G-78 fyxmW Uttiwsiitg | Stotg BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWNENT FUND THE GIFT OF Henrg W. Sage 1891 A/? 4^^ f/¥/4^- CORNELL UNIVERSITV LIBRARY 3 1924 074 692 280 Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Corneii University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924074692280 I IT ID E :k to th.e GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP SC®fLAND PuhlhiJifd on the Sralfr of One ineh te> a mile 1?» Mav 1871. I Publislicd mmilm J'ln/^raxuw J /// prrpuratiofi U Memoirs puhlished SCOTLAND. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 22. AYRSHIRE (NORTH PART), WITH PARTS OP EEUFEEWSHIRE Am LAMRKSHIRE. EDINBURGH: PRINTED BY MUEEAY AND GIBB, FOR HEE MAJHSTt's STATIONERY OFFICE. 18 72. PREFACE. The Map which is illustrated by the present Explanation was surveyed geologically, under the direction of the late Sir Eoderick I. Murchison, by Mr. James Geikie and myself, my portion lying to the west of a line drawn from the margin of the Map at a point a little way east from Barr Loch, southwards by Hessilhead Castle, Bloak MiU, Kihnaurs, and Kilmarnock, to Inchbean, and thence along the eastern side of the Cessnock Valley to AuchmillanhUl. A portion of the north-west corner of the Sheet, extending eastwards to the point east of Barr Loch just indicated, was completed by Mr. E. L. Jack. Of the following pages, paragraphs 1-4, 6-15, 34-36, 39, 41-43, 60, and 74 have been furnished by Mr. James Geikie ; paragraphs 64 and 65 by Mr. Jack; the other portions were written by myself. The lists of Fossils in the text of the Explana- tion and in the Appendix have been prepared by Mr. Kobert Etheridge, junr. AECH. GEIKIE, Director. Geological Survey Office, EDmBUEGH, December 1871. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 22. I. DISTRICTS EMBRACED IN THIS MAP. 1. This Sheet of the Geological Survey Map of Scotland embraces the northern portion of Ayrshire, and thus includes the old district of Cun- ningham and the northern section of Kyle. Parts of the counties of Renfrew and Lanark also come into the Sheet. It shows the coast-line between Troon and Ardrossan, and the Valley of the River Irvine, with its tributaries, the River Garnock, Annick Water, Carmel Water, Kilmar- nock Water, and Glen Water, all of which reach it from the north, and the Cessnock Water, its principal feeder from the south. The Map thus embraces the coal-fields of Galston, Hurlford, Kilmarnock, Irvine, Kil- winning, Saltcoats, and Dairy, and the agricultural and pastoral districts by which these coal-fields are surrounded. The Sheet contains an area of 393-1 miles. II. FORM OF THE GROUND. 2. A considerable proportion of the area shown upon this Map is hilly. No fewer than three distinct water-sheds are represented. The first and most important of these corresponds nearly with the boundary-line that separates Ayrshire from Renfrewshire and Lanarkshire. This water-shed, beginning in the high grounds north-east of Beith, strikes in a south-east direction by Glenouther Moor and Loch Goyne, and attains its greatest height (1230 feet) in the most southerly part of Renfrewshire, immedi- ately adjoining the neighbouring county of Lanark — followed from this point towards the north-west, it gradually falls away to some 650 feet in the hUly ground north-east of Beith. It sheds to the north a number of small ^streams which make their way through broken and hilly ground to feed the White Cart Water, the largest stream in that district. In the upper reaches of these streams the ground is covered for the most part with heath and heathy pasture, and advantage has been taken of the irregular character of the country to form a number of artificial lakes or reservoirs, which supply water power to the numerous mills in the neigh- bourhood to the north. In their lower reaches the streams continue to flow through hilly and rocky tracts, but as these lose in elevation, the country begins to be well cultivated and covered with rich green pasture. The opposite or southern slopes of this water-shed are not so continuously broken and rocky, if we except the rocky tract north-east of Beith, and the equally rough ground in the neighbourhood of Dunlop. With these exceptions the country falls away from the water-shed to the south-west with a long gentle slope into the Vale of the River Irvine. This long un- dulating slope is drained by a number of considerable streams, most of which at first soak through flat mossy and moory ground, but afterwards, as they descend to lower levels, flow through a well-cultivated country to join the River Irvine. 6 3. The second water-shed is seen in the high grounds at the south-east corner of the Map. The highest point in this district is Blackside Hill (1342 feet). This hill, with Distinkhorn to the north, rises somewhat abruptly from a broad, undulating, moory, and peat-covered tract, out of which flow the Cessnock Water, Burn Anne, and Logan Water, three tributaries of the Irvine. Several smaller streams make their way from the same shed into the Valley of the River Ayr (see Sheet 14). Of the waters that flow north to the Irvine Valley, the Cessnock traverses the largest extent of cultivated ground, the course of the other two lying for the most part through a bleak moory country. West of the Cessnock Water the Valley of the Irvine slopes up to a series of broken hills which extend from near Craigie to beyond Dundonald. These hills form part of the northern edge of the tableland (consisting chiefly of Permian rocks) which strikes northward from the Distinkhorn uplands and serves to divide the Valleys of the Ayr and Irvine, as these approach the sea. A few streamlets descend from these hills, some of which flow north to the Irvine, and others south into the district shown upon Map 14. The River Irvine takes its rise in the moors at Loudoun Hill (just beyond the margin of the Map), and flows west, through well-cultivated ground, past the busy districts of the Kilmarnock coal-field, to the sea at the town of Irvine. 4. The third water-shed, of which mention has been made above, appears in the hilly tract lying west of Kilbirnie and Dairy. The greatest height reached in this district is nearly 1400 feet, on the high grounds to the north-west of BUbirnie. Like the other hilly regions described in the preceding paragraphs, the ground here, where it is not broken and rocky, is covered with moory vegetation. It is drained by numerous streamlets which flow in a prevailing south-east direction to join the River Garnock, one of the principal feeders of the Irvine. The broad flat valley which extends in a south-west direction from Lochwinnoch to Dairy, receives the drainage of the ground lying both to the east and west of it, and cari'ies the water southward by the River Garnock through a succession of flat haughs — once probably lakes, of which Lochwinnoch and Kilbirnie Loch are the diminished and diminishing representatives. On the western side of the water-shed the streams are all comparatively small and short, owing to the rapidity of the slope and the close proximity of the Firth of Clyde, which receives them all. It may be added, also, that on this side, owing to the rapid seaward slope of the ground and to the inclination of the rocks towards the inland, the harder conglomerates and trappean rocks form lines of terraced escarpment which have a general northerly and southerly trend parallel with the direction of the coast-line. 5. The coast of Ayrshire, as shown upon this Map, is bordered by a flat terrace or raised beach which varies in breadth from only a few yards to fully two miles. The height of this terrace has been increased, and rendered unequal by the irregular accumulation of blown-sand which forms hummocks and flat lumpy elevations. The raised beach itself consists of sand and gravel, the upper surface of which, where unaffected by the blown-sand, has an average level of about twenty to twenty-five feet above high- water mark. HI. FORMATIONS AND GROUPS OF ROCK ENTERING INTO THE STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRICT. Aqueous. Sign on Map. Recent and Post- loi o ' j n. "^n . , Tflrtiflrv -^ Blown Sand, .... (brown dots), iertiary. (Raised Beaches, .... ww Drift Series. Permian. Carboniferous. (Sands, Gravels, and Stratified clays. (BouIder-cIays. "Volcanic rocks, .... rl/^„l ,v,oo»„^„„ (Red Sandstone Group, , i^oal-measures. -im ^ i • r^ { (Uoal-bearing Group, ) Millstone grit. (Position not yet defined.) Sign on Map. J Carboniferous Limestone series, V. Calciferous Sand- (Cement stone group, stone series. (Red Sandstone group. Lower Old Red (Red Sandstones and Conglomerates) Sandstone. ( (with Volcanic rocks), . . j Metamorphic. Altered rocks (Granite, Minette, etc.), in Lower Old Red) Sandstone, Igneous. 1. Interledded or Contemporaneous. In Permian. {l'^i^^''''\ \ [ fBasalt-rocks, „ Carboniferous. -^Melaphyre, Porphyrite, (Tuff, . . . „01dRedSand-) ^^^,^^^^^^^ . _ ^ I 2. Intrusive or Subsequent. Of Miocene age. Basalt-rocks, „ Permian age. {J^^^^^t^^^''"^''^':^ [ „Post-Carboni-> Basalt-rocks, . . . ferous age. j ' „ Post Old Red) f elstones and Porphyries, . Sandstone age.) ^ '' Fe d«' d' d2 d}' di c' KC Fe Fs,e Gn,d Fd rs,d Fc Gn Ne F Gn P lY. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRICTS CONTAINED IN THE MAP. 6. A glance at the Map will show that the areas coloured volcanic and metamorphic, are nearly co-extensive with the more hilly regions, while the tracts occupied by aqueous strata correspond with the valleys and less elevated tracts of undulating ground. This connection between the geological structure and the external configuration of the country is obviously due to the relative hardness and durability of the rocks. The hills are composed of the hard and tough volcanic and metamorphic rocks; the valleys have been scooped out of the softer and more yielding aqueous strata. In describing the geological formations as represented upon the Map, we begin with the oldest, namely, the Old Red Sandstone. The other formations wiU then follow in ascending series. Lower Old Red Sandstone. 7. This formation is met vrith in only one district, in the region to the south of the River Irvine, where it forms the high grounds shown at the south-east corner of the Map. The Old Red Sandstone of this district is to a large extent flanked by faults which bring it in contact with various 8 members of the Carboniferous system. Here and there, where no faulting intervenes, it is ovsplaia unconformably by the Calciferous Sandstone series, and in thenei:;hbourhood of Logan Water, by volcanic •rocks of the same age. It consists of three distinct sets of rock : 1st, An upper set of volcanic beds (porphyrites) with iuterstratified conglomerates and ashy-like sandstones ; 2d, A series of red and grey sandstones and flag- stones ; 3d, A lower series of rocks which have been much metamorphosed. The presence of Cephalaspis Lyellii in the flagstones enables us with pro- bability to assign all these strata to the Lower Old Red Sandstone. 8. The upper or volcanic series is well exposed in Burn Anne and numerous small ravines in the property of Lanflne. The same rocks may also be studied in many quarries which have been opened for road-mend- ing and wall-building material in that neighbonrhood. They consist of a series of bedded porphyrites of a somewhat variable character, — ^they are either pale-blue and grey fine-grained felspathic rocks with a fissile structure ; dark, dull, earthy-brown, and red felspathic rocks, often highly amygdaloidal, and with scattered crystals of felspar more or less abun- dant ; or purplish red crystalline, felspathic, porphyritic rocks which are only sparingly amygdaloidal. The district has long been famous for its pebbles. They are usually turned up by the plough in the loose trappean soil, and have, no doubt, been derived from amygdaloidal and irregular cavities in the rotten and rapidly weathering trap-rock. Some cavities in the porphyrites at Lanfine measure six and seven inches across. Iuterstratified with these volcanic rocks occur several irregular masses or beds of conglomerate and sandstone. The conglomerates are made up almost exclusively of well-rounded fragments of hard grit and igneous rocks, chiefly porphyrites and f elstones — the stones being of all sizes, sometimes measuring two feet across. The sandstones are generally of a greenish colour, and are highly felspathic, having been derived, like the conglomerates, in great measure, from the waste of pre-existing volcanic rocks. The dip of the porphyrites is to north and north-west. 9. Beneath the volcanic rocks just described lies a thick series of red and grey sandstones and flagstones, having the same north-west dip. Iuterstratified with these beds occur an occasional conglomerate and coarse band of grit. All the beds are highly felspathic, and, hke the sandstones in the overlying igneous series, appear to be made up of the triturated remains of other felspathic rocks. They vary in texture from fine close-grained to coarse gritty admixtures of grey and pink felspar, with quartz in variable proportions. Nests or ' galls ' of fine mudstone, or clay, occur throughout, and in some places are so abundant as to im- part a spotted or blotchy aspect to the rock. Cephalaspis Lyellii has been obtained from some of the fine-grained members of this series, viz. in the flagstone quarries at Penning Hill, Changue Burn. 10. These strata overlie, and pass down into, an underlying series of altered rocks, the more intensely metamorphic portions of which consist of minette, granite, etc. The metamorphism of these rocks has been de- duced from a variety of considerations. The chemical composition of the unaltered strata and the crystalline rocks is similar, and distinct passages can be traced from granular and slightly altered felspathic sandstone through masses of various textures (the main constituent being felspar, with quartz and mica more or less abundant in places), into crystalline rocks, such as minette and granite. When the relation of these crystalline masses to the surrounding unaltered sandstones is considered, the meta- morphic character of the former becomes still more apparent. The sand- stones are not broken through and violently displaced, nor is there any appearance of confusion, as the centres of greater metamorphism are approached. On the contrary, the dip and strike of the strata continue unchanged and perfectly distinct until the rocks begin to assume a ' baked ' and semi-crystalline texture, and then the bedding gradually becomes obscure, and at last vanishes altogether. But, after the metamorphic area is traversed, and the unaltered strata on the farther side are reached, the felspathic sandstones again appear with exactly the same dip and strike, giving no evidence of disruption by great masses of igneous rock.* It seems reasonable to conclude, therefore, that the felspathic sandstones were once continuous across the area now occupied by crystalline rocks, and that these crystalline rocks have not been erupted from below, but are in truth only the felspathic sandstones under a different form. The sandstones in this area have been simply metamorphosed into crystalline rocks — they have changed their texture while retaining the same general composition.f 11. A number of dykes of felstone and other allied rocks traverse the Old Red Sandstone strata, and become more abundant as the metamorphic area is reached. The true geological date of these intrusive rocks is not easily fixed, though they may, with probability, be assigned to the same period as that during some part of which the metamorphism took place, that is, between the time of the Lower Old Red Sandstone and the be- ginning of the Carboniferous period. Carboniferous. 12. With the exception of the small area of Old Red Sandstone just described, nearly all the other solid rocks represented upon the Map belong to the Carboniferous system. The only exceptions are a narrow irregular strip of Permian volcanic rocks, the northern limits of the Per- mian basin of the River Ayr (see Sheet 14), and certain volcanic ' necks ' and doleritic dykes. The junction of the Carboniferous strata with the Lower Old Red Sandstone is generally obscured by faulting, but where no dislocation has taken place, the former are, of course, found to rest unconformably upon the latter. The overlying Permian, in like manner, probably reposes unconformably upon the Carboniferous, but this relation can be better studied on the Map to the south of the present one (Sheet 14). The Carboniferous system here consists of the following formations and groups in descending order : — Sign on Map. Foi-mations and Groups of Strata. Localities. d» Coal Measures consisting of— (6.) Red Sandstones, Marls, Fireclays, and Shales, &c., with Carboniferous plants. It contains no coal-seams. J (a.) A group of white and grey Sandstones, dark Shales, Fireclays, Iron- stones, and Coals. Valley of the Irvine from Kew- miins to the sea, embracing Kilmarnock and Kilwinning coal-fields, from Dundonald by Symington to Auchmillan. The Kilmarnock, Kilwinning, Stewarton, and Monkton coal- fields. * The eastern termination of the metamorphic area with the unaltered sandstones which appear to dip in towards the crystalline rocks on that side is not, however, shown in this Map. + See Descriptive Catalogue of Kock Specimens in Museum of bcience and Art, J^n^arl'v editions of the Maps no distinction was made between the two divisions of the Coal-measures. They are now marked d^' and d". In like manner the two divisions of the Calciferous Sandstone series, formerly marked as d , are now dis- tinguished as d' and d^'. 10 Sign on Map. Formations and Groups of Strata. Localities. d2 Carboniferous Limestone series, a suite of Sandstones, Shales, and Limestones, with Seams of Coal and hlaokband Iron- stone ; contemporaneous Basalt- rocks and Tuff. Along the outskirts of Kilmar- nock and Kilwinning coal- fields, from Newmilns by Fen- wick, Stewarton, and Auchen- made, to the sea at Ardrossan, Caldwell, Hessilhead, Beith, Dairy coal-field, ThonitonhaU, &c., &c. d>' d> Calciferous Sandstone series, con- sisting of — (6. ) A variable group of white Sandstones, Flagstones, Cement Stones, i Clays, and Shales, represented in the northern half of the Map by a thick group of bedded Porphyrites, Melaphyres, and Tuffs, with ashy Shales, Sand- stones, Conglomerates, occasional impure Lime- stones, &c. (a.)Agroup of red Sandstones and Conglomerates in the Marls and Corn- stones. Cessnock Water from Haining Mains to Eoadinghead, and Blackbriggs to Auchmannoch Muir ; moors and streams east and west of the upper reaches of the Cessnock Water ; Burn- Anne ; for the Tolcanio series see the hilly tract extending from the head of the Irvine to Beith ; also west of Dairy and KUbirnie. North of Ardrossan ; northern slopes of Craigie Hills between Inchgotrick and the Cessnock Water near Craighead. As the separate divisions of the Carboniferous formation vary consider- ably in different parts of the extensive area shown upon the Map, it will be most convenient for local reference to describe these divisions under separate districts : — Calciferous Sandstone Series, u. District or the Craigie Hills and Cessnock Water. 13. In this district is included all the Calciferous Sandstone area lying south of the River Irvine. The strata are well exposed in the course of the Cessnock Water, from Auchmannoch Muir to Blackbriggs, and from Craighead to Haining Mains. Excellent sections are also seen in Killoch Burn, Mains Burn, Auchmillan Burn, Burn O'Need, and Burn Anne, as well as in several small streams descending from the north-east side of the Craigie Hills. The junction of the strata with the Old Red Sand- stone is usually a fault ; but in some places a distinct unconformity can be made out. This is best seen in Burn Anne, a little above the bridge at Cessnock Castle. A mile or two west of this the Calciferous Sand- stone series again overlaps rocks of Old Red Sandstone age. From this point it stretches west and south until it dips in below the Carboniferous Limestone series of Craigie. A large fault brings it in contact with the upper Red Sandstones of the Coal-measures of Kilmarnock ; and its junction with the Old Red Sandstones and metamorphic rocks of Auch- mannoch Muir and Blackside, is, in like manner, marked out by a number of dislocations. The series consists of a lower group (a) of reddish coarse-grained, and sometimes conglomeratic, sandstones, frequently false- bedded, and showing in places interstratified bands of comstone, a kind of concretionary coarse sandy limestone. Plant-remains occur in the 11 sandstones, but are neither numerous nor well-preserved. The sandstones are generally too soft and friable to be of much use for building purposes. Overlying the red sandstones occurs a group (b) of cement stones or im- pure ferruginous limestones, and blue, green, grey, and occasionally red, shaley clays, with several bands and beds of sandstone, flagstone, and shales. Some of the cement stones contain numerous entomostraca, and the shales with which these beds are associated also abound in some places with these and other organic remains. Worm-tracks, ripple-marks, rain-pits, and sun-cracks, are common in the fine-grained sandy shales and flagstones of this group. Before passing on to describe the Calci- ferous Sandstone series of the next district, it is worthy of note that in Burn Anne and Killoch Water, the cement stone series shows traces of volcanic action. The red shales and coarse clays are here and there highly felspathic and flecked with fragments of white and pinkish felspathic matter, giving rise to a rock similar to some of the finer-grained tuffs of the hilly regions next to be described. Thus, in this district are found the extreme southern limits of that volcanic group, which, in the northern part of the county, usurps the place of the cement stone group. To the south, the latter group ceases to be volcanic, although very irregular in its development. (See Explanation to Sheet 14.) ;3. DiSTEiCT OF Glen Water, and Eaglesham, Dunlop, and LocHLiBOsiDE Hills. 14. This district embraces the greater part of the hilly country lying north of the River Irvine. In the general description of its geographical features given above (par. 2), it was stated that the line of water-shed of this extensive hilly region strikes in a south-east and north-west direction, and corresponds very nearly with the boundaries separating Renfrewshire from Ayrshire and Lanarkshire. It is to be remarked that this water- shed corresponds in a general way with a flattened anticlinal axis — the strata dipping away from it to south-west and north-east. The rocks of this wide region consist of a great variety of bedded basalt-rocks, melaphyres, and porphyrites, interstratified in places with bands and beds of fine tuff, and coarse volcanic conglomerate, and with occasional sandstones, shales, and thin impure limestones. This volcanic belt shows a very sinuous edge towards the south, the Carboniferous Limestone series, which flanks it in that direction, running into it in the valleys of the Annick and Lugton Waters, so as to form long winding inlets or bays, as it were. In the north-east the same appearance presents itself — the Limestone series of Kilbride (Sheet 23) extending in a westerly direc- tion for several miles into the very heart of the trappean district. Only the extreme westerly portion of the latter limestone basin, however, comes into the present Map. Along the northern margin of the Map, the volcanic rocks are cut off by a large fault which brings them into contact with strata belonging to somewhat higher members of the Limestone series than appear along the outskirts of the ' inlets ' and basins referred to. Faults, in like manner, form the boundary of the trappean rocks at some points towards the south and south-west. The volcanic rocks throughout this extensive region exhibit all the phenomena usually met with in trappean districts in Scotland. The upper surfaces of the beds are generally slaggy and scoriaoeous, the cavities being often filled with agates, chalcedony, green earth, etc. The under-surfaces, in like manner, not unfrequently show a scoriaceous and brecciated character. The central portions of the beds are generally homogeneous, and vary in texture from compact, fine-grained, and earthy, to coarse-grained and highly crystalUne. In the Glen Water and the neighbourhood of Eaglesham the lava-form rocks are associated with 12 great accamulations of tuff and conglomerate. The material of which these strata are composed is almost entirely volcanic and yaries much in colour, — red, grey, yellow, green, blue, pinkish, white, and mottled varieties being common. Sometimes these tuffs are well-bedded, fine- grained, and tough ; at other times they consist of mere unstratified heaps of dust and loose grit with abundant angular and sub-angular fragments and blocks, chiefly of igneous rocks. Among these stones are scattered, in oue or two places, fragments of grey and pink granite, and pieces of altered felspathic sandstone which closely resemble the altered Old Red Sandstone described in paragraph 10. Occasionally beds of sandstone and dark shale are met with interstratified among the tuffs, and even clay-ironstones and thin impure limestones with Prodiictus giganteus appear in the same position. The traps and tuffs are sometimes pierced by vertical intrusions of porphyrite, or some variety of basalt-rock, which appear to occupy the old volcanic necks or vents from which the trappean masses and tuffs have been ejected. From these old foci the lava-form beds are often seen to dip away in all directions ; and in their neighbour- hood the tuSs and agglomerates assume a coarser and more confused aspect. The necks are sometimes nearly round (Dunwaa Hill, Duncarnock Hill at Glanderston Dam, Loudoun Hill, Sheet 28), at other times they present an oval or irregular shape (Black Law, Carrot Burn, etc.). 15. All the volcanic rocks now described are referred to the Calciferous Sandstone series. A comparison of the beds next to be considered will show the grounds upon which this conclusion is based. Whenever no fault intervenes the trappean rocks are found to be fringed with a border of ashy-like strata, upon which reposes the lower members of the over- lying Carboniferous Limestone series. These ashy-hke beds vary much throughout the district. In some places they are yellow and green ashy felspathic sandstones, grits, and conglomerates ; in other places beds of white and grey sandstones and black shales with clay-ironstones form the bulk of the group ; while here and there true volcanic tufi and conglo- merate make their appearance. Thus, the general character of these strata would seem to indicate that they have been derived mainly from the wear and tear of the trappean rocks upon which they rest ; and the presence of the tuff serves to show that the igneous forces, which had given rise to the underlying trappean masses, were still occasionally active during the accumulation of this overlying band of volcanic debris, etc. In the district of Cessnock Water the upper or cement-stone group of the Calciferous Sandstone series exhibits traces of volcanic action. As this group immediately underlies the lower members of the Carboniferous Limestone series, in the same manner as the ashy series described in the present paragraph, it seems reasonable to conclude that they belong to one and the same horizon, — the comparative absence of volcanic material in the cement-stone group of the Cessnock Water being due to the greater distance of that area from the centre of volcanic activity. That the volcanic series really comes in place of the cement-stone group, and lies, therefore, between the lower Red Sandstones and the Carboniferous Lime- stone series, will be clear from the next paragraph. y. District of Akdeossan and Kilbirnie Hills. 16. In this district is embraced the ground which lies between the north-western margin of the Map and the faulted edge of the Dairy and Saltcoats coal-field. The rocks belong to the Calciferous Sandstone series, and illustrate better than in any other part of the present Map the place which the volcanic group occupies in this lowest division of the Carboniferous system of Ayrshire. It will be seen from the Map that 13 the basement group of red sandstones is well developed at Ardrossan and along the western slopes of the hills to the north of that sea-port. Al- though red or reddish-grey sandstone is the prevailing rock, conglomerate bands also occur, particularly as the rocks are followed towards the north. In these conglomerates the prevalent pebbles are of white quartz ; and as both the number and size of these pebbles increase towards the north, there can be little doubt that they have been derived from the waste of the Highland metamorphic rocks. The sandstone series now described extends northwards through Renfrewshire ; it is found likewise in Bute, and it forms the basement group of the southern half of the island of Arran, besides stretching as a narrow strip along the eastern margin of the northern half of that island. Its thickness in the present Map cannot be accurately determined, the base being concealed by the Firth of Clyde. From the base of the Kaim Hill, however, to the sea-margin at Fairlie, the sandstones and conglomerates cannot be less than 1500 feet thick. At one or two places some shales with plant-remains are found at the top of the sandstone series, indicating the commencement of the second or cement- stone group. This group, however, is otherwise entirely absent here, being represented by a thick mass of interbedded porphyrites and mela- phyres with occasional thin layers of tuff. 17. This volcanic group of rocks occupies the same horizon as that already described as covering so much ground between Loudoun Hill and Lochwinnoch. The general character of the rocks is likewise similar in both districts. In the area now under description, however, both the base and the top of the series can be well examined, as well as the total mass of the intermediate rocks. It will be seen from the Map that the volcanic rocks diminish in area southwards — a result not due merely to faulting, though the remarkable way in which these rocks are broken through by faults does tend to diminish the area which they ought to occupy on the surface, but to an actual thinning out towards the south, and a proportionate thickening towards the north. At Baidland Hill the thickness of the porphyrite group can hardly be less than 1000 feet ; further north, between Largs and Balbimie, fully 1600 feet of volcanic rocks are interposed between the top of the red sandstones and the base of the Carboniferous Limestone series ; while still further on, the thickness must be considerably greater. On the west side of the hills, where they slope steeply down towards the Firth of Clyde, their terraced sides show well the bedded character of the igneous rocks of which they consist. Each harder bed runs as a more or less defined ledge along the hillside. Throughout the district the rocks are almost wholly porphyrite. Thin lenticular layers of trap-tuff sometimes separate the successive flows of porphyrite, as indicated on the Map, though in most cases such intercala- tions are too small to be shown there. Fragments of a thicker bed of tuff occur about four miles north of Ardrossan, lying upon the Calci- ferous Sandstones, and dipping under the porphyrite series. Another mass or outlier of tuff, probably at least 150 feet thick, lies upon the porphyrites, and forms a conspicuous hill near Knockside, between Kil- birnie and Largs. In several places in this district some of the 'necks' or volcanic pipes have been noted, which appear to have served as funnels for the emission of the igneous rocks of the hills. They are filled with a coarse unstratified agglomerate of porphyrite and sandstone fragments. Two examples are marked close to the western margin of the Map, and others occur to the west, near Fau-Ue (Sheet 21). Intrusive veins and masses of a peculiar yellowish or pinkish dull felstone or ' claystone ' are not infrequent both among the Calciferous Sandstones and the overlying porphyrites. The top of the volcanic series consists of various tuffs and trappean conglomerates, precisely similar to those already described as 14 occupying the same horizon further east, and, like these, also coyered immediately by the lowest beds of the Carboniferous Limestone series. 18. Owing to extensive denudation, the volcanic series has been stripped from off a great part of the underlying red sandstones which it once covered, so as to be now left only in detached fragments capping some of the hilltops as outliers. Several of these may be seen on the Map to the west of the main mass of the volcanic area — the Kaim Hill (1270 feet) being the most conspicuous example. One curious result of the denu- dation has likewise been the uncovering of several of the volcanic /oa or orifices, whence the materials, lava-form and fragmentary, appear to have been ejected which went to form the great accumulations of the volcanic series. These foci are now occupied by necks or pipes filled usually with a coarse trappean agglomerate, sometimes with a mass of felstone. Ex- amples of such necks are shown on the Map between Kaim Hill and the Knockewart Hills. S. District of the Dusk Water. 19. One of the most remarkable features of the north-western portion of the present Map is the complicated way in which the ground is faulted. The longest and probably the largest of these faults is that which runs from Ardrossan north-eastwards by the Dusk Water into Renfrewshire. Its effect has been to bring down a portion of even the Coal-measures against the volcanic group of the Calciferous sandstones, and thus, after subsequent denudation, there is now found that strip of porphyrites and tuffs which stretches from near the Old Smithstone Colliery up the Dusk Water to Blair Mill. In the course of the stream some excellent sections may be exammed showing the nature of the upper tuffs and trappean conglomerates, and the way in which the volcanic group passes up into, and is overlaid by, the Carboniferous Limestone series. This outlying portion of the volcanic rocks is evidently only a fragment which shows the extent and continuity of these rocks over the north-west of Ayrshire. Carboniferous Limestone Series. 20. Although this series of rocks continues to be persistent throughout Ayrshire, it changes character greatly in different districts. This feature is particularly noticeable in the districts embraced by the present Map ; for while towards the north-west the series is copiously developed, abounding in thick masses of limestone with good seams of coal and iron- stone, in the south and south-east it dwindles down into a meagre group of strata, wherein there is little limestone and almost no coal. This will be seen from the following description of the area which the series occu- pies, divided as before, for the sake of convenient reference, into separate districts. u. Daley, Beith, Auchenskeith, Monkeedding, and Aedeossan DiSTEICT. 21. In this tract is included all the ground lying between the edge of the Calciferous sandstone and volcanic area of the Kilbirnie, Dairy, and Ardrossan hills on the west, and of the Beith and Dunlop hills on the east, southwards to the margin of the coal-field between Saltcoats and Bloak Moss. It is here that the limestone series attains its greatest de- velopment in Ayrshire, and where, indeed, the limestone beds form thicker masses than they usually do in other parts of Scotland. The subjoined section shows the general succession of strata in this district, with the relative positions and thicknesses of the more important seams. 15 Fms. ft. in. "52 8*s5 "tS. pas Section of the Dairy Mineral-field : — Basalt-Rocks of Blair Park, etc Strata, Limestone (Linn Spout seam), Strata, Limestone, . Strata, Limestone (Third post), Strata, Limestone (Highfield seam). Strata, Wee Coal, . Strata, Smithy Coal, Strata, Borestone Coal, Strata, ~ Black-band Ironstone, Strata, Clay-band Ironstone, Strata. Limestone (Lowest or Howrat or Auchens- keith seam). .... Strata (consisting chiefly of tuff and trap- pean conglomerate, resting upon the porphyrites and melaphyres of the Cal- ciferous Sandstone group. 22, The lowest limestone is best seen in the numerous large quarries to the south-east of Beith ; but admirable sections of it are also to be found in the Howrat quarries above Kilbirnie, as well as in those along the course of the Dusk Water between Auchenskeith and Auchenmade. In several places it is divided into two massive seams by an intercalated band of sandstone or shale with a thin coal and fireclay. The thickness of the two seams together, with the intervening shales, &c., may be taken to be about 100 feet in the Beith district, and perhaps about 60 feet at Auchenskeith. The following fossils have been found to be characteristic of this limestone in the course of the Geological Survey of Ayrshire. about 17 6 . 10 5 . 10 1 about 20 1 3 to 5 2 3 3 2 1 . 10 2 3 . 30 1 3 . 32 1 1 23. List of characteristic Fossils fr CampophyUum Murchisoni. — Flemg. Clisiophyllum turbinatiun. — M'Coy. Lithostrotion irregulare. — Phil. Actinocrmus. — Sp. Poterioorinus crassus. — Milhr. Eliodocrinus. — Sp. Serpulitea compressus. — Sow. GrifEtMdes Eichwaldi. — Fisch. PhiUipsia Derbiensis. — Mart. Atliyris ambigua. — iSow. ,, B.ojan.^-L'Ev. Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phil. Discina nitida. — Phil. Lingula squamiformis. — Phil. Orthis Michelini. — L'Mv. „ resupinata. — Mart. Productus giganteus.: — Mart. „ longispinus. — Sow. „ pimctatus. — Mart. ,, scabriculus. — Mart. ,, semireticulatus, — Mart. am ike lowestLimestone. Productus spinulosus. — Sow. EhynclioneUa pugnus. — Mart. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. „ glabra. — Mart. ,, lineata. — Mart. Terebratula bastata. — Sow. Avioulopeoten ocelatus. — M'Coy. ,, planoradiatus. — M'Coy. „ Sowerbii. — M'Coy. Ctenodonta attenuata. — Flemg. ,, gibbosa. — Flemg. Lithodomus daotyloides. — M'Coy. Myalina crassa. — Flemg. Euomphalus calyx. — Phil. Belleropbon apertus. — Sow. Nautilus ingens. — Mart. Orthoceras giganteum. — Sow. Ctenoptyohius serratus. — Agass. Holoptyobius Hibberti. — Agass. Megalichthys. — Sp. Petalodus Hastingsie. — Owen. 16 24. The Clay-band Ironstone of the Dah-y and Kilbirnie field which is at present worked, is a seam about 14 inches thick, lying a little above the highest of the thin limestone bands which overlie the lowest limestone. It does not appear to exist, at least in a workable condition, in the south part of the field. There are other seams of clay-band in the north part of the field in addition to the band which is worked, and also beds of ball- ironstone, but not of particularly good quality. 25. About 30 fathoms above the Clay-band Ironstone lies another and more valuable seam, known as the Dairy Black-band. It varies greatly in thickness and quality ; being sometimes a band of excellent ironstone, fifteen inches thick, and sometimes passing into trap-tufif or ' green-whin.' The crop of this seam is most continuously traceable along the west side of the coal-field, where it has been broken in many places by faults as indi- cated on the Map. In the centre of the field, owing to faults and curving of the strata, it comes to the surface in one or two places between Dairy and Kilbirnie. This is shown upon the Map, but more distinctly upon Sheet No. 7 of the six-inch Map of the Geological Survey of Ayrshire. The Black-band Ironstone of Dairy is remarkable for the way in which it is interstratified with, and sometimes completely replaced by, trap-tuff. It appears to have been deposited at a time when what is now the north- west of Ayrshire, was dotted over with cones of tuff, each of which, after throwing out fine volcanic detritus for a time, came in the end to be buried under the accumulating mass of the Carboniferous Limestone series. It was in hollows between these cones that the black-band u-on- stone was deposited. Hence, while in some places it is thick and good in quality, in the immediate neighbourhood of these it becomes so mixed up with the tuff as to be worthless, and even disappears altogether. In one shaft, about a mile and a half to the south-west of Dairy, a thickness of 115 fathoms of tuff (probably marking the site of a volcanic cone nearly 700 feet high) were passed through; and in another pit, three quarters of a mile further north, 90 fathoms of similar tuff were sunk into before the position of the ironstone was reached. Yet only a mile or two to the north-east this great depth of trap-tuff has disappeared, and is replaced by the ordinary Carboniferous strata. The working -plans show that great irregular strips and patches are occupied by tuff, although the ironstone is workable between them. Very little of this tuff is seen at the surface, since, owing to the comparative flatness of the beds, it is covered by the upper part of the Dairy section, and where it crops out to the west, as it does along the Caaf Water above Giffertland Bridge, its thickness is greatly diminished. Beds of similar tuff are exposed in the Pitcon Water some way above the outcrop of the ironstone. But nothing seen anywhere at the surface would lead us to suspect that in the southern part of the Dairy field the strata are replaced to so enormous extent by masses of trap-tuff. 26. There are three workable seams of coal in the Dairy field, known as the Borestone Coal (2 feet 3 inches), the Smithy Coal (2 feet 1 inch), and the Wee Coal (2 feet 3 inches). The first of these lies about thirty fathoms above the Black-band Ironstone, the intervening strata being sandstones, shales, and fireclays, in the northern portion of the field, while over great part of the southern outskirts of the field the rock is trap-tuff, which, as already mentioned, comes in place of the ironstone and of all the other strata above that seam, almost as high as the thick limestone known as the Linn Limestone. The coals are thus absent over a con- siderable area of the southern part of the field. The second or Smithy Coal seam lies about 10 fathoms above the Borestone Coal, and, after an interval of about 3 fathoms, is succeeded by the third or Wee Coal. These coals have been to some extent worked, partly on the west, but more largely on the east side of the Garnock. 17 27. The Highfield Limestone is a well-marked seam about 6 feet thick, which can be recognised throughout the field, except where, like the strata among which it lies, its place is taken by the trap-tuff. It is best seen at the quarries at Highfield. The following fossils occur in it. List of Fossils from the Highfield Limestone. Actinocrinus. — Sp. Streptorhynclius crenistria. — Phil. Arohaeocidaris TJrei. — Flemg. Aviculopecten Sowerbii. — M'Goy. Poterioorinus crassus. — Miller. Ctenodonta attenuata. — Flemg. Hemitrypa Hiberuica. — M'Coy. „ gibbosa. — Flemg. Athyris. — Sp. Natica ampliata. — Phil. Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phil. Belleropbon decussatus. — Flemg. Rhynchonella pleurodon. — Phil. ,, Urei. — Flemg. 28. One of the most characteristic seams in the southern part of the Dairy field is the Linn Limestone. As shown in the foregoing general section, this seam consists in reality of two limestones, or, if the ' third post' is included, of three. The upper or thickest bed has a depth of 36 feet. It is separated from the bed beneath by a series of dark shales, - which, though in the neighbourhood of Dairy they are about 60 feet thick, seem to thin out elsewhere, so as either to let the two seams come to- gether, or, at least, not to be distiuctly traceable. At the Linn Spout and thence northwards by Broadlie a thin coal-seam, known as the Braidie Coal, lies immediately below the upper limestone. The second limestone band is about 30 feet thick at Dairy, and beneath it, after an interval of 60 feet, comes what is known as the ' third post ' of limestone — a seam about six feet thick. As shown upon the Map, these limestones, owing partly to their thickness and to the low angles at which they are inclined, cover a considerable space to the west and south of Dairy. Eastwards they lessen in thickness as well as in the breadth of surface which they occupy. 29. Above the Linn Limestone there come from 16 to 18 fathoms of strata, of which the most conspicuous member is a thick yellow sandstone (50 feet), which can be best seen in the ravine cut through it by the Caaf Water below Drumastle Mill. These are the highest members of the Carboniferous Limestone series. They are immediately succeeded by a mass of basalt-rocks, which, from Dairy eastwards to beyond Kilmarnock, forms a definite boundary between that series and the overlying Coal- measures. This igneous zone is best seen to the east of the Annick Water, and is more fully described in a subsequent section (par. 45). In the Dairy field it consists of a sheet or series of sheets of a dark com- pact basalt-rock, without any visible intercalation of tuff or other frag- mentary material ; and, as shown upon the Map, covers an area of three or four square mi'.es to the south and east of the village of Dairy. 30. Two small outliers of Coal-measures, in one of which the lower seam or seams of the Kilwinning field have been found, may be seen rest- ing upon these igneous rocks on the north-west side of the Dusk Water, their south-eastern boundary being formed by the large fault which cuts them off. 31. The Dairy and Beith district, as defined in par. 21, is traversed by a long fault which runs in a north-easterly direction from Ardrossan into the Clyde coal-field beyond Neilston. The effect of this dislocation has been to let down the Dairy field and preserve it from denudation. Hence, on crossing from that field over the line of fault into the ground to the south-east, we encounter the same strata over again, though with some local changes which render several of the seams not recognisable, or, at least, throw doubt on their position. The porphyrites and tuffs forming the base on which the Carboniferous Limestone rests, are easily recognised along the Dusk Water to the south of Blair. They are fol- B lowed in regular order by the well-characterized lowest limestone, which, though sometimes much faulted, is traceable in a nearly continuous belt for many miles to the east. The Clay-band Ironstone has been recog- nised between Plemiland and Jameston ; but the Black-band seam does not seem to hare been yet detected here, though a representative of it occurs on the beach below the church of Ardrossan, as indicated on the Map. The Dairy coals have been worked at Smithstone, Ashgrove Loch, Kerelaw, and further east near North Jameston. But little infor- mation has been obtained as to the seams which were reached, or as to the nature and extent of the workings. At High Grooseloan a limestone occurs which may represent the Highfield seam of the Dairy basin. It contains the following fossils : — Serpulites carbonarius. — M'Coy. Streptorhynchus crenistria. — PTiil. Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Ctenodonta attenuata. — Flemg. Productus giganteus. — Mart. „ gibbosa. — Flemg. „ latissimus.— /S^oto. Orthooeras. — Sp. 32. The Linn Limestone crops out on the shore between Ardrossan and Saltcoats. Possibly it is one of its seams which has been extensively worked at Kerelaw, above Stevenston, and again in a long line of quarries between the Garnock, near Kilwinning, and Bloak Moss. Prom the latter line of quarries the following fossils have been obtained. List of Fossils from the Monhredding Limestone. Actinocrinus. — Sp. Streptorbynchus crenistria. — Phil. Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller. Discina nitida. — Phil. Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Ctenodonta gibbosa. — Flemg. Productus. — Sp. Nautilus. — Sp. 33. The line of volcanic rocks separating the Carboniferous Limestone series from the Coal-measures is less easily followed along the boundary of these groups of strata between Saltcoats and the Lugton Water, owing, perhaps, not merely to the fact that the rocks are less developed there, but also to the thick covering of drift under which they are usually con- cealed. The peculiar ferruginous' tuff, however, with kernels of spathic iron, so marked in the Kilmarnock Water, and in the Annick Water, may be detected on the shore east of Ardrossan ; and again in the course of the Lugton above Sevenacres Mill ; while the crystalline ' augitic rocks are visible at intervals between Stevenston and Kilwinning. 34. To the east of Beith, in the wide tract of volcanic rocks already described, httle outlying basins of the Hmestone occur here and there, entirely surrounded by the underlying igneous masses. One of these basins is well exposed in the cutting of the new railway a mile north of Dunlop. Others are seen in its neighbourhood, and one occurs in the very heart of the trappean district at G-abrochhill. The appearance of these isolated patches indicates that the Carboniferous Limestone series once stretched over all this region, from which it has been subsequently removed by denudation. In the Valley of the Lugton a spur of the Lime- stone series extends north-eastward to Shillford, and nearly unites with strata of the same age at Neilston. Prom the fact that this long spur or inlet is partly let into its present position by dislocations, it may be in- ferred that the Limestone series of the Lugton Valley was once continuous with that of Neilston and Barrhead (Sheet 30). At Caldwell coal is got in the limestone strata. Detailed Maps of the Dairy and Beith District. — The following Sheets of the Geological Survey Map of Ayrshire, on the scale of six inches to a mile, show the detailed structure of the coal-field of this district and its surroundings — viz. 7, 8, 11, 12, and 16. 19 j3. Stewarton, Crawfuedland, and Loudoun District. 35. The tract now to be described forms a continuation of that of Dairy and Beith eastwards along the northern margin of the Kilmarnocli coal-field. The base of the Carboniferous Limestone series is here the same as that already described, viz. the tuffs and trappean-conglomerates at the top of the volcanic group of the Oalciferous sandstones. The lowest bed of hmestorie, of very variable thickness, is often of fair quality, and has been worked at various places, as near Loudoun Castle, at What- riggs, Rusha, Stewarton, Laigh Clunch, Corsehill, Gameshill, etc. In the Valley of the Annick Water the limestone series extends for some con- siderable distance into the trappean region in a kind of basin or trough. Towards its upper extremity, where the trough begins to narrow, the limestone becomes more and more split up with lines and layers of sand- stone and shale, and the limestone itself becomes thin and impure and un- workable. Some of the upper limestones of this district have been worked, as at Alton and Houletburn, Dalmusternock, Moscow, Dinnans, and other places, but none of the beds are of first-rate quality. The Black-band and coal-seams of the Dairy district have frequently been searched for, but they have nowhere been met with in a workable condition. Some of the coal-seams have indeed been attempted, but so long as thicker seams are to be obtained in the adjacent coal-field of Kilmarnock, it is not likely that these will be worked to profit. Interesting natural sections of the district are laid bare in Hay Burn near Loudoun Castle, Polbaith Burn, Crawfurdland Water, Annick Water, etc. The whole series is over- lain by a set of volcanic rocks of variable thickness. These consist of a bedded mass of basalt-rocks, covered by a series of ashy clays and grits, with intermingled tuff and tuffaceous shales. These beds are in some places so strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron that attempts have been made to work them, but hitherto with doubtful success. Masses of intrusive basalt pierce the strata in some places. In Polbaith Burn one of these intrusive sheets appears to occupy the position of the Alton lime- stone, included fragments of baked and crystalline limestone appearing in the igneous mass. Certain other intrusive rocks cut the limestone strata, but these will be described in subsequent paragraphs. (See pars. 49, 50.) y. Thorntonhall and Newlands District. 36. Under this section is embraced that portion of the Carboniferous Limestone series lying along the north-eastern corner of the Map between Neilston and Newlands. The lowest limestone, corresponding to the lowest limestone of the two previously described districts, and likewise resting upon tuffs or ashy beds, is well exposed in the eastern part of this area. It has been worked in several places — one of the best known quarries being that at Thorntonhall. The pavement on which it rests consists of green and yellow ashy grits, clays, sandstones, and conglome- rates. This limestone varies considerably throughout the district, being sometimes of good quality, as at Thorntonhall and Braehead, where it is from 8 to 10 feet thick ; but in other places it is thin and poor. In general appearance it resembles the grey lower limestone of Lugton, con- sisting of a number of thick beds and thin bands of variable quahty, separated by thin partings of calcareous shale. A cement-band about 2^ feet thick lies some 8 feet or thereby above it. Limestones higher in the series have been worked at Southfield and Newlands ; but a more par- ticular account of these falls to be given in the Explanation to accompany Sheet 23. The limestone strata which are represented at the northern edge of the Map as faulted agamst the underlying volcanic rocks, form the 20 southern termination of the Carboniferous Limestone series of Barrhead, etc., and will therefore be more appropriately described in the same Ex- planation. Detailed Mapx of this District. — The detailed structure of the ground is shown upon Sheets 16 and 17, Renfrewshire, and Sheets 10 and 17, Lanarkshire, of the six-inch Maps of the Geological Survey. S. Ckaigib District. 37. In the districts already described the Carboniferous Limestone series everywhere rests upon the volcanic group of the Calciferous sand- stones. In the two tracts which remain to be noticed, owing to the thinning away of the volcanic rocks to the south, the limestones lie upon the upper or cement-stone group of the Calciferous sandstones. Both these tracts lie to the south of the River Irvine, so that this stream may be taken as the southern limit of the volcanic base of the limestone series, although, as above noticed, there are traces of the extension of volcanic detritus even to the south of that line. Along with the cessation of the volcanic material, we at once remark that the whole of the limestone series becomes singularly attenuated. Not only is the total depth of strata greatly reduced, but the number and thickness of the limestones dwindles away rapidly. It would appear, therefore, that the thinning out of the Carboniferous Limestone series, which begins to the east of the town of Ayr (see Explanation to Sheet 14, par. 40), continues northward as far as the Valley of the Irvine, and that, indeed, it is not until we approach Dairy that this series resumes its usual importance. 38. Along the flanks of the Craigie Hills to the south of Kilmarnock the cement-stone group is overlaid by a band of limestone, which, having been extensively quarried, can be traced for more than three miles from Inchgotrick to near the Cessnock Water. That this is the lowest or Howrat or Beith limestone of the Dairy district can hardly be doubted. At the Howcommon quarries it is divided as follows : — Black shale and ironstone. Blue limestone, about 4 feet. Blue shale, 3 feet. White limestone, about 4 feet, resting on Blue shales. The following Fossils were obtained from this Band : — Clisiophyllum turbinatnm. — M'Coy. Productus longispinus. — Sow. Athyris amhigua. — Sow. Rhynchonella pleurodon. — Phil. Chcnetes Hardrensis. — Phil. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. Discina nitida. — Phil. Ctenodonta attenuata. — Flemg. Orthis resupinata. — Mart. Pinna flexicostata. — M'Coy. A second or upper band has been quarried to some extent for about a mile west of Harelaw. It will be seen from the Map that this seam is overlaid by the great intrusive basalt mass of the Craigie Hills, which cuts out the upper limestone altogether, and comes to rest upon the lower band east of Harelaw. A small portion of what is probably the upper seam, however, is seen involved in the igneous rock, on the east side of the road, a little south of Parkneuk. At Colliebarlees, a little east of the village of Craigie, some old limestone quarries probably mark another portion of the outcrop of this upper band. A little further south, in the Townend Burn, there is a rock exposed in nearly iiat beds, but with a gentle inclination to S.S.E. away from the limestones under the Coal- measures. This rock, though much decomposed, and not seen in any good section, has a marked ashy character. It is regarded as probably occupying the same horizon as the tuffs and dolerite already described as lying between the Carboniferous Limestone series and the Coal-measures 21 to the north and north-west of Kilmarnock. If this supposition is correct, the limestone series has here dwindled down into a few beds. Detailed Maps. — Sheets 22, 23, 27, and 28 of the Geological Survey Map of Ayrshire, on the scale of six inches to a mile, show in detail the geological structure of this district. c. Burn Anne and Water of Cessnock District. 