•1 ' i ! ! ! i.l'i.'il : "" '■ on U5T' tftsrafr Va.UA-tu/. '£iiii(iiiiiinriiiiiitii !■!■■] Ill UN NIMH LIBRARY NEW YORK STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE ITHACA, N. Y. m&Hlkh* •:• Digitized by Microsoft® Cornell University Library QM 531. U58 Manual of surgical anatomy,BUtljwitoijd«*y 3 1924 001 029 978 Digitized by Microsoft® This book was digitized by Microsoft Corporation in cooperation with Cornell University Libraries, 2007. You may use and print this copy in limited quantity for your personal purposes, but may not distribute or provide access to it (or modified or partial versions of it) for revenue-generating or other commercial purposes. Digitized by Microsoft® Manual of Surgical Anatomy Authorized by the Secretary of War and under the Supervision of the Surgeon General and Council of National Defense Prepared Under the Direction of THE DIVISION OF GENERAL SURGERY In Collaboration With The Divisions of Orthopaedic Surgery, Surgery of the Head, Genito-Urinary Surgery and the Advisory Staff in Surgery in the Office of the Surgeon-General, U. S. Army 1918 Digitized by Microsoft ®- "1 NH.SUjuO^CW. m^Ikuj, Copyrighted 1918 4f ^^ ii^ 5-31 Digitized by Microsoft® PREFACE THE purpose of this Manual is to furnish the Medical Departments of the U. S. Army and Navy with a Surgical Anatomy in compact form. The subjects have been presented in the following order: (a) Transparen- cies or Projections: the various deeper structures are viewed in their natural positions as though the overlying structures were transparent, (b) Systematic dissections: the various structures are grouped in systems, such as the bones and ligaments, muscles and tendons, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatics, viscera, etc. (c) Regional dissections: the various structures of a given region are shown without reference to systems, (d) Sections: the structures are shown as they appear in frontal, sagittal and transverse sections, (e) Surgical incisions: a series of typical surgical incisions, at the more common sites of surgical attack. The Manual is divided into four parts: Part I, The Head and Neck; Part II, The Thorax and Abdomen; Part III, The Upper Extremity; Part IV, The Lower Extremity. In each part the illustrations are arranged in the order stated in the preceding paragraph. Since the work is solely for the use of the United States Army and Navy and is intended primarily for the present emergency, no text has been introduced. We have however appended an Explanatory Index. The international -BNA— terms are used on all the illustrations, and their equivalents may be found in the Explanatory Index. The cross sections are numbered to correspond to the numbers on the key-figures. The key-figures immediately precede the series of cross sections in each part. This work has been done in the Department of Anatomy of the University of Illinois. The anatomical work has been under the direction of A. C. Eycleshymer, assisted by V. E. Emmel, R. L. Moodie, W. S. Adkins, A. R. Cooper and L. N. Boelio. The surgical work has been under the direction of Lt. Col. M. G. Seelig, M.C.U.S. Army, assisted by 0. E. Nadeau. The illustrative work has been under the direction of Tom Jones, assisted by W. C. Shepard, H. D. More and Mrs. N. M. Frain. Others who have given material aid in the completion of the work are D. M. Blum, T. B. Magath, Miss Broday and Miss Hubbell. The extensive use of serial cross sections in following the pathway and localizing the position of projectiles led us to ask of D. Appleton & Company the privilege of using the nearly life -size illustrations in a Cross Section Anatomy by Eycles- hymer and Schoemaker as a basis for the cross sections in the present work. This request was most generously granted. Rebman & Company have permitted us to use the figures on pp. 104, no, 184, 186, 187, 190 from Bockenheimer and Frohse's Typical Operations; those on pp. 32, 70 from Bardeleben's Applied Anatomy and those on pp. 14, 113, 124, 151, 152 from Toldt's Anatomy. Lea & Febiger gave us permission to use from Gray's Anatomy the figure on p. 16; from Gerrish's Anatomy the figure on p. 122, and kindly permitted Major Kanavel to select for our use the figures on pp. 209, 212, 213, 229, 248 from Kana- vel's Infections of the Hand. William Wood & Company have given us the orivilege of using from Cunning- iny. have given us tne #«Pe / s¥Fpf.° ham's Text-book of AnatomfW^gWsWpjtfyr^iS, 34, 44, 125, 126, 216, 217, iv PREFACE 281, 282, and have also permitted us to use the definitions of BNA terms in Sted- man's Medical Dictionary as a basis for our Explanatory Index. W. B. Saunders & Company have granted us the privilege of copying from Sobotta-McMurrich's Atlas and Text-book of Human Anatomy the illustrations on pp. 3, 9, 20-27, 31, 63, 140, 143. P. Blakiston's Son & Company have permitted us to copy the figure on p. 27 from Morris's Human Anatomy. From McEwen's Atlas of Head Sections we have made modifications of two sections on pp. 71, 72; from Quain's Superficial and Surgical Anatomy the figures on pp. 318, 319. The French anatomies have served as a basis for the following modified fig- ures: from Poirier and Charpy, those on pp. 17, 19; from Testut's Traite d'Anato- mie Humaine, those on pp. 226, 290; from Sappey, the figures on pp. 123, 214, 283; from Testut and Jacob's Traite d'Anatomie Topographique, the figures on pp. 50, 52, 53, 54, 93, 94, 105; from Marion's Technique Chirurgicale, the figures on pp. 244, 317. We also have made use of the descriptive anatomies of Spalteholz, Bardeleben, Rauber-Kopsch; Frohse's Anatomical Charts; the topographical anatomies of Merkel, Corning, Schultze, Braune, Joessel andWaldeyer; Rudinger's Topographical-Surgical Anatomy; Treves-Keith Surgical Anatomy by Miilber- ger. The illustrations of .typical incisions are based on Kocher's Operative Surgery and Bockenheimer and Frohse's Typical Operations. The figures on pp. 227, 320 have been modified from Pirogoff, 1852-59. Most of the illustrations are original and have been prepared especially to meet the present needs of the Army and Navy medical departments. In every instance the illustrations taken from other sources have been redrawn, relabeled and modified to meet the specific needs of this Manual. The civil sale of the Manual is prohibited, its use being restricted to the Army and Navy. Washington, D. C, Sept., igi8. Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS PAGE Skeleton as a Whole 2 Vertebral Column 3 Part I. HEAD AND NECK 4-113 Skull with Sutures, Foramina, Muscle Attachments and other Structures in the Floor of the Cranium 4_1 1 Ligaments of Mandibular Joint; Articulation of Skull with Atlas; Ligaments of Upper Cervical Vertebrae 12,13 Lymphatics of Head, Neck and Axilla 14-19 Dissections, Regional, of Head and Neck -20-33 Nerves of Head and Neck: Surface Distribution 34 Nerve Plexuses: Cervical and Brachial 35, 36 Brain and its Parts, Projected 37-41 Sinuses and Veins of Brain and Skull, Projected 41 Brain, Base of, with Arteries 42 Brain, Dissections 43-45 • Spinal Cord with Meninges and Spaces 46 Orbit, Bony with Muscle Attachments 47 Eye Ball, Eye Muscles, Lacrimal Apparatus, Projected 47, 48 Eye Ball, Orbit and Lacrimal Apparatus, Dissected 49-52 Sections, Transverse, of Orbit and Eyeball 53, 54 Temporal Bone with Mastoid Cells, Projected 55 Temporal Bone, Dissected 56 Temporal Bone, from Within 57 Temporal Bone, from Above, with Auditory Apparatus, Projected 58 Sections of Auditory Apparatus ." 59-61 Ear Bones and Tympanum 62 Nose and Nasal Cavities 63 Sinuses and Salivary Glands, Projected 64 Maxillary Sinus, Dissected 65, 66 Salivary' Glands, Dissected 67 Oral Cavity 68 Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS PAGE Teeth, with Arteries and Nerves 69 Sections of Head and Neck, Frontal and Sagittal 70-73 Key Figures to Cross Sections of Head and Neck 73-74 Sections, Serial Cross Sections 75-92 Fascia of Neck. Approach to Oesophagus 93 Spaces of Neck with Surrounding Fasciae. Approaches to Upper Respiratory Tract . . . 94, 95 Brain, Localization Lines, Localization Areas, Cortical Centers 96-98 Typical Incisions 99-112 Incision Lines of Entire Body 113 Part II. TRUNK— THORAX, ABDOMEN AND PELVIS 114-191 Viscera of Trunk, Projected 114, 115 Viscera of Trunk with Reference to Skeleton 116-119 Muscles of Trunk 120, 121 Lymphatics 122-124 Nerves, Cutaneous 125, 126 Neives Spinal, Distribution 127 Nerve Plexuses, Lumbar and Sacral 128, 129 Nervous System, Central and Peripheral in Relation to Viscera 130 Viscera of Trunk, Dissected 131 Viscera of Thorax, Dissected 132-135 Lungs in Inspiration and Expiration, Diagram 136 Stomach, Normal Form and Position 137 Mesentery Attachments of 13g Viscera of Abdomen and Pelvis 139-142 Perineum and Genito-urinary Organs, Dissected 143 144 Genito-urinary Organs I45 ^45 Sections of Trunk, Frontal and Sagittal 147-152 Key Figures to Cross Sections of Trunk I53 154 Sections of Trunk, Serial Cross Sections 155-180 Incision Exposing Anterior Mediastinum jej Typical Incisions 182-190 Pathway of' Iliopsoas Infections -jqj Part III. UPPER EXTREMITY 192-253 Bones and Ligaments, Projected jg2 193 Digitized by Microsoft® CONTENTS vii Humerus, Radius, Ulna and Bones of Wrist and Hand Together with Muscle Attach- ments 194-199 Ligaments of Shoulder, Elbow and Wrist Joints 200-205 Muscles 206-208 Tendon Sheaths and Bursae of Wrist and Hand 209-213 Lymphatics 214 Arteries and Nerves, Projected 215 Nerves, Cutaneous 216, 217 Dissection, Regional, of Arm 218-220 Dissection, Regional, of Elbow and Forearm 221, 222 Dissection, Regional, of Wrist and Hand 223, 224 Sections, Frontal and Sagittal of Shoulder, Elbow, Wrist and Hand 225-229 Key Figure to Cross Sections 230 Sections, Serial 231-243 Pathways of Infections in Hand 212, 213 Danger Zones of Upper Extremity 244 Typical Incisions 245-253 Part IV. LOWER EXTREMITY 254-328 Bones and Ligaments, Projected 254, 255 Innominate Bone, Femur, Tibia and Fibula, Bones of Ankle and Foot Together with Muscle Attachments 256-263 Ligaments of Hip-joint 254, 255 Ligaments of Knee-joint, Ankle-joint and Foot 264-271 Muscle of Lower Extremity 272-277 Arteries and Nerves, Projected 278-280 Nerves, Cutaneous 281-282 Lymphatics 283 Dissections, Regional, of Thigh, Leg and Foot . 284-289 Sections, Frontal, of Hip and Knee 290-291 Bursae of Knee 292 Sections, Sagittal, of Knee, Ankle and Foot 293-294 Section, Frontal, of Ankle 295 Key Figures to Cross Sections 296, 297 Cross Sections, Serial 298-316 Danger Zones of Lower Extremity 317 Inguinal Region and Hip-joint 318, 319 Fascial Sheaths of Thigh, 320 Typical Incisions Digitized by ' Microsoft® 321 " 328 Digitized by Microsoft® MANUAL OF SURGICAL ANATOMY Digitized by Microsoft® SKELETON Dicf&teetikbyLrMkmmtt® VERTEBRAL COLUMN Fovea. Atla; Arcus posterior Foramen transversariu ;Dcns epistrophei / .Arcus posterior articularis superior / ' \ I / — Atlas """Proc. transversus epistropheus Fovea costalis superior Fovea costalis transversalii Foramen intervertebrale— — Proc. spinosus — Fibrocartilago intervertebralis- Proc. transversus—- j Corpus vertebrae Crista sacralis media Tuberositas sacralis — --/■£ Facies auricularis — ^ Cornu sacrale .^ Cornu coccygeum ^Proc. spinosus „ --Arcus vertebrae .--Proc. transversus - Proc. articularis inferior —Proc. articularis inferior .Proc. articularis superior „ Pars lateralis .^Foramen sacrale -Tuberositas sacralis Facies auricularis ■"Crista sacralis lateralis ^ Crista sacralis articularis ■•Crista sacralis media Foramen sacrale posterius Hiatus sacralis v Cornu sacrale - Os coccygis " verte^^gfi^yaMares®^ tterior views. SKULL Linea temporalis superior Os pane talc \ Linea temporalis inferior Sutura coronalis Os frontale Sutnra sphenoparietalis Sutura spheno squamosa Sutura spheno frontalis Os sphenoidale fala magna] Sutura zygo- ,/ maticofrontalis Foramen - supraorbitale /Os nasale Foramen zygomatico . faciale Os oc cipita Linea nucha superior Sutura occipito ,- mastoidea Foramen mastoideu Os temporale' / Spina supra nicatnm Proc. mastoidens Foramen infraorbital Meatus acustictis extcrnus Proc. styloideus Proc. condyloideu Arcus zygomaticus Proc. coronoideus ' Linea obliqua Skull and mandible, lateral view. Foramen mentale Mandibula Digitized by Microsoft® SKULL WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS temporalis M trapezius' / M. occipitalis J M. semispinalis capitis M. splenius capitis ; M. sternocleidoniastoidcus M- stylopharyngeus M. styloglossus M. orbicularis oculi M. quadratus labii superioris caninus M, nasalis M. depressor septi M. incisivus labii superioris M. mentalisi masseti M. temporalis M. zygoraaticus M. buccinator Platysma M. triangularis ■ ! M. quadratus labii ! inferioris j M. incisivus labii inferioris Skull and mandible with muscle attachments, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® SKULL Sutura palatina media na Foramen palatinum majus Maxilla Os zygomaticum Sutura iygomatico- % maxillaris Sutura sphenofrontal: Os sphenoidale / f$r A reus zygomaticus roramen ovale Fossa mandibulars __.\ i Foramen spinosum Foramen incisivum / Palatum durum I Sutura palatina transversa Os palatinum Os zygomaticum Lamina medialis proc.pterygoidei ira... Lamina lateralis ^^^^r''-^r^--''T,% proc. pterygoidei Canalis caroticus— fjrr Canalis hypoglossi Incisura mastoid Foramen mabtoideum Meatus acusticus externus Foramen stylo- mastoideum Foramen jugulare butura occipitomastoidea Foramen occipitale- macrnum Crista occipitalis externa' Canalis condyloideus Linea nuchae inferior Linea nuchae superior Protuberant ia occipitalis externa Base of skull. Digitized by Microsoft® SKULL WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS M. caninus M. buccinator M zygomatics ' MW'tt! c M. pterygoideus /,)/" fffcs) externum M pterygoideu internum M. longus capitis M. levator vel M. digastricus M. Iongissimus-'"'\/ capitis M. rectus capitis posterio major M. semispinalis capitis M quadratus labii superioris [caput lnfraorbitale] y M. tensor veli palatini M. quadratus labii loris [caput gomaticumj ■f M. tensor veli palatini M. longus capitis M. styloglossus *trs4.. M. rectus capitis anterior M. stylopharyn- geus lenius capitis rnocleidomas- M. obliquus capitis superior M. trapezius M. rectus capitis posterior minor Base of the skull with muscle attachments. i- 1 1' Digitized by Microsoft® SKULL Os frontale, Lamina cribrosa \ Os frontale [pars orhitalis] Ala parva oss. spheno Dorsum sellae Ala magna ossis*—. sphenoidalis Sutura squamosa Squama temporali.s -fr'- lik Foramen spinosum . . . Hiatus canalis ___ facialis Os temporale [pars petrosa] Meatus acusticu internus Foramen caecum I /Crista galli / iForamen ethmoidale anterius Sutura sphenofrontalis Foramen opticum Foramen jugula noideus anterior en rotundum ra sphenoparietalis ura spheno quamosa Foramen ovale ■Foramen laceram Fissura petro- occipitalis Canalis hypoglossi Sulcus sigmoideus utura paneto- mastoidea ra occipitomastoidea ambdoidea Os occipitale Sulcus trans-versus Protuberantia occipitalis interna Base of the skull from within. Digitized by Microsoft® SKULL WITH VESSELS AND NERVES Sinus sagittalis superior; Sinus sagittalis inferior j V. vorticosa \ I ;Falx cerebri /A. meningea anterior jN. opticus M rectus superior oculi\ M. levator palpebrae superioris /*&. Bulbus oculi A. ophthalmica 1 A. et v. lacrimalis„ V. ophthalmica superior - Sinus sphenoparietalis N. opticus A. carotis interna Infundibulum- Sinus circularis Sinus cavernosus Plexus venosus _[g basilaris ~ k' 1 N. trigeminus "f|f N. abducens-'fy Sinus petrosus— superior N. glosso- pharyngeus N. vagus N. accessorius Sinus transversus"' N. hypoglossus'' V cerebri magna A. carotis interna N. ophthalmicus A. meningea media ramus N. oculomotorius ,,N. maxillaris N. trochlears et -%\ — A. meningea media -N. mandibulars N. trigeminus "Ganglion semilunare F N. petrosus superficialis maj . Sinus petrosus superior N. facialis N. acusticus N. intermedius auditiva interna ramen jugulare nus transversus jrius ^Medulla oblongata Sinus sagittalis inferior Sinus rectus- 'Falx cerebri ; Sinus sagittalis superior Inner view of the base of the skull showing the dura mater with its arteries and venous sinuses, the vessels of the orbit, and the course of the twelve pairs of cranial nerves through the dura mater. Digitized by Microsoft® 10 SKULL Sulcus arteriosus Sutura sphenoparietalis Squama temporalis Sutura coron Os sphenoidale [ala magna) Os sphenoidale [al Darva] Squama f ron ta Sinus frontalis pari e tale ,»',\ Sutura lambdoide Os occipi talc f^» v ->*^ V Sulcus transversus Sutura occipitomastoidca ""Foramen occipitalc magnum Foramen jugulare Porus acusticus internus Mandibul Lamina medialis processus pterygoidei i Canalis hypoglossi ', Sulcus petrosus superior Proc. clmoideus posterior Sella turcica 1 Sinus sphenoidalis Foramen mancHbularc Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei Median section of the skull and mandible, viewed from the left. Digitized by Microsoft® SPHENOID BONE 11 Crista sphenoidalis .Apertura sinus sphenoidalis Concha / / Canalis pterygoideus"' Sulcus pterygopalatinus'"' f» Proc. pterygoideus''' Hamulus pterygoideus'' Sphenoid bone, viewed from in front. \Lamina lateralis processus pterygoidei \Fissura pterygoidei Digitized by Microsoft® 12 MANDIBULAR JOINT AND LIGAMENTS Arcus zygomaticus Capsula articularis Lig. temporoman Ramus mandibulae ~~~Lig. sphenomandibulare Lig. stylomandibularc Right mandibular joint, lateral - .Discus articularis Fossa mandibular / /Tuberculum articulare Meatus acusticus extcrnus Processus mastoideus Proc. styloideus Capsula articularis Lig. stylomandibu -Arcus 2ygomaticus us mandibulae The right mandibular joint, viewed from the side. The zygomatic arch and ^ ~~ *-■ of the ramus of the mandible have been cut away to expose the artkular disc P ° rtl ° n Digitized by Microsoft® ARTICULATION OF SKULL WITH ATLAS 13 Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Canalis hypoglossi .Lig alare <■ Os occipitalc Articulatio atlantooccipitahs Capsula articulari Lig. cruciatum atlantis Epistropheus Lig. transversum atlantis The ligaments connecting the occipital bone and the first three cervical vertebrae, viewed from in front. The bodies of the vertebrae have been removed. Tuberculum pharyngeum Membrana atlantooccipitalis anterior Os occipitale Capsula articularis Atlas- Pars basilaris ossis occipitalis Capsula articularis Epistropheus *-M Cavum articulare Fibrocartilago intervertebralis Canalis hypoglossi Articulatio atlantooccipitalis -Proc. transversus atlantis Articulatio atlantoepistrophica Proc. transversus epistrophei Proc. transversus vertebrae ccrvicalis III Lig. longitudinale anterius The ligaments connecting the occipital bone and the first and second cervical vertebrae, viewed from behind. The ver\J&giti2ed\t*ybMierl9iS&ft®noved. 14 LYMPHATICS OF HEAD, NECK AND AXILLA Lymphoglandulae aunculares posten'ores Lymphoglandulae occipitales v M.sternocleidomastoideus-- Lymphoglandulae cervicales- - profundae superiores # , Lymphoglandulae parotideae X.V. facialis anterior Lymphoglandulae Submaxillares -Plexus jugularia -V. jugularis interna Truncus subclavius" V. cephalica-^-'^^Tzfv^r: su be I a via Lymphoglandulae axillares exus mammarius Lymphoglandulae pectorales The deep lymphatic nodes and vessels of the right side of the head and neck, and of the mammary and axillary regions. Digitized by Microsoft® LYMPHATICS OF HEAD AND NECK 15 Lymphoglandulae ' auriculares antetiores Lymphoglandulae auriculares posteriores- Lymphoglandulae cervicales superficial Lymphoglandulae cervicales profundae superiores- Lymphoglandulae submaxillares Lymphoglandula cervicalis profunda superior Lymphoglandulae cervicales profundae inferiores The superficial lymphatic nodes and vessels of the right side of the head and neck. Digitized by Microsoft® 16 LYMPHATICS OF HEAD Glanclula parotis Lymphoglandulae parotideac \ Lymphoglandulae... cervicales superficiales Lymphoglandulae facial es superficiales Lymphoglandulae submaxillares V. jugularis externa "A carotis communis Lymphoglandulae profundae superficiales The superficial lymphatic nodes and vessels of the right side of the face. Digitized by Microsoft® LYMPHATICS OF MOUTH AND NECK 17 M stylohy-\ \ \&>W oideus M. digastncus •'' \% ,.f t [venter posterior] \\\' Lymphoglandulae cervicales profundae superiores ._ Lympho- glandulae submaxil lares Os hyoideum [corpus] V- jugularis interna- Lymphoglandulae. cervicales profundae inferiores M omohyoideus venter superior] A. carotis communis M. sternohyoideus The deep cervical lymphatic nodes and vessels of the right upper cervical triangle. The lymphatic drainage of the tongue is shown. Digitized by Microsoft® LYMPHATICS OF NECK M. mylohyoideus Lymphoglandulae submaxillares \ „ til! Ill .'\\ M. dtgastricus [venter anterior] /Platysma V. facialis anterior \: Lymphoglandulae cervicales profundae , superiores Glandula parotis -V. jugularis interna V jugularis externa M. omohyoideus ■ [venter superior Lymphoglandulae cervicales profundae *cr3, infenores^-^TTT \\y / / ' M ' \ M- sternocleidomastoideus Cartilago thyreoidea M sternohyoideus — V jugularis anterior Trachea A. carotis communis' Lymphoglandulae t racheales ' Deep lymphatic nodes and vessels of the anterior portion of the neck. Digitized by Microsoft® LYMPHATICS OF NECK 19 Vasa affere — Ly mphoglandulae cervicales profundae superiores Vasa efferentia The relation of the deep cervical lymphatic nodes and vessels to the posterior wall of the pharynx, as seen from behind. The (*) indicates the retropharyngeal lymph nodes. Digitized by Microsoft® 20 SUPERFICIAL DISSECTION OF HEAD A. temporalis superficialis f ramus parietalis] \ N. auriculoieinporalis \ M. temporalis M. auricularis posterior N. auricularis posterior ,-' IN. facialis] M. trapezius'' A. auricularis post-' M. splenius capitis XT ' V N. occipitalis minor N. auricularis magnus M. sternocleidomastoideus V. jugularis externa' ;' Glandula parotis ; "V: ^ V. facialis posterior ;i - V. facialis anterior ' N. facialis (ramus colli] ^Rarrrus zygomaticotemporal [N. zygomaticus J A. temporalis superficialis ramus frontalis] V. temporalis superficialis N. supraorbitals N. et a. et v. frontalis M. orbicularis oculi N. supra- trochlearis ■N. infratroch learis N. ethmoid- alis anterior [ ramus ext. \ nasalis] ..M. quadratus labii sup. . facialis ant -,A. trans, faciei "-M. zygomaticus ,N. facialis [rami buccales] M. orbicularis oris Ductus parotideus ^■M. triangularis >A. maxillaris externa ^ V M. transversus menti N. facialis [ramus buccalis] \M. masseter V N. facialis [ramus marginalis mandibulae] Platysma Dissection of the superficial structures of the right side of the head. The ear is pulled lorward and a portion of the platysma has been removed. Digitized by Microsoft® SUPERFICIAL DISSECTION OF HEAD 21 N. supraorbital^ M. auricularis anterior N. occipitalis major A. et v. temporali superficialis N. vagus [ramus auricularis N. auriculotemporal [rami temporales superficialesl N. facialis- 1 N. occipitalis minor A. transversa faciei Glandula parotis N. auricularis magnus M- sternocleidomastoideus M. masseter V. facialis posterior* Platysma ,A. temporalis superficialis ramus frontalis] M. frontalis Net a. supraorbital N.et a. frontalis N. supra- trochlearis A. palpebralis medialis -N. infra- trochlearis A. dorsalis nasi ethmoid. ant. [ramus nas.extj N. zygomaticus [ramus zygo- maticofacialis] "A. infraorbitalis N. infraorbitalis M. zygomaticus M. orbicularis oris N. buccinatorius M. buccinator N. mentalis \ A. labialis inferior M. triangularis X A. maxillaris externa \N. facialis [ramus marginalis mandibulae ] V. facialis anterior Deeper dissection of the superficial structures of the right side of the head. Some of the facial muscles have been cut away, divided or reflected downwards. Digitized by Microsoft® 22 DEEPER DISSECTION OF HEAD Fascia temporalis A. temporalis superficialis [ramus parietalis] M. auricula superior N. auriculo temporali N. vagus [ramus au ricularis ] M. auric- ulari s post N. faci- alis [r. post auric- ]_ A. occipi talis^ N. occ. maj. , A. zygomaU icoorbitalis V. temporalis, superficialis N. occipitalis V. temporalis media A. temporalis superficialis / [ramus frontalis] N. supraorbital [rami] ,N. et a. frontalis _, M. temporalis M. frontalis N. zygomaticus [ramus zygomatico- temporalis] N. supratrochlear!! N. zygomaticus [ramus t-ygo- matico facialis] N. infrafrochlearis A. angularis ethmoidal is anterior ramus nasalis externus] M. trapezius A. auricularis post, Proc. mastoideus M. sternocleido-/ mastoideus N. facialis A. temporalis superficialis M. digastricus [venter posteriorj / n M. stylohyoideus / /" A. maxillaris externa / A. carotis interna / A. carotis externa A. lingualis V. facialis communis infraorbitalis M. quadratus labii superioris M. masseter N. massetericus A. buccinatoria ffi. M. orbicularis oris A. maxillaris externa N. mentalis 'M. buccinator N. et a. alveolaris inferior A maxillaris externa M. digastricus [venter anterior) V. facialis anterior Dissection of the deeper structures of the right side of the head after removal of the parotid gland and facial nerve wrth exposure of structures in the mandibular canal, and internal to the masseter muscle and the temporal fascia. - ™ 1,u lo xne Digitized by Microsoft® DEEP DISSECTION OF HEAD 23 A. temporalis superficialis M. temporalis f Plexus pterygoideus ! I V. temporalis media ! A. temporalis media A. et v. temporalis superficialis i N. auriculo- \ temporalis Meatus ' acusticusl \i\\ externusl iu, A. sty!o-\| ¥ mastoidea ' M. frontalis N. et a. supraorbitalis- M. et a. frontalis M. orbicularis oculi N. supratrochlearis ,Os zygomaticum infratrochlearis A. angularis A. maxillaris externa N. facialis / A. auricularis ; posterior / A. occipitalis A- carotis externa A. carotis interna / A. carotis externa M. masseter' i Lig". sphenomandibulare j A. maxillaris externa M. digastricus' [ venter posterior ! M. stylohyoideus I \ V submentalis '• V. facialis communis V. facialis posterior M. buccinator A. maxillaris ext. M. orbicularis oris V. facialis anterior --A. et n. mentalis Plexus dentalis inferior . alveolaris inferior M. digastricus [venter anterior] \\. submentalis A. maxillaris externa ■ A. alveolaris inferior N. lingualis V. facialis anterior N. mylohyoideus Deep dissection of the nerves and blood vessels of the right side of the head, after removal of ascending ramus of mandible and zygomatic arch. Digitized by Microsoft® 24 DEEPEST DISSECTION OF HEAD M. temporalis A. temporalis profunda posterior M. pterygoideus externus N. auriculotemporal A. temporalis media vllV Arcus zygomaticus N. mandibularis \1 A. meningea media \ N. auriculotemporalis \ ' Meatus acusticus externus A. tympanica ..- A. temporal superficial N. facialis A. maxillaris in A. auricularis post Chorda tympani N. lingualis A. occipitalis -^ A. carotis externa A. alveolaris infe: M. digastricus [venter posterior] M, stylogl' A. sternocleid mas to idea N. alveolaris / inferior A. palatina/ ascendens N. vagus N. hypogl ramus desc A. thyreoidea superior / /W. M. stylohyoideus A. maxillaris externa Ganglion submaxillar Glandula submaxillaris A. temporalis profunda anterior . N. temporalis / profundus anterior ,N. infraorbitalis ! N. alveolaris superior Os zygomaticum N. et d. supraorbitalis N.et a. frontalis A. palpebrals _ medialis N. supratroch- -' learis A. angularis infraorbitalis N. infra- trochlearis N. ethmoid- als anterior [ramus) N. mylohyoideus' Os hyoideum sphenopalatina M. buccinator A. maxillaris externa buccinatorius ' Mandibula V, buccinatoria \ \ M. pterygoideus internus ••M. digastricus [venter anterior] 1 M. mylohyoideus i \ \ \ 'Glandula sublingualis I \ 'A. sublingualis \ 'Ductus submaxillaris i l N. hypoglossus A. submentals Deep dissection of the right side of the face, after removal of the zygomatic arch of the right mandibular ramus, and the lower half of the buccinator muscle. ygomdUC arcn ' ot tne Digitized by Microsoft® SUPERFICIAL DISSECTION OF NECK 25 "V V. facialis posterior Glandula parotis V. jugularis interna , \ V. auricularis posterio PJexus brachi A. transversa coll [ramus ascendens M. omohyoideus [venter inferior] A. transversa colli [ramus descendens ] A> Clavicula-", N, facialis [ramus colli] Glandula submaxillaris acialis anterior igastricus ter anterior] carotis externa laryngea superior hypoglossus [ramus descendensl thyreoidea superior . carotis communis M. omohyoideus [venter superior] [\ — M. sterno- thyreoideus •M. sternohyoideus A. cervicalis superficialis -M. sternocleido- mastoideus V. jugularis externa M. deltoideus' ^"^ I ; j V. cephalica I A. transversa colli / A. subclavia A. transversa scapulae' / N M. pctoralis major Dissection of the superficial structures of the right side of the neck, after removal of the superficial 'layer of the cervical fascia and the superficial veins. The superficial cervical artery in this instance is comparatively small and is partly replaced by the ascending branches of the transversa cervical artery. Digitized by Microsoft® 26 DEEPER DISSECTION OF NECK M. stylohyoideus ? V facialis anterior N. cervicalis III, et IV M. sternocleidomastoideus N. occ Plexus brae A. cervicalis superfi A. transversa . [ramus ascendens descendens] ,Glandula submaxillaris Platysma submentalis N. mylohyoideus ,.N. hypoglossus -A. lingualis V. facialis communis irotis externa igularis interna laryngea superior thyreoidea superior omohyoideus 'enter superior] M. sternohyoideus ■ hypoglossus [ramus descendens] M. sternothyreoideus vagus . phrenicus carotis communis M. sternocleido mastoiaeus V. cephalica N. thoracalis anterior A. thoracoacromial M. pectoralis major V. anonyma V. jugularis anterior V. jugularis externa Dissection of the deeper layer of the right side of the neck. The greater part of the ster- nocleidomastoid muscle, the superficial veins, common facial and smaller veins have been re- moved. The branches of the cervical plexus have been cut away, except the lesser occioital phrenic, and muscular filaments. F Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF NECK AND AXILLA 27 M. sternocleidomastoideus A. occipitalis M. splenius capitis N. occipitalis minor N. occipitalis major. facialis posterior jugularis interna A. carotis interna \ M. stylohyoids us A. maxillaris externa cervicalis superficialis — /.i\. M. omohyoideus Ay (venter inferior] ~*/vt\ Plexus brachialis- A. transversa coll Ramus acromialis M. pectoralis minor A- axillaris/J M. del- toideus A. thor acoacro-, mialis N. mylohyoideus N. hypoglossus ,*' ,A. submentals ' ,,A. carotis externa &M Ramus thyreohyoideus m$Jv Ganglion cervicale ^■S^**'" superius N. laryngeus sup. A. laryngea superior A. thyreoidea superior M. omohyoideus 'venter superior] --M. sternohyoideus __N. cardiacus superior N. hypoglossus [ramut dcscendens] --M. scalenus anterior Ramus card. sup. [N. vagus] jr-"'Pars cervicalis n 7(1] [Truncus sympath.J /M -Vv. thy. sup. -N. vagus Ganglion cerv. med. A. thyreoidea inf. A. transversa scapulae Glandula thyreoidea V. vertebralis N. cardiacus medius "N. laryngeus inf. -V. thyreoidea V. anonyma dextra M. pectoralis major V. cephalicajj Plexus brachialis V. axillaris" N. thoracodorsalis \. thoracodorsalis / | N. thoracalis longus ; V. thoracoepigastric:! \V. jugularis externa A. mammaria interna M. pectoralis minor 'Nn. thoracales anteriores \ l A. thoracalis lateralis N. intercostobrachialis Dissection exposing the deep structures of the right side of the neck and the right axillary- fossa after the removal of the greater portion of the infrahyoid muscles, the common carotid artery, the sternocleidomastoid, and the pectoralis major and minor muscles. Digitized by Microsoft® 28 DISSECTION OF NECK — HYOID REGION N. facialis [ramus colli] Glandula parotis V. facialis posterior M. digastricus [venter posterior N. hypoglossus Lymphoglandula* V. facialis communis V. jugularis externa' N. facialis [ramus marginalis mandibulael V. facialis anterior A. maxillaris externa / V. submentalis •' ; N. mylohyoideus I ; A. submentals \ M. digastricus [venter] J anterior] Glandula submaxillaris N. facialis [ramus cerv.) S N. cutaneus colli [ramus " superior] (anastomosis) A. et v. thyreoidea superior V. jugularis anterior V. jugularis interna M. stcrnocleidomastoidcus *N. cutaneus colli n.L? iSSe ? i0n fi he r j. ght ^ oid re 2 ion ' showing superficial and deep structures. The su- stmctures submaxillary gland has been removed in order to expose the underlying Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF NECK — CAROTID TRIANGLE 29 M. pterygoideus internus Glandula parotis A- carotis externa A- occipitalis-, M- dtgastricus [venter posterior] ***""v\ N T accessorius---l___ At carotis interna A.pharyngea ascendens A. lingua] N r - laryngeus superior - Ramus thyreohyoideus A laryngea superior M styloglossus / A- palatina ascendens , masseter N. lingualis N. et m. mylohyoideus alls gastneus [venter anterior] andula subrnaxillaris poglossus deum N. vag Pharyn Truncus sympathic N. hypoglossus [ramus descendens A, carotis communis M. sternocleidomastoideus thyreoidea yoidcus deus perior] reoideus Dissection of the large blood vessels of the submaxillary and carotid triangles of the right side of the neck. Digitized by Microsoft® 30 DISSECTION OF NECK — CERVICAL PLEXUS N. cervfcalis II N. cervicalis IV N. suprascapularis Nn. supraclaviculars supenus dula submaxillans laryngeus superior reoidea superior ir- A. carotis communis V. jugularis interna 'Iji Ansa hypoglossi '"" M omohyoideus | venter superior] M. omohyoideus Plexus nervosus brachialis : A. subclavia Dissection of the right cervical plexus and the superior sympathetic ganglion. V. subclavia Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF NECK 31 M. digastricus [venter anterior! N. hypoglossus M. digastricus [venter anterior] \ M. hvoelossus N \ \ A. maxillaris externa, \ V. facialis posterior Os hyoideum J * M. mylohyoideus / N. lingualts / .V. sublingualis /A maxillaris externa "^V. facialis anterior andula parotis V. facialis communis V. jugularis extemaVC V. ccrvica transversa A. subclavia V. subclavia V. subclavia N V cephalica ' V. jugularis externa Costa I t^' M. pectoralis major V, mammina interna V. anonyma dextra ,' V. mammaria interna V. cava superior Arcus aortae Dissection of the anterior aspect of the neck both clavicles and many of the muscles. \ V. anonyma N. vagus N. rccurrens Trachoa A. carotis communis A anonyma V. thyreoidea ima after removal of the sternum, portions cf Digitized by Microsoft® 32 SUPERFICIAL DISSECTION OF NECK M. semispinalis capitis N. occipitalis major \ A. occipitalis M. splenius capitis Emissarium^ mastoideum\\. \ M. obliquus/<^\ \> capitis /m,%X superior / ^\V>ovS> M. rectus \ S/\ capitis postrV--^ major M. digastricu N. suboccipitalis A. vertcbralis M. obliquus cap. in N. cervicalis ] N. accessor V. jugularis inte N. occipitali M. sternocleidomast N. auricularis magnus' A/ M. levator scapulae /Protuberantia occipitalis externa ,N. occipitalis tertius A occipitalis N. cervicalis III / [ramus posterior] V, cervicalis profunda M. splenius capitis et cervicis Dissection of the posterior aspect of the neck showing on the right the superficial struc- tures and on the left some of the deep structures after removal of portions of the muscles. Digitized by Microsoft® DEEP DISSECTION OF NECK 33 A. carotis externa, N. vagus N. glossopharyngeus "V. jugularis interna Aditus larvngis N. laryngeus supe N. glossopharyngeus N. hypoglossus [ramu descendens N. laryngeus superior [ramus interims A. laryngea superior N. vagus — ideus geus superior A. thyreoidea inferior Oesophagus A. carotis communis Glandula thyreoidea lobus dexter] N. laryngeus inferior A. thyreoidea inferior N. recurre Arcus aortae N. vagus V. cava superior The pharynx and larynx in relation to the great blood vessels of the neck, as seen from behind, after removal of the vertebral column and adjoining structures. Digitized by Microsoft® 34 SURFACE AREAS OF NERVES OF HEAD AND NECK Lesser . occipital Ca,3. / ; famous r ^\ Trigeminal vtift/e ' % _.« '••-* ^ X f9*^^M-. c *«» \ «frj Great au.ricif.lar Mental Cutaneous nerve of the neck CS,3 \ Cutaneous nerve areas of the head and neck. Digitized by Microsoft® CERVICAL AND BRACHIAL NERVE PLEXUSES 35 N. hypoglossus- to m. rectus capitis lateralis - N. occipitalis minor N. hypoglossus [ramus descendens] N. auricularis magnus " N\ cutaneus colli to m. trapezius— Ansa hypoglossi — N". dorsalis (to m. levator scapulae scapulae \ to mm. rhomboide Nn. supraclavicnlares N. phrenicus -to m. rectus capitis ant. to m. longus capitis Cz — to m. longus capitis to m. intertransversarius to mm. longus capitis et colli to m. intertransversarius to in. levator scapulae — to m. longus colli to m, intertransversarius to m. scalenus medius to in, -longus colli to mm. scalenus ant et intertransversarius to m. 'scalenus medius .to m. longus colli to mm. scalenus ant. et intertransversarius to m. scalenus medius to m. scalenus ant. to m. intertransvers. to m. scalenus medius N. thoracalis longus to m. intertransvers. to m, scalenus medius N. intercostalis I Plexus cervicali's riexus bracliialis N. axillaris — N T . subscapularis— ■ N. thoracodorsah's N. radialis-- to m. coracobrachial N, .musculocutaneus Nn. thoracales anteriores N.. median us' N. ulnaris / N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis .N. cutaneus bracliii medialis Nn. Hntercostobrachiales--'"' The right cervical and brachial plexuses. The shaded portions are the derivatives of the superior rami. ""N, intercostalis II Digitized by Microsoft® 36 CERVICAL AND BRACHIAL NERVE PLEXUSES N. occipitalis majo N. auricularis magnus X- N vagus - Ganglion cervicale superius N supraclavicular N. dorsal is scapulae N. facialis Mandibula N. hypoglossus N. laryngeus ■«l\ ,' superior v^"r° s hyoideum N hypoglossus 'ramus desc] Cartilago ihyreoidea Ansa hypoglossi Gang cerv. med et inf "N. laryngeus inferior Trachea rrens gus \ sinister — N intercostalis VI Truncus sympathicus Corpus sterni N. musculocutaneus The right cervical and brachial plexuses of the systemic and sympathetic nerves and their branches. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF BRAIN 37 Fissura longitudinal is cerebri ; Gyrus frontalis superior Gyrus frontalis medius rus frontalis inferior Fissura cerebri lateralis .--Gyrus temporalis superior ..Gyrus temporalis medius ■Gyrus temporalis inferior The brain in its relation to the skull and face, anterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 38 PROJECTION OF BRAIN Gyrus centralis anterior^ i Sulcus centralis ; , i Gyrus centralis posterior t Sulcus praecentralis Gyrus frontalis superior Lobulus parietalis superior Lobulus parieta Gyrus supramargin Gyrus angulari: Sulcus frontalis superior Gyrus frontalis medius Gyrus frontalis medius Sulcus frontalis inferior Fissura cerebri lateralis t Gyrus frontalis inferior Gyri occipitales Gyrus temporalis inferior Gyrus temporalis medius ' ', / '^ Gyrus temporalis superior; \ The brain in its relation to the skull and face, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF BRAIN AND BRAIN STEM 39 Sulcus centralis\ \ Corpus mamillarc Capsula interna Pars occipitalis capsulae internae Chiasma opticum Pedunculus cerebri Colliculus sup. lam. quadrigeminae Radtatio occipito thalamica Pars frontalis capsulae internae Fissura cerebri lateralis Infundibulum N opticus Colliculus inferior lam quadrigeminae Cerebellum Pedunculus cerebelli N. acusticus' N. glossopharyngeus N vagus-' Medulla spinalis' Medulla oblongata*' Pons* N. maxillaris Ganglion semilunare N mandibularis Surface projection of the medulla, pons, internal capsule, and other deep-lying structures (shown in red) on the cortex of the right cerebrum, in its relation to the skull and face. Digitized by Microsoft® 40 PROJECTION OF THIRD, FOURTH AND FIFTH VENTRICLES Corpus callosum ftruncus] Sulcus centralis .Septum pellucidum Thai Splcnium tenor cerebri llosun ulum asma opticum Commissu postc Ventriculus quartu Brachium conjunct pticus Hypophysis cerebri Pons Medulla spinalis'' , Medulla oblongata'' Projection of the corpus callosum, fornix, septum pellucidum, fifth ventricle, third and fourth ventricles, infundibulum, hypophysis, pons and medulla upon the surface of the skull. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF VENTRICLES, VEINS AND SINUSES 41 Sinus sagittalis superior Sinus petrosus inferior i V'-'ntiiculus lateralis Foramen ' J . [pais Ccntuli>| t parietale \ Sinus sagittalis inferior Sinus petrosus superior V. diploica Emissarium occipitalis ^V. diploica Sinus occipitalis' ^ Foramen ,'' masroideum V. occipitalis \'< iitri-cului quarto - V. cervicalis profunda'' V. vertebralis V. subclavia 1 *' V. facialis anterior V. facialis posterior ^-^ V. facialis communis V. jugularis externa V. jugularis interna V. anonym a Venous drainage of the head and neck. The cerebral ventricles are projected in red. The veins in their extra-cranial portions are shown in deep blue; the intra-cranial portions in light blue. The numbers indicate the foramina through which these veins enter the cranium. These are: i. Fissura orbitalis superior. 2. Fissura orbitalis inferior. 3. Foramen ovale. 4. Foramen spinosum. 5. Foramen lacerum. 6. Canalis caroticus. 7. Foramen jugulare. 8. Canalis hypoglossi. 9. Canalis condyloideus. The black inverted crescents on the vertex indicate openings through which emissary veins pass. Digitized by Microsoft® 42 BASE OF BRAIN WITH ARTERIES A. communicans anterior A. carotis interna A. cerebri anterior j 3ulbus olfactorius , \ \ N. oculomotorius M. trochlearis Tractus olfactoriu Ch A. cerebri an Substantia per anterior Hypoph Corpus mamilla A. cerebri posterior A. cerebelli superior N. trigeminus' A. basilaris N. abduc ndibuiaris N. hypo; '• N. acusticus exus chorioideus ventriculi quarti ossopharyngeus A. cerebelli inferior anterior Cerebellum A. cerebelli inferior posterior The base of the brain together with arterial supply. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF BRAIN — BASAL GANGLIA 43 Cavnm septi pellucid Comu anterius ventriculi lateralis Corpus stnatu Columna fornicis *, Recessus triangularis- Commissura anterior cercb: Stria terminals Tuberculum anterius thalami Lamina amxa Taenia ohorioidea - Ventriculus tertius — Striae medullare: Commissura posterior Habenula -IHI Hi Corpus pinealt Pulvinar-- Corpora quadrigemina Bulbus cornu posteriorly Corpus callosttm Lobus frontalis Calcar av Fissura calcanna Cerebellum ^\ Lamina septi pcllucidi fppJ\\^Lobus temporalis Digitationes hippocampi Cornu inferius ventriculi lateralis -Uncus - Gyrus hippocampi £#;lL_Eminentia coll jj — Fascia dentata hippocampi Fimbria hippocampi Taenia fimbriae Hippocampus Crus fornicis rigonum collaterale Cornu posterius ventriculi lateralis Trigonum habenulae { Commissura babenularum Lobus occipitalis Dissection of brain showing basal ganglia, third ventricle and adjacent structures viewed from above. For median section of brain see p. 73. Digitized by Microsoft® 44 BRAIN STEM WITH ADJACENT STRUCTURES Nucleus lentiformis- Commissura anterior Nucleus caudatus Stria terminalis Nucleus caudatus Capsula interna Thalamus Corpus geniculatum laterale Corpus geniculatum -^sggsf mediale Corpus pineale ---_ Colliculus superior lam quadrigeminae Basis peduncu' Crachium quadrigemiiuim ■— Colliculus inferior lam ,-- quadrigeminae Lemniscus lati v - Capsula interna Nucleus amygdalae wl- Tractus olfactorius "" Tractus opticus "** Corpus mamillarc Lubus anterior Hypophysis Lohus posterior r cmereum mi . Antrum r ^-"'~~ tympanicum Plica malleolaris posterior Recessus membranae tympani posterior roc. lenticularis incudis M. tensor tympani [insertion] Pars tensa membranae tympani Manubrium mallei Right ear drum with the malleus and incus as seen from within and slightly from above. The (*) indicates the position of the anterior process of the malleus. Digitized by Microsoft® NOSE AND NASAL CAVITIES 63 Maxilla [processus frontalis] Cart aJares minores --- Cartilago alaris major [crus laterale) \W s nasale Cartilago nasi lateralis Cartilago septi nasi o alaris major [crus mediale] The bones and cartilages of the nose. Cellulae ethmoidales Concha nasalis superior Hypophysis Septum Os ethmoidale Sinus omer Dura mater Tonsilla phary Recessus pharyngeus Ostium pharynge tubae auditivae Torus tubarius- Pharynx [pars nasalis]' Plica salpingo, pharyngea Epistropheus frontalis Cartilago nasi Vestibulum nasi rbicularis oris Palatum molle Concha nasalis inferior \ Ductus nasolacrimalis Cellulae ethmoidales Infundibulum ethmoidale "Bulla ethmoidals The lateral wall of the left nasal cavity. The greater part of the middle turbinated bone has been excised to expose the structures and orifices situated beneath it. A part of the an- terior portion of the inferior turbinated bone has been removed. The original borders of the turbinated bones are indicated te;J&Qtt%h l ti[? s Mi2&%Mffi ioT turbinated bone is intact. The orifices of the left sphenoidal arHWrrEfl 7 £#uW'£^iflcT#ated by arrows, 64 PROJECTION OF SINUSES AND SALIVARY GLANDS Sinus sphenoidalis — Sinus frontalis Glandula parotis' Glandula parotis accessoria v Sinus maxillaris 'Ductus parotideus \ Glandula sublingualis 'Ductus submaxillaris Glandula submaxillaris Surface projection of the salivary glands (blue) and accessory nasal sinuses (red). Digitized by Microsoft® BONY ORBIT, MAXILLARY SINUS, PTERYGOID FOSSA 65 Pars orbitalis oss frontalis \ Lamina papyrarea ossis ethmoidalis Foramina ethmoidaliajj ', Sinus frontalis Proc orbitalis oss palat Foramen opticum Corpus ossis sphenoidalis \ Fissura orbitalis superior. \ ■ \ \ i Sella turcica Foramen ovale os sphenoidalis Foramen sphenopalatinum na trochlears acrimale >ssa sacci lacrimalis 3s nasale cies orbitalis maxillae roc, ethmoidalis cha nasalis inferior roc. maxillaris cha nasalis inferior nus maxillaris Fossa pterygopalatina Lamina lateralis t processus pterygoidei i '• jw B|fJ" M&iyflfJf* i Pars perpendicularis '. ossis palatini Proc. pyramidalis ossis palatini Right pterygopalatine fossa, from without. The greater portion of the ala magna oss. sphenoid., of the lateral part of the corpus maxillae and of the pars orbit, oss. front, have been removed by a sagittal section, exposing the medial wall of the sinus maxillaris and of the orbit. (**) indicate a probe through the Foramen rotundum; (*) indicates a probe through the Canalis pterygoideus. Digitized by Microsoft® 66 DISSECTION OF MAXILLARY SINUS M. orbicularis ocul Sinus niaxillaris_^£ M. zygomaticus---N^\ ////P M, masseter'-^-t/ M. caninus M. quadratUs labii superioris M. zygomaticns Exposure of the right maxillary sinus, after removal of facial muscles. The (*) indicates the opening (Ostium maxillare) of the maxillary sinus into the nose. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF SALIVARY GLANDS 67 M. orbicularis oculi M. masseter Fascia temporalis Gland A. et v temporalis superficialis M. zygomaticus Glandula parotis accessoria Ductus parotideus ,-GI. labial es giva uncula sublin- gualis M. sternocleid mastoideus Ganglion submax M- digastricu posterior tus subling.maj tus subling.min : dula sublin- gualis lingualis geniohyoideus s submaxillaris er anterior I M . omohyoid? (venter superio M. sternohyoideus Dissection exposing the salivary glands and their ducts. Digitized by Microsoft® 68 ORAL CAVITY wr^v")}))) dmm%>. Labium superiu Artus pharynjjopalatinus Arcus glossopalatinu Labium inferius-'" Palatum durun A- Palatum mollc Uvula palatina Tonsilla palatina iQBtr? ~ Dorsum linguae The oral cavity seen from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® TEETH WITH ARTERIES AND NERVES 69 Rami alveolares superiores posteriores Proc. coronoideus Dentes molares. Proc. condyloideus-- A. et n. infraorbitalis Ramus mandibu Rami dentales Rami alveolares '' superiores anteriores W/f^ Sinus maxillaris Rami gingivales superiores Dens caninus Dentes praemolares -Dentes incisivi mediales -Dentes incisivi laterales Canalis rnandibulae A. et n. alveolaris inferior A. et n, mentalis Foramen mentale Dissection of the nerves and blood vessels of the permanent teeth, viewed from the right. Portions of the maxilla and mandible have been chiseled away to expose the roots of the teeth. Digitized by Microsoft® 70 FRONTAL SECTION OF HEAD Galea aponeurotica Pericraniui , Sinus sagittalis superior Os front Cavum subdurale Bulbus olfactoriti M. obliquus superior M. levator palpebrae I fj& superioris 1~~{$ ] M. temporalis j-j-M N. zygomaticus-f M. rectus superior _| M. rectus lateralis ~|-W M. rectus medialis M. obliquus inferior M. rect Lamina perpendicularis ossis ethmoidalis Os zygomaticum Maxill Concha nasalis liiJ-r inferior *t \\\ \ i V. facialis anterior \" V I. I N. palatums anterior -T"" A. maxillaris externa -\ Cavum oris M. quadratus la inferioris Ductus subma 'ura mater encephali Xobus frontalis Arachnoidea encephali .-'Falx cerebri Sinus frontalis ■N. frontalis Fascia temporalis M. temporalis Glandula lacrimals -Bulbus oculi Concha nasalis sup Concha nasalis media Mil 1 1 ||\\ "N. oculomotorius ■ N. infraorbitalis -N. nasopalatinus • Sinus maxillaris Vomer M. zygomaticus Lingula N. buccinatorius M. buccinator Glandula sublingualis M. digastricus [venter anterior] Platysma - ylohyc * M. geniohyoideus Frontal section of the head through the orbits, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF HEAD 71 Sinus sagittalls superior Fornix Falx cerebri ,, . i*i- \ ; / /Truncus corporis callosi Ventnculus lateralis \ \ Thalamus Capsula interna Claustrum Insula Capsula externa Putamen--: Capsula interna - Substantia nigra s Globus pallidus --M. temporalis Gyrus hippocampi Fasciculus longitudinalis Cochlea— N. glossopharyngeus V. jugularis interna ~N. vagus ""N. accessorius V H. rectus lateralis 'Atlas ""'A. vertebral is A. basilaris Epistropheus Frontal section of the head, passing through external and internal auditory meatus, as seen from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® 72 FRONTAL SECTION OF HEAD Sinus saglttalis supe iFalx cerebri Os pari terparietalis ilus parietalis ferior issura calcarina Nucleus dent Os occ Dura mater encephali nus transversus A. et v. occipitalis Corpus medullar e Capsula nuclei dcntati M. semispinalis capitis Lingula | Lig. nuchae M. rectus capitis posterior Frontal section of the head passing through the parietal and occipital cerebral lobes and the cerebellar hemispheres, viewed from behind. Digitized by Microsoft® KEY FIGURE— SAGITTAL SECTION OF HEAD 73 Corpus fornicis Foramen intervcntriculare Corpus mamillare Sulcus corporis callosi i O Sulcus ci Gyrus frontalis superior Commissura anterior Lamina terminalis „ Hypophysis Conchae nasales Massa intermedia Lobulus paracentralis Os parietalc / Thalamus / / , Plexus chorioitleus Ventriculus tertius / Praecuneus Mandibu M. geniog! Ostium pha tubae auditivae Pharynx [p. \ \ \ \ Ventriculus quartus \ \ Fasciculus longitudinalis \ V 'Lig nuchae medialis Epiglottis La rynx ' Pons Medulla spinalis Mm. constrictores pharyngis Median sagittal section of the head with levels of cross sections shown in red. Digitized by Microsoft® 74 KEY FIGURE TO SECTIONS OF HEAD AND NECK Key figure to cross sections of head and neck. The numbers on the right indicate sections which have been taken at intervals of one centimeter. The figures i' to 10' have been taken midway of the thicker sections, at intervals of one-half a centimeter. Sections I to 10 show on the right the higher level (e.g. 2) and on the left the lower level (e.g. 2'). The upper sur- face is shown in all sections. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 1 OF HEAD 75 Sutura sagittalis Sinus sagittalis superior Sulcus centralis rietale ,,-Galca aponeurotica A. temporalis superficial [ramus] Sutura coronali Gyrus frontalis supe ,i--«- — Pericranium Sutura coronalis frontale V, cerebri superior'' Galea aponeurotica' ater encephali 'Granulationes arachnoiJeales Section two inches above supraorbital border. Upper surface. The (*) on right in- dicates subaponeurotic tissue. (*) on left indicates pia mater. See pp. 73~4 f° r key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 76 CROSS SECTION No. 2 OF HEAD V. occipitalis [ ramus ] \ Galea aponeurotica. V. occipitalis [ramus] Sinus sagittalis superior /Praecuneus Arachnoidea encephali Os parietales Sulcus centralis-. A. cerebri media [ramus] A. temporalis superficialis [ramus] Sutura coronalis''' /Lobulus parietalis superior Os parietale .Gyrus centralis posterior — V. meningea media [ramus] - Gyrus centralis anterior Sulcus praecentralis Os frontale Dura mater encephali Lobulus paracentralis Os frontale Gyrus frontalis superior \ Sinus sagittalis superior Section one centimeter below preceding figure. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Falx cerebri Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 3 OF HEAD 77 Sutura sagittalis, Vv.. cerebri superior Galea aponeurotica, Radiatio corporis callosi, [pars occipitalis] '» Sinus sagittalis superior Praecnnens Os parietale x Sulcus interparietal is, s Tela subcutanea.. A. cerebri media [ramus] Lobulus parietalis inferior Gyrus centralis— L.. posterior A.et v. temporalis ' ••* superficial is Sulcus centralis Sutura coronalis -'' Gyrus centralis anterior' Radiatio corporis callosi-'' [pars parietalis] Os frontale M. frontalis^' Radiatio corporis callosi [pars frontalis]' A. frontalis [ramus] ,V. occipitalis [ramus] Lobulus parietalis superior Sulcus interparietalis Lobulus parietalis inferior „. Lobulus paracentral Lobulus parietalis inferior ...Gyrus centralis posterior .._ Sulcus centralis ...Gyrus centralis anterior Sutura coronalis Os frontale *'* Gyrus frontalis medius '■•Sulcus frontalis superior Lobulus paracentral Gyrus frontalis superior j 'Gyrus frontalis superior A. et v.. frontalis [rami] Falx cerebri Section 4 cm. above supraorbital border. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 78 CROSS SECTION No. 4 OF HEAD Falx cerebri V. occipitalis., Os panetale . Sinus sagittalis superior , Praeciincns Galea aponeurotica Lobulus parietalis inferior A. temporalis [ramus] Gyrus supramarginalis A. meningea media [ramus] Gyrus frontalis inferior Sutura coronalis ' Radiatio corporis callosi [pars occipitalis] Lobulus parietalis inferior Lobulus ' parietalis inferior Os frontale '' Radiatio corporis callosi*' [pars frontalis] V. diploica frontalis ' Lobulus paracentral Gyrus supramarginalis Gyrus centralis posterior - Sulcus centralis " Gyrus centralis anterior '-■■-.M. temporalis N Gyrus frontalis medius Gyrus frontalis medius Gyrus frontalis superior Gyrus frontalis superior Sinus sagittalis superior Section 3 cm. above supraorbital border. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 5 OF HEAD 79 Sutura lambdoidea Sulcus corporis callosi M. occipitalis \ Splenium corporis callosi Corpus fornicis* Vcntriculus lateralis [cornu posterius] * Cauda nuclei caudat: Nucleus caudatusN Capsula interna.. A. cerebri media Capsula externa-. Claustrtirn.Aj Sinus sagittalis superior ! Cuneus I / Praecuneus / Gyrus cinguli / / /V. occipitalis "■ r- — ~~L I Lobulus parictalis superior Lob ul us parietalis inferior \V\ Corpus callosum V. temporalis superficialis Operculum Putanicn M. temporalis Plexus chorioideus'' ventriculi lateralis Caput nuclei caudati V. diploica frontalis Ventriculus lateralis' Genu corporis callosi A. frontalis Os parietalc Gyrus ■Vsupramarginalis ,L Corona radiata Nucleus caudatus Gyrus centralis posterior '--/■Sulcus centralis Gyrus centralis anterior M. temporalis Sutura coronalis Ventriculus lateralis fpars centralis] Gyrus frontalis medius Os frontale Corpus callosum i Gyrus frontalis superior Gyrus cinguli Sinus sagittalis superior Section two centimeters above orbit. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 80 CROSS SECTION No. 6 OF HEAD Sinus sagittalis superior J Precuneus ,Gyrus cinguli Sinus sagittalis inferior V. cerebri magna Fissura calcarina A. occipitalis Splenium corporis carllos Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis Hippocampus Pulvinaf Nucleus medialis / thalami Massa intermedia Nucleus lateralis thalami M. auricularis- A. et v. tempo- ralis superficialis Sulcus corporis callosi ,-Os occipitale Splenium corporis callosi s chorioideum atio occipitothalamica ucleus medialis thalami ^Lamina medullaris thalami LCapsula interna Nucleus anterior thalami "Putamen "A. cerebri media "Capsula externa nuclei lentifdrmis Capsula interna nucle lentiformis [genu] Cauda nuclei caudat V. diploica frontalis'' Os frontale Corpus fornicis Plexus chorioideus ventriculi lateralis \ Caput nuclei caudati Columna fornicis' Sinus frontalis Commissura anterior cerebri ^ Genu corporis calLosi '■ Gyrus cinguli Section one centimeter above orbit. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 7 OF HEAD Cuneus Aquaeductus cerebri A. cerebelli superior^ V. cerebri interna Corpus pineale Commissura posterior I ^Gyrus hippocampi I i Colliculus stiperior laminae quadrigeminae Corpus geniculatum mediale Nucleus ruber A. et v. temporalis " superficialis Putamen M. temporalis Tractus opticus-- V. cerebri media Dura mater encephali ' N. lacrimalis N. frontalis' V: ophthalmica superior Ventriculus tertius cerebri ' / M. orbicularis oculi Sinus frontalis' M. procerus' Hippocampus .. Cauda nuclei caudati Nucleus lateralis thalami _-Nucleus medialis thalami Capsula interna — .. Claustrum -Capsula externa Nucleus hypothalamicus Fasciculus thalamomamillaris mmissura anterior \ Caput nuclei caudati Capsula interna Columna fornicis N. supraorbitalis Gyrus frontalis superior Commissura anterior cerebri 'A. frontalis Falx cerebri Section at supraorbital margin. Upper, surf ace. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 82 CROSS SECTION No. 8 OF HEAD Sinus sagittalis superior Aquaeductus cerebri j A. occipitalis Culmen f Gyrus lingualis j /Colliculus inferior l / .Nucleus ruber A. basilaris Lobtilus quadrangularis Proc. clinoideus posterior Sutura Iambdoidea A. cerebri media N. oculomotorius Os parietale A. carotis interna^ Substantia nigra /Gyrus fusiformis Ventriculu: lateralis [cornu inferius V. et a.' temporalis euperficialis M. temporalis Pedunculus cerebri A. cerebri posterior /Gyrus hippocampi A. communicans posterior cerebri ,, Nucleus caudatus Gyrus temporalis inferior A. cerebri media Gyrus temporalis medius ...Gyrus temporalis superior — V. temporalis media Fissnra cerebri lateralis N. opticus-' M. rectus lateralis A. ophthalmica'' N. nasociliaris'' Glandula lacrimalis inferior'' Lens crystallina' / / Iris' / Os sphenoidale / Saccus lacrimalis'' Cellulae ethmoidales Bulbus olfactorius / V. angularis Maxilla [processus frontalis C-..Os sphenoidale [ala magna] V. ophthalmica superior M. rectus superior M. levator palpebrae superioris Corpus vitreum M. obliquus superior 'N. nasociliaris A. ophthalmica \ 'Chiasma opticum \ Sinus frontalis 'Gyrus rectus Os frontale Cavuni nasi Section through the eyeballs. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 9 OF HEAD 83 Sinus transversus protuberantia occipitalis interna \ M. occipitalis Ventriculus quartus Brachium conjunctivum cerebelli v Sinus transversus Brachium pontis Sinus transversus Antrum tympanicum M. auricularis^-. posterior N. acusticus_ Canalis semicircularis superior N. facialis N. petrosus superficialis major I 4 A. "et v. tempo- _^-\*'~® ralis superficialis 1 \ K:_auricuIotemp Gyrus temporalis-' Os temporale' A. basilaris .