the Roman people towards him (Ariovistus). — fore, see § 58, 11 (/). — ne quis is used in negative clauses instead of ut nemo. — alia ratione, on any other term. — equitatui : the cavalry in Ciiesar's army consisted wholly of Gauls ; he was therefore afraid to trust entirely to them. -* audebat, see § 35, 2. — commodissimum esse statnit, he deemed it most expedient; what is the subject of esse ? — omnibus'. . . . imponere, NOTES. 191 all the horses having been talcenfrom the Gallic horsemen, to place on tliem (eo), etc. ^ 9. ex equis, on horsehack. — denos, ten apiece. — commemoravit, recounted. — quod, ^ w that. — quam . . . . docebat, he informed him that this thing had both happened to few, and in consideration of important ser- vices. — quam, etc., how old, and how just causes of relationship, etc. — in eos, for them. — postulavit .... dederat, then he demanded the same things which he had given to the ambassadors as his demands. — habere, that he had, — obsides, that the hostages. — capere, that he had exacted, — Syn. Experior, try, learn by experiment ; tento, try by feeling, test ; periclitor, make trial of, facing the danger arisiug from the experiment. — pace uti, to enjory peace. — quod .... pependerint, which they liad paid, etc., see p. 63, § 1. — amicitiam .... oportere, that the friend- ship of the Roman people ought to be a protection, mtt an injury. — quod, as to. — id ... . facere, that he did this to fortify himself, etc., see § 64, 2 (6). — priuB ..... quam, before, separated by tmesis. — fines egressum, passed beyond the territories. — quid sibi vellet ? what did he loish for hijnself ? &ibi refers to Csesar. — provinciam, etc., that this was his province just as, etc. — qui .... interpellaremus, since we interrupted him, in his right, see § 69, 2, 2 (rf). 10. neque .... desereret, neither his own nor the custom of the Homan people would permit that, etc. — potius esse Ariovisti, belonged to Ario- ifistus. — senatus, of the senate. — quam .... voluisset, since, though con- quered, (the senate) had willed that it (quam) should enjoy its own laws. ■ — prope, see p. 92. — imperavit .... rejicerent, he commanded that they should not throw back a single weapon upon the enemy. — ne quod, from ne quis. — legionis delectse, to his chosen legion. — tamen .... eircumventos, yet he did not think that tlie opportunity should be given that the enemy having been routed, it might be said (by them) that they had been surrounded by him (Csesar) at the conferencBi — posteaquam, etc.^ after that it was spread abroad among the common soldiers, see § 10, 3 (J). — qua .... interdixisset, mth what arrogance (lit. using what arrogance) ArUnmtus had forbidden the Romans (the use) of Gaul. — in- terdico is here followed by the dative and ablative, see § 51, 1 (c). — multo major, greater by much. — injectum, was infused. 11. post, an adverb. — velle .... cum eo, (saying) that lie wished to treat rvith him. — uti aut, or (requesting) that : notice the twofold con- struction after mittit legatos ; in the first case it implies saying, and is followed by the accusative with the infinitive ; in the latter the verb requesting is implied, and therefore the subjunctive is required. ^ ex legatis aliquem, see § 50, 2 (e). Rem. — visa non est, did not appear (sufficient). — legatum ex suis, a commissioTier from his own men. — qua .... utebatur, which Ariomstus, frofin long habit, used with great 192 LATIN LESSONS. ease; qua refere to lingua, and multa agrees with qua. -—qui .... usus erat, who was aamstomed to enjoy the hospitality of Ariovistus ; notice the force of the imperfect. — an ... . causa, was it not to spy out; the complete sentence would be utrum aliud peterent, an speculandi causa venirent, see § 71, 2 and (d) : also see § 64, 2 (5). — praeter, past, — eo consilio, ■urith this design. — uti, (namely) that^ see § 70, 3 (ei). — ex ... . .aiduis, /fom ucr bonus and vox sceva. 7. Give the accusative singular of mare, turris. Give the ablative sin- gular and genitive plural of sermo, homo, equus, cor, gens, pax, and arx. [Observe that neuter nouns in e, a?, and ar retain i in the ablative and ium in the genitive plural ; nouns in ns and rs of only one syllable, as well as nouns in is and es, not increasing in the genitive (see § 78, 3 a), and 196 LATIN LESSONS. monosyllables ending in two consonants, retain ium in the genitive plural.] How do nouns in as form their genitive t Nouns in a ? Nouns in o ? Nouns in do and go f Give the genitive of iter ; of Jupiter ; of cor ; of titus. How do nouns in es form their genitive 1 in is ? in osf in ms ? In what does the ablative singular; the nominative, and genitive plural of vowel s: ems generally end? In what liquid stems ? In what mute stems ? Mention exceptions. 8. How do nouns of the fourth declension end ? Decline hurrus, fruc- tus, and genu. What nouns of this declension are feminine ? What nouns of the fourth declension retain « in the dative and ablative plural ? Decline domus. What difference of meaning have domOs and domi f What nouns have the forms of the second and fourth declension? De- cline together altusjacus, tristis casus. 9. How do nouns of the fifth declension end ? What is their gender? Decline res, dies, spes. What exceptions in gender ? How many nouns belong to this declension ? How many are complete ? Mention those that have only the nominative vocative and accusative plural. Decline together longa acies. 10. Into how many classes are irregular nouns divided ? Define each. Define heterogeneous ; heteroclite. Give examples illustrating^ each. De- cline together Marcus TuUiua Cicero. Which is the personal name? Which the name of the Gens ? What was the agnomen ? Illustrate by example. 11. What is an Adjective t Into what classes are they divided ? How are adjectives in o stems declined ? Decline servus, ater, tener. Decline in the singular solus. What other words are declined like it ? Decline alter in the singular. Decline alius in the singular and uterque in the plur ral. Decline ax:er. How many adjectives like it ? Decline feMx, iens, 1 2. Decline carior. Decline dis. Decline together Stella clara, insula longa, vir bonus, liortus parvus, campus longus, periculuin magnum, acer, auriga. When is the vocative different from the nominative ? In what does the genitive plural of adjectives of the third declension generally end ? In what the ablative of comparatives and participles in ns ? How do adjectives of one termination form their ablative ? 13. Give the genitive and ablative singular and plural of ./Sfc, vas, passer, opus, alius, mitis, mare, juvenis, dies, acus, specus, nubes, difficultas. 14. Give the rule for forming the comparative and superlative of ad- jectives. Compare J%/ia;, audax, durus, and mitis. 15. How are adjectives in er compared ? What adjectives in ms have a similar superlative? Compare acer, piger, miseri pulcher. 16. Compare _/aci7!s. What other a^ectives are compared like this? Compare doeius, gracilis, alius, potens. QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 197 17. What irregularity have five adjectives in ^CK»? Compare ma/ediCMS and benevolus. Mention five adjectives whose comparatives are regular, but whose superlatives are irregular. Compare them. Compare idoneusi Give the rule for it. 18. Compare bonus, magnus, malus, mirificus, dives, frugi, and dexter. Compare seven adjectives which want the positive. 19. Compare jHwenjs and senci. What adjectives want the comparative '^ Mention three that want the superlative. 20. Decline minor, animus ferox, and vtdnus grave, together. Compare citerior. What other adjectives are formed like this ? 21. Compare the adverbs formed from -fioniw,' mote, citusj gravis. Com-, pare diu, scepe, satis, multum, cegre. 22. How may the force of the comparative and superlative be increased ? What is the force o( quam before the superlative? What is the force of gaisque with the superlative ? Of per ? Of sub in composition ? 23. Name the principal classes of numeral adjectives. What are the cardinals '! Which ate not declined ? Decline duo. What is irregular in the declension of unus ? 24. Give the cardinals from 1 to 20. ' 25. Give the Latin for 12, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19. Explain the last two. 26. Give the Latin for 11, 21, 28, 49, 60, 75, 94, 100. 27. How is mille used ? 28. What are Ordinals'? Give the Latin ordinals from 1st to 10th. What are Distributives ■? Give them up to the 10th. 29. What are Numeral Adyerbs t Give the first ten numeral adverbs. 30. Give the Roman numerals for 20, 45, 52, 67, 78, 98, 200, 500, 1,000, 5,000, 10,000, and explain the Koraan method of notation. 31. What is a Pronoun? Decline ego, tu, sui. Give the possessive pronouns formed from these. How are they declined ? Decline me«s;>Mer, nostra domus. 32. Which are the demonstrative pronouns'? Decline ille puer, hie vir, hoc prcdium, hcec sententia. 33. Decline ipse, ille. in the singular, and is and trfem throughout ; ac- cent the last. 34. Decline unus locus, tola ades. 35. Define relative pronoun. Decline qui and quis. Write the nomi- native plural of quis, aliquis, and siquis. What is the diiFerence between the forms in quid and quod? Decline quivis. 36. Decline together in the singular quilibet miles, aliqua salus, qui- "iam homo. 37. Decline together idem metus, hcec res, illud periculum, uterque miles. .- 38. What is a Verb'? (See Lessons for definitions.) What is the Sub- ject of a verb? What is meant by the Active Voice? By the Passive 198 tATIN LESSONS. Voice 1 What is a transitive verb 1 Intransitive t What are Moods 1 How many ? Define each. What is a Participle ? What form has the participle ? . In what does it resemble the verb ? In what an adjective 1 How many participles ? • What is the Gerundive 1 39. What are Gerunds ? What are Supines ^ How do they end ? In what sense are they used ? What are Tenses ? What is the first division of time ? Name the tenses, and define each. Name those which repre- sent the action as not completed ; those which represent if as completed. Upon what stems are the tenses formed ? 40. What are the principal parts of a verb f What tenses are formed from each ? Write the present indicative of esse. Write the imperfect subjunctive; the present imperative ; ihe infinitives. For what are_/bre?n, forent, anifore used ? What tense of esse has two forms ? 41. Explain the compound of esse and pro. Write the present and perfect indicative. 42. Explain the composition of potis and swm. Write the present and imperfect indicative ; the present and imperfect subjunctive. 43. What is the conjugation of a verb "i How many conjugations ? How are they distinguished ? Illustrate the formation of the tenses of voco, deleo, duco, and audio. How were verbs classified into four conjuga- tions (see Note, p. 61) ? 44. Give a synopsis of tenses of the Present Stem in the active of amo; of the perfect stem of moneo ; of the supine stem of r^o. Inflect the present imperative, active and passive, of amo and doceo. 4.5. Give the synopsis in the active voice of rego. Give all the infini- tives of audio. Give the present imperative, active and passive, of rego and audio. Give a synopsis of the active and passive of audio. 46. Give the participles, gerund, and supine of amo. Give a synopsis of the tenses from the supine stems of amo. Give the principal parts of amo, moneo, rego, and audio in both voices. 47. How are Deponent verbs conjugated ? What is said of their parti- ciples ' Conjugate miror. What is said of neuter deponents ? What active forms have they ? Give all the infinitives and participles of sequar, vereor, potior^ criminor, 48. What are Semi-deponents' Name them. Give a synopsis of audeo' and Jido. What are neutral passives ' Enumerate them. 49. Give the future indicative and present subjunctive of capio. Give the present indicative passive of cap'w. Inflect the imperative active and passive of capio. 50. Parse the following, and inflect the tenses to which they belong: Amaverunt, monebuntur, mortUus ero; monete, monere, amabW; monuerit, amet, ametur, moneat, mone, monere. Explain how vocatum iri is formed. Is the ter^nination turn variable ? ' QUESTIONS FOR REVIEW. 193 51. Reqaf, regimt, reget, regar, auditor, capiunt, regitor, rege, regere, capite, audias, attdies, audire, audiret, rexero, moneant, montbis, rectus est, mirer, verear, mirator. 52. Explain the forms amasse, audieram, nosse, die, fer,faxim, vocarier, • 53. Explain the formation of the present and perfect stem of amo (see § 30, 1 ) ; of moneo ; of rego ; of audio ; the supine stem of noniinn ; of terreo; of duco; of deko ; of Jingo. 54. What are derivative verbs ? Define each class. Explain how they arc formed, and of what conjugation. 55. Give the principal parts ofjiiteor, biho, cemo, arcesso, vinco, vincio, eado, c(Bdo, cedo, disco, plecto. Jingo, do, peto, pello, tavo. 56. What verbs arc called Irregular ? Give the present indicative and present subjunctive of fero. Give the imperatives, active and passive. Give the present and imperfect pa.ssive. 57. Give the present indicative and present subjunctive of voh, nolo, malo. Give the imperative of nolo. Give the imperfect of volo, nolo, malo. Give the infinitives. 58. Inflect the present indicative of eo ; of Jio ; the present subjunctive ; the imperfect indicative and subjunctive. Give the imperative of each. 59. Parse the following, and inflect the tenses to which they belong : Jeraf,Jeret,Jerar,Jero; vis, volet, voluil ; nonvultis, noles, noli; mavis, nudle, mavultis ; it, earn ; Jiunt,Jies,Jierem,Jiat,Ji. 60. Wha,t are Defective verbs ? Conjugate cmpi, odi. Give the parts in use of aio, inquam. In what sense are odi and memini used t What name do they have ? What is said of the compounds of Jio? 61. What are Impersonal verbs? What nominative usually precedes them in English? How are they classified ? Conjugate Zice/. 62. How are the Periphrastic Conjugations formed ? How the first periphrastic conjugation ■? How the second ? 63. In what ways may verbs be compounded (see § 30, 6 rf) ? How are the compounds of ea/wo, and teneo formed? Of cogo and dego? Of /acio with a preposition (see § 44, 3 e) ? 64. Define Particles. How are Adverbs formed ? Explain the forma- tion of care, dearly ; fortiter, bravely ; mtiltum, much ; Jalso, falsely ; quo, whither; j'ti, there; staiim, immediately. How are adverbs classified? Explain the distinction between certo and certe ; primum and prima. 65. How are adverbs compared ' Illustrate by examples. 66 What is a Preposition ' How many take the accusative ? How many the ablative ' How many have either the accusative or the ablative ? What is the distinction in the u.se of a, ah, and a/is? Of e and ex ? What is said of the meaning of prepositions in composition (see § 44, 3 9) ? 67. What is a Conjunction ? Into how many classes are conjunctions divided? What does the first class include ' What the second ' What conjunctions are Enclitics ? How are ae and alque distinguished ? 200 LATIN LESSONS. 68. Distinguish between a Root and Stem. Explain the meaning of such derivatives as duclor, victrix, viator, miles (from mil, a thousand,' and eo, go), gaudium, flumen, puettula. How are Patronymics formed t What is the termination of masculine patronymics 1 Of feminine ? Of what declension are patronymics ? How are gentile nouns formed ?, Explain the meaning in the terminations to the following words : pugnax, ovile, alumnus, difficultas, lapidosus, Cannensis. 69. Define a Sentence. How many kinds ? Define each. Define Sub- . ject, Predicate, Copula, Substantive Verb, a Phrase, a Clause. How are clauses classified ? What is meant by Agreement and Government in Grammar t Illustrate. 70. Define Apposition. Give the rnle for the agreertient of an adjec- tive with a noun ; when the nouns are of different gender ; when they de- note things without life. 71. Give the rule for the .agreement of a relative pronouri with its ante- cedent." How is its case determined 1 How its gender 1 Illustrate. ' 72. What is the rnle for the agreement of a verb 1 Of what number is the verb when belonging to two or more nominatives singular? When a nominative singular is joined to an ablative with cum? What is said of Collective nouns 1 Of uterque? quisque? 73. What is the rule for the Genitive after nouns'? Explain the differ- ence between the subjective and objective genitive. What is the rule for the genitive after partitives ? What is the rule for the genitive after verbs 1 Of verbs of remembering? Verbs' of accusing? Verbs of pity? Of miserd, etc. ? Of refert, etc. ? Of egeo, etc. 1 74. What other construction is used after refert and interest? What is said of the nominatives of these verbs ? ^ What is said of potior ? When do verbs of remembering take the accusative ? How is the punishment expressed? What is said of tanti, qsianti, etc. f Of pridie and postridte ? What is said of the construction after omnes ? 75. Give the general rule for the Dative. For the dative with verbs. Mention the verbs that take the dative generally without the sigh What is said of the agent after passive verbs'' X)f the agent with ger- . unds, etc. ? Give the rule for the dative of Service, Nearness, Advantage, and Ethical dative. 76. What is the rule for the dative after adjectives ? What is said of dicto audiens ? Mention adjectives that are followed by either the geni- tive or dative ? What is said of propior and proximus ? Of ohvius ? Of idem? Of nomen est? Explain the following ; Est mihi cultelhis ; cultellus est meus ' habeo cuHellum ; est mihi nomen Alexandra. 77. What is the rnle for the Direct Object of a verb? For the Cog- nate Accusative ? For Verbs of motion compbuiided with circum and QUESTIONS FOB REVIEW. '201 trans? For ddectat, etc. '! For verbs of asking, etc. ? What prepositions take the accusative t 78. When the active voice takes two accusatives, which is retained after the passive voice ? What is said of peto ? Of id temporis ? What is the Synecdochical accusative ? Is this an illustration of it : inutile Jemtin cingitur ? In what ways may the accusative after many neuter verbs be explained t What inteijections are followed by the accusative ? 79. What is the rule for the Vocative ? 80. Give ihe general rule for the Ablative ; for the ablative of separa? tion ; for opustinA usus ; ablative of source ; of cause ; ablative after dig- nus, etc. ; ablative of agent ; of comparison ; of means ; of the ablative after utor, etc. ; of quality ; of price ; of specification ; for the locative ablative ; for the ablative absolute. , 81. What is said of compounds of a, ab, etc.? What is said of egeo and indigeo? When, after verbs denoting origin, is the preposition ex- pressed f How is the agent sometimes expressed 1 What is said of plus, minus, etc. ? * 82. What is the rule for the time when and Iiow long ? For space 1 For place '! What is said of domi, etc. '! What is said of the Use of preposi- tions before names of towns ? Before- names of other places ? 8.3. Mention the prepositions that govern the accusative ; those that . govern the ablative. What is said of in, sub, super, ^ubter ? Of preposi- tions used in dates t Of the adverbs pridie, etc. t What prepositions often follow their nouns 1 84. Name the Moods, and define each. How is the hortatory subjunc- tive used ? The optative subjunctive ? The concessive subjunctive ? Define the Infinitive mood ; as a subject ; the complementary infinitive ; with subject accusative; the historical infinitive. 8.5. Into what two classes are TfcnSes divided ? Mention those of the first class ; of the sceond class. Define the tenses of the indicative. How many tenses has the suibjunctive t Give the primary tenses ; the sec- ondary. In compound sentences by what tense is the primary tense followed ? Illustrate by examples. When is the perfect definite followed by a secondary tense ' When is the present f 86; What time is denoted by the Infinitive ' How is the infinitive translated in indirect discourse ' Illustrate. 87. What is a Conditional Sentence? How are conditional sentences classified ? Give the different forms of particular suppositions, and one example of each. When is the indicative used in both clauses ' When the future indicative? Define general siipjjositions. Give examples. 88. What is an implied condition ? Define and illustrate a disguised condition ; condition omitted ; potential subjunctive. 89. What are Temporal clauses ? Mention the temporal adverbs. Give 202 LATIN LESSONS. the rule for the mood of temporal clauses ; for cum temporal ; for ante- tive of audeo, audio, fugio, eo, possum, volo. Marls all the penultimate and final syllables you write in this section. 4. How is the price or value expressed in Latin 1 time in which ? place where ? What case or cases follow the verbs miseret, oblivtscor, ignosco, fungor, rogo, res_pectively t 5. What is a spondee 1 An iambus t What is an heroic hexameter ? IV. 1. Decline dens, alius, tu, si quis, and audax, marking the quantity of penultimate and final syllables. Compare audax, multus, and nequam. Compare adverbs formed from audax, bonus, miser, and honorijicus. Give the rule for the gender of formido, caput, pax, fas, and Tiberis. 2. Inflect the future indicative and present subjunctive of teneo, gero, sto, and Jio, marking the quantity of all the syllables. Give the infinitives of tollo and scribo. Give all the participles of haurio and orior. Give the principal parts of uro, vendo, paro, pario, pareo, memmi, and nancisc»r. 3. What case or cases follow Jido, jubeo, memmi, existimo, poenitet, con- tra, clam, and the interjection 0? By what two cases may price or value be expressed, and when is one used, and when the other 7 What case fol- lows the comparative when quam is omitted ? When is it necessary that quam be expressed t Give five important rules for the ablative without a preposition after verbs. 4. When is M( omitted before the subjunctive? Give the rules for the subjunctive in relative clauses. Translate into Latin the plan of setting the' city on fire, using first the gerund and then the gerundive. (Plan, concil- ium, to set on fire, inflammare.) 1. Decline mare,pignus, cor,Jructus. Give the gender of these nouns, with the rules. Mark the quantity of any increments that occur in their declension. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 209 2. Compare humilis, riiger, mains. Give the synopsis of morior and gau- deo. Give the second person of the future indicative, and of the present imperfect and perfect subjunctive of spero, fero, voto, in the active voice. The same ofjacio and mtdio in the passivBi Give the principal parts of Jiiteor, tono, peto, vincio, colo, tango, 3. Compare diu. Eorm and compare an adverb from breois. What are the meanings of the terminations of copiosus, civilis, audacia, viclrix ? What cases follow infero, poenitet, parco, careo, fruor, tenax, fretus, in, ante, tuper? 4. How is the place to which, the price, the agent of a passive verb, ex- pressed in Latin t 5. How is a condition contrary to the fact expressed in Latin ? State one case in which a relative clause requires the subjunctive. One case where the subjunctive is used in principal clauses. What is a genindive 1 Give an example. 1. Decline Penelope, mons, hubile, and give the gender, with the rule. Mark the quantity of penults and final syllables of the above words. Decline uterque. Decline acer, and compare it. Form an adverb from it, and compare it. 2. Compare senex and munificus. Give the derivation of fliolus, docu- mentum, quercetum, audax, capesso, and the meaning of the terminations. Give all the participles and infinitives of vereon- and caedo, and mark the quantity of the penults. Infiect the imperatives of fero, ordior, nolo,fateor_ Give the present and imperfect subjunctive, first person singular, of ad- ■ juvo, eo, soleo, andjiiffio, marking the quantity of the penults. Give the principal parts of pario, pareo, paro, reddd, redeo, surgo, and the compounds of ab and Jero. 3. What case or cases follow refert, irascor, circumdo ? How do the constructions of names of towns differ from those of other words f How is the degree of difference expressed in Latin 7 How the agent of the par- ticiple in -dus ? What construction is used after verbs of saying /? verbs of fearing i. How may a purpose be expressed 1 How does a gerund re- semble a noun ? How does it resemble a verb ■? How does the gerundive differ from it "i VIL 1. Decline the following words, and give their genders respectively r onus, collts, solus, gradus. Decline felix, quidam, senex. Compare parvus, benejicus. Form and compare an adverb from acer. 2. Give the synopsis of mordeo, scio, in the active voice, and of hortor, orior, polliceor, nolo. Give the principal parts of paro, pario, pareo, ulciscor, pango, tollo. 210 LATIN LESSONS. 3. What are the meanings of the derivative terminations in acritudo, clamito, mnculum, parvulus ? 4. What case or eases follow moneo, prosum, rogo, in, praeter ? What is the force of num. in a question ? Of -ne i Explain the mood and tense of mansissel in mansissetque utinam forluna. Explain the mood of esset, and the case oi fionde, in nos delubra miser i, quibus ultimus esset itle dies, velamus fronde. Explain the mood of poUiceantur in ad earn legali veniunt, quipoUi- ceantur ohsides dare* 5. What is the use of the supine in -um ? In -m ? Explain construc- tion of Usui and fore in magna sibi usui fore arbitrabatur. Describe the feet of two syllables. Mark the quantity of the penults and last syllables in the above extracts. VIII. 1 . Decline^/4«s, pectus, manus, animal. Give the genders, and mark the quantity of all the penultimate and final syllables. Give the gender and the ablative singular and the genitive plural of imago, moiis, vis, turris, sedile. Decline cdpax, aeger, and the comparative of miser. Compare fiicilis, acer, and an adverb formed from piger. Decline ulerque, 2. Give the first person of the future indicative, and all tenses of the subjunctive of />ossMm, pario, sono, vereor, eo, soleo. Mark quantities of penults. Give the infinitives and participles, active and passive, of spon- deo, morior, paro, quaere, queror, adipiscor. 3. Explain the force of the derivative terminations in hmgitvdo, tenax, vehiculam, Priamides, clamito, vinolentus, filiolus. 4. Whaf is the construction in Latin of the place in which (including names of towns) ? the price or value? the degree or measure of difference between objects compared ? the agent of the passive voice ? 5. What case or cases follow ^yredo, pudet, fangor, refert, aptus, avidus, dignus, in, pro, propter, doceo, condemno, circumdo ? 6. How is a future condition with its conclusion expressed ? How a condition contrary to fact ? How an object clause after a verb of fearing? of commanding ? of saying '< 7. Translate cave eas, and explain the peculiarity. When can you use the gerundive for the gerund ? Give an example of each. Give an ex- ample of the use of the supine. IX. 1. Decline together in the singular Marcus TulUus Cicero senex. In the same way decline (both in the singular and plural), with the adjective an- nexed in the proper gender, dies (fastus),flumen (aureus) ; in the plural, arma (vicbix), dea {immortalis). Mark the quantity of all the vowels in the above nouns And adjectives. EXAMINATION PAPERS. 211 2. State the signification of the terminations -j«e» (in Jlumen), -eus (in aureus), -irix (in viclrix). What classes of words of the third declension form their ablative in i only ? 3. Give the principal parts of adjuvo, nolo, venio, paciscor, spenio, fovea, mordeo, scindo, marking the quantity of the penultimate vowel. 4. Give synopsis of mordeo and paciscor ; give all the infinitives and participles, and inflect the imperatives. 5. Give all the rules you remember for verbs that govern the dative. State the case or cases by which the price, the source, time when, and place where (including names of towns), are expressed, and give the rules. 6. Give the rule for the subjunctive in the following sentences : Quid enim, Catilina, est quod le jam in hac urbe detectare possit 1 Nunc ego mea video quid intersit. Supplicatio decreta est Ms verbis quod urbem incendiis liberassem. < C. Sulpicium misi qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, efferret. fortunate adolescens qui Homerum pceconem inveneris. YOCABULARY. I. LATIX AND ENGLISH, ABBREVIATIONS. a active. abl. ablative. ace accusative. adj. adjective. adv, • < • adv. conj. conjunction. comp I . . . comparative. dot dative. d^. defective. dep deponent. dim diminutive. /. feminine. gen genitive. imperat imperative. impers impereonal indecl mdeclinable. inch inclioative. itaerj interjection. m masculine. n neuter. num numeral. part participle. per/. «... perfect, pi ~ . . plural prep preposition. pron pronoun. The quantity of vowels that are long or short by position, of diphthongs, and final syllables, is not given. The references are to the sections of Aulen & Gbeenough's Latin Grammar. a, ab, prep, with abl. (a only be- fore consonants ; ab before vow- els and consonants), from, by ; ab aliquo stare, to stand on the side of any one. ab-alieno, are, avi, atutn, a. (ab; alieniis), to estrange, alienate. ab-do, dere, ditdi, ditum, a., to put away, hide, conceal. ab-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, n. (§ 37, 6), to go away, depart. ab-jicio, jicere, jeci, jectum, a. (ab; jacio), to throw away, give up, abandon. ab-scindo, sciudere, scidi, scis- sum, a., to tear away, deprive, separate. i abs-ens, entis, part, (ab-sum), absent. ab-similis, e, adj., unlike, dis- similar. ab-solvo, soIvSre, solvi, sSlu- tum, a., to unbind, acquit, dis- charge. ab-sorbeo, sorbere, sorbui, sorp- tum, a., to suck in, swallow up, devour. abs-que, prep, •with abl., without, but for, except. abs-tineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. and n. (teneo), to hold or keep away from, abstain, refrain. ab-sum, esse, fui, n. irr., to be absent, to be wanting. ab-sutno, sumere, sumpsi, sump- tum, a., to take away, waste, destroy. ao, see at-que. 2 LATIN LESSONS. Acca Lareutici, se, f., the wife of the shepherd Faustulus, who reared Romulus and Remus. ac-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. (ad; cedo), to go towards, approach, be added. acceptus, a, \ira;^art. (ac-cipio), agreeable, acceptable. ac-cido, cidere, ci^i, no sup., n. (ad; cado), to fall upon, befall, happen. ac-cido, 'cid€re, cidi, cisum, u. (ad; caedo), to cut, consume, weaken. ac-ciugo, cingere, cinzi, cinc- tum, a. (ad ; cingo), to gird on, arm, equip. ac-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. (ad; c^pio),to take, receive, get, undertaTce. ac-clamo, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to cry put, applaud, proclaim, ac-curro, currere, cucurri and curri, cursum,ire4 ivi or ii, itum, ii. and a. (eo), to go about, solicit, can- vasx. I ambi-tio, onis, f. (ambio ; § 44, 1, t, 2), a canvassing, desire for honor, ambition. [both. ambo, ae, o, num. adj. (§ 18, 1, 6), ambfilo, are, avi, atum, 'n., to walk. [distracted. a-mens, entis, ac^., mad, innane, amic-itia, se,f. (amicus; § 44, 1, c, 2) , friendship. am-icus, a, um, adj. (amo), lov^ ing, friendly, kind. amicus, i, m., a friend. a-mitto, mittere, misi, missum, u., to let go, dismiss, lose. amnis, is, m., arioer (large deep stream). . amo, are, avi, atum, a., to love. amor, oris, m. (amo; § 44, 1, c, .2), love, desire, longing. am-plector, plecti, plexus sum, dep., to wind around, embrace. amplius, comp. adv. (ample), - mare, longer, further. amplus, a,xiva,'adj., great, ample, spacious, grand, large. — am-puto, are, avi, atiun, a., to cut around, lop off, prune., , Amulius, ii, m., a king of Alba, brother of Numitor, and great- uncle of Komulus. an, disjunctive interrogative particle 1 (§ 71),. whether, or. anas, atis, com. gen., a duck. an-ceps, cipltis, adj. (an; caput), two-headed, doubtful, uncertain, critical. ancil-la, se,f., a maidservant . ango, gSre, xi, ctum or xum, a., to press tight, choke, strangle. anguis, is, m. and f, a serpent, snake. LATIN LESSONS. angust-ise, arum, f. (angustus, §■44, 1, c, 2), narrowness, a narrow pass, defile. augus-tus, a, um, adj. (ango), narrow, scanty. an-ima, se,f., air, breath, life. anim-adverto, tere, ti, sum, a. (animus ; adverto), to attend to, consider, observe; animad- verterc in aliquem, to punish one. , anim-al, alls, n. (anlma), an ani- mal, living cregiure. an-imus, i, m. , the soul, mind, dis- position, temper, thought. an-non» conj., or not. ann-ona, SB,f. (annus), the yearly produce, harvest, com ; the price of corn, provision. annus, i, m., a year. ante, prep, with ace, before, in front of. As Advbub, before, previously, ante-curro, ere, no perf., no sup., n., to run before. ante-eo, ire, ivi or ii, no, sup., n., to go before, precede, excel. ante . . . quam, conj., before that. AntiSchus, i, m., a Syrian king. ant-iquus, a, um, adj. (ante), former, ancient, old. Antonius, ii, m. , Marcus Antoniv^, the distinguished triumvir, con- quered by Ootavianus, at Ac- tium, B.C. 31. antrum,!, n., a cave, cavern, grotto. anus, U3,y., an old woman. anzius, .a, um, adj. (ango), tor- mented, anxiousi, troubled, un-, quiet. aper, pri, ni., a ivild boar. aperio, ire, ui, tum, a., to open, unclose, show, reveal. aper-tus, a, um, part, (apgrio), open, clear, free. apis, is,y.. a bee. Apollo, inis, m., Apollo, son of Jupiter and Latona, twin bro- ther of Diana ; god of light, poetry, music archery, also of the healing art. Apollonia, ae,/., a town of Mace- donia. ap-pareo, ere, ui, Itum, n. (ad; pareo), to appear, he visible, manifest. ■ appella-tio, onis, /. (appello, § 44, ], c. 2), an addressing, ad- dress, appeal. ap-peUo, are, avi, atum, a. (ad, pello), to address, speak to, call, name. ap-pendo, ere, di, sum, a. (ad; pendo), to weigh. appgt-ens, eatis, part. (appSto), striving after, eager for. ap-plaudo, ere, si, sum, a. and n.,to applaud, ; to clap the hands. ap-pIjCco, are, ayi or ui, atum or Itum, a. and n. (ad; plico), to join, fx, fasten, apply.} to ap- proach, draw near. ap-pono, ponSre, pSsui, pdsitum, a. (ad; pono), to put, place near, appoint, assign.!. < ' « . ap-prehendo, ^e, di, sum, a. (ad; prehendo), to seize, take hold of. ap-propinquo, are, avi, atum, n. (ad; pirBpinquo), centurio, onis, m. (centum), the i commander of a century ; a cen- turion. cerno, cernSre, crevi, cretum, a., to separate, discern, perceive, de- cide, resolve. certa-men, inis, n. (certo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a contest, battle. certiorem facere, to inform (§ 52, 2). [surely. certo, adv. (certus), certainly, certus, a, um, adj. (cerno), de- termined, fixed, sure, certain; trusty; resolved. cervix, icis, /. , the neck. cervus, i, m. , a stag, a deer. cesso, 5re, avi, atum, n. intens. (cedo, § 36, h, and 44, 2, 6), to delay, loiter, cease, linger. (oeterus), a, um, adj. (nomina- tive singular masc. not found) , the other, the rest. ceu, conj. (§ 43, 2, e), as,as if, as it were, like as if. charta, Be,f., paper, writing, letter. ChrysogSnus, i, m., a f reedman of Sulla. cibaria, orum, n. (cibus), food, provisions, fodder. 12 LATIN LESSONS. cibus, i, m. , food. cicatrix, icis,/., a scar. cicer, gris, n. (used only in the sing.