39. In this district is included all the Carboniferous Limestone strata lying south of the River Irvine and east of the Craigie district just de- scribed. In the water-course of the Burn Anne, the series is only partially developed. Near Cessnock Castle it rests directly upon red Calciferous sandstones, but its upward limits appear to be confused by faulting, so that very little of it is seen before the Coal-measures come on. But from the appearances presented by a little outlier of limestone strata about half a mile further up the stream, there is reason to conclude that the whole series in this neighbourhood is of inconsiderable thickness. The lovpest limestone, which is so well developed at Craigie, is here represented by a thin, impure limestone ; and the strata with which this bed is associated also differ considerably from the equivalent strata of other districts. In Killoch Burn, Weitshaw Muir, Auchmillan, etc., the limestones have much the same impoverished aspect. Thin coal-seams are occasionally associated with these, and some attempts have been made in Weitshaw Muir to work them. In Killoch Burn the limestone series passes up into a set of ashy-like fireclays, sandstones, grits, and shales, with an occa- sional interbedded red and mottled tuff. These beds appear to represent the volcanic band overlying the limestone series in the districts to the north of the Irvine. (See pars. 29, 33, 35, 45.) At Auchmillan Quarry the limestone series is overlapped by the upper red sandstones of the Coal-measures. Detailed Maps. — The structure of this district is shown in detail upon Sheets 23, 24, 28, and 29 of the six-inch scale Maps of the Geological Survey of Ayrshire. Coal-Measures. 40. Although the Coal-measures occupy one continuous area upon the present Map, extending along the coast from Saltcoats to the southern margin of the Map, and inland to Newmilns in the Irvine Valley, and to Auchmillan in that of the Cessnock, it Will be convenient, fof local reference, to divide the description of these rocks into districts. The chain of the Craigie and Dundonald Hills naturally separates the coal- field of the Valley of the Irvine from that of the Ayr to the south ; while the structure of the coal-field itself allows us to take the ground round Kilmarnock and eastward as an area separable from that which stretches westwards by Kilwinning to Saltcoats. As in other coal-fields in Scotland, two distinct groups of strata form the Coal-measures of the north of Ayr- shire: 1st, An upper group of red and purple sandstones and clays, barren of coal; and, 2d, The true Coal-measures, consisting of grey, white, and yellow sandstones, dark shales, fireclays, coal-seams, and ironstones. The former group overlaps the latter, and, as above mentioned, is found in the Cessnock Valley resting directly even on the Carboniferous Limestone series. a. District of Galston and Kilmarnock. 41. This district embraces all the Coal-measures of the Valley of the Irvine from Newmilns to Riccarton and Kilmarnock. Good natural sections of some portions of the strata are seen in Kilmarnock Water and Burn Anne ; but the drift is so thickly spread throughout the rest of 22 ft. in. ft. in 2 6 to 3 6 16 „ u 2 „ 6 70 ,,100 4 „ "i 26 „ 86 2 „ 6 8 66 ,,100 7 6 „ 11 the district, that information concerning the coal-bearing strata is derived chiefly from pit-sections and borings. The following table represents the principal or workable coal-seams in the district : — Section of the Kilmaenock Coal-field. , Eed Sandstones. Strata, M'NaugM Coal, Strata, TourhaU Coal, Strata, Major Coal, Strata, Stone Coal, Strata, Main Coal, The Stone Coal in this table is the Main seam of Annandale Colliery, west of Kilmarnock, and also the Blind Coal of Caprington — its ' blind ' or anthracitic character being probably due to a mass of igneous rock which has been intruded in its neighbourhood. The Main Coal of Hurlford, as it is traced westwards down the valley, becomes split up by bands of shale, etc., which gradually increase from a few inches to several feet in thickness. It thus eventually divides into three separate seams, which are known as the Splint, Turf, and Wee Seams. Some 6 or 7 fathoms above the Hurlford Main, a gas coal of very variable thickness and quahty has been occasionally worked. 42. Between the Hurlford Main Coal and the underlying Carboniferous Limestone series a thickness of rather more than 400 feet of various strata intervenes. In the equivalents of these strata at Kilwinning several good coal-seams occur; but in the Kilmarnock district the same seams are too thin to pay the cost of working at present, although they have sometimes been attempted near the outcrop. 42. The Tipper Red Sandstones are separated from the highest or M'Naught coal-seam by a variable thickness of' white and grey sandstones, shales, thin coals, and fireclays. Sometimes the red sandstones approach to within only a few feet of the upper coal, while in other places the intervening strata swell out to a thickness of 25 or 30 fathoms. From the fact that it is in tbe shallower parts of the basin that the red sandstones come nearest to the upper coal, while the distance between them and that seam increases with the dip or inclination of the strata, an unconformity between the two groups of the Coal-measures may be inferred. But more striking evidence of this unconformity is afforded by the way in which the red sandstones are found stealing over the margin of the Coal-measures and resting directly upon the Carboniferous Limestone (par. 39). The red sandstones, it may be mentioned, occasionally alternate with thin beds of white and grey sandstones, dark shales, and thin coals. 43. Intrusive basalt-rocks occur abundantly in the Coal-measures of this district, but only a few of these show at the surface. At Holmes a large mass is seen cropping out, but a considerable portion of it is buried below drift. Another sheet crops out in the Kilmarnock Water at Kilmarnock. The coal-seams in many places are destroyed by similar Intrusions. Thus, at Hurlford, a mine was driven for nearly a third of a mile through coal which had been burnt into a kind of coarse coke. Numerous vertical dykes and a few pipes or necks of volcanic rock in hke manner cut the Coal-measures ; these, however, will be described in subsequent paragraphs of this Explanation. (See par. 49.) Detailed Maps of this District. — The coal-field of Ejlmarnock and its surrounding country are illustrated in the detailed six-inch Maps of the Geological Survey. See Sheets 18, 19, 23, and 24, Ayrshire. 23 /3. District of Saltcoats, Kilwinning, Irvine, and Cakmel Water. 44. The area of coal-field included in this district stretches from Saltcoats to Shewalton Moss, and inland to Old Rome and Crosshouse. The position of the coal-seams and their local names are shown in the subjoined table : — Section of the Saltcoats and Kilwinning Coal-field, showing the position of the Seams, the Local Names they bear at these localities, and their representatives in the Kilmarnock field. Saltcoats. Fergushill. Kilmarnock. Red Sandstone Group. Strata. M 'Naught Coal. Strata. ft. in. Bowhrig Coal, Tourha' Coal, . 3 TourhaU Coal. Strata, . . 88 Crawford Coal, Major Coal, . 4 Major Coal. Strata, . . 89 6 Five-quarter Coal, Five-quarter Coal, 6 8 Stone Goal (BUnd Coal Strata, . . 64 ; of Caprington). Parrot Coal, Splint or Parrot Coal, 3 2^ Strata, . Turf Coal, . Strata, . 1 Turf Coal, . . 3 2 1 9 4 Main Coal of Kilmarnock ' and Hurlford. Little Coal, . "Wee Coal, . . 1 9. ( Strata, . 110 Strata, . \ OU Shale, . . 1 4 ( Strata, . 27 Davis Coal, . Ladyha' Coal, . 2 9 Strata, . . 50 Little Parrot Coal, EUCoal, . . 2 9 Strata, . , . 66 Lower Little Coal, Stone or Gipsy Coal, 3 8 Strata, . . 34 Main Coal, . Main Coal, . 4 6 Strata, . 50-60 Raise Coal. 45. The Raise Coal of the Saltcoats section is but a short way above the highest of the Limestone beds. Between it and the limestones on the shore lies a representative of the volcanic zone which everywhere in this northern part of Ayrshire separates the Carboniferous Limestone series from the Coal-measures. It is sometimes a dull grey compact clay, like a fine-grained tuff, containing rounded concretionary grains or nodules of spathose iron, and it may be traced eastwards to the Lugton Water above Sevenacres Mill, and again to the Annick and Kilmarnock Waters. Some portions of the bed in these localities become quite ashy in character, and pass into a soft decomposing trap-tuff. Along with the tuff, however, there usually occurs a thick bed or series of beds of a dark compact more or less decomposed augitic rock — a variety of the Carboniferous basalt-rocks or melaphyres of Scotland. This rock occupies most of the volcanic zone between the Carboniferous Limestone and Coal-measures. But, in the present district, owing probably in part to its thinning away, and partly to the deep covering of drift, it has not been traced over part of the line which it ought to follow. It comes on again, however, in great force on the other side of the large fault which separates the Dairy and Kilwinning districts. It there caps the hills for some miles north-east and south-west from the Valley of the Garnock. (See par. 29.) The persistence of this volcanic zone is further shown by a bore at Doura, three and a half miles to the north-east of Irvine, where, at a depth of 24 fathoms below the Ell Coal, red and green ' whin ' and 24 ' blaes,' overlying hard dark ' greenstone,' were met with for a thickness of about 20 fathoms, below which, after an interval of a few feet of sand- stone and shale, came the first limestone. South of the present district it is difficult to identify the coal-seams. They become fewer in number and much disturbed by igneous rocks in the part of the country lying to the north and north-east of Ayr. The volcanic zone also disappears, and it becomes hardly possible to draw any line between the Carboniferous Limestone series and the Coal-measures. (See Explanation to Sheet 14, par. 40.) 46. On the six-inch Maps of Ayrshire the position of the pits with the crops of the coal-seams, and the trend of the chief dislocations, are shown in detail. Much of the coal in this district has been destroyed by sheets of intrusive igneous rock or 'whin-floats' as they are called by the miners. These intrusive masses have been injected chiefly along the bed- ding of the coal-seams with which they in general correspond so as to resemble true beds. They seldom appear at the surface, but they are revealed in the pit- workings and by bores. A series of bores, put down to the south of Irvine, shows the position of many such sheets lying apparently in the place where workable coal-seams would otherwise have been found. The best examples to be seen above ground are on the shore at Salt- coats and in the course of the Lugton Water, near Sevenacres Mill, at each of which places the coal has been rendered columnar. There occur also numerous dykes of different varieties of basalt-rocks by which the coal is hkewise altered. These are further referred to in pars. 49 and 50. Several large ' wants ' have been met with in the coal-workings, that is, spaces over which, without any interference from igneous rocks, the coal does not exist. Those ' wants ' appear to indicate areas over which the coal was never deposited, its place being taken by clay, shale, or sand- stone. Thus, the Ell Coal, in the parish of Dreghorn, has been found to be interrupted by a ' want ' extending over fully 90 acres, though the coals above it occur in their usual condition. Below this ' want,' however, there occurs a small one in the next or Stone Coal, while a little to the west a long narrow strip of the same seam is cut out by another, as if the ' want ' marked the site of an ancient water-runnel through the vege- tation out of which the coal was eventually formed. 47. The Upper Red Sandstone group as well as the highest coal-seam (M'Naught) of the Kilmarnock field are generally absent throughout the present district. They both come on for a short space to the south-east of the town of Irvine, and form a small outher in a trough of the Coal- measures between the Valley of the Annick Water and that of the River Irvine. It wiU be seen from the Map that this patch is surrounded with volcanic rocks of Permian age, and is partly overlaid with trap-tuff of the same date. South of this locality the Coal-measures are, as yet, little known. They have been much broken up by masses of igneous rock, of which the Dundonald Hills are a conspicuous example ; and the coal- seams are probably to a large extent destroyed, though there may be among them, here and there, patches of coal which will eventually be worked. Detailed Maps of this District. — Sheets 16, 17, and 22 of the six-inch scale Maps of the Geological Survey of Ayrshire. y. District between Teoon and the Cessnock Water. 48. In this section of the Map is comprised that strip of Coal-measures which stretches along the southern margin of the Map, by the flanks of the Dundonald and Craigie Hills to the Valley of the Cessnock Water, near Auchmillan. The true relations of the strata are here much obscured, partly by the covering of drift which allows few good sections to be seen, 25 and partly by the intrusive igneous rocks which spread over so large a space. Two coals (one of them a gas coal, the other a household coal, 3^ feet thick) have been worked at Adamhill, and coal has been met with at one or two places below the basalt mass of Dundonald. But little is as yet known as to the true position of these coals, and whether any coal exists in this district sufficient in extent and quality to be profitably worked. Detcdkd Maps of this District. — Sheets 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, and 29 of the six-inch scale Maps of the Geological Survey of Ayrshire. Permian Volcanic Rocks. 49. Along the southern margin of the Map small portions are marked of the extreme northern edge of the basin of porphyrites and melaphyres in which the Permian sandstones of Ayrshire rest. It has been shown that those volcanic rocks are themselves of Permian age, and reference may be made to the Explanation to Sheet 14 of the Geological Survey of Scotland where they are described. On the present Map a small patch of tuff is shown overlying the Coal-measures to the east of the village of Dreghorn. This outlier may have been connected with the adjoining ' neck ' of agglomerate at Thornton. It is the only portion of interbedded or overlying tuff which has been found above the Coal-measures apart from the main mass of the Permian volcanic basin. In addition to these rocks, wliich distinctly overlie the Coal-measures as old lava-beds, it will be observed that the Map is dotted over with small ' necks ' of volcanic agglomerate, similar in all respects to those described in the Explanation just quoted. These ' necks ' represent some of the pipes or orifices which served for the ejection of volcanic materials in Permian times. Each of them, in short, marks the site of a former vol- cano. They descend vertically from the surface, as shown by the coal- workings, and when they pierce the coal-field, as they do in several instances, the coal-seams for some distance round each neck are quite destroyed. The material of which they consist is usually a coarse un- stratified agglomerate, in which fragments of various igneous rocks, as well as pieces of the surrounding sandstones, shales, and other strata, are imbedded in a coarse-grained gravelly tuff of a more or less distinctly red colour. A small group of five such ' necks ' is shown upon the Map to the south-east of Symington, piercing the Coal-measures (including the Upper Red Sandstone group) and the Permian melaphyre beds of Barn- weill. To the south-east and east of Irvine three ' necks ' are seen on the borders of the little patch of red upper Coal-measures. Near Steven- ston three of them rise through the Carboniferous Limestone series. Near Kilmaurs two well-marked examples penetrate at the surface the trap- pean beds which separate the Carboniferous Limestone series from the Coal-measures ; while at the extreme south-east corner of the Map a small portion of a neck is shown rising through the Old Red Sandstone. In some cases the ' neck ' is not only filled with agglomerate, but a mass of melaphyre or other trappean rock has subsequently risen through it. This has happened north of Stevenston and also near Barleith, south-east from Kilmarnock. It may be added that the necks sometimes occur along lines of fault in such a way as to indicate that the faults either existed at the time, or, at least, were represented even then by lines of weakness along which the volcanic forces could act. 26 Intrusive Basalt-rocks of Post-Carboniferous age- Miocene dykes. 50. The numerous patches of dark crimson on the Map show the posi- tion of intrusive igneous rocks belonging to different species of the basalt family (basalt, anamesite, and dolerite). These occur in two forms, (1) as irregular bosses or sheets ; and (2) as dykes and reins. (1.) Although the bosses hare often a most ii-regular contour at the surface, they are probably all more or less of the nature of sheets which have been thrust between the bedding -planes of the strata. This is indi- cated by the general parallelism between the bottom of the intruded mass and the stratification of the beds on which it rests wherever these can be seen. Thus, in the case of the two largest masses shown upon the Map — those of Dundonald and Craigie — the sandstones and shales are found to crop out from under the igneous rock and to strike parallel with its edge. At its base the Craigie boss is seen to overlie the shales and lime- stone, and to send thin veins or sheets into them, and to pass across the bedding from the horizon of the upper limestone band of Harelaw to that of the lower limestone seam at Howcommon. Although, therefore, these large masses of rock have assumed a general tabular or sheet-like form, they have done so only in the irregular manner characteristic of the in- trusive igneous rocks. There is no way by which the geological age of those masses can be even approximately determined. All that can be said of them in that respect, is, that they are later than the Coal-measures. Further to the south, however, in the Valley of the Ayr (Sheet 14), similar rocks are found intersecting part of the Permian basin. Hence it is pro- bable that the basalt-bosses of the present Map are, at least, as recent as the Permian period. The effect of these and of other intrusive sheets, which are not visible at the surface, has been to alter and often even to destroy the coal-seams in their neighbourhood. The coal is in most cases ' burnt ' or reduced to a kind of soot or cinder ; in other places, as on the shore at Saltcoats, and near Sevenacres Mill on the Lugton Water — localities already referred to in par. 46, — the coal has been converted into a columnar coke ; while at Caprington, to the south of Kilmarnock, one of the seams, owing to the proximity of an underlying igneous rock, has become a good workable ' blind-coal ' or anthracite. (2.) The dykes are wall-hke masses of basalt or of some basalt-rock, varying in thickness from a foot or two to twenty or thirty yards. They have been named by the colliers ' whin-gaws.' For the most part they strike a little north of west and run in tolerably straight lines. Some of them have been traced for several miles, and though, as a rule, their course cannot be followed so far, they may often be continuous for much greater distances. They descend to an unknown depth, but they do not all reach the surface. They sometimes alter the coal for fully 150 feet on each side, but the degree of alteration and the distance to which it ex- tends vary greatly, and do not seem to depend merely upon the mass of the dyke. From evidence formerly adduced, there is reason to believe that these abundant west-and-east dykes date from the Miocene period, and are connected in age and origin with the great Miocene basaltic pla- teaux of Antrim and the Inner Hebrides.* Faults. 51. The great dislocations shown upon the present Map follow the line * See Explanation to Sheet 14 of the Geological Survey Map of Scotland, page 23, and reference there given. 27 of the larger fractures which cross Scotland, that is, from south-west to north-east. Three of these leading faults are indicated, to which reference may be made. 1st, The south side of the Kilmarnock field is bounded by a powerful dislocation which brings down the upper red Coal-measures against the Lower Old Red Sandstone volcanic rocks, thus throwing out the whole of the Coal-measures, Carboniferous limestone, and Calciferous sandstones — a throw of not less than 250 or 800 fathoms. It will be seen that several other faults of less importance are, more or less, parallel with this one, both to the south-east and north-west. 2d, A long and important fault runs from Ardrossan north-eastwards into the Renfrew- shire coal-field at Neilston. Its effect has been to let down the Dairy basin with all its limestones and coals from bottom to top,- including also a portion of the volcanic zone between the Carboniferous limestone and Coal-measures, and even a part of these measures themselves. Owing to the curving of the strata, the amount of this throw varies greatly. Its maximum is at Blair, where it cannot be under 1000 feet, for it brings down the basalt-rocks at the base of the Coal-measures against the por- phyrites which underlie the lowest limestone. 3d, A very remarkable dislocation, or rather connected series of dislocations, flanks the western side of the Dairy and Kilbirnie basin. Primarily we have here a long fault by which the limestones are brought down against the porphyrite of the hills. But the fault is made up of disjointed fractures, some of which run in the dominant N.N.E. line for a short way and cease, while others trend at various angles to N.W. The whole western line of boundary of the basin is thus a chain of faults, none of which are of great magnitude, but which serve completely to shatter the margin of the limestones. 52. The minor faults of the district may be grouped as dip and strike- faults. The dip-faults are those which run with the dip of the strata : in the Kihuarnock field these are usually north and south; while the strike- faults, which approximately follow the strike of the beds, trend more or less east and west. Ice-worn Rocks and Drift. 53. Ice-worn Surface of the Country. — The greater part of the area embraced by the present Map is covered with superficial deposits of the Glacial Drift series. The general rock surface of- the district has been worn down, grooved, and striated by ice, which appears to have moved in a great body from the north. Over those districts from which the drift has been removed, the grooves and striae have very generally been obliterated in the weathering of the rocks, though the general ice-moulded character of the ground remains conspicuous. This is well shown over all the hilly tracts ; but where the drift has remained as a protection to the rocks, the markings made by the ice are still well preserved. The general trend of the strise is north and south, varying a little eastwards or westwards according to the form of the ground, and, now and then, owing to local causes, seeming to indicate a movement in the opposite direction. The position of many of the ice-worn surfaces with the trend of their striee is shown upon the Map. Thus a good many may be seen upon the hills to the north of Ardrossan and west of Dairy and Kilbirnie, also eastwards, scattered over the hilly ground along the borders of Ayrshire and Renfrewshire. The most southerly point on this Map where the groovings were noticed is on the boss of basalt-rock at Syming- ton, where they run in a south-westerly direction ; thus corresponding, as usual, with the prevalent trend of the ridges and hollows around them. 28 54. The Drift series in the north of Ayrshire consists of the following subdivisions : b. Sands and Gravels (Kame series). a. Tipper and Lower Boulder-clay. (a.) The Boulder-clay is divisible into two parts, but throughout a large portion of the district it is not possible to carry out this subdivision on the Maps. The Lower Boulder-clay is usually dark gray or blue in colour, especially on the Carboniferous areas ; sometimes reddish-brown, more particularly where it lies upon or close to the Old Red Sandstone, or the porphyrites. It is hard and tough, full of more or less rounded, well- striated stones, which are usually too small properly to deserve the name of boulders. Among these stones, fragments of some of the schists and other metamorphic rocks of the Highlands are found even as far south as the Valley of the Irvine, at Darvel. On the other hand, pieces of the Old Red Sandstone and metamorphic rocks at the south-east corner of the Map, are occasionally met with in the lower boulder-clay, even as far north as the borders of Renfrewshire. It is possible that this distribu- tion of the stones indicates an alternate advance of the ice, from the Highlands southward, and from the southern uplands northward. 55. Interstratified beds of sand,fine clay, and gravel, are occasionally seen in the lower boulder-clay, where that deposit has been cut through along the valleys ; and these interstratifications are sometimes contorted. Similar deposits not unfrequently occur in the sinking of bores or pits, as to the west of Kilmarnock, sometimes in the lower, sometimes in the upper T)oulder-clay, or as a line of demarcation between the two. These are further referred to in pars. 57, 58. 56. The Upper Boulder-clay resembles in a general way the lower, but is a looser, coarser, less firmly compacted deposit, and sometimes contains large blocks of stone. Its stones also are commonly more angular and less ice-worn than those in the lower subdivision, and sometimes show a rudely-stratified arrangement. Both the lower and upper boulder-clay lie thickest in the valleys, and thin off over the hills. In the Kilmarnock district, a depth of 40 or 50 to sometimes more than 100 feet of Drift (including both of the boulder-clays) is met with in sinking pits and bores. In the Dairy and Kilbirnie district, the thickness of these deposits in the Valley of the Garnock varies up to 70 or 80 feet, thinning away on either side as they ascend the hills. 57. In the cutting of the new railway between Crofthead and Kilmar- nock, some intercalated beds of sand and clay in the lower boulder-clay are met with. The skull of Bos primigenius was found in them, along with bones of the great Irish deer and the horse, and abundant traces of lacustrine vegetation — indicating probably that during a considerable in- terval in the deposition of the lower boulder-clay, a lake existed at the locality.* In sinking the Lucknow coal-pit, near Stevenston, shells were met with in some of the drift deposits. They included Leda arctica, Astarte borealis, Cyprina Islandica, Tellina calcarea, and Natica clausa,^ — species found in the glacial clays of the Clyde basin, or the east of Scotland ; but from the way in which the shells were met with in the refuse heaps at the mouth of the pit, it is not possible definitely to decide whether they occurred in some interstratification in the boulder-clay itself, or in clay- beds lying above it. The clay or mud containing the shells lay immedi- ately below the sands and gravels of the raised-beach, and may once have been covered with boulder-clay now removed. In the same neigh- bourhood, in sinking an air-shaft at Todhills, clay was brought up con- taining Tellina tenuis, Littorina littorea, Mya iruncata, etc. It suggested * See Oeol. Magazine, vol. vi. p. 390. + Trans. Geol. Soc. Olasgow, iii. 128. 29 the idea of having been a beach of boulder-clay on which those shells lived, or on which they were thrown up and buried. 58. But the most interesting deposits of the Drift series in the north of Ayrshire are those which occur in the neighbourhood of Kilmaurs, and from which the bones of the mammoth and reindeer, as well as arctic- marine shells, have been obtained.* These remains have been found at different times during the past half-century, in removing the cover of drift from the sandstone quarry of Woodhill. From recent observations it appears that they occurred in a peaty layer between two thin beds of sand and gravel, which lay beneath a mass of boulder-clay, and rested directly on the sandstone rock.f It has been by some observers inferred that this infraposition of the organic remains to boulder-clay indicated their deposition before that formation had begun to be laid down ; and that the mammoth remains and the vegetable debris among which they were found, might be compared in geological horizon to the well-known forest-bed of Cromer, in Norfolk. There are, however, no grounds for this inference. An examination of the numerous bores and pit-sections which have been made in the course of mining operations in the Kilmaurs district, shows that the boulder-clay there contains interstratified beds of sand, gravel, and clay. Where the level of the surface of the solid rocks rises towards the surface of the ground, the intercalated strata of sand die off against the slope until the rock comes to be covered directly by the overlying boulder-clay. Where, on the other hand, the level of the rock sinks, as it does southwards and westwards, it passes beneath the horizon of the sand-beds, and a lower boulder-clay makes its appearance under these beds. There cannot be any doubt that the strata containing the organic remains were formed during the deposition of the boulder- clay which is found both beneath and above them, and that the cause of their sometimes being found to' rest on the solid rock without a lower mass of boulder-clay is due to the irregularity of the surface on which the whole of these drift-deposits were laid down. 59. The peaty matter and the bones of the mammoth and rein-deer found at Kilmaurs, are thus strictly parallel to those found under similar circumstances near Airdrie. They probably indicate the passing of what have been called inter-glacial warm seasons or periods, when the covering of ice upon the country had retired sufficiently to permit an arctic vege- tation to spring up on the land, and some of the large northern mammals to roam over it.;]: The occurrence of arctic-marine shells in some of the intercalated strata in the Kilmaurs boulder-clay, shows that the sea at least occasionally covered deposits derived from the washing of the neigh- bouring land-slopes, and that the temperature of the ocean still continued congenial to the habits of arctic mollusca. 60. (b.) Sands and Gravels. — Near Eaglesham several remarkable marine terraces of sand and gravel occur. The upper terrace abuts against the lower boulder-clay of the hill-slopes at a height of nearly 900 feet, at which height it is arranged into a series of irregular mounds. From this point it dips down in a long undulating slope to 700 feet or thereby, where it ends in a steep bank about 55 feet above the second terrace, which continues outward in the same manner till it terminates in a similar bank, with the boulder-clay coming out from below. The average level of this second terrace is about 660 feet. A lower terrace seems in some places to spread out from the base of the second terrace, * See Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. i. part 2. p. 68. + Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. xxi. p. 213. t See Trans. Geol. Soc. Glasgow, vol. i. part 2. p. 53. Ckoll, PJdl. Mag., vol. xxxvi. p. 384. 30 but it may be only a denuded portion of that terrace itself. The deposits consist of stratified sand and well-rounded gravel, with occasional large boulders. Similar terraces are met with near the head of the River Irvine, but these will be described in the Explanation to accompany Sheet 23. A^ few scattered heaps of sand and gravel, but no large continuous deposits, occur here and there in the other districts represented upon this Map. 61. Along the sea-margin there are found deposits of sand and gravel above the limits of the 25-feet raised-beach. In some places these deposits have a terraced form, as if they marked former levels of the sea. This may be seen along the slopes between Montfode and Dykesmains, north from Ardrossan, where the platform is about 90 feet above the sea. To the east of Shewalton Moss also traces of two terraces of gravel, one about 60 or 70, the other about 90 feet above the sea, run northward, and seem to pass into the ridge of sand which runs east from Drybridge Station. Raised-Beach. 62. Reference is made in par. 61 to certain rather vaguely defined terraces of sand and gravel which occur at various heights along the Ayrshire coast. Probably some of these are remnants of raised-beaches marking former sea-levels during the elevation of the country. But they have been so much denuded and so affected by cultivation that their ex- tension along the coast-line is not easily traced. At a height of from 20 to 30 feet, however, above the present mean tide-level, there occurs a well-marked terrace running as a selvage of flat land along the coast, and varying from not more than 200 yards, near Ardrossan, where the ground rises rapidly from the sea, to nearly three miles between Kilwin- ning and Irvine, where the inland slope is gentle. This terrace marks a former beach, and its component strata have the usual characters of beach deposits. The following section has been cut by the River Irvine through the raised-beach near the east end of the Bogside Race-course : — ■ Blown sand, irregularly spread over tiie surface. Stratified sand and gravel, with false bedding, 20-25 feet. Dark grey clay (3 feet 2 inches), fuU of Littorina littorea, L. rudis, Nassa reti- culata, Cardium edule (sometimes with valves united), Ostrea edulis, Mytilus edulis, Scrobkularia piperata (in position of growth), Pecten maximus, etc. Yellow sand, very ferruginous in parts, 2 feet. FeiTUginous gravel and sand — base concealed by river. Throughout the extent of this raised-beach along the Ayrshire coast its surface has been made irregular by the drifting of blown sand over it ; so much so, that in some places the original terrace-character has been effaced, and its place has been taken by the peculiar dunes which blown sand produces. In other parts-, where the flat terrace is still recognis- able, it has been roughened by hillocks and more or less marked undula- tions of sand. These excrescences are not due merely to the drifting of sand from the present beach. The upper sand-beds of the raised-beach it- self have served to supply the prevalent westerly winds with an abundant supply of material which, by being in this way swept away from one part of the platform and heaped up in another, has given rise to most of the present irregularity. Alluvium, Peat, Soils. 63. Alluvium. — The Alluvial and Peat Deposits are expressed upon the Map by a pale fawn-colour. It will be seen that the alluvium is chiefly confined to the margins of the streams, where it spreads out into flat holms or 'haughs.' Such are the strips of rich alluvial land through 31 which the Irvine, and Garnock \7incl, and similar deposits occur along the courses of most of the streams, save where, as in the case of the White Cart, the valleys are too' narrow, or the descent too steep, to allow of the spreading out of detritus. Other patches of alluvium, however, are scattered over the district distinct from the alluvia of the water- courses. They lie in hollows, and their flat bottoms evidently mark the sites of former lakes A number of these hollows are marked along the southern margin of the Map. Most of them have a layer of peat or peaty silt forming the upper bed or surface of the deposits with which they have been filled up. This gradual silting up of lakes has taken place to a large extent over the whole of Ayrshire.* The process probably began from the time when the irregular hollows of the boulder- clay and the glacial drifts were first exposed to the atmosphere. Since then, as the clays and superficial deposits have been more and more washed away, their detritus has been washed into the hollows which lay among them ; and these hollows, first lakes, then marshes, have at last been converted into meadows and cornfields. Some of these old lake-bottoms are now traversed by a stream or ditch which serves to carry off their drainage. It would even appear that some of the larger streams, such as the Irvine, have once had lakes in their course, and that they have caused the dis- appearance of these sheets of water, partly by silting them up, and partly by cutting down the level of their outlet. Indications of such a process are furnished by the large alluvial hollow known as Barleith Moss, lying between the Irvine and the Cessnock, and of which the south-east side is traversed by the latter stream. A few years ago the loose muddy silt sand and gravel of what seems to have been the old lake-bottom, burst into the workings of one of the pits below and caused considerable damage. 64. Kilbirnie and Castlesemple Lochs (Sheet 30) are the remains of one great lake which formerly stretched for six miles from Kilbirnie Sta- tion to Castlesemple. At a recent period a third lake occupied part of the space between the two now remaining ; but this having become nearly silted up, was drained in the beginning of last century, and now forms the Barr Meadow,f which, along with the Carse near Kilbirnie, extends as one continuous alluvial plain over the whole distance (three miles) between the two remaining sheets of water. The separation of Kilbirnie from Barr Loch was mainly brought about by the meeting of the deltas of Maich Water and Roebank Burn, flowing from the west and east respectively. Castlesemple Loch, on the other hand, was cut off from Barr Loch by the alluvia of the River Calder, the Hall Burn, and other smaller streams. It is now very shallow, and the mud flats at either end are perceptibly approaching each other. The alluvium, where sections can be seen, varies from coarse gravel, as opposite Barr Castle, to fine mud, as in Aird's Meadow. In the latter place a circular pool near the Railway (at the northern extremity of the Map) marks the site of a breach into the workings of the Upper Peel Coal made by the ' sleek' or ' running mud ' in the year 1820. The construction of the Railway be- tween Beith and Lochwinnoch was attended with great difiiculty, owing to the depth of running mud. To the N.W. of Easter Kerse, the silt is covered with peat in which are numerous upright tree stumps. At the south end of Kilbirnie Loch, the heap of slag from the Gleugarnoek Iron Works is constantly encroaching on the Loch, and its weight, pressing upon the soft deposits of the lake-bottom, raises up out of the water a belt of silt 40 to 60 feet broad. About two years ago, three Cranogs or lake-dwellings, of piles and cross logs, were exposed by the rising of this * See Explanation of Sheet 14, par. 73. + See Crawford's History of Benfrewshire. 32 silt wave ; but they were much distorted by the movement of the silt. Beside them were found two canoes, each of which was hollowed out of a single oak trunk. One of the canoes is said to have contained a bronze pot hooped round the mouth, and a vessel shaped like a lion. The canoes appear to have been destroyed, but the bronze vessels are in the posses- sion of the Earl of Glasgow's factor at Largs. A number of teeth of the ox were also found beside the Cranogs, together with fragments of rude pottery composed of baked clay. More perfect ' urns ' are said to have been found by the workmen, containing charred bones. 65. The alluvium of the River Garnock seems to extend to the south end of Kilbirnie Loch ; but the ground is now so much obscured by buildings and refuse connected with the Iron Works, that this cannot be made out satisfactorily. The difference in level of the surface of the loch and of the alluvium of the river is at least but trifling. A local writer* observes that, ' in high floods it (the Garnock) has been known to send off part of its waters eastward, through Kilbirnie Loch and Lochwinnoch.' It is by no means unlikely that the great lake already mentioned originally extended as far south as Dairy (9 miles in all), and drained into the sea at Irvine by the River Garnock. But when the Black Cart cut through the rock near Elliston Bridge, carrying off the waters to the Clyde, it may, at the same time, have lowered the general level of the lake, so that previously submerged river deltas would then divide it into a chain of lakes, communicating with each other by sluggish dit(ih-like streams. This view is rendered more plausible by the shallowness of the water, and of the superficial deposits at the Castlesemple end, and the depth of both at the Kilbirnie end. No direct evidence has been obtained as to whether the great lake lay in a true rock basin, or was ponded back at the southern extremity by a barrier of drift. 66. Peat. — Throughout the hilly districts of the north of Ayrshire and Renfrewshire the higher grounds are covered with grassy vegetation, heather, or hill-turf. On wet land, such as the hollows between ridges, or in flat valleys, patches of peat occur. The large peat-mosses of the district, however, occur in the low-lying tracts. Most of them are to be found in a small area, not more than twelve square miles in extent, lying between the villages of Dairy and Stewarton. In that area there are five large peat-mosses — one of them, the Bloak Moss, about a mile square — besides eight or ten of smaller size. Further south, the Shewalton Moss, near Irvine, covers a still larger surface ; and east of it, near Kilmarnock, lies the Barleith Moss already referred to. Most of the peat appears to be in a state of decay. 67. Soils. — ^The character of the soil is necessarily dependent on the nature of the rocks and superficial deposits on which it lies. Thus, over the hills where the igneous rocks come to the surface, the soil formed out of their waste is usually dry, warm, and rich, as in the tracts near the Mearns, Dunlop, etc. When boulder-clay forms the subsoil, it commonly gives rise to a stiff, cold, retentive soil, which requires careful draming. The sands and gravels give a free, light soil. And just as these deposits often succeed each other rapidly along the surface of the country, so the soils formed from them share in the same rapid alterna- tions. Along the alluvial tracts of the larger streams are to be found some of the warmest loamy soils of the district. * Montgomerie's Oeology of Renfrewshire and the North of Ayrshire. — Highland Society's Prize Essay, 1838. 33 v.— ECONOMIC MINERALS. 68. Building Materials. — Throughout this district the chief building stones are furnished by the white and grey sandstones of the Coal- measures. These have been extensively quarried on the south side of the Dundonald Hills, at Ardeer, and other places. The Upper Red Sandstones of the Coal-measures are also quarried and used as building stones, as at Galston. Quarries for local use have been opened in many of the white and grey sandstones of the Carboniferous Limestone series, for example, on both sides of the Valley of the Garnock. Some of the red sandstones of the lower group of the Calciferous Sandstone series are likewise used as building stones, and have been quarried to some extent at Ardrossan ; but their durability is so unequal, that they do not, in this district, appear to be well adapted for building purposes. Owing to the facility with which the fine building stones of Mauchline and Dumfries can be brought northwards by railway, they are superseding the local stones in the better kinds of architecture. The igneous rocks, which form the hilly tracts of the northern half of the Map, are not well adapted for building purposes, except for the construction of field fences, or dry-stone-dykes, to which use they are largely appUed. Some of the basalt-rocks, how- ever, are capable of being dressed into rectangular blocks, and might be used for house-building, where the more easily dressed sandstones are not cheaply obtainable. 69. Limestones. — A reference to the Map will show the position of the various limestone tracts : they are wholly confined to the Carboniferous Limestone series. The thickest masses are those of the lowest limestone, where it spreads out over a large area, to the east and south-east of Beith. It is a compact, crystalline rock, well adapted for the purposes of building and agriculture, as well as for use in the iron furnaces. Next in importance to the lowest limestone are the seams known as the Linn Limestone — a zone, consisting of two or three bands, which overlie the coals and ironstones of the Dairy field. The amount of limestone in this part of Ayrshire is enormous. Most of the seams have only been partially quarried, their further extent being still concealed under drift or soil. 70. Eoad-metal. — Most of the igneous rocks shown on the Map are available for the purposes of road-making. As a rule, the porphyrites crumble down with some rapidity, and are less durable, in consequence, than the basaltic or doleritic rocks. The latter yield the best road- metal in the district, whether they occur as great amorphous masses, like those of the Dundonald Hills, or in the form of dykes, as at Steven- ston, and near Beith and Dunlop. 71. Brick Clays. — Some of the finer parts of the boulder-clay may be used for brick-making, and have here and there been used for this pur- pose. Several of the fireclays of the Coal-measures afford excellent material for fire-brick manufacture, and have been used for this pur- pose. 72. Ores. — Copper in the form of green carbonate occurs in a vein, traversing in a north-westerly direction the limestone and porphyrite above Swinlees. The ores of iron are the carbonates, in the form of beds and nodules of clay-ironstone. These occur most numerously and in workable seams in the Carboniferous Limestone series, chiefly on the north side of the Ardrossan, Barrmill, and Neilston fault. The Black- band and Clay-band Ironstones of Dairy have been already referred to. In addition to these two seams, however, there occur, in the lower part of that field, numerous other seams of clay-band ironstone of less thick- C 34 ness and value. Among these may be mentioned, the layers of ironstone nodules in a zone of black shale, known locally as ' Logan's Bands.' 73. Fuel. — Under this head reference may be made to the coal-fields de- scribed in previous pages. Good workable coal-seams are found along the whole Valley of the Irvine, up to Newmilns, and westwards to Kilwinning and Saltcoats. Coal has been partially worked south of that tract, in the Cessnock Valley, near Lawers Bridge ; but owing to the way in which the coal-bearing part of the Coal-measures is there overlaid with the Upper Red Sandstone, it has not yet been satisfactorily ascertained whether workable coal extends along the southern margin of the Map, between the Cess- nock and Troon. The coals, however, which were worked at Adamhill and further east, sufficed to indicate the possibility of eventually finding workable coal in that tract, although the abundance of intrusive igneous rocks makes it probable that, over some parts at least, the coals will be found to be destroyed. Several seams of workable coal occur in the Dairy field, but they are at present very partially used. No workable coal occurs anywhere below the base of the Carboniferous Limestone series. 74. Precious Stones. — At Lanfine, near Newmilns, fine agates are occasionally turned up by the plough in the loose soil of the fields. They are derived from certain volcanic rocks, in which they form the kernels of amygdaloidal and other cavities. (See par. 8.) APPENDIX. I.— LIST OF LOCALITIES FROM WHICH FOSSILS HATE BEEN COLLECTED BT THE GEOLOGICAL SDBTET IN THE NORTH OF AYRSHIRE AND ADJOINING PARTS OF RENFREW AND LANARKSHIRE. — (Sheet 22.) The mimbers are those hy which the localities are denoted in the succeeding List of Fossils. A.— Beith, Kilbirnie, and Dairy Districts. 1. Ironstone Pit, near Kilbirnie Station. 2. Ironstone Pit, at Kilbirnie Loch, S.W. end. 3. Paduff Burn, Ironstone Pit, near Kilbirnie Turnpike Eoad. 4. Pandearon Burn, at Bankside, 1 mile N. of Kilbirnie. 6. Paduff Bum, Road crossing at bead of, 3 miles N. W. of Kilbirnie. 6. Howrat Quarry, N. of South Howrat Parm, 2 miles W. of Kilbirnie. 7. South Howrat, Quarry S. side of, 3 miles S."W. of Kilbirnie. 8. Langbar, E. of Kilbirnie Station. 9. Crawlee Quarry, near Langbar Colliery. 10. Broadstone Hall Quarry, Gateside, Beith. H. Treame House, Gateside, Quarry a little N. of, Beith. 12. „ „ „ Quarry a Httle "W". by S. of, Beith, 13. HUlhead Quarry, S."W. of Treame House, Beith. 14. Lyonshields Quarry, IST. by E. of Treame, „ 15. Roughwood Quarry, S. of Beith. 16. Manrahead Quarry, S. of Beith. 17. Powgreen Bum, below Glengarnock Iron Co.'s Railway, S. of Beith. 18. Barrmill, Quarry 250 yds. E. of, 2^ miles S.E. of Beith. 19. Dusk Water, at road N. of Barrmill, ,, ,, ,, 20. Giffen Castle, Quarry near, 3 miles S.E. of Beith. 21. Ironstone Pit, near Dairy. 22. Pitcon Bum, H". of Dahy. 23. Gowkehouse Burn, near Balgry. 24. Wheatyfauld Quarry, S. of Den, 2 miles N.E. of Daby. 25. Eye Water (at fault), above Ryefield House, N.W. of Dairy. 26. „ „ S. of White Craig, Quarry at, 2^ miles N.W. of Dairy. 27. Linnspout Quarry, Caaf Water, S. of Dairy. 28. Bombo Burn, Blair House, below road, 1 mile S.E. of Dairy. 29. ,, ,, near Lambridden, ,, „ ,, „ 30. Dusk Water, near Blair Mill, 2 mUes S.E. of Dairy. 31. Caaf Water, at Drumcastle MiU, 2 miles S.W. of Dairy. 32. Holmbyre, 2 miles S.W of Dairy, Quarry at. 33. Bombo Burn, near Glencart, 2 miles E. of Dairy. 34. Bowertrapping, E. of Daby, Quarry at. 35. East Bankhead, Quarry near, 3^ m^es E. of Dairy. 36. Highfield Quarry, E. of Dairy. 37. Brodlie Smithy, Burn near, W. of Dairy. 36 38. Little Brodlie Farm, Bum 1)61017, W. of Dairy. 39. Swinless Eow, Quarry W. by N. of, 3 miles N. of Dairy. 40. Gameshill Quarry, near Dunlop. 41. Small Burn, near Dunniflat Burn, ,2| miles N. of Dunlop. 42. PoUick, Ouplymoor, old Quarry at, 4 miles N. of Dunlop. 43. Quarry at Lugton, about 3 miles N. of Dunlop. 44. Craighead, N. N. E. of Dunlop, Quarry near. 45. Railway Cutting at Bourrook, N. of Dunlop. 46. Burnhouse, 2 miles "W. of Dunlop, Quarry near. 47. Ironstone Pit, Lugton. 48. Waterland, near Lugton Water, Railway Cutting at. 49. Lugton "Water, near Lugton Inn. 50. Lugton "Water, at Waterland Mill. 51. South. Biggart, N.W. of Lugton, old Quarry near. Saltcoats, Kilwinning, and Stewarton Districts. 52. Sea Shore, half-way between Axdrossan and Saltcoats. 53. Diddup, W. of Ashgrove, Quarry near, 2^ miles N. of Saltcoats. 54. GirthiU Farm, Quarry at, 4 miles N. of Saltcoats. 55. Munuock Burn, near Dykehead Turnpike, 4 miles N. of Ardrossan. 56. Blackstone (N.E. side). Quarry near, 5 miles N. of Ardrossan! 57. „ (S.W. side) 58. Hawkhill, 1 mile N.E. of Stevenston. 59. Auchenskeith, Quarry near, 2 miles N. of Eilwinmng. 60. Auohenmade Quariy, Dusk Water, 4 mUes N.E. of Kilwinning. 61. Gooseloan, Quarry at, 24 miles N.E. of Kflwinning. 62. Crofthead, N.E. of Kilwinning, Quarry near. 63. Monkredding House, Quarry near, 2 miles N.E. of Kilwinning. 64. Clonbeith Castle, Quarry near, 3 miles N.E. of Kilwinning. 65. Lugton Water, a little above Sevenacres MUl, 2^ miles N.E. of KUwinning. 66. ,, „ near Montgrennan, 2i miles N. E. of Kilwinning. 67. Smithstone House, Quarry near, 2 miles N.W. of Kilwinning. 68. Auchenmade Old Quarry. 69. Annick Water (Lainshaw Grounds, etc.), at Stewarton. 70. Cutstraw Quarry, near Stewarton. 71. Meikle Cutstraw, near Stewarton. 72. Railway Cutting, near Pavillion, N. of Stewarton. 73. GameshiU Quarry, 14 miles N. of Stewarton. 74. Lockridge Quarry, 1 mile S. of Stewarton. 75. Burtonhead, S. of Stewarton, Quarry at. 76. Byre Hill, „ „ . 77. Tributary of the Annick Water, at Laigh Clunch. 78. Annick Water, near Broadland. 79. Fulshaw, Annick Water. 80. Garbrochill, 44 miles N.N.E. of Stewarton, Quarry near. 81. East Bum, N.E. of Stewarton. 82. PavUlion Railway Cutting, 1 mile N.W. of Stewarton. Kilmarnock and Galston Districts. 83. Moscow, 4 miles N.N.E. of KOmamock, Quarry near. 84. High Rusha, 6 miles N.E. of Kilmarnock, Quarry near. 85. Howcommon Lime Works, Craigie, 3 miles S. of Kilmarnock. 86. Crawfordland Water, Nether Eaith, 3 mUes N.E. of Kilmarnock. 87. ,, „ a little above Junction with Fenwick Water. 88. Fenwick Water, a little above Dean, near Kilmarnock. 89. ,, ,, near Dalmustemock, Ij mUes S. of Fenwick. 90. Hareshaw Muir Water, near Collary, 2 4 miles E. of Fenwick. 91. Pockunion Bum, near Langdyke, 2 miles S.E. of Fenwick. 92. Carmel Water, at Kilmaurs. 93. Greenhill Sandstone Quarry, Kilmaurs. 94. Bum passing Loudoun Kirk, near Galston. 95. Polbaith Burn, near Redding, 2 miles N. of Galston. 96. ,, ,, near Wraes Farm, If miles N.W. of Galston. 97. East Newton, N.E. of Galston, Quarry on Roadside near. 98. Killoch Bum, opposite High Holehouse, 34 mUes S. of Galston. 99. Small Burn, near March House, 24 miles S.E. of Galston. 37 100. Head of Cessnock Water, at Muirhead. 101. Burn, near Woodhead, a few yards above Whin Dyke, N.J;. of Galston. 102. Quarry on Hoadside, at Bridge, near Woodliead, ,, ,, 103. Howlet Burn, Loudoun Castle, Quarry at, ,, ,, 104. Bui-n 0' Need, 5 miles S.E. of Newmilns. 105. Burn Anne, opposite Cessnock Castle, Galston. II.— LIST OF FOSSILS. In the following list of Organic Remains from the Carboniferous deposits of Sheet 22 (Ayr), the various beds will be taken in their descending order, commencing with the Coal Measures : — Class, etc. Plantce (_Mlices), Lamellibranchiata, Pisces, COAL MEASUKES. Name. Neuropteris flexuosa. — Sternh. ,, ' heterophyUa. — Brong. ,, Granger!. — Brong, . Anthracosia robusta.- — Sow. Ctenacanthus hybodoides. — Egert. Megalichthys. — 8p. . 93. 86. CARBONIFEROUS LIMESTONE SERIES. Beds above Linn Limestone. Plantos {Lycopodiace), Lepidostrobus. — Sp. . Echirwdermaiaf , Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller, . , ^65. Brachiopoda, . . Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Productus latissimus. — Sow. RhynchoueUa. — Sp. . LameUibrcmchiata, . Antbracosia robusta. — Sow. Cephalopoda, . . Nautilus. — Sp 65. Pisces, . . . Rhizodus [Holoptyobius] granulatus ? -^ Agass. (Hyal plates of ) - 65,66. Crustacea, Brachiopoda, LamellihraMchiata, Gasteropoda, . Cephalopoda, . Linn Limestone. PbOlipsia D^rbiensis. — Mart. ,, pustulata. — Schl. Athyris ambigua. — Sow. . ,, globularis. — Phill. „ Roysii. — L'Ev. Productus Cora. — D'Orb. „ latissimus.— 5'ow. ,, semireticulatus.! — Mart. RJiypchonella puguns. — Mart. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. , , „ . lineata. — Mart. Terebratula hastata. —iSow. Ctenodonta gibbosa. — Flemg. Euomphalus tabulatus.- — Phill. Orthoceras [like annulare.' — Flemg.] . 28, 34. :}«■ . 29, 33, 35. . 34. . 29. . 29, 34. . 28, 29, 35. . 29, 34. . 34. . 33. . 34, 35. . 34. . 34. . 33, 35. In certain localities of Sheet 22 the Lion Limestone is divisible into two beds, an Upper (a) and a Lower (J), as follows : — Crustacea, Brachiopoda, (a) .Upper Bed. Phlllipsia. — Sp. Alhyris. — Sp. Productus giganteus. — Mart. 27. 27. 27, 31. 38 class, etc. Srachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda, . Brachiopoda, . Lamellibranchiata, Name. LocuUtiea Productais latissimus. — Sow. „ muricatus. — Phill. ,, longispinus. — Sow. ■27. „ margaritaceus ? — Phill. ,, scabriculus. — Mart. . „ semireticulatus. — Mart. 27, 31. „ „ var. pugilis. — Phill 37. Rltynchonella pugnus. — Mart. . }.,. Spirifef a bisulcata. — Sow. . Streptorliyiiclius crenistria. — Phill. 37. Anomia antiqua. — M'Ooy. . ) Aviculopeeten ovatus. — M'Coy. . 27. Euoniphalus marginatus. — M'Coy. ) (J) Lower Bed. Orthis Michelini. — L'Ev. . 38. Productus latissimus. — Sow. 38, 27. „ longispimis? — Sow. . ) Spirifera crassa. — De Kon. . U8. Posidonomya.— /?jp. . . . : i As it is somewhat uncertain whether the fossiliferous bands at the following localities belong to the Linn Limestone or not, they are provision- ally placed under that name. Actinozoa, . Chetetes tumidns. — Phill. . . 52. Echinodermata, . Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller, . . 64. Actinocrinus. — Sp. . 64. Crustacea, . Phillipsia Berhiensis.— Mart. . 52. Brachiopoda, . . Athyris ambigua. — Sow. . 62. Productus muricatus. — Phill. . 52. . „ Sp. . 62. Discina nitida. — Phill. . 63. Streptorhynchus crenistria. — PhiU. . . 62. Lamellibranchiata, . Ctenodonta gibbosa. — Plemg. • 63. P » t Cephalopoda, . . Nautilus. — Sp. Echinodermata, Polyzoa, . Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda, , NvxleobramMata, Highfield Limestone. Ai-cbseocidaris Urei. — Plemg. Actinocrinus. — Sp. Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller, . Hemitrypa Hibemica. — M'Coy. Atbyris. — Sp Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. Ehynclionella pleurodon. — PhiU. Streptorbynchus crenistria. — Phill. Aviculopeeten Sowerbii. — M'Coy, Ctenodonta ati:enuata. — Flemg, . ,, ■ gibbosa. — Flemg, Natica ampliata. — PhiU. , . Bellerophon deoussatus. — Flemg. „ Urei. — Flemg, 36. 