^ Sinus petrosus inferior N. trigeminus [portio ) minorl A. meningea media M. pterygoideus ext A. carotis interna / Fissura orbitalis superior/ et inferior N. oculomotonus [ramus inferior M. rectus inferior' Sinus maxillaris / / J M. obliquus inferior < \ Bulla ethmoidalis ' Ductus nasolacrimalis M. quadratus labii superioris [caput angularej Cavum nasi., /■ Concha nasalis media M- procerus Sinus rectus Declive Gyri occipital cs laterales / Gyrus Iingualis Lobulus semilunaris superior / Brachium pontis ansversus pitalis temporale locculus M. acusticus N. trigeminus M. auricularis superior \. temporalis uperficialis V. temporalis media 1M j "| "-Os temporale Gyrus hippocampi --M. temporalis Fascia temporalis N \. abducens Polus temporalis Sinus petrosus inferior A. carotis interna i\*. ophthalmicus ophthalmica superior us inferior 'Cellulae ethmoidales Os lacrimale Meatus nasi medius et superior Cavum nasi Os ethmoidale [lamina perpcndicularis] Maxilla [processus frontalis] Section through lower portion of orbit. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 84 CROSS SECTION No. 10 OF HEAD ,M. semispinalis capitis Tansilla cerebelli N. abducens A. basilaris N. hypoglossus Nucleus dentatus / Corpus restiforme M. zygomatics A. sphenopalatina ^ Nn. palatini M. orbicularis ocul Os zygomatic V. angularis'' N. infraorbitalis M. quadratus labii superion's nsversus l tympani :ialis xarotis interna Mem bran a tympani landibula processus condyloideus] Foramen ovale N. mandibulars s occipitale [pars basilaris] M. pterygoideus externus _Os sphenoidale ala magna] maxillaris temporalis infraorbitalis laris oculi Ductus nasolacrimal'' M. caninus Maxilla Concha nasalis med \ 'Cavurn nasi IVomer Septum nasi Cartilago septi nasi Section immediately below the orbits, at the level of Reid's base line exposing the maxillary sinus. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 11 OF HEAD 85 Lig. ntichae Os occipitale N. occipitalis major \ A. et v. occipitalis Os occipitale s£r\- A. vertebralis /•' /)$/ - % X-( ' M. splenitis cap Sinus transversus Cellulae mastoideae N. facialis V- jugularis interna A. temporaIis^H_ superficial is - A. carotis interna Lobulus semilunaris inferior N. occipitalis major / : _ ' K j M. semispinals capitis ■^«Y\\ .A. vertebralis N. hypoglossus M. splenitis capitis Ganglion nodosum V. jugularis externa .Os temporale N. ndibul M._temporalis''' A. maxillaris interna Tuba auditiva Recessus pharyngeus M. orbicularis ocul Os zygomaticum Maxilla' V. angularis'' N- infraorbitalis Sinus maxillaris M, can in u M. nasalis N\ accessorius '■N. glossopharyngetis A. carotis int \. meningea med Glandula parotis .. V. facialis post. A. temporalis superficialis -M. levator veli palatini M masseter M. pterygoideus ext. M. pterygoideus int. N. mandibularis A. maxillaris interna M. temporalis M. longns capitis \ M. rectus capitis anterior V. et a. angularis Pharynx Torus tubarius Concha nasalis inferior Naris Vomer Cartilago sept i nasi Section through the nasopharynx. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 86 CROSS SECTION No. 12 OF HEAD Medulla oblongata M. spinalis capitis M. rectus capitis posterior minor M. rectus capitis posterior major N. occipitalis minor N. acccssorius Plexus venosns vertebral Is post Condylus occipitalis ., N. facialis N. vagus N. accessories -Y'y ? ; \?--f \ N. hypoglossus "V W^Hj). A M. rectus capitis ant' \\ \/|i ...\ N. Hngualis -|V Ramus mandibulae M. longus capitis N. massetericus M. massetcr M. buccinator Vcstibuhim ori: M. tensor veli palatini Pharynx N occipitalis major M. trapezius M. semispinalis capitis M. splenius capitis M. sternocleidomastoicleuB M. longissimus capitis ,. M. rectus capitis lat 'M^\ M. digastricus [venter posterior] ^>4-" V. jugularis interna A. carotis interna 4-~?J~ Gland ula parotis -A. carotis externa Lig. spbena mandibulare eolaris inferior Hngualis N. massetericus M. pterygoideus internus )jr\M. pterygoideus ex tern vis M caninus Palatum durum M. zygomaticus V. angularis \M. quadratus labii superioris Sinus maxillaris Glandulae palatinae M. orbicularis oris Section through the hard palate. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 13 OF HEAD 87 Lig. nuchae M. rectus capitis posterior major M. semispinals capitis M. trapezius Ganglion spinale N. cervicalis Il\ // \ ^Jv^i^''- ( /A N- occipitalis major Arcus posterior atlantis .Cavum subarachnoidealc N. occipitalis minor M. obliqnus capitis inferior Atlas M. sternocleido mastoideus V. jugularis interna N vagus N. facialis— N. hypoglossus N. accessorius Proc. styloideus Mandibula ■"' N. Hngualis Mm. constrictores pharyng V. facialis anterior M. buccinator' Pharynx [pars nasalis]. Rete venosum vertebrae Membrana atlantooccipitalis post A. occipitalis [ramus descendens] M. splenitis capitis |\\ ,-M longissimus capitis A. et v. vcrtebralis Proc. transversus ,. atlantis _. M. sternocleido- mastoideus V. auricularis post N. facialis V. jugularis externa N. accessorius carotis externa cerv. sup carotis interna §l f l.pr N. alveolaris inferior M. pterygoideus int. //-.M. masseter ^ M. longus capitis M. longus colli Mm. constrictores pharyngis Vestibulum oris ^Tonsilla palatina A. profunda linguae M. uvulae *' M. longitudinalis superior inguae Labium inferius l M. transversus linguae Uvula Section through the oral cavity. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 14 OF HEAD M. rectus capitis posterior major V. ccrvicalis profunda Proc. spinosus vertebrae cervicalis II /Medulla spinalis Epistropheus M. trapezius M. obliquus M. splen N. occipitalis M. sternocleidotnasto M. scalenus medi M. intertransversari M. levator scapulae M. splenius cervici: Ganglion cervicale superius N. accessorius - Glandula parotis- V. jugularis externa - N- facialis M. longus capitis. M. longus colli M. pterygoideus int M. stylopharyngeu N. alvcolaris infer M. mylohyoi V. facialis A. maxillaris capitis ; major icalis II ongissimuS capitis , splenius capitis A. et v. vertebralis M scalenus medius N. vagus V. jugularis interna A. carotis interna N. hypoglossus - A. carotis externa N. glossopharyngeus Mm. constrictores pharyngis M. styloglossus . lingualis M. masseter silia palatina axillaris externa Gingiva Glandula sublingualis f M. genioglossus 4 N. mentalis '■N. lingualis [ramus] M. quadratus labii inferioris Septum linguae Section through the body of the mandible. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 15 OF HEAD AND NECK 89 Medulla spinalis M. semispinalis ccrvicis V. cervicalis profunda M. semispinalis capitis M. splenitis capitis N. occipitalis M. longissimus ca M. sternoclcidomastoideu V. jugularis interna N. accessorius '-• N. vagus., N. hypoglossus^ Glandula parotis ... V. jugularis externa — V. pharyngea.... A. carotis externa Glandula submaxillar!: Tonsilla palatina -• N. alveolaris inferior V. facialis anterior N. lingua A. maxillaris extc M. myloh M. N. I Mandibula M. quadratus labii inferiorisr' M. mentalis M. genioglossus Proc, spinosus vertebrae cervicalis II M. semispinalis ccrvicis M. trapezius M. multifictus Sinus vertebralis ongitudinalis , M. splenitis capitis >\ .N. cervicalis III M. longissimus capitis ■^ \ A. vertebralis M. levator scapulae piv VVf'':-;V\ -M' scalenus medius M. longus capitis anglion cervicale - superius A. carotis interna V. jugularis interna "N. laryngeus sup - M. digastricus M. stylohyoideus A. maxillaris ext. Pharynx [pars oralis] * M. masseter M. styloglossus ■V. facialis anterior N. alveolarisjnferior N. lingualis ,M, hyoglossus M. triangularis 'Glandula sublingualis N. mentalis 'N. et v. lingualis N. hypoglossus [ramus] Foramen caecum linguae Section through the inferior portion of the mandible. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 90 CROSS SECTION No. 16 OF HEAD AND NECK Medulla spinalis Rcte vcnosum vertebrae V. cervicalis profunda M. semispinalis capitis M. longissimus capitis, N. occipitalis minor A. vertebralis-.. Proc. transversus vertebra cervicalis II I ^ N. cervicalis III... N. accessorius---.. N. vagus A. carotis interna Truncus sympathicus V. jugularis externa' A. carotis externa -~ N. hypoglossus- Mm. constrictores pharyng M. stylohyoideus--''' A. maxillaris externa'' V. facialis anterior Glandula submaxillaris' Platysma/ N. hypoglossus' M. niylohyoideus' A. et v. lingualis' M. hyoglossu Mandibula' i M. digastricus' N. mentalis nuchae M. semispinalis cervicis M multifidus Vertebra cervicalis III V. cervicalis profunda M. longissimus capitis M. splenitis cervicis ,N. occipitalis minor M. longissimus cervicis ,.M. longus colli ..N. cervicalis III ,--V. jugularis interna Ganglion cervicale sup -""" N. vagus — M. longus capitis . Cornu ma jus oss-hyoidci N. laryngeus superior ■-.A, carotis externa "-Glandula submaxillaris . M. pharyngopalatinus M. stylopharyngeus M, digastricus ~ V. facialis anterior Pharynx A. maxillaris externa '-•Lig. stylohyoideum N. hypoglossus \ '• A. et v. lingualis 'A. submen talis '^Epiglottis M. mylohyoid ens '■M. digastricus 'Radix linguae M. geniohyoideus Platysma Section passing through point of chin. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 17 OF NECK 91 Medulla spinalis M. trapezius ' Vertebra cervicalis IV Fibrocartilago intervertebrals III. A. et v. cervical Rete venosum verte M. levator scapula N. accessorius A. et v. vertebralis^ N. auricularis magnus - M. scalenus anterior V. jugularis externa N. vagus A. carotis interna V. facialis communis A. carotis externa Glomus caroticum V. -facialis posterior A. thyreoidea supi V. facialis anterior Platysma Glandula submaxilla Pharynx [pars laryngeal M. thyreohyoideus M. stylohyoidetis M. hyoglossus M. geniohyoideus Lig. nuchae Lig. flavum M. multifidus M. semispinnlis cervicis M. splenitis capitis spinalis capitis enius cervicis longissimus capitis longissimus cervicis levator scapulae N. cervicalis IV M. sternocleidomastoideus -V. jugularis interna -N. accessorius N. vagus Truncus sympathicus N. hypoglossus laryngeus superior [r. ext.J facialis anterior carotis externa laryngeus superior [r int.] constrictores pharyngis ubmaxillaris m [cornu ottica 'iOs hyoideum [corpus] V. submentals Lymphoglandula 1 ! M. mylohyoideus Section passing through hyoid bone. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 92 CROSS SECTION No. 18 OF NECK Vertebra cervicalis IV* Medulla spinalis Lig. flavurn M. semispinals cervicis- M semispinals capitis \ M. splenius capitis \ \ ,_ . . . M. trapezius M. Iongissimus capitis ; et M. splenius cervicis; V. cervicalis profunda- M. Iongissimus cervicii Lig. longitudinale posterius, M. levator scapulae. N. cervicalis V.- Proc. articularis superior. M. scalenus medius— Proc. transversus Vertebra cervicalis IV" M. stcrnocleidomastoidcusf^ M, scalenus anterior ^"™* et N. vagus M. longus colli et capiti, N. hypoglossus [r. descenden A. carotis commun: Cartilago thyreoidea''' M. constrictor pharyngis inferior V. commun ica Platy: N. laryngeus superior [ramus intcrnus M. sternohyoideus et M. omoliyoidcus Vestibulum laryngis*' Cartilago cpiglottica V. jugularis anterior' , Lig. nucliae Proc. spinosus vertebrae cervicalis IV / M, semispinalis cervicis / / M. multifidus / / / M. semispinalis capitis M. splenius capitis trapezius . et v. cervicalis profunda \I. splenius cervicis N cervicalis V, et M. Iongissimus capitis ,- Proc, articularis M Iongissimus cervicis M. levator scapulae , .. N. accessories Li A // v\,il" ^' a urictilaris magnus N. cervicalis III N. cervicalis IV A. et v. vertebralis et V. jugularis interna M. scalenus anterior et "N. hypoglossus N - va S L,s Iruncus sympathicus et ' A. carotis communis M, longus colli M. longus capitis \. thyrcoidea superior et V. facialis communis Mm. constrictores pharyngis N. laryngeus superior [ramus internus] M. thyreohyoideus \ Pharynx [pars laryngea] Cartilago thyreoidea Cartilago corniculata Section through the larynx. Upper surface. See pp. 73-4 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® FASCIAE OF NECK. APPROACH TO OESOPHAGUS 93 , Rima glottidis / Fascia praevertcbralis Fascia colli M. sternocleidomastoideus 1 N. vagus Cartilago thyreoidea Pharynx M. omohyoideus A. carotis communis-, V. jugularis interna V. jugularis externa- -ty M. scalenus medius ■•* M. trapezius Medulla spinalis M. semispinalis cervicis ft' capitis Cross section of the neck (schematic) at the level of the larynx, showing the cervical fasciae Superficial fascia red ; middle fascia blue; deep fascia yellow. The (*) indicates the Fascia colli media . M. sternohvoideus M. sternothyreoideus ,Fascia colli Platysma M. omohyoideus Glandula thyreoidea V. jugularis externa--- £'j, -M$fM>>' *& M. sternocleidomastoideus Lymphoglandulae cervical es / ,' profundae inferiores / / A. thyreoidea inferior / I N. vagus' N. recurrens Fascia praevertebralis V. jugularis interna _,-A. carotis communis D Truncus sympathicus I'M. scalenus anterior A. et v. vertebralis *'N. recurrens 'M. longus colli Oesophagus Trachea Modes of approach to the oesophagus and the cervical sympathetic ganglion shown by means of a cross section of the neck at the level of the 7th cervical vertebra. A: Approach to oesophagus internal to carotid sheath as shown on p. 1 10. B : An incision in mid-line beneath the hyoid bone to the oesophagus. C : An approach similar to (A) , median to the carotid sheath, and (D), external to the carotid sheath, to expose the cervical sympathetic ganglion and trunk and the inferior thyreoid artery. Digitized by Microsoft® 94 SPACES OF NECK. SURROUNDING FASCIAE Sinus sphenoidalis Mandibula — Fascia praevertebralis Corpus stern Median sagittal section of the neck to show the different fasciae and the spaces they sur- round. A: Superficial space, contained between the skin and the superficial cervical fascia. B : Second space bounded by the superficial cervical fascia anteriorly and posteriorly by the middle cervical fascia. C: Third space situated between the middle and deep cervical fasciae. D : Fourth space or prevertebral space, situated between the deep fascia and the vertebral column. The arrows indicate the course which pus accumulations may take: in the case of A in front of the sternum ; m the case of B arrested at the sternum ; and in the case of C and D descending freely into the thoracic cavity. Digitized by Microsoft® APPROACHES TO UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT 95 Os hyoideum [corpus] --' a ^ Cartilago thyreoidea — Cartilago cricoidea " ^ Glandula thyreoidea " Trachea— M sternohyoideus ffK' Manubrium sterni Vestibulum laryngis —Cartilago cricoidea Operative approaches through the front of the neck to the larynx, pharynx and trachea, a: Approach to pharynx between the hyoid and the thyreoid cartilages, b: Approach to the larynx between the thyreoid and cricoid cartilages, c : Approach to the larynx below the cricoid cartilage and above the isthmus of the thyreoid gland, d: Approach for low tracheotomy. Digitized by Microsoft® 96 BRAIN — CLINICAL LOCALIZATION LINES Kronlein and Froriep's scheme for localizing the fissure of Sylvius and the fissure of Rolando, aa: Reid's base line, bb: Kronlein's plane, cc: Posterior vertical line at right angles to base line at posterior border of mastoid, dd: Middle vertical line at right angles to base line from condyloid process of mandible, ee: Anterior vertical line at right angles to base line at middle of zygoma, ef: Fissure of Sylvius, edc: Fissure of Rolando. Digitized by Microsoft® BRAIN — CLINICAL LOCALIZATION AREAS 97 Sulcus centralis Sulcus praecentrahs External view of right cerebral hemisphere showing (in light red) the cortical centers, and the subcortical centers (in darker red). 1 . Rotation of the head toward the opposite side. 2. Motor aphasia. Since the third frontal convolution has been drawn from a direct view (unshortened) the frontal area of speech appears greatly magnified. Paralysis of the striated muscles of the tongue, face, oesophagus and larynx. Paralysis of the arm and hand. Paralysis of the leg and foot. 6. Sensory disturbances of the face. 7. Sensory disturbances of the arm and the sensation of touch. 8. Sensory disturbances of leg. Island aphasia. Situated in the upper temporal convolution and in the gyrus temporalis transversus (Heschl's convolution). Sensory aphasia. Near the convexity: Alexia and agraphia. In the depth near the median surface, pure alexia. Next to it: Amnesic aphasia; in the depth, apraxia. Amnesic aphasia and optic-tactile aphasia. In bilateral destruction: Loss of psychological perception of visual objects. The oc- cipital brain appears shortened in the drawing. 16. Deviation conjuguSe. The (*) indicates the central region of the cortex. 3- 4- 5- Cl- io. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15- Digitized by Microsoft® 98 BRAIN — CORTICAL CENTERS The brain in its relation to the head, showing the chief cortical centers of the cerebrum of the right hemisphere. The center for speech co-ordination is not so well developed in the average right-handed individual as here shown, but is present in the left hemisphere. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 99 Ganglion semilunare A. meningea inedia^'j' ,-Os frontale Exposure of the Gasserian ganglion and middle meningeal artery through a flap incision of the scalp and skull. The dura mater and brain are retracted upwards. The (*) points to the Foramen spinosum through which the middle meningeal artery passes as it enters the cranial cavity. Digitized by Microsoft® 100 TYPICAL. INCISIONS Sinus transversus 7 " / / M. sternocleidomastoideus / Antrum tympanicum < J A. Mastoid incision with trephine openings over important structures (sinus, antrum, gyrus inferior temporalis). B. Incision exposing the superficial temporal artery and auriculo-temporal nerve. C. Incision exposing the external maxillary (facial) artery. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISION 101 Os temporale M. masseter -"^ N. alveolaris inferior — "■="■< S^ Mandibula A. maxillaris externa A: Exposure of the middle meningeal artery thru a trephine opening in the skull. B: Ex- posure of the inferior alveolar nerve thru a. trephine opening in the mandible, and facial artery (A. maxillaris externa). Digitized by Microsoft® 102 TYPICAL INCISIONS N. supratrochlearis. A. et n. supraorbital M, orbicularis oculi (pars palpebrals] ■-■ M. orbic.oculi^ [pars palpebralis]' M. quadratus iabii superioris N. infraorbital is — V" Sinus frontalis Incisions with exposure of the supraorbital artery and nerve, the infraorbital nerve and the frontal sinus. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 103 N. maxillaris Nn. sphenopalatine-- -l-L — •. Sinus maxillaris M. masseter" A. infraorbitalis -N. infraorbitalis -Sinus maxillaris [Basis] Exposure of the second (superior maxillary) division of the trigeminal nerve at the foramen ovale. The probe is in the foramen ovale. Digitized by Microsoft® 104 TYPICAL INCISIONS 'Jlm^ maxillaris externa ;Glartdula parous M. masseter V. facialis anterior . N. facialis -^ -0\v.H"\*^.. [ramus] ~"^~C§^- Lymphoglandula — ^v^—i N hypoglossus_~gSj V. lingualis ^^ A. lingualis"^- M digastricus -^ — -i^? M hyoglossus M. stylohyoideus Platysma An angular incision from the corner of the mouth, across the mandible to a point opposite the hyoid bone to show the structures encountered in this region. The submaxillary gland has been displaced anteriorly. The (*) indicates the periosteum of the mandible. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 105 Gyrus frontalis inferior Os frontale Glandula lacrimalis ~/c:--*...vv._ H c , , ' /H Lorpus adiposum orbitac * 4.-&V* Vvil Fornix conjunctivae superior Corpus vitreum Septum orbitale tuli excretorii [glandula lacrimalis] levator palpebrae supcrioris Lens crvstallina The two portions of the lacrimal gland, as seen in a lateral sagittal section of the orbit. A: Mode of entrance for extirpation of the palpebral portion of the lacrimal gland. B: Mode of entrance for extirpation of the orbital portion of the lacrimal gland. Falx cerebri Concha nasalis superior A. cerebri anterior , Corpus callosum [genu] Commissura anterior / cerebri YChiasma opticum — Hypophysis Sinus sphenoidalis Sinus sphenoidal Sinus frontal Ostium pharyngeum. tubae auditivae Concha nasalis inferior Concha nasalis media Median sagittal section thM§ft'^fiSfea7'8afv9(^?'Splienoidal sinus, and the hypophysis, showing a surgical approach to the hypophysis, as well as the direction followed in sounding the frontal and sphenoidal sinuses and the Eustachian tube. 106 TYPICAL INCISIONS A. temporalis superficialis V;.^ #»* ,.A. meningea media A. maxillaris interna 2j-— A. angularis A. carotis externa A. occipitalis A. carotis interna - A. carotis externa A. maxillaris externa submentals A. subclavia "A. anonyma Surface projection of the arteries of the neck and face (in red), with a line of incision (in black) anterior to the sternocleidomastoid muscle, through which the common, internal and external carotids, and the superior thyreoid, lingual and facial (A. maxillaris externa) arteries may be ligated. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 107 N. hypoglossus A. carotis externa maxillans externa Glandula submaxillaris "L**^^"""-M. digastricus ,--A. carotis communis M. pectoralis major^. N. medianus- M. deltoideus N. hypoglossus [ramus descendens] M. omohyoideus A. carotis communis Glandula thyreoidea M. sternohyoideus M. intercostalis internus- Pleura parietalis A. mammaria interna Corpus sterni'' Incisions in the neck and thorax showing chief points for ligation. A: Exposure of the lingual artery above the greater cornu of the hyoid. B : Exposure of the common carotid at the level of the cricoid cartilage. C: Exposure of the innominate artery. D: Exposure of the first part of the axillary artery beneath the clavicle. E : Exposure of the internal mam- mary artery. Digitized by Microsoft® 108 TYPICAL INCISIONS A. carotis communis M. sternocleidomastoideus' V. jugularis interna *gy I, — N. hypoglossus [ramus descendens] N. vagus carotis communis Fascia colli Plexus brachialis V. transversa colli A. subclavia Clavicula V jugularis externa j M. scalenus anterior \ M. sternocleidomastoideus \ N. phrenicus M. omohyoideus A: Exposure of the carotid sheath (shown in green) and internal jugular vein (shown in light blue). B : Exposure of the deep vessels and nerves of the neck (carotid sheath in green). Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 109 Vertebra cerv Proc. trans' A. carotis communis N. hypoglossus [ramus... h^i descendens] V. jugularis interna M. sternocleidomastoideus 5§? ^ISnSSv - M. sternohyoideus Exposure of the external maxillary (facial) artery, of the common carotid, inferior thy- reoid, vertebral arteries and of the recurrent laryngeal (N. laryngeus inferior) nerve. Digitized by Microsoft® 110 TYPICAL INCISIONS M. sternocleidoinastoideu's^S N. recurrens Exposure of the oesophagus and trachea through an incision in the neck parallel to the anterior border of the right sternocleidomastoid muscle. The omohyoid muscle has been cut away. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 111 Membrane thyreoidea \\- Cartilago thyreoidea Membrana crico thyreoidea Glandula thyreoidea V. thyreoidea inferior A mid-line incision in the neck from the hyoid bone to the suprasternal notch. Digitized by Microsoft® n: TYPICAL INCISIONS M. trapezius N. occipitalis major l t A. occipitalis M rectus capitis posterior major M. obliquus capitis inferior M. trapezius ,v *A'\\\ M N. occipitalis minor M. semispinalis capitis M. trapezius sternocleidomastoideus Wr "v/" M. splenius capitis M. semispinalis capitis M. sternocleidomastoideus N. occipitalis minor M. longissimus capitis N. occipitalis major "M. splenius capitis M. semispinalis capitis Exposure of the occipital artery and the small occipital nerve in incision to the left. On tne right, exposure of a large segment of the great occipital nerve. Digitized by Microsoft® INCISION LINES OF ENTIRE BODY 113 Lines of incisions through the skin-. These figures represent the lines of cleavage in the skin and also the chief directions of s^Bitj^S^S^WUff^fSdJi^^^ Wood vessels and nerves. As a general rule, incisions may be maae arong Tttese fines, down to the deeper structures with the least danger of severing important structures. 114 PROJECTION OF VISCERA OF TRUNK Apex pulmonis / Puln Valvula tricuspid Caput hui ■ Arcns aortac , Valvula mitralis , Clavicula ' Proc. coracoideus "r'.'*" t,t Mi" i .3'r ^^0 :c 4y^Mw* Diaphragma — S^fi_ J ^S it £ i '„...' „/..„* 7 < '-?.:W->? S~. > .>--%, Hepar . '..■1> V. ; ■ * /.-^ no A \ /..V-<-.ytc#, : ii:-o -//, ^^Mm^mm Vesica fellca Flexura coli Colon ascendens Proc. vermiformis 1\ ' \ '• '« / '' ■'' i -'7 -*"*<* l- ry Cjr^/^^T^'' r ~^^r^\ — Flexura col Y~ a i\ / '/&??:■. V^V^O^vT- "' ! ' T v - ' r " , ' , ■ >-j%f — Pancreas /^^n j&-? Vesica urinaria [caput] —^^7 — Colon transversur Colon descendens A_ Colon sigmuideum Surface projection of the abdominal and thoracic viscera showing the average vertebral levels of organs based upon reconstructions from over fifty subjects. Anterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF VISCERA OF TRUNK US Vertebra thoracalis I \/ Scapula [angulus medialisk Pulmo Caput humeri Intestinum rectu Os ischii Surface projection of the abdominal and thoracic viscera showing the average vertebral levels of organs, based upon reconstructions from over fifty subjects. Posterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 116 VISCERA OF TRUNK IN SITU V anonyma dextra V. thyreoidea ima^> Trachea * Oesophagus \ ,' X^- A. carotis communis A. subclavia - Lobus inferior pulmonis apula Colon sigmoideum Funiculus spermaticus Vesica urinaria Peritonaeum Thoracic and abdominal viscera shown in their normal relations to the skeleton. Anterior Digitized by Microsoft® VISCERA OF TRUNK IN SITU 117 Vertebra thoracalis I - -Diaphragma Glandula suprarenalis Lig. sacrotuberosum Vesica urinaria Femur 7'' ::- "~ ^~" — *£ I I Intestinum rectum-'' Thoracic and abdominal viscera shown in their normal relations to the skeleton. Posterior Digitized by Microsoft® 118 VISCERA OF TRUNK IN SITU Diaphragma Lig. sacrospinosum Lig. sacroiliacum'' x^ / Intesttnum rcctu alis VII M.. psoas major — ■* P on ascentlcns — / — «-j*~ Colon ascentlcns Os ilium obits superior pulmonis Lobus medi'us pulmonis - Lobus inferior pulmonis j- Vesica fellea — Ventriculus --Colon transversum - Intestinum — M. iliopsoas x - Lig. inguinale „ A. et v. femoralis „ Femur _ Thoracic and abdominal viscera shown in their normal relations to the skeleton, from the right side. Digitized by Microsoft® VISCERA OF TRUNK IN SITU 119 Lobus superior pulmonis Lobus inferior pulmonis Colon transversum Intestinum Colon sigmoideu Lig. ingTJinale A. et v. femoral Intestinum rectum Lig. sacrospinosum Lie. sacrotuberosum Thoracic and abdominal viscera shown in their normal relation to the skeleton, from the left side. Digitized by Microsoft® 120 MUSCLES OF TRUNK M. sternohyoideus M. sternothyrcoidcu M. sternocleidomastoideus minor racobrachialis eltoideus M. biceps brachii [caput longum] biceps brachii caput breve] latissimus dorsi Funiculus sperniaticus Margo falciform! V. femoralis M. sartorius — V saphcna magna ,M. adductor longus ratus anterior rcostalis ext. rcostalis int. semicircularis iquus intemus minis ctus abdominis a iliaca anterior perior . sartorius '. tensor fasciae latae rectus femoris M. iliopsoas M. pectineus M, glutaeus med M. vastus inter- medins obturator ext. M. adductor brevts 'M. adductor longus Superficial and deep muscles of the trunk. The sternocleidomastoid, pectoralis major, anterior portion of deltoid, the external oblique j^nem-p^f the internal oblique, tensor fasciae latae sartorius, rectus femoris, ilWpT^e^eWn^^^t&r longus and the gracilis muscles of the left side have been cut away to expose the underlying muscles. Anterior view. MUSCLES OF TRUNK 121 i. sternocleidomastoid en Proc. spinosus vert cervicalis VII V M, trapezius Acromion >, M. deltoideus M. !e\ r ator scapulae M. rhomboideus minor M. rhomboideus major , M. supraspinatus Fascia infraspinatus deltoideus M. teres major Fascia lumbodorsali M. obliquus externu: abdominis '. M. triceps brachii M, teres minor M latissimus dorsi M. serratus posterior inferior Vertebra thoracalis XII lYigonum lumbale M. glutaeus maximUS Trochanter major -- Superficial and deep mxi$c\e$}faj$^te\$fy.M The ht.j&jmus dorsi and the trapezius on the right side have been cut away to expose the underlying muscles. Posterior view. 122 DIAGRAM OF LYMPHATICS OF TRUNK _ Diagram showing the distribution of the chief lymphatic glandular groups and their tribu- taries. The arrows show the direction of lymph drainage. Digitized by Microsoft® SUPERFICIAL LYMPHATICS OF TRUNK 123 Superficial lymphatics of the trunk, axilla and groin. Digitized by Microsoft® 124 DEEP LYMPHATICS OF TRUNK V. jugtilaris interna Ductus lymphattcus dexter... V. anonym a dext V cava superior V. subclavia dextra Lymphoglandulae intercostales Ductus thoracicus V. subclavia sinistra Lymphoglandulae axillares 'Plexus axillaris Ductus thoracicus V. hemiazygos Crus mediale partis lumbalis diaphragmat Plexus lumbal Plexus aortic Lymphoglandulae sacrales Fascia iliopectinea Plexus sacralis - roedius Lymphoglandulae^ ihguinales Plexus inguinalis — Lymphoglandulae subinguinales A. femoralis-" V. femoralis ' Cisterna chyli el Truncus intestinalis Truncus lumbalis Lymphoglandulae um bales psoas major Lymphoglandulae iliacae Lig. inguinale Plexus inguinalis — "V. saphena magna The thoracic duct and the lymphatic trunks opening into that vessel; the lymphatic vessels and lymphatic glands of the posterior wall of the abdomen; the superficial and deep lymphatic vessels and lymphatic glands of the groin. Digitized by Microsoft® CUTANEOUS NERVES OF TRUNK 125 The distribution of cutaneous nerves on the front of the trunk. On one side the distribu- tion of the several nerves is represented, the letters indicating their nomenclature. CIRC: Cutaneous branch of axillary nerve; E.C. : Lateral femoral cutaneous nerves; G.C.; Lumbo- inguinal nerve; I.C.\ M.C. 1 and M.C. 2 : Anterior cutaneous rami of the femoral nerve; S.C.: N. cutaneus colli; S.C1. : Supraclavicular nerves of which St. represents the anterior, CL. the middle and ACR. the posterior divisions; T.2-12: Lateral and anterior branches of thoracic nerves. On the opposite side is a sch£hg/(f<2e$rJ^rM/fl0e£»f>fi!!® areas supplied by the above nerves ; the numerals and letters indicate the spinal origins of the nerves' distributed to each area. 126 CUTANEOUS NERVES OF TRUNK The distribution of cutanoous nerves on the back of the trunk. On the left side the distribu- tion of the several nerves is represented, the letters indicating their nomenclature. ACR.: Pos- terior supraclavicular branches from cervical plexus; CIRC: Cutaneous branches of axillary nerve; E.C.: Lateral femoral cutaneous nerve; L.i: Lateral cutaneous branch of iliohypogastric nerve; S.i ; Lateral branches of sacral nerves; T.l-12: Cutaneous branches of the posterior rami of the thoracic nerves. Digitized by Microsoft® Un the right side is a schematic representation of the areas supplied by the above nerves- the numerals and letters indicate the spinal origins of " DISTRIBUTION OF SPINAL NERVES 127 MOTOR Sterno ^mastoid Tra pezius Hand (ulnar lowest) Flexors, hip Extensors, knee [(Adductors 1 hip Abductors Extensors (?) Flexors, knee (?) Muscles of leg mov- ing foot Perineal and anal uscles SENSORY \ Neck and scalp { Neck and shoulder Shoulder Arm Hand Front of thorax Xiphoid area Abdomen (Umbilicus 10th) Buttock, upper part Groin and scrotum (front) Lateral side REFLEX Thigh front . Medial side Leg, medial side Buttock, lower Back of thigh Leg 1 and > except medial .foot J part Perineum and anus Skin from coccyx to anus Scapular Epigastric Abdominal \ Cremasteric I I Knee-joint Gluteal Foot-clonus Plantar Table giving the approximate areas of distribution of the different spinal nerves with a diagram showing their respective levels of exit from the vertebral column. Digitized by Microsoft® 128 LUMBAR AND SACRAL NERVE PLEXUSES Ramus cutaneus lateralis .—.«-. H. femoralis- N. iliohypogastricus. N. genitofcmoralis — N. iliohypogastricus ramus cut. lat. N. ilioinguinalis to m. psoas major,---" et minor N. spermaticus cxtcrmis N. cutaneus femoris lateralis N. lumboinguinalis---" to m. iliacus—- Ramus cutaneus ant. ,--' et to m. sartorius " to m. guadriceps, N. saphenus . to m. pectiiieus- ,,. to mm. pectineus et psoas major 1 y N. obturatorius acccssorius N. obturatorius N. glutacus superior N. peronaeus''' N. glntaeus inferior'' N_._ tibialis to mm. adductor magnus semimembranosus , scmitendinosus et biceps femoris ' [caput longum] to mm.quadratus fejn \/ et gemellusjnferiorj to mm. obturator inO et gemellus, superior) N. cutaneus femoris posterior r N. ciunium. inferior medialis Nn. perinei et dorsalis penis, / Nn. haemorrfioidales inferiorcs / / to m. levator ani Tkiz to in. inter- transversarius " " to m. cjuadratus T a luinborum to in. inter- transversarius to m, fjuadratus t luinborum to m. inler- Iransvcrsarins "" to m. qyadratus T lumbonim -"--—to m. intcr- transversarius *"*■ to m. cjuadratus t Imnborum to in. inter - transversarius i-j^—Tr uncus " lumbosacral Si "~;-.>to m. piriformis Plexus lumbal is I Plexus , sacralis • Plexus pudendus Plexus coccygeus I Nn. anococcygei to m. coccygeus Right lumbar and sacral plexuses, schematic, viewed from in front. The darkly shaded trunks are derivatives of the dorsal half of the plexus. Digitized by Microsoft® LUMBAR AND SACRAL PLEXUSES 129 Costa VI - N. intercostalis VI ----/ — Cartilago costalis VIII N. intercostalis IX N. intercostalis XII N. iliohypogastricus N. ilioinguinal i N. cutaneus femoris lateral N. genitofemoralis — Spina iliaca anterio; superior N, glutaeus superior N. spermaticus externus Lig. inguinale--- N. femoralis- N. lumboinguinalis _ N femoraJis [ram muscularesl Femur N. ischiadicus _,, N. vagus dexter __.. N vagus sinister Ganglion coeliacum — Vertebra lumbalis I - Plexus lumbalis Ganglion lumbale Truncus sympathicus N. lumbalis III communicanUs *ft~ ~- N. lumbalis V „ Plexus sacralis Nn. sacralcs I - IV rami antcrioresl Ganglion sacrale Glomus coccygeum N. ilioinguinalis N spermaticus externus N. pudcndns N. obturaiorius [ramus anterior] The right lumbar and sacral plexuses of systemic and sympathetic nerves and their branches. Sympathetic nerves uncolored; systemic nerves yellow. Digitized by Microsoft® 130 SPINAL CORD, NERVES; VISCERA OF TRUNK Vertebra cervicalis IV V V jugularis externa A. vertebralis V. jugularis interna M. sternocleidomastoideus N. cervicalis VII VI V Caput humeri Vert. thor. Ill A. et v. axillaris N. thoracalis triceps brachii N. glutaeus superior Plexus lumbosacral M. gemellus superior M. gemellus inferior M. transversus perinei superficialis M. latissimus dorsi M. quadratus lumborum Vertebra sacralis I M. glutaeus minimus A. et v. glutaea superior Vertebrae coccygea I M. piriformis A. pudenda interna M. quadratus femoris N. ischiadicus M. levator ani The spinal cord, spinal nerves, brachial and lumbar plexuses, and the thoracic and abdominal of theVerfebS " ^ ^ ^WxeJW^ofSm^ * hd ° m ™ 1 WaU aM the archeS VISCERA OF TRUNK 131 Glandula thyreoidea Costa III Atrium dextrum — : Lobus medius pulmonis Lobus inferior pulmonis Diaphragma • Hepar Lig. hepatogastric urn Foramen epiploicum _ Lig. hepatoduodenale Vesica fellea - Flexura coli dextra ■ A. et v. mesenterica — ■ superior Colon ascendens - Aorta abdominalis — Mesenterium Intestinum ileum -*: Intestinum caecum A. carotis communis et N. vagus interna thyreoidea ima N. phrenicus Arcus aortae Costa III Lobus superior pulmonis Ventriculus cordis .. Lobus inferior pulmonis - Pars cardiaca ventriculi Lien ars pylorica ventriculi phrenicocolicum xura duodenojejunalis -Colon descendens -A. mesenterica inf i A. iliaca communis Promontorium Proc. vcrmiformis "\ Colon sigmoideum Position of the thoracic and abdominal viscera, seen from in front, after removal of the anterior thoracic and abdominal walls, as well as portions of the thoracic and abdominal viscera. Digitized by Microsoft® 132 DISSECTION OF THORAX Arcus aortae\ \. carotis communis Clavicula N.vagu Trachea V. azygo: Lig. arteriosum A. pulmonalis ramus sinister] V. pulmonalis *' d extra Diaphragifta * Topography of the retrocardiac structures of the mediastinum, after the removal of the heart and pericardium. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF THORAX 133 Pharynx i/7/ll/u. carotis communis fruncus sympalhicus M. scalenus anterior-. cava superior t\7 Vv. pulmonal. Diaphragma Structures of the mediastinum and neck, seen from behind after removal of the cervical and thoracic vertebrae, the lungs and the dorsal halves of the ribs. Digitized by Microsoft® 134 DISSECTION OF THORAX Costa I Cupula pleura ,A subclavia V. intercostal A. intercostal): N. intercostal Trachea V. intercostahs suprema dextra" -V. jugularis interna --V. subclavia N T . splanchnicus major um stern i agus pericardiacophrenica V. cava superior ■-Aorta ascendens "•Thymus — N. phrenicus ""Pericardium V pulmonalis dextra Vertebra thoracalis VIII [corpus] v Diaphragma Deep structures of the right thoracic cavity, after removal of the right lung. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF THORAX 135 Costa T A. subclavia\ \ A. mammaria interna \ N. phren Manubrium stern A. pulmona A. pericardiacophrenica Thymus - V. pulmonalis— -" sinistra Pericardium l Diaphragma *j ,Arcus aortae ^Ganglion thoracale Xosta IV V. intercostalis --A. intercostalis N. intercostalis Truncus sympathicus V. hemiazygos accessoria N. splanchnicus major ~~~ V. hemiazygos ~~N. vagus Aorta thoracal^ Oesophagus Deep structures of the left thoracic cavity after removal of the left lung. Digitized by Microsoft® 136 LUNGS IN INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION Front Right Side Left Side Back Schematic representation of the topography of the lungs and pleura. The yellow represents the lungs at exp.rat.on; the blue^jffg^j^^osoff® X-RAY POSITION OF STOMACH 137 Digitized by Microsoft® 138 ATTACHMENTS OF MESENTERY V. cava inferior, Lig. coronarium hepatis x Diaphragma . Lig. falciforme hepatis Vestibulum bursaeomentalis" For epiptoicum Lig. coronarium hepatis Pancreas Flexura duodenojejuna Duodenum Ren- Radix mesenterii • Mesocolon ascendens Plica umbilicalis lateralis" Plica umbilicalis « .. medialis \J Costa V -Lig. triangulare -Oesophagus Lig. phrenicolienale -- Bursa omentalis -Lig. gastrolienal . Lie. phrenicocolicum .Mesocolon transversum Ren Mesocolon descendens Ureter i Mesocolon 'k sigmoideum -Ductus deferens The posterior abdominal wall, especially the omental bursa. The liver, stomach, spleen, large and small intestines have been removed. Only the duodenum, pancreas and rectum have been left in place. The lower portion of the anterior abdominal wall has been reflected down- ward. Yellow indicates attachments of mesentery. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF ABDOMEN 139 Vv. licpaticac, ,A coeliaca , Oesophagus Diaphragma V. porta Ductus clioled* N, ilioinguinal! V. cava inferior N. genitofemoral)! M. psoas major -Lien -A. et v. lienalis Pancreas [cauda] ■ Flexura duodenojejunalis Duodenum N. iliohypogastricus a:- 1 .Vj.-_ A mesenterica inferior l|,„A..tv. pcrmatica interna N. cutancus femovis lateralis . A. et v. iliaca communis --N. femoralis Colon sigmoideum Vesica urinaria ■ A. epigastrica inferior Duodenum, pancreas, spleen and the organs of the posterior abdominal wall in position. A portion of the lower anterior abdominal wall has been reflected downward to show the urinary bladder and epigastric arteries. Digitized by Microsoft® 140 DEEP DISSECTION OF ABDOMEN A. coeliaca A. mesenterica superior A. phrenica inferior \ V cava inferior \ \ Hiatus oesophageus n. ap lanchnicus major A. suprarenalis V. lumbalis ascendens / Diaphragma A. test V. testic . et v. lumbalis II N. intercostalis XII M. quadratus lumborum Truncus sympathicus Aorta N. femoralis N. lumboinguinalis N. spermaticus externus A. et v. testiculars Ductus deferens Ureter A. hypogastrics N. cutaneus femoris lateralis A. et v. circumflexa ilium profunda A, et v. epigastrica inferior A. et v. iliaca externa I i A. ileolumbalis Vesica urinaria Intestinum rectum Deep dissection of the posterior portion of abdomen, exposing the blood vessels and nerves of the lumbosacral plexus. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF ABDOMEN 141 Pulmo — »■- - ,-- Di'aphragma Glandula suprarenalis Dissection of the abdominal viscera, viewed from behind. The relation of the duodenum and colon to the right kidney is clearly shown. Digitized by Microsoft® 142 DISSECTION SHOWING LOWER ABDOMINAL WALL Umbilicus Plica umbilicalis media Plica umbilicalis lateralis Peritonaeum parietal Fovea inguinalis lateralis M rectus abdominis ; A. epigastrica inferior Annulus inguinalis abdominahs N. femorali M. iliopsoas/ Plica epigastrica i A. et v. iliaca externa' Fovea inguinalis medialis' V \ 'A. iliaca externa \ N Lig. inguinale 'Annulus femoralis Lig. umbilicalc laterale Ductus deferens' Plica pubovesicalis 'Ureter Vesicula seminalis ' Fovea supravesicalis Vesica urinaria The lower portion of the anterior abdominal wall, viewed from within. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF PERINEUM 143 Corpus cavernosum Aa.ct nn. scrotales posteriores M bulbo- cavernosu A. profunda penis M. ischio- cavernosus A. bulb i urethrae M. transversu perinei super- ficialis N. cut femoris N. perinei-.,/,/// N.clunium if/. inferior ,, ///. lateralis 'Milt A. pudenda j///r N dorsalis.' penis N. haemor- rhoidalis inferior N. pudendus Lig. sacrotuberosum M. glutaeus maximus M. sphincter ani externus ^N. pudendus ]A. eL v. pudenda interna \ A. haemorrhoidalis inferior ; M. levator ani Nn. clunium inferiores mediales N.anococcygeus Lig. anococcygeum Dissection of the nerves and blood vessels of the perineum and scrotum. Digitized by Microsoft® 144 DISSECTION OF PELVIC ORGANS Vertebra lumbalis V Promontorium, C ' v I . [A. et v.ihaca communis i, , \\. .a4i Cauda equina i M. rectus abdomin tus deferens eminahs Epididym anococcygeum Lig. arcuatum pubis Plexus venosus vesicalis Diaphragma urogenital M. sphincter ani cxternus Prostata 'Vesica urinaria ct Glandula bulbourethral Male pelvis Deep structures seen after removal of the left pelvic wall. The bladder and rectum are moderately distended. Digitized by Microsoft® SECTION OF PELVIC ORGANS 145 Vertex vesicae urinariae Peritonaeum parietale \ Symphysis \l bssium '~A^i pubis Lig. suspensoi ium penis V. dorsalis penis - Corpus cavernosuni urethrae Septum penis- Pars cavernosa _ urethrae Corona glandis Orificium u externum Vesica urinaria Orificium urethrae ... Prostata Ctriculus prostaticus : Tars analis recti M. sphincter ani internus \ M. sphincter ani extern us \Glandula bulbourethral Diaphragma urogenitale Pars membranacea urethrae Eulhus urethrae Tunica vaginalis M. bulbocavernosus Testis Median sagittal section through the pelvic organs in the male, viewed from the left side. The urinary bladder has been only partly distended. The urethra is represented somewhat dilated. Digitized by Microsoft® 146 FRONTAL SECTION OF PELVIS Orificium urethrae internum \ Ductus deferens- Peritonaeum---! f Fascia obturatona Membrana obturator Prostata Os ischii [ramus inferior Trigonum Vesicae ( Orificinm urcteris ''%'£,/ ^.--Fascia pelvis M. obturator intemus IV M. levator ani ^!>J^___Fascia diaphragmatis pelvis superior — Fascia endopelvina •Arcus tendineus fasciae pelvis **— M. obturator extcrnus Fascia prostatae Diaphragma urogenitalc/ M. sphincter urethrae/ V\ \ x Crus penis ^M. iscliiocavernosus ( M, bulbocavernosus Bulbus urethrae Urethra ' Frontal section of the male pelvis, passing through the prostate, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF TRUNK 147 Oesophagus A. carotis communis Clavicula V. subclavia ,. Costa I Arcus aortae N. femoralis A. et \ . femoralrs Lig- suspensonura penis Ramus superior ossis pubis Corpus cavernosum penis 1/jf* Funiculus spermaticus Urethra - ' Frontal section of the male trunk. The plane of section passes anterior to the mid-axillary line, exposing the structures whic^f^'^^cg^^'^^jg^tgie anterior abdominal wall. 148 FRONTAL SECTION OF THORAX '" e 3 o ■a j3 M o - a. ■a o Ph Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF PELVIS 149 Digitized by Microsoft® 150. SAGITTAL SECTION OF TRUNK Cartilage cricoidea Oesophagus ., Glandula i Mamibriuir Aorta ascen Auricula dcxl Corpus stern A. coronaria cordis dextra - Ventriculus dexter — Atrium dextrui Proc. xiphoideus Diaphragma -- Pancreas-. A. hepatica Omentum minus Ventriculus Mesocolon A. mesenterien superior Colon transversum Omentum majus SEt V. iliaca sinistra— M. rectus abdominis . Vesica urinaria \\ Lig suspensorium penis Symphysis ossium pubis V. dorsalis pen ,.V. anonyma sinistra anonyma Bronchus dexter Bronchus sinister .—A pulmonalis dexter Atrium sinistrum _— -Aorta descendens Hepar — Diaphragma — Aorta abdominalis — V. mesenteric^ superior A. renalis dextra renalis sinistra Pancreas Duodenum A. iliaca dextra Intestinum rectum ---Ductus deferens M. sphincter ani externus "Ductus ejaculatorius Prostata "' Scrotum'' ^S&SS^ "M. sphincter ani internus SECTION OF THORAX AND PART OF ABDOMEN 151 Plexus brachials Cartilago costahs Lymp'hoglandula mediastinalis Lymphoglandula bronchialis Hilus pulmon Pleura costalis —j*ja& Auricula sinistra Ventriculu? clexter 'YmMlvrjL^ \ami bronchiales Pleura pulmonalis Septum musculare ventriculorum cordis Pericardium Cavum pericardii Diaphragma Hepar [lobus sinister] \ Corpus ventriculi - Peritonaeum parietale Cavum peritonaei Pleura parietalis Cavum pleurae Fundus ventriculi 4fiHSlV Oiaphragma Bursa omentalis Bursa omentalis/ / Pancreas / v Capsula adiposa renis 'Ren sinister Lateral, sagittal section through the left thorax and upper portion of abdomen, viewed from the left. The plane of the section lies 4 cm. to the left of the median plane. Digitized by Microsoft® 152 SECTION OF THORAX AND PART OF ABDOMEN Apex pnlmon Pul mo [lobus superi Incisure interlobaris pulmonis Pleura costalis .-_. Pulmo [lobus inferior] Basis pulmonis- Diaphragma Sinus pnrenicocostalis — Peritonaeum parietale — Costa XII '' Ren dexter ill-- Pleura costalis Costa IV Pulmo f lobus medius] — Pulmo [margo inferior] — Diaphragma Hcpar [lobus dexter] artilago costalis IX itonaeum parietale fellea Capsnla adiposa' Colon transversum / Colon ascendens Flexura duodenum superior • t,4. Sag lT tal se P tion thr ough the trunk, 6 cm. to the right of the median plane, viewed from the right. Note the close proximity of the duodenum and colon to the right kidney. Digitized by Microsoft® KEY FIGURE TO CROSS SECTIONS OF TRUNK 153 A. vertebralisi V. jugularis interna A. transversa colli, i A. carotis communis .V. jugularis externa Plexus nervosus brachialis N. et v. axillaris.. A. a. A. transversa colli I A. transversa scapulae V. subclavia V. axillaris A. profunda femoris et A. femoralis Digitized by Microsoft® V. sperrnatica V. mesenterica superior V. mesenterica inferior V. cava inferior \. jejunalis V. colica dextra et mesenterica superior Nn. lumbales II, III et IV N. cutaneus femoris lateralis * N. femoralis V. et a.hypogastrica "A. epigastrica inf. *-A. obturatoria vN. pudendus N. obturatorius X V. saphena magna V *-N. ischiadicus Key figure to the cross sections of the trunk. The vascular system and main nerve trunks are shown projected on the surface. 154 KEY FIGURE TO CROSS SECTIONS OF TRUNK Cartilago cricoidea \ Glandula thyreoidea. \ ^V ,,Cartilago thyreoidea .Trachea Intestinun caecum Vesica urinaria' ff Tntestinum ileum 'Colon sigmoideum "■Ureter Prostata 'Intestinum rectum Key figure to cross sections rfjIfa^bwMamSlBfm of abdominal and thoracic viscera. The liver in this individual is abnormally la/ge, and the hepatic flexure of the colon unusually low (for more typical relations see pp. 114 and 116). 3 CROSS SECTION No. 19 OF TRUNK 155 •c -3 o -2 3 O 156 CROSS SECTION No. 20 OF TRUNK 3 id •^ T 3 ft ft P "3 ft 3 T3 a a ■d !■ M 3 o Digitized by CROSS SECTION No. 21 OF TRUNK 157 3 bo M3 a. C3 9 ex, P □ 3 •a 3 J! J3 M 3 DigitizeaEylWcrosoft® 158 CROSS SECTION No. 22 OF TRUNK 0. a 5 p. P a! £ icrosoft® CROSS SECTION No. 23 OF TRUNK 159 d 5? a -a O Digitized by Microsoft® 160 CROSS SECTION No. 24 OF TRUNK j W Ci!rtfl . .. 3 .m O 3 = ^ £ C O O •*-■ O > S i i ■3 £ = M g Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 25 OF TRUNK 161 3 u a a P 3 Digitized by Microsoft® 162 CROSS SECTION No. 26 OF TRUNK- Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 27 OF TRUNK 163 ^ e c ;« rt ^ « — ■s e o u .« o. o ~ 5 "i e ■= J= E 2 u = t» « ■5 c = t a .2 to - J | "H. 5) E s 6igitize% by Microsoft® 164 CROSS SECTION No. 28 OF TRUNK c p, c3 3 ft a a. 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Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 35 OF TRUNK 171 Digitizetfby Microsoft® 172 CROSS SECTION No. 36 OF TRUNK p r a a a, Digitized by Microsoft® S 3 a! •s M o 0) CO CROSS SECTION No. 37 OF TRUNK 173 =1 P .a s 3 a) -t-> o 'a; > T3 C as A u S Digitized by Microsoft® 174 CROSS SECTION No. 38 OF TRUNK Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 39 OF TRUNK 175 a. e >. ft ^ ^ +-* V t) 4/ U J2 r: >-> a .s ■a O Digitized by Microsoft® 176 CROSS SECTION No. 40 OF TRUNK 3 be o 3 a. a P S E ■a Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTION No. 41 OF TRUNK 177 M as r, 3 P. CS .a 45 M 3 Digitized by Microsoft® 178 CROSS SECTION No. 42 OF TRUNK 3 "O M m t(3 i "? ^ Q a. ,i< o c * frt fO a 1 d r/i .2 a a a c -./ a Digitized by Microsoft® 2 < CROSS SECTION No. 43 OF TRUNK 179 3 P. a 3 J3 <3 ■5 3 J 0X1 K 3 S O bo +° >> o rt Digitized by Microsoft® 180 CROSS SECTION No. 44 OF TRUNK M a a p. a ■a a C3 J3 no C Digitized by Microsoft® INCISION SHOWING ANTERIOR MEDIASTINUM 181 V. cava superior M. pectoralis majol Pleura pulmonalis A- mammaria interna V. mammaria interna 1 "* Pleura pulmonalis Costa II Aorta ascenders Corpus sterni A flap incision with reflection of the manubrium sterni showing the structures of the anterior mediastinum. For other typical incisions of thorax see p. 107. Digitized by Microsoft® 182 TYPICAL INCISIONS Ventriculus A. iliolumbalis M. rectus abdominis \^ M. transversus abdominis Fascia transvcrsalis Peritonaeum- M, obliquus externus Tog' abdominis /^. M. obliquus internus ~Z-'-—~-IS~ \ abdominis M rectus AjJ abdominis t ^V ■ Fascia transversaHs^-^'Vy/^jl |JN. cutaneus — ''"'"' [; \^ femoris lateralis — — ~~N. cutaneus femoris lateralis M. iliacus 4mA*S,™ 111 A. circifmfiexa iliuml''//\- profunda W-W' Incisions in various regions of the abdominal wall. A: Parallel to right costal arch. B: Retroperitoneal exposure of the left iliac fossa. C: Incision for ligation of the deep circumflex iliac artery. D: Exposure of the deep structures of the left groin. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS 183 M serratus posterior inferior Fascia, trarfsyersalis Various incisions in the back to show structures encountered. A and B : Incisions parallel to the left and right 12th ribs, exposing the perirenal space. C: Point for ligation of the sciatic and internal pudic arteries, and exposure of the great sciatic and small sciatic nerves and internal pudic arteries. D : Exposure of the gluteal artery and the superior gluteal nerve. Digitized by Microsoft® .184 TYPICAL INCISION M- obliquus interims ; abdominis A;:!:::;:;::r7r : ;,y|f m M. transvcrsus.-K» abduminis An incision in the right side above the kidney, showing a typical surgical approach to this organ, exposing the peritoneum and showing relations of abdominal muscles and fasciae. Digitized by Microsoft® SECTION OF LATERAL ABDOMINAL WALL 185 Glandula suprarenale Diaphragma Costa XI Pleura, Costa XII Hepar Peritonaeum • v .... Calyx renalis Colon Frontal section through the right kidney and adjacent structures showing the renal fasciae and fatty layers, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® 186 EXPOSURE OF KIDNEY AND ADJOINING STRUCTURES N. iliohvpogastricusJSc?- Aorla abdominalis M. quadratus lumborum N. ilioinguinalis -^-^ Exposure of the right kidney and adjoining structures through the incision shown in the preceding figure. The peritoneum with abdominal contents is retracted medially. The upper ( ) points to the fatty capsule of the kidney which also contains the suprarenal body. The lower (*) to small azygos vein. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL LAMINECTOMY 187 Proc. spinosus vertebrae thoracalis XI Lig. denticulatu Dura mater— N. thoracalis XII Arcus vertebrae--'" Cauda equina Fascia lumbodorsalis M. semispinalis dorsi Iff '/ 'Conus medullaris Filum terminate Exposure of the lower portion of the spinal cord by cutting away the arches of the twelfth thoracic and first lumbar vertebrae. Digitized by Microsoft® 188 INCISION OF PERINEUM \v \\\v\ ^- ischiocavernosus N perinei transversus perinei ficialis Exposure of the superficial muscles, nerves and blood vessels of the perineum. Digitized by Microsoft® INCISION OF PERINEUM 189 ,,-*M. transversus perinei rofundus M. transversus perinei superficialis M. levator ani Exposure of the muscles, nerves, blood vessels of the perineum, and the prostate, bladder and rectum. Digitized by Microsoft® 190 SUPRAPUBIC INCISION Linea ^-^-^--^^^Sm ircularis tis^S/W/f £k^^K^ :: Linca sem,c It/,,,, i lU i, fg™j /Aoi * M. rectus abil« uniris ---i^t^^^/rj^if^W frM? .. £■>}%• V m: ■ - • ^ Plica umbilicalis media ^iJj^TT^"^?' — i ' '7?:5r^^ -.ii® f M. rectus abdominis Plexus vesicalis Median incision above the pubis to the prevesical space (space of Retzius) to show relations of the peritoneum and the bladder when moderately distended. The (*) indicates a mass of fat lying between the bladder and pubic bones. Digitized by Microsoft® PATHWAY OF ILIOPSOAS INFECTIONS 191 Costa XII M. quadratus lumbo M. iliacu Spina iliaca anterior superior M. iliopsoa Bursa iliopectinea psoas major Fascia covering the iliopsoas muscle (shown in blue). The arrows indicate the most common pathway of deep purulent infections about the lumbar spine or in the pelvis. Digitized by Microsoft® 192 PROJECTION OF BONES AND LIGAMENTS OF ARM Acromion Lig. coracoacromiale Capsula articularis - M. biceps brachii- Humerus ^ Clavicula „„~-Lig. trapezoideum =!!•*- — .. — Lig. conoideum M. subscapularis Radius'— -Capsula ariicularis i Hi Membrana interossea Os naviculare Os multangulum majus !JI^Os lunatum ■Os pisiforme iw~Os hamatum capitatum Surface projection of the skeleton articular capsules and ligaments of the right arm. Ante- rior view. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF BONES AND LIGAMENTS OF ARM 193 -Acromion Capsula articularis-- # -Humerus VI $? Capsula articularis — |%Bw*".i.foi- i . Ulna- \ (■'■ ^ ' fc-W-^ ;J-fA #W> Os capitatum< )> / / ! / hjf y Os metacarpal ~ ^7^ 4 "fr $ )&^!v''/^^ — Os naviculare Os multangulum majus Os multangulum minus Surface nroiection of the skeleton and articular capsules and ligaments of the right arm. Anterior view P The (*) indicates the attachments of the supraspinal and infraspinatus muscles. Digitized by Microsoft® 194 HUMERUS WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS Collum anatomicum Tuberculum majus M. supraspinatus' Sulcus intertuberculariG" Collum chirurgicum™ Crista tuberculi minoris - Crista tuberculi majoris - M. pectoralis major — Tuberositas deltoidea M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. extensor digitorurri communis M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. supinator Epicondylus lateralis -„.., Capitulum humer Trochlea humeri Caput humeri will JlImK I JMk- I ubcrculum minus ' M, subscapularis latissimus dorsi M. teres major Facies anterior lateralis — Margo medialis - Foramen nutricium -M. coracobrachial^ ijO]L___ M bracbialis Facies anterior medialis M. extensor carpi radialis longus „,-M. pronator teres Fossa radialis Fossa coron&idea humeri ffl Epicondylus medialis; n... j'M. palmaris longus S M. flexor carpi radialis ■ M. flexor digitorum '*. sublimis Right humerus, with muscle attachments, anterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® HUMERUS WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 195 Caput humeri M. teres minor — ~\ — M. infraspinatus " Tuberculum majus M. triceps brachii ... [caput, laterale] i i^ M. brachials - M. triceps brachii . [caput mediale] V •M. deltoideus #,\- brachioradialis Fossa olecrani yfc M. flexor carpi ulnaris - Epicondylus medialis' ""'■-Epicondylus lateralis *' M. anconaeus \Trochlea humeri Right humerus, with muscle attachments, posterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® 196 BONES OF FOREARM WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS Olecranon . Fovea capituli radii ^.^ Capitulum radii ~*( ^ Collum radii — M. supinator — Tuberositas radii — M. biceps brachii -""j| M. supinator - M. pronator teres- M. flexor digitorum sublimis-™ Crista interossea— - M. flexor pollicis longus — Facies volaris — -M. flexor carpi ulnaris _„Incisura semilunaris ulnae | — M. flexor digitorum sublimis ■-- M. pronator teres -M. brachialis -Tuberositas ulnae -M. extensor carpi ulnaris -M. flexor digitorum sublimis -M. flexor digitorum profundus — Foramen nutricium Facies volaris \j--Margo volaris M. pronator quadratus Margo volaris — *< i .■ i mw. „ > .^Jl— Capitulum M. brachioradialis ''\^m[S\y,\^^JMj^^^ v w . ,- Proc. styloideus ulnae Proc. styloideus radii- 1,it The bones of the forearm, ulna and radius, with muscle attachments, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® RADIUS AND ULNA WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 197 — M. triceps brachii M. flexor carpi ulnaris— M. anc M. flexor digitoru profundus M. flexor carpi ulnaris. M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor indicis proprius--- '- M. extensor pollicis M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor digitorum communis — -,M extensor carpi ulnaris supinator „_- M. abductor pollicis longus M. pronator teres _M. flexor digitorun ' sublimis --M. extensor pollicis brevis r M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis brevis _.M, extensor carpi radialis longus ' S M. extensor carpi radialis brevis The bones of the forearm with muscle attachments, posterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 198 BONES OF HAND WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS Carpus Os naviculare maniis Os capitatum ^ Os multangulum majus *, Os multangulum minus M. flexor carpi radialis -. M. opponens pollicis — _y *"-/ M. abductor pollicis brevis • M. flexor pollicis brevis Os sesamoideum M. adductor pollicis M. flexor pollicis Jongus \ 1 ;'° s lunatum ,Os triquetrum „-' M. flexor carpi ulnaris „„--Qs pisiforme Os hamatum M extensor carpi ulnaris M. opponens digiti quinti — M flexor digiti quinti brevis L m abductor digiti quinti -~M flexor digitorum sublimis Phalanx III • — ; M. flexor digitorum profundus Bones of the right hand, with muscle attachments, palmar aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® BONES OF RIGHT HAND WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 199 M extensor carpi ulnaris — -fig M. interosseus dorsalis manus ^* M. extensor carpi radialis t b re vis ^M. extensor carpi radialis / longus ^.