}, the chick-pea, vetch. Cicero, ouis, m. , Marcus Tullius Cicero, the greatest of Roman orators and writers (b. c. 106- 43). ciconia, ae, /. , a stork. Cimbri, orum, tn., a people of Northern Germany. ciugo, cingere, ciuxi, cinctum, a. , to gird, surround, enclose ; besiege, invest. ciniB, eris, m. and/., ashes. circa, adv., axidprep. with the ace, around, about. circiter, adv., and prep, with the ace, round about, near. circui-tus, iis, m. (circumeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a going around in a circle ; a circuit, compass. circum, adv., audi. prep, with ace, around, about, near. ' j circum-do, dare, dedi, datum, a. (§ 51, 1, c), to put around, to surround with, encompass; cir- cumdare murum urbi or ur- bem muro, to put a wall round the city, or to surround the city with a wall. circnzn-eo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, n. and a., to go round, surround, encompass, solicit, deceive. circum-pono, ponere, p5sui, positum, a., to put or place around. oircTim-sto, stare, steti, no. sup. , n. and a., to stand around; to surround, beset, besiege. cis, prep, with ace, on this side. citerior, us, adj. (§ 17, 3), on this side, hither ; Gallia citerior, hith- er Gaul, i.e., this side of the Alps. cito, adv., quickly, speedily, soon, (comp. citius, sup. citissime). citra, prep, and adv., on this side ; before, within. civicns, a, um, adj. (civis), be- longing to citizens, civic. civ-ilis, e, adj. (civis, § 44, 1, c, 3), belonging to citizens, civil, courteous. civis, is, com. gen., a citizen. civ-itas, atis, /. (civis, § 44, 1, c, 2), citizenship; a city, state; freedom of the city. clades, is, f , disaster, slaughter. ■. clam, adv. and prep. (§ 56, 2, c), secretly ; without the knowledge of. clamo, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to cry out, call, proclaim. clam-or, oris, m. (clamo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a shout, applause, clamor. clarus, a, um, adj., clear, bright; plain; famous, illustrious. classis, is, f , a fleet. claudo, Sre, si, sum, a., to shut, close, surround, finish. claudus, a., um, adj., lame. claus-iila, ae,/. (ciando), a con- clusion, end, clause. clavis, is, /., a key. Clemens, entis, adj., merciful, mild, gentle. clemen-ter, adv. {oVeia&asy, mild- ly, gently, calmly. clement-ia, ae,/. (clemens, §44, 1 , c, 2) , mercy, mildness, kindness. CleSpatra, ae,/, Queen of Egypt, conquered at Actium by Au- gustus. cliens, entis, com. gen. (clueo), a client, follower, retainer (one attached to a patron, and pro- tected by him). clipeum, i, n., a shield (of circu- lar form, made of metal). clipeus, \,m.,a shield (of circular form, made of metal). Clodius, ii, m., the enemy of Cicero, killed by Milo. ccelum (caelum), i, n., pi coeli, orum, m. (§ 14, 2, b), the sky. c5-€mo, emire, emi, emptum, a. (con ; emo), to purchase together, to buy up. ccena, see cena. coen-atus, a, um, adj. (coena, § 44, 1, c, 3), (provided with supper), having dined. ^ "VOCABULAKT, 13 ooen-ito, are, no perf., no sup., n. frequentative (coeno, § 36, 5, and § 44, 2, 6), to dine often or much, to dine. coeno, see cena. cospi, coepisse, a. and n., def. (§ 38, 1, a), tohegiii, undertake. co-erceo, ere, ui, itum, a. (con; aroeo), to enclose wholly, sur- round, encompass; restrain, con- fine, repress. co-gito, are, avi, atum, a. (con; agito), to think, reflect upon, consider, mec^tate; to devise, in- tend, design. cognat-io, onis, /. (cognatus, § 44, 1, c, 2), blood-relation- ship, kindred; connection, resem- " blance. co-gnatus, a, um, adj. (con; gnascor = nascor) , connected by birth. co-gnomeu, Inis, n. (§ IS, con; guomen = nomen) , a surname. cognomlao, are, no perf, atum, a. (cognomen), to surname. co-gnosco, gnoscSre, gnovi, gnit- tum, a. (con; gnosco = nos- oo), to examine, find out, know. corgo, cogSre, coegi, coactum, a. (con ; ago), to drive together, collect, force, compel. cShors, ortis,/. , a cohort (a com- pany of 600 soldiers). oS-hortor, ari, atus sum, dep. (con; hortor), to exhort, en- courage, animate, admonish. coiens,eunti3,par(. (coeo),mee<- ing, assembling. cSlaphus, i, m., a cuff, blow. coi-lega, SB, m. (con; lego), as- sociate, colleague, companion. col-IXgo, ligSre, legi, lectum, a. (con; lego), to collect together, assemble, gather. col-lzgo, are, avi, atum, a. (con; ligo), to bind together, fasten, combine ; to restrain, stop. coIUs, is, m., high ground, a hill. ool-loco, are, avi, atum, a. (con; 15co), to place together; to setde in a place; to give a woman in marriage. coll6qu-ium, ii, n. (oollSquor, § 44, 1 , c, 2), (a talking together) a conference, discourse. collum, i, n., the neck. c51o, cSlSre, c61ui, cultum, a. and n., to till, cultivate, cherish, honor, worship ; to dwell. c51on-ia, 8b, /., (colonus, § 44, 1, c, 2), a colony, a settlement. cSl-onus, i, m. (cSlo), a husband- man, farmer. cSlumba, ae, f, a dove, pigeon. c5m-edo, SdSre or esse, edi, esum or estum, a. (con; edo), to eat up, consume, devour. c5mes, itis, com. gen. (con; eo)^ a companion, associate. com-itas, atis, /. (comis, kind, § 44, 1, c, 2), courteousness, affability, gentleness, mildness. cSmita-tus, us, m. (cSmitor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a retinue, escort, company, troop, crowd. cSmitIa, orum, n. pi. (con ; eo), the Comitia ; assembly of the Ro- mans for electing magistrates. c5mitor, ari, atus sum, dep. (cSmes), to accompany, follow, attend. commea-tus, us, m. (commeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), provisions, supplies. com-memSro, are, avi, atum, a. (con ; memSro), to call to mind, recount, relate, mention. com-mendo, are, avi, atum, a. (con; mando), to intrust, re- commend, commit. com-meo, are, avi, atum, n. (con; meo), to go to and fro, visit often, resort. com-milito, onis, m. (con ; miles), a fellow-soldier. com-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, a. (con; mitto), to con- nect, join, set together, commit, perpetrate, intrust; pugnam or prcelium committere, to join, battle ; committere ut, to bring it about, cause that. 14 LATIN LESSONS. commode, adv. (comtn&dus), duly, properly, fitly, well. oom-modus, a, um, adj. (con ; mSdus), fit, advantageous, ser- viceable. commone-^cio, ficere, feci, fac- tum, a. (§ 37, 7) , to put in mind, inform, remind. ' com-moneo, monere, mSnui, mSnitum, a. (con ; mSneo), to remind, warn. com-mSveo, mSvere, movi, mo- tum, a. (con; mSveo), to move violently, shake, stir, disturb, agitate, excite ; bellum commo- vere, to stir up war. com-munis, e, adj. (con; mu- nus), common, general. com-muto, are, avi, atum, a. (con; muto), to exchange, alter. co-mo, comSre, compsi, comp- tum, a. (con; emo), to comb, arrange, braid, dress. com-paro, are, avi, atum, a. (con; pare), to put together, unite; prepare, collect, com- pare. com-pello, pellere, puli, pulsum, a. , to drive together, to assemble, gather, constrain, force, impel. com-plector, cti, zus sum, dep. (con; plecto), to encompass, surround, embrace, clasp; com- prehend. com-pleo, plere, plevi, pletum, a. (con; pleo), to fill full, fill up, satisfy, complete, finish. complora-tio, onis, /. (com- ploro, § 44, 1, c, 2)f a loud weeping, lamentation. com-ploro, are, avi, atum, a. (con; ploro), to lament loudly. com-plures, a or ia, adj. , severaj, together, very many. com-pono, ponere, pSsui, pSsi- tum, a. (con; pono), to put together or in order; to settle, componere bellum, to finish a war by treaty. com-porto, are, avi, atum.a. (con ; porto), to bring together, collect. com-pos, 5tis, adj. (con; potis), vartaking of, possessing ; com- pos animi, of sane mind. com-prehendo, ere, di, sum, a. (con; prehendo), to catch hold of, seize, arrest; to perceive, ob- serve ; to contain. com-primo, primere, pressi, pressum, a. (con; premo), to press together, compress, restrain, hinder. con-cedo, cedSre, cessi, cessum, n. and a., to depart, retire, with- draw; allow, grant; submit. con-cldo, cidere, cidi, cisum, a. (con; caedo), to cut to pieces, destroy, kill. concllio, are, avi, atum, a. (con- cilium), to call together, unite; gain over, make friendly, procure the favor of, win, gain, procure, reconcile. ' con-cilium, ii, n. (con; calo, to call, § 44, 1, c, 2), a meeting, assembly, council. concio (contio), oriis,/., a meet- ing ; a speech ; a place for speak- ing. con-olamo, are, avi, atum, a. and ra. , to shout, exclaim, cry out. concord-ia, se,f. (concors, § 44, 1, c, 2), harmony, unanimity. con-CQpi-BCO, cilpiscere, ciipivi or oiipii, cilpitum, a. inch. (con; ciipio, § 44, 2, b), to be very desirous of, strive after, long for. con-curro, currere,' curri or cucurri, cursum, n., to run together, assemble, dash together, fight. concur-sus, us, m. (conourro, § 44, 1, c, 2), a concourse, assem- bly, attack, charge, onset. con-demno, are, avi, atum, a. (con ; damno), to sentence, con- demn, blame, disapprove. con-discipiilus, i, m., a school- fellow. cond-Itio, onis,/. (condo, § 44, TOCABtJLART. 1. 15 1, c, 2), a state, condition, situa- tion, rank, agreement, compact; proposal, terms. con-do, dere, didi, ditum, a., to bring together; to found, es- tablish, store up, hide, bury. oon-dnco, ducere, duzi, ' duc- tum, a. and n., to lead together, hire, collect; to profit. confero, conferre, coutiili, ool- latum, M., to bring together, collect, compare, contribute ; se conferre, to go; coUatia viri- bus, with united forces. confertas, a, um, part, (oonfer- cio, to cram together), close, crowded, crammed. confestim, adv. (confero), im- mediately, speedily. con-ficio, ficere, flci, fectum, a. (con; ^cio), to prepare; com- plete, finish, accomplish, make out, produce. con-fido, fidere, fisus sum, n. an4 a. (§ 35, 2), to trust confi- dently, confide; to belieoe cer- tainly. con-figo, figere, fixi, fixum, a., to join ; to pierce through. con-firmo, are, avi, atum, a., to make firm, establish, strengthen. con-fiteor, fiteri, fessus sum, dep. (con; fateor), to confess, own, concede, allow. con-fligo, fligSre, flixi, flictum, a. and n., to strike; to contend, struggle, fight. con-fSdio, f5dere, fodi, fossum, a., to dig ; to pierce through, stab. con-fiigio, fiigere, fugi, no sup., n., to flee for refuge. con-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (con; gradior), lo meet, encounter, contend, fight. con-gruo, gru6re, grui, no sup., n., to agree with, fit, coincide, come together, meet. con-jicio, jitcgre, jeci, jectum, a. (con; jacio), to throw to- gether, throw, hurl; in fugam conjicere, to put to flight. con-jungo, g§re, si, ctum, a., to join together, connect, unite, couple. conjura-tus, i, m. (conjure), a conspirator. cou-juro, are, avi, atum, a., to swear together , conspire ; in ali- quem conjurare, to conspire against one. conjuz (conjunx), ugis, com. gen. (conjungo), a wife, hus- band, -a betrothed. Conor, ari, atus sum, dep., to undertake, attempt, endeavor, try. con-quiro, quirere, quisivi, qui- situm, a. (con; quaere), to search out carefully, inquire, seek. con-sanguin-eus, a, um, adj. (con; sanguis, § 44, 1, c, 3), related by blood, related, kin- dred. con-scendo, dSre, di, sum, a. and n. (con; scando), to mount, ascend, climb, embark. con-scisco, sciscere, scivi, sci- tum, a., lo approve, assert, ac- cept; mortem sibi conscis- cere, to commit suicide. con-scius, a, um, adj. (con; scio), knowing or conscious of, privy to, aware of. conscius, ii, to., an accomplice. con-scribo, bere, psi, ptum, to enlist, register, enroll,, inscribe, compose, write. consen-sio, onis,/. (conseutio, § 44, 1, c, 2), an agreement; a combination, plot. consen-sus, us, m. (consentio, § 44, 1, c, 2), an agreement, unanimity; concord. con-sentio, tire, si, sum, n. and a., to agree, accord, harmonize, determine in common; to vole. con-sSquor, qui, cutus sum, dep., to follow after, attend, ac- company; to reach, overtake; to attain. con-s6ro, serere, sSrui, sertum, a., to join, unite, bring together; pugnam or proelium conse- 16 LATIN LESSONS. rere, to join battle; manum conserere, to engage in a hand- to-hand conflict. con-servo, are, avi, atum, a., to maintain, keep, preserve. considero, are, avi, atum, a., to examine, contemplate, con- sider, ponder, observe carefully. Considius, ii, m. , one of Caesar's officers. con-sido, sidere, sedi, sessum, n. , to sit down togetherf encamp, consilium, ii, n., deliberation, ad- vice, counsel, design, wisdom, talent; consilio, on purpose, intentionally. con-sis to, sistere, stiti, stitum, n., to stand still, halt, make a 'Stand, standfast, continue. con-sobrinus, i, m. (sSror), a cousin, relation. conspec-tus, us, m. (conspicio, § 44, 1, c, 2), a sight, view, glance, survey. con-splcio, spicere, spezi, spec- turn, a. (con; specie), to look at, behold, spy out, observe, view, descry. conspicuus, a, um, adj. (conspi- cio), easy to see, visible, striking, distinguished, remarkable. conspira-tio, onis, /. (conspiro, § 44, 1, c, 2), an agreement, con- spiracy. con-spiro, are, avi, atum, n., to agree together, plot together, con- spire. constans, antis, part, (consto), firm, constant, steadfast, consistent. constan-tia, Ee, /. (constans, § 44, 1, c, 2), firmness, constancy, perseverance, harmony. coastan-ter, adv. (constans), firmly, steadily, constantly. con-stituo, u6re, ui, utum, a. (con; statuo), to place, erect, make, build; determine, resolve. consue-sco, esoSre, evi, etum, n. inch, (consneo, §36, a, and 44, 2, 6), to be accustomed, be wont. consue-tiido, inis, f. (consue- tus, § 44, 1, c, 2), custom, habit, usage, intercourse. consul, ulis, m., a consul; one of the two chief magistrates of Rome, chosen yearly. consiil-aris, e, adj. (consul), of the consul. consul-aris, is, m. (consul), one who has been corisul, ex-consul. consQl-atua, us, m. (consul), the office of consul, consulship. consQlo, ere, ui, turn, n. and a., to deliberate, consider, reflect, advise, consult for ; alicui con- sulere, to consult for one's in- terest ; aliquem consulere, to consult, take advice of one. consul-turn, i, n.- (consiilo), a decree, decision, resolve. con-temno, nere, psi, ptum, a., to despise, scorn, disdain. con-tendo, dere, di, tum, a. and n., to strain, strive, strive for, contend, fight ; attempt, has- ten. conten-tio, onis, /. (contendo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a straining, exer- tion, effort; dispute, strife, fight. couten-tus, a, um, part./ (con- tineo), contented, satisfied. cou-testor, ari, atus sum, dep., to call to witness, invoke. continens, entis, part, (contl- neo), moderate, temperate. continen-ter, adv. (continens), moderately; continuously, with- out interruption. con-tlneo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. (con; tSneo), to hold in, hold, contain, comprise, keep back, re- strain ; confine, bound. con-tingo, tingere, tigi, tactum, a. and n. (con; tango), to touch, take hold of, reach, border upon; impers., contingit mihi, it ii my lot. oontln-uus, a, um, adj. (contl- neo), unbroken, constant, con- tinuous. contio, see concio. TOCABULABT. 17 coatra, ado. , and prep, with ace, ocer against, opposite to, on the other hand. cou-traho, hSre, xi, ctum, a., to draw together, assemble, shorten, contract. contra-rius, a, um, adj. (contra), opposite, contrary, opposed, hostile. controvers-ia, ae,_/. (controver- sus, § 44, 1, c, 2), controversy, dispute, quarrel, debate. oontrp-versus, a, um, adj. (con- tra; versus), quarrelsome; ques- tionable. contiibem-alis, is, com. gen. (con ; taberna) , a tent-com- panion, comrade, companion. contume-lia, ae, /. (contQmeo), abuse, insult, reproach, affront, taunt, disgrace ; in pi. , abusive epithets, insulting language. conTvenio, venire, veni, ven- tum, n. and a., to come together, assemble, agree, meet, visit ; cou- yenire aliquem, to accost one ; couvenit, impers., it is agreed upon. conven-tus, us, m. (coavenio, § 44, 1, c, 2), a coming together; an assembly, meeting, company; compact, agreement. con-verto, tere, ti, sum, a., to turn round, change, overturn; translate, turn; convertere in fugam, to put to flight. oon-vinco, vincere, vici, victum, a., to convict; convince, demon- strate. con-voco, are, avi, atum, a., to call together, assemble, summon. con-v51o, are, avi, atum, n., to run together. cSphinns, i, m., a basket. copia, ae, /. (con; ops), abun- dance; pi., supplies, troops, wealth. copios-e, adv. (copiosus), aftura- dantly, plentifully. copi-osuB, a, um, adj. (copia, § 44, 1, c, 3), well supplied, abounding, plentiful, copious. cSr, cordis, n.,the heart, soul, feel- ing, mind. coram, adv., a.nd prep., with ail., openly; in the presence of, before. CSrintlius, i,/., Corinth, a city of Greece. Cornelia, se, /. , the first wife of , Caesar. cornu, u (lis), n., a horn; the wing of an army. m corpus, oris, n., a body, corpse. cor-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, a. (con; rapio), to seize, catch up, carry off; abridge, reprovH. cortex, icis, m. and_/"., bark (of a tree) . corvus, i, m., a raven. eras, adv., to-morrow. Crassus, m., Llcinius Crassus, the triumvir, who perished in the Parthian war, u.c. o3. creber, bra, brum, adj., thick, close, frequent. credo, dere, didi, dittum, n. and a., to trust, believe, think; en- trust, confide. oremo, are, avi, atum, a., to burn, consume. creo, are, avi, atum, a., to bring forth, beget, create, elect. Cres, etis, m., adj., u Cretan. Cressa, se, f, a Cretan woman. cre-sco, crescere, crevi, cretum., n. inch, (creo, § 36, a, and § 44, 2, 6), to grow, grow up, increase. crimen, inis, n., a charge, accu- sation, reproach. crinis, is, m., the hair. crucia-mentum, i, n. (criicio, § 44, 1, c, 2), torture, torment, pain. crucia-tus, us, m. (crQcio, § 44, 1, c, 2),. torture, torment, an- guish. cruc-io, are, avi, atum, a. (crux) , to torture , torment. crud^lis, e, adj., hard-hearted, cruel, severe, fierce. crudel-itas, atis,/. (crudelis, § 44, 1, c, 2), harshness, severity, cruelty, fierceness. 18 LATIN LESSONS. cm-entas, a, urn, adj. (cruor), bUody, blood-thirsty, cruel. crumeua, se, /., a small money bag, purse. crus, uris, n., the leg (below the knee) , shank. crux, iicis,/. , a cross; torture, misery, trouble. ciystallinus, a, urn, adj., madf ^ of crystal, crystallirie. crystallum, i, n.,a crystal. ciystallus, i, m.,a crystal. ciib-iciiliun, i, n. (cubo, § 44, 1 , c, 2), a bed-chamber. ciibo, are, ui, itum, n. , to lie down, recline. culcita, se, /. (calco), a bed, cushion, mattress. culpa, ae,y. , crime , fault , failure , •defect, mischief. culpo, are, avi, atnm, a. (cul- pa) , to censure, rejirove, con- demn, ^nd fault with, blame. cultel-lus, i, m. dim. (culter, § 44, 1 , c , 3) , a small knife. culter, trl, m., a knife. cul-tus, fis, m. (c61o, § 44, 1, c, 2) , a cultivation, culture; dress, elegance, ornament. cum, prep, -with abl, with, to- gether with , among. cum (quum), conj., when, since, although , though ; cum . . . turn , both . . . and. cnnctor, ari, atus sam., dep.,to linger, loiter, hesitate, delay, doubt. cQpi-de, ado. (ciipidus) , eagerly, zSttlously, ardently. ciipid-!tas, atis,/. (cQpidus, § 44, 1, C-, 2), a longing , desire , passion , appetite , greediness , lust , avarice. ciip-ido, inis,y". (cupio), rfesirc, with, longing, love, lust, passion. cup-idus, a, um, adj. (ciipio), eager, desirous, covetous, fond. cQpio, 6re, ivi or ii, itum, a. and n., to long for a thing, de- sire, wish, cocet; to favor (with dative). cur, adv. , why ? for what reason ? ciiria, se, f. a curia, one of the thirty parts into which Romu- lus divided the Roman people; the senate-house. cuia, SB, /. (quaere), trouble, solicitude , care , attention , pains. Cures , ium , m. and /. , the ancient chief town of the Sabines. curi-atim.arfw. (curia) , by curies. CuiiatiuB , ii , ?». , an Alban family name. ciiro, are, avi, atum, a. (ciira), to care for; manage, govern; cure, heal. cnrro, currSfe, cQourrl, cur- sum, n., to run, hasten. cur-sus, us, m. (curro, § 44, 1, c, 2), a running, race, course, march, passage, journey, voyage. Cyprus, i, m., an island of the Mediterranean. damno, are, avi, atum, a. (damnum ^damage), to con- demn, pass sentence on; dam- nare capitis, to condemn to death. de, prep, with abl., of, from, dur- ing, at, concerning, about, down from, according to. dea, 88, /. (dat. and abl. pi., deabus, § 9, 2, e), a goddess. de-ambulo, are, avi, atum, n., to walk much, promenade, stroll. de-beo, bere, bui, bitum, a. (de; habeo), to owe, be bound, be under obligation, be due'; with an infinitive after it, translate it by ought, must, l^c. , impers., debet, it behooves, ought. de-bHis, e, adj. (de; babilis), weak, dviabled, frail, crippled. de-cedo, cedSre, cessi, cessum, n., to depart, retire, cease, die, yield, give way. dScem, num. adj. indecl., ten. Dgoem-ber, bris, m. (decern), the tenth month of the Roman YOCABULAET. 19 year, reckoned from March; December. december, bris, adj. , of December. de-cerno, cerngre, crevi, ore- turn, a. and n., to decide, judge, determine, decree ; to fight, con- tend. de-cerpo, pere, psi, ptum, a. (de ; carpo == to pluck),, to pluck away , pull ojffi, gather, take away, destroy. de-certo, are, avi, atiim, n. and a., to fight earnestly, strive, vie; to contend for. dgcet, decere, decuit, no sup. , n. . impers., it is seemly, becoming, fitting, suitable, proper. de-cido, cidSre, cidi, no sup.,n. (de; cado), to fall down, sink, die. dSc-ies, num. adv. (dScem), ten times ; repeatedly. dec-iens, see decies. dec-imus, a, um, num. adj., the tenth. Declmus Brutus, see Brutus. de-cipio, cipSre, cepi, peptum, a. (de ; capio) , tu catch , en- snare, deceiee, cheat. de-claro, are, avi, atum, a., to make manifast, to declare, an- nounce , proclaim, show, explain. dec-or, oris, m. (decet, § 44, 1 , c , 2) , that which is seemly ; propriety, comeliness , elegance , charms, beauty. decre-tuiu, i, n. (decerno), a decree, deci.wn, ordinance. dec-US, 6ris, n. (decet, § 44, 1, c, 2), that which is becom- ing, ornament, splendor, dignity, honor, virtue. de-dignor, ari, atus sum, dep., to reject as unworthy ; to disdain, scorn , refuse. ded-itio, onis,/. (dedo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a giving one's self up ; a surrender. ' de-do, dSre, didi, dltuin,a. ,to give one's self up : to surrender, yield, devote, dedicate. de-duco, ducSre, dusi, duc- tum, a. , to lead away, withdraw, lead forth , conduct , lead : mis- lead, seduce; spin out, elabo- rate. defatiga-tio , onis,/. (defatigo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a wearying; weariness,, fatigue, exhaustion. , de-^tigo, are, avi, atum, a., to weary, fatigue. de-fendo, dere, di, sum, a., to ward off, avert; to defend, guard, support. defen-sor, oris, m. (defendo, § 44, 1, c, 1), one who wards off; a protector, guard, defender. de-fSro, ferre, tQli, latum, a. irr. , to bear or bring away, carry, convey, deliver; report, announce; impeach, accuse; ne- gotium deferre alicui, to in- trust the business to any one. de-ficio, fioSre, feci, fectum, a. and n. (de; Kcio), to forsake, abandon, desert, revolt, fail, cease. de-flecto, ctSre, zi, xum, a., to turn away, divert, bend. de-formis, e, adj. (de; forma), without form or beauty. deform-itas, atis,/. (deformis, § 44, 1, c, 2), lack of beauty, ' ugliness, hideousness. de-fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep., to discharge, perform, ful- fil, finish; to depart, die. dein , see deinde. dein-ceps, adv. (dein; capio), one after the other , successively ; in turn ^thereafter, next. deinde, adv., then, afterward, secondly. de-jioio, jicere, jeoi, jectum, a. (de; jacio), to throw down, cast down, drive out, dislodge, deprive. delec-to, are, avi, atum, a. in- tens. (delicio, § 36, b, and 44, 2, b) , to delight, please, amuse. delectus, a, um,part. (dellgo), chosen, select. 20 LATIN LESSONS. delec-tus, us, m. (deligo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a choosing , selection ; levy. deleo, lere, levi, letum, a., to abolish, destroy, blot out, extin- guish. de-Ubero, are, avi, atuiu, a. (de; libra, pair of scales), to ^ weigh well in one's mind, de- liberate, consult, consider. delicise, arum, /. (delicio, to allure) , delight ,pleasure , luxury ; allurements, charms. de-ligo, ligere, legi, lectum, a. (de; ISgo), to choose out, select. de-ligo, are, avi, atum, a., to hind together, bind up, bind fast. de-litesco, liteacere, litui, no sup., n. inch, (de; lateo, § 36, a. and 44, 2, 6), to hide or conceal one's self, lie hid ; lurk. Delphi, orum, m., a town in Phocis, at the foot of Mount Parnassus, noted for the Oracle of Apollo. delu-brum, i, n. (deluo, to cleanse), a temple, shrine. de-mlnuo, minuSre, minui, mi- nutum, a. , to lessen, diminish. de-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, a., to let or bring down, send down, lower, dismiss. demo, mere, mpsi, mptum, a. (de ; emo) , to take away. de-monstro, are, avi, atum, a., to point out, represent, describe, mention- designate. demum, adv., at length, 'at last, only; turn demum, then at length. den-arius, a, um, adj. (deni), consisting of, or containing ten. den-arius, ii, m., a Roman silver coin, equal to about sixteen cents. de-nego, are, avi, atum, a., to deny, reject, refuse. deni, se, a, 7tum. distributive adj. (dScem), ten each, ten at a time, by tens, ten. denique , af/w. , at.last,fnally. dens, dentis, m. , a tooth. densus, a, um, adj. , thick, dense, close , frequent , numerous. de-pouo, ponSre, pSsui, pSsI- tum, a. , to lay aside, put down, place, set, deposit ; to intrust to, to resign , give up. de-pSpiilo, are, avi, atum, a., to lay waste , plunder , ravage. de-p5pulor, ari, atus sum, dep., to lay waste, plunder, ravage. de-porto, are, avi, atum, a., to carry off; to bring home ; to ac- quire ; to banish. de-posco, poscere, p5posci,no sup., a., to demand, request, re- quire, claim. deprSca- tor, oris, m. (deprScor, § 44, 1, c, 1), an inter ceder, in- tercessor, mediator. de-precor, ari, atus saxa.,dep., to beseech, jn-ay against, depre- cate, beg, pray for. de-prehendo, dSre, di, sum, u., to seize upon, catch, discover, find. de-primo, prunere, pressi, pres- sum, ff,. (de; prgmo), to press down, depress, sink. de-ripio, ripSre, ripui, reptum, a. (de; rapio), to snatch away, tear off. de-scendo, dere, di, sum, n. (de; scando) , to come down, descend, dismount, march down; descen' dere in certameu or ac^em, to engage in battle. de-scisco, sciscSre, scivi or scii, scitum, n., to withdraw, revolt from, desert. de-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, a., to point out, repre- sent, describe, allots. de-sero, Sre, ui, turn, a.i to desert, forsake, abandon.- desid€r-ium, ii, n. (desidero, § 44, 1 , c , 2) , a longing desire (for any thing not possessed); grief, regret. de-sidero, are, avi, atum, a. , to long for (something not pos- sessed). VOCABITLART. — 1. 21 de-signo, are, avi, atum, a., to mark out, signifi/, appoint, assign, choose. de-silio, silire, sllui, sultum, n. (de; salio), to leap down. de-sino, sinere, sivi or sii, situm, a. and n., to leaee off, desist, stop. de-sisto, sistSre, stiti, stitum, n., to leave off, give over, desist. despera-tio, onis, /. (despero, § 44, 1, e, 2), hopelessness, de- spair. de-spero, are, avi, atnm, 71. and a. , to be hopeless ; despair of. de-spicio, spicere, spezi, spec- turn, n. and a. (de; specio), to look down upon, despise, dis- dain. de-spondeo, dire, di, sum, a., to promise, to betroth. de-stringo, stringere, strinzi, Btrictum, a., to unsheath, draw (the sword). de-sum, ease, fui, n. , to be away ; to fail, be wanting. de^tego, tSgere, tezi, tectum, a. , ■ to uncover, expose; discover, disclose, reveal. de-terreo, terrere, terrui, terri- tum, a., to frighten off', deter, hinder; avert. de-tineo , tinere , tmui , tentum , a. (de ; teneo) , to hold off, keep back, detain, hinder. de-traho, trahere, tf^xi, trac- tum ,a.,to draw off, draw away, pull down, take from, disparage. detri-mentum , i, n. (detero, § 44 , 1 , c , 2) , loss , damage ; defeat. deus, i, m. (§ XO, A, f), a god, diinnity, deity. de-vasto , are , noperf. , atum , a. , to lay waste, devastate. de-vinco , vincere , vici , victum , a. , to conquer, vanquish. de-v51o, are, avi, no sup., n.,to fly down, hasten down. de-voro, are, avi, atum, a., to gulp down, devour , swalloie , con- sume. dezter, tra, trum, antZtgra,te- rum, adj., to the right, on the right side, right.. de^xtera, ee,f., the right hand. diadema, atis, n.,a royal head- dress, diadem. [_say. die, imperat. of Aico (§30, 6,c), dic-az, acis, adj. (dico, § 44, 1, c, 3) , sarcastic, witty, keen. dico, are, avi, atum, a. , to dedi- cate, consecrate. dico, dicere, disd, dictum, a., to speak, say, call, name, ap- point, order, mean; dicitur, it is said. dicta- tor, oris, m. (dicto, § 44, 1, t, 1), dictator; a supreme magistrate, elected by the Ro- . mans ouly in seasons of emer- gency, when his power was absolute, and lasted for six months. dicta-tiira, ee , f. (dicto, § 44, 1 , c, 2), the office of dictator, dic- tatorship. dict-ito, are, avi, atum, a. intens. (dicto, § 36, 6, and 44, 2, 6), to say or plead often, declare, maintain. die-to, are, avi, atunl, a. intens. ' (dico, § 36, 6, and 44, 2, b), to say often, dictate , prescribe. dic-tum, i, n. (dico) , a saying, a word, maxim, jest, command. dies, ei, m. (§ 13, 2) , a day of 21 hours; day-light; in dies, daily, with an idea of constant in- crease; ad diem, at the appoint- ed time. dif-fero, differre, distuli, dila- tum, a. and n. , to delay, put off; to differ; inter se differre, to differ from each oiher. difficil-e, adv. (difficilis), with difficulty. dif-ficilis, e,adj. (dis; facitis), hard, difficult, troublesome , obsti- nate. diffioul-tas , atis , /. (difficiiic, § 44, 1, c, 2), difficulty, trouble, distress, poverty. 22 LATIN LESSONS. dif-fido, fidSre, fisus sum, n. semi-dep. (dis; fido, § 35, 2), to mistrust; despair. digitus, i, m. , a finger, toe. dignus, a, um, adj., worthy of, deseruing, becoming , proper. diligens, entis, part, (diligo), careful, attentive, diligent. diligen-ter, adv. (diligens) , care- fully, with care. diligeu-tia, se, /. (diligens, § 44, 1, c, 2), diligence , carefulness ; economy, thrift. . ^-ligo, ligere, lezi, lectum, a. (di; lego), to value highly, esteem, love. di-luo, luere, lui, lutum, a., to dissolve, dilute, weaken, do away with. di-mlco, are, avi or ui, atum, n., to fight, contend. di-mitto, mlttere, iiusi, missum, a., to send forth, send away, dis- miss, put away, divorce. di-m&veo, mSvere, movi, mo- tum, a., to put asunder, separate, divide, dismiss, remove. di-rigo, rigere, rexi, rectum, a. (dis; rego), to direct, arrange, guide. di-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, a. (dis; rapid) , to tear in pieces, ravage , plunder , destroy. di-ruo, ruere, rui, rutum, a., to demolish , overthrow. dirus, a, um, adj., ominous, por- tentous, dreadful. dis, ditis, adj. , see dives, dis-cedo , cedere, cessi, cessum, n., to go away , depart , turn aside, decamp. dis-oerpo, pere, psi, ptum, a. (dis; oarpo), to tear in pieces, disperse. diso-ipulus, i, m. (disoo), a learner, scholar , pupil. disco, discSre, didici, no sup. , a. , to learn. discord-ia, ae, f. (discors, § 44, 1, (,', 2), disunion, variance, dis- cord, strife. dis-cors, cordis, adj. (dis; cor), disagreeing, at variance, dis- cordant, harsh, unlike. dis-crimen, inis, n. (discerno, to separate), a distinction, differ- ence ; risk, danger. dis-ertus, a, um, adj. (dis; ars), well-spoken, fluent, eloquent, accomplished, elegant. dis-jicio, jicere, jeci, jectum, a. (dis; jacio), to tear asunder j scatter, disperse; shatter, break down. di-spergo, spergere, spersi, sper- sum, a. (di; spargo), to scatter .about, disperse. dis-pliceo, plicere, plicui, plici- tum, n. (dis; placeo), to dis- please. dis-pono, ponere, posui, p5si- tum, a. , to set in order, arrange, diipose, distribute, station. dis-piito, are, avi, atum, a. and ■n., to examine, investigate; dis- cuss; argue, dispute. dissen-sio, onis, /. (dissentio, § 44, 1, c, 2), difference of opinion, disagreement, variance, strife, quarrel. dis-sentio, sentire, sensi, . sen- sum, n., to differ, disagree; to be unlike. dis-sero, serere, serui, sertum, a. and n., to set asunder; to argue about, discuss; to argue. dis-similis, e, adj. , unlike, dis- similar. dissimil-itudo, inis, /. (dissimi- lis, § 44, 1, c, 2), unlikeness. dis-simQlo, are, avi, atum, a. (dissimilis) , (to pretend that a thing is not what it is), to dis- semble, disguise, hide, conceal. dis-suadeo, dere, si, sum, a., to advise against, dissuade, oppose- di-sto, stare, no perf, no sup., n., to stand apart ; to be separate ; to differ. dis-traho, trahere, traxi, trao- tum, a., to pull 01 tear asunder, divide, separate. VOCABULARY. - 23 dis-tribuo, trIbuSre, tribui, tri- butum, a., to divitle, distribute. di-stringo, ngere, nzi, ctum, a., to draw asunder; to detain, hinder; to occupy, engage. dis-turbo, are, avi, atum, a., to drive asunder, demolish, destroy ; thwart, ruin. ditio, onis,/., dominion, authority, rule, sway, power. ^tior, ditissimus, comp. and superlative of dives. diu, ado. (dies), by day, a long time, long ago; comp., diutius; superlative, diutissime. diu-turnus, a, um, adj. (diu), of loiig duration, lasting, long. diuturn-Itas, atis,/. (diiiturnus, § 44, 1, u, 2), length of time, long duration. diver-sus, a, um, part, (diverto), different, unlike, contrary ; in diversa, in different directions, asunder. div^es, itis, adj., rich (the nom. and ace. of the neut. pi. do not occur; comp., divitior or ditior; superlative, divitissimus or di- tissimus). di-vido, videre, visi, visum, to separate, divide, distribute, ap- portion, distinguish. Divico, onis, m., a Helvetian leader. ffiv-inus, a, um, adj. (divus); of or belonging to a deity; divine, god-like. [chief. DivItiScns, i, m., an JEduan divit-iee, arum, /. (dives, § 44, 1, c, 2), riches, wealth. do, dare, dedi, datum, a. (§ 30, 1, note, and 2, and § 78, 3, c, ex.), to give, grant, allow, permit, bestow, present ; finem dare, to put an end to; pcenas dare, to inflict punishment; ali- quem in fugam dare, to put one to flight ; in fugam se dare, to take to flight. dSceo, ere, ui, turn, a., to teach, instruct, inform, show, tell. doc-tor, oris, m. (dBceo, § 44, 1, c, 1), a teacher, instructor. doctr-ina, ae, /. (doctor), teach- ing, instruction ; knowledge, learning. doc-tus, a, um, part, (dbceo), learned, skilled, versed, 'experi- enced. doleo, ere, ui, Itum, n. and a., to feel pain, grieve, lament, be sorry ; to grieve over, deplore, be sorry for. dSl-or, oris, m. (dSleo, § 44, 1, c, 2), pain, distress, sorrow, an- guish, trouble, vexation, anger. dSlus, i, m., guile, fraud, deceit, deception. d5m-i-cil-ium, ii, n. (dSmus), a habitation, dwelling, abode. domina-tio, onis,/. (domlnor, § 44, 1, c, 2), rule, dominion, lord- ship, tyranny, despotism. dSminor, ari, atus sum,- dep. (d5minus), to be lord and mas- ter, have dominion, bear rule. dominus, i, m. (d6mo), a master, lord, ruler, commander, chief; owner. ddmo, are, ui, itum, a., to subdue, vanquish, overcome, conquer. dSmus, i, or U3,f. (§ 12, 3, e), a house, dwelling, abode, home, household, family, race; domi, at home. donee, conj., as long as, while; until. done, are, avi, atum, a. (donum), to give, present, bestow (with ace. of thing and dat. of person, or ace. of person and abl. of thmg, §51, l,c). do-num, i, n. (do), a gift, present. dormio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n., to sleep, rest, be at ease, be inac- tive, be careless. Driisus, i, m., a Koman states- man. Diibis, is, m., a river of Gaul. dubita tio, onis, /. (diibitOi § 44, 1, c, 2), a doubting: an un- certainly, doubt, hesitation.- 24 LATIN LESSONS. dQbXto, are, avi, atum, a. and n. intens. (duo, thi'ough old form, "dubo), to doubt, hesitate. dUbius, a, um, adj. (duo), doubt- ful, irresolute. As NOUN, n., doubt; procul dubio, without douVt. dQ-centi, se, a, num. adj. (duo; centum), two hundred. duco, ducSre, duxi, duotum, a., to lead, conduct, draw, prolong, put off , consider, think ; tnurum ducere, to build a wall ; uzorem in matrinionium ducere, to marry (a woman). dulcis, e, adj-i sweet, agreeable, delightful, pleasant, charming. dum, conj., while, until, so long as, provided that. dum-m6do, conj., provided that, if only. DumuSriz, Igis, m., an iBduan chief, dum-taxat, adv. (dum,; tazo, to estimate^, only, simply, merely, at least, so far. duo, se, o, num. adj., two. du5-decim, num. adj. indecl., twelve. duS-de-viginti, num. adj. indecl., two from twenty, eighteen. dii-plez, icis, adj. (duo; plico, to fold), twofold, double ; false, deceitful, crafty. durus, a, um, adj., hard, harsh, rough, rude, stern, indifferent, severe, painful. dux, duels, com. gen. (duco), a leader, commander, general-in- chief; guide. Dyrrachium, ii, n., a sea-coast town of Illyria, formerly called Epidamnus (now Durazzo). E. e, ex, prep, with abl., out of, from, of; ex itiuere, on the march; ex equo, on hiirseback. Sbur, oris, n., ivory. ebur-neus, a, um, adj. (ebur, § 44, 1, c, 3), of ivory, ivory. eo-ce, inlerj., lo! behold! ec-qui, quae or qua, quod, pro- nominal interrogative adj., whetlier any f if any f ec-quis, quid, pronominal inter- rogative substantive, whether anyf any one, anybody, any thing f ec- quid, as adverbial ace, whyf .-_ ed-ax, acis, adj. (edo, § 44, 1, c, 3), voracious, gluttonous; de- vouring, destroying. e-^co, dIcSre, dixi, dictum, a , to declare, publish, ordain, make known ; order, appoint, establish. edic-tum, i, n. (edico), a procla- mation, ordinance, edict. edo, €dere or esse, edi, esum or essum, a. (§ 37, 5), to eat, squander, dissipate, devour, de- stroy., e-do, dere, didi, dlttim, a., to give forth, publish, declare, exhibit, cause. — - e-duco, ducSre, duxi, ductum, a., to lead or draw out, lead forth, march out troops. ediico, are, avi, atum, a., to bring up, rear, educate. eilemiua-tus, a, um, part, (efiem- ino), womanish, effeminate. ef-femino, are, avi, atum, a. (ex ; femina), to make woman- ish; to effiminate, enervate. ef-fero, efferre, exttili, elatum, a. irreg. (ex ; fero), to bring forth, carry forth, to bear out, produce, publish, announce; ex- alt, elevate ; efierri, to be haughty, proud. ef-f icio, f Icere, feci, feotum, a. (ex; ^cio), to bring to pass; to effect, execute, complete, make; to produce, bear, yield. , ef-fiigio, fiig€re, f5gi, no sup., n. and a. (ex; fiigio), to flee out, get aivay ; to escape, avoid, shun. ef-fundo, fundere, fudi, fusum, a. (ex ; fuudo) , to pour out or forth ; to drive out, cast out. VOCABULARY. 