86. 24, 36. 24, 36. 24, 36. 36. 24, 36. 24, 36. The fossils from the following localities are provisionally referred to the horizon of the Hjghfield Limestone ; Actinozoa, . . Chetetes (Verticillopora) Avibixis.— M'Coy, , 58. Echinodermata, . Arcbseocidaris Urei. — Flemg. . . ,58. Actinocrinus. — Sp 54. Annelida, , . SerpuUtes carbonarius. — M'Coy, . . 61. Crustacea, : • Braohymetopus (eye and tail), . . -.68. Phillipsia Derbiensis. — Mart. , . .32. Brachiopoda, , : Athyns ambigua. — Sow 54,103,32,58. 39 Class, etc. Brachiopoda, . LameUibranchiata, Pteropoda, Gasteropoda, Nv^leohranchiata, Cephalopoda, . Name. ■ Atliyi'is expansa (?) — Fhill. . Chonetes Hardiensis. — PhiU. Lingula. — Sp. ■ OrtEis resupinata. — Mart. . ■ Productus giganteus. — Mart. „ latissimus. — Sow. „ mesolobus? — PhiU. Ehynolionella. — Sp. , „ pleurodon. — PhiU. Spiriferina cristata ? — Schl. . Streptorhynohus creniatria. — Phii . Ctenodonta. — Sp. ,, attenuata. — Memg. „ gibbosa. — Flemg. Edmondia unionifonnis. — PhiU. Modiola. — Sp. . Myalina. — Sp. . . Lithodomus ? — Sp. , Sangviinolites. — Sp. . Conularia quadriaulcata. — Sow. , Euomphalus pugilis. — PhiU. Loxonema scalaroidea. — PhiU. „ Sp. . . . l^atica plicistria. — PhiU. ,, elongata. — PhiU. „ Sp. ... . Belleroplioii apertus. — Sow. „ decussates. — Flemg. ,, hiulcus? — Sou). ,, Urei. — Flemg. . Kautilus?— (S??. Ortbooeras. — Sp. U. Localities. . 82. . 54, 58. . .83. . 54.. . 61, 103. . 61, 103, 83. . 25. . 83. . 54, 32, 58. . 54. . 54, 61, 83. . 64. . 61, 25. . 25, 61, 32, 58. . 64, 32. , 83. . 25. . 54, 103. 32. ;i 83. 54. I 32. ■> 58. 25. 58. 25. 32. 64, 103. 83. 61. The following fossils are from limestones of the upper series, whose positions have not been satisfactorily ascertained. Brachiopoda, LameUibranchiata, Oasteropada, . NvAileohra/nchiata, Cephalopoda . Pisces, , , Athyria ambigua. — Sow. „ Sp. . . . Discina nitida.' — PhiU. Orthis Miobelini. — L'FJv. . ,, resupinata. — Mart, . „ Sp. ... Productus latissimua. — Sow. ,, scabrieulus. — Mart. „ semireticulatus. — Mart. , , mujicatus. — PhiU. Sp. . Spirifera bisulcata.— j^ouj. . , , crassa. — De Kon. . ,, striata. — Mart. „ Sp. ..... Streptorhyncbus crenistria. — PhiU. Axinus (sulcatus ?) — Sow. . Ctenodonta. — Sp. Litbodomus ? — Sp. , Modiola.— 5|p. . Myacites (sulcatus ?) — Miinst. Euompbalus pugilis. — PhiU. Ma,crocbeilus. — Sp. Belleropbon decussatus. — Flemg. „ . Urei. — Flemg. Ortboceras. — Sp. Petalodus Hastingsse. — Owen, 92. Plantce, Black Band Ironstone. Cyclopteris orbicularis ? — Brong. LepidodendroQ gracile. — Lindl. 40 Class, etc. Lamellibranchiata, Cephalopoda, . Pisces, . Name. . Antbracomya modiolaris. — Sow, . Myaliaa modiolaris. — Sow. . Discites (fTautilus) siibsulcatus.— PAiH. . Leptacantlius junceus. — M'Ooy. Megaliohthys Hibberti. — Agass. 21. The Cyclopteris orbicularis ? Brong., occurs in a thin band of impure lime- stone, in shale, in the bed immediately above the Lowest Limestone Series. The Leptacanthus junceus, M'Coy, and Megalicthys Hibberti, Ag., were found in a bed of dark shale, just above the Black-band Ironstone. The remainder of those enumerated come from the band itself. Clay Band Ironstone. Crustacea, . . . Cypris Scoto-Burdigalensis. — Hibb. . • l ij Brachiopoda, . . Lingula squamifonnis. — Phill, , . . ) ' Pisces, . . . Bhizodus Hibberti. — Agass 1. Beds above Lowest Limestone. Actinozoa, . . Campopliyllum Murcliisoiii. — M. Edw. Brachiopoda, • Athyris. — Sp. Lingula squamifonnis. — PJdll. Productus giganteus. — Mart. ,, muricatus. — Phill. Spirifera bisuloata. — Sow. Lamellibranchiata, . Aviculopecten.. — Sp. Myalina. — Sp. . Posidonomya. — Sp. ^ucleobranchiata, . Bellerophon. — Sp. Cephalopoda, . . Orthoceras. — Sp. 5, 17, 81, 78. 5. 5. 5. 17. 5. 17. 5. Lowest (Howrat, Auchenskeith, or Beith) Limestone. This limestone' can in places -be separated into two beds,' or groups of beds, as in the case of t£e Ljnn Limestone. The same method is there- fore adopted with its fossils ; first, a list (a) is given of ttose from localities where the limestone cannot be separated, and secondly, lists (& and c) of those occurring in each of the beds, where these are distinguishable. (a) Lowest Limestone not sep abated into zones. Actinozoa, . Alveolites septosa. — FUmg. . 48. Campoptiylliim Murchisoni.— ilf. Edw. 94, 39. Chetetestumidus. — Phill. . . 45. Clisiopbyllum turbinatum. — M'Coy. 77, 45, 85. Cyatliopbyllum. — Sp. ( 55, 97, 102, ■ (82. CyclophyUum fungites. — Plemg. . 74. „ •Bowerbankii. — Edw. and It. . 73. Litbostrotion -irregiilare. — Phill. . 6, 9, 50. , , affinee ? — Memg. . . 48. Echittodermaia, . Actinocrinus. — Sp. . . . .• .' 48, 45, 71. ArebEeocidaris TJrei. — Flemg. . 48. Palsecbinus spbericus. — M'Coy. . 81. Platycrimis. — Sp :.!'•■ Ebodocrinus.*-]^. . . . .• Annelida, . Serpulites compressus. — Sow. .• 73.. Crustacea, . , Cypris Scoto-Burdigalensis. — Hibb. . 72. Brachymetopus. — Sp. Griffithides Eiobwaldi. — Fisch. . . 26. . 76. PhiUipsia Derbiensis. — Mart. . 57, 26, 9, 42 „ Sp, . . ,■ 49." 41 Class, etc. Polyzoa, . BracMopoda, Name. Astreopora cyclostoma. — Phill, . Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Atbjrris globularis. — Phill. ,, Eoysii. — L'M). „ Sp. . ... Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. ,, papilionacea. — Phill. , Discina nitida. — Phill. „ Sp Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . , , squamiformis. — Phill. Orthis Miclie]iiii.^-i'i;'u. . ,, resupinata. — Mart. . Productus fimbriatus, var. laoiniatus.- M'Coy Productus giganteus. — Mart. ,, lougispinus. — Sow. ,, margaritaceus. — Phill. „ muricatus. — Phill. ,, punotatus. — Mart. ,, ,, var. elegans. — M'Coy. „ pustulosus. — Phill. ■ „ ■ ■ ,, var. mgata,.— Phill. . „ scatriculus. — Mart. . Localities. 48. 7, 68, 9, 16, 71, 85, 77? 81, 45, 43. 53. 26, 60, 68, 8, 48, 71, 81, 73, 51. 4, 53, 77, 73. 85, 101. 51. 59, 85, 77, 72, 44, 42. 74. 59, 76. 4, 22, 79, 77. 16, 40, 68. 7, 19, 49, 59, 77, 73, 82, 85, 101, 81, 45, 50. .} ^' ^^- semireticulatus. — Mart. „ ,, var. Martini. — Sow. ,, ,, var. pugilis. — Phill. • ,, spinulosus. — Sow. ,, Youngianus. — Dav. . Ehynchonella pleurodon. — PhiU. „■ • pugnus. — Mart. . ■ „ ■ Sp. . . . Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. 1. — Mart. var. lingiiifera. — Phill. ' crassa. — I>e Kon. . grandicostata. — M'Coy. humerosa. — Phill. laminosa. — M'Coy. lineata. — Mart. . planata. — Phill. . striata. — Mart. Streptorhynchus crenistria. — Phill. Terebratula hastata. — Sow. LamelUiranchiata, „ sacculus. — Mart, Anthraeoptera quadrata. — Sow. 39, 4, 101, 81. 74, 85, 102, 94, 95, 84, 77, 81, 44, 50, 41. 101. 73, 101. 59, 60, 43, 51. 68, 46, 41. 8. 81. 55, 101. 6, 7, 67, 65, 56, 67, 26, 60, 68, 16, 48, 71, 101, 84, 77, 81, 73, 45, 49, 43, 41. 39, 7, 59. 95, 77. 23, 66, 57, 48, 73. 9, 71, 43. 69, 74, 85, 101, 95, 77. 81, 44. 26, 60, 68. 48. 65,19,59,68, 82, 40, 85, 101, 77, 78, 81, 82, 43, 41, 42, 73. 66, 26, 48, 69. 73, 43. 74, 101, 77, 81, 45. 101. 101. 40, 95, 60. 26, 45, 78. 4, 101, 78. 63, 60, 71. 48. 26, 101, 44, 60. 6. 42 Class, etc. Name. Localities. LameUibranchiata, . Avioulopeoten ccelatus. — M'Goy. 102. „ semistriatus. — M'Ooy. . 81. „ Sowerbii. — M'Goy. 74, 77, 101. „ variabilis. — M'Coy. 81. Sp 6, 45, 50, 51 Axinus snloatus. — Sow 49. ., Sp. 45. Cardiomorpha lamellosa. — De Kon. 45. CteBodonta attenuata. — Flemg. . 85. Edmondia rudis. — M'Ooy 101. Modiola lingualis. — Phill. .... „ Macadami, var. elongata. — Portl. . 49. Myalina'carinata.— (S^ow '„ lamellosa. — De Kon. 67, 95. „ triangularis. — Sow. 49. ,, crassa. — Flemg 49, 50. „ -Sp. . . • . 22, 74. SanguinoUtes costellatus. — M'Ooy. ( 101. „ curtus. — M'Ooy. . „ iridinoides. — M'Goy. 7. Sp 81. Pinna flabeUiformis. — Mart, 97. ,, flexicostata. — M'Ooy. 23, 80, 85. Oasteropoda, . . Euomplialus calyx. — PUll. .... 75, 76. Loxonema. — Sp. 48. Sp 101. Macroolieilus. — Sp 59. Pleurotomaria. — Sp 48. Nucledbranchiata, . Bellerophon apertus. — Sow. 6. „ biulcus. — Sow. 4. „ tenuifascia. — Sow. . 101. „ Sp /45, 48, 77, t 78, 81. Cephalopoda, . . Nautilus ingens. — Mart 6. „ Sp 76. -■ Ortkoceras ^ganteus, . . • . 43. 82. Sp. '.'...'.. 6, 42, 75. Pisces, . Ctenacanthus. — Sp 57. CochUodus contortus. — Agass. (palate). 95, 102. Holoptycliius Hibberti. — Agass. Petalodus Hastingsse. — Owen (palates), 95. 23, 73, 81. Psepbodus magnus. —.igiass. 102, 81, 44. (b) TJpPEE Seam (where the limestone can he separated into two zones). Actinoza, . . Campopbyllum Murcbisoni. — M. Mdw. 11, 13. Lithostrotion. — Sp 15. Mchinodermata,, , Actinocffinus, — Sp 11, 13, 15. Poteriocrinus conicus. — Phill. 15. Annelida, . . Serpulites compressus. — Sow. 11. Polyzoa, . , Diastopora megastoma. — M'Ooy. 15. Srachiopoda, . . Atbyris ambigua. — Sow. . , . . 15. „ [like expansa. — Phill.'] , 12. .,, .Eoysii. — L'Ev. 11, 18, 15. Discina nitida. — Phill. . , . . 13. Orthis MiobeEni.— i/'.By 11, 13, 15. Productus semireticulatus. — Mart. 13, 15. „ „ var. Martini, 11. „ soabriciilus. — Mart, , 11. „ longispimis. — Sow. , . , 11, 18. . ,, . punctatus. — Mart. 12. . „ , spinulosus. — Sow. ) ,, punctatus. — var. elegans, M'Ooy , , fimbriatus. -var. laciniatus, M'Ooy [l3. „ mesolobus. —P7wK. 12. RynchoneUa pleurodon ? — Phill, ■ Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. . 13. 15. . ,, glabra. — Mart, . , 11, 13, 15. 43 Class, etc. Brachiopoda, LamelUbranchiata, Gasteropoda, . Nucleohranchiata, Cephalopoda, . Pisces, Name. Spirifera. glabra. — var. linguifera, PMll. ,, lineata. — Mart. . Streptorhyndaus crenistria. — Phill. Terebratijla sacc\ilu3. — Mart. ,, liastata. — Sow. Aviculopecten flexuosus. — M'Ooy. „ Sowerbii. — M'Ooy. ,, elongatus. — M'Coy. „ planoradiatua ? — M'Goy. Axinus deltoideus ? — Phill. Dolabra seouriformis. — M'Coy. . Edmondia quadrata. — var. M'Coy. Lithodomus daotyloides. — M'Coy. Myacites suloatus. — Munst. Myalina. — 8p Loxonema constricta. — Sow. Turbo spiratus. — M'Coy. . Bellerophon. — Sp. Nautilus. — Sp Cladodus striatus. — Agass. Cocbliodus contortus. — Agass. . CtenoptycMus serratua. — Agass. Megaliohtliys. — Sp. (scale), Psammodus porosus. — Agass. Psephodus magnus. — Agass. Petalodus Hastingsiee, — Owen, Localities. 12. 11. 11, 15. 11, 13. 12, 15. ^13. • 15. 15. 11. 11, 13. 11. 15. 11. 15. 11. 15. 11. Actinozoa, Echinodermata, Annelida, , Crustacea, Polyzoa, . Brachiopoda, , LamelUbranchiata, ia, . Pisces, (c) Lower Seam. Campophyllum Murchisoni. — M. Edw. CyathophyUum. — ;S^. Actinocrinus. — Sp. Poterioorinus crassus. — Miller^ Serpulites compressus. — Sow. Phulipsia pustulata. — Schl. Penestella. — Sp. nov.^ Athyris expansa ' — Phill. , „ Koysii. — L'Ev. Lingula squamiformis. — Phill. Orthis Michelini. — L'Ea. . Productus aculeatus. — Mart. „ longispinus. — Sow. ,, puiictatus. — Mart. „ ,, var. elegans.^ilf' ,, mesolobus ? — Phill. ,, semiretioulatus. — Mart. Spirifera orassa. — De Kon. . „ glabra. — Mart. ,, lineata. — Mart. Terebratula sacculus. — Mart. „ Sp. . Ehynchonella. — Sp. . Ctenodonta gibbosa. — Flemg. „ Sp. . Loxonema. — Sp. . , Petalodus Hastingsise. — Owen, Coy. 10. 18. 46. 10, 12. 14. 14. 10. 12, 18. f 10, 12, 14, [ 20, 46. 19. 10, 18. 20. 10. 12, 46. 18. 14. 10, 18, 20, 46. 12. 10, 20. 10, 12, 18. 46. 14. 10. 12. 19. 10. 12, 20. The following fossils are from Limestones of Lower Series of Uncertain Position. Actinozoa, Brachiopoda, Cyathopbyllum. — Sp, Athyris ambigua. — Sow. „ Sp. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. „ Sp. . . 1 See p. 50. 100. 104. •105. 99. 44 GlaGB, etc. Srachiopoda, Lamellibranehiata, Nucleobranchiata, Cephalopoda, . Name. Produotus latissimus. — Sow. „ giganteus. — Mart. Productus scabriculus. — Mart. . ,, spinulosus. — Sow. Orthis resupinata. — Mart. . Streptorhy nchus crenistrU. — PhUl. Terebratula. — Sp. Aviculopecten granosus. — Sow. Sp. . . Anthracosia rotusta. — Sow. , , (ovalis ?). — Mart. Axinus carbonarius. — Portl. Ctenodonta gibbosa. — Flemg. Edmondia mdis. — M'Coy. . Myalina triangularis. — Sow, Sp. . . . Posidonomya vetusta. — Sow, Bellerophon XJrei. — Flemg. Sp, Nautilus. — Sp. Orthoceras. — Sp. Localities. 104 99, 105. 100. 99, 105. 99. 104. 105. 104, 105. ■105. 99. 105. 105. 99. 100. 105. 45 III.— TABLE, SHOWING THE DISTRIBUTION OF SPECIES THEOTJGH- OUT THE VARIOUS FOSSILIFEROUS BANDS MENTIONED IN THE FOREGOING LIST. Garbonitebods Limbstoke Sbhies. g '3? ■p Ad ^i ^ o £ Name, etc. s a "a C 1 1 1 § (U a! 41 a d 1 d o c g 1 d II 1 s a ■s d o = 1 PS 0^ d £'5 i-i II 1 p a E3 B 1-1 3 ■a § n 03 as "5 i i u i| o =1 11 C "S ^ n n S •a w /A >. ■s 1 % » 1° 1 = a g u m W' n 33 3 5 .i.s CO ^1 W3 Plantce (Films). Cyclopteris (orbicularis ?). — Brong. X Neuropteris flexuosa. — Stern. . > < „ heterophylla. — Brong. ) < ,, Grangeri. — Brong. . ) < (Lycopodiacece), Lepidodendron gracile. — Lindl. X Lepidostrobns. — Sp. X Actinozoa. Alveolites septosa. — Flemg. X CampophyllamMiirohisoni.-ilf.^di«. .X X X X X Chetetes dubius. — M'Coy. X X ,, tumidus.- — Phill. . X X X ClisiophyUum turbinatum. --M'Coy. CyathopliyUum. — Sp. X X X CyclopbyUum Fungites. — Fhmg. . X „ Bowerbankii. — Edw.&H. X Lithostrotion irregulaie. — Phill. . X „ afifinee ? — Plemg. X Sp. . X Echinodermata. Actinocrinus. — Sp. X X X X X X Archaeooidaris Urei. — Flemg. X X X Palsechinus spherious.— Jf' Coi/. . X Platycrinus. — Sp. . X Poteriocrinus conious. — Phill. X „ crassus. — Miller, X X X X Ehodooriims. — Sp. X Annelida. Serpulites carbonarius. — M'Coy. . X „ compressus. — Sow. X X X Crustacea. Leperditia (Cypris) Scoto-Burdiga- lensis. — Hibb. X X Brachymetopus. — Sp. X X Griffithides Eichwaldi. —iJ-wcA. . X Phillipsia Derbiensis. — Mart. X X X X „ pustulata. — Schl. X X „ Sp. . . . X X Polyzoa. Astreopora cyclostoma. — Phill. X 23 Genera. 33 Species. 46 Name, etc. CAEEOHIFEKOUS LIMESTOHB SEEIE3. 3 a ■a o i (3 1 i s s a 13 a a 3 a a •s 1 P a 1 u a a 3 t a u 2 1 g 1^. (3 1 1 t3 g a- '3 .a bo w i s 1 M ■d t a 1 1 a ! i •g II 3s. s .■a o i a 3 ■s i t n r 11 1° as If si Se as 3'§ Polyzoa. Diastopora megastoma. — M'Coy. . X Hemitrypa Hibemica. — M'Ooy.. . X Fenestella. — 8p. nov. X BracJdopoda. Athyris ambigua. — Sow. . X X X X X X X X „ expansa. — Phill. . ?X ?x ?x „ globularis.— PAiM. X X „ Eoysii. — L'Ev. X X X X X „ Sp. . . . X X X X X X Cbonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. X X X „ papilionacea. — Phill. X Discina nitida. — Phill. X X X X X „ Sp. . . . X Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. X X X „ squamiformis.— PWH. X X X x „ Sp. . . . X X Orthis Michelini.— i'^Sw. . X X X x X ,, resupinata. — Mart. X X X X „ Sp X Productus aculeatus. — Mart. X „ cora.- — D'Orb. . X „ fimbriatusrarlaciniatus. —M'Coy. . X X „ giganteus. — Mart. X X X X X „ latissimus.— /S'oto. X X X X X X X „ longispinus.— >Soio. X X X X X „ margaritaceus. — Phill. . ?x X „ mesolobus. — Phill. ?x X ?x „ muricatus. — PhiU. X X X X X „ punctatus. — Mart. X X X „ „ Tar. elegans. —M'Coy. . X X x ,, pustulosus. — PhUl. X „ „ var. rugata.— Phill. . X „ scabriculus. — Mart. x X X X X „ seinireticulatus.— .ifart. X X X X X X ,, „ var. Martini. — Sow. . X X „ „ Tar. pugilis. —Phill. . X X 1 ,, Bpinulosus. — Sow. X X X ,, Youngianus. — Dav. X Sp. . X X Ehyncioiiella pleurodon. — PhiU. . X X X X , pugnus. — Mart. X X X Sp. . ^ . X X X Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. . X X X X X X „ crassa. — De Kon. X X 1 1 X X 34 Genera. 76 Species. 47 CARBONirEKons Limestone Sebies. Name, etc. Brachiopoda. Spirifera glabra! — Mart. . „ „ Tar. linguifera. — PhiU. „ grandicostata. — M'Coy. ,, humerosa. — M'Coy. „ laminosa. — M'Coy. ,, lineata. — Mart. . . ,, planata. — PhiU. . ,, striata. — Mart. , „ ,Sp. Spiriferina cristata. — Schl. . Streptorhynclius crenistria. — PhUl Terebratida hastata. — Sow. „ saoculus. — Mart. „ . Sp. . Lamellibranchiata. Anomia antiqua. — M'Coy. . Aviculopecten arenosua.- — PhiU. „ coelatus. — M'Coy. , , elongatus. — M ' Coy, „ flexuosus. — M'Coy. „ granosus. — Sow. „ ovatus. — M'Coy. „ planoradiatus. — M'Coy. . ,, sewistriaius.- M'Coy. „ SowerKi — M'Coy. „ variabilis. — M'Coy. Sp. . Pinna flabelliformis. — Mart. „ S.exicostai&.— M'Coy. Posidonomya vetusta. — Sow. Sp. . Anthracomya modiolaris. — Sow. Anthracosia ovalis. — Mart. „ lobusta,.— Sow. Anthracoptera quadrata. — Sow. Axinus carbonarius. — Porit. „ deltoideus. — PhiU. „ Eulcatus. — Sow. „ Sp. Cardiomorpha lamellosa. — DeKon. Ctenodonta attenuata. — Flemg. ,, gibbosa. — Flemg. Sp. Dolabra securiformis. — M'Coy. Edmondia quadrata. — M'Coy. „ rudis. — M'Coy. . ,, unioniformis. — PhiU. 49 Genera. 122 Species. X X X X X X X I . ■§.§ m X X X X X 1^ si 1-1 iS .S.S V d I? X X X X X X X ?x X X X X ?x X X X X 48 Gabbonifbbous LmESTOHE Series. fcS II ►js; 2.S so LamelUbranchicda. Lithodomus daotyloides. — M'Coy. Sp. Modiola lingualis. — Phill. . , , Maoadami, var. elongata, Portl. . „ Sp. Myacites sulcatus.— ilfimsi. Myalina carinata.-^-;Sow. . „ crassa. — Flemg. . „ lamellosa. — De Kon. „ modiolaris. — Sow. „ triangularis. — Sow. „ Sp. Sanguinolites costellatus. — M'Coy, „ ciutus.^M'Coy. ,, iridinoides. — M'Coy. „ radiatus. — M'Coy. 8p. . Pteropoda. Conularia quadrisulcata. — Sow. Oasteropoda. Euomphalus calyx. — Phill. „ marginatus.^ — M'Coy. ,, pugilis. — Phill. „ tabulatus. — M'Coy. Loxonema oonstricta. — Sow. ,, scalaroidea. — Phill. „ Sp. . Macrocheilus. — Sp. Natioa ampliata. — Phill. „ elliptica. —PAiH. ,, elongata. — Phill. „ plicistria. — P}i,Ul. „ Sp. . Pleurotomaria. — Sp. Turbo spiratus. — M'Coy. Nucleohrcmchiata. Bellerophon apertus. — Sow. ,, decussatus. — Flemg. ,, hiulcus. — Sow. ,, tenuifascia. — Sow, „ Urei. — Flemg. Sp. . Cephalopoda. Goniatites. — Sp. Nautilus ingens. — Mart. . 64 Genera. 163 Species. X X X X X X X X X ?x X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 49 CiEBONIFEEOOa LlMESTOSE SbEIBS. Name, etc. | •3 3 1 i i 3 S II 1 g Q a t 1 ■9" B i 3 ai a 1 1 S a J "S ■& w o 1 1 13 1 a S 1 1 1 o 1 n 5 -»3 i . P gg |l M If d s o 1 1 5 o CO 2 1 11 1 .g 11 II "Si sg go I'S .!.« CO n en Cephalopoda. Nautilus subsuloatus. — Phill. „ Sp. . . . Orthooeras [like annulare. — Flemg. ] „ giganteus. — Sow. „ unguis. — Phill. Sp. . Pisces. Cladodus striatus. — Agass. CocModus (Psammodus) contortus. — Agass. Ctenacantlius hybodoides. — Ugert. x „ Sp. . Ctenoptychuis serratus. — Agass. . Rhdzodus Hibberti.. — Agass. Leptaoanthus junceus. — M'Coy. . MegaUchthys Hibberti. — Agass. . Sp. . . . X Petalodus Hastingsiae. — Owen, . Psammodus porosus. — Agass. Psephodus (Cochliodus) magnus. — Agass. Ehizodus granulatus. — Agass. X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 77 Genera. 182 Species. 60 IV.— DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES FROM THE LOWEST OB BEITH LEffESTONE OF THE NORTH OF AYRSHIRE. CLASS POLYZOA. — Fenestelld imdosa-carinafa. Sp. nov. This species appears to differ considerably from any one hitherto de- scribed. It possesses the following characters : — Interstices — narrow, not well marked, poriferous face angular, with a strong, median, tortuous keel. Dissepiments — tkin, on different levels, oval, and of greater treadtli than the interstices. Fenestrules — elongate, with the edges tortuous or indented, each indentation corresponding to the pores on the face of the interstices. Pores — large, two regular rows on poriferous face, three hetween each dissepiment, corresponding to the indentations of the margins of the fenestrules, and one on each alternate bend of the keel. All have projecting margins. This feature is particularly noticeahle in those on the keel, where well seen. FenesUlla wndosa-cari-nata appears, to be allied to both F. carinata and F. oculata of M 'Coy, but the above characters enable me to separate it from either. Locality — Lower zone of the lowest limestone, Broadstone Hall Quarry, Gateside, Beith, Ayrshire. CLASS LAMMLLISBANCHIATA.—AvkulopectenSowerhii. M'Coy. Many of the specimens of this species obtained by the Geological Survey from the Carboniferous Limestone of Ayrshire, and more recently from Lesmahagow and Mid- lothian, show well the characteristic sculpturing noticed by M'Coy in his description^ of the species under the title of Amusium Sowerbii, in ' British Palseozic Fossils, ' p. 478. The shell consists of two layers, an external one, seldom seen except on the edges, and an internal well-marked layer, covered with beautiful v-shaped markings, acute in the middle of the fold, but gradually becoming expanded towards the edges of the shell. The external layer is best seen in young specimens, as in all adult forms examined it has disappeared, except on the margins. It has a thin, smooth, wrinkled appearance, with here and there a few faint concentric Hnes, adapting itself to the v-markings underneath, in many cases being nearly transparent. From its general characters it may be inferred that it partook more of the nature of an epider- mis, than of a true layer of shelly matter. v.— Geological Memoirs, to accompany the Sheets of the One-inch. Map. Sheet 1. Wigtonshire, Southern Districts. 3d. {^Nearly ready]. „ 3. Wigtonshire, South- Western Districts. 3d [Nearly ready]. „ 7. Ayrshire, South- Western District. 3d. „ 13. Ayrshire, Turnberry Poiat. 3d. „ 14. Ayrshire, Southern District. 3d. „ 15. Dumfriesshire, N.W. ; Ayrshire, S.E. ; and Lanarkshire, S. corner. 3d. „ 22. Ayrshire, Northern District, and Southern parts of Renfrew- shire. 3d. - „ 24. Peeblesshire. 3d. „ 32. Edinburghshire and Linlithgowshire. 4s. In cloth boards, 5s. „ 33. Haddingtonshire. 2s. „ '3'4. Eastern Berwickshire. 2s. A. Detailed Catalogue may be had gratis, m application to Messrs. W. ^ A. £^ Johnston, 4 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh, or to Messrs. Smith ^.'Son, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. Agents appointed for the Sale of the Publications of the Geological Survey. Z/ondon — Mr. Stanpokd, 6 Charing Cross, W.C; Messrs. Letts & Son, Royal Exchange, E.C.; Messrs. Longman, Paternoster Row ; Mr. Wtu), 11 and 12 Charing Cross. Hdinburgh — ^Messrs. Johnston, 4 St Andrew Square. 2>H6&»-T-Messrs. Hodges & Smith, 104 Grafton Street. UST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE GEOLO&ICAL SURYET OF SCOTLAM. I.— Maps on One-inch Scale. 1. Wigtonshire, Southern Districts. 4s. 3. Wigtonshire, South- Western Districts. 48. 7. Ayrshire, South- Western Districts. 6s. 13. Ayrshire, Tnrnberry Point. 4s. ' 14. Ayrshire, Southern Districts. 6s. 15. Dumfriesshire, N.W.; Ayrshire, S.E.; and Lanarkshire, S. Corner. 6s. 22. Ayrshire, Northern District, and Southern parts of Renfrewshire. 6s. 24. Peeblesshire. 6s. 82. Edinburghshire and Linlithgowshire. 6s. 83. Haddingtonshire. '6s. 34. Eastern Berwickshire. 4s. 40. Fife and Kinross. 6s. 41. Fife, East part. 6s. II.— Maps on Six-inch Scale, illustrating the Coal-fields. Bdinburghshfre. Sheets 3, 8, 14, 17. 4s. 99 Sheets 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18. 6s. Haddingtonshire. Sheets 8, 13. 4s. 55 Sheets 9, 1,4. 6s. Fife. Sheets 33, 37. 4s. - 55 Sheets 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 35, 36. 6s. Ayrshire. Sheets 26, 31. 4s. 55 Sheets 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 19, 19, 22, 23,24,27, 28, 29; 30, 33, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 50, 52. 6s. Renfrewshire. Sheets 13, 17. 4s. 11 Sheet 16. 6s. Lanarkshire. Sheets 1, 5, 10. 4s, 55 Sheets 6, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41, 42, 49. 6«. Dumfriesshire. Sheet 1. 4s. 55 Sheets 5, 6, 7. 6s. Dumbartonshire. Sheet 28 includmg 29. 4s. Ill —Horizontal Sections. 5«. per Sheet. Sheet 1. Edinburghshire and Haddingtonshire. „ 2. Edinburghshire and Haddingtonshire. „ 3. Peeblesshire, Edinburghshirfe, Linlithgowshire. „ 4. Ayrshire Coal-fields (west side). „ 5. Ayrshire Coal-fields (east side). IV.— Vertical Sections. 3». M. per Sheet. Sheet 1. Edinburgh Coal-field. „ 3. Kilmarnock Coal-field. \List of PMications continued on page 3 of cover. to Qlc GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP PubUsJud on the Scale at' One ifich to a mile April 15J 1873 I PuhltsheA fc^^ F^rufniviJUf J In ptvparatioii \J Memoirs jtuMished SCOTLAND. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 23. LANARKSHIRE: CENTRAL DISTRICTS. EDINBURGH: PRINTED FOE HER MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, AND SOLD BY W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, 4 ST. ANDREW SQUARE ; ALSO IN LONDON BY Stanford, 6 Charing Cross, W.C. ; Letts & Son, Royal Exchange, B.C. ; Longman & Co., Paternoster Ro"w; and Wyld, 11 and 12 Charing Cross; AND m DUBLIN by Hodges & Smith, 104 Grafton Street. PREFACE. Sheet 23 of the Geological Survey of Scotland includes a large section of the Clyde Coal-field, with portions of the older rocks by which the coal tracts are encircled, from the borders of Ayrshire to those of Mid- Lothian. It thus embraces one of the most important parts of Scotland in an industrial point of view, and at the same time some tracts of special interest to geologists. The surrey of the Map was begun during the hfetime of the late Director-General, Sir R. I. Murchison, and has been finished under the directorate of his successor, Professor Ramsay. The mapping of the area was the work of Mr. James Geikie, Mr. B. N. Peach, and myself, our respective areas being defined as follows : — A hne drawn across the Map from the south-west margin at the boundary of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire north-eastwards by Kypes Rig, Auchenheath, Crossford, Cartland, Fulwood, Kilacadzow, Springfield, Braehead, and Auchengray divides the Sheet iato two nearly equal parts. All the ground lying to the west and north of that line was surveyed by Mr. James Geikie. The area on the south-east side may be divided into two by a line drawn from the Nethan, near Kerse, south-eastwards by the margin of the Douglas Coal-field, touching Eastertown, Howgate, the lime-works. Dun- gavel Hill, and the Clyde below Roberton. Mr. Peach's area lies on the south-west of that Hne, and mine on the north-east side. The fossil- collecting has been done, under the superintendence of the field officers, by Mr. J. Bennie and Mr. A. Macconochie. Of the following Explanation paragraphs — 1-3, 31, 32, 35, 38-40, 42-58, 64-66, 68-72, 79, 80, 82, 88, 91-96, 100-107, 109, 113, and 114 have been written by Mr. James Geikie; Nos. 12-16, 19-23, 26- 28, 30, 36, 37, 59-63, 67, 73, 83, 85, 98, 99, 110-112, by Mr. Peach; and Nos. 4, 5-11, 17, 18, 24, 25, 29, 33, 34, 41, 74-78, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 97, and 108, by myself. The Appendices I., II., and III. have been prepared by Mr. Robert Etheridge, Junr., Acting Palseontologist to the Survey in Scotland. These Fossil-Lists are much more detailed than those given in previous Explanations, the greater fulness being deemed of consequence on account of the geological and industrial importance of the region, and of the advantage of having ample lists from such typical localities for the sake of comparison with other districts. Another feature in the present Explanation is a- List of published works relating to the geology and palaeontology of the area embraced by the Map. Within the narrow limits to which the Explanations of the Survey are necessarily confined, it is impossible to give any sketch of the labours of previous observers — a task which is reserved for the fuller Memoirs to be afterwards published. As their name denotes, these Explanations are intended simply to make clear the meaning of the Map, to point out where the best sections of the various formations are to be seen, and to show what fossils have been noted in the course of the survey. With the view, however, of indicating further sources of infor- mation with regard to the present Map, Appendix No. IV. has been compiled. ARCH. GEIKIE, Director. Geological Suevet Ofpicb, Edinbukgh, November 1873. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 23. I. AREA EMBRACED IN THE MAP. 1. The present sheet of the Geological Survey Map of Scotland em- braces the greater part of the central and western tracts of Lanarkshire, portions of Ayrshire which come into the south-west of the Sheet, and a corner of Edinburghshire in the north-east. It includes most of the old district of Clydesdale, and shows the valleys of the Douglas Water, the Nethan, the Avon, and the Rotten Calder. Hence it comprises the southern portions of the great mineral fields of Lanarkshire — namely, the districts of Wishaw, CastlehUl, Carluke, Wilsontown, Hamilton, East Kilbride, Quarter, Larkhall, Dalserf, Auchenheath, Lesmahagow, Douglas, Glenbuck, and Drumclog. The more purely agricultural and pastoral districts shown upon the Map are indicated by the names of the following towns, streams, hills, etc. : — Strathavon, Glengaber, Nutberry Hill, La- mington, Thankerton, Lanark, Carnwath. II. FORM OF THE GROUND. 2. A considerable portion of the ground shown upon the Map is hilly. The highest elevation is that of Tinto Hill (2335 feet), which rises between the Douglas Water and River Clyde, and stands comparatively isolated. The most continuous stretch of elevated laud occurs along the south-west and south margin of the Map. It extends south and south-east from the moory tracts of Clucheam and Strathavon to the valley of the Douglas Water. East and south-east of this valley, the ground slopes up to heights varying from 1100 feet to upwards of 2000 feet above the sea, beyond which it falls rapidly away into the valley of the Clyde between Thankerton and Roberton. Only a small portion of the great Silurian uplands comes into the extreme south-east corner of the Map. West of Strathavon, the ground, where it is not covered with peat and moss, often shows a rough and hummocky surface, which contrasts somewhat strongly with the soft and sweeping outline of the hilly tracts that lie to the south- east. 3. A glance at the Map wiU show, that from the vaUey of the Avon (650 feet or so above sea-level) the ground rises towards the south- east, in the distance of a few miles, to heights varying from 1000 feet to 1700 feet above the sea. These heights, extending along the county boundary of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, form the only portion of a water- shed shown upon this Map, — the streams that flow south being feeders of the River Ayr (Sheet 14), while the waters that seek a way to the north all eventually fall into the Clyde. From this watershed the ground sinks to the north, in a series of broad undulations, to a height of 900 feet or so, after which it somewhat suddenly falls away into the low grounds immediately south of Stonehouse. The hilly district just referred to is covered for the most part with a thick turf of grass and heath, and in places deep peat-mosses cumber the ground ; but along the flanks of the numerous streams by which it is intersected there is good and abundant pasture, the broader valleys being usually highly cultivated. The hilly ground between the Douglas Water and the River Clyde at Roberton is somewhat similar in character to that just described. From Tinto Hill, which, as already mentioned, is the highest point shown upon this Map, the ground northwards to the Clyde and the Nethan is generally undulat- ing, but the MEs often present a somewhat irregular outline, resembhng that of the high grounds north of the Avon. In the extreme north-west of the Map the southern portion of the Cathkin Hills is shown, a tract of elevated ground which overlooks the Clyde at Rutherglen (Sheet 31). At the north-east corner of the Map some elevated moory ground occurs ; but south from this the country becomes less bleak and bare as it slopes towards the valleys of the Mouse Water and the Clyde. The principal fiver indicated upon this Map is the Clyde, the course of which is shown from Roberton to beyond Lamington, where it leaves the Sheet, but again appears near Thankerton. From this point it courses through a well- cultivated and generally open country, until it is joined from the south by the Douglas Water, after which it plunges into a narrow gorge, where it precipitates itself over the well-known Falls of Bonnington and Corehouse. Below Lanark it again opens a broader course, and continues, with one •or two interruptions, to flow through a more or less extensive alluvial haugh, which at Hamilton reaches a breadth of one mile. The flanks of this fine river- valley are generally in a high state of cultivation, the dis- trict between Lanark and Hamilton being one of the most beautiful of its kind in Scotland. The chief afSuents of the Clyde are the Douglas Water, the River Nethan, and the Rotten Calder, which reach it from the south, and the Medwyn and the Mouse Water, which drain into it from the north. But in addition to these are numerous streamlets which join it directly from either side. Indeed, there is no better watered region of similar extent in Scotland. This arises from the circumstance that there are so many broad expanses of elevated ground towards the south-west, which collect the tribute of the rainy winds, and pour it northwards by innumerable channels. The streams and brooks received directly by the River Clyde on its left bank are nearly forty in number, while only sixteen reach it from the right. This, of course, has reference only to that portion of the river which is shown upon this Map. Some of the affluents of the Clyde exhibit fine examples of rocky gorges, among which may be men- tioned those of the Rotten Calder, of the Avon between Stonehouse and Hamilton, of the Nethan at Craignethan Castle, and of- the Mouse Water near where it joins the Clyde. 4. III. FORMATIONS AND GROUPS OF ROCK ENTERINa INTO THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DIS- TRICTS SHOWN UPON THE MAP. Aqueous. Sign on Map. Recent and Post- (Alluvium ofriver-terraces and old lakes,) Tertiary. ( Peat, ) f Erratic Blocks, . . . ] Sands, Gravels, and Stratified Clays, Not expressed Till or Boulder-clay, with inter- • on one-inch calated and underlying beds of Map. Sand, Gravel, Silt, etc., . J River-courses buried under Till, close stippling. Ice-markings on rocks, . . Drift or Glacial Series. ' Upper Red Sandstones, Coal-measures, Millstone-grit, Carboniferous Limestone Series, with Carboniferous. ■! Coals and Ironstones, Calciferous Sandstone Series, consisting of— b. Upper or Cement-stone Series, a. Lower or Red Sandstone Series, ^^strae^CLower) | ^^^ Sandstones, Shales, Conglomerates, TT Tior inhales, Greywacke, etc., of Ludlow PP ■ ( Group, Sign on Map. d"' d« d« d^ di' di Silurian. T nwp (Greywackes, Shales, etc., of Llandeilo i oeries, ...... Igneous. b= Carboniferous. Old Red Sand- stone. Interiedded, or contemporaneous with the Aqueous formations among which they lie. (Porphyrite (with some Melaphyre), Fd JTuff, Fsd (Porphyrite, etc., .... Fc (Tuff, Fsc Intrusive, or subsequent in date to the formation in which they are found. Of Miocene age. Of Permian age. Post-Carboni- ferous. Lower Carboni- ferous. Post-Old Red ' Sandstone. Basalt-dykes, .... Necks of Volcanic Agglomerate, . >- Basalt-rocks (with Melaphyres), . (Porphyrite, .... (Basalt-rocks, .... \ Felstones, B orGn Ne Gn F B or Gn Metamorphic. Altered Rocks in Old Red Sandstone, . k Metalliferous Veins. Veins of Haematite and Galena, m\ Gold lines with Old Red Sandstone and Silurian >• symbol of Districts, . . . . ) metal. IV. GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE DISTRICTS CONTAINED IN THE MAP. 5. The simplest notion of the geological structure of the present region is obtained if we conceive of a ridge or axis of older rocks run- ning through the middle of the Map, in a somewhat sinuous east and west direction. From the north side of this ridge, the limestones, coals, and other rocks dip away northwards to form the Clyde coal-field. On the south side only a little piece of the corresponding coal-field of Ayr- shire is shown round Glenbuck. 8 6. The ridge consists chiefly of Lower Old Eed Sandstone, forming an expansion of the belt of that formation which stretches across the country from near Edinburgh- to beyond Dalmellitigton. On the west side it is prolonged north-westward by the Lower Carboniferous volcanic rocks, which run from Strathavon as a broad strip of high ground be- tween the plains of Ayrshire and the valley of the Clyde. Owing to the folding and fracture of the Old Red Sandstone, portions of the under- lying Upper Silurian strata are brought to the surface in two stripes. But the former formation wraps these round, and abuts against the great Lower Silurian uplands of the south of Scotland, a small portion of which may be observed in the south-east corner of the Map. 7. Evidence will be given in subsequent pages to show that this divid- ing ridge of Old Red Sandstone existed as land during the earlier part, at least, of the Carboniferous period. It has been much effaced by the effects of faults and denudation, but its ancient margin may still be traced in many places. Its surface must have been very uneven, some portions rising into such high ground as the Hagshaw Hill (1540 feet), while other parts subsided into hollows, in the largest of which still lies the area of Carboniferous rocks, stretching from near Lesmahagow by Douglas south- wards into Sheet 15. 8. It will be observed that the highest ground represented upon the Map coincides generally with the Old Red Sandstone ridge ; while, on the other hand, the low grounds lie chiefly upon the Carboniferous rocks. A further illustration of the intimate relation of external form to internal geological structure is fmiiished by the fact, that not only do the hard sandstones and conglomerates of the Old Red Sandstone series form the main ridges of the district, but that where the outHnes of these ridges are diversified by sharper points or more craggy hills, the difference of form may usually be traced to the occurrence of some of the harder masses of igneous rock. Tinto, for example, is a cone of such rock rising out of the surrounding sandstones and conglomerates. In accordance with the usual practice, the geological formations will be described in ascending order. Lower Silurian. 9. The only rocks belonging to this geological subdivision occur at the south-east corner of the Map, where a small, portion of the broad Silurian uplands appears. Although no fossils have been obtained from these rocks as developed in the present Map, there can be no doubt in referring them to the Llandeilo series, since they are a continuation of the strata shown in Sheet 15, which, from their graptolites, have been assigned to that geological horizon. The band of fine flinty conglomerate, which forms the most marked featm-e here, is the same as that known as the Haggis Rock farther to the south-west. (See Explanation to Sheet 15, § 19.) Some of the shales which lie above this rock towards the south- east may be regarded as probably a portion of the Lowther Shale series of Sheet 15. Upper Silurian. 10. The Lower Silurian area is cut off by a fault from the other rocks of the district. Beyond that line of dislocation, rocks belonging to the Old Red Sandstone series make their appearence, and only after travers- ing a space Of five or six miles do we meet with Upper Silurian strata, brought to the surface by the plication and subsequent denudation of the later formations. No base can anywhere be found in the present Map to this division of the Silurian system. From the comparatively low inclination of the Upper Silurian rocks over most of the ground which they cover, and from the much more plicated state of the Lower Silurian series only a few miles away, it may reasonably be inferred that, if an actual junction of the two formations could be discovered, the later series would be found lying quite unconformably on the eariier. 11. The absence of any true base to the Upper Silurian strata here, and the paucity of fossils in their lower portions, render it difficult to decide what groups of the typical Silurian area are represented in Lanarkshire. Probably not less than 3500 feet of strata, undoubtedly Upper Silurian, are shown in the different sections, passing up conformably into the base of the Old Red Sandstone. The higher portions of this series are certainly on the horizon of the Ludlow rocks ; and, in the meantime, in default of any evidence to the contrary, the whole are treated as belonging to the same group. 12. There are two areas of Upper Silurian rocks in the Map. The larger extends from the southern margin of the Sheet for about six miles in a north-easterly direction ; the smaller traverses the Hagshaw Hills, to the north-west of the Douglas coal-field. There is a great similarity in the structure of both areas : in each case the rocks are bent into a long anticlinal fold and exposed at the surface, from the removal by denudation of beds belonging to the Lower Old Red Sandstone series, which covered them to a great depth ; each is bounded on the south-east by a large fault, and it is only along their north-western margins that the passage up into the overlying Old Red Sandstone can be traced. For conveni- ence of description, each area will be considered separately, the first in order as being best known and that in which the rocks are most typically developed. a. District op Lesmahagow and Greenock Water. 13. In this district the Upper Silurian rocks occupy an area of about ten square miles, and consist of grey sandstones, grey, flaggy, and sandy shales, blue shale, and hard bands of greywacke. The sandy beds are found near the top of the series ; these pass down into finely laevigated blue and grey shales, in places calcareous ; and further down these get split up with bands of hardened sandstone or greywacke, often weather- ing with a yellowish ochreous crust. All these rocks form part of a great anticUne, the southern extension of which, however, is greatly ob- scured by intrusive sheets and dykes of felstone and basalt-rock, and abrubtly truncated by a large fault, which in places brings down a quartz-rock conglomerate, hereafter to be mentioned (par. 19), against some of the lowest members of the series, the fault having in such places a downthrow of not less than three thousand feet. It is along their north- western margin that the beds are best studied, as they there lie more regularly, and pass up conformably into the overlying Old Red Sandstones, while they dip to the north-west with an average angle of 20°, except at their southern extremity, where they are considerably steeper. 14. The following table shows their mode of occurrence at the north- eastern end of the area, beginning at the uppermost beds and passing downwards. Tctble of the Upper Silurian Rocks in the Lesmahagow District. 6. Sandy, flaggy, and green sandy tands and sliales, with partings of grey and red mudstone, passing conformably upwards into the Lower Old Red Sandstone — about 130 feet. 5. Blue, grey, and green shales, sandy mudstones, and sandstone bands, becom- ing more slialy and flaggy towards the bottom — 200 feet (Trochus beds). 10 4. Hard, blue, and grey flaggy stales, with ocoasionalliajids of calcareous nodules — 360 feet (Pterygotus beds). 3. Hard grey flagstones and bands of hard greywacke— about 500 feet. 2. Grey, blue, and oUve shales, becoming more or less interbedded with hard stone bands towards the base — about 300 feet. 1. Hard bands of greywacke with shale paa-tings. These form the lowest portion of the Upper Silurian rocks visible. They must be at least 2000 feet thick. 15. Good sections of Nos. 5 and 6 are seen wtererer a watercourse is found cutting across the boundary line between the Lower Old Red Sand- stones and the Upper Silurian rocks, as in Lochfennoch, Blaeberry, and Leaze Burns, in a small ravine near Waterhead, and at Linburn. The Logan Water, a httle above Dunside, exposes the best section of band No. 4, and it is there that the most perfect specimens of Pterygotus and its allies have been found. The band does not seem to extend further to the south-west than the Leaze Burn. No. 3 is exposed in the Logan Water above Logan House, and in the Leaze Burn. No. 2 is seen at the head of the Birkenhead Bum, in the Long Burn near Logan House, and also in the Leaze Bui-n. No. 1 skirts the southern boundary of the area, and is met with in all the streams from Eaglinside Burn to Hall, on the Greenock Water. District of the Hagshaw Hills. 16. The Silurian rocks in this district consist of hard blue and grey shales, with alternating beds of harder greywacke. As already stated, they occupy an anticline or saddle-shaped fold ; but ovring to an inver- sion of dip and a large fault, which occur on the southern side of the fold,* and the scarcity of fossils, no horizons have been made out. The beds are seen to pass conformably under the lowest member of the Lower Old Red Sandstone series on the Monk's Water near Broomerside, and in the different branches of the Windrow Burn. Lower Old Red Sandstone. 17. About two-fifths of the area shown upon the Map are covered by rocks belonging to this formation. These have been so broken by faults and so obscured by the overlapping of later formations that their structure is not readily apparent. Perhaps the most intelligible notion of their arrangement may be obtained if we regard them as ridged up by two divergent lines of elevation. One of these runs N.N.E. from the edge of the Muirkirk coal-field, and then bending northwards, passes under the southern edge of the Clyde coal-basin; the other, after running nearly parallel with the former as they strike away from Ayrshire, turns more to the east, and is lost under the overlying volcanic part of the formation, which, as pointed out in par. 18, is unconformable on older portions. Traces of the northern slope of this axis, however, are shown in the dip of the rocks at Tinto. Between these two divergent ridges, the Old Red Sand- stone lies in a broad basin, which of course must widen out northwards. It is through this basin that the ravines of the Clyde have been cut, its centre being about Corra Linn. To the north-west of that point, lower strata keep rising to the surface, until they are abruptly cut off by the Carboniferous rocks ; to the south-east, in like manner, there is a long de- scending section, until almost the base of the formation is reached, on the southern flanks of Tinto. Nowhere is the top«of the series seen. The base, as already stated, passes down conformably into the Upper Silurian * Mentioned in par. 47 of Explanation to Sheet 15, which describes a continuation of the present area. 11 rocks, and is seen along both of the two anticlinal folds where they begin to approach each other. The total thickness of rocks referable to the Old Red Sandstone in Lanarkshire may amount to 10,000 or 15,000 feet.* 18. In the Old Red Sandstone tracts to the north and west of Douglas, a perfectly conformable succession of strata can be traced, from the base upwards, as far as the sections extend. But to the north-east of Douglas a very remarkable unconformability or break occurs in the middle of the series — a continuation of the strong unconformability which was observed by the Geological Survey among the corresponding rocks of the Peutland Hills, a few miles still further to the north-east. The upper or trappean series of the Pentlands enter the present Map on its eastern margin, be- tween Covington and Lamington. It will be seen that they lap round the ends of the older series of chocolate sandstones and conglomerates of Tinto in a violent unconformability. But when we pass westward into the Hagshaw Hills, or the Greenock and Logan "Water sections, no trace of any break can be seen. It is possible, however, that some of the upper conglomerate bands may mark the position in which the break would occur if it extended into that area. The unconformability, though so violent that in the Pentland district one part of the series stands upon the vertical beds of an older part, is thus only local, connected, perhaps, with the beginning of that long-continued volcanic activity to which is due the pilmg up of the vast masses of igneous rock ranging from Edinburgh, through the Pentland Hills, by Tinto and the head of Nithsdale, into Ayrshire. 19. Arranged in order of succession, the various groups of the Old Red Sandstone in this area may be stated as in the subjoined Table, which, it will be seen, very closely corresponds with that given in the Explanation to Sheet 15 for the Old Red Sandstone on the borders of Ayrshire and Lanarkshire, of which the rocks now to be described are a continuation. Table of the Lower Old Red Sandstone as represented in this Map. rl2. Cliocolate-coloTired sandstones, with occasional bands of conglomerate. 11. Conglomerate, with pebbles of porphyrite. I 10. Grey gi'its and ferruginous yellow sandstones, with occasional lenticular L patches of conglomerate. ' 9. Grey sandstones and conglomerates, intercalated with beds of shattery mela- phyre. B - 8. Purple and gi'eenish slaggy and amygdaloidal porphyrites, becoming split up with intercalations of chocolate-coloured sandstones and beds of oonglome- ^ rate towards their base. . "7. Chocolate-coloured sandstones, with lenticular beds of conglomerate. 6. Conglomerate, with greywacke pebbles. 5. Chocolate-coloured sandstones. 4. Conglomerate, with large pebbles of liver-coloured quai-tz-rock. A -( 3. Green and red mudstones, with bands of grey shale and greywacke. 2. Red mudstones and chocolate-coloured and yellow ferruginous false-bedded sandstones. 1. Conglomerate, with small pebbles of quartz, lydian-stone, etc., resting con- formably upon Tipper Silurian shales. Group A. 20. There are five districts in the region embraced by this Map where rocks belonging to this group occur, (a) The Hagshaw district ; (6) that of the Whitehaugh, Greenock, Avon, Glengavel, and Kypes Waters ; (c) the Lesmahagow and Lanark district, extending from the large fault which bounds the Upper Silurian district of Lesmahagow, above described, * See Explanation to Sheet 15, par. 48. The Old Bed Sandstone of the present Map is a continuation of that shown in Sheet 15. 12 to the east of the Town of Lanark ; (d) the Tinto and Carmichael area, from Tinto Hill northwards to the Clyde ; and (e) the Kihicadzow area, to the north-east of Lanark, and almost surrounded by rocks of Carbonifer- ous age. All these are connected with each other, but it will be more conrenient to describe them separately, coiipling each band with the table. Hagshaw District. 21. (1) This band of conglomerate is found flanking the northern margin of the Silurian rocks already mentioned as traversing this district, except where they are hidden by being let down against the Silurian rocks by faulting. On the south side of the anticline, its outcrop is entirely hidden by the large fault already mentioned (par. 1 6). (2 and 3) These follow the line -of outcrop of the above, and are also hidden by the fault on the southern side of the arch. (4) This easily distinguishable band follows the same line of outcrop. At the Reservoir it is about 100 feet thick, but it gradually thins out to the north-east, and in places dies out altogether. It reappears, however, and is seen lapping round the north-eastern extremity of the Silurian anti- cline, but is soon ripped out by the fault, and is only seen peeping out against the southern margin of the Silurian rocks on the Monk's Water. (5) This zone is well exposed on both sides of the arch. (6) This band is of considerable thickness. Its northern outcrop, interrupted by faults, follows the highest ground in the Hagshaw Hills, and plunges under the sandstones No. 7, to reappear on the slopes of Meikle Auchinstilloch Hill, much dwindled in thickness ; and a little to the north-east, in the Lesmahagow district, it either disappears entirely or is represented by lenticular patches. To the south of the anticline it forms a continuous band, and contams some lenticular beds of chocolate- coloured sandstone. (7) Beds belonging to this subdivision are found in the trough of the conglomerate occurring on the northern flank of the Hagshaws, while to the south they lie between the outcrop of the last-mentioned con- glomerate and the margin of the Douglas coal-field. Their base only is found in the present area, but they attain a much greater thickness in that of Lesmahagow and Lanark. District of Greenock, Whitehaugh, Avon, Glengavel, and Kypes Waters. 22. This title embraces all the rocks of Lower Old Red Sandstone age occurring between the Silurian area of Lesmahagow northwards to the boundary fault. (1) The conglomerate which was so persistent in the Hagshaw district in the present is entirely awanting, as the basement beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone series consist of red and grey sandstones and red mudstones, and more properly belong to the following member of the group. (2) This band is of much greater thickness than in the district already described. A peculiar feature is the presence of a yellow false-bedded sandstone, near the top of the division, which has occasionally led to the mistake that these rocks belong to the Carboniferous series. Good sections are seen everywhere flanking the northern margin of the Silurian area, more especially in the Blaeberry Burn. The yellow sandstones are best seen on the Greenock Water, near its junction with the Dippal Burn, and in the tributaries of the latter stream. (3) This band probably finds its greatest development in the present 13 area, and is well seen in every stream which, crosses its outcrop. The lower part of the series consists of blue and greenish-grey mudstones and shales with harder partings, and is of considerable thickness, the upper part of red mudstones passing up into chocolate-coloured sandstones. (4) The quartz-rock conglomerate, which was 100 feet thick at one part of the Hagshaw area, in the present has very much altered in appearance. In the Stot Burn, near Middlefield Law, it is only a few feet thick, though it still bears its peculiar features, viz. abundance of well-rounded quartz-rock fragments. To the north-west, in the Pow- brone Burn, it is represented by a yellowish ferruginous sandstone, in which are set a few pebbles of quartz-rock. Its presence can be traced by the number of its peculiar pebbles strewn over the moorlands between this and the Kypes Water at Juan Hill, where it again attains a con- siderable thickness, and is spUt up into two beds. From the outcrop of this conglomerate to the fault which bounds the area to the north, the streams expose a continued repetition of thicker and thinner beds of chocolate-coloured sandstone and grey pebbly grits, with occasional lenticular beds of conglomerate. As was already shown, the con- glomerate band No. 5 appeared to be dying out to the north, so that these beds probably represent Nos. 5, 6, and part of 7. District of Lesmaiiagow and Lanark. 23. The lowest beds here visible are exposed in the Birkenhead Burn, where the yellow sandstones of band No. 2 are well seen ; but their relation to the Silurian rocks is hidden by the fault which brings them down agamst them. The strata of band No. 3 are well developed in the present area, and two good sections, especially of the grey and green flaggy shales and mudstones, are seen in the Logan Water, and Birken- head Burn. In the latter place, Beyrichia and some obscure Pteri/gottis- looking crustacean remains were found. The quartz-rock conglomerate (No. 4) is well seen, resting on the upper beds of band No. 3, at both the above-named sites. Further than this the horizons cannot be traced, as the rocks present a great similarity throughout the whole district, and consist for the most part of chocolate-coloured and grey sandstones of a great variety of textures, from hard, gritty beds, to soft, friable sand- stones. Nests of pebbles and lenticular patches of conglomerate occur here and there, and a small patch, seen at the foot of the Birkenhead Burn, probably represents the band No. 6, which was so conspicuous in the Hagshaw district. They dip throughout the area to the eastward, and they probably make a greater appearance on the Map than they otherwise would by being repeated by step faults, some of which are seen to emerge from the Carboniferous rocks on both sides of the area ; but, owing to the sameness in the character of the Old Red rocks in the present district, it is almost impossible to trace them. The best section of these beds is exposed in the River Clyde, for a few miles both above and below Lanark, where the stream flows through a deep gorge which it has cut out of them, and durmg its passage precipitates itself over the celebrated ' Falls of Clyde.' At Stonebyres and Corra liinns, massive beds of these chocolate- coloured sandstones and conglomerates, separated by thin crumbly partings, dip gently up stream. The water and the atmosphere, aided by the continual spray, wear out the softer beds, and great masses of the superincumbent rocks, thus undermined, fall away, to be further broken up and then carried away by the stream. Thus the Falls are constantly eating their way backwards, and the gorge is being gradually deepened. At Bennington, the Fall owes its present appearance to the presence of some parallel jointing in the strata. 14 Sections of the above rocks are seen in the Nethan Water, near Les- mahagow, where they are much traversed by intrusive dykes, and also at the foot of the Logan Water. The uppermost beds of the group are nowhere seen, but the thickness, from the quartz rock conglomerate to the top of the highest visible beds, even making allowances for faulting, cannot be less than 10,000 feet. District of Tinto and Cakmichael. 