AS- CORNELL UNiVEHSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 062 545 417 The original of tiiis book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924062545417 Production Note Cornell University Library pro- duced this volume to replace the irreparably deteriorated original. It was scanned using Xerox soft- ware and equipment at 500 dots per inch resolution and com- pressed prior to storage using CCITT Group 4 compression. The digital data were used to create Cornell's replacement volume on paper that meets the ANSI Stand- ard Z39. 48-1984. The production of this volume was supported in part by the Commission on Pres- ervation and Access and the Xerox Corporation. Digital file copy- right by Cornell University Library 1991. TRtFBNER'S COLLECTION or SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OP THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BT REINHOLD ROST, LL.D., Ph.D. XIII. SANSKEIT. By HJALMAE EDGREN, Ph.D., Profeutor of Saiukrit in the Vnivertity of Nebraska^ U.S.A. ; formerly Lecturer on Sanekrit in the University/ of Lund, Sweden, TRiJBER'S COLLECTIOM OF SIPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AUD EUROPEAN LANGUAGES. EDITED BY REINHOLD EOST, LL.D., PaD. HIKBTISTANI, PERSIAN, AND ARABIC. Bt thb late E. H. Palmee, M.A. Second Edition. Price 5s. II. HVNOARIAir. By I. SiNGEE. Price 4s. 6d. III. BASaiTE. By W. Van Ets. Price 3*. 6d. IV. MALAQAST. By G. W. Pabkeb. Price 5s. MODERN GREEK. By E. M. Geldabt, M.A. Price 2». Qd. VI. ROUMANIAN. By R. Toecbanu. Price 5a. VII. TIBETAN. Bt H. a. Jaschke. Price 6s. VIII. DANISH. By E. C. Otte. Price 2s. 6d. IX. OTTOMAN TURKISH. By J . W. Eedhouse. Price 10s. ed. X. SWEDISH. By E. C. Otte. Price 2s. 6d. XL POLISH. By W. R. Moefill, M.A. Price 3». 6rf. XII. PALI. By Edward MOller, LL.D. Price 7s. 6d. XIII. SANSKRIT. By Hjaluab Bdgben, Ph.D. Grammars of the following are in preparation : — Albanese, Anglo-Saxon, Assyrian, Bohemian, Bulgarian, Burmese, Chinese, Cymric and Gaelic, Dutch, Egyptian, Finnish, Hebrew, Khassi, Kurdish, Malay, Rusbian, Serbian, Siamese, Singhalese, &c. &c., London: TRUBNER & CO.. LrDOATE Hill. COMPENDIOUS SANSKRIT GEAMMAE, WITH A BRIEF SKETCH OF SCENIC PRAKRIT. HJALMAR EDGRBN, Ph.D., Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Nebraska, U.S.A.; FORMERLY LECTURER ON SANSKRIT IN THE UNIVERSITY OF LoND, SwEDF.N. LONDOiSr : TEiJBNEE & CO., LUDGATE HILL. 1885. [All rights reserved.^ /CORNELL^ UNiVEn^^^fTY LiBfURV . lONDON : GILBEBT AUD BiriKOTON, tIMITED, BT. JOHN'S BQirAltB, CLEEKEITWBLL BOAD. PEEFACE. A CONCISE, synthetical exposition of the structure of the Sanskrit Language has been the object aimed at in the preparation of this brief manual. If I have tried to reconcile with the limited compass of the book rather more fullness of detail and stringency of method than might seem accordant with the general plan of the series of which it forms a part, it is because I have constantly had in view the fact that a large body of students take up Sanskrit mainly on account of the important relation it sustains to Indo-European philology, while all have an interest in that relation ; and because I was not satisfied to leave the learner with a mere surface introduction into a language, of which no fruitful knowledge can be acquired except through the means of a nice analysis of its structure. It has been my constant endeavour not to sacrifice clearness for detail ; and different types have been used to indicate to the learner what may be safely left out, or left for reference only, at a first reading. With regard to authority and general principle, I have relied more on the invaluable grammar of Professor W. D. Whitney, my former teacher, than on any other used by me in the preparation of this manual ; and I trust that my VI PKEFACE. independent treatment of various topics shall not render it difficult for the student to pass over to that work when he desires to extend his studies. Considerations of a wholly practical nature have argued some reserve with reference to the latest revolutionizing theories about the historical relation between the vowels. As long as those theories, still in a state of evolution, have not been applied in any standard lexical or grammatical work on the language, it would certainly be precocious to do so in a beginner's manual, one of whose objects it must be to introduce the learner to such works. The old theories are therefore, in accordance with universal practice, on the whole retained, the modern ones being briefly referred