1. 25 empty, squander; efiundere se, to spread out. Bge-nus, a, um, adj. (egeo), in want of, in need of, destitute, needy. Sgeo, ere, ui, no sup., n., to be needy, suffer want; to lack, want, need. 8go, pron., I. e-grSdior, grSdi, gressus sum, dep. {ex ; gradior) , to go out, go fdrth, leaee. e-grgg-ius, a, nm, adj. (e ; grex), excellent, eminent, surpassing, ex- traordinarfi, remarkable. e-jloio, jicSre, jeci, jectum, a. (te'; jacio), to cast, thrust, or drioe out, expel, reject, banish ; ejicere se, to burst forth, rush out. ejus-mSdi, of that kind (is ; in5- dus). e-labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep., h. and a., to slip away, escape, disappear; to escape from. e-Iatus, a, um, part. (efiSro), exalted, lofiy, high. elec-tio, onis, /. (ellgo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a choice, selection. elggan-ter, adv. (elSgans), with correct choice, tastefully, neatly, My- elggant-ia, se, f. (elSgans, from eligo, § 44, 1, c, 2), taste, propriety, refinement, grace, ele- gance. SlSphantus, i, m., an elephant. e-llgo, UgSre, legi, lectum, a. (ex; ISgo), to choose or pick out, select. elSquens, entiB, part. (elSquor), eloquent. el5quent-ia, se, f. (elSquens, § 44, 1, c, 2), a being eloquent, .eloquence, e-ISq,uor, qui, ciitus sum, dep., to speak out, utter, declare, speak well or eloquently. e-Iuceo, lucere, luzi, no sup.,n., to shine out, show itself, be appar- ent, manifest. e-mitto, mittSre, misi, missum, a., to send out or forth, publish ; emittere vooem, to utter; emit- tere animus, to give up the ghost, . die. Smo, emSre, emi, emptuiu, a., to buy, purchase, gain, acquire, obtain. e-mollio, ire, ii, itum, a., to soften; to make gentle, miid; to enervate. em-ptor, oris, m. (gmo, § 44, 1, c, 1), a buyer. en, interj., lo ! behold ! see ! see there ! e-narro, are, avi, atam, a., to explain in detail. e-nervo, are, avi, atum, a. (e; nervus), to enervate, weaken, render effeminate. Snim, conj.,for, indeed, truly, cer- tainly. ensis, is, m., a sword. e-uuntio (cio), are, avi, atum, a. , lo divulge, disclose ; to report, tell. eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n. irreg. , to go (§ 37, 6). eo, adv. (is), thither ; to that place, so far; therefore. With com- paratives, by so much, so much, the; quo . . . eo, the . . . the. eodem, adv. ^dem), lo the samt place, the same way. Spigramma, atis, n., an inscrip- tion, epigram. Epirus, i, /., a province in the north of Greece. SpistQla, SB,/., a letter, epistle. epiilae, arum,/., a feast, banquet. €pQl-or, ari, atus, dep. (SpQlae), to give an entertainment, feast, eat. eques, equltis, m. (Squus), a horseman, rider; equites, caval- ry ; also the knights, the equites, as an order in the state. eque-ster, tris, tre, adj. (Sques), belonging to horsemen, equestrian, g-quidem, adv., verily, truly, in- deed, at all events, certainly, by all means, of course, undoubtedly. 26 LATIN LESSONS. £qulta-tus, us, m. (Sqalto, § 44, 1, c, 2), a riding ; cavalry. €quit-o, are, avi, atum, n. (gques), lo he a horseman, to ride. gquus, i, m., a horse, steed. eigh, prep, with ace, over against, opposite lo ; towards, against. ergo, adv. (§ 43, 3, e), therefore, accordingly. e-rlgo, rigere, rexi, rectum, a. (e; rego), to raise or set up, erect, construct; to encourage, rouse, stimulate, cheer up. e-ripio, ripSre, ripui, reptum, a. (e; rapio), to snatch away, res- cue; eripere se, to srialch one^s self away, to flee. erro, are, avi, atum, n., to wander, go astray, roam, rnve. err-or, oris, m. (erro, § 44, 1, c, 2) , a wandering away ; an error, mistake, deception, delusion, false notion. e-riibesco, riibescere, rfibui, no sup., n. and a., to grow red; to blush ; to feel ashamed ; to feel ashamed about. e-rud-io, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. (e ; rudis) , to free from rude- ness, cultivate, educate, instruct, train, polish. eriidi-tus, a, nm, part, (erfidio), learned, accomplished, experi- enced, skilled. e-rumpo, rumpere, rupi, rup- tum, a. and n., to burst forth, sally forth. e-ruo, ruere, rui, riitum, a. , to cast forth , tear out ; elicit , extract. erup-tio, onis, /. (erumpo, § 44, ] , c, 2), a bursting forth; a sally. es-ca, ae,/. (Sdo), food, bait. et, conj., and, also, even, too, as; et . . . et, both . . . and, not only . . . but also. etiam, conj., and alio, besides, likewise, even; certainly, yes. With COMPARATIVES , Still ; ma- gis etiam, still more. et-si, conj., (hough, although, even if; yet, but. Eubcea, se, /. , an island in the ^gean sea, separated from Boeotia by the Euripus. Euripides, is, m., a celebrated Athenian tragic poet. Europa, se,/. , the continent of Europe, e-vado, dSre, si, sum, n. and a. to go forth, depart, escape; turn out, end; to escape from, climb, ascend. e-vello, vellSre, velli or vulsi, vulsum, a., to tear out, pluck out, eradicate, erase, remove. e-venio , venire , veni , ventum , n., to come out, come forth; to come to pass, happen; to result, turn out. even-tum, i, n. l^evSnio), an occurrence, event; issue, conse- quence, result. even-tus, iis, m. (evenio, § 44, 1, c, 2), an occurrence or event, fortune , fate , lot ; the ii.iue , result. s e-verto , tere , ti , sum ,a.,to turn , drive or thrust out; to overthrow, ruin , destroy. e-vita, are, avi, atum, a., to shun, avoid. e-voco, are, avi, atum, a,, to call nut, summon. e-v51o, are, avi, atum, n., to fly firlh,fly up, spring out. e-v5mo, ere, ui, itum, a., to vomit forth, cast out, give up. ex or e (e only before consonants), prep, with abl. , out of, from , of. ex-animis, e,adj. (ex; anima), life/ ess, dead. ex-auimo, are, avi, atum, a. (ex; anima), to deprive of life, kill. ex-ardesco, ardescSre, arsi, ar- sum, n. inch, (ardeo, § 36, o, and 44, 2, 6), to blaze up ; lo be inflamed ; to burn ; to rage. ex-aro, are, avi, atumi, a., to plough up ; to cultivate ; to write , note, set down (something on tablets). VOCABULARY. — I. 27 ex-aspgro, are, avi, atum, a. (asper), to make rough, fierce or savage, to exaxperate. ez-cedo, cedgre , cessi , oessum, n. anil a. , to go out, depart, vnlli- druw; to die; to exceed. exoeU-ens, entis, part, (ex- ceUo), high, lofty, distinguished. ex-ceUo, 16re, lui, sum, n., to surpass, excel. excel-sus,a,um; part. (exoeUo), elevated, lofly, high. excid-io, onis, j. (exscindo, § **> J) C) ii), a destroying, de- struction. excid-ium, ii, n. (exscindo, § **i .li<-, 2), overthrow, demoli- tion. ex-cido, cidgre, cidi, no sup.,n. (ex ; cado) , to fall down , es- cape, pais away, perish. ex-cido, cidere, cidi, cisum, a. (ex; csedo), to cut off, demolish, destroy, lay waste, banish. ex-oio, ire, ivi or ii, itum or itum , a., to rouse, excite, stir up, call forth, send for. ex-cipio, cipgie, cepi, ceptrum, a. (ex; capio), to take out; to receive, take ; to catch, overtake; to succeed. ex-clto, are, avi, atum, a. interis. (excio, § 44, 2. 6, and § 36, 6), to rouse up, stimulate, stir up, excite, instigate. ex-clamo, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to, call or cry out; shout aloud, exclaim. ex-cliido, cludSre, clusi, clusum, a. (ex; claudo), to shut out, ex- clude; to cut off, remove, sepa- rate ; to hinder, prevent ; to drive out. ex-cSlo, cSlere, cSIui, cultum, a., to cultivate, till, work with great care ; to improve, polish, adorn, refine, perfect ; to ^onor. exciib-iae, arum, f. (excfibo), a lying out on watch; a watch- ing, keeping watch; a watch, guard. ex-ciitio, ciltSre, cussi,^ oussum, a. (ex; quatio), to shake off, throw away ; to search, examine ; to throw off, reject, discard. exemplum, i, n. (eximo), a sam- ple, pattern, copy, warning; case; precedent. ex-eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n. irreg., to go out or forth ; withdraw, pass, ascend. ex-erceo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ex; arceo), to exercise, ttain; prac- tise, use; odium exercere, to fed hatred; negotium exer- cere, to follow a business. exercita-tio, onis, /. (exercito, § 44, 1, c, 2), exercise, prac- tice. exerc-ito, are, avi, atum, a. in- tens. (exerceo, § 44, 2, 6, and § 36, 6), to exercise diligently or frequently. exerc-Itus, iis, m. (exerceo), a TRAINED body of men ; an army ; a multitude, host. ex-haurio, rire, si, stum, a., to draw out, exhaust. ex-hibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (ex; habeo), to hold forth, show, ex- hibit, display ; to maintain, sup- port, sustain. ex-horreo, horrere, no perf., no sup., n., to shudder at, be terri- fied at. ex-borresco, horrescSre, horrui, no sup., inch. (§ 36, a, and § 44, 2, 6), n. and a., to tremble or shudder exceedingly ; to be terri- fied; to dread. ex-igo, igSre, egi, actum, a. (ex; ago), to drive forth, expel; en- force, exact, demand ; finish, complete; lead, pass; aliquid ab aliquo exigere, to demand any thing from any one ; ultio- nem exigere, to take revenge. exig-uus, a, um, adj. (exigo), . scanty, small, little, petty, mean. exi-lis, e, adj. (e^go), small, thin, slender, meagre. exim-ius, a, um, adj.' (eximo), 28 LATIN . LESSONS. sdect, distinguished, extraordi- nary, uncommon, excellent. e2-imo, iraSze, emi, emptum, a. (ex; emo), to take away ; free, release, deliver ; remove, banish. ezistima-tio, onis, f. (ezistimo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a judging, judg- ment, opinion, reputation, good name, character. ez-ist3mo, are, avi, atum, a. (ez ; aestitmo), to judge, consider, sup- pose, think, esteem. ez-istumo, see ezistlmo. ezi-tium, ii, n. (ezeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), destruction, ruin, hurl, mis- chief. ezi-tus, us, m. (ezeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a going forth ; departure, end, death: outlet, passage; issue, result. ez-8rior, oriri, ortus sum, dep., to rise up, arise, proceed, begin, appear, become. ez-oro, are, avi, atum, a., to per- suade by entreaty; to gain by entreaty. ez-pSdio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. (ez; pes) (to free the feetfrom), to extricate, disengage ; let loose, set free, release ; bring out ; ob- tain, prepare, arrange. ezpedit, impers., it is profitable, useful. ezpSdi-tio, onis, f. (ezpedio, § 44, 1, c, 2), an expedition, ex- cursion. ezpgdi-tus, a, nm, part. (ezpS- dio), unimpeded, free, easy; light-armed, without baggage. ez-pello, pellere, pull, pulsum, a., to drive out, eject, expel. ezperg-iscor, pergisci, perrec- tus sum, dep. (ezpergo), to be awakened; to awake. ezpgri-mentum, i, n. (ezpSrior, § 44, 1, c, 2), a proof, irial^ experiment. ez-pSrior, pSriii, partus sum, dep. (ez; pSrior, obsolete), to try, prove, put to the test; at- tempt; experience. ez-pers, ertis, adj. (ez; pais), having no part in, destitute of, devoid of. ez-peto, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a., to long for. desire, seek earnestly. ez-pio, are, avi, atum, a. , to atone for, expiate. ezplora-tor, oris, m. (ezploro, § 44, 1, c, 2), a Searcher o%U, . scout, spy. ez-ploro, are,-'avi, atum, a., to search out, examine, explore, dis- cover, spy out, reconnoitre. ez-pono, ponere, pSsui, p5si- tum, a., to lay or put out, set forth, expose; exhibit, explain; to set on shore, disembark, laud. ez-posco, poscere, pdposci, no sup. ,a.,to ask earnestly, request, entreat, implore. ezpos-itio, onis, f. (ezpono, § 44, X, c,2), a setting forth,- ex- position; an exhibiting, show- ing ; a narration. ez-primo, primere, pressi, pres- sum, a. (ez; premo), to press out, force out; imitate, copy, describe, express, utter. ez-pr6bro, are, avi, atum, a. (ez; probrum), to reproach, upbraid, charge. ez-promo, promere, prompsi, promptum, a., to show forth, discover, exhibit, display, ez-pugno, are, avi, atum, a., to take by assault; to storm, cap- ture, reduce ; conquer, subdue. ezpul-sus, a, um, part, of ez- peilo. ez-quiro, rSre, sivi, situmi, a. (ez; quaero), to search diligently ; to investigate ; to inquire, to ask. ez-scindo, scindSre, soldi, scis- Bum, a., to cut off; to tear out, destroy. ez-secror, ari, atus sum, dq>. (ez; sacro), to curse, to take a solemn oath. ezsgqu-iae, arum,/, (ez; sSquor), a funeral procession; funeral rites, obsequies. VOCABULAKY. — I. 29 ez-sSquor, sSqui, sScutus sum, dep., to follow out, accomplish, execute ; enforce. ex-sSro, 6re, ui, turn, a., to thrust out, reveal, show. ez-sVlio, silire, sllui, sultum, n. . (ex; salio), to spring forth, leap up, start up. ezsil-ium, ii, n. (ezsul), banish- ment, exile. ez-sisto, sistSre, stiti, stitum, n., to step forth, come forth, emerge, appear'; to proceed, arise, be- come; to exist, be. ez-specto, are, avi, atnm, a., to await, expect; to look, hope, or long for ; to desire ; to antici- pate, apprehend, fear. ex-spiro, are, avi, atum, a. and n., to breathe out, exhale ; to breathe one^s last, expire. ex-stiuguo, stinguere, stinxi, stinctum, a., to put out, quench, extinguish ; to kill, destroy ; aqua exstinctus, drowned. ex-sto, are, no perf, no sup., n., to stand forth ; to be visible, ap- pear, exist. ex-struo, Sre, xi, ctum, a., to heap up; to build up, raise, erect, construct. ex-sugo, sugere, suxi, suctum, a., to suck out. ex-Bul, fills, com. gen. (ex; sSlum) (one who quits, or is banished from his native soil), an exUe. exsfilo, are, avi, atum, n. (ex- sul), to be an exile, to live in exile. exsul-to, are, avi, atum, n. in- tern, (exsilio, § 36, b, and § 44, 2, 6), to spring, leap, or jump up ; to exult, rejoice exceedingly. extemplo, adv., immediately, straightway. ex-ter (terus), Sra, erum, adj. (ex), foreign, strange; comp., exterior, outward, outer, exte- rior ; superlative, extremus or extlmus, outermost, last, ex- treme. ex-terreo, terrere, terrui, terrl- tum, a., to alarm, tarrUy. ex-tollo, tollSre, no perf, no sup., to lift up, raise up, exalt. extra, adv. and prep, with ace. (exter), on the outside, without, except; outside of, beyond, ex- cept. ex-traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, a., to draw forth; to loithdraw, release, extract, protrad, pro- long, put off. extra-ordi(n-3rius, a, um, adj. (ex- tra ; or do), out of the common order, extraordinary. exuo, uere, ui, utum, a. (§ 51, 1« c), to draw off; jhdl off, cast off, lay aside; to strip, despoil, de- prive. ex-iiro, iirere, ussi, nstum, a., to bum up, consume, destroy, rav- age, waste. faba, SB,/., a bean. fa-ber, bri, m. (faoio), a carpen- ter, smith, artisan, workman, maker. fa-ber, bra, brum, adj. (facio), jkilful, ingenious, workmanlike. I^brlcius, ii, m., a Roman name. fabrico, are, avi, atum, a. (fa- ber), to frame, make, construct, Jbuild. fabricor, ari, atua sum, dep., to frame, construct, buUd; prepare, form, fashion. fa-biila, ae,/. (for), a story, tale, play, fable. facet-ise, arum, /. (facetus, § 44, 1, c, 2), wit, witty sayings, ' drollery, humor. facetus, a, um, adj., courteous, polite; elegant, fine; merry, witty, jocose, humorous. faci-es, ei, /. (facio), form, figure, face, countenance, ap- pearance, aspect. f acil-e, adv. (f acllis), easily; cer- tainly ; readily. 30 LATIN LESSONS. fac-ilis, e, adj. (fSoio), easy; courteous, affable. fac-inus, 5ris, n. (faoio), a deed, act, action, crime, misdeed, bad deed. f acio, facSre, feci, factum ; pas- sive, fio, fiSri, factus suxa, a., to make, do, form, produce ; castra facere, to pitch camp; fit, it happens, is usual ; fiat, so be it. fac-tio, onis, /. (f acio, § 44, 1, c, 2), a making; a party, fac- tion. , fac-tum, 1, n. (faoio), a deed, act, exploit. fao-tus, a, utti, part, (faoio), done, accomplished. f acul-tas, atis, /. (f aoilis, § 44, 1, c, 2), capability, power, op- portunity; abundance, plenty, supply. fa-cundus, a, um, adj. (for), fluent, eloquent. fallo, failure, fSfelli, falsum, a., to deceive, cheat, escape the notice of. fal-sus, a, um, part, (fallo), de- ceptive, feigned, spurious, false. fama, se, f, the common talk, re- port, tradition ; character, repu- tation, [poverty. famies, is, /., hunger, famine, f amil-ia, se, f (famulus, a sei- yant), family-servants, domestics, family, household. famili-aris, e, adj. (familia), of or belonging to a house ; domes- tic, private, intimate. famili-aris, is, m. (Emilia), a familiar friend. f amiliar-Itas, atis (f amniaris, § 44, 1, c, 2), intimacy, familiar^ intercourse, friendship. familiar-iter, adv. (famlliaris), on friendly terms, intimately. far, farris, n. fa species of grain), spelt, meal. fas, indeel. n. (for), (that ■which is right in the sight of heaven) , divine law ; right, justice, eguity. fasois, is, m., a bundle, parcel; fasoes, pi. , a bundle of rods and , an axe carried by the lictors before a chief magistrate, with which criminals were scourged and beheaded ; the.fasces. factum, i, /«. (for), destiny, fate, calamity. fauces, ium,/. (found in the sing., only in the abl. ; fauce), the throat, gullet ; a defile, pass. Faustfilus, i, m., the" shepherd who brought up Komulus and Remus. Faustus, i, m. , son of Sulla. faveo, f avere, favi, fautuni, n., to favor, promote, befriend, pro- tect. fav-or, oris, m. (faveo, § 44, 1, c, 2), favor, good-will, inclina- tion, partiality. fax, facis,/. , a torch, fire-brand. febris, is,/., a fever. P Sbruarius, ii, m. , February. feles or f elis, is,/., a cat. felic-itas, atis, /. (feliz, § 44, 1, c, 2), happiness, felicity. f eKo-iter, adv. (f elix), auspicious- ly, favorably. f e-lix, icis, adj. (feo, to produce), fruitful ; auspicious, happy, for- tunate, lucky. f e-mina, ae, /. (feo, to produce), a female, woman. femur, Sris or inis, n., the thigh. fera, ae, /. (ferus), a wild ani- mal, wild beast. fere, adv., nearly, almost, about, quite, scarcely, generally, usually. ferme, ac[v., nearly ^ almost. f ero, ferre, tQli, latum, a. irreg. (§ 37, 4), to bear, bring, endure; bring forth ; tell, relate ; raise, exalt ; ferunt, tJiey say ; fertur, it is said ; ausilium ferre, to bring aid; injurias ferre, (o t'n- flict injuries; ferre legem, to propose a law. f Sr-ox, ocis, adj. (ISro), impetuous, courageous, bold; fierce, savage, insolent. VOCABULARY. — I. 31 ferrum, i, n., iron; sword, arms. f@rus, a, um, adj., wild, unculti- vated, rude, savage, cruel. fessus, a, um, adj., wearied, tired, fatigued, weak, feeble. festino, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to hasten, hurry, accelerate. fioua, i, and us, /. and m., a fig- tree ; a fig. fid-elis, e, adj. (fides), trusty, faithful, sincere. fid-es, ei, /. (fido), trust, faith, confidence, belief, credit; pro- mise, engagement, word. fido, fidere, fis'us sum, n., semi-, dep. (§ 35, 2), to trust, confide, put confidence in. fiduo-ia, se, /. (fidus), confi- dence, assurance, boldness. fid-us, a, um, adj. (fido), faith- ; ful, trusty, safe. figo, gere, xi, zum, a., to fix, fasten, settle, pierce. filia, se, f. (dat. and dbl. p\ur., sometimes fiUabus; § 9, 2, e), a daughter. f ilius, il, m. (vocative sing. , fill ; § 10, i, c), a son. fingo, fingere, finzi, fictum, a., to form, shape, make ; contrive, devise, invent, feigri. fin-io, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. (finis), to limit, bound, finish, end. finis, is, m. and/"., a boundary, limit, end ; fines, pi. , the borders (of a territory), territory. fin-itimus, a, um, adj. (finis), bordering upon, adjacent to, neighboring. ' fiu-itimi, orum, m. (finis), neigh- bors. f io, see facio. firm-itas, atis, /. (firmus, § 44, lyC, 2), firmness, solidity, dura- bility, strength. firm-iter, adv. (firmus), firmly, strongly. firm-itudo, inis, /. (firmus, § 44, 1, c, 2), firmness, solidity, dura- bility, strength. firmo, are, avi, atum, a. (firmus), to make firm ; to strengthen, sup- port ; to fortify ; to encourage. fir-mus, a, um, adj. (feio), firm, strong, durable, steadfast. fisus, a, nia, part, (tido), having trusted. fizus, a, um,^art. (figo), fixed, fast, immovable. Sagit-ium, ii, n. (fiagito), a shameful or disgraceful act , shame, disgrace; rascal, scoun-' drel. flagito, are, avi, atum, a., to de- mand fiercely ; to entreat, impor- tune. flagro, are, avi, atum, n. , to flame, blaze, burn; to be inflamed, ex- cited. flamen, inis, m., a priest (devoted to the service of some particular deity), v flamma, se,f., aflame. fia-tus, us, m. (flo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a blowing, blast, breeze. flecto, flectere, flezi, flezium, a. and n., to bend, turn, direct, persuade, avoid. fleo, ere, evi, etum, n. and a., to weep, wail, lament, cry. fle-tus, us, m. (fleo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a weeping. fligo, ere, no perf, no sup., a., to strike, stnke down. flo, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to blow ;, to blow at, blow out, blow away. flore-ns, ntis, part, (floreo), flourishing, blooming, prosper- ous, fine, excellent, flor-eo, ere, ui, no sup., n. (flos), to bloom, blossom, flower ; to be prosperous, to be in good repute ; potentia florere, to be powerful; opibus florere, to be rich ; bei- Ilca laude florere, to enjoy military renown. flos, fioris, m., a blossom, flower. fluotu-osus, ct, um, a'//, (fluctus, § 44, 1, c, 3), full of waves, billowy. 32 LATIN LESSONS. fluctua, US, m. (fluo), a Ullow, surge, wave. flu-meu, inis, n. (fluo; that which flows along), a river, stream. fluo, ere, 21, sum, n. , to flow, over- flow, stream, pour ; to pass away, disappear. fliiv-ius, ii, m. (fluo), a river, running water, stream. f dcus, i, m., a /ire-place, hearth. f ddio, f odere, f odi, fossum, a. and a., to dig, dig up; to he em- j>loyed in digging. fcedus, a, um, adj., foul, filthy, ugly, horrible, abominable, de- testable. foed-us, eris, n. (fidus), a league, treaty, compact, agreement. foU-icfilus, i, m. dim. (follis, § 44, 1, c, 3), a hall (filled with air) . ' fons, fontis, m. (fuudo) , a spring, fountain ; source, origin, cause. for, fari, f atus sum, dep. (§ 38, 2, c) , to speak, say. fdramen, inis, n., an opening, aperture, hole. • fore, fut. inf. of sum. fdris, is, /., a door, gate (gen. pi., fbrum). fSris, adv., out of doors, abroad, without. [beauty. for-ma, se,f. (fSro), shape, form, formica, 3e,f., an ant, pismire. formido, inis, /., fear, terror, dread. formidol-osus, a, um, adj. (for- mido, § 44, 1, c, 3), dreadful, terrible, terrific; timid, fearful. fors, fortis, /. (fero), chance, hap, hazard, fortune. fora, adv. , perchance, perhaps. forte, adv. (fors), by chance, per- haps. for-sStt-an, adv. , perhaps (fors ; sit ; an). fort-as-se, adv. (forte; an; sit), perhaps, by chance. for-tis, e, adj. (fSro), strong, powerful, courageous, brave. fort-iter, ctdv. (fortis), strongly, powerfully, boldly, valiantly, manfully. fort-uua, SB, f. (fors), chance, luck, fortune; good luck, pros- perity ; fate, lot. f 5rum, i,n., a market place, pub- lie square, forum; a long open space in liome, between the Capitoline and Palatine hills, surrounded by porticoes -and the shops o| bankers. fos-sa, ae, /. (fSdio), a ditch, trench. fbveo, fSvere, fovi, fotum, a., to warm, keep warm; cherish, caress, love, assist. frag-ilis, e, adj. (frango), easily broken, brittle, weak, frail. frango, frangSre, fregi; fractum, a., to break, crush, subdue, weaken, wear out. frater, fratris, m., a brother. frater-nus, a, um, adj. (frater), brotherly , fraternal, of a brother. fraudo, are, avi, atum, a. (fraus), to cheat, beguile, de- fraud. fraus, fraudis, /., deceit, decep- tion, guile, crime. frendo, frendSre, no perf, fire- sum or fressum, n. and a., to gnash (with the teeth), to crush. frenum, i, n. (pi. sometimes freni, orum), o bit, curb, re- straint. frSquens, entis, adj., often, fre- quent, common, usual; fall, crowded, numerous. frSquen-ter, adv. (frSquens), often, frequently. frgquent-ia, ae, /. (frSquens, § 44, 1, c, 2), an assemblage, muh , titude, crowd, throng. frgquento, are, avi, atum,, a. (frgquens), to visit, frequent, resort ; to crowd. fretus, a, um, adj., relying or de- pending upon, trusting to. frig-idus, a, um, adj. (frigus), cold, cool. VOCABULARY. — I. 33 frigus, Bris, n., cold, coldness. irons, froudis, /. , a leaf; leaves, foliage. [irow, front. frons, firontis, /., the forehead, &uctu-05us, a, um, adj. (fructus, § 44, 1, c, 3), fruitful, produc- tive, advantageous, profitable. fiuc-tus, us, m., fruit, profit, ad- vantage, income. frugal-itas, atis, / (frugalis, § 44, 1, c, 2), economy, temper- ance, thriftiness, frugality. fruges, um,/. pi. (f rax.) , Jruits of the earth, crops. frument-arlus, a, um, adj. (fru- r mentum), of corn; res fru- mentaria, corn, provisions. fru-mentum, i, n. (fruor), corn, grain. fnistra, adv., without effect, in vain; without cause, ground- fQg-a, se,f. (f&gio), a flight, exile, banishment. fQgio, fugere, fugi, fiigitum, n. and a. , to flee or fly ; to run away; to pass away, disappear, perish ; to avoid, shun, escape. fulg-or, 5ris, m. (fulgeo, § 44, 1,' c, 2), flash, glitter, gleam, bright- ness. fulgeo, fulgere, fulsi, no sup.,n., to flash, lighten. fulg-ur, iiris, •». (fulgeo), light- ning ; brightness, splendor. Pulvia, ae, /., wife of Clodius and of Antony. fund-!tor, oris, m. (funda, . a sling), one who slings, a slinger. fundo, fundSre, fudi, fusum, a., to pour, shed out; to bring forth, scatter, rout; lacrimas fundere, to shed tears; bostes fundere, to rout the enemy; fundi, to be poured out, to flow. fungor, fungi, functus sum, dep. , to perform, execute, administer, discharge, observe, do, fulfil. f un-icQlris, i, m. dim. (funis, § 44, 1, c, 3), a slender rope, a cord. funis, is, m., a rope, line; cable. \ funus, Sris, n., funerou, riles, burial. fur, f iiris, com. gen., a thief, ras- cal. f fir-or, oris, m. (furo, § 44, 1 , c, 2), rage, madness, fury. G. Gades, ium, /., a colony in south- ern Hispania (Cadiz). Gaius (Caius), ii, m., a Roman name. Galba, ae, to., a Eoman emperor; a chief of the Suessiones. Galli, orum, m., the people of Gaul, galea, ae,f., a helmet. Gallia, se,/"., Gaul. Gallic-anus, a, um, adj. (Galli- cus), Oallic. Gall-icus, a, um, adj. (Gallia), Gallic. \hen. gall-ina, ae.y. (gallus, a cock), a Gallus, i, TO., a Gaul. Gallus, i, TO. , a Boman name. garrul-itas, atis, f. (garrulus, § 44, 1, c, 2), a chcUtering, prating, talkativeness, garrulity. garr-Qlus, a, um, aclj. (garrio, to chatter), chattering, prating, babbling, talkative. Garumna, ae, m. , a river of Gaul (now Garonne'). gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, n. semi-dep. (§ 35, 2), to rejoice, be glad. gaud-ium, ii, n. (gaudeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), joy, gladness, delight. gel-idus, a, um, adj. (gelo, to freeze) , icy cold, very cold. gelu, us, n., cold, frost, chill. gSmina-tus, a, um, ^art. (gemino), doubled, double. gSmino, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (geminus), to double, to join ; to be double. ge-minus, a, um, adj. (gSno, to bring forth), twin, double; ge- mini fratres, :' » 34 LATIN LESSONS. gemma, se,/'., precious stone, gem, gSmo, Sre, ui, Itum, n. and a., to sigh, groan, moan, lament. gener, Sri, m., a gon-in-law. Geneva, se,/., a city of the Allo- broges. gSn-Itus, a, um, part, (gigno), begotten, bom. gens, geutis,/., a clan, tribe, race. genu, us, n., the knee. genus, eris, n., birth, descent, origin, race, posterity. Germanus, a, um, adj., German. Germaui, orum, m. pi., the Qer- mans. gSro, gerere, gessi, gestum, a., to wear, bear, carry, do, transact, caiTy on ; se gerere, to conduct one's self; bellum gerere, to carry on war ; res gestae, deeds, exploits; morem gerere, to humor. gesta, orum, n. pi. (gSio), deeds, exploits. gest-Ito, are, avi, atum, a. inlens. (gesto, § 36, b, and 44, 2, 6), to carry often, carry, bear. ges-to, are, a7i, atum, a. intens. (gero, § 36, b, and 44, 2, b), to bear, carry, have. ges-tus, a, um, part, of gero. gigno, gignSre, gSnui, genitum, a. , to beget, bear, bring forth, produce. glacies, ei,f., ice. gladi-ator, oris, m. (gladius), a swordsman, gladiator. gladins, ii, m. , a sword. glans, glandis, f, an acorn, nut ; an acorn-shaped ball of lead or clay. gloria, se,f., glory, fame, renown; ambition, pride, boasting, brag- ging. glori-or, ari, atua sum, dep. (gloria), to glory, boast, vaunt, pride one's self on any thing. glori-osus, a, um, adj. (gloria, § 44, 1, c, 3), full of glory, glori- ous, famous, renowned; vain- glorious, boasting, bragging, conceited. Gn. (Cn.), Gnaeus, a Koman name. Gracchus, i, to., Tiberius Grac- chus, tribune, B.C. lA'd; and his brother,. Caius Gracchus, tribune, B.C. 126; both authors of popular laws, and slain by the nobility. gradior,^radi, gressus Bxaa, dep., to step, walk, go. grad-us, iis, m. (gradior), a step, pace; station, position; step or round of a ladder ; degree.' . i Grsec-iilus, i, m. dim. (GraeCas, § 44, 1, c, 3), a Greekliiig, a poor Greek. Graecus, a, um, adj., Greeks Grsecus, i, m , a Greek. gramen, inis, n, grass; a plant, herb. gramin-eus, a, um, adj. (gramen, § 44, 1, c, 3), grassy. grammatica, se,f., grammar, phi- lology, criticism. grandis, e, adj., big, large, great, full, abundant; grown-up, tall; aged, old; strong, powerful. granum, i, n.,a grain, seed, kernel. grapbium, ii, »., a writing-style. grates, pi. (usually only in the nnm. and ace), f, thanks; grates agere, to give thanks. grat-ia, ae, /. (gratus, § 44, 1, c, 2), favor, esteem, regard^ liking, love, friendship ; charm, beauty, grace; kindness, courtesy, ser- vice, obligation; gratiae, pi., thanks ; agere gratias, to give thanks ; facere gratiam, to grant pardon, forgive; gratia, with the gen. (§ 54, 3, c), for the sake of, on account of, in re- ference to, for the purpose of; ea gratia, ybr this or that reason, on this or that account; gratiam debere, to owe thanks, be under obligations to ; gratiam red- dere, to requite, recompense ; in gratiam. reducere, to reconcile. VOCABULARY. — I. 35 gratfila-tio, onis, /. (gratfilor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a congralvlation ; a rejoicing, joy ; a religious festi- val of joy and thahksgiving. grat-iilor, ari, atus sum, dep. (gratus), to wish, joy, congratu- late ,■ to give thanks ; to thank. gratus, a, um, adj., beloved, dear, pleasing, agreaable ; thankful, grateful. gravat-e, adv. (gravatus), with difficulty, unwillingly. grava-tim, adv. (gravo), with dijfficully, unwillingly. gravis, e, adj., heavy, weighty, burdensome ; important, grave, severe, violent. grav-iter, adv. (gravis), heavily, severely, weightily ; elaborately, painfully, harshly, seriously. gravo, are, avi, atum, a. (gravis), to load, burden, weigh down, oppress. gravor, ari, atus sum, dep. (gra- vis), to take amiss, bear with rduetance. gremium, ii, n., the lap, bosom. gres-sus, iis, m. (gradior, § 44, 1, c, 2), a stepping, going, step, course, way. grex, gregis, m., a flock, Jierd, drove ; troop, band, crowd, com- pany. giiberna-tor, oris, m. (giibemo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a steersman, pilot ; ruler, governor. gtiberno, are, avi, atum, a., to steer or pilot a ship; to direct, manage, govern. gusto, are, avi, atum, a., to taste, partake of. ■ gymnasium, ii, n., a public school for gymnastic exercises. hSbeo, habere, habui, habitum, a., to have, hold, keep, possess; to think, consider, regard, enteem ; bene se habere, to be well ; sic habei:.e, to be even so; haberi pro, to be regarded as. hib-iiis, e, adj. (habeo), suitable, ft, proper; light, nimble, swift. hab-Uo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. intens. (habeo, § 36, b, and 44, 2, b), to have possesnion of, to inhabit; to dwell, reside. hab-itus, iis, m. (habeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), condition, plight, habit, state ; dress, attire ; nature, char- acter. hac-tenus, adv., thus far, up to thii time, hitherto. haedus, i, m., a young goat, a kid. heereo, haerere, hsesi, haesum, n., to hold fast, hang, stick, ad- here, be fixed, sit firm. hamus, i, m., a hook. Hannibal, alis, m., the son o£ Hamilcar, leader of the Car- thaginians in the second Punic War. Hanno, onis, m., a Carthaginian'* leader. Harudes, um, m. pi., a German tribe in Gaul. haruspez, icis, m., an inspector of entrails, interpreter of sacri- fices, a soothsayer, diviner (who foretold future events from the inspection of victims). Hasdrubal, alis, m., a Cartha- ginian leader. hasta, ae, f, a spear, lance, spike, javelin. haud, adv., not at all, by no means, not. haud-quaquam, adv., not at all, by no means. haurio, haurire, hausi, haustum, a., to drain, empty, drink up ; devour, destroy, consume, drink in, exhaust. hebes, etis, adj., blunt, duU, stupid, obtuse. hebeto, 5re, avi, atum, a. (hSbes), to make blunt ; to ditll, impair, dim ; to weaken. Helvetia, ae,/., modern Switzer- land. 36 LATIN LESSONS. Helvetii, orum, m. pi., a people of Gallia. Helvetius, a, um, adj., Helvetian, of the Helvetii ; ager Heivetius, tke territory of the Belvetii. herba, ae, f, grass, green blades, herbage. hered-itas, atis, /. (heres, § 44, 1, c, 2), heirship, an inheritance. beres, edis, m. and .sometimes /, an heir, heiress ; owner, possessor. h6ri or here, adv., yesterday ; lately. heu, inter), (an exclamation of pain or grief) oh .' ah ! alas! luberna, orum, n. pi., winter- quarters. hib-ernus, a, um, adj. (hiems), of or belonging to winter-; wintry, hie, hsec, hoc, pron. demonstr. (§ 20, 2, a), this, this of mine; he, she, it ; the latter opposed to ille; hoc, on this account, in this way. hie, adv., here, hereupon. biemo, are, avi, ^tum, n. and a. (hiems), to pass the winter, win- ter ; to be wintry, frozen, cold. biems (raps), gmis,y., the winter; a storm, tempest. hilar-e, adv. (hilaris), cheerfully, S/ayly ; joyfully, merrily. hUaris, ej -us, a, um, adj., cheer- ful, lively, gay, merry. bilar-itas, atis, f. (hilaris, § 44, 1, c, 2), cheerfulness, gayety, good-humor, mirth, bine, adv. (hio), from this place, from here ; from this time, here- after; ago, since; hence; hinc . . . bine, on the one hand . . . on the other. hirundo, iuis,y., a swallow. , Hispania, ae, /., Spain. {^nnw. bS-die, adv. (hoc; die), to-day, Homerus, i, m.. Homer; the great epic poet of Greece. bSmo, inis, com. gen., a human being; a man or woman, a • mortal. bSnes-tas, atis, f. (bonestus, § 44, 1, c, 2), honor, reputation, r.huractsr, respectabiluy , credit ; honesty, prbbity, integrity. h5nes-tus, a, um, adj. (bSnor), honored, distinguished, respect- able, noble, virtuous. honor (os), oris, m., honor, repute, respect, esteetm, dignity , integrity ; honores, pi., offices of honor, public offices. bSnora-tus, a, um, part. (hSnoro), honored, respected, respectable, disiirtguished. bQnorlfic-e, adv. (bonorlficus), comp. honorificentius, svp. bonoiif icentissime, with honor or respect ; in an honorable man- ner, honorably. b5nor-i-f icus, a, um, adj. (hSnor ; facio), bringing honor, honor- able; comp. honorificentior, sup. honorificentisEimua. bSnoro, are, avi, atum, a. (honor), to honor, rtspect, adorn. hora, ae,f., an hour ; time, season. BSratius, ii,-m. (a), the name of tl.e three brothers, in tlie time of TuUus HostiliuB, who fought against the Alban Curiatii; (/ ) Horatius Codes, who, in the war with Porsenna, defended a bridge single-handed. hordeum, i, n., barley. borre-ndus, a, um, part, (horreo), dreadful, terrible, fearful, terrific, horrible. borreo, borrere, no perf, no svp., )i. and (■(., to bristle; to tremble, shudder ; to shudder or be fright- ened at, to dread ■; to look rough, dreadful, horrid^ liorreum, i, n., a store-house, barn, granary. borr-idus, a, um, adj. (borreo), rough, shaggy, bristly ; savage, wild ; unpolished, uncouth. borr-or, oris, m. (borreo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a bristling ; a shaking ; dread, terror, horror ; veneration, religious awe. VOCABULARY. — I, 37 horta-tio, onis, /. (hortor, § 44, 1, c, 2), an encouragement, ex- hortaiimi. horta-tus, iia, m. (hortor, § 44, 1 , c, Z), an encouragement, exhorta- tion. hortor, ari, atus sum, dep., to incite, instigate, encourage, cheer, exhort, urge. hortus, i, TO. , a garden. hospes, itis, m., a sojourner, visitor, guest, friend ; a stranger, fm'eigner. hospit-ium, ii, n. (hospes), hos- pitality ; a place of hospitality, lodging, inn. host-ilis, e, adj. (hostis, § 44, 1, c, 3), of or belonging '■> an enemy, hostile. hostil-iter, ado. (hostilia), like an enemy, hostilely. hostis, is, com. gen., a stranger, an enemy. hue, adv. (hie), to this place, hither ; hitherto, thus far ; huo iUuc and hue et illuc, hither and thither. hiijus-modi, of this kind. human-itas, atis,y. (biitnanus, § 44, 1, c, 2), human nature, hu- manity, philanthropy, gentle- ness, kindness; liberal culture, refinement. hum-anus, a, um, adj. (homo), pertaining to man, human, gentle, kind, courteous, civilized. humerus, i, m., the shoulder. hum-Idus, a, um. adj. (hiitneo, to be m.oist), moist, humid, damp, wet. hum-His, e, adj. (hfimus), low, lowly, small, slight ; humble, poor, insignificant ; low, mean ; humili loco natum esse, to be of lowly birth. humor, oris, m., a liquid, fluid, moisture. hiimua, i, /. (§ sS, 3, d), the earth, ground, soil, land, coun- ' try. Ibi, adv. , in that place, there ; then, thereupon. ibidem, adv., in the same place, just there, there too. Iccius, Remus, i, m. , a chief of the Remi. ico, icere, ici, ictum, a. , to strike, hit, smite, stab; foedus icera, to make or conclude a treaty. ic-tus, us, m. (ico, § 44, 1, c, 2), a blow, stroke, hit, stab, thrust. idem, eadem, iCdem, pron., the same, very ; idem qui, the same as. ideo , adv. , for that reason , on that account, therefore. idoneus, d., um, adj. , meet, proper, suitable, apt, able, capable, con- venient, sufficient. i4u3, iiam, /. pi. , the Ides ; the fifteenth day of the months March, May, July, and Ooto- her, the thirteenth day of the remaining months. igitur, conj. (§ 43, 2, d), then, thereupon ; therefore, conse- quently. ignis , is , m. , fre. i-gnosco, gnoscSre, gnovi, gno- ■ tum, a. (in; gnosoo = nosco, with dat.), to pardon, forgive, excuse, overlook. 