24. Tinto HiU consists of a mass of intrusive felstone rising through chocolate-coloured sandstones and conglomerates, which must lie not far from the base of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of this part of the country. The strata have a general dip to north-north-west, so that the lowest beds are seen on the south side of the hill, under which they plunge at angles of 20° to 50°. There can be little doubt that the peculiar conglomerates of liver-coloured quartz there seen are the same as those of the Hagshaw Hills and the tracts to the west, so that, if we could obtain a section of the descending series underneath these Tinto beds, we should ere long arrive at the top of the Upper Silurian series. But, as already mentioned, the lower parts of this group are overlaid unconformably by the volcanic series of Group B (see par. 18). On the northern slopes of Tinto, beds of sandstone and conglomerate, belonging probably to the three upper subdivisions of Group A, are seen dipping away in a northerly or north- north-westerly direction. On the side of a low crag to the south of the cottage above the farm-steading of Howgate, there existed in the year 1863 a series of well-marked tracks, like those of a crustacean, impressed upon a face of purple flagstone. Shortly after they were observed in the course of the Geological Survey, they disappeared. At another locality, however, where fossils were detected during the Survey, better and more numerous specimens have since been obtained. The fossiHferous zone is a band of red and green shale, associated with a very felspathic pebbly con- glomerate, seen in the channel of the Carmichael Burn, immediately to the south of the Manse. This band probably lies more than 5000 feet up from the base of the Lower Old Red Sandstone of this region, yet the fossils have a decidedly Upper Silurian character. They consist of Orthoceras dimidiatum, Dithyrocaris striata, Graptolite (fragment), and Beyrichia. They are the only fossils yet obtained from this formation vrithin the limits of the present Map. KiLNCADZOW DiSTEICT. 25. The beds in this area are only a prolongation of those exposed in the admirable Clyde section between Bonnington Fall and Hazelbank. From the Map it will be seen that the chocolate-coloured sandstones strike north-eastwards from Lanark into a long ridge of moory ground, round which lies the base of the Carboniferous formations of this district. They tave a general south-easterly dip, corresponding with that in the Clyde, up as far as the Corehouse Falls. They form, therefore, part of the north-west side of the Old Red Sandstone Ibasin already referred to. They are everywhere (except at Kilncadzow, where a fault intervenes) overlaid unconformably by Lower Carboniferous rocks, while at one place, between Cleghorn and Lanark, a small outlier of these rocks rests upon them. This prolongation of Old Red Sandstone was evidently a promon- tory running out into the old lake or inland sea in which the earlier parts of the Carboniferous formations T^ere laid down. 15 Group B. 26. This is essentially a volcanic series. The rocks belonging to it are found in the south-east corner of the Map, where they bound the Carboni- ferous rocks of the Douglas coal-field. Eastwards they lap round the base of Tinto Hill, and continue into Sheet 24. Along this line they dip more or less to the south, and plunge under strata belonging to Group C ; but, by a reversal of dip, they are again brought to the surface near Lamington, where they abut against the Lower Silurian rocks, being brought down against them by the large fault which bounds the Silurian area of the south of Scotland. As this is a continuation to the north-east of the area described in (par. 5) Explanation to Sheet 15, it virtually splits itself up into the same subdivisions, and will be considered in the same manner, though some slight modifications occur. (8) The lowest rocks of the series visible are found along the Hue of fault which bounds the Douglas coal-field. They consist of purple and greenish porphyrites of various textures, principally slaggy and amygda- loidal. Towards the base a few beds of conglomerate and chocolate- coloured sandstone occur ; but above this, the different porphyrite flows are separated only by their own slaggy upper and under surfaces. (9) The melaphyres, which form the distinguishing feature of this subdivision, are much more largely developed in the present Map than in Sheet 15 ; while, in the latter case, they were represented by only a few bods, spht up by green sandstones and tuffs, towards the top of the group. In the present district, in the Parkhall Bums, these heavy, dark, close- grained, shattery rocks form about a third of the whole thickness of the group, and succeed each other without any intercalations of tuff or con- glomerate except near their uppermost extension. Near Boddinglee, a httle to the east of this, however, they get split up with beds of con- glomerate or tuff derived from the melaphyres and underlying porphyrites. These fragmental rocks may be either tuffs washed up and rearranged, or derived from the porphyrites and melaphyres by the ordinary processes of denudation. 27. Although in the district to the south (Sheet 15) the rocks belong- ing to this group were seen to lie conformably on those of Group A, in the present area, as already described (par. 18), however, a violent unconformability lies between the two groups. Round the southern base of Tinto Hill, where the sandstones and the intrusive felstone dip to the north, the porphyrites and melaphyres of Group B are seen resting on the denuded edges of these beds, and dipping away to the south, while they lap round the eastern base of the hill, and lie upon much higher rocks belonging to Group A in Thankerton Moor. Fragments of the pink felstone are also found in the derivative rocks accompanyiug Group B. It is this same group which, stretching north-eastwards from the Clyde, forms the long chain of hills reaching to the southern suburbs of Edinburgh. As we follow it towards the north-east, we find it gradually thin away as it approaches Linton, until it is reduced to one thin band. But further north it Speedily swells out into the thick volcanic masses of the Pentland and Braid Hills. Group 0. 28. The strata belonging to this group are a continuation of those described in Explanation to Sheet 15 (par. 52), and lie in the same great line of trough. The uppermost beds, however, have ' nosed out ' before reaching the present Map. 16 (10) A slight change takes place in this subdivision from its dcTelop- ment in Sheet 15. The yellow sandstones die out, and are replaced by grey grits composed of fragments of the underlying trappean series, as seen in the Birshaw and Roberton Burns, while in the Garf Water and the Clyde these are further modified by being spUt up with conglomerate bands. (11) This band, as indicated on the Map, 'noses out' at Dungavel Hill, where, however, it is very typically developed, being there made up of large well-rounded pebbles of porphyrite, and must be of considerable thickness, as it fonns the main mass of the hill. On the Map it forms a horse-shoe bend, enclosing a small patch of the uppermost division. (12) This lies between the bend of the above conglomerate and the southern margin of the Sheet. The beds consist of chocolate-coloured friable sandstones and a bed of conglomerate, the pebbles of which are composed of different porphyrites. 29. Although the rocks belonging to this group seem to disappear as they are traced eastwards, a gradual change in the iacHnation of dip brings them in again in great force along the north-west parts of Peebles- shire. Even on the present Map, the synclinal fold of the group is well seen along the strip of ground flanking the Lower Silurian area. The basin is evidently deepening towarijs the south-west, and shallowing towards the opposite quarter, so that the underlying porphyrites of Group B, which appear on either side of the trough at Lamington, soon circle round its eastern end and unite into the broad band which stretches north-eastward by Biggar (Sheet 24). By and by, however, the same structure is repeated; another synchnal trough sets in, and, deepening towards the north-east, allows a very thick series of beds, including, probably, some considerably higher than even the division marked No. 12. This reappearance of Group C begins at Skirling, where a conglomerate like that of Dungavel sets in, and after continuing for some miles, passes under a series of highly felspathic sandstones, and these in turn beneath a thick mass of chocolate-coloured sandstone, which is quarried between Linton and Noblehouse. Intrusive Rocks in the Lower Old Red Sandstone and Upper Silurian Series. 30. As shown upon the Map, the rocks belonging to these divisions are very much intersected by intrusive rocks, especially in two regions, — the one stretching from the Mulrkirk coal-field through Lesmahagow to the Clyde at Hazelbank, the other in the Tinto and Carmichael district. These rocks consist chiefly of felstones of various shades, from white or cream-coloured rocks, through hues of pink into dark brown. They are all more or less supersilicated, and occasionally contain crystals of black mica. The pink or salmon-coloured rock of Tinto is probably the most typical. The longer axes of these masses, especially the larger, usually coincide with the hne of strike of the beds among which they are intruded, probably owing to their being injected along the lines of beddiu"-. To the north of the Muirkirk coal-field, where the strike is more or less north-east and south-west, the masses lie in that direction ; while in the Lesmahagow district, where the strike of the beds swings round, they lie exactly in the opposite direction. It is probable, in the latter district, that the faults, which are supposed to repeat the sandstones (par. 23), also repeat some of the intrusive felstones which lie between them. Possibly some of these may have been the vents which supplied 17 the lava flows of Group B. The felstone of Tinto is certainly older than the members of Group B, which lap round the base of the hill ; while in places in the Lesmahagow district the lowest beds of the Carboniferous roclcs there developed are made up of well-rounded fragments of the felstones that are there so numerous. Necks of volcanic agglomerate and dykes of basalt-rock are also found intwined through the Upper Silurian and Lower Old Red Sandstone rocks and their intrusive felstones ; but as they are also found coming up through higher beds, it will be better to defer the consideration of them till the newer sedimentary rocks have been described. Metamorphism of Old Red Sandstone. 31. When the strata in the Old Red Sandstone area are followed west towards the River Avon, they begin to show some traces of altera- tion. The rocks become much broken and shattered, and are more or less hardened. This may be seen in the Cove Glen, near Hartmidden, at the head of Powmeadow Bum, on Hart Hill, etc. In Hart Hill we find the sandstones have become changed into a hard, iine-graineS, greyish- blue rock, while in Powmeadow Burn this fine-grained rock seems to pass into a crystalline quartzose and micaceous felspathic rock resembling minette. From an examination of the strata in this neighbourhood, and in the region to the west (Sheet 22), it becomes evident that the highly felspathic Old Red Sandstones have been metamorphosed into crystaUine rocks like minette and granite.* Carboniferous. 32. This great formation covers more than half of the area shown upon the map. Where its boundary-Hnes are not faults, it is here found invari- ably to rest unconformably upon rocks of Old Red Sandstone age. The whole valley of the Clyde, from Crossford downwards, is composed of strata belonging to this formation ; and rocks of the same age rise up to form the moory and hilly tracts near Wilsontown, and those west of Strath- avon. Carboniferous strata likewise occupy all the low grounds in the neighbourhood of Carstairs, Carnwath, and Pettinain, while another ex- tensive tract appears in the valleys of the Douglas, Poniel, and Nethan Waters, and a smaller stretch (the northern part of the Muirkirk mineral- field), is seen along the southern margin of the Sheet, at Glenbuck. The formation consists of the following groups in descending order : — ■ Sign on Map. Groups and Strata. Localities. d' Coal-measures, consisting of— (6). Ked and grey sandiitones, fireclays, shales, marls, etc., with Carboniferous plants. No workable coal-seams in this group. (a). A thick group of white and grey sandstones, dark shales, iireclays, coal-seams and iron- stones. Ravines of Rotten Calder at Blantyre, and of Avon below Avonbank, and in intermediate stream-courses ; Dalzell Burn; Cambusuethan, Burn near ; Overton ; Dalserf ; south-west of Douglas. Best natiu-al section seen in ravine of Avon, from Stone- house to Hamilton ; stream- courses in coal-field of Clyde basin ; Douglas. * For a fuller notice of these phenomena, reference may be made to Explanation ac- companying Sheet 22, and to the Catalogue of Kock Specimens exhibited in the Museum of Science and Art, Edinburgh. 18 Sign on Map. Groups and Strata. Localities. d< Millstone-Grit, consisting of — A suite of massive sand- stones and grits, witli ■beds of fireclay, tWn limestones, and occa- sional ironstones and thin coals. Auohter Water, King's Law near Crossford, Draifan, Blackwood, centre of Douglas coal-field, Spireslaok, at if.E. end of Muirkirk coal-field. d» Carboniferous Limestone Series, consisting of — (c). A group of tkree or more limestones, with coals, and thick "beds of sand- stone, etc. (6). A group of sandstones, shales, etc., with beds of coal and ironstone; no limestone. (a). A group of sandstones, shales, etc., with several seams of limestone, coal, and ironstone ; beds of tufaceous shale, marl, sandsfcne, and conglo- merate. Climpy, Carluke, Braidwood, Limeldlnbum, Auchenheath, Newtonfoot (Douglas Water), Glenbuck. WUsontown, Carluke, Milnwood, Auchenheath, Torrance, Pon- feigh Bum, Muirkirk coal- field. Braehead, Braidwood, Kilncad- zow, Fulwood, Craignethan, Auchenheath, Boghead, Avon- side, East Kilbride district, Drumclog, Ponfeigh, Birshaw Bum, near Dungavel HiH, Muirkirk coal-field. di' Oalciferous Sandstone Series, con- sisting of — (b). A variable group of grey and reddish sandstones, grits, and conglomerates, with parti-colouredmarls and fireclays; these beds overlaid by thin series of white sandstones and dark shales at Auchen- gray — the oil-shale beds of Mid-lothian. ' ' The position of this group is occu- pied in the west of Lanarkshire and Ayrshire by a great series of contemporaneous volcanic rocks, (a). A suite of red and grey sandstones and conglo- merates, with, impure cornstones. Abbey Bum, Fiddler's Bum, Brocklend Bum, etc.; Mouse Water near Cleghom and above MiU Farm ; Craig Burn and Shiel Bum in basin of Douglas Water. Qamwath, Clyde at Charleston, Stone HUl, Shiels Bum, Scots Bum. Calciferous Sandstone Series. Noeth-East District. 33. Under this division is included all the area lying to the north of the Old Red Sandstones in which members of the Calciferons Sandstone series occur, from the Clyde at Crossford, eastwards to Liberton and Anchengray. The lower group (a) of red sandstones and cornstones occupies a 19 triangular space on the east side of the Map, between Burnfoot, near Covington, and Falla, north from Carnwath. These strata are a pro- longation westward of the massive red and reddish-grey sandstones which form the Cairn Hills, and a great part of the south-western spurs of the Pentland chain. They present the same lithological characters in the present district as in that to the east. The best sections of them are seen on the moors to the east of Carnwath, and in the bed of the Clyde a Uttle above Hyndford Bridge. At the latter locality they contain several bands of cornstone and impure sandy limestone, while nodules of Ume occur in many of the beds. No fossils have been noted from these beds. The actual junction with the Old Red Sandstone cannot be seen, but, unless where the line may happen to be a fault, it is here always a strong unconformabihty. The uneven nature of the bottom over which these Lower Carboniferous rocks were deposited is well indicated by the fact, that as we trace them westwards, the thick lower group of red sand- stones disappears as the next group steals over it, and comes to be directly upon the Old Red Sandstone ; while, as was long ago pointed out,* that upper group in turn is overlapped by the Carboniferous Limestone series, wMch, to the south of Tinto, aM again to the north of Lesmahagow, reposes directly on the Old Red Sandstone. 34. Passing westwards, therefore, from the Lower Red Sandstone group, we meet with the next member of the series in the thin-bedded greenish, reddish, and yellow sandstones, fine conglomerates, clays, and shales, which are well exposed in the Mouse Water near Cleghorn. These strata, as shovm upon the Map, form in one part of the district a cake or outher, which rests upon the edges of the strata of the Old Red Sand- stone, and which has been separated from the main mass of the group by the erosive action of the Mouse Water. In some of the beds, especially- to wards the top, fragmentary plants and marine fossils occur. These may be obtained in the two small streams which enter the Mouse Water at Jerviswood. The general greenish hue of the sandstones is charac- teristic of these strata not in this district only, but eastwards along the flank of the Pentland HiUs, where they are found to pass down into the • thick red sandstone group, and to pass up into the great group of pale sandstones and dark shales in which the now well-known oil-shales of the Lothians he. This latter group, however, is absent here, except a thin representative of it near Auchengray. The greenish and reddish sandstones, clays, and shales pass up into the base of the Carboniferous Limestone series, without the intervention of the oil-shale group. This is well shown along the margin of the Kilncadzow area of Old Red Sand- stone, and thence by Lee to the Clyde at Carfin. 35. At KilpothaU and West Sidewood, south from Auchengray, some clay ironstones have been worked, and several bores were put down in their neighbourhood which passed through a series of grey sandstones, shaly sandstones, fireclays, etc. The position of these U'onstones is below the main limestone, and appears to be on the same horizon with certain impure ironstones, which in the Carluke district are associated with the lowest hmestone. Prom the general character of the strata which immediately underUe the West Sidewood ironstones, it would ap- pear that we have in these strata the representatives of the great oil-shale series. But borings in the immediate neighbourhood demonstrate that the series can only be very partially developed here, since red and grey sandstones, fireclays, and marly shales come on at no great distance from the outcrop of the overlying limestone and ironstone series. As the beds are followed to the west, it becomes very evident that even this "Quart. Jowm. Geol. Soc, vol. xix. (1S60), p. 319. 20 poor development of the oil-shale series gradually thins out, while its place is occupied with a set of grey and reddish grits, sandstones, shales, and fireclays. These beds are well exposed in the Abbey Burn, near Wilsontown. The junction of these beds with the overlying limestone series is faulted and confused, but there can be no great thiclmess of strata between the Old Red Sandstone and the lowest limestone. Still further to the west, we find in the Moss-side Burn, near Carluke, a good section showing the passage down from the main Umestone into the Calciferous Sandstone series. The lowest or 'shelly' limestone does not show itself in the stream, owing to the sudden turn taken by the brook, which, after flowing for some distance across the beds, all at once changes its course, and flows along the strike. Nevertheless, the lime- stone referred to must crop somewhere between this brook and the Yield- shields Burn. Now, the strata exposed in the last-mentioned stream have the same general dip, and consist of coarse, gritty, red and grey sand- stones and clays. If, then, the oil-shale beds exist at all, they must come in between the Moss-side and Yieldshields Bums ; but a consideration of dips and distances shows us that this is in the highest degree improbable. In .Fiddler's Burn, at Nellfield, the lower limestone rests upon a similar series of red and grey grits, sandstones, fireclays, shales, etc., and no trace of an intervening oil-shale seiies appears. The same phenomena recur at Carfln, where the coarse shelly limestone of the true limestone series is seen overlying a set of coarse grey and red grits and conglomerates. Southern District. 36. Under this title are included all the visible patches of the Calci- ferous Sandstone series encircling the Douglas coal-field, and stealing out from under higher parts of the Carboniferous system' in the upper part of the basin of Muirkirk. It will be seen from the Map that this district is completely cut off by Old Red Sandstone from that just described. The twofold division of the series can be followed satisfactorily here. Al- though, as a rule, these strata form the base of the Carboniferous system here, as elsewhere in the midland valley, they occasionally thin away in a remarkable manner. At one place on the Nethan, about a mile south from Lesmahagow, they are found to have disappeared altogether, — the Car- boniferous Limestone series coming down directly upon the Old Red Sandstone, as along the southern margin of the Clyde basin (par. 33). In such facts as these we find proofs of the very unequal contour of the surface upon which the older portions of the Carboniferous rocks were here laid down. The lower group of red sandstones, — clays, with sandy concretionary limestones or cornstones, — ^is most typically developed in the eastermost part of the district, where it dips westward under the Douglas coal-field. Towards its base it contains a concretionary cornstone, which has been quarried as a limestone, as shown by several old quarries in the neighbour- hood which are now grassed over. The group dies out a little to the north, as has been already described, but reappears from under the Douglas coal-field, and laps round the north of the Hagshaw hills. It occurs in the Glenbuck area, but is there thin. It increases rapidly in thickness to the south and west, and attains an enormous development in the Cau-n- table district, a few miles into Sheet 15. At Middlefield also, near the south-west comer of the present Sheet, it is of considerable thickness, and its peculiar cornstone is still wrought for making lime. 37. The upper or cement-stone group, like the underlying red sand- stones, is somewhat sporadic in its mode of occuiTence in the present 21 district. Skirting the Douglas, Bankend, and Brockley coal-fields, it con- sists chiefly of grey, gritty, friable sandstones, with occasional sandy clay or marly beds, and here approaches the ordinary type in the north-east district. These strata die out to the north near Lesmahagow, while north and east from Glenbuck they seem to show a passage between this type and that of Ayrshire (see Explanations to Sheets 14 and 22), for their upper beds consist of grey grit, which pass down into red and blue clays, with a few bands of cement-stone ; indeed, a few such nodular bands are found to the west of Bankend, in the Douglas area. This group is replaced by the red sandstone group a little to the south of the present Map, but at Middlefield, where it again appears, it is entirely made up of red, blue, and gi'een clays, with numerous cement-stone bands, and presents a good typical section of this division of the cement-stone series as developed in Ayrshire. Western District. 38. When we pass to the hilly grounds that form the western boundary of the Carboniferous formation, the Calciferous Sandstone series is found to have undergone a complete change. Instead of greenish and reddish sandstones, clays, and shales, we meet with an extensive suite of volcanic rocks. This trappean area is bounded on the south-east, in the valley of the Avon Water, by the Old Red Sandstone. Beginning at Loudoun Hill, at the head of the River Irvine, it sweeps east and north-east along the flanks of Hawkwood Hill and Kypes Rig, until, at Strathavon, it abuts upon the Limestone series, against which it is brought by faulting. From this point it strikes north, apparently dipping east below the Limestone series, until the boundary line is again confused by several dislocations. From Drumloch, near the village of Chapelton, however, it is again found to plunge under the lower limestones, which with some interruption con- tinue to bound it as it passes to the west. Another portion of the same series forms the hilly ground in the north-west corner of the Map, near East Kilbride. 39. The igneous rocks consist of reddish, purple, and blue melaphyres and porphyrites, usually fine-grained and more or less compact, but often showing a crypto-crystalline or distinctly crystalline structure. Not un- frequently they are dull, earthy, and decomposing. They are commonly more or less porphyritic, with grey and white felspar. Olivine, usually in an altered condition, is also plentifully present in most of the beds. The rocks axe, moreover, very often amygdaloidal and slaggy, showing kernels of calcite, green earth, chalcedony, etc. Frequently they become highly scoriaceous, with rude, irregular, chaleedonic concretions. This, in fact, is generally the character of the upper surface of the beds, which are frequently exposed for considerable distances owing to the low dip of the series, which appears to be generally towards the north and north-east. In some places green and red felspathic tuffs and tufaceous grits, sand- stones, and mudstones occur, interbedded vrith the melaphyres ; but none of these derivative rocks cover any extent of ground. The thickness at- tained by this group of igneous rocks cannot be ascertained, as the basement beds are concealed by a large fault, which brings down the group against the Old Red Sandstone on the south side of the Avon valley. The series is much better developed, and presents, upon the whole, features of greater interest in the region immediately to the west of the district embraced in this Map. (See Sheet 22 and accompanying Explanation). The contour or outline of the ground in this district is of that broken and irregular character which igneous rocks usually give rise to. But 22 considerable areas are buried below glacial deposits and accumulations of peat. Where the rock is at no great despth from the surface, we generally find a warm and fertile soil. 40. The igneous rocks are, where no faulting intervenes, invariably fringed with a set of conglomerates, tufaceous or ashy grits, sandstones, shales, etc., which may be considered either as the top beds of the vol- canic series, or, perhaps with greater propriety, as the basement beds of the Carboniferous Limestone series. For convenience of reference, how- ever, they are described in this place. Their general character is that of dull, meagre, yellow, and yellowish-green tufaceous grits, shales, and sandstones, with beds of red and mottled laminated tufaceous days, and in places courses of conglomerate, the stones in which have been derived from the adjacent trappean masses. In some portions the beds are calcareous, and contaiu abundant fossiliferous remains. They are exposed at Benthall, Rig, and West Drumloch, where also the overlying main limestone is opened in quarries. An excellent section also is laid bare in the Kittoch Water, which has cut down through the conglomerates and exposed the underlying igneous rocks. They are likewise well seen in a brook at Laigh Walkerdyke, and again at Strathavon, while an excellent section, is laid bare in the stream at West Rylandside, near Drumclog. There the deposits consist of a considerable thickness of brown and red mottled ashy fireclays and mudstones, which are here and there ■charged with small rounded stones. With these beds are associated thin limestone and calcareous shale (full of Carboniferous Limestone fossils), grey and white sandstones, dark shale, thin coal, and fireclay. The origin of these deposits is sufiiciently evident; they have undoubtedly been derived from the wear and tear of the underlying igneous rocks, and indicate the old shore-line of the Carboniferous Limestone sea. It would thus appear, that after the igneous forces that gave rise to the trappean rocks of this district became nearly or altogether quiescent, a long bank of land stretched westwards from Strathavon, and was washed by the sea along its borders. The deposits laid down at this time form the passage- beds between the Calciferous Sandstone series and the overlying Carboni- ferous Limestone, but they appear upon the whole to be more closely connected with the latter than the former. Carboniferous Limestone Series. 41. From the data furnished in the preceding pages, it is evident that during the earlier part of the Carboniferous period, that area of the country in which the two groups of the Calciferous Sandstone series shown upon the Map were deposited, had a singularly varied surface. The hills of Old Red Sandstone rose as uneven land from the southern margin of an inland sea or lake, which stretched over the site of what is now the Clyde coal-field. But this land formed merely a peninsula stretching westward from the southern uplands as far as the edge of what are now the plains of Ayrshire. It would seem also as if a hollow or water-basin existed even on this narrow peninsula, though possibly it may have been connected by one or more narrow passages with the main body of water which covered all the low grounds of Ayrshire up to the base of the southern hUls. This basin still remains in the cavity occupied by the Carboniferous rocks from Lesmahagow by Douglas to the head of the Kennox Water (Sheet 15). The hollows had been partly filled up by the deposition of the lower group of the Calciferous Sandstones, and had no other influence come into play than mere denudation and deposition, a great deal of the inequality of surface would doubtless have been removed 23 before the deposition of the Carboniferons Limestone series. But there appears to have been a general subsidence of the whole area in progress, so that the long peninsula running from Tmto westwards into Ayrshire came gradually to be cut up into islands. Volcanic action also broke out in the west, and filUng up the bed of the lake or inland sea, formed that long bank of igneous material which has been described above (par. 39). By the subsidence of the district, each new deposit came to steal over the edges of those previously laid down, and to conceal them. In this way the upper or cement-stone group has overlapped the lower or red sandstone group along the margin of the KiMcadzow and Hill Rig promontory, and south-westwards towards Lesmahagow ; while both are in turn overlapped and concealed by the basement beds of the Carboni- ferous Limestone series round the extreme southern edge of the Clyde basin, and again to the south of Lesmahagow. But traces remain of a much wider overlap and extension of the limestone beds. On the very crest of the Old Red Sandstone ridge, to the south of Tinto, an outlier of the limestone occurs ; another occupies a similar position four miles to the south-west; additional illustrations occur in Sheet 15 and in Sheet 24. Prom these facts we see how the irregularities of the ancient land were one by one covered up by the Carboniferous deposits, which succes- sively formed over them as they went down. This evidence has a further interest, inasmuch as it bears upon the former much wider extension of Car- boniferous rocks over the south of Scotland. As the deposition of the Car- boniferous Limestone series went on, the subsidence continued with the same gradual overlapping of strata, until, as shown in Sheet 15 (Explanation, par. 73), the coal-measures came to rest directly upon the Silurian rocks of the ancient subsiding land. How far the coal-measures stretched across the southern uplands has not yet been definitely ascertained. 42. This great and important series of Carboniferous strata is parti- cularly well developed in the region embraced in this Map. It everywhere forms the boundaries of the overlying millstone-grit and coal-measures, save only near Blantyre, where a large fault cuts it out, and brings the upper series into contact with the igneous rocks described in previous paragraphs. It is composed of three more or less well-marked groups, viz. (1) an upper- group of limestones, with- intermediate thick beds of white sandstone ; (2) a middle group of sandstone, shales, etc., containing no limestone, but various seams of coal and ironstone ; (3) a lower group of limestones, with seams of coal and ironstone. The series is best studied in the district of Carluke, for which reason the description of that area will be somewhat fuller than that of the other districts mentioned below, in which the succession of the strata only differs from that exhibited near Carluke in being less complete. District of Carluke. 43. In this district the triple arrangement of the Lunestone series is well shown. The succession in descending order is as follows (thick- nesses given being only averages) : — Fms. ft. in. (Gair limestone, 4 6 Strata 20 Gillfoot or Belstonlmm limestone, 4 Strata, 24 Belstou limestone 4 Strata, 437 Dross coal (Catcraig) 2 ■a 24 Strata, 1st Carluke coal Strata ." ! ! A I 2d Carluke coal ! ! ! jj< Strata, | j g I Tower Coal, .'!."! ■^ Strata, with seams of clay ironstone in Wack shale, . Gas coal (Leamahagow position), Dross coal, | ] ' Strata, Limestone Strata, ] Limestone (Calmy), Strata, Limestone (1st Kingshaw seam), Strata, Limestone (local at Eaes^), Strata, ......... Limestone (2d Kingshaw, Wee, or Lady's seam). Strata, ......... Limestone (Calmy, Birkfield seam), .... Strata, black shales, with clay ironstones ; ' BaesgOl beds,' Limestone (Foul or Hosie's seam), Strata, ^ / Limestone (Calmy), ^ \ Strata, Fms. ft. in 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 6 8 2 4 12 9 3 9 2 6 1 9 19 4 1 6 1 2 6 2 2 6 5 3 6 2 10 3 1 4 6 7 4 3 6 14 2 6 3 1 6 5 3 2 4 4 2 2 1 5 14 1 6 5 3 4 1 3 7 1 6 Limestone (Maiji seam), Coal and shale, Strata, Limestone (coarse), Strata, Limestone (coarse), ...... Strata, Limestone, ........ Strata Limestone ('Oyster' seam) Strata, Limestone, Strata, Coal, ......... Limestone, ........ Calciferous Sandstone series. V 44. The lower group contains upwards of a dozen seams of limestone, some of which, however, are exceedingly variable in thickness. The 2d Kingshaw seam and the main limestone are the only two beds of fair quality, the latter having been long and extensively worked in opencast. The other seams are mostly impure or ' calmy,' containing a considerable admixture of argillaceous matter. Between the Birkfield calmy limestone and the Hosie or foul limestone comes a series of dark shales, with clay- band ironstones and ironstone balls, which are worked both in pits and in opencast quan'ies. The ironstone is considered to be of good quahty. A few thin seams of coal occur in this lower limestone group, but none of them are in a workable condition. It is to be noted, however, that some of the lowest limestones have a pavement of coal, which, in the case of the main seam, is quarried along with the rock, and used for burning the limestone. Excellent sections of the lower and middle groups are ob- tained in Jock's Burn and the Fiddler's Gill. Long lines of quarries have been opened in the main limestone throughout the district, and the Raes- gill ironstones, with the overlying and underlying limestones, are well ex- posed in the various opencast workings, especially near Kilncadzow. 45. The middle group of the limestone series of Carluke contains several 25 seams of coal and ironstone. The principal coal-seams are the 1st and 2d Carluke coals and the Tower coal (1 foot 7 inches to 2 feet 6 inches) ; but a higher coal than either of these has been worked at Catcraig, near Crossford (thickness, 2 feet). The well known gas coal of Lesmahagow also occurs in this district, but is generally too thin to permit of its being worked. At Mashock Burn, however, it attains a thickness of 9 inches, and is there mined to some extent. The ironstones belonging to this group are clay-bands, usually of poor quality. They are three and some- times four or five in number, and vary from an inch to four or five inches in thickness. 46. In the upper group the Gair limestone has long been known to geologists for its peculiar richness in fossil organic remains. It is about four feet thick, and consists of two beds, separated by a thin seam of calcareous shale. This limestone, which is said to have suppUed the lime used in the construction of Glasgow Cathedral, is not now worked in the district. The old quarries occur near the moorland farm of Gair, and a little to the east of King's Law. The Belstonburn or Gillfoot limestone is exposed in the railway cutting near Belston, Carluke, and in a little brook behind Gillfoot House, right bank of the Clyde, a half mile below Crossford. It is of poor quality, and has not been worked. Thickness, under 4 feet. The third or 'Rough' Umestone of the upper series is also of poor quality, and is not worked. Average thickness, about 4 feet ; seen in Belstonburn and Braidwood Gill. These limestones are separated by massive sandstones, usually white or yellow, and generally soft and not well adapted for building purposes. District of Braehead akd Wilsontown. 47. This district is continuous with that last described, and presents generally the same features. The highest limestone which has been worked in this district is an impure or calmy seam ; but the working has been long filled up, and there is some uncertainty as to which seam in the Carluke series it corresponds with. It is most probably the same bed as the Gair, but the bed itself is well-nigh covered up, and the ground in the neigiibourhood is concealed beneath turf and peat. Characteristic Gair fossils, however, were obtained from the old workings, which lie a little north of the brick and tile works near Climpy House. In a small drain at these old works a thin limestone (1 ft. 6 in.) is seen, which underlies the last-named limestone, and may possibly represent the Belstonburn limestone of Carluke ; but this is doubtful. The succession below this point, down to the Wilsontown gas coal, is as follows : — Fms. Ft. In. Climpy limestone, 4 6 Strata, 28 Fireclay Craw coal, 2 Strata, 2 3 Craw coal, 3 Strata, 8 Coal, 2 6 Strata, 6 Main coal 4 6 Strata, 15 Hogg fence ironstones (four bands) and dark blaes, 14 Strata, 11 Gas coal, . . . (9 in. to 20 in.) 1 The strata underlying the gas coal are partially exposed in the Dippool 26 Water at and above Pool, where a calmy limestone has been worked ; in the Mouse Water near Lambcatch ; in Black Burn, etc. The strata exposed in these sections can be correlated with the beds that underlie the gas coal position, and overlie the main limestone in the Carluke district. The lunestone worked at Guildhouse and RowantreehiU is probably the same as the 2d Kingshaw or Lady's seam of Braid- wood and Carluke. The Hosie limestone has been proved by boring, and appears to have been partially worked at Backbrae, but the old workings are now covered up. The main limestone has been extensively quarried at Braehead and in the surrounding region. It presents the same general characters as that of Carluke. Clay ironstones, occupying the position of the RaesgiU beds of Carluke, have also been extensively worked in this district. Another and lower series of clay ironstones were for some time opened up at Kilpothall. A seam of black-band ironstone was also sunk to at Easterhouse, but it has not as yet been proved to exist in a workable condition in other parts of the district. District of Auchenheath. 48. The best section of the strata in this district is exposed in the bed of the river Nethan. Prom Auchenheath down to Caminghill we have a gradually ascending section from the main limestone up to the base of the millstone-grit. Two faults cross the river near Auchenheath, but neither of these affects the general succession of the strata. At Holm- head, however, a powerful dislocation occurs, which brings up the beds that underlie the main limestone. Prom this point the dip changes from north-east to north-west, and as the general direction of the river is towards the north-east, the section exposed is, for the most part, along the strike of the strata. The strata met with throughout this district present the same general character as those in the typical district of Carluke. The lower limestone series, however, is not so well developed, and the distances between the various limestone seams differ considerably. An excellent gas coal (the Auchenheath or Lesmahagow seam) is the chief mineral of importance met with in this district. The general suc- cession of the strata is as follows : — Upper Group. Middle Group. Lower Group. ' Limestone (=Gair Umestone), . . . , Strata, Limestone (=:Belston Burn limestone). Strata, ....... .Limestone (=Rougli limestone), . . . , Strata (witli thin coals and clay ironstones), . Main Lesmahagow gas coal, . . . , Strata, Limestone (=Lingula or Calmy limestone), . Strata, Limestone (:=lst Kingshaw limestone). Strata, Limestone (=2d Kingshaw limestone), Strata (with clay ironstones). Limestone (on thin coal) (=:Main lunestone). Strata, Limestone, Strata, .Limestone, Ft. In. 4 2 82 3 3 137 6 188 1 10 165 2 3 1 2 1 6 20 2 4 27 5 3 43 8 7 11 49. In some places in this district a black-band fronstone is got under- lying the gas coal, of which indeed it properly forms a part. It is also worthy of note that an upper seam of gas coal (locally known as the 'wee gas coal') is found about 16 fathoms above the main gas coal; but 27 it is irregular and partial in its occurrence, and has only been worked in a few of the pits. The following localities indicate where sections of the limestone seams may be seen. At Threepwood Quarry, on the banks of the Clyde, one of the upper seams occurs. But these upper limestones are best exposed in the bed of the Nethan, and in the railway cutting at Auchenheath. They are also partially exposed in Watstone Burn, near Laigh Longridge ; in a ditch near Dykehead ; and in Blackwood Burn, near Blackwood. The lower limestones are seen in HallhOl Burn ; in the Eiver Nethan, below Craignethan Castle; and in the bed of the same river at Auchenheath. 50. As already mentioned (par. 41), there is evidence in this district of a considerable overlap, the middle group of the Carboniferous Lime- stone series coming actually to rest upon rocks of Old Red Sandstone age, to the entire exclusion of any portion of the Calciferous Sandstone series. In HalMll Burn, the limestones which correspond to the Kingshaw seams of the Carluke district are found dipping away at a moderate angle from certain igneous rocks of Old Red Sandstone age. In like manner, the Lower Limestone series is found to overlap upon the Old Red Sandstone from near Dunduff to Crumhaugh, on the south side of the River Avon. Beyond this place the overlap disappears, and the lower limestone group comes to repose upon rocks of Calciferous Sandstone age. District of Strathavon and West Quarter. 51. The lowest limestone in this district occurs in the bed of the Avon, immediately belpw Strathavon. It is only 15 inches thick, and rests directly upon ashy shales, sandstones, etc. At this place some old quarries occur on the banks of the stream, where a band above the main limestone is said to have been worked ; but as the quarries have been long filled up, it is not now possible to determine this point. If it be the band above the main seam, then a fault must occur between it and the thin limestone just referred to — a conjecture which is rendered probable from the fact that the beds associated with this thm limestone are dipping south-east at an angle of 4:0°-45°, while those exposed in the stream a little further down are nearly flat. At Waukmill, a bed of limestone is being now worked. This limestone is the same as the 'wee post' which overhes the main hmestone at Cot Castle (see par. 52). The overlying shales and ironstone bands are well filled with fossils. The section here varies much in a short distance, but the following wfll give some idea of its character : — Impure calcareous shale or limestone, Encrinital limestone, Limestone, Shaly Umestone, Limestone, Shaly limestone, Calcareous shales full of Product Soft sandy grey shales, with lines of coal below, Fireclay. Ft. In. 1 8 1 11 64 8 24 4 1 4 In the quarry, the following is the section : — Blue shales and Ironstones. Ironstone hand. Limestone, 5 ft. 4 in. Daugh. Shales, with coaly stuff. 28 At Glassford, one mile further down the river, the section presents the following character — Ft. In. Limestone (same as Waukmill seam), .... 3 6 Shale, 10 Coarse ferruginous fireclay, 10 Sandstone and sandy shaies, 9 Sandy shales, and shales with clay -hand ironstones, . .12 Blue shales (thicken out downriver to 20 or 30 ft), ..90 Greyhead, hard ferruginous, 8 Calcareous shale, 8 Limestone post (main seam) 5 Shales, with lines of coal below 9 Fireclay. 52. At Cot Castle, some clay-band ironstones have been worked, amongst which a thin seam of black-band ironstone occurred. The following is the section : — Ft. In. Shales. Top hand, 4 Grey shales (fossils), 3 6 Calcareous clay-hand (fossils), 4J Grey shales, with limestone halls, about .... 3 Dark shales (cones and other plant remains), ... 3 Maggie shale, ......... 4 Black-band, poor, 8 Maggie shale, sulphury, ....... 4 Cod, kind of paiTot, ....... 4 Coaly shale 3 Fireclay. The position occupied by these shales, as proved by boring, is about 20 fathoms below the maia limestone, their occurrence at Cot Castle being due to a fault, which is seen in the river cliffs. Above the ironstone shales come three beds of hmestone, separated by intervening beds of sandstone and shale. As neither these shales nor the overlying limestones occur in the section referred to in par. 51, this fact would appear still further to confirm the inference that a fault occurs at that place, by which the beds that he between the main hmestone and the Calciferous Sandstone series are thrown out of the section. 53. In the bed of the Avon, at Avonholm, several bands of impure limestone are seen, the exact geological horizon of which is somewhat uncertain. The ground in the neighbourhood is much obscured with drift, and several faults still further complicate the geological structure. A good section of the upper limestones, however, is exposed in the same river-course, at Glenavon, where their relation to the overlying millstone- grit and coal-measufes may be studied. The only other locality in this district to which reference may be made is Crookedstone, where the upper limestone has been worked. The old quarries and shale heaps are seen along the course of the small streamlets between Crookedstone and Crookedstonemuir. Limestone is also said to have been got at Long- faugh, near Newhouse, but no trace of it is now visible at the surface. District of East Kilbeide. 54. As already stated (see pars. 38 and 40), the lowest limestone at Strathavon, Drumclog, etc., rests upon tufaceous deposits. These beds have been described as fringing the outskirts of the great trappean series, whenever no faulting occurs. In this district they almost everywhere form 29 the pavement upon which the main limestone reposes ; but at Crossbasket, a series of thick white sandstones, which apparently occupy a lower horizon than the main limestone, overlap the conglomeratic and tufaceous deposits, and rest directly upon the igneous rocks. The main limestone has been worked at Shiells, Benthall, Rig, West Drumloch. It is a whitish grey stone of fair quality. No good continuous section of the limestone series in the district under review can be obtained, but the geological position of the various limestones and ironstones which occur throughout the area is, as a general rule, not- difficult to determine. The upper limestones are seen in Cadzow Burn, close to Whitecraigs, but the section is somewhat confused by faulting. A thin hmestone, on nearly the same horizon, is exposed in the bed of a stream near Top. But the highest worked limestone is that of Browntod and Limekilnburn, which corresponds to the Gair hmestone of Carluke, and is 4 feet 6 inches in thickness. The succession from this limestone, down to near the base of the middle group, has been ascertained by borings, of which the following may be taken as a specimen : — Fms. Ft. In. Limestone (Limekilnburn), ..... 4 6 Strata, 15 1 4 Limestone 2 8 Strata, 27 5 4 Limestone 10 8 Strata, 12 Dross coal, ........ 1 4 Strata 3 4 Dross coal, 8 Strata, 24 Clay-tand ironstone, 9 55. This is the succession of the strata in the neighbourhood of Lime- kilnburn. As we pass towards west and north-west, we come upon the outcrops of the upper limestones of the lower limestone group. The seams corresponding to the Kingshaw limestones of Carluke have been extensively quarried throughout the district, as at Boghead, Newfield, Broomhouse, Auchintibber, Brankumhall, Limekilns, etc. At these places the lower bed varies from 2 ft. or so to 5 ft. and sometimes 6 ft. or more in thickness ; a bed of shale of very variable thickness (from a few inches to several feet) separating the lower from the upper seam. At Calderside and East Kilbride, a band of cement-stone overlying the upper seam of hmestone is worked, the average thickness of the band being about 10 inches. This seam is the equivalent of the calmy lime- stone that overlies the 1st Kingshaw bed of Carluke district. Near East Kilbride the section is as follows : — Ft. In. No. 4. Cement-stone (Calderwood series), ..09 Shales, 4 No. 3. Limestone, 18 Shales, 11 No. 2. Limestone 2 Shales, 4 6 No. 1. Limestone, ...... 4 56. The same beds may be studied in various old quarries in this district, as at Burnbrae, Greenhills, and Newlands. But the best section of this cement-stone and associated strata is obtained in the course of the Calder Water. Near the farmhouse of DrumtaU, the cement-stone is found dipping to east by north below black shales, from which point the inclination continues nearly the same to Crutherland. Here the beds 30 flatten out, and numerous gentle undulations bring up the same strata again and again as far as Calderglen, where the dip becomes reversed, and the cement-stone crops out in the bed of the stream. No great thickness of strata is exposed in this section of the basin. The highest beds are seen to consist of massive sandstones, here and there spht up with shales, and between these beds and the cement-stone comes a series of black shales, with clay -band ironstones and some thin coals, which have been partially worked. 57. The strata underljring'the cement-stone and limestones of Calderside are well exposed in the Calder Water, and consist of sandstones and shales, beneath which crops out another series of clay-band ironstones and shales. These are known as the Crossbasket ironstones. Two seams of limestone are associated with this series in the bed of the Calder Water. A fault and broken anticlinal arch or sudden reversal of dip are well seen in the bed of the stream, below Basket ; on the north side of this fault, sandstones and shales, black shales and ironstones, and thin limestones and shales may be observed. The whole series is faulted out a little above the bridge, and brought down against a series of white sandstones, which are the beds that underlie the lowest or main hme- stone. (See par. 54.) DlSTEICT OF DbTTMCLOG. 58. In this district the limestone series is of inconsiderable extent. The main limestone and some thin coals aj-e worked. Below the hme- stone we find a considerable thickness of red, green, and variegated tufaceous shales, clays, marls, etc., which are well exposed in the stream at Eastertown and West Rylandside. Intercalated with these tufaceous beds, there occurs a seam of limestone, accompanied by calcareous shales, full of characteristic Carboniferous Limestone fossils. These beds, althojigh closely connected with the Carboniferous Limestone, may be looked upon as passage-beds between this and the underlying Calciferous Sand- stone series. (See par. 40.) District of Glenbuck and Mdirkikk. 59. By comparing the present Map with Sheet 15, the reader will notice that it contains the extreme north-eastern point of the Muirkirk coal-field. The following generaUzed section shows that each of the three groups of the series (see par. 42) are rich in their particular minerals. A few coal-seams, but none of importance, occur in the upper group, and a clay-band ironstone or two in the lower; but nearly all the work- able seams of coal and ironstone are met with in the middle division ; — Glenbuck Section. FjDB. Ft. In. ' Limestone (Bluetower). Coal (Bluetower). Strata, 10 5 Limestone, 5 Strata, .' . .' . . . .15 1 Limestone, .013 Upper. ] Strata, 20 Limestone, ... .■ . ..043 Strata 6 Limestone, ....... 1 Strata, 3 Limestone, ....... 1 Strata, 6 31 Middle. { Seven-feet \ oi Muirkirk, Lower. coal Tms. Ft. In. 2 6 3 (0 3 i iS h 1 6 3 1 2 3 1 2 5 1 3 1 2 6 8 1 10 1 3 5 2 1 2 1 1 6 4 2 2 3 6 3 3 6 ( Smithy or Ell coal, Strata, . Three-feet coal, Strata, . Four-feet coal, Strata, . Nine-feet coal, Strata, . High-band ironstone (clay). Strata, . Mid-hand ironstone (clay). Strata, . Thirty-inch coal, . Strata, . Catchiebum or six-feet coal. Strata, . Low-band ironstone (clay), Strata, . M 'Donald or stinking coal, Strata, . M 'Donald ironstone. Strata, . 'M 'Donald limestone, Strata, . Smith's ironstone (clay). Strata, . Limestone, . . . , Strata, . Crossflatt ironstone. Hawthorn limestone, 60. The above section, as will be seen, is nearly identical with that of Muirkirk (Explanation to Sheet 15, par. 63), but with some slight modi- fications. The seven-feet coal at Muirkirk has often a parting of stone in it which swells out to the east, till, at Glenbuck, it has attained a thickness of five fathoms, and thus that seam comes to be represented by the three and four-feet coals of Glenbuck. Of the limestones occurring in the series, the Bluetower (Gair or Arden) and the Ell coal (Index) Mme- stone have been formerly wrought, as is evidenced by the old quarries along their outcrops ; but the Hawthorn limestone is now the only seam sought after in the district, being extensively quarried and mined wherever it is easily accessible. Many other bands are of fair quality, but will have to remain intact tUI the Hawthorn hmestone is exhausted. The coals belonging to the series, though not of fine quality, nor very suitable for household purposes, form excellent fuel for iron-making, and are almost exclusively used at the Muirkirk Iron-works for that purpose. Prom the number and thickness of the seams, the supply is nearly in- exhaustible. All the coals except the M'Donald are wrought, but that seam contains so much iron pyrites that it is unfitted for smelting. It is used by some of the farmers in the district, however, for farm purposes, but is not in much repute. The three-feet and nine-feet coals occasionally contain a greater or less thickness of a rich gas coal, which further enhances their value. The clay-band ironstones were formerly eagerly sought after, and, when smelted by the cold blast process, made excep- tionally good iron, which was then noted in the trade for its excellence ; but since the discovery of black-band ironstones, and the invention of the hot blast, they have been allowed to remain unwronght. The present scarcity of iron ores will probably turn attention to this rich repository. The ruins of one of the first blast furnaces erected in Scotland are still to be seen near Glenbuck, where these ores were formerly smelted. 32 District of Douglas and Poniel Waters. 61. This district includes all the Carboniferous Limestone strata occur- ring in the detached basin near the middle of the southern portion of the Sheet. In this district the rocks show a passage from the Muirkirk section to that of Lesmahagow or Auchenheath (par. 48), and to show this more clearly, sections are given at different portions of the field. Commencing at that part nearest Glenbuck, the following section gives the beds as they occur at Bankend : — 62. Bankend Section. Upper. Lower. Middle. A Strata, Limestone (seven-feet or index), Strata, (■ Gas coal, ) Dross coal, ) Strata, Ell or smitky coal, Strata, Coal (Glentuck ' three-feet '), ... Strata, Coal, ... I Fireclay, . . WGlenbuck ' four-feet ') Coal, . . . ) Strata, ....... Black-band ironstone and Craw coal. Strata, ....... Mue-feet coal (stones included), Strata, Clay-band ironstone (Glenbuck ' high-band '), Strata, ....... Clay-band ironstone (Glenbuck ' mid-band '), . Strata, Coal, ... I Blaes, . . . >• Thirty-inch (Glenbuck), Coal, . . . ) Struta, Coal, with six inches stone (' six-foot coal '), Strata, 10 Stinking coal. Strata, .Blaes, with ironstone balls (M'Donald), f Limestone, . . 