--M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor pollicis brevis M. extensor digitorum /"'communis Bones of the right wrist and hand, with muscle attachments, dorsal aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® 200 LIGAMENTS OF SHOULDER JOINT Clavicula Proc. coracoideus Lig trapezoideum Lig conoideum Lig. acromioclaviculare Lig transversum scapulae anterius M. subscapular M. biceps brachii {caput longum Ligaments of the right shoulder joint, anterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF SHOULDER JOINT 201 Lig. transversum scapulae inferius r Acromion i Proc. coracoideus coracohun ,M. supraspinatus Scapu M. teres minor Ligaments of the right shoulder joint, posterior view. The acromion has been removed and only a portion of the scapula is shown. Digitized by Microsoft® 202 LIGAMENTS OF ELBOW JOINT Epicondylus lateralis humeri 'Lig. collateral radiale Lig. annulare radi M. biceps brachii — -*'^i Radius — -Capsula articularis Epicondylus medialis humeri Lig. collateral ulnare Chorda obliqua Ligaments of the right elbow joint, anterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF ELBOW JOINT 203 Radius Ulna Mcmbrafia interossea Lig. collaterale uinare terossea antibrachii Ligaments of the right elbow joint, viewed from the ulnar side. Digitized by Microsoft® 204 LIGAMENTS OF WRIST Lig. radiocarpeum Lig. collaterale carpi rad; Tuberculum ossis navicu M. flexor carpi radial M. abductor pollicis longus Articulatio carpometacarpea „. pollicis Lig. carpi transversum^ brana interossea tibrachii — Proc. styloideus — Lig. collaterale carpi ulnare . Os lunatum M. flexor carpi ulnaris -Lig. pisohamatum -Os capitatum 'M. extensor carpi ulnaris "Hamulus ossis hamati ~ Sa «- Ligg. carpi radiata Lig. carpometacarpeum vol a re Lig. hamatometacarpeum _Ligg. basium ossium metacarpalium volaria Ossa metacarpalia Ligaments of the right wrist, palmar aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF WRIST 205 Ulna -ijK-f ^ Membrana interossea antibrachii -Radius Articulatio radioulnaris- dis talis Proc. styloideus ulnae Lig. collaterale carpi — ulnare Os triquetrum M. extensor carpi ulnaris- Os hamatum- — Ligg. carpometacarpea«-' dorsal ia Ligg- basium[bssium.**«'= ; metacarpal ium] dorsalia _..Lig- radiocarpeurn dorsale Lig. collaterale carpi radiale Os naviculare — Os capitatum Os multangulum majus Articulatio carpometa- carpea pollicis '* — -Os multangulum minus Ossa metacarpalia Ligaments of the right wrist, posterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® 206 MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY M. trapezius- M. deltoideus M. triceps brachii [caput laterale], M. biceps brachii M. brachioradiali M. extensor carpi radiali longus M. extensor carpi radialis brcvis M. flexor digilorum sublimis M. flexor pollicis longus M. abductor pollicis brevis M. Ilcxor pollicis brevis-^; M. flexor digitorum sublimis Clavicula -M. pecioralis major M. coracobrachialis M triceps brachii caput longumj M. triceps brachii [caput mediate] M. brachialis M. pronator teres ■ Laccrtus fibrosus -M. flexor carpi radialis M palnians longus ■SI. flexor digitorum sublimis IV M. flexor carpi ulnaris Lig. carpi volare ■ M. palmaris brcvis M opponens digiti quinli -M. abductor digiti quinli "M. lumbricalis big. vaginalc digiti Superficial muscles of the right arm, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY 207 M. trapezius-— -?35SSs§ M. triceps brach [caput longum M, triceps brachii [caput mediale] /.■: §•:!■( M. brachioradiali; Epicondvlns lateralis -- M. deltoideus M triceps brachii [caput laterale] \w\ 'if W \'%™T" M-- extensor carpi radialis M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. abductor pollicis longus or pollicis brevis , jor pollfcis longus M. abductor digitt quint M. interosseii 1 - ilnrsa! interosseus dorsalis / Superficial muscles of right arm, posterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 208 MUSCLES OF UPPER EXTREMITY M. deltoideus M. triceps brachi [caput longum] M. trictps brack [caput lateralc M. anconaeus M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor iligitorum communis M. abductor pollicis lungus.__L.JI M. extensor digitorum communis M. interosscus dorsalis -- M. extensor carpi radialis ngus M. brachioradialis M. extensor carpi radialis brcvis extensor pollicis brevis =^""^% — Lig. carpi dorsale HI I fl rTvL"V\^T'^' extensor pollicis longus p'AvSft-— M abductor pollicis brevis Superficial muscles of right arm, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® TENDON SHEATHS OF WRIST AND HAND 209 Projections of two types of flexor tendon sheaths. Note that in the hand upon the right side there is a continuation between the little finger and the ulnar bursa, and also between the thumb and radial bursa. Note also the connecting sheaths between. In the hand upon the left side the sheaths are separated not alone from their respective fingers but from each other. The type noted upon the right side is the one usually found. Digitized by Microsoft® 210 TENDON SHEATHS OF WRIST AND HAND Bursa M. flexor carpi radialis-., (> / I M. flexor pollicis longus [ vagina tendinis M. flexor pollici Jongus [vagina tendini Vaginae tcndinu dtgitales manus M. flexor digitorum --'' profundus et sublimis vagina tendinis communis] M. flexor digitorum profunduset sublimis M flexor digitorum profundus et sublimis [ vagina tendiniscommums) Tendon sheaths and bursae (red) of the palmar surface of the right hand. Digitized by Microsoft® TENDON SHEATHS OF WRIST AND HAND 211 Vagina tendinum M extensor digitorum communis ct M extensor indicis proprius Lig carpi dorsale Vagina tendinis M extensor carpi ulnaris' Vagina tendinis M extensor digiti quinti' proprius V ', Bursa subcutanea / metacarpophalangea dorsalis Vagina tendinis M extensor pollicis longus Vaginae tendinum ,M extensor carpi radialis brevis et ongus Vagina tendinum M abductor pollicis longus et M. extensor pollicis brevis Vagina tendinis M extensor pollicis longus Vagina tendinum M. extensor digitorum communis et M. extensor indicis proprius ffkgfMw^^ '■ "■"'-- Bursae intermetacarpophalangeae Tendon sheaths and bursae (red) of the dorsal surface of the right hand. Digitized by Microsoft® 212 TENDON SHEATHS OF WRIST AND HAND To joint. To surface. -._ '■ To thenar space. .. \ \J- I Under flexor profundus. Schematic drawing showing probable exten- sions from infection of the tendon sh'eath of the thumb. (Flexor longus pollicis.) • To epiphyseal line and joint. I To connective-tissue space in web /•( and around lumbrical muscle. To surface through palmar fascia. To middle palmar space. Exceptionally to wrist joint. Under flexor profundus. Schematic drawing showing the various r^- -x- _i u prphable extensions from an infection of the ten- Digitized b^SSJ^^,ffm,he little finger. TENDON SHEATHS OF HAND 213 To epiphyseal line of middle phalanx and joint. To fascial spaces about web and around the Iwnbrical muscles. i ( Through palmar fascia to surface. ' To thenar space. ' To epiphyseal line of middle phalanx, and to joint. To fascial spaces about web and around the lumbrical muscles. f Through palmar fascia \ to surface. To middle palmar space. To epiphyseal Uiine of middle phalanx, and to joint. ' To fascial spaces about web and around Ihe lumbrical muscles. [ Through palmar fascia [ to surface. ( To middle palmar space; [ exceptionally, the thenar space. Schematic drawings showing probable extensions from infection of the tendon sheaths of the index, ring and middle fingers respectively. Schematic drawing made from a dissection of a hand in which the injection was made along the tendon sheath of the ring finger under great force. The mass filled the middle palmar and thenar spaces, and extended along all lumbrical muscles. Digitized by Microsoft® 214 LYMPHATICS OF UPPER EXTREMITY Superficial lymphatic vessels and nodes of the upper extremity. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF ARTERIES AND NERVES OF ARM 215 N. axillaris A. circumflexa humeri anterior K. cutaneus brachii lateralis -- V N. mediatius A. profunda brachi ■H. musculocutaneus N. radialis A. recurrens radialis N. radialis [ramus profundus] A. radialis N. radialis [ramus superficialis] A. interossea volaris.... A. collateralis ulnaris superior .Ramus vbraris superficialis [A. radialis I' Arcus volaris - profundus A. axillaris Plexus brachialis — A. thoracalis lateralis .-A. subscapularis A. circumflexa humeri post ..A, circumflexa scapulae A, thoracodorsalis N. intercostobrachialis A. recurrens ulnaris ...-A. interossea communis - A. ulnaris Ramus volaris profundus [A. ulnarisj Arcus volaris superficialis Aa. digitales ,volarcs communes Nn. digitales volares communes Surface projection of the nerves and blood vessels of the right upper extremity, viewed from in front. See also p. 230. Digitized by Microsoft® 216 CUTANEOUS NERVES OF UPPER EXTREMITY N- cutaneus brachii lateralis IN. axillaris] N. cutaneus brachii posterior- jN. radialis N._ radialis ram superficialis >J._medTanus'"" N. mus.ciUo.cutao.eus Nn. supraclaviculars posleriores [Nn. cervicales] cutaneus brachii medialis [Plexus brachialis] Nn. inter_costpbrachialcs [Nn. thoracaks] N. cutaneus.antfbrachii medialis . Plexus brachialis Ramus palmaris N. medianug ViV— "Ramus cutaneus pal maris N. ulnaris. — N. ulnaris Distribution of cutaneous nerves on the front of the right superior extremity. The figure at the right shows the areas of distribution of the cutaneous nerves. The letters and numerals in the figure at the left indicate the spinal origin of the nerves distributed to each area. Digitized by Microsoft® CUTANEOUS NERVES OF UPPER EXTREMITY 217 Nn.intercostobrachiales- [Nn. ihoracales] N. cutaneus brach ii posterior eus Uracliu poster [N radialisf N. cutaneus autibrachii medialis [Plexus brachialis] Nn. supraclaviculars posteriores [Nn. cervicalcs] N. cutancus brachii lateralis [N. axillaris] cutancus antibrachii dorsalis [N, radialis] N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis [N. musculociitaneus] N. ulnaris— A-+ Ramus superficialis [N. radialisj "" N. nicdianus Distribution of cutaneous nerves on the back of the right upper extremity. The figure t the right shows the areas of distribution of the cutaneous nerves. The letters and numerals i the figure at the left indicate s P in f)ffilfi^$ ffi/fficfosofrffi^ 6 ' t0 ea ° h &K3 " 218 DISSECTION OF ARM V cephalica M. deltoideus.---/ / 7 #f---+ A. brachials ---- M biceps brachii N. media A et n . subscapularis • M latissimus dorsi M teres major Septum intermuscular umeri mediale .A. collaterals ulnaris inferior Epicondylus medialis femoris -- M pronator teres "A. ulnaris M flexor carpi radialis N medianus Dissection of the right upper arm and shoulder. Anterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF AXILLA 219 s" Digitized by Microsoft® 220 DEEP DISSECTION OF ARM A circumflexa scapulae M. teres minor M. teres major - M latissimus dors: — Acromion M. infraspinatus "M. deltoideus - N. axillaris [rami] A. circumflexa humeri posterior — M triceps brachii (caput longum] M. triceps brachii [caput laterale) M. triceps brachii [caput medialej M biceps brachii A- collaterals ulnaris— - superior Epicondyhis medialis N, ulnaris M flexor carpi ulnaris N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis " M. brachioradialis Epirondylus lateralis M- extensor carpi radialis longus Dissection of deep structur^/^f/g^^m^ nerve. Posterior aspect. course of the radial (musculospiral) DISSECTION OF ELBOW AND FOREARM 221 A. brachi jlis M. biceps brachii N. medianus V. brachiali; M. brachialis M. brachioradialis Lacertus fibrosus -- A. recurrens radial is N. radialis [ramus superficialis | f A^ A. radialis »M. triceps brachii caput mediate | N. ulnaris A. collateralis ulnaris superior .. Epicondylus medjalis humeri — N. mediant rami A ulnaris M pronator teres M. flexor carpi radialis M. palmaris longus M. flexor carpi ulnaris N. radialis [ramus superficial i: M. pronator quadratus M. abductor pollicis longus N. ulnaris [ramus dorsalis manus] A. ulnaris . N. ulnaris [ramus volaris manus] M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. abductor pollicis brevis ,. M. palmaris brevis Dissection of blood vessels and nerves of the right elbow and forearm. Viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® 222 DISSECTION OF ELBOW AND FOREARM A. brach V. brach M. biceps brach Lacertus N. radialis [ramus prof M. brachiora A- recurrens rad: N. radialis [ramus superficial!! A. radial A. interossea vola M. extensor carpi radial longus M. flexor pollicis longu M. pronator quadraiu M. palmaris M. flexor carpi M. medianus - N. ulnaris A. collatcralis ulnaris superior M. brachialis - Epicondylus medialis . N. medianus [rami musculares] A. ulnaris ■A. recurrens ulnaris N. ulnaris flexor carpi ulnaris exor digitorum exor digitorum sublimis carpi transversum Dissection of the blood vessels and nerves of the right elbow and forearm. The (*) indi- cates the common tendon of the superficial flexors of the forearm which have been cut away to expose the underlying structures. The brachioradiahs muscle has been retracted radially. Viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF WRIST AND HAND 223 M. abductor pollicis longus M. flexor carpi radialis A. radialis A. radialis [ramus superficialis ] N. radialis [ramus superficialis] Lig. carpi transversum M. abductor pollicis brevis -M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. adductor pollicis M. lumbricalis manus Nn. digitales volares- proprii n. median Aa. digitales volares propriae A. ulnaris N. ulnaris [ramus volaris manus] N. ulnaris [ ramus superficialis] N- ulnaris [ramus profundus] — M. palmaris brevis .d^|pA.-- Nn. digitales volares communes ■ i u. median, i M flexor digiti quinti brevis M. abductor digiti quinti M. opponens digiti quinti A. digitalis volaris communis 'v. Nn. digitalesvolares proprii n. ulnaris Dissection of the superficial arteries and nerves of the right wrist and hand, palmar aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® 224 DISSECTION OF WRIST AND HAND N. inlerosseus volaris M. abductor pollicis longus A radialis- Ramus volans superficia a. radiahs Lig carpi transver urn M. abductor pollicis bre N. digitalis volans communis M flexor pollicis brevis ... Arcus volaris arteriosus profundus M. adductor pollicis— M interosseus volaris - A. metacarpea volaris . M. flexor digitorum profundus M. pronator quadratus -A. ulnaris M. flexor carpi ulnaris Rete carpi volare A. ulnaris ramus superficial et profundus] ulnaris [ramus superficialis] N. ulnaris [ramus profundus] -M. flexor digiti quinti brevis ■M. abductor digiti quinti "M. opponens digiti quinti manus M. flexor digitorum sublimis Deep dissection of the blood vessels and nerves of the palmar aspect of the right hand. Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF SHOULDER 225 Proc. coracoidetis A. transversa scapulae Clavicula M supraspinatus Acromion Bursa Cavum articulare Caput humeri A. circumflexa humeri posterior [rami] M. deltoideus subclavia ex us brachials Frontal section of the right shoulder through the middle of the humeral. head. Section passes through the subclavian artery and brachial plexus, but not through the glenoid cavity of the scapula, which lies posterior to the plane of section. Digitized by Microsoft® 226 FRONTAL SECTION OF ELBOW M. brachioradial M. brachialis N. radial A. collaterals radialis-' M. anconacus A. interossea comnuin Radiu Humerus M. brachialis Olecranon Capsula articularis — Cavlim articulare N. ulnaris Frontal section of the right elbow, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF WRIST AND HAND 227 Radius Os navictilare man us Os multangulum minus Os multangulum niajiis----jgf^^^*^j?* u ^^^T i j? Os metacarpale I II III Phalanx I ' ; ,-Ulna s Discus articularis Proc. styloideus -Os triquetrum Os capitatum Os hamatum Os metacarpale IV V Frontal section of the right wrist and hand. Digitized by Microsoft® 228 SAGITTAL SECTION OF ELBOW Humerus —l-L-l M. triceps brachii - Olecranon - M. triceps brachii ■ Capitulum radii Radius — M. biceps brachii - M. brachialis M. flexor digitorum — y\ profundus \\ ,)^ ; \|| cephalica urn a rticulare radialis brachioradialis M. supinator M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M, extensor pollicis Iongus Sagittal section of the right elbow, with the arm in pronation. Digitized by Microsoft® SAGITTAL SECTION OF WRIST AND HAND 229 Fascia antibi N. digitalis volaris Aponeurosis _. palmar is /(c ^T"' pronator quadratus collaterale carpi ulnare carpi dorsale nae tendinum mm. exorum communium "■\M. flexor digitorum sublimis et M. flexor digitorum profundus Os metacarpal V The extension of the ulnar bursa underneath the dorsal surface of the flexor tendons and space (*) into which pus may rupture into forearm. Digitized by Microsoft® 230 KEY FIGURE TO CROSS SECTIONS OF ARM Humerus.. V. cephalica- N. radialis- Trochlea humeri - Capitulum radii - A. radialis — Epicondylus medialis N medianus Radius — vJ ffll 6c lUl 67 ee 69 Os naviculare --/--fflfifc 7 Os multangulum majus — et minus Arcus volans profundus " j„ Arcus volaris superficial j/i iL - s.1 3*S 7S VM Phalanx I XV A ulnaris __N. ulnaris [ramus volaris manus] -N. ulnaris [ramus dorsalis manus] -Os pisiforme "Os hamatum N Os capitatum Os metacarpal Key figure to cross szctionsQ%fflZQ.^)£rM!i&£@&p8$k the chief blood vessels and nerves shown projected on the surface. CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 50, 51 OF ARM 231 M.- triceps brach [caput lateralej y(< M. deltoideus M. triceps b'raciiif caput longum] [QJLm Humeru V. cephalica M. pectoralis majo M. biceps brachii [caput longum] M. teres major M. triceps brachii caput mediale] M. latissimus dorsi , N. radialis N. cutaneus brachii medialis A. profunda brachii A. et v. brachialis T - N. ulnaris ~-N. medianus V. basilica 'N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis M. coracobrachialis M. biceps brachii [caput breve] N. musculocutaneus Section through right upper arm immediately below axilla. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. M. triceps brachii [caput laterale] Septum intermuscular humeri laterale M. deltoideus Humerus - V. cephalica M. biceps brach: .[caput longum M. biceps brachii [caput breve] M. triceps brachii w-^ [caput longum] M. triceps brachii [caput mediale] N radialis N. cutaneus brachii medialis' \ profunda brachii - N ulnaris V. et a. brachialis V. basilica N". medianus N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis Septum intermusculare humeri mediale M. coracobrachialis N. musculocutaneus Section one inch below preceding. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 232 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 52, 53 OF ARM M. triceps brachi i A. collateralis Septum intermusc humeri laterale N. radialis A. collateralis media V. cephalica " M. biceps bracbi [caput longum M. biceps brachii [caput breve] . triceps brachii [caput mediale] ;M. triceps brachii [caput longum] Septum inter muscularc humeri mediale A. collateralis ulnaris superior et v. brachialis ntibrachii medialis Section through the upper third of the upper arm, immediately below the insertion of the deltoid. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. A. collateralis med N. radial: A. collateralis radialis Septum intermusculare humeri laterale N. cutaneus antibrach dorsalis M. brachialis Humerus • V. cephalica M. triceps brachii [caput laterale] M. biceps b M. triceps brachii caput longum] M. triceps brachii [caput mediale] Septum intermusculare humeri mediale A. collateralis ulnaris uperior N. ulnaris A. et v. brachialis V. basilica N. cutaneus antibrachu medialis N medianus V. brachialis N. musculocutaneus Section passes through the musculospiral nerve (N. radialis) as it runs behind the humerus. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 54, 55 OF ARM 233 Septum intermusculare humeri Iaterale A. collateralis radial N. cutaneus antibrachii. dorsalis N. radialis -• M. brachial!: V. cephalica M. biceps brachii M. triceps braohii Humerus Septum intermusculare humeri mediale A. collateralis ulnaris -superior N ulnaris V. basilica N. cutaneus antibrachii mcdialis N. medianus 'A. et v. brachialis ' N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis Section through the middle of the right upper arm. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. N. cutaneus antibrad dorsalis A. collateralis radialis Septum intermusculare humeri Iaterale M. brachioradial N. radialis'' M. brachialis V. cephalica N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis M. biceps brachii ' M. triceps brachii N. ulnaris N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis [ramus ulnaris] V. basilica N, cutaneus antibrachii medialis [ramus volaris] N medianus A. et v- brachialis Section through the junction of the lower and middle thirds of the upper arm. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 234 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 56, 57 OF ARM Humerus ,M. triceps brachii N. cutancits antibrachii dorsalis Septum intermusculare humeri laterale M. brachioradialis N. radialis M. brachials a V. cephalica N, ciitaneus antibracb (lateralis .Septum intermusculare humeri mediale N. ulnaris N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis [ramus ulnaris] -V. basilica **N. medianus N >N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis [ramus volaris] V. brachials A. brachialis M. biceps brachii' Section through the lower third of the right upper arm. Upper surface. See page 230 for key figure. Humerus Septum intermusculare ,_ humeri laterale •N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis-. M. extensor carpi radialis longus M, brachioradialis-//^ N. radialis-- M. brachialis V. cephalica •M. triceps brachii N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis M. triceps brachii Septum intermusculare humeri mediale N. ulnaris M. biceps brachii V. basilica ^N. medianus N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis [ramus volaris] iV, brachialis. A. brachialis Section passes through the right upper arm one inch above the epicondyles. Upper sur- face. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 58, 59 OF ARM AND ELBOW 235 Humerus Epicondylus lateralis N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsalis M. extensor carpi radial longus Fossa radialis- A. recurrens radialis- M. brachioradialis et N. radial is M. brachialis V. cephalica N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis' M. biceps brachii A. et v. brachialis t ,'M. triceps brachii Capsula articularig Fossa olecrani A. recurrens ulnaris N. ulnaris — Epicondylus medialis M. pronator teres V. basilica Fossa coronoidea *N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis [ramus volaris] N. medianus Section through the epicondyles of the right humerus. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Lig. annulare radii M. extensor digitorum communis et M. extensor carpi ulnaris et M. extensor digiti quinti proprius N. cutaneus antibrachii dorsali M. extensor carpi radialis longu: M. extensor carpi radialis brevis/f^g|§§ Fovea capituli radii Lig. annulare radii - M. brachioradialis- A. 'recurrens radialis-" N. radiali M. brachialis- V. cephalica'' / ^. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis'' M. biceps brachii Lacertus fibrosus M. anconaeus Bursa subcutanea olecrani et Olecranon M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor carpi ulnaris --A. recurrens ulnaris N. ulnaris Lig. collaterale ulnare -M. flexor digitorum sublimis -M. palmaris longus Incisura semilunaris V. basilica flexor carpi radialis pronator teres *VN. cutaneus antibrachii \ \ medialis [ramus volaris] ' \ N. medianus \ V. et a. brachialis A. collateralis ulnaris inferior Section through the right elbow joint. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 236 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 60, 61 OF FOREARM Col I um radii M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor digiti qtiinti proprius \ M. extensor digitornm communis M. supinator. -. M. extensor carpi rad. longus M. extensor carpi rad brevis N. radialis [ramus profundus] M. brachioradiali N. radialis [ramus superficial A. recurrens radia V. cephalica ' M. biceps brachii N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis A. et v. radialis M. aneonaeus- N. medianus A. et v. ulnaris Lacertus fibrosus Tuberositas ulnae M. brachials M. flexor digitorum profundus A. recurrens ulnaris ^N. ulnaris - M. flexor carpi ulnaris -M. flexor digitorum sublimis V. basilica M. palmaris longus M. flexor carpi radialis M. pronator teres N. cut. antibrachii medialis [ramus volaris] Section through the right forearm one inch below the elbow. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor digiti quinti proprius. M. extensor digitorum communis N. radialis [ramus profundus Radius Fascia antibrachii M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. supinati M. brachioradialis' V. cephalica N. radialis [ramus superficial ]' N, cutaneus antibrachi lateralis A. et v. radialis M. supinator ( M. aneonaeus / Membrana interossea antibrachii Ulna M. flexor digitorum profundus M, flexor carpi ulnaris „-V. basilica — N. ulnaris m M, flexor digitorum sublimis V. et a. ulnaris A. interossea communis N. medianus M. palmaris longus M. flexor carpi radialis N. cut. antibrachii medialis [ramus volaris] M. biceps brachii iM. pronator teres Section through the right forearm, two inches below the elbow. Upper surface. See p, 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 62, 63 OF FOREARM 237 M. extensor digiti quintiproprius A. et n. interossea dorsalis antibrachii M. extensor digitorum communis^ \ ; M. extensor carpi ulnaris N. radialis [ramus, \ \ j / M. anconacus profundus | y^^^^^^i^U^ / -- M - extensor pollicis longus Wl. supinator-. M. extensor carpi rad. longus ////A M. extensor carpi rad. brevis /'/-wat Radius ■ M. brachioradialis V. cephalica M. flexor pollicis longus N. radialis [ramus superficial] N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis Membrana interossea antibrachii fl&rV-V. basilica M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor carpi ulnaris N. ulnaris A. ulnaris flexor digitorum sublimis in us ris longus A. radialis M. pronator teres'' I K , N ?ut antibrachii medialis [ramus v'olaris] A. et n. interossea volans M. flexor carpi radialis Section through the upper third of the right forearm. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. M. extensor digiti quinti proprius M. abductor pollicis longus M. extensor digitorum communis M. supinato M. extensor carpi rad. longus M. extensor carpi rad. brevis -• Radius - M. brachioradialis .- M. flexor pollicis longus — - V. cephalica N. radialis [ramus superficialis M. pronator teres'' 7*. A radialis'' N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis / A.et n. interossea volaris' A. et n. interossea dorsalis antibrachii M. extensor pollicis longus . M. extensor carpi ulnaris ..Ulna M. flexor digitorum profundus . V. basilica. m ..Membrana interossea antibrachii M. flexor carpi ulnaris A. et n. ulnaris M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. palmaris longus N. cut antibrachii median's [ramus volaris] N. medianus M. flexor carpi radialis Section through the upper third of the right forearm, one inch below preceding. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 238 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 64, 65 OF FOREARM A. et n. interossea volaris 1 . M. abductor pollicis longus \ M, extensor digitorum communis M. extensor carpi radialis Jongus et .brevis )M. pronator teres ;M. extensor digiti quinti proprius ,A. interossea dorsalis 1 M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor carpi ulnaris. Ulna Radius— M, flexor pollicis longus - M, bfachioradialis V. cephahca A. radialis N. radialis [ramus superficialis] / N. cutaneus antibrachii lateralis ( Membrana interossea antibrachii M. flexor carpi radialis V. basilica. -M. flexor carpi ulnaris M. flexor digitorum profundus; A. et ii, ulnaris M. flexor digitorum sublimis N. cut. antibrachii med. [ramus volaris] M. palmaris longus K. medianus Section through the middle of the right forearm. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. M. extensor digiti quinti proprius M. abductor pollicis longus. M. extensor digitorum communis Radius M. extensor carpi radialis. longus et brevis " M. flexor pollicis longus ■ V cephalica A. radialis et n. radiali [ramus superficialis] M, brachioradialis ' / M. flexor carpi radialis I N. interosseus antibrachii volaris et a. interossea volaris M.' extensor pollicis longus A. interossea dorsalis antibrachii Mi extensor indicis proprius, / M. extensor carpi ulnaris Ulna Membrana interossea antibrachii V. basilica "M. flexor carpi ulnaris A. et n. ulnaris M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor digitorum sublimis 'M. palmaris longus N. medianus Section through the middle of the right forearm, one inch below preceding. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos, 66, 67 OF FOREARM 239 M. extensor digiti quinti proprius N. et a. intcrosscus volaris, M. extensor digitorum communis '; M. extensor pollicis brevis M. abductor pollicis l..ngus /^"'v^rjpf'^ Radius... A/jm M. extensor carpi radialis longus i'fanifSi M. extensor carpi radialis brevis tfU! V. cephalica' N. radialis [ramus superficial] 'Voi|f? M. brachioradialis- ' A. radiali M. flexor pollicis longus M. flexor carpi radialis N. medianus A. interossea dorsalis M. extensor pollicis longus M. extensor carpi ulnaris M. extensor indicis proprius Ulna V. basilica ■M. flexor carpi ulnaris Membrana interossea antibrachii A.et n.ulnaris M. flexor digitorurrt profundus M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. palmaris longus Section through the lower third of the right forearm. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. M. extensor digiti quinti proprius M. extensor digitorum communis M. extensor pollicis longus. \ M. extensor pollicis brevis., Radius M. abductor pollicis M. extensor carpi radialis loi M. extensor carpi radialis brevis -« ... "S &* N. radialis [ramus superficialis ]-\-«iiK-— M. extensor indicis proprius M. extensor carpi ulnaris Membrana interossea antibrachii rosseus volaris K;hnu ""- ^r/rTP!T : >>^S>x antibrachii longus., A^^^ip ^p : ^J ] ^Sy'^ 'nterc ?^\.. -V. basilica M. brachioradialis - A. radialis ""^ M. flexor pollicis longus M. flexor carpi radialis'' N. medianus -M. pronator quactratus ■A. et n. ulnaris M. flexor carpi ulnaris M flexor digitorum profundus 'M. flexor digitorum sublimis 'M. palmaris longus Section three inches above the styloid process of the right radius. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 240 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 68, 69 OF FOREARM M. extensor digitorum communis M. extensor pollicis longus \ Radius M. extensor pollicis brcvis M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis M. abductor pollicis longus'' N. radialis [ramus superficialis]— M. bracliioradialis---' A. radialis M. flexor pollicis longus M. flexor carpi radialis / N. medianus M. extensor indicis proprius M, extensor digiti quinti proprius / .Membrana interossea antibrachn ,M. extensor carpi ulnaris Ulna pronator quadratus V. basilica N. ulnaris [ ramus Jorsalis manus] M. flexor carpi ulnaris A ulnaris N. ulnaris [ramus volaris manus] M. flexor digitorum profundus i M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. palmaris longus Section two inches above the styloid process of the right radius. Upper surface, p. 230 for key figure. See M. extensor indicis proprius M. extensor digitorum communis \ M. extensor pollicis longus, M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis N. radialis [ramus superficialis] M. extensor pollicis brevis.. M. abductor pollicis longus . M. bracliioradialis N. radialis [ramus superficialis Radiu A. ra<,,.., M. flexor pollicis Iong..„ M. flexor carpi radialis' / N. medianus M. palmaris longus pronator quadratus M. extensor digiti quinti proprius M. extensor carpi ulnaris .Ulna .-N. ulnaris [ramusdorsalis manus] -V. basilica M. flexor carpi ulnaris „A. ulnaris K. ulnaris [ramus volaris manus] M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor digitorum sublimis Section one inch above styloid process of right radius. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 70, 71 OF WRIST 241 M. extensor digitorum communis Lig. carpi dorsale M- extensor pollicis longus M. extensor carpi radialis brevis \ M. extensor carpi radialis longus Os navicul; N. radialis [ramus superficial^ Proc. styloideus radii M. extensor pollicis brevis— ■ M. abductor pollicis longus - A. radialis Cavum articulare Lig. radiocarpeum volare' / . / ; M. flexor carpi radialis / / ■ M. flexor pollicis longus / ; N. medianns M. palmaris longus M. extensor indicis proprius / Lig. radiocarpeum dorsale / / M. extensor digit i quinti proprius Os triquetrum extensor carpi ulnaris Cavum articulare -N. ulnaris [ramus dorsal is manns] "'■'V. basilica Os lunatum '• M. flexor carpi ulnaris \ v - **'A. ulnaris \ \ N. ulnaris [ramus volaris rnanus] I \ Lig. carpi volare \ M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. flexor digitorum profundus Section through the styloid process of right radius. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Os capitatum M. extensor carpi radialis brevis Os multangulum minus M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor pollicis longus A. radialis Os multangulum majus $. radialis [ramus superficialis]_. M. extensor pollicis brevis-"" Os metacarpale I--' M. abductor pollicis longus M. opponens pollicis M. abductor pollicis brevis M. flexor carpi ulnaris / Lig. carpi radiatum M. flexor pollicis longus' Lig. carpi transversum M. extensor indicis proprius ; M. flexor digitorum profundus M. extensor digitorum communis ,.Lig. carpi radiatum Os hamatum M. extensor digiti quinti N. ulnaris [ramus dorsalis] proprius M. extensor carpi ulnaris ■ Lig. pisometacarpeum ~--M. abductor digiti quinti Lig. pisobamatum '-A. ulnaris N. ulnaris [ramus volaris] M. palmaris brevis M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. palmaris longus N. medianns Section through the right wrist joint and carpal bones. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure Digitized by Microsoft® 242 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 72, 73 OF HAND ^M?"extensof"ihcUcis propnufj Atcus arteriosus volaris profundus M. interosscus volatis, \ f Os metacarpal II M. interosscus dorsalis .--";:. :_;; A. metacarpca volaris I M. adductor pollicis-.V M. extensor pollicis. longus M. extensor pollicis brevis- Os metacarpale I . M. opponens pollic M. abductor pollicis brevis'' M. flexor pollicis longus' M. flexor pollicis brevis' M. extensor digitorum') communis M. interosscus dorsalis Os metacarpale IV / / A. ulnaris [ramus volaris profundus ,-M. interosscus volaris M. extensor digiti quinti propriU9 _---M, interosseus dorsalis ^V-Os metacarpale V M, interosseous y'olaris | ;rN. ulnaris [ramus profundus [ M, flexor digiti quinti brevis "M. abductor digiti quinti \Mi opponens digiti.quinti ( 'M. lumbricalis l *M, palmaris brevis t -. '■A. ulnaris I \ N. ulnaris [ramus volaris' matius) / M flexor dfgitorutn stiblimis 1 / ; M. flexor digitorum profundus; Aponeurosis palmaris, medianus/ Section on a line with the deep palmar arch of the right hand. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Os metacarpale III M. extensor indicis proprius M. interosseus dorsalis \ \ Os metacarpale II ■• \ \ M. interosscus volaris , \_ \_J^r^^*- M. adductor pollicis. /^L= M, 'interosseus dorsalis -,/f \- - 'XL**^ A. metacarpca dorsalis I \{- ''■■■ jSL it 'M. extensor pollicis longus- Phalanx I M. flexor pollicis brevis'' Wmi A M flexor pollicis longus'' ( \ N, digitalis volaris communis ; N. digitalis volaris communis M." interosseus'^Iors'alis M. interosseus volaris I / Os metacarpale IV M- interosscus dorsalis M. extensor digiti quinti proprius Os metacarpale V i-^Vr^fA- M. "opponens digiti quinti s ;"v ' -7/ H '''■.*:/... //. i.'JJ M. flexor digiti quinti brevis -*"■'' / <■ J M. abductor digiti quinti. -M. interosseus volaris", ' ... "~N. ulnaris [ramus superficialis' \ \ s N N. digitalis volaris communis \ \ ~- M. flexor digitorum V "'• M. lumbricalis ^y^t ; \ N. digitalis volaris communis \ Aponeurosis palmaris M. flexor digitorum M. lumbricalis'' Section through the middle of the right metacarpal bones. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 74, 75 OF HAND 243 Ligg. collateralia Os metacarpale III M. extensor digitorum communis M. intcrosscus Capsnla articularis-. Os metacarpale II- M. interosseus dorsalis M. lumbrical M. flexor digitorum N.et a. digitalis volaris communis / I M. lumbricalis '. M. flexor digitorum M. interosseus dorsalis et volaris ; M. extensor digitorum communis Os metacarpale IV M. interosseus volaris extensor digiti quinti proprius Os metacarpale V -Capsula articularis ■M. abductor digiti quinti N. et a. digitalis volaris communis , N M. flexor digitorum , M. lumbricalis N. et a. digitalis volaris communis \ \ M. flexor digitorum i M. lumbricalis N. ct a. digitalis volaris communis Section through the distal ends of the right metacarpal bones. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. M. extensor digitorum communis M. interosseus et lumbricalis M. extensor indicts proprius Phalanx I, M. flexor digitorum --■ Nn. digitales volares communes M. interosseus et lumbricalis i Lig. vaginale 1 Phalanx I / / ,M. interosseus et lumbricalis M. extensor digiti quinti proprius -Phalanx I ,,M. flexor digitorum Aa. digitales volares communes Section through the bases of the right fingers. Upper surface. See p. 230 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 244 DANGER ZONES OF UPPER EXTREMITY The shaded areas are danger zones in the arm to be avoided when possible in the opening of deep suppurations, etc. These areas contain important blood vessels and nerves. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS OF ARM 245 M. deltoideus M. pectoralis major ; V. cephalica M. biceps brachii \ Incisions on anterior aspect of the upper right arm and shoulder to show: A: The musculo- cutaneous and median nerves. B : The anterior humeral circumflex artery and the cephalic vein. Digitized by Microsoft® 246 TYPICAL INCISIONS OF ARM M. triceps brachii [caput mcdialc] .-A. collateralis ulnaris ,.' M. biceps brachii ,N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis ,>7\ „M. triceps brachii [caput mediale] '%£' A profunda brachii Incisions along the inner side of the right upper arm and axilla to show relations of the various blood vessels and nerves. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS OF ARM 247 A. circumflexa humeri N. cutaneus ant dorsalis A. collateralis radialis Incisions along the back of the right upper arm. A: The posterior humeral circumflex artery and the axillary nerve. B : The radial (musculospiral) nerve. C : The same structures as in (B) just above the elbow. Digitized by Microsoft® 248 LINES OF INCISION OF FOREARM AND HAND Incisions for infections of the tendon sheaths and purulent collections in the hand and fore- arm. The incision shown in the ring finger is the one most commonly used for finger infections and may when necessary be made bilaterally. The incision C upon the ulnar side is ordinarily sufficient for the evacuation of pus which has extended from the little finger or thumb into the forearm. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS OF FOREARM 249 A. ulnaris . — M. flexor pollicis longus A. radialis M. brachioradialis A. interossea communis'' M. flexor carpi radialis "' M. pronator teres M flexor carpi radialis.. ls^ , \r slf M. flexor digitorum — profunaus V\ — > M. flexor pollicis longus' VN> M. flexor digitorum sublimis ...M. flexor carpi radialis — N. interosseus antibrachii volaris M. flexor digitorum profundus M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. palmaris longus :^§7 N. medianus Lig. carpi volare Incisions along anterior aspect of right forearm to show course of the median nerve. A: Exposure to show the ulnar artery and the median nerve. B : The median nerve in the middle of the forearm. C: The median nerve just above the wrist. Digitized by Microsoft® 250 TYPICAL INCISIONS OF FOREARM Vv. brachiales.... M. brachioradialis- N. radial is - M. flexor pollicis longus— ' A. radialis - M. flexor carpi radialis- M. flexor pollicis longus „ M. pronator quadratus M. flexor carpi radialis -'' ,,.A. brachialis N. medianus - M. pronator teres — V. basilica N. cutaneus antibrachii medialis . M. flexor carpi radialis M. flexor digitorum sublimis .. — M. flexor carpi ulnaris M. flexor digitorum profundus ~"A. ulnaris "N. ulnaris .'N. ulnaris M. flexor digitorum sublimis -M. flexor carpi ulnaris "A. ulnaris M. flexor carpi radialis M. palmaris longus ;<2v *" Lig. carpi volare '~M. palmaris brevis Incisions along anterior aspect of right forearm. A: Brachial artery and vein; the median nerve and basilic vein. B: Radial artery and vein, and radial nerve. C: Ulnar artery and nerve D: Radial artery, vein and nerve. E: Ulnar artery and nerve. P: Radial artery. Lr: Ulnar artery and nerve. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS OF HAND 251 M. opponens poll icis Arcus volaris arteriosus profundus N- digitalis volaris communis Aponeurosis palmaris Arcus volaris superfidalis M. flexor digitorum subhmis M. lumbricalis manus Incisions in palm of right hand to show the deep and superficial palmar arches. A: Median nerve and deep palmar arch. B : Superficial palmar arch. Digitized by Microsoft® 252 TYPICAL INCISIONS OF HAND Nn.digitales volares communes it. mediani Arcus volaris arteriosus XL profundus M. adductor pollicis-" ^l ,.M. flexor pollicis brevis M. flexor digitorum sublimis ■&! Arcus volaris Aponeurosis palmaris \M. flexor digitorum sublimis M. lumbricalis manus Incisions with exposure of the superficial and deep palmar arches and branches of the median nerve in the palm of the right hand. Digitized by Microsoft® TYPICAL INCISIONS OF HAND 253 M. extensor carpi radialis longus M. extensor If/ pollicis longus I// A. radialis '' M. extensor carpi radialis longus „-N. radialis M. extensor pollicis brevis M. extensor pollicis longus -""-T^A--- M. interosseus dorsalis manus Incisions along outer border of right wrist and hand for ligation of radial artery. A: Exposure of the radial nerve and artery and tendon of the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle at the wrist. B : Exposure of the same tendon, nerve and artery in the hand. Digitized by Microsoft® 254 PROJECTION OF BONES AND LIGAMENTS OF LOWER LIMB Lig. iliolumbale if * Fossa iliaca «$S— V * III... " ^ A^i^'f^ L>g- longitudinale anterius i\\ A ?fe*;F-/#ii-- -Lig- sacrotuberosum . sacrospinosum I superius Malleolus lateralis—, Lig. talofibulare anterius Malleolus medialis Lig. talotibial anterius Surface projection of the skeleton, articular capsules and ligaments of the right lower limb. Antenor view. Digitized by Microsoft® PROJECTION OF BONES AND LIGAMENTS OF LOWER LIMB 255 Spina iliaca posterior superior ,. >** ,. /' / Lig 1 . sacroiliacum postenus %**// *-rmr- Osiliurrt Foramen ischiadicum majus — yV^^Ji*.) J )'-■'. '''••'^y\ W9& / i^hr— -\~ U e- iliofemoral* Lig. sacrospinosum. Lig. ischiocapsulare — — — ^^V - "* 3 '^^*^'' i ^ Trochanter minor M. adductor magn us M. semimembranosus — Malleolus medialis- Lig. talotibiale posterius Tuber calcanei — ■ .--Trochanter major — Lig. sacrotuberosum Femur gastrocnemius popliteus bula Membrana interossea Malleolus lateralis g. malleoli lateralis posterius Surface projection of the skeleton, articular capsules and ligaments of the right lower limb. Posterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 256 INNOMINATE BONE WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS M. glutaeus medius Linea glutaea anterior., Linea glutaea post M. glutaeus maximus Spina iliaca / posterior superior / M. obliquus externus / abdominis ,, Crista iJiaca Spina iliaca ,*' posterior inferior M glutaeus minimus Spina ischiadica — Mm, gemelli M. quadratus femoris Os ischii M. semimembranosus-"' M. biceps femoris ^ M. semitendinosus ;,.M. tensor fascia^e latae — . Spina iliaca anterior superior M. sartorius -Linea glutae'a inferioi M. rectus femoris ■-Spina iliaca anterior ( inferior — Fossa acetabuh .-Tncisura acetabuli , M. pectineus ; — Os pubis M. adductor longus M. adductor brevis '"• M. gracilis M. obturator externus *M. adductor minimus M. obturator interims M adductor magnus The right innominate bone, with muscle attachments, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® INNOMINATE BONE WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 257 Os ilium M. iliacu Crista iliaca M. quadratus lumborunt M. transversa abdominis M. obliquus intemus abdominis Spina, iliaca anterior superior M. sartorius Spina iliaca anterio inferior inferior ^■Incisura ischiadica major M. obturator internus M. coco geus Spina ischiadica quus internus am in is latissimus dorsi M. sacrospinalis M, multifidus < M Spina iliaca posterior; superior "Facics auricularis Spina iliaca posterior Tuberculum pubicum^ ^Incisura ischiadica minor M. gemellus inferior < Os ischii M. obturator internus Facies symphyseos "Tuber ischiadicum M. transversus perinei profundus The right innominate bone, with muscle attachments, medial view. Digitized by Microsoft® 258 FEMUR WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS Trochanter major M. glutaeus minimus - M. vastus lateralis- M. vastus intermedins "Fovea capitis "Caput femoris -Collum femoris — Linea intertrochanterica "-Trochanter minor t>-M. articularis genu M iaSr miUS [CaPm -- / ; • 1 l' 6 '' '^ >% -l.-picon.lvlMS .neJiaHs Epicondylus lateralis— -1 Condylus lateralis ^ . i* I !|§p — -Condylus medialis Right femur, with muscle attachments, anterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® FEMUR WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 259 Fovea capitis Caput femoris — Collum femoris Crista intertrochanterica — M. vastus medialis M. adductor minimus Linea aspera J M. vastus medialis M. adductor longus M. adductor magnus— Planum popliteum M. gastrocnemius- M. adductor magnus-- Epicondylus medialis -- Condylus medialis \ Fossa trochantenca \ v M. obturator externus ^ — Trochanter major M. glutaeus medius M. quadratus femoris -M. vastus lateralis f— Tuberositas glutaea femoris ■M. glutaeus maximus adductor brevis -M. vastus intermedius -M. vastus lateralis M. biceps femoris [caput breve] l—f—M- adductor magnus _..M. prantari9 "Linea intercondyloidea '"Epicondylus lateralis M. popliteus -Condylus lateralis "Fossa intercondyloidea Right femur, with muscle attachments, posterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® 260 TIBIA AND FIBULA WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS Apex capituli fibular , t Capitulum fibulae-. M. biceps femoris -.__ M. extensor digitomm longus — M. peronaeus longus M. tibialis posterior--- Facies lateralis Facies medialis Crista anterior M. peronaeus brevis Crista interossea M. extensor digitorum longus Crista lateralis Fibula Condylus lateralis tibiae Malleolus lateralis. ---Margo infraglenoidalis — Condylus medialis -Tuberositas tibiae M. quadriceps femoris — M. sartorius M. gracilis M. semitendinosus M. tibialis anterior Facies medialis Crista anterior Facies lateralis Crista interossea .;. Margo medialis Malleolus medialis Right tibia and fibula, with muscle attachments, anterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® TIBIA AND FIBULA WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 261 Margo infraglenoidalis^ Condylus medialis'— M. semimembranosus ■' M. popliteus Linea poplitea M, flexor digitorum longus pedis Facies posterior — (■•* Crista interossea Margo medialis — ■» Malleolus med M. tibialis posterior; M. flexor digitorum longus M flexor hallucis longus dylus lateralis tibiae Capitulum fibulae M. biceps femoris M. soleus — Foramen nutricium M. peronaeus longus M. tibialis posterior ?4 — M. flexor hallucis longus Wtrjt— Crista medialis fibulae Crista lateralis fibulae -Malleolus lateralis y -JM. peronaeus brevis m. peronaeus longus Right tibia and fibula, with muscle attachments, posterior aspect. Digitized by Microsoft® 262 BONES OF FOOT WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS Tendo calcaneus M. quadratus plantae" Calc. Os cuboidcum Tuberositas ossis (metatarsals qumli M. peronaeus brevis — M. peronaeus tertius— M. interosseus dorsalisr M. abductor digiti quinti- M. extensor digitorum brevis et longus H — Os naviculare pedis — Os cuneiforme III — Os cuneiforme II — Os cuneiforme I Os metatarsals Jt~ M. adductor hallucis M. extensor haflucis brevis et longus Phalanx I Phalanx II Bones of the right foot with muscle attachments, viewed from above. Digitized by Microsoft® BONES OF FOOT WITH MUSCLE ATTACHMENTS 263 ■M. abductor hallucis. lM. flexor digitomm. (M. quadratus plantae Sustentaculum tall M tibialis posterii Talus Os navicular*- SJ. abductor hallucis 'Os cuneiforme III- Os cuneiforme II— W. tibialis anterior——*- Os cuneiforme I- JM- peronaeus longus Tuberositas ossis metatarsals I M. 8exor hallucis brevis M- adductor hallucis (caput obliquum] M. adductor hallucis [caput transversum] Ossa. sesamoidea- M. abductor hallucis M". flexor hallucis longus Tuber calcane) — -Proc. lateralis tuberis calcanei -Proc. medialis tuberis calcanei X M. abductor digiti quinti ■Calcaneus Sulcus m. peronaei M. peronaeus longus Tuberositas ossis metatarsals V M. flexor digiti quinti brevis -M. opponens digit! quinti Mm. rnterossei plan tares M dexor difptonjn- brevis Bones of the right foot, with muscle attachments, plantar surface. Digitized by Microsoft® 264 LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT Lig. cruciatum anterius Lig. cruciatum posterius Epicondylus lateralis femoris Condylus lateral femoris Lig. collat fibulare Meniscus latera M. biceps J^j femoris Lig. ca fibulae Epicondylus med. femoris —Condylus medialis femoris —Meniscus medialis ' Lig. transversum genu g. collateral tibiale uadriceps femoris sitas tibiae The right knee joint, viewed from in front. The articular capsule and patella have been removed and the knee flexed in order to show the cruciate ligaments. For hip joint see pp. 2 54-5- Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT 265 Femur M. adductor magnus Lig. cruciatum^ posterius genu M Epicondylus medialis femoris Condylus medialis- femoris Meniscus mediahs — Lig. collateral — tibiale M semimembranosus- Lig. cruciatum antenus genu Epicondylus lateralis femoris Lig. collatcrale fibularc Condylus lateralis femoris ~i, M. popliteus Meniscus lateralis M biceps femoris Lig. capituli fibulae Capitulum fibulae Fibula Ligaments of the right knee joint, from behind. The capsule proper, has been removed. Digitized by Microsoft® 266 LIGAMENTS OF KNEE JOINT Tuberositas tibiae Lig. transversum genu\ Meniscus medialis- Lig. cruciatum anterius Lig. cruciatum postcrius genu -Meniscus lateralis Right knee joint. Tibia with cartilaginous discs and ligaments, seen from above. Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF FOOT 267 Talus Lig. calcaneonavicular^ plantare Lig. cuboideonaviculare_._ plantare Os naviculare pedis Lig. navicularicuneiforme— . : ■ plantare M tibialis anterior- Os cuneiforrne I M. peronaeus long Tuber calcanei Calcaneus Lig. plantare longurri Lig. calcaneocuboideum plantare M. peronaeus Iongus M. tibialis posterior JJ5 Ligg. basium [ossium WMrWv y metatarsaliumj plantaria Ossa metatarsalia Ligaments of the plantar surface of the right foot. Digitized by Microsoft® 268 LIGAMENTS OF ANKLE AND FOOT Fibula Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius Lig. calcancofibulare Retinaculum mm. peronaeorum inferius Lig. plantare longum Lig. talocalcaneum anterius M. peronacus longus Lig. cuneocuboideum dorsale M. peronaeus brevis Ligaments of the right ankle joint and foot, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF ANKLE AND FOOT 269 Lig. deltoideum Ligg. naviculancun dorsalia Os cuneiforme Ligg- tarsom dorsali; Lig. talotibiale rjg. posterius \ d e i- Lig- calcanco- toid. tibiale I _Lig. talocalcaneum ^T\\\X posterius M. tibialis anterior Calcaneus Lig. talocalcaneum mediate Lig. plantare longum Ligaments of the right ankle joint and foot, viewed from the medial side. Lig- navicularicuneiforme plantare Os naviculare pedis M. tibialis posterior Digitized by Microsoft® 270 LIGAMENTS OF ANKLE AND FOOT Trochlea tali. Lig. talotibiale posterius--.Jvg§ M. tibialis posterior \£ Lig. calcaneotibiale Lig. talocalcaneum medialc ^jL^Ji M. flexor hallucis longus ■Fibula Lig. malleoli lateralis posterius — Lig. talofibulare posterius ■Lig. calcaneofibulare — Lig. talocalcaneum posterius >M. peronaeus brevis et longus -Tuber calcanei Tendo calcaneus Ligaments of the right ankle joint and foot, viewed from behind. Digitized by Microsoft® LIGAMENTS OF ANKLE AND FOOT 271 Ossa metatarsal!* II ,.,.1-igg. basium [ossium l* * , W §| l.I'^-^'S'^fS?'".?''^ mctatarsalium] interossea Lig. cuneometatarsum — -WJ interosseum Kr5^'*" / t«'. Articulationes tarsometatarsae^*u^J_l*ll Lig. intercuneiform^, interosseum Os cuneiforme I Articulatio cuneonavicular is Os naviculare *"' Articulatio talocalcaneo navicularis Lig. deltoideu Tibia M. tibialis posterior Articulatio inter- metatarsea -Lig. cuneocuboidcum interosseum -Os cuneiforme III Os cuboideum rs calcaneonavicularis igamenti bifurcati iculatio calcaneocuboidea Lig. talocakaneum interosseum —Calcaneus Articulatio talocalcanea Articulatio talocruralis Lig. calcaneofibulare. "'-Syndesmosis tibiofibularis Fibula A frontal section of the right foot showing the articulations and ligaments, viewed from above. Digitized by Microsoft® 272 MUSCLES OF THIGH M. glutaeus medius M. tensor fasciae latae M pectineus M. adductor longus M. adductor magnus M rectus femoris- M vastus lateralis Tractus ilioti Tuberosiias Tib M. vastus medial is g. patellae Superficial muscles of the right thigh, anterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® MUSCLES OF THIGH 273 M. glutaeus maximus j~M. sartorius M. tensor fasciae latac Trochanter major ' M. rectus femoris Tractus iliotibialis M \'astus lateralis Superficial muscles of the right thigh, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® 274 MUSCLES OF THIGH M. adductor magnus M. semimembranosus M semitendinosus M. semimembranosus M. gracilis- M. sartorius M. glutaeus medius M. glutaeus maximus " Trochanter major Tractus iliotibklis M. biceps femoris (caput longum] M. planlaris JVL biceps femoris M. gastrocnemiu Superficial muscles of right thigh, posterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® MUSCLES OF LEG 275 M gastrocnemius $+'-l^ti--- F.'icies medialis tibiae M. vastus lateralis - Tractus iliotibiaiis- Patella Bursa M. biceps feme Lig. patellae f ' If Tuberositas tib ; - ' M. peronaeus longus — M. tibialis anter ,'M. vastus medialis - M. sartorius Lig coIlMefalc tibiale Meniscus medialis M. extensor digitoru: longus pedis \m\l M. peronaeus b Fibula - Lig. transversum cruris Lig". cruciatum cruns — M. peronaeus tertius M. extensor digitorum longus pedis M Rexor digitorum longus M. extensor hallncis longus - M. tibialis anterior ""Malleolus medialis M. extensor hallucis longus Superficial muscles of the right leg, anterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 276 MUSCLES OF LEG M. semimembran M biceps feino Capitiilnni fib M. gastrocncniii 'Tractus iliolibialis •P.Uella •Lig. colhilcralc fibularr Tuberosilas libiae M extensor iligilorum long Fibul Tcnclo ca I can en Lig. cruciatum cruris-- Retinaculum mm. pcrbnacoriim<~/> i, t .^-, superiuset iaferius //H^-'w; M. extensor cligitorum brcvis M. peronacus lcmgus--f.*> M. peronaeu^ brcvis M. abductor digili quint Superficial muscles of the right leg, lateral view. Digitized by Microsoft® MUSCLES OF LEG 277 M. gracilis . M. scmitendinosus - M. sartorius — M. gastrocnemius 9,\M •- -M biceps fcinoris j--M semimembranosus -M. plantaris M. soleus M. flexor digitorum longus pedis Tendo calcaneus Malleolus medial is - M. peronaeus longus — M, peronaeus brevis ■ Malleolus lateralis Tuber calcanci ... Superficial muscles of the right leg, posterior view. Digitized by Microsoft® 278 PROJECTION OF ARTERIES AND NERVES OF LOWER LIMB Crista iliaca - Spina iliaca' anterior superior Lig. inguinale — Trochanter major. Trochanter minor .A- profunda femoris N. femoralis [rami musculares et cutanei.anteriojes] Femur A. circumflexa femoris lateralis [ramus descendens] A genu superior lateralis A. genu inferior lateralis A. recurrens tibialis anterior- N peronaeus profundus ._ Fibula---- N peronaeus superficial is- A. peronaea [.ramus perforans] - Malleolus lateralis* A. tarsea lateralis \r j- ' , . A.;arcuata «n dignales dorsales pedis... A. metatarsea dorsahV A, circumflexa ilium profunda !A. iliaca externa- •N. femoralis A. femoralis A. circumflexa femoris medialis "A. circumflexa femoris lateralis N. obturatorius [ramus posteriorj A. perforans prima ■N. obturatorius [ramus anterior] A- perforans secunda -A. perforans tertia -N saphenus A. genu suprema -A. genu superior medialis Rete patellae A genu inferior medialis A. tibialis anterior -Malleolus mcdTalTs A. dorsalis pedis -A tarsea medialis -- N peronaeus profundus "A. metatarsea dorsalis ron^SP^I^^ ""^ 116 nerVSS and blood vessels of the ri S ht lower extremity, viewed from Digitized by Microsoft® in front. See also p. 296. PROJECTION OF ARTERIES AND NERVES OF LOWER LIMB 279 A. glutaea superior... -Os ilium. N. glutaeus superioiv A. glutaea inferior'--. Os ischii - N. cutaneus femoris posterior- -N. ischiadicus A. circumflexa femoris. - lateralis ..A. circumflexa femoris medialis — Femur N. tibialis - A. genu superior medialis — A. poplitea — A. genu inferior medialis — Tibia A. tibialis posterior- N. tibialis!— A. plantaris medialis' N. plantaris medialis- A. digitalis plantaris/.^ I ]K, A. profunda femoris rami ' perforan't es ■• N. peronaeus communis ~ A. genu superior lateralis -=N, cutaneus surae lateralis -■A. genu inferior lateralis — A. tibialis anterior -Fibula -A. perpnaea ■ Calcaneus ._-— A. plantaris lateralis 5 -N plantaris lateralis -Arcus plantaris -N digitalis plantaris proprius from Surface projection of the neryes and blood vessels of the right lower extremity, viewed i behind. Digitized by Microsoft® 280 ARTERIES OF HIP AND THIGH A. epigastrica inferior- A. iliolumbalis — A. circumflexa ilium._ .profunda A. glutaea superior Lig. inguinale [_ A. circumflexa femoris lateralis A. pudenda interna— A. profunda femoris A. femoralis A. circumflexa femoris, lateralis Aorta abdominalis A. iliaca communis —A. sacralis media Vertebra lumbalis V A. hypogastrica -A. sacralis lateralis A. obturatoria -A. glutaea inferior ^ A. circumflexa femoris medialis A profunda femoris rami perforantes) genu suprema Collateral circulation about the hip and the upper part of the right thigh. Digitized by Microsoft® CUTANEOUS NERVES OF LOWER EXTREMITY 281 a <$L Tu TtZ Ll l2.a'i >U*\ » + Ramus cut. ant., /(*•*%.. "■ intercostalis XI Ramus cut. lat; n. intercostalis XI /v.^S^i' / Ramus cut. lat., n. intercostalis XIl-f±— -/* / x SaA IT. cutaneus fcmoris — JL. 