to, however, in proper places (cf. 28. note 1, 33. note, etc.). Only that part of the modern argument which concerns the unquestioned antecedency of ar and al as to r and I, being applied in two of our leading dictionaries and admitting of some practical advantages in the formulation of rules, is here, contrary to the usual practice of Sanskrit grammars, accepted. Where, for the rest, in the mode of presenting the subject- matter — as in the treatment of Sandhi-laws, of nominal compounds, of anomalous verbs, in the declensional arrange- ment, etc. — I have departed more or less from the methods followed in other grammars, I hope it has been done to the benefit of those who are to use this book. It should be mentioned in this connection that I have completed the synopsis of root-verbs, § 314, by adding such forms as are found in Lanman's Sanskrit Reader, and which are there PREFACE. Vll based on "Whitney's forthcoming collection of all authenticated verb-forms. That my methods of exposition should in all respects meet with approval, I am not sanguine enough to hope ; and that graver defects than those occasioned by the limited compass of the book can be pointed out, I am well aware. H. E. Lund, Oct. 1884. ERRATA. At 45. b, line 8 : read 221. At 69. b : change the second t io t . At 9€, line 3 : after ' weak cases,' add 'except often in Ace. pi.,'. At 122 : in Loc. pi. of matdr change q to 'Q. At 164. I., line 8 : read >as<-ti. At 164. I. note 2, last line : change ' 90 ' to ' 810 '. At 287. c, note, lino 2 : change ' protect ' to 'bind'. CONTENTS. [All references are to pages.] The Sanskrit Language : definition, etc. . . . 1-2 I. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS AND ACCENT. Elementary Sounds . . . . . . 3-8 Pronunciation, 4-6. Written signs, 6-8. Accent 8-10 II. PHONETIC LAWS. Introductory . . . . . . . .10-11 Functional Changes 11 15 Vowel.Increment, 11-12.— Vowel-Loss, 12-13. — Nasal Incre- ment and Loss, 13-14. — Reduplication, 14. — Law of Permitted Finals, 14-15. Formal or Combinatory Changes . . . .15-26 Introductory, 15-16. — Vowel Combination (for the special cases, cf. Synopsis § 70 and the Index at the end of the book), 18-24.— Insertion, 24-25.— Abbreviation, 25.— Synopsis, 26. CONTENTS. III. FOEMATION AND INFLECTION OF NOUNS. Formation of Nominal Stems . . . . .27-36 Root or Monosyllabic Stems, 27. — Derivative Stems, 28-30. — Compound Stems, 30-6. Inflection of Nominal Stems 37-70 Introductory, 37-8. — First Declension, 38-62 : — Inflectional Endings, 39. — Variation of Stem, 39.— Shift of Accent, 41. — Boot or Monosyllabic Stems (for details cf. the table § 97, and the index) 42-8. — Derivative Consonant-Stems (tor details cf. the table § 97, and the index) 49-62. — Second Dedemion, 63-70 : — Inflectional endings, 63. — Derivative Stems in t, u, 64-6 ; in a, I, u, 66-8 ; in o, 68-70. Formation of Stems ol' Comparison.. . . . 70 71 IV. FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF NUMERALS. Formation of Stems 72-73 Cardinals, 72-3.— Ordinals, 73. Inflection of Numeral Stems 73-75 V. FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF PRONOUNS. Stem-Formation .75-76 Pronouns Proper . . . . . .76-80 Personal, 76. — Reflexive and Emphatic, 77. — Possessive, 77. — Demonstrative, 78. — Relative, 80.— Interrogative, 80. CONTENTS. SI Pronominal Derivatives ...... 81 Pronominally Used Nouns . . . . .81-82 VI. FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF VERBS. Formation of Verbal Stems 82-84 Reduplication ...... 84 Conjugation : Preparatory . . . . .85-88 Voice, 85.— Mode, 85-6. Tense, 86.— Number and Person, 86-8 (Table of Pers. endings, 87|.— Verbal Nouns, 88. The Primary Conjugation 89-141 Change of Stem and Accent, 89-90. — Present-System (Classes, 90-2; Inflection, 93-9 ; Irregularities, 99-102).— Reduplicated Perfect, 103-108.— Periphrastic Perfect, 109.— Aor. (Classes, 110-13; Endings, 113; Inflection, 114-15; Irregularities, 115-17), 110-17.— Precative, 116-17.— si/d-Future, 117-18.— Conditional, 118. — Periphrastic Future, 119. — Passive, 120-1. —Participles, 121-25.— Gerundive, 125-6.— Gerund, 126-7.- Infinitive, 127. — Synopsis of root- verbs, 128-41. Derivative Conjugations ..... 142-149 Intensives, 142-4. — Desideratives, 144-6. — Derivative Verbs in aya, 146 9. — Denominatives other than those in aya, 149. — Verbal Nouns, 149. XU CONTENTS. VII. INDECLINABLE WORDS. Adverbs, 150-2. — Prepositions, 152. — Conjunctions, 152-3. — Interjections, 153. Versification . 153-155 Brief Sketch of Scenic Prakrit . 