1 I Blaes, . . . [ M'Donald, I Limestone, . , ) Strata, - . . . . Ironstone (clay) (?) ' Crossflatt, ' Strata, .Limestone ('Hawthorn'), Fms. Ft. In. 1 5 5 8 4 3 1 3 11 3 3 1 3 6 2 9 4 1 11 2 1 5 8 4 1 n 3 (0 1 6 ■^0 3 1 6 1 10 6 5 2 (0 1 8 1" 3 6 jo 1 8 3 3 8 3 4 4 The present section, as will be seen, commences at the very base of the upper division, at the limestone known in the district as the seven-feet limestone. It is the same as the Ell coal hmestone of Muirkirk ; while in part of the Lanarkshire, and throughout the Stirlingshire and Dumbar- tonshire coal-fields, it gets the name of the ' Index Limestone,' from its lying immediately above the valuable minerals of the Carboniferous Lime- stone series. It will also be observed that the Muirkirk type still prevails, though the different seams begin to split up, and thus give a greater number of beds, but each of less thickness. The following section at Anchlochan shows a further splitting up and thinning out of seams : — 83 63. AuchlocJian Section. Upper. Middle. Lower. Strata, . Limestone, Strata, . Limestone, Strata, . Limestone, Strata, Foul coal, Strata, . ^ Seven- feet limestone, Strata, . Foul coal, Strata, . Smithy coal, . Strata, . Dross coal, ' three-feet coal, Strata, . Coal,_ . . . ) Strata, Four-feet coal, Coal, Strata, .... Black-band ironstone, Coal, top section of 'nine-feet,' Strata, .... Coal, bottom section of ' nine-feet, ' Strata, .... Ironstone, 'high -band,' Strata, .... Ironstone (?) 'mid-band,' Strata, .... Coal, Strata, .... Coal, 'six-feet,' Strata, .... Clay-band ironstone (' low-band '), Stinking coal, Strata, .... M'Donald ironstone, L Strata, Limestone, Strata, Limestone, Strata, ■ Limestone, . Strata, Limestone, Strata, Limestone, Hawthorn or main. J ■M'Dtoald, Fms. ft. In. r> 1 6 2 3 10 4 8 1 1 20 1 1 3 4 1 7 3 1 7 2 6 1 |0 2 8 r 4 8 2 7 3 7 1 2 10 6 H 3 u 6 1 8 4 4 6 1 9 4 4 5 7 fO 10 1 1 1 8 1 4 2 3 2 3 L4 The lower limestones will be seen to become more numerous, and show an intermediate section between that of Muirkirk on the one hand and Car- luke on the other. This seems to be still more the case on the northern edge of the field, near Auldtown, Auchmeddan, and Moat. Millstone-Grit Series. 64. Oyerlying the Carboniferous Limestone series comes a more or less thick set of sandstones and grits, with intercalated bands and beds of ironstone, fireclay, limestone, etc. This series is well developed in the north-east of the Clyde basin, where it attains a considerable thickness ; it also appears along the southern outskirts of the great coal-field, where, howeyer, it is not by any means of the same importance. Another mass c 34 covers a considerable area of ground in the Douglas district. This vari- able series of sandstones and grits coi'responds in position with the Mill- stone-grit of England. DiSTEICT OF AtJCHTERHEAD MuiE AND MaULDSLIE Law. 65. The moory district lying immediately to the north-east of Carluke, and extending from Belston-place, Hyndshaw, and Bonkle, eastward to Muldron Lodge and the Abbey Burn, is composed almost exclusively of rocks belonging to this division of the Carboniferous formation. The strata consist for the most part of soft grits and sandstones, dipping at a generally low angle to west, north, and north-west. The bottom beds are seen at King's Law, where they overlie the Gair limestone ; the higher beds occur near Darngavel, where they dip north below the slaty iron- stone — the bottom bed of the true coal-measures. Tn Bowbridge Burn, some ironstone balls have been partially worked iu a position only a few fathoms under the slaty ironstone., A few feet below these balls occurs a seam of clay ironstone called the ' gin-stone,' about 5 inches thick, but it has not been proved over a large area. The most important seam met with in the series is a band of clay ironstone known as the ' curly iron- stone.' It is of very unequal thickness, varying from a few inches to several feet. It is worked at Davisdykes, on the Auchterwater, and also at Muldron. A foot or more below it, occurs a band of impure limestone, , about 2 feet 4 inches thick. The thick limestone of Levenseat, which occurs in the Millstone-grit series, as developed in the region lying just beyond the boundary of the Map,, is not certainly known to occur in the district under review; But several limestones are said to have been passed through in borings on Auchterhead Muir. At Mauldslie Law, a small area of Millstone-grit may be observed. The rocks here are evidently the continuation of the Bowridge beds, which dip in below the Castlehill coal- field, and rise up again with the change of dip. The following gives the succession of the strata throughout this district ; the distances between the separate ironstone and limestone seams are, however, only approxi- mate, having been computed partly from borings and partly from the dip and apparent thickness of the strata as exposed in natural sections : — Ft. Slaty ironstone (base of coal-measures). Strata, . . . . . . 90 to 100 Gin-stone (clay-band). Strata., ....... 120 Curly ironstone (clay-band). Strata 90 to 100 Position of Levenseat limestone. Strata, ....... 168 Gair limestone (top of Carboniferous Limestone series). DiSTEICT OP Clyde and Stonehouse. 66. Thick sandstones belonging to the Millstone-grit series have been quarried along the slopes of the Clyde valley between High Overton and the village of Dalserf. Beds of similar age are exposed in the stream- courses on the opposite side of the river-valley. But the geological structure becomes intricate and confused as the village of Dalserf is ap- proached, owing to several large and minor faults, and the presence of thick deposits of drift and alluvium, which conceal the strata. The upper limestones of Auchenheath dip in below a series of sandstones and shales which contain considerable seams of fireclay and some thin coals (9 inches to 1 foot 8 inches). Owing, however, to the thickness of the drift cover- 35 ing, and the scarcity of good sections, no estimate of the thickness reached by the series in this district can be attempted. The upper and lower boundary lines indicated upon the Map are only provisional, and must be taken as merely an approximation. The series, as shown upon the Map, covers a considerable area in this neighbourhood; but this is owing chiefly to the general low dip of the strata. There is reason to beheve that the whole series does not in reahty attain to nearly the thickness ex- hibited by the corresponding strata in the district of Auchterhead Muir. This is rendered still more probable when the section exposed in the Avon at Birkenshaw is examined. At this place, we find the lower slaty iron- stone, or base of the coal-measures, separated from the uppermost lime- stone of the Carboniferous Limestone series by only a few fathoms of sandstone and shale. By compariog this section with the records of borings made in the neighbourhood of Auchenheath, and also with the succession of strata as exhibited in Auchterhead Muir district, it becomes evident that the Millstone-grit series,' as it passes from north-east to south- west, thins gradually away. In the Auchterhead Muir district it reaches a thickness of not less than 470 feet, while near Quarter Ironworks, the distance between the slaty ironstone and the top of the limestone series is only 103 feet, and at Birkenshaw it appears to be even less. PoOTEL, Douglas, aijd Glenbuck •Districts. 67. Coming to the south side of the ancient ridge of Old Red Sand- stone, we find that the Carboniferous Limestone series is succeeded there also by a set of yellow and grey grits and sandstones referable to the MUlstone-grit series. On the Douglas and Poniel Waters the beds con- sist chiefly of coarse gritty sandstones, with occasional beds of shale and thin coals. Where not covered by drift deposits, they everywhere give rise to bleak moorlands, as in the Brokencrgss Muir and Poniel Hills, A small tract of this rock is seen to the south of the Douglas Water ; this is a continuation of an area described in Explanation to Sheet 15 (par. 68). The uppermost beds of the Glenbuck coal-field are made up o friable sandstones belonging to this series, but there are no good sections, and the surface of the ground is covered by thick turf peat, which, in the- absence of borings, prevents the study of the rocks. doal-Measures. 68. The Coal-Measures occupy a considerable area on this Map. The southern portion of the great Clyde basin extends south-east as far as Crossford, and east from Blantyre, Darngaber, and Stonehouse to Bonkle, Morningside, and CastlehUl, thus embracing an area of not less than 52 square miles. Another area of true coal-measures, 3 square miles in ex- tent, appears in the valley of the Douglas Water, forming what is known as the upper series of the Douglas coal-field. 69. The Coal-Measures are divisible into two groups : — 1st, An upper set of reddish sandstones, sandy shales, fireclays, and marls, with occa- sional thiQ coal seams ; and 2d, a lower group of white sandstones, dark shales, fireclays, and numerous seams of coal and black-band and clay- band ironstones. There is reason to believe that the upper group rests unconformably upon the latter ; but the unconformity is by no means so well marked as in the coal-fields of Ayrshire. The most important area of Coal-Measures is that of the Clyde basin, which now falls to be described; after which sonie account will be given of the equivalent strata of the Douglas district. . , . . 36 District of Hamilton, Wishaw, and Dalserf. 70. This district embraces all the coal-measures that occupy the valley of the Clyde from Stonehouse north to the margin of the Map. They are well exposed in numerous natural sections, more particularly in the ravines of the river Avon and its tributaries, and, on the right bank of the Clyde valley, in such stream-courses as Auchter Bum, Garrion Burn, etc. Into the details of this extensive coal-field it is impossible to enter here ; a full description is reserved for the extended memoir. The following table gives the succession of the principal seams met with in the district : — Fms. Ft. In. Red Sandstones, etc. Upper coal ; not good quality ; very partially worked in this section of tie coal-field ; frequently absent altogether ; varies from 1 foot to 4 Strata, from 12 fms. to 19 EU Coal ; chief seam of the district ; sometimes split up into two, three, or four seams, from 1 foot to 2 feet 6 inches thick respectively, when at its best it varies from 6 ft. to 1 4 Strata, from 6 fms. to 16 Pyotshaw coal, from 2 ft. to 4 Strata, , , from to 6 Main coal from 2 ft. 4 in. to 4 10 [The Pyotshaw and Main coals frequently come together, forming one seam ; a thin line or parting usually separates them when this is the case. The distance between the two seams occasionally reaches as much as 8 fathoms in the district to the north.] Strata from 8 fms. to 10 3 Humph coal ; not worked, from to 3 6 Strata, from 4 fms. to 7 Splint coal, from 2 ft. 9 in. to 1 Strata from to 1 Virgin or Sour-milk coal ; this seam in this district really forms a part of the Splint coal. In many cases it has either coalesced with that seam without any intermediate parting, or is altogether wanting from 1 in. to 1 Strata, from 11 fms. to 13 Quarter black-band, 008 Strata from 10 fms. to 12 Rough-band ironstone, ....... from 2 in. to 8 Strata from 9 in. to 2 Virtuewell coal, from 1 ft. 4 in. to 2 6 Strata, 600 Bellside ironstone, 006 Strata 11 Kiltongue Parrot coal, 1 foot 2 inches, and Mussel-band (Swinehill), 8 to 10 inches, 2 Strata 800 Kiltongue coal (CastlehiU 1st seam), . . . from 2 ft. 8 in. to 3. 3 Strata, 800 Upper Drumgray coal (CastlehiU 2d seam), . . from 1 ft. 9 in. to 2 4 Strata 11 4 Lower Drumgray coal (CastlehiU 3d seam), . . from 2 ft. 5 in. to 4 3 Strata ; the distance between the Lower Drumgray and the basement bed of the coal-measures increases going from west to east and north. A number of thin seams of coal come in here, but none are in a workable state in this district. These seams thicken out, ■ however, in the districts to the north, so as to form a valuable coal-field. Several ironstone seams also occur in this position, but the only place where they have been seen in this district is at Birkenshaw, on the river Avon, above Larkhall ; not more than . . 45 Slaty ironstone, from 5 in. to 10 37 71. The distance between the base of the red sandstones and the coal- bearing strata is very inconstant, and may vary from a few fathoms up to 50 fathoms. These sandstones dip in the same direction as the underlying strata, but there is evidence to show that the true coal-measures were to some extent dislocated and denuded before the red sandstones were de- posited upon them. The unconformity, however, is very gentle, and cannot be detected in an isolated section. The general dip of the whole field is in from N.B., S.E., and S.W., towards the river Clyde, but the beds frequently undulate, and are incKned in various directions. The strata attain their greatest thickness between Hamilton and Blantyre, where the depth from the surface to the upper coal can hardly be less than 50 fathoms. 72. The district is traversed by numerous faults or dislocations (see par. 86), by which the coals are brought again and again to the surface, and in not a few cases thrown out altogether, so that occasional areas of barren ground occur within the area occupied by the coal-measures. Sheets and dykes of intrusive igneous rock occur here and there, but they are much less abundantly developed than in the coal-fields of Ayrshire. Considerable ' wants,' and ' clay ' and ' sand dykes,' are also met with in the coal-workings. A ' want ' shows where the coal has been washed out by aqueous action at the time of its formation, and the place of the vegetable matter is now occupied with sandstone, clay, or shale. The ' clay ' and ' sand-dykes ' are deep troughs which have been cut down through the strata from the surface, and have subsequently become choked up with superficial deposits (see par. 95). Douglas Water District. 73. The Douglas Water, from the southern margin of the Map, for about three and a half miles traverses the middle of an elongated trough of rocks belonging to this series. There are few sections, but the succes- sion seems to be the same as at Glespin (see Explanation to Sheet 15, par. 69). The mussel-band ironstone forms an easily recognisable feature, and is seen on either side of the trough. In the bed of the Douglas Water, near the Windrow Wood, the upper or red sandstone group of the Coal-Measures is seen forming an extension of the trough of these rocks mentioned in Explanation to Sheet 15 (par. 69). There is no evidence as to whether this group lies conformably to the Lower Coal- Measures or not. Igneous Rocks. 74. A very abundant series of igneous rocks occurs in the present area. They may be grouped into two great series : — 1st, Interbedded or contem- poraneous — that is, erupted in the same geological period as that in which the strata were formed among which they He : — 2d, Intrusive or subse- quent — that is, ejected into rocks which had been previously in existence. It is evident that while the geological age of the former series can be fixed by that of its associated strata, the date of the latter series may not be more precisely definable than in as far as it must be later than the rocks through which the intrusive masses have been thrust. Interbedded or Contemporaneous. 75. These are truly volcanic rocks, which, either in the form of lava or of ejected fragments, have been thrown out at the surface of the earth. 38 Two great volcanic periods can be recognised here by means of rocks of this type. 76. (a) Lower Old Red Sandstone Series. The porphyrites and mela- phyres of this age attain a great thickness in the south-eastern part of the area. They have been already described in the section upon the Old Red Sandstone (see pars. 26 and 27). 77. (b) Calciferous Sandstone Series. Long after the cessation of the previous volcanoes, the subterranean activity broke out afresh in the early part of the Carboniferous period in the western part of the area, and formed the long bank of porphyrites, melaphyres, and tuffs which sweeps round the western margin of the Clyde coal-field. These rocks are described in pars. 38-40. iNTEUSrVE OE SUBSEQUENT. 78. Some of the rocks belonging to this series have been already re- fen'ed to (pars. 30 and 31). It has been shown that the Old Red Sand- stone is in some places plentifully pierced with veins and irregular masses of felstone. These may sometimes have been actually portions of the pipes or columns of melted rock which went to supply the contemporaneous vol- canic outflows of the Old Red Sandstone, or, at least, may have risen and solidified in some of the volcanic funnels of that time. Some of them — Tinto, for example — can be shown to be of older date than some of the higher members of the- Lower Old Red Sandstone of this region (par. 30). There can be no doubt that they must all be much older than any part of the Carboniferous rocks. 79. Next in point of time among the intrusive masses are eertaia pro- minent bosses or circular hills, rising out of that great area of igneous rocks which occupies the position of the Lower Carboniferous strata in the Strathavon and Drumclog district (described in pars. 38-40). Though, strictly speaking, intrusive masses, these are in all probability plugs filMng up some of the old vents from which the surrounding masses of porphy- rites and tuff were ejected, and forming part, therefore, of the Carboni- ferous volcanic series. One of these plugs is seen at Loudoun Hill, and there are others in the district lying to the west (see Map 22). They consist usually of bluish, hard, compact, and finely crystalUne felspathic and augitic rocks, often containing ohvine, which is more or less altered. 80. Still later in date are the masses of basalt-rock to which reference has been already made as intruded among the Carboniferous rocks in more or less irregular bosses, sheets, and veins. These rocks have a general sameness of petrological character. They are either finely or coarsely crystaUine, basic, augitic, and seldom or never amygdaloidal ; very often, however, they become sparingly amygdaloidal and somewhat brecciform at their upper and under surfaces. Their prevailing colour is some shade of blue, occasionally becoming dark green and brown. In contact with coal and carbonaceous shale, they generally assume a dull grey, yellowish, or white appearance. The strata above and below them almost invariably show some degree of alteration, — the shales being porcellanized, the sandstones hardened and often much cracked, the coals converted into a sooty structureless substance, and sometimes regularly coked. "When the alteration of the coal has not been excessive, the result is a mineral having many of the properties of anthracite. They are generally intruded along the Une of bedding, but occasionally they cut the strata at varying angles ; and frequently masses of sandstone, shale, etc., are caught up and completely enclosed. Considerable masses of these basalt-rocks are shown upon the Map near Bast Drumloch, at Nethershields and Heads, and near 39 Carluke, WilsontowH, and Camwath. There is no evidence to be gathered from the Map by which to determine the age of these intrusive sheets ; but the examination by the Geological Survey of the Ayrshire coal- fields has shown that, since the rocks in question are everywhere dislo- cated by faults, which traverse the Carboniferous strata, but which do not shift the overlying Permian, they cannot be ascribed to the Permian period, but may belong to an intermediate age, while some of the intru- sions may date back to Carboniferous times. 81. In the Explanation to Sheet 14, a description is given of certain volcanic rocks associated with the Permian sandstones of that region. It is there shown also that outside of the Permian area the Coal-Measures and other older rocks are pierced by ' necks,' which represent in all pro- babihty some of the volcanic vents from which these Permian lavas and ashes were ejected. In the present Map a number of similar necks are marked, which, from their general character, and from the fact that they contLQue the Ayrshire series, may without much hesitation be referred with them to the Permian period. 82. In the area to the north of the Old Red Sandstone belt, several examples occur. They generally form isolated knolls and hills, with a smooth, rounded outline. From the fact that they are associated in Ayr- shire with igneous rocks of Permian age, it has been inferred that they belong to this date. At Tieldshields, near Carluke, a volcanic neck is cut through by a stream. It consists of an unstratified mass of agglo- merate, confusedly intermingled with amorphous melaphyre. The strata are somewhat altered at the junction with the neck. Near Kilncadzow, several remarkable necks were exposed in the ironstone opencast workings. These necks cut the strata vertically, were circular in shape, and some- what wider at the top of the quarry than at the bottom. They were filled with angular debris of Carboniferous rocks, such as sandstone, black shale, limestone, ironstone, etc. The debris dipped in towards the centre of the neck, where also the largest blocks occurred. None of the fragments were of igneous origin, but a few string-hke veins of white basalt-rock penetrated the mass here and there. The necks are in all probabiUty old holes blown out by imprisoned gases, the holes having been subsequently filled up by the gradual falling in of debris from the sides. It should be added, that the agglomerate and strata surrounding the ' blow-holes ' were highly impregnated with pyrites and sulphate of hme. 83. In the tract lying to the south of the Old Red Sandstone barrier, other equally remarkable examples may be observed. The Map shows at least three volcanic vents intrusive through the Muirkirk coal-field. These are filled up with volcanic agglomerate in the manner above de- scribed. Round that of Grasshill, several seams of coal at various levels are altered and rendered worthless, and are entirely cut out by the rock, which gets from the miners the generic name of 'whin.' These vents must be connected with the sheets of white trap which pervade many of the seams of coal in the Muirkirk district, rendering them useless over considerable areas. In a pit belonging to the Muirkirk Iron Company, just out of the present Sheet, amine has been driven from side to side of one of these necks; and fingers and sheets of white trap are seen to emanate from the vent and enter the coal-seams, in such places convert- ing them into columnar coke, showing that these pipes were occasionally used as vents for lavaform rocks. Further evidence of this is got in the present Map ; for in Middlefield Law, a plug of basalt still occupies the centre of a mass of agglomerate, and also in the portion of the neck occurring in the south-west corner of Sheet, which is partly made up of 40 agglomerate and partly of melaphyre. The sheets of white trap, above referred to as altering the coals, seem to have been intruded subsequently to some of the faults, as they are abruptly cut off by them, and do not occur on the opposite side. It is probable that, like the agglomerates, they are of Perfiiian age. 84. The latest of all the igneous rocks of the district are those remark- able narrow bands or dykes of basalt which, as shown upon the Map, run across hill and valley with remarkable persistence. They cut across all the other rocks up to the Drift series, and even cross large faults without sensible deflection. They have been referred to the Miocene series (see Explanation to Sheet 14, par. 63). They consist of a dark blue or black crystalline basalt. Their general direction is from north- west to south-east, but some of the minor examples trend even to the north-east. 85. Towards the south and south-west parts of the Map two principal dykes are shown, accompanied by a cluster of nearly parallel smaller ones. In the Muirkirk coal-field, one dyke traverses two of the vents above re- ferred to, thus clearly showing that they are younger than all the other volcanic movements in the district. The hard, dense, dark crystalline rock of which they consist weathers spheroidally when exposed to the weather. Near Glenbuck, some very thin dykes of this rock have been converted near coal-seams into ' white traps,' and are now decomposed into a white clay. The coals on either side of the dykes are rendered useless, and the miners, finding no adequate cause for the alteration, term these dykes ' sUnks.' Faults. 86. In the centre of Scotland, the great faults coincide with the strike of the formations — that is, run from south-west to north-east. Of these leading dislocations, several examples occur in the present Map. Begin- ning at the south-east corner, we have a small portion shown of the course of the great fracture which bounds the north-western margin of the Silurian uplands, and which, bringing down the Old Red Sandstone against the underlying system of strata, stretches from Ayrshire to Mid- lothian. Further to the north-west, other but smaller examples of the north-east and south-west dislocations bound the Douglas coal-field, and occur here and there from Muirkirk to Lesmahagow. The positions of these faults are shown upon the Map. 87. It will be observed, that by far the larger number of faults is represented as occurring in the coal-fields, because, owing to the detailed information obtainable from mining operations, much more is known of these tracts than of the surrounding regions, where the existence and position of faults can only be recognised from what is to be seen upon the surface. Classed in a rough but convenient arrangement, the dis- locations which do not belong to the great boundary faults referred to in the preceding paragraph may be divided into — 1st, Strike-faults — ^that is, those which coincide more or less closely with the strike of the strata in which they occur ; 2A, Dip-faults — that is, those which run in the direc- tion of the dip of the strata. 88. Strike-faults. — ^In the Clyde basin, the strike-faults include several powerful dislocations and a great number of minor displacements. The largest is that which, beginning at the margin of the Map, north of Blantyre, strikes in a south-easterly direction towards Dalserf, on the Eiver Clyde. It will be observed that this dislocation splits up in its 41 course, and eventually scatters into a number of minor faults, which are cut off by another considerable dislocation belonging to the same system. At Blantyre, the red sandstones overlying the true Coal-Measures are brought down against the pophyrites of the Calciferous Sandstones, thus indicating a shift of not less than 400 fathoms. The amount of throw rapidly decreases as the fault is followed to the south-east ; but at Dal- serf, where it is abruptly cut off, it is still as much as 50 fathoms. The fault by which it is cut off has been traced from near Hallhill, across the River Nethan, by Woodside and Dalserf, to the coal-workings near Car- barns, on the Clyde. In the valley of the Nethan the dislocation is not less than 1 60 fathoms, but the displacement lessens towards north-west, to 25 fathoms at Carbarns. Another large fault, parallel to the last, is traced from Lee House, by Braidwood and Hallcraig, to Mauldslie Law, beyond which it scatters into several minor throws. This dislocation brings down the Coal-Measures against the Lower Carboniferous Lime- stone series — a shift of 200 fathoms or thereby. Many other faults of considerable extent belong to the same system, and are sufficiently in- dicated upon the Map. 89. Some notable examples of the strike-faults occur in the area between Lesmahagow, Douglas, and Muirkirk. The Douglas coal-field is let down by two of them against Old Red Sandstone. Another cuts off the northern margin of the same Carboniferous basin in the Nethan valley. In the heart of the Old Red Sandstone, too, another strike- fault cuts off half of an anticUnal fold of the Upper Silurian rocks. • 90. Dip-faults. — These include the majority of the dislocations ex- pressed upon the Map. In the Clyde basin, where, disregarding minor foldings, the general dip of the strata is towards the centre of the trough, the faults may be observed trending in the same direction, in a prevailing east and west direction. In the Muirkirk and Douglas basins they arc shown in like manner trending in a general sense in the direction of dip, and changing their course as the dip changes. 91. A few large faults can hardly be classed with either of the two series just described. One of these is shown at the right-hand margin of the Map, near Auchengray, trending west by south through the village of Forth, by Howmuir and Castlehill, to Strathavon House on MauldsHe Law. This throw brings down the Kiltongue coal at Castlehill against a low portion of the Millstone Grit, a shift of as much as 90 to 100 fathoms. Another considerable throw belonging to the same system forms the boundary-line between the Calciferous Sandstone trappean series and the Old Red Sandstone, in the valley of the River Avon. Ice-worn Rocks and Drift. 92. Ice-worn surface of the country. — A very large proportion of the area embraced by the present Map is more or less concealed underneath superficial deposits. This is more particularly the case in the lower grounds, but even in the hilly districts the rock-surface is often hidden from view under a thick covering of peat and turf. The hilly tracts present that flowing outline and rounded form so characteristic of ground over which glacier ice has passed ; but distinct traces of glaciation are not often seen upon exposed and weathered rock-faces. Where the turf and drift, however, have been recently removed, the rock-surface is usually found to be well striated and smoothed. The general trend of these striae shows that the ice has moved from the south; but in the upper reaches of the Avon valley, and in the hilly district lying to the west of Strathavon, the ice-markings point away from north-east to south-west. 42 In the Muirkirk district, the direction is from south-east to north-west ; at Douglas and Lesmahagow, from south to north ; and from south-west to north-east along the flanks of Tinto. 93. The Drift series of deposits consists of the following subdivisions : a. Boulder-clay. b. Sand and Grayel. a. The haidder-clay presents the usual character of this deposit. It is a tough, homogeneous, unstratified clay, abundantly charged with smoothed and striated sub-angular and angular stones. It varies some- what in colour and texture in the different districts represented upon the Map. In the hilly district west of Strathavon it has a yellowish colour ; in the valleys of the Old Red Sandstone region, farther south, it is red ; while in all the Carboniferous tracts its prevailing tint is dark-greyish, blae, and brown. In the Red Sandstone region about Hamilton, however, the clay is red. The stones in the clay have usually travelled from the south, but to this rule there is some exception. Thus, in the trappean district west of Strathavon, we find, intermingled with stones of local origin, small boulders of gneiss and mica-schist. This fact, taken in con- nection with the direction followed by the striaB, indicates that the ice- streams from the southern uplands and the Highlands met in this region, and united to flow in a south-westerly direction. A little to the north of the area embraced by the present Map, we find simflar evidence to show that in the valley of the Clyde at and below Hamilton the ice-streams were deflected to south-west and east. At Douglas and Lesmahagow, a few fragments of mica-schist and other Highland rocks are occasionally met with in the boulder-clay. 94. Beds of sand, gravel, and laminated clay and silt occur here and there in the boulder-clay, and are exposed in natural and artificial cuttings. But none of these beds, as far as known, has yielded any organic remains. In some cases the deposits appear to occupy old river-courses ; a good example of which occurs near Larkhall, where what seems to have been an ancient and probably pre-glacial course of the River Avon, is cut through by the present stream. 95. Underneath the boulder-clay, beds of sand, clay, and gravel are met with in many places. In the Wishaw district, two deep, vrindmg troughs, filled with sand and fine gravel, have been traced over a consider- able area in the coal-workings. These troughs form no feature at the surface, but are entirely concealed below a thick covering of boulder- clay. They appear to be old stream-courses, and are in all probability the pre-glacial ravines of the Calder Water and the Tillon Bum. The ' sand-dyke ' that represents the pre-glacial course of the Calder Water runs for some distance paraUel to the present course of the stream down to Wishaw House, where it is intersected by the Calder, and the deposits which choke it up are well seen in the steep wooded banks below the house and in the cliff on the opposite side. It next strikes to south-east, and is again well exposed on the road-side leading down from Wishaw to the Calder Water. From this point it has been traced underground, more or less continuously, as far as Wishaw Ironworks. Beyond this place the coal-seams sink to a greater depth, and therefore cease to be intersected by the ancient ravine, the course of which, however, may still be inferred from the evidence obtained dui-ing the sinking of shafts and trial borings. In all probabflity it runs south, and enters the old course of the Clyde a little below Cambusnethan House. Only a portion of the old ravine of the TiUon Burn is shown upon the Map. It is first met with in the coal-workings of Cleland Townhead (Sheet 31). From this 43 place it winds tmderground in a southerly direction until it is intersected by the present Tillon Bum, a little north of Glencleland (Sheet 31). It now runs to south-west, keeping parallel to the burn, and crosses the valley of the Oalder just immediately above the mouth of the Tillon. Prom this point it can be traced in pit-shafts, open-air sections, borings, and coal-workings, by Ravenscraig, Nether Johnstone, and Robberhall Belting, on to the Calder Water below Coursington Bridge (Sheet 31). It would thus appear that in pre-glacial times the Calder and the Tillon were independent streams, and that since glacial times the Calder Water, forsaking its pre-glacial course, has cut its way across the intervening ground, ploughing out deep ravines in the solid rocks, until eventually it united with the Tillon. Similar buried stream courses occur at other places. Thus, at Fairholm near Larkhall, as already mentioned (par. 94), the pre-glacial course of the Avon has been traced in pit-shafts and borings for some distance to the north. Another old course, filled up with boulder-clay, is exposed in a burn near Plotcock, a mile south-west from Millheugh; and a similar pre-glacial ravine was met with in the cement-stone workings at Calderside. Indeed, it might be said with truth that nearly all the rocky ravines through which the waters flow, especially in the Carboniferous areas, are of post-glacial age — the pre-glacial courses lying concealed under masses of drift. Most frequently, how- ever, the present courses of the streams are partly pre-glacial and partly post-glacial. ■ In the pre-glacial portions, the streams flow through boulder-clay, in the post-glacial reaches their course, as just mentioned, is usually in rocky ravines. The Avon and the Calder, with their tribu- taries, afford numerous illustrations of these phenomena. 96. b. 5awrf aM£? ^raveZ are found in considerable masses overlying the boulder-clay, and the solid rock in some places. These deposits are either spread out in terraces and platforms, or heaped up into mounds, cones, banks, and ridges. They are all of more recent date than the boulder- clay. The terraces occur at various levels between a height of 200 feet and 800 feet above the sea, those at the lower levels being evidently the more recent. A well-marked platform of sand and gravel occurs upon the watershed at the head of the Irvine, and traces of rock-ledges, be- sprinkled with coarse gravel and angular debris, may be observed upon the hill-slopes up to a height of 800 feet, near Waterhead (River Avon), in the same neighbourhood. An irregular platform of clay, silt, sand, and gravel stretches north-west from the Avon, near Craignethan, towards Woodside and Dalserf . Another well-marked terrace of similar materials extends up the Clyde valley to the 200 feet contour-line, in the neighbour- hood of Hamilton. In some places these terraces are much denuded and worn, and then yield an undulating surface of banks and intervening hollows. The platforms at the higher levels appear to be approximately of the same age as those more or less prominent ridges and mounds of sand and gravel which are known as ' kames.' Good examples of these latter extend in an interrupted manner from Cleuchearn, by Chapelton, to West Quarter. They also occur abundantly at and near the mouth of the Glengaber Burn, in the valley of the Avon, and also in the valley of the Nethan. 97. It is in the neighbourhood of Carnwath and Carstairs that the best examples of kames are to be seen in this part of Scotland. They consist there of long ridges of sand and gravel, rising out of the flat moory ground which runs for some miles to the north-east of Carstairs. The general direction of the ridges is towards the south-west. If we trace them in that direction, we find them beginning on the moors at a height of about 900 feet, at the south-east end of Stallashaw Moss, where a 44 single narrow ridge rises steeply, like an artificial embankment thrown across the dark moss. Farther on, they reappear as a broader mound, which, stretching south-westwards, divides Carnwath Moss from Black- gate Moss. At Woodend this mound begins to expand and enclose peat-filled hollows. From the southern margin of the mosses a confused mass of sand mounds and ridges ascends, and, keeping south-westwards, strikes by the village of Carstairs to the Mouse Water at Cleghorn, and thence round by Lanark Moor to the Clyde. The kames are admirably seen to the west of Carnwath Moss, and especially immediately to the north- west of Carstairs village. The ridges are there seen frequently to coalesce and enclose remarkable oval hollows, the bottoms of which are now filled with thick deposits of peat. That these hollows were originally small lakes, and are due to the shape in which the kames were left after their formation, is shown by the occurrence of two lakes still remaining, and by the sections which are here and there exposed on the sides of the kames. From these sections it is evident that the materials of which the kames are composed have not been cut out into their present singular shapes by the action of rain or of rivers, since the sand and gravel are arranged in strata which dip away on each side of the ridges. The structure and composition of the kames are exposed in sand-pits, as well as in road-cuttings, near Carstairs. For the most part their materials are fine sand and gravel, thoroughly water-worn, with occasionally thin laminse of stiff clay, and all well stratified, sometimes even contorted, as was seen in a cutting on the road at White Loch, three-quarters of a mile west from Carstairs. More rarely the materials are a coarse gravel, with blocks three feet or more in length, and sometimes well striated. Of this variety an excellent example has been cut through by the Mouse Water at New Mill.i The Carnwath and Carstairs sands and gravels creep eastward up the Medwiu valley, to join those at the south end of the Pentland Hills in the basin of the Lyne. They spread southwards up the Clyde valley, and attain another great development into kames about Thankerton and Symington, whence they ascend by Lamington into the higher parts of the valley, shown in Sheet 15. Another great prolongation of the same sand and gravel series may be followed south- westward, up the valley of the Douglas Water, to the roots of the Hagshaw Hills, where it divides into two, one branch passing round the north side of the hills, the other round the south side, and reuniting above Glenbuck, whence the stream of detritus descends the valley of the Ayr. 98. Further illustrations of the way in which these sands and gravels cross the watersheds of the country are furnished by the tracts lying to the west of that just described. Thus, the Avon sands and gravels, passing up the Glengavel Water and the Woollen Burn in the form of kames, form, on the watershed between the Whitehaugh Water and the Woollen Burn, a flat terrace, which sweeps round the flanks of Meanleur Hill at a height of 1000 feet, and passes over into the Greenock and' Ayr Waters, where the deposits reassume the ridged form. Kames of coarse gravel occur at a height of 1250 feet near the head of the Ponesk Water, to the north of Glenbuck. A string of kames commences near Logan House, on the northern slope of Nutbei-ry Hill, passing thence northwards across the peaty moorlands to the Back Burn, one of the head tributaries of the Kypes Water. These also reach the 1250 feet contour-line. 99. Erratic Blocks. — As mentioned in par. 98 of Explanation to Sheet 15, numerous boulders of the Spango granite are found distributed over ' For a description of some of these kames, see a ' Memoir on the Glacial Drift of Scotland,' Trans. Geol. Soc. Olasgoio, vol. i. part 2. 45 the hills both to the south and north of the Douglas coal-basin. They are more especially observable on the hills to the north-east of the Hag- shaw range, where they occur to a height of 1200 feet. The peculiar quartz-rock-looking calciferous sandstones of Cairn Table, which lies to the south of the Muirkirk coal-field, just out of the present Sheet, are numerously strewn over the same area, and extend eastwards into Sheet 24.^ They also occur abundantly in the hilly district lying between the Muirkirk coal-field and the Avon Water, and are found on the top of the highest hills. Co-extensive in distribution with the above-mentioned boulders are well-rounded fragments of purple porphyrite, derived from the conglomerate already mentioned, as belonging to Group C of the Old Red Sandstone series. Their parent rock forms that group of hills beginning at Dungavel Hill in the south-east corner of the present Sheet, extending into Sheet 15, and ending in Corsoncone in Nithsdale. A very few small fragments of mica schist and other northern rocks occur on the hills to the west of Lesmahagow. It is difficult to say whether these might not have been derived from the boulder clay, as fragments of the same kind are found in it. Alluvium, Peatj Soils. 100. Alluviura. — ^Deposits of alluvial loam and sand occur along the course of most of the rivers and streams, forming level fields or haugh- lands, some of which attain a considerable breadth. At Hamilton, the alluvial flats of the Clyde are one mile in breadth, and extensive sheets of alluvium flank the same river in the neighbourhood of Carnwath. Except in that part of its course, indeed, which extends from above Bonnington down to Hazelbank, the Clyde flows almost continuously through broad fields of alluvial deposits. Considerable stretches of similar materials are also spread out along the courses of the Avon, the Nethan, the Douglas, and other streams. 101. Peat. — Wide areas of peat appear here and there. Extensive tracts, for example, cumber the hilly tracts to the west of Strathavon, and gather in thick masses over the low grounds of the same district. Similar accumulations appear in the valleys of the Poniel and Douglas Waters, chiefly upon the higher tracts and hill-slopes. Again, broad stretches of the same growth overhe the low grounds to the north of Carstairs and Carnwath. 102. 'Soils. — The character of the soil depends, of course, upon the nature of the underlying superficial deposits and sohd rocks. Over the low grounds generally, the prevailing superficial deposit is boulder-clay, and the resulting soil is therefore for the most part heavy. In many places, however, the boulder-clay is partially covered with a loose loam, the result of long-continued atmospheric action ; and when this is the case an excellent soil appears. But even when the subsoil is a heavy clay, the undulating outline of the ground permits of easy and inexpensive drainage. In the bottom of the valleys, rich, loamy soils are the rule, those of the Clyde having been long famous for their fertihty. Here and there in some of the trappean regions, also, patches of soil of exceptional quality occur. The sand and gravel tracts give rise to a light, porous, and often unproductive soil ; but, save in the district of Carnwath and Carstairs, the ground occupied by such deposits is extremely limited. On the upland slopes and hills the soil is usually heavy, or, when the under- lying boulder-clay is absent, fight and stony. But the higher grounds are left for the most part in the condition of heathy pasture-land. ' See Professor Geikie's 'Memoir on the Glacial Drift of Scotland,' Trans. Oeol. 8oc. Olasgow, vol. i., part 2. 46 y.— ECONOMIC MINERALS. 103. £uilding. Materials. — The stone used for building purposes in this district is chiefly sandstone, of very variable quality. The Upper Red Sandstones are quarried at and near Hamilton, but they seldom form a durable building-stone. White and grey sandstones are obtained at Wishaw, Windmill Hill, and other places, from the true coal-measures, which are held in some esteem. But the numerous faults by which the strata are intersected are usually accompanied by much jointing and crushing, and the sandstones have suffered in consequence. The sand- stones belonging to the"" Millstone Grit series are, for the most part, coarse and soft, and therefore not well adapted for building purposes. They are occasionally quarried, however — as, near Threepwood and High Overton (River Clyde). The Carboniferous Limestone series yields some fair building-stones, as at Carluke, Braidwood, West Quarter, etc. ; but in the Calciferous Sandstone series in this part of the country stones suitable for building purposes occur but seldom. Coarse flagstones and freestones are met with in the Old Red Sandstone areas, but none can be said to be of first-rate quality. The various igneous rocks which are represented upon the Map are occasionally used for rough building purposes, as for walls, sheds, etc., but abundant jointing renders them unavailable for other structures. 104. Limestones. — These rocks are abundantly developed, and have been extensively worked in some places. They are of very variable quality, some being white or grey and crystalline, and highly esteemed for agricultural, mortar, and other purposes, such as burning in the ironstone furnaces. In the Douglas and Poniel Water area, the Seven-feet, or Index Limestone is still extensively quarried for iron smelting and for makiag lime for mortar. Other blue or bluish-grey and less pure seams are yet valu- able enough to repay the working. A considerable number, however, are exceedingly argillaceous or ' cahny,' and are useless save in a limited degree for walls and unimportant buildiags. Some fine-grainedlimestones, although somewhat argillaceous, have nevertheless been frequently worked — as at Gair, Carluke. The thickest and most persistent bed of limestone is that which is known at Braehead and Carluke as the ' Main Limestone.' It occurs near the base of the limestone series. Many of the upper seams, even when of fair quality, are too thin to allow of their being quarried or mined to a profit. A seam of cement-stone is extensively mined at Calderwood, in the district of East Kilbride. Thin, worthless Umestones occur in the Millstone Grit series, and several cornstones have been partially worked among the Calciferous Sandstones. 105. Boad-metal. — Excellent materials for road-metal are obtained from the various masses of igneous rock which are shown upon the Map. Sheets of basalt-rocks are quarried for this purpose at Earnockmuir, also near West Quarter, at Carluke, and other places. Dykes of the same rock yield equally good stone, and have been quarried in several places. Many of the felstones and porphyrites, intrusive amongst the Old Red Sandstones, are also extensively used, as at Kilncadzow, linto, etc. The contemporaneous trappean rocks belonging to the Calciferous Sandstone series are also quarried, but as a rule the stone is softer and earthier, and less well-adapted for road-making. All the igneous rocks are occasionally employed for building purposes. 106. Fuel. — The limits of the coal-bearmg strata are indicated upon the Map, and reference may be made to the descriptions given in previous 47 pages. The seams consist of common, splint, gas, and steam coal ; but the latter variety is very sparingly present, being most abundantly developed in the regions to the north of the area embraced in the Map. The coals are strictly confined to the true coal-measures and the Carbon- iferous Limestone series. Thin seams occur in the Millstone Grit, but they have not been found in a workable condition. 107. Oil Shales. — As already mentioned (par. 35) the great oil-shale series of Mid-Lothian thins out towards the west and south-west, and is represented by only a few fathoms of strata at West Sidewood, near Braehead, which do not contain any oU-shale. The mussel-band ironstone, however, which occurs a few fathoms above the Kiltongue coal, has been worked here and there for the purposes of oil-making, as at Kittymuiri Birkenshaw, Swinehill, and other places in the Stonehouse district. 108. Feat occurs so abundantly in many parts of these districts as to form a cheap fuel for local use. Owing to the recent rise in the price of coal, this form of fuel is much more extensively worked than it was a few years ago. In the neighbourhood of Carstairs and Carnwath, the large mosses must contain more than 8000 acres of peat, much of which pro- bably exceeds two fathoms in depth. Again, between Muirkirk and Lesmahagow, extensive mosses, containing excellent peat; spread both over the Carboniferous and Old Red Sandstone rocks. Fuel of the same kind might be obtained abundantly from the mosses to the west of Strath- avon. But besides these large areas of peat, the hill sides, where still uncultivated, are very commonly coated with a coarse kind of turf, which, in default of better material, can be cut and used as a coarse, rough kmd of peat. 109. Bedded Ores. — These consist exclusively of u-onstone. Of this ore there are two varieties, namely, clay- and black-band ironstone. In the coal-field of the Clyde, the principal seams of the last-named variety are known as the Quarter Black-band (which is the same as that of Airdrie), the Slaty Ironstone, and Earnockmuir Black-band. Mussel- bands also occur, but are usually lean and thin. Clay-ironstones are plentiful, but only a few have been worked, as at Crossbasket, Earnock- muir, Cot Castle, Braidwood, Raesgill, Kilncadzow, Wilsontown, etc. etc. The ironstones at all these places occur in the Carboniferous Limestone series, which is the great repository of iron ores. The Millstone Grit also yields similar ores of excellent quality, such as the seam known as the Cui-ly-band, and the bed of large nodules called Logan's Balls. Clay ironstones occur in the upper part of the Calciferous Sandstone series, but they are poor and thin, and have not been mined. 110. Lead. — Towards the head of the River Nethen and its tributary the Pockmuh: Burn, among the Upper Silurian rocks of the Lesmahagow district already referred to" (par. 13), are to be seen a number of old abandoned mines. These enter upon veins of barytes, all containing more or less galena. One lode, well-exposed in a dry water-course on the northern slope of Nutberry Hill, is about two feet wide, and consists of white crystalline barytes, containing a string of galena varying from two to four inches in width. A small vein also containing galena occurs near the head of the Ponesk Water in the same area. 111. Iron. — The extension to the north of the fault which bounds the Glenbuck coal-field on its eastern margin contains a considerable quantity of haematite. Though the lode thus formed is in places about fifteen feet wide, the ore is so mixed up vrith fragments of chocolate-coloured sand- stone that it is doubtful whether the vein can be worked to profit. One of the Veins, already mentioned as occurring near the head of the Pock- muir Burn, as well as galena also contains haematite. 48 112. Bai-ytes. — As shown above, barytes occurs associated with the galena in the veins mentioned as containing ores of lead. As well as these, however, there is a strong vein of pink crystalline barytes exposed in a sheep-drain on the southern slope of Meikle Auchinstilloch Hill, in which no metalliferous ore is known to occur. Barytes also occurs forming the northern cheek of the large basalt dyke where it crosses Pagie Hill, about a mile and a half to the south of the village of Douglas. 113. Brich days belonging to the Drift series occur in many places, and have been extensively wrought. They are usually finely laminated. In some places they occur in and below the till or boulder-clay. They are usually employed for making drain-tiles and building -bricks. Fire- clays belonging to the Carboniferous strata are also mined for the manu- facture of fire-bricks. 114. Sand is abundantly scattered here and there over the surface of the soUd rocks (see par. 96). It has also been obtained from certain old buried river ravines that intersect the coal-fields (see pars. 94, 95). APPENDIX. I.— LIST OF LOCALITIES FKOM WHICH FOSSILS HAYE BEEN COLLECTED BY THE GEOLOGICAL STJKVET m CENTRAL LANAKKSHiEE. — (Sheet 23.) The numbers are tliose by which the localities are denoted in the succeeding List of Fossils. Upper Silurian (Upper Ludlow). 282. Blaeberry Bum, Logan Water, 54 miles S.W. of Lesmahagow. 283. Long Burn, Logan water, near Logan House, SJ miles S.W. of do. 284. Kip Burn, Logan Water, 6 miles S.W. of do. 285. Logan Water, at Dunside, 4 miles S.W. of do. 286. Burn, W. of Dunside, 4 miles S.W. of do. 287. Birkenhead Burn, Logan Water, 3 miles S.W. of do. 288. Eaglinside Bum, River Methan, 4 J miles S.W. of do. 289. Logan Water, near top, 2 miles S. of do. 290. . „ about 250 yards below Greenstone Dyke, 6 miles S.W. of do. 291. Waterhead, Grienook Water, Burn 1^ miles E. of, 2J miles N. of Muirkirk. 292. Linbum, 2 miles N. of do. 293. Forkings, Quarry on Roadside at, 2 miles N.W. of do. 294. LannBum, little Streamlet E. of, If miles N.W. of do. 295. „ a little above Lamonbum Ruins, about 1 J miles N.E. of do. 296. „ near top, Ij miles N.E. of do. 297. Priest HUls, Escarpment about IJ miles E. of, 2 mUea N.E. of do. 298. Leaze Burn, near top, near Priest Hills. 299. Douglas Water, 5 miles E. of do. 300. HigE Broomerside, Bum near, 2j miles W. by S. of Douglas. Lower Old Red Sandstone. 301. Carmicliael Burn, at Manse, 44 miles S.E. of Lanark. Carboniferous. CALCIFEROUS SANDSTONE SERIES. 204. Castle HiU, Tributary of Eulwood Burn at, IJ miles N. by W. of Lanark. 205. Fulwood Bum, between Railway and Birkenhead, 2 mUes N. by E. of do. 206. Mouse Water, above Jerviswood, 1 mile N. of do. CAEBONIPEROTJS LIMESTONE SERIES. Districts of E. Kilbride, StrathaTon, Stonehouse, Carluke, and Wilsontown. 1. North Hill of Drips, old Quarry near, 3i miles W. of East Kilbride. 2. Thomtonhall Quarry, 2f miles W. of do. 8. Thornton Quarry, 2i miles W. of do. 4. Hairmyres Old Limestone Quarry, If miles W. of do. 5. „ , Weathered shale in situ, between Railway and Curling Pond, near Station, about IJ miles W of do. D 50 6. Philipsliill Old Quarry, 1 j miles W. of East KilMde. 7. Braenead Old Quarry, about 2 miles N.W. of do. 8. Buinbrae Old Quarry, ^ mile W. of do. 9. Braehead Quariy, 2J miles 'S.'W. of do. 10. Stuartfield Farm House, old Quarry N.E. of, 1 mile N.W. of do. 11. Arrotshole Faxm House, old Quarry at, IJ mile "W. by N. of do. 12. Kittock Water, bed of, above last locality. 13. Gill Bum, bed of, 3 miles W.S.W. of do. 14. Jaoktou, Bum at, 2^ miles W.S.W. of do. 15. Craigbail Quarry, near S. CraighaU Farm House, 3 miles S.W. of do. 16. Mossueui Farm House, old Quarry at Eoadside S. of, 2 miles S."W. of do. 17. NewlaoQds Farm, Watercourse in N.E. part of, 2J miles S.W. of do. 18. ,, House, small Quarry at, 2J miles S.W. of do. 19. Crosshouse Farm, old Quarry on, 2J miles S.W. of do. 20. East Milton Farm, Bum on, 1 mile W. by S. of do. 21. ,, ,, ,, , old Quarry on left hand bank of same Bum as last locality. 22. Eigtead Farm House, old Quarry on right band bank of Bum near, i mile S. of do. 23. Netherton Farm, Bum on, 2 miles S.W. of do. 24. ITortli Lickpiivick Farm, old Quarry on, at site of Lickprivick Castle, 2 miles S.W. of do. 25. South Lickprivick Farm, shale heaps in old Cement Quarry. 26. Shieldbnm, near BenthaJl, in bed and bank of, 2i miles S. of do. 27. North Shiells Farm, old Quarry on, near Plantation, 2 miles S.W. of do. 28. South Shiells Farm, Quarry on, 24 miles S. of do. 29. Crossbill and Longlands Farms, old Quarries on, 2i miles S. of do. 30. Longlands House, debris of old Ironstone Quarry, on right 'bank of Calder Water, opposite, 2^ miles S. of do. 31. Longlands House, shale in situ beneath the debris at last locality. 