1-gnotus, a, um, adj. (la; gno- tus = notus), unknown. ille, a, ud, pron. demonstr. (§ 20. 2, 6), that, that yonder ; hie . . . ille, this . . . that, the one . . . the other. {there. illio, adv. (ille; oe), in that place, il-lioo, adv. (in;_ 15co), on the spot, instantly, {here. [thither. illuc, ado. (ille), to that place, il-luio, IQdere, lusi, lusum, n. (in; liido), to play with, jest, mock, ridicule. il-lustris, is, adj. (in ; lustro, to purify), clear, bright, light, lus- trous ; famous, honorable, ilhJS- trious. 38 LATIN LESSONS. imago, inia, /. , an image or like- ness, statue, picture. imbecillus, a, um, adj., weak, feeble. im-bellis, e, adj. (in; beUum), unwarlike, peaceful, fond of peace. imber, bris, m., a shower, rain- storm, storm. imbuo, buere, bui, biitum, a., to wet, moisten, soak, steep, saturate.; taint, infect. imlta-tio, oiiis, /. (imitor, § 44, 1, c, 2), the act of imitating, imitation. imitor, ari, atus sum, dep., to imitate, copy, represent. immanis, e, adj., monstrous, enor- mous, huge; fierce, savage, wild. im-maturus, a, um, adj. (in ; ma- 'tiirus) , unripe, immature ; un- seasonable, untimely, premature. im-menior, mSris, adj. (in; mSr mor), unmindful , forgetful. im-mensus, a, um, adj. (in ; mensus, measured), immeasur- able, boundless, immense. imminens, entis, part, (immi- neo), imminent. im-mineo, ere, no perf, no sup., n. (in; niineo, to project), to hang down over, overhang ; to be near to, to touch on, border upon; to threaten; to be intent upon, strive for. iin-minuo, minuere, minui, mi- nutum, a. (in ; minuo), to lessen , diminish ; weaken , impair. im-mitto, mittSre, misl, missum, a. (in; mitto), to send into, to hurl against, discharge at ; se immittere, to rush in. immo (imo), adv., on the con- trary; no indeed, by no means; ) yes indeed, certainly, by all ' means. im-mobilis, e, adj. (in ; mobllis), imviorable , unmoved. iin-mSlo, are, avi, atum, a. (in; mSla) , to sacrifice. im-mortalis, e, adj. (in; mor- talis), undying, immortal, im- perishable, eternal, endless. im-motus, a, um, adj. (in; mo- tua),' unmoved, immovable, mo- tionless, unshaken, undisturbed. imo , see immo. im-muto, are, avi, atum, a. (in; muto), to change, alter. im-par, aria, adj. (in; Tpai), un- even, unequal, not a match fur. im-patiens , entis , adj. (in ; pa- tiens), not able to bear, not en- during, impatient. impSdi-mentum, i, n. (impedio, § 44, 1, c, 2), a hindrance, im- pediment ; impedimenta, orum, n. pL, baggage. im-pedio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. (in; -pes), to entangle, ensnare, shackle, hinder, embarrass, im- pede. imp6di-tus, a, um, part. (impS- dio) , hindered, obstructed, im- peded, encumbered. im-pello, pellere, piili, pulsum, a. (in; pello), to push against ; to drive forward, urge on, impel, incite, persuade. im-pendeo, pendere, no perf. , no sup., n. (in; pendeo), to hang over, overhang, impend. im-pendo, pendere, pendi, pen- sum, a. (in; pendo), to weigh out, lay out, expend; devote, em- ploy. impen-sa, se, /. (impendo) , out- lay, cost, charge, expense. impSra-tor, oris, m. (impSro, § 44, 1, c, 1) , general , commander , leader, chief, ruler, master. imp6ra-tunl, i, n. (impero), a command, order. im-perfectus, a, um, adj. (in; perfectus), unfinished, incom- plete, imperfect. im-pSritus, a, um, adj. (in ; pSri- tus) , inexperienced, unskilled, ignorant. impSr-ium, ii, n. (impSro, § 44, 1, c, 2), o command, order; au- VOCABULARY. — I. 89 thority, control; dominion, em- pire, government. im-pero, are, avi, atum, a. (in; paro), to C07nmand, order, en- join; govern, rule over; impe- rare obsides alicui, to demand hostages from, any one. im-petro, are, avi, atum, a. (in; patro), to accomplish, obtain, procure , to make a request and have it granted. impetus, us, m., an attack, assault, onset; violent impulse, impetu- osity , violence, fury , force, eager- ness, excitement. [wickedly. impi-e, ado. (impius), irreligiously, im-piger, gra, grum, adj. (in; piger) , diligent, active, quick, energetic. im-pingo, pingSre, pegi, pactum, a. (in; pango) , to drive against, strike, thrust, or dash against. im-pius, a, um, adj. (in; pius), irreverent, ungodly, un'duliful, unpatriotic, abandoned, wicked. im-pleo, plere, plevi, pletum, a: (in; pleo), to fill up; fill full; satisfy. im-plico, are, avi or ui, atum or itum, a. (in; plico), to infold, invoice, envelope, entwine, en- tangle. im-ploro, are, avi, atum, a. (in; ploro) , to invoke with tears, call to one's assistance, call upon for aid; to invoke, beseech, entreat, implore. im-pono, ponere, pSsui, p5si- tum, a. (in; pono), to put upon, lay on, impose upon ; fi- nem imponere, to make an end. im-potens, enl^s, adj. (in; p6- tens), powerless, weak, feeble. im-primis, adv. (in; primis), in the first place, chiefly, especially. im-prlmo, primere, pressi, pres- sum, a. (in; prSmo), to press upon, impretis, imprint, mark. im-pr5bo, are, avi, atum, a. (in; pr6bo), to disapprove, blame, condemn, reject. im-probus , a , um, adj. (in ; prjj- bus), wicked, bad. im-provisus, a, um, adj. (in; pro- visus) , notforeseen, unexpected; ex improvise , unexpectedly. im-priideus, entis, adj. (in; prii- dens), not foreseeing, imprudent, inconsiderate. impriident-ia, se, /. (imprii- de«s, § 44, 1, c, 2), want of foresight, imprudence, indiscre- tion. im-piibes, Sris and is, adj. (in; pubes), under the age of puber- ty, youthful, beardless. im-piidens, pjidentis, adj. (in; pUdens) , without shame, shanie- less, impudent. im-pugno, are, avi, atum, a. (in; pugno), to fight against, attach, assail, oppose. impiin-e, adv. (impiinis), without punishment, saftly. im-piinitus, a, um, adj. (in; piini- tus), unpunished, safe, secure. imus, a, vim, adj. (superlative of inferus), inmost, deepest, lowest, bottom of. in, prep, with ace. and abl. (§ 56, 1, c), 1. with ace, in, into, against, after, for ; in dies, from day to day ; 2. with abl., in, among, upon, before, in the presence of. , Inanis, e, adj., empty, void, vain. in-calesco, calescere, calui, no sup., n. inch, (in; caleo, § 36, a, and 44, 2, J), to grow warm or hot, to glow ; to become heated. in-cautus, a, um, adj. , incautious , heedless, inconsiderate. in-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, /». aud a., to go, proceed, ad- vance, march; to come to, befall, attack. incend-ium, ii, n. (incendo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a conflagration, fire, burning ; ruin, destruction. in-cendo, dere, di, sum, a., to set on fire, kindle, burn; inflame, excite, provoke, rouse, irritate. 40 LATIN LESSONS. Incep-tum, 1, n. (inclpio), a he- ginning, attempt^ undertaking. in-certus, a, um, adj., uncertain, unsettled, unreliable, doubtful, hesitating. iu-cesso, cessere, cessivi, or cessi, no sup., a. intens. (in; cedo, § 36, b, and 44, 2, b), to fall upon, -assault, assail, attack; upbraid, reproach. inces-sus, us, m. (incedo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a 'going, walking, pace, gait; entrance, approach; inva- sion. in-cido, cidere, cidi,. casum, w. (in; oado), to fall in with, fall upon, attack, assail ; to happen, occur; in mentionem inoi- dere, to mention accidentally; impers. incidit, it happens, -with dat. in-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. and n. (in; capio), to begin, commence, set about, undertake. in-cibo, are, avi, atum, a., to set in rapid motion ; to incite, en- courage, stimulate, rouse, excite, spur on ; stir up, increase. in-citus, a, um, adj., rapid, swift. in-olamo, ate, avi, atum, a. and n., to call upon for assistance ; to invoke ; to cry out against, abuse, rebuke, revile, chide; to call out aloud. in-clino, are, avi, atum, a. andn., to benil down, incline , sink, yield, giee- way ; in fugam inclinare, to be on the point of fleeing ; in- clinari, to be on the point of fall- ing. in-cludo, dere, si sum, a. (in; claudo), to shut up, confine, in- clude, inclose. - in-cljptus (clitus), a, um, adj. (in ; olueo), celebrated, renown- ed, famous, illustrious , glorious. incola, ae, com. gen. (incSlo), an inhabitant , resident. in-colo, c&lSre, c51ui, no sup. , a. and n. , to dwell or abide in a place, to inhabit. in-cSliimis, e, adj., unimpaired, uninjured, safe, sound. in-commSdum, i, n. , trouble, bss,, misfortune, defeat. iu-comm5dus, a, um, adj. , incon- venient, unsuitable, unfit, trouble- some, disagreeable. in-cred^ilis, e, adj. (in; credo), incredible, extraordinary, un- paralleled. incredibil-iter, adv. (incredihi- lis), incredibly, wonderfully f ex- traordinarily. in-crepo, are, avi or ui, atum or itum, n. and a., to make a noise, rustle, rattle ; to chide, rebuke, reprove ; to clash. in-cresco, crescere, crevi, no sup., n., to grow in; to grow, increase, be augmented. in-cultus, a, um, adj. (colo), un- cultivated, untitled ; unpolished, neglected, rude. iu-cumbo, cumbere, cubui, ciiM- tum, n., to lean upon, recline; to apply or devote one's self to, pay attention to. in-ciiria, ee, f. (in ; oiirp), want of care, negligence, neglect. incur-sio, onis, /. (incurro, § 44, 1, c, 2), an onset, assault, attack, incursion. in-cuso, are, avi, atum, a. (in; causa) , to accuse, blame, com- plain of, find fault with. in--ciitio, ciitere, cussi, cussum, a. (in; quatio), to strike or dash against ; to inspire with , in- flict, excite , produce ; to throw, cast, hurl. inde, adv., from that place, from there, thence; thereafter, there- upon, then. in-decorus, a, um, adj. , unbecom-^ ing, unseemly, indecorous, dis- graceful, shameful. index, icis, com. gen. (indico), aninformer, betrayer, spy ; sign, mark, index. in-dico, are, avi, atum, a., to make known, point out, declare, VOCABULAET. — I. 41 disclose, reveal, indicate; ac- cuse. in-dico, dicSre, dizi, dictum, a., to proclaim, publish, announce, appoint ; order, enjoin. in dictus, a, iiin, adj., not said, unsaid, unsung. ind-igeo, Igere, igui, no sup. (6geo) , to need, want, stand in need or want of; to long for, de- sire. . indigna-tio, onis, /. (indignor, § 44, 1, e, 2), displeasure, indig- nation. indign-e, a'lv. (indignus), un- worthily, shamefully, disgrace- fully, dishonorably. Indign-itas, atis, /. (indignus, § 44, 1, c, 2), unworthiness , vile- ness, enormity, meanness, indig- nity. iu-dignor, ari, atus sum, dep. , to deem unworthy, to be displeased, be indignant. in-dignus, a, um, adj., unworthy, undeserving, unsuitable, unbe- coming, intolerable. in-do, dere, didi, ditum, a., to put into, impart, inspire, infuse; set over, introduce; assign, give to. in-d5cilis, e, adj. , difficult to 5e taught, unteachable, not docile ; unlearned, ignorant, rude. ind-oles, is,/, (olesco, to grow),- inborn or native' quality, nature ; natural abilities, talents, genius ; disposition, character. in-duoo, ducere, duxi, ductum, a. , to lead into, conduct, bring in or upon, introduce, represent, exhibit, induce; inducere ani- mum or in animum, to deter- mine. in-dulgeo, dulgere, dulsi, dul- tum, n. and a. (in; dulcis), to be courteous, kind; to indulge, humor, give way to; concede, allow, grant. in-duo, duSre, dui, diitum, a. , to put on, dress in, assume, clothe; in pass., indui vestem, to put on a garment (§ 52, 3, remark). industria,^8e,y. , diligence , activity , industry ; de industria , pur- posely, on purpose. in-eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. and n., irreg., to go into, enter; to enter upon, begin, undertake, take pari in ; inire consilium , to form a plan ; inire fcedus, to make a treaty; inire gratiam, to get into the good graces of. In-ermis, e, adj. (in; arma), un- armed, without weapons, defence- less. in-ermus, a, um, adj. , see inermis. la-ers, ertis, adj. (in ; ars), un- skilled; inactive, idle, indolent, sluggith. infacet-e, adv. (infacetus), coarse- ly, rudely, unwittily, stupidly. in-facetus, a, um, adj., coarse, blunt, rude, unmannerly, not witty, stupid. in-famis, e, adj. (in; fama), o/ ill report, disreputable , notorious,, infamous , in-fandus, a, um, arf/. (not to be spoken of) , unspeakable , un- utterable, unheard of, unnatural, shocking, abominable. in-fans, antis, adj. (in; for), speechless, mute, dumb; very young, little. As NOUN, com. gen. , an infant, babe. . in-fectus, a, um, adj. (in; facio), not done, undone, unperformed, unfinished ; impossible , imprac- ticable. in-feliz, icis, adj. , unfortunate., unhappy-, miserable. in-fensus, a, um, adj. (in; fendo, obsolete), hostile, inimical, en- raged. inferior, ius, adj. (comp. of infe- rus), lower, later, inferior. in-fero, inferre, intGli, illatum, a. , irreg. , to carry in or into ," to bring, put, or throw into or to ; to bring forward, introduce; pro- duce, make, cause; allege; con- 42 LATIN LESSONS. dude, infer; inferre signa, to advance the standards, attack; inferre pedem or gradum, to advance, attack; se inferre, to betake one's self, repair , go ; in- ferre vulnera, to inflict wounds upon; vim inferre, to offer violence to, lay violent hands on. in-ferus, a, um, adj. (comp. infe- rior, sup. iufimus or imus), low, nether. As noun, inferi, orum, m. pi. (the inhabitants of the lower regions) , the dead. infesto, are, avi, atum, a. (in- festus), to attack, trouble, mo- lest, disturb, infest, injure, im- pair. I in-festus, a, um, adj. (old part. of infero), unquiet, unsafe ; hos- tile, inimical, troublesome, dan- gerous. in-ficio, f icere, feci, fectum, a. (in; facio), to dip into, -itain, dye, color, tinge ; to infect, cor- rupt, poison, spoil. infimus, a, um, adj. (superlative of inferus), the lowest, last, lowest part of. in-f initus, a, um, adj. , boundless , unlimited, infinite, endless. in-firmus, a, um'. adj., weak, in- firm , feeble , fickle. in-flammo, are, avi, atum, a., to set on fire, kindle, inflame, arouse, excite. iufla-tus, a, um, part, (inflo), swollen, inflated, haughty , proud. in-flecto, fleotSre, flexi, flexum, ' a., to bend, bow; to change, alter; warp, prevent; move, . touch, affect. in-fligo, fligere, fli^, flictum, a., to strike against, hurl at, inflict. in-flo, flare, flavi, Datum, a., to blow into ; inflate , puff up , cause to swell. in-fluo, fluere, fluzi, fluxum, n. , tofiQw into, flow upon, flow. in-formo, are, avi, atum,a. ,^o give form to ; to shape, mould, fashion; conceive, imagine; de- scribe, represent. infra, adv. and prep, with ace, be- low, beneath, under, underneath. in-fringo, fringere, fregi, frac- tum, a. (in; frango), to break, check, weaken, lessen, dim^msh, 'mitigate, assuage. inftlla, se,f., a band, bandage ; a fillet (used by priests). in-fundo, fundere, fudi,fasum, a., to pour into, discharge; to spread upon or over. in-gemisco , gemisoere , no perf. , no sup. , a. and n. , to groan over, to bemoan; to groan. in-gemo, gemere, gemui, no sup. , a. and n., to groan or sigh over ; to mourn over,^ lament ; to mourn, lament, groan. in-gen-ium, ii, n. (in; geno== gigno, that which is inborn), character , disposition , temper ; genius, abilities, talents. in-gens, entis, adj. (in; gens), vast, huge, prodigious; great mighty, strong; remarkable , dis- tinguished. iu-gero, gerere, gessi, gestum, a. , to carry or bring into : to hurl, cast, throw : inflict upon, utter against. in-gratus, a, um, adj., unpleasant, disagreeable ; ungrateful, tha'.ik- less. in-gravesco, ere, no perf, no sup. ,n.,to grow heaxnj ; increase, become powerful ; become trou- bled, W£aried. in-g:edior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (in; gradior), to go into, enter; engage in, apply one's self to ; begin , commence ; walk, advance. In-hibeo, hibere, hibui, hibitum, a. (in ; habeo) , io keep back, restrain, curb, check. inhonest-e, adv. (inhSnestus), dishonorably. VOCABULARY. — I. 43 In-hSnestus, a, um, adj., dis- honorable, disgraceful , shameful. inimic-Itia, ae, /. (ialmicus, § 44, l,c, 2), enmity, hostility. i;i-I.-nicus, a, um, adj. (in; ami- cus), unfriendly, hostile. As NOUN, m. , a private enemy or foe. idiqu-e, adv. (Iniqiius), unequally , dissimilarly ; unfitly , unsuitably ; unfairly, unjustly. la-iquus, a, um, adj. (in; sequus), unequal, unfair, unjust, disad- vantageous; unkind, unfriendly. Initio, are, avi, atum, a. (iiii- tiiim), to make a beginning; to initiate, consecrate. ial-tium, ii, n. (ineo, § 44, 1, c, 2)t, a beginning, commencement; origin. in-jicio, jioere, jeci, jeotum, a. (in; jacio), to throw or cast into , cast upon or against ; infuse into, inspire; injicere metum alicui, to inspire one with fear. injiiri-a, ae,/. (injiiriua), injury, wrong, violence; damage, in- sult ; injustice. in-jur-ius, a, um, adj. (in; jus), injurious, unjust. in-ju3-su, m. (used only in the abl.), (in; jiibeo), without com- mand. in-ju3tus, a-, um, adj., unjust; harsh, severe; unlawful, wrong. in-nascor, nasci, natus sum, dep. , to be born in ; spring up , arise y have its origin in. in-nitor, niti, nisus or nixus sum, dep., to lean or rest upon, support one's self by ; to crash; to lean. in-nocens, entis, adj., harmless, inoffensh-e ; blameless , guiltless , innocent; disinterested, upright. innooent-ia, ae, /. (innBoens, § 44, 1, c, 2), harmlessness; blamelessness, innocence ; upright- ness, integrity. in-no:sius, a, Tim, adj. , harmless ; guiltless, blameless. in-nQmerab!Qis, e, adj., countless, innumerable. in-nuo, nuere, nui, nutum, n. , . to nod to , give a sign or intima- tion, hint. inop-ia, Ee, /. (mops, § 44, 1 , c, 2), poverty, need, indigence; want, scarcity, destitution. in-opiuatus, a, um, adj., unex- pected; off orie's guard. In-5pinus, a, um, adj. (in; opi- nor) , unexpected. in-ops, 5pis, adj., without power, weak, needy, indigent; devoid of (with gen.). inquam , def. (§ 38 , 2 , J) , 7 say. in-quietus, a, um, adj. , not quiet, unquiet, restless. insan-ia, ae,/. (insanus, § 44, 1, c, 2), madness, frenzy, folly. in-sanus, a, um, adj., mad, in- sane; raging, taving, frantic, foolish, silly. in-scendo, scendere, scendi, sc'ensum, a. (in; soando), to mount up into, to mount ; to em- bark ; get upon. in-sciens, entis, adj., without knowledge, unaware ; ignorant, stupid, silly. in-scius, a, um, adj. , not knowing, ignorant. in-scribci, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, a., to write upon, inscribe; exhibit, show; assign, ascribe ; indicate. insec-tor, ari, atus sum, dep. frequentative (insequor, § 36, b, liote , and 44, 2 , 6) , (o pursue ; censure, blame, rail at, speak ill of. in-sequor, sequi, seciitus sum, dep., to follow after, pursue, press upon} harass; reproach, reprove, censure. in-sSro, sSrere, serui, sertum, a. , 10 introduce into, to insert. in-sero, sSfere, se^i, situm, a., to sow or plant in ; implant , en- graft. iu-sideo, si^ere, sedi, sessum, n. and a. (in; sedeo), to sit in; 44 LATIN LESSONS. sit upon , settle upon ; to get pos- session of, occupy. insid-ise , arum , /. pi. (insideo) , an ambush , ambuscade ; artifice, crafl, device, plot, snare; per insidias , by stratagem, craftily. insi:Ii-or, ari, atus sum, dep. (insidiae), to lie in wait for, watch for, expect. in-sido, sidere, sedi, sessum, n. , to settle on ; sink at pierce into ; sit down upon. insign-e, is, n. (insignis), a dis- tinctive mark; a mark, token, sign, proof; badge (of office) , a sig- nal ; ensign, standard , flag ; in pi., insignia, ium, badges of honor, decorations, ornaments. in-signis, e, adj. (in; signum), remarkable , eminent , distinguish- ed , prominent , extraordinary. in-sUio, sllire, silui, no sup. , n. (in; salio), to leap or spring into; to leap or spring upon. in-sinuo, are, avi, atum,a.'and n. (in ; sinus) , to penetrate or enter anywhere , by winding or bending; to make one's way into; to recommend one's self to; to reach, arrive at; steal' into, in- sinuate. in-sisto, sistere, stiti, no svp., n. , to stand, tread, step upon, press on, pursue, persevere ; halt, stop, stand. in-solens, ^ntis, adj. (in ; sSleo), unusual; haughty, proud, arro- gant, insolent. ins51en-ter, adv. (insSlens), un- usually; haughtily, proudly, arro- gantly, insolently. insolent-ia, ae, f (ins51ens, § 44, 1, c, 2), unusualness, novel- ty ; pride, arrogance, insolence. in-solitus, a, um, adj., unaccus- tomed ; unusual, uncommon. In-speians, ntis, adj., not hoping, not expecting. in-spicio, spicere, spexi, speo- tum, a. (in; specie), to look into, examine, search ; consider, contemplate, observe; weigh, pon- der. instar, n. indecl. , used adverbially with gen., like, equal to, about, worth. in-stituo, stituere, stitui, stitii' turn, a. (in; statuo), to put, set, place; arrange, draw up; appoint, establish, undertake, train up, educate. institu-tum, i, n. (instituo), custom, habit; arrangement, plan, regulation, purpose, intention, de- sign ; in pi. , institutions, customs, usages. in-sto, stare, stiti, statum, n., to stand upon ; assault ; pursue, press upon, harass ; urge, . re- guest, solicit earnestly, importune, entreat; to persevere; devote one's self to. in-striio, struefe, struzi, struc- tum, a., to erect, construct, build ; train, teach, instruct; set in order, arrange ; equip, pro- vide ; clothe, dress, array, orna- ment. in-sue-fac-tus, a, um, adj. (in ; sueo ; facio), accustomed, habitu- ated. in-suesco, suescere, suevi, sue- tum, n. and a., to become ac- customed ; to accustom or habitu- ate one to a thing. in-suetus, ci, um, adj. , unaccus- <■ tomed, unused to, inexperienced in, unacquainted with. in-silla, ae, f. (in; salum, the sea), an island. in-sum, esse, fui, irreg., to be in or upon, to belong to. in-super, adv., above, overhead; moreover, besides. in-siisurro, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to whisper, suggest to one, remind one. in-tactus, a, um, adj. (in ; tan- go), untouched, unharmed, un- injured, safe; pure, chaste. in-teger, gra, grum, adj. (in; tango), untouched, unchanged; VOCABULART. — I. 45 sound, whole, unhurt, safe ; hew, fresh (of troops); blameless, pure, virtuous; ex integro, afresh. iiitel-lego (ligo), legSre, lexi, lectum, a. (inter; lego), to perceive, discern ; understand, comprehend, observe ; to have an accurate knowledge of or skill in a thing. intempes13T-e, adv. (intempes- tivus), out of season, unseason- ably. ia-tempesttvus, a, um, adj. , un- timely, unseasonable, inoppor- tune, inconvenient. in-tempes-tus, a, um, adj. (in; tempus) , unseasonable ; . nox iutempesta, the dead of night. in-tendo, tendere, tendi, ten- turn and tensum, a., to stretch' out, extend,' turn toward; aim at; exert, purpose; intendere animum, to direct the thoughts ; intendere iter or cursuni, to direct, turn one^s course, march. inten-tus, a, um, part, (intendo), bent, stretched; attentive to, in- tent upon, vigilant, careful. inter, prep, with ace, betioeen, among, during, in the midst of, in the course of; inter se dlf- ferre , to differ from each other ; dare inter se, to interchange. inter-cedo, cedere, cessi, ces- sum, n., to go between; to be, stand, or lie between, intervene; hinder, obstruct, oppose, protest (as tribune). inter-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. (inter; capio), to intercept, catch, take from, steal, carry off. inter-cliido, cludere, clusi, clii- sum, a. (inter; claudo), to shut off, cut off, prevent, hinder ; surround. inter-dico, dioere, dixi, dictum, a. and n. , to forbvl, interdict, prohibit : interfere ; aliquid in- terdicere alicui, or aliquem aliqua re, to exclude one from. to forbid one the use of any thing; interdicerc alicui aqua et igni, to forbvj^ne the use of fire and water, i. e., to deprive one of civil rights, to banish. [day. iriter-diu, adv.-, during the day, by inter-dum, ado., sometimes, occa- sionally, now and then. inter-ea, adv. , meanwhile ; not- withstanding, however. inter-eo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, n. irreg., to perish, die. inter-est, impers. (§ 50, 4, d), it' concerns, is of interest, is impor- tant ; interest mea, it is my concern ; interest omnium, it is the interest of all. interfec-tor, oris, m. (interficio, § 44, 1, c, 1), a slayer, murderer. inter-ficio, ficere, feci, fectum, a. (inter; facie), to destroy, consume; kill, slay, murder. inter-im, adv. (inter; im = eum), Mi the mean time, meanwhile; sometimes ; however. inter-imo, imere, emi, emptum, a. (inter; emo), to destroy,' kill, slay, put to death. interior, iaB, adj. comp. (§ 17, 8), inner, interior, more hidden, more intimate. interi-tus, us, m. (intereo, § 44, 1, c, 2), destruction, ruin. inter-jicio (jacio), jicere, jeci, jectum, a. (inter; jacio), to place between, insert, introduce, intermix ; anno interjecto, at the expiration of a year. inter-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, a., to discontinue, break off', intermit, interpose. intemec-io, onis, /. (interneco, to kill; §44, 1, c, 2) , a massacre, carnage, utter destruction, exter- mination. inter-nuntius (nuncius), ii, m., a messenger. iuter-pello, are, avi, atum, a., to hinder, obstruct, interrupt, dis- turb; entreat, urge, importune, solicit. 46 LATIN LESSONS. inter-pono, poaere, pSsui, posi- tum, u., to put ov place between, interpose, interfere. interpres, etis, coiitT gen., an agent, broker; explainer, trans- lator, interpreter. interpretor, ari, atus sum, dep. (interpres), to explain, inter- pret. iuter-regnum, i, n., an interreign, interregnum (the time that a throne is vacant between the death of' one king and the elec- tion of another). in-territus, a, um, adj., fearless, undismayed. inter-rogo, are, avi, atum, a., to question, interrogate, ask. inter-rumpo, rumpere, rupi, rup- tum, a., to break asunder, break down, interrupt. inter-pero, serere, serui, sertum, a., to intermingle, commingle ; in- terpose, insert, assign. inter-sum, esse, fui, n. irreg., to be between, intervene, be present at, take part in ; interest, im- pers. , see Interest. inter-vallum, i, n., space between, interoal, distance. iuter-venio, venire, veni, ven- tum, n., to come between, inter- v-ne, occur, happen ; to come in the midst of, arrive. intes-tinus, a, um, adj. (intus), intestine, civil, domestic. intimus, a, um, adj., superlative (§ 17, 3), innermost, inmost. intra, adv. and prep, with ace, within, inside, below, under (with numerals) . in-trepidus, a, um, adj., un- daunted, hold, fearless. intro, adv., to the inside, within. intro, are, avi, atum, a., to walk into, enter, penetrate. intro-diico, diicere, duxi, duc- tum, a., to lead or bring into, introduce ; exhibit, represent. intro-eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n. irreg., to go in, enter. introi-tuB, iia, m. (introeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), an entering, entrance. inrtueor, tueri, tuitus sum, dep., to look at, behold, see, consider, contemplate. in-tilmesco, tumescere, tfimui, no sup. , n., to begin to swell, to swell or rise up, increase; to be elated, puffed up ; be angry, swell with rage. [inside. intus, adv., within, inside, to the in-ultus, a, um, adj., unavenged, . unpunished ; unhurt. m-undo, are, avi, atum, a., to overflow, flood, deluge, over- j spread, cover. in-ilsitatus, a, um, adj., unusual, uncommon, extraordinary. in-utilis, e, adj., useless, of no use, unprofitable; powerless, weak. in-vado, vadere, vasi, vasum, n. and a. , to come upon, to make an attack upon, assail, invade, seize, usurp. in-validus, a, um, adj. , not strong, weak, feeble, impotent ; sickly, sick. in-veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, a., to carry into, bring into, carry; ia pass., invehi (equo, curra), to ride, drive; to attack; assail with words. in-venio, venire, veni, ventum, a. , to come upon, find ; invent, devise, discover; meet with. inven-tor, oris, m. (invenio, § 44, 1, c, ]), a deviser, inventor, dis- coverer. inven-trix, iois,/. (invenio, § 44, 1, c, 1), an inventress. in-vicem, adv. (in; vicis), by turns, alternately, one another. in-victus, a, um, adj., unconquer- ed, unsubdued ; invincible, not to be overcome. in-viieo, videre, vidi, visum, a., to look spitefully at, regard with evil eye ; envy, grudge. invid-ia, ae, /. (invidus, § 44, 1, c, 2), envy, jealousy, malice, grudge; odium, hatred: VOCABrLAEY. 1. 47 invidi-osus, a, um, adj. (invidia, § 44, 1, c, 3), full of envy ; de- testable, hateful. invidus, a, um, adj. (invideo), envious. invidus, i, m. (invideo), an envier, one who envies. invi-sus, a, um, part, (invideo), hated, hateful, detestable. in-vito, are, avi, atum, a., to in- vite, entertain, summon, allure. in-vitua, a, um, adj. (in; volo), unwilling, reluctant. in-vius-, a, um, adj. (in; via), without a road, pathless, track- less, impassable. in-vSoo are, avi, atum, a., to call on or upon; invoice; implore, en- treat. in-volvo, volvere, volvi, volii- tum, a., to surround, enwrap, envelope, enclose ; overwhelm, en- ipse, a, um, pron. (§ 20, 2, e), self, very ; himsdf, herself, itself. ira, se,/. , anger, wrath, rage, ire. iracuud-ia, se, /. (iracundus, § 44, 1, c, 2), anger, wrath, rage, fury. ira-cundus, a, um, adj. (ira, § 44, 1, c, 3), prone to anger, irri- table, hasty, passionate. ir-ascor, irasci, iratus sum, dep. (ira) , to be angry, be in a rage. ira-lus, a, um, part, (irascor), angry, enraged, angered. ir-reparabllis, e, adj. (in ; repa- rabUis), irreparable, irrecover- able, irretrievable. ir-ievbcabEis, e, adj. (In ; revo- cabilis), irrevocable, unalterable. ir-rideo, ridere, risi, risum, n. aud a. (in ; rideo), to laugh in ridicule. ; to joke, deride ; mock, jeer, jest, laugh to scorn, ridicule. iri-is-io, onis, /. (irrid'eo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a deriding, mocking, mock- ery. irrito, are, avi, atum, a., to pro- voke, exasperate, enrage, irritate, incite. ir-ritus, a, um, adj. (in; ratus), undetermined; invalid , void , null ; harmless; useless; vain. ir-rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, n. and a. (in; rumpo), to break in, burst in, invade, make an in- cursion into; interrupt; destroy. ir-ruo, ruSre, rui, no sup., n. and a. (in; ruo), to rush in or into; attack furiously , assail, assault. is, ea, id, pron. (§ 20, 2, d), this, that; Jie, she, it; is qui, the man who, stfch a one that ; in eo esse, to be on the point of. iste, ta, tud, pron. (§ 20, 2, c), this of yours, that near you; this, that; that fellow (in contempt). ita, adv. , thus, so ; to such an ex- tent ; ita . . . ut (with subj.'), ^ in such a manner . . . that. Italia, ae, f , Italy. ^ Ital-icus, a, um, adj. Italia, of or ^ belonging to Italy ; Jtalian. Ital-us, a, um, adj. (Italia), of or „ belonging to Italy ; Italian. itali, orum, m. , Italians. ita-que, co?y. (§ 4, 2, c, and 43, 2,d), and thus, and so; there- fore, accordingly. item, adv. , so , even so , just so ; also; likewise. iter, itineris, n. (eo), journeys march, waj, course, route ; ex itinere, on the march ; magnis itineribus, by forced marches. itero, are, avi, atum, a. (iterum), to do, or go over again, repeat; relate, tell. iterum, ado., again, a second time; next, afterwards. it-i-dem, adv. (Ita), in like manner, also, moreover. iturus, a, um, part, from eo. J. jaceo, ere, ui, itum, n., to lie, lie down, lie dead. jaoio, jacere, jeoi, jactum, a., to throw, cast, hurl; lay, placed erect. 48 LATIN LKSSONS. jacta-tio, onis, /. (jacio, § 44, 1, c, 2) , a throwing, hurling ; toss- ing ; boasting, ostentation. jact-ito, are, no per/., no sup., a. frequentative (jaoto, § 36, 6, and note, and 44, 2, h), to pour fofrth frequently ; to make a great display. jac-to, are, avi, atum, a. frequen- tative (jacio, § 36, b, and note, and 44, 2, b), to throw, fling, toss, cast, hurl; boast, consider, talk about. jacQl-or, ari, atus sum, dep. (jaoQlum), to hurl a javelin; cast, throw, hurl. jac-ulum, i, n. (jacio, § 44, 1, c, y), a missile, dart, javelin. jam, adv., now, already, presently, at length; with a negative, as jam non, no longer. jam-diii, adv., long ago, already, for a long time. jam-diidum, adv., long ago, this long lime ; at once, forthwith, di- rectly. jam-jam, adv.,- at this very mo- ment, already. jam-pridem, adv., a long time since, long since. ' janua, se,f. (janus), a door, gate. janu-ariua, a, um, adj. (janus), of or belonging to January. As NOUN, m., January. Janus, i, m., an ancient Latin divi- nity, represented with two faces, one in front, the other behind. jejunus, a, um, adj., hungry, thirsty, dry ; barren, sterile ; mean, low, trifling. j5c-or, ari, atus sum, (fep- (jS- cus), to jest, joke. jScus, i, m. (in pi., also joca, orum), a jest, joke. Jo vis, gen. of JSpiter. Juba, as, m., a Hng of Numidia. jfibeo, jubere, jussi, jussum, a., to order, command, bid; exhort. jij-cundus, a, um, adj. (jiivo, § 44, 1, c, S) ,- pleasant', agreeable, deiighful, pleasing. judex, Icis, com. gen. (jndico), a judge, umpire. jiidic-ium, ii, n. (judioo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a judgment, opinion, deci- sion, trial, court. ju-dioo, are, avi, atum, a. (jus; dico), to judge, decide, deter- mine. jiig-ulum, i, n., -us, i, m. (jungo), the throat. jflg-um, i, n. (jungo), a yoke; pair, team ; a height, or summit (of a mountain) . Jiilia, SB, _/"., sister of Csesar. Jiilius, ii, m., the name of a Ro- man gens; especially Cains Julius Ccesar, and his adopted son, Caius Julius Ccesar Octa- vianus Augustus. Jiilius, ii, m., the month of July; so called after Julius Caesar. Jiilius, a, um, adj., of July. ju-mentum, i, n. (jungo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a beast of burden, a draught-animal. jungo, jungere, junxi, junctum, a., to join, unite, yoke, harness ; societatem jungere, to form a partnership. junior,, us, adj., comparative (jfi- venis, § 17, 3, 6) , younger. Jii-piter (Jupp), J5vis, m. (§ 11, ni., 4, 6), son of Saturn, brother and husband of Juno, king of gods. Jura, ee, m., a (hain of mountains extending from the Rhine to the Rhone, jura-mentum, i, n. (juro, § 44, 1, c, 2), an oath. jiire, abl. of jus, used adverbially, by right, justly. jiiro, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to swear, take an oath, swear by, swear to. jiiror, ari, atus sum, dep., to swear, take an oath. jus, jiiris, n., law, right, justice, authority, control.^ jusjiirandum, jurisjurandi, n. (§ 14, 2, d'), an oath. VOCABULARY. — I. 49 jus-sum, i, re. (jfibeo), an order, command. jus-sus, us, m. (jubeo), an order, command. jus-sus, a, um, part, (jtibeo), com- manded, ordered. ju3t-e, ado. (Justus), rightly, justly, properly, correctly. ju3t-itia, se,f. (Justus, § 44, 1, c, 2) , justice, uprightness. jus-tas, a, um, adj. (jus), just, upright ; equitable ;fai,r, proper, right. jtiven-oa, ee,y. (jttvenis), a young cou), heifer. jQven-ovLS, i, m. (juvenis), a young bullock, steer. ju/enis, is, adj., com. gen. (§ 17, 3, 6), young, youthful. juvenis, is, com. gim. (gen. pi., jiiffeaum), a young man or wo- man (between 17 and 45 or 4o). ja7aa,-tus, utis,/! (jiivenis, § 44, 1, c, 2), youth; the season of i/ntUh. jS70, jQvare, juvi, jutum, a. and «., to help, aid, assist, support. juxta, prep.Vfithacc, near to,near; as ado., near by, in like manner, alike. K. Kalendae (Cal.), arum, _/*., the fir-it day of the month. Earthago (Car.), inis, f., Car- thaje ; a celebrated city of Africa. L, an abbreviation of the prse- nomen Lucius. lab-es, is, /. (labor), fall, down- fall, ruin, stain, blemish. Labienus, i, m., an officer of Caesar in Gaul, who afterwards went" over to Pompey. labor, labi, lapsus sura, dep., to glide along, slip, fall down, slip away, escape. labor, oris, m., labor, toil, exer- tion ; hardship, distress. labor-iosus, a, um, adj. (labor, § 44, 1, c, 3), laborious, toilsome, wearisome, difficult, industrious. laboro, are, avi, atum, n. (labor), to toil, labor, struggle, suffer, be hard pressed ; be anxious. lac, lactis, n., milk. LacSdaemon, 6nis, f, Sparta; the capital of Laoonia. laoer, era, erum, adj., torn, man- gled, maimed. lacSro, are, avi, atum, a. (lacer), to tear, mangle ; waste, consume ; destroy; torture, vex, pain. lacesso , essere , essivi or essii or essi , essitum ,a.,to provoke, ex- cite, challenge, harass, assail, attack. lacio, ere, no perf., no sup., a., ^ to entice, allure. lacrima (cry), se,f., a tear; la- ^ crimas dare , to weep. lacrimo (cry),_^are, avi, atum, n. and a. (laoiima)', to sited ^ teal's, weep, cry ; weep or cry for, lacrimor^ (cry), ari, atus sum, dep. (lacrima), weep, bewail, lament. lacus, us, m. (§ 12, 3, d), a lake. laedo, laedere, Isesi, Isesum, a., to slrilce, hurl, injure, damage ; annoy, vex ; violate. laet-itia, ae, /. (laetus, § 44, 1, c, 2), joy, gladness. leetor, ari, atus sum, dep. (laetus), to feel joy, rejoice, be glad ; re- joice at. laetus, a, um, adj., joyful, rejoicing, joyous, glad; happy; pleasant, agreeable ; fortunate, lucky ; rich, fertile ; pabula laeta, rich fodder. laeva, ae.y". (laevus), the left hand. LEevinus, i, m., a Roman name. laevus, a, um, adj., left, on the left hand. lambo, ere, i, itum, a., to lick, lap. lamentor, ari, atus sum, dep. (la- mentum), to lament, weep over, bewail. 