156-164 Sanskrit Reading-Specimen . . 165-166 Vocabulary 167-170 Index . . • 171-180 THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE. Sanskrit is the language through which, mainly, Indian culture has found expression in past ages, and which the learned and priestly caste in India still use as their special means of written, or even oral, communication. It forms part of the Indo-European or Arian family of languages ; and it is distinguished from its sister tongues by having, on the whole, a more transparent and primitive structure, and a muL-h older literature, than any of them. The growth of the language, as revealed to us in the extant literature, embraces two periods, the Vedic and the Classical, both connected and overlapped by the transition period of the older Brahmana literature. The Vedic Period counts from a time — conjecturally about four thousand years ago— when the language, as reflected in the oldest Vedic hymns, wears the aspect of an essentially untrammeled ver- nacular to the time when some certain dialect (not necessarily the Vedic, whatever its iufluence must have been) was gradually led off from the broad popular stream, and, at the side of it, as the correct and sacred speech, conducted into its own nicely regulated channel. The Classical Period counts from this transition time (which was definitely concluded by 2 SANSKarr geammae. Panini's for ever afterwards authoritative grammar, probably about three centuries before Christ) down to our own days. Daring this period, Sanskrit, like Latin daring many cen- turies in Europe, the special property of the erudite, has flown on almost without interruption in its own channelj bearing on its bosom a rich literature of theologico-philo- sophical, esthetical, and more or less scientific nature. In its widest sense, the term Sanskrit {sam-s-krta ' adorned, perfected,' probably at first applied to the language as * per- fected ' or, perhaps, ' rendered sacred ') comprises the language of both the Vedic and the classical period, bat in a limited sense, only that of the classical. In this grammar it is the classical Sanskrit alone that is described. [Summary of the Sanskrit Literatore:— Veda (' knowledge '= The Sacred Books). Comprises : 1. Mantra (' sacred speech, song '), of which oldest and most important the four Vedas «cot' i^oxrii'- Rg, Soma, Yajur, and Athanta- F«2a(each 'collection' called, as snch, Sanhita); 2. Brahmana (-relating to worship'), esegetical works of varioos kind attached to each of the fonr Vedas, and com- prising Brahmana in a limited sense (with the Mantra called rriti ' revelation *), ^ranyaka , and Upanitmi; and 3. Siitra I'mle'), likewise attached to the Ve- das, and comprising Sirukta iglossarial explanation', Prat'i^akhya (phoneties etc), Kalpa and Qrauta-Sutra iritnali, Grhya-Sitra Imles for domestic rite£), Ji/otUa (astronomy), and others. — Later outcomes of the SQtra-literatare were Panini's gi'ammar and the law-books (of which the most important is ifdnava- dharma^aslra). To the religious literature belong also the Pirdndi, sectarian works of comparatively modem date. — Epics: Makdbharata lof which A'oi;, BhagazadgUa, and Sdtritri are well-known episodes), Ramayma, Ragkuvaiifa, and others. — Fable and Ethics : PancataiUra, HiXopaila^, and Katkdtaritta- qara. — ^Ltbical poetry; MeghadiUa, Gttagouinda, etc. — Drajca; Mrcehakatikd, Qatuntald, Vikramarva<;i, MdlarUcd, Mdlatimddhaea, RatndToli, etc. — Philo- SOPHT AND Science: aside from the worksinclnded in the Vediclitersture, many others from various periods.] ELEMENTARY SOUNDS AND ACCENT. FIRST CHAPTER. Elementary Sounds and Accent. I. ELEMENTAEY SOUNDS. 1. Sanskrit has the following alphabetical sounds, here arranijed with reference to their formation : — Gutturals Palatals LingualB' Dentals Labials 2 Vowels a a Somivowels i i e di If y '^ ^ / V J/ u fi I ? Spirants '? lb AnuHvara " (or-";, cf. 10 9 9 « o Mutes Nasals k kl, r rJi 7 7 t Ik n ft 9 ?'' 4 dli' 7 V d dk T «T VS •JI H n 'At n n }/i ') Also called Cerehrah. Properly front-palatals. ') The nasals, being, like the mntes, formed by a closnre of the m out b-organs, are (as by the Hindus) conveniently arrtmgod here. ') Concerning the real nature of e and o, cf . 28. note 1. 4 SANSKRIT GRAMMAE. The fourteen sounds enclosed within a frame are surd, all the others sonant. The mutes in h {hh, gli, etc.) are called ASPIRATES, and among the spirants, g, s, s are, as usual, named sibilants. 