32. ,, ,, , right bank of Calder Water, near. 33. Kirktonholm Cement Works, East Kilbride. 34. Glebe Quarry, near Church, above East Kilbride Village. 35. Limekilns House, old Quarry E. of, near East KUbride. 36. MUwell Mill, bank of Bum below, 3 miles S. by E. of do. 37. East Drumloch Farm House, Quarry near, 3 miles S.E. of do. 38. Calderwood Cement Kilns, black shale in bed of small Bum ahove, about IJ miles E. of do. 39. Oalderglen Farm House, Bum entering Calder Water from W., below, about IJ miles E. of do. 40. Calderglen Farm House, same Bum as last locality, under. 41. Calderside Grounds, old Quarry on right bank of Calder Water, in, about 1 J miles E. of do. 42. Calderside Cement Works, on right bank of Calder Water, about IJ miles E. of do. 43. Calder Water, shale exposed on left bank, opposite old Mines of Calderside, about 1 J miles E. of do. 44. Black Craig, beneath Caider Glen Farm House, black bituminous shale at foot of, about If miles E. of do. 45. Tor Torrance Estate, shale below a seam of coal in Bum near. If miles S.E. of do. 46. Holmbarns Farm House, Calder Water, shale above a band of ironstone on right bank between Torbum and Waterfall, about IJ mUes S.E. of do. 47. Eotten Bum, section on right bank below a seam of coal 18 inches thick, about 2i miles S.E. of do. 48. Eotten Bum, below Eigmuir Farm House, limestone and ironstone in bed of, about 2J mUes S.E. of do. 49. Bumhead Farm, Pit to "Crossbasket Ironstone" on, 3J miles S.E. of do. 50. Bumhead, Craigendhill, and Boghead Farms, shale heaps in old Quairies on, between 3 and 4 mUes S.E. of do. 51. Boghead Farm, shale heaps in old Quarry on, about 4 mUes S.E. of do. 52. Boghead Farm, section in situ in old Quarry on, about 4 miles S.E. of do. 63. Bumhead Farm House, bed of Burn under, 3| miles S.E. of do. 54. ,, ,, ,, section exposed on left bank of last Bum. 55. Meikle Earnock, opposite Whitecraigs, on right bank of Bum, about 4 miles E. by S. of East Kilbride. 56. StonehaU Bum, limestone in bed of, 3| miles E. by S. of do. 57. ,, ,, shale above limestone on right bank of, 3f miles E. by S. of do. 68. Capehigand Brankumhall, old Quarries, shale heaps in, about ] J miles K.E. of do. 69. Basket Farm House, old Ironstone workings on left bank of Calder Water nearly opposite, 2 mile N.E. of do. 51 60. Calder Water, bridge from Basket Farm to Tower on Calderwood Grounds, on right bank above footpath, 2 miles N.E. of East Kilbride. 61. Crossbasket to Calderside, shale exposed just below Basket Farm on Eoad from, about 2 miles N.E. of do. 62. Calderwood Castle, black shale exposed in a small Burn on right bank of the Calder Water opposite, IJ miles E. by N. of do. 63. Auchentibber, Broomhouse, and Newfield Farms, shale heaps in Quarries on, about 2 miles E. by N. of do. 64. Newfield Qua;rry, shale m situ in, 2i miles E. of do. 65. Newfield Farm Cement "Works, 24 miles E. of do. 66. Belston Burn, soxith side of KaUway Cutting on left bank of, about | miles H". of Carluke. 67. Mine Mouth between Honeybank and Belston Farm House, shale at, about 1 miles N. do. 72. Jock's Bum, " Maggie Ironstones " exposed in bed of, 1 mile W. of do. 73. Hallcraig House, shale exposed in Cliff under, IJ miles W. of do. 74. „' ,, limestone exposed in left bank of Jock's Bum below, about ij miles W. of do. 75. HaUoraig Bridge, left bank of Jock's Bum, below, about 1 mile W. of do. 76. ,, ,, debris of Mine to " Second Kingshaw Limestone " on right bank of Jock's Burn, below. 77. Eaesgill, opposite Hallcraig House, old shale heaps on left bank of, 81. Merry and Cimningham's Limestone Pit, shale heaps at, about f miles S. W. of Carluke. 82. Braidwood Glen, Gas Coal Pits on left bank of, above the Tower, 2 miles S.S.W. of do. 83. Gillfoot House, bed of Burn behind, 2 miles S.S.W. of do. 84. MaregiU Burn, near Southbank, bed of, nearly 2 miles S.S.W. of do. 85. ,, ,, bed of, further up Burn than last locality. 86. Waygateshaw Limestone Pit, near Oldhill Farm House, IJ miles S.S.W- of Carluke. 87. Waygateshaw Limestone Pit, old Quarry near, IJ miles S.S.W. of do. 88. Braidwood Tile Works, old Quarry near, about 1 mile S. of do. 89. Fiddler's Burn, E. of Millwood, shale on right bank of, about 2 miles S. of do.- 90. Chapel Farm House, Cliff under, on right bank of Fiddler's Burn, about 2^ miles S. of do. 91. Chapel Farm House, shale on left bank of Fiddler's Bum, immediately below a Ford beneath. 92. Chapel Gas Coal Mines, on left bank of Fiddler's Bum, about 2i miles S.S.W. of Carluke. 93. Lee Castle, bed of Burn east of, 24 miles S. of do. 94. Bridge on Lanark Eoad, limestone ^nd shale on left bank of Fiddler's Bum- below, about IJ miles S. of do. 95. Fiddler's Bum, above WoodhaU, limestone and shale on right bank of, nearly 2 miles S. of do. 96. Fiddler's Bum, shale on left bank above Sandstone Quarry, south of WoodhaU, about 2 mOes S. of do. 97. Braidwood Station, Main Limestone Pit near. 98. Wilton Ironstone Pit (Coltness Iron Company), shale heaps round, about 1 mile S.E. of Carluke. 99. Mayfield Ironstone and Limestone Pit, about 1 mile S.E. of do. 100. NelMeld, limestone {P. giganteus of Eankin) in bed of Fiddler's Bum at, about li miles S.E. of do. 101. Nellfield Farm House, shale on left bank of Fiddler's Bum, under, li mile _S.E. ofdo. 102. Fiddler's Bum, shale on right bank of, below Caledonian EaUway, about If miles S.S.E. of do. 103. Leemuir Farm House, old Quarry at. If miles S.E. of do. 104. Leemuir, opencast working of "Eaesgill Ironstone," East of Old Limestone- Quarry, If miles S.E. of do. 105. Kilncadzow Craigs (Townfoot Farm), shale heaps, and shale in situ in old Quarry on, 2i miles E.S.E. of do. 106. Cleekhimin Old Farm House, Quarry at, about 2J miles S.E. of do. 107. Craigend Hill and Fulwood Hill, old Quarries at, about 3 miles S.E. of do. 108. Bishopbent, opencast working of "Eaesgill Ironstone" at, 2J miles S.E. of do. 109. Gateside, near Kilncadzow, old Quarry at, about 2 miles E.S.E. of do. 110. ,, ,, ,, opencast working of "Eaesgill Ironstone" at, about 2 miles E.S.E. of do. 111. Birkfield Old Quarry, on left bank of Fiddler's Bum. 52 112. Mwood Old Quarry, about 3 lailes S.E. of Carluke. 113. Fiddler's Burn, shsde heaps in old Quarries on both sides of, li miles E.S.E. of do. 114. Fiddler's Burn, shale exposed on left bank of, opposite Headsmuir, about IJ miles E. S.E. of do. 115. Fiddler's Bum, shale heaps in old Quarries on left bank of, opposite Langshaw, about IJ mile E.S.E. of do. 116. Fiddler's Burn, shale heaps in old Quarries opposite last locality. 117. Jocks Gill Burn, shale in situ in bed of, a few feet above the outcrop of a small coal and fireclay, about 1 mile E. of do. 118. Jocks Burn, shale exposed in, about 1 mile E. of do. 119. HUlhead Farm, shale heaps in old Quarry on, 1 mile E. by N. of Carluke. 120. Moss-side Farm, old Quarries on, about IJ mile N.E. of do. 121. Thorn Farm, Quarry on, about Ij miles N.E. of do. 122. Bashaw Farm, old Quarry on, about 2 mUes N.E. of do. 123. ,, Limestone Pit. 124. Thommuir Farm, old Quarry on, 2^ miles N.E. of Carluke. 125. Honey Bank, shale of old Mine near, about 1 mile N.E. of do. 126. Dyke Bow and Moss Side, old Quarry between, about 1 mile N.E. of do. 127. Bashaw and Gair Farms, shale heaps in old Quarries on, about 2 nules N. E. of do. 128. HUl of Westerhouse Farm, shale heaps in old Quarries on, about 2^ miles K.E. of do. 129. Westerhouse Old Quarry, about 2i miles N.E. of do. 130. Gair Old Quarry, shale heaps at, 2 miles N.E. of do. 131. Kingshaw Moss, Pits to "EaesgUl Ironstone" on, about IJ miles N.E. of do. 132. Lochknowe Pit (If 0. 5), Kingshaw Moss, shale heaps at, about 1 J mUes N.E. of do. 138. Jocks Burn, fireclay under a coal, about 4 mUe E. of do. 139. Bimie Hall, old Quarry near, nearly 3 miles S."W. of Wilsontown. 140. Climpy, Pits at, IJ miles W. of do. 141. Climpy TJ. P. Church, Quarry near, IJ miles "W. of do. 142. Easter Greenwell, old Quarries near, about f miles W. by N. of do. 143. High Dyke, old Quarries near, 1 mile S.W. of do. 144. Forth Village, old pit heaps near, 1 mile S.W. of do. 145. County Boundaiy between Lanarkshire and Edinbui-ghshire, old Quairy on, 14 mUes N.W. of do. 146. Mouse Water, opposite Rootpark, Wilsontown. 147. ,, opposite Lamboatch, 1 mile N.N.E. of do. 148. „ head of, I4 mile IT.E. of do. 1 49. Mosshat Bum, near head of, shale over band of Limestone (A), about 2 miles N.E. of do. 150. Mosshat Bum, a few yards further down, shale over a band of Limestone (B). 151. ,, some little distance further down Burn than last locality. 152. Mountainblaw, old Quarry at, I4 mUes N.E. of Wilsontown. 153. Upper Haywood, shale over limestone in old Quarry near, about 1 mile N.E. of do. 154. Pool Farm, old Quarry at, 2J miles E. by S. of do. 155. HUlhead, Quarry J mUe N. of, IJ miles S. by E. of do. 156. „ Quarry 4 mile W. by S. of, about 1 j mUes S. of do. 157. Stobwood, old Quarry 250 yards S. of, IJ mUes S. of do. 158. Blaokhill, 1 mUe E. by N. of Braehead, 24 mUes S.E. of do. 159. Mouse Water, near Cleuoh House, about 1 mile S. of do. 160. Braehead, Quarry 4 mile E. by S. of, 24 mUes S. by E. of do. 169. Muttonhole, Bum 350 yards below Turnpike Road near, 2 j miles S. ofHamUton. 172. Limekiln Burn Quarry, about 3 mUes S. by W. of Hamilton. 173. Browntod, Quarry near, about 3i miles S. by W. of do. 174. Damgaber Burn, opposite Bumbank Farm, about 3 mUes N.W. of Stonehouse. 178. Crookedstonemuir, Quarries near, about 3 miles N.W. of do. 180. Avon Water, opposite Birkenshaw (a series of limestones are exposed, going down river), 1st Limestone below old MiU. 181. „ 2d Limestone opposite Glenavon. 182. ,, 4th Limestone, site of Castle. 183. ,, 7th Limestone. 184. „ 8th Limestone, nearly opposite Hindsland. 185. „ Water at Waterfall, S. of Millheugh, a little further down than last localities, about 2 mUes N". of Stonehouse. 196. Sandyholm, Sandstone Quarry near, 2J mUes S.W. of Carluke. 198. Nethanfoot, near Crossford, old Limeworks near, about 24 miles S.W. of do. 199. River Netlmn, about 100 yards above Craignethan Castle, 3 mUes S.W. of do 200. Craignethan Castle, Stream entering Nethan at, 3 mUes S.W. of do. 53 201. Craignethan Castle, old Mine telow Castle, 3 miles S.W. Of Carluke. 202. Crossbank near Crossford, liead of Stream near, 2 J miles S. W. of do. 203. Eiver Clyde, a few yards atove Crossford. 207. Fence, Pit to " Gas Coal " on side of Railway near, 3 miles E. of Stonehonse. 208. HaUhill Bum, 350 yards above Canouholm, 4 miles W. by N. of Lanark. 209. „ below HaUhill, 3 J mUes W. of do. 210. Eiver Nethan, Cutting above Eailway Crossing, 3 miles N. by "W. of Les- mahagow. 211. Eiver Nethan, near Auchenbeath, 2J miles IT. by W. of do. 212. Auchenbeatli Quarry, about 24 miles N. by "W. of do. 213. Teiglam Burn, about 1 mile N. by W. of do. 214. Birkwood Bum, IJ miles N. by W. of do. 215. Boghead Quarry, 2i miles N.W. of do. 216. Laigh Longridge, Sti'eam at Brick Tile Works above, 1 mile S. by E. of Stone- house. 217. Laigh Longridge, Stream below, about j mile S. by E. of do. 218. Candor "Water near Dovesdale, j mile S.E. of do. 220. Avon Water, at old Church, j mile W. of do. 221. ,, below Linthaugh, J mile N. by W. of do. 222. „ at Avonholm, about 1 mile W. by S. of do. 223. „ above Avonholm, 1st Limestone, about IJ mile S.W. of do. 224. „ ,, 2d Limestone, a few yards further down Stream. 225. ,, ,, 3d Limestone, a few yards still further down Stream. 226. ,, in bed of Stream, at fault, opposite Cot Castle. 227. „ Cliflf below fault, a Kttle below Cot Castle. 228. „ opposite Cot Castle, about 1 mile S.W. of Stonehouse. 229. Cot Castle, Quarry near, about 1 mile S.W. of do. 230. Avonside, at Eoad over Burn above Limestone Quarry near, about IJ miles S.W. of do. 231. Avonside, Bum above Limestone Quarry near, about IJ miles S.W. of do. 232. Muirburn House, branch of River Avon, nearly opposite, about IJ miles S.W. of do. 233. Laigh Walkerdyke, further up Stream mentioned in lastlocality, on Eoad near, about 2 miles W. by S. of do. 234. Waukmill, Escarpment on Avon near. 235. Avon Water, 250 yards below junction with Powmillon Burn, about | mile E. by S. of Strathavon. 236. Powmillon Bum, old Quarries on S. side of, near junctioB with Avon Water, about f mile E. by S. of do. 237. PowmiUou Bum, a little above old Quarries. 238. , , Quarries on right bank, opposite last locality. 239. West Eyelandside, Streamlet a little above, about 4^ miles S.W. of Strathavon. 240. Snabe Quarry, about 5 miles S.S.W. of do. 241. ,, Stream about 50 yards above. 242. Meadowfoot Quarry, 6J miles S.W. of Strathavon. 243. Auchenheath, Ko. 16 Gas Coal Pit. Lesmahagow and Douglas Districts. 244. Eiver Nethan, 1 mile S. of Lesmahagow. 245. Hill Quarry, IJ mUes S. of do. 246. Bellfield Quarry, 3 miles S. of do. 247. Auchenbeg Old Quarry, about 3 miles S. of do. 248. „ New Quarry, about 3 miles S. of do. 249. Auchmeddan, 2i miles S. of do. 250. Auchren Quarry, 1 mile S.E. of do. 251. Raw, 3i miles S.E. of do. 252. ,, small Burn at, about SJ miles S.E. of do. 253. Coal Bum, 34 miles S. of do. 254. Hagshaw Burn, 3 miles N.W. of Douglas. 255. Poniel Water, foot of LonghiU Burn, about If miles N.W. of do. 256. ,, near Douglas. 257. „ at Folkerton Mill. 258. „ at Brockley, right bank of. 259. Ponfeigh Bum, 4 miles N.E. of Douglas. 260. Craigbura, a few yards above Turnpike Eoad, 24 miles N.KE. of do. 261. „ in Glen, J mile further up than last locality. 262. ,, near old Road to Chapel. 263. ,, near Craigbum House. 264. „ at burnt coal. 54 265. Ponfeigli Burn, in Glen at highest Coal Mine, ahout Imiles N.N.E. of Douglas. 266. „ ,, below Turnpike Road. 267. Wildshaw Limestone Quarry, 5 miles S.E. of Douglas. 276. Glentaggart Burn, ahout 150 yards above junction with Glespin Burn, about 3 mfles S. of do. 277. Kennox "Water, about 250 yards above junction with Douglas "Water, about - 3i miles S. by W. of do. 279. Kennox "Water, about J mile above Kennox House. 280. Andershaw, Glespin "Water, Quarry near, about 3J miles S. of do. 281. „ Glespin "Water, old Quarry near, about 3J miles S. of do. MILLSTONE QEIT. "Wisliaw District. 69. Auchter "Water, shale heaps around Pits to " Cmly Ironstone,'' at Davisdykes, on right bank'of, between 3 and 4 miles E. of "Wishaw. 136. Auchter Farm House, ironstone in bed of Auchter "Water, below, 4 miles E. of do. 137. Auchter "Water, above King's MUl, shale above a small coal and fireclay, on left bank, 4 mUes E. of do. Douglas District. 272. Townhead Bum, a little above Townhead Cottage, about 1 J miles S. of Douglas. COAL MEASTJEES. Carluke, "W^ishaw, Hamilton, and Stonehouse Districts. 68. Castle Hill, shale heaps of Pits at, about 1 mile N". of Carluke. 70. "West Brownlee House, left bank of first Bum E. of, shale above coal, about 2J miles "W. of do. ' 71. "West Brownlee House, shale in bed of second Burn E. of, about 2J mUes "W. of do. 78. Garrion Gill, mussel-band and shale on left bank of, above GiUhead Bridge, about 3 miles "W. of Carluke. 79. Garrion Gill, mussel- band on left bank below GiUhead Bridge, and above Mill. 80. „ „ „ ,, below Mill. 133. Chapel Colliery, Morningside, 2 miles E. by S. of "Wishaw. 134. MelviUe Pit, Ko. 5, Morniligside (Splint Coal Pit), about 2 miles E. of do. 135. H"o. 7 Pit, Morningside (Shotts Iron Company), aljout 2 miles E. of do. 161. Boukle, Calder^ater, about 250 yards-below, 2| miles N.E. of do. 162. Newmains, Coal Pit "W. of. If miles N".E. of do. 168. ,, Coal Pit near Turnpike Road, If miles N.E. of do. 164. Greenhead, Coal Pit near, J mile E. by N". of do. 165* Cambusnethan House, Burn below Manse passing, about 1 mile S."W. of do. 166. "Wishaw House, Sandstone Quarry on Road to, near "Wishaw. 167. Middle Johnston, Coal Pits near, about If miles N.W. of do. 168. Parkhead, Railway Cutting near, about 1^ miles N".E. of Hamilton. 170. Quarter Iron "Works, Pits near, 2^ mUes S. by E. of Hamilton. 171. Avon "Water, below Fairholm, about 3 miles S.E. of do. 175. Damgaber Burn, in "Wood, opposite North Crooked Stone, 3 mUes S. of do. 176. ,, ,, opposite Brick and Tile "Works, about 21 mUes S. by E. of do. 177. ,', Castle, Burn near site of, nearly 3J mUes S. of do. 179. Avon "Water, opposite Birkenshaw, " Mussel-band, Ironstone, " IJ mUes N". by E. of Stonehouse. 186. MiU Bum, a few yards above Railway, about | miles "W. by N. of Dalserf. 187. ,, further up Bum, at Road, about i miles "W. by N. of do. 188. ,, opposite Harelees, about J mile "W. of do. 189. Dalserf Bum, below "Woodside, about f mile S. of do. 190. ,, a little above Auldton, near do. 191. ,, opposite Auldton. 192. „ near Turnpike Road, south of "Woodside. 193. Bogside, Coal Pit near, about IJ mUes N.E. of Stonehouse. 194. SwiuehiU, Pit near, 1 J miles N. by E, of do. 195. OU Shale "Works, Avon "Water, J mile above its junction with Gander "Water, about 1 j mUes N. by E. of Stonehouse. 197. Dalserf Bum, below Nether Burn, IJ mUes S. of Dalserf. 219. Plotoock, Burn J mile S."W. of, about 2 mUes N."W. of Stonehouse. Douglas District. 268. Buruhouse Bum, about 100 yards above Road, near Douglas. 289. „ „ at old Mine, do. 55 270. BurrfioTise Burn, at little Mine, do. 271. Broadlea Bum, a few yards atove Cottage, about J mile W. of Douglas. 273. Townhead Burn, a few yards below Plantation, about IJ miles S. of do. • 274. „ „ at Plantation. 27i. 'Wiadrow Bum, at first bent in Plantation, about 1 mile S.S.W. of do. 278, Kennox Water, a Uttle above Kennox House, about i miles S. by W. of do. [In tbe foregoing List of Localities tbe distance of one place from another is only approximately given.] II.— LIST OF FOSSILS. In the following list of Organic Remains, the various formations and beds in which they occur are arranged in ascending series, so far as circumstances will permit. It has been found somewhat difficult to carry this out in the Carboniferous portion of the List as satisfactorily as could be wished, evidence being defective on which to correlate some of the various beds of the different districts embraced by the map. Upper Silurian (Upper Ludlow). Class, etc. Name. Annelida, . . Spirorbis Lewisii. — iSow. Oruetacea, . . Beyricbia Kloedeni. — M'Coy. .,, ,, ,, VCLT,f Ceratiocaris papUio. — Salter. , , stygius. — Salter. Dictyocaris Slimoni. — Salter. „ Sp.^ . . . Pterygotus bilobus. — Salter. SUmonia acuminata. — Salter. Pbacops (eye of), . Eemains of Pterygoti, Locality Number. (282, 286, 287, 1291,293,297. (282, 283, 286, •^291,294,297. (298. 300. ( 285, 288, 289, (292. 284, 288, 292. 282, 286, 291, 297. 282, 291. 282, 284, 285, 286. (284, 285, 286, (291. 300. (282, 284, 286, 1295. Ceratiocaris, (including tbe caudal J 283, 285, 290, Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiaia, , Oasieropoda, Pteropoda, Cephalqpoda, appendages, Leptocheles. — M'Coy.) Lingula minima. — Sow. Oxtlias.—Sp. Stropbomena rbomboidalis. — Wilk. Goniopbora cymbcefonnis. —Sow. Modiolopsis complanata. — Sow. Modiolopsis NHssoni. — His. Ortbonota impressa. — Sow. . ,, rotundata. — Sow. ,, solenoides. — Sow. „ sbort sp. Platysohisma (Troohus) belicites. — Sow. Tbeca Forbesii. —Sharpe. Ortboceras gracUe. — PortlocTc. „ tubioinella. — Sow. Sp 1294, 295, 299. ■ 282, 285, 286, 295. 300. 300. 291. 291, 293. (282, 291, 293, (294, 296, 297. 291. 291. 282, 291, 297, 291. ( 282, 283, 286, ) 287, 291, 293, ) 294, 295, 296, ( 297, 298. 294. |- 299. 300. Vide page i 56 At par. 14 will be found a stratagraphical arrangement of the beds com- posing the Upper Silurian Series of the present district. 1 and 2. These divisions, composed of grey and olive flaggy shales and hard bands of greywacke, do not contain fossils in any abundance. —Log. 288. * Ceratiooaris papilio. \. — Salter. ** „ stygius. — Salter. 3. The above are overlaid by blue shales, crammed with the following fossils. — Log. 283. *** Beyriohia Kloedeni. — M'Coy. *** Platyschisma helicites. — Sow. 4. Blue flaggy shales, breaking up in all directions, these are the true PterygotiheAs. — Logs. 285, 295. Characteristic fossils are : — *** Beyrichia Klcedeni. — M'Coy. *** Ceratiooaris papilio. — Salter. II stygius. — Salter. ** Pterygotus bilobus. — Salter. Slimonia acuminata. — * Lingula minima. — Sow. * Modiolopsis Nilssoni. — His. *•* Platyschisma helicites. — Sow. 5 and 6. The larger number of the Mollusca mentioned in the foregoing list are from the grey sandy beds which form the top of the Ludlow Series, immediately underlying the red sandstones and marly shales of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. These beds, in their lower portions, become split up into blue flaggy shales, containing Pterygotus Uldbus (Salter). This upper series of beds are well seen at Logs. 282, 287, 289, 291, and 298. *** Spirorbis Lewisii. — Sow. »»• Beyrichia Kloedeni.— Jf 'Coy. Geratiocaris papilio. — Salter. ** Diotyocaris Slimoni. — Salter. ** Pterygotus bUobus. — Salter. * Lingula minima. — Sow. Goniophora cymbaeformis. — Sow. Modiolopsis complanata. — Sow. *** ,, Mlssoni. — His. Orthonota impressa. — Sow. ,, rotundata. — Sow. „ soleuoides. — Sow. **• Platyschisma helicites. — Soio. In addition to the before-mentioned species, collected from the Lesmaha- gow district by the Geological Survey, the following rarer forms have been obtained and noted by private collectors : — Crustacea . Euiypterus lanceolatus. — Salter. Paloeontogr'- Soc. vol. 26, p. 140. ,, obesus. — H. Woodw. „ „ p. 160. „ scorpoides.— ,, ,, „ p. 152. Neolimulus falcatus. „ Geol. Mag. vol. 5. p. 1. Pterygotus bilobus (Salter) var inornatus. — H. Wooaw. Paloeontogrl- Soc. vol 22, p. 55. ,, bilobus (Salter) var peromatus.-^.ff. Woodw. Ditto, p. 63. ,, ,, ,, acidens. — ,, Ditto, p. 68. ,, raniceps. — H. Woodw. Ditto, vol 25, p. 71. Stylonurus Logani. — „ Ditto, vol. 26, p. 129. 1 The number of stars prefixed to the name of a fossil indicates the frequency "of occurrence of the species, the highest value being attached to three. 57 Lower Old Red Sandstone. At Locality 287, the basement beds of the Lower Old Red Sandstone contain numerous fragmentary Crustacean remains, too imperfect for determination, accompanied by Spirorhis Lewisii. (Sow.) At Locality 301, in a greenish-grey flaggy shale, the- following fossils were obtained : — Fragment of a Graptolite (GraptoUthus). Dithyrocaris ? striaia. — Sp, novA Orthocerus dimidiatum. 2 — Sow. Professor Geikie, on a former visit to this Locality, noticed a few traces of Entomostraca, probably the germs Beyrichia. Carboniferous. CALCIFEROUS SANDSTOITE SERIES, (a) Lower, or Red Sandstone Group.— No Fossils collected from this area. (b) Upper, or Cement Stone Group. Locality Number. 205. [204. Shales not far below the lowest Limestone of the Carboniferous Lime stone series. Name. Calamites, .... Entomostraca, Lingula sijuanufonnis. — Phill. Produotus longispinus. — Sow. Sp. . Avicula angusta. — M'Goy. . Aviculopecten. — Sp. Pteronites persulcatus. — M'Ooy. Sp. . . . Leda attenuata. — Flemg. Modiola lingualis. — Phill, . Myalina. — Sp. Sanguinolites iridinoides. — M'Goy. Schizodus cartonarius. — Sow. ,, sulcatus. — Sow. . Oasteropoda, . , Euomphalus cartonarius. — Sow. Class, etc. Ph/ntoBf . Crustacea, Brachiopoda, . Lamellibrcmchiata, , 204, 205. !204. 205. 204. 204. 205. 204. 204. Shale forming a thin parting in sandstones which rest directly and uncon- formably upon the Lower Old Red Sandstone. PlantcB, Calamites. — Sp. , Nenropteris. — Sp. Sphenopteris linearis.- -L. & H. .'|-206. 1 See page 1 00. * 0. dimidiatum {Sow.) is a. common form in the Downton teds of the "West of England. 58 CAEBONIFEEOUS LIMESTONE SEEI.ES. 1. Lower Limestone Group. (a) Beds below Main Limestone. Shale bands in ash below Main Limestone.i (E. Kilbride District.) Clase, etc. Bracliiopoda, Lame,llibrcmchia,ta, Name. Locality Number. Disciua nitida. — Phill. Lingnla. — Sp. (cast of.) OrtMs resupinata. — Mart. . Productus semireticulatus. — Mart. „ „ vai Martini. — Sow. Spirijfera. — &p. (small smootli species.) Ayiculopecten. — Sp. Pecten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. . Edmondia unioniformis. — Phill. . Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. 26. ■239. Shale resting on ash below Main Lhnestone. (Strathavon District.) Brachiopoda, . . Orthis r.esupinata. — Mart. . Productus scabrioulus. —Mart. ,, semireticulatus. — Mart. Spirifera blsulcata. — Sow. „ lineata. — Mart. Ehynchouella pleurodon. — Phil. La/mellibranchiata, . Aviculopecten. — Sp. Pecten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. . Edmondia sulcata. — Phil. Pisces, . . . Eemains of Palatal teeth, Cot Castle Ironstones and Shales, 20 fathoms below Main Limestone. (Stonehouse District, see par. 52.) Plantm, . Annelida, Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, . Gasteropoda, . Cephalopoda, . Bemalns of Lepldostrobus and Sphenopteris, Serpulites carbonarlus. — M'Coy. Disciua nitida. — Phil. . Lingula squamiformis. — Phil. Productus. — Sp. . Modlola. — Sp. Nucula gibbosa. — Flem. BelleropEon. — Sp. Orthoceras. — Sp. . 227. Shale connected with Limestone below Main Limestone (Productus punctaius Limestone of Rankin. Carluke District.) Brachiopoda, , LaTndlibramhiata, Pisces, Disciua nitida. — Phil. . Lingula mytiloldes. — Sow. . Orthla resupinata. — Mart. . Productus longlspinus. — Sow. ,, scabrioulus. — Mart. „ semireticulatus. — Mart. Spirifera llneata. — Mart. Aviculopecten. — Sp. , . Pecten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. .• Edmondia compressa. — M'Coy. Myalina. — Sp. Pteronites persulcatus. — M'Coy. Ehizodopsia (scale of), , . 101. . 101, 102. . 101, 102. . 101, 102. . 102. . 101, 102. •| 102. ." 101. , 101. . 101. . 102. . 101. 1 Traces 6f vegetable remains, but quite imnameable, were found in a bluish- grey ash, forming a portion of the ash beds underlying the Main Limestone, beneath a waterfall on the Calder Water below Crossbasket House, about 2i miles from East KUbrlde ; even a large number of those from Loc. 26 are so indistinct as to be nearly undeterminable. 59 Limestone below Main Limestone {Pi-oductus giganteus Limestone of Rankin ; Oyster Limestone. Carluke District.) Class, etc. Actmozoa, LameUihranchiata, Qasteropoda, . Name. Litlibstrotion fascioulatum. — Flem. Zaphrentis Enniskillini ? — M. Edw. Produotus giganteus. — Mart.' „ latissimus. — Sow. „ longispinus. — Sow. ,, semiretioulatns. — Mart. Spirifera bisuloata. — Sow. Streptorhynclms crenistria. — Phil. Litltodomus daotyloides. — M'Coy. Euomplialus pentangulatus. — Sow. Locality Number. • I 100. ". 94, 100. . 94. 100. . 94. . 100. . 94, 100. . 100. . 100. . 100. Shales above Productus giganteus Limestone. (Carluke District.) Eemalns of Lepidoatrobus and Sptenopteris, . 94 Wee Limestone. (No. 1 Limestone, Lesmahagow and Douglas Districts.) Actinowa, Cyolopbyllum fungites. — Flemg. Lithostrotion irregulare. — Phill. LonsdaUa rugosa. — M'Coy. . 254. Shales over Wee Limestone. Lesmahagow District. Actmozoa, AmpHexus spinosus. — De Kon. . Sp . 258. . 256. CliaiophyUum Keyserlingi. — M'Coy. . . 258. Sp. . . . . 258. Cyolophyllum fungites.— i''femjr. . . 268. Litbostrotion irregnlare. — Phill. , . 256. „ juDceum. — Flemg. . . 258. Lonsdalia rugosa. — M'Coy. . 256. Echmodermata, ArcbsEocidaris (remains of), ^ . 258. Polyzoa, Diastopora megastoma. — M'Coy. . . 258. Brachiopoda, . Athyris ambigua. — Sow. . 213. ,, Roysii. — L^vielU. . 213. Cbonetes Hardrensis. — PMll. . 213. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . . 213. „ sc[uamiformis. — Phill. . 213. Ortbis Micbelini. — LtveilU. . 213, 258. Productus aculeatus. — Mart. . 258. „ longispinus. — Sow. . 213, 258. ,, punctatus. — Mart. . 213, 258. ,, ,, _ var elegaus. — M'C %. . 258. „ semiietioulatus. — Mwrt. . 213, 258. „ „ var pugilis.- -PhiU. 213. ,, ,, ,, scoticus.- -Sow. 213. Ebyncbonella pleurodon. — Phill. . 213, 258. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. . 213, 258. Streptorbynobus crenistria. — Phill. . 213. LamellibrmuMata, . Aviculopecten ecelatus. — M'Coy. , . 213, 258. „ concavus. — M'Coy, . 213. „ macrotis ? — M'Coy. . 213. „ ornatus. — Sp. nov.' . 213. „ planoradiatus. — M'Coy. . 213. Pecten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. . . 213. Pteronites angustatus. — M'Coy. . . 213. ,, persulcatus. — M'Coy. . . 213. Leda attenuata. — Flemg. . 213. Myalina. — Sp . 213. ' Vvd& J". Young, Oeol. Mag., vol. 10, p. 301, for some interesting remaika on this genua. ' For description see p. 103. 60 Class, etc. Lamellibranchiata, , Gasteropoda, . Pisces, . Name. Nueula gibtosa. — JFlemg. „ Isevirostrmn. — Portl. Schizodus. — Sp Euomphalus carbonarius. — Sow, . Natica plicistria. — PhiU. ■Petalodus.— >Sp Locality Number. . 218. . 213. . 213. . 213. . ■ . 213. . 258. Limey Shales in connection with Wee Limestone.- Distriet.) (Lesmahagow LameUO)ranchiata, . Oasteropoda, , Avicula angusta ? — M'Coy. . Avioulopecten. — Sp. . Edmondia sulcata. — PhiU. . Sanguinolites irldinoides. — M'Coy. Bellerophon Urii. — Flemg. . '. '. [.262. Beds below Main Limestone. (Strathavon District.) Actitwxoa, Brachiopoda, . Lamellibranchiata, . Oasteropoda, , Cephalopoda, . • ChiEtetes (Stenopora) tumidus. — Phil Disoina nitida. — PhiU. . Lingula squamifonnis. — PhiU. Spirifera Urii. — Flemg. Nueula gibbosa. — Flemg. Bellerophon Urii. — Flemg. . Orthoceras undatmn. — Flemg. . . . 237. . 238. . 287. . 238. ..• . -238. . 238. . 238. Limey Fake below Main Limestone. (Lesmahagow District.) Aciinozoa, Brachiopoda, . Lithostrotion. — Sp. Produotus longispinus. — Sow. Spirifera. — Sp ! ". [■ 249. Shale immediately Kilbride, Strathavon, and Carluke Districts.) Plantw, . Actinozoa, Echinodermata, Annelida, Brachiopoda, . Lepidostrobus. — Sp. Neuropteris. — Sp. Chsetetes tumidus. — PhiU. . Lithostrotion junceum. — Flemg. . Zaphrentis Griffithi. — M. Edw. . Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller. Serpulites. — Sp Athyris Roysii. — Leveilli. . Chonetes Hardrensis. — PhiU. Discina nitida. — PhiU. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . ,, squamifonnis. — PhiU. Orthis MichelinL—L^veUl^. „ resupinata. — Mart. , . 85. . 86. . 121. . 123. . 3. . 3. . 121. . 3. . 3, 121. . 121. . 106. . 85, 106, 121. . 3,14?' (3, 120, 121, ■ ■ 124. Productus longispinus. — Sow. (3, 106, 120, .-^121,123,124, (241. . 3. ( 85, 106, 120, . \ 121, 123, (241. .—Sow. 123. . 121. . 3. . 3. . 121. . 121. „ punctatus. — Mart. „ semiretioulatus. — Mart. „ „ var Martin Rhynchonella pleurodon. — PhiU. ■ Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. . „ lineata. — Mart. „" Vui.— Flemg. Streptorhynchus crenistria.— PftiW. 1 A note of interrogation after a locality number serves to indicate that there is some doubt regarding the specific identity of the specimen from that particular locality. 61 Class, etc. Name. Locality Number^ Lamellibranchiaia, , . Avioulopsoten oonsimTlis.—M'Ooy. . • . ■ 106. „ interstitialis. — Phill. . . 121. . „ oma.tas.—Sp. nov. . . 85,86,97,121. Sp.(a.a.nd.b.) . . . 121. ,, jSip. (small smooth, species. ) . 106. Pecten Sovreihil—M'Coy. . . . 106, 121, 241. Pteronites fluctuosus. — Mheridge MS. ' .86. „ persulcatus.— Jf'(7o2/. . . . 85,97,106,121. . Myalina. — 8p. Schizodus. — Sp. . . 106. Gasteropoda, . . Bellerophon Urii. — Flemg 3. B. Main Limestone and Beds above. Main or Hawthorn Limestone. (Carluke Main ; Hurlet Main ; Main Limestone of Wilsontown and Strathavon Districts ; Hawthorn Limestone of Muirkirk ; "No. 2 Limestone of Lesmahagow District.)* Khizopoda {Forammifera), — Valvulina palseotrochus. — Ehreviberg. . „ ,, var compressa. — Brady MS. Aciinozoa, . . Amplexus Henslowi. — M. Edw. . ,, spinosus. — De Kon. Clisiopliyllum. — Sp. Chsetetes tumidus. — Phill. . CyathophyUum Stutchburyi. — M'Edw. CyolopbyUum Bowerbauki. — M'Edw. „ fungites. — Flemg. . ■ . „ Sp. ... Lithoatrotion irregulare. — Phill. . Echinodermata, Annelida, Polyzoa, „ junoeum. — Flem. . Sp. ... Lonsdalia duplioata. — Mart. „ rugosa. — M'Coy. . Zaphrentis Enniskilliui. — M. Edw. PMllipsi.— Jf. Edw. .' „ Sp Aroliseocidaris Urii. — Flemg. Platycrinus trigintidactylus. — Austin. Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller. Eucrinital remains, Ortonia carbonaria.' — /. Young. Ceri'opora. — Sp Diastopora megastoma. — M'Ooy. . Fenestella plebeia. — M'Coy. Fenestella. — Sp. .... Vincularia approximata ? ' — Eichw. „ (Millepora) rhombifera. — Phill. ■ ; „ Sp. . . . . Polyzoa remains (undeterminable). 112. 112. 28, 158. 19. 28, 256. 28, 214. I 28. 15,19,28,258. 198. (15, 28, 212, .^215,245,256, (258. 215, 256, 258. 161. 214. 215, 256. 28. 19. 215, 256. 9, 19, 112. 28. 19, 28, 214. 112, 161. 112. 112. 19, 28. 28. 15, 19, 139. , 19, 28. 112. . 28, 112. 112. ^For description see p. 104. 'At Loc. 19, 'the Main Limestone is split up and subdivided by bands of limey shale and impure limestone. The fossils mentioned under this number were taken from the whole indiscriminately. In the ' Philosophical Transactions' for 1867, Professor Duncan figures and describes from the Lower Limestone at Brockley the following species of Heterophyllia : — Heterophyllia augulata. — Duncan. „ granulata, „ Lyelli. ,, mirabilis. M'Coyi. Sedgwicki. ' See Oeol. Mag., yol. 10, p. 112. ' See page 103. 62 Class, etc. SracMqpoda, LamdUhranchiata, , Oaaieropoda, . Cephalopoda, , Name. Athyris amtigaa. — Sow. „ ^ojsii. —L^veUlg. . Chonetes Buohiana ? — De Kon. „ Hardrensis. — Phill. ,, polita. — M'Coy. . Sp. Digcina nitida. — Phill. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . Orthis Michelini. — L^eilU. „ resupinata. — Mart. . Productus aculeatus. — Mart. ,, costatus. — Sow. , „ giganteas. — Mart. ,, latissimus. — Sow. „ longispinus. — Sow. nmricatiis. — PhiU. punctatns. — Mart. „ vaT elegans. — M'Coy, scabriculus ? — Mart. semireticnlatus. — Mart spinulosus. —Sow. Locality Number. . 28. . 19, 258. 29 *. 15,' 27, 28, 214. . 19, 29. . 112. . 29. . 27. . 15, 19, 139. (IS, 28, 29, • 1212, 267. . 28, 258. . 15, 19. 15, 19, 28, 212, 215, 240, 258, 267. . 19, 28. (15, 19, 28, ■ (256, 2« 267. '28.' 19, 28. ■ 28. 258. (15,19,28, (258. var pugulis.— PAiZi. 19, 214, 256. ,, snlcatus. — Sow. 215, 258. <15, 19, 28, • (258. „ Yoimgianus. — Dav. Eemains of Prodncti, . Khynchonella pleurodon. — Phill. Spirifera bisulcata. — Soio. „ glabra. — Mart. „ Eneata. — Mart. „ pinguis. — Sow. ,, Urii. — Fkmg. Spiriferma cristata var octopUcata. — Sow. Streptorhynclius crenistria.— PAiM. Strophomena analoga. — PhiU. Terebratula hastata. — Sow. . Aviculopecteu coelatus. — M'Coy. „ simplex. — De Kon, Sp. Loxonema Lefebrei. — L€veill^. Pleurotomaria. — Sp. Nautilus ingens.^ — Mart. Orthoceras undatum;^ — Fkmg, Ctenoptychius serratus. — Ag. Petalodus Hastingsae.^ — Owen. Psanunodus porosus. — Ag. . Xystrodua (Coohliodus) striatus. — Ag. i 15, 28, 214, • ( 215. . 198. . 28. (19, 23, 212, . -^214,256,268, (267. . 3, 28, 215. . 3, 19, 258. . 258. . 27. . 112. 5 19, 28, 214, • ( 215. 139. ! 19, 215, 256. . 258. . 215. . 215. . 28. . 27. . 215. . 3. 28 .' 3, 15, 19, 28. . 19. . 28. Shale interstratified witli and above Main Limestone.^ Ehizopoda [Forammifera), — Archffidiscus 'Kjanen.— Brady. . . .28, 258. Climaoammina antiqua. — Brady MS. . . 114, 258. ■> The fossils under this heading, from Locs. 3 and 6, are from a shale about 15 feet above the Main Limestone. At Loc. 3, a green shale occurs a little above the Main Limestone, containing the remiains of plants jjlentifully, scales of Megalichthys, teeth of Klikodus Htbberti, Crushed Ledepodendroid cones, and Stigmmia. At Jjoc. 6, a bituminous shale, occupying a similar position, contains Stigmaria and other 63 _ Class, etc. Name. locality Number. Shizopoda {Foraminifera), — Endotliyra ammonoides. — Brady MS. 114. „ Bowmanni. — PJiill. 114, 258. „ globulus. — Eichw. 114, 258. „ ornata. — Brady MS. . 28. ,, radiata. — Brady. . 28, 114, 258. Textularia gibbosa. — D'Orb. 114, 258. Trocbammina gordialis. — Parker and Jones. 28. „ incerta. — D'Orb. 28, 112, 114, |258. ValroliDa decurrens. — Brady MS. 28, 258. „ palseotrochus. — Ebrenberg. . ( 28, 112, 114, 258. 266. „ ,, Tar oompressa. — Brady MS.' iS, 258. „ Youngi. — Brady MS. 28. „ „ Tar contraria. — Brady MS. 28, 258. Bydrozoa, , Palaeocoryne radiatum. — Duncan. 258, 266. „ Scoticum. — Duncan. 258. „ Sp. (undetermined.) 112. Aetinotoa, . Amplexus Henslowi.— Jf. Edw. . 107. Chaetetes (Stenopora) tumidua. — Phill. . 1, 266. Cyathopbyllum. — Sp 106. Cyclophyilum Bowerbanki.— Jf. Edw. . 6. FaTosites parasitica ? — Phill. 258. Lithostrotion junceum. — Mart. 1, 2. Lonedaleia rugosa. — M'Coy. 6. Michelinia faTosa. — Ooldf. . 106. Palseacis cycloatoma. — Phill. 3,7. Syringopora ramulosa ? — Goldf. . 236. Zaphrentis Pbillipsi. — M. Edw. . 120, 266. „ Sp 103. EcMnodermata, . Archseocidaris TJrii. — Flemg. <106, 107, 121, ■ 258, 266. Hydieionoorinus globularis. — De Kon. . 266. Annelida, Ortonia Carbonaria. — J. Toung. . (28, 112, \ 258, 266. Serpulites carbonarius. — M'Coy. . . 121.* „ Sp . 266. Spirorbis caperatus. — MCoy. 28, 258, 266. „ Sp 107, 258. CrvMacea, . . Oatracoda,'' (undetermined), . 28. Dithyrocaris testudineus. — Scouler. 24. Griffithides mesotuberculatus. — M'Ooy. 266. „ mucronata.' — M'Coy. (2, 9, 24, 106, tl21, 236. Polyzoa, , Aichseopora nexilis. — De Kon. 28. Diastopora megastoma. — M'Coy. . 258, 266. Solooretepora parallela. — Phill. 258, 266. plant remains, besides fisb scales. In shale aboTe the Main Limestone, at Loc. 28, Mr. J. Bennie some years ago found a specimen of Trigonocwrpum. At Loc. 106, a band of shale immediately aboTe the Main Limestone is almost entirely made up of the crushed remains of Archceocida/ris. The few fossils mentioned under the No. 121* are from a shale band, 1 ft. in thickness, about 10 ft. aboTe the Limestone. The crushed remains of Serpulites are Tery plentiful here. At Big Old Limeworks, about 3 modes S.E. of East Kilbride, a Hack shale band in connection with the Main Limestone contains numerous specimens of Lepidostrobi, but so altered into Iron Pyrites as to be specifically undeterminable. On the left bank of the Bum at Loc. 12, an ironstone band aboTe the Main Limestone is underlaid by a shale bed entirely made up of Entomostraca and a few fish fragments. Under this again is a plant bed with Lepidodendron, Lepidostrobus, and Sphenopteris linearis. — L. and H. ' A very fine series of Ostracoda were collected from the Tarious portions of the Carboniferous series of Sheet 23, many of them new. They are at present in the hands of Professor Rupert Jones, whose remarks on them will be published in a future 'Explanation.' ^ O. mucrcmata, M'Coy. Synonyms are 6. Eichwaldi, Fischer — G. Famemis, G. Tate. Vide paper by Professor Traquair, Roy. Geo. Soc. Ireland, Dec. 1869. 64 Class, etc. Polyzoa, . " Brachiopoda, Lamellibranchiata, , Name. Vincularia approximata ? — Ekliw. Sp. . . . . Athyris amblgua. — Sow. „ 'Bx)jsn.^L4veilU, Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. ,, polita. — M'Ooy. Crania quadrata. — JH'Coy. . Discina nitida. — PhUl. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . „ squamifonnis. — Phill. Orthis Miclielim. — LgveilU, . „ resupinata. — Mart. , Productus aculeatus. — Mart. „ giganteus. — Sow. . ,, latissimus. — Sow. longispinus. — Sow. „ punotatus. — Mai-t. „ ,, var elegans. — M'Coy. „ pustulosus. — Phill. „ semireticulatus. — Mart. ,, spinulosus. — Sow. Retzia radialis. — Phill. Spirifera Hsulcata. — Sow. „ crassa. — JDe Kon. . „ glabra. — Mart. „ striata. — Mart. „ TJrii. — Flemg. „ (smooth sp. ) .... Spiriferina cristata var octoplicata. — S Hydreionocrinus Scoticus, De Koninck (Geologist, vol. i., p. 179, pi. 4, fg. 6 and 7), has also been obtained at this horizon at hoc, 51. (Vvde Armstrong and Young's Cat., p. 21.) " Vide page 100. ' Vide page 101. 74 OIasb, etc. Brachiopoda, . Lamellibranchiata, Gatteropoda,%, Name. Chouetes Hardrensis.— PAiM. Crania quadrata. — M'Ooy. . Disoina nitida. — Phill. . Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . „ Scotica.— yjflSD. „ squamiformis. — Phill. Orthis Michelini, — LiveilH. . ■„ resupinata. — MaHin. Produotus longispinus. — Sow. „ punctatus var elegans. — M'Goy. , , soatriculus. — Mart. ,, semireticolatus. — Mart. „ „ var pugilis.— PAffi „ Yoimgianus. —i)ai;. Retzia radialis. — Phill. . Rhynchonella pleurodou. — Phill. Sp. . . Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. „ lineata. — Martin. . Spiriforina cristata var octoplicata. — Sow. Terebratula hastata. — Sow. . Aviculopeoten clathratus. — M'Coy. ,, coelatus. — M'Coy. „ Knockoimiensis. — M'Coy. „ serratus. — M'Coy. „ simplex. — Phill. Peoten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. . Pinna flabelliformis. — Phill. Cardiomorplia oblonga. — Sow. Conooardmm. — Sp. Cypricardia rhombea. — Phill. Edmondia gibbosa. — M'Coy. „ sulcata. — Phill. . ,, unioniformis. — Phill. Leda attenuata. — Flemg. Leptodomus ooatellatus. — M'Coy. Modiola elongata. — Phill. Nuoula brevirostris. — Phill. . „ gibbosa. — Flemg. ,, laevirostrum. — Portloch. Sanguinolites subcarinatus. — M'Coy. Schizodus dejtoideus. — Phill. ,, sulcatus. — Sow. . Acroculia (Platyoeras) neritoides. — Phill. Euomphalus carbonarius. — Sow. Loxonema constricta. — Sow. „ polygyra.— Jf'Ooy. „ rugifera. — Phill. . „ scEilaroidea. — PhiU. Maorocheilus Michotianus. — De Kon. Sp. . . . Murohisonia quadricarinata. — M'Coy. „ striatula? — De Kon. Naticopsis plicistria. — Phill. Sp. . . . Pleurotomaria contraria. — De Kon. „ interstriaUs. — Phill. Locality Number. J 35, 41, 43, 50, • j 58, 63. 41, 43, 50, 51, • , 58, 63. 35,41,43,50, ■ i 58, 63. . 50, 58, 63. . 51. . 50, 63. . 35, 50. . 35, 58. (35, 41, 43, 50, • l58, 63, 64. 58. 50. 41, 50, 58, 63. 43. 50. 63. 41, 50, 58, 63. 58. (35, 50, 58, 63, 164. 43, 63, 64. 41, 43, 50, 63, 64. 50, 58, 63. 50. 50, 63. 43, 64. 64. 43, 64. 64. 43, 50, 64. 43. 63, 64. 50. 50, 63. 64. 5o', 51, 63, 64. 50, 51. 50, 63, 64. 64. 43. 50, 58, 63. 58, 63o. 64. 50, 51. 63. 63a. 50. 50. 35. . 50. 35, 50, 58 63. 35. 50. 41, 56, 58. 50. 63. 35, 41, 50, 58. 35, 50. ' At Loc. 51 or 52, nodtdes of mud are frequently met with, covered with small round circular holes, probably the borings of Gasteropoda. — (Vide p. 105.) 75 Clftss, etc. Name. Locality Number. Gasteropoda, . Plevirotomaria Yvanii. —Mveilli. . . 50. Sp. . 35. Bellerophon decussatus.— i^'femj. . . 35, 50, 68. ,, Duchastellii. — Liveille. . 50, 51. ,, IJrii. — Flemg. . . 35, 50, 63. „ striatus. — Flemg. . 50. Sp. ... . 58, 63. Pteropoda, Conularia quadrisulcata. — Sow. . ( 35, 61, 58, 63, • 64. Cephalopoda, . Discitee (Nautilus) subsulcatus. — Phill. . ' 50, 51. Goniatites. — Sp . 58. Orthocerae undatum.— ^femjr. . 50. Sp . 50. Pieces, . Chomatodus (Helodus) obliquus. — Ag. . . 63a. Petalodus Hastingsae. — Owen. . 50, 51, 63os. Poecilodus Jonesii. ' — Ag. . 64. Psammodus porosus. — Ag. . . 50, 51. „ rugosus. — Ag. . . 61. Psepiiodus magnus. — Ag. . 63o. Xystrodus (Cochliodus) striatus. — Ag. . . 63. Shale above No. 2 Calderwood Limestone. (E Kilbride District.) Pkmta,' . Stigmaria, . 63. Actmozoa, Palseaois cyclostoma. — Phill. . 51. Annelida, Serpulites.— ;Sp . 43, 63. Brachiopoda, Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. . 51. Discina nitida. — Phill. . . 51. Lingula squamiformis. — Phill. . 43, 63. Productus longispinus. — Sow. . 43, 63. „ semiretioulatus. — Mart. . 43. Lameilibranchiala, . Aviculopecten ornatus. — Sp. nov. . . 43. „ smooth Sp. . . 43, 64. Pecten subelongatus. — M'Goy. . 43. Cypricardia rhombea. — Phill. . 63. Leda attenuate. — Flemg. . 51, 63. Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. . 43, 61, 63. „ unilateralis, — M'Coy. . 63. GaeUropoda, . Natioopsis plicistria.— Phill. . 51. Pleurotomaria (small casts), . . 51. Perforated nodules of mud, . . 43, 51. BeUerophon TJrii. — Flemg. . . 43, 61, 63. Cephalopoda, . Ortbooeras. — Sp. Goniatites. — Sp. . 51. Pieces, . Ctenodus (fragment of). . 25. Shale above No . 3 Calderwood Limestone. (E . Kilbride District.) Ehizopoda (Foraminifera), — Trochammina incerta. — D'Orbigny. . 35. VaJvulina palaeotrochus. — Ehrenberg . 35. Crustacea, Entomostraca . 36. Brachiopoda, . Athyris.— (Sp. Chonetes.— (Sp. . 35. Orthis resupinata. — Mart. . Productus.* — Sp. Spirifera (small). . 21. —Sp. . 21. Lamellibramchiata, . Aviculopecten. — Sp. . 21. Shale 15 ft. below r f^n^AnYt.nT/\nA C^nmnn^ Q + .-inr\ E. Kilbride District.) Brachiopoda, . Productus longispinus. — Sow. ■ ) Lamellibramehiata, . Leda attenuata. — Fkmg. • [ 32. Leda intermedia. — Sp. nov.* . Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. ■ ■' ' Synonym, P. trOMSvereue. — Ag. ' In these shales, Mr. J. Bennie found pyritized wood and the remains of what appears to be a small Oalamite, at Loc. 25. ' Dorsal valves very plentiful. * Vide page 105. 76 Shale immediately below Calderwood Cement Stone.- District.) Class, etc, Actinozoa, Brachiopoda, . Lamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda, . Cephalopoda, . Pisces, . Name. Zaphrentis. — 8p. . Chonetes. — Sp. Lipgula squamiformis. — Phill. Orthxs Michelini. — LiveilU. ,, resupinata. — Mart. . Productus flmbriatus. — Sow. ,, longispinus. — Sow. „ semiretioulatus. — Mart. „ spimilosus. — Sow. Ehynchonella. — Sp. Strophomena analoga. — Phill. Aviculopecten. — Sp. (a.) Sp. (b.) Peeten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. . Posidonomya oorrugata. — Etheridge. Cypricardia. — Sp. Leda attenuata. — Flemg. Leptodomus costellatus. — M'Ooy. Modiola (small sp.) Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. Euomphalus (tuberouled.) — Sp. Macrooheilus imbrioatus. — Sow. Naticopsis plicistria. — Phill. Bellerophon TJrii. — Flemg. . Discites. — Sp. Goniatites. — Sp. Orthoceras attenuatum. — Flemg. „ imdatum. — Flemg. Megalichthys and Ehizodopsis (scales), Psephodus. — Sp (E. Kilbride Locality Number. 8. 54. 38. 10, 18. 18. 10. 8, 13, U. \ 10, 13, 18, 35, I 42, 53, 54. 18. 53. 18. 54. 54, 8, 13, 16, 53, 54. 54. 8, 32, 33. 54. 54. 8, 32, 54. 8. 54. 54, 8, 13, 54. 54. 54, 13, 32 ? 8, 54. 38. 18. Calderwood Cement Stone, (Lingula Limestone of Carluke District,) Annelida, Brachiopoda, LameUibra/nchiata, Cephalopoda, Serpulites carbonariiis. — M'Coy. . . .35. Athyris ambigua. — Sow 34. Discina nitida. — Phill. . . . .33, 35. Lingula squamiformis. — Phill. . ... 8, 32, 52. Productus semiretioulatus. — Mart. . . 34, 52. ,, punctatus. — Mart. . . .34. Ehynohonella pleurodon. — Phill. . . .16, 32, 34, 35. Streptorbynchus crenestria. — Phill. . . 33. Aviculopecten Knockonniensis. — MGoy. . 42. „ Sp 42. Peoten Sowerbii.— Jf'Co^/ 8, 33, 34, 52. Posidonomya corrugata. — Etheridge. . . 35, Leda attenuata, — Flemg 35, Leptodomus fragilis. — M'Coy. . . .33. Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg 16,34,35. Sanguinolites iridinoides. — M'Coy. . . 84. Actinoceras (Ortboceras) giganteus. — Sow. . 34. Nautilus. — Sp. , . . . . 8. At Loc. 220 (Stonebouse District) occurs a band of ' Cement Stone,' possibly tbe equivalent of the Calderwood Cement Stone. This is further borne out by the presence of two highly characteristic fossils, Lingula squamiformis — PhUI., and Posidonomya corrugata — Eth. Brachiopoda, . . Lingula squamiformis.— i'AsK. Productus longispinus. — Sow. „ semireticulatus. — Ma/rt. Rhynchonella. — Sp. Streptorbynchus crenistria. — PhUl. 220. 77 :} Class, etc. Name. Locality Number. Lamellibranchiata, . Posidonomya comigata. — Mheridge. Leda attenuata. — Flemg. Nuoula gitbosa. — Fhmg. At Loc. 209 (Lanark District) a similar ' Cement Stone ' occurs, which may be the equivalent of the Lingula Limestone of the Carluke District. Brachiopoda, . . Lingula squamiformis. — Phill. Productus. — Sp. . Spirifera Uneata. — Mart. Lamellibranchiata, . Aviculopecten. — Sp. Oasteropoda, . . Bellerophon decussatus.- 220. 209. .J Shale above the Calderwood Cement Stone. (E. Kilbride District.) Pla/ntce, . , Echinodermata, Crustacea,' Brachiopoda, . La/mellihranchiala, . Oasteropoda, Pteropoda, ■Cephalopoda, Adiantites Lindsseformis.' — Bv/nbury. „ Sp Odontopteris lingulata.' — Schimper. Sphenopteris afimis. — L. tfc ff. „ obovata. — L. & H. . ,, linearis. — Stemb. Sp. . . . Lepidodendron. — Sp. . ArchEeooidaris Urii. — Flemg. (spines, etc.) Dithyrocaris glabra. — Sp. nov. ,, granulata. — Do. ,, ovalis. — Do. ,, testudineus. — Scouler. „ tricomia. — Scouler. . Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. Lingula squamiformis.^ — Phill. Productus semireticulatus. — Mart. „ Youngianus.— i)at7. Rhynchonella. — Sp. Spirifera Urii. — Flemg. Spiriferina insculpta.* — Phill. Aviculopecten papyraceus. — Gold/. Sp. . . Posidonomya corrugata. — Mheridge. Leda attenuata. — Fhmg. Myalina. — Sp Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. ,, lineata? — Phill. Sanguinolites radiatus. — M'Coy.^ Pleurotomaria Galeottiana. — De Kon. Trochus lepidus ? — De Kon. Euomphalus carbonarius. — Sow. . Bellerophon tTrii. — Fhmg. . Conularia quadrisulcata. — Sow. Actinoceras (Orthoceras) giganteum. — Sow. Cyrtoceras (Orthoceras) rugosum.— ^femgr. Gcniatites crenistria. — Phill. „ Sp. . . . . . Nautilus Leveillanus. — De Kon. . „ nodiferous. — Annstrong.^ . 8, 34. . 33, 42. . 34. . 34. . 34. . 65. . 33, 34, 42, 65. . 34. . 33. . 34. . 33, 34. . 33. . 33, 34. . 33. . 33, 34. f 16, 33, 42, 58, •1.65. . 33, 42, 52, . 42. . 16, 33, 52. 65. { 42, 58. 33, 34. 33 lej 33, 42, 52, 65. 33, 58. 33. 33, 33. 62. 42. 33. 33. 33, 58. 34. 33. 33. 33. 33, 42. 33. ' Vide page 93. ' This fine specimen is in the cabinet of Mr. A. Paton, to whoin the Survey is indebted for much information, and the loan of a fine series of fossils of the E. Kil- bride district. The specimen was determined by Mr. Carruthers, F.R.S. ' For notes on this genus and species, by Mr. H. Woodward and Mr. E. Etheridge, jun., see page 98 et seq. * Only two specimens of this, one of the rarer species of Spirifera, were obtained by the Survey Collector, Mr. J. Bennie. ° M'Coy, Synopsis Oa/rb. Fos., p. 50, pi. 13, fg. 4. This is closely allied to Solenomya primceva — PhiU., probably a variety of it. « Vide Trans. Geo. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii., p. 74, pi. 1, fg. 6, 7. 78 Class, etc. Name Cephalopoda, , . Discltes (Nautilus) subsulcatiis.-jPAiK, >• 'Sp. ... Orthooeras attenuatiun.— ifVemj. ,, ciuotum. — Sow. ,, Isevis. — Flemg. „ undatum. — Flemo. Sp. . . Cladodus. — Sp. Pisces, . . . Megaliohthys (scales), . Ehizodus. — Sp.^ (scales) Gyracanthus tuberculatus.- Gyrolepsis Eankini.* — Ag. Coprolites, . Locality Number. . 83. . 33. . 33, 58 ? . 34. . 33, 42. . 33, 58. . 16, 65. . 42. . 33. . 33. . 34. . 33. . 33. Black Shale (Lingula Shale) over Calderwood Cement Stone. Lingula squamifonnis. — Phill. Fish remains, 22, 39, 40, 44. 44. Limestones of the Calderwood Series of doubtful position. Polyzoa, . . . Fenestella plebeia.— jW'Ooy. BracUopoda, . . Athyris 'Rjoysn.—LiveilU. . Productus longispinus. — Sow. , , semireticulatns. — Mart. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. LamelUhrcmchiata, . Aviculopeoten. — Sp. Pecten Sowerbii. — M'Ooy. ■20. Shales of Calderwood Series of doubtful position. Brachiopoda, . Lamellibranchiata, . Gasteropoda, Cephalopoda, Discina nitida. — PhUl. . 17. Orthis.— ySp 17. Productus longispinus. — Sow. . 17, 25. Aviculopecten ornatus. — Sp. nov. . . 25. Cypricardia rhombea. — Phill. Leda atteuuata. — JPlemg. . 25. . 25. Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. . 17, 25. Leda intermedia, — Sp. nov. . , 25. Dentalium. — Sp . 17. Orthoceras. — Sp . 17. Brachiopoda, . Lamellibrcmchiata, Shales below M'Donald Limestone.' Productus longispinus. — Sow. Spirifera.— (S^. Pecten Sowerbii. — M'Coy. . : : ■} 258. M'Donald Limestone of Muirkirk = No. 3 Limestone of Lesmahagow District. Plcmtce, . Actinozoa, Echimodermata, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, . Cauda GaUi. — Sp. .... Zaphrentis. — Sp. .... Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller. Vincularia. — Sp. and other Polyzoa remains Ghonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. Productus punctattis. — Mart. Sp. h214. 256. 214. ' Large scales which appear to be referable to M. Portlockii — ^Ag. {Portlock. Oeol. Jieport, p. 464, pi. 13, fg. 1-13), rather than to P. Hibberti—A.g. ' The remains of a small specimen, pronounced to be this species by Mr. W. Davis, of the Brit. Mus. ' In the Lesmahagow and Muirkirk Districts, one of the uppermost limestones of the Lower Limestone Series is the M'Donald Limestone. See Table, par. 59. 79 Shales above M'Donald Limestone. Class, etc. Name. Crustacea, . . Griffithides mucronata. — M'Coy. Brachiopoda, . . Chonetes Harirensis. — Phill. „ polita. — M'Coy. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . Productus longispinus. — Sow. ,, semiretioulatus. — Mart. Spirifera Urii. — Flemg. Gasteropoda, . . Euomptalus. — Sp. Macrooheilus. — Sp. Limestones of the Lower Limestone Series of uncertain position. Locality Number. 250. Actinozoa, Brachiopoda, . LamellihroMchiata, , Gasteropoda, . Cephalopoda, . Pisces, Lithostrotion irregulare. — Phill. . Sp Encrinital remains, Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . „ squamiformis. — Phill. Productus Cora. — D'Orb. „ scabriculus.- — Mart. „ semireticulatus, — Mart. Rhynclionella. — Sp. Spirifera pinguis. — Sow. Streptorliyiiclius creuistria. — Phill. Aviculopecten. — Sp. Pteronites persulcatus. — M'Coy. . Loxonema rugifera. — Phill. Orthoceras. — Sp. .... Petalodus HastingsEe. — Owen. 199. 202. 202. 202. 199. 199. 199, 202. 199. 199. 199. 199, 202. 202. 199. 202. 199. 199. Shales of the Lower Limestone Series of uncertain position. Plantce, . . . Sphenopteris, Ehizopoda {Foramiinifera), — Valvulina palseotrochus. — Ehrenherg. Palaeocoryne radiatum. — Duncan. „ Scoticum. — Dv/ncan. Chaetetes tumidus. — Phill. . Poteriocrinus crassus. — MUler. Ceriopora interporosa. — Phill. Diastopora megastoma. — M'Coy. Fenestella. — Sp. . Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Chonetes Hardrensis. — Phill. Discina nitida.— PAiK. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . „ squamiformia. — Phill. Productus aouleatus. — Mart. „ longispinus. — Sow. „ semireticulatus. — Mart. „ Sp. . . . Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. Hydrozoa, Actinomoa, Echinodermata, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Lamellihranchiata, . Gasteropoda, Cephalopoda, . Spiriferina cristata var octoplicata. Pteronites. — Sp. . Leda attenuata. — Flemg. Leptodomus costellatus. — M'Coy. Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. Macrocmelus acutus. — Phill. Loxonema scalaroidea. — PhiU. Belleroplion decussatus. — Flemg. ,, Urii. — Flemg. . Aotinoceras giganteus. — Sow. -Sow. 233. 147. 147. 147.' 147. 147, 162. 147. 147. 147. 147, 152, 163, 231. 231. 93. ' 153, 202, 230. . 147. . 147, 152, 163. . 93. . 231. , 147. . 231. . 147. . 202. . 153. 93 [ 152, 153, 231. . 163. . 153. . 153. f93, 153, 202, • \ 231. . 153. ' The fossils from Loc. 147 were got in a band of shale between two thin lime- stones, whose horizon is somewhere near that of the Kingshaw position. (J. G. ) 80 ClasB, etc. Cephalopoda, . Name. Nautflus. — 8p. Orthoceras undatum.- -Flemg, Locality Number. . 202. . 147. . 152, 231. Ironstones of the Lower Limestone Series of uncertain position. Brachiopoda, . . Discina nitida. — Phill. Lingnla squamiformis. — Phill. Productus semireticulatus. — Mart. Jjamellibranchiata, Gasteropoda, . Cephalopoda, . Avicula. — 8p. Pecten Sowerbii.— Jlf 'Coy. . Cyprieardia rhombea. - PhUl. Leda attenuata.. — Flemg. Leptodomus costellatus. — M'Ccyy. Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. BeUerophon. — 8p. Nautilus. — 8p. Orthoceras.— ;S;p. 232. 2.— Middle Limestone Group, with Coals and Ironstones. Black Band Ironstone underlying the Auchenheath or Lesraahagow Gas Coal,i at the base of Middle Limestone Series. (Auchenheath District.) Pla/ntce, . Annelida, Crustacea, LameUibranchiata, . Brachiopoda, Pisces, . Plantte, . Stigmarla, .... SpirorWs carbonarius. — Murch. Entomostraca (very plentiful), Anthracomya. — 8p. Myalina. — 8p Lingula squamiformis. — Phill. Aoanthodes Wardi. — Bg. „ suloatus. — Ag. . . . [-811. Coelacanthus. — 8p. CtenoptycMus. — 8p. Gyrolepis (one ramus of small jaw), MegaUchtnys Hibberti. — Ag. Palseoniscus. — Sp. RMzodus Portlockii. — Ag. . Coprolites (plentiful), . Auchenheath or Lesmahagow Gas Coal. . Stigmaria,* 82, 92, 211, M'Donald Clay-band Ironstone and Shales, above the M'Donald Limestone. (Lesmahagow District.) Brachiopoda, LameUibranchiata, Athyris. — Sp. Discina nitida. — PhUl. Lingula squamifonnis. — Phill. Productus longispinus. — 8ow. „ punotatus. — Mart. „ semireticulatus. — Mart. EhynchoneHa.— . Spirifera.— 5|p. . 279. Bellerophon comu-arieties ? — Sow. . . 279. ,, decussatus. — Flemg. . . . 260. Cephalopoda, . . Nautilus nodiferous. — Armstrong. . . 260. 85.' 173. 173. 85. 173. 173. 85. 85. 85. 85, 173. 173. 85, 173. 173. Annelida, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, ia. 1 Plentiful. ' It^is somewhat uncertain if the fossiliferous shale at Loc. 85 is this particular bed. 86 Shale above the Gill, Gair, or Limekilnburn Limestone. Glass, eto. Name. Rhinopoda {Foraminifera), — Endothyra ammonoides. — Brady MS. „ Bowmanni. — Phill ,, globulus, . . . . ,, radiata. — Brady. Trochammina incerta. — D'Orh. „ centrifiiga. — Brady MS. Valvulina palseotroolius. — Ehrenh. „ ducnrrens, . ,, pUcata. — Brady MS. . Hydrozoa ? . . Palseocoryne TB.daa,Uxm.— Duncan. ,, Scoticum. — Dimcan. Actinozoa, Echmodermata, Annelida, Crustacea, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, Aulopora. — Sp Favosites parasitica ? — Phill. . . ' . Heterophyllia LyeUi. — Duncan. . „ M'Coyi. — Duncan. Lithostrotion. — Sp Palseacis cyolostoma. — Phill. Palseacis oompressa. — Meek and Worihen, var. irregularis.— ««?•. nov.'' . . . . Zaphrentis PhOlipsi. — M. Edw. . Archaeocidaris (spines, etc.), . Poteriocrinus crassus. — Miller. Eucrinital remains, Ortonia carbonaria. — /. Yoimg. . Serpulites membranaceus. — M'Goy. „ Sp Spirorbis caperatus." — M'Coy. „ spinosa. — De Kon.' „ Sp.