'late_ra_liS' ^Ranius cut ant., u. intercostalis XII Ramus cut. ant. n.i iliohypogastric^ ..N. lumboinguinalis [N. genitofemoralis] N. ilioinguinalisj ttaneus femoris posterior -N. obturatorius L2.3. U# <*"§fe R« -Rami cut. ant. 11., femoralis -Ramus infrapatellar n. sapheni 1 L3.4-Z tSi£\ ,lM N. cutaneus surae lateralis 1/ N. pcronaeus superfki'alis- m /<&: N. suralis, — cMa — N. peronaeus profundus Distribution of cutaneous nerves on the front of the right lower extremity. The figure at the right shows the areas of distribution of the cutaneous nerves. The letters and numerals in the figure at the left indicate s]g^t^sifr^trbBi*WKPEfitetributed to each area. 282 CUTANEOUS NERVES OF LOWER EXTREMITY Sl.2.3 .Nn. clunuini superiores ^ V \ - '-%'. Si S 2 S3 Nn. clmiiiim incdii -. N. cutaneus femoris postciior-*.; \ * ~~\$j\"^ 'I'ol'ypogastri'cus ■— -V. cutaneus femoxis lateralis N. ubuirainriiis ^ \Sizi Rami cutanci .antcriorcs \ [N. femoralis] S& Rami cuianei cruris mcdialis — [N. saphenus] -N. cutaneus surac lateralis . pei-onacus superficialis cutaneus surac medialis et sural is Rami calcanei mediates-- - [N. tibialis] N. plantaris medlali; N. cutaneus rlorsalis laterahi "N. plantaris lateralis Distribution of cutaneous nerye^jDii tlie back of thfijright lower extremity. The figure - Mi ffitf@£hQtf tmQf^Q&m nerves. The letters and numerals nricrin nf tllR nprvpn Histrihiil-Arl fr\ oq^V. <-.*.«« at the right shows the areas of (Mm&G&hW! M(Mi4t&HRSffis nerves. The letters ar in the figure at the left indicate spinal origin of the nerves distributed to each area LYMPHATICS OF LOWER EXTREMITY 283 Superficial lymphatic vessels and nodes of the right lower extremity and groin. Digitized by Microsoft® 284 DISSECTION OF THIGH Spina iliaca anterior superior A. circumflexa ilium - superficial N- cutaneus femoris lateralis -- M. iliopsoas **-- M. rectus femoris — N. femoralis rami M. tensor fasciae latae A. circumflexa femoris lateralis N. saphenus - N. femoralis M. rectus femoris M. sartorius A. genu suprema M. vastus medialis moralis femoralis Lymphoglandula et Lig. inguinale "Tuberculum pubicum ~M. pectineus - M. adductor longus — V. saphena magna -M. gracilis M. adductor magnus N. saphenus _„A. poplitea Patella A. articularis genu Deep dissection, exposing the blood vessels and nerves of the right thigh, which has been slightly rotated outward. The (*) indicates the anterior wall of Hunter's canal. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF THIGH 285 A. glutaea superior N. glutaeus inferior A. glutaea inferior — N. cutaneus femoris - posterior N. ischiadicus" -1 ' ^ M. quadratus femoris M. glutaeus M. adductor magnus A. perforans tertia M. biceps femoris [caput longum] M. adductor magnus M. gracilis —Crista iliaca M. glutaeus medius N. glutaeus superior -M, piriformis — M. glutaeus medius M. obturator internus" A. circumflexa femoris [ramus] Trochanter major M. glutaeus maximus — A. perforans prima Nn. cjunium inferiores __A. perforans secunda N. peronaeus [ramus] — Tractus iliotibialis — M. biceps femoris [caput breve] M. biceps femoris [caput longum] N. peronaeus communis Deep dissection of the posterior aspect of the right thigh, showing the course of the ischiadic (great sciatic) nerve. Digitized by Microsoft® 286 DISSECTION OF LEG Tractus iliotibialis A. genu superior lateralis M. biceps femoris Patella A. genu inferior lateralis N. peronaeus communis .. M. peronaeus Iongus N. peronaeus profundus N. peronaeus superficialis M. peronaeus Iongus N. peronaeus profundus M. extensor digitorum Iongus pedis N. peronaeus superficial A. rccurrens tibialis A. tibialis anterior — M. tibialis anterior gastrocnemius V. saphena magna Hi M. extensor hallucis Iongus ■■ " ' ' M. peronaeus iongus N. cutaneus dorsal interniedius N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis Malleolus lateralis Lig. cruciatu cruris -M. quadriceps femoris • N. peronaeus profundus Lig. transversum cruris Malleolus medialis "M extensor digitorum ongus pedis A. dorsalis pedis N. peronaeus profundus Dissection of the anterior aspect of the right leg, showing especially the course of the tenor tibial artery. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF LEG 287 M. semitendfnosus M. semimembranosus.— A. poplitea — M. gracilis — M. gastrocnemius [caput mediale] A. et n. gastrocnemius.. A. genu superior mediali: M. popliteu M. soleus-- m j- — N. ischiadicus - M. biceps femoris -N. peronaeus communis -N. tibialis M. gastrocnemius [caput " laterale] -A. suralis '"—A. genu superior lateralis . N. peronaeus communis M. flexor digitorum ^ v longus pedis M. tibialis posterior - A. tibialis posterior- N. tibialis — n\wv . A peronaea -M. flexor hallucis longus . M. peronaeus longus -M. peronaeus brevis • N. suralis .-A. malleolaris lateralis Tendo ealcaneu Deep structures of the leg and the popliteal fossa after removal of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles, showing course of popliteal artery and tibial nerve. Digitized by Microsoft® 288 DISSECTION OF FOOT M. flexor digitorum longus pedis Tibia V. saphena magna -. N. saphenus bialis posterior lib'ialis posterior N. tibialis M. flexor hallucis longus Tcndo calcaneus , Tuber calcanei Malleolus medialis M. flexor digitorum. longus pedis N. saphenus [rami cutanei ] *-.,N. tibialis rami N. plantaris medialis M. abductor hallucis yy/--— Aponeurosis plantaris Topographical relations of the nerves and blood vessels of the right foot as seen from the median side. Digitized by Microsoft® DISSECTION OF FOOT 289 Vagina tendinum ---,-/ JTg\\l | Rete calcjncu M. flexor digitorun lonpus pedis M, flexor digit brevis N. digitalis plantaris proprii- A/f|| UV- ., M. adductor hallucis _../•' 111';. ,,V3f [caput transversum] Infill If M. flexor digiti quinti brevis pedis A. metatarsea plantaris-- Arcus plantaris-- M. abductor digiti quint pedis M- flexor digitorum longus pedis A. et n plantaris lateralis -- A.et n digitalis plantaris M. flexor hallucis longus A digitalis plantaris N. digitalis plantaris communis M. flexor hallucis brevis M adductor hallucis caput obliquum] flexor hallucis longus I n. plantaris medialis - M abductor hallucis M quadratus plantae xor digitorum is pedis Deep structures of the sole of the right foot, after removal of the flexor digitorum brevis, quadratus plantae muscles, and the tendons of the flexor digitorum longus muscle. Digitized by Microsoft® 290 FRONTAL SECTION OF HIP M. glulaeus ma M. glutaeus mini M, pyramidal M. obturator internuS M. obturator cxternus- Bursa trochanteric.! - m. gliitaci maximi M. iliopsoas— M. vastus lateralis— Femur - >-A. et v. iliaca externa -Fovea capitis - Li£. teres femoris -Cavum articulare Lig. transversum — M. obturator externns """■Capsula articularis A. et v. circumflexa femoris medialis liopsoas Frontal section through the right hip joint, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF KNEE 291 M. vastus lateralis Femur Condylus lateralis Meniscus lateralis-— Cavum articulare M. gastrocnemius [caput s laterale] l-M. vastus medialis Lig. cruciatum anterius genu Meniscus medialis Condylus medialis Tibia \M. gastrocnemius [caput mediale] Median frontal section of the right knee, viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® 292 BURSAE OF KNEE Bursa suprapatellar M. quadriceps femoris Epicondylus lateralis Lig. collaterale fibulare -\- g™k-" Cavum articulare Cavum articulare Capitulum fibulae The bursae of the right knee, lateral view. This figure shows to what extent the various bursae may be distended with fluid. Digitized by Microsoft® SAGITTAL SECTION OF KNEE 293 M. biceps femoris^X v [caput longum] u\ M. biceps femoris [caput breve] N. peronacus— Lig. cruciatum anterius Meniscus lateralis- M. plantaris — A. poplitea- M. gastrocnemius M. soleus Femur M. vastus lateralis -M. articularis genu M. quadriceps femoris — Bursa suprapatellaris Patella — Bursa praepatellaris Lig. patellae bia Sagittal section of the right knee, viewed from the outer side. The joint cavity proper lies to each side of the anterior crural ligament. Digitized by Microsoft® 294 SAGITTAL SECTION OF ANKLE AND FOOT M. tibialis anterior — I. quadratus plantae Os cunciformc I- Os mctatarsalc I M. flexor digitormn long-us pedis M. flexor hallncis longus Aponeurosis plantaris Sagittal section of the foot and ankle passing through the great toe. Digitized by Microsoft® FRONTAL SECTION OF ANKLE AND FOOT 295 Membrana interossea cruris — Fibula - Talus — Malleolus lateralis.—. Lig. calcaneo fibulare™ M. peronacus brevis- M. peronaeus longus-"' Calcaneus'' M. abductor digiti quinti pedis M. quadratus plantae Tibia Malleolus medialis s — Lig. deltoideus M tibialis posterior '"" Lig talocalcaneum ■— ,M. flexor digitorum longus pedis M. flexor halHicis longus M, abductor hallucis ; 'A. et n. plantaris medialis A. et n. plantaris lateralis Frontal section of the right ankle and foot. Viewed from in front. Digitized by Microsoft® 296 KEY FIGURE TO CROSS SECTIONS OF LOWER LIMB Fen ti. peronaeus superficialis - Fibula- N. peronaeus profundus — N. ischiadicus — V. saphena magna — V. et a. femoralis Epicondylus lateralis N. peronaeus communis i--f~< 91 N. tibialis — 02 Tuberositas tibiae- - Patella -Epicondylus medialis V. et a. poplitea V. saphena magna — V. tibialis posterior —A. tibialis posterior -Tibia — N. tibialis -A. et v. tibialis anterior Key figure to the cross sections of the right lower limb, with the blood vessels and main nerves projected on the surface. Digitized by Microsoft® KEY FIGURE OF ANKLE AND FOOT 297 Key figure to the cross sections of the ankle and foot. M. glutaeus maximus I! N. ischiadicus A. perforans prima M. vastus — lateralis Femur — M. tensor _ fasciae latae M. vastus - intermedins A. et v. profunda femoris N. femoralis [ramil M. rectus femoris— N- sapnenus M. sartorius M. biceps femoris M. semitendinosus M. semi- membranosus M. adductor magnus -M. adductor minimus -M. iliopsoas M. pectineus N. obturatorius ramus posterior] M. adductor brevis M. gracilis N. obturatorius [ramus anterior] lumboinguinalis saphena magna A. et v. femoralis '' N femoralis [ramil Section through the upper third of the right thigh. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 298 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 77, 78 OF THIGH M. glutaeus maxim N. cutaneus femori posterior N. ischiadicus M. vastus lateralis A. perforans prima- Femur- A. et v. profunda femoris' M. vastus intermedi M. rectus fern N. cutaneus femoris tendinosus biceps femoris iput longum] semi lembranosus M. adductor magnus N. obtura tonus _ [ramus posterior] -M. gracilis N. obturatorius ramus anterior] et a. femoralis adductor Iongus- saphena magna If. sartorius N. saphenus 1 N. femoralis [ramij Section through the upper third of the right thigh, one inch below preceding. Upper sur- face. See p. 296 for key figure. M. biceps femoris [caput longum ST. glutaeus maximus N. ischiadicus M. vastus lateralis Femur-- — M. vastus intermedins N- cutaneus _ femoris lateralis [ramus N. cutaneus femoris lateralis M. rectus femoris Section through the upper tL~ face. See p. 296 for key figure. 7 - 77 ^ 1 N. cutaneus femoris posterior M. semitendinosus M. semimembranosus. M. adductor magnus ~M. gracilis _A. et v. profunda femoris M. adductor longus V. saphena magna A. et v. femoralis NT, femoralis [ramus] V N. saphenus inch below preceding. Upper sur- CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 79, 80 OF THIGH 299 Sf. bicepS femoris [caput longum N. cutaneus femoris! nosterior M. semitendinosus M. semimembranosus N. ischiadicus M. vastus W- intermedins M. rectus femor M. gracilis M. adductor longus — V. saphena magna N. femoralis [ramus] -> A. et v. femoralis N. saphenus M. sartorius- Section through the middle third of the right thigh. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. N. cutaneus femoris posterior M. biceps femor [caput Iongu N. ischiadicus — //—/m A. et v. profunda U-JA femoris / ; lit M. vastus... intermedius Femur - RT. vastus lateralis yt. rectus femoris M. semitendinosus — M. semimembranosus M. adductor magnus — M. gracilis M, adductor longus V. saphena magna . femoralis [ramus] v. femoralis M. sartorius Section through the middle third of the right thigh, one inch below preceding. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 300 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 81, 82 OF THIGH N. cutaneus femoris posterior M. biceps femoris [caput longura] Septum intermuscula femoris laterale N. ischiadicuS' M. biceps femoris _ [caputbreve] A. et v. profunda femoris Femur — M. vastus intermedius M. rectus femoris-- M. semitendinosus ^\-M. semimembranosus - M adductor magnus -M gracilis V. perforans A. perforans tertia -V. saphena magna — M. adductor longus A. ct v. femoralis — - N. saphenus M: sartorius Section through the middle of the right thigh. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. N. cutanetis femoris posterior M.. biceps femoris [caput Longun M. vastus lateral N- ischiadicus M. biceps femoris_ [caput breve]'"' A. et v. profunda femoris'" Femur. M. vastus intermedin M, rectus fe nitendinosus M. semimembranosu — M. gracilis A. perforans tertia V. perforans -M. adductor magnus -M. adductor longus N. femoralis [rami] V et a. femoralis N. saphenus stus medialis Section through the right thigh, one inch below preceding. Upper surface. See o. 206 for key figure. ^ Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 83 AND 84 OF THIGH 301 N. cutaneus fcmoris posterior M. biceps femori [caput longurn] - M. biceps femor [caput breve] N. ischiadicus A. et v. profunda femoris - Femur — M. vastus intermedins - M. vastus lateralis - mitendinosus M. semimembranosus M. gracilis -- M. adductor magnus M. adductor longus " V. et a. femoralis N. saphenus M. sartorius vastus medialis M. rectus femoris Section through the middle third of the right thigh. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. M. biceps bra [caput loner N. ischiadic u M. biceps bracbii [caput breve] Femur M. vastus lateral M. vastus intermedins semitendinosus M. semimembranosus M. gracilis M. adductor magnus A. et v. femoralis N. saphenus M. sartorius M. vastus medialis S femoris Section through the lower third of the right thigh. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 302 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 85 AND 86 OF THIGH N. cutaneus femoris posterior M. biceps femori [caput longum N. ischiadicus - M. biceps femoris _. [caput breve] Femur [linea aspera] M. vastus lateralis M. vastus intcrmedius —■ -M semitendinosus M. semimembranosus - V. saphena magna — M. sartorius — M. adductor magnus — N. saphemis -- A. et v. femoralis M. vastus medialis M. rectus femoris Section through the lower third of the right thigh, one inch below preceding. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. N. cutaneus femoris posterior V. saphena parva-/; N. ischiadicus- A. et v.poplitca M. biceps femoris-™ M. vastus lateralis- Femur- M. rectus fe M semitendinosus M, semimembranosus ■M. gracilis V. saphena magna — M. sartorius J J — M. adductor magnus 1/ — N. saphenus --M. vastus medialis M. articularis genu Section through the lower third of the thigh, five inches above knee joint. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 87, 88 OF THIGH 303 V. saphena parva N. cutaneus iemons'^y'v posterior N. tibialis-^ N. peronaeus communis- M. biceps femoris— M. vastus lateralis V. poplitea Femur — M. quadriceps femoris M. semitendinosus -— M. semimembranosus ~M. gracilis V. saphena magna AL sartorius A. poplitea N. saphenus M. articularis genu Section through the right thigh, four inches above knee joint. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. M. semimembranosus iM. semitendinosu V. -saphena parva N*. cutaneus femoris posterior '* N. peronaeus com N. tibial M. biceps femoris V. et a. poplitea' Tractus ilio tibial is---" M. vastus lateralis M. gracilis V. saphena magna --M. sartorius --N. saphenus ~M. adductor magntis M. vastus medialis Bursa suprapate M. quadriceps femoris'' Cavum articulare Section through the right thigh, two inches above condyles of the femur. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 304 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 89, 90 OF KNEE N. cutaneus surac 1 N. peronaeus commun V. poplitea- M. biceps femoris M. plantaris -"" A. poplitea"' Femur''' M. vastus late M. semimembranosus V. saphena parva N. tibialis* teral M. semitendinosus i ,M. gracilis /M. sartorius ,,N. saphenus M- gastrocnemius [caput mcdiale] Bursa m. gastrocnemii medialis M. vastus medialis m articulare M. quadriceps femoris'' Patella Section through the patella and one inch above the condyles. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. A. poplitea N. cutaneus femoris posterior « V. saphena parva « v N. tibialis. \ ' V. poplitea N. peronaeus communis.... Cavum articulare Lig. cruciatnm anterius — Epicondylus lateralis- Capsula articularis -*' Cavum articulare M. vastus lateralis Patella M. gastrocnemius [caput mediale] M. semimembranosus M. semitendinosus M. sartorius M. gracilis N. saphenus ,jV. saphena magna — Fossa intercondyloid "-Epicondylus medialis ^■Retinaculum patellae Femur x - Bursa praepatellaris subcutanea Section through the right patella and the condyles. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 91, 92 OF KNEE 305 N. cutaneus femoris posterior V. saphena parva N. cutaneus ^urac medialis M. gastrocnemius [caput N. cutaneus surac latcra N. peronacus communis A. et v. poplitea - M. biceps femoris-- Lig. collatcrale fibulare — Tractus iliotibialis Lig. cruciatum anterii M. gastrocnemius [caput mediale] Bursa m. scmimembranosi / / M. semitendinosns sarlonus ._M, gracilis -- N. saphenus ..-Lig. cruciatum posterius genu "Lig. collateral tibiale Fades articularis Section through the right knee joint. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. M, plantaris . M. pojpljteus v M. soleus v N. peronaeus communis-^ Fibula— if M. brceps femoris- Condylus lateralis V. saphena parva , N. cutaneus surac medialis. ! M. gastrocnemius A. ct v. poplitea JK. genu inferior medialis X M. semitendinosus V-.--V saphena parva __N. saphenus — M. semimembranosus — M. gracilis "*** Condylus medialis Tibia v Lig patellae Section through the head of the right fibula. Upper surface. See p. 296 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 306 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 93, 94 OF LEG N. cutaneus surae medialis V. saphena parva M. gastrocnemius [caput lateralej N. cutaneus surae lateralis M. sol N. tibialis N. peronaeus superficialis N. peronaeus profundus — Fibula '$ M. peronaeus longus M? extensor digitorum longu M, extensor hallucis longu M. tibialis anterio M". tibialis anterior N. peronaeus profundus M. flexor hallucis, longus N. suralis V. saphena parva-, M. peronaeus brevis M. peronaeus longus Fibula — Membrana interossea — N. cutaneus dorsalis ..J intermedins M. extensor digitorum "'' longus A. tibialis anterior M. extensor hallucis longus Tendo calcaneus ■ M. plantaris N. tibialis A. tibialis posterior M. flexor digitorum longus - M. tibialis posterior . V. saphena magna Tibia ■ M. tibialis anterior Section two and a half inches above right ankle joint. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 312 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 105, 106 OF ANKLE V. saphena parva M. peronaeus brevis M. peronaeus longus ., t Fibula-. N. cutaneus dorsalis - intermedins M. extensor digitorum longus - N. cutaneus dorsalis mcdialis'-"' .. tibialis anterior M. extensor hallucis longus ' N. peronaeus profundus /Tencto calcaneus ,M, 'plantaris \\ ,. A. et v. tibialis posterior ..-- N. tibialis -Vt— -M. flexor hallucis longus M. flexor digitorum longus ""■ -M. tibialis posterior /"-- Tibia "**V. saphena magna ' M, tibialis anterior Section two inches above the lower end of the right fibula. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Tendo calcaneus M. flexor hallucis longus-.^ V. saphena parva x M. peronaeus longus---V M. peronaeus brevis- Fibula N. cutaneus dorsalis intermedins N. peronaeus profundus N. cutaneus dorsalis medialis M. extensor digitorum longus / Bursa subcutanea calcanea ■'M. plantaris A. et v. tibialis posterior N. tibialis M. flexor digitorum longus ■-M. tibialis posterior Tibia ""V. saphena magna - M. tibialis anterior N M. extensor hallucis longus Section one inch above the external malleolus. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 107, 108 OF ANKLE JOINT 313 Calcaneus-. M. peronaeus brevis--., /// M. peronaeus longus- Lig. talofibulare posterius- Malleolus lateralis - Lig. talofibulare antenus— "\ M. peronaeus tertius M. extensor digitorum longus-' A. tibialis anterior .-Ten do calcaneus .--M. flexor hallucis longus A. et v. tibialis posterior \\"~N. tibialis &\v""-M. flexor digitorum longus M. tibialis posterior "'"■Lig. talotibial posterius ' Malleolus medialis V. saphena magna V M. tibialis anterior M. extensor hallucis longus N. peronaeus profundus Section through the external malleolus. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Proc. lateralis tuber: calcanei Calcaneus M. peronaeus longus -. Proc. trochlears calcanei M. peronaeus brevis -.. M. extensor digitorum- brevis M. extensor hallucis brevis Lig. talocalcaneum laterale M. extensor digitorum longus N. peronaeus profundus'' A. dorsalis pedis '' Tuber calcanei ..-M. abductor hallucis ...M. quadra tus plantae ,.A. et 11. plantaris lateralis _. A. et n. plantaris medialis --M. flexor hallucis longus L M. flexor digitorum longus - M. tibialis posterior Talus M. tibialis anterior M. extensor hallucis longus Section through the right foot one inch below the external malleolus. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 314 CROSS SECTIONS Nos. 109, 110 OF FOOT M. abductor diglti quinti M. quadratus plantac M. peronaeus longus Calcaneus s M, peronaeus brevis Os cuboideum M. peronaeus tertius- M. extensor digitorum_. brevis M. extensor digitorum \v longus N. peronaeus profundus"' A. dorsalis pedis ' Aponeurosis plantaris M. flexor digitorum , brevis pedis A. et n. plantaris lateralis ,. Lig. plantare longum \ N. plantaris median's .M. abductor hallucis M. flexor digitorum longus ■M. flexor hallucis longus M. flexor hallucis brevis M. tibialis posterior N Os naviculare M. tibialis anterior M. extensor hallucis longus Section through the middle of the right foot. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. M. flexor digitorum brevis ^ Aponeurosis plantaris ' M. quadratus plantac > i N. plantaris lateralis \ I ,.M. flexor digitorum longus A. plantaris lateralis^— rA=ri-^J / , M. peronaeus longus >r <5^^t ::: ~" i ^C /N. ct a. plantaris median's Lig. plantare longum^ ^- \ \ j^^: ^»/ , . — -'M. flexor hallucis longus M. abductor digiti quinti Tuberositas ossis metatarsalis quinti Os 'metatarsal V- Os cuboideum M. peronaeus tertins M.'' extensor digitorum brevis Os cuneiforme III N. plantaris niedialis M Hexor hallucis brevis M, abductor hallucis Os cuneiformc I ~M. tibialis anterior " _ M. extensor halhicfsjohgus. Os cuneiforme II \ A. dorsalis pedis N. peronaeus profundus M. extensor hallucis brevis 'M. .extensor digitorum longus Section through the right tarso-metatarsal joint. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® CROSS SECTIONS Nos. Ill, 112 OF FOOT 315 ,.' M.'flexorlligitorum'brevis M. adductor hallucis [caput obliquum N. plantaris lateralis [ramus profundus] A. mctatarsea plantaris M. flexor digiti quinti brevis ,M. interosseus dorsalis M. abductor digiti quinti M. interosseus plantaris- M. opponens digiti quinti Os metatarsale V M. interosseus plantar Os metatarsale M. extensor digitorum Arcus plantaris 1 M. extensor digitorum longus/ M. interosseus plantaris 'M. flexor digitorum' longus" et M. hmibricalis /' Aponeurosis plantaris N, digitalis plantaris communis M. flexor hallucis longus M. flexor hallucis brevis "M. abductor hallucis ■M. pcronaeus longus Os metatarsale I M. extensor hallucis longus M. extensor hallucis brevis \ N. pcronaeus profundus A. mctatarsea dorsalis I Os metatarsale II Section through the proximal third of the right metatarsal bones. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. M. iumbricalis M. interosseus \ M. flexor digitoru M. flexor. digiti quinti brevis M. abductor digiti quinti $ Os metatarsale V M. extensor digitorum longus"" M. interosseus dorsalis' .M. extensor digitorum longus Os metatarsale III' M. interosseus dorsalis et plantaris \ Os metatarsale II I M. interosseus dorsalis A. et v. metatarsea plantaris Aponeurosis plantaris . M. flexor digitorum , M. adductor hallucis ,.M. flexor hallucis longus ,-M. flexor hallucis brevis ,- : M. abductor hallucis -—A. mctatarsea plantaris I '"'-• Os metatarsale I "■-M. extensor hallucis longus '• M. extensor hallucis brevis 'N. peronaeus profundus Section through the distal third of the right metatarsal bones. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® 316 CROSS SECTION No. 113 OF FOOT M. flexor digitorum Capsula articularis Os mctatarsale III N. digitalis plantnris communis ; Capsula articularis Os mctatarsale IV M. extensor digitonim--- Nn. digitales dorsales pedis / Aponeurosis plantaris / / ,Os mctatarsale II / / / M. adductor hallucis ' ' / / s-M. flexor hallucis brevis ,..---Os sesamoideum M. abductor hallucis '*" Os metatarsale I M. extensor hallucis longus Lig. vaginale Section at the base of the right toes. Upper surface. See p. 297 for key figure. Digitized by Microsoft® DANGER ZONES OF LOWER EXTREMITY 317 £££. Shaded areas represent the danger zones in the lower limb which are to be avoided when possible in the opening of deep suppurations, etc. These areas contain important blood vessels and nerves. Digitized by Microsoft® 318 INGUINAL REGION ■2 '5. = E !r, ^ S « & .a 6 S. -> § » . e a « u ! 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- JJ 40 r/i Ji »j_j H 01 hi B ^ '£ u -« •3 0) XI .85 ^ O tii w E "S.S; », a ft Oi CT *£ x) e id X (!) n v, >• ID •fi +3 is h ^ o a § «B .9 CD m ID in sis ID M XI cS ft n^ •s 0) ► £ fi "J s r- C3 ^ ID >> q A> "X a) 13 ID CO O se ;j 0) li Tl X CD 0) £ S 3 ss A <" H 1 O fi V 1 O en o oxi jab. ■S.P 2 (/J *ti up, "c3 OX! S) ti) Mw O CO &) 'it3aTTig)=l. flavum igamenta supraspinalia longitudinal fibrous bands attached to the tips of the Micftk 352 LIGAMENT LINEA spinous processes of the vertebra;; in the cervical region they are thickened and form the 1. nuchee. — suspensorium penis, 145, 147. ISO a triangular band of fibrous tissue extending trom the front of the symphysis pubis to the fibrous capsule of the penis. — talocalcaneum, 268-271, 295. 313 one of five ligaments uniting the astragalus and os calcis; they form a capsule and are named: 1. 1. anterius, I. t. laterals, I. t. mediate, I. t. posterius, and I. t. tnteros- seum. — talofibular anterius, 254, 268, 313 , , „. t , anterior fasciculus of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-*joint. — talofibular posterius, 268, 270, 313 posterior fasciculus of the external lateral ligament of the ankle-joint. — talonavicular e dorsale, 268, 269 superior astragalonavicular ligament. — talotibiale anterius, 254. 269 v ,. . , a division of the internal lateral (deltoid) ligament ot the ankle extending from the front of the internal malleolus to the neck of the astragalus. — talotibiale posterius, 255, 269, 270, 313 a band strengthening the internal lateral (deltoid) ligament of the ankle which extends from the back of the inner malleolus to the posterointernal surface of the astragalus. — tarsale externum external tarsal ligament =raphe palpebrals laterahs — tarsale internum internal tarsal ligament =Iigamentam palpebrale mediale — ligamenta tarsometatarsea, 269 uniting the metatarsal and tarsal bones; they are of two sets: dorsal (Z. t. dorsalia) and plantar (I. t. plantaria). — temporomandibular e, 84 temporomandibular ligament, external lateral liga- ment of the jaw. — teres femoris, 176, 177, 290 round ligament of the femur, a flattened band of fibrous tissue extending from the borders of the acetabular notch' to a depression in the head of the femur. — teres hepatis, 168-171 round ligament of the liver, a fibrous cord, lying in the umbilical fossa or fissure, the remains of the umbilical vein of the fetus. — thyreoarytaenoideum inferius =1. vocale. — thyreoarytaenoideum superius, superior thyroarytenoid ligament =1. ventriculare. — thyreoepiglotticum thyreopiglottidean ligament, a thick elastic band passing from the lower extremity of the epiglottis to the angle between the alas of the thyroid cartilage just below the superior notch. — tibiofibulare medium interosseous membrane of leg=membrana interossea cruris. — tibionaviculare, 269 a section of the internal lateral ligament of the ankle extending from the tip of the inner malleolus to the inner side of the navicular (scaphoid) bone. — transversum acetabuli a fibrous band which bridges the acetabular notch. being attached to both of its margins. — transversum atlantis, 13 transverse ligament of the atlas, Lauth's_- ligament, a strong band arching across the ring of the atlas behind the odontoid process. .-;. ;-_■ . — transversum cruris, 275, 276, 286 transverse .ligament of the leg, upper, broad part.of the anterior annular ligament of the ankle. — transversum genu, 264, 266 transverse ligament of the knee, a rounded fibrous band passing from one to the other convex margin of the two semilunar cartilages, — transversum pelvis median puboprostatic ligament of Krause, the trun- cated apex of the urogenital diaphragm or triangular ligament of the pelvis. — transversum scapulae inferius, 201 spinoglenoid ligament, fibers passing from the external border of the spine of the scapula to the posterior aspect of the head of that bone. — transversum scapulae superius superior transverse ligament of the scapula, supra- scapular ligament, a flat fibrous band crossing the suprascapular notch, — transversum superficiale =1. natatorium — trapezoideum, 192, 200 f connecting the oracoid process of tire under surface of the acromial end of the clavicle. hP/afe^^M/cA^ — triangulare= diaphragma urogenitale, 138, 166 deep layer, fascia diaphragmatis urofenitahs superior; superficial layer, fascia diaphragmatis urogenitalis in- ferior. — triangulare dextrum right triangular ligament, the divergent right extremity of the coronary ligament of the liver. — triangulare sinistrum the divergent left extremity of the coronary ligament of the liver. — tuberculi costae posterior costotransverse ligament, a short quad- rangular ligament, reinforcing the capsule of the costotransverse articulation, which passes from the tip of the transverse process of the rib to the posterior surface of the neck of the articulating rib. — umbilicale Iaterale, 142, 173-175 the obliterated umbilical artery between the vertex of the bladder and the umbilicus. — umbilicale medium, 172-176 a cord passing from the apex of the bladder along the posterior surface of the anterior abdominal wall to the umbilicus, the remains of the urachus. — vaginale, 206, 243, 316 (1) vaginal or sheath ligament, a fibrous band, or fascia-like expansion which maintains a tendon-sheath in position; (2) a fibrous band, occasionally found in the adult, passing through the inguinal canal, repre- senting the obliterated portion of the processus vaginalis. — ligamenta vaginalia digitorum =1. vaginale. — venae cavae sinistrae ligament of the left vena cava, vestigial fold of Mar- shall, a pericardial fold between the left branch of the pulmonary artery and the left superior pulmonary vein. — venosum, 165 ligament of Arantius, a thin fibrous cord, lying in the fossa ductus venosi, the remains of the ductus venosus of the fetus. — ventriculare 1. thyreoarytaenoideum superius, supports ■ the false vocal cord; it runs between the thyroid and arytenoid cartilages above the 1, vocale. — vesicale medium, 144 — vocale, 155 1. thyreoarytaenoideum inferius, supports the true vocal cord; it forms the upper edge of the lateral part of the cricothyroid membrane, being attached anteri- orly to the middle of the angular depression formed by the junction of the alae of the thyroid cartilage, posteriorly to the processus vocalis of the arytemoid cartilage. LINEA — alba, 120, 167, 169-17 1, 190 a fibrous band running vertically the entire length of the center of the anterior abdominal wall, receiving the attachments of the oblique and transverse abdominal muscles. — arcuata 1. iliopectinea, 1. terminalis, an oblique ridge on the inner surface of the ilium and continued on the pubis, which forms the lower boundary of the iliac fossa; it separates the true from the false pelvis.. — aspera, 259 rough line, a rough ridge with, two pronounced lips running down the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur; the outer lip (labium Iaterale) is a continuation of the crista glutea, the inner lip (labium mediale) of the linea spiralis; it affords attachment to the vastus internus, adductor longus, adductor magnus, adductor brevis, the .short head of the biceps, and the vastus externus muscles. — glutaea, 256 one of three rough curved lines on the outer surface of the ala of the ilium, named anterior or middle, inferior, and posterior; the two areas bounded by these give attachment to the gluteus minimus muscle below and gluteus medius above. — iliopectinea =1, arcuata — intercondyloidea, 259 a faint transverse ridge separating the floor of the intercondyloid notch from the popliteal surface of the femur; it affords attachment to the posterior portion of the capsular ligament of the knee. — intermedia cristas iliacse the intermediate surface of the crest of the ilium be- tween the outer and inner lips. intertrochanterica, 258 fJSff® 3, rou S n line passing over the anterior surface 'fne Temur from the great trochanter obliquely downward, just beneath the lesser trochanter, to LINEA LYMPHOGLANDULAE 353 merge into the inner lip of the 1. aspera; (2) crista intertrochanterica. — mylohyoidea internal oblique line ; a ridge on the inner surface of the mandible running from the base of the symphysis up- ward and backward to the ascending ramus behind the last molar tooth; it gives attachment to the mylohyoid muscle and superior constrictor of the pharynx. — nuchae inferior, 6 inferior nuchal or curved line of the occipital bone, running outward and forward from the external occipital crest, through about the middle of the nuchal plane. — nucha; superior, 4, 6 superior nuchal or curved line of the- occipital bone, running from the external occipital protuberance toward the external angle, below, and roughly parallel to, the supreme nuchal line, giving attachment to the trapezius, occipitalis, sterno-rnastoid, and splenius capitis muscles. — nuchse suprema supreme or highest nuchal or curved line of the occipital bone, a line running from the external occipital pro- tuberance toward the external angle, giving attach- ment to the epicranial aponeurosis. — obliqua, 4 oblique line, external oblique line; a faint ridge running on the external surface of the body of the mandible from the mental tubercle to the anterior border of the ascending ramus on either side. — pectinea, 259 (1) continuation of the iliopectineal line on the pubis; (2) a line running down the posterior surface of the shaft of the femur from the small trochanter, giving attachment to the pectineus muscle. — popUtea, 261 popliteal or oblique line, a line running from the fibular facet downward and inward across the posterior sur- face of the tibia to the inner border of the bone at the junction of its upper and middle thirds; it gives attach- ment to fibers of the popliteus muscle. — semicircularis, 120, 190 Douglas' line, a crescentic line marking the termina- tion of the posterior sheath of the rectus abdominis muscle just below the level of the iliac crest. — semilunaris line of Spigelius, the line of junction of the muscular fibers and aponeurosis of the transversus abdominis, marking in a general way the outer border of the sheath of the rectus abdominis; (2) fold of Douglas, 1. semi- circularis. — spiralis =1. intertrochanterica — temporalis temporal line, ridge, or crest; a ridge extending up- ward, from the external angular process, on each side of the frontal bone, giving attachment to the temporal fascia. — temporalis inferior, 4 inferior temporal line temporal ridge, a curved line on the convex surface of the parietal bone marking the limit of attachment of the temporal muscle. — temporalis superior superior temporal line, a curved line on the external surface of the parietal bone, above and parallel to the inferior temporal line, serving for the attachment of the temporal fascia. LINGUA, 24, 68 Tongue. 1. A mobile mass of muscular tissue covered with mucous membrane, occupying the cavity of the mouth and forming part of its floor, constituting also by its posterior portion the anterior wall of the pharynx. The mucous membrane of its upper surface (dorsum)., is marked by numerous projections or papillae (papilla). The anterior extremity (apex or lip) is free, the posterior portion is attached to the hyoid bone. LINGULA, 70, 72 LOBULUS — paracentralis, 73, 76-78 a division of the mesial aspect of the pallium, lying above the sulcus cinguli and bounded by the pre- central sulcus in front and the pars marginalis of the sulcus cinguli behind. — parietalis inferior, 38, 72, 77-79, 96, 97 inferior parietal lobule, inferior parietal gyrus, the area of the parietal lobe of the cerebrum lying below the interparietal sulcus; it contains the angular and the supramarginal gyri. — parietalis superior, 38, 76, 77. 79. 96, < superior parietal lobule, superior paig|feg)/ft area of the convex surface of the parietal Iofie of cerebrum lying between the longitudinal fissure and the interparietal sulcus behind the posterior central gyrus; it is continuous with the precuneus on the mesial aspect of the hemisphere. — quadrangularis, 82 1, quadratus, the main portion of the superior part of each hemisphere of the cerebellum. — semilunaris inferior, 85 posteroinferior lobule, the posterior lobule of the under surface of each cerebellar hemisphere. — semilunaris superior, 83 posterosuperior lobule, the posterior lobule of the upper surface of each cerebellar hemisphere. LOBUS — caudatus, 164, 165 1. Spigelii, a lobe on the under surface of the liver posteriorly, separated from the right lobe by the fossa for the vena cava, and from the left by the fossa for the ductus venosus, and from the quadrate lobe by the porta hepatis. — centralis = insula. — falciformis limbic lobe, gyrus fornicatus. — frontalis, 43, 70 frontal lobe, the portion of each cerebral hemisphere anterior to the fissure of Rolando, or sulcus centralis. — hepatis dexter, 165. 170 right lobe of the liver, the largest of the lobes of the liver, separated from the left lobe above and in front by the attachment of the falciform ligament, from the caudate and quadrate lobes below by the fossae for the vena cava and for the gall-bladder, respectively. — hepatis sinister, 165, 168 left lobe of the liver, separated from the right lobe above and anteriorly by the attachment for the falci- form ligament, from the quadrate and caudate lobes below by the umbilical fossa and the fossa for the ductus venosus, respectively. — occipitalis, 43 the posterior pyramidal portion of each cerebral hemisphere, separated by no distinct surface markings from the parietal and temporal lobes (with the execp- tion of the sulcus parieto-occipitalis) . — olfactorius olfactory lobe, consisting of an anterior lobule (olfac- tory bulb, olfactory trigone, and Broca's area) and a posterior lobule (the anterior perforated substance). — parietalis the middle portion of each cerebral hemisphere, sepa- rated from the frontal lobe by the central (Rolandic) sulcus, from the temporal lobe by the lateral (Sylvian) fissure in front and an imaginary line continuing it posteriorly, and f om the occipital lobe only partly by the parieto-occipital on its mesial aspect. — quadratus, 168, 169 (1) a lobe on the under surface of the liver anteriorly, separated from the right lobe by the fossa of the gall- bladder, from the left lobe by the umbilical fossa, and from th? caudate lobe by the porta hepatis; (2) lobulus quadrangularis; (3) precuneus. — Spigelii =1. caudatus. — temporalis, 43, 71 a lobe on the outer side and under surface of each hemisphere; it is bounded above by the fissure of Sylvius and an imaginary line prolonged backward from this to the occipital lobe; posteriorly it is con- tinuous with the occipital lobe from which it is sepa- rated only by an imaginary plane; on the under sur- face of the hemisphere it is separated from the hippo- camoal gvrus (limbic lobe) by the collateral fissure. LYMPHOGLANDULA, 91, 104, no, 158, 159. m, 179- 284, 318, 319 — bronchialis, 151 — mediastinalis, 151 LYMPHOGLANDULAE — auriculares anteriores, 15 — auriculares posteriores, 14, is — axillares, 14, 124 — cervicales profundae inferiores, 14, 15, 18, 93 — cervicales profundae superiores, 14, 16-18 — cervicales superficiales, 15. 16 — faciales, 16 — iliacae, 124 — inguinales, 124 — intercos tales, 124 -lumbales, 124 — occipitales, 14 — parotides, r4, — pectorales, 14 — sacrales, 124 ubtfj^i.m tiles, ubmaxiliares, — tracheales, 18 16 124 14-18 354 MALLEOLUS MUSCULUS MALLEOLUS — lateralis, 254. 25s. 260, 261, 275, 277, 278, 286, 295, 313 — medialis, 254, 255, 260, 261, 275, 277, 278, 286, 295, 313 MALLEUS, 61 , 62 Hammer, 'the largest of the three ossicles, resembling a club rather than a hammer; it is regarded as having a head or capitulum, below which is the neck or collum, and from this diverge the manubrium or handle and the anterior or slender process; from the base of the manubrium the lateral or short process arises. The manubrium and lateral process are firmly attached to the membrana tympani, and the head articulates with a saddle-shaped surface on the body of the incus. MANDIBULA, 4, io, 12, 24, 36, 70, 73, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90. 94. 101 Mandible, inferior maxilla; a bone of horse-shoe shape, forming the lower jaw, articulating by its up-turned extremities with the temporal bone on either side. MANUBRIUM — sterni, 95, 134, 135 MASSA — intermedia, 73, 80 MAXILLA, 6, 49, 52, 63, 70, 73, 82-85 Superior maxilla, superior maxillary bone, supra- maxilla, upper jawbone; an irregularly shaped bone, articulating with all the bones of the face, the ethmoid, inferior turbinated, and sometimes the sphenoid bones, and forming with its fellow the upper jaw. MEATUS — acusticus externus, 6, 12, 55, 59-61, 7* — acusticus interims, 8 — nasi medius, 83 — nasi superior, 83 MEDULLA — oblongata, 9, 86 — spinalis, 73. 88-93, 130 MEMBRANA — atlantooccipitalis anterior, 13 — cricothyreoidea, 111 — interossea, 192, 203-205, 254, 255, 310 — interossea antibrachii, 236-240 — interossea cruris, 295 — obturatoria, 146, 177 — thyreoidea, 11 1 — tympani, 84 MENISCUS — lateralis, 264-266, 291-293 — medialis, 264-266, 275, 291 MESENTERIUM, 131 MESOCOLON, 138, 150, 169 MUSCULUS — abductor digiti quinti manus, 198, 206, 207, 223, 224, 241-243 m. abductor minimi digiti; or., pisiform bone; in., inner side of base of 1st phalanx of the little finger; nerve, ulnar; action, abducts little finger. — abductor digiti quinti pedis, 262, 263, 276, 289, 295, 314. 315. 328 — abductor hallucis, 263, 288, 289, 313-316, 328 or., inner tubercle of os calcis, internal annular liga- ment, and plantar fascia; in., inner side of 1st phalanx of great toe; nerve, internal plantar; action, abduction of great toe. — abductor minimi digiti =m. abductor digiti quinti. — abductor pollicis brevis, 198, 206, 221, 223, 224, 242 m. abductor pollicis; or., ridge of trapezium (os mult- angulum majus) and anterior angular ligament; in., outer side of first phalanx of thumb; nerve, median; action, abducts thumb. — abductor pollicis longus, 197, 199, 204, 207, 208, 211, 221, 223, 224, 238-242 m. extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis; or., posterior sur- faces of radius and ulna; in., outer side of base of first metacarpal bone; nerve, radial; action, abducts and assists in extending thumb. — accelerator urinas =m. bulb caver nosus — accessorius (ad sacrolumbalem) =m. iliocostalis dorsi — adductor brevis, 120, 149, 178, 179, 256, 259, 297, 319, 320 or,, superior ramus of pubis; in., upper third of inner lip of linea aspera; nerve, obturator: action, adducts thigh. — adductor hallucis, 262, 263, 289, 295,315, 328 or., by oblique head (caput obliquum) from external cuneiform and bases of 3d and 4th metatarsal bones, by transverse head (caput transversum) from the capsules of the outer four metatarsophalangeal joints; or., symphysis and crest of pubis; in., middle third of inner tip of linea aspera; nerve, obturator; action, adducts thigh. adductor magnus, 149, 255, 256, 259. 265, 272, 274, 284 285, 297, 298-303, 319. 320 or., ischial tuberosity and edge of pubic arch; in., linea aspera and internal epicondyle of femur; nerve, obtur- ator and sciatic; action, adducts thigh. — adductor minimus, 179, 180, 256, 297 a small fiat muscle constituting the upper portion of the adductor magnus, in. into space above linea aspera. — adductor obliquus hallucis oblique head (caput obliquum) of m. adductor hallucis, — adductor obliquus pollicis -m. adductor pollicis. — adductor pollicis, 198, 199, 223, 224, 251, 252 m. adductor obliquus pollicis, or., trapezium (multan- gulum majus), trapezoid (multangulum minus), os magnum (capitatum), and shaft of 3d metacarpal bone; in., inner side of base of rst phalanx of thumb; nerve, ulnar; action, adducts thumb. — adductor transversus hallucis the transverse head (caput transversum) of the in. adductor hallucis. — anconeus, 195, 197, 207, 208, 220, 226, 235-237 m. anconeus quart us; or., back of external condyle of humerus; in., olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna; nerve, radial (musculospiral); action, extends forearm. — lateralis outer head of m. triceps brachii. — longus long head of m. triceps brachii. — medialis inner head of m. triceps brachii. — aiticularis genu, 258, 293, 302, 303 m. subcrureus; or., lower fourth of anterior surface of shaft of femur; in., synovial membrane of knee-joint; nerve, femoral (anterior crural); action, lifts capsule of knee-joint. — aryepiglotticus m. arytenoepiglottideus ; portion of the arytasnoideus which is inserted into the aryepiglottic fold sometimes reinforced with independent fibers from the cartilage of Santorini. — arytaenoideus obliquus or., muscular process of arytenoid cartilage; in., .sum- mit of arytenoid cartilage of opposite side and the aryepiglottic fold as far as the epiglottis; nerve, recur- rent laryngeal; action, narrows rima glottidis. — arytaenoideus transversus, 155 a band of muscular fibers passing between the two arytenoid cartilages posteriorly; nerve, recurrent laryngeal; action, narrows the rima glottidis. — aryvocalis a number of the deeper fibers of the m. thyreoaryte- noideus interims attached directly to the outer side of the true vocal cord. — attollens aurem or attollens auriculam (lifting up the auricle) =m. auricularis superior. — attrahens aurem or auriculam (dragging forward the auricle) =m. auricularis ante- rior. — auricularis anterior, 21 m. attrahens aurem or auriculam, or., superficial temporal fascia; in., cartilage of auricle; action, draws pinna of ear forward; nerve, facial. — auricularis posterior, 20, 22, 32, 80, 83 m. retrahens aurem or auriculam; or., mastoid process; in., posterior portion of root of auricle; action, draws back the pinna; nerve, facial. — auricularis superior, 20, 22, 80, 83 m. attollens aurem or auriculam; or. , galea apo- neurotica; in., upper margin of root of auricle; action, raises pinna of ear; nerve, facial. — azygos uvulae =m. uvula. — biceps brachii, 120, 148. 157-159, 196, 200, 202, 203, 206, 208, 218-222, 228, 231-236, 245, 246 or., long head (caput longum) from supraglenoidal tuberosity of scapula, short head (caput breve) from coracoid process; in., bicipital tubercle of radius; nerve, musculocutaneous; action, flexes and supinates fore- arm. —bieeps femoris, 180, 256, 259-261, 264,^ 265, 273- 277, 285-287, 293, 297-305, 320 m. biceps flexor cruris; or., long head (caput longum) from tuberosity of ischium, short head (caput breve) from lower half of outer lip of linea aspera; in., ' outer side of base of first phalanx .of .great .toe; ... (caoituhiDn) of fibula; nerve, long head, tibial, short nerve, external plantar; action, adductsii/eWfeeCf DV M/Cr©SAR®eal ; action, flexes knee and rotates it out- adductor longus, 120, 179, x8o, 256, 259, 272, 284, war*. 298-301, 319. 320, 322, 323 —biceps flexor cruris =m. biceps femoris. MUSCULUS MUSCULUS 355 — biventer cervicis m. spinalis capitis, which usually has a tendinous in- scription. — biventer mandibular -m. digastricus. — brachialis, 194, 196, 206-208, 218, 221, 222, 226 228, 232-236 m. brachialis anticus; or., lower two-thirds of anterior surface of humerus; in., coronoid process of ulna; nerve, musculocutaneous and (usually) radial (musculo- spiral) ; action, flexes forearm. — brachioraaialis, 19s, 196, 206-208, 218, 220-222, 226, 228, 233-240, 249, 250 m. supinator longus; or., external supracondyloid ridge of humerus; in., front of base of styloid process of radius; nerve, radial (musculospiral) ; action, flexes forearm and assists slightly in supination. — bronchocesophageus muscular fasciculi, arising from the wall of the left bronchus, which reinforce the musculature of the esophagus. — buccinator, 5, 7, 21-24, 7°. 86-88 (cheek muscle), or., buccinator ridge of mandible, posterior portion of alveolar process of maxilla, and pterygomandibular ligament or raphe; in., orbicularis oris at angle of mouth; action, flattens cheek, retracts angle of mouth; nerve supply, facial. — buccopharyngeus portion of m. constrictor pharyngis superior arising from the pterygomandibular ligament. — bulbocavernous, 143, 14s, 146, 179. 188, 189 ejaculator seminis, ejaculator or accelerator urinae, sphincter vaginas; or., central point of the perineum; in., in the male, under surface of triangular ligament, membrane covering the corpus cavernosum urethras, and fascia of the dorsum of the penis; nerve, pudic; action, constricts bulbous urethra; in the female it divides and passes on either side of the vagina and urethra to be inserted into the root of the clitoris, acting slightly as a sphincter of the vagina. — caninus, 5, 7, 66, 84-86 (canine), m. levator anguli oris; or., canine fossa of maxilla; in., orbicularis oris and skin at angle of mouth; action, raises angle of mouth; nerve, facial. — cephalopharyngeus constrictor pharyngis superior. — ceratocricoideus a fasciculus from the m. cricoarytaenoideus posterior inserted into the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. — ceratopharyngeus m. keratopharyngeus, portion of the constrictor pharyngis medius arising from the greater cornu of the hyoid bone. — cervicalis ascendens ^iliocostals cervicis. — chondroglossus muscular fibers occasionally separated from the hyoglossus, but usually forming part of it. — chondropharyngeus portion of the m. constrictor pharyngis medius arising from the lesser cornu of the hyoid bone. — ciHaris (1) Bowman's muscle, a circular band of non-striated fibers on the outer surface of the chorioid, between that and the iris; it consists of circular fibers (fibrae cir- culares, or Muller's muscle) and radiating fibers (fibrse meridionales, or Brucke's muscle) ; (2) a separate bundle of the m. orbicularis in the margin of the lids. — circumflexus palati =m. tensor veli palatini. — cleidomastoideus the portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle passing between the clavicle and the mastoid process. — cleidooccipitalis the portion of the sternocleidomastoid muscle between the clavicle and the superior curved line of the occipital bone. — coccygeus, 177 m. ischiococcygeus ; or., spine of ischium and_ sacro- spinous (small sacrosciatic) ligament; in., sides of lower part of sacrum and upper part of t coccyx; nerve, 3d and 4th sacral; action, assists in raising and sup- porting pelvic floor. — complexus = m. semispinalis capitis. — complexus minor =m. longissimus capitis. — compressor narium (compressor of the nostrils) =pars transversa of nasalis; or., superior maxilla beneath the levator labii alas-'ue nasi; in., aponeurosis over brdge of nose; action, narrows nostrils; nerve, facial. — compressor urethras =m. sphincter urethras mem- branacese. — constrictor pharyngis inferior, 67. it iS5 or., outer surfaces of thyroid and cricoid cartilages; in., posterior portion of wall of pharynx; nerve, pharyn- geal plexus; action, narrows lower part of pharynx in swallowing. — constrictor pharyngis medius, 73, 87, 88, 90-92, 155 or., stylohyoid ligament and both cornua of the hyoid bone; in., middle of the posterior wall of the pharynx; nerve, pharyngeal plexus; action, narrows pharynx in the act of swallowing. — constrictor pharyngis superior, 61, 73, 87, 88, 90-92 155 m. cephalopharyngeus or. , internal pterygoid plate, pterygomandibular ligament, and mylohyoid ridge of mandible and mucous membrane of floor of the mouth; in., posterior wall of pharynx; nerve, pharyngeal plexus; action, narrows pharynx. — constrictor urethras =m. sphincter urethrae mem- branaceas. — coracobrachialis, 120, 194. 206, 219, 231, 232 245-247 or., coracoid process of scapula; in., middle of inner border of humerus; nerve, musculocutaneous action, raises arm. — corrugator supercilii or., from orbital portion of orbicularis oculi and nasal prominence; in., skin of eyebrow; action, draws inner angle of eyebrow downward and wrinkles forehead vertically; nerve, facial. — ere master or., from obliquus internus and Poupart's ligament; in. , cremasteric fascia and spine of pubis ; action, raises testicle; nerve, genitocrural; in the male the muscle envelops the spermatic cord and testis, in the female the round ligament of the uterus. — cricoarytasnoideus lateralis or., upper margin of arch of cricoid cartilage; in., mus- cular process of arytenoid; nerve, recurrent laryngeal; action, narrows rima glottidis. — cricoarytaenoideus posterior or., depression on posterior surface of lamina of cricoid; in. , muscular process of cricoid ; nerve , recurrent laryngeal; action, widens rima glottidis. — cricopharyngeus portion of the constrictor pharyngis inferior arising from the cricoid cartilage. — cricothyreoideus, 11 1 or., anterior surface of arch of cricoid; in.. Pars recta, anterior of oblique part, passes upward to ala of thyroid, Pars obliqua, posterior or horizontal part, passes more outward to inferior cornu of thyroid; nerve, superior laryngeal; action, makes vocal cords tense. — crureus =m. vastus intermedius. — cucullaris m. trapezius — deltoideus, 25-27, 107, 120, 121, 130, 148, 156-158, 194. 195. 206-208, 218, 220, 225, 231, 232, 245, 247 or., outer third of clavicle, outer border of acromion process, lower border of spine of scapula; in., outer side of shaft of humerus a little above its middle; nerve, circumflex from 5th and 6th cervi.al through brachial plexus; action, abduction, flexion, extension, and rotation of arm. — depressor alae nasi (depressor of the wing of the nose), pars alaris of m. nasalis; or., upper portion of incisor fossa of maxilla; in., ala of nose and cartilaginous septum; nerve, facial. — depressor anguli oris (depressor of the angle of the mouth) =m. triangularis. — depressor labii inferioris (depressor of the lower lip) =m. quadratus labii in- ferioris. — depressor septi, 5 a vertical fasciculus from the m. orbicularis oris passing upward along the median line of the upper lip, and inserted into the cartilaginous septum of nose. — depressor urethras a band of fibers of the m. sphincter urethrae mem- branaceae passing over the urethra. — detrusor urinas the external longitudinal layer of the muscular coat of the bladder. — diaphragma = diaphragma or., ensiform cartilage, 7th to 12th ribs, external and internal arcuate ligaments, and lumbar vertebrae; in., central tendon; action, increases capacity of chest; nerve, phrenic. — digastricus, 7r 17. 18, 22-25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 67, 70, 86 89. 90, 104, 107 m. biventer mandibular, consists of two bellies united by a central tendon which is connected to the body of the hyoid bone; or., by posterior belly from digastric rfjftgjieath mastoid process; in., by anterior belly 'intowwer border of mandible near symphysis; action, posterior belly helps to fix hyoid bone, anterior belly 356 MUSCULUS MUSCULUS depresses jaw; nerve, posterior belly from facial, ante- rior belly by mylohyoid from third division of trigem- inus. — dilatator pupillse the radial muscular fibers extending from the sphincter pupilla? to the ciliary margin; some anatomists regard them as elastic, not muscular. — ejaculator seminis — m. bulbocavernosus. — epicranius m. occipitofrontalis, the scalp muscle, formed of two bellies, the frontalis and the occipitalis, and a central aponeurosis, the galea a-poneurotica. — epitrochleoanconseus an occasional muscle arising from the back of the internal condyle of the humerus, in. into the inner side of the olecranon process. —erector penis =m. ischio cavernosas. — erector spinae =m. sacrospinalis. — extensor brevis digitorum=m. extensor digitorum brevis. — extensor brevis pollicis=m. extensor pollicis brevis. —extensor carpi radialis brevis, 194, 197, 199, 206-208, 211, 228, 235-241 radialis externus brevis; or., external epicondyle of humerus; in., base of third metacarpal bone; nerve, radial (musculospiral) ; action, extends and abducts wrist. — extensor carpi radialis longus, 194, 197, 199, 206-208, 211, 220, 222, 234-241, 253 m. radialis externus longus; or,, external supra- condyloid ridge of humerus; in., back of base of second metacarpal bone; nerve, radial (musculospiral); action, extends and abducts wrist. — extensor carpi ulnaris, 194, 196-199. 205, 207, 208, 235-241 m. ulnaris externus; or., external epicondyle of humer- us; in., base of fifth metacarpal bone; nerve, radial {dorsal interosseous) ; action, extends and abducts wrist. — extensor coccygis m. sacrococcygeus posticus; or., posterior surface of the last segment of the sacrum; in., tip of coccyx; nerve, posterior primary division of sacral spinal. — extensor communis digitorum =m. extensor digitorum communis. — extensor digiti quinti proprius, 207, 211, 235-243 m. extensor minimi digiti; or., external epicondyle of humerus; in., dorsum of first phalanx of little finger; nerve, radial (dorsal interosseous); action, extends little finger. — extensor digitorum brevis, 262, 276, 313-315, 327 m. extensor brevis digitorum; or., dorsal surface of os calcis (calcaneus); in., by four tendons fusing with those of the extensor longus, and by a slip attached independently to the base of the 1st phalanx of the great toe; nerve, deep peroneal; action, extends toes. — extensor digitorum communis, 194, 197, 199, 207, 208, 211. 