2. The -Lexical Arrangement. — The preceding classifica- tion, though agreeing physiologically with that made by native grammarians, differs however from the conventional order followed by them, and adopted in European lexicography, chiefly in having the semi-open consonants placed between the open sounds (vowels) and the closed ones, instead of last. The lexical order of arrangement is then as follows : — a, a ; i, i ; u, u ; r, f ; I ; — e, di ; o, du ; ^— h (or it is arranged like the sibilant it represents : cf. 9 note) ; — anusvdra —— h, k/t J g, gh ; n ; — c, ch ; j, jh ; ft ; — i, th ; d, dh ; n ; — j), j)/i ; b, bh ; w- ; — y, r, l,v; — s, q, s ; h. Note. — Apparently as a means of filling out the scheme, native grammarianB add to the preceding list a long dental Towel (^ 1) , and a gutt. and lab. sibilant (rendered both by ; A or, rarely, by the sign H, and transliterated resp. by x ^^-^ f)- Pronunciation. 3. Vowels. — The vowels are pronounced nearly as follows : a, a as m fat, far ; i, I as in pin, pique ; u, u as in jsut, rude ; r (/") like r in sabre ; I like I in sable ; e, o as in they, for, without glide ; ai, du, each simple element by itself. 4. Consonants. — As an aid in uttering the separate con- sonants, an fl-sound is added to each of them save J and anusvara («(i li-a, W t-a, etc.). For the rest, their pro- nunciation proper is as follows : — ELEMENTARY SOUNDS AND ACCENT. 5 5. Those transliterated by ordinary characters, are practically pronounced as in English, except that c sounds like ch in chin, and g always as in go. All the aspirates are uttered as if consisting of two distinct elements (^ h-ha etc.) . The enphonio value of A, gh, dh, bk is really doubtful ; and dentals are apt to be slightly lisped. 6. f, s are both pronounced nearly like sh in shall, but s more with the tip of the tongue in a lingual position (cf. 7). The sibilant <;, though by Hindu phoneticians described as palatal, is in Europe quite commonly pronounced as a. 7. t, th, d, dh differ from the dentals only in being uttered with the tip of the tongue reverted further back into the forward part of the palate (in this nearly or quite coinciding with the English dentals as they are often pronounced). 8. n, 11, n are nasals uttered with the tongue-position of their corresponding mutes (i.e. with gutt,, pal., and lab. articulation). 9. A (visarga, probably ' final sound ') indicates a breathing (a toneless k) which, without change of the articulating position, follows the preceding vowel. iVote.T- Visarga is a ricarious sound for the original finals s and r when un- combined, for the guttural and palatal sibilants (2. note), and optionally for any sibilants followed by another sibilant. But as finals, the more original sounds I and r are here, as in several other works, conveniently recognized as such, be it in paradigms or at the base of euphonic combinations. 10. n or 711 (*, anusvdra 'after- sound') indicates a nasal sound which accompanies a vowel, and whose value is deter- mined by a following semi-open consonant (especially a spirant or r). SANSKEIT GKAMMAB. Concerning this sound and the signs for it, we may notice : a. Anusvara arises when, in certain combinations with semi-open consonants, a nasal is itself influenced by them and nttered with a semi-open articnlation. This nasal is by native authorities very differently described, mostly, however, thus : when before a spirant or r, as a special, though variously defined, 'after- sound * (anwmra) ; when before y, /, or v, as a nasalized semivowel of their own type ; and in certain exceptional cases as the preceding vowel itself 'nasalized' [anuniisika) . b. Of the signs ' and *, placed above the syllable, the former is used almost exclusively ; the latter only exceptionally to indicate a nasalized vowel or semi-vowel. The sign * is also sometimes used for any nasal between a vowel and a mute, whether in internal or external combination, and for a final m in pausd. — Common is this usage only for an assimilated m in external combination i54). 11. In this book, a real anusvara and an assimilated m in external combination (54) are rendered by *, placed above the nasalized syllable (^:5f ariga, i(^ samhr, 'ftj "^ kith ca). In transliteration, m and n are used to indicate whether the original sound was m or not. Written Signs and their Abbreviations. 12. Various alphabets are used by the Hindus in writing Sanskrit, but the most important among them, and the only one adopted in Europe; is that which is already given above. It is called the devanagari (a word of uncertain meaning : ndgarl, perhaps ' of the city, business,' and deva-nagarl, ' the divine nagari ') ; and it is of disputed origin. 