* .... Vermilia minuta. — Brovm.' Entomostraca, . . ' . . Griffithides mesotuberculatus. — M' Coy. „ mucronata. — M'Coy. . Arcliseopora nexilis. — De Kon. Carinella oellulifera. — Gen. et sp. nov.^ Ceriopora interporosa. — Phill. Diastopora megastoma. — M'Coy. . Feuestella formosa. — M'Coy, Polypora. — Sp.'^ .... Ptylopora pliuna. — Scolder, . Sulcoretepora parallela. — PM,U. Vincijlana approximata ? — Eichw. „ omata ? — Eichw. , Locality Number. . 130. . 130, 279. . 279. . 129, 130, 279. . 129, 130, 172. . 129, 130, 172. . 129, 145. . 129, 130. . 260. . 129, 260. I 129, 130, 145, (260. 172. • . 129, 130. . 260. . 260. . 260. 127, 128, 172. Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Chonetes Sardrensis. — Phill. Crania quadrata. — M'Coy. . Disoina nitida. — Phill. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . ,, Scotica. — Dav. „ squamiformia. — Phill. 127. 1 127, 128. 145, • jl78. i 128, 129, 130, ■ I 260. . 127, 128. . 260. . 129, 130, 260. . 128. 127. J 127, 128, 129, • \ 130, 172, 160. . 130. . 127, 129, 130. . 172. . 129, 130. . 127, 128, 172. . 260. . 128, 129, 130. . 129, 130, 145. . 127, 130, 172. 1 127, 128, 130, • j 145, 172. . 130. . 129, 130. . 130. . 260. . 260. . 130. (84, 127, 128, . -{145, 172, (178, 260. 5 127, 128, 172, ins. . 127, 128, 172. . 127, 172, 178. S 84, 127, 128, ■ 1 172, 178. 127. . -128. 1 Vide page 97. ^ Vide page 98. » De Kon., An. Foa. Ter. Carb. Belgique, p. 58, pi. 9, jfg. 8. * The surface of this species is only slightly wrinkled ; it may perhaps be S. glohoms. M'Coy, Synop. Carh. Fos., p. 169, pi. 4, fg. 10. ' Brown, Fos. Con., p. 241, t. 98, f 5. « Vide page 101. ' Fidepage 102. 87 Class, etc. Brachiopoda, LmnelUbrcmchiata, Oaeteropoda, Pieropoda, Cephalopoda, Name. Orthis Michelini. — LiveilU. „ resupinata. — Mart. . Productus longispinus. — Sow. „ soabriculus. — Mart. Productus semireticulatus. — Mcirt. Eetzia radialis. — Phill. Eiynchonella pleurodon.-^PWK. . ,, pugnua. — Mart. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. ,, lineata. — Mart. ,, pinguis.— /S^ow. Spiiiferina oristata var octoplicata. — Sew. Streptorliyiiclius crenistria. — PRill. „ „ var radialis. — Phill. Strophoniena analoga var distorta. — Sow. Aviculopecten interstitialis. — PhUl. 8p Area arguta. — Phill. „ Lacordairiana.— i)e Kon. Leda attenuata. — Flemg. Nucula acuta. — Sam. . „ gibbosa. — Flemg. „ laevirostrum. — Portlock. . ,, leiorhynclius. — M'Coy. „ lineata. — Phill, Schizodus deltoideus. — Phill. Solenomya priniEeva. — Phill. Capulus (Platyoeras) vetustus. — Sow. Loxonema brevis. — M'Coy. . ,, scalaroidea. — Phill. Macrocheilus acutus. — Sow. . ,, imbricatus. — Sow. . MuTctisonia striatula. — De Kon. . Naticopsis plicistria. — Phill. PleuTotomaria decussata. — M'Coy. „ interatrialis. — Phill. „ monilifera. — Phill. . Sp. ... Bellerophon decussatus. — Flemg. . „ Leveillianus. — Z>e Kon. „ Urii. — Flemg. , Bellerophon striatus. — Flemg. Eucrinite stems bored by Gasteropoda, Conularia quadrisulcata. — Sow. Cyrtoceras Gesneri. — Mart. . „ unguis. — Phill. . Discites subsmcatus. — Phill. Goniatites excavatus. — Phill. ,, implicatus. — Phill. „ pauoilobus? — PhiU. „ Sp. . . . Locality Number. 178. I 84, 127, 128, j 145, 172. 127, 128, 172. ■ 128 12, 128, 145, 178. 128 ? 172. 178, 260. 127, 128, 260. 84, 127, 128, 145, 172, 260. 128. 128. 127, 128, 172. (84, 127, 128, 1 172, 178. 127, 128. ( 127, 128, 172, (260. 128. 128. 128. 127. 1 127, 128, 145, I 172, 178, 260. 145. (84, 127, 128, ] 146, 172, 178, (260. 128. 129. 129, 172. 172. 127. 129. 127, 130, 127. 128. 129, 172. 128. 128, 128. 172, 128, 128. 127, 130, 260. 128. 127, 127, 128. 127, 128. 128. 128. 128. 127, 128, 129, 260. 130. 178. 260. 130, 260. 128, 129, 172, 178, 128. 128, 172. 128. 172, 260. Kote. — Two somewhat rare and characteristic species of Cypricardia are obtained at Locality 130, C. acuticarinata — Armstrong, and G. crehricostata — -Armstrong {Trans. Oeo. Soc. Glasgow, vol. ii., p. 28, pi. 1, fg. 3, 4) ; also an interesting form of Plewotom.aria, P. Toumgiana — Armstrong (1. c. p. 75, pi. 1, fg. 6, 7). Vide A. & Y. '8 List of Ca/rb. Fos. West of Scotland. • Class, etc. Cephalopoda, . Name. Nautilus nodiferus. — Armstrong. Orthoceras attenuatum. — Flemg. „ undatum. — Flemg. Piscei, . . Cladodus. — Sp. Petalodus. — Sp. . . , Rhizodopsis (scales of), Remains of palatal teeth, At iocs. 180-184, are a series of Limestones and Shales, traceable along the course of the Avon for about half a mile, which appear to belong to the Upper Series. From some of these, fossUs were collected, which are here mentioned under their respective beds going down the stream. Locality Number. . 128, 172. 172. 127, 128 ! 127? 128? 172 127. 127. 127, 128. 128. Cruetacea, Polyzoa, Brachiopoda, . Gasteropoda, Brachiopoda, . First Limestone and Shale below it. Griffiithides mucronata. — M'Goy. Fenestella plebeia. — M'Goy. „ Sp- ■ ■ Produotus latissimus. — Sow. „ semireticulatus. — Mart. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. Dentalium. — Sp. . Loxonema curvilinea. — Phill. (large.— -^i).) . Natioopsis plicistria. — PnUl. Pleurotomaria. — Sp. Bellerophon decussatus. — Flemg. „ (large cast), Second Limestone and Shale below it. Eucrinital remains, Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow. . ,, squamiformis. — Phill. Orthis resupinata. — Mart. . Productus giganteus. — Mart. Streptorhjmchus crenistria. — Phill. Fourth Limestone. Productus semireticulatus. — Mart. Eighth Limestone. Productus giganteus. — Mart. 180. 181. 182. 184. At Loc. 210, three Limestones of doubtful position in the Upper Limestone Series, with fossiliferous shales, are exposed. The following were obtained from them : — Shale resting on First Limestone. Zaphrentis Phillipsi. — M. Edw. -Phill. Poteriocrinus (stems of), Entomostraca, Fenestella membranacea.- Glauconome. — Sp. Athyris. — Sp. Orthis resupinata. — Mart Productus semireticulatus. — Mart Conocardium. — Sp. Bellerophon Urii.— 210. Third Limestone. Remains of Eucrinites and Polyzoa, Shale above Third Limestone, Chtseetes tumidus. — PhiU. . Entomostraca, .... Spirifera. — Sp. .... 210. 210. 89 var. Car- Shales below Limestones of the Upper Series of doubtful position. Class, etc Name. Locality Number. Echmodermata, . Poteriporinus (stems of), Crustacea, . . Griffithides mucronata. — M'Ooy. . . . iigo Brachiopoda, . . Produotus longispinus. — Sow. Gasteropoda, , . Euomphalus carbonarius. — Sow, Shales above Limestones of doubtful position. Actinozoa, . . Clisetetes tumidus. — Phill. .... Zaphrentis. — Sp. ... Crustacea, . . Griffithides. — 8p. Polyzoa, . Feuestella plebeia. — M'Coy. „ Sp. . . . Synocladia biserialis. — Swallow, bonaria. — var. nov. , Athyris ambigua. — Sow. Discina nitida. — PhUl. . Chonetes. — Sp. Orthis resnpinata. — Mart. . Produotus. — Sp. , Rhyncbonella pleurodon. — Phill. „ pugnus. — Mart. Spirifera bisulcata. — Sow. „ TJrii. — Flemg. Aviculopecten. — Sp, Leda intermedia. — Sp. nov. . Nucula gibbosa. — Flemg. Macrocheilus Micbotianus ? — De Kon. Pleurotomaria monilifera. — Phill. Bellerophon TJrii. — Flemg. . LamelUhranchiata, Gagteropoda, 216. 196. 216. 217. 216. '216. 196. 196. 216. 196. 216. 196. 196. 196, 216. 196. 217. 196. 196. 196. 196. 196. MILLSTONE Curly Ironstones and Shales. — GRIT. — (Wishaw District.) Annelida, . . SerpiJites carbonarius. — M'Coy. . Brachiopoda, . , Lingula mytUoides. — Sow. . „ squamiformis. — Phill. Ortbis resupinata. — Mart, . Streptorbyncbus crenistria. — Phill. . Naticopsis.' — Sp. 69. 69, 137. 69. 69. 69-136? 69. Gasteropoda, Black Shales and Ironstone below thick beds of Sandstone towards base of Millstone Grit. (Douglas District.) Plantce, . . , Lepidodendron, LamellibraMchiata, . Antbracosia acuta. — Sow. . . , , subconstricta var robusta. — Sow. Fish scales, Shales near junction of Millstone Grit and Coal Measures.- District.) ■272. -(Douglas PUmtm, Annelida, Crustacea, Pisces, , Alethopteris (Pecopteris) SeTlu.—Brong. Asteropbyllites longifolia. — Brong. Calamites. — Sp. . Cordaites borassifolia. — Sternberg. Neuropteris. — Sp. Sphenopteris latifolia. — Brong. Spirorbis caxbonariua. — Mwrchison. Entomostraca, .... Megalichthys Hibberti. — Ag. (scales) Rhizodus 5ihberti. — Ag, (teeth) . 278. COAL MEASURES. Slaty-band Ironstone (Basement Bed of Coal Measures). Plantce, Lepidostrobus. — Sp. Lingula mytiloides. — Sow, 177. 177. 90 01»ss, etc. Name. Locality Nutflber. flOKUB, . . . Lingula squamiformia.— PMC. . . .177. Anthraoosia suboonstriota var robusta. — Sow. 177. Ironstone Nodules in Shale, position of Slaty-band Ironstone. (Douglas District.) Anthraoosia acuta. — Sow 274. ,, aquilina. — Sow. . . . 274 Oil Shale of Slaty-band Ironstone Series. (Stonehouse District.) Annelida, . . Spirorbis carbouarins. — Murehison. . .) LamellibrcmchicUa, . Aithraoosia acuta. — Sow. . . . .)■ 218. Pieces, . . . Strepsodus sauroides.— ^^. (teeth). '. '.) Shale in connection with Slaty-band Ironstone Series. (Douglas District.) Planke, LamelUbranchiata, . Alethopteris (Peeopteris). — Sp. Asterophyllites foliosns. — L. . Samsayi — Salter — ^from the Pentland HUls. Wliether the hexagonal reticulation differs on various parts of the carapace of the same species, or whether this may be a distinct species, our knowledge of this obscure genus does not at present enable us to decide. Loc. Nos. 282, 291. — Collected by A. Macconochie. Carboniferous. PLANT.^— FiLicEs. Adiantites Lindsseformis. — Bunbury. This beautiful fern was originally described from the "Wardie Shales (L. Carboni- ferous) of Slateford, near Edinburgh (Mems. Geo. Survey, No. 32, p. 151), and up to the present time has not been recorded from any other beds. Several examples have lately been noted from shale overlying the Calderwood Cement Stone at Loc. 33. The specimens, which are not in a good state of preservation, are probably drifted remains. Loc. 8. — Collected by J. Bennie. Loc. 33. — Collection of Mr. A. Paton, East Kilbride. LYCOPODIACEiB. Sporangia of Flemingites ? In coal attached to portions of the roof-shale of the Drumgray Coal these disc-like bodies occur in great numbers, almost identical with those figured in Balfour's Palceontologieal Botany (plate 3, figs. 1-4), showing the granulation of the outer surface produced by the spores in the interior. (Balfour. 1 Loc 68. — Collected by J. Bennie. 94 Genus Stigmaria. — Brong., 1828. Several peculiar examples of this common root have been met with ; amongst others, one specimen showing radiating scars of attachment of the rootlets. In the centre of the scar is a raised doss or papilla with a small hole in the centi-e. The soar is completed by a series of small ridges radiating in a circle from the central boss. Loc. No. 138. — ^From fireclay underlying a coal seam. Collected by J. Bennie. Stigmaria in Coal. In the Auchenheath Gas Coal, stems and rootlets of Stigmaria may be found spreading not only through the underclay but also the mass of the coal itself, so much so, indeed, as to completely destroy a large quantity of good coal. Frequently, the woody tissues of rootlets have become obliterated, leaving merely casts filled with a clean white sand, giving a very pipe-like appearance to the coal. Specimens of this nature are in the cabinet of Mr. C. W. Peach. Until a comparatively recent date, it was the generally received opinion that coal did not contain -vegetable remains in such a state of preservation as to be recognisable. This theory has been success- fully combated by several writers, amongst them Goppert, Dawson, and Lesquereux. The latter has shown that many coal seams in Illinois, Kentucky, and Pennsylvania contain the remains of ferns, Sigillarice and Lepidodendra, in such a state of pre- servation as to be specifically xecognisable. i^Pall. III., vol. iii., p. 478). Portions of the Drumgray Coal from Loc. 68 similarly show distinct traces of vegetable substances in which the tissues are quite preserved. C ONII'ER.ffi (?) Cordaites (Flabellaria) borassifolia. — Sternberg. Lanceolate leaves of this plant are of common occurrence in Scotch carboni- ferous beds at certain localities, but, strange to say, generally overlooked except by a few collectors. One of the first notices of it in this country was by Mr. C. W. Peach, who, in a paper read before the Edinburgh Botanical Society (Feb. 1871), recorded its occurrence at Falkirk. Cordaites appears to be exceedingly common in both the Coal Measures of Bohemia {Cm-da Flora, d. Vorwelt. , p. 44) and Nova Scotia (Dawson, Acadian Oeology, p. 456). The latter infers that it enters very considerably into the composition of coal at the South Joggings, Nova Scotia, forming what he terms the 'Epidermal tissue of coal' {Ibid, p. 459). The leaves are elongato- lanceolate, with a very fine and regular venation, and occasionally attain a consider- able size, as much as three feet long by six inches broad (Dawson). Corda and Dawson place Cordaites in the Lycopodiacese, near to Lomatophloyos an,d Uloden- dron, from, as they consider, the acrogenous nature of the stem. This opinion is not accepted by all palaeobotanists. In America, Cordaites appears to be both a Silurian, Devonian, and Carboniferous form ; in Bohemia, ordy the latter. The leaves are generally covered with Spirorbis carbonarius. Its habitat is considered by Dawson to have been of a swampy nature. Loc. Nos. 71 and 278. — Collected by J. Bennie and A. Macconochie. Drift Vegetable Remains in Marine Beds. Traces of drift-wood are not wanting in beds of purely marine origin. At Loc. 28, Mr. J. Bennie some years ago obtained a species of Trigonocarpv/m, and numerous small pieces of carbonized, woody matter in the marine shales and limestoue of the Lower Limestone Series ( Trans. Geo. Soc. Glasgow, vol. Hi. , p. 369). The pieces of wood are covered with small pyritized bodies, apparently Viscinee. The same collector obtained pyritized twigs from the marine shales of Loc. 24 or 25, still showing their original woody structure (1. c, p. 370). EHIZOPODA — FORAMINIFERA. A large series of disintegrated shales and limestones was forwarded to Mr. H. B. Brady for examination, who was kind enough to undertake this arduojis task. The accompanying table shows the distribution of the Carboniferous Foraminifera in Scotland, so far as the researches of the Geological Survey have gone. It will be noticed that two new genera are here introduced, each comprising one species, viz. : — Genus 1. Archcediscus.^ — Brady. A. Karreri. — Brady. Genus 2. Climacanvmina.' — Brady MS. G. antiqua. — Brady MS. Textulama antiqua. — Brady MS. Armstrong and Young's Cat. Garb. Foe. West of Scotland. Transactions Geo. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii., p. 15., app. 1 Vide a paper by Mr. H. B. Brady in the October number of the Annals and Magazine Nat. Hist., p. 286. 1873. '' Mr. Brady desires it to be understood that the generic term CUnmcammina is adopted provisionally for some very irregular forms closely allied to Haplophragmium irregulare, Eeuss. It may possibly be found desirable to associate them with Eeuss' genus. 95 9H% JO ano J3A0 9[iBqs •99 -ojst X I I X X no^siea J9A0 9ivqs ■88 -ON X I X X X ■sn -ojst III I X ■§ . OS •6i8 '"N I XX X •OSB 'OM X Sil 'ON X X XX X XXX "6SI 'OK III X X X XX •(ao3bi[ foojnaAeg j9ao a^Bqs •»Z •ON I X I X ano^fiamii A&«qa -n|3 oqi }b 83I«qg J •i»I •ON III I I I X ■anoijsoraji £m^Q PPEPI-naaoAOBi^qsj I XX X X I X X '69TjaS pOOAi -japiBQ 'euo^sgnin 8 •ON JOAO oiBqs I X •IS •ON X I X I X •85 •ON I XX I X X X S9[J9S pOOJUSpi^O 'saogssnn'x T 'ON J9A0 pnBq'outnBaoo X I X I X X d « 21 CI A ^ >■ o s o ■8H •ON X XX I XX X X X XX X •89!; ON I X ■a •85 -ON X I I I XX X XXX I X X IX I X I I I I X X •Quo^ifiaraTi unji X X I X XX XX X I X X 'sjsqoinN i}![B001 H m a t^i n o sdg'^ 5a S o d P . ti-icornis. The front border appears to have been roundly produced with a shallow median indenta- tion ; the maxillary ridges are not seen ; surface plain. Some caution may perhaps be necessary in referring this fossil to Dithyrocaris, but as the markings of the carapace more nearly ally it with that genus than with Ceratiocaris, it is better to provisionally place it there. Loc. No. 301. — In greenish-grey flaggy shale of the Lower Old Red Sandstone. Collected by A. Macconoohie. We shall probably be able, when fuller materials are acquired, to separate the Dithyrocari into two groups dependent on the form of the carapace, thus : — A. Dithyrocaris proper, represented by those forms having the carapace entire in front, or only slightly indented or curved in outline. This division would include — Dithyrocaris Colei, . . Portlocle. „ ovalis, . . W. amd K ,, testudlnea, . Scouler. ,, tricomis, . . Scouler. ,, Scouleri, . . M'Ooy. B. Forms having the carapace more or less indented anteriorly and posteriorly, so as to cause it to separate more readily along the mesial line, probably indicating forms in which the carapace was, during life, bent more acutely down upon the sides of the body than in those of the first division. Here we should have — Dithyrocaris glabra, . . W. amd E. ,, granulata, . . W. and E. and probably, also, D. ? tenuistriata, M'Coy ; ^ and D. ? Belli, H. "Woodw.' Genus Kirkbya. Amongst a few Entromostraca from Locality 5, forwarded to Professor Rupert Jones, the two following species are notified by that gentleman as being new : — Kirkbya — Sp. nov. (a) — allied to K. i7ni-— Jones — ^but with the valves reticulate and bearing a central bos. Loc. No. 6. — In Shale over the Birkfield or First Calmy Limestone. Collected by J. Bennie. Kirkbya — Sp. nov. (6) — ^aUied to K. Permiana — Jones — but strongly reticulate and bearing central lobes. i^oc. No. 5. — In Shale over the Birkfield or First Cahny Limestone. Loc. 35. — In Shale between the First and Second Calderwood Limestones. Collected by J. Bermie. 1 Geol. Report, 1843, p. 314, pi. 12. >! Synop. Carb. Fos., 1844, p. 164, pi 23, fg. 3. = Geol. Mag., 1871, vol. viii., p. 106, pi 3, fg. 5. 101 POLYZOA. Carinella. — Genus nov. The above generic term is proposed to include a peculiar polyzoon wMch has lately been found in fragments from a few localities. The characters, which are particularly constant and well-marked, assign to it a position between Feiiestella and Polypora. Gen. chars. — Polyzoarium, composed of angular, irregularly disposed anastomozing branches, strongly carinate on both aspects, but celluliferous only on one, apparently arising from a common root. No regular dissepiments ; the branches bifurcate and reunite with one another to form hexagonal, pentagonal, or polygonal interspaces (fenestrules), often of most irregular form. On each side the keel of the poriferous aspect are thi'ee alternating lines of cell apertures. The strong prominent keel follows each bifurcation of the angular branches ; there appears to be no separation into interstices and dissepiments as in some car- boniferous polyzoa. Affinities and differences. — Carinella agrees with Polypora — M'Coy — in always having more than two rows of cellules on the celluliferous a.spect, but it diifers however from Polypora in possessing a keel. In this last character it agrees with Fenestella, but differs from both it and Polypora in the want of distinct non-cellu- liferOus cross bars or dissepiments, and in having the reverse keeled in the same manner as the abverse, or celluliferous, face. One species only has been observed, viz : — Carinella cellulifera. — Sp. nov. Specific characters as above ; the cell apertures have prominent margins ; the reverse is longitudinally striata ; and the keel not quite so strong as on the cellulifer- ous face. Locs. ISos. 129, 130, 145. — Shale above the Gair Limestone (Upper Limestone Series). Collected by J. Bennie and A. Macconochie. Fenestella bicellulata. — Sp. nov. This species of Fenestella has only been obtained in fragments, but the characters even of such are too well marked to be passed over, and as these are different fiom any description within reach, a new specific name is provisionally applied to it. Polyzoarium, probably flattened, expanding : — Interstices, straight, carinated, occasionally bifurcating, the whole of the carina is occupied by large prominent pores, the openings of which are visible with a strong lens ; one pore is placed at the end of each dissepiment, and one between. Dissepiments, thin, sub-opposite, and a little arched, not expanding at their junction with the interstices. Fenestrules, nearly square, with the margins slightly indented by the cells. Cells, in alternating rows on the margins of the fenestrules, one placed in each angle formed by the junc- tion of the interstices and dissepiments ; a larger ceU is placed at each angle of bifurcation of the interstices ; all the cells have prominent margins. Won-poiifer- ous face, not known. "When highly magnified the foramina are distinctly visible. The characteristic points in this species are the very few cell apertures to the fenesti-ule, and the regularity with which the interstices are pored. Loc. No. 50. — Shale between first and Second Calderwood Limestones. Col- lected by J. Bennie. Fenestella. — Sp. A large number of fragments of a species of Fenestella allied to F. formosa — M 'Coy — were obtained from shale in connection with the Hosie Limestone, yet differing sufficiently to be worth recording. The interstices are carinate and occasionally bifurcate, with a large cell aperture in each angle of bifurcation, as in M'Coy's species. The dissepiments are short, and alternate one with the other, but, imlike F. formosa, without any trace of cell openings on them. The fenestrules are quadrangular, having abulging appearance caused by a slight undulation of the interstices. The cells, which are very large, with prominent margins, are arranged in alternating series on each side the interstices, three to each side the fenestrule, with very small inter- spaces between each aperture. Along the keel of the interstices are ranged numerous small, blunt, tubercule-like pores, one at the end of each dissepiment, and three between — ^that is, one between each pair of obliquely-opposite ceU-apertures. On the non-oeUuliferous aspect, the fenestrules appear quite oval, and the whole aspect smooth and plain. Although somewhat resembling F. formosa, this form diifers in not having the dissepiments celluliferous, by a less number of cell-apertures to each fenestrule, by a large number of pores on the keel, and by the nature of the reverse aspect. If better specimens should prove this to be a new species, a good name for it would be that of Fenestella tuherculo-carinata. Loc. No. 148. — Shale under the Hosie Limestone. Collected by A. Macconochie. 102 Polypora. — Sp. Associated with Carinella cellulifera, are numerous of fragments of a species o Polypora, bearing a considerable resemblance to P. verrucosa — M'Coy. The por- tions obtained are fragments of a robust, branching coralline, with a nearly circular section, and a generally strong and thick appearance, covered with numerous cell apertures, arranged in alternating lines on the eeUuliferous aspect, five or six aper- tures in each oblique line. The cells are very pustulose or wort-like, .with promi- nent raised margins. The interspace between each aperture is occupied by waving .striae, and in some few specimens appears roughened. In P. verrucosa — M'Coy — the apertures are round, in the present species they are oval ; the margins are equal all round, here one is more projecting than the other. It also has a more robust and stronger appearance than M 'Coy's species. The reverse presents the peculiar rough- ened look previously noticed. As it has only hitherto been found in fragments, the general habit and nature of the dissepiments cannot be stated. The disposition of the cells and mode of branching is exceedingly Uke that seen in Thamniscus duMus — Sohl. (King. Prem. Fos. , p. 45, pi. 5, fg. 9). In the generic description of Polypora, M'Coy (Synopsis Oarb. Fos., p. 206) states that the margins of the cell apertures are ' never raised. ' As the margins in the present form are decidedly raised and prominent, might it not probably be a species of Thamniscus ? If it be a new species of Polypora, 1 would propose for it the specific designation of P. pustulata, Locs. Nos. 129, 130. — In Shale above the Gair Limestone. Collected by J. Bennie. Synocladia biserialis. Swallow, var. carbonaria, var. nov. In the September number of the Annals and Magazine of Natural History (1873), a peculiar polyzoon was described from the Lower Limestone Series of GU- merton, under the name of Synocladia ca/rbonwria — R. Etheridge, jun. At that time, it had not been ascertained that Mr. Meek had referred' a similar and almost identical form to the S. biserialis of SwaUow.^ Through the kindness of Professor King, to whom I am indebted for extracts from Mr. Meek's work, I have ascer- tained that our Scotch fossil agrees so closely in its main characters with S. biserialis — Swallow — that it can only be regarded as a variety of it. To, the latter, Mr. Meek also refers the Septopora cestriensis — Prout' — a form which appears to differ only from the typical species of Synocladia by having from one to four rows of cell-aper- tures on the dissepiments instead of two. On a comparison with photographs of American specimens, kindly lent by Professor King, all those from Scotch beds appear to have a much greater irregularity of branching, and there are never more than two rows of cell-apertures on the dissepiments, one row on each side the keel ; these characters are so constant that the varietal term carbonaria is here used to distiaguish the American and British forms. The following is a brief diagnosis ; — Polyzoarium, a flattened plxmiose expansion springiag from a common root of attachment. Interstices, or stems, rib-like, frequently bifurcating much stouter and stronger than the branches ; obverse slightly angular and eeUuliferous, with a median rounded keel ; reverse round and striate. Dissepiments, or branches, short and simple ; opposite branches given off' at an oblique angle from their respective stems, which meeting give rise to arched inter- spaces or fenestrules ; obverse angular and eeUuliferous ; reverse rounded and striate ; sometimes modified into stems. Dividing ridges, or keels, on both stems and branches, separating the two rows of ceU-apertures ; those on the stems rounded, those on the branches slightly angular ; both bear the wort-Uke bodies, termed by King, ' gem- muliferous vesicles. ' Fenestrules, when the stems and branches assume their normal condition, are arch -shaped, otherwise irregular. CeU-apertures, arranged iu two alternating rows, both on the stems and branches, separated by the median keel, with prominent margins. Supplementary ceU-apertures, scattered irregularly amongst the primary ceU-apertures, either singly, or grouped in twos and threes. Gemmuliferous vesicles (?), open node-Uke protuberances placed on the keels of both stems and branches, apparently alternating with the ceU-apertures. Eeverse or non-ceUuliferous face, regularly and finely striate ; scattered over the surface at random are open wort-like projections. Locs. Nos. 43 and 64, Shale between the First and Second Calderwood Lime- stones ; No. 98, Shale connected with EaesgUl Ironestones ; No. 147, Shale between two limestones of the Upper Limestone Series ; No. 216, Shale over one of the Upper Limestones. CoUected by J. Bennie and A. Maccouochie. 1 Palceontol. E. Nebrasha, Washington, 1872, p. 156. ' Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, 1858, vol. i., p. 179. ' Transactions of the St. Louis Academy, 1858, vol. i., p. 448, pi. 18, fg. 2. 103 Genus Vincularia. — Defr. 1829. In his PaloEOntohgy of Bmsia, Eichwald has figured and described from the Carboniferous rocks of Russia several species of this beautiful and delicate genus, which appear identical with those from our own beds. The latter, so far as the investigations of the Survey have gone, have been found in such a fragmentary condition, and with the characters so much obscured, as to almost forbid specific identification, not to mention the unsatisfactory state of our knowledge concerning them. The specimens noted are specifically named so far as is practicable under the circumstances, and it has been thought better to place a note of interrogation after each species mentioned in the foregoing lists. LAMELLIBEANCHIATA.— MONOMYARIA. Avicnlopecten omatus. — B. Etheridge, jun. Aviculopecten omatus. — E. Etheridge, jun. , Geo?. Mag., vol. x., p. 346, pi. 12, f. 2. Sp. chars. — Longitudinally obovate, convex, flattening towards the margins ; ears very unequal ; anterior small, triangular, slightly divided from ■ the body of the shell, and ornamented with strong radiating ridges, which are crossed by five delicate strise ; posterior ear large, rectangular, but in perfect specimens pointed, as shown by the curving of the lines of growth ; hinge-line a little less than the width of the shell ; shell thin ; ornamentation very characteristic, concentrically marked with very close lines of growth, which on the anterior side only are crossed by very delicate and flexuons radiating striae, close together. Both valves appear to be aUke. - Obs. In form this elegant shell resembles A. (Jleleagrina) rigida — M'Coy (Synopsis Carb. Fos., p. 80, pi. 13, f. 16) — from which it is, however, at once distin- guished by the form of the anterior ear, irrespective of the surface ornamentation. Locs. No. 25, Shales of the Calderwood Limestone Series ; No. 43, Shales above the Second Calderwood Limestone ; No. 57, Shales of the Upper Limestone Series ; Nos. 85, 86, 97, 121, Shale below Main Limestone ; No. 96, Shales of the Maggie Ironstone Series ; No. 132, Shales of the Eaesgill Ironstones, and Shale above Second Eingshaw Limestone ; No. 200, Shales of the Middle Limestones (Coal and Iron Series) ; No. 213, Shale over the Wee or No. 1 Limestone (Lesmahagow). Collected principally by J. Bennie. Aviculopecten. — Sp. Two fragments of a curiously-marked pectiniferous shell were obtained from Loc. No. 81. One piece shows the remains of the beaks and upper portion of the shell, and the other that of the ventral or lower part. The character of the former clearly allies the present species with Pecten Sowerbii — M'Coy. The shell is thin and covered with peculiar blob-like depressions, arranged in concentric lines, the markings of one line alternating with those of the next, and so on. These depressions present an appearance as if a number of particles of rice had been uniformly pressed on the surface of the shell, and then removed, leaving behind them casts of their forms. Whether this is the original ornamentation of the shell, or some after-structure pro- duced by mechanical agency is uncei-tain ; so far, however, as can be judged from the limited material at hand, it appears to be true shell-ornamentation. These obser- vations may lead to the discovery of better specimens, for which, should the character mentioned be of specific value, the writer would propose the name of A. oryza {opul^a, rice). Loc. No. 81. — Shale above Second Kingshaw Limestone. Collected by J. Bennie. Posidonomya corrugata. — Etheridge. Anomia corrugata — Etheridge MS. ; Young and Armstrong's Gat. ; Tran^. Geo. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii., 1871, App., p. 45. Sp. chars. — Irregularly ovate, variable, compressed, occasionally assuming an oblique form, at times narrowed towards the beaks, and expanded towards the ventral margin ; beaks, in the ovate forms neai-ly central, in the oblique forms nearer the anterior end, sharp, prominent ; anterior end rounded ; posterior end somewhat truncated ; the distinguishing character of the shell is the very irregular concentric corrugated wrinkles which cover the surface ; in nearly all adult specimens these are supplemented by a variable number of strong wrinkle-like ribs, which radiate from the beak to the ventral margin on the central portion of the shell only, leaving the anterior and posterior ends merely covered with the concentric markings ; shell very thin. Obs. This shell was originally regarded as an Anomia, but the examination of 104 a very large number of specimens has convinced the writer that it has nearer affini- ties with Posidonomya. Not a single specimen has shown the perforated valve, although numerous examples of both valves have been noted. It is closely allied to P. Oibsoni — Brown (Salter, Mems. Geo. Survey, E. & W.) — which is also a vari- able, coarsely-vrrinkled shell, but wants the radiating ribs. In the latter character, P. corrugata approaches M'Coy's P. costata (Synopsis, p. 78, t. 13, f. 15) ; but possesses in addition the concentric wrinkles, which are absent in the Irish shell ; in the last-named, the radiating ribs seem to be confined to the number four in each individual ; in our present species they are variable — as few as two, and as many as seven, have been observed. P. corrugata was highly gregarious, and at certain localities in beds of the Lower Limestone Series, more especially those of the ' Calder- wood Cement Stone Series ' around E. KUbride, very common. Locs. Wo. 2'4, Shale above the Main Limestone ; No. 114, Shale below Eaesgill Ironstone ; No. 132, Shale interstratified with RaesgiU Ironstone ; No. 75, Shale between First Kingshaw Limestone and Lingula Limestone, and in the Lingula Limestone ; No. 91, Shale immediately below Lingula Limestone ; Nos. 8, 13, 16, 53, and 64, Shale immediately below Calderwood Cement Stone ; No. 35, Calderwood Cement Stone ; Nos. 16, 33, 42, 52, and 65, Shale above Calderwood Cement Stone ; No. 83j Shale over Belston Bum Limestone. Pteronites fluctuosus. — Etheridge. P. fiuduosus — Etheridge MS. ; Armstrong and Young's Oat. Cari. Fos. West Scotland; Trans. Oeo. Soc. Glasgow, vol. iii., App., p. 48. {No description.) P. fluctuosus — R. Etheridge, jua. Geol. Mag., vol. x., p. 345, pi. 12, f. 1. Sp. chars. — Transversely trigonal, slightly gibbous ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side broad, somewhat sigmoidal ; posterior wing rather large, thin, pointed, and, as indicated by the lines of growth, reaching quite as far as the posterior end ; hinge-line straight well pronounced posterio -ventral margin convex ; anterio- ventral margin concave ; beaks large, somewhat convex, nearly terminal ; surface characteristically ornamented ; the posterior wing marked with equidistant, straight, strong, radiating .ribs ; on the body of the shell these become depressed, broad, and flexuous, and pass down towards the ventral margin, somewhat interrupted by the lines of growth ; beaks and anterior end of shell plain, devoid of ribs of any kind and only covered by lines of growth, which number from five to six, are generally well marked, and by their sigmoidal outline indicate the true posterior form of the sheU. Obs. Through extreme delicacy the posterior side of this shell is seldom pre- served. P. fluctuosus appears to agree in some of its characters with P. semisulcatus — M'Coy — and P. sulcatus — M'Coy — but differs from both. In the former, both the posterior wing and the anterior side are devoid of ribs ; in the present species, only the anterior side is so. In the latter, the posterior side is the only portion devoid of surface ornamentation ; consequently, P. fluctuosus occupies an intermediate position between M'Coy's two Species. Loc. No. 86. — Shale below Maia Limestone. Collected by J. Bennie. DIMYAEIA. Burrowing habits and affinities of Anthracosia. — King. The late Mr. J. "W". Salter supposed Anthracosia to be a burrowing shell (Mems. Geo. Survey, Iron Ores, pt. 3, p. 226), resembling the Myadce in this habit. He cited instances of beds showing distinct traces of bivalve burrows, the only shell present which could have made these being Anthracosia. Such an instance occurs on the coast of Fife, at Craig Hartle. At Loc. 177, specimens of A. robusta and A. acuta were obtained resting on their ventral margins, at right angles to the lines of bedding of the entombing matrix, but none were obtamed in a vertical position, burrowing, as we find the case with the recent Mya truncata. Mr. Salter considered Anthracosia to belong to the Unionidce, jet it does not appear to have possessed the eroded beaks of that family and with one exception, Mycetopus, this family do not burrow. Anthracosia has again been placed in the Myadce, apparently on account of its wrinkled epidermis the paUial line however is entire, and the valves close ; yet there is an approach to this in certain of the mya-like shells, as Olycimeris. Several of the more prevalent genera of LamelUbranchiata of our coal and ironstone beds — Myalina, Anthracomva Anthracoptera — require much working up, their affinities and general structure are at present in a very backward state. 105 Leda intermedia. — E. Etheridge, jun. Leda intermedia. — E. Etheridge, jun. Geol. Mag., vol. x., p. 347, pi. 12, f. 3. 8p. chars. — Shell transversely elongate ; valves compressed and flattened, least so 'below the beaks ; anterior side rounded ; posterior side compressed, narrower than the anterior, with a hliint rounded termination ; beaks nearly central, contiguous, depressed ; dorsal outline slightly convex on the anterior side, concave and inclined downwards on the posterior side ; hinge provided with anterior and posterior teeth ; ventral margin convex, most so on the anterior side, inclined upwards on the posterior side ; surface with very fine close regular concentric striae. Obs. Of all published descriptions of Carboniferious Ledaj within reach, L. iiiter- media agrees closest with a species from the upper part of the St. Louis group of the Lower Carboniferous Series of Illinois, the L. { Yoldia ?) Icevistriata, Meek and "Worthen. (Pal III., vol. ii., p. 282, pi. 20, fg. 7.) Locs. No. 25, Shales of the Calderwood Series; No. 32, in Shale 15 feet below Calderwood Cemet Stone ; No. 57, Shale above one of the Upper Limestones ; No. 247, Shale above the Seven-foot Limestone (Lesmahagow). Collected by J. Bennie and A. Macconochie. Bivalve Shells of doubtful affinity. Three specimens of a small bivalve genus were obtained at the under-mentioned locality in a very crushed and mutilated condition. Sufficient of the original form is preserved to show that they were a shortened gibbous shell with a very character- istic ornamentation. The whole sm-face is covered with very delicate fine and close flexuous striae, passing from the beak to the ventral margin. Such ornamentation is uncommon amongst Carboniferous bivalves, and would be at once sufficient to speci- fically distinguish these shells if their generic characters could be ascertained. Loc. No. 132. — Shale above the Second Kingshaw Limestone. CoUeoted by J. Bennie. Gasteropoda. Borings of Gasteropoda. — Encrinite stems, nodules of mud, and other organic and inorganic bodies are frequently found in certain of the marine Carboniferous Shales perforated by a series of round, .shallow, cup-shaped holes, which gradually decrease in size as they enter the substance of the perforated body. On the surface, the holes are perfectly circular, extend in but a short distance, and do not appear to terminate in any enlargement, or in galleries, but are simple mere blind perforations. Encrinite stems in the collection of the Geological Survey are perfectly covered with these perforations. They are not the borings of annelida, or sponges, otherwise we might expect to find them extending and ramifying through the whole substance ; but, on the contrary, are most probably those of some genus of SipJionostomate Pro sobranchiate Gasteropod. True sponge borings have been obtained from the Car- boniferous series of Mid-Lothian. Loc. — Perforated Encrinite stems at Nos. 127, 129, Shale above the Gair Limestone. Perforated nodules at No. 25, in Shales of the Calderwood Series. Perforated shelly matter at No. 58, Shale between the First and Second Calderwood Limestones. Collected by J. Bennie. . [There are a few undetermined species of Polyzoa yet to be catalogued. These win be given with the list of Entomostraca in a future ' Explanation. '] IV.— LIST OF PUBLISHED WORKS Beaeing on the Geology, Mineralogy, and Pal^siontology of the AKEA EMBRACED IN ShEET 23 OF THE GEOLOGICAL SuRVEY OF Scotland. 1793. The History of Putherglen and East Kilbride.— Ure. 1812. Mineralogical Description of Tinto. — Macknight; Mem. Wem. Soc.,\i., 123. 1814. Geological Remarks on the Cartlane Craig. — Macknight ; Mem. Wem. Soc, ii., 491. 1839. On the Carboniferous Formation of the Lower Ward of Lanarkshire. — Craig ; Tram. High. Soc, vi., 341 (new ser.) 106 1840. On the Coal Formation of tlie "West of Scotland.— Craig ; Brit. Assoc. Bep., 1840, Sect. 89. 1841. On tte Boulder Deposits near Glasgow. — Craig ; Proc. Oeol. Soc, iii., 415. ,, Geological and Mineralogical Report upon Muirkii-k Coalfield. — Ferguson ; Trans. High. Soc, vii., 205 {new ser.) 1842. Notice of the Fossil Plants in the Glasgow Geological Museum. — GourUe ; Proc. Glasgow Phil. Soc, i., 105. ,, Section of the Lanarkshire Coalfield. — Murray ; Proc. Glasgow Phil. Soc, i., 113. 1843. Sketch of the Geology of Carluke. — Eankine ; Trams. High. Soc, viii., 73 (new ser.) 1845. Geological notices of the Parishes in the ^ew Statistical Account of Scotland. 1850. The Lesmahagow and Douglas Coalfield.— Bryce ; Brit. Assoc. Rep., xix., 77. 1853. Notice of a Batrachoid FossU in British Coal Shale.— Owen ; Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc, ix., 67. 1855. On SUmon's Discovery of Fossils in the Upper Silurian Eocks of Lesmahagow. — Murchison ; Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc, xii., 15. „ On the Geology of Clydesdale. — Bryce {Published for Menibers of the British Association). „ On the Pterygotus and Pterygotus Beds of Great Britain. — Page ; Brit. Assoc. Hep., xxiv., 89. 1857-62. A Monograph of British Carboniferous Brachiopoda. — Davidson ; Paloeon- tographical Society, 1867-1862. 1858. On New Crinoids from Carboniferous Shales near Glasgow. — De Koninck ; Geologist, i., 149, 178. 1859. Report on the Explorations of the Upper Silurians of Lesmahagow, in terms of the grant to Mr. Slimon. — Page ; Brit. Assoc Sep., 1860, sect. p. 63 ; Edinburgh New Phil. Journ. {new ser.), xi., 133. 1859-61. The Carboniferous System in Scotland characterized by its Brachiopoda. — Davidson ; Geologist, ii., 461 ; iii., 14, 99, 179, 219, 258 ; also published 1860. On the Old Red Sandstone of the South of Scotland.— Geikie ; Quart. Jowm. Geol. Soc, xvi., 312. „ Observations on the Supply of Coal and Ironstone from the Mineral Fields of the West of Scotland."— W. Moore ; Proc Phil. Soc Glasgow, iv., 292. 1863. GlacialDrift of Scotland.— Geikie; Trans. Geol. Soc. of Glasgow, i., pt. 2. 1864. Descriptions of some new Paleozoic Crustacea. — ^Woodward; Geol. Mag., i., 196. „ Occurrence of Chitons, etc., in Carboniferous Eocks. — ^Young and Thomson ; Geol. Mag., i., 283. ,, Description of two new species of Cypricardia. — ^Armstrong; Trans. Oeol. Soc. Glasgow, ii., 28. 1865. Biographical Notice of David Ure (with Lists of Ure's Fossils).— Gray ; Glasgow. 8vo. ,, Entomostraca in Coprolites. — Young ; (?coZ. Jlfogr., ii., 140. „ On some Crustacean Teeth from the Carboniferous and Upper Ludlow Rocks of Scotland. — Woodward; Geol. Mag., ii., 401. Notice of the Discovery of Poteriocrinus crassus at Newfield, Blantyre. — Young; Proc Glasgow Nat. Hist. Soc, i., 111. On the Carboniferous Limestones of Carluke and their Fossils.— Hunter ; Geol. Mag., ii., 275. Notice of the occurrence of Bhizodus Hibberti in Carboniferous Strata in the " neighbourhood of Glasgow.— Young ; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, ii., 38. „ On the Surface Features of Clydesdale.— Geikie, in Scenery and Geology of Scotla/nd. 1866 Description of Section at Newfield, Blantyre ; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, ii., 171. 1867 On the Entomostraca of the Carboniferous Eocks of Scotland. — Jones and Kirby; Geol. Mag., iv., 273. On CyclophyUum, a new genus of the Gyathophyllidce ; with remarks on the " genus Aulophyllum. — Duncan and Thomson; Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, xxiii., 327. On the Order of Succession among the Silurian Eocks of Scotland. — Geikie ; Trans. Glasgow Oeol. Soc, iii., 75. New FossU Crustracean found by Dr. Slimon.— Woodward ; Brit. Assoc. Sep., 1867, sect. p. 44. Third Eeport on Fossil Crustacea. — Woodward; Brit. Assoc Bep., 1867, p. 44. " On the so-called Labyrinthodont Parabatrachus (Owen).— Dr. Young; Proc. " Glasgow Nat. Hist. Soc, i., 174. 107 1867. Bntomostraoa of Carboniferous Rocks. — Jones and Kirby; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soe., ii., 213. „ Eemains of Chiton and Ohiionellus from Shale. — Kirby and Young ; Oeol Mag., iv., 340. „ Sketch of the Geology of the Falls of Clyde, Mouse Valley, and Cartland Crags. — Dougall; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, iii., 44. ,, Geology of the Carboniferous Strata of Carluke. — Hunter; Trans. Edinburgh Geol. Soc, l, 34. 1868. Discovery of a new Fossil Fruit in Shale adjoining the Calderside Cement Stone. — ^Young; Proc. Glasgow Nat. Hist. Soc, i., 203. ,, On a new Limuloid Crustacean from the Upper Silurians of Lesmahagow. — Woodward ; Geol. Mag., v., 1. ,, On Spines of Gyracanthus. — Thomson ; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, iii., 130. ,, Description of Head of Megalichthys Hibberti found at Swinhill Colliery, Strathavon. — Dr. Young; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, iii., 202. ,, Upper Coal Measures of Lanarkshire. — Grossart ; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, iii., 96. ,, New Species of Paleozoic Crustacean from Lesmahagow. — ^Woodward; Geol. Mag., v., 239. ,, Fourth Eeport on the Structure and Classification of the Fossil Crustacea. — Woodward; Brit. Assoc Sep., 1868, sect. 72. ,, Contributions to British Fossil Crustacea. — ^Woodward ; Geol. Mag.,\n., 554. ,, Notes on certain Eeptilian Remains found in the Carboniferous Strata of Lanarkshire. — Thomson ; Brit. Assoc Sep., 1868, sect. 79. 1869. On the Discovery of a Sand-dyke or old River Channel, running north to south from near Kirk of Shotts to Wishaw. — Dick ; Trans. Edinburgh Geol. Soc, i., 345. „ On Palceocoryne from the Carboniferous Formation. — Duncan and Jenkins ; Phil. Trans., clix., 693. 1871. On the Carboniferous Fossils of the West of Scotland. — Young, with a general catalogue of the Fossils. — Armstrong ; Trans. Glasgow Geol. Soc, iii., Appetidia;. „ Fifth Eeport on Fossil Crustacea. — ^Woodward ; Brit. Assoc Sep., 1871, sect. p. 53. 1872. A Monograph of the British Fossil Crustacea belonging to the Order Merosto- mata. — Woodwaid ; Palmontographical Society, xxv. and xxvi. ,, Sixth Eeport on Fossil Crustacea. — Woodward ; Brit. Assoc. Sep., 1872, p. 321. 1873. Notes on a Carboniferous Species of Ortonia. — Young ; Geol. Mag., x., 112. ,, Oti Palceocoryne, etc. — Duncan; Quart. Jowtn. Geol. Soc, xxix., 412. „ The Silurian Brachiopoda of the Pentland HUls and Lesmahagow. — Davidson ; Trams. Glasgow Geol. Soc, , Pal. Series, pt. i. (Privately circulated in 1868). BDINBTJEGH : FEINTED BY MURRAY AND GIBB, FOK HER MAJBSTT'S STATIONEKT OFFICE. LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 01' THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF SCOTLAND. I.— Maps on One-inch Scale. j 1. Wigtownshire, Southern Bistiicts. 4s. 2. Wigtownshire, Sonth-Eastern Districts. 4s. 3. Wigtownshire, Sonth-Westem Districts. 6s. 7. Ayrshire; Sonth-Westem Districts. 6s. 13. Ayrshire, Tumberry Point. 4s. 14. Ayrshire, Southern Districts. 6s. 15. Dumfriesshire, N.W. ; Ayrshire, S.E. ; and Lanarkshire, S. corner. 6s. 22. Ayrshire, Northern District, and Southern parts of Benfrewshire. 6s. 23. Lanarkshire, Central Districts. 6s. 24. Peeblesshire. 6s. 32. Edinburghshire and Linlithgowshire. 6s. 33. Haddingtonshire. 6s. 34. Eastern Berwickshire. 4s. 40. Fife and Kinross. 6s. 41. Fife, East part. 6s. II.— Maps on Slx-inoh Scale, illustrating the Coalfields. Edinburghshire. Sheets 3, 8, 14, 17. 4s. „ Sheets 2, 6, 7, 12, 13, 18. 6s. ' Haddingtonshire. Sheets 8, 13. 4s. „ Sheets 9, 14. 6s. Fife. Sheets 33, 37. 4s. „ Sheets 24, 25, 30, 31, 32, 36, 36. 6s. Ayrshire. Sheets 9, 26, 31. 4!. Sheets 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 22, 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 36, 36, 40, 41, 42, 46, 47, 60, 52. 6«. Benfrewshire. Sheets 13, 17. 4s. „ Sheet 16. 6s. Lanarkshire. Sheets 1, 5, 10. 4s. ,, Sheets 6, 31, 32, 37, 38, 41, 42, 49. 6s. Dumfriesshire. Sheet 1. 4«. „ Sheets 5, 6, 7. 6s. Dumbartonshire. Sheet 28, including 29. 4s. III.— Horizontal Sections, ss- per sheet. Sheet 1. Edinburghshire and Haddingtonshire. 2. Edinburghshire and Haddingtonshire. 3. Peeblesshire, Edinburghshire, Linlithgowshire. 4. Ayrshire Coal-fields (west side). 5. Ayrshire Coal-fields (east side). IV.— Vertical Sections, ss- ^d. per sheet. Sheet 1. Edinburgh Coal-field. ^ „ 3. Kilmarnock Coal-field. Y.—Qeological Memoirs, to accompany the Sheets of the one-inch Map. Sheet 1. Wigtownshire, Southern Districts. Sd. 2. Wigtownshire, Sonth-Eastern Districts. 3d. " 3. Wigtownshire, South-Western Districts. Sd. ', 7. Ayrshire, South-Western District. 3d. ! 13. Ayrshire, Tumberry Point. 3d. ' 14. Ayrshire, Southern District. 3d. " 15. Dumfriesshire, N.W. ; Ayrshire, S.E. ; and Lanarkshire, S. corner. 3d. " 22. Ayrshire, Northern District, and Southern parts of Kenfrewshire. 3d. ' ", 23! Lanarkshire, Central Districts. Is. ' 24. Peeblesshire. 3d. .,,11,. 32. Edinburghshire and Linlithgowshire. 4s. In cloth boards, 5s. ,] 33. Haddin^onshire. 2s. „ 34. Eastern Berwickshire. 2s. ■A Detailed Catalogue may be had gratis, ore application to Messrs. W. f A. K. Johnston, 4 St. Andrew Square, Edinbmgh; m- to Messrs. Smith # Son, St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. to tie GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAP of SC®TLAPIO> I J PuIiUiTiaP In, preparati.oTi SCOTLAND. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 24. PEEBLESSHIRE, WITH PARTS OF LANARK, EDINBURGH, AND SELKIRK. EDINBURGH: FEINTED BY MUEEAY AND GIBB, rOE HEE majesty's STATtONEKY OFFICE. 1869. PREFACE. The present Sheet of the Geological Survey Map of Scotland was sur- veyed by Mr. H. H. Howell, Dr. John Young, Mr. James Geikie, and myself; Professor A. 0. Ramsay being at the time Local Director of the worli under the Director- General, Sir Roderick I. Murchison. All the ground to the north-west of the Silurian uplands was mapped by me, except the limestones between Leadburn and Carlops, and the Car- boniferous rocks between Leadburn and the Moorfoot Hills, which were traced by Mr. Howell. Dr. Young mapped the Silurian rocks from the great fault eastwards to a line drawn from near Leadburn southwards by the Cloich Hills and Meldon Burn, thence by Cademuir and Hundles- hope Heights, along the boundary of Selkirk and Peeblesshire to Black Law. All the groimd to the east of that Hue was surveyed by Mr. James Geikie. Of the following Explanation, paragraphs 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 42-45, 47, 51, 52, and 55, have been furnished by Mr. James Geikie; the rest have been written by myself. The lists of fossils were prepared by the late Mr. J. W. Salter. A detailed description of the more interesting features of this Map will be afterwards given in the more extended Memoirs of the Survey. ARCH. GEIKIE, Director. Geological Sttrvey Office, Edinburgh, December 1869. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 24. I. AREA EMBRACED IN THIS MAP. 1. This sheet of the Geological Survey of Scotland, on the scale of one inch to a statute mile, includes the district which extends from near Cobinshaw Reservoir, eastwards by Carlops and Leadburn, to the Moor- foot Hills, and southward to the head of Lamington Burn, Polmood Hill, Dollar Law, and Yarrow Manse. It thus embraces nearly the whole of the county of Peebles, part of the southern outskirts of Edinburghshire, the north-west portion of Selkirkshire, and some of the eastern parishes of Lanarkshire. Within its limits are shown, near Symington, a small segment of the River Clyde, with its tributary the Medwin ; also the valley of the Tweed from Polmood to Caberstone Tower, with the basins of its affluents, the Biggar, Lyne, Eddleston, and Leithen Waters from the north, and the Manor and Traquair from the south. The total area of ground embraced in the Map amounts to 432 square miles. II. FORM OP THE GROUND. 2. A nearly straight Ime drawn from Leadburn south-westwards by Romanno Bridge, Skirling, and Culter, divides the area represented on the present Map into two distinct districts, and, as will be pointed out in a subsequent paragraph, coincides with a great line of fault between dif- ferent geological formations. To the south-east of this line the ground forms a part of the wide southern uplands of Scotland, and may be looked upon as a broad, undulating table-land, rising in height south- wards to the central mass of high ground around Dollar Law (2680 feet), but deeply trenched by valleys and minor water-courses. Though these valleys exhibit considerable Irregularity in their course, nevertheless there may be traced among them a tendency to group themselves into two sys- tems. One of these systems may be termed longitudinal, since, running in a general N.E. and S.W. direction, it corresponds with the main trend of the Silurian uplands and the prevaiUng strike of the geological for- mations throughout the country. The other series is trcmsverse to the former, or in a general N.W. and S.E. direction. As instances of the longitudinal series of valleys, the Holms Water, Manor Water, and Traquair Burn may be cited. The Biggar, Lyne, Eddleston, and Leithen Waters are examples of the transverse series. Sometimes the same stream at one part of its course traverses a longitudinal, at another a transverse valley. Thus the Tweed, down as far as the confluence of the Lyne, is an admirable illustration of the longitudinal series ; below 6 the Lyne it flows down a transverse valley. There are other cases, which cannot be satisfactorily referred to either series. It may be added, that while the transverse valleys always cross the strike of the Silurian strata, the longitudinal valleys, though coinciding with the general line of strike on the great scale, are very far from adhering to the line of outcrop of any particular group of strata. 3. Throughout this upland region the hills are merely fragments of the great Silurian table-land, cut down into ridges separating the valleys. Their tops are flattened or rounded, — their slopes smooth ; and except in the higher tracts, where peat and heath come in, they are coated with a grassy herbage. Crags and rocky scars are comparatively rare, though most of the valleys show here and there small knobs of the underlying rock protruding to the surface. No level ground is to be found any- where in these hilly tracts, except on some of the broader hill-tops, and along the sides of the larger streams. The whole district is eminently pastoral, hardly any cultivated ground occurring in it, save along the haughs of the valleys, or now and then on the lower slopes of the hills. 4. On the north-west side of the boundary line just referred to, the outline of the ground is very different. In front of the uplands described in the foregoing paragraphs, there runs a line of valley, varying in breadth from nearly four miles at Auchencorth Moss to less than a hundred yards between Romanno Bridge and Skirling. Beyond this valley the ground rises on the north-west into a range of hills, which extends from the Clyde north-eastward into the Pentland Hills. Another valley traversed by the South Medwin Water skirts these hills on their north-west side, beyond which a series of high moorlands undulates to the line of the Caledonian Railway. III. FORMATIONS AND GROUPS OF ROCK ENTERING INTO THE GEOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF THE REGION EMBRACED BY THE MAP. Aqueops. Recent and Post- (Alluvium, Peat, Tertiary. (Glacial Drift, f Millstone Grit, Carboniferous. ■< Carboniferous Limestone series, (Calciferous Sandstone series, ston^(LowCT)' } Sandstones and Conglomerates, Upper Silurian. Ludlow and Wenlock beds, Lower Silurian. Llandeilo (?) rocks, . Sign on Map. d4 d2 dl c 1 b5 b2 Carboniferous, Lower Old Red Sandstone. Igneous. ' Dolerite (melaphyre), partly intrusive, and then perhaps post-Carboniferous Gn d Porphyrite, . . . . F d Ash or Tuff, . . . Fs d jPorphyrites, . . . . F c (Ash or Tuff, and ashy Sandstones, . Fs c F, S Silurian (? Upper). Felstone, Syenite, etc., intrusive, IV. GEOLOGICAL STRTJCTTJIIB OF THE DISTRICTS CONTAINED IN THE MAP. Lower Silurian. 