235-243 m. extensor communis digitorum; or., external epi- condyle of humerus; in., by four tendons into the backs of 1st and 2d and base of terminal phalanges; nerve, radial (dorsal interosseous) ; action, extends fingers. — extensor digitorum longus, 260, 262, 275, 276, 286, 306-316, 324 m. extensor longus digitorum; or., external tuberosity of tibia, upper two- thirds of anterior surface of fibula; in., by four tendons to the dorsal surfaces of the 2d to 5th toes; nerve, deep branch of peroneal; action, ex- tends the four outer toes. ■ — extensor hallucis brevis, 262, 313-315, 327 the inner belly of the extensor digitorum brevis, the tendon of which is inserted into the base of the first phalanx of the great toe. —extensor hallucis longus, 262, 275, 276, 286, 306-309, 311-316, 324, 327 m. extensor proprius hallucis; or., front of tibia and interosseous membrane; in., base of terminal phalanx of great toe: action, extends the great toe; nerve, anterior tibial. — extensor indicis proprius, 197, 211, 238-243 m. extensor indicis, indicator muscle; or., dorsal sur- face of ulna; in., dorsum of 1st phalanx of index finger; nerve, radial; action, assists in extending the fore- finger. — extensor longus digitorum =m. extensor digitorum longus. —extensor longus pollicis =m. extensor pollicis longus. — extensor minimi digiti =m. extensor digiti quinti propria?. — extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis =m. abductor pollicis longus. — extensor pollicis brevis, 197, 199, 20 7T)8^/*Hf/2JM7- m. extensor primi internodii pollicis; or., dorsal surface of radius; in., base of 1st phalanx of thumb; nerve. radial; action, extends and abducts 1st phalanx of thumb. — extensor pollicis longus, 197, 199, 267, 211, 228 237- 242, 253 m. extensor secundi internodii pollicis; or., posterior surface of ulna; in., base of 2d phalanx of thumb; nerve, radial; action, extends terminal phalanx of thumb. — extensor primi internodii pollicis =m. extensor pollicis brevis. — extensor proprius hallucis =m. extensor hallucis longus. — extensor secundi internodii pollicis =m. extensor pol- licis longus. — flexor accessories digitorum =m. quadratus plantae. — flexor accessorius longus pedis =m. quadratus planta. — flexor brevis digitorum =m. flexor digitorum brevis. — flexor brevis hallucis =m. flexor hallucis brevis. — flexor brevis minimi digiti =m. flexor digiti quinti brevis. — flexor carpi radialis, 194, 198, 204, 206, 210, 218, 221- 223, 235.-241, 249, 250 m. radialis internus; or., internal condyle of humerus; in., anterior surface of bases of 2d and 3d metacarpal bones; nerve, median; action, flexes and abducts wrist. — flexor carpi ulnaris, 195-198, 204, 206, 207, 220-222, 224, 235-241, 250 m. ulnaris internus ; or. , humeral head (caput humerale) from internal condyle of humerus, ulnar head (caput ulnare) from olecranon process and upper three-fifths of posterior border of ulna; in., pisiform bone; nerve, ulnar; action, flexes and adducts wrist. — flexor digiti quinti brevis, 263, 289, 315 (of the foot) , or., base of metatarsal bone of the little toe and sheath of peroneus longus; in., outer side of base of first phalanx of little toe. — flexor digiti quinti brevis, 198, 223, 224, 242 (of the hand), m. flexor brevis m nimi digiti; or., hamulus of unciform (hamate) bone; in., inner side of 1st phalanx of little finger; nerve, ulnar; action, flexes 1st phalanx of little finger. — flexor digitorum brevis, 263, 289, 314, 315, 328 m. flexor brevis digitorum; or., internal tubercle of os calcis (calcaneus) and central portion of plantar fascia; in., second phalanges of four outer toes by tendons per- forated by those of the flexor longus; nerve, internal plantar; action, flexes toes. — flexor digitorum longus, 261, 263, 275, 277, 287-289, 295. 307-316, 325, 328 m. flexor longus digitorum; or., middle third of poste- rior surface of tibia; in,, by four tendons, perforating those of the flexor brevis, into bases of terminal phalanges of four outer toes; nerve, tibial; action, flexes 2d to 5th toes. — flexor digitorum profundus, 196-198, 210, 221, 222, 224 228, 229, 235-243, 249, 230 m. flexor profundus digitorum; or., anterior surface of upper third of ulna; in., by four tendons, piercing those of the sublimis, into base of terminal phalanx of each finger; nerve, ulnar and median (volar interosseous); action, flexes terminal phalanges of fingers. — flexor digitorum sublimis, 194, 196-198, 206, 210, 221- 224, 229, 235-243, 249-252 m. flexor sublimis digitorum; or., humeral head (caput humerale) from the internal condyle of the humerus, ulnar head (caput ulnare) from the inner border of the coronoid process, radial head (caput radiate) from the oblique line and middle third of the outer border of the radius; in., by four split tendons, passing to either side of the profundus tendons, into sides of 2d phalanx of each finger; nerve, median; action flexes middle phalanges of the fingers. — flexor hallucis brevis, 263, 289, 314-316 m. flexor brevis hallucis; or., inner surface of cuboid and middle and external cuneiform bones; in., by two tendons, embracing that of the flexor longus hallucis, into the sides of the base of the 1st phalanx of the great toe; nerve, internal and external plantar; action, flexes great toe. — flexor hallucis longus, 261, 263, 270, 287-289, 294, 295, 308-315. 328 m. flexor longus hallucis; or., lower two-thirds of poste- rior surface of fibula; in., base of ungual phalanx of great toe; nerve, tibial; action, flexes great toe. — flexor longus digitorum =m. flexor digitorum longus. — flexor longus hallucis =m. flexor hallucis longus. — flexor longus pollicis =m. flexor pollicis longus. — flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis =m. opponens pollicis. — flexor pollicis brevis, 206, 224, 242, 252 or L ?.u-;cr:"cial portion from annular ligament of wrist, deep rjomon from ulnar side of first metacarpal bone; in., base of 1st phalanx of thumb. MUSCULUS MUSCULUS 357 — flexor pollicis longus, 196, 198, 206, 210, 222, 237-242 249. 250 m. flexor longus pollicis; or., anterior surface of middle third of radius; in., terminal phalanx of thumb nerve, median (volar interosseous); action, flexes terminal ghalanx of thumb. exor profundus digitorum— m. flexor digitorum pro- fundus. — flexor sublimis digitorum =m. flexor digitorum sub- blimis. — frontalis, 21-23, 77 anterior portion of epicranius; or., frontal bone above supraorbital line; in., galea aponeurotica; action, pulls scalp forward, wrinkles forehead; nerve, facial. — gastrocnemius, 25s, 258, 259, 273-277, 286, 287, 291, 293. 304-309, 325, 326 or., by outer and inner heads (caput laterale and caput mediale) from the external and internal condyles (epicondyles) of the femur; in., with soleus by tendo Achillis into lower half of posterior surface of os calcis (tubero ity of calcaneus); nerve, tibial; action, plantar flexion of foot. — gemellus inferior, 130, 177, 256 or., tuberosity of ilium; in., tendon of obturator inter- nus; nerve and action same as of obturator interims. — gemellus superior, 130, 177, 256 or., ischial spine and margin of lesser sciatic notch; in., tendon of obturator internus ; nerve and action same as of the obturator internus. — genioglossus, 73, 88, 89 m. geniohyoglossus, one of the paired lingual muscles; or., mental spine of the mandible; in., lingual fascia beneath the mucous membrane, body of hyoid, and epiglottis; nerve, hypoglossal; action, elevates the hyoid bone, protrudes and retracts the tongue. — geniohyoid eus, 67, 70, 90, 91 or., mental spine of mandible; in,, body of hyoid bone; action, draws hyoid forward, or depresses jaw when hyoid is fixed; nerve, fibers from 1st and 2d cervical accompanying hypoglossal. - — glossopalatinus m. palatoglossus; forms' anterior pillar of fauces; or., under surface of soft palate; in., side of tongue; nerve, pharyngeal plexus; action, raises back of tongue and narrows fauces. — glossopharyngeus portion of m. constrictor pharyngis superior arising from the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. — glutseus maxiraus, 143, 175-180, L i83, 256, 259, 273, 285, 290, 297, 298 or., dorsum ilii above superior curved line, posterior surface of sacrum and coccyx, and great sacrosciatic ligament; in., iliotibial band of fascia lata and gluteal ridge of femur; nerve, inferior gluteal; action, extends thigh. — glutseus medius, 120, 172, 173, 175-178, 183, 256, 259, 272, 274. 285, 319 or., dorsum ilii between middle and superior curved lines; in., outer surface of great trochanter; nerve, superior gluteal; action, abducts and rotates thigh. — glutseus minimus, 130, 149, 173-177, 256, 258, 290 or., dorsum ilii between middle and inferior curved lines; in., great trochanter of femur; nerve, superior gluteal; action, abducts thigh. — glutaeus quartus m. scansorius. — gracilis, 178, 180, 256, 260, 272, 274, 275, 277, 284, 285 287. 297-306, 319, 320 or., rami of pubis near symphysis; in., shaft of tibia below inner tuberosity; nerve, obturator; action, adducts thigh, flexes knee, rotates leg inward. — helicis major large muscle of the helix, a narrow band of muscular fibers on the anterior border of the helix arising from the spine and inserted at the point where the helix becomes transverse. — helicis minor smaller muscle of the helix, a band of oblique fibers covering the crus helicis. — hyoglossus, 31, 67, 89-91, 104 or., body and great cornu of hyoid bone; in., side of the tongue; nerve, hypoglossal; action, retracts and pulls down side of tongue. — hyopharyngeus =m. constrictor pharyngis medius. — iliacus, 139, 149, 172, 173, 182, 191, 257, 290, 319 or.,marginofiliacfossa; iw.,tendonof psoas, anteriorsur- face of lesser trochanter, and capsule of hip-joint; nerve, lumbar plexus; action, flexes thigh and rotates it inward. — iliacus minor the external fibers of the m. iliacus ma capsule of the hip-joint ; they are somen separate from the rest of the muscle. — iliocapsularis =m. iliacus minor. — iliocostalis, 157, 163, 166, 171 the outer division of the m. sacrospinalis, having three subdivisions: i. lumborum (sacrolumbalis), i. dorsi, and i. cervicis (cervicalis ascendens). — iliocostalis cervicis (iliocostal of the neck), m. cervicalis ascendens; or., angle of middle and upper ribs; in., transverse processes of middle cervical vertebrae; action, extends cervical spine; nerve, branches of cervical. — iliocostalis dorsi, 161, 164 or., inner side of angles of 12th to 7th ribs; in., angles of 6th to 1st ribs and transverse processes of 7th cer- vical vertebra; action, keeps dorsal spine erect; nerve, branches of dorsal. — iliocostalis lumborum, 167-170, 172-175 m. sacrolumbalis; or., with sacrospinalis; in., into the angles of 5th to 12th ribs; action, extends lumbar spine; nerve, branches of dorsal and lumbar. — iliopsoas, 118, 120, 142, 149, 174-178, 182, 191, 259, 284, 290, 297, 321, 322 a compound muscle, consisting of the iliacus, psoas major, and psoas minor. — incisivus labii inf erioris, 5 inferior incisive bundle of origin of orbicularis oris. — incisivus labii superioris, 5 superior incisive bundle of origin of orbicularis oris. — infracostalis =m. subcostalis. — infraspinatus, 157-159. 195. 201, 220 or., infraspinous fossa of scapula; in., middle facet ot' great tuberosity of humerus; nerve, suprascapular from 5th and 6th cervical; action, draws arm backward and rotates it outward. — intercostalis externus, 120, 159, 165 each arises from lower border of one rib and passes obliquely downward and inward to be inserted into the upper border of rib below; action, expands chest; nerve, intercostal. — intercostalis internus, 107, 120, 158, 163, 165 each arises from lower border of rib and passes obliquely downward and outward to be inserted into upper border of rib below; action, expands chest; nerve, intercostal. — interosseus dorsalis manus, 199, 207, 208, 242, 243, 253 four in number; or., sides of metacarpal bones; in., 1st phalanges, 1st on radial side of index, 2d on radial side of middle finger, 3d on ulnar side of same finger, 4th on ulnar side of ring finger; nerve, ulnar; action, abducts index, abducts or adducts middle finger, adducts ring finger. —interosseus dorsalis pedis, 262, 315, 327 four muscles; or., by two heads each from the shafts of the adjacent metatarsal bones; in., 1st into tibial, 2d into fibular side of 1st phalanx of 2d toe, 3d and 4th into fibular side of 1st phalanx of 3d and 4th toes; nerve, external plantar; action, 1st adducts 2d toe; 2d, 3d, and 4th abduct 2d, 3d, and 4th toes. — interosseus palmaris-m. interosseus volaris. — interosseus plantaris, 263, 315 three muscles; or., the tibial side of the 3d, 4th, and 5th metatarsal bones; in., corresponding side of 1st phalanx of the same toes; nerve, external plantar; action, adducts three outer toes. — interosseus volaris, 198, 224, 242, 243 m. interosseus palmaris, three in number; or., 1st from ulnar side of 2d metacarpal, 2d and 3d from radial sides of 4th and 5th metacarpals; in., 1st into ulnar side of index, 2d and 3d into radial sides of ring and little fingers; nerve, ulnar; action, adducts index finger, abducts ring and little fingers. — interspinals one of a series of short muscles developed chiefly in the cervical region; or., spine of one vertebra; in., spine of vertebra above; action, support and extend vertebral column, especially the neck ; nerve, posterior branches of spinal. — intertransversarius, 88, 170 m. intertransversalis, one of four sets of short muscles; in the neck the anteriores and posteriores run between the anterior and the posterior tubercles, respectively, of the transverse processes of continguous vertebra? ; in the lumbar region the laterales run between the trans- verse processes, the mediates between the accessory and mammillary processes; action, support and flex vertebral column laterally; nerve, posterior branches of the spinal. — ischiocavernosus, 143, 146, 178, 179. 188, 189 m. erector penis (or clitoridis) ; or., tuberosity of ischium and great sacrosciatic ligament ; in. , corpus cavernosum /IvTiV^P^F^^r?^^ ™"^ 8 )' nerve > perineal; action, maintains /W/Cyt£e->pem5r^or clitoris, erect. — ischiococcygeus =m. coccygeus. 358 MUSCULUS MUSCULUS — keratopharyngeus = m. ceratopharyngeus. — laryngopharyngeus = m. constrictor pnaryngis inferior. — latissimus colli = m. platysma. — latissimus dorsi, 120, 121, 130, 148, 160, 161, 164-168, 170, 183, 194. 218-220, 22s, 231, 246, 257 or. , spinous processes of lower 5 or 6 thoracic and the lumbar vertebras, median ridge of sacrum, and outer tip of iliac crest; in., with teres major into posterior lip of bicipital groove of humerus; action adducts arm, rotates it inward, and carries it backward; nerve, thoracodorsal from brachial plexus. — levator alae nasi portion of caput angulare quadrati labii superioris, alar insertion of levator labii superioris alaeque nasi. — levator anguli oris = m. caninus. — levator anguli scapulae = m. levator scapula*. — levator ani, 130, 143, 144, *49. i77-i79t 189. 257 or., back of pubis, pelvic fascia, spine of ischium; in., central point of perineum, external sphincter ani, sides of the lower part of the sacrum and of coccyx; nerve, pudic and 3d and 4th sacral; action, chiefly draws the anus upward in defecation, also aids in the support of the pelvic floor. — levator costarum, 157 the levatores costarum breves arise from the transverse processes of last cervical and eleven thoracic vertebras and are inserted into ribs next below, between angle and tubercle; the levatores costarum longi are inserted into the second rib below their origin; action, raise ribs; nerve, intercostal. — levator glandular thyreoideae a fasciculus occasionally passing from the thyreohy- oideus muscle to the isthmus of the thyroid gland. — levator labii inferioris= m. mentalis — levator labii superioris = caput infraorbitale quadrati labii superioris, maxilla below infraorbital foramen; in., orbicularis oris of upper lip; action, expressed in namej nerve, facial. — levator labii superioris alaeque nasi caput angulare quadrati labii superioris, or., root of nasal process of maxilla; in., ala of nose and orbicularis oris of upper lip; action, expressed by name; nerve, facial. — levator menti = m. mentalis. — levator palati = m. levator veli palatini. ' — levator palpebral superioris, 9, 47, 50-52, 54, 70, 82, 105 or., under surface of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, p.bove and anterior to the optic foramen; in., upper margin of the tarsal plate of the upper eyelid; nerve, oculomotorius ; action, raises the upper eyelid. — levator scapula, 32, 88. 89, 91, 92, 121, 156 m. levator anguli scapulas; or., from posterior tubercles of transverse processes of four upper cervical vertebras; in., into superior angle of scapula; action, raises the posterior angle of the scapula; nerve, dorsal scapular. — levator veli palatini, 7, 61, 85 m. levator palati; or., apex of petrous portion of tem- poral bone and lower part of cartilaginous Eustachian tube; in., aponeurosis of soft palate; nerve, pharyngeal plexus; action, raises soft palate. — longissitnus. capitis, 7, 86-92, 112, 155, 157 m. trachelomastoideus, m. transversalis capitis, m. complexus minor; or., from transverse processes of upper thoracic and transverse and articular processes of lower and middle cervical vertebras; in., into mastoid process; action, keeps head erect, draws it backward or to one side; nerve, branches of cervical. — longissitnus cervicis, 90-92, 155, 156 m. transversalis colli or cervicis, continuation of m. longissimus dorsi ; or. , transverse process of upper thoracic vertebras; in., transverse processes of middle and upper cervical vertebra; action, extends cervical spine; nerve, branches of lower cervical and upper dorsal. — longissimus dorsi, 157-160, 162-165, 167-169, 171, 172 or., with iliocostalis and from transverse processes of lower thoracic vertebrae; in., by outer slips into most or all of the ribs between angles and tubercles and into tips of transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae, and by inner slips into accessory processes of upper lumbar and transverse processes of thoracic vertebras; action, extends spinal column; nerve, dorsal and lumbar. — longitudinalis inferior inferior lingual, an intrinsic muscle of the tongue, cylindrical in shape, occupying the under part on either side. — longitudinalis superior, 87 superficial lingual, an intrinsic muscle of the tongue, running from base to tip on the dorsum just beneath the mucous membrane. n.'/wi'fi'ToW fiw — longus capitis, 7, 84-90, 92, 155 UlylllZGU Dy m. rectus capitis anticug major; or., anterior tubercles of transverse processes of 3d to 6th cervical vertebrae; in., basilar process of occipital bone; action, twists or bends neck forward; nerve, cervica' plexus. — longus colli, 87, 88, 90, 93, 109, 155 vertival portion arises from the bodies of the 3d thoracic to the 5th cervical vertebrae and is inserted into the bodies of the 2d to 4th cervical vertebras; upper oblique portion arises from the anterior tubercles of the trans- verse processes of the 3d to 5th cervical vertebrae and is inserted into- the anterior tubercle of the atlas; the lower oblique portion arises from the bodies of the 1st to 3d thoracic vertebras and is inserted into the anterior tubercles of the transverse processes of the 5th and 6th cervical vertebrae; action, twists and bends neck forward; nerve, anterior branches of cervical. — lumbricalis manus, 206, 223, 242, 243, 251, 252 four in number; or., the two outer, or radial, from the radial side of the tendons of the flexor digitorum pro- fundus going to the index and middle fingers, the two inner, or ulnar, from the adjacent sides of the 2d and 3d, and 3d and 4th tendons; in., radial side of 1st phalanx and extensor tendon on dorsum of each of the four fingers; nerve, the two radia' by the median, the .wo ulnar by the ulnar; action, flex the 1st and extend the 2d and 3d phalanges. — lumbricalis pedis, 315, 328 four muscles; or., 1st from tibial side of tendon to 2d toe of flexor digitorum longus, 2d, 3d, and 4th from adjacent sides of all four tendons of this muscle; in. bases of 1st phalanx of the four outer toes in the same way as the lumbricales of the hand; nerve, exte nal and internal plantar; action, flex the 1st and extend the 2d and 3d phalanges. — masseter, 5, 7, 20-23, 29, 66, 67, 84-89, 101, 103, 104, 109 or., inner surface and anterior two-thirds of lower border of zygoma; in., outer surface of ramus and coronoid process of mandible; action, closes jaw; nerve branch of third division of trigeminus. — mentalis, 5. 89 m. levator labii inferioris, m. menti; or., incisor fossa of mandible; in., skin of chin; action, raises and wrinkles skin of chin and pushes up lower lip; nerve supply, facial. — multifidus, 89-92, 155-157, 150-168, 170-175, 257 m. multifidus spinse; or., from the sacrum, sacroiliac ligament, mammillary processes of the lumbar verte- bras, transverse processes of thoracic vertebras, and articular processes of last four cervical vertebras; insertion into the spines of all the vertebra up to and including the axis; action, rotates vertebral column; nerve, posterior division of spinal. — mylohyoideus, 18, 24, 29, 31, 67, 70, 88-91 or., mylohyoid line of mandible; in., upper border of hyoid bone and raphe separating muscle from its fellow; action, elevates floor of mouth and the tongue, depresses jaw when hyoid is fixed; nerve, mylohyoid from third division of trigeminus. — mylopharyngeus portion of m. constrictor pharyngis superior arising from the mylohyoid ridge of the mandible. — nasalis, 5, 85 consists of two portions: pars transversa, compressor narium, and pars alaris, depressor alas nasi. — obliquus capitis inferior, 32, 87, 88, 112 or., spine of axis; in., transverse process of the atlas; action, rotates head; nerve, suboccipital. — obliquus capitis superior, 7, 32 or., transverse process of atlas; in outer third of inferior curved line of occipital bone; action, rotates head; nerve, suboccipital. — obliquus externus abdominis, 120, 121, 149, 165, 166, 168-171, 173, 182-184, 256, 318 or., 5th to 1 2th ribs; in., anterior half of outer lip of iliac crest, Poupart's ligament, and anterior layer of the sheath of the rectus; action, diminishes capacity of abdomen, draws thorax downward; nerve, lower thoracic. — obliquus inferior, 47, 50, 52, 54, 70, 83 or., orbital plate of maxilla external to "the lacrymal groove; in., outer part of sclerotic between the supe- rior and external recti; nerve, oculomotorius; action, rotates the eyeballs on its anteroposterior axis. — obliquus internus abdominis, 120, 168-172, 174-176, 182-184, 318 or., outer half of Poupart's ligament, anterior half of crest of ilium, and lumbar fascia; in,, 10th to 12th ribs and sheath of rectus, some of the fibers from Pou- M/r£^fti#f8 ment term inate in the falx inguinalis; action, llf|lo t3wriWshtes / capacity of abdomen, bends thorax forward; nerve, lower thoracic. MUSCULUS MUSCULUS 359 — obliquus superior, 47, 51-54, 70, 82 or., above the inner margin of the optic foramen; in., by a tendon passing through the trochlea, or pulley, and then reflected backward, downward, and outward to the sclerotic between the superior and external recti; nerve, trochlear nerve; action, rotates eyeball on its anteroposterior axis. — obturator externus, 120, 146, 149. 178, 179. 256, 259, 290, 319. 322 or., lower half of margin of thyroid foramen and adjacent part of external surface of obturator mem- brane; in.-, digital fossa of great trochanter; nerve. obturator; action, rotates thigh outward. — obturator interims, 146, 149, 175-178, 256, 257, 285, 290 or., obturator membrane and margin of thyroid fora- men ; in. , inner surface of great trochanter ; nerve , sacral plexus; action, rotates thigh outward. — occipitalis, 5, 79. 83 posterior portion of the epicranius; or., linea nuchas suprema of occipital bone; in., galea aponeurotica; action, pulls scalp backward; nerve, facial. — occipitofrontalis =m. epicranius. — omohyoideus, 17, 18, 25-27, 29-31, 67, 92, 93, 107-111, 120, 148, 155, 156 formed of two bellies attached to intermediate tendon; or. by inferior belly from upper border of scapula between inner angle and notch; in. by superior belly into hyoid bone; action, depresses hyoid; nerve, upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi. — opponens digiti quinti raanus, 198, 206, 223, 224, 242, 315 m. opponens minimi digiti; or., hamulus of unciform (hamate) bone; in., inner margin of 5th metacarpal bone; nerve, ulnar; action, draws ulnar side of hand toward center of palm. — opponens digiti quinti pedis, 263 — opponens minimi digiti =m. opponens digiti quinti. — opponens pollicis, 198, 241, 242, 251 m. flexor ossis metacarpi pollicis ; or. , ridge of trapezium (os multangulum majus) and annular ligament; in., anterior surface of 1st metacarpal bone; nerve, median; action, opposes thumb to other fingers. — orbicularis oculi, 20, 23, 52, 66, 67, 81, 84, 85. 102, 105 m. orbicularis palpebrarum; consists of three portions: (a) pars orbitalis, or external portion, arises from frontal process of maxilla and adjacent portion of frontal bone, encircles aperture of orbit, and is inserted near origin; (b) pars palpebralis, or internal portion, arises from inner canthus, passes through each eyelid, and is inserted into outer canthus; (c) pars lacrimalis, tensor tarsi or Horner's muscle, arises from posterior lacrymal ridge of lacrymal bone and passes across lacrymal sac to join palpebral portion; action, closes eye, wrinkles forehead vertically, compresses lacrymal sac; nerve, facial. — orbicularis oris, 20-23, 86, 88, 100 m. sphincter oris; or., by nasolabial band from septum of the nose, by superior incisive bundle from incisor fossa of maxilla, by inferior incisive bundle from lower jaw each side of symphysis; fibers surround mouth between skin and mucous membrane of lips and cheeks, and are blended with other muscles; action, closes lips; nerve, facial. — orbicularis palpebrarum = orbicularis oculi — orbitalis Muller's muscle, a rudimentary nonstriated muscle, crossing the infraorbital groove and sphenomaxillary fissure, intimately united with the periosteum of the orbit. — orbitopalpebralis =m. levator palpebrae superioris. — palatoglossus -m. glossopalatinus. — palatopharyngeus =m. pharyngopalatinus. — palatosalpingeus=m. tensor veli palatini. — palmaris brevis, 206, 221, 223, 241, 242, 250 or., ulnar side of central portion of the palmar apo- neurosis; hi., skin of ulnar side of hand; nerve, ulnar; action, wrinkles skin on inner side of hand. — palmaris longus, 194, 206, 221, 222, 235-241, 249, 250 or., internal condyle of humerus; in., anterior annular ligament of wrist and palmar fascia; nerve, median; action, makes palmar fascia tense and flexes forearm; is occasionally absent. — papillaris one of the group of columnar (trabecular) carneas which terminate in the chorda? tendineae of the heart. — pectinatus one of a number of muscular columns projecting from the inner walls of the auricles (auricular appendages) of the heart. — pectineus, 120, 149, 176, 178, 180, i&ftA 272, 284, 290, 297, 319, 321-323 U 'L or., crest of pubis; in., pectineal line of femur; nerve, obturator and femoral; action, adducts thigh and assists in flexion. -pectoralis major, 25-27. 3*. *<>7. 148, 158-164, 181, 194, 206, 218, 219, 231. 245 or., by Pars clavicularis from inner half of clavicle, by pars sternocostalis from anterior surface of manubrium and body of sternum and cartilages of 1st to 6th ribs, by pars abdominalis from aponeurosis of rectus ab- dominis or obliquus externus; in., anterior bicipital ridge of humerus; action, adducts and rotates arm; nerve, anterior thoracic. pectoralis minor, 26, 27, 120, 148, 158, 160, 161, 219 or., 3d to 5th" ribs at the costochondral articula- tions; in., tip of coracoid process of scapula; action. draws down scapula or raises ribs; nerve, anterior thoracic, peronaeus brevis, 260-262, 268, 270, 275-277, 287, 295. 307-314 or., lower two-thirds of outer surface of fibula; in.. base of 5th metatarsal bone; nerve, peroneal; action, abducts foot, peronaeus longus, 260, 261, 263, 267, 268, 270, 275-277, 287, 295, 306-314. 328 or., upper two-thirds of outer surface of fibula and external condyle of tibia ; in. , by tendon passing behind external malleolus and across sole of foot to internal cuneiform and base of first metatarsal; nerve, peroneal; action, abducts and pronates foot, peronaeus tertius, 262, 275, 276, 313, 314 or., in common with extensor digitorum longus; in., dorsum of base of 5th metatarsal bone; nerve, deep branch of peroneal;" action, assists in dorsal flexion of foot. -petrosalpingostaphylinus =m. levator veli palatini, -petrostaphylinus =m. levator veli palatini, -pharyngopalatinus m. palatopharyngeus; forms the posterior pillar of the tauces; or., soft palate; in., posterior border of thyroid cartilage and aponeurosis of pharynx; nerve, pharyngeal plexus; action, narrows fauces and shuts off naso- pharynx. -piriformis, 130, 175. 176. 183. 285 or., margins of anterior sacral foramina and great sacrosciatic notch of ilium; in., upper border of great trochanter; nerve, sciatic plexus; action, rotates thigh outward. -plantaris, 255, 259, 274. 277. 293, 304-312 or., external supracondyloid ridge (external epicondyle) of femur; in., inner margin of tendo Achillis and inter- nal annular ligament of ankle; nerve, tibial; action, extends foot. -platysma, s, 18, 20, 21, 26, 70, 90-93. 104, 109, 15s, 156 m. platysma myoides, m. tetragonus; or., clavicle and fascia covering pectoralis major and deltoid at level of 1st or 2d rib; in., lower border of mandible, risorius, and platysma of opposite side; action, depresses jaw and lower lip, wrinkles skin of neck and upper part of chest; nerve, cervical branch of facial. -pleurocesophageus muscular fasciculi, arising from the mediastinal pleura, which reinforce the musculature of the esophagus. -popliteus, 255, 259. 261, 265, 287, 306 or., external condyle (epicondyle) of femur; in., poste- rior surface of tibia above oblique line; nerve, tibial; action, flexes leg and rotates it inward, -popliteus minor popliteal space of femur; in., posterior ligament of knee-joint; nerve, tibial; action, raises posterior liga- ment during flexion of knee. -procerus, 81, 83 m. pyramidalis nasi; or. from membrane covering bridge of nose ; in. into frontalis ; action , assists frontalis ; nerve, branch of facial. -pronator pedis m. flexor accessorius longus digitorum pedis = m. quadratus plantae. -pronator quadratus, 196, 197, 221, 222, 224, 229, 239, 240, 250 or., lower fourth of anterior surface of ulna; in., lower fourth of anterior surface of radius; nerve, volar inter- osseous; action, pronates forearm. -pronator teres, 194, 196, i97i 206, 218, 221, 235-238, 249, 250 m. pronator radii teres; or., superficial head (caput humerale) from the internal condyle of the humerus, deep head (caput ulnare) from the inner side of the coronoid process of the ulna; in., middle of the outer surface of the radius; nerve, median; action, pronates forearm. la^lar tissue of the prostate, involuntary in character. 360 MUSCULUS MUSCULUS — psoas major or magnus, 117-119, 124, 130, 139. 140. 149, 167-173. 182, 191 or., bodies of vertebrae and intervertebral discs from the 1 2th thoracic to the 5th lumbar, and transverse processes of the lumbar vertebra; in., lesser trochanter of femur; nerve, lumbar plexus; action, flexes thigh and rotates it slightly inward, —psoas minor or parvus, 140 an inconstant muscle, absent m about 40 per cent; or., bodies of 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar vertebrae and disc between them; in., iliopectineal line and eminence with iliac fascia; nerve, lumbar plexus; action, makes iliac fascia tense. — pterygoideus externus, 7, 24, 83-86 or., one inferior and larger head from outer plate of pterygoid, pyramidal process of palate bone, tuberosity of maxilla; the other superior and smaller head from the under surface of the great wing of the sphenoid; in., into pterygoid fossa of head of mandible and interarticular fibrocartilage; action, brings _jaw for- ward; nerve, external pterygoid from third division of trigeminus. — pterygoideus internus, 7, 24, 29, 33. 85-88 or., pcerygoid fossa of sphenoid and tuberosity of maxilla; in., inner surface of lower jaw between angle and mylohyoid groove; action, raises mandible^ closing jaw; nerve, internal pterygoid from third division of trigeminus. — pt e rygophar yngeus portion of constrictor pharyngis superior arising from the internal pterygoid plate. — pubococcygeus pubococcygeal muscle, fibers of the m. levator ani, arising from the posterior surface of the inferior ramus of the pubis. — pubovesicalis the external longitudinally directed muscular fibers of the bladder, attached to the lower part of the back of the symphysis pubis. — pyramidalis, 120, 175-177, 190, 290 or., crest of pubis; in., lower portion of linea alba; action, makes linea alba tense; nerve, last thoracic. — pyramidalis nasi =m. procerus. — pyriformis =m. piriformis. — quadratus femoris, 130, 178, 256, 259. 285 or., outer border of tuberosity of ischium; in,, inter- trochanteric ridge; nerve, sciatic; action, rotates thigh outward. — quadratus Iabii inferioris, 5, 70, 88, 89 m. depressor labii inferioris; or., anterior portion of lower border of mandible; in., orbicularis oris and skin of lower lip; action, depresses lower lip; nerve, facial. — quadratus labii superioris, 5, 7, 20, 22, 66, 83, 84, 86, 102 composed of three heads usually described as three muscles: caput angutare, levator labii superioris alaeque nasi; caput infraorbital , levator labii superioris; caput zygomaticum, zygomaticus minor. — quadratus lumborum, 130, 140, 168-170, 183, 186, 191, 257 or., iliac crest, iliolumbar ligament, and transverse processes of lower lumbar vertebras; in., 12th rib and transverse processes of upper lumbar vertebrae; action, flexes trunk laterally; nerve, upper lumbar. — quadratus menti=m. quadratus labii inferioris. — quadratus plantae, 262, 263, 289, 294, 295, 313, 314 m. flexor accessorius digitorum; or., by two heads from the outer and inner borders of the inferior surface of the os calcis (calcaneus); in., tendons of flexor digitorum longus; nerve, external plantar; action, assists long flexor. — quadriceps femoris, 179, 260, 264, 286, 292, 293, 303 m. quadriceps extensor femoris; or., by four heads — rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, and vastus medialis ; in. , patella, and thence by ligamentum patellae to tuberosity of tibia; nerve, femoral (anterior crural); action, extends leg. — radialis externus brevis=m. extensor carpi radialis brevis. — radialis externus longus =m. extensor carpi radialis longus. — radialis internus = m. flexor carpi radialis. — radiocarpus =m. flexor carpi radialis. — rectococcygeus a band of muscular fibers arising from the anterior sur- face of 2d or 3d coccygeal segment and passing to the posterior surface of rectum. — rect^vesicalis fibers (present only in the male) connefttingJLheyk tudinal musculature of the rectum Wra'tHeWste muscular coat of the bladder. — rectus abdominis, 120, 140, 142, T 44. *5o, 166-172, 174-177, 182, 190 , - . . . .„ or., crest and symphysis of the pubis; in., xiphoid process and 5th to 7th costal cartilages; action, dimin- ishes capacity of abdomen, draws thorax downward; nerve, branches of lower thoracic. — rectus captits anterior, 7. 85, 86 rectus capitis anticus minor; or., base of atlas; in., basilar process of occipital bone; action, turns and inclines head forward; nerve, 1st and 2d cervical. — rectus capitis anticus major =m. longus capitis. — rectus capitis anticus minor =m. rectus capitis anterior. — rectus capitis lateralis, 86 or., transverse process of atlas; in., jugular process of occipital bone; action, inclines head to one side; nerve, suboccipital. — rectus capitis posterior major, 7, 32, 86-88, 112 m. rectus capitis posticus major; or., spine of axis; in., middle of inferior curved line of occipital bone; action, rotates and draws head backward; nerve, posterior branch of 1st cervical (suboccipital- — rectus captiis posterior minor, 7, 72, 86 m. rectus capitis posticus minor; or., from posterior tubercle of atlas; in., into inner third of inferior curved line of occipital bone; -action, rotates head and draws it backward; nerve, suboccipital. — rectus externus =m. rectus lateralis. — rectus femoris, 120, 176-180, 256, 272, 273, 284,297- 302, 319, 320, 322 or., anterior inferior spine of ilium and upper margin of acetabulum; in., common tendon of quadriceps femoris. — rectus inferior, 47, 50, 52-54. 70, 83 or., by a common tendon with the rectus medialis, the annulus tendineus communis or ligament of Zinn, from the lower and inner margin of the optic foramen; in., sclerotic coat of the eye; nerve, oculomotorius; action, moves eyeball downward. — rectus internus =m. rectus medialis. — rectus lateralis, 47, 50-54. 70. 71, 82 m. rectus externus; or., by two heads from the outer margin of the optic foramen and from the lower margin of the sphenoidal fissure and the ligament of Zinn; in., sclerotic; nerve, abducens; action, turns eyeball outward. — rectus medialis, 47, 51-54, 70 m. rectus internus; or., by a common tendon with the rectus inferior, the annulus tendineus communis or ligament of Zinn, from the lower and inner margin of the optic foramen; in., sclerotic coat of the eye; nerve, oculomotorius; action, moves eyeball inward. — rectus superior, 9, 47. 50-54, 82 or., upper margin of the optic foramen and fibrous sheath of the optic nerve; in., sclerotic coat of the eye; nerve, oculomotorius; action, moves the eyeball upward. — retrahens aurem or auriculam =m.auricularis posterior. — rhomboideus major, 121, 157, 158, 161 or., spinous processes and corresponding supraspinous ligaments of first four thoracic vertebrae; in., vertebral border of scapula below spine; action, draws scapula toward vertebral column; nerve, dorsal scapular from brachial plexus. — rhomboideus minor, 121, 156, 157 spinous processes of 6th and 7th cervical vertebra; in., vertebral margin of scapula above spine; action, draws scapula toward vertebral column and slightly upward; nerve, dorsal scapular from brachial plexus. — risorius or., from platysma and fascia of masseter; in., orbicu- laris oris and skin at corner of mouth; action, draws out angle of mouth; nerve, facial. — rotator spina? one of a number of short muscles chiefly developed in the thoracic region. They are of two sets, rqtatores breves (short rotators), and rotatores longi (long ro- tators) ; the former arise from the transverse process of one vertebra and are inserted into the root of the spinous process of the vertebra above; the latter are inserted into the second or third vertebra above their origin; action, rotate the vertebral column; nerve, posterior branches of the spinal. — sacrococcygeus anterior an inconstant muscle on the anterior surfaces of the sacrum and coccyx, the remains of a portion of the caudal musculature of lower animals. — sacrococcygeus posterior an inconstant and poorly developed muscle on the posterior surfaces of the sacrum and coccyx, the re- ICrEffi&fflkf' portion of the caudal musculature of lower — sacrolumbal =m. iliocostalis lumborum. MUSCULUS MUSCULUS 361 — sacrospinal, 183, 257 m. erector spinas; or., from drosal surface of sacrum, spines of lumbar vertebras, and crest of ilium; then divides into iliocostalis and longisimus dorsi muscles; action, extends spinal column; nerve, posterior branches of spinal nerves. — salpingo pharyngeus fibers of the pharyngopalatinus arising from the cartilaginous end of the Eustachian tube. — -sartorius, 120, 175-178. 180, 256, 257, 260, 272-275, 277, 284, 297-306, 320-323, 325 or., anterior superior spine of ilium; in., inner border of tuberosity of tibia; nerve, femoral; action, flexes thigh and leg, rotates leg inward and thigh outward. — scalenus anterior, 27, 91-93, 108, 120, 133, 155-157, 219 m. scalenus anticus; or., anterior tubercles of trans- verse processes of 3d to 6th cervical vertebra?; in., scalene tubercle of 1st rib; action, raises 1st rib; nerve, cervical plexus. — scalenus medius, 88, 89, 92, 93, 108, 155, 156 or., posterior tubercles of transverse processes of 2d to 6th cervical vertebra; in., 1st rib to outer side of scalenus anterior; action, raises 1st rib; nerve, cervical plexus. — scalenus posterior, 155, 156 m. scalenus posticus; or., posterior tubercles of trans- verse processes of 4th to 6th cervical vertebrae; in., outer side of upper border of 2d rib; action, elevates 2d rib; nerve, cervical and brachial plexus. — scansorius m. accessorius gluteus minimus, m. gluteus quartus, anterior fibers of the gluteus minimus (according to some anatomists the piriformis) which are sometimes distinct from the main portion of the muscle. — semimembranosus, 179, 180, 255. 256, 261, 265, 273, 274, 276, 277, 287, ,297-305, 320, 326 or., tuberosity of ischium; in., inner tuberosity of tibia and by membrane to internal lateral ligament of knee- joint, popliteal fascia, and external condyle of femur; ■nerve, tibial; action, flexes leg and rotates it inward and makes capsular ligament of knee-joint tense. — semispinalis capitis, 5, 7, 32, 72, 84-91, 93. 112, 155-157 m. complexus; or., transverse processes of five or six upper thoracic and four lower cervical vertebrae; in., occipital bone between superior and inferior curved lines; action, rotates head and draws it backward; nerve, suboccipital, great occipital, and branches of cervical. — semispinalis cervicis, 89-93, 155. 156 m. semispinalis colli, continuous with semispinalis dorsi; or., transverse processes of 2d to 5th cervical vertebra;; in., spines of axis and 3d to 5th cervical vertebrae; action, extends cervical spine; nerve, branches of cervical. — semispinalis colli =m. semispinalis cervicis. — semispinalis dorsi, 158, 160, 161, 163, 164, 167, 187 or., transverse processes of sth to nth thoracic verte- bras; in., spines of first four thoracic and 6th and 7th cervical vertebrae; action, extends vertebral column; nerve, branches of cervical. — semitendmosus, 179. 180, 256, 260, 274, 277, 287, 297- 305. 320 or., ischial tuberosity; in., side of shaft of tibia below internal tuberosity; nerve, tibial; action, flexes leg and rotates it inward. — serratus anterior, 120, 130, 157-162, 165, 225 m. serratus magnus; or., from center of external aspect of first 8 or 9 ribs; in., superior and inferior angles and intervening vertebral border of scapula; action, moves scapula variously, elevates ribs; nerve, long thoracic from brachial plexus. — serratus magnus - m. serratus anterior. — serratus posterior inferior, 121, 168, 183 or., with latissimus dorsi, from spines of two lower thoracic and two upper lumbar vertebrae; in., into lower borders of last four ribs; action, draws lower ribs backward and downward; nerve, 9th to 12th intercostal. — serratus posterior superior or., from spines of two lower cervical and two upper thoracic vertebrae; in., into outer side of angles of 2d to 5th ribs; nerve, 1st to 4th intercostals. — soleus, 261, 273, 275-277. 287. 293, 305-310, 325 or., posterior surface of head and upper third of shaft of fibula, oblique line and middle third of inner border of tibia, and a tendinous arch passing between tibia and fibula over the popliteal vessels; in., with gastroc- nemius by tendo calcaneus (Achillis) into tuberosity of os calcis (calcaneus) ; nerve, tibialMcrw^Braducesii plantar flexion of foot. U1gitiZeUVyl]/ — spheno salpingo staphylinus =m. tensor veli palatini. — sphincter ani externus, 143-145, 150, 179, 188 a fusiform ring of muscular fibers surrounding the anus, attached posteriorly to the coccyx and anteriorly to the central point of the perineum. — sphincter ani internus, 14s, 150, 179 a muscular ring, formed by an increase of the circular fibers of the rectum, situated at the upper end of the anal canal. — sphincter oris =m. orbicularis oris. — sphincter pupillae a ring of muscular fibers surrounding the pupillary border of the iris. — sphincter pylori a thickening of the middle (circular) layer of the gastric musculature encircling the pylorus. — sphincter urethras membranaceae, 146 m. compressor urethrae, m. constrictor urethrae; or., ramus of pubis; in., with fellow in median raphe behind and in front of urethra; nerve, pudic; action, constricts membranous urethra. — sphincter vaginae =m. bulbocavernosus. — sphincter vesicae =armulus urethralis. 4 — spinalis capitis, 86 inconstant; or., spines of upper thoracic and lower cervical vertebrae ; forms spinal segments of semispinalis capitis and blends with latter. — spinalis cervicis, 156 spinalis colli, inconstant or rudimentary; or., spines of 6th and 7th cervical; in., spines of axis and 3d cervical vertebra; action, extends cervical spine; nerve, branches of cervical. — spinalis colli =m. spinalis cervicis. — spinalis dorsi, 160-164, 168 or., spines of upper lumbar and two lower thoracic vertebrae; in., spines of middle and upper thoracic vertebrae; action, supports and extends vertebral column; nerve, branches of dorsal. — splenius capitis, 5, 7, 20, 27, 32, 72, 84-89, 91, 92, 112, 121, 155, 156 or., from spines of last four cervical and first three thoracic vertebrae ; in. , into outer half of superior curved line of occipital and mastoid process; action, rotates head, the two together draw head backward; nerve, 2d to 8th cervical. — splenius cervicis, 32, 88, 90-92, 121, 156, 157 splenius- colli; or., from spines of 3d to sth (or 4th to 6th) cervical vertebrae ; in. , posterior tubercles of transverse processes of 1st and 2d (sometimes 3d) cervical vertebrae; action, rotates head, both together draw head backward; nerve, 2d to 8th cervical. — splenius colli =m. splenius cervicis. — stapedius or., under surface of the pyramid; in., neck of the stapes; action, draws head of stapes backward. — staphylinus externus =m. tensor veli palatini. — staphylinus internus =m. levator veli palatini. — staphylinus medius — m. uvulae. — sternalis an inconstant muscle, running parallel to the sternum across the costosternal origin of the pectoralis major, and usually connected with the sternocleidomas- toid and rectus muscles as well as the pectoralis major. — sternocleidomastoideus, 5. 7. 14. 18, 20-22, 25-29, 31, 32, 67, 86-89. 91-93. 100, I07-II0, 112, 120, 121, 130, 148, 155-158, 181, 219 or., by two heads from anterior surface of manubrium sterni and sternal end of clavicle; in., mastoid process and outer half of superior curved line of occipital bone; action, turns head obliquely to opposite side; when acting together, the two pull head downward and for- ward; nerve, spinal accessory. — sternohyoideus, 17. 18, 25-27, 29, 67, 92, 93, 95, 107, no, in, 120, 155-157. 181 or., posterior surface of manubrium sterni and 1st costal cartilage; in., body of hyoid bone; action, de- presses hyoid bone; nerve, upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi. — sternothyreoideus, 25, 26, 29, 93, 107, no, 120, 156, 157. 159, 181 or., posterior surface of manubrium sterm and 1st or 2d costal cartilage; in., oblique line of thyroid car- tilage; action, _ depresses larynx; nerve, upper cervical through the ansa hypoglossi. — styloauricularis an occasional small muscle extending from the root of the styloid process to the cartilage of the meatus. — styloglossus, 5, 7, 24, 29, 88, 89 'ir^rPT&Afflffi'L e styloid process; in., side and under ICrQtiHAckv&i tongue; nerve, hypoglossal; action, retracts 1 tongue. 362 MUSCULUS MUSCULUS — stylohyoideus, 17, 22-24, 26, 27, 29, 89-91, 104 or., styloid process of temporal bone; in., hyoid bone by two slips on either side of attachment of digastric; action, fixes hyoid bone; nerve, facial. — stylolaryngeus that part of the m. stylopharyngeus which is inserted into the thyroid cartilage. — stylopharyngeus, 5, 7, 88, 90 or., root of styloid process; in., thyroid cartilage and wall of pharynx; nerve, glossopharyngeal; action, elevates pharynx. — subanconeus an occasional muscle ; or. , the lower end of the humerus ; in., the posterior ligament of the elbow-joint; nerve, radial (musculospiral) ; action, makes posterior liga- ment tense. — subclavius, 120, 156-158, 219 or., 1st costal cartilage; in., under surface of acromial end of clavicle; action, fixes clavical or elevates 1st rib; nerve, subclavian from brachial plexus. — subcostalis m. infracostalis; one of a number of inconstant muscles having the same direction as the intercostales interni, but usually passing over one or more ribs. — subcrureus =m. articularis genu. — subcutaneus colli =m. platysma. — subscapulars, 148, 157, 158, 161, 192, 194, 200, 225, 246 or., subscapular fossa; in., lesser tuberosity of humerus; nerve, upper and lower subscapular from 5th and 6th cervical; action, rotates arm inward. — supinator, 194, 196, 197. 228, 236, 237 supinator radii brevis ; or. , external epicondyle of humerus and supinator ridge of ulna; in., anterior and outer surface of radius; nerve, radial (dorsal interos- seous); action, supinates the forearm. — supinator longus =m. brachioradialis. — suprascapular! s — supraspinatus, 121, 156, 157, 194. 200, 201 or., supraspinous fossa of scapula; in., great tuberosity of humerus; nerve, suprascapular from 5th and 6th cervical; action, abducts arm. — suspensorius duodeni suspensory muscle of the duodenum, muscle of Treitz; a broad flat band of unstriped muscle attached to the left cms of the diaphragm and continuous with the muscular coat of the duodenum at its junction with the jejunum. — tarsalis slips from the m. orbicularis oculi inserted into the tarsal borders of the eyelids. — temporalis, 5, 20, 22-24, 5L 59. 60, 70, 71, 78, 79, 81-85, 101 or., temporal fossa; in., anterior border of ramus and apex of coronoid process of mandible; action, closes jaw; supply, deep temporal branches of third division of trigeminus. — tensor fasciae Iatae, 120, 174-177, 179, 180, 256, 272, 273, 284, 297, 319. 321 m. tensor fasciae femoris; or., anterior superior spine and adjacent surface of dorsum of the ilium; in., iliotibial band of fascia lata; nerve, superior gluteal; action, makes fascia lata tense. — tensor palati=m. tensor veli palatini. — tensor tarsi Horner's muscle, pars lacrimalis of orbicularis oculi. — tensor tympani, 61 , 62 or., the cartilaginous part of the Eustachian tube and under surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone; it passes through the canal just above the bony portion of the Eustachian tube, in. into the handle of the malleus; action, draws the handle of the malleus inward and makes tense the drum membrane. — tensor vaginae femoris =m. tensor fasciae lata?. — tensor veli palatini, 7, 86 m. tensor palati, m. sphenosalplngo-staphylinus ; or., spine of sphenoid, scaphoid fossa of internal pterygoid process, and outer wall of cartilaginous Eustachian tube; in., posterior border of hard palate and apo- neurosis of soft palate; nerve, otic ganglion; action, stretches the soft palate. — teres major, 121, 130, 148, 161, 194, 218, 220, 231, 246, 247 or., lower third of dorsal aspect of axillary border of scapula; in., inner border of bicipital groove of humer- us; nerve, lower subscapular from 5th and 6th cervical; action, adducts and extends arm and rotates it inward. — teres minor, 121, 158, 195, 201, 220, 247 or., dorsal aspect of axillary border of scapula; in.. lower facet of great tuberosity of F)fPfftV?Bi ' circumflex from 5th and 6th cervical facnon, ac arm and rotates it outward. — tetragonus =m. platysma. — thyreoarytaenoideus, 155 m. thyreoarytasnoideus externus; or., inner. surface of thyroid cartilage ; in. , muscular process and puter surface of arytenoid ; nerve , recurrent laryngeal ; action, relaxes the vocal cords. — thyreoarytaenoideus externus =m. thyreoarytaenoideus. — thyreoarytaenoideus internus =m. vocalis. — thyr eo epiglotticus thyroepiglottic or thyrecepiglottidean muscle; fibers of the thyreoarytaenoideus curving upward to be inserted into the aryepiglottic fold and margin of epiglottis. — thyreohyoideus, 29. 31. 67, 91. 92, 155 apparently a continuation of the sternothyreoideus; or., oblique line of thyroid cartilage; in., body of hyoid bone; action, approximates hyoid bone to the larynx; nerve, upper cervical through ansa hypoglossi. — thyreopharyngeus portion of the constrictor pharyngis inferior arising from the thyroid cartilage. — tibialis anterior, 260, 267, 269. 275, 276, 286, 294, 306-314, 324 m. tibialis anticus; or., upper two-thirds of outer surface of tibia, interosseous membrane, and inter- muscular septum; in., internal cuneiform and base of first metatarsal; nerve, deep branches of peroneal; action, dorsal flexion and supination of foot. — tibialis gracilis =m. plan tar is. — tibialis posterior, 260, 261, 263, 267, 269-271, 287, 288, 306, 308-314 m. tibialis posticus; or., shaft of fibula between interos- seous border and oblique line, shaft of tibia between interosseous border and vertical line, and interosseous membrane ; in. , navicular, three cuneiform, cuboid, sustentaculum of os calcis, and 2d, 3d, and 4th meta- tarsal bones; nerve, tibial; action, produced plantar flexion and supination of foot. — tibiofascialis anterior or anticus separate fibers of the tibialis anterior inserted into the fascia of the dorsum of the foot. — trachealis the band of unstriped muscular fibers in the fibrous membrane connecting posteriorly the ends of the tracheal rings. — trachelomastoideus =m. longissimus capitis. — tragicus muscle of the tragus, a band of vertical muscular fibers on the outer surface of the tragus of the ear. — transversalis abdominis =m. transversus abdominis. — transversalis capitis =m. longissimus capitis. — transversalis cervicis or colli = m. longissimus cervicis. — transversalis nasi -m. compressor narium. — transversus abdominis, 130, 140, 168, 170-174, 182, 184, 257, 318 or., 7th to 12th costal cartilages, lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and Poupart's ligament; in., xiphoid cartilage and linea alba and, through falx inguinalis, spine and crest of pubis and iliopectineal line; action, compresses abdominal contents, bends thorax forward; nerve, lower thoracic. — transversus auriculae a band of sparse muscular fibers on the cranial surface of the auricle, extending from the eminentia conchse to the eminentia scaphas. — transversus linguae, 87 an intrinsic muscle of the tongue, the fibers of which arise from the septum and radiate to the dorsum and sides. — transversus menti, 20 superficial fibers of the triangularis which turn back and cross to the opposite side. — transversus nucha? an occasional muscle passing between the tendons of the trapezius and sternocleidomastoid, possibly a fasciculus of the auricularis posterior. — transversus perinei profundus, 179. 189, 257 or., ascending, or inferior, ramus of ischium; in., with its fellow in a median raphe; nerve, pudic; action, assists compressor urethras. — transversus perinei superficial, 130, 143, 188, 189 or., ascending ramus of ischium; in., central point of perineum; nerve, pudic; action, draws back and fixes the central point of the perineum. — transversus thoracis, 162, 163, 165 m. triangularis sterni; or., back of xiphoid cartilage and lower portion of body of sternum; in., costal cartilages of 2d to 6th ribs; action, narrows chest; nerve, intercostal. IVHl$&&&rWF> 7- 2 °. 22 - as, 27, 32, 86-89, 91-93. na. T2d; irf, 155-163, 206, 207 m. cucullaris; or., from inner third of superior curved MUSCULUS NERVUS 363 line of the occipital bone, external occipital protuber- ance, ligamentum nuchae, spines of 7th cervical and the thoracic vertebrae and corresponding supraspinous ligaments; in., into outer third of posterior surface of clavicle, inner side of acromion process, and upper border and tuberosity at inner end of base of the spine of the scapula; action, draws head to one side or back- ward, rotates scapula; nerve, spinal accessory and cervical plexus. — triangularis, 5, 20, 21, 70, 88, 89 m. depressor anguli oris; or., lower border of lower jaw anteriorly; in., blends with other muscles in lower lip near angle of mouth; action, pulls down corners of mouth; nerve, facial. — triangularis labii inferioris =m. triangularis. — triangularis labii superior is = m. caninus. — triangularis sterni = trans versus thoracis. — triceps brachii, 121, 130, 148, 159. 195, 197, 200, 201, 206-208, 218, 220, 221, 225, 228, 231-235, 246, 247 or., long or scapular head (caput longum) from axillary border of scapula below glenoid fossa, outer head (caput laterale) from outer and posterior surface of ^humerus below greater tubercle, inner head (caput mediale) from posterior surface of humerus below radial (musculospiral) groove; in., olecranon process of ulna; nerve, radial (musculospiral); action, extends forearm. — triceps surae triceps of the calf, the gastrocnemius and soleus con- sidered as one muscle. — ulnaris externus=m. extensor carpi ulnaris. — ulnaris internus=m. flexor carpi ulnaris. — uvulae muscle of the uvula, m. azygos uvulae; or., posterior nasal spine; in., forms chief bulk of the uvula; nerve, pharyngeal plexus; action, raises the uvula. — vastus extermis=m. vastus lateralis. — vastus intermedins, 120, 178-180, 258, 259, 297-302, 319, 320 m. crureus; or., upper three-fourths of anterior surface of shaft of femur; in., common tendon of quadriceps femoris. — vastus internus =m. vastus medialis. — vastus lateralis, 178-180, 258, 259, 272, 273, 275, 290, 291, 293, 297-304. 319, 320 m. vastus externus; or., outer lip of linea aspera as far as great trochanter; in., common tendon of quadriceps femoris. — vastus medialis, 258, 259, 272, 275, 284, 291, 299-304, 320, 321, 323 m. vastus internus; or., inner lip of linea aspera; in., common tendon of quadriceps femoris. — ventricularis fibers of the m. thyreoarytaenoideus which pass into the false vocal cord. — verticalis linguae an intrinsic muscle of the tongue, consisting of fibers attached to the dorsal fascia and passing downward and outward to the sides. — vocalis, 155 m. thyreoarytsenoideus internus; or., depression be- tween the two alas of thyroid cartilage; in., vocal process of arytenoid; nerve, recurrent laryngeal; action, shortens and relaxes vocal cords. — zygomaticus, 5. 7. 20, 21, 66, 67, 70, 84, 86 m. zygomaticus major; or., malar bone in front of zygomatic suture; in., muscles at angle of mouth; action, draws upper lip upward; nerve, facial. — zygomaticus major =m. zygomaticus. — zygomaticus minor caput zygomaticum quadrati labii superioris; or., under surface of malar bone; in., orbicularis oris of upper lip; action, draws upper lip upward and outward; nerve, facial. NARIS, 85 NERVUS — abducens, 9, 42, 44, 50, 51, S3. 83, 84 abducent nerve, 6th cranial nerve, a small motor nerve supplying the external rectus muscle of the eye; its origin is in the dorsal part of the tegmentum of the pons just below the surface of the rhomboidal fossa, and it emerges from the brain in the fissure between the posterior border of the pons and the anterior end of the pyramid of the pons; it passes along the cavernous sinus and enters the orbit through the sphenoidal fissure. — accessorius, 9, "25, 27, 29-33, 36", 42, 45. 7*. 85-92, 155 accessory nerve, spinal accessory nerve, nth cranial nerve, arises from the medulla and from the spinal cord as far down as the level of the fifth r.ti /1..a1 it&tff,, and emerges from the side of the medullar ana tne cord in two parts, accessory and spinal; the former joins the vagus in the jugular foramen supplying the cardio- inhibitory and the visceromotor fibers of that nerve; the spinal portion passes down the neck and supplies the sternornastoid and trapezius muscles. — acusticus, 9, 39, 42, 44, 45. 83, 84 acoustic nerve, auditory nerve, portio mollis, 8th cranial nerve, the nerve of hearing; it has two roots, vestibular and cochlear, the former terminates in a ganglion close to the restiform body, the latter in three nuclei, but chiefly in the nucleus of Deiters in the lateral wall of the fourth ventricle; the radix vestibu- laris emerges from the brain between the olive and the restiform body, the radix cochlearis winds round the outer side of the restiform body; the two roots unite and pass through the internal acoustic meatus when the roots again separate to form the n. vestibuli and n. cochleae. — alveolaris inferior, 22-24, 69. 