13. In writing, medial and final vowels and conjunct con- sonants are denoted, by abbreviation, as described below. VOWELS. 14. Unless replaced by some other vowel-character, ^ a is understood, without any written sign, after every separate ^T ^ t ' -3! ^ ^ •^ ^ $ ^•^ 'st T f ^ (orig. HOi ritten in their contracted form as hr, mrj, Up, etc. (cf. 28. note 1). A few of them, being more often liable to weaken (30) their final ar to Ir (ir), or, if preceded by a labial, to Hr (ur), than to drop their a, are artificially written as if ending in f. The most important of these f - roots are, kf ' strew,' gf ' praise,' gf ' swallow,' jf ' decay,' tf ' pass across,' df (or dr) ' burst,' pf (or pr) ' pass across,' f f ' crush.' B. Nasal Iji-crement and Loss. 82. Before the final consonant of a root, or even of an ending, a nasal corre- sponding to that consonant sometimes appears. The occurrence of that nasal is generally called an ' increment,' but it cannot always be told when the nasal is original (probably the more common case) or inserted : — yu-ii-j ' join,' man- «•»-«» (ace. pi. of mdn-ax 'mind'), etc. 33. Final » and m are frequently dropped before the initial consonant of an ending : — ha-td (p. pple of Aon ' kill ') ; dtmd-bhU (instr. pi. of dtmdn ' self ') ; ga-td (p. pple of gam ' go '). Note. — Recent theories acpount for the apparent loss of n in a different way, as follows. When a root or a stem in an or am shifts its accent to an added ending (or sometimes back to a redupl. syllable), it is weakened (according to 31) by the loss of its a, and the nasal is vocalized instead, being turned into the 14 SANSKRIT GEAMMAR. vowel a {kan-ta=h,'n-td, hn-fd, ha-td). Cases which do not accord with this theory are explained, in general, as owing to an original shift of the accent (originally dtma-bhis) or to analogy (balibhh of balin, where 71. is not pre- ceded by a). 34. Reduplication. — The reduplication of the root — in the present state of the language more or less disguised — is a functional process which is very common in the inflexion of a verb, and which enters also in the formation of some nominal stems. E.g. tan 'stretch': ta-tan- ; bhar 'bear': ba-bhar- ; has ' laugh ' : ja-ghas- ; vad ' talk ' : u-rad- or vd-. Law of Permitted Finals. 35. A Sanskrit word when uncombined with another is allowed to terminate in any vowel, but only in one of the following ten consonants : It, t, t, p, a kindred nasal (Tt, n, n, ni), h or I; and that consonant, moreover, must in general (^cf. note 1) be single. Any word that would etymologically differ from the re- quirements of this law submits to it by retaining that con- sonant alone which follows after the last vowel, and by converting it to the required sound : a mute to its kindred mute (i.e. gutt. M, g, gh to the gutt. /c, etc.) ; a palatal (by origin a gutt.) usually to the gutt. ]t, but ch and sometimes j and f to <; « or ?• to Ay the lingual s to the lingual t ; and )i (by origin a gutt. or dent, asp.) to the gutt. A;, or the dental t, or often to t — E. g. {bJiavants reduced to) bhavan ; (vacs) vak ; [likh) lik ; {rudh) rut ; [urj) urk ; {aQvas) agvnh; (sas) sat ; etc. Note 1. — A radical mute ie retained after r; and sometimes a suffixal t in 3d sing, is saTed by the loss of a preceding consonant. Note 2. — The final m of an uncombined word is sometimes improperly marked as annsvara. LAW OP PERMITTED FINALS. 15 36. When a final sonant aspirate or h thus loses its aspira- tion, an initial g, d, or b is in certain roots aspirated instead : — (6ud/i=) bhut ; {duh) dhuJc. Note 1. — The aspiration of the initial is a restored original aspiration. In inflection, the final may resume its aspiration or throw on a suffix (45. b.) Note 2 — The initials g, d belong to roots in A (save in dagh, dahh), and b to roots in dh. II. PORMA.L OR COMBINATORY CHANGES. [XTsually termed Sandhi {sam-dhi) 'combination.'] 