50 LATIN LESSONS. lamentum, i, n., a bewailing, la- mentation. lamina, ae, /"., a plate (of metal, wood, &c.), leaf', layer, blade. lana, ee, f. , wool, down ; soft hair. lancea, se, /., a light spear ; a lance. laii-i-ficium, ii, n. (lana; facio), wiiol-spinning , wool-weaving. lanista, se, m., a trainer of gladia- tors; an instructor in evil; a sword-master. lanius, ii, m. (lanio, to tear), a butcher. lapid-eus, a, um, adj. (lapis, § 44, 1, t, 3), consisting of stones, stony ; murus lapideus, a stone wall. lapis, idis, m., a stone; a stone (placed at the end of every 1000 paces) , a mile-stone. lap-sus, lis, in. (labor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a gliding ; slip, fall. laqueus, ei, m., a. noose, halter, snare. Larentia (Acca), se.y., the wife of Faustulus, foster-mother of Romulus and Remus. Lares, um and ium, m. pi., the Lares; household gnds, whose images were placed in a little shrine by the hearth, or in a small chapel in the interior of the-house. larg-ior, iri, itus sum, dep. (lar- gus), to give bountifully, bestow, distribute ; bribe. largi-tio, onis, /. (largior, §^ 44, 1, e, 2), a giving freely ; liberal- ity ; bribery, corruption. largus, a, um, adj., large, long, grea> ; abundant, plentiful. lass-itudo, ituis, /". (lassus,§ 44, 1, c, 2),faintness, weariness. lassus, a, um, adj., faint, languid, weary, tired. lat-e, adu. (latus), widely; far and wide, broadly ; late patere, ., to bid (at an auction). licet, licuit or licitum est, n. im- pers., it is allowable, allowed, permitled ; one may, can ; licet venias, you may come. lioet, coi^j. (§ 43, 2, g), although, tho"gh, evc'n if. Iiicinius, ii, m., a Koman name. lie-tor, oris, m. (ligo, § 44, 1, c, 1), a lictor ; an attendant granted to a magistrate, as a sign of official dignity, lign-'eus, a, um, adj. (lignum, § 44, 1, c, 3), of wood, wooden. lignum, i, n., wood; pi. , fire-wood. ligo, are, avi, atum, a., to bind, fa.iten, tie. lilium, ii, ra., a Uly. linea-mentum, i, n. (liaea, a line), a line ; pi., drawings, designs ; features, lineaments. Iiingones, um, m. (ace. pi., Lin- gbuas), a people in Celtic Gaul, lingua, ee, f., the tongue; lixn- guage.^ linter, tris,_/., a boat, skiff, wherry. lique-facio, fadSre, feci, factum, a. ; and pass. , lique-fio, fieri, factus sum (llqueo ; Scio), to make liquid ; to melt, dissolve ; weaken. liqu-idus, a, um, adj. (liqueo), flowing, fluid, liquid. lis, litis,,/"., a strife, dispute, quar- rel ; law-suit. Liscus, i, m , an .^duan chief, litiga-tor, oris, m. (litigo, § 44, 1, c, 1), a party to a law-suit, a litigant, disputant. Uttera (litera), se, f, a letter (of the alphabet); litterae, ^Z., an epistle, literature. litter-arius (Ut), a, um, ad,j. (littera), of or belonging to learning, letters ; litterarius lu< dus , an elementary school. litus (littus), Qris, n., the sear slipre, shore, coast, beach. 15cu-ples, etis, adj. (locus; pleo), rich, wealthy, opulent. IScQpleto, are, avi, atum, a. (IBciiples), to enrich, make rich/; adorn, beautify, decorate. IScus, i, m., pi., ISci or Idea, m. and n. (§ 14, 2, c) , a place, spot, region. 15c-iitus, a, um, part. (ISquor). long-e, ado. (longus), far off; widely, greatly, much, by far (comp., longius ; superlative, lougissime). VOCABULARY.- 53 long-inq-uus, a, um, adj. (longus ; hinc), far off, distant, remote; lung; e or ex. longinquo, y?om a distance, from afar. long-itudo, mis,/, (longus, § 44, 1, c, 2), lenytli. longus, a, um, adj., long; tall;' remote, distant, tedious. loqu-az, acis, adj. (loquor, § 44, 1, c, 3), prone to talk, talkaime, loquacious, wordy. ISquor, loqui, IScutus sum, dep , to speak, talk, say, tell, utter, mention ; speak of. lor-ioa, se, f. (lorum) , a cuirass or corselet (made of leathern thongs), coat-of-mail. lorum, i, n., a thong, bridle. liib, see lib. luceo, lucere, luxi, no sup., n., to shine, be brilliant, be conspicu/- ous, evident. luc-idus, a, um, adj. (luceo), shining, bright, clear. Lucius, ii, m., a Roman name, lu-crum, i, n. (luo), gain, profit, advantage; avarice; wealth, riches. lucta, ae, / (luctor), a wrestling, wrestling-match. lucta-tio,''onis, /". (luctor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a wrestling ; struggle, con- test, fight. luctor, ari, atus sum, dep., to seize, grasp ; strive, contend, stmggle ; wrestle. luc-tus, us, m. (lugeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), sorrow, mourning, lamenta- tion, grief. Iiucullus, i, m., Lucius Licinius Lucullus, a ■wealthy Roman noble, commander against Mi- thridates. luous, i, m., grove, sacred grove; wood. liid-ibrium, ii, n. (ludo) , a mock- ing, mockery, derision; jest, scoff, sport. lud-icer (crus), (nom. sing. masc. not used), era, crum, adj. (ludus), sportive. liid-icrum, i, n., sport, jest; show, public games. liid-i-fico, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (ludus; facio), to make sport of, make a fool of; delude, deceive; mock. lud-i-ficor, ari, atus sum, dep. (liidus ; facio) , to make sport of; to mock, delude, deride. lildo, dere, si, sum, n. and a. (lu- dus), to sport, play, delude, mock, deceive. ludus, i, m., a play, game, pastime; iichool ; in pL, public games, shows. lugeo, lugere, luxi, luctum, n. and a. , to lament, sorrow, bewail ; mourn for. m-men, iuis, n. (lUceo), light, daylight, day ; the eye. lu-na, ae,/. (luceo), (the shining one) , the moon. luo, luere, lui, luitum or lutum, a., to wash ; wash out, atone for, expiate. luo, luere, lui, luitum or lutum, a., to pay. liipa, SB,/., a she-wolf. lupus, i, )«., a wolf. lustro, are, avi, atum, a. (lus- trum), to purify, illumine, make clear ; review ; traverse. lu-strum, i, n. (luo), an expiatory offering, lu-sus, lis, m. (liido, § 44, 1, c, 2), a playing; sport, amusement, game. lux, IQcis, /. (liiceo), light, splendor, brightness ; the light of day, daylight ; prima lux, day-break. luxiiria, ae, f. luxury, excess, extravagance. luzus, us, m., luxury, excess, ex- travagance. M. M, as an abbreviation, denotes Marcus. £Marius, M', as an abbreviation, denotes 64 LATIN LESSONS. MacSdSnia, se, /. , a country between Thessaly and Tliraee. niac-er, era, crum, adj. (maceo, to be lean), lean, meagre, poor, thin. machlna, se,f., a military engine; trick, artifice. jnac-ies, ei, /. (maceo), leanness, thinness ^poverty. maci-lentus, a, um, adj. (macies), lean, thin. Maecenas, atis, m. , the friend of Augustus and patron of Horace and Virgil. maereo (mcer), ere, no perf., no sup., n. and a., to grieve, mourn, lament ; bemoan , mourn over. mser-or (mcer), 5ris, m. (mEereQ, § 44, 1, c, 2),' a mourning, sad- ness, grief, lamentation. mcBs-tus (moes), a, um, adj. (msereo), sad, sorrowful, afflicted, dejected. magis, comp. adv. , more , rather. mag-ister, tri, m. , a master, chief, head, director, leader. magistr-atus, us, m. (magister), a magistracy, office, magistrate. magpiflc-e, adv. (magniiicus), nobly, magnificently, splendidly,- richly {pomp., magnificentius ; superlative, magnificentissime). magn-i-ficus, a, um, adj. (comp., magnificentior ; superlat. , mag- nificentissimus), (§ 17, 1, c), (niagnus ; iacio), noble, distin- guished, eminent, grand. magn-itudo, inis, /. (maguus, § 44, 1, c, 2), greatness, size, bulk. magn-Spere (magno opere), adv. (magnus ; opus), very much, ■ greatly, exceedingly. ^ niagnus, a, um, adj. (comp., major ; superlative, maximus), great, large ; abundant, numerous ; powerful, loud; natu major, greater in birth, older. Maius, ii, m., the month of May. maj-estas, atis, /. (magnus), honor, dignity, excellence, splen- dor, majesty. majores, rum, m. pi. (major), ancestors. mal-e, ado. (comp. , pejus; superla- tive, pessime), (malus), badly, incorrectly, wickedly, hurtfully, unfortunately. male-dico, Ulcere, dixi, dictum, re., to speak ill of, revile, slander. male-dictum, i, w. , a reviling, slander, curse. ma-lo, malle, malui, no sup., a., irreg. (§ 37, 3), (magis ; v51o), to choose rather, prefer. malum, i, n. (malus), evil, mis- fortune, calamity, damage. malus, a, um, adj. (comp., pejor; superlative, pessimus), evil, bad, wicked, low, injurious. manda-tum, i, n. (mando), a charge, order, commission. man-do, are, avi, atum, a. (ma- nus; do), to commit into one's hands; to enjoin, order, com- mand. mane, u. indecl., the morning. As Adv., in the morning, early in the morning. maneo, manere, mansi, mansum, n. and a., to stay, remain, stop, last, endure ; wait for, await. manifesto, are, avi, atum, a. (manifestus), to make public, discover, show, manifest. manifestus, a, um, adj., clear, plain, evident, manifest. man-i-piilus, i; 7n. (maiius; pleo), ,a handful; a company, maniple ; troop. Manlius, ii, m. , a Roman name. mansue-tudo, inis, /. (mansue- tus, mild) , (§ 44, 1, c, 2), mild- ness, gentleness, clemency. manii-mitto, mittSre, misi, mis- sum, a. (manus; mitto), to release from one's power; set at liberty ; enfranchise, emancipate. manus, us, f, a hand; band (of troops), yorce. Marcus, i, m. , see Brutus. mare, is, n. , the sea ; mare inter- num, the Mediterranean. VOCABULAKT. ■ 55 margo, inia, m. and /. , an edg", brink, border, mg,rgin. mar-iuus, a, um, adj. (mare) , of or belonging to the sea ; marine. mar-itlmus, a, um, adj. , of or be- longing to the sea ; maritime ; bordering on the sea; copiee maritimse, naval forces. As Noun, maritima, orum, n. pi. , places on the sea-coast, [woman. mar-ita, ae, /. (mas), a m irried marit-us, i, m. (marita), a married man, husband. Mariug, i^, m., Caius Marius (157-85 B.C.); the conqueror of Jugurtha, and chief of the pop- ular party at Rome. He was consul seven times. mar-mor, 6ris, n. (mare), the sea; marble (from its -white glisten- ing appearance). marmSr-eus, a, um, adj. (mar- mor, § 44, 1, c, 3), made of marble, consisting of marble. Mars, tis, m.', the fabled father of Romulus; the god of war, of husbandry, of shepherds and seers. Martius, a, um, adj. (Mars), of Mars ; of or belonging to March. Martina, ii, m., the month of March. mas, maris, m. , a male. As Adj. , male, manly. missa, SB, f, a lump, mass. mater, tris, /. , a mother. mater-ia, ae, /. (mater), matter, material; timber. mater-ies. lei, /. (mater), matter, material; timber. matr-it-cida, ae, com. gen. (mater; csedo), a mother's murderer, a matricide. matricld-ium, ii, n. (matricida) , the murdering of one's mother ; matricide. matr-imonium, ii, n. (mater) , wedlock , marriage ; in matrimo- nium ducere, to marry (used only of a man marrying a wo- man). matr-ona, SB, /. (mater), a mar- ried woman, tvife. matron. MatrSna, se, m. , a river in Gaul (now the Marne). matiir-e, adu. (matiirus), early, speedily, quickly {^comp., matu- rius ; superlative, maturrime ami maturissime) . matiir-itas, atis, /'. (luatiirus, § 44, \, c, 2), perfection, ripeness, mtiturity ; promptness , speedi- ness. matiir-o, -are, avi, atum, a. and n. (maturus), to make ripe, ripen; make haste, hasten; to become ripe, ripen. matiirus, a, um, adj., ripe, ma- ture ; excellent ; early ; timely, seasonable. maxim-e (maxum-), adv. (maxi- mus), in the highest degree; rery, especially, exceedingly; mostly, chiefly. maximus, a., um, adj. , superlative of maguus, greatest. MaXimus, i, m. , a Roman name. nie-cum, with me (§ 19, 3, e). m.edeor, eri, no perf, dep., to heal, cure ; remedy, relieve, correct. medica-men, inis, n. (medico), a drug, remedy, medicine. medica-mentum, i, n. (medico) , a drug, remedy, medicine. medic-ina, ae, /. (medious), medicine, remedy. medico, are, avi, atum, a. (medicus), to heal, cure. medicor, ari, atus sum, dep. (m6dicus), to heal, cure. med-icus, a, um, adj. (medeor) , healing, curative. As Noun, medicus, i, m., a physician, sur- geon. meditor; ari, atus sum, dep., to think or reflect upon; to muse over, consider; study; design, purpose. medium, ii, n., the middle, midst ; the presence or sight ; e medio tollere, to put out of the way. m.edius, a, um, adj., middle, mid ; 56 LATIN LESSONS. half-way ; intervening -, interme- diate. mel, mellis, n. , honey ; sweetness, pleasantness. membrum, i, n. , a limb; part, portion, division. memini, isse, re. def. (§ 38, J, c), to remember, recollect. memor, oris, adj., mindful, re- membering; unforgetting, vindic- tive, unsleeping, watchful. ' meniora-bilis, e, adj. (memoro) , memorable, remarkable ; worthy of mention. memoT-ia, ee, f (memor), mem- ory, recollection , remembrance ; memorise tradere or prodere, to hand dovm to posterity. memSro, are, avi, atum, a. (memor), to remind of; call to mind; mention, relate, tell, nar- rate. mens, mentis, f. , dhe mind , under- standing, intellect, reason. mensa, de,f.,a table; (that which is put on table), food. mensis, is, m. , a month. mentio, onis, /., a mentioning, calling to mind, mention. mentior, iri, itus sum, dep., to lie, cheat, deceive; pretend, imitate, counterfeit. meo, are, avi, atum, n., to go, to pass ; to be on the march. merca-tor, oris, m. (mercor, § 44, 1, c, 1), a trader, merchant. merca-tiira, se, f. (mercor, § 44, 1, c, 2), trade, traffic, commerce. mer-ces, edis, /. (merx; oedo), hire, pay, wages, salary, fee, reward ; bribe ; price ; punish- ment ; cost, injury. mercor, ari, atus sum, dep. (merx), to trade, traffic ; buy, purcha.ie. mereo, ere, ui, itum, a. and n., to get, gain, acquire ; to deseroe, merit. mereor, eri, itus sum, dep., to 1 get, gain, acquire, obtain; de- serve, merit. mergo, mergSre, mersi, mer- siim, a. , to dip, ptunga, im- merse ; sink, overwhelm ; destroy. meri-dies, ei, m. (mSdius; dies), (§ 13, 2), midday, noon; the south. merit-o, adv. (meritus), deserved- ly, justly. mer-itum, i, n. (mereo), a service, kindness, benefit; merit, reward. Ei§r-itus, a, um, part, (mereor), deserving. mer-sus, a, um, part, (mergo), plunged. merus, a, um, adj., pure, un- mixed, unadulterated. mer-x, mercis,/. (mereo), goods, wares, commodities. mes-sis, is,/. (meto),"a harvest. mStallum, i, n., a mine ; a metal. Metellus, i, m. , a Roman general. metior, metiri, mensus sum, deji. , to measure, mete, distribute by measure. meto, metere, messui, messum, a., to mow, reap ; gather. ' me tor, ari, atus sum, dep., to measure, mark off. Mettius, ii, m. , a Roman name. metuo, metuere, metui, metu- tum, a. and n. (metus), to fear, dread, be afraid of; be afraid. metus, us, m. , fear, dread, appre- hension, anxiety. me-us, a, um, pron. possessive (me), (vocative sing, masc, mi, rarely meus), my, mine, belong- ing to me. migro, are, avi, atum, n. , to de- part, migrate, go away. miles, itis, com. gen. , a soldier, a foot-soldier. Milesius, a, um, adj. , of or belong- ing to the city of Miletus ; Mile- sian. Miletus, i, m., a city of Caria in Asia Minor. milia, ium, n. pi., see mille. milies, see millies. milit-aris, e, adj. (miles), o/ or belonging to a soldier or the YOCABULART. I. 57 soldiers ; military ; res militaris, military science. milit-ia, as, /. (mQito), military service ; warfare. milito, are, avi, atum, n. (miles), to be a soldier : wage war. mille (mile^ numeral Adj. indetl. , a thousand. As Noun, used only in the nam. and ficc. sing. (mille), and in pi. n., millia, ium, a thousand; followed by the partitive gen., as millia pas- suum, a thousand paces, one mile. mill-ies (iens), adv. (mille), a thousand times. mimus, i, m. , a mimic actor, mime ; a farce, play. minimus, a, um, adj. superlative (parvus), least. minister, tri, m., an attendant, waiter, servant; helper, sup- porter, abettor. minister-ium, ii, n. (minister), attendance, waiting, service. min itor, ari, atus sum, dep. fre- quentative (minor, § 36, b, and 44, 2, b), to threaten, menace. minor, arij atus sum, dep., to jut forth, project; threaten, menace. minor, us, adj. comparative (par- vus), less. As Noun, minores, um, com. gen. pi., descendants. minuo, uere, ui, utum, a. and n., to lessen, diminish, lower, re- duce ; to grow less. minus, adv. , less ; si minus, if not (parum, minus, minime). minii-tus, a, um, part, (minuo), little, small, minute. mira-bilis, e, adj. (miror), won- derful, marvellous, extraordinary. mirabil-iter, adv. (mirabilis), wonderfully , astonishingly. mir-i-ficus, a, um, adj. (mirus; ^cio), causing wonder, wonder- ful, extraordinary, strange (mi- rificus, miriiicentlor, mirifi- centissimus), (§ 17, 1 , c). miror, rari, ratus sum, dep., to admire ; to wonder at. mir-us, a, um, adj. (miror) , joon- derful^ marvellous, strange, ex- traordinary. misceo, miscere, miscui, mistum ' or mixtum, a. , to mix, mingle, intermingle, blend. miser, era, Srum, adj., wretched, unfortunate, pitiable ; sick, ill. misera-bilis, e, adj. (miser), worthy of pity, pitiable, lament- able. miser-eor, eri, itus sum, dep. (miser), (§ 50, 4, c, and 1), to pity, feel pity for, commiserate. misere-sco, scere, no perf , no sup., n. inch, (misereo, § 36, a., and 44, 2, h), (§ 50, 4, c, and 1), to feel pity, have com- passion for. miseret, misSrere, miseruit, n. impers. (§ SO, 4, c, and 2), it distresses, stirs pity; miseret me, 1 pity. misSricord-ia, ee, /. (n-isgrloors, § 44, 1, c, 2), pity, compassion, mercy. miser-i cors, cordis, adj. (mis- ereo; cor), having a pitying heart; tender-hearted, compas- sionate, merciful. miser-or, ari, atus sum, dep. (miser), (§ 50, 4, c, V), to lament, deplore, bewail; pity, compassionate. mis-sus, a, um, part, (mitto), sent. mit-esco, escere, no perf , no sup.. It. inch, (mitis) , to become mild, gentle. Mitbridates, is, m., Mithridales the Great, king of Pontus, -who waged war with the Romans, and, being at last conquered by Pompeius, stabbed himself. Mithridat-icns, a, um, adj. (Mi- tbridates) , of or belonging to Mithridales; Mithridatic. mitis, e, adj., mild, gentle; ripe, mellow. mitto, mittSre, misi, missum, a., to send, despatch ; throw, dis- 58 I.ATIN I.ESSONS.' charge : dismiss, release ; vooem mittere, to speak. ^ modera-tio, onis, /. (moderor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a restricting; moderation ; regularity ; control. modera-tus, a, um, part, (mo- dero), limited, moderate. mod-eror, ari, atus sum, dep. (mSdus), to put a limit to, set bounds; restrict; regulate, rule, govern. mod-estus, a, um, adj. (modus), modest, sob^r, discreet. mSd-icus, a, um, adj. (m5dus), of a moderate size, moderate ; modest; temperate; small. m.5d5, adv., onhj, merely; at all; just now ; modo . . . modo, now . . . now, at one moment y. . . at another; non modo . . . sed etiam, not only . . . but also; modo, with the sub- junotive mood, if only, provided that. m.odus, i, m.,a measure or stand- ard ; bounds , limits , end ; way manner, method, mode; ad mo- dnm, in modum, with the gen., after the manner of; like ; modo flnmi];iis , like a river ; huno in modum, after this fashion ; uuUo modo, by no means. m'oeuia, ium, n. pL, di'fensive walls, ramparts, bulwarks, city walls; fortifications, defences. micBreo (msereo) , ere , no perf. , no sup. , n. and a. , to be sad ; to mourn, grieve, lament; mourn over, bemoan, lament. moeror (mseror), oris, m. (mcereo, § 44, 1, c, 2) , a mourning, sad- ness, grief, lamentation. moes-tus (mses), a, um, adj. (moereo), sad, sorrowful. moles, is, /. , a mass, heap ; mole, dam, pier; difficulty, labor, trouble. mSlest-e, adv. (mSlestus), with trouble; moleste ferre, to be annoyed at. mSlest-ia, ae, /. (mblestus, § 44, 1, c, 2), trouhle, annoyance, vexation, disgust, dislike. mSlesto, are, avi, atum, a. (mS- lestus), to trouble, annoy, mo- lest. mSiestus, a, um, adj. , troublesome, irksome, grievous, lyrmoying. mol-ior, iri, itus sum, dep. (mo- \ les) , to endeavor, toil, struggle; to undertake, attempt ; to throw, hurl; force open; to build, erect; to fortify: moU-io, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. (mollis), to soften, mitigate; render easy , gentle. mol-lis, e, adj. (m5veo), soft, tender, mild, agreeable, easy, weak, feeble; effeminate; timid. Molo, 5nis, m^ , a teacher of rhe- toric. mSlo, ere, ui, itum, a., to grind, crush, bruise. moneo, era, ui, itum, a., to re- mind, adm.onish, advise, warn; punish; teach, tell,, inform. mSn-itio, onis, f. (moneo, § 44, 1, c, 2), an admonishing, admo- nition, ad ice, warning. mon-itus, lis, m. (moneo, § 44, 1, c, 2), advice, warning. mon-3, moutis, m. (mineo, to project), a mountain. monstro, are, avi, atum, a. (mionstrum) , to show, point out. mon-strum, i, n. (mSneo), a divine omen , an omen ; q mon- ster ; a terrible wonder. mSn-dme&tum, i, n. (moneo) , (a thing serving to remind), a memorial, monument. mora, m,f., a delay ; obstacle. morbus, i, m., a sickness, disease, disorder, illness; sorrow, grief, affliction. mordeo, m.ordere, mSmordi (mS' mordi), morsum, a., to bite, eat, devour ; injure, hurt. mSrior, m5ri (mSriri) , mortuus sum, dep. (fut. part., mbritii- rus), to die, decay. mdror, ari, atus sum, dep. (mora)^ VOCABULARY, -r- I. 59 to tarry, stay, delay, linger, loi- ter, wait ; hinder. mor-s, mortis, y. (mSrior), death. mor-tuus, a, um, part, (inorior) , dead. mos, moris, m. , usage, custom, practice^ in pL, character, con- duct ; ex more, according to custom; morem gerere alicui, to carry out one^s will; to obey .one. mo-tus, us, m. (moveo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a mooing; movement; emotion ; passion : commotion, tumult, revolt. moveo, movere, movi, motum, a., to move, set in motion; stir up ; cause ; take away, remove ; influence ; arma movere, to take arms ; bellum movere, to under- take war; risum movere, to excite laughter. mox, adv., presently, soon, direct- ly : afterwards , then. mucro, onis, m. , a sharp edge ; a sword; edge, point, extremity, sharpness. muloto, see multo. miilier, ieris, /. , a woman, female. mult-itudo, inis, /. (multus, § 44, 1, c, 2), a great number, multitude ; a crowd. multo (mulcto), are, avi, atum, a. (multa, a fine), to fine; to pwnish. mult-o, adv. (multus), much, far, greatly ; by far, by much ; long; multo post or ante, long after or before. mult-um, adv. (multus), much, greatly, very muck. multus, a, um, adj. (camp., plus; superlative, plurimus), much, many. mundus, i, m. , the universe ; the world, the earth. muoia, orum, n. pi. , duties , func- tions (of oflBce). munifioent-ia, se,/. (munificus), bountifulness , munificence, bene- ficence. muni-meutum, i, n. (munio), fortification, defence, covering. mun-io, ire, ivi or ii, itum, a. (moenia), to fortify, build, de- fend. ipiini-tio, onis, /. (miiinio, § 44, 1, c,2), a fortification, rampart. miiaus, eris, n. , an office ; gift, reward, present; employment, service; munera, public shows, entertainments. mursena, ze, f, the murena (a fish, of wMoh the ancients were very fond), murus, i, m., a wall. mus, muris, com. gen., a mouse. musca, ee,f., a fly. muta-tio, onis, /. (muto, § 44, 1, c, 2), a changing; change; interchange , exchange. Mutina, se, /. , a city of Cisalpine Gaul (now Modena'). Miitin-ensis, e, adj. (Miltina), oj or belonging to Mutina. mii-to, are, avi, atum, a. intens. (mSveo), to change, alter; ex- change. miitus, a, um, adj., speechless, dumb, mute, silent. miit-uus, a, um, adj. (muto), mutual, reciprocal. m.yrtus, i and us, f. and m., a myrtle-tree, a myrtle. N. Nac-tus, a, um, part, (nancis- cor) , having obtained. nam, conj. (§ 43, 3, d),fnr. uam-que, conj. (§ 43, 8, d), for, for indeed, for truly. nanc-iscor, nanoisci, nactus or nanctus sum, dep., to get, ob- tain, receive ; take advantage of; find. nans, antis, part, of no. narro, are, avi, atum, a., to teU, relate, narrate, recount. uasoor, uasci, natus sum, dep., to be born ; to be descended from ; 60 LATIN LESSONS. be produced; to arise, grow, spring forth. ITasica, ce, m. (nasus, a nose), (one having a large nose), a cognomen in the Scipio family ; Publius Scipio Nasica, slayer of Gracchus. nasus, i, m., or nasum, i, n., a nose. nat-alis, e, adj., (natus), of or belonging to one's birth, natal; natalis dies, birth-day. na-tio, onis, /. (nascor, § 44, 1, €,', 2), a being bom; a race, nation, people. na-to, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (no), to swim, float; sivim in, float upon. na-tu, m. def. (used only in abl. sing.'), (nascor), 6)/ birth, in age ; maximus natu, eldest; mini- mus natu, youngest. na-tura, 36, _/. (nascor), nature; creation ; constitution, disposi- tion, character ; natura, naiu- rally. natiir-alis, e, adj. (natura), natural. na-tus, a, um, part, (nascor), having been bom, bom, made ; designed, formed, intended. na-tus, i, m. (nascor) , a son. nau-frag-ium, ii, n. (navis; fran- go) , a shipwreck, nauta (navita), se, m., a sailor, seaman. nav-alis, e, adj. (navis), naval; pertaining to ships. nav-ale, is, n. (navis), a doclcyard, dock; haven, harbor. nav-iciila, se, f. dim. (navis, § 44, 1 , c, 3) , a small vessel ; boat, sUf, naviga-tio, onis, f. (navigo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a sailing, itarigation. navig-ium, ii, n. (navigo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a sailing; vessel, ship, boat. nav-igo, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (navis) , to sail ; swim ; sail over, navigate. navis, is, f. (ace, navem or na- vim; abl., nave or navi), a ship; navis longa, a ship of war. navita, see nauta. ne, adv. and conj., 1. adv., not, no; ne . . . quidem, not even (the word or phrase emphasized always between the ne and quidem) ; 2. conj., that not, lest. ne, interrog. and enclitic particle (§ 71, 1), whether (in direct questions ne is not to be trans- lated , except by laying empha- sis upon the word to which it is joined). nebiila, se, f., mist, vapor; a cloud. nee, see nSque. , :; necessari-o, adv. (u^cessariua), necessarily, unavoidably. necess-arius, a, um, adj. (ne- cesse) , unavoidable, necessary. As Noun, m., a relative, rela- tion, kinsman. nS-ces-se, neut. adj. (found only in nom. and ace. sing.), (ne; cedo), unavoidable, inevitable, necessary. necess-itas, atis,y. (necesse, § 44, 1, c, 2), necessity ; constraint, compulsion, fmxe ; need. necess-itiido, inis, f. (necesse, § 44, 1, c, 2), necessity; connec- tion, relationship ; intimacy, friendship. nec-ne, conj., or not. neco, are, avi, atum, a., to kill, slay, put to death. necto, nectere, nexui and nexi, nexum, a., to bind, fetter; imr- prison. ne-dum, conj., by no means, much less ; not to say, much more. ne-fas, n. indecl., that which is unlawful, execrable, abominable; wrong, crime ; a monster, wretch. neg-ligo, ligere, lexi, lectum, a. (nee ; lego), to -neglect, disre- gard, despise, disdain. nego, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to say no ; deny, refuse. VOCABULAKT. - 61 ngg-otium, ii, n. (neo; otium), a bmsintss, occupation, employ- ment ; difficulty, trouble ; mailer, thing; nuUo negotlo, vntJiout trouble ; negotium dare alicui, to give the management of an affair to any one. ne-mo, Inis, m. andy. (ne ; hSmo), no one, nobody; nemo non, every body, all; non nemo, some. nemjie, conj.,for indeed, certainly, truly, surely, why! nemus, oris, n., a woodland (withi meadows in it), a grove. neo, nere, nevi, netum, a., to spin, weave. nepos, Otis, m. andy., a grandson, a grand-daughter, a nephew. neptis, is,y., a grand-daughter. nequam, adj. indecl., worthless, good for nothing, wretched, vile, bad. ' ne-que or neo, conj., and not; neque (neo) . . . neque (nee), neither . . . nor. ne-queo, quire, quivi and quii, quitum, n. (§ 38, 2, g), to be unable ; nequeo, I cannot. ne-quis, qua, quod or quid, pron., lest any, that no one. Nervii, orum, m., a people of Belgic Gaul. nervus, i, m., a sinew; string; nerve, courage. ne-scio, scire, scivi or scii, sci- tum, a., not to Icnow, to be igno- rant of. nescius, a, um, adj. (nescio), unknowing, ignorant, unaware. ne-ve (neu), and not, nor; neve . . . neve, neither . . . nor. nex, necis, y. (nSco), death, mur- der, slaughter. ni, conj., if not, unless. nidus, i, m., a nest. uiger, gra, grum, adj., blade, dark, dusky. nihil (nil), n. indecl., nothing, not at all; nihil habeo quod, / have no reason that ; non nihU, something; nihilominus, nerer- theless. nihil-dum, adv., nothing as yet. nihilo, ado. (with comparatives), by nothing, no; nihilo major, no greater. nihUominus, adv., see nihil, nil, see nihil. Nilus, i, m., the Nile; a river in Egypt, celebrated for its anuaal overfow. nimbus, i, m., a rain-storm, rain- cloud, thunder-cloud, storm, tem- pest. nimis, adv., too much, over much, excessively. himium, adv., too much, too; very much, greatly. nimius, a, um, adj., beyond meas- ure, excessive, too much. ni-si, conj., if not, unless ; except, only. niteo, ere, ui, no sup., n., to shine, glitter, glisten. mtor, niti, nisus or nixus sum, dep., to rest upon, rely upon; to strive, endeavor. nix, nivis.y, snow, mx-xss, a, van., part, (nitor). no, nare, ' uavi, no sup., n., to swim, float. no-bilis, e, adj. (nosoo), that can be known ; famous, celebrated ; high bom. nobll-itas, atis,y. (nobilis, § 44, 1, c, 2), celebrity, fame, renown; the nobility, nobles. nocens, entis, part. (nSceo), hurtful, injurious ; guilty. nooeo, ere, ui, itum, n. (with dat.}, to harm, hurt, injiire. noctu, abl. (used adverbially), by night. noct-ua, 3e,y. (nox), a night-owl, an owl. noot-urnus, a, um, adj. (nox), nightly, nocturnal. nSc-uus, a, um, adj. (nSoeo), hurtful, injurious. nodus, i, m., a knot. Nola, se,f., a city of Campania. G2 LATIN LESSONS. nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. (non; volo), (§ 37), to not wish, be unwilling. no-men, inis, n. (nosco), (§ 15), a name ; renown ; nomen ha- bere, to he famous. nomina-tim, adv. (nomino), hy name, expressly. nomino, are, avi, atum, a. (no- men), (0 name, call by name; nominate. non, adv., not, no. Nonae, arum, /. (nonus), the Nones; the fifth day in every month of the year, except March, May, July, and Octo- ber, in which it was the seventh. So called because it was the ninth day before the Ides. non-dum, ad.v. , not yet. non ne, interrog. particle (§ 71, 1) , noti non-nuUus, a, um, adj., some, several. As Noun, nonnulli, orum, m. pi. , persons, several'. non-nunquam (uumquam), arfB., sometimes, occasionally. no-nus, a, um, adj. (novem), the ninth. As Noun, nona, ae, f. , the ninth hour of the day, i. e. , the third hour before sunset, at which hour business was ended at Rome. nos, nostrum or nostri, pi, of ego, we. nosco (gnoaco), noscSre, novi, notum, a., to become acquainted with; learn; novi, perf. with pres. meaning, / know; nove- ram, 1 knew. nos-ter, tra, trum, possess, pron. (nos), our, onr own, ours; in pi., nostri, orum, m., our men, our troops. nota, cB, /". , a mark, note, .lign. nSto, are, avi, atum, a. (nQta), to mark, indicate, denote; desig- nate. no-tus, a, um, part, (nosco) , known. nSvera, num. indecl. adj. , nine. N6vem-ber, bris, m. (nSvem), November ; the ninth month of the old Roman year (which began in March) . Novembris, e, adj., of November. novi, see nosco. nov-itas, atis,/'. (nSvus, § 44, 1, c, 2) , newness, novelty. n5vus, a, um, adj., new; recent, fresh, young, novel, strange ; novse res , revolution ; the com- parative of this adj. is wanting , superlative novissimus, latest, last; novissimum agmen, the rear. noz, noctis, /. , night ; darkness. nubes, is, /. , a cloud. nubo, niibere, nupsi, nuptum, n. (niibes), to veil one's self, marry (used only of a woman marrying a man, and governs the dative), see matrimonium. nudo, are, avi, atum, a. (niidus), to make bare, strip, uncover. nndus, a, um, adj., naked, bare, unclothed. nuUus, a, um, adj. (ne; uUus), (§ 16, 1, 6) , not any, none, no. num, interrog. particle (§ 71, 1), whether. Niima, ae, m. Ntima Pompilius; second king of Rome. uii-^nen, inis, n. (nuo, to nod), a nod; will, might; deity, divin- ity, god. niimero, are, avi, atum, a. (nfi- merus), to count, reckon, num- ber ; esteem, consider. numgrus, i, m., a number; a mul- titude. Numida, ae, m., a Numidian. Niimidia, ae, /., a country of northern Africa (now AJgeria). Numitor, oris, tm., a king of Alba, brother of Amulius and grand- father of Romulus and Re- mus. nummus (niimus), i, m. (gen. pi., numm^m), coin, money; as a Roman silver coin, a sesterce: in pi., money, ready money. VOCABULAKY. — I. 63 numquam (nunquam), arfu. (ne; umquam), at no lime, never ; non nunquaiu, sometimes. num-quid, interrog. adv. , whether (iinij). [time. nunc, adv., now, at present, at this uuaquam, see numquam. uuutio (nuncio), are, avi, atum, a. (nuntius), to announce, declare. nuntius (cius), ii, m. , a messenger; news, tidings. nu-per, adv. (novus), recently, not long ago , lately ; just now. uupt-iae, arum, /. (nupta, a mar- ried woman), marriage , tvedding , nuptials. nurus, us, f. , a daughter-in-laio ; a young woman. nusquam, adv. (ne ; usquam), noivhere, in no place. nutrio, ire, ivi and ii, itum, a. ,to suckle, nourish, feed, foster, bring up. niitiix, icis, /. (nutrio, § 44, 1, c, 1), a nurse. nux, niicis,/., a nut. uympha, ae,/., nymph, spouse. 6, interj. , O ! oh ! ob, prep, with ncc. , on account of, for; quam ob rem, wherefore, accordingly. 6b-SBr-atus, a, um, adj. (ob ; aes), * involved in debt. As No UN, ob- seratuB, i, m., a debtor. ob-duco, ducSre, du^, ductum, a., to spread over, cover, sur- round. Sbediens, entis, part, (obedio), obedient, compliant. 6bedien-ter, adv. (obediens), obediently, willingly, readily. &b-edio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n. (ob ; audio), (with dal.), to give ear to ; obey, be subject to. 5b-eo, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n. and a., to go towards, meet, oppose; ' perish , die. ob-jiolo, jloSre, jeoi, jectum, a, (ob; jacio), to cast in the way, oppose, expose, give over to ; taunt, reproach. ob-jurgo, are, avi, atum, a., to chide, scold, blame, rebuke, re- prove. ob-lecto, are, avi, atum, a. (ob ; lacto, to entice), to delight, please, divert, entertain, amuse. ob-ligo, are, avi, atum, a., to bind, tie ; put under obligation , oblige. obliquus, a, um, adj., sidelong, slanting, oblique ; indirect ; en- vious. obli-tus, a, um, part, (obliviacor), having forgotten ; forgetful. obliv-io, onis, /. (oblivisoor, § 44, \,c, 2) , a forgetting ; forget- fulness ; oblivion. oblivisoor, oblivisci, oblitus sum, dep. (§ 50, 4, a), to forget. pb-nosius, a, um, adj. (ob ; noxa), frail, tveak ; liable, subject to; submissive , obedient. ob-ruo, ruere, rui, riitum, a., to overwhelm, strike down ; cover; bury, conceal; oppress; over- power. obscuro, are, avi, atum, a. (ob- sciirus), to cover; render dark, obscure. obsciirus, a, um, at/;'., dark, shady, obscure; unseen; ignoble, low, mean ; secret , reserved. ob-secro, are, avi, atum, a. (ob; sacra), to beseech, entreat, im- plore, conjure, supplicate. ob-sequor, sSqui, sSciitus sum, dtp., to gratify, humor; submit, yield, comply with; indulge one'^s self in. ob-servo. are, avi, atum, a., to notice , observe , mark, watch, note ; regard , rt-spect, attend to. obses, idis, m. and./, (obsideb), a hostage; security. ob-sideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, a. (ob; sedeo), to besiege, in- vest, blockade. 