70, 86-89. 101 inferior alveolar nerve, inferior dental nerve, one of the terminal branches of the mandibular, passing down to enter the inferior dental canal, then distributing branches to the teeth. — alveolaris superior, 24 superior alveolar nerve, posterior dental nerve, a branch (sometimes two branches) of the maxillary in the pterygopalatine canal, passing through the pterygomaxillary fissure and supplying gums and molar teeth. — ampullaris ampullar nerve, one of three branches of the acoustic nerve; two from the vestibular trunk going to the ampullae of the superior and lateral semicircular canals, the third from the cochlear trunk going to the ampulla of the inferior semicircular canal. — nervi anococcygei, 128, 143 anococcygeal nerves, several small nerves arising from the lower portion of the pudendal plexus (coccygeal plexus), supplying the posterior portion of the levator ani muscle and the skin over the coccyx. — auditorius =n. acusticus. — auricularis magnus, 20, 21, 25, 32, 35, 36, 67, 91. 92 great auricular nerve, arises from the 2d and 3d cer- vical, supplies the skin of the part of the ear, adjacent portion of the scalp, and cheek and angle of the jaw. — auricularis posterior, 20 posterior auricular nerve, a branch of the n. facialis, supplying the posterior surface of the auricle. — auriculotemporalis, 20-24, 8 3. I0 ° auriculotemporal nerve, a branch of the mandibular, it passes backward beneath the external pterygoid muscle, between the external lateral ligament and the meek of the mandible, and through the parotid gland, terminating in the skin of the temple and scalp. — axillaris, 35, 36, 153. 158, 215, 217, 220, 246, 247 axillary nerve, circumflex nerve, arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus in the axilla, passes downward and outward with the posterior cir- cumflex artery, and winds round the surgical neck of the humerus supplying the deltoid and teres minor muscles. — buccalis =n. buccinatorius. — buccinatorius, 21, 23, 24, 70 buccinator nerve, buccal nerve, a sensory branch of the masticator nerve, passing downward and forward on the buccinator muscle, supplying the buccal mucous membrane and the skin of the cheek near the angle of the mouth. — canalis pterygoidei nerve of the pterygoid canal, Vidian nerve, the nerve constituting the motor and sympathetic roots of Meckel's ganglion; it is formed in the foramen lacerum by the union of the larger superficial petrosal and the deep petrosal nerves, and runs through the Vidian (pterygoid) canal to the pterygopalatine fossa. — cardiicus inferior inferior cardiac nerve, a nerve passing from the inferior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic, receiving fibers also from the first thoracic ganglion, to the cardiac plexus. — cardiacus medius, 27 middle cardiac nerve, a bundle of fibers running down- ward from the middle cervical ganglion of the sympa- thetic, along the subclavian artery (on the left) or the innominate (on the right side) to join the cardiac plexus. — cardiacus superior, 27 superior cardiac nerve, arises from the lower part of the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic, and passes down to form, with branches of the vagus, the — caroticotympanicus caroticotympanic nerve, small deep petrosal nerve, one 364 NERVUS NERVUS of two sympathetic branches from the internal carotid plexus to the tympanic plexus, nervi carotid externi. external carotid nerves, a number of sympathetic nerve-fibers extending upward from the superior cer- vical ganglion along the external carotid artery, form- ing the external carotid plexus. — caroticus internus internal carotid nerve, a sympathetic cord extending upward from the superior cervical ganglion along the internal carotid artery, forming the internal carotid plexus. — cavernosus penis cavernous nerve of the penis, one of two nerves, major and minor (chiefly sympathetic) , running from the cavernous plexus at the root of the penis to the corpus cavern osum. — cervicalis, 87-02, 130, 155, 156 — cervicalis superficialis =n. cutaneus colli. — chorda tympani, 62, 84 chorda tympani nerve, a nerve given off from the facial (probably fibers of the n. intermedius) in the facial canal, it passes into the cavity of the tympanum, crosses over the membrana tympani and handle of the malleus, and passes out; it joins the lingual branch of the mandibular; it is probably a nerve of taste. — ciliaris brevis, 50 one of a number of branches of the ciliary ganglion, supplying the ciliary muscles, iris, and tunics of the eyeball. — ciliaris longus one of two or three branches of the nasal nerve, supply- ing the ciliary muscles, iris, and cornea. — circumflexus=n. axillaris. — coccygeus coccygeal nerve, a small nerve, the lowest of the spinal nerves, entering into the formation of the pudendal plexus, —nervi clunium inferiores, 143, 285 branches of the posterior femoral cutaneous (small sciatic) nerve supplying the skin of the lower half of the gluteal region. — nervi clunium medii, 282 terminal branches of the posterior rami of the sacral nerves, supplying the skin of the mid-gluteal' region. — nervi clunium superiores, 282 terminal branches of the posterior rami of the lumbar nerves, supplying the skin of the upper half of the gluteal region. — cochleas the lower of the two trunks of the acoustic nerve in the internal acoustic meatus; its branches go to the sac- cule, posterior semicircular canal, and organ of Corti. — communicans peronaeus = ramus anastomoticus pero- naeus. — communicans tibialis, n. communicans poplitei tibial or popliteal communicating nerve =n. cutaneus suras medialis. — cruralis anterior = n. femoralis. — cutaneus antibracbii dorsalis, 217, 220, 232-235, 247 lo ver external cutaneous branch of the radial (mus- culospiral nerve), supplying the skin of the dorsal sur- face of the forearm. — cutaneus antibrachii lateralis, 217, 233-238 terminal cutaneous branch of the musculocutaneous nerve; it is purely sensory, supplying the radial side of the forearm. — cutaneus antibrachii medialis, 35, 216, 217, 219, 231- 238, 250 internal cutaneous nerve, arises from the inner (medial) fasciculus of the brachial plexus, passes downward in company with the brachial artery and then the basilic vein, and supplies the skin of the flexor and ulnar sur- faces of the forearm. — cutaneus brachii lateralis, 215-217 a sensory branch of the axillary supplying the skin over the lower portion of the deltoid and for a dis- taice below its insertion. — cutaneus brachii medialis, 216, 219, 231 lesser internal cutaneous nerve, nerve of Wrisberg, arises from the inner (medial) fasciculus of the brachial plexus, unites in the axilla with the second intercostal nerve, and supplies the skin of the inner side of the arm. — cutaneus brachii posterior, 216, 217 upper external cutaneous branch of the musculospiral nerve, a branch of the radial (musculospiral) supplying the skin of the posterior surface of the arm. — cutaneus colli, 28, 35, 107 superficial cervical nerve, arises fron£)fe/^fe@(3&)^ cervical, supplies the skin over the anterior triangle 6i ' the neck. —cutaneus dorsalis intermedius, 286, 310-312 one of the branches of the superficial peroneal (mus- culocutaneous) nerve, supplying dorsal nerves to the toes. — cutaneus dorsalis lateralis, 282 the continuation of the sural nerve in the dorsum of the foot. — cutaneus dorsalis medialis, 286, 310, 312 one of the terminal branches of the superficial peroneal (musculocutaneous) nerve. — cutaneus externus=n. cutaneus femoris lateralis. — cutaneus femoris lateralis, 128, 129, 139, 140, 153, 171- 174, 176-179, 182, 281, 282, 284, 298, 318, 319, 321 external cutaneous nerve arises from the 2d and 3d lumbar nerves, passes forward beneath the iliac fascia to the anterior superior spine, and extends a short distance down the front of the thigh, supplying the skin of this region and of the outer side of the buttock. — cutaneus femoris posterior, 128, 143, 178-180, 183, 279. 281, 285, 298-305 small sciatic nerve, arises from the first three sacral nerves, accompanies the sciatic nerve to the lower border of the glutaeus maximus muscle, and then sup- plies the skin of the posterior surface of the thigh and of the popliteal region. — cutaneus internus minor =n. cutaneus brachii medialis. — cutaneus surae lateralis, 279, 281, 282, 304, 306-308, arises from the peroneal in the popliteal space and is distributed to the skin of the calf. — cutaneus surae medialis, 282, 305-308 n. communicans tibialis or poplitei, arises from the tibial in the popliteal space, passes down the calf between the two heads of the gastrocnemius and unites in the middle of the leg with the ramus anasto- moticus peronasus of the common peroneal to form the sural (short saphenous) nerve. — dentalis inferior =n. alveolaris inferior. — dentalis posterior =n. alveolaris superior. — depressor depressor nerve, the cardiac branch of the n. vagus, nervi digitales dorsales, 278,316 dorsal digital nerves of the hand and foot supplying the skin of the dorsal surface of the fingers and toes, nervi digitales dorsales hallucis lateralis et digit! secundi medialis dorsal digital nerves, branches of the n. peronsaus profundus, supplying the lateral surface of the great toe and the medial surface of the second toe. nervi digitales plantares communes, 289, 315, 316 common digital plantar nerves, branches of the n. plantaris medialis and of the superficial ramus of the n. plant aris lateralis. nervi digitales plantares proprii, 279, 289 proper _ digital plantar nerves, branches of the n. plantaris medialis and of the superficial ramus of the n. plantaris lateralis. — digitalis volaris communis, 215, 223, 229, 242, 243, 251. 252 common volar digital nerve, one of three branches of the median, passing beneath the superficial volar (palmar) arch to the fingers where they divide further into the seven proper volar digital nerves. — digitalis volaris proprius, 223 proper volar digital nerve, collateral palmar digital nerve, one of seven sensory nerves of the fingers de- rived from the common volar digital nerves. — dorsalis penis, 128, 143 the deep terminal branch of the pudendal running along the dorsum of the penis, supplying the skin of the penis, the prepuce, and the glans. — dorsalis scapulae, 35, 36, 157 posterior scapular nerve, nerve to the rhomboids, arises from the 5th to 7th cervical nerves and passes downward to supply the levator anguli scapulas and the rhomboideus major and minor muscles. — ethmoidalis anterior, 20-22, 24 a branch of the n. nasociliaris. — ethmoidalis posterior a branch of the n. nasociliaris. — facialis, 9. 20-25, 28, 36, 39. 42, 44, 45, 58, 60, 62, 83- 88, 104 7th cranial nerve, portio dura, the chief motor nerve of the face; its origin is in the tegmentum of the lower portion of the pons, and it emerges from the brain between the posterior border of the pons and the upper end of the olive of the medulla; it leaves the cranial cavity through the internal acoustic (auditory) meatus„w^iere it is joined by the pars intermedia, _ _he facial canal in the petrous portion of the temporal bonei and enters the parotid gland where it forms the parotid plexus. NERVUS NERVUS 365 — femoialis, 128, 129, 139. 140, 142, 147, 149, 153, 172- 180, 182, 272, 281, 282, 284, 297-299, 318, 319. 321, 322 anterior crural nerve, arises from the 2d, 3d and 4th lumbar nerves in the substance of the psoas muscle and passing down enters the thigh external to the femoral vessels, breaking up in Scarpa's triangle into a number of terminal branches; it supplies the muscles and skin of the thigh. — frontalis, 20-24, 51, 53, 54, 70, 81 a branch of the ophthalmic which divides within the orbit into the supratrochlear and the supraorbital nerves. — genitocruralis =n. genitofemoralis. genitofemoralis, 128, 129, 139. 140, 169-172, 186, 281 genitocrural nerve, arises by two roots from the 1st and 2d lumbar nerves, passes downward with the iliac vessels, and divides above Poupart's ligament into genital and femoral branches. — glossopharyngeus, 9, 33, 39. 42, 44. 45. 7*. 84, 85, 88 9th cranial nerve, emerges from the medulla oblongata between the olive and the restif orm body by five or six rootlets which soon join to form one trunk; its deep relations are with the nucleus ambiguus, the fasciculus solitarius, and a terminal nucleus in the medulla; it leaves the cranium through the jugular foramen and is distributed as a nerve of sensation to the tongue and pharynx. — glutaeus inferior, 128, 177. 183, 285 arises from the 5th lumbar and 1st and 2d sacral, and supplies the gluteus maximus muscle. — glutaeus superior, 128-130, 183. 279, 285 arises from the 4th and Sth lumbar and 1st sacral nerves, and supplies the glutseus medius and minimus muscles. nervi hsemorrhoidales inferiorcs, 128, 143 several branches of the pudendal nerve, supplying the sphincter ani and skin of the anal region. nervi hsemorrhoidales medii a number of small nerves from the pudendal plexus, supplying the portion of the rectum lying just above the floor of the pelvis. nervi hsemorrhoidales superiores rectal branches of the inferior mesenteric plexus which themselves form the superior hemorrhoidal plexus. — hypoglossus, 9, 24-31, 35, 36, 42, 67, 71. 84-92, 107-110 12th cranial nerve, arises from an oblong nucleus in the medulla and emerges from the medulla by several radicles between the pyramid and the olive on either side; it passes downward and then curves forward to the tongue all the intrinsic muscles of which it supplies; the descending ramus supplies the omohyoid, sterno- hyoid, and sternothyroid muscles, and other ■small rami supply other neighboring muscles. — iliohypogastricus, 128-130, 139. 140. 153. vjx, 172, 186, 281, 282, 318 arises from the first lumbar nerve, passes through the psoas and then forward above the crest of the ilium and passes thence to the groin; it supplies the abdominal muscles and the skin of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall. — ilioinguinal'^, 128, 129, 139, 140. ^53. I7I-I73. 182, 186, 281, 318 arises from the first lumbar, passing through the psoas, forward in the abdominal wall, and then through the external abdominal ring when it becomes superficial; it supplies the muscles of the abdominal wall and the skin of the mons Veneris or, in the male, root of the penis. — infraorbitalis, 21-24, 49. 50, 69, 70, 84, 85, 102, 103 the continuation of the maxillary nerve after it has entered the orbit, transversing the infraorbital canal to reach the face; in the infraorbital canal it gives off the middle and anterior superior alveolar rami, or the middle and anterior superior dental nerves, which descend in bony canals to the alveolar arch, supplying the premolar and the incisor and canine teeth. — infratrochlearis, 20-24 infratrochlear nerve, a branch of the nasociliaris run- ning beneath the pulley of the superior oblique muscle to the front of the orbit, and supplying the skin of the eyelids and root of the nose. nervi intercostales, 35. 36, 129. T 34. *35. 140. *53. 157-159, 162, 165-167, 169-173. 183, 281, 318 anterior branohes of the nervi thoracales. nervi inter costobrachiales, 27. 35. 36, 215-217. 219 branches of the nervi intercostales. — intermedins, 9, 44 r\' '■/■' *j t\ nerve of Wrisberg, pars intermedia, hil€j}niE@Qi4djfc forming the sensory portion of the facial; its central termination is in relation with that of the glossopharyn- geus; in its course it lies between the facial and acoustic nerves, and joins the facial at the geniculate nucleus. — interosseus anterior -n. interosseus volaris. — interosseus cruris a nerve given off from one of the muscular branches of the tibial which passes down over the posterior surface of the interosseous membrane supplying it and the two bones of the leg. — interosseus dorsalis, 237 dorsal interosseous nerve, posterior interosseous nerve, the deep terminal branch of the radial (musculospiral) nerve, supplying the supinator and all the extensor muscles in the forearm. — interosseus posterior radial nerve, nervus interosseus dorsalis. — interosseus volaris, 224, 237-239, 249 anterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the median supplying the pronator quadratus muscle. — ischiadicus, 129, 130, 153" 176-180, 183, 279, 285, 287, 296-302, 320 great sciatic nerve, arises by the union of the two main trunks of the sacral plexus, passes through the great sacrosciatic foremen and down the thigh, at about the middle of which it divides into the tibial and common peroneal nerves. — .jugular is jugular nerve, a communicating branch between the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic and the ganglion nodosum of the vagus and the petrosal ganglion of the glossopharyngeal. — lacrimalis, 51, 53, 54, 81 a branch of the ophthalmic; sensory nerve of the upper eyelid, conjunctiva, and lacrymal gland. — laryngeus inferior. 27, 33, 36, 109. 156 terminal branch of the recurrent laryngeal. — laryngeus recurrens=n. recurrens. — laryngeus superior, 27, 29, 30, 33. 36, 90, 91 a branch from the nodose ganglion of the vagus, pass- ing downward and inward to the thyroid cartilage, dividing into two rami, external and internal laryngeal nerves, which supply the mucous membrane of the larynx and epiglottis and the inferior constrictor muscle of the pharynx and the cricothyroid muscle. — lingualis, 23, 24, 29, 31, 67, 86-89 one of the two terminal divisions of the mandibular, passing down beneath the external pterygoid muscle, between the internal pterygoid and the mandible, and beneath the mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth to the side of the tongue over the anterior two- thirds of which it is distributed; it supplies also the mucous membrane of the floor and outer wall of the mouth. nervi Iumbales, 129, 153, 168-173 five nerves on each side, emerging from the lumbar portion of the spinal cord; the first four nerves enter into the formation of the lumbar plexus, the fourth and fifth into that of the sacral plexus; the fourth lumbar nerve, being forked to enter into the formation of the two plexuses, is called n. furcalis. — lumboinguinalis, 128, 129, 140, 170, 172-175, 182, 281, 297, 318 the femoral branch of the n. genitofemoralis, passing beneath Poupart's ligament and in the sheath of the femoral vessels, passing through the fascia lata and supplying the skin of the anterior aspect of the upper half of the thigh. — mandibularis, 9. 24, 39, 42, 50, 58, 84, 85 inferior maxillary nerve, the third division of the trigeminus formed by the union of the sensory fibers from the Gasserian ganglion and of the motor root of the trigeminus in the foramen ovale, through which the nerve emerges on the face ; after giving off branches it divides into the inferior alveolar and the lingual. — massetericus, 22, 86 a motor branch of the masticatorius passing to the in- ternal surface of the masseter muscle which it supplies. — masticatorius a very short, chiefly motor, branch of the mandibular, dividing at once into the masseteric, temporal, buc- cinator, and pterygoid nerves. — maxillaris, 9, 39, 42, 50, 53, 58, 84, 99. 103 superior maxillary nerve, the second division of the trigeminus, passing from the Gasserian ganglion through the foramen rotundum into the sphenomaxil- lary (pterygopalatine) fossa, where it gives off the sphenopalatine nerve and continues forward to enter the orbit, where it is named the infraorbital. — maxillaris inferior =n. mandibularis. — maxillaris superior=n. maxillaris. — rie*T'cus ?.;'.ditorii externi a branch of the n. auriculotemporalis supplying the lining of the external auditory meatus. 366 NERVUS NERVUS — medianus, 35, 36. 107. 158, 159. 215-219, 221, 222, 230-242, 245, 246, 249, 250 arises by two roots from the 5th cervical to 1st thoracic nerves through the two fasciculi of the brachial plexus; the roots join at the lower end of the axillary artery to form one nerve which passes down the arm on the outer side of the brachial artery, crossing it near the bend of the elbow, and then through the middle of the flexor surface of the forearm to the wrist; it gives off a number of cutaneous and muscular branches in the forearm. — membranae tympani a branch of the n. auriculotemporalis supplying the drumhead. — meningeus=n. meningeus medius. — meningeus medius recurrent meningeal nerve, a small branch of the maxillary which passes back into the middle cranial fossa, supplying the dura mater. — meningeus recurrens-n. meningeus medius. — mentilis, 21-23, 69, 88-90 a branch of the inferior alveolar, arising in the inferior dental canal and passing through the mental foramen to the chin and lower lip. — motor oculi =n. oculomotorius. — musculocutaneus, 35, 36, 158, 215-217, 219, 231, 245, 246, 250 musculocutaneous nerve, (1) arises from the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical, passes outward to the coracobrachial muscle and then dqwnward between the brachialis and biceps, supplying these three muscles and being pro- longed as the sensory lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm; ( 2 ) =n. peronaeus superficialis. — musculospiralis =n. radialis. — mylohoideus, 23, 24, 26-29 a small branch of the inferior alveolar given off just before the nerve enters the inferior dental foramen, distributed to the anterior belly of the digastric and to the mylohyoid muscle. — nasalis=n. nasociliaris. — nasociliaris, 50, 51, 53, 54, 82 nasal nerve, a branch of the ophthalmic in the sphenoi- dal fissure, passing through the orbit, entering the cranial cavity through the anterior ethmoidal fora- men, and then the nasal cavity, through the nasal fissure; its branches are the long root of the ciliary ganglion, the long ciliary nerves, the infratrochlear, and nasal branches, supplying the mucous membrane of nose, the skin of the tip of the nose, and the con- junctiva. — nasopalatine, 70 Scarpa's nerve, a branch from Meckel's ganglion, pass- ing through the sphenopalatine foramen, down the nasal septum, and through the incisor foramen to supply the mucous membrane of the hard palate. — obturatorius, 128, 129, 140, 153. 172-178, 278, 281, 282, 297, 298, 319 arises from the 2d, 3d, and 4th lumbar nerves by three roots in the psoas muscle, passes downward and for- ward below the brim of the pelvis, and enters the thigh through the obturator groove of the thyroid foramen; it supplies muscles and skin on the inner side of the thigh. — obturatorius accessories, 128 — occipitalis major, 20-22, 25-27, 32, 36, 85-88, 112 medial branch of the posterior primary division of the second cervical nerve, sends branches to the semi- spinalis capitis and multifidus cervicis, but is mainly sensory, supplying the back part of the scalp. — occipitalis minimus n. occipitalis tertius. — occipitales minor, 20-22, 25-27, 32, 35, 86-90, 112 arises from the second and third cervical nerves, sup- plies the skin of the posterior surface of the pinna and the adjacent portion of the scalp. — occipitalis tertius, 32 n. occipitalis minimus, medial branch of the posterior primary division of the third cervical nerve; this is usually joined with the n. occipitalis major, but may exist as an independent nerve supplying sensory branches to the scalp and nucha. — oculomotorius, 9, 42, 44, 50, 51, 53, 70, 82 motor oculi, 3d cranial nerve; supplies all the extrinsic muscles of the eye, except the external rectus and superior oblique, and also the levator palpebral super- ions, the ciliary muscle, and the sphincter iridis; its origin is the floor of the aquasductus cerebri, it emerges from the brain in the oculomotor sukuia-.-ajkrcei the dura mater to the side of the posterioM^w4£»cfcsJf, passes through the cavernous sinus and enters the orbit through the superior orbital (sphenoidal) fissure. — olfactorius, 42, 44 olfactory nerve, 1st cranial, nerve of smell; one of 20 nerves on each side, arising from the olfactory bulb and distributed to the nasal mucous membrane. — ophthalmicus, 9. 39. 42, 58, 83 the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminus, passes for- ward from the semilunar ganglion in the outer wall of the cavernous sinus, entering the orbit through the superior orbital (sphenoidal) fissure; through its branches, frontal, lacrymal, and nasociliary, it supplies sensation to the orbit and its contents, the anterior part of the nasal cavity, and the skin of the forehead. — opticus, 9. 39. 40, 42, 50-54, 82 2d cranial nerve of sight; taking origin from the retina, passes out of the orbit through the optic foramen to the chiasm, where most of the fibers cross to the opposite side and pass through the optic tract to the geniculate bodies and superior corpora quadrigemina. — or bi tali s = n. zygomaticu s. — palatinus, 70, 84 one of a number of branches, anterior, middle (exter- nal), and posterior, from the sphenopalatine ganglion, supplying the mucous membrane of the palate. — patheticus, fourth nerve, n. trochlearis. — perinei, 128, 143. 188, 189 the superficial terminal branch of the pudendal nerve, supplying most of the muscles of the perineum as well as the skin of that region. — peronaeus communis, 279, 285-287, 296, 303-305 external popliteal nerve, one of the terminal divisions of the sciatic, passing through the lateral portion of the popliteal sRace to opposite the head of the tibia where it divides into the superficial and deep peroneal nerves. — peronaeus profundus, 278, 281, 286, 296, 306-315, 324 anterior tibial nerve, one of the terminal branches of the common peroneal nerve; passing down the front of the leg on the front of the interosseous membrane and lower part of the tibia, supplying the tibialis anterior, extensor proprius hallucis, extensor longus digitorum, and peronaeus tertius muscles, and also the skin of the great toe and inner surface of the 2d toe. — peronaeus superficialis, 278, 281, 282, 286, 296, 306- 309, 324. 327 musculocutaneous nerve, a branch of the common peroneal, passes downward in front of the fibula to the lower third of the leg where it divides into branches supplying the long and short peroneal muscles and the skin of the dorsum of the foot and the toes. — petrosus profundus great deep petrosal branch of the carotid plexus, the sympathetic part of the Vidian nerve; it arises from the internal carotid plexus and joins the larger super- ficial petrosal at the entrance of the pterygoid canal. — petrosus superficialis major, 9, 58, 83 the motor part of the Vidian nerve, a branch of the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve, running through the> groove on the anterior surface of the pyramid of the temporal bone to the foramen lacerum and the pterygoid canal. — petrosus superficialis minor the sensory root of the otic ganglion, derived from the tympanic plexus; it leaves the tympanum through the superior tympanic canaliculus and passes within the cranium to the sphenopetrosal fissure, through which or the foramen innominatum it reaches the otic ganglion. — pharyngeus one of several nerves of the pharynx, branches of the sympathetic, glossopharyngeus, and vagus. — phrenieus, 26, 27, 30, 31, 35. 36, 108, 131. 132, 134. 135, 155, 157-163, 219 arises from the cervical plexus, chiefly from the fourth nerve, passes downward in front of the scalenus anterior and enters the thorax between the subclavian artery and vein behind the sternoclavicular articula- tion ; it then passes in front of the root of the lung to the diaphragm; it is mainly the motor nerve of the dia- phragm but sends sensory fibers to the pericardium. — plantar is externus=n. plantar is lateralis. — plantaris interims =n. plantaris medialis. — plantaris lateralis, 279. 282, 289, 295, 313-315. 328 external plantar nerve, one of the terminal branches of the tibial, supplying the muscles and skin of the outer portion of the sole of the foot. — plantaris medialis, 279, 282, 288, 289, 295, 313, 314, 328 internal plantar nerve, one of the terminal branches of the tibial, supplying the muscles and skin of the Jmwnr&on of the sole of the foot, turnogastricus =n. vagus. — popliteus externus = n. peronaeus communis. — popliteus internus=n. tibialis. NERVUS NERVUS 367 — pterygoideus one of two motor branches, extemus and internus, of the buccinator, supplying the external and internal pterygoid muscles. — pudendus, 129, 143, 153, 176-178, 183 pudic nerve, formed of the greater portion of the pudendal plexus; it passes through the greater sciatic foramen and accompanies the internal pudendal artery, terminating as the dorsal nerve of the penis or of the clitoris. — pudicus =n. pudendus. — radialis, 35, 36, 158, 159. 215-218, 220-223, 226, 228 230-241, 246, 247, 250, 253 (1) musculospiral nerve, arises from the posterior cord of the brachial plexus of which it is practically the continuation; after emerging from the axilla it curves round the posterior surface of the humerus and passes down to the cubital fossa where it divides into its two terminal branches, the superficial ramus (radial nerve) which is sensory, and the deep ramus (posterior interos- seous) which is motor; (2) ramus superficialis of the radial (musculospiral) nerve. — recurrens, 31, 33, 93, 107, no, 131-133, 135, 157. 159 (1) recurrent laryngeal nerve, inferior laryngeal nerve; a branch of the vagus curving upward, on the right side round the root of the subclavian artery, on the left side round the arch of the aorta, then passing up be- hind the common carotid artery and between the trachea and the esophagus to the larynx, all the mus- cles of which, except the cricothyroid, it supplies; it also sends branches to the cardiac plexus, to the cervical portion of the trachea, and the cervical portion of the esophagus; (2) n. spinosus. — saccularis saccular nerve, a branch of the cochlear nerve going to the macula acustica of the saccule. nervi sacrales, 129, 130, 153, 172, 173, 175 five nerves issuing from the sacral foramina on either side; three enter into the formation of the sacral plexus, and three into that of the pudendal plexus, the third sacral (n. bigeminus) going to both plexuses. — saphenus, 128, 1S0, 278, 281, 282, 284, 288, 297-310, 320, 321, 325 long or Internal saphenous nerve, the terminal branch of the femoral, extending from Scarpa's triangle to the foot, becoming cutaneous on the inner side of the knee; it supplies sensation to the skin of the leg and foot. — saphenus brevis or extemus =n. suralis. — saphenus longus-n. saphenus. nervi scro tales anteriores sensory branches of the n. ilioinguinalis, distributed to the skin of the root of the penis, and the anterior sur- face of the scrotum. nervi scrotales posteriores, 143 several terminal branches of the perineal nerve, supplying the skin of the posterior portion of the scrotum, corresponding to n. labialis posterior in the female. — spermaticus extemus, 128, 129, 140, 170, 171, 173-175. 318 . the genital branch of the genltofemoralis or genito- crural nerve, passing along the psoas magnus muscle and through the internal abdominal ring, supplying the cremaster muscle in the male and terminating in the round ligament in the female. — sphenopalatine, 103 one of two short branches, given off by the maxillary in the sphenomaxillary fossa, which constitute the short (sensory) roots of the sphenopalatine (Meckel's) ganglion. nervi spinales, 16S those whose nuclei of origin are located in the gray columns of the spinal cord. — spinosus recurrent nerve, a branch of the mandibular, entering the skull by the foramen spinosum to supply the dura mater. — splanchni cus imus smallest splanchnic nerve, a nerve containing the sympathetic fibers for the renal plexus, usually con- tained in the lesser splanchnic nerve, but occasionally existing as an independent cord. — splanchnicus major, 134, 135. 140, 161-164, 166 arises from the 5th or oth to the 9th or 10th thoracic ganglia of the sympathetic, and passes downward along the sides of the bodies of the thoracic vertebrae, to join the celiac plexus. — splanchnicus minimus =n. splanchnicus imus. —splanchnicus minor, 163, 164, 166, 167 , arises from the last two thoracic g&ngO/rf/'ffs@£/njha/ thetic and passes down, on the outer siaexJi the greater splanchnic nerve, to the celiac and renal plexuses. — stapedius a branch of the facial arising in the facial canal and passing forward to the tympanum. — subclavius, 35, 219 one of the anterior thoracic nerves supplying the sub- clavius muscle. — sublingualis a branch of the lingual to the sublingual gland and mucous membrane of the floor of the mouth. — suboccipi talis, 32 posterior primary division of the first cervical nerve, passing through the suboccipital triangle and sending branches to the rectus capitis posterior major and minor, obliquus capitis superior and inferior, rectus lateralis, and semispinalis capitis. nervi subscapulares, 35. 36, 218, 246 branches of the brachial plexus, supplying the sub- scapularis muscle. — subscapulars longus=n. thoracodorsalis. — supraacromialis =n. supraclavicular is posterior. — supraclaviculars -n. supraclaviculars meclius. — supraclaviculars anterior, 30, 35 suprasternal nerve, arises from the 3d and 4th cervical, supplies the skin over the upper part of the thorax. — supraclaviculars medius, 30, 35 supraclavicular nerve, arises from the 3d and 4th cervical, supplies the skin of the infraclavicular fossa. — supraclaviculars posterior, 30, 35, 36, 216. 217 supraacromial nerve, arises from the 3d and 4th cer- vical, supplies the skin of the shoulder. — supraorbital, 20-24, 50, 51, 81, 102 a branch of the frontal leaving the orbit through the supraorbital foramen or groove and dividing into branches distributed to the forehead and scalp, upper eyelid, and frontal sinus. — suprascapularis, 30, 35- 36, 156, 157. 225 arises from the 5th and 6th cervical, passes downward parallel to the cords of the brachial plexus, then through the suprascapular foramen, supplying the supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles, and also sending branches to the shoulder joint. — suprasternalis=n. supra clavicular is anterior. — supratrochlearis, 20-24, 102 a branch of the frontal supplying the inner canthus of the eye, the central part of the skin of the forehead, and the root of the nose. — surahs, 281, 282, 287, 308-311 short or external saphenous nerve, formed by the union of the medial sural cutaneous from the tibial and the peroneal anastomotic branch of the common peroneal, about the middle of the calf; thence it accompanies the small saphenous vein around the lateral (external) malleolus to the dorsum of the foot. — temporalis profundus, 24 one of two branches, anterior and posterior, given off from the masticator nerve, supplying the temporal muscles. — temporomalaris n. zygomaticus. — tensoris tympani tympani muscle, a motor branch of the otic ganglion supplying the tensor tympani muscle. — tensoris veli palatini nerve of the tensor muscle of the velum palatinum, a motor branch of the otic ganglion, supplying the tensor palati muscle. — tentorii a branch of the n. ophthalmicus supplying the ten- torium. nervi thoracales, 130, 187 twelve nerves on each side, mixed motor and sensory, supplying the muscles and skin of the chest. — thoracalis anterior, 26, 27, 35, 36, 107, 158, 159 one of a number of nerves arising from the 5th to 8th cervical, passing forward to be distributed to the pectoralis minor and major muscles. — thoracalis longus, 27, 36. 158-161 posterior thoracic, external respiratory nerve of Bell, arises from the 5th, 6th, and 7th cervical nerves, descends the neck behind the brachial plexus, and is distributed to the serratus magnus muscle. — thoracalis posterior a name applied to the dorsalis scapulae and thoracalis longus nerves collectively. — thoracodorsalis, 27. 35. 36, 158-160 long subscapular nerve, arises from the 6th and 7th cervical nerves and supplies the latissimus dorsi muscle. — tibialis anticus n. peronaeus profundus. Micfito&fflt<&z< 2 7°. 282 - 2g s. 2g 7. 288, 296, 303. 304. 300-313. 325-327 internal popliteal nerve, one of the two terminal 368 NERVUS NUCLEUS branches of the sciatic, passing down in company with the popliteal and posterior tibial arteries, giving off a number of terminal branches behind the medial (internal) malleolus; it supplies the knee, muscles of the calf, and skin of the leg. — tibialis posterior — trigeminus, 9, 42, 44, 45, 83 5th cranial nerve, the chief sensory nerve of the face and the motor nerve of the muscles of mastication; its nuclei are in the mesencephalon and in the pons ex- tending down into the cervical portion of the spinal cord; it emerges by two roots, sensory and motor, from the lateral portion of the surface of the pons, and enters a cavity of the dura mater, at the apex of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, where the sen- sory root expands to form the Gasserian ganglion; from there the three divisions — ophthalmic, maxillary, and mandibular — branch forth. — trochlearis, 9, 42, 45, so, Si, S3 fourth nerve, pathetic nerve, supplies the superior oblique muscle of the eye ; its origin is in the floor of the aquaeductus cerebri, its fibers decussate in the anterior medullary velum, and it emerges from the brain at the side of the frenulum and enters the orbit through the sphenoidal fissure. — tympanicus Jacobson's nerve, a nerve from the petrous ganglion of the glossopharyngeal, passing to the tympanum, forming there the tympanic plexus which supplies the mucous membrane of the tympanum, mastoid cells, and Eustachian tube. — ulnaris, 35, 36, 158, i59. 215-218, 220-224, 226, 230- 242, 246, 250 . arises through the inner cord of the brachial plexus from the 8th cervical and 1st thoracic nerves, passes down the arm, through the interval between the olecranon process and the inner condyle of the hum- erus, and down the ulnar side of the forearm to the wrist; it gives off numerous muscular and cutaneous branches in the forearm. — utricularis a branch of the vestibular trunk of the acoustic, supply- ing the macula acustica of the utricle. — vagus, 9, 21, 22, 24, 26, 27, 29-31, 33, 36, 39, 42, 44, 45, 71, 84, 86-93, 107, 108, 131-135, 155-161, 219 pneumogastric nerve, 10th cranial nerve, arises by numerous small cords from the side of the medulla oblongata, between the glossopharyngeus above and the accessorius below, its deep connections are similar to those of the glossopharyngeus ; it leaves the cranial cavity by the jugular foramen and passes down to supply the larynx, lungs, heart, esophagus, stomach, and most of the abdominal viscera; it is a mixed nerve both of sensation and of motion, nervi vesicates inferiores inferior vesical nerves, several small nerves passing from the pudendal plexus to the bladder. — vestibuli nerve of the vestibule, vestibular nerve, the upper of the two trunks of the acoustic nerve in the internal acoustic meatus ; its terminal branches pierce the lamina cribrosa and supply the utricle and the supe- rior and lateral semicircular canals. — zygomaticus, 20-22, 70 orbital or temporomalar nerve, a branch of the maxil- lary in the inferior orbital fissure through which it passes and emerges on the face through the zygomatico- orbital foramen; here it divides into two branches sup- plying the skin of the temple and over the malar bone. NUCLEUS — abducentis nuclei acustici — alae cinereae the sensory n. of the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves in the floor of the rhomboidal fossa external to the hypoglossal n. — ambiguus the n. of origin of the motor fibers of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, composed of large multi- polar cells arranged in a slender column, in the floor of the rhomboidal fossa posterior to the olive. — amygdalae, 44 almond nucleus, a rounded mass of gray matter in the anterior portion of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, near the uncus, anterior to the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle; it is continuous with the cortex of the temporal lobe. — anterior thalami a small collection of gray matter fonrff^inflfeS^'feV tubercle; it is partly enclosed by the internal medullary lamina which also divides it into two parts. nuclei arcuati cells in the medulla, in front and to the inner side of the pyramid. — caudatus, 44 caudate nucleus, an elongated curved mass of gray matter, consisting of an anterior thick portion, the caput or head, which projects into the anterior horn of the lateral ventricle, and an elongated curved thin gortion, the cauda or tail, which curves downward and ackward in the temporal lobes to the wall of the descending horn. — colliculi inf erior is a circumscribed collection of gray matter forming the central portion of the colliculus inferior (testis) of the corpora quadrigemina. — corporis geniculati lateralis, 44 n. of the lateral (external) geniculate body, a collection of gray matter in the lateral geniculate body. — corporis geniculati medialis, 44 n. of the medial (internal) geniculate body, a collection of gray matter in the medial geniculate body. nuclei corporis mamillaris nuclei of the mammillary body, three clusters of cells within the corpus mamillare, the fibers from which form the fasciculus thalamomamillaris and fasciculus peduncul omamilaris . — cuneatus cuneate n., the upper portion of the cuneate fasciculus in the medulla oblongata. — dentatus, 44, 72, 84 dentate n., corpus dentatum, a body formed of a many-folded layer of gray matter enclosing a central core of white substance, situated in the center of each cerebellar hemisphere. — dorsalis dorsal nucleus, Clarke's column, posterior vesicular column; a group of column cells, extending longi- tudinally from the 7th or 8th cervical nerve to the level of the 2d lumbar nerve, in the cervix of the posterior gray column or horn of the spinal cord. — fastigii roof nucleus, a small mass of gray matter in the white substance of the vermis of the cerebellum near the middle line. — funiculi cuneati nucleus of the wedge-shaped funiculus, or Burdach's column, a group of cells in the cuneate tubercle at the level of the upper end of the decussation of the pyra- mids. — funiculi gracilis n. of the slender funiculus or Goll's column, a group of cells in the clava at the level of the upper end of the decussation of the pyramids. — globosus spherical n., a group of two or three small masses of gray substance in the white central core of the cere- bellum, to the inner side of and a little below the n. emboliformis. — habenulie n. of the habenula, ganglion habenulae, a collection of cells in the trigonum habenulae, the axons of which form the fasciculus retroflexus. — hypothalamicus, 81 subthalamic n., Luys* body, an almond-shaped collec- tion of gray matter lying below the thalamus and above the tegmentum of the cerebral peduncles. — lateralis thalami, 80, 81 lateral n. of the thalamus, a collection of gray matter between the internal and external medullary laminae in the thalamus. — lemnisci lateralis n. of the lateral lemniscus or fillet, a collection of gray matter in the angle between the medial and lateral fillets. — lentiformis, 44, 80 lenticular n., a mass of gray matter on the outer side of the caudate nucleus, forming with it the corpus striatum. — lentis nucleus of the lens, the core or inner dense portion of the crystalline lens. — medialis thalami, 80, 81 medial n. of the thalamus, a collection of gray matter in the thalamus between the internal medullary lamina and the massa intermedia of the third ventricle. — medullse oblongata; n. olivaris inferior. — medullaris cerebelli corpus medullare. MfGW9^90#® trigemini a mass of gray matter in the dorsal portion of the pons at the inner side of the restiform body. NUCLEUS OS 369 — nervi abducentis n. of the abducent (6th cranial) nerve, a mass of gray matter to the outer side of the posterior longitudinal bundle (fasciculus longitudinalis medialis) of the lower part of the pons, beneath the floor of the 4th ventricle. nuclei nervi acustici nuclei of the acoustic nerve, auditory n., a diffuse mass of gray matter lying in the floor of the 4th ventricle below the area acustica. nuclei nervi cochlearis nuclei of the cochlear nerve, the ventral portion of the nuclei nervi acustici. nuclei nervi facialis nuclei of the facial nerve, a collection of gray matter lying ventrally and laterally in relation to the abducens nucleus in the dorsal surface of the pons. — nervi hypoglossi n. of the hypoglossal nerve, the n. of origin of the 12th cranial nerve, composed of several groups of large multipolar cells extending from about the level of the decussation of the pyramids to the striae acusticae in the medulla. — nervi oculomotorii n. of the oculomotor nerve, n. of the 3d nerve, a group of cells in the ventral part of the stratum griseum centrale beneath the superior quadrigeminal body. — nervi trochlearis n. of the trochlear nerve, an oval mass of gray matter in the ventral portion of the central gray stratum enclosing the cerebral aqueduct. nuclei nervi vestibularis nuclei of the vestibular nerve, the dorsal portion of the nuclei nervi acustici. — olivaris accessorius accessory olivary nucleus, one of two bands of gray matter lying mesially (n.o.a. medialis) or dorsally (n.o.a. dorsalis) to the inferior olivary nucleus. — olivaris inferior inferior olivary n., a wavy lamina of gray matter lying just below the surface of the olive in the medulla oblongata; it is puckered like a purse, the open end of which, directed mesially, is called the hilurn or hilus. — olivaris superior superior olivary n., a collection of gray matter to the inner side of the facial nucleus in the dorsal, or teg- mental, portion of the pons, nuclei pontis nuclei of the pons, the gray matter in the ventral portion of the pons Varolii filling the spaces between the transverse and longitudinal bundles of white fibers. — radicis descendentis nervi trigemini n. of the descending root of the trigeminal nerve, mesencephalic root nucleus, a small cluster of cells extending cephalad from the region of the locus cseruleus. — ruber, 81, 82 red n., an elongated mass of gray matter, of a reddish hue in the fresh brain, lying in the upper portion of the tegmentum near the median plane. — tractus solitarii n. of the solitary tract or respiratory bundle, the n. of termination of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves, extending from somewhat above the decussa- tion of the pyramids to about the level of the striae acusticae. —tractus spinalis nervi trigemini n. of the spinal tract, or ascending root, of the tri- geminal nerve, ganglion cells in the medulla and upper part of the cervical spinal cord, the substantia gela- tinosa Rolandi, to which the fibers of the spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve are distributed. OESOPHAGUS, 33, 93, no, 116, 119, 133. 135, 138, 139. 147, 148, 150, 154- 156-162, 164 The gullet, the swallow; the portion of the digestive canal between the pharynx and the stomach; it extends from, the lower border of the cricoid cartilage, opposite the sixth cervical vertebra, to the cardiac orifice of the stomach opposite the eleventh dorsal vertebra, a dis- tance of about 25 cm. (ro inches), mouth of the e., the junction of the pharynx and esophagus at the level of the lower border of the cricoid cartilage. OLECRANON, 196, 207, 235 OLTVA, 44 OMENTUM — majus, 150, 169, 171, 172, 174 — minus. 150 OPERCULUM, 79. 80 OS — basilar e, 13 basilar bone, the basilar process of tifajwfffgfc which unites with the condylic portions aoc fourth or fifth year. — calcis = calcaneus. — capitatum, 192, 193, 198, 204, 205, 227, 230, 241 capitate bone, os magnum, the largest of the carpal bones, the inner of the two middle bones of the second row; it articulates with the 2d, 3d, and 4th metacarpal, rnultangulum minus, hamatum, naviculare, and luna- tum. — coccygis, 3, 177 coccyx, the terminal bone of the spinal column formed by the fusion of four rudimentary vertebras; it articu- lates with the sacrum. — coxa;, 256, 257 hip-bone, innominate bone; a large flat bone, formed by the fusion of the ilium, ischium, and pubis (in the adult), constituting the lateral half of the pelvis; it articulates with its fellow anteriorly, with the sacrum posteriorly, and with the femur somewhat below the middle of its outer surface. — cuboideum, 262, 263, 271, 314 a bone of the tarsus, about the middle of the outer side of the foot, articulating with the os calcis, external cuneiform, scaphoid (occasionally), and 4th and 5th metatarsal bones. — cuneiforme =os triquetrum. — cuneiforme primum, 262, 263, 267, 269, 271, 294, 314 first or internal cuneiform or wedge bone, the largest ot the three of this name in the tarsus, on the inner border of the foot, articulating with the 2d cuneiform, navicu- lar, and 1st and 2d metatarsal bones. — cuneiforme secundum, 262, 263, 314 second or middle cuneiform or wedge bone of the tarsus, articulates with the 1st and 3d cuneiform, navicular, and 2d metatarsal bones. — cuneiforme tertium, 262, 263, 271, 314 third or external cuneiform or wedge bone of the foot, articulates with the 2d cuneiform, cuboid, navicular, and 2d, 3d, and 4th metatarsal bones. — ethmoidale, 10, 63, 83 ethmoidal bone; an irregularly shaped bone lying be- tween the orbital plates of the frontal and anterior to the sphenoid bone; it consists of two lateral masses of thin plates enclosing air-cells, attached above to a perforated horizontal lamina, the cribriform plate, from which descends a mesial vertical or perpendicular plate in the interval between the two lateral masses; the bone articulates with the sphenoid, frontal, supe- rior maxillary, lacrymal, nasal, palate, and inferior turbinated bones, and the vomer, and enters into the formation of the anterior cranial fossa, the orbits, and the nasal fossae. — frontale, 4, 8, 50-52, 70, 73, 75-8o, 82, 105 frontal bone, the large single bone forming the fore- head and the upper margin and roof of the orbit on either side; it articulates with the parietal bones above, the parietal and temporal bones on either side, and the nasal, ethmoid, and. superior maxillary and malar bones, and the lesser wing of the sphenoid below. — hamatum, 192, 193, 198, 205, 227, 230, 241 hooked bone, unciform bone, the bone on the inner (ulnar) side of the second row of the carpus; it articu- lates with the 4th and 5th metacarpal, triquetrum, lunatum, and capitatum. — hyoideum, 17, 24, 29, 31. 36, 73. 0*. 94 hyoid bone; a U-shaped bone lying between the mandible and thelarynx, articulating with no other bone. — ilium, 115, 117-119, 130, 141. 147. 149. I7I-I77. 254- 257. 279. 290 iliac or flank bone, the broad flaring portion of the innominate bone; it consists of a body, which joins the pubis and ischium to form the acetabulum, and a broad thin portion, like the flat horn of a buck, called the ala. — incisivum incisive bone, intermaxillary bone, premaxilla; the anterior and inner portion of the superior maxilla. — innominatum, 256, 257 innominate bone, hip-bone, haunch-bone, os coxae. — intermaxillare = os incisivum. — interparietale os Incae, the upper part of the squama of the occipital bone, occasionally (especially in ancient Peruvian skulls) existing as a separate bone. — ischii, 115, 146, 179. 256, 257, 279 ischium, the lower and posterior part of the innominate bone; it consists of a body, where it joins the ilium and Eubis to form the acetabulum, and two rami, icrimale, 47, 65, 83 lacrymal bone, os unguis; an irregularly rectangular thin plate, forming part of the inner wall of the orbit 1 ^P$7^r?P frontal process of the superior maxilla;_it iculates with the inferior turbinated, ethmoid, frontal, and superior maxillary bones. 370 OS PARS — lingua* = os hyoideum. — lunatum, 192, 198, 204, 227, 241 lunate bone, semilunar bone, one of the first row in the carpus between the scaphoid (naviculare) and cuneiform (triquetrum) ; it articulates with the radius, naviculare, triquetrum, hamatum, and capitatum. — magnum = os capitatum. — malare= os zygomaticum. • — mastoideum, 4, 6, 12, 22, 55-57. 61 mastoid bone, the mastoid portion of the temporal regarded as an independent bone. — metacarpale, pi. ossa metacarpalia, 193, 198, 204, 205, 227, 230, 241-243 one of the metacarpal bones, five long bones forming the skeleton of the metacarpus or palm; they are numbered I-V, beginning with the bone on the outer or thumb side, and articulate with the bones of the second row of the carpus and with the five first or proximal phalanges. — metatarsale, pi. ossa metatarsalia, 262, 267, 271, 294, 314-316 one of the metatarsal bones; the five long bones form- ing the skeleton of the anterior portion of the foot, articulating posteriorly with the three cuneiform and the cuboid bones, anteriorly with the five first or proximal phalanges. — multangulum majus, 192, 193, 198, 205, 227, 230, 241 large multangular bone, trapezium, the outer bone of the second row of the carpus; it articulates with the 1st and 2d metacarpal, naviculare, and multangulum minus. — multangulum minus, 193, 198, 205, 227, 230, 241 small multangular bone, trapezoid, a small bone in the second row of the carpus, articulating with the 2d metacarpal, multangulum majus, capitatum, and naviculare. — nasale, 4, 63, 65 nasal bone; an elongated rectangular bone which forms with its fellow the bridge of the nose; it articulates with the frontal bone above, the ethmoid and the frontal process of the superior maxilla behind, and its fellow anteriorly. — naviculare manus, 192, 193, 198, 205, 227, 230, 241 navicular bone of the hand, scaphoid; the largest bone of the first row of the carpus on the outer or thumb side, articulating with the radius, lunatum, capitatum, multangulum minus, and multangulum majus. — naviculare pedis, 262, 263, 267, 269, 271, 294, 314 navicular bone of the foot, scaphoid; a bone of the tarsus on the inner side of the foot articulating with the head of the astragulus, the three cuneiform bones, and occasionally the cuboid. — occipitale, 4, 6, 8, 10, 13, 73, 80, 84, 85 occipital bone, at the lower and posterior part of the skull, consisting of three parts (basilar, condylic, and squamous), enclosing a large oval hole, the foramen magnum ; it articulates with the parietal and temporal bones oi either side, the sphenoid anteriorly, and the atlas below. — palatinum, 6 palate bone, an irregularly shaped bone behind the maxilla, which enters into the formation of the nasal fossa, the orbit, and the hard palate; it articulates with the superior maxilla, inferior turbinated, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, the vomer and its fellow of the opposite side. — parietale, 4, 10, 55, 72, 73, 75-79. 82 parietal bone, a flat curved bone, of irregularly quad- rangular shape, at either side of the vault of the cranium; it articulates with its fellow above, with the frontal anteriorly, the occipital posteriorly, and the temooral and sphenoid below. — pisiforme, 192, 230 pisiform bone, a small bone resembling a pea in size and shape, in the first row of the carpus, lying on the anterior surface of the distal end of the os triquetrum with which alone it articulates; it gives insertion to the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscle. — planum lamina paoyracea, orbital plate of the ethmoid bone. — pra3tnaxillare= os incisivum. — pterygoideum =processus pterygoideus. — pubis, 145, 147, 150, 177, 178, 256, 257 pubic bone, pubis, pubes; the forepart of the inferior portion o£ the innominate bone; it is composed of a body where it joins the ischium and ilium to form the acetabulum, two rami, and the angle where they meet, sometimes also called the body, where it articulates with its fellow at the symphysis pubis--.- -,- , , —sacrum, 3 . 173 Digitized by the sacrum, the segment of the spinal column forming part of the pelvis; it is formed by the fusion of five vertebrae; it articulates with the last lumbar verte- bra, the coccyx, and the os coxa? (innominate bone) on either side. — sphenoidale, 4, 6, 8, 10, ir, 47, 51, 52, 65, 82, 84 sphenoid bone, a'bone of most irregular shape occupy- ing the base of the skull; it is described as consisting of a central portion, or body, and six processes: two great or temporal wings (alisphenoids), two small or orbital wings (orbitosphenoids) and two pterygoid processes; it articulates with the occipital, frontal, ethmoid, and vomer, and with the paired temporal, parietal, malar, palate, and sphenoidal turbinal bones, fourteen bones in all. — temporale, 4, 8, 10, 55, 59, 61, 80, 83, 85, 101 temporal bone, a large irregular bone lying about the center of the lower half of the side of the skull; it articulates with the occipital behind and below, the sphenoid in front and below, and the parietal above; it consists of four parts, the squamous, tympanic, petrous, and mastoid, which are distinct at birth, except the two latter which are united to form the petromastoid portion; this portion contains the organ of hearing. — triangular e os trigonum. — trigonum triangular bone, an independent ossicle sometimes present in the tarsus; usually it forms part of the talus, constituting the external or posterior tubercle. — triquetrum, 193, 198, 205, 227, 241 three-cornered bone, cuneiform or pyramidal bone; a bone on the inner side of the first row of the carpus, articulating with the lunatum, pisiforme, and hama- tum. — zygomaticum, 4, 6, 23, 24, 55. 70, 84, 85 zygomatic or yoke-bone, malar bone, cheek-bone; a three-sided bone which forms the prominence of the cheek; it articulates with the frontal, sphenoid, tem- poral, and superior maxillary bones. PALATUM — durum, 6, 63, 68, 86, 94 hard palate; a concave elliptical bony plate, con- stituting the roof of the oral cavity, formed of the palatine process of the maxilla and the horizontal por- tion and part of the pyramidal process of the palate bone on either side. — molle, 63, 68 soft palate, velum pendulum palati, the posterior muscular portion of the palate, forming an incomplete septum between the mouth and the pharynx, and between the pharynx and the nasal fossae. PANCREAS, 114, 138, 139, 150, 151. 154. 165-168 Abdominal salivary gland ; an elongated tabulated gland, devoid of capsule, extending from the concavity of the duodenum to the spleen ; it consists of a flattened head (caput) at theduodenal end, a curved neck (collum) and an elongated three-sided body (corpus) extending transversely across the abdomen. The tail (cauda) is the pointed left extremity of the body in contact with the spleen. The gland secretes the pancreatic juice, discharged into the intestine, and an internal secretion. — access or ium a detached portion of pancreatic tissue sometimes found in the wall of the stomach or of the duodenum. PARS — analis recti, 145 — cardiaca ventriculi, 131 — cavernos im urethrae, 145 p. spongiosa, the third portion of the male urethra, about six inches in length, which traverses the corpus cavernosum urethras, or corpus spongiosum. — centralis cella media or body of the lateral ventricle of the brain, lying in the parietal lobe extending from the foramen of Monro to the splenium of the corpus callosum. — flaccitla flaccid part, Shrapnell's membrane. — horizontalis horizontal part, or horizontal plate, of the palate bone, forming part of the floor of the nasal fossa. — intermedia fossse rhomboid ea? the broad middle portion of the rhomboid fossa. — iridica retinas uveal tract. — mastoidea, 4, 6, 12, 22, 55-57. 61 mastoid portion of the temporal bone. — membranacea urethrae, 145 the second portion of the male urethra, about half an A^V^^k/Vfr/^f 1 !?