37. The combinatory changes are, as indicated above (26. ii.), of two kinds : Internal, occurring when the formative parts of a single word are combined, and External, when the members of a compound or the words of a sentence are combined (and, it may be added, even in the combination of nom. stems with case-endings that begin with bh or *, and with certain derivative suffixes). The general principle determining both of these changes is that the language eschews the juxtaposition of certain sounds, as especially of tw^o vowels [hiatus), of a surd and a sonant mute (in external combination, of a surd and a following sonant of any kind), of a lingual and a dental, of m and an unrelated consonant, etc. Whenever, in the formation and combination of words, such sounds would meet, one or both of them are changed. Vowels coalesce, or one of them is resolved into a semivowel or developes such a sound. Other incompatible sounds are adapted to one another, mostly the preceding sound to that one which follows, sometimes inversely, or both ways, and generally so that guttural, lingual, and labial mutes remain within their resp. classes, while other sounds 16 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. may be shifted to different classes. Less often there is a loss or an insertion of certain letters. as. The rules of combination will be given under two heads: A. Vowbl Combination, and B. Consonant Com- bination. Under each will be'described first the general law determining both kinds of combination, and then what is peculiar to either [internal or external). A. Vowel Combination. 39. General Law. — The hiatus is prevented : (a), by a coalescence of the meeting vowels; and (5), by the resolution of one of them (or, if a diphthong, of its final element) into a semi-vowel. a. Coalescence. — Simple vowels of one class are fused into one corresponding long vowel ; and a forms with I ot u their guna-vowels e or o, and with e, di, or o, an the vrddhi-vowel di or du: — (a-asU) aslf, (i-isa) isa; {s7t:ukfa^) sukia ; [a, antam), &ntam, {nadi iva) nadlva, [kartr rju) kartfju ; {aQVCi/-i) agve; {nala~vpdkhydna) nalopdkhj/dna ; (eka eka) ekkika; [iathd eva) tathkiva; [divasokas] divnukah ; etc. b. Resolution into a Semivowel. — The vowels i, u, and r are before a dissimilar vowel changed to their kindred semivowels ff, V, and r; the vowel r is similarly changed also after a preceding a or a, and a is then shortened : — {pati-os) patyos, {dhanu-in) dhanvin ; [duhitrsarthe) duhitrarthe, (upari upari) uparytipari ; [brahmasrsi) itrahmar^i ; {makdsrsi) maha.r^. A diphthong likewise resolves its final element (always t or u, 29) into a semivowel: i.e. e, di, o, du are changed resp. to ay, ay, av, dv. But in the combination of words in 'j The sign s here used to combine compositional members. VOWEL COMBINATION. 17 a sentence, e and o remain unchanged before a, which disappears ; and before other vowels, the resolved diph- thongs frequently lose their semivowel (ay always, av often, do rarely), and the resulting hiatus remains. Thus : — int. comb'n [ne-a = nai-a) naya j (dho-a^ hhau-a) hhasa ; {bAdu-a) bhava ; — ext. comb'n: {te abruvan) te sbruvan (about s, of. 18) ; {so abravit) so €bravit ; (vane i.ste = van&yoste) rana. dste ; {visno iha) visna{v)iha ; [tasmui adadat) tasma, adadat ; [tau era) t&veva. Note. — This usual way of explaining the peculiar treatment of the diphthongs in sentence-combination is really of doubtful value, but no other has as yet found general acceptance. The vowels e and o are before the lost a accented as if fused with it (sd abrant^isd ^bravlt). 40. Special Internal Changes. — The hiatus may be avoided also by one of the following three methods : — a. The a, I, and u- vowels often, especially when radical, develop a semivowel (resp. y, y, v) which combines them with a following dissimilar vowel, and i and ti are then shortened: — (yd-in) ydyin, (dkl-d) dh'iyd ; {bhit-i) bhuvi ; (yu-anti) i/u\anti. Note. — Similarly ar (r), first weakened to ri, becomes riy. b. A nasal is sometimes inserted, especially after final i or u of nominal stems:— (pati-d) patina. e. Often one of the meeting vowels is lost : — {kTini-anti) krinanti. 41. Hiatus occurs in Ulau ' sieve ' and prdiiga ' wagon-pole ' alone. 42. Special Extebnal Changes. — With radical r, a final o or a of prepositions forms dr instead of ar; and before e or o it is often lost : — (pra-rjate) prixjate, (pra-ejate) prejate. Note. Sporadically in a compound, S foims Vfddhi with I and S. 43. Duals in i, u and e, the plural-form ami (181. a), interjections, especially such as consist of a vowel or terminate in o, and particles in o, remain unchanged : — koTi imuu, i indra. About hiatus arising indirectly by a previous change, cf. 39 b and 59. C 18 SANSKRIT OBAMMAB. B. ConBonant Combination (conBonant icith contonatU or wweC). 