64 LATIN LESSONS. obsid-io, ouis, /. (obsideo, § 44, 1,, c, 2), a siege, blockade. ob-signo, are, avi, atum, o., to seal, seal up ; attest. ob-sisto, sistere stiti, stitum, n., to oppose, hinder, obstruct. obstina-tus, a, um, part, (obsti- no, to be resolved \vpon),Jinnly resolved, resolute, determined. ob-sto, stare, stiti, statum, n., to stand against, oppose, hinder, ob- struct, delay. ob-strepo, ere, ui, itum, n., to make a noise against; to drown with noise ; to oppose with great clamor. ob-stringo, stringere, strin:si, strictuiu, a., to bind, tie, fasten; pledge, oblige, put under obliga- tion. ob-tempero, are, avi, atum, n., to comply with , attend to , conform to, obey. ob-tineo, tinere, tinui, . tentum, a. and n. (ob; teiieo), to hold, possess, occupy, maintain, get ; last, continue. ob-tingo, tingere, tigi, no sup. , a. and n. (ob ; tango) , to touch, strike; to fall to one, happen, occur. ob-trecto, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (ob ; tracto), to disparage, underrate, decry ; injure, thwart. ob-truuco, are, avi, atum, a., to cut off; kill, slay. ob-tundo, tundere, tudi, tusum and tunsum, a., to strike against, beat, blunt. obtu-sua, a, um, part, (obtundo), blunt, dull ; weak, powerless. ob-venio, venire, veni, ventum, n., to meet; to fall to one^s lot; befall, happen, occur. obviam, adv. (obvius), (with dot.), in the way, against; ob- viam ire alicui, to go to meet any one. ob-vius, a, um, adj. (ob; via), meeting, in the way, so as to meet ; obvium ire alicui, to meet one. ob-volvo, volvSre, volvi, v51u- tum, a., to wrap around, muffle up ; cover, disguise. occa-sio, onis, /. (occido, § 44, 1, c, 2), an occasion, opportUr nity, favorable moment. occa-sus, us, m. (occido, § 44, 1, c, 2), a fall, downfall ; perish- ing, end, death; overthrow, ruin. oc-cido, cidere, cidi, cisum, a. (ob ; caedo), to strike down, cut down, kill, slay. oc-cido, cidere, cidi, casum, n. (ob; cado), to fall down; to fall, perish, die; to go down, set. oc-ciilo, ciilSre, ciilui, cultum, a. (ob; ciilo), to cover, hide, conceal. occul-tus, a, um, part, (occiilo) , hidden, concealed, secret. oc-oumbo, cumbere, oubui, cii- bitum, n. (ob; cumbo), to fall or sink into or down : tn perish, die; to submit, yield, succumb to. oc-cupo, are, avi, atum, a. (ob, capio), to take, seize, lay hold of; occupy, enter. oc-curro, ourrere; curri (rarely ciicurri), cursum, n., to run towards, run to meet; attack, oppose; happen. Oceanus, i,m., the ocean. oc-ior, ius, comp. adj. (superlative , ocissimus) , quicker, ■ sooner, earlier. Ootavia , se, f, sister of Augus* tus. Octavianus, i, m. , a cognomen of the Emperor Augustus. Octavius, ii, m. , name of Augus- tus, [eighth. oct-avus, a, um, adj. (octo), the octin-genti, ae, a, num. adj. (octo ; centum) , eight hundred. octo, num. adj. indecl., eight. Ooto-ber, bris, m. (octo), Octn-, ber (originally the eighth month of the Roman year, reckoning from March). As Adj. , Ooto- bris, e, of October. VOCABULARY. 65 octo-dScim, num. adj. indecl. (ooto; dScetu), eighteen. ooto-ginta, num. adj. indecl., eighty. 5culus, i, m. , ara eye. odi, odisse, a. defect. (§ 38, 1), to hate, dislike. fid-ium, ii, n. (odi, § 44, 1, c,2), hatred, grudge, ill-will. 5dor, oris, m. , a smell, scent, odor ;. fragrance. of-feudo, fendere, feadi, fensum, a. and n. (ob; fendo, obsolete), to strike , Ml ; hurt, injure ; of- fend, displease, vex; blunder, make a mistake. offeu-sa, ae,/. (oflfendo), an offence, affront, wrong ; displeasure, dis- favor. of-fero, offerre, obtiiU, oblatum, a. (ob; fero), to present, pro- duce, exhibit , show , offer, bestow. of-iioio, ficere, feci, feotum, a. and n. (ob; facio), to impede, hinder, obstruct; injure, hurt, oppose. ofEici-osns, a, um, adj. (ofEicium, § 44, 1, c, 3), full of complai- sance, obliging; dutiful. of-fic-ium, ii, n. (ops; facio), a kindness, favor, sercice ; duty ; employment, business. olea, ss,f.,an olioe ; olive-tree. oleum, i, n., oil, olive-oil. olim , adv. , formerly, once ; here- after ; long ago ; some day, ever; si olim, if ever. oliva, 3e,f.,an olive ; olive-tree. omen, inis, n., a sign, token, omen, portent. 5-inltto, mlttere, misi, missum, a. (ob; mitto), to let go, let loose; neglect, disregard; pass over, omit ; leave off- cease. omn-ino , adv. (omnia) , alto- gether, wholly, entirely, utterly; at all ; generally. omnis, e, adj., every, all. As Noun, omnes, ium, com. gen. , all persons; omnes ad unum, all to a m,an. onero, are, avi, atum, a. (5niis) , to load, overload. [weight. Suus, eris, n. , a had, burden, 5pera, 3s,f. (ppSroi) , pains , exer- tion, work, labor ; opera, by all means ; operam dare alicui, to attend to, listen to, obey one; operas pretium est, it is worth ivhile ; mea opera, by my aid, through my agency. operio, ire, ui, ertum, a., to cover ; hide, conceal. 5per-tas, a, um, part. (3p8rio), hidden, concealed, secret. opes, see ops. opi-fez, Icis, com. gen. (5pns ; facio), a worker, franier, maker; workman, artisan, mechanic. op-imus, a, um, adj. (opes), rich, abundant, copious, noble, splen- did; spSlia opima, spoils of honor, i.e., the arms taken on the field of battle by a victo- rious general from the general whom he had conquered. 5pin-io, ouis, f. (opiuor, § 44, 1, c,2), opinion, conjecture, sup- position. Bpinor, ari, atus sum, dep., to think, suppose. oportet, ere, uit, n. imperS., it is necessary, needful, proper; I (thou, she, &c.) must or ought. op-peto, petere, pefivi and petii, petjtum, a. , to go to meet, en- counter ; mortem oppetere, to face death, die. oppid-auus, a, um, adj. (oppi- dum), of OT belonging to a town. As Noun, oppidani, orum, m. pL, the inhabitants of a town, townsmen, townsfolk. oppidum, i, n., a town (other than Rome, which was called Urbs). op-pono, ponere, po3ui, posi- tum, a. (ob; pono), to place against, set opposite, oppose, allege. opportiin-itas, atis,/". (opportu- nus, § 44, 1, c, 2), fitness; a 66 LATIN LESSONS. favorable time, opportunity, ad- vantage. op-portunuB, a, um, adj. (ob ; portus), jit, meet, convenient, suitable, seasonable. op-primo, primere, pressi, pres- sum, a. (ob; premo), to crush, overwhelm, subdue, overcome. oppugna-tio, onis, /. (oppugno, § 44, 1, c, 2), an attack, assault, siege. op-puguo, are, avi, atum, a. (ob; pugno), to attack, assault, jight against, besiege, invest. ops, 5pis,^. (nominative and dat. sing, •wanting), power, might, strength; inpl. , opes, Tun, wealth, resources, power. opHmates, um or ium, m. pi. , the principal men; the aristocracy, the nobility. optom-e, adv. (superl. of bene), excellently. optunus, a, um, adj. (superl. of bonus), best. opto, are, avi, atum, a. , to (Hioose ; vmhfor, desire. opus, eris, n. , work, labor, task. opus, n. indecl. (§ 54, 1, d), that which is necessary, need. As Adj. , needful, necessary. ora, se, f, a border, coast, shore, region, district. ora-tio, onis, /. (oro, § 44, 1, c, 2), a speaking, speech; oration, harangue ; eloquence. ora-tor, oris, m. (oro, § 44, 1 , c, 1), a speaker, orator, ambassador. orbis, is, m., a circle, ring, orbit ; orbis terrarum, the whole world, the globe. orbo, are, avi, atum, a. (orbus), to deprive; bereave. orbus, a, umi, adj., deprived, bereft, destitute. ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, dep., to begin, commence, undertake. ordo, inis, m. (ordior), an arrang- ing, row , rank, order, line ; or- dine, ex ordine , in ordinem, in order, in turn; extra ordi- nem, out of order, irregularly ; ordo equester, the equestrian order, the knights. OrgetSrix, igis, m. , a Helvetian noble. ori-ens, entis, part, (orior), ris- ing. Aa Noi!]ii,m., the east; the rising sun. 5r-igo, inis,/. (Srior), birth, origin, lineage, source. orior, 6ri (Sriri), ortus sum, dep. (§ 35, 1, A), to arise, originate from, spring, descend from; to begin, commence. ori-undus, a, um, adj. (orior), descended, sprung from. orna-mentum, i, "n. (orno, § 44, 1, c, 2), an ornament, decoration, equipment ; in pi. , jewels. orna-tus, a, um, part, (orno), adorned, ornamented. orno, are, avi, atum, a. , to adorn, ornament, embellish ; praise, com- mend ; honor ; ft out, furnish. oro, are, avi, atum, a. (os), to pray, beg, beseech. or-sus, a, vim, part, (ordior), having begun. or-tus, us, m. (orior), a rising, beginning, origin, birth. OS, oris, n., the mouth, the face, countenance ; speech. OS, ossis, n., a bone. os-ciilum, i, n. dim. (6s, § 44, 1, c,', 3), a Utile mouth; a kiss. os-tendo, tendere, tendi, ten- sum or tentum, a. (ob ; ten- do), to show, exhibit, display; declare, say, make known; prae- mia ostendere, to offer rewards. osten-to, are, avi, atum, a. intens. (ostendo, § 36, b, and 44, 2, J), to display, boast of, show off; reveal, point out. osten-tus, us, m. (ostendo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a showing, display. 03U5, a, um, ^ari. (oAi), hating, haired. otios-e, adv. (otiosus), at ease, calmly, quietly ; gently, gradually ; fearlessly. TOCABULAET. — I. 67 otl-osus, a, um, adj. (otium, § 44, 1 , c, 3) , at leisure , unoccupied ; quiet ; indolent. otium, ii, n. , leisure , freedom from business ; ease, inactivity, idle life J rest, repose, quiet. 5vis, is, /. , a sheep. 5vo, are, avi, atum, n., to exult, rejoice, triumph in an ovation. ovum, i, n., an egg. P. P, an abbreviation of Publius. pabiiloi, ari, atus sum, dep. (pabulum), to seek for food s to forage. pa-bulum, i, n. (pasoo), food, nourishment J fodder. paca-tus, a, um, part, (paoo), pacified, calm, quiet, tranquil. paciscor, paciaci, pactus sum, dep,^, to make a bargain, agree, stipulate. paco, are, avi, atum, a. (pax) , to make peaceful; to quiet, still, appease. pao-tio, ouis, f. (paciscor, § 44, 1, c, 2), nn agreement, covenant, contract, bargain. pac-tum, i, n. (paciscor), an agreement, covenant, contracty manner, way; quo pacto, in what manner ? paedagogus, i, m., hoy's attendant (a slave who took children to and from school and had charge of them at home), a preceptor, tutor. paene, adv. , nearly, almost. . pag-anus, a, um, adj. (pagus), rustic. As Noun, paganus, i, m. , a countryman , peasant. pagus, i, m., a canton, village; country-district. palam, adv. , openly, publicly; as prep, with abl., before, in the presence of. Palatium, ii, n. , one of the seven hiUs of Rome. The emperor Augustus had his residence on the Palatium; hence it came to mean a royal abode, palace. palleo, ere, ui, no sup. , n., to be pale; be sick for a thing ; eager- ly desire. pall-or, oris, m. (palleo, § 44, 1, c, 2), paleness, pallor; alarm, terror. palma, ae,/. , the palm, hand. paludamentum, i, n., a military cloak, soldier's cloak, general's cloak. pa-lus, i, m., a stake, prop, pale. palus, iidis, f. , a swamp, marsh, bog. pando, panders, pandi, pansum and passum, a., to spread out, extend, throw open; passis cri- nibus, with dishevelled hair. pango, pangere, panxi (pegi, pepigi), panctum (pactum), a., to fasten, fix; determine, settle; stipulate, contract. panis, is, m., bread, loaf. par, paris, adj. (ffen. pi. , parium), equal, equal to, a match for; suitable, fit. par, paris, n. , a pair. para-bilis, e, adj. (paro), pro- curable, easy to get. para-tus, a, um, part, (pare), prepared, ready, equipped, fur- nished. ' par CO, parcere, peperci or parsi, parcitum or parsum, n. with dat. (parous), to spare, refrain from, forbear , leave off, cease. parous, a, um, adj. , sparing, fru- gal, thrifty. par-ens, entis, m. and/, (gen.pl., parentum anc^parentium), (pa- rio), a parent; fatlier, mother. pareo, ere, ui, itum, n. , to appear, obey, comply with. pario, parSre, peperi, paritum and partum, a., to bring forth, bear, lay, produce, beget, accomr par-iter, adv. (par), equally, in like manner, as well. 68 LATIN LESSONS. paro, are, avi, atum, a., to get ready, prepare, furninh, provide, get, obtain. pars, partis,/. , o part, piece, por- tion , shard y parly, quarter j ex omni parte, in all respects/ nulla ex parte, in no respect/ a partibus alicujus stare, to stand on one's side, belong to one's party. Farthi, oruiu, m.pL, the Parthians ; a Scythian people, famed in ancient times as roving war- riors and skillful archers. part-im, adv. (partior), partly, in part. part-ior, iri, itus sum, dep. (pars), to part, share, dioide, distribute. partus, us, m. (pario, § 44, 1, c, 2), a bearing, bringing forth, birth; offspring. par-um, ado. (akin to parvus), too little, not enough (parum, minus, miiiitne). parvQ-lus, a, um, adj. dim. (par- vus, § 44, 1, c, 3), very small, petty, slight ; young. As Noun, parvulus, i, m. , a little boy; parvula, ae, /. , a little girl. parvus, a, um, adj. (comp. minor, superl. minimus) , small, little. pasco, pascSre, pavi, pastum, a. and n., to nourish, maintain, feed ; pasture, graze. pascor, pasci, pastus sum, dep., to feed or browse upon. passer, eris, m., a sparrow. pas-sim, adv. (pando), here and there, hither and thither, in all directions ; promiscuously. pas-sus, a, um, part, (patlor) , having suffered, endured. pas-sus, us, m. (pando), a step, pace ; foot-step, track; pace (as measure of length, consisting otfioe Roman feet); mille pas- suum, one mile. pas-tor, oris, m. (pasco, § 44, 1, c, 1), a feeder, keeper, herds- man, shepherd. pateo; ere, ui, no sup., to be open; to stretch out, extend; be mani- fest, be free. pater, tris, m. , a father. pater-famllias , patris-famlCIias, m. , a father of a family, master of a household. pater-nus, a, um, adj. (pater), of or belonging to a father, pater- nal, fatherly, hereditary. pati-ens, eutis, part, (patior), suffering, allowing, bearing, pa- tient ; firm, unyielding ; patieus oneris, able to bear a burden. patien-ter, adv. (patieos), patient- ly. patient-ia, se, f. (patiens , § 44, 1, c, 2), patience, forbearance, indulgence, lenity. patior, pati, passus sum, dep., to bear, support, endure, suffer, jillow. patr-ia, sb, /. (pater), fatherland, native country, native place. patr-icius, a, um, adj., (pater), patrician, noble. pStr-imonium, ii, n. (pater), an estate inherited from a father; 'patrimony, inheritance ; fortune, property. p^tr-ius, a, um, adj. (pater), of or belonging to one's father, paternal. patrocin-ium, ii, n. (patroclnor, § 44, 1, c, 2), protection, de- Jence, patronage. patro-ciiior, ari, atus sum, dep. (pitronus), to protect, defend, jupport, patronize. patr-onus, i, m. (pater), a pro- tector, patron ; defender, advo- jiate ; pleader. patr-uus, i, m. (pater), a father's brother, un uncle on the father's side. pauoa, orum, n. pi., a few words. pauci, ae, a, adj. pi., few, little. paulo, adv. (paulus), by a little, a little, somewhat. paulus (paullus), a, um, adj., little, small. VOCABULAHT. 69 paiiUatim (paulatim), adv. (pau- lus), by degrees, grailually. pauper, gris, ailj., poor, needy, scanty, slender {Lump. pauperior, superl. pauperrimus). pauper-tas, atis, f. (pauper, § 44, 1, c, 2), poverty, need, want. paveo, pavere, pavi, no sup., n. and a., to tremlde with fear ; be terrified; to fear, dread. pav-idus, a, um, adj. (paveo), trejnbling, quaking, fearful, tim- id ; anxious, disturbed. pavo, oiiis, (pavus, i), m. , a pea- cock. pav-or, oris, m. (paveo, § 44, 1, c,'2), a trembling ; anxiety, fear, dread. pax, pacis, f. , peace ; grace, fa- vor ; pace tua, with your per- mission. pecca-tum, i, n. (peoco), afatdt, error, sin. pecco, are, avi, atum, n., to transgress, sin, offend. pecto, pectere, pezi, pezuni and pecHtum, a., to comb, card. pectus, Qris, n. , the breast; heart, feelings; courage. pecu-nia, as, f (pecus, udis), property, riches, wealth. pecus, 6ris, n. , a herd, flock ; cattle. pecus, udis, /. , o beast, a sheep; an animal ; in pi. , cattle. ped-es, itis, m. (pes; eo), (one that goes on foot), a foot-sol- dier; infantry. ped-ester, tris, tre, adj. (pes), on foot, pedestrian; by land, land. [worse. pejor, us, adj. (comp. oi malus), pellis, is, /, a skin, hide ; a gar- ment (made of skin). pello, pellere, pepiili, pulsum, a. , to drive or thrust out : expel, set aside; rout, put to flight; hurl, impel; move, affect. pendeo, pendero, pependi, no sup., n., to hang, be suspended; overhang; float, rest upon. pendo, pendere, pSpendi, pen- sum, a., to weigh, weigh out; pay, pay out ; consider, estimate; ■value, esteem. penes, prep, with ace, with, in the power of. penitus, adv., deeply, inwardly; thoroughly, utterly, wholly. penna, ee, f.,a feather, wing ; an arrow. penuria, ae,/., toant, need. per, prep, with ace, through, dur- ing, by, by means of, on account of, over, across. per-ago, agere, egi, actum, a , to finish, accomplish, carry through, complete. per-agro, are, avi, atnm (per; ager), to wander about ; traverse ; travel through. per-cello, cellere, culi, culsum, a., to strike, beat down, over- throw; discourage ; ruin, destroy. per-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. (per; capio), to seize, oc- cupy ; obtain, receive ; perceive, observe, learn. percuucta-tio (contatio), on is, /. (percunctor, § 44, 1, c, 2), an inquiring of; an inquiry. per-cunctor (contor), ari, atus sum, dep., to ask particularly of; to inquire , ask, interrogate ; investigate. per-curro, currere, cucurri or curri, cursum, a., to run through, pass through, traverse; scan briefly. percus-sio, oais, /. (perciitio, § 44, 1, c, 2), a heating, striking. percus-sor, oris, m. (perciitio, § 44, 1, c, 1), a striker ; murderer, slayer. per-oiitio, cQtere, cussi, cussum, a. (per; quatio), to strike, pierce through ; slay, kill ; beat ; fcedus peroutere, to conclude a treaty. perd-itus, a, um, part, (perdo), destroyed, ruined, desperate, cor- rupt, abandoned. 70 LATIN LESSONS. perdo, perdgre, perdJdi, perdi- tum, o., to destroy, lose, ruin; squander, waste. per-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, a., to lead through, bring, con- duct ; prolong, lengthen out, in- duce ; draw out, extend. per-eo, ire, ii (ivi), itum, n. irr., to perish, be ruined, be lost, die ; be wasted, spent. per-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr., to carry through, convey ; accom- plish; suffer, endure. per-Ctcio, ficere, feci, fectum, a. (per ; facio), to make, make up, form ; finish, complete ; ac- complish, caiTy out ; effect, cause. perfid-ia, se,f. (perfidus, § 44, 1, c, 2), faithlessnes-1, dishonesty, treachery, falsehood. per-fldus, a, um, adj. (per; fides), faithless, false, dishonest, treach- erous. per-fodio, fSdere, fodi, fossum, a., to dig through ; pierce, stab, transfix. per-foro, are, avij atum, a., to bore through, pierce, perforate. per-fringo, fringere, fregi, frao- tum, a. (per; frango), to break or dash in pieces ; to shatter ; violate, infringe. per-fnior, frui, fructus sum, dep., to enjoy fully ; fulfil, perform. per-fugio, fiigere, fiigl, fugitum, n., to flee ; denert ;fiy (for refuge). per-go, pergere, perrezi, perrec- tum, a. and n. (per ; rego), to commence, undertake ; go on, proceed. per-hibeo, hibere, hibui, hibi- tum, a. (per ; habeo), to hold out, present, afford ; ascribe, attribute ; consider, regard. pericl-itor, ari, atus sum, dep. (periolum), to try, prove, test; risk, venture ; to be in danger. periciil-osus, a, um, adj. (pSriofi- lum, § 44, 1, c, S),full of dan- ger ; dangerous, hazardous, peri}- pSri-culum (-clum), i, n. (pSrior, obsolete) , a trial, attempt ; risk, hazard, danger. per-imo, imere, emi, emptum, a. (per ; emo), to take away ; annihilate, destroy : kill, slay. per-inde, cula., quite, as ; just as ; in like manner, eqtmlly. peri-tus, a, um, adj. (perior, obso- lete), experienced,praotised, skill- ful, expert. per-magnus, a, um, adj., very great, very large. per-mitto, mittSre, misi, missum., a., to let through; let go; let loose ; permit ; cast, hurl ; in- trust. per-mSveo, movere, movi, mo- tum, a., to move deeply, stir greatly ; rouse up, excite ; per- suade. \very many. per-multus, a, um, adj. , very mucli, pernic-ies, iei, /. (perneoo), de- struction, ruin, overthrow. pernici-osus, a, um, adj. (per- nicies, § 44, 1, c, 3), very de- structive, ruinous, pernicious. per-paucus, a, um, adj., very little, very few. perpetu-o, adv. (perpetuus), coitr stantly, perpetually. perpetu-um, adv. (perpetuus), forever, perpetually. perpetuus, a, um, adj., continu- ing, continuous, unbroken; con- slant, lasting. per-rumpo, rumpere, riipi, rup- tum, a., to break through, force onis way through; overcome; break up. per-sBBpe, adv., very often, very frequently. per-sgquor, sequi, seciitus sum, dep., to follow after, chase, pur- sue, proceed against, attack, hunt after, obtain. persevere, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (perseverus). to persist, per- severe (in any thing). per-sgverus, a, um, adj., veiy strict. VOCABULAKY. ■ 71 Persia, Be,y., Persia. Persia, idia.y., Persia. per-sisto, sistSre, stiti, stitum, n., to continue steadfastly; to persist. per-solvo, solvere, solvi, s&lu- tum, a., to pay, give, render; solve, explain. per-spicio, splcere, spesi, spec- turn, a. (per; specio), to see thro'ugh ; mew, examine, inspect. per-sto, stare, stiti, statum, n., to stand Jinnly, hold out, persevere, persist. per-stringo, stringere, strinsi, strictum, a., to bind, tie, fasten; seize; wound slightly; censure, teprove. per-suadeo, suadere, suasi, sua- suiai, a., to convince, persuade, induce, prevail upon. per-terreo, terrere, ternii, terri- tum, a., to frighten or terrify thoroughly. pertinac-ia, se,f. (pertinax, § 44, 1, c, 2), perseverance, constancy, obstinacy. pertiuac-iter, adv. (pertinax) , firmly, stubbornly. per-tmaz, acis, adj. (per ; tenaz:), film, constant, steadfast, per- severing; stubborn, obstinate. per-tineo, tinere, tinui, teutum, n. (per; teneo), to strdch, reach, extend ; belong to, relate, have reference to. per-traho, trahere, trazi, trac- tum, a., to drag, entice, allure. per-turbo, are, avi, atum, a., to confuse utterly ; to disturb, dis- compose, embarrass, confound. per-utilis, e, adj., very useful. per-venio, venire, veni, ventum, n., to arrive at, reach, attain to. per-v51o, are, avi, atum, n., to fly through. [on foot. pes, pSdis, m., afoot; pedibus, pessimus, a, um, adj. (superl. of malus) , worst. pestis, is, /"., a plague, pest, pesti- lence; destruction, ruin. pet-itio, onis,/. (peto, § 44, 1, c, 2), a request, petition, candidate- ship. pSto, pgtere, pStivi and petii, petitum, a., to attack, assail; seek ; beg, ask, entreat (§ 52, 2, c, remark). phalanx, angis.y., a band of sol- diers, phalanx. pbalerae, arum, f. pi., trappings for horses, military ornament.':, decorations. Pharnaces, is, m., king of Pon- tus. Pharsal-tcus, a, um, adj. (Phar- salus), of Pharsalus, Pharsa- lian. Pharsalus, i,f.,a. city of Thessaly, ■where Csesar defeated Pompey, B. c. 48. PhiUppi, orum, m. pi., a city of Macedonia, on the borders of Thrace, celebrated for the battle in which Octavianus and An- tony defeated Brutus and Cas- sius, B. c. 42. philSsophia, se,f., philosophy. phildsophor, ari, atus sum, dep. (philosophus), to philosophize. phQSsopbus, i, ?n., a philosopher. pi-etas, atis, f (pius, § 44, 1, c, 2), piety; duty, affection, looe, gratitude. piger, gra, gram, adj., slow, lazy, dull, .iluggish, indolent. piget, pigere, piguit and pigitum est, impers. (§ 50, 4, c, 2), it vexes, annoys, troubles; piget me alicujus rei, I dislike, loathe a thing. piguus, oris and eris, n., a pledge, security, token , proof. pSla, se,f., a ball, playing-ball. pilum, i, n., a javelin (a heavy javelin of the Roman infantry, ■which they hurled at the enemy at the begilming of an action, and then used their swords) . pingo, pingere, pinxi. pictum, a., to paint, embroider; stain; adorn, decorate. 72 LATIN LESSONS. pinguis, e, adj., fed, rich, fertile; dull, stupid. piiius, us and i, f.,a pine, pine- tree ; a fir, fir-tree. pirata, se,m., a sea-robber, pirate. piraticus, a, um, adj., of pirates, piratical. pisc-iiia, se, f. (pisois), a fish- pond ; a pond. piscis, is, m., a fish. piscor, ari, atus sum, dep. n. (pis- cis), to fish. plus, a, um, adj. (comp. magis pius, sttper^..-.piissimus), pious, devout; tender, kind; patriotic. pix, piois,y., pitch. placa-bQis, e, adj. (placo), easily pacified; mild, gentle. placeo, ere, ui, itum, n., to please, satisfy ; placet, impers., ' it seems good, it is thought best, resolved on. plac-idus, a, um, adj. (placeo), gende, quiet, calm, mild, peaceful. place, are, avi, atum, a., to quiet, soothe, calm,, appease ; reconcile ; pacify. plaga, Be, _/., a blow, stroke; thrust, wound ; injury. plaga, se,f, a hunting net, snare ; trap. plan-e, adv. (planus), simply, clearly, distinctly ; wholly, entire- ly, completely, quite. plan-ities, iei, f. (planus), level ground, plain. planus, a, um, adj., even, level, fiat, plain. plebs, plebis,/., the common peo- ple. plecto, plectere, plexi and plexui, plezum, a., to plait, braid, interweave; twist. plecto, plectere, noperf, no sup., a., to stiike, punish (y/ithhlowa). ple-nus, a, um, adj. (pleo, to fill) , full, filled ; complete. plerus-que, pleraque, plerum- que, adj., the larger or greater part of; generally found in pi., very many, ilie must ; plerum- que, as adv., for the most part, very often, frequently . plico, are, avi (ui), atum and itum, a., to fold, fold up; to coil. plumb-eus, a, um, adj. (plum-, bum, § 44, 1, c, 8), q/' had, made of lead, leaden. plumbum, i, n., lead. pluo, pluere, plui or pluvi, no sup., n., to rain; pluit, it rains (§ 39, a). plu-runus, d, um, adj. {superl. of multus), very muchj most; as adv., plurimum, mostly, chiefiy, exceedingly, very much. plus, pluris, adj. (comp. of mul- tus), (§ 16, 8, 6), more. *As Noun in pi., plures, ium, m., several. plus, adv., more J too much. plu-via, SB,f. (pluo), ram. pociilum, i, n., a cup, goblet, bowl. pSdigra, ae, f., the gout (in the feet). poema, atis, n. (dal. and ahl. pi., poematibus or poematis), a poem. . poena, se,f., punishment, penally j pcenas dare , to pay the penally, he punished; pcenas sumere, to infiict punishment. poen-itet, pcenitere, pcenituit, no sup., impers. (§ 50, 4, <;,.2), it repents J- with ace. of person and gen. of the thing, or iifin- itive in place of the thing; pcenitet me facti, / repent of the action J- pcenitet me fecisse, I repent having done it. poeta, ee, m., a poet. pollens, eutis, part. (poUeo), strong, mighty, able, powerful. pol-leo, ere, ui, no sup., n. (potis ; valeo), to he strongs l" be ablej to prevail. poll-ex, icis, m. (poUeo), the thumb ; the great toe. pol-liceor, liceri, licitus sum, dep. (pStis; liceor), to promise. PoUio, onis, m., a Roman name. VOCABULARY. — I. 73 pol-luo, uere, ui, utum, a. (pStis ; luo) , to soil, defile, pollute; dis- honor, violate. poiupa, se,f., a procession J- suite, retinue y display, parade, pomp. Pompei-anus, a, um, adj. (Poin- peius), of Pompey, Pompeian. Pompeius, ii, m., Cneius Pom- peias Magnus; a Roman gen- eral and rival of Csesar; de- feated at Pharsalus, b. c. 48. pomum, i, n., fruit. pond-US, Sris, n. (pendo), a weight, mass, load, burden/ in- fluence, authority. pone, adv. and prep, with ace. , after, behind, back. pono, ponere, p5sui, positum, a., to put, place, set, lay; cas- tra ponere, to pitch camp. pons, pontis, m., a bridge. pontlfe^ ficis, m., a high-priest, pontiff. Pontus, i, m. , the Black Sea (Pon- tus Euzinus), also a region about the' Black Sea. Popedius, ii, TO., a Latin chief.' p5pul-aris, e, adj. (pQpfllus), q/" or belonging to the people ; pop- ular ; native. popiilor, ari, atus sum, dep. (pSpiilus) , to lay waste, ravage, devastate, plunder, pillage. p5pulus, i, m., a people; a multi- tude, host, crowd. Porcia, ee, /., wife of Brutus. por-rigo, rigefe, rexi, rectum, a. (por = pro; rego), to pui forth, reach out, extend; offer. porro, adv., onward, Jienceforth, again, moreover. porta, ae,y., a gate, door. por-tendo, dSre, di, turn, a. (por = pro ; tendo), to foretell, predict, portend. porten-tum, i, n. (portendo), a sign, token, omen, portent ; mon- ster. port-icus, ua.y. (porta), a piazza, colonnade, portico. porto, are, avi, atum, a., to carry, convey, bring. [port. portus, us, m., a harbor, haven, posco, poscSre, poposci, no sup., a., to beg, demand, request, de- sire, ash, require. Posidonius, ii, m., a celebrated philosopher of Rhodes. pSs-!tus, a, um, part, (pono), situated, placed, lying, standing. posses-sio, ouis, f. (possideo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a possessing, pos- session ; property. pos-sldeo, sidere, sedl, sessum, a. (p5tis; sgdeo), to possess, have,- hold. pos-sido, sidSre, sedi, sessum, (potis ; sido), to take possession of, occupy. pos-sum, posse, p5tui, n. irr. (p5tis ; sum), to have the power, can, be able; plurimum posse, to have very great influence. post, adv. and prep, with ace, be- hind, back, after, beneath. post-ea, adv., afterwards, here- after. postea-quam, conj., after that, when. po^tSrior, ius, adj. (eomp. of pos- terns), qftei; later; inferior; latter. post-erus, a, um, adj. (post), coming after, following, next, mi- suing, future. As Noun, pos- ter!, orum, m. pi.-, descendants, posterity. post-habeo, habere, habui, habi- tum, a., to place after; esteem less , postpone, neglect. post-hac, adv., after this, hereafter, henceforth. post-pono, ponere, pSsui, posi- tum, a., to pui after, postpone , to esteem less ; neglect. pdst-quam, conj , after that, after, as soon as, when. postrem-o, ado. (postremus) , at last, lastly, finally. postr-i-die, adv. (posterus, dies), on the day after, on the next day. 74 LATIN LESSONS. postQIa-tum, i, n. (postulo), a demand, request. postulo, are, avi, atum, a. (§ 52, 2, c, remark), to ask, demand, require, request, desire. potens, entis, part, (possum), able, mighty, powerful, strong. potent-atus, us, m. (potens), rule, dominion, command. poten-ter, adv. (potens), strongly, mightily, powerfully, effectually. potent-ia, ss, f. (potens, § 44, 1, c, 2), might, force, power ; effi- cacy ; authority. pStes-tas, atis, /. (potens, § 44, 1, c, 2), ability, power ; dominion, rule, empire ; opportunity. ; po- testatem facere pugnandi, to give (one) the opportunity of fighting. pot-io, onis, y. (poto, § 44, 1, c, 2) , a drinking ; a drink, draught. pot-ior, iri, itus sum, dep. (p6tis), to take possession of, get, obtain ; be master of, hold, possess (§ 54, 6, d). Impossible. potis, e, adj., powerful; able; poti-us, adv. (p5tis), rathe); pref- erably, more. poto, potare, potavi, potaturd or potum, a. and n., to drmk, tipple. prsE, adv. and prep, with abl., before ; in comparison with ; be- cause of; in front of; in com- position, very, very much, too much. pree-beo, bere, bui, bitum, a. (contracted from praehibeo ; prae; habeo), to reach out, prof- fer; give,furnish, nfford; exhibit. prse-caveo, cavere, cavi, oau- tum, a. and n., to guard against beforehand , to seek to prevent ; to take care beforehand ; be on one's guard, beware. pras-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, a. and n., to go before, precede ; .ivrpass, outstrip, outdo, excel. prae-ceps, cipitis, adj. (pise ; Ca- put) , headforemost, headlong. prsecep'tuta, i, n. (praeolpio), a maxim, rule, .^precept ; order, command. prse-oido, cidere, cidi, cisum, a. (prae; caedo), to cut off', take away ; break off'; refuse, deny. praB-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. (prae ; capio) , tu take in ad- vance, anticipate ; direct, order, enjoin. praecipito, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (praeceps), to throw headlong ; precipitate; to rush down, fall to ruin. praecipu-e, adv. (prasoipuus), especially, chiefly ; particula/rly , principally. praecip-uus, a, um, adj. (praeci- pio), particular, peculiar, espe- cial; principal, chief, foremost; distinguished. praeolar-e, adv. (praeclarus), very clearly, excellently, admirably, very well. prae-clarus, a, um, adj., very clear ; glorious, excellent, noble, retwwned, distinguished, famous, celebrated. praeco, onis, m., a crier, herald. praeda, ae,y., booty, spoil, plunder; prey, game. prae-dico, are, avi, atum, a., to publish, proclaim, state, declare; praise, commend, laud. prae-dico, dicere, dizi, dictum, a., to foretell, predict; admonish, warn, command. prae-ditus, a, um, adj. (prse ; do), gifted, endowed, provided with, possessed of. praedo, onis, m. (prasdor) , one that plunders, a plunderer, rob- ber. praedor, ari, atus sum, dep. (praeda), to plunder, rob, pillage, despoil. prae-eo, ire, ivi and ii, itum, n., to go before, precede. prsefec-tus, i, m. (praefioio), a governor, chief, commander , pre- fect. VOCABULARY. — I. 75 prae-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. , to carry -before ; to prefer, choose rather ; display, exhibit. prBB-flcio, iicere, feci, fectum, a. (prse ; facio), to place over, set over ; put in command of; ap- point. prse-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, a., to send, before, despatch inadvance. pirse-mium, ii, n. (prse; emo), pi'ii/it, adoantage ; reward, rec- ompense. praepara-tio, onis, f. (praeparo, § 44. 1, c, 2), a preparing, prep- aration. prse-paro, are, avi, atum, a., to get ready beforehand ; prepare. prae-pono, p5nere, posui, posi- tum, a., to set over, place in charge of, appoint. prae-iipio, ripere, ripui, reptum, a. (prae ; rapio), to stiatch away, forestall, anticipate. prae-scribo, scribere, . scripsi, scriptum, a., to appoint, direct, com7>mnd, jrrescribe. prsescrip-tio, onis.y. (praescribo, § 44, 1, c, 2), an inscription, title; precept, rule, taw. praescrip-tum, i, n. (praescribo) , a precept, order, rvle. [present. prae-sens, entis, adj. (prae; sum), praesent-ia, ae, f. (prsesens, § 44, 1, e, 2), presence ; readiness ; in praesentia. at present, now. pras-sertim, adv. (prae ; sero), es- pecially. prae-sideo, sidere, sedi, sessum, n. and a. (prse ; sedeo), to sit before ; guard, protect ; direct, comviand. preesid-ium, ii, n. (praesideo, § 44, 1, c, 2), defence, aid, protec- tion, help ; a garrinon, guard. preestans, antis, part, (praesto), pre-eminent, excellent, distin- guished, extraordinary. praestant-ia, ae,/. (praestans, § 44, 1, c, 2), pre-eminence, supe- riority, excellence. praesto, adv., at hand, ready, pres- eid, here. prae-sto, stare, stiti, stitum, «. and a., to be superior ; surpass, exceed ; show, exhibit , manifest ; fulfill, pay; praestat, it is better. prae-sum, esse, fui,?2. irr., to be over, be in command of, have charge of, govern, superintend; summae rerum praeesse, to have the supreme command. prae-sUmo, sumSre, sumpsi and sumsi, sumptum and sumtum, a., to take before, take in ad- vance ; conceive beforehand, sup- pose, presume. praeter, adv. and prep, \fith ace, except, over, beyond, past, against, besides. praeter-ea, adv., besides, moreover, beyond ; henceforth, hereafter. praeter-eo; ire, ivi and ii, itnm, ■ n. and a., to go past; pass by, pass over, neglect, forget. praeteri-tus, a, um, part, (prae- teieo), past, gone by, departed. As Noun, praeterita, orum, n. pL, the past. prse-texo, tezere, texui, textum, a., to weave before; to fringe; to furnish, provide ; conceal, dis- guise. praetex-ta, ee, /. (praetexo), the " toga prsetexta," a mantle (with purple border, -woi-n by magistrates and children). praetext-atus, a, um, adj. (praetex- ta), wearing the mantle ; (hence), as Noun, m. , a hoy. prae-tor, oris, m. (prae ; eo), prcetor (officer of justice), chief, commander. prsetor-ium, ii, n. (praetor), a general's tent. praetor-ius, a, um, adj. (praetor) , of the prcetor. prae-tura, ae, f, the office of a prcetor, the prcetorship. prae-validus, a, um, adj., very strong. 76 LATIN LESSONS. prae-venio, venire, veni, ven- tum, n. and a., to go before, precede; anticipate, prevent; surpass, excel. prse-video, vidire, vidi, visum, a., to see beforehand , foresee. prandeo, prandere, prandi, pran- sum, n. and a., to breakfast; to take as breakfast. prand-ium, ii, n. (prandeo, § 44, 1, c,'2), breakfast. pratum, i, n,, a meadow. pravus, a, um, adj., crooked; per- verse, wrong, vicious, bad. prSci, prScem, prece, in pi., plreces, van, f, prayer, entreaty, request. precor, ari, atus sum, dep., to pray, beg, entreat. prehendo, dere, dl sum, a., to seize , catch , grasp , snatch. premo, premere, pressi, pres- sum, a., to press, press hard on, oppress; pursue, annoy. prendo, see prehendo. preti-osus, a, um, adj. (pretium, § 44, 1, c, 3), valuable , precious ; costly, expensive. pretium, ii, n., money, wealth; worth, value, price. prex, see preci. pridem, ado. , a long time ago, long since , formerly. pri-die, ado. (prae; dies), on the day before (§ 50, 4, e, remark). prim-o, adv. (primus), at first, in the beginning, first, firstly. prim-um, adv., first, in the first place, for the first time ; quam primum, as soon as possible. pri-mus, a, um, adj. , superlative (prae, prior, primus, § 17, 3), first, foremost. prin-ceps, cipis, adj. (primus ; capio), first. As Noun, com. gen., chief ruler, emperor; prin- cipes, m. pi., chiefs, princes. princip-atus, iis, m. (princeps), the chief place, supremacy, do- minion ; principatum teuere, ■ to be at the head of prior, prius, adj. comp. (prae, prior, primus), former, pre- vious, prior, first (of two). pristluus, a, um, adj., former, early, primitive, pristine. prius . . . quam, conj., before that, before , .sooner ; priusquam non, not until. prius, comp. adv., before, sooner. priv-atim, adv. (privus), in pri- vate, privately; apart, separ- ately. priva-tus,, a, um, part, (privo), private. privo, are, avi, atum, a. (privus), to deprioe of, bereave. privus, a, um, adj. , single ; each, every. pro, prep, 'with abl., before, in front of, instead of, for, in con- sideration of, for the good of, in behalf of; according to, as. pr5b-e, adv. (probus), rightly, well, properly , filly. prob-itas, atis, /. (probus, § 44, 1, c, 2), goodness, tvorth, up- rightness, honesty , probity. probrum, i, u., disgrace, shame, reproach; a shameful act, dis- graceful deed. pr5-bus, a, um, adj. (pro) , goo/l, excellent, superior, upright, vir- tuous. proc-ax, aois, adj. (proco, to demand), bold, shameless, for- ward, pert. pro-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. , to go forward, advance, pro- ceed, turn out, succeed. procella, se, f, a hurricane, tem- pest, storm. procerus, a, um, adj. , high, tall. Procillus, i, m., a Roman name. prociuctus, a, um, part, (pro- cingo), prepared for battle, ready for action, infighting order. pro-cingo, cingSre, no perf , no sup., a., to gird up, prepare, equip. pro-clamo, are, avi, atum, n. and a. , to call or cry out. VOCABULAKT. 