** 1 ' lending from the prostate to the IVIICbfe!gh@d$frhi the spongy urethra just beyond the bulb. — membranacea septi atriorum a triangular space at the base of the interauricular PARS PLEXUS 371 septum of the heart where the muscular tissue is very- thin or absent. — nasalis nasal portion of the temporal bone which lies between the two orbital parts anteriorly and forms part of the roof of the nasal fossae. — orbitalis, 65 orbital portion of the frontal bone, consisting of two transversely curved plates separated by the ethmoidal notch and nasal spine. — perpendicularis, 6s perpendicular part, or vertical plate, of the palate bone. — petrosa, 57 petrous portion of the temporal bone; pyramid. — prostatic^ urethrae, 145 the portion of the male urethra, about one inch in length, which traverses the prostate. — pylorica ventriculi, 131 — spongiosa p. cavernosa. — squamosa, 10, 55, 59. 61 the squamous portion of the temporal bone, squama temporalis. — tensa membranas tympani, 62 tense part, the greater portion of the membrana tympani which is tense and firm, contrasting with the small triangular pars flaccida. — tympanica, 56 the tympanic portion of the temporal bone, forming the greater part of the wall of the external auditory meatus. PATELLA, 254, 273. 275, 276, 284, 286, 292, 293. 296, 304 The large sesamoid bone, in the combined tendon of the extensors of the leg, covering the anterior surface of the knee; kneepan, kneecap. PEDUNCULUS — cerebri, 82 PENIS The organ of copulation in the male; it is formed of three columns of erectile tissue, two arranged laterally on the dorsum (corpora cavernosa penis) and the third mesially below (corpus cavernosum urelhrze, or corpus spongiosum) ; the urethra traverses the latter ; the extremity (glans penis) is formed by an expansion of the corpus spongiosum, and is more or less completely covered by a free fold of skin (preputium). PERICARDIUM, 134, 135. 151, 150-161, 163, 164 PERICRANIUM, 70, 75. 100 PERITONEUM, 144, 146, 165, 182, 184, 185 The serous sac lining the abdominal cavity and cover- ing most of the viscera therein contained. It forms two sacs, the greater and the lesser, connected by the foramen of Winslow. — parietale, 142, 145, 151. 152, 169, 170 the layer of p. lining the abdominal walls. — viscerale, 169 the layer of p. investing the intestines and the other abdominal organs. PHARYNX, 29, 63, 73. 93. HO, 133 The upper expanded portion of the digestive tube, between the esophagus below and the mouth and nasal cavities above and in front, laryngeal p. =pars laryn- gea sp. pharyngis, laryngopharynx, the part of the pharynx lying behind the larynx, passing into the esophagus at about the level of the cricoid cartilage, nasal p. =pars nasalis pharyngis, nasopharynx, rhino- pharynx, the upper end of the pharynx above the soft palate; anteriorly it opens into the nasal cavities. oral p. =pars oralis pharyngis, oropharynx, the por- tion of the pharynx lying behind the mouth, between the soft palate above and the level of the opening of the larynx below. PLEURA, 161, 185 — cos talis, 151, 152 — diaphragrnatica, 163, 165 — parietalis, 107, 151 — pulmonalis, 151, 181 PLEXUS — aorticus, 124 a plexus of lymph nodes and connecting vessels lying along the lower portion of the abdominal aorta. — aorticus abdominalis a sympathetic p. surrounding the abdominal aorta, directly continuous with the thoracic aortic p. — aorticus thoracalis a fine sympathetic plexus surrounding the thoracic aorta and passing with it through the aortic opening in the diaphragm, to become continuous with the abdomi- nal aortic p. — arteriae cerebri anterioris niV*i>iTj=»W Ai/ a sympathetic p. accompanying the a?fee«y'©f4H&«ajTje name, derived from the internal carotid p. — arteriffi cerebri mediae a sympathetic p. accompanying the artery of the same name, derived from the internal carotid p. — arteriae chorioidese a sympathetic p. accompanying the artery of the same name, derived from the internal carotid p. — auricularis posterior a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, derived from the external carotid p. — axillaris, 124 a lymphatic plexus formed of the lymph nodes, with their afferent and efferent vessels, in the axilla. — basilaris, 9 sinus basilaris, on the clivus of the occipital bone, con- nected with the inferior petrosal and cavernous sinuses. — brachialis, 25-27, 30, 31, 35, 108, 130, 133. 148, 151. 153. 157, 215-217, 219 brachial plexus, formed of the anterior rami (anterior primary divisions) of the fifth cervical to first thoracic nerves; the nerves converge in the posterior triangle of the neck between the scalenus anterior and medius and pass down on the outer side of the subclavian artery behind the clavicle into the axilla. — cardiacus cardiac p., a wide-meshed network of anastomosing cords from the sympathetic and vagus nerves, sur- rounding the arch of the aorta and the pulmonary artery. — caroticus communis a small p. accompanying the artery of the same name formed by fibers from the middle cervical ganglion of the sympathetic. — caroticus externus a sympathetic p. formed by the external carotid nerves, surrounding the artery of the same name, and giving origin to a number of secondary plexuses along the branches of this artery and to branches to the carotid glomus. —caroticus internus internal carotid p., (1) a sympathetic p. surrounding the internal carotid artery in the carotid canal and cavernous sinus, and sending branches to the tympanic plexus, sphenopalatine ganglion, abducens and oculomotor nerves, the cerebral vessels, and the ciliary ganglion; (2) the internal carotid venous plexus, a venous network around the internal carotid artery in the carotid canal of the temporal bone, connecting with the cavernous sinus and internal jugular vein. — cavernosi concharum venous plexuses in the mucous membrane of the two lower turbinated bodies, giving to this part the property of erectile tissue. — cavernosus cavernous plexus, the portion of the p. caroticus inter- nus in the cavernous sinus. — cavernosus penis or clitoridis cavernous p. of the penis or of the clitoris, a sympa- thetic p. at the root of the penis or clitoris, derived from the hypogastric, sending branches to the corpus cavernosum. — cervicalis, 35 cervical p., formed by loops joining the anterior rami of the first four cervical nerves and receiving com- municating rami from the sympathetic cervical ganglion; it lies beneath the sternocleidomastoid muscle, and sends out numerous cutaneous, muscular, and communicating rami. — chorioideus, 73 chorioid plexus, a vascular proliferation or fringe of the fold of pia mater, tela chorioidea, in one of the cerebral ventricles; by secretion or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid the chorioid plexus serves to regulate the intraventricular pressure. — chorioideus ventriculi lateralis, 79, 80 chorioid plexus of the lateral ventricle, the vascular fringe of the lateral edge of the velum interpositum which projects into each lateral ventricle. — chorioideus ventriculi quarti, 42 chorioid plexus of the fourth ventricle, one of two vascular fringes of pia mater projecting on either side from the lower part of the roof of the fourth cerebral ventricle. —chorioideus ventriculi tertii chorioid plexus of the third ventricle, the double row of vascular projections from the under surface of the velum interpositum where it roofs over the third cerebral ventricle. — coccygeus, 128 ' a -S m aJLi^^xus formed by the 5th sacral and the coccyg- ICkQSMffliQ, usually regarded as forming part of the pudendal p.; it gives origin to the anococcygeal nerves. 372 PLEXUS PLEXUS — cceliacus, 129 celiac p.; (1) solar p., abdominal brain, the largest of the sympathetic plexuses lying in front of the aorta at the level of origin of the celiac artery, behind the stomach ; it is formed by the splanchnic and the pneumogastric nerves and cords from the celiac and superior -mesenteric ganglia; through its connections with the other abdominal plexuses it sends branches to all the abdominal viscera; (2) a lymphatic plexus formed of the superior mesenteric lymph nodes and the fifteen or twenty celiac nodes behind the stomach, duodenum, and pancreas, together with the con- necting vessels. — coronarius cordis anterior anterior coronary p. of the heart, derived from the cardiac p. and accompanying the anterior coronary artery. — coronarius posterior posterior coronary p., derived from the cardiac p. and accompanying the posterior coronary artery. — defer entialis a sympathetic p. on the seminal vesicle and ampulla of the vas deferens on each side, derived from the hypogastric. — dentalis inferior, 23, 69 inferior dental p., formed by branches of the inferior alveolar nerve interlacing before they supply the teeth. — dentalis superior, 69 superior dental p., formed by branches of the infra- orbital nerve; it gives off dental branches (rami dentales) and branches to the gums (rami gingivales) . — femoralis femoral p., a sympathetic p. surrounding the femoral artery, derived from the iliac plexus. — ganghosus ciliaris ciliary ganglionic plexus, a nerve p. lying on the ciliary muscle, derived from the oculomotor, trigem- inal, and sympathetic. — gastricus gastric plexus, one of two plexuses, anterior and posterior, formed by a continuation of the esophageal plexuses and containing the terminations of the vagus; they communicate with the abdominal sympathetic plexuses and send rami to most of the abdominal viscera-. — gastricus inferior inferior gastric p. , lying on the greater curvature of the stomach, formed by branches from, the hepatic p. — gastricus superior superior gastric p., an unpaired sympathetic p. on the lesser curvature of the stomach, extending thence to the anterior and posterior surfaces and uniting with the gastric plexuses of the vagus. — haemorrhoidalis hemorrhoidal plexus of veins, rests upon the posterior and lateral walls of the rectum; from it run the supe- rior hemorrhoidal vein to the portal , the middle hemorrhoidal vein to the hypogastric (internal iliac) vein, and the inferior hemorrhoidal to the inferior pudendal. — haemorrhoidalis medius a sympathetic p. on the rectum, derived from the hypogastric. — hsemorrhoidalis superior a sympathetic p. on the artery of the same name, derived from the inferior mesenteric and distributed to the rectum. — hepaticus an unpaired sympathetic p. lying on the hepatic artery and its branches in the liver. — hypo gastricus (1) a large unpaired sympathetic p. lying in front of the 5th lumbar vertebra and promontory of the sacrum; (2) a lymphatic p. formed of ten or twelve lymph nodes and their connecting vessels situated on the wall of the true pelvis on either side along the hypogastric vessels. -— iliacus . lying on the iliac arteries, derived from the hypogastric. — iliacus externus a lymphatic plexus formed by the lymph nodes along the external iliac artery on either side, and their afferent and efferent vessels. — inguinalis, 124 a lymphatic p. formed of ten to fifteen lymph nodes with their connecting vessels lying superficially near the termination of the long saphena vein and more deeply along the femoral artery and vein in the ileo- pectineal fossa. — jugularis, 14 a lymphatic plexus formed of many ly: their afferent and efferent vessels, exti internal jugular vein. 3588tt8^'MW88& — lienalis a sympathetic p. lying on the splenic artery. — lingualis a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, derived from the external carotid p. — lumbalis, 124, 128, 129. 140 (r) a nervous p., formed by the first four lumbar nerves; it lies in the substance of the psoas muscle; (2) a lymphatic p. formed of about twenty lymph nodes and connecting vessels situated_ along the lower portion of the aorta and the common iliac vessels. — lumbosacralis, 130 formed by the union of the anterior primary divisions of the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves; it is usually divided into lumbar, sacral, and pudendal plexuses. — mammarius a lymphatic plexus, formed of small lymph nodes, with their vessels, situated along the course of the internal mammary arteries. — mammarius internus a sympathetic plexus on the artery of this name, derived from the subclavian p. — maxillaris externus a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, sending a branch to the submaxillary ganglion, derived from the external carotid p. — maxillaris internus a sympathetic plexus on the artery of this name, de- rived from the external carotid p. — meningeus a sympathetic nerve plexus on the cerebral meninges, derived from the external carotid plexus. — mesentericus inferior, 171 a sympathetic plexus, derived from the aortic, sur- rounding the inferior mesenteric artery and sending branches to the descending colon, sigmoid, and rectum. — mesentericus superior, 168, 169 an unpaired sympathetic p. , a continuation or part of the celiac p., sending nerves to the intestines and forming with the vagus the myenteric and submucous plexuses. — myentericus p. of Auerbach, a gangliated plexus of non-medullated fibers, derived chiefly from the superior mesenteric p., , lying in the muscular coat of the intestine. — nervosus a p. formed by the interlacing of nerves by means of numerous anastomotic branches. — occipitalis a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, derived from the external carotid p. — oesophagus, 161-164 p. guUe, one of two nervous plexuses, posterior and anterior, on the walls of the esophagus; the first is formed by branches from the right vagus and left recurrent, the second by the anastomosing trunks of the vagus after leaving the pulmonary plexuses; branches supply the mucous and muscular coats of the esophagus — ophthalmicus a sympathetic p. , entering the orbit in company with the ophthalmic artery, derived from the internal carotid p. pampiniformis, — • 178 a plexus formed, in the male, by veins from the testicle and epididymis, consisting of eight or ten veins lying in front of the vas deferens and forming part of the spermatic cord; in the female the ovarian veins form this plexus between the layers of the broad ligament. — parotid eus pes anserinus, the diverging branches of the facial nerve passing through the substance of the parotid gland, connected by numerous looped anastomoses. — pharyngeus, 41 a venous plexus on the posterolateral walls of the pharynx, emptying through the pharyngeal veins into the jugularis interna. — pharyngeus ascendens ascending pharyngeal p., a sympathetic p. on the artery of the same name formed of fibers from the superior cervical ganglion. — phrenicus a sympathetic p. surrounding the inferior phrenic artery. — popliteus a sympathetic p. surrounding the popliteal artery, derived from the femoral p. — prostaticovesicalis prostaticovesical plexus, a venous plexus around the prostate gland and neck of the bladder. . tthetic p. on the prostate, derived from the hypogastric. PLEXUS PLICA 373 — pterygoideus, 23, 41 situated in the zygomatic and pterygoid fossas, receiv- ing veins accompanying the branches of the internal maxillary artery, and terminating in the internal maxillary vein. — pudendalis, 177-179 a venous plexus arising chiefly from the dorsal vein of the penis (or clitoris), passing between the arcuate ligament of the pubis and transverse ligament of the pelvis to the prostaticovesical (in the female, inferior vesical) plexus. — pudendus, 128 formed by the 3rd, 4th, and 5th sacral and the coccyg- eal nerves; it lies on the inner surface of the posterior wall of the pelvis, and its nerves are distributed almost wholly to the perineum. — pulmonalis one of two nervous plexuses, anterior and posterior, at the hilum of each lung, formed by branches of the sympathetic and bronchial rami of the vagus nerve; from them various branches accompany the bronchi and arteries into the lung. — rectovesical, 176 — renalis a sympathetic p. surrounding the renal artery and extending with it into the substance of the kidney. — sacralis sciatic p., formed by the 4th and 5th lumbar and 1st, 2d and 3d sacral nerves; it lies on the inner surface of the posterior wall of the pelvis; its nerves supply the lower extremities. — sacralis anterior a venous plexus on the anterior surface of the sacrum, formed by branches from the lateral sacral veins. — sacralis medius, 124 a lymphatic plexus formed of lymph nodes and con- necting vessels situated chiefly in the mesorectum anterior and inferior to the promontory of the sacrum. — Solaris =p. cceliacus. — spermaticus a sympathetic p. derived from the aortic and accom- panying the spermatic artery to the testicle and cord. — subclavius a sympathetic p. accompanying the artery of this name, formed by fibers from, the inferior cervical gan- glion, and giving off secondary plexuses along the branches of the subclavian. — submucosus p. of Meissner, a; gangliated p. of non-medullated nerve-fibers, derived chiefly from the superior mesen- teric plexus, ramifying in the intestinal submucosa. — suprarenalis a sympathetic p. formed mainly by branches from the celiac ganglion, lying at the hilum of the suprarenal body. — temporalis superficialis a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, derived from the external carotid p. — thyreoideus impar a venous plexus in front of the lower portion of the trachea formed by anastomoses between the inferior thyroid veins; it terminates in the unpaired vena thyreoidea ima. — thyreoideus inferior a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, derived from the subclavian p. — thyreoideus superior a sympathetic p, on the artery of the same name, derived from the external carotid p. — tympanicus Jacobson's p., a p. on the inner wall of the tympanum and the promontory formed by the tympanic nerve, an anastomotic branch of the facial, and sympathetic branches from the internal carotid p.; it supplies the mucosa of the tympanum, mastoid cells, and Eusta- chian tube, and gives off the lesser superficial petrosal nerve to the otic ganglion. — venosi vertebrales vertebral venous plexuses, venous networks on the outer and inner surfaces of the spinal column; of the external plexuses the posterior are the larger, the anterior being well marked only in the neck; they empty into the intervertebral veins; the internal plexuses are found betv/een tho dura mater and periosteum the entire length of the spine. — vertebralis a sympathetic p. on the artery of this name, derived from the subclavian p. — vesicalis, 144, 176, 190 (1) a sympathetic p. on the bladder, §§VNffl£&& $V hypogastric; (2) a venous plexus at tm? fundus arra. sides of the bladder on the outer surface of the muscular coat, draining into the prostaticovesical (in the female, inferior vesical) plexus. PLICA — alar is pi. plicae aliformes, ligamenta alaria; one of the wing- like lateral fringes or expansions of the Hgamentum mucosum, or plica synovialis patellaris. — aryepiglottica aryepiglottic or arytenoepiglottidean fold, a prominent fold of mucous membrane stretching between the lateral margin of the epiglottis and the arytenoid cartilage on either side; it encloses the aryepiglottic muscle. — csecalis cecal fold, one of two peritoneal folds, superior and inferior, the former the outer layer, the latter the inner layer of the ascending mesocolon. — duodenojejunalis superior duodenal fold, a fold of peritoneum bounding the superior duodenal fossa. — duodenomesocolica inferior duodenal fold, a fold of peritoneum bounding the inferior duodenal fossa, or fossa of Treitz. — epigastrica, 142 a ridge on the peritoneal surface of the anterior ab- dominal wall formed by the deep epigastric artery. — fimbriata fimbriated fold, one of several folds running outward from the frenulum on the under surface of the tongue. — gastropancreatica the gastropancreatic fold, a duplication of peritoneum passing between the stomach and the pancreas. — glossoepiglottica lateralis lateral glossoepiglottidean fold, a fold of mucous mem- brane extending from the margin of the epiglottis to the sides of the base of the tongue and the pharynx on either side. — glossoepiglottica mediana middle glossoepiglottidean fold, frenulum epiglottidis, a fold of mucous membrane extending from the back part of the dorsum of the tongue to the front of the epiglottis. — hypogastrica=p. umbilicalis lateralis. — ileoc«ecalis ileocecal fold, a fold of peritoneum, said to be non- vascular, bounding the ileocecal or ileoappendicular — iridis fold of the iris, one of a number of very fine, almost microscopic, radial folds on the posterior surface of the iris. — lacrimalis lacrymal fold, Huschke's valve, Rosenmueller's valve, Hasner's fold, a fold of mucous membrane guarding the lower opening of the nasolacrymal duct. — longitudinalis duodeni, 169 — malleolar is, 62 one of two ligamentous bands, anterior and posterior, making folds on the tympanic side of the membrana tympani extending from each extremity of the notch of Rivinus to the malleolar prominence; they mark the boundary between the tense and the flaccid por- tions of the tympanic membrane. — pubovesicalis, 142 — salpingopalatina p. tubopalatina, a ridge passing from the anterior border of the opening of the Eustachian tube to the palate. — salpingopharyngeal 63 salpingopharyngeal fold, a ridge of mucous membrane extending from the lower end of the torus tubarius along the wall of the pharynx. —semilunaris conjunctivae, 49 the semilunar fold formed by the palpebral con- junctiva at the inner angle of the eye. — sublingualis an elevation in the floor of the mouth beneath the tongue, on either side, marking the site of the sub- lingual gland, — synovialis synovial fold; a projection from the synovial membrane of a joint extending toward or between the two articu- lar surfaces. — synovialis patellaris patellar synovial fold, Hgamentum mucosum, a fold of synovial membrane extending from below the level of the articular surface of the patella to the anterior part of the intercondyloid notch. — transversalis recti Houston's valve, Kohlrausch's valve; one of from three to five crescentic folds on the lateral walls of the rectum, caused by an infolding of the mucous and part of the muscular coats. 374 PLICA PROCESSUS — triangularis a fold of mucous membrane at the point of junction of the anterior pillar of the fauces with the tongue. — umbilicalis lateralis, 138, 139, 142, 174, 17s lateral umbilical fold, p. hypogastrica, a fold of perito- neum on the anterior abdominal wall covering the oblit- erated hypogastric artery on either side of the urachus. — umbilicalis media, 138, 139, 142, 190 middle umbilical fold, p. urachi, a fold of peritoneum on the anterior wall of the abdomen covering the urachus, or remains of the allantois. — uret erica a fold of mucous membrane extending from the orifice of the ureter on either side to the median line of the bladder. — ventricularis ventricular fold, false vocal cord, a fold of mucous membrane on either wall of the larynx above the true vocal cord; it is concerned little, if at all, in voice production. — vesicalls transversa transverse vesical fold, a duplication of peritoneum passing over the empty bladder, but obliterated when the viscus is full. — vocalis vocal fold, true vocal cord ; the sharp edge of a fold of mu- cous membrane stretching along either wall of the larynx from the angle between the ala? of the thyroid to the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage; the true vocal cords are the agents concerned in voice production. POLUS — temporalis, 83 PONS, 40, 44. 7i, 73 PORUS — acusticus internus, 10, 57 PRECUNEUS, 73. 76-80 PROCESSUS • — accessorius accessory process or tubercle, a small apophysis at the back part of the base of the transverse process of each of the lumbar vertebrae. — alaris alar process; a bony process projecting from the crista galli of the ethmoid bone on either side. — alveolaris alveolar process; the projecting ridge on the under surface of the body of the maxilla containing the tooth- sockets. — angulus externus =processus zygomaticus, of the frontal bone, articulating on either side with the malar bone and forming the upper outer margin of the orbit. — angulus internus the internal angular process of the frontal bone, articu- lating on either side with the lacrymal bone, forming the upper inner margin of the orbit. — anterior mallei anterior process of the malleus, p. gracilis, Folian process, a slender spur running forward from the neck of the malleus toward the Glaserian fissure. • — articularis, 3, 92, 172 an articular process of a vertebra, zygapophysis. — brevis mallei short process of the malleus =p. lateralis. — caudatus, 166, 167 a narrow band of hepatic tissue connecting the caudate and right lobes of the liver, dividing the right sagittal fissure into two. — ciliaris one of the radiating pigmented ridges, usually seventy in number, on the inner surface of the ciliary body. — clinoideus anterior, 8 a sharp point terminating the posterior margin of the lesser wing of the sphenoid bone. — clinoideus medius an inconstant protuberance from the margin of the tuberculum sellae of the sphenoid bone. — clinoideus posterior, 10, 82 an angular projection forming a corner of the dorsum sella; of the sphenoid bone. — condyloideus condyloid process or condyle. — coracoideus, 114, 116, 148, 157, 200,201, 225 coracoid process, a long curved projection from the head of the scapula overhanging the glenoid cavity. — coronoideus, 4, 69 (1) a bracket-Tike projection from the anterior portion of the upper extremity of the ulna. (2) a conic promi- nence ascending from the upper anterior part of the ramus of the mandible. — costarius costal process, an apophysis extendir^lflJ^aUjvir&iy the transverse process of a lumbar vert^rVpr % the homologue of the rib. — ensiformis the ensiform process =processus xiphoideus. — ethmoidalis, 65 ethmoidal process of the inferior turbinated bone, situated behind the lacrymal process and articulating with the uncinate process of the ethmoid. — falciformis falciform process, falciform ligament, a continuation of the inner border of the great sacrosciatic ligament upward and forward on the inner aspect of the ramus of the ischium. — frontalis frontal process, nasal process; the upward extension from the body of the maxilla, which forms part of the side of the nose and of the margin of the orbit. — frontosphenoidalis frontosphenoidal process, frontal process of the malar bone, the ascending process of the malar bone articulating with the external angular process of the frontal. — gracilis mallei slender process of the malleus =p. anterior mallei. — intra jugularis a small pointed process of bone extending from the middle of the jugular notch in both the occipital and the temporal bones, the two being joined by a liga- ment and dividing the jugular foramen into two portions. — jugularis a short process jutting out from the posterior part of the condyle of the occipital bone, its anterior border forming the posterior boundary of the jugular foramen. — lacrimals lacrymal process of the inferior turbinated bone; a projection from the anterior edge of this bone which articulates with the lower border of the lacrymal bone and the edge of the nasal groove of the superior maxilla, forming a portion of the wall of the nasal duct. — lateralis mallei p. brevis, a short projection from the base of the manubrium of the malleus, attached firmly to the drum membrane. — lenticularis, 62 a knob at the tip of the long limb of the incus which articulates with the stapes. — mastoideus, 4. 6, 12, 22, 55-57, 61 mastoid process, the nipple-like projection of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. — maxillaris, 65 maxillary process of the inferior turbinated bone; a thin plate of irregular form projecting from the middle of the upper border, articulating with the superior maxillary bone and partly closing the orifice of the antrum of Highmore. — mentalis =protuberantia mentalis. — orbicularis =p. lenticularis. — or bi talis, 65 (1) orbital process of the malar bone, a curved elevated crest from the mesial aspect of this bone, continuous with its orbital margin; (2) orbital process of the palate bone ; the anterior and larger of the two processes at the upper extremity of the vertical plate of this bone, articulating with the maxilla, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones. — palatinus palatine or palatal process, the horizontal plate of the maxilla, forming with its fellow the anterior portion of the roof of the mouth. — papillaris papillary process, the left lower angle of the caudate lobe of the liver, opposite the caudate process. — pterygoideus, 11 a long process extending downward from the junc- tion of the body and great wing of the sphenoid bone on either side; it is formed of two plates (lamina lateralis and lamina medialis), united anteriorly but separated below to form the pterygoid notch (fissura pterygoidea) ; the pterygoid fossa is formed by the divergence of these two plates posteriorly. Jivinini's process, a sharp projection from the posterior edge of the external pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone. — pyramidalis, 65 pyramidal process, tuberosity or pterygoid process of the palate bone; the portion of that bone passing outward and backward from the angle formed by the vertical and horizontal plates. — sphenoidalis Mirf9^?9^S^i process of the palate bone; the posterior ' v "°an'cPs v m'arfer f the two processes at the extremity of the vertical plate of this bone. PROCESSUS RECESSUS 375 spinosus, 3, 88, 89, 92, 155, 157-164. 166. 172, 187 spinous process, the bony process which extends back- ward from the center of the arch of a vertebra. — stybideus, 4, 6, 12, 55-57, 87, 196, 204, 205, 227, 230, 241 styloid process, (1) a slender pointed projection run- ning downward and slightly forward from the base of the inferior surface of the petrous portion of the tem- poral bone where it joins the tympanic portion; (2) styloid process of the radius, a thick pointed projection on the outer side of the lower extremity of the radius; (3) a cylindrical pointed projection from the inner and posterior aspect of the head of the ulna; (4) a pointed projection from the back of the base (carpal end) of the third metacarpal bone on the outer (radial) side; it sometimes exists as a separate ossicle. — temporalis temporal process, zygomatic process, of the malar bone, articulating with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone to form the zygomatic arch. — transversus, 3, 13, 87, 90, 92, 109, 172 the transverse process, projecting on either side of the arch of a vertebra. — trochlearis, 313 peroneal spine; a projection from the outer side of the os calcis giving attachment to fibers of the external annular ligament. — uncinatus unciform process: a sickle-shaped process of bone on the inner wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth below the middle turbinated bone; it articulates with the ethmoi- dal process of the inferior turbinated bone and partly closes the orifice of the maxillary sinus. — vermiformis, 114, 115, 131, 149, 174, 175 appendix vermiformis, appendix, vermiform process, a worm-like tubular outgrowth, usually between 3 and 4 inches in length, from the inner and back part of the cecum. — vocalis the lower end of the anterior margin of the arytenoid cartilage to which the vocal cord is attached. — xiphoideus, 150, 164, 165 xiphoid process, ensiform process or cartilage at the lower end of the sternum. — zygomaticus, 57. 60 zygomatic process: (1) a large bony process arising from the squamous portion of the temporal bone, passing forward and outward, articulating with the temporal process of the malar bone; (2) external angular process of the frontal bone, articulating with the frontal process of the malar; (3) temporal process of the malar, articulating with the zygomatic process of the temooral. PROMINENTIA — laryngea, 31 PROMONTORIUM, 56, 131, 144 PROSTATA, 144-146. 150, 154, 189 The prostate, a chestnut-shaped body, partly muscular and partly glandular, which surrounds the beginning of the urethra in the male; it consists of two lateral lobes, which are practically fused, and an anterior portion, isthmus or middle lobe. It secretes a milky fluid which is discharged into the urethra at the time of the emission of semen, mixing with this secretion. PROTUBERANTIA — laryngea prominentia laryngea, Adam's apple. — mentalis mental protuberance, mental prominence or process, a rough triangular prominence at the lower portion of the symphysis of the mandibl — occipitalis externa, 6, 10, 32 external occipital protuberance, a prominence about the center of the outer surface of the squamous portion of the occipital bone, giving attachment to the liga- mentum nuchas. — occipitalis interna, 8, 83 internal occipital protuberance, a projection from about the center of the inner surface of the occipital bone. PULMO, LUNG, 114-119, 130, 131, 141, 147. 148, 151. 152, 154. 157- 158, 160-165 One of a pair of viscera occupying the cavity of the thorax, the organs of respiration in which aeration of the blood takes place. The right lung is slightly larger than the left and is divided into three lobes (an upper, a middle, and a lower or basal), while the left has but two lobes (an upper and a basal) . Each lung is irregu- larly conical in shape, presenting 2 blunt upoer extremity (the apex), a concave bas&lylliZxiis Djfi curve of the diaphragm, an outer convex surface (fades costalis), an inner or mediastinal surface (fades mediastinalis) , a thin and sharp anterior border (margo anterior), and a thick and rounded posterior border (margo posterior). PULVINAR, 80, 81 PUTAMEN, 71. 79-81 P5TRAMIS — medulla;, 44 RABIATIO — corporis callosi, 77, 78 — occipito thai mica, 80 RADIUS, 192, 193. 196, 202-205, 226-228, 230, 236-240 RADIX — anterior, 46 the anterior, ventral, or motor root of a spinal nerve. — arcus vertebrae root of the vertebra arch, pedicle. — brevis ganglii ciliaris motor root of the ciliary ganglion, short root of the ciliary ganglion, a branch of the oculomotor nerve given off in the superior orbital fissure. — dentis root of a tooth, that part below the neck, covered by cementum instead of enamel, which is fixed in the alveolus. — dorsalis r. posterior. — lateralis tractus optici lateral root of the optic tract, one of the two roots of origin of the optic tract which comes from the lateral geniculate body and the pulvinar of the thalamus. — lingua;, 90 s root of the tongue, the posterior attached portion of the tongue. — longa ganglii ciliaris sensory root of the ciliary ganglion, a slender, some- times double, branch of the nasociliary nerve, arising from the first part of the nerve where it crosses the optic nerve. — medialis tractus optici medial root of the optic tract, one of the two roots of origin of the optic tract which comes from the medial geniculate body. — mesenterii, 138 the origin of the mesentery of the small intestine from the posterior parietal peritoneum. mollis ganglii ciliaris — soft root of the ciliary ganglion, sympathetic nerve fibers from the internal carotid plexus which enter the posterior border of the ciliary ganglion. — nasi root of the nose, the upper extremity of the nose situated between the two orbits. — nervi facialis root of the facial nerve, fibers running from the nucleus of the facial upward to the colliculus facialis where they curve around the abducens nucleus and then pass outward, between the superior olive and sensory nucleus of the trigeminal, to the ventral surface of the lower part of the pons. — penis root of the penis, the proximal extremity of the penis attached to the two pubic bones. — pili hair-root, the part of a hair which is embedded in the hair-follicle; its lower succulent extremity, capping the papilla of the follicle, is called the bulb. — posterior, 46 the posterior, dorsal, or sensory root of a spinal nerve. — pulmonis, 132 root of the lung, all the structures entering or leaving the lung at the hilus, forming a pedicle invested with the pleura. RAPHE — pharyngis the central line of the pharynx posteriorly where the muscular fibers meet and partly interlace. — pterygomandibularis pterygomandibular ligament, a tendinous thickening of the buccopharyngeal fascia, separating the buc- cinator muscle from the superior constrictor of the pharynx. RECESSUS — anterior a deepening of the interpeduncular fossa in the direc- tion of the corpora mamillaria. . ,-^-duodenmejunalis a pooket between the duodenojejunal and the duode- nomesocolic folds to the left of the spinal column. 376 RECESSUS SINUS — ellipticus elliptical recess, fovea hemielliptica, an oval depression in the roof and inner wall of the vestibule of the labyrinth, lodging the utriculus. — epitympanicus, 59. 61-62 epitympanic recess, tympanic attic; the upper portion of the tympanic cavity above the membrana tympani ; it contains the head of the malleus and the body of the incus. — ileocaecalis inferior a deep fossa sometimes found between the ileocecal fold, the appendical mesenteriolum, and the cecum. — ileocaecalis superior a shallow pouch occasionally existing between the ileum, the cecum, and the ileocolic artery when the latter is present. — infundibuli a funnel-shaped diverticulum leading down from the anterior portion of the third ventricle of the brain through the tuber cinereum into the infundibulum. — membrana; tympani anterior, 62 a slit-like space on the tympanic wall between the anterior malleolar fold and the drum membrane. — membranae tympani posterior, 62 a narrow pocket in the wall of the tympanum between the posterior malleolar fold and the drum membrane. — membranae tympani superior a space in the mucous membrane on the inner surface of the drum membrane between the membrana flaccida and the neck of the malleus. — opticus optic recess, a pit or diverticulum extending forward from the anterior part of the third ventricle of the brain above the optic chiasm. — pharyngeus, 63, 85 r. infundibuliformis, Rosenmuller's recess or fossa, a slit-like depression in the pharyngeal wall behind the opening of the Eustachian tube. — pinealis a diverticulum from the posterior part of the third ventricle of the brain passing back above the posterior commissure into the peduncle of the pineal body. — piriformis sinus piriformis, one of two deep lateral depressions in the wall of the laryngeal portion of the pharynx on either side, corresponding to the space between the cricoid and arytenoid cartilages internally and the thyroid cartilage externally. — posterior a deepening of the interpeduncular fossa toward the pons. — sphaericus spherical recess, fovea hemisphaerica, a rounded de- pression on the inner wall of the vestibule of the , labyrinth, lodging the sacculus. — sphenoethmoidalis a small cleft-like pocket in the superior meatus of the nasal fossa above the superior turbinated bone. — superior omentalis, 138 a portion of the vestibule of the bursa omentalis which extends upward beneath the coronary ligament of the liver. — suprapinealis suprapineal recess, a diverticulum from the posterior portion of the third ventricle of the brain, running back- ward some distance above and beyond the r. pinealis. REN, kidney, 115, 117-119, 130-131. 138-139. T 4 T . I Si- 152, 154. 165-169, 183, 185-186 One of the two organs which excrete the urine. The kidneys are bean-shaped organs, about 414 in. in length, 2 in. in width, and iJ4 in. in thickness, lying on either side of the spinal column, behind the peritoneum, about opposite the twelfth thoracic and first three lumbar vertebras. At the inner edge of each kidney is a concive depression, the hilus, where the vessels and nerves enter and leave the organs and where the ureter emerges; the hilus leads into the renal sinus, a hollow containing the pelvis and calyces and the branching blood-vessels. RETE — calcaneum, 289 — patellas, 278 — venosum vertebrale, 87, 90, 91 RIMA — glottidis, 93. I5S SACCULUS — lacrimalis, 48, 49,'si. 5 3 . 82 SACCUS — endolymphaticus, 58 SCAPULA, 115-117. 133. 152, 201, 220 The shoulder-blade; a large triangular flattened bone lying over the ribs posteriorly on either side, articu- lating by its outer angle with the clavicle and the humerus. SCROTUM, 144, 150 SELLA — turcica, io r 65 SEMICANALIS — m. tensoris tympani! 56 SEPTUM — atriorum= auricularum, 162 the dividing wall between the atria of the heart. — bulbi urethra; a fibrous septum in the interior of the bulb of the urethra which divides it into two hemispheres. — canalis musculotubal processus cochleariformis, a very thin horizontal plate of bone forming two semicanals, the upper, smaller, for the tensor tympani muscle, the lower, larger, for the Eustachian tube. — cartilagineum the cartilaginous portion of the septum nasi. — cervicale intermedium intermediate cervical septum, a fibrous membrane uniting the cervical spinal arachnoid and dura mater in the median line posteriorly. — crurale =s. f emorale . — f emorale Cloquefs ganglion or septum, a lymphatic gland or plug of fat blocking the femoral ring. — glandis cartilago penis, a fibrous partition extending through the glans penis. — interalveolare the bony partitions between the tooth-sockets. — intermusculare, 218, 231-234. 300 intermuscular septum, a term applied to aponeurotic sheets separating various muscles of the extremities; these are : s. i. anterins (fibulare) , s. i. (femoris) laterale, s. i. (/.) mediate, s. i. (humeri) laterale, s. i. (h.) mediate, s. i. Poslerius (fibulare).. — linguae, 88 the median vertical fibrous partition of the tongue. — lucidum-s. pellucidum. — mediastinale the mediastinum regarded as the dividing wall be- tween the two pleural sacs. — membranaceum ventriculorum, 151 the membranous portion of the ventricular septum of the heart. ■ — mobile nasi the anterior movable part of the nasal septum. — musculare ventriculorum the muscular portion of the ventricular septum of the heart, formed of fibers derived from the musculature of both ventricles. — nasi, 49, 84 the dividing wall between the two nasal cavities, formed posteriorly of bone (mainly the vomer and per- pendicular plate of the ethmoid), anteriorly of car- tilage. — or bi tale, 105 orbital s., palpebral ligaments, a fibrous membrane attached to the margin of the orbit and extending into the lids, constituting in great part the posterior fascia of the orbicularis oculi muscle. — pellucidum, 40 s. lucidum, a thin plate made of two lamina? of gray matter, forming a partition between the anterior portions of the lateral ventricles; the space between the two laminae is the fifth ventricle. — penis, 145 — sinuum f rontalium the bony partition between the two frontal sinuses; it is often deflected to one or the other side of the middle line. — sinuum sphenoidalium the median dividing wall between the sphenoidal sinuses. — subarachnoideale s. posticum, a fibrous layer passing between the spinal arachnoid and pia mater in the middle line posteriorly. — ventriculorum the dividing wall between the ventricles of the heart. SINUS — alae parvae =s. sphenoparietalis. — aortae the space between each semilunar valve and the wall ?l " of the aorta. I s 6 D^/f/fecf,*y 2 Mcr(3^|tt= s ^ xusbasilaris - a paired blood-sinus on either side of the sella turcica. SINUS STRIA 377 — circularise 9 a venous ring around the hypophysis, formed by the cavernous and the two intercavernous sinuses. — coronarius, 162 a short trunk receiving most of the veins of the heart, running in the sulcus between the left atrium and ventricle, and emptying into the right atrium between the inferior vena cava and the atrioventricular orifice. — dorse matris sinuses of the dura mater, cerebral sinuses; see the following: s. cavernosus, s. circularis, s. intercavernosus anterior, s. intercavernosus posterior, s. occipitalis, s. parasinotdeus, s. pelrosus inferior, s. petrosus supe- rior, s. rectus, s. sagittalis inferior, s. sagittalis superior, s. sphenoparietalis, s. transversus. — epididymidis a narrow space between the body of the epididymis and the testis. — ethmoid alis one of the air-cells or spaces in the ethmoid bone. — frontalis, so, 63-65, 70, 80-82, 102, 105 a hollow formed on either side by the separation of the two plates of the frontal bone, it communicates by the infundibulum with the nasal fossa of the same side. — intercavernosus anterior and posterior These sinuses extend across the hypophyseal fossa and connect the cavernous sinuses of both sides. — jugularis one of three enlargements of the jugular veins; that of the external jugular (s. j. external) is between the two sets of valves; those of the internal jugular (s. j. interna) are at the orgin (bulbus superior) and near the termination {bulbus inferior). — laryngis =ventriculus laryngis. — lateralis =s. transversus. — longitudinalis =s. sagittalis. — mastoideus one of the cells in the mastoid process of the temporal bone. — maxillaris, 50, 52, 64-66, 69, 83-86, 103 antrum of Highmore; a cavity in the body of the superior maxilla, communicating with the middle meatus of the nose. — obliquus a pericardial fold covering the posterior aspect of the left atrium (auricle) between that and the esophagus. — occipitalis, 41 an unpaired vessel commencing at the confluens sinuum and passing downward in the base of the falx cerebri to the foramen magnum where it bifurcates and passes to the transverse sinus and the venous plexus of the upper cervical vertebrae. — paranasalis accessory nasal sinus, one of the cavities in the bones of the face continuous with that of the nasal cavities; these sinuses are the frontal, sphenoidal* maxillary, and ethmoidal. — petrosus inferior, 41, 83, 84 a paired sinus running in the groove on the petro- occipital fissure connecting the cavernous sinus with the bulb of the internal jugular vein. — petrosus superior, 9, 41 a paired sinus in the groove on the pyramid of the tem- poral bone, connecting the cavernous sinus with the transverse sinus. — phrenicocostalis, see sinus pleura?, 164, 165 — piriformis =recessus piriformis. — pleurae, 152 two recesses of the pleura, one behind the sternum and costal cartilages (s. costomediastinalis) , the other between the diaphragm and chest wall (s. phrenicocostalis). — pocularis =utriculus prostaticus. — posterior a deep groove above the pyramidal eminence in the posterior wall of the tympanic cavity. — prostaticus =utriculus prostaticus. minute pouch in the prostate leading back from the summit of the colliculus seminalis, the analogue of the uterus and vagina in the female, being the remains of the fused posterior ends of the Mullerian ducts, ticus. — rectus, 9, 4t, 72, 83 one of the grooves, with pocket-like recess at the lower end, separating the rectal columns. — rectus, 9, 41, 72, 83 tentorial s., an unpaired sinus in the posterior part of the falx cerebri where it is attached to the tentorium cerebelli; it passes horizontally to the confluens sinuum, the cavity of the kidney, containingHl^'cM^eM ft)d pelvis. — sagittalis inferior, q, 41, "So an unpaired sinus in the lower margin of the falx cere- bri, running parallel to the sinus sagittalis superior and emptying into the sinus rectus. —sagittalis. superior, 9. 41. 70-72, 75-80, 82 an unpaired sinus in the sagittal groove, beginning at the foramen caecum and terminating at the confluens sinuum. — sphenoidalis, 10, n, 51, 63. 64, 94, 105 a cavity in the body of the sphenoid bone communi- cating with the nasal fossae. — sphenoparietalis, 9 s. alas parva?, a paired sinus beginning on the parietal bone, running along the posterior margin of the lesser wing of the sphenoid, and emptying into the cavernous sinus. — tarsi a hollow or, canal formed by a broad groove in the talus, just anterior to the posterior articular facet (sulcus tali), and a corresponding groove in the cal- caneus (sulcus calcanei). — tonsillaris the space between the palatine arches in which lies the tonsil. — transversus, 9, 4.1, 56, 58, 60, 72, 83. 85, 97. 100 lateral s., it begins at the internal occipital protuber- ance (at the confluens sinuum), the right as the con- tinuation of the superior sagittal, the left of the straight sinus, and at the jugular foramen becomes continuous with the internal jugular vein. — transversus pericardii, 160 — tympani a small circular depression between the vestibular and cochlear fenestra? on the inner wall of the tympanum. — Valsalva =s. aortae. — venarum, s. venarum cavarum the portion of the cavity of the right atrium (auricle) of the heart which receives the blood from the venae cavae; it is separated from the rest of the atrium by the crista terminalis. — venosus sclerae venous s. of the sclera, canal of Schlemm or of Lauth, a ring-like vein in the sclera, near its anterior edge, en- circling the cornea. — vertebrates longitudinales, 89 columns of venous plexuses lying on the posterior sur- faces of the vertebral bodies on either side of the poste- rior longitudinal ligament. SPINA — angular is, n — frontalis frontal spine, nasal spine of the frontal bone;. ■ — iliaca, 129. 174. 175, 191. 255-257, 272, 284 one of the four iliac spines, named respectively anterior superior, anterior inferior, posterior superior, and posterior inferior. — ischiadica, 256, 257 sciatic spine, spine of the ischium, a pointed process from the posterior border of the ischium. — nasalis =s. frontalis. — nasalis anterior a pointed projection at the anterior extremity of the intermaxillary suture. — nasalis posterior posterior palatine spine; the sharp posterior extremity of the nasal crest. — pubis - tuberculum pubicum. — scapulae the prominent triangular ridge on the dorsal aspect of the scapula. — supra meatum, 55 — trochlearis, 65 a spicule of bone arising from the edge of the fovea trochlearis, giving attachment to the pulley of the superior oblique muscle of the eyeball. SPLENITJM — corporis callosi, 79. 80 STAPES, 61 the smallest of the three auditory ossicles; its base, or footpiece, fits into the vestibular or oval window, while its head is articulated with the lenticular process of the long limb of the incus. STERNUM, ISO The breast-bone, a long flat bone, articulating with the cartilages of the first seven ribs and with the clavicle, forming the middle part of the anterior wall of the thorax; it consists of three portions: the corpus or body, mesosternum, gladiolus; the manubrium or presternum; the ensiform or xiphoid cartilage or Mi§£$M$'fi& T procesSr or metasternum - — acustica = s. medullar is. 378 STRIA SULCUS — fornicis =s. medullaris. — medullaris, 43 medullary s., (1) s. fornicis, s. pinealis, a longitudinal strand of fibers along the wall of the third ventricle just below the tasnia thalami; many of the fibers end in the nucleus, or ganglion, habenulae, others cross to the opposite side on the dorsum of the habenula fram- ing there the commissura habenularum; (2) acoustic s., auditory s., one of the horizontal white stripes on the floor of the fourth ventricle passing from, the mesial groove outward over the upper part of the restiform body; they divide the rhomboidal fossa into the fovea inferior and fovea superior on either side. — olfactoria olfactory stria, one of three white bands (s. tnedialis, s. intermedia, s. lateralis) passing backward from the olfactory trigone; the medial stria curves upward behind the area of Broca and terminates in the callosal gyrus; the intermediate, imperfectly developed, passes into the anterior perforated substance; the lateral runs along the border of the anterior perforated substance and joins the limen insulae. — striae terminates, 44 SUBSTANTIA — adamantina enamel, the hard substance covering the exposed por- tion of the teeth. — ^burnea dentine, the ivory forming the mass of the tooth. — gelatinosa centralis = s. grisea centralis. — gelatinosa Rolandi gelatinous substance of Rolando, forms the apex of the posterior gray column and, when seen on section, seems to fit over the caput cornu like a cap. — grisea s. cinerea, gray substance. — grisea centralis s. gelatinosa centralis, central gray matter of the spinal cord, a mass of neuroglia surrounding the central canal. — lentis substance of the crystalline lens; it is divided into 5. corticalis, cortex, and nucleus lentis, inner or main substance of the lens. — medullaris medullary substance; s. m. glandulm suprarenalis, suprarenal gland, s. m. lymphoglandulas, lymph node, s. m. renis, kidney, s. m. ossium, bone-marrow, medulla ossium. — nigra, 71, 82 it extends from the upper border of the pons into the subthalamic region between the dorsal (tegmental) and ventral (pedal) portions of the pedunculus (crus) cerebri. — perforata anterior, 42 locus perforatus anticus, an area on either side of the optic chiasm in the olfactory trigone, which is per- forated by numerous blood-vessels. — perforata posterior locus perforatus posticus, a gray area at the base of the brain anterior to the pons, containing numerous openings for the passage of branches of the posterior cerebral artery. — reticularis alba reticular white substance of Arnold, a thin layer of fibers covering the medial surface of the hippocampal gyrus. — reticularis grisea an area in the medulla behind the olive containing white and gray matter, the latter in considerable amount. SULCUS —arteriosus, 10 — basilaris a mesial groove on the ventral surface of the pons Varolii in which lies the basilar artery. — calcanei interosseous groove, a deep furrow on theupper surface of the calcaneus giving attachment to the interosseous ligament. — callosomarginalis = s. cinguli. —centralis, 38. 39. 7S-77. 