44. Preliminaky. — The intricate laws of consonant com- bination are much simplified by observing, as fundamental, the following rules : — 45. For Internal Combination : a. Vowels, semivowels, and nasals do not affect a preceding consonant. Note. — Exceptionally, a nasal may sonantizo or aesimilate a preceding consonant. b. Before any other sound, the etymological final of a root or stem (* and r excepted) may be considered as reduced, on the whole, like the final of a word (35-6), observing also tliat a sonant aspirate or h in certain cases throws its lost aspiration back on the initial, or forward on the ending. (Cf. below.) Or, more exactly : — aspirates lose their aspiration, a sonant asp. shifting it backward on an initial g, d, b, or forward on (, th (except in dadh, 220) ; — the palatal c reverts to k {■{■s^^ks, 63. c) •,—j is mostly treated as k, but in some roots ibhrajj, bhrdj, rnarj, yaj, raj, vraj, sarj), owing to a different origin, as 5 ; — ch, f, > before s in verb-forms change tok (the result kf, 63. c|, before t or th always to « (the result ft, fth, 63. ai, and in other cases to t; — A becomes k or t (shifting its lost aspiration, 49. bi ; — y, t are unchanged or vocalized. 46. For External Combination. — The finals of the word, s and r excepted (8. note), must be considered reduced according to 35. 47. Starting from these conditions (45-6) as fundamental, the laws of consonant combinations are those treated under the following five heads : 1. Progressive Adaptation ; 2. Re- gressive Adaptation ; 3. Mutual Adaptation ; 4. Insertion ; 5. Abbreviation. consonant combination. 19 1. Proguessive Adaptation {finals adapted to sequent initials). A. Without Change op Class : — mutes. 48. General Law. — A mute must be surd or sonant ac- cording as it is followed by a surd or sonant sound (observing 45. a) : — [ad-ti] atti ; (vak-ikis) vdgbhis ; — {dslt raja) dsid- rdj'd^j (vdh Hi) vdgiti. That 13, the finals k, t, t, p remain before anrds, but change before aonants (within a word only aon. mutes) to g, d, d, b ; and tiee terta. 49. Special Internal Changes. — a. A sonant aspirate is not before t and th made Burd, but it sonantizes these letters instead, and throws on t its lost aspiration (45. b) : — (labh-ta) lah-dha, {runadh-ti) ranad-dhi; (rundh-thas) mnd-dhah, b. Final h is treated in different ways : In roots beginning with d {dark excepted), it is treated as if it were gh (its orig. value) : — (duh-bhit, acc'g to 45. b= ) dhug-hhlh ; (doh-si—dhog-sizzdhok-si) dhok-ai; but (duh-ta, acc'g to 49. a) dug-dha; (duk-thas) dug-dhah. In other roots it is treated as gh only before s in verbal inflection 5 before t, (A, dh it is lost, but these letters are then changed to dh, and a preceding vowel except r is lengthened or (in vah, sah) changed to ; before bh and su in noun- inflection it is treated as t: — [a-guh-sam) a-ghuk-fam; (roh-syaini) rok-fydmi; (muh-ta) mudha; (Tdh-bki»lvdd-bhih, Note. — In druh, muh, snih, h is treated in either of these two ways. In uak ' bind' it is treated as if dh (its orig. value). o. Radical d or d before n become 11 or n: — (pad-na) panna, (tad-nSm) tannam. 50. Special External Change. — A mute before a nasal may be, and generally is, changed to a nasal of its own class ; and t before I becomes I : — [vdk me) vdgme or generally vailme ; (lad uu) tannu ; {tat labhate) tallabhate. > Words are written separately, according to the prevailing usage, only when in devanig.-types that could be dan« without using the virdma. 20 SANSKRIT GEAMMAK. B. Usually with Change of Class: — t; nasals, s, and r (orh: 9). The dental t :— 51. External Change: — t assimilates with a following pa- latal or lingual mute (only not repeating its aspiration), and changes before the palatal f to c, both generally forming c-ch (61); — {tat ca) tacca ; [tat chinatti) taechinatti ; [vedavit furas) vedavicchurah ; [tat day ate) taddayate. The nasal n : — 52. Internal Change. — Radical n is before a spirant con- verted into its kindred nasal, i.e. to anusvara : — [han-si) haiisi. NoU. — About the Iobb of n and inserted nasals, cf. 32-3. 53. External Change. — n is before a sonant palatal or lingual mute, and before the palatal f (which generally itself changes to ch, 61) converted into a corresponding palatal or lingual nasal; and before I to anusvara according to 10. a {i.e. to a nasalized I) : — {tan jayati) tanjayati ; {tan qardulan) tdn- charduldn ; {tan liindti) tallundti. Note 1. — About the treatment of n before certain other consonants, cf. G9. Nate 2. — In composition the stem-final n is generally lost. The nasal m : — 54. General Law : — m before a consonant appears as its corresponding nasal : i.e. (observ'g 45. a) before a closed cons't as '«, n, n or m — all, however, in ext'l comb'n usually signed as anusvara, and even allowed to be pronounced as such, — and before a semi-open eons't as anusvara according to 10 a. Thus — {gam-ta) ganta, sometimes ^aw^a (10. b); {kram-sye) Ttramsye; {gam-ye: 45. a) gamye; — {grhan jagdma) grhanjagdma, or geii'ly grha'ii jagdma ; {alarmkr) alankr, or gen'ly alamkr; {tan ci'da) tam veda, or rarely tudveda (10. b) ; {ta?n ^rnu) tarn ^rnu. CONSONANT COMBINATION. 