6. The rocks of Lower Silurian age occupy by much the larger part of the present sheet. On the north-west they are flanked by a large fault, striking N.E. and S.W., which brings them into contact with strata of carboniferous and Old Red Sandstone age. Towards the north they are overlapped by a semicii-cular area of carboniferous strata. Throughout the whole of this great Silurian tract the general strike of the beds is from south-west to north-east, the dip being inclined some- times to north-west, sometimes in the opposite direction, and usually at a high angle. Crumpled and contorted strata are not uncommon. As the same beds come again and again to the surface, there can be no doubt that this is owing to the many folds or undulations into which the strata have been pressed. But so much denudation or removal of material has taken place, that we seldom or never meet with a complete arch or anticline of strata, — -the tops of such arches or curves having been cut away, so that now only the truncated ends of the beds are exposed. And iere it may be remarked that no connection is traceable between these flexures of the strata and the present outline of the ground. Anti- clinal arches do not form the hills, nor do the valleys lie in synclinal troughs. On the contrary, it is very often observed that the beds dip into a hill from both sides. Add to this that, as already remarked, many of the streams flow throughout then* entire course at right angles to the strike, while the others, if they sometimes happen to coincide in direction with the strike, just as often flow across it. 7. The rocks of this region exhibit much uniformity of character. They contain the following principal varieties : — 1. Shales : usually fine-grained blue, grey, green, purple, and sometimes black ; often finely divided, 2. Slaty Shales : generally tough, hard rocks of a blue or greyish blue or green colour ; often passing into a kind of flagstone, and quajried in some places for roofing purposes. 3. Mudstones : hard, fine-grained blue, grey, green, and sometimes brown, com- monly occurring in thin bands, 4. Lydian-stone ; very hard, fine-grained, or flinty, and of various shades of blue, green, and grey ; sometimes nearly black. 5. Greywacke : this is the most abundant rock ; it varies in texture from a fine- grained rock to a coarse quartzose grit. Colour grey, greyish blue, green, and purple ; consists of grains of quartz, felspar, mica, etc., in a sandy argillaceous matrix ; fre- quently veined with quartz, sometimes with carbonate of lime. 6. Fine Conglomerate and Breccia, or brecciform greywackes ; matrix of grey- wacke with pebbles 9f grit, greywacke, and quartz, and numerous angular fragments of shale, which often impart a brecciform fl^gpect to the rock. This rock is fre- quently calcareous, containing in places balls or concretions of carbonate of lime. It is associated with the limestone. 7. Quartz-rock and nodxJar bands of chert occur only in a few places. 8. Limestone, crystalline, concretionary, nodular. 8. The shales usually contain numerous intercalated bands and beds of greywacke, and sometimes ribbons of mudstone and lydian-stone. Some of the fine-grained beds occasionally show a rude cleavage. The grey- wackes are seen everywhere, and often form massive beds with only a 8 thin shaly parting here and there. They are usually much jointed — the joints being often coated with chloritic matter. Ripple-marks are common among these strata. Courses of small pebbles frequently make their appearance, and the rock then passes into conglomerate. One band of conglomerate extends along the hills behind Lamington, whence it has been traced for a long way towards the south-west. At Grieston the shales have yielded graptolites and tracks of crustaceans and annehds in great abundance. Fossils have also been obtained at the head of the Rotten Gair near Priesthope Hill, Innerleithen : these consisted of grap- tohtes, with obscure anneUd markings and traces of plants (?). G-rapto- htes have hkewise been got on the side of Bowbeat Rig, near the head of the Leithen Water, and in other places. Certain greywackes, near Innerleithen and elsewhere, exhibit pecuhar cavities of a somewhat cu*- cular form, which Professor Nicol has conjectured may mark the former presence of organic bodies which have been dissolved out. The saine appearance has been observed in some of the Silurian rocks in the south of Ayrshire. (See explanation of Sheet 7, par. 9.) 9. Throughout the Silurian region there js a, remarkable monotony in the character of the rocks. The most interesting exception to this feature is the occurrence of a thin zone of Umestone, which, as shown in the Map, runs across the valley of the Tweed from Drummelzier, south- westwards by Wrae, and reappears a little farther on at Glencotho. At Wrae it dips at a high angle towards the north-west, and is associated with a bed of breccia. It contains, amopg other fossils, the following : — Asaphus, sp., like tyranuus, Leptaena tenuistriata. Phacops, large sp. Spirifer biforatus. Illaenus. Lingula, sp. Orthis, like Actonise. Orticula, sp.. ,, caligramma. Lituites comu-arietis Ortlioceras ibex. To the north-west of Wrae, near Kilbucho, a bed of limestone occurs, which may be conjectured to be the same as that of Wrae, brought up by a fold of the strata. The hmestone has not been seen farther east than Drummelzier, though in the valley of the Eddleston Water, near Winkstone, a calcareous rock occurs with crinoid fragments, and seems to prolong this line of the Wrae limestone. During the autumn of 1868 the Geological Survey, while carrying og the exploration of the ground to the south-west of the present Map, traced, for some miles, two parallel Mnes of fossiliferous conglomeratg, which may possibly be pro- longations of the two hmestone bands of Wrae and KUbucho. Intrusive Igneous Rocks in Lower Silurian. 10. The only rocks of igneous origin that are met with in the Silurian uplands are intrusive veins, dykes, and irregular masses of various por- phyries, syenites, felstones, and dolerites. As the dolerites are believed to belong to a later age than the other dykes of this region, they will be described separately ; and the remarks which follow must therefore be considered as having reference only to the porphyries, felstones, etc. The dykes usually coincide in direction with the strike of the strata in which they occur, but occasionally they cut the beds at all angles, forming very irregular lines of junction. Not unfrequently they send out httle threads and veins, which traverse the surrounding rock, but never proceed far from the main mass. Pieces of shale and greywacke are often caught up and highly indurated in these dykes. As a rule, however, the stratified 9 beds are seldom affected beyond a few inches from the point of contact with a dyke, and the only alteration induced is a variable degree of induration. Perhaps the most common variety of rock among these dykes is a flesh-coloured, somewhat compact felstone, containing little globules of clear quartz. Other varieties are hornstone, syenite, minette, etc. It is worthy of remark that the larger dykes and masses usually consist of the more distinctly crystalline or granitoid varieties, while the narrower veins and dykes are formed of the more compact felstones and hornstone. 11. A glance at the Map will show, that while dykes occur here and there sporadically throughout the whole of these uplands, yet they are more or less gathered into groups.* In the neighbourhood of Innerleithen the largest assemblage is met with. The large mass coloured over Priest- hope Hill is not one sheet or boss of the same rock, but consists of a great number of separate vertical dykes, which it was found impossible to separate out upon the Map. To the west of this tangled series an- other set of dykes is seen. The largest dyke traced is that which is quarried at Innerleithen, and which extends from above St. Ronan's Mill to beyond Grieston for some three and a half miles. There is every reason to believe that many of the dykes do in reality stretch along the line of strike for much greater distances, but they cannot be traced owing to the thick turf, peat, and ' surface' of the hill-tops and hill-slopes. The most interesting section of these dykes, where nearly all the phenomena referred to may be conveniently observed, is exposed in Walkerburn, near Innerleithen. 12. Besides the igneous rocks just described, a less numerous series of intrusive dykes of dolerite is met with in the same uplands. These coincide in direction with the porphyries and felstones, i.e. from S.W. to N.B. The largest number of them is seen near the head of the Leithen Water, from which point they probably proceed through Bowbeat Hill below drift and peat, for we get two of them in the Craighope Burn ; and after crossing a mile and a half of peat, another appears in Hope Burn. Other little dykes of dolerite make their appearance here and there, but they are by no means numerous. Upper Silurian. 13. Only avery Umited area of rocks belonging to this formation comes within the present Map. It forms the extreme southern edge of the Upper Silurian district of the Pentland Hills, and hes in the valley of the ,Lyne Water. The reader is referred to the Geological Survey's Memoir on the Geology of the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh (chap. ii. and Appendix) for an account of these rocks and of their fossils. The abundantly fossi- liferous character and the geological horizon of the rocks were first an- nounced in that Memoir. Since its publication, a considerable addition to the list of fossils has been made by Messrs. Henderson, Brown, and Haswell, of Edinburgh. It now appears that not only are the Ludlow rocks represented along with some red sandstones and conglomerates, possibly indicating the base of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, but that some of the hard shales and greywackes which lie towards the base of the visible section may represent a portion of the Wenlock rocks.j * This feature is a characteristic one throughout the Silurian uplands. See Geol. Surv., Memoir on Eastern Berwickshire, p. 28; also Memoir on East Lothian, p. 14. + Sir R. I. Murchison's Siluria, 4t.h edit. p. 159. h 10 Lower Old Red Sandstone. 14. Rocks belonging to this formation occupy the basin of the Lyne Water and its tributaries as far south as Romanno Bridge, whence they stretch south-westwards, beyond the edge of the present Map, in a band about four miles broad, parallel with the edge of the Silurian uplands. These rocks form a continuation of the sandstones, conglo- merates, and trappean masses of the Pentland Hills. In the Geological Survey's Memoir on the Geology of Edivburgh, published in 1861, these rocks were regarded as probably representing the conglomerates and sandstones which in Haddington and Berwickshire lie between the Silurian and Carboniferous formations. They were therefore coloured as Old Red Sandstone, and were referred to the upper division of that system. Subsequent iavestigations to the south of the Pentland Hills showed that they could not belong to the Upper Old Red Sandstone ; for although they rested unconformably upon highly-inclined Silurian rocks, as the Upper Old Red Sandstone and conglomerates of central Scotland do, they nevertheless passed unconformably under the lowest members of the Carboniferous series. A few miles to the south-west of the Pentland Hills, the Lower Old Red Sandstone was found to shade conformably downwards into the Upper Silurian shales of Lesmahagow. In the Pentland Hills, however, the sandstones and conglomerates were found to rest on the upturned edges of the Upper SUurian series. These were hence provisionally considered as a middle group of the Old Red Sand- stone. As the work of the Survey advanced round the roots of Tinto and south-westward into Nithsdale, the true position of the Pent- land sandstones and conglomerates was at last definitely ascertained. They were found to range southwards with their included volcanic rocks, and to lap unconformably round a lower part of their own series at Tinto. This unconformity proved to be quite local, and to disappear not far to the south-west of Tinto. Hence the rocks which are now to be described belong to an upper part of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, which towards the north lies unconformably on older portions of the same formation, while to the south it shades down into these older parts with no perceptible break. 15. A reference to the present Map vrill show that, from the base of the series where it rests upon the tipper Silurian strata in the Lyne Water, there is a' tolerably persistent south-easterly dip, nearly as far as Noblehouse. If we take the average angle to be only 17°, we have here a thickness of not less than 6000 feet. The Lyne Water runs across the strike through the whole of this transverse section, and has laid open^ many exposures of the rocks. In the lower part of the section, as far down the stream as Wakefield, the strata consist chiefly of coarse con- glomerates, interstratified with soft red, purple, and grey sandstones^ sometimes marly, very frequently conglomeratic. Some of the con- glomerates are remarkably coarse. This is particularly observable at the base of the whole series, where some of the blocks in the conglomerate measure two feet in length. The dip of the strata down to Wakefield is pretty steadily to the south-east, at angles varying from 5° to 22°. At Wakefield hard grits come on. These are in part so full of joints that their dip becomes obscured, but, on the whole, they preserve the prevail- ing south-easterly inclination at an average angle of about 20° or 25°. Between Wakefield and Stonypath the series is diversified with a massive bed of porphyrite, to which reference will immediately be made. Above the porphyrite, green mottled clays, with very felspathic sandstones, 11 grits, and conglomerates, continue the south-easterly dip. An excellent section has been cut by the stream at Lynedale. As there exposed, the conglomerates are largely made up of well-rounded fragments of different porphyrites, while a markedly felspathic character pervades the finer- grained strata. This is particularly to be observed between Lynedale and Linton, where beds of purple, red, green, and pale, stone-coloured grit and sandstone, assume so much of the aspect of some decomposing porphyrites, that it is only from their bedding in mass that they can be distinguished. Below Linton no such continuous section is afforded as that which has just been described. On either side of the Lyne Water, however, the rocks are here and there exposed. They are best seen in the range of quarries between Linton and Bogend. They are there found to consist of fine-grained chocolate- coloured sandstones; sometimes thick bedded, and forming good building stone ; sometimes splitting into flagstones, or even into layers, that can be used as slates. 16. At Noblehouse, conglomerates, and green and red grits, with porphyrites, rise with a north-westerly dip, at a high angle, against a fault which here bounds the Silurian uplands. In this reversed dip we have the indication of a synclinal trough, by which a small part of the Lyne Water section is repeated agaiust the Silurian hills. The trough becomes much more distinct to the south-west, where a tongue of trappean conglomerates and sandstones, lying in a basin of the porphy- rites, stretches as far as the village of Skirling. 17w One of the most interesting features of the sandstone and con- glomerate* series of the Pentland Hills is the manner in which rocks of contemporaneous igneous origin are there interbedded with the strata. On referring to Sheet 32 of the Geological Survey Map, the reader will observe that the main mass of the Pentland Hills consists of various trappean rocks, which attain their greatest thickness at the northern end of the chain, and die out towards the south. In the present Map he will perceive that, after a brief space on both sides of the Lyne Water, where the conglomerates and sandstones are free from igneous intercalations, the porphyrite begins again in a number of beds, which swell out rapidly towards the south, until they entirely occupy the place of the sedimentary strata. In the section laid open by the Lyne Water, between the base of the formation and the Stonypath porphyrite, a thickness of probably 3000 feet of sandstones and conglomerates can be observed without any inter- bedded igneous rocks. In the next stream to the south-west, however, less than two miles distant, a number of porphyrite beds have already made their appearance. The unconformable overlap of the carboniferous sand- stones prevents us from tracing the further development of these volcanic rocks in a south-westerly direction. But from Slipperfield we can follow an unbroken succession of porphyrite beds, which increase rapidly, until, with the exception of a few intercalated patches of sandstone, they occupy the whole of the space between the carboniferous area and the edge of the Silurian uplands. The same series of volcanic rocks has been traced by the Geological Survey across the centre of Scotland, even as far as the south of Ayrshire. 18. The prevailing rock in this volcanic series is a dark red or purple, finely crystalline, porphyrite, sometimes remarkably porphyritic, and occa- sionally strongly amygdaloidal. This is the rock which forms the greater part of the hills between the Lyne Water and the Clyde. In some places the porphyrite assumes a light mottled colour and dull texture, and becomes what was formerly known to Scottish mineralogists under the name of claystone. Where rock of this character occurs, varieties of a hard flinty hornstone-hke felstone are found ; also brecciated flesh-coloured or pale 12 grey rocks, like those whicli form part of the northern end of the Pent- land HiUs. In some places, too, these rocks are associated with dull fissile ' claystones,' usually light in colour, and much like some of those of the Logan Yalley, in the Pentlands. It is possible that these laminated rocks may sometimes be altered tuffs. All these varieties of rock are well seen in the hills above Dolphinton. 19. The true bedded character of these volcanic rocks, though not perhaps quite so marked as it is among the Pentland Hills, and as it becomes to the south-west of the Clyde, can, nevertheless, be distinctly recognised. Not only are different varieties of porphyrite traceable in beds dipping one under the other, but there occur also thin intercalated layers of sandstone, conglomerate, and sandy tuff. These are well seen in the bed of the West Water at Little King Seat. They form a thicker mass in the neighbourhood of Elsrickle; while to the south-west of Biggar numerous thin intercalations serve to show the dip of the porphy- rites. These stratified beds have been wholly, or almost wholly, derived from the waste of the volcanic rocks on which they lie. They therefore point to pauses in the eruption of the porphyrites, when the cooled and hardened surface of the latter was acted on by the waves. 2.0. From the thickening out of the porphyrites towards the south- west, it would appear that the crater or craters of eruption lay in that direction. Several necks of intrusive felstone which occur there, may possibly mark some of the volcanic vents. Only one of these comes into the present sheet ; it forms the top of a wooded hill, rising to the west of the village of Symington, and consists of a red and mottled felstone, having in parts a brecciated character. It is possible, however, that some of the similar rocks, which occur among the Dolphinton Hills, may likewise mark vents of eruption. 21. As shown upon the Map, the porphyrite series is overlaid with sandstones and conglomerates, which range south-westwards as far as Skirling. Throughout their course they abound in felspathic detritus evi- dently derived from the volcanic masses upon which they rest. At their base they consist of a very coarse trappean conglomerate, which rises into a ridge of hills between Sldrling and Netherurd. But besides the general admixture of felspathic material in the matrix of the conglomerates and sandstones, there occur beds in which this material so predominates, that the rock passes into tuff. This is best seen on the high grounds of Blyth Muir, between Dolphinton and Spittlehaugh. Such intercalations of tuff ptobably indicate that though the volcanic foci had ceased to throw out lavaform rocks in this neighbourhood, they still continued to eject, at intervals, showers of dust and lapilli during the time when the Linton sandstones were being laid down. Such, too, seems to have been the origin of the Lynedale tuffs and ' claystones.' Carboniferous. 22. The ridge of the Pentland Hills, diverging as a spur from the main mass of the southern uplands, serves to divide the carboniferous basin of Edinburghshire from that of Lanark and Linlithgow. A portion of each of these basins is shown on the present Map, along with the southern end of the separating ridge of Old Red Sandstone. A projecting portion of Silurian rocks at Leadburn severs into two parts what is here shown of the southern margin of the Edinburgh carboniferous basin. But, as indicated in Sheet No. 32, the limestones mantle round that pro- jection without interruption. There is, however, some difference in these 13 two areas between the strata which underiie the limestones, as indicated in pars. 29 and 34. To the south of Linton, a small outlier of Carboni- ferous Limestone lies on the Lower Old Red Sandstone. Each of these carboniferous tracts is described separately in the following paragraphs. 23. No portion of the true coal-measures is contained within the present Map. The members of the Carboniferous series here represented, are in descending order : — Carboniferous Limestone Series — A group of grey and wMte sandstones, black shales, seams of limestone and coal. Calciferous Sandstone Series, consisting of — b. A variable group of green and white sandstones, dark shales, and thin limestones. a. A group of red sandstones, marls, and comstones. a. Basin of the Medwin Water. 24. Nearly the whole of this basin is occupied by the Calciferous Sand- stone series. Portions of the Carboniferous Limestone come in at Og's Castle, and at the north-west corner of the Map. The twofold division which the Geological Survey has been enabled to make of the Calciferous Sandstone series, can be recognised in this district. The lower group (a) of red sandstones and cornstones covers by much the larger part of the area. It is well seen in the sections cut by the South Medwin Water from its source down to Medwin Bank. The sandstones, likewise, stand out prominently along the bare rocky sides of Craigengar and the sur- rounding hills, while numerous quarries have been opened for fences throughout the moors. The prevailing rock in this group of strata is red, or reddish grey, sandstone. Beds of impure limestone or cornstone like- wise occur, and have been worked at several places. Occasional courses of red marl run through the sandstones, sometimes containing nodules, or nodular layers of cornstone, as may be seen in the section cut open by the South Medwin near its source. 25. The average dip of the Calciferous Sandstones in the eastern part of the district is at a low angle westwards, away from the older rocks on which they rest unconformably. This unconformity has been beauti- fully exposed in the course of the denudation of the south end of the Pentland Hills. From Craigengar, southwards, to the flanks of Mendick Hill, the ridge which separates the valleys of the West and Medwin Waters is covered with a cake of red sandstone, under which the more highly inclined conglomerates and porphyrites are concealed. As, how- ever, the dip of the overlying strata is hardly more than the slope of the ridge, from its crest down into the valley of the Medwin, that stream and one of its tributaries have been able to cut their way through the calci- ferous sandstones, so as to expose some of the older rocks underneath. Of the rocks so laid bare the dip is south-easterly at high angles, their edges abutting against the base of the almost flat sandstone series which lies upon them. They are almost wholly porphyrites and tuffs, and hence serve to illustrate the south-westward increase of the volcanic series referred to in par. 1 7. 26. Indications of contemporaneous volcanic activity occur at the top of the red sandstone group. In the Anston Burn, near Dunsyre, some well-marked trap-tuff lies upon a bed of porphyrite, which resembles some of the porphyrites of the Pentland Hill series. Again, between Maidenwell-brow Toll-bar and Carnwath, sheets of melaphyre (dolerite) occur, having in some places, particularly near South Tarbrax, the 14 bedded structure, with the amygdaloidal and slaggy texture character- istic of contemporaneous flows. In other places, as on Hare Law, the rock is a dark, compact, crystalline mass, sometimes columnar, and much like a basalt. 27. Above the red sandstone group comes a series (6) of white and grey sandstones and dark shales, with plant remains. These strata correspond with the Cement-stone series of Ayrshire, and with the thick group of sandstones and shales which, in Linlithgowshire and Edinburghshire, in- tervenes between the Carboniferous Limestone and the Red Sandstone group below. In this district, however, there are no good natural sections of them. They are best seen in the Gill Burn above Og's Castle. Beds of grey, green, and brown sandstone, frequently containing plant remains, are there found to be interstratified with blue and green sandy shales, with occasional bands of conglomerate, the whole having a north-westerly dip, and probably passing under the outlier of carboniferous limestone of Og's Castle. On the northern side of the district, the position of this group has been ascertained by boring to the north and north-east of Stallashaw Moss ; and the bituminous or oil shales of the eastern part of Linlithgowshire and the western districts of Midlothian have been re- cently found. The lower, or Fell's shale, appears to cross to the south- east of Cobinshaw Reservoir, where it runs southward into the present Map, keeping to the west of the turnpike-road from Edinburgh. Above this shale, at a distance of about twenty-five fathoms, comes a coal, or group of thin coal seams, which seems to stand in the place of the well- known Houston coal. Higher still, lies another shale, which is believed to represent the bed known as Raeburn's shale, in the shale districts to the north. All these strata lie below the lowest bed of the Carboniferous Limestone, which probably crosses from the southern end of Cobinshaw Reservoir, and, keeping to the east of Greenfield House, strikes south into Stallashaw Moss. The shale series seems to pass along the east side of that moss to the west of the band of trap, but no rocks are at present visible at the surface. It is possible that some of the shales may also be found in the valley of the Medwin, to the south and east of the village of Newbigging. 28. The Carboniferous Limestone series, which overlies the shale group, occupies the north-west corner of the Map. At the northern end of Stallashaw Moss, old lime workings are to be seen. It is said that the seam here quarried was the main limestone of Carluke. A little farther to the north, a coal seam, supposed to be the same as one that overlies the main limestone of Carluke, was once mined. At Greenfield House also, some old coal workings are to be seen ; but this part of the coal- field has never been properly explored, and very little is known regarding it. The strata are almost everywhere concealed under peat and drift. A higher hmestone than the one just mentioned may be traced for some distance to the south of Woodfords. This may be one of the ' calmy' limestones of Carluke. b. Carlops, MagbieMU, and Leadburn District. 29. In this district is included the extreme southern end of the Edin- burgh coal-field, south of a line drawn from Carlops through Auchen- corth Moss to Leadburn. The lower or red sandstone group of the Calciferous Sandstone series is here absent, unless indeed we regard it as represented by the thin red and yellow sandstones and conglomerates faulted against the Lower Old Red Sandstone of the Pentland Hills. 15 South of that point, however, we fail to detect along the margin of the carboniferous area any strata which appear to be the equivalents of the red sandstone group. The ground, indeed, is much obscured with drift ; but wherever the rocks can be seen, they consist of green and grey sandstones, or other beds proper to the upper division of tbe Calciferous Sandstone series.* The only good sections to be obtained in the dis- trict occur at Carlops. The River Esk has laid bare the strata between the base of the Carboniferous Limestone and the great Pentland fault. Among these, the most conspicuous is perhaps the Burdiehouse Hme- stone, represented here by two thin bands. South of Carlops the strata protrude at numerous points, and consist chiefly of red and yellow con- glomerates and sandstones. lu the road-cutting at Hartside, a thin limestone, probably representing that of Burdiehouse, dips S.B. at 70°. About half a mile to the south of Rutherford House, this same limestone is said to have been found lying nearly flat, but it has not been met with farther to the east. 30. The Carboniferous Limestone group, which overlies the calciferous sandstones, is well seen in this district. The limestones which lie at its base have iDeen laid open in a series of quarries all round the edge of the coal-basin. Two seams occur, the lower probably the same as the Gihnerton limestone, or Bed No. 1 of the Geological Survey's Geology of the Neighbourhood of Edinburgh; while the upper, consisting as it does, at Carlops, of two bands, separated by calcareous shale, may represent the next two limestones of the Gihnerton and Dryden district. From the lower Umestone at Whitefield quarry, near Carlops, the following fossils were collected by the Geological Survey. List of Fossils from Ufa. 1 Limestone, Whitefield Quarry, Carlops. Aulacophyllum. Athyris, sp. Actinocrinus. Discina nitida. GriffitMd.es Eicliwaldi. Aviculopeoten interstitialis. Producta semireticulata. ,, sp. ,, punctata. Solenomya. ,, longispina. Conularia qiiadrisulcata. Orthia resupinata. Euomphalus carbonarius. Discites (Nautilus) subsulcatus. Cycloceras. 31. The coal-seams of the Edinburgh coal-field deteriorate greatly in thickness and quality along the southern margin of the field, and at the same time there is a corresponding diminution of the strata which are interstratified with them. This is strikingly illustrated in the present district. Of all the coals which lie but a few miles to the north, only three or four have been found to offer any prospect of profitable mining, and of these few, only one — ^the Corby Craig seam — has been worked to any extent. Near Carlops, on the west side of the trough, the Corby Craig, Beattie, and Stony coals occur, and the first has been mined round the margin of the basin. On the east side, a Kttle to the south of Leadburn, the Corbie Craig, Beattie, and Rumbles coal-seams crop out with a north-westerly dip of from 30° to 45°. Old pits may be traced on the two lower seams south-westward from Mitchelhill, and the Rumbles seam has also been partially mined in the same neighbourhood. * It is possible that the fault which skirts the Silurian uplands to the south-west of Leadburn may have thrown out some representatives of the red sandstones there. But even if this should be so, the fact remains that this lowest zone is thinning out southward, and that it disappears about Magbiehill and Spittalhaugh. For the history of the fault, see par. 37. 16 The Flaiks limestone, or Bed No. 4 of the Midlothian basin, crops in the burn below Mitchelhill. 32. Owing to the thick mass of drift and peat at Auchencorth Moss, the upper portions of the carboniferous formation of this district cannot be seen. The existence here of the Millstone Grit, however, is inferred from the stream sections immediately to the north. (See Geol. of Neighhourhood of Edin. p. 105.) c. District of Spittalhaugh. 33. About two miles to the south-west of Magbiehill, and therefore wholly within the area of the Lower Old Red Sandstone, a small outlier of Carboniferous Limestone occurs. It rests directly and uncon- formably upon the chocolate-coloured sandstones of the older formation. No calciferous sandstones occur here; so that that series, which, as mentioned in par. 29, is thinning away on the southern edge of the coal- field towards Whitefield and Magbiehill, has here died out altogether. The lowest bed in the outlier is not now visible ; but a line of old limestone quarries can be traced, and from the fossils in the limestone fragments there can be no doubt that the bed which was worked was a member of the Carboniferous Limestone series — probably one of the lower seams. It is said that a bed of coal was got below it, — a circumstance which is also characteristic of the three lower limestones in the Edinburgh coal-field. Over the limestone come yellow false-bedded sandstones and blue shales, among which lies a seam of coal said to be eighteen inches thick. This coal was formerly worked by crop-pits, a line of which can still be seen a few hundred yards to the west of Paulswell. It may be added that this outlier of carboniferous limestone is only one of a series which is dotted over the country between the coal-fields of Edinburgh and Ayrshire, and which serves to show that these coal-fields were once continuous across the island. It also indicates the very uneven surface on which the carboniferous limestone was laid down. During the accumu- lation of the older part of the carboniferous system in Scotland, move- ments of oscillation in the levels of land and sea prevented the calciferous sandstones from being deposited in some districts. d. District of the Gladhouse Bum. 34. This district lies at the base of the Moorf oot Hills, where it occupies a bay-shaped indentation on the margin of the Silurian uplands. Though separated from the Carlops and Leadburn area merely by a small project- ing spur from the Silurian uplands, it presents a considerable difference in the nature and arrangement of its strata. We find here that the lower or red sandstone group reappears and continues to increase in thickness as it goes eastward. So deep a covering of drift, however, is here spread over the ground that the rocks are but rarely seen, and no estimate can be formed of their thickness. At the Tweeddale Burn Bridge red sand- stones and marls, lying at the very bottom of the group, are found dipping at high angles away from the Silurian rocks. In the bed of the South Esk, below Gladhouse Mill, and again in the Middleton North Burn, white, grey, green, and yellow sandstones, fine conglomerate, fire-clay, and grey shale, with plants, occur. These strata are identical with those which overlie the red sandstones on the west side of the Pentland Hills. They pass up conformably into the Carboniferous Limestone group, a small portion of which, forming part of the edge or Up of the Midlothian basin, is shown on this Map. 17 Intrusive Igneous Rocks in Carboniferous Districts. 35. Several patches of Intrusive dolerite (melaphyre) are shown on the Map, rising through carboniferous rocks. It is impossible at present to fix definitely theii- geological age, further than that they are, of course, later than the rocks which they pierce. One or two of these patches, as the dyke to the south of the White Moss, near Linton, and the dyke at Whitefield Limeworks, to the east of Linton, may possibly belong to that late series which is probably referable to miocene times.* The others are not improbably connected with some of the numerous volcanic eruptions, which, during the first half of the carboniferous period, played so im- portant a part throughout central Scotland. Faults. 36. Comparatively few faults are shown on this Map, and their paucity is particularly noticeable in the Silurian area. It must not be supposed, however, that the rocks there are not frequently faulted. But in the absence of any recognisable bed which could be mapped, and which would then give a clue to the detailed structure of the country, it is exceedingly difficult tp trace faults to a distance. So far as can be ascertained, however, the Silurian rocks have been folded and crumpled rather than actually disrupted by faults. 37. The most rnarked fault on this Map is that which forms the north- west boundary of the Silurian uplands. It is a great downthrow to the north, bringing down comparatively high portions of the Lower Old Red Sandstone against the Lower Silurian rocks. It has now been traced by the Survey in a south-west direction for 89 miles to the mouth of Loch Ryan, in Wigtonshire. The present Map shows its termination towards the north-east. It appears to have been a line of weakness throughout a long succession of geological periods, during which the displacement of the sides went on. At Noblehouse it is still a marked fault between the Silurian and Old Red Sandstone rocks. But as the line runs north-east- ward, and comes to be flanked on the one side by carboniferous strata, its existence as a true fault, with a downthrow to one side, becomes some- what uncertain. It does not go into the coal-field, but the Carboniferous Limestone overlies it without fracture. In this part of its course, there- fore, it seems to be older than the Carboniferous Limestone series, and to have given rise to a steep Silurian bank or cliff, against which the lime- stone and other strata were laid down. 38. Another fault, which dies out in this Map, is that which forms the south-eastern boundary of the Pentland Hills (see Sheet 32). Its effect has been to throw down the Carboniferous formation against the Old Red Sandstone. It is still well marked at Carlops, and thence southwards to the Lyne Water, beyond which it ceases to be traceable. In the same line, however, after an interval of about three miles, we meet with a sharp, straight line of demarcation between the red sandstone group of the Carboniferous formation and the Old Red Sandstone of Mendick, indi- cating the trend of another dislocation, which has a downthrow on the north-west side. It will be observed that all these main faults run in that dominant north-easterly direction, which marks out the larger features of the geological structure of the British Islands. The other minor faults of the district do not require special notice here. * See Proc. Soy. Soc. Edin. vol. vi. p. 71 ; Brit. Ass. Report, 1867, Sect. p. 53. 18 Drift. 39. This district contains abundant evidence of the former presence of a thick sheet of land-ice covering the country. This evidence may be arranged in chronological sequence as follows : — 'Surf ace- wash,' and Moraines of the last glaciers. Sands and gravels (Kama or Esker series) and Erratic Blocks. Upper Boulder clays. Lower Boulder clays. Ice-worn Rock-surfaces. 40. It will be seen, from a general map of the country, that the present district lies chiefly on the north-western slope of the great southern uplands, but partly also in the midland valley between these uplands and the Highlands. Hence the glacial phenomena show a two- fold character. To the south they agree with those which distinguish the borders of the higher parts of the southern uplands, while to the north they assimilate to those of the lower grounds. It may be the most intelligible arrangement to treat the two districts separately. a. Drifts of the Silurian Uplands. 41. Owing to the manner in which the Silurian rocks of this region weather, the traces of Ice-strice are comparatively scarce on exposed hill- sides. They do occur, however, and point to the divergence of the ice outwards from the high grounds which lie along the southern portion of the Map. Such examples as were met with in the course of the Geo- logical Survey are shown on the Map. But though the finer ice-markings have been effaced, an eye which has been accustomed to the effects of ice action can recognise along many of the hill-sides the peculiar flowing contour So characteristic of surfaces over which heavy masses of ice have moved. There occur also in different parts of the district remarkable hollows or trenches, like old water-courses, running along the slopes of some of the hills, but without any stream or any clue to the source from which they could ever have received a streajn. The origin of these forms of surface is not very clear. Possibly they should be referred to a time when the drainage of the district was greatly modified by large accumu- lations of snow and ice. Examples occur pear Kingledoors, at Drum- melzier, Cardi-ona, Traquair, and other places, and they are abundant also among the Silurian uplands to the south-west of the present district. 42. The oldest drift of the district is the Boulder Clay or Till, — a tough, tenacious clay, generally of a brownish colour, abundantly charged vnth well-polished and striated stones, most of which have been derived from the surrounding hills and valleys. When the clay has been newly stripped from the surface, the underlying rocks are invariably observed to be smoothed and polished, and the direction of the strise cor- responds with that of the valley in which they occur. The clay is found at all levels up to a height of about 1700 ft., beyond which it has not been met with. It forms sloping shelves or terraces (more or less denuded by the streams) in nearly every valley throughout these uplands, so that its upward extension along the hill-slopes is usually very well defined. But in certain valleys, where the upper drifts occur, it has commonly suffered extensive erosion, and is often wanting. In many places the boulder clay contains beds of earthy sand, clay, and gravel. Some fine sections 19 were exposed during the railway operations in the valley of the Tweed. In cutting the tunnel at Neidpath, a considerable thickness of sand and gravel and ' gutta-percha' clays was found enclosed in stiff boulder clay, in such a way as to show that these stratified beds had formerly extended for some distance, but had subsequently been cut down by the glacier ice which deposited the boulder clay upon them. Indeed, at the time these fine beds of silt and gravel were being accumulated, the River Tweed seems to have formed a lake or reach of quiet water here, from which the river flowed, not along its present course by Neidpath, but south along the valley of the Manor, and then north-east along the broad hollow of Cademuir, by Bonnington. Old stream-courses filled up with boulder clay are met with in many of the valleys, the present streams having sometimes cut new channels in the rock, instead of scooping out all the till from their former courses. 43. An Upper Boulder Clay is seen here and there. A good section, in which it rested upon a stiffer boulder clay containing curiously twisted and contorted beds of sand, gravel, and clay, was exposed in 1863 in the Leithen "Water, near Innerleithen. 44. The Sand and Gravel series is very partial in the mode of its oc- currence throughout this region. Karnes of gravel and sand are found along the flanks of the Moorfoot Hills, and in the valleys of the Bddle- ston, the Meldon, the Lyne, and the Tweed. Marine drifts are also met with in the vale of Yarrow ; but as so small a portion of that district comes into the present Map, these will be more particularly referred to in Explanations to accompany Sheets 16 and 25. No undoubtedly marine drift has been seen at a greater height than 1100 feet. At this level the ' gravel' is represented by an earthy, rough, angular debris, which occasionally rises into mounds and ridges ; at lower levels this coarse character gradually disappears, until, in the centre of the valleys, we often have deposits of fine sand. It may be added that the marine drifts are always coarsest in the narrower valleys, as in that of Meldon Burn. Erratic Blocks occur in the gravel and sand series, and have invariably been derived from the north or west. From this it may be inferred that the bergs which floated them were carried by currents coming from that direction. Hills and spurs of rock projecting into such gravel-bearmg valleys are found to be bared of their boulder clay in a direction facing up the valley, while they have protected the deposits in their rear. The marine drifts are here confined to valleys whose watersheds are under 1100 feet.* 45. No Erratic Blocks were observed at a greater elevation than 1100 ft., and only in one instance were these found in a valley where no marine drift occurred. The blocks referred to occur on the side of Greenfield Knowe, near Eddleston. They consist of a kind of porphyry, and have come in all probability from the Pentland Hills. Many erratics are found stranded along the valley of the I'weed, at various heights on the hill- slopes. Blocks of carboniferous sandstone are met with on Taniel Hill, above Traquair, at 800 ft. Along the principal river-courses the sand and gravel series has suffered much denudation. 46. Moraines. The high ground which extends along the southern pai't of the Map nourished several groups of glaciers during the later stages of the glacier period. The most illustrative proofs of this former condition of the district do not come into this Map, but lie in the sheet to the south (No. 16). True and distinct moraines, however, come down the valley of the Manor Water to Manorhead. In that valley, as well as in that of * See Trans. Glasg. Geol. Sac. vol. iii. Part i. p. 64 et seq. 20 the Tweed, all the drift which lies along the bottom and the lower slopes has a loose, gravelly character, much more like moraine matter than the usual boulder clay, even of these same districts. On the east side of Culter Fell, at a height of about 1500 feet, a remarkable mound runs along the slope of the hill for about 1000 feet, with a breadth of fifty or sixty feet. It consists of a loose angular shingle or debris, some of the stones being from two to three feet long. It appears to lie on bare rock, though true boulder clay appears a little way farther down. That this ridge is connected in some way with the ice of the glacial period can hardly be doubted, but the precise mode of its formation is not very clear.* 47. Surface- Wash. Under this title it has been found useful to group and map a series of deposits which occur only on the tops of the higher parts of the Silurian uplands, yet examined by the Geological Survey. They consist of clay or earth and debris, varying from mere sand up to coarse angular shingle : usually these materials are stratified, the layers being horizontal where they lie on flat ground, or inclined with the slope on which they have been laid down. They are always derived from the waste of the rocks immediately adjoining, layers of shale fragments alternating with broken pieces of greywacke, and now and then containing a larger block of the latter rock. As a rule, the stones are not striated, but a little search will almost always bring a few to light. The striae are, on the whole, more irregular and less definite than on the stones in boulder clay. Sometimes this surface-wash reaches a thickness of twenty-five feet, or even more. In the present Map it Mes chiefly on the south side of the Tweed, but it may also be seen on the north side, at the head of Walker Burn, at an elevation of about 2000 feet. The history of this deposit is not yet well understood ; but further Ught is expected to be thrown upon it as the Survey advances southward and south-westward into the lugh grounds. b. Drifts of the Region to the north-west of the Siluriem Uplands, 48. The Boulder Clay of this tract conforms to the usual character of that deposit throughout central Scotland. Its lower portion is a stiff, compact, gritty clay, usually reddish in colour, more particularly where it lies on the red sandstone of the Carboniferous series. That its materials have come from the south, and that the movement of the ice-sheets which produced the boulder clay of this part of the country was from south to north, is clearly proved by the stones which the clay contains. These can be identified with rocks which exist in situ to the south. Along the valleys of the North and South Medwin Waters, for example, the boulder clay is charged with well-striated fragments of the porphyrites of the Biggar Hills, along with a smaller number of Silurian fragments, espe- cially of a peculiar fine flinty conglomerate or grit, which is identical with that which occurs as a band along the hills behind Culter and Lamington. The majority of the stones have come from the rocks immediately ad- jacent. The upper parts of the boulder clay are usually looser and more sandy than the lower, and contain stones of larger size. 49. The upper or stratified drift is well seen in many parts of this region. Commonly it tends to assume an uneven ridgy surface, and * Dr. Young mapped the drifts and moraines of these high grounds, and gave an outline of his results in a paper to the Geological Society of London. Quart. Joum. Oeol. Soc. vol. xx. p. 452. 21 frequently forms well-marked kames. A good illustration of this feature is afforded by the slopes of the hills between Linton and Dolphinton, where the sand and gravel undulate into hummocky and conical forms, and sometimes enclose pools of water, such as Slipperfield Loch. This drift covers a considerable area of the valley of the Clyde round Syming- ton. In the valley watered by the South Medwin, also, it forms a group of distinct kames ; and at one place, about a mile below Og's Castle, con- tains some highly contorted beds of fine clay and sand.* The stratified drift is chiefly developed in this district between 700 and 900 feet above the sea. Along the flanks of the lulls to the west of Linton the sand rises to 1000 feet. 50. Erratic Blocks, chiefly of red sandstone, are frequent over the north- western parts of the Map. They do not appear in any case to have travelled far. Sometunes in the sandstone district we find loose angular blocks of the sandstone grouped together, and partially embedded in clay or sand, as if they had been to some extent moved from their beds by ice. From such rough eminences we may trace the blocks outwards till we find them lying upon the top of the stratified drift. Alluvium Peat. 51. The alluvial deposits formed by the Tweed and its tributaries consist of gravel, sand, and silt — the gravel predominating, more especially where the valleys have most inclination and the alluvial flats are nar- rowest. There is evidence that some of the streams have once flowed at a greater height than now, for fragmentary terraces of river gravels are found along the hill-slopes overlooking the more recent flats through which the streams now wind. In the Tweed these higher gravels are probably only the rearranged marine drifts of the glacial period. Such reasserted deposits are well seen at the Sheriffmuir, where the Lyne joins the Tweed. The smaller streams, which have a great fall in a short dis- tance, cumber these valleys with coarse shingle and angular debris. This may be well studied in the Leithen and Manor Waters and their numer- ous tributaries. All the more cultivated portions of these uplands are restricted to the fertile flats or haughs which border the Tweed and its principal feeders. 52. Large portions of the Silurian uplands seem at one time to have been covered with peat ; but much of this has disappeared, and the pro- gress of cultivation tends stiU further to reduce its area. The most ex- tensive areas of hUl-peat are found on the broad, flat tops of the Moorfoot Hills and the high grounds overlooking the Leithen Water ; and in the neighbourhood of the Manor Water many of the hills are in like manner capped with peat. This hill-peat has now ceased to spread, and in many places is rapidly decayiag under the action of the atmosphere. On the lower grounds which sweep out from the base of the Moorfoots, numer- ous patches of peat also occur, the largest area being that of Auchencorth Moss. In aU these mosses remains of trees are abundant at elevations, and in situations where no trees -now grow. The uplands are bare of any natural woods at the present day ; and this barrenness may partly arise from the young trees being browsed down by the sheep and cattle ; for it is certain that iiatural'wood still grows in some inaccessible ravines, and even springs up in open ground which has been enclosed. But the wide diffusion and frequent large size of the trees in the mosses, seems rather to point to a change of climate ; and the wide-spread decay of the peat- * See Trims. Geol. Soc. Olaag. vol. i. Part ii. p. 118. 22 mosses themselves may be likewise due in some measure to changed atmospheric conditions.* 53. Considerable areas of peat cover some of the flatter parts of the country which lies to the north-west of the Silurian uplands, par- ticularly ia the basins of the North and South Medwin Waters. The largest of these is Stallashaw Moss — a wide and irregular peat-moss en- closed within ridges of sandy drift. At its southern end it is crossed by a short kame, on the one side of which the peat is much higher than on the other. It may be added that there exist, over this part of the country, many minor patches of peat, which it has been found impossible to express on the present Map ; and that over a large portion of the sur- face the ground is covered with a coating of turf which passes into true peat, but which could not be shown upon the Map without obscuring all the rest of the geology. Economic Minerals. 54. Building Materials. — As a rule, the Silurian strata do not fur- nish stones which admit of being dressed and polished as building stones. In some places, however, they have been successfully quarried, as near Peebles, where they have been largely used in the construction of dwelling- houses. Many of the greywaches, and the igneous rocks associated with them, yield good material for dry-stone dykes — a use to which they are extensively applied in the region where they occur. Freestone abounds in the carboniferous tracts. In the lower zone of the formation it is of a dull red or reddish-grey colour, as may be seen on the moorlands between Stallashaw Moss and the South Medwin. In the higher members of the Carboniferous series the freestone is white or yellow, as in the quarries to the east and south of Carlops. The Lower Old Red Sandstone is for the most part deficient in freestone ; but some of good quality, and of a dull reddish-brown or chocolate colour, has long been worked to the east of Linton. In this district, also, some of the strata are thin-bedded, and may be used ss flagstones, while others may be dressed into small oblong blocks, and, when used in this form, look Hke masonry of brick. Lime- stone occurs extensively in the northern part of the Map, between the southern end of the Pentland Hills and the Silurian hills to the south of Leadburn. Two beds have been worked there. Smaller areas of lime- stone occur in the north-west corner of the Map, and at Og's Castle and Spittalhaugh. Beds of a reddish or white sandy limestone, sometimes passing into a kind of cornstone, occur occasionally among the red sandstones towards the base of the Carboniferous series. Three beds of this kind are marked by short blue lines upon the Map, but many more probably exist. In the Silurian region limestone occurs on the left bank of the Tweed at Wrae, and the same seam occurs on the right bank to- wards Drummelzier, as well as southward in Glencotho. At Winkstone, to the north of Peebles, there are also indications of this seam, which, though there very poor in quahty, has been worked to a small extent for agricultural purposes. Some of the Silurian shales have been worked for roofing-slate. Exten- sive quarries were formerly in use for this purpose at Stobo. They are now disused, but the quarries of Grieston still continue to be worked. 55. Road Metal. — The greywacke of the Silurian districts furnishes an easily obtainable, but usually not very durable material for the mac- adamized roads. In the same region, especially to the south and east of * See Trans. Soy. Soe. Edin. vol, xxiv. pp. 377, 383. 23 Peebles, the veins and dykes of felstone and other intrusive rocks of the Silurian region furnish more compact road metal ; but they unfortunately lie for the most part at a distance from roads. Quarries, however, have been opened in the felspar -porphyry of the Broadlaw, Moorfoot Hills, from which the streets of Edinburgh have been largely paved. Another good stone is obtained from a quarry in the long dyke (par. 11), close to Innerleithen. The same rock is considered good for curling stones. As a rule, the hard, compact felstones, owing to abundant and irregular jointing, are available only for building rough field-walls or dry-stone dykes, and for mending roads. The coarse crystalline varieties are too easily decom- posed by the action of the weather to be used for any of these purposes. In the Dolphinton and Biggar district the various porphyries of the Old Red Sandstone series offer, almost everywhere, available material for the roads, while to the north the same part is played by the masses of dole- rite which occur among the carboniferous rocks. Some of the doleritic patches to the south and east of Stallashaw Moss contain good road metal. A large quarry has long been worked in the dolerite of Carlops. 56. Ores. — Clayband ironstone occxas among the carboniferous shales, but no blackband has yet been noticed in this region. Thin veins of hematite occur here and there among the Silurian rocks. At Noblehouse a bed of red hematitic shale lies among the other green shales of the district, with which it dips in a south-easterly direction at an angle of 30°. A speci- men procured by the Geological Survey from this bed, and analyzed by the late Professor George Wilson, was found to be composed as under : Peroxide of Iron, . . . . 38-