79, 97 — cinguli, 73 callosomarginal fissure, a fissure on the mesial surface of the cerebral hemisphere. — circularis circular sulcus of Reil, limiting sulcus of Reil, a semi- circular fissure separating the insula from the opercu- lum above, in front, and behind. n,v,;+;-,«w h., — coronarius, 163 UigillZeQ Dy coronary sulcus, aur idioventricular groove, a groove on the outer surface of the heart marking the division between the auricles (atria) and the ventricles. — corporis callosi, 73, 79, 80 s. of the corpus caliosum, callosal s., a fissure separating the corpus caliosum from the gyrus cinguli above. - — ethmo id alls nasal groove; a groove on the inner surface of each nasal bone, lodging the internal nasal or anterior ethmoidal nerve. — frontalis inferior, 38 inferior frontal s., a sagittal fissure on the outer surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum separating the middle from the inferior frontal gyrus. — frontalis superior, 38, 77 a sagittal fissure on the superior surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum; it forms the inferior boundary of the superior frontal convolution. — hamuli pterygoidei hamular groove, a groove at the base of the hamular process which forms a pulley for the tendon of the tensor veli palatini. — horizontalis cerebelli horizontal sulcus of the cerebellum, great horizontal fissure, a deep cleft encircling the circumference of the cerebellum, and receiving the three cerebellar pe- duncles anteriorly. — hypothalami cus hypothalamic s., s. of Monroe, a groove in the lateral wall of the third ventricle on either side leading from the foramen interventriculare to the aditus ad aquje- ductum cerebri. -r-infraorbitalis, 47 infraorbital groove; a gradually deepening groove on the orbital surface of the maxilla, which leads to the infraorbital canal. — interparietals, 72, 77, 07 intraparietal s. of Turner; it separates the superior and inferior parietal lobules; a horizontal branch proceeds medially forming the posterior boundary of the poste- rior central gyrus. — inter tubercular is, 194 bicipital groove, a furrow running down the shaft of the humerus from between the two tuberosities. • — lacrimalis lacrymal groove; (1) a hollow in front of the lacrymal crest of the lacrymal bone; (2) a groove on the nasal process of the maxilla, the upper part of which forms with (1) a fossa for the lodgment of the lacrymal sac. — lateralis anterior anterolateral sulcus, an indistinct furrow on either side of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, near the anterior median fissure, marking the line of exit of the anterior nerve-roots. — lateralis posterior posterolateral, sulcus, a longitudinal furrow on either side of the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord and medulla oblongata, marking the line of entrance of the posterior nerve-roots. — longitudinals interventricular groove, ventricular groove, crena cordis; a groove on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the heart, marking the location of the septum be- tween the two ventricles. — longitudinalis superior =s. sagittalis. — medianus lingua? median longitudinal raphe of the tongue, a slight longitudinal depression running forward on the dorsal surface of the tongue from the foramen caecum. — medianus posterior posterior median sulcus, posteromedian fissure, a shallow furrow in the median line of the posterior sur- face of the cord. — m. peronaei, 263 — mylohyo id eus a groove on the inner surface of the ramus of the man- dible leading to the opening of the inferior dental canal. — nervi radiahs groove for radial nerve, musculospiral groove, a furrow between the external epicondylic ridge of the humerus and the deltoid eminence, winding round the outer surface of the shaft, lodging the musculospiral (radial) nerve and the superior profunda artery. — nervi ulnaris groove for ulnar nerve, a furrow on the posterior surface of the internal epicondyle of the humerus, lodging the ulnar nerve. — obturatorius obturators, or groove, a broad , shallow furrow on the pel- vie surf ace of the pubis external to the obturator crest. — o;c.p:**V,ia lateralis one orseyeral variable fissures on the lateral aspect of the occipital lobe. SULCUS SUTURA 379 — occipitalis superior superior occipital s., one of several small and variable sulci separating the superior occipital gyri. — occipitalis transversus transverse occipital s., the extremity of the occipital ramus of the interparietal suture. — olfactorius a fissure on the inferior surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum, running parallel with the longitudinal fissure and separating the gyrus rectus from the orbital gyri. — orbitalis one of a number of irregularly disposed fissures on the inferior surface of each frontal lobe of the cerebrum, dividing it into the orbital gyri. — palatinus palatine groove, one of a number of grooves on the lower surface of the palatal process of the maxilla in which run the vessels and nerves of the hard palate. — paracentralis — paraglenoidalis paraglenoid groove, a furrow on the inner face of the ala of the ilium, at the border of the auricular surface. — parolfactorius anterior anterior parolfactory sulcus, a fissure separating the parolfactory area from the superior frontal gyrus. — parolfactorius posterior posterior parolfactory sulcus, a shallow groove on the medial surface of the hemisphere separating the sub- callosal gyrus from the parolfactory area. — petrosus inferior, 57 inferior petrosal groove; (1) a shallow groove on either side of the basilar portion of the occipital bone lodging the inferior petrosal sinus; (2) a groove, on the posterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone, lodging the inferior petrosal sinus. — petrosus superior, 57 superior petrosal groove, a groove on the superior border of the petrous portion of the temporal bone in which rests the superior petrosal sinus. — praecentralis, 38, 76, 97 precentral s., s. verticalis, an interrupted fissure ante- rior to and in general parallel with the fissure of Rolando, forming the anterior boundary of the gyrus centralis anterior. — promontorii a narrow groove running vertically over the surface of the promontory in the tympanum, lodging the tympanic nerve. — pterygopalatine, 11 pterygopalatine groove, a sulcus on the sphenoidal process and posterior surface of the vertical plate of the palate bone which, with grooves of the same name on the maxilla and pterygoid process of the sphenoid, form the canal of the same name, the inferior ex- tremity of which is the foramen palatinum majus. — saglttalis sagittal sulcus, superior longitudinal sulcus; a groove on the inner surface of the occipital bone which lodges the superior longitudinal sinus. — sigmoideus, 8, 57 sigmoid sulcus, sigmoid fossa or groove; a broad groove in the posterior cranial fossa, first situated on the lateral portion of the occipital bone, then curving around the jugular process on to the mastoid portion of the temporal bone, and finally turning sharply on the posterior inferior angle of the parietal bone and becoming continuous with the transverse groove; it lodges the lateral (transverse) sinus. — spiralis externus a concavity in the outer wall of the ductus cochlearis between the prominentia spiralis and the crista basilaris. — spiralis internus a concavity in the floor of the ductus cochlearis formed by the overhanging labium vestibulare. — subclavius a groove on the surface of the lung just below the apex, corresponding to the course of the subclavian artery. — sub pari oralis a fissure continuing the direction of the s. cinguli from where the pars marginalis of that fissure bends upward ; it forms the upper boundary of the posterior portion of the gyrus cinguli. —tali interosseous groove; a deep furrow on the under sur- face of the astragalus giving attachment to the interos- seous ligament. — temporalis inferior occipitotemporal s., on the under surface of the tcrn-p- lobe of the cerebrum, separating the inferior tempi from the fusiform (occipitotemporal) convolution. — temporalis medius second temporal s., on the lower part of the lateral surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, separating the middle and inferior temporal convolutions. — temporalis superior supertemporal s., first temporal s., parallel s., a long deep fis3ure running the whole length of the lateral surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, parallel with the lateral (Sylvian) fissure, separating the supe- rior and middle temporal convolu.ions; its posterior extremity, running into the parietal lobe, is deflected xipward and is capped by the angular gyrus, —temporalis transversus transverse temporal s., one of a number of transverse fissures on the surface of the temporal lobe of the cerebrum bordering on the lateral (Sylvian) fissure, running from the region of the superior temporal gyrus to the insula ; they separate the transverse temporal convolutions from each other. — terminalis a V-shaped groove, with apex pointing backward, on the surface of the tongue, marking the separation between the oral, or horizontal, and the pharyngeal, or vertical, parts of this organ; (2) a groove on the sur- face of the right atrium of the heart, marking the junction of the primitive sinus venosus with the atrium. — transversus, 8 groove on the inner surface of the parietal bone, at its posterior inferior angle, which receives the lateral venous sinus. — tubae auditivaa , a furrow on the inner surface of the posterior border of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone, for the car- tilaginous Eustachian tube. — tympanicus a groove in the tympanic ring in. which the circumfer- ence of the drum membrane is fixed. SUSTENACULUM — tali, 263 SUTURA — coronalis, 4, 10, 75-79 coronal suture, line of union of the frontal with the two parietal bones. — ethmoideomaxillaris, 47 ethmoideomaxillary suture, line of apposition of the orbital surface of the body of the maxilla with the lamina papyracea (os planum) of the ethmoid bone. — frontoethmoidalis, 47 line of union between the cribriform plate of the ethmoid and the orbital plate and posterior margin of the nasal process of the frontal bone. — frontolacrimalis, 47 line of union between the upper margin of the lacrimal and the orbital plate of the frontal. — frontomaxillaris articulation of the nasal process of the maxilla with the frontal bone. — intermaxillaris the line of union of the two superior maxillary bones. — internasalis line of union between the two nasal bones. — laCTimoconchalis line of union of the lacrymal with the inferior turbin- ated bone. — lacrimomaxillaris line of union, on the inner wall of the orbit, between the anterior and inferior margin of the lacrymal bone and the maxilla. — lambdoidea, 4, 8, 10, 79, 82 line of union between the occipital and two parietal bones. — nasofrontalis line of union of the frontal and of the two nasal bones. — nasomaxillaris line of union of the lateral margin of the nasal bone with the frontal process of the maxilla. — occipitomastoid ea, 4, 6, 8, 10, 55 continuation of the lambdoid suture between the posterior border of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone and the occipital. — palatina mediana, 6 line of union between the horizontal plates of the palate bones, continuing the intermaxillary suture poste- riorly. — palatina transversa, 6 line of union of the palatal processes of the maxilla? with the horizontal plates of the palate bones, -palatoethmoidalis ' motion of the orbital process of the palate the lamina papyracea, os planum, of the ethmoid. MMio^&u 380 SUTURA TRIGONUM ■ — palatomaxillaris line of union, in the floor of the orbit, between the orbital process of the palate bone and the orbital surface of the maxilla. — parietomastoid ea, 8 articulation of the posterior inferior angle of the parietal with the mastoid process of the temporal bone. — sagittalis, 75, 77 line of union between the two parietal bones. — spheno ethmo id alis line of union between the crest of the sphenoid bone and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid. — sphenofrontal, 4, 8, 47 line of union between the orbital plate of the frontal and the two wings of the sphenoid on either side. — sphenomaxillaris an inconstant suture between the pterygoid process of the sphenoid bone and the body of the maxilla. — sphenoorbitalis articulation between the orbital process of the palate bone and the outer surface of the body of the sphenoid. — sphenoparietalis, 4, 8, 10 line of union of the lower border of the parietal with the upper edge of the great wing of the sphenoid. — sphenosquamosa, 4, 6, 8 sphenosquamosal suture, articulation of the great wing of the sphenoid with the squamous portion of the temporal bone. — sphenozygomatica, 47 junction of the malar bone and greater wing of the sphenoid. — squamosa, 8, ro — squamomastoidea mastosquamosal suture, line of union of the squamous and mastoid portions of the temporal bone, fused in early life. — zygomaticofrontalis, 4, 47 line of union between the external angular or zygomatic process of the frontal and the frontal process of the malar bone. — zygomaticomaxillaris, 6, 47 articulation of the malar bone with the zygomatic process of the maxilla. — zygomaticotemporalis line of junction of the zygomatic process of the tem- poral and the temporal process of the malar bone. SYMPHYSIS — ossium pubis, 144 T^NIA — acustica = stria medullaris. — chorioidea, 43 the border of the chorioid plexus in the lateral ven- tricles. — coli t. of Valsalva, one of the three bands in which the longitudinal muscular fibers of the large intestine, except the rectum, are collected; these are called re- spectively: I. mesocolica, situated at the place cor- responding to the mesenteric insertion, t. libera, free band, opposite the mesocolic band, and t. omentalis at the place corresponding to the site of adhesion of the omentum to the transverse colon. — fimbriae, 43 tenia of the fimbria, the torn edge of the fimbria hippo- campi after removal of the chorioid plexus. — fornicis tenia of the fornix, the slightly dentated lateral border of each crus (anterior pillar) of the fornix. — hippDcampi =corpus fhnbriatum. — medullaris = stria medullaris. — setnicircularis = stria terminalis. — thalami tenia of the thalamus, thalamic tenia, the sharp edge or angle between the superior and inner or medial surfaces of the thalamus on either side; to it is attached the epithelial lamina forming the lining of the roof of the third ventricle. — ventriculi quarti tasnia of the fourth ventricle, the line of junction of the epithelial portion of the roof with the nerve substance. — ventriculi tertii= stria medullaris. TALUS, 262, 263, 267, 204, 295, 3X3 Ankle-bone, astragalus; the bone of the foot which articulates with the tibia and fibula to form the ankle- joint. TEGMEN — tympani, 57 TELA — chorioidea that portion of the pia mater which cc/v^flKwawtff/or/ any portion of the wall of a cerebral vferfflcleT* 7 " ™ — chorioidea inferior =t. chorioidea ventriculi quarti. — chorioidea inferior = t. chorioidea ventriculi tertii. — chorioidea ventriculi quarti chorioid tela of the fourth ventricle, t. chorioidea inferior, the fold of pia mater covering over the lower part of the roof or posterior wall of the fourth cerebral ventricle. — chorioidea ventriculi tertii velum interpositum, a double fold of pia mater between the fornix above and the epithelial roof of the third ventricle and the thalami below. — submucosa the layer of connective tissue beneath the tunica mucosa. — -submucosa pharyngis pharyngeal aponeurosis, pharyngobasilar fascia, the upper portion of the posterior wall of the pharynx, consisting of a fibrous membrane attached to the basilar process of the occipital bone. TENDO — calcaneus, 268, 270, 276, 277, 287, 288, 294, 310- 313 TESTIS, 144, 145, 180 THALAMUS, 71. 73 THYMUS, 134, 135. 158-160 TIBIA, 254,255, 260,261, 264,265, 268,271, 278,279, 288, 291, 293-296, 305-312 Shin-bone; the inner and larger of the two bones of the leg, articulating with the femur, fibula, and astragalus. TONSILLA — cerebslli, 84 — palatina, 68, 87-89 — pharyngea, 63 TORSUS — tubarius, 85 TRACHEA, 18, 31, 93, 95, no, m, 132-134, 147, 148, 155-160 TRACTUS — iliotibialis, 272-276, 285-286, 303, 305 iliotibial band, Maissiat's band, a 'fibrous reinforcement of the fascia lata on the outer surface of the thigh, extending from the crest of the ilium to the external tuberosity of the tibia. — olfactorius, 42, 44 a narrow whitish band lying in the olfactory sulcus on the under surface of the frontal lobe of the brain, terminating anteriorly in the olfactory bulb and poste- riorly in the olfactory trigone. — opticus, 44, 81 optic tract, a flattened white band extending forward on either side from the geniculate bodies and pulvinar of the thalamus to the optic chiasm. — solitarius respiratory bundle, a small isolated tract, anterior and external to the nucleus of the ala cinerea, composed of the afferent fibers of the vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves. — 'Spinalis nervi trigemini spinal tract of the trigeminal nerve, ascending root of the trigeminal nerve, a bundle of fibers of the 5th nerve running down from the sensory nucleus on the outer side of the gray column formed by the substantia gelatinosa Rolandi, into which the fibers gradually enter. TRIGONUM — collateral, 43 — deltoideopectorale Mohrenheim's fossa, a space between the pectoralis major and deltoid muscles, below the clavicle. — femorale Scarpa's triangle, a triangular space at the upper and inner part of the thigh, bounded by the sartorius and adductor longus muscles and the inguinal (Poupart's) ligament. — lumbale, 121 Petit's lumbar triangle, an interval bounded by the edges of the latissimus dorsi and obliquus externus muscles and the crest of the ilium. —nervi hypoglossi trigone cf the hypoglossal nerve, a slight elevation in the fo/ea inferior of the fourth ventricle, beneath which is the nucleus of origin of the 12th cranial nerve. — olfactonum olfactory trigone, a grayish triangular area forming the posterior extremity of the olfactory tract where it diverges into the three roots, or olfactory stria; the trigone lies just above the optic nerve near the chiasm. — omo clavicular e n>7;^i^j^ t ^ angle ' ^ triangle bounded by the clavicle, IVIIOF&S&FP&oid muscle, and the sternocleidomastoid muscle. — vesicse, 146 TROCHANTER TUBERCULUM 381 TROCHANTER —major, 149, 177, 254. 25s, 258, 259, 273, 274. 278, 285 — minor, 254, 255, 258, 259, 278 TROCHLEA — humeri, 194, 195 — tali, 270 TRCTNCUS — corporis callosi, 71 trunk or body of the corpus callosum, the main arched portion of the corpus callosum. — costocervicalis the beginning of the superior intercostal artery, re- garded as an independent trunk giving off two branches — an ascending, cervicalis profunda, and a descending, intercostalis suprema. — intestinalis, 124 intestinal lymphatic trunk, conveying lymph from the lower part of the liver, the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and small intestine; it discharges into the cisterna chyli. — jugularis, 14 jugular lymphatic trunk or duct, one on each side, con- veying the lymph from the head and neck; that on the right side empties into the right lymphatic duct, that on the left into the thoracic duct. — lumbalis, 124 lumbar lymphatic trunk, one of two lymphatic ducts conveying lymph from the lower extremities, pelvic viscera and walls, large intestine, kidneys, and supra- renal capsules; they discharge into the cisterna chyli. — lumbosacralis, 128, 140, 175 a large nerve, formed by the union of the fifth lumbar and first sacral, with a branch from the fourth lumbar nerve, which enters into the formation of the sacral plexus. — subclavius, 14 subclavian lymphatic trunk or duct, formed by the union of the vessels draining the lymph-nodes of the left upper extremity, emptying into the thoracic duct at the root of the neck. — sympathicus, 27, 29, 36, 90-92, 129, 133-135, 140, 155. 156, 158, 159. 161-166, 168-173 sympathetic trunk. — thyreocervicalis, 219 thyroid axis; a short arterial trunk arising from the subclavian and dividing generally into three branches — thyreoidea inferior, transversa colli, and transversa scapulae. TTJBA — auditiva, 55, 58, 60-63, 73. 85. 105 auditory tube, Eustachian tube, a tube leading from the tympanic cavity to the nasopharynx. — Eastachii =tuba auditiva. TUBER — calcanei, 255* 263, 267, 270, 277, 288 calcanean tuber, 1 the posterior extremity of the calcaneus, or os calcis, forming the projection of the heel. — cinereum a small slightly raised area of gray matter in the interpeduncular space between the corpora mamillaria and the optic chasm. — corporis callosi = splenium corporis callosi. — frontale frontal eminence; the most prominent portion of the forehead on either side. — ischiadicum, 178, 257 tuberosity of the ischium ; a rough pyrif orm mass at the angle formed by the two rami of the ischium. — omentale a prominence at the junction of the neck and body of the pancreas, which projects against the small omen- tum when the stomach is distended. — parietale parietal tuber, parietal eminence, a prominent portion of the parietal bone, a little above the center of its external surface, usually corresponding to the point of maximum width of the head. — radii tuberositas radii. — vermis tuber of the vermis, tuber valvulae, the posterior division of the inferior vermis of the cerebellum. — zy g maticum a slight prominence near the origin of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone. TUBERCULUM — acusticum the dorsal nucleus of the cochlear nerve. -— anterius (aflantis) rJinifi-roW Kiv anterior tubercle of the atlas, a coniaM/^c>t2ca&»cy on the anterior surface of the arch of the atlas. — anterius (thalami) anterior tubercle of the thalamus, the prominent anterior extremity of the thalamus which projects into the lateral ventricle. — articular e, 12 articular eminence of the zygomatic process of the temporal bone which bounds the glenoid or mandibular fossa anteriorly; it forms the anterior root of the zygoma. — caroticum Chassaignac's tubercle; the anterior tubercle of the transverse process of the sixth cervical vertebra. — cinereum, 44 gray tubercle, the. bulbous extremity in the medulla oblongata of the posterior horn or column of the spinal cord. — corniculatum Santorini's corniculate tubercle, a rounded eminence on the posterior part of the aryepiglottic fold, formed by the underlying corniculate cartilages. — costae tubercle of a rib, the knob on a rib, near its head, which articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra. — cuneiforme Wrisberg's tubercle, a rounded eminence on the poste- rior part of the aryepiglottic fold, formed by the underlying cuneiform cartilage. — epiglotticum cushion of the epiglottis; a convexity at the lower part of the epiglottis over the upper part of the thyroepi- glottic ligament. — hypoglossi=trigonum nervi hypoglossi. — inter condylo id eum intercondyloid tubercle of the tibia, one of two pro- jections (t. i. mediate, or inner tubercle, and /. z. lalerale or outer tubercle) springing from the central lip of each articular surface of the tibia on either side of the intercondyloid eminence or spine. — jugulare jugular tubercle, an oval elevation on the cerebral surface of the lateral part of the occipital bone, on either side of the foramen magnum. — majus humeri, 194. 195 larger tubercle, greater tuberosity of the humerus, the posterior of two.tubercles just external to the anatomi- cal neck. — mallei short process of the malleus =processus lateralis mallei. — -mentale mental tubercle, a prominence on the lower border of the mandible on either side of the mental protuber- ance. — minus humeri, 194 smaller tubercle, lesser tuberosity of the humerus, the anterior of two tubercles just external to the anatomical neck. — obturatorium obturator tubercle, one of two processes, anterior and posterior, on the margin of the pubic portion of the obturator foramen, bounding the termination of the obturator groove. — ossis multanguli majoris a prominent ridge on the trapezium (os multangulum majus) forming the external border of the groove in which runs the tendon of the flexor carpi radialis. — ossis navicularis, 204 tuberosity of the scaphoid, a projection at the inferior lateral angle of the navicular (scaphoid) bone. — pharyngeum, 13 a projection from the under surface of the basilar por- tion of the occipital bone, giving attachment to the fibrous raphe of the pharynx. — posterius (atlantis) a protuberance at the posterior extremity of the arch of the atlas, a rudiment of the spinous process. — posterius (thalami) =pulvinar. — pubicum, 177. 257, 284 pubic spine, a small projection at the anterior ex- tremity of the crest of the pubis. — scale ai scalene tubercle of Lisfranc, a small spine on the inner edge of the first rib. — seUse tubercle of the saddle, olivary eminence, the slight elevation in front of the pituitary fossa on the body of the sphenoid bone. — thyreoideum inferius - -. a slight-lateral projection from the lower margin of the MlG^SwlB8ki\a.ge on either side, at the beginning of the inferior notch. 382 TUBERCULUM VALVULA — thyreoideum superius a blunt projection on the outer surface of the thyroid cartilage on either side near the posterior portion of the upper margin. TUBEROSITAS — coracoidea conoid tubercle; a projection from the posterior border of the clavicle near its acromial end. — costse secundse tuberosity of the second rib a rough oval area, about the middle of the outer surface and lower border of the rib. — costalis rhomboid impression; an irregular pitted area on the inferior surface of the clavicle at its sternal end. — deltoidea, 194 a rough elevation about the middle of the outer side of the shaft of the humerus. — femoris externa =epicondylus lateralis. a projection on the outer surface of the external condyle of the femur, giving attachment to the gastrocnemius muscle. — femoris interna = epicondylus medialis. a projection on the outer surface of the internal condyle of the femur. — glutaja, 259 the point of insertion in the upper portion of the shaft of the femur of the greater part of the gluteus maximus muscle; when markedly developed this tuberosity is called the third trochanter. — iliaca a rough area above the auricular surface on the outer aspect of the ala of the ilium. — infraglenoidalis a rough surface below the glenoid cavity of the scapula. — masseterica a roughened surface on the external aspect of the angle of the mandible. — maxill e =tuber maxillare. — ossis cuboidei a slight eminence on the external surface of the cuboid bone, capped with an articular facet for a sesamoid bone in the tendon of the peroneus longus muscle. — ossis metatarsals primi / 263 a tubercle at the base ot the bone to which is attached the tendoi of the peroneus longus muscle. — ossis metatarsals quinti, 262, 263, 314 a tubercle at the base of this bone to the posterior part of which is attached the tendon of the peroneus brevis muscle. — ossis navicularis a rounded eminence on the inner surface of the navicu- lar bone of the tarsus, giving attachment to a part of the tendon of the tibialis posterior muscle. — pterygoiiea a roughened area on the internal aspect of the angle of the mandible, giving attachment to fibers of the inter- nal pterygoid muscle. — radii, 196 bicipital tuberosity, an oval projection from the inner surface of the radius just below the neck, giving attach- ment on its posterior half to the tendon of the biceps. — sacralis, 3 a prominence on the lateral surface of the sacrum below the auricular surface. — supra glenoid a lis a rough surface above the glenoid cavity of the scapula, giving attachment to the tendon of the long head of the triceps. — tibia?, 260, 264, 266, 272, 273, 275, 292, 296, 306 anterior tuberosity, or tubercle of the tibia; an oval elevation on the anterior surface of the tibia about an * inch below the upper end, giving attachment at its lower part to the ligamentum patellae. — ttbis externa =condylus lateralis. — tibie interna =condylus medialis. — ulna;, 196, 236 a prominence at the lower border of the anterior sur- face of the coronoid process. — unguicularis a roughened raised surface of horseshoe shape on the palmar surface of the distal end of the terminal or ungual phalanx of each finger and toe. TUNICA — albuginea corporum cavernosorum a strong fibrous membrane enveloping each corpus cavernosum penis. — albuginea lienis tunica propria lienis, the fibrous capsule of the spleen, containing elastic fibers and involuntary muscular tissue. —albuginea ocuii Digitized by the sclerotic coat of the eye. — albuginea testis a thick white fibrous membrane forming the outer coat of the testicle. — conjunctiva, 50, 52 the mucous membrane investing the anterior surface of the eyeball and the inner surface of the lids. — cornea t. fibrosa, including t. cornea opaca, the sclerotic, and t. cornea pellucida, the cornea. — mucosa, 63 the mucous coat, as of the intestine or vas deferens, mucous membrane. — muscularis the muscular, usually middle, layer of a tubular struc- ture. — serosa a serous membrane. — submucosal tela submucosa. — vaginalis communis, 145 a layer of fascia, continuous with the transversalis fascia of the abdomen, enveloping the testicle and spermatic cord in the scrotum, outside of the t. vaginalis propria. — vaginalis propria testis the serous sheath of the testicle and epididymis, derived from the peritoneum; it consists of an outer, fibrous, layer, lamina parietalis, and an inner, serous] layer, lamina visceralis. TURBINATE =concha. TYMPANUM, 59-62 The ear-drum, the middle ear, the cavity in the petrous portion of the temporal bone which lodges the ossicles; it is closed externally by the membrana tympani, communicates with the nasopharynx through the Eustachian tube, and with the mastoid cells, and is lined with mucous membrane. ULNA, 192, 193, 202-205, 226-230, 236-240 The inner and larger of the two bones of the forearm, articulates with the humerus and radius. UMBILICUS, 142, 154 UNCUS, 43 URETER, 115, 130, 138-142, 144, 154, 167-176, 186 The tube conducting the urine from the kidney to the bladder. URETHRA — virilis, 145-147, 177-179 the male urethra, a canal about eight inches in length opening at the extremity of the glans penis; it gives passage to the spermatic fluid as well as the urine. UTRICULUS, 61 — prostaticus, 145 UVULA, 87 — palatina, 68, 73 VASA — afferentia, 19 — efferentia, 19 VALVULA — bicuspiialis bicuspid valve, mitral valve, left auriculoventricular valve, the valve closing the orifice between the left auricle (atrium) and ventricle of the heart; its two cusps are called anterior and posterior. — coli, 15A, 174 ileocecal valve, two folds of mucous membrane, formed by a projection of the termination of the ileum into the cavity of the large intestine. — initialise v. bicuspidalis, 114, 162 — processus vermiformis a fold of mucous membrane at the opening of the vermiform appendix into the cecum. — pylori a prominent fold of mucous membrane at the pyloric orifice of the stomach, enclosing the sphincter pylori. — semilunaris, 147, 161 one of three semilunar segments serving as the three cusps of a valve preventing regurgitation at the beginning of the aorta; a similar valve guards the entrance of the pulmonary artery; the segments are named, respectively, v. s. anterior, dextra, and sinistra in the right ventricle, and v. s. posterior, dextra, and sinistra in the left ventricle. — sinus coronarii Thebesian valve, coronary valve, an endocardial fold at the orifice of the coronary sinus in the right auricle (atrium) of the heart. — spiralis valve of Heister, a series of crescentic folds of the mucous membrane of the cystic bile-duct directed obliquely around the inner surface of the ca al. "IG$3mgfflWa.We, right auriculoventricular valve, the valve closing the orifice between the right auricle VALVULA VENA 383 (atrium) and ventricle of the heart ; its three cusps are called anterior or infundibular, right or marginal, and posterior or septal. — venae cavse inferioris, 162 valve of the inferior vena cava, Eustachian valve, an endocardial fold extending from the anterior inferior margin of the interior vena cava to the anterior part of the limbus fossa? ovalis. VAS DEFERENS =ductus deferens. VENA — acr omio thoracica = v. thoracoacromialis. — angularis, 41, 82, 84-86 a short vein at the anterior angle of the orbit, formed by the supraorbital and frontal veins and continuing as the anterior facial. — anonyma, 27, 31, 41, 116, 124, 131, 150, 153, 158, 181 innominate or brachiocephalic vein; formed by the union of the jugularis interna and subclavia; tributaries; the right (anonyma dextra) receives the right vertebralis and mammaria interna, and the right lymphatic duct; the left (anonyma sinistra) receives the left vertebralis, mammaria interna, intercostalis suprema, thyreoidea ima, and various pericardial, bronchial, and medias- tinal vrins. — auditiva interna one of two veins accompanying each internal auditory artery; they drain the internal ear, pass out through the internal auditory meatus, and empty into the lateral sinus or the posterior part of the inferior petrosal sinus. — auricularis anterior anterior auricular vein, one of several emptying into the posterior facial. — auricularis posterior, 25, 32 posterior auricular vein, drains the parietal and poste- rior portion of the temporal regions, and unites with the posterior facial to form the external jugular. — axillaris, 27, 107, 130, 153, 158, 159 axillary vein, is a continuation of the basilic, running from the lower border of the teres major muscle to the outer border of the first rib where it becomes the sub- clavian. — azygos, 124, 132-134, 147, 161, 163, 164 azygos vein, v. azygos major, arises from the right ascending lumbar vein or the vena cava inferior, ascends through the aortic orifice of the diaphragm, lies in the posterior mediastinum, and terminates in the vena cava superior. — azygos major =v. azygos. — azygos minor inferior =v. hemiazygos. — azygos minor superior = v. hemiazygos accessoria. — basalis basilar vein, vein of Rosenthal, a vein which ascends from the base of the brain to empty into the internal cerebral. — basilaris =v. basalis. — basilica, 219, 230-241, 246, 250 basilic vein, arises at the upper part of the bend of the elbow by the union of the median basilic and the posterior ulnar veins, or arises from the dorsal plexus of the hand following the course usually described as taken by one of the ulnar veins; it joins the brachial veins to form the axillary. — brachialis, 221, 222, 231-235, 250 one of two veins in the upper arm accompanying the brachial artery and emptying into the axillary vein — bracbiocephalica =v. anonyma. — bronchialis one of many running in front of and behind the bronchial tubes and uniting into two main trunks which empty on the right side into the vena azygos, on the left into the vena hemiazygos accessoria or the left superior intercostal. — canaliculi cochlea? runs from the cochlea to the bulb of the jugular vein. — canalis pterygoidei Vidian vein, a vein accompanying the Vidian artery through the pterygoid canal and emptying into the pharyngeal vein. — cardiaca magna = v. cordis magna. — cava inferior, 132, 138-141,-153, 163-172 m receives the blood from the lower extremities and the greater part of the pelvic and abdominal organs; it begins at the level of the fifth lumbar vertebra on the right side, pierces the diaphragm at the level of the eighth dorsal vertebra, passes through the anterior mediastinum and_ empties into the back part of the right atrium (auricle) of the heart. — cava superior, 31, 33, 124, 133, 134, 147, 148, 159. 161, 181 receives blood from the head and p£ck,,uppeE ex- tremities, and thorax; tributaries, formetf^yZ&tfpnV^f the two vense anonymas, receives also v. azygos. — vena? cavernosas penis the cavernous venous spaces in the erectile tissue of the penis. — centralis retinae central vein of the retina, formed by union of the retinal veins and accompanies the artery of the same name in the optic nerve. — cephalica, 14, 25-27, 31, 218, 219, 228, 230-239, 245 arises at the point of union of one of the radial veins and the median cephalic, or arises from the dorsal plexus of the hand following the course usually de- scribed as that of the radial veins; it empties into the upper part of the axillary vein. — cerebelli one of the numerous cerebellar veins; the superior drain the upper surface of the cerebellum and empty into the straight and the transverse sinuses; the inferior drain the under surface and empty into the inferior petrosal and transverse sinuses. — cerebri inferior one of numerous cerebral veins which drain the under surface of the cerebral hemispheres and empty into the cavernous and transverse sinuses. — cerebri interna, 81 v. Galeni, one of two veins running in the tela chori- oidea of the third ventricle, formed by the^union of the chorioid and terminal veins, and emptying into the v. cerebri magna. — cerebri magna, 9, 80 v. magna Galeni, formed by junction of the two inter- nal cerebral veins, runs in the transverse cerebral fissure, and empties into the straight sinus which forms a continuation of it. — cerebri media, 81 in the lateral cerebral fissure, anastomosing with the superior ophthalmic, and emptying into the spheno- parietal sinus. — cerebri superior, 75, 77 one of numerous veins which drain the surface of the cerebral hemisphere and empty into the superior sagittal sinus or the lateral lacunae. — cervicalis profunda, 32, 41 deep cervical vein, runs with the artery of the same name between the semispinalis capitis and semispinalis cervicis and empties into the anonyma or the verte- bralis. — cervicalis transversa =v. transversa colli. — chorioidea drains the lateral ventricle and chorioid plexus and unites with the terminal vein to form the v. cerebri interna, or Galen's vein. — ciliaris one of several small veins, anterior and posterior, com- ing from the ciliary body. — circumflexa femoris medialis, 290, 322, 323 — circumflexa ilium profunda, 140, 173. 174. 3*8 deep circumflex iliac vein, corresponds to the artery of the same name, and empties, near or in a common trunk with the deep epigastric, into the external iliac vein. — circumflexa ilium superficialis superficial circumflex iliac vein, corresponding to the artery of the same name, emptying usually into the saphena magna, or sometimes into the femoral. — circumflexa scapulas, 159 — colica dextra, 170-174 — comes =v. comitans. — comitans accompanying vein, a deep vein following the same course as its corresponding artery. — comitans nervi hypoglossi runs with the hypoglossal nerve below and to the outer side of the hypoglossus muscle, emptying usually into the lingualis. — cordis anterior one of two or three small veins in the anterior wall of the right ventricle opening into the right atrium independently of the sinus coronarius. — cordis magna, 161 . v. cardiaca magna, left coronary vein, a tributary of the sinus coronarius, beginning at the apex and run- ning in the anterior interventricular sulcus. — cordis media, 163 , inferior cardiac, inferior interventricular: begins at the apex of the heart and passes through the inferior interventricular sulcus to the sinus coronanus. — cordis minima Thebesian vein, one of a number of small veins com- mencing in the walls of the heart and opening sepa- rately into the atria or ventricles. _ _r- cordis jarya M/C£©&OS@iac vein, an inconstant vessel, accompany- ing the right coronary artery in the coronary sulcus, 384 VENA VENA from the right margin of the right ventricle, and empties into the coronary sinus or the middle cardiac vein. — coronaria ventriculi, 165 coronary vein of the stomach arises in the gastrohepatic omentum, from a union of veinlets from both surfaces of the stomach} it follows a tortuous course through the gastrohepatic omentum, the left and then the right pancreaticogastric folds, and empties into the portal vein. — costoaxillaris costoaxillary vein, one of a number of anastomotic veins connecting the intercostal veins of the 1st to 7th intercostal spaces with the lateral thoracic or the thoracoepigastric vein. — diploica, 41, 72, 78-80 one of numerous veins in the diploe of the cranial bones, connected with the cerebral sinuses by emissary veins. \ — dorsalis linguae a tributary of the lingualis. — dorsalis penis, 144, 145, 150, 178 an unpaired vein running between the two dorsal veins of the penis and emptying, usually by two forks, into the prostaticovesical plexus. — epigastrica inferior, 140, 175. 318 deep epigastric vein, corresponds to the artery of the same name and empties into the external iliac vein. — epigastricTa profunda =v. epigastrica inferior. — epigastrica supcrficialis drains the lower and inner part of the abdominal wall and empties into the saphena magna or long saphenous vein. — epigastrica superior one of the venss comitantes of the artery of the same name, tributaries of the. mammaria interna. — facialis anterior, 14, 18, 20-23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 41, 87-90, 104 a continuation of the angular vein at the inner angle of the orbit passes diagonally downward and outward, uniting with the posterior facial in the carotid fossa, below the border of the lower jaw, to form the com- mon facial. — facialis communis, 22-23, 26, 28, 31, 41, 92, no, 155 arises in the carotid fossa from the union of the anterior and posterior facial veins, and empties into the exter- nal jugular. — facialis posterior, 20, 21, 23, 25, 27, 28, 31, 41, 85 temporomaxillary vein, formed by the union of the ' temporal veins in front of the ear, runs behind the ramus of the lower jaw through the parotid gland, and unites with the anterior facial to form the common facial. — femoralis, 116, 118, 119, 124, 147, 177-180, 182, 284, 290, 296-302, 318, 319, 321-323 accompanies the femoral artery in the same sheath, being a continuation of the popliteal vein, and becomes the external iliac vein at the level of Poupart's liga- ment, a little to the inner side of its center. — frontalis," 20, 41, 77 one of several veins which drain the front part of the scalp and unite with the supraorbital to form the angular. — Galeni, see v. cerebri interna and v. cerebri magna. — gastrica =vena coronaria. venae gastricae breves short gastric veins, in the wall of the stomach emptying into the coronary vein. — glutaea inferior, 176, 177; 179' inferior gluteal vein, sciatic'lvein, one of the vena? ■comitantes of the branches oftrre sciatic artery uniting at the sciatic foramen to form a common .trunk which empties into the hypogastric, or internal iliac, vein. — glutaea superior, 130, 175 superior gluteal vein, one of the veins which accompany the gluteal artery, entering the pelvis as two veins which unite into one and empty into the hypogastric, or internal iliac, vein. — hsemorrhoidalis hemorrhoidal vein, see plexus h&morrhoidalis. —hsemorrhoidalis superior, 172, 173 superior hemorrhoidal vein, drains the greater part of the hemorrhoidal plexus, and ascends between the layers of the mesorectum to the brim of the pelvis, where it becomes the inferior mesenteric. — hemiazygos, 135, 163 v. azygos minor inferior, begins in the epigastric region, pierces the left crus of the diaphragm, ascends along the left side of the bodies of the lower dorsal vertebrae, opposite the eighth vertebra crosses the front oj the spine, behind the aorta, thoracic ducl£if^M|^gW and empties into the vena azygos. — hemiazygos accessoria, 135. 164 v. azygos' minor superior, formed by the union of the 4th to 7th left posterior intercostal veins, passes up- ward along the side of the bodies of the 5th, 6th, and 7th dorsal vertebrae, then crosses the spine behind the aorta, esophagus, and thoracic duct, and empties into the vena azygos. — venae hepaticae, 139, 153, 163-166 — hypogastrica, 153, 174, 175 internal iliac vein, runs from the upper border of the great sciatic notch to the brim of the pelvis where it joins the external iliac to form the common iliac; it drains most of the territory supplied by the internal iliac artery. — iliaca communis, 139, 140, 144, 173 formed by the union of the external and internal iliac veins at the brim of the pelvis and passes upward behind the internal iliac artery to the right side of the body of the fifth lumbar vertebra where it unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. — iliaca externa, 140, 142, 174-176, 290 a direct continuation of the femoral above the inguinal (Poupart's) ligament, uniting with the hypogastric (internal iliac) to form the common iliac vein. — iliaca interna =v. hypogastrica. — iliocolica, 1 71-173 — iliolumbalis, 173-174 accompanying the artery of the same name, anasto- mosing with the lumbar and deep circumflex iliac .veins, and emptying into the hypogastric. — innominate =v. anonyma. — intercapitularis one of the veins connecting the dorsal and volar veins in the hand, the dorsal and plantar veins in the foot. — intercostalis, 134, 135, 158, 159. 166, 167. one of the intercostal veins; the anterior are tributaries of the musculophrenic or internal mammary veins ; the posterior terminate variably; on the right side the 1st terminates in the vertebral, the 2d to 4th form a com- mon trunk, v. intercostalis suprema dextra, which empties into the azygos, the 5th to nth empty sepa- rately into the azygos ; on the left side the first empties into the vertebral or anonyma, the 2d to 4th form the v. intercostalis suprema sinistra, which empties into the left anonyma, the 5th to 8th empty into the hemiazygos accessoria, and the 9th to nth into the hemiazygos. — intercostalis suprema intercostalis superior, highest (superior) intercostal vein; a trunk formed by the 2d, 3d, and 4th posterior intercostal veins; empties, on the right side, into the azygos, on the left into the anonyma. — interlobularis branches of the portal vein in the liver dividing up into a network of capillaries which again unite to form the hepatic veins. — intervertebralis, 156 intervertebral vein, one of numerous veins accompany- ing the spinal nerves, emptying in the neck into the vertebral, in the thorax into the intercostal, in the lumbar and sacral regions into the lumbar and sacral veins. — intestinalis, 170-172 — ischiadic^ =v. glutaea inferior. — jugularis anterior, 26, 31, 92, 107. no, I5.5-I57 arises on the digastric muscle from veins from the lower Up and mental region, descends in the anterior portion of the neck superficially, pierces the superficial layer of the deep fascia, passes through Burns's t space, and turns outward to empty into the external jugular at the outer border of the scalenus anticus muscle. — jugularis externa, 16, 18, 20, 25-28, 31, 32, 41, 85, 87- 91, 93. 107-108, no, 130, 148, 153, 1^5-157 formed below the parotid gland by; the junction of the posterior auricular and the posterior facial (temporo- maxillary) it passes down the side of the neck external to the sternocleidomastoid muscle to the anterior part of the subclavian portion of the posterior triangle of the neck, where it crosses in front of the third portion of the subclavian artery and empties into the sub- clavian vein. — jugularis externa posterior begins in the upper and back part of the neck, super- ficially, and runs downward >and forward tp empty into the external jugular at the posterior edge of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. — jugularis interna, 14, 16-18, 25-28, 30, 31, 33. 41. 60, 71, 85-93. 107-110, 124, 130, 131, 133. 134. 153. 155-157 A>7i\~&^ c $P» 1 '#Vfe$ t i on °f *k e transverse sinus of the dura /W/Cfiy^/Siftfting, behind the cartilage of the first rib. with the subclavian to form the innominate (anonyma) ; VENA VENA 385 tributaries, occipitalis thyreoidea superior, lingualis, facialis communis, facialis posterior, facialis anterior, pharyngeal, meningeal, and the vena comitans nervi hypoglossi. — labialis inferior a tributary of the anterior facial vein draining the lower lip. — labialis superior superior labial vein taking blood from the upper lip and discharging into the anterior facial vein. — lacrimals, 9 — lienalis, 139, 151, 153, 165-167 splenic vein, arises by the union of several small veins at the hilus on the anterior surface of the spleen, passes backward to the left kidney, then runs behind the upper border of the pancreas to the neck of the pancreas where it joins the superior mesenteric to form the portal. — lingualis, 89. 90, 104 receives blood from the tongue, sublingual and sub- maxillary glands, and muscles of the floor of the mouth; empties into the jugularis interna or the facialis communis. ■ — lumbalis ascendens, 140, 171 arises from the sacral and lumbar veins and at the diaphragm becomes the azygos vein on the right side, the hemiazygos vein on the left. — mammaria interna, 31, 159, 161, 162, 164, 181 usually two veins accompany each artery of the same name, fusing into one at the upper part of the thorax and emptying into the anonyma of the same side. venae masseteric;* plexiform veins accompanying arteries of the same name, which empty into the pterygoid venous plexus. — mediana antibrachii median vein of the forearm, begins at the base of the dorsum of the thumb, curves around the radial side, ascends the middle of forearm, and just below the bend of the elbow divides into the median basilic and median cephalic veins; sometimes it divides lower down, one branch going to the basilic, the other to the median vein of the elbow. — mediana basilica the inner branch of the median, mediana antibrachii, which becomes the basilic when joined by the upper of the ulnar veins, the posterior ulnar. — mediana cephalica the outer branch of the median, mediana antibrachii, which becomes the cephalic when joined by the radial. — mediana colli occasionally present, due to fusion of the two anterior jugular veins. — mediana cubiti median vein of the elbow, a vein which passes across the bend of the elbow from the cephalic to the basilic; more commonly the vein in this location is called the median basilic. — mediastinalis anterior one of several small veins from the mediastinum empty- ing into the anonyma or the vena cava superior. — meningea one of several small veins from the cerebral meninges emptying into the jugularis interna. — mesenterica inferior, 153, 1 69-1 71 a continuation of the superior hemorrhoidal at the brim of the pelvis, ascending to the left of the aorta behind the peritoneum and emptying into the splenic. — mesenterica superior, 131, 139. 150, 153, 168-170 begins at the ileum in the right iliac fossa, ascends in the root of the mesentery, and unites behind the neck of the pancreas with the splenic vein to form the portal. — venae metacarpeae dorsales dorsal metacarpal veins, given off from the digital venous arches, from the dorsal venous rete of the hand, from which extend the cephalic and basilic veins. — venae metacarpeae volares volar metacarpal veins emptying into the deep t venous arch from which the radial and ulnar veins arise. venae metatarseae dorsales , dorsal metatarsal veins arising from the dorsal digital veins, forming the dorsal venous arch of the foot, and emptying into the long saphenous vein. — venae metatarseae plantares plantar metatarsal veins, formed from the plantar digital veins, constituting the deep plantar venous arch, and emptying into the small saphenous vein. — obliqua atrii sinistri, 161 oblique vein of Marshall; a small vein on the posterior wall of the left atrium, a tributary of the sinus cor- onarius; it is developed from the left duct of Cuvier. — obturatoria, i7S- T 77> 322 UlylUZVU Uy obturator vein, formed by the union of tributaries draining the hip and the muscles of the upper and back part of the thigh; it enters the pelvis by_ the obturator foramen and runs backward to empty into the hypo- gastric (internal iliac) vein. — occipitalis, 20, 25, 26, 41, 72, 76-79. 85 drains the occipital region and empties into the inter- nal jugular or the suboccipital plexus. — cesophagea one of several small venous trunks bringing blood from the esophagus and emptying into the anonyma or the vena cava superior. — ophthalmica inferior, 41 arises from the inferior palpebral and lacrymal and divides into two terminal branches, one of which runs to the pterygoid plexus whUe the other joins the supe- rior ophthalmic or empties into the cavernous sinus. — ophthalmica superior, 9, 41, 50, 51, 53. 81-83 begins anteriorly from the nasofrontal vein, passes along the upper part of the inner wall of the orbit, passes out above the optic nerve and descends to empty into the cavernous sinus. -palatina drains the palatine region and empties into the ante- rior facial, — palpebralis one of the veins of the upper and lower eyelids, empty- ing for the most part into the anterior facial. — venae pancreaticae pancreatic veins, emptying into the superior mesenteric vein; one of the roots of the portal vein. — parotidea anterior one of several veins which, draining part of the parotid gland, empty into the anterior facial. — parotidea posterior draining part of the parotid gland and emptying into the posterior facial. — pericardiaca ' one of several small veins from the pericardium empty- ing into the anonyma or vena cava superior. — peronaea, 306-308, 310 — pharyngea, 89 one of several veins from the pharyngeal plexus empty- ing into the jugularis interna. — phrenica inferior drains the substance of the diaphragm and empties on the right side into the vena cava, on the left side into the left suprarenal vein. — phrenica superior one of the veins accompanying the pericardiacophrenica artery and emptying into the anonyma or vena cava superior. — poplitaea, 285. 296, 302-306, 326 arises at the lower border of the poplitasus muscle by the union of the tibial veins, ascends through the popliteal space, and pierces the adductor magnus muscle to become the femoral vein. — portaa, 139, 153. 166, 167, 169 a wide short vein formed by the superior mesenteric and splenic (v. lienalis) behind the neck of the pancreas, ascending in front of the inferior vena cava, and dividing at the right end of the transverse fissure of the liver into two branches, right and left, which break up into numerous capillaries ramifying in the right and left lobes, respectively, of the liver. — posterior ventriculi sinistri posterior vein of the left ventricle of the heart, arises on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart near the apex, runs parallel to the longitudinal sulcus and empties with the vena cordis magna. — profunda femoris, 180, 297-301, 320 — pudenda interna, 143 — venae pudendae externae these correspond to the arteries of the same name, they empty into the long saphenus or directly into_ the femoral, and receive the subcutaneous dorsal vein of the penis (clitoris) and the anterior scrotal (labial) veins. — pulmonalis, 132-135. *53. 160, 161 one of four veins, two on each side, conveying the blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. — pylorica receives the veinlets from both surfaces of the upper portion of the stomach, runs to the right along the lesser curvature of the stomach, and empties into the portal vein. — radialis, 236, 250 arises from the dorsal venous plexus of the hand, ascends the forearm passing to the flexor side, and empties into the cephalic. a a • — radialia raofunda /W/C/a3£jO»atBal vein, one of several veins continuing the deep palmar veins on the outer side, and accompany- ing the radial artery. 386 VENA VENTRICULUS venee renales, 140, 141, 150, 153, 165. 167, 168 renal veins, accompanying the arteries of the same name, open at right angles into the vena cava at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. — sacralis lateralis one of several veins which accompany the correspond- ing arteries and empty into the internal iliac (hypo- gastric) vein on each side. — sacralis media, 140, 174 the vena comitans of the middle sacral artery empty- ing into the left common iliac vein. — saphena accessoria an occasional vein running in the thigh parallel to the long saphenous which it joins just before the latter empties into the femoral vein. — saphena brevis =v. saphena parva. — saphena externa = v. saphena parva. — saphena interna =v. saphena magna. — saphena longa =v. saphena magna. — saphena magna= 124, 153, 284, 286, 288, 296, 318, 322, 323, 32s long or internal saphenous vein, formed by the union of the dorsal vein of the great toe and the dorsal venous arch of the foot, ascends in front of the inner malleolus, behind the inner condyle of the femur, and empties into the femoral vein in the upper part of Scarpa's tri- angle. — saphena parva, 326 short or external saphenous vein, arises on the outer side of the foot from a union of the dorsal vein of the little toe with the dorsal venous arch, ascends behind the outer malleolus, along the outer border of the tendo Achillis and then through the middle of the calf to the lower portion of the popliteal space where it empties into the popliteal vein. • — venee scrotales anterior and posterior, the former emptying into the external pudendal, the latter into the internal pudendal veins. — sigmoidea, 172, 174- 176 — spermatica, 141, 153, 168-174, 186 — spermatica interna, 139, 170 — spinalis externa one of the external spinal veins, lying on the external surface of the spinal cord, emptying into the inter- vertebral veins. ■ — spinalis interna one of the internal spinal veins, running in the interior of the spinal cord. — stylomastoid ea drains the tympanum and empties into the posterior facial. — subclavia, 14, 30, 31, 41, 131, 133-135, T 47. 148, I5i- I 53. 158, 219, 225 the direct continuation of the axillary, running from the outer border of the first rib to the sternal end of the clavicle where it terminates in the anonyma. — sublingualis, 31 a tributary of the lingualis. — submentals, 23, 28, 91 situated below the chin, anastomosing with the sub- lingual, connecting with the anterior jugular, and emptying into the anterior facial. — subscapulars, 158 — supraorbitals, 41 supraorbital vein, drains the front of the scalp and unites with the frontal to form the angular. — suprarenalis, 166 — suprascapular is =v. transversa scapulas. — temporalis media, 22, 23, 82, 83 arises near the lateral angle of the orbit, runs backward above the zygoma and joins the superficial temporal veins to form the posterior facial. — temporalis profunda one of the deep temporal veins, corresponding to the arteries of the same name, emptying into the pterygoid venous plexus. — temporalis superncialis, 20-23, 67, 77, 70-83 the superficial veins, unite to form a single trunk which unites with the middle temporal artery to form the posterior facial. — temporomaxillaris ^--v. facialis posterior. — terminalis vein of the corpus striatum, collects blood from the thalamus, corpus callosum, and corpus striatum and empties with the chorioid into the internal cerebral — testiculars, 140 spermatic vein, passing upward from the pampiniform plexus, at the posterior border of. the testis, in the — thoracalis lateralis, 210 Digitized by long thoracic vein, lying on the inner wall of the axilla, and emptying into the axillary; it anastomoses with the thoraco-epigastric and with a number of the inter- costal veins. — thoracica longa = v. thoracalis lateralis. — thoracoacromial acromiothoracic vein, thoracic axis; corresponding to the artery of the same name, empties into the axillary, sometimes by a common trunk with the cephalic vein! — thoracodorsal, 160 — thoracoepigastric^, 27 one of two veins, sometimes a single vein, arising from the region of the superficial epigastric and opening into the axillary or the lateral thoracic vein. — thymica one of a number of small veins from the thymus gland emptying into the left innominate (anonyma sinistra) . — thyreoidea irna, 27, 116, 131 arises from the plexus thyreoideus impar, descends in front of the trachea, and empties into the anonyma sinistra. — thyreoidea inferior, 31, 110-111 formed by veinlets from the isthmus and lateral lobe of the thyroid gland and from the plexus thyreoideus impar. — thyreoidea superior, 27, 28, 31, no receives blood from the upper part of the thyroid gland and larynx, accompanies the artery of the same name, and empties into the internal jugular. — tibialis, 288, 296, 306, 313, 325 one of the veins accompanying the anterior and poste- rior tibial arteries, and uniting to form the popliteal vein. — trachealis one of several small venous trunks from the trachea, emptying into the anonyma or the vena cava superior. — transversa colli, 31, 108, 156 one of the transverse veins of the neck, transversales colli, transverse cervical, veins accompanying the corresponding arteries, emptying into the external jugular or sometimes into the subclavian. — transversa faciei transverse vein of the face, a tributary of the posterior facial, anastomosing with the upper portion of the external jugular.- — transversa scapulae, 157 transverse vein of the scapula, suprascapular vein, a vein accompanying the artery of the same name and emptying into the external jugular or occasionally the subclavian. — trans versalis colli = v. transversa colli. — tympanica one of the veins draining the tympanum, emptying into the posterior facial. — ulnaris one of the ulnar veins which arise in the dorsal venous plexus of the hand and ascend, curving around the ulnar side of the forearm, to the flexor surface when they empty into the basilic vein. — vertebralis, 27, 41, 46, 87, 88, 91-93, 155 derived from tributaries which run through the foramina in the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and form a plexus around the vertebral artery; it empties as a single trunk into the anonyma. — vorticosa pi. venaz vorticose, one of the vortex or vorticose veins, several veins in the tunica vasculosa formed of branches from the posterior surface of the eye and the ciliary body, emptying into the superior or inferior ophthalmic. VENTRICULUS 114-116, 119, 137, 154, 164-166, 168, 182 gaster. stomach; large irregular piriform sac between oesophagus and small intestine: major curvature extends from oesophagus around left side to duodenum; minor curvature extends from oesophagus along right side to duodenum; fundus is dilated; upper portion with restricted area around oesophagus called cardia; pyloric, portion is lower end with dilation called antrum; wall composed of four tunics, serous, mus- cular, submucous and mucous; mucous coat contains gastric glands proper in upper portion and pyloric glands in lower. See glandula gastrica, —dexter, 147, 150, 153, 161 right ventricle of the heart. — laryngis sinus laryngis, the recess in each lateral wall of the larynx between the false and true vocal cords. — lateralis, 71, 72, 79, 82 lateral ventricle, a cavity in the interior of each cere- fj-Ju h'iQi^phere; it has four indistinctly separated parts, the pars centralis (cella media) and three cornua — anterior, posterior, and inferior or descending. VENTRICULUS VOMER 387 — quartus, 40, 4s, 73. 83 fourth ventricle, a cavity of roughly rhomboidal shape in the brain, the floor, or anterior wall, of which is formed by the dorsal surface of the pons and medulla; it is continuous below with the central canal of the spinal cord, anteriorly with the aqueduct of Sylvius. — quintus — cavum septi pellucidi . — sinister, 147, IS3. 162-163 the left ventricle of the heart, the cavity on the left side of the heart which receives the arterial blood from the left atrium and drives it by the contraction of its walls into the aorta. — tertius, 43, 73. 81 third ventricle of the brain, a narrow cavity between the two optic thalami, extending from the lamina cinerea to the pineal body. VERTEBRA, 3, 90-92, 109, US. 117. 118, 130, 134. *44. 148, 155-158, 160-162, 168, 169, 171-17.6, 280 One of the segments of the spinal column; in man there are thirty-three vertebrae, 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused into one bone, the sacrum), and 4 coccygeal (fused into one bone, the coccyx). VESICA — fellea, 114, 116, 118, 131, 147. 152, 154- 169, 182 gall-bladder, a pear-shaped receptacle on the under surface of the liver, in a hollow between the right lobe and the quadrate lobe, containing bile. — prostatica = utriculus prost aliens. See Sinus prostaticus — urinaria, 114, 116, 117, 139, 140, 142, 144, 145, 149, 150, 154. 177. 190 urinary bladder, a musculomembranous elastic bag holding the urine which is received from the kidneys through the two ureters and is discharged voluntarily through the urethra. VESICULA — seminalis, 142, 144, 177, 189 one of two hollow sacculated structures lying between the rectum and the bladder, apparently a diverticulum of the ductus deferens, serving as a reservoir for the semen. VESTIBULUM — bursas omentalis, 138 — laryngis, 92, 95 — nasi, 63 — oris, 86, 87 — pharyngis VOMER, 10, 63, 70, 84, 85 A flat bone of trapezoidal shape f orming_ the inferior and posterior portion of the nasal septum; it articulates with the sphenoid, ethmoid, two superior maxillary, and two palate bon.es. Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® Digitized by Microsoft® jig!' i nil ml ill I ! HI Hill H II I i lillll 111 ii;: ; . : , , ifillVl llllMI, (ill