77 pro-consul, iilia, m. , a pro-consul; one who at the close of his con- sulship in Kome was governor of a province, or military com- mander under a governor. prScuI, ado., ofar, remote, at a distance , from afar ; far , distant , remote. pro-cumbo, cumbere, ciibui, cu- bitum, n. , to lean or bend for- wards ; fall forward; sink; fall down. pro-curro, currere, oQourri and curri, cursum, n., to run forth, rush forward : go on , advance. pro-d-eo, ire, ii, itum, n. irr. (pro; eo), to go forth; advance, proceed; appear; project. prodigus, a, um, adj. (prodigo, to waste), wasteful, lavish, prodi- gal. pro-do, dere, didi, ditum, a., to put forth, make known, disclose, announce; gioe over, hetray, abandon ; memoria proditur, it is handed down by memory. pro-duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, a., to lead forth; bring forth, produce; prolong , protract. prcelium, ii, n.,a battle, corribat, strife, contest. pr6fec-tio, onis, /. (proficiscor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a going away, setting out, departure. prS-fect-o, adv. (pro; factum), actually, indeed, really, truly, certainly. prSfec-tns, a, um, part. (prQfi- ciscor), having set out, gone. pro-fSro, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr. , to carry or bring forward ; to thrust out ; bring forth ; bring to light, discover; reveal; pro- nounce, utter. pro-ficio, flcere, feci, fectum, n. and a. , to advance ; be useful, help ; effect, accomplish. prS-fitc-iscor, ficisci, fectus sum, dep. inch, (pro; facio, § 36, a, and 44, 2, b), to set out, go, march, travel, depart. pr8-fiteor, fiteri, fessus sum, dep. (pro ; fateor) , to declare pub- licly, confess, acknowledge, pro- fess, promiie. pro-fligo, are, avi, atum, a., to strike to the ground ; cast down, overcome, conquer. pro-fugio, fiigere, fugi, fugitum, a. and n. , to flee, fly from ; run away, escape ; flee for succor. profugus, i, m. (prQfagio), a fugi- tive, exile. prS-fundo, fundSre, fudi, fusum, a., to pour forth, shed; lavish, squander, dissipate; profundeie se, to rush forth. pro-grSdior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (pro ; gradlor), logo forth; go forward, go on, advance, pro- ceed. pr5-hibeo, ere, ui, itum, a. (pro; habeo), to hold back, restrain, hinder, check, prevent, avert ; forbid , prohibit ; preserve, defend. pr5-inde, adv., hence, therefore, just so. pro-jioio, jlcere, jeci, jectum, a. (pro; jacio), to throw forwards ; throw down, fling away, renounce, reject. pro-labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep. , to slip forward, fall down ; sink, decline. proles, is, f, offspring, posterity, promiueus, eutis, part, (promi- neo), projecting, overhanging. pro-mineo, minere, miiiai, no sup., n., to project, overhang; reach out, extend. pro-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, a. , to send forth ; promise, assure. pro-moveo, movere, movi, mo- tum, a. , to move forward, push on, advance, promote. pronus, a, um, adj., turned, bent, inclined ; leaning forward, stoop- ing ; favorable to , easy. prSpe, adv. and prep, with ace. (propius, proxime), near, nigh; near by ; nearly ; about. 78 LATIN LESSONS. prSpero, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (prSpSrus), to hasten,, quick- en ; prepare , make with haste ; to make haste, be quick. prSperus, a, um, adj. , quick-, sptedy, hastening. propinquo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (propinquus) , to hasten, ac- celerate; come nigh, approach. prop-inquus, a, um, adj. (prope ; Iliac), near, neighboring; akin; similar, like. As Noun, m. , a relative, kinsman. pro-pono, ponere, posui, posi- tum, a., to place or lay before; make public, display, propose, dispose, set forth ; design , deter- mine ; mihi propositum est, / have determined. propos-itum, i, n. (prop5no), a statement : purpose, resolution, plan, design. proprius, a, um, adj. , one's own, special, peculiar. prop-ter, prep, with ace. (prSpe), near, close to; on account of, because. propter-ea, adv., therefore, for that reason, on that account; propterea quod, because that. propul-BO, are, avi, atum, a. in- tens. (propello, § 36, b, and 44, 2, 6), to drive back, keep or ward off, repel, repulse ; avert. pro-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, a. (pro ; rapio), to drag forth, hurry away ; proripere se, to leave hastily. pro-ruinpo, rumpere, rupi,rup- tumi, a., to burst or break forth. pro-scindo, scindere, scidi, sois- sum, a. , to tear up, rend, cleave; assail ; to revile, defame. pro-scribo, scribere, scripsi, scriptum, a., to publish, outlaw, proscribe. prosorip-tio, onis, /. (proscribe, § 44, 1, c, 2), outlawry, pro- scription, confiscation. pro-sequor, sequi, seciitus sum. dep. , to accompany, attend upon, follow ; pursue ; attack, assail. pro-silio, silire, silui, silivi or silii, no sup., n. (pro; salio), to leap forth; spring up, spring forth. prospec-tus, iis, m. (prosploio), a look-out , pi'ospect ; sight, vision. prosp6r-e, arfw. (prosperus), fa- vorably, fortunately, luckily: prosper-itas, a.tis,f. (prospgrns, § 44, 1, c, 2), good fortune, suc- cess, prosperity.' prospero, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (prosperus), to make fortu- nate or happy, prosper; to give prosperity (with daf.). pro-sperus, a, um, adj. (pro ; spes), favorable , fortunate, pros- perous. pro-spicio, spicere, spexi, spec- tum, n. and a. (pro; specio), to look out, look forth, foresee, espy, watch ; to provide for any thing (with ace). pro-sterno, sternere, etravi, stratum, a., to throw down, over- throw, prostrate. pro-sum, prodesse, profui, n. irr. (§ 29, b), to be useful; to do good ; to benefit, profit. pro-tendo, tendere, tendi, ten- sum and tentum, a. , to stretch forth or out, extend. pro-tero, terere, trivi, tritum, a., to crush; overthrow, beat; de- stroy; abuse. pro-tinus (tenus), adv. (pro; tenus), straightforward, forth- with, immediately. pro-veho, vehere, vexi, vectum, a., to bear forward, conduct, convey; in pass., provehi, to push forward, advance. pro-video, videre, vidi, visum, n. and a. , to foresee, provide for, take care; provide. provid-us, a, um, adj. (provideo), cautious, pntdent. provinoia, se, f, a province; a territory out of Italy, acquired VOCABULARY. — I. 79 by the Romans and brought under Roman government. pr6-v5oo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. , to call forth, call out, challenge, summon ; exasperate, rouse; pro- vocare ad populum, to appeal to the people. proxim-e, ado. (proximus), near- est, very near, next (pr5pe, propius, proxime). ■pxo3a.-ai.-o, ado. (proximus), quite recently, very lately. proxiraus, a, um, adj. , the near- est, next ; in proximo , close by, near at hand. pruJens, entis (contracted from provideus), foreseeing; know- ing, skilled, versed; wise, dis- creet; prudent; sensible. prudent-ia, ee, f (prudens, § • 44, 1, c, 2), foresight, sagacity, good sense, prudence, judgment. psittacus, i, m., a parrot. Psylli, orura, m. /li. , a people of Africa. PtSlemaeus, i, m., Ptolemy ; king of Egypt. pubes, eris, adj., adult, grown up, of ripe age. As Nonjf, pube- res, um, m. pi. , adults, men. piibes, is,/., youth, young persons. public-e, adv. (publious), on ac- count of the stale, at public cost ; in the name of the state, publicly. publicus, a, um, adj. (popiilus), belonging to the people or state, public, common. Pubiius Crassus, i, m., a Roman name. pttd-or, oris, m. (pQdeo, to be ashamed, § 44, 1, c, 2), shame, sense of honor, modesty, decency, propriety. puel-la, cB,y. dim. (puer, § 44, 1, c, 3), a girl, maiden. puell-filus, i, m. dim. (pnellus, § 44, 1, c, 3), a little boy. puel-lus, i, m. dim. (puer, § 44, 1, c, 3), a little boy. puer, erl, m., a boy, child, lad (until 17). puer-ilis, e, adj. (puer), boyish, childish, youthful. pugio, onis, /. , a dagger, dirk, poniard. [pule. pugna, ee,f., a battle, contest, dis- pugn-ax, acis, adj. (pugno, § 44, 1 , c, %) , fond of fighting , warlike, combative; quarrelsome. pugno, are, avi, atum, n. (pugna), to fight, give battle, engage, con- tend. pulcher, chra, chrum, adj., beau- tiful, fair, handsome. pulohr-e, ado. (pulcher), beauti- fully , finely, nobly. pul-sus, a, um, part, (pello), having been driven, routed. pulvis, eris, m., dust. punc-tus, us, m. (pungo), a prick, sting. pungo, pungere, pupfigi, punc- tum, a., to prick, sting; trouble, disturb, annoy. Piin-icus (Poenious), a, um, adj. (Poeni, the- Carthaginians), Punic, Carthaginian. piiuio, ire, ivi and ii, itum, a. (poena), to punish ; avenge, re- venge. pur-go, are, avi, atum, a. (pS- rus), to make /lure, clean , cleanse ; clear, excuse, excul/iate. purpura, ae, f, purple, a purple garment. purpiir-eus, a, um, adj. (pur- pura, § 44, 1, c, 8), purple- colored, purple. [clean. piirus, a,^um, adj., clear, pure, piiler (p3tris), tris, tre, adj., rotten, decaying. piito, are, avi, atum, a., to think, consider, reckon, believe. Pyrenaei, orum, m. pi., the Pyre- nees. Q. Q. or Qu., an abbreviation for Quintus. quadrag-esimus, a, um, adj. (quadragiuta), fortieth. 80 LATIN LESSONS. qnadr-a-giuta, num. adj. indecl. (quatuor) , forty. quadr-imus, a, um, adj. (quatuor), of four years , four years old. quadr-ln-genti, bb, a, mim. adj. (quatuor ; centum) , four hun- dred. quaero, quserere, qusesivi or quaesii, quassitum, a., to seek, ask; search, examine, inquire about, demand; look into; aim at, strice for; quseritur, the question is. quseso, ere, ivi or ii, no sup., a., to seek, beg, pray. quaes tio, onis,/. (qusero, § 44, 1, c, 2), a seeking, an inquiry, question. quses-tor, oris, m. (qusero, § 44, 1, c, 1), a qumstor (treasurer or quartermaster) . quaes-tura, se, f. (quaero, § 44, 1 , c, 2), the office of qucestor, the qualis, e, pronominal adj., of what sort, what like ; of such a kind, such as; talis . , , qualis, such . . . as. quam. adv. (§ 17, 5, b'),how, how much, as, than. quam-ob-rem, adv., for what rea- son, wherefore, why. quam-quam, conj., though, al- though ; however, yet. quam-vis, conj, , however, although , albeit. quantus, a, um, adj., how great; as great, as, such ; in abl., quan- to (as adv.), by how much, by as much as; quauto magis, how much more. qua-propter, adv., for what, why, wherefore. qua-re, adv. (quia; res), from what cause, on what account, wherefore, why. quart-ana, ae, /. (quartus), the quartan ague (recurring every fourth day). quar-tus, a, um, num. adj. (qua- tuor), the fourth. quasi, adv., as if, just as, as it were. quater, num. adv., four times. quattuor, see quatuor. quatuor,. num. adj. indecl, , four. quattuor-dScim (quatuor), num. adj. (quatuor; decern), /our- teen. -que, enclitic conj., and, also. quem-ad-mSdutu, adv. , after what manner ; how ; as, just as. quercus, us,/., an oak, oak-tree. quer-ela, ae, /. (queror), a com- plaining, a complaint. queror, queri, questus sum, dep. , to comj)laiji of, lament, bewail. ques-tus, us, m. (queror, § 44, 1, c, 2), a complaint. qui, quae, quod, relative pron., who, which, what; idem qui, the same as. quia, conj. , because. qui-cumque, qnse-cumque, quod- cumque, indef. relative pron. ( § 21, 2, a), whoever, whatever, who- soever, whatsoever. quid, see quis. qui-dam, quae-dam, quod-dam, indefinite pron., a certain one, somebody, something ; quidam homines, some persons. quidem, adv., indeed, at least; ne . . . quidem, not even (the word or phrase that ne . . . quidem modifies always comes between ne and quidem). quies, etis, f, rest, repose, quiet, peace. quie-sco, quiescere, quievi, quie- tum, n, inch, (quies, § 36, a, and 44, 2, b), to rest, repose, keep quiet, lie still, quiet-US, a, um, part, (quiesoo) , quiet, calm, tranquil, still, qui-libet, quae-libet, quod-libet, indefinite pron., any one you please, any one. quin, conj. (qui; ne), that not, but that ; why not ; from (after verbs of hindei-ing); quin etiam, more- over, nay even. VOCABULARr. — I. 81 quin-dScim, man. adj. indecl. (quinque ; dScem), fifteen. quin-genti, se, a, num. adj. (quin- que ; centum), Jive hundred. quin-ginti, see quin-genti. qui-ni, ae, a, num. distributive adj. (quinque), _^ue each^ hi) fives. quinqu-a-giuta, num. adj. indecl. (quinque), /^2^. quinque, num. adj. indecl. ., five. quinqu-ies, adv. (quinque), five times. quinqu-iens, see quinqu-ies. quin-tus, a, um, num. adj. (quin- que), the fifth. Quintus, i, m. , see CatiUus. quippe, adv. and conj., surely , certainly, indeed; for indeed, inasmuch as, since. quis, quae, quid, interrogative pron. , who ? what f which f si quis, if any one ; ne quis, lest anyone, that no one; quid (used adverbially), Aozo.* why? where- fore? quis-nam, quse-nam, quid-nam, interrogative pron., who, pray? which, pi-ay ? what, pray ? qiiis-quam, quae-quam, quic- quam (quid-quam), indefiniie pron. , any. As Noun, any one. quis-que, quse-que, quod-que (quio-que, quld-que), indefi- nite pron., each, every; each person, every one ; whoever. quis-quis, quod-quod or quio- quid or quidquid, indef. pron. , whatever , whatsoever. As Noun, whoever, whosoever; every one, each one. qui-vis, quaevis, quodvis (quid- vis), indefinite pron. , who or what you please, any whatever. quo, adv. and conj., whither, to what place ; wherefore, why ; in order that (§ 64, 1, a). quo-ad, adv., how long; as long as, until. [si, but if. quod, conj., that; because; quod quo-minus, conj. (§ 65, 1, a), that not, from, quo-mSdp, adv. , in what manner, how. quondam, adv., formerly, once; sometimes , some day , ever. qubn-iam, adv. (quum ; jam), since now, sitice, seeing that, because, whereas. qu6que, conj. , also , too (placed after the word to be eiiij..ha- sized) . quorsum, adv. , whither ; to what purpose ; to what end ; for what. quot, indecl. num. adj. pi. , how many ; as many ; quot . ; . tot, as many . . . so many; quotannis, every year, yearly. quStid-ianus, a, iim, adj. (qu5- tidie), every day, daily. qu8t-i-die (c5t), adv. (quot; dies), daily, every day. qu&tus, a, um, adj. , one of how many, what in number; qu6ta hora, what o'clock. quum (cum), conj., when, while, since, although, as ; quum pri- mum, as soon as; quum . . . tum, both . . . and. rab-idus, a, um, adj. (rabo, to rave), raving, furious, savage, fierce, mad. radix, icis, /. , a root ; foot (of a hUl)._ rado, radere, rasi, rasum, a., to scrape, shave. ramus, i,m., a branch, bow, twig. rana, se,f., a frog. rap-ax, acis, adj. (rapio, § 44, 1 , c, 3), grasping, greedy, rapa- cious. rap idus, a, um, adj. (rapio) , swift, quick,rapid; violent, hasty. rap-ina, ae, /. (rapio), robbtry; plunder, booty. rapio, Sre, ui, tum, a., to snatch away , seize; carry off, hurry off. rap-tor, oris, m. (rapio, § 44, 1, c, 1), a robber , plunderer. 82 LATIN LESSONS. rar-o, adv. (r5rus), seldom, rarely. rams, a, um, adj., seldom, rare, scarce, sparse; in pi. , few. ra-tio, onis, /. (reor, § 44, 1, c, 2), a reckoning, reason, cause, account ; manner, plan; estimate ; ground, consiileration. ratis, is, /. , a float, raft, vessel (made of logs fastened together). ra-tus, a, um, part, (reor), haoing supposed, reckoned, calculated ; established, settled, valid. re-bello, are, avi, atum, n. , to wage war again ; revolt, rebel ; renew hostilities. .reoens, entis, adj., fresh, young, new, recent. reoes-sus, us, m. (reoedo, § 44, 1 , c , 2) , a going back, receding , retreat; nook, recess, corner, hay. re-cido, cldere, cidi, casum, n. , to fall back, spring back; recoil; sink down. re-cipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, a. (re; capio), to receioe back; take back ; receioe, undertake ; recover ; recipere se dotaum, to return home. re-concilio, are, avi, atum, a., to reunite, reconcile. re-cordor, ari, atus sum, dep. (§ 50, 4, a), (re; cor), to call to mind, remember, recollect. re-creo, are, avi, atum, a., to make anew; to remake, reproduce , re- store, renew; revive, refresh, re- cruit. rec-tor, oris, m. (rego, § 44, 1, c, 1), a guider, leader, director, ruler, master. rec-tus, a, \i.m.,part. (rego), straight, upright, correct ; just, virtuous. re-oup-ero, are, avi, atum, a. (re; capio), to regain, recover. rS-ciiso, are, avi, atum, a. (re; causa), to decline, reject, refuse. red-do, dere, didi, ditum, a. , to give hack, return, restore, render ; with two aces., to make,_cause to he. [return. red-eo, ire, li, itum, n., to go hack. red-Igo, IgSre, egi, actum, a. (red; ago), to drive back, re- store, bring back; convert; re- duce, compel; redigere in po- testatem, to reduce to subjection. red-imo, imere, emi, emptum, a. (red; emo), to buy back, re- deem, ransom; buy up; contract for,farm. red-iategro, are, avi, atum, a. , to restore, renew. redit-io, onis,/. (redeo, § 44, 1, c , 2) , a returning, return. redl-tus, iis, m. (redeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a returning, return. re-diico, diicere, duxi, ductum, a., to lead back, bring back; reducere in gratiam, to restore to favor. rS-fero, ferre, tuli, latum, a. irr., to carry back, bring hack ; re- store : raise ; transfer, reproduce ; regard; gratiam referre, to show gratitude, repay a favor ; referre pedem, to retreat; re- ferre se, to return. re-fert, ferre, tiilit, n. impers. (§ 50, 4, d), (res; fero), it con- cerns ; is of importance. re-fioio, fioere, feci, fectum, a. (re ; facio) , to make again ; re- make, restore, renew, rebuild; refresh. r6-figo, figere, fixi, fizum, a., to unfix, unfasten, unloose; annul, ^abolish; take away, remove. re-flecto, flectere, flesi, Sezum, a. and n., to bend back, turn hack , avert ; give way , yield. re-formido, are, no perf, atum, a. , to fear greatly, dread, stand in awe of; shun, avoid. re-foveo, fovere, fovi, fotum, a., to warm again, cherish again ; ^refresh, restore, revive. re-fringo, fringere, fregi, frac- tum, a. (re; frango), to break down, break open, tear in pieces. rg-fiigio, fiigere, fugi, filgitum, n. and a., to flee back, escape, avoid, shun. VOCABULARY. I. 83 reg-alis, e, adj. (rex), kingly, royal, regal. reg-ina, se,/. (rego), a queen. reg-io, onis,/. (rego, § 44, 1, c, 2), a territory, district, region. reg-ius, a, um, adj. (re'z), kingly, royal, regal. regno, are, avi, atura, a. and a. (regnum), to rule,gocern, reign. reg-num, i, «. (rego), dominion, sovereignty, rule, authority, king- dom, royalty. rego, regere, rexi, rectum, a. , to rule, govern, sway, control; guide, lead, direct, conduct. rB-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (re; gradior), to go back, return, retire, retreat. re-jioio, jicere, jeci, jectum, a. (re; jaoio), to throw back ; force back, repel ; remoee, reject ; dis- dain , despise ; defer, postpone. re-labor, labi, lapsus sum, dep. , to sink back; fall back; glide back, slip back. religio, onis,/., reverence (for the gods), piety, religion. re-ligo, are, avi, atum, a. , to bind up, fasten up; bind fast; bind, fasten. rS-linquo, linquere, liqui, lictum, a. , to leave behind ; abandon ; leave, bequeath; appoint, nomi- nate. rgliqu-iae, arum,/, pi. (relinquo), the remains, relics. reliqu-us, a, um, adj. (rBlinquo), remaining. As Noun, reli- quum, i, n. , the rest, remainder ; reliquum est, it remains, follows. re-maneo, manere, mansi, no sup., n., to stay behind, remain behind ; continue, abide, endure, stay, remain. re-med-ium, ii, n. (re ; mSdeor), a cure, remedy, medicine. Remi, orum, m. pi., a people of Gaul. rS-min-iscor, isci, no perf., dep. (re ; root, men, § 50, 4 , n), /o re- call to mind, recollect, remember. re-mitto, mittSre, misi, missum, a., to send back, remit, relax , re- move, dismiss, resign ; give back, devote. remus, i, m., an oar. Remus, i, m., the twin brother of Romulus. re-nun tio, are, avi, atum, a., to report, give notice, declare, an- nounce, bring back word. re-nuo, nuBre, nui, no. sup., n. and a., to deny, oppose, dii.- approve, reject, decline, refuse. reor, no inf., ratus sum, dep., lo believe, think, imagine, judge, suppose, deem. re-pello, rgpellere, r^piili, re- pulsum, a., to drive back, push, back, reject, repel, repulse. re-pendo, peudere, pendi, pen- sum, a., to weigh back again; pay back, repay, requite, recom- pense, return, reward; redeem, ransom. repens, entis, adj., sudden, hasty, unexpected, recent. repent-e, adv. (repens), sudden- ly, unexpectedly. repent-inus, a, um, adj. (repens), sudden, hasty, unlooked-for, un- expected. re-perio, reperire, reperi, reper- tum, a. (re ; pario), to Jind, find out, discover, learn, ascer- tain. re-pSto, petere, pStivi or p6tii, petitum, a., to recommence, re- sume, renew, repeat, demand, exact. . rl-pleo, plere, plevi, pletum, a., to fill again, refill; fill up, re- plenish, fill full. repo, ere, si, tum, n.,to creep, crawl. re-pono, ponSre, pSsui, p5si- tum, a., to put back, place back, replace, restore; repay, requite, lay up. preserve. re-porto, are, avi, atum, a., to carry back, bring back; carry off, gain ; report. 84 LATIN LESSONS. re-posco, poso8re, no perf., no stip., a., to demand~back, ask for ^again; ask for, demand, claim. re-prehendo, prehendere, pre- hendi, prghensuni, a., lo hold ^ hack ; seize ; blame, censure. re-primo, primere, pressi, pres- sum, a. (re; premo), to press back, keep back ; check , curb, restrain. repiidio, are, avi, atum, a. (re- pudium, a separation), to cast off, put away, divorce; reject, refuse : scorn. re-pugno, are, avi, atum, n. and a.,toJight against, oppose, resist. rSpul-sa,, as, f. (rSpello) , a re- fusal, denied, repulse. re-piito, are, avi, atum, a., to count over, reckon, calculate, compute ; ponder, think over, re- flect upon. re-quiro, quirere, quisivi or qui- sii, quisitum, a. (re ; queero), to seek again, look after ; de- mand, require ; need, want. res, rei, f, a thing, object, matter, event, circumstance, occurrence, condition, business ; re, in reality, in fact; tea ftmiliaris, jjncaie properly ; res militaris, mili- tary business, science of war ; res gestae, deeds, exploits; res Iiiimanse, human affairs. re-scindo, scindere, scidi, scis- sum, a., to cut off, cut loose; break down ; cut away ; abolish, repeal, rescind. re-seoo, secare, secui,^ sectum , a., to cut loose, cut off; curtail ; check, stop, restrain. re-sero, are, avi, atum, a., to un- lock, open, disclose, reveal. re-servo, are, avi, atum, a., to keep back, save up; save., pre- serve. re-sidep, sidere, sedi, no sup., n. (re; sedeo), to sit back; re- main, rest, abide, reside. re-sido, sidere, sedi, no sup., n., to sit down ; abate, grow calm. re-sisto, sistSre, stifti, no sup,, n., to stay behind; withstand, op- pose (with dat.). re-solvo, solvere, solvi, s61iitum, a., to untie, release, pay. re-spicio, spicere, spexi, spec- turn, n. and a. (re; specio), to look back ; to look back upon ; regard, considei: re-spondeo, spondere, spoudi, sponsum, a. and n., to answer, reply, respond. respou-sum, i, n, (respondeo), an answer, reply, response. res-publica, rei-publicae, f. (§ 14, 2, d), the state, common- wealth, republic. re-spuo, spuere, spui, no sup., a., to spit back, spit out ; reject, refuse, disapprove, not accept. re-stinguo, stinguere, stinzi, stinctum, a., to put out, quench, extinguish; annihilate, destroy. re-stituo, uere, ui, utum, a. (re ; statue), to give up, deliver up, restore, replace, renew, give back. re-sto, stare, stiti, no sup., u., to stand back, withstand; remain. re-sum.o, siisiere, sumpsi, sump- turn, a., to take up again, take back, resume. rite, is, n., a net, snare. re-tineo, tinere, tinui, tentum, a. (re; teneo), to keep back; detain, retain, restrain; pre- serve. re-traho, trahere, traxi, trac- tum, a., to draw back., withdraw, withhold, check; keep or drag ^back. retro, adv. (re), backwards, hack; _ before, formerly. retro-rsum, adv. (retro ; ver- sum), back, backwards. re-US, i, m., rea, ae, f. (res), a party to an action ; one who is accused or arraigned ; a defend- ant, prisoner, criminal. re-veho, vehSre, vexi, vectum, a., to carry back; revehi, to go back. VOCABULARY. — I. 85 rSvSrent-ia, se, f. (revirens, re- spectful ; § 44, 1, c, 2), respect, reverence, regard, fear, awe. re-vertor, verti, versus sum, dep., to turn back, come buck, return. rS-v5oo, are, avi, atum, a., to call back, recall, revoke, recover. rex, regis, m. (r&go), a ruler, king. Rhea Sylvia, se, f., daughter of Numitor, and mother of Romu- lus and Remus. rheda, se, f., a four-wheded car- riage; a carriage, chariot. Rhenus, i, m., the Rhine. rhetor, oris, to., a teacher of rheto- ric ; a rhetorician. Rhodanus, i, m. , the Rhone. Rh&dus (os), 1,/., Rhodos; an island near the coast of Asia Minor. rideo, ridere, risi, risum, n. and a., to laugh; smile; laugh at, ridicule. rigeo, rigere, rigui, no sup., n.,to be stiff' or numb, to stiffen. rig-idus, a, um, adj. (rigeo), stiff, hard, inflexible, rigid. rima, as, f., a cleft., crack, chink, fixsure, crevice. ripa, ae, /, the bank (of a stream). ri-sus, us, m. (rideo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a laughing, laughter, laugh. rivus, i, TO., a brook, stream. ' rixa, as, f, a quarrel, dispute, contest, strife. robur, oris, n., hard oakj hard- ness; strength, force, vigor. rodo, rodere, rosi, rosum, a., to gnaw; eat away; waste away, corrode, consume. rogo, are, avi, atum, a., to ask, question, interrogate ; propose (a law). Roma, se,/., Rome. Rom-auus, a, um, adj. (Roma), Roman; of Rome. As Noun, m., a Roman. Rom-ulus, i, TO. (Roma), the founder and first king of Rome (B.C. 753-717). ros, roris, m., dew, moisture. rosa, SB,/., a rose. ros-trum, i, n. (rodo), a bill, beak, snout ; the curoed end' of a ship's prow, ship''s beak. riiber, bra, brum, adj., red, ruddy. riib-or, oris, to. (riibeo, to be red; § 44, 1, c, 2), redness; bluxh; bashfulness, modesty. rtidis, e, adj., raw, rude, rough, wild. rSgio, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n., to roar (as a lion) . ru-ina, se, /. (ruo), downfall, ruin, accident ; ruinse, pi. , the rutins. rumor, oris, m., common talk, hearsay, rumor. rumpo, rumpere, rupi, ruptum, a., to break, burst, tear, rend, ruptures force open ; interrupt ; destroy. ruo, ruere, rui, rQtum (ruitum), n. and a., to fall down, ni.ih downy hasten, hurry ; cast down, dash, hurl. rilpes, is,f. (rumpo), a cliff, steep rock. rursus (sum) , adv. (contracted from revorsus), turned back; back, backwards ; on the con- trary, on the other hand, in turn, again. rus, riiris, n. (va.pl. found only in nom. and ace), the country; lands, fields ; farm, estate ; ruri, in the country ; rure, from the country (§ 55, 3, a,b, and d). rus-tiicus, a, um., adj. (rus), rural, rustic. As Noun, rustious, i, TO., a countryman, rustic, peasant. S. saccus, i, TO., a sack, bag. sacer, sacra, sMcrum, adj., holy, sacred, consecrated, venerable ; accursed. As Noun, sacra, orum, n. pi., sacred rites, sacri- fice. 86 LATIN LKSSONS. sacer-dos, otis, com. gen. (sacer ; _do), a priest ; priest ess. sacrlfic-ium, ii, n. (sicrzfico; § _44, 1, c, 2), a sacrifice. sacr-i-flco, are, avi, atum, n. and a. (aaoer; Kcio), to sacri- fice ; offer in sacrifice. ssepe, adv., often, frequently. saepe-numero, adv., oftentimes, over and over again. sBBv-io, ire, ii, itum, n. (seevus), to be fierce, rage, rave, be mad, violent. ScBVUs, a, um, adj. , raging, furious, mad, savage ; fierce, cruel, severe, sag-ax, acis, adj. (sagio, to per- ceive quickly) , of quick percep- tion ; shrewd, keen, sagacious. sa^o, are, avi, atum, a., to fat- ten ; cram, stuff'; pamper ; nour- ish, feed, enrich. sagitta, ae,y., an arrow. sagitt-arius, a, um, adj. (sagitta), of or belonging to an arrow. As Noun, Sagittarius, ii, m., an archer, bowman. sagfi-lum, i, n. dim. (sagum, § 44, 1, c, 3), a small military cloak, mantle, cloak. sagum, i, n., a military cloak; mantle, cloak. sal, salis, m. (rarely Ji.), salt; in pi. , wit. Salamis, is (ace. Salamina), _/*., an island near Attica. salio, ire, ui, turn, n., to leap, spring, bound, jump. saltem, adv., at least, anyhow. sal-tus, us, m. (salio, § 44^ 1, c, 2), a leaping, leap, spring, bound. saltus, lis, m., a forest-pasture ; woodland, pasture. salus, vi.tis,f. (salveo, to be well), health ; welfare, property, safety. saluta-tio, onis, /". (saliito, § 44, 1, c, 2), a greeting, salutation. saliito, are, avi, atum, a. (salus), to greet, pay one^s respects to, salute. salve, see salveo. salv-eo, ere, no perf, no sup., n. (salvus), to be well, be in good health; salve {imperut.), heaven keep you, how are you? I hope you are well ; farewell, goud-by, adieu. salvus, a, um, adj., saved, pre- served, sound, well, unhurt. sancio, sauoire, sauxi, sanctum, u., to render sacred; to confirm, ratify, sanction. sanc-tus, a, um, part, (sancio), sacred, inviolable; august, pious, just, innocent. san-e, adv. (sanus), tndy, to be sure, forsooth, certainly, how- ever. sanguln-olentus, a, um, adj. (san- guis, § 44, 1, c, 'i),full of blood, bloody ; sanguinary. sanguis, inis, m., blood. sano, are, avi, atum, a. (sanus), 1,0 make sound, heal, cure, re- store to health. sanus, a, um, adj., sound in body, whole, healthy, well ; sound in mind, sane, rational, sober. sapiens, entis, part, (sapio), wise, knowing, discreet, judi- cious, [^discreetly. sapien-ter, adv. (sapiens), wisely, sapient-ia, ae, f. (sapiens, § 44, 1, c, 2) , wisdom, prudence. sarcfiia, x, f, a package, bundle; in pi., baggage. satelles, itis, com. gen. , an attend- ant; accomplice, tool; in pi., life-guards, an escort. satius, adj. (j.ndecl.') and adv. (comp. of satis), better, prefer- able, rather. satis, adj. (indecl.') and adv., enough, sufficient, in abundance ; satis habere, to deem it suffi- cient. satis-facio, facgre, feci, factum; in pass., satis-fio, fiSri, faotus sum, n., to satisfy, give satisfac- tion ; apologize, ask pardon. satur, ura, urum, adj., sated, fullj deep, strong. VOCABULARY. - 87 sM-tus, a, um, part. (sSro) , liav- ing been sown, planted. saucius, a, um, adj., wounded, hurt, injured; offended; sick, ill. saxum, i, n. , a rock, stone. Bcando, scandere, scandi, scan- sum, a. and n., to climb, mount, get up ; ascend, arise. 8ciles-tus, a, um, adj. (scelus), wicked, villanous, infamous, accursed. scelus, eris, n., a crime, sin, enor- mitj). schola, se, y., a school; disserta- tion. scient-ia, se,/. (sciens,§44, 1, c, 2), a knowing; knowledge, science, skill, expertness. sci-Iicet, adv. (scio; licet), evi- dently, plairdy, certairdy, un- doubtedly. Bcindo, scindere, scidi, scissum, a., to cut, tear, rend, split, cleave. Bcio, scire, scivi or sell, scitum, a., to know, understand, perceive. Bcipio, onis, m., a staff. Scipio, onis, m. (scipio), the name of a celebrated family in Rome, the most famous of ■which -were the two conquer- ors of the Carthaginians, Pub- liv.s Cornelius Scipio Africnnus Major, and Publius Cornelius Scipio JEmilianu^ Africanus Minor, scriba, as, to. (scribo), a clerk, secretary, .•scribe. scribo, scribere, scripsi, scrip- tum, a., to write, compose ; scri- bere leges, to draw up laws. scurra, ae, to., a je.Her, biffoon. Ecutum, i, n., a shield; defence, protection. se, see sui. se-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, 11., to go nparl, go away, sepa- rate, withdraw; .recede; retire. se-cerno, cerngre, crevi, cretum, d., to put upart; to sunder, sever, separate; distinguish, dis- cern. se-cludo, cludSre, clusi, clusum, a., to shut off, shut up, seclude; separate ; exclude. sSco, are, ui, turn, a., to cut, cut off', cut lip; wound, hurt; tor- ment. secret-o, adv. (seoretus), apart, separately ; in secret. secre-tus, a, um, part, (secerno), separate, apart; secret, private sec-tor, ari, atus, dep. intens. (sequor), to follow eagerly, hunt, chase, pursue. secund-arius, a, um., adj. (se- cundus), second-rate, middling, inferior, stale. secund-o, adv. (sScundus), sec- ondly , for the second time. sec-undus, a, um, adj. (sequor), the second; favorable, fair, pro- pitious, fortunate; secundo flumine, down stream. secundo, are, no perf, no sup., a. (s6cundus), to adapt, ac- commodate; favor, second. sed, conj., but, yet. sedeo, sSdere, sedi, sessum, v., to sit, sit down, sit still; be en- camped, settle. sed-es, is, /. (sedeo), a seat, chair; abode, residence; settle- ment; foundation. sed-i-tio, onis, /., dissension, civil discord, insurrection, sedi- tion, discord. sediti-osus, a, um, adj. (seditio, § 44, 1, c, &),fnll of civil dis- cord, mutinous, seditious. se-diico, ducere, duzi, ductum, a., to lead aside, lead away, carry off; remove, separate. segnis, e, adj., slow, tardy, slack, slothful, lazy, sluggish. segn-iter, adv. (segnis), slowly, slothfully, lazily. [stool. sel-la, 88,/. (sedeo), a seat, chair, semel, nam. adv., once, a single time, once for all; non semel, not once alone, several times; semel atque Iterum, once and again, repeatedly. 88 LA.TIN LESSONS. semen, inis, n. (sSro), seed. semeutis, is,/, (semino, to sow), a sowing. semper, adu., ever, always, at all times, for ever. sen-ator, oris, m. (senex), a sen- ator. senator-ius, a, um, adj. (senator), of a senator, of the senate, sena- torial. sen-atus, iis, m. (senex), the senate '(fl'^w. sing, sometimes senati) . senex, sSnis, adj. (nom. and ace. of the neuter pi. in the positive, and of the neuter dug. in the comparaiiee, are wanting) , old, aged. As Noun, senex, is, com. gen., an aged person, an old man, an old woman (from 40 and upwards), (seuex, se- nior, maximus natu) . senior, ius, adj. (comparative of senex), older, elder. seni, ae, a, num. distributive adj. (sex), six each, six. SenSues (sen5), um, m. pi., a people of Gallia. sentent-ia, ae, /. (sentiens), a thinking, an opinion, sentiment; ex seutentia, satisfactorily. sentio, tire, si, sum, a., to discern, perceiue, feel, think, obseroe, know. separa-tim, adv. (separo), asun- der, apart, separately. se-paro, are, avi, atum, a., to dis- join, sever, part, separate. sepelio, pelire, pelivi or pglii, pultum, a., to bury, inter. sepes, is, f , a hedge, fence. se-pono, ponere, posui, positum, a., to put by, separate; banish. septem, num. adj. indecl., seven. Septem-trio, onis, m., the Great Bear; the North. Septem-triones, um, m. pi. (septem ; trio), (the seven stars near the North Pole), the North. sept-Imus, a, um, num. ordinal adj. (septem), the seventh. septin-genti, se, a, num. adj. (sep- tem ; centum), seven hundred. septuag-esimus, a, um, adj. , num. ordinal adj. (septuaginta), the seventieth. septua-glnta, num. adj. indecl. (septem), seventy. sepul-crum (chrum), i, n. (sepg- lio), a grave, tomb, sepidchre. sepul-tura, ae, /. (sgpilio, § 44, 1, c, 2), a burying, burial, inter- ment, funeral obsequies, sepul- ture. Sequana, ae, f., the Sequdna (Seine). ' Sequani, orum, m. pi., a people of Gallia. sequor, sSqui, seciitns sum, dep. , to follow, go after, attend, ac- company, pursue. serenus, a, um, adj., clear, fair, bright, serene. Sergius, ii, m., a Roman name. seri-o, adv. (serius, earnest),-; in earnest, seriously. sermo, onis, m. , talk, conversa- tion, discourse, speech. sero, serere, sevi, satum, a., to sow, plant. sero, serere (serui), sertum, a., to bind, plait, interweave, en- twine ; join, connect. ser-o, adv. (serus) , late, too late. serp-ens, eutis, m. (serpo), a snake, serpent. serpo, pere, psi, ptum, n., to creep, crawl ; spread abroad. Sertorius, ii, m. , a general of Marius. ser-tum, i, n. (sero, to entwine), a wreath, garland. serus, a, um, adj. , late, too late. serva, ae,/., a female slave, maid- servant. Servilia, ae, /. , mother of Brutus. serv-ilis, e, adj. (servus, § 44, 1, v,'i'), slavish, servile. serv-io, ire, ivi or ii, itum, n. (servus), to be a slave ; to serve ; be devoted to; comply with, grat- ify- VOCABULABT. 89 serv-lbium, ii, n. (servus), slav- ery, servitude. serv-itudo, inis,/, (servus, § 44, 1, c, 2), slavery, sermtude. serv-itus, utis, /. (servus, § 44, 1, c, 2), slavery, servitude. Servius, ii, m., IServius. servo, are, avi, atum, a. , to save, deliver, preserve, protect y keep, ' observe. servus, i, m., a slave, servant. sese, redupKcateJ form of se, ace. of sui. sestertium, ii, n. (§ 85, 3), one thousand sesterces (about $40) ; decies sestertium, ], 000 ,000 sesterces (®40,000). sestertius, ii, m. (§ 85, 2), a ses- terce, four cents. seu, see sive. sever-itas, atis, /. (sSverus, § 44, 1, c, 2), sternness, strictness, severity, seriousness. severus, a, um, adj. , serious, grave, strict, austere. sex, num. adj. indecl., six. {sixty. sex-a-ginta, num. adj. indecL (sex), sex-centi, se, a, num. adj^ (sex; centum), six hundred. sex-decim (sedecim), num. adj. indecl., sixteen. Sext-ilis, is, m. (se^us), (the sixth month, March counted as the first), August. Sext-ilis, e, adj. (septus, § 44, 1, c, 3), of August. sex-tus, a, um, num. ordinal adj. (sex), the sixth. si, conj., if, whether; quod si, hut if; si quis, if any one ; si quid, if any thing; si minus, if not ; si quando, if ever. sic, adv. , in this manner, so, thus. sica, se,f. , a dagger, poniard. siccus, a, um, adj., dry, thirsty; in sicco, on dry land. Sicilia, se, f , Sicily. Sictili, orum, m. pL, the Sicilians. Siciilus, a, um, adj., Sicilian. 8ic-ut, ndo., so as, Just as, as; as if, as it were. sIo-Hti, adv., see slo-ut. sidus, eris, n., a constellation, a star. sign-i-flco, are, avi, atum, a. (s'ignum; ^cio), to show by signs, point out, make known; betoken, mean, import, signify. signo, are, avi, atum, a. (signum), to mark, mark out ; point out , signify, indicate; obseroe, dis- cover, find out. signum, i, n., a mark, token, sign ; standard; statue, signal. silent-ium, ii, n. (siieus, § 44, 1, c, 2), silence. silens, entis, part, (sileo, to be silent), still, calm, quiet, silent. silva, as,f., a wood, forest. silv-estris, e, adj. (silva) , of the forest; wooded, woody; wild; sylvan, rustic. Silvia, as, f , daughter of Numi- tor. Silvius, ii, m., an Alban king. simia, se, /. , an ape, monkey. similis, e, adj., like, resembling, similar. simil-iter, adv. (similis), in like manner, similarly. simil-itudo, inis,/. (similis, § 44, 1, c, 2), likeness, resemblance, similitude. sim-plex, icis, adj. (semel; plico), simple, plain ; open, frank, hon- est, sincere. simplic-itas. atis,/. (simplex, § 44, 1, c, 2), simpleness, simpli- city; plainness, frankness. simplic-iter, adv. (simplex), simply, plainly, directly. simul, adv., together, at once, at the same time; simul atque or ac, as soon as. simtila-crum, i, n. (simiilo), an image, likeness. simQio, are, avi, atum, a. (simi- lis), to pretend (a thing is what it is not; see dissimiilo), to feign, counterfeit, simulate. simul-tas, atis,/ {gen pi. , simul- tatium) , (simul) , dissension, 90 LATIN LESSONS. enmity, rivalry , jealousy , grudge, hatred, animosity. sin, conj. (si; ne), hut if, if on the contrary. sine, prep, with abl. , without. ' sing&l-aris, e, adj. (singuli), alone, single ; singular, unique, extraor- dinary, remarkable. singuli, SB, a, num. distributive adj. , one to each, separate, sin- gle ; individual. sinister, tra, trum, adj., left, on the left hand or side; awkward, perverse ; unlucky, adoersej sub sinistra, ore the left. sinistra, se, /. (sinister), the left hand. sino, sinere, sivi, situm, a., to let, suffer, allow, permit. sinus, us, m. , the fold (of a gar- ment), bosom; sinus maris, a bay. si-quis or si-qui, siqua, siquid or siquod, indef. pron., if any, if any one ; if any thing. sisto, sistere, stiti, statuiu, a. and n., to set, place, stand, ap- pear, endure. sit-io, ire, ivi or ii, no sup., n. and a. (sitis), to thirst, be thirsty ; thirst for, long for, covet. sitis, is, /. (ace. sing. , sitim ; abl. , siti), thirst J- dryness. si-tus, a, um, part, (sino), placed, set, lying, situated. si-ve (seu), conj., or if, whether, or. sobrius, a, um, adj., not drunk, sober ; sensible, prudent, temper- ate, moderate. sScer, eri, m., a father-in-law. soci-etas, atis, /! (socius, § 44, 1, c, 2), fellowship, society , part- nership, alliance. sScius, ii, m., companion, com- rade, partner, ally. socius, a, um, adj. (socius), allied. sodalis, is, com. gen., comrade, crony, boon-companion. sol, solis, m., the sun. sSleo, sSlere, solitus sum, semi-, dep. (§ 35, 2), to be wont, he accustomed. solidus, a, um, adj., whole, com- plete; firm, solid. sol-itudo, inis,y. (solus, § 44, 1, c, 2), loneliness, solitude ; a des- ert. solium, ii, n., a seat, throne. sollert-ia, ae, /. (soUers, clever; § 44, 1, c, 2), skill, shrewdness, dexterity, expertness. soUioitus, a, um, adj., uneasy, anxious ; wakeful, watchful., s51um, i, n., the bottom, founda- tion ; soil. solum, adv. (solus), only, merely; non solum, not only. solus, a, um, adj. (§ 16, 1, 6), alone, only, single, lonely. solvo, solvere, solvi, sSlutum, a. , to loose, loosen, untie, unhinil; cast off (from shore) ; pay, re- lease ; dissolve , break up. ., .': somn-ium, ii, n. (somnus), a dream. somnus, i, m,., sleep. s5n-itus, Ss, m. (sono), a noise, sound, din. sono, are, ui, itum, n. and a., to make a noise, sound, resound y to utter ; cry out. sons, sontis, adj., hurtful ; guilty. sonus, i, m., a fioise, sound. sop-or, 5ris, m. (sopio , to sleep ; § 44, U c, 2), sleep. sordid-atus, a, um, adj. (sordi- dus), in dirty clothes, meanly or shabbily dressed. sord-idus, a, um, adj. (sordeo, to be dirty), dirty, unclean, J'uul, filthy, sordid. sbror, oris,/"., a sister. soror-ius, a, um, adj. (soror), nf or belonging to a sister. sors, sortis, f., a lot, luck, for- tune, fate, destiny, chance. sort-ior, iri, itus sum, dep. (sors), to cast or draw lots ; allot, assign, distribute ; share, divide ; obtain by lot, obtain. VOCABULARY. ■ 9i spargo,' spargSre, sparsi, spar- sum, a., to scatter, sprinkle, be- sprinkle; disperse; spread out. spatium, ii, n., room, space; in- terval ; period. speci-es, ei, f. (gen. and dat. pi. not found), (specie), a show, appearance, shape, form ; view. spacta-cQlum, i, n. (specto), a show, sight, spectacle; public show. specto, are, avi, atum, a. and n. intens. (specie, to see), to look at, observe, behold, corvsider, re- gard; aim at. specQla-tor, oris, m. (speofilor) , an explorer, spy, scout. spSciilor, ari, atus sum, dep., to spy out, watch, observe, examine, explore. spec-iilum, i, n. (specie, to see) , a looking glass, mirror. specus, Us {i\m.,f., and n. (§ 12, 3, d), a cave, cavern, grot, den. sperno, spernSre, sprevi, spre- tum, a., to despise, contemn, re- ject, scorn, spurn. spero, are, avi, atum, a., to hope, expect, trust. spes, spSi, /■. (spero) , hope. spina, ae, /., a thorn, prickle; in pi., difficullies. spir-itus, us, m. (spiro), a breath, breeze ; the breath of life, life ; spirit, courage; pride. spiro, are, avi, atum, n. and a., to breathe, blow; live, breathe forth. splend-idus, a, um, adj. (splen- deo, to Bhine), bright, shining ; splendid, magnificent y brilliant, illustrious. splend-or, oris, m. (splendeo, to shine, § 44, 1, c, 2), brightness, splendor ; magnificence ; honor, dignity. spolio, are, avi, atum, a. (spS- lium), to strip; rob, plunder, pitliige, spoil. spolium, ii, n., booty, prey, spoil. spondeo, spondere, spSpondi, spousum, a., to promise solemn- ly ; bind, engage or pledge one^s self; vow, betroth. spon-sus, i, TO. (spondeo), a be- trothed, bridegroom. sponte, obi. (jjen., spontis, the only cases found) , (spondeo) , of free will, of one's own accmd. spre-tus, a, um, part, (sperno), despised. squal-idus, a, um, adj. (squaleo, to be <hy), filthy, dirty, foul, neglected, squalid. sta-bilis, e, adj. (sto, § 44, 1, c, 3) , that stands fast, firm, stead- fast, steady, stable. stabil-itas , atis, f. (stabilis), firmness, durability, stabilily. sta-tim, adv. (sto) , forthwith, immediately, at once. sta-tio, onis,/. (sto, § 44, 1, c, 2), a station, place, position ; stand- ing place, post. statua, se, f. (statuo), an image, statue. statuo, statuSre, statui, statu- tum, a., to put, place, set; sta- tion; establish; believe, consider, suppose ; determine. sta-tura. Be,/', (sto, § 44, 1, c, 2), a standing upright ; height, size, statue. sta-tus, us, m. (sto, § 44, 1, c, 2), a standing; a position, pos- ture; condition, prosperity ; state. stel-la, Be,/', (sterno), (the strewer of light) , a star. stercus, oris, n., dung, excrements ; filth. sterilis, e, adj., unfruitful, barren, sterile. BterQ-itas, litis, /. (steriliB, § 44, 1, c, 2), unfruitfulness, barren- ness, sterility. sterno, sternere, stravi, stratum, a., to spread out; strew, scatter, spread; arrange prepare; cover ; prostrate. Stherius, ii, to., a chief of Sicily. stipendi-arius. a, um, adj. (sti- pendium), tributary, liable to contribution. 92 LATIN LESSONS. stipendium, ii, n., a tax, contri- bution ; pay ; military service. stirps, stirpis, f. (rarely »».) , a stock, stem; race, f amity. Bto, Stare, steti, statuni, n., to stand, stand still ; persist ; abide, remain, endure ; to cost (with abl. of price) ; stat , it is a fixed purpose. stbiiduB, a, um, adj., dull, stupid, obtuse. stSmachus, i, m., the stomach; taste ; distaste ; displeasure ; cha- grin. stra-ges, is,f. (sterno), a defeat, slaugliier, massacre, butchery, carnage. stra-gfilum, i, n. (sterno), a bed- covering, coverlet; carpel, rug, mattress. \_slrown. stra-tus, a, tim, part, (sterno), strenu-e, ado. (strenuus), brisk- . ly, promptly, quickly, actively, vigorously. strenuus, a, um, adj., brisk, prompt, nimble, active, vigorous, streimims. strep-itus, us, m. (strepo, to make a noise; § 44, 1, c,ii), a nuise, din, uproar. strideo, stridere, stridi, no sup., n., to creak, hiss , whizz, buzz. strid-or, oris, m. (stridieo, § 44, 1, c, 2), a creaking, hissing, whizzing, buzzing noise. stringo, stringers, strinzi, stric- tum, a., to bind tight; draw together ; bind, grasp ; gladium stringere , to draw the sword. struo, struere, struxi, structum, a., to pile up; build, construct; arrange ; contrive ; insidias stru- ere, to lay snares. studeo, ere, vd,no sup. , n. and a., to be eager about, strive after, be zealous for, pur.iue ; study. stiidios-e, adv. (stiidiosus), eager- It/, carefully, earnestly. stiidi-osus, a, um, adj. (stadium, § 44, 1, c, ?t),full of zeal; eager, zealous, fond of. stiid-ium, ii, n. (stiideo, ■§ 44, 1, c, 2), zeal, eagerness, fondness, desire, devotion, application to. stultus, a, um, adj., foolish, sim- ple, silly. stiipeo, ere, ui, no sup., n. and a., to be astonished, amazed; won- der at. stiip-idus, a, um, adj. (stiipeo), amazed, senseless, dull, stupid. Buadeo, suadere, suasi, suasum, n. and a., to advise, exhort, urge; recommend, advocate. sua-sor, oris, m. (suadeo, § 44, 1, c, 1), an adviser, counsellor, persuader. suavis, e, adj., sweet, pleasant, agreeable. suav-itas, atis,y. (suavis, § 44, 1, c, 2), sweetness, pleasantness, agreeableness. siib, prep, with ace. and abl. (§ 42, 2, and 56, 1, c), under, be- low, beneath, close up to, during ; just after y sub inoute, at the foot of the mountain. sub-diico, diioere, duxi, duotum, a., to draw up (especially on shore), lift up, draw off, with- draw, remove, take away Kccretly. siSb-eo, ire, ii, itum, n. and a. irr. , to go under, to go up ; enter ; advance, proceed ; approach ; un- dergo ; sustain ; attack ; succeed ; occur ; humeris subire allquid, to take up something on one's shoulders. siiber, eris, n., a cork-tree. sub-igo, igere, egi, actum, a. (siib ; ago), to bring under, get under ; subdue ; impel, urge on ; force, constrain. silbit-o, adv. (sUbitus), suddenly, unexpectedly.' siibi-tus, a, um, part, (siibeo), sudden, unexpected. sub-jloio, jicere jeci, jectum, a., (siib; jacio), to bring under, subdue, subject. subla-tus, a, um, part, (tollo), elated, proud, haughty. VOCABULARY. - 93 sub-lSvo, are, avi, atum, a., to raise up, hold up, support, sus- tain, assist, encourage, relieve. Bublimis, c, adj., high, on high; lofty. sub-mergo, mergere, mersi, mer- sum, a., to dip ot plunge under; to sink, overwhelm, submerge. sub-mitto, tnittSre, misi, mis- sum, a., to send forth y send to one's aid; dispatch; submittere se, to submit. sub-51es, is,y. (sQb; olesco), a sprout, shoot ; posterity, off- spring, race. sub-sequoi:, sequi, secutus sum, dep. , to follow close after ; follow, succeed, ensue. sub-sid-ium, ii, n. (sQb; sedeo), a body of reserves, auxiliary forces ; assistance, aid, support ; subsidio mittere, to send as support. sub-sido, sidere, sedi, sessum, »., to sit down, settle, subside j remain, abide, stay. sub-sisto, sistere, stiti, stitum, n., to stand still, stop, take a stand ; hold, hold out. sub-stituo, stituere, stitui, sti- tutum, a. (sub; statuo), to set or place under ; substitute. sub-ter, prep, with ace. and abl. (sQb, § 56, 1, e), below, be- neath, underneath, under ; close by. sub-veho, vehere, vexi, vec- tum, a., to carry up, convey, bring (up stream) . sub-veuio, venire, veni, ven- tum, n., to come to one's assist- ance ; aid, relieve, succor. suc-cedo, cedere, cessi, cessum, n. and a. (siib ; cedo), to go up, mount, ascend; march on, ad- vance ; succeed to, follow ; prosper. suc-censeo, censere, censui, ceusum, n. and u., to be angry, enraged; be angry at. succes-sor, oris, m. (suocedo, § 44, 1, c, 1), a follower, suc- cessor. suc-cido, cidere, oidi, cisum, a. (siib ; csedo) , to cut down, fell. suc-cingo, cingere, cinxi, cino- tum, a. (sub; cingo), to gird up, tuck up ; surround, equip, furnish. suc-clamo, are, avi, atum, a. (siib ; clamo) , to call out, shout in reply 1 suc-cumbo, cumbers, cQbui, cubitum, n. (sub; cumbo), to yield, submit, surrender. suc-curro, currere, curri, cur- sum, n. (siib; curro), to run under ; help, assist, aid, succor. siidor, oris, m., sweat, perspira- tion ; toil. Suevi, orum, m. pi., a powerful Germanic people in northern Germany. suf-ficio, £Lcere, feci, fectum, a. and n. (siib; ^cio), to put under , put in the place of, sub- stitute ; be sufficient , suffice. suf-figo, figere, fizi, fixum, a. (siib ; figo), to fasten upon, affix. suf-fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a. (sQb ; fSdio) , to dig under- neath, undermine , pierce through. sui, sibi, se or sese, reflexive per- sonal pron. (for all genders and numbers), of himself, herself, itself, themselves. sulcus, i, m.,a furrow. Sulla, se, m., Lucius Cornelius Sulla Felix, the celebrated Ro- man Dictator, b. c. 138-78. Sull-ani, orum, m. pi. (Sulla), the followers of Hulla. Sull-anus, a, um, adj. (Sulla), of Sulla. sum, esse, fui, futiirus, n. irr. (§ 29), to be; mihi est, &c., / have, &c. summa, as, f. (summus), the main thing; the amount, sum, total, whole. sum-mergo, see sub-mergo. sum-niitto, see sub-mitto. summus, a, um, adj. (^superlative of siiperus), chief, top of. 94 .LATIN LESSONS. snmo, sumere, sumpsi, sump- tum, a. (siib ; eiuo), to take, assume, gather; enjnij ; spend; belluiu sumere, to begin war ; poeuam sumere, to injiici pun- ishment. sum-ptus, us, m. (sumo), expense, cost, charge. Bupellex, lectiUs, /. ,. furniture, household utensils. super, ado. and prep, 'with ace. and abl. (§ 56, 1, d), above; moreover, besides; upon, con- cerning; in addition to. sQperb-ia, as, /. (superbus, § 44, 1, c, 2), haughtiness, pride. super-bus, a, um, adj. (super), haughty j prowl, arrogant, inso- lent. super-fundo, fundere, ffldi, fu- Bum, a., to pour on; ooerjlow, rush upon ; extend. sHper-ior, ius, adj. (comparalioe of superus), higher, former, past ; older, superior, greater. super-nato, are, avi, atum, n. , to swim above, float on the top, swim over. siipero, are, avi, atum, a. (su- p3r), to overcome, subdue, conquer. silper-sedeo, sedere, sedi, ses- sum, n. and a., to sit upon ; be superior to, surpass : forbear, omit. super-sum, esse, fui, n., to be left, remain, exist still; survive; be in abundance. sfiper-us, a, um, adj. (sHper, § 17, 3, a), upper, on high. Buper-venio, venire, veai, ven- tum, a. and n., to come upon, press upon, attack; come up, arrive ; follow. Bup-inus, a, um, adj. (sttb), bent backwards, lying on the back, su- pine ; manus supint with the open palmi turned upivards (a gesture of one praying). sup-peto, petere, petivi or petii, petitum, n. (sub ; peto), to be at hand, be in store, be sufficient. sup-pleo, plere, plevi, pletum, a. (sub; pleo), to Jill up, supply, complete. sup-plex, iois, adj. (sub; plioo), entreating, beseeching, suppliant. As Noun, com. gen., a suppli- ant. supplica-tio, onis, /. (suppUco, § 44, 1, c, 2), a public prayer or supplication ; a day set apart for prayer. supplic-iter, adv. (supplex), hum- bly, submissively, suppliantly. supplic-ium, ii, n. (suppUco, § 44, 1, c, 2), a supplication; punishment; supplicium de aliquo sumere or aliquemisup- plicio afiBcere, to injiict pumish- ment on any one. sup-plico, are, avi, atum, n. (sub; plioo), to kneel down; beseech, supplicate ; pray. sup-porto, are., avi, atum, a. (siib; porto), to bring up, carry, ^convey. supra, adv. and prep, ■with, ace. , on the top, above; before, former- Jy ; beyond, be.tides ; over, abore. siipreinus, a, um, adj. (superla- tive of sfiperus), the highest, greatest, last. surdus, a, um, adj. , deaf; dull, indistinct ; stupid. sur-go, surgere, surrexi, surrec- tum, re. (siib ; rego), to rise. sur-ripio, ripere, ripui, reptum, a. (siib; rapio), to snatch, steal away, pilfer, purloin. sils, suis, com. gen. (dat. pi. , sui- b^s and siibus), a' hog, pig, boar, .low. sus-cipio, cipere, oepi, ceptum, a. (siib- capio), to take up, undertake ; acknowledge ; ini- micitias suscipere, to incur enmities'. suspeo-tus, a, um, part, (suspi- cio), mistrusted, suspected; sus- picious. sus-peudo, pendSre, pendi, pen- sum, a. (siib ; pendo), to hang VOCABOI.ARY. 95 up , suspend ; keep in suspense ; cliecki interrupt. Bu^splcio, spicere, spexi, spec- turn, a. (siib; spgcio), to mis- trust, suspect, distrust. Buspic-io, onis, /. (suspicor, § 44, 1, c, 2), mistrust, distrust, . suspicion. suspicor, ari, atus sum, dep. (suspicio), to mistrust, suspect. sus-tineo, tiuere, tinui, tentum, a. (sub; teneo), to hold up, support, sustain, endure; with- stand; restrain; delay , put off . sustiili, /loy. ind. of tollo. su-tor, oris, m. (sue, to sew; § 44, 1 , c, 1), o shoemaker, cobbler. snus, a, um, poss. pron. (sui), his, her, their own, own. S^ria, SB, /. , a country iii. Asia, east of the Mediterranean. T. an abbreviation for Titus. tabel-la, SB,f. dim. (tabula, § 44, 1 , c, 3), a small hoard, tablet ; a voting tablet, ballot; a writing tablet. taberna, se, f.,a hut, shed, stall, shop. [tent. tabern-aoulum, i, n. (taberna), a tab-es, is, /. (tabeo, to waste away) , a wasting away ; con- sumption, plague, pestilence. tabula, se, f., a board, plank ; list (of proscribed persons) ; a will; writing tablet. taceo, ere, ui, itum, n. and a. , to be silent, to say nothing, hold one's peace ; be still, quiet; pass over in silence. ta3-itus, a, um, part, (taceo), silent, secret. tac-tus, a, um, part, (tango), touched. tsedet, taedere, taeduit or tsesum est, a. impers. (§ 50, 4, c, 2), it disgusts, offends, wearies (one); / (thou, he, &c.) am disgusted. tsed-jum, ii, n. (tsedet, § 44, 1. c, 2), weariness, loathing, disgust, tediousness. tseter, see teter. talentum, i, ,i. , a talent ; a Greek weight, equal to about one half a hundred weight; a sum of money, equal to about $10110. talis, e, adj. , such , of such a kind, of such a nature, quality, or sort (the relative adj. corresponding to talis is qUalis) . talus, i, m., the ankle bone, ankle , a die. tam, adv., so, .so very ; tarn . . . quam, as . . . as. tamen, conj. (§43, 2, b), neverthe. less, yet, still. tam-etsi, conj. (tamen ; etsi), although, though. tam-quam, ado. (of comparison) , as much as, so as, like as, just as; as if, just as though. tan-dem, adv. (ta.ia),at length, at last, finally; in interrogative clauses, pray, pray now, now, then, tango, tangere, tetiigi, tactum, a., to touch, affect. tanti-dem, see tantus-dem. tanto, see tantus. tantopere, see tantus. tant-um, adv. (tantus), so much, so greatly , to such a degree ; only, alone, merely; tantum non , almost, all but ; tantum quod, only, just then, but just. tantum-mSdo, adv., only, merely, nothing bat. tan-tus, a, um, adj. (tam), so great ; tantopere (tanto opere), as adv., so much, so greatly; tanto (abl. of degree of difEer- ence, § 54, 6, e, remarks), by so much, so much the. tantus-dem, tantadem, tantum- dem, adj., as large, as great j tautidem (gen. of price, § 50, 1, i, and 54, 8, a), at just so much. tard-e, adv. (tardus) , slowly, tar- dily. 96 LATIN LESSONS. tardo, are, avi, atum, a. and n. (tardus), to make slow ; hinder, delay, retard; to tarry, loiter, linger, delay. tardus, a, um, adj. , slow, sluggish, tardy, late; dull, heavy, stupid. Tarquinius, ii, m., Tarquinius Superbus, last king of Kome. taurus, i, m., a hull, bullock, ox, steer. tec-tum, i, n. (tego), (a thing that covers), a roof; a house, dwelling, abode, shelter, quarters. te-cum, see tu. tego, tegeire, texi, tectum, a., to cooer, hide, conceal; defend, protect, guard. tellus, uris, /., the earth; land, ground. teium, i, n.,a dart, spear, javelin (offensive weapon) . temer-arius, a, um, adj. (temere), rash, heedless, thoughtless, im- prudent, indiscreet. tSmere, adv., rashly, hastily, thoughtlessly, indiscreetly. temer-ltas, atis, /. (temere, § 44, 1, c, 2), rashness, thoughtless- ness, indiscretion, temerity. temperans, aja.tis,part. (tempero), sober, moderate, temperate. temperant-ia, se, /. (temperans, § 44, 1, c, 2), moderation, sobriety , discreetness, temperance. tempero, are, avi, atum, a. and n., to rule, regulate, govern, manage ; to forbear, restrain, be temperate. tempes-tas, atis, /. (tempua for temportas, § 44, 1, c, 2), a time, season, period ; storm, tem- pest. ,, templum, i, n., a sanctuary, tem- ple, shrine. tempus, oris, n. , time; ad tempus, at a fitting time ; ex tempore , off-hand, extempore ; id tempo- lis, at that time (§ 50, 2, c) ; in pi., temipora, the times, cir- cumstances. ten-ax, acis, adj. (teneo, § 44, 1, c, 3), holding fast, tenacious. tendo, tendere, tetendi, tentvm ' and tensum, a. and n. , to stretch, distend, extend, spread out; aim, tend ; go, march ; insi- dias tendere, to lay .mares. tenlbrae, arum, /. pi. , darkness. teneo, ere, ui, tum, a., to hold, keep, have , possess ; restrain, de- tain. tener, era, erum, adj., soft, deli- cate, tender. ten-to, are, avi, atum, a. intens. (tendo, § 36, b, and 44, 2, b), to handle, touch; attack, assail; attempt , try ; excite , disturb. tentor-ium, ii, n. (tendo), a tent. tenuis, e, adj., thin, slim, slender; little, poor, mean. tenu-itas, atis,/. (tenuis, § 44, 1, t, 2), thinness, slenderness, small- ness ; poverty , indigence. tenus, prep, with abl., as far as, up to, down to. unto, to. tepeo, ere, no perf , no sup. ,n.,to be warm. tep-idus, a, um, adj. (tepeb), lukewarm, tepid; faint, languid. ter, adv. num. (tres), three times, thrice. Terentius, ii, m., a Roman name. tergum, i, n., the back; terga dare, to flee. terminus, i,m.,a boundary, bound, limit. ter-ni, se, a, num. distributive adj., three, each by threes. tero, terere, trivi, tritum, a., to rub, grind, rub away , wear , wear away. terra, se, /., the earth, land. terr-enus, a, um, adj. (terra),' of earth, earthen. terreo, ere, ui,itum, a., to frighten, alarm, terrify. terr-or, oris, m. (terreo, § 44, 1, c, 2), dread, alarm, terror. terti-o, adv. (tertius), for the third time ; thirdly. [third. ter-tius, a, um, adj. (ter), the testa-mentum, i, n. (tpstor, § 44, 1, c, 2), o will, testament. VOCABULAET. 1. 97 test-imonium, ii, n. (testor, § 44, 1, c, 2), witness, eoidence, attestation, testimony; proof. testis, is, com. gen., a witness; eye-witness. testor, ari, atus sum (testis), to be a witness^ to hear witness, tes- tify, attest; prone; call to wit- ness. test-udo, inis, f. (testa , a shell) , a tortoise (in military language, boards or shields locked to- gether to protect a party when storming any fortified place). teter, tra, trum, adj., offensioe, noisome, foul, hideous, loathsome. Teutones, um, m. pi., a people of Germany. Teutoni, orum, m. pi. , see TeutQ- nes. Thessalia, se,f., Thessaly. Thessalonica, ae, /. , a city of Macedonia. Tiberis, is, m. (ace. Tiberim, ahl. Tiberi), the Tiber. TibSrius, ii, m. , Tiberius Claudius Nero, emperor of ]iom.e, a.d. 14-37. tigil-lum, i, n. dim,, (tignum, § 44, 1 , c , 3) , a little beam. tiguum, i, n., a log, beam. . Tigranes, is, m:, king of Arme- _ nia, son-in-law of Mithridates. Hgris, is or idis, com. gen., a tiger, tigress. timeo, ere, ui, no sup., a. and «., to fear, dread ; be afraid, anx- ious, [timidly. timid-e, adv. (thaidxis), fearfully, timid-itas, atis,/. (titnidus, § 44, 1, c, 2),fearfulness, cowardice, timidity. tlm-idus, a, u-n, adj. (timeo), fearful, afraid, faint-hearted, cowardly, timid. tim-or, oris, pi. (timeo, § 44, 1, c, ^2), fear, dread, alarm, anxiety. titulus, i, m , an inscription, title, motto, evitavh. Titus Labienus, i, m., legate of Caesar. tSga, ae, /. (tego), a toga (the outer garment of a Roman citi- zen in time of peace) , mantle. tolero, are, avi, atum, a., to bear, support, endure, sustain ; main- tain, nourish. tollo, toUere, sustHli, sublatum, a., to lift up, elevate; carry, bear; take away, remove; do away with ; kill. tondeo, tondere, totondi, toa- sum, a., to shear, clip; cut, prune, trim ; gather ; crop, graze uport, feed upon. t5no, are, ui, Jtum, n. and a. , to thunder ; tonat, impers., it thun- ders. ton-sor, oris, m. (tondeo, § 44, 1, c,, 1) , a shearer, clipper, shaver ; barber. tonsor-ius, a, um, adj. (tonsor), of or belonging to shearing or shav- ing ; cuiter toiisorius, a razor. torpeo, ere, ui, no sup., n., to be stiff, numb, dull, listless. torp-or, oris, m. (torpeo, § 44, 1, c, 2), numbness, torpor, in- activity. torqueo, torquere, torsi, tortum, a., to turn, twist, bend; whirl around; fling, hurl; wrench, rack, torture. torreo, torrere, torrui, tostum, a. , to burn ; parch, roast, bake. torr-idus, a, um, adj. (torreo) , dry, parched. tot, num. adj. indecl. , so many. tot-itdem, num. adj. indecl. (tot), Just so many, just as many. tot-ies, num. adv. (t5t) , so often, so many times ; as often , as many times. totus, a, um, adj. (gen. sing., to- tius), the whole, entire, total; all, all the. trabs, trabis, /. , a beam; a timber. trao-tus, a, um, part, (traho), drawn. tra-do, dere, didi, ditum, a. (trans ; do), to give up, deliver, surrender; commit, intrust, hand 98 LATIN LlibSONS. down; teach, ^ tell; traditur, it is said ; traditum est, the tradi- tion is. tra-diico, ducere, duxi, ductum, a. (trans; duco), to lead across, transport over, transfer , bring to an end ; spend. trag-iila, se,f. (tiaho) , a javelin . (of large size). trabo, trahere, trazi, tractnm, a., to draw, drag, drag along; collect ; allure ; protract ; de- tain ; bellum trahere, to pro- long the war. tra-jicio, jicSre, jeci, jectum, a. and n. (trans; jacio), to throw across, cast over; transport; pierce, stab; to pass over. tranquUlus, a, um, adj. , quiet, calm, still, tranquil. trans, prep, with ace, across, over, beyond, on the other side of. trau-scribo, scribere, scrips! , scriptum, a. (trans; soribo), to copy, transcribe; transfer, re- move. trans-duco, see traduco. trans-eo, ire, iyi or ii, itum, n. and a. irr., to cross over, pass over ; pass by, go through ; cross. trans-fero, ferre, tiili, latum, a. irr., to bring over, transfer, con- vey. trans-Ggo, figere, fixi, fixum, a. , to thrust or pierce through; to transfix. trans-fodio, fodere, fodi, fossum, a., to stab through; stab, pierce. trans-gredior, gredi, gressus sum, dep. (trans ; gradior), to C7-0SS ; to step over, go beyond, exceed. trans-igo, igere, egi, actum, a. (trans; ago), to carry through, finish, complete, accomplish; set- tle, transact. tran-silio or trans-silio, silire, sillvi, silii or silui, sultum, n. and a. (trans; salio), tn leap or jump across ; leap or spring ocer; go rapidly, haaten. tratts-mitto, mittere, misi, mis- sum, a. , to send over, throw across, send across, dispatch; traverse, cross over. trans-porto, are, avi, atum, a., to carry or convey across. - - . transver-sus, a, um, part, (trans- verto), lying across, crosswise, transverse, cross. trecent-esimus, a, um, adj. (tre- centi), three-hundredth. , . tre-centi, ae, a, num. adj. (tres; centum), three hundred. tre-deoim, num. adj. indecl. (tres ; decern), thirteen. tremo, tremere, tremui, no sup. , n. and a., to shake, tremble; tremble at. trepidus, a, um, adj., restless, confused, alarmed. [li^)- tres, tria, num. a'lj., three (§ 18, Treviri, orum, m. pi., a people of Gaul. , tribiin-al, alis, n (tribiinus), a platform (on which the seats of magistrates were placed) , judg- ment-seat, tribunal. tribiiu-atus, us, m. (tribunus), the office of a tribune, tribuneship. trib-uuus, i, m. (tribus, a tribe) , a tribune. tribuo, uere, ui, iitum, a., to a.s- sign, allot, bestow, give, impart, confer; impute. tri-duum, ui, n. (tres; dies), the space of three days, three days. tri gemini, orum, m. pi. (tres; geuo), three born at a birth, three brothers. tri-ni, ae, a, num. distributive adj. ^(tres), three each, three. tri-plex, plicis, adj. (tres ; plico), threefold, triple. tristis, e, adj., sad, sorrowful, mournful. tri-tus, a, um, part, (tero), rub- bc'l, worn; common, jamiliar, trite. triumpho, are, avi, atum, n. and a (triumphus), to triumph, ex- ult ; rejoice at. VOCABULARY. 1. 99 triumphus, i, m., a triumph (solemn procession of victory). trQ-cido, are, avi, atum, a. (trux, savage; csedo), to slaughter, butcher, massacre. trudo, trudere, trusi, trusum, a., to thrust, push, shove; crowd; press nn, drive, impel. trunous, i, m., the trunk, body; stem , stock. truncus, a, um, adj. (trunco, to mutilate), maimed, mutilated, mangled, disfigured, ta, personal pron., thou. tiiba, SB,/., a trumpet. tueor, tueri, tuitus or tutus sum, dep., to look at, gaze at, behold ; guard, preserve, defend. tail, see fero. Tulingi, orum, m. pL, a people of Gallia. TuUus Hostilius, i, m. , third king of Rome, B.C. 672-640. tum, adv., then, at that time ; cum (quum) . . . tum, both . . . and ; not only . . . but also. tu;iieo, ere, vii, no su/)., n., to swell ; he swollen ; be inflated ; be puffed up. tiim-idus, a, um, a/lj. (tumeo), swollen, tumid ; elated, puffed up. tfimultuor, ari, atus sum, dep. (tiimultus) , tu be in an uproar, raise a tumult. tiitnultus, us, m., disturbance, agitation; tumuli, insurrection, sedition. tum-ulus, i, m. (tfimeo), a mound, hillock, hill, a sepulchral mound, tomb. tunc, adv. , then, at that time ; im- mediately. tundo, tundere, tiitudi, tunsum or tusum, a., to beat, strike; pound, brnise. tuuica, ee, f., a tunic (an under- garment of the Romans, worn by both sexes). turba, se, f. , a crowd, throng ; a turmoil, hubbub, uproar, tumult, commotion , disturbance. turb-iEdus, a, um, adj. (turbo), confused, disordered ; troubled, disturbed, perplexed. turbo, are, avi, atum, a. (turba), to disturb, trouble ; confuse, con- found. turbo, mis, m., a whirlwind, tor- nado, hurricane. turda, se,f, a thrush. turdus, i, m., a thrush. turgeo, turgere, tursi, no sup. ,n., to swell out, be swollen; be in- flated, bombastic. turma, se, f, a troop, squadron; band, body. turpis, e, adj., ugly , foul, filthy ; base, infamous, diihonorabte. turris, is,/., a tower; castle. tii-tor, oris, m. (tueor, § 44, 1, c, 1), a watcher, protector, defender ; guardian, tutor. [xecw'e. tii-tus, a, una., part, (tueox), saj'e, tu-us, SL, um., poss. pron. (tu), thy thine, your, yours. t^rannus, i, to., a monarch, ruler; despot, tyrant. V. uber, §ris, n., a teat, udder, breast. Tiber, eris, adj. , 'rich, fruitful, fer- tile. iibi, adv., cohere, when; ubi pri- mum, as soon as. fibi-cumque (-ciinque), adv., wherever; everywhere. iibi-que, adv., wherever ; anywhere, everywhere. ulciscor, ulcisci, ultus sum, dep., to revenge, take vengeance on, punish. ulins, a, um, adj. (gen. si7ig. uUius, dat. ulli), any, any one. ulmus, i, f. , an elm, elm-tree. ulter-ior, ius, adj. (comparalire of ultra, § 17, 8), further or the further side, ulterior. ultimus, a, um, adj. (superl. of ultra, § 17, 8), the furthest, most distant, most remote; last. 100 LATIN LESSONS. ul-tio, oniS, /. (ulciscor, § 44, 1 , c , 2) , a revenge. ul-tor, oris, m. (ulciscor, § 44, 1, c, 1), a revenger. ultra, adv. and prep, with ace, beyond, farther ; on the other side of, heytmd, past; ultra fidem, heijond belief. ultro, adv., beyond; besides, more- over; of one's own accord, volun- tarily. ultus, a, ■ um, part, (ulciscor) , having avenged, punished. umbra, cS,f.,a shade, shadow; an image. um-quam (un-) , adv. (unum; quam) , al any time, ever. una, ado. (iinus), together, at the same time. unda, se,f., a wave, billow. unde, adv., from which place, whence ; from whom, from which , from what, un-dgcim, num. adj. indecl. (unus ; decern), eleven. undecitn-us, a, um, num. adj. (undecim), the eleventh. un-de-viginti, num. adj. indecl. (unus ; de ; viginti) , one from twenty ; nineteen. und-i-que, ado. indef. (unde; que), on all sides, on every part, everywhere. ungo (unguo), ungere, un^ci, unctum, a., to anoint, smear, besmear. [hoof. unguis, is, m., a nail ; talon, claw, uu-I-versus, a, um, adj. (iiuus ; versus) , all together, whole, en- tire, general, universal. un-quam, see um-quam. iinus, a, um, 7ium. adj. (gen. sing., unius; dot., uni), one, alone, sole, single. unus-quisque, unaquseque, iin- umquodque, adj. prun., each, every. urb-anus, a, um, adj. (urbs), belonging to the city, in the cily ; polite, courteous, refined, well- bred. urbs, urbis, /. , a city; the city (Rome) . urgeo, urgere, ursi, no sup., a., to press, push, j'orce, drive, urge. urina-tor, oris, m. (urinor,, to dive; § 44, 1, «, 1), a diver. ■ uro, iirere, ussi, ustum, a., to burn ; fret, chafe, vex, annoy, ursa, ae, /. , a she-bear. ursus, i, m., a bear. usquam, adv., anywhere. usque, adv., all the way, all the while, until; usque ab, all. the way from ; usque ad, even to, up to. [interest. iisiira, ae, /. (iitor), use , enjoyment ; iisu-rpo, are, avi, atum, a. (usus; rapio), to use, employ, iisus, lis, m. (utor), use, custom, advantage, benefit, utility;, ex- perience. , J ii-sns, a, VLin,part. (utoi), having used. ut or liti, adv. and conj., how, as, so, when, since; that, so that, in order that, that not (with wards of fearing). ut-cumquc (-cunq\ie), adv., in what way soever, howsoever, how- ever, whenever. liter, utris, m.,ja hag; skin. liter, iltra, iitruin, adj. pron. (gen. sing., utrius; dat., fitii), which of two, ivhich. Ster-que, Straque, utrumque, adj. pron., each (of two), both; ex utraque parte, on either side. iiti, see fit. Utica, ae, /., a town of Africa. ut-ilis, e, adj. (iitor), useful, ser- viceable ; profitable , advantageouss; suitable. utn-itas, atis, /. (utilis, § 44, 1, c, 2), use, usefulness, utility, benefit, profit. iiti-nam, adv., oh that! I wish that, would thai ! utor, uti, iisus sum, dep , to use, make use various Readings, Introductions, Notes, and Index of Plants (compiled chiefly from F6e's Flore de Virgile, contained in Lemaire's " Bibliotheca Classica Latina"). pp. 372 . . . . . 1.40 1.75 The Notes of this edition (which are brief and Tery numerous j are particularly indebted to Conington, and are designed " to give not only what may serve the learner in the bare understanding of the text j but, along with it, some hint of that wealth of traditional interpretation which is more important, perhaps, in the study of Virgil than in that of any other ancient poet." The following are published in single volumes : — Course No. I. A Full Preparatory Course of Latin Prose; con- sisting of Four Books of Csssar's Gallic War, Sallust's Conspiracy of Catiline,- Eight Orations of Cicero, and De Sbhsctute ( Cato Major) . . . 2.00 2.50 Course No, II. Second Preparatory Course of Latin Prose ; containing Four Books of Caesar's Gallic War, and Eight Orations of Cicero. With Vocabulary by B. F Pehnell 2.00 2 50 N. B. Course No. I. is identical with the First Course prescribed for admission to Harvard College. Course No. II includes the usual amount required at other col- leges. TEXTS. — The Texts of the above editions will be issued without Notes, for the use of the Becitation-Room. XL— ALLEN'S LATIN SERIES. By J. H. and W. P. Allen. 1. LATIW GBAMMAB: Manual Latin Grammar. With Tables of Inflection, and Supplement on the Method of teaching Latin, the Principles of Inflection and Classification, and on some Peculiar Construc- tions pp. 161 . 1.00 1.25 2. LATIN LESSONS. Prepared to accompany the Manual Grammar, and designed especially to furnish a direct and rapid introduction to the study of Csesar. Consisting of sixty Lessons, with the narrative of the Helvetian War from the First Book of OEesar, and exercises in Prosody. pp.134 . 1.00 1.25 3. LATIN BEADES.: Consisting of Selections from C^sar (the invasion of Britain and account of the Gallic and German populations), Ourtius (Anecdotes of Alexander), Nepos (Life of Hannibal), Sallu.st (Jugur- tha, abridged), Ovid, Virgil, Plautus, and Terence (single scenes), Cicero and Pliny (Letters), and Tacitus (the Conflagration of Rome). With Notes and a General Vocabulary The Notes Jiave been adapted to Allen k, Greenongh^s Grammar, pp. 532 . . . .... . . 3.00 2.50 4. LATIN SELECTIONS. The same as the above, without Vocabulary, pp.326 ... 1.25 156 5. LATIN COMPOSITION. An Introduction to Latin Composition. (By W F. Allen.) New edition, adapted to Allen & Green- ough's Grammar pp.107 1-00 1.25 This book includes a careful review of the principles of Syntax (beginning with Indirect Discourse), with exercises in various styles of composition selected from classical authors. Also short exercises for oral practice. 3 6. LATIN PRIMER. A First Book of Latin for Boys and Girls. (By J. H. Allen.) pp. 155 . Sl.OO $1.25 This is designed for the use of scholars of a younger class, and consists of thirty Lessons arranged so as to give afuU outline of the grammar, with brief Kules of Syn- tax, Tables of Inflection, and interlined exercises for practice in reading, compiled from Histori