21 55. Special InUrnal Change. — Radical m is before m and r (in spite of 45. a), as also before bh and su in noun-infl., changed to n. About its loJs, of. 33. 56. SpecM External Change, — Before h followed by a nasal or semivowel, m may assimilate with these : — (iim hnute) kiiit hnute (54) or IcinhnuU. 8 and r (both at the end of a word = A, 9) : 57. Internal Change. — r remains; but s is changed in cer- tain cases. Aside from the changes provided for by the special rules 63. a. and c, > before a sibilant is usually rendered by h |9. note), or it is changed before < (especially in the future tense) tot; and before dh, and somtimes «/i (cf. 264. b), in verb- inflection, it is dropped. Before bh and su in noun-inflection, it is regularly {37) treated as in external combination. 58. External Change. — The general treatment of s and r is theoretically simple : before a surd they appear as a sibilant of the class to which that surd belongs, and before a sonant (vowel or consonant) as the sonant r. But this general theory — even when not restricted by 59 and 63. c — is practi- cally modified in so far as « before a gutt. or lab. consonant, and before a sibilant, is rendered by h (9. note), in the former case, owing to the obsolescence and doubtful value of the gutt. and lab. sibilant-signs (2. note), invariably, and in the latter usually : — {iatas lidmas or punar hdmas, theoretically tata')*' or puna> {=hs) thus become very common; but it also is not rare when parts of a compound are combined [dus^tara ; or, indirectly, vhathu], b. The dental n, if followed by a vowel or by n, m, y or r, is, besides, lingualized by a preceding open or semi-open lingual (r, r ; r, «), even if separated from it by intervening sounds others than palatal (except j/), lingual or dental con- sonants: — {gr-noti)^rnoti ; {var-na) varna ; (vis-nu) visnu ; (ndri-ndm) ndrlndm ; (brahman-ya) brahmanya ; {lerpa-mdnd) hrpamdna ; (parisniyate) parimyate ; {vrtra^hanam) vrtra- hanam ; etc. Note. — This common change occurs chiefly in int. comb'n, be it that the nasal belongs to a suffix (jr-noti, krpa-ntdna) or is the final of the root or the stem [ran-t/ati, brahman-ya) ; — but it also is not rare in compounds, when the altering lingual belongs to a prefix {para, pari, pro, nir for nis, antar, dur for dua: e.g. parynlyate etc.) or to another member closely combined with that one which contains the nasal (agrasni, vrtia^hanam), c. The dental *, if followed by any other sound than r (and cf also 57), is lingualized by a preceding vowel save a or a, even if anusvara intervenes, and by It and r : — {(^e-se) (;ese ; {gir-su) girsu ; {kavins-i) havlnsi ; [havis-sti = havis-su, and acc'g to a.) havissu, or g'ly havih-su; [niisadha) nisadha ; [aussthu) susthu. Zi SANSKRIT GEAMMAR. Note 1. — This common change oocnrs chiefly in int. comb'n, be it that the sibilant is the initial of a suffixal element (malii-fa, gir-m) or the final of a stem {havii-d); — but it also is not rare when members of a compound are conbined, especially if the prior member is a prefix ending in i, in which case it is some- times preserved even if the augment o or a reduplicative syllable intervenes (s initial : nufadha, yudhustkira, athy^a-stdi from abhi-\-sthd ; t final : dufikara). Note 2. — A following r neutralizes the change ; and it is rare in any form or derivative containing r or r ; — usra ; tisarti. 64. Special Internal Changf.-^-n is palatalized by a preceding palatal : — Ijaj-na] jiijiia. 65. External Change. — The initial spirant h havin^sonant- ized a final surd, is itself usually converted into a corresponding sonant aspirate : — {rakhx) vdgghi ; [tad-Jiita) taddhita. 3. Mutual Adaptation. 66. According to rules already given, a mutual change of meeting ,' sands may occur as follows : — gutt., pal., a or h+a (acc'g to 45. b, 63 c.) = k> ; f, », or s-f-« or th ^45. b, 63. a) =: jf, sth ; gh etc., or li+t or th (49 = gdh etc. ; k etc. +h (48, 65) =:= (/gh'eta. ; t or n+f (51, 53, 61) = cch, ilch ; as-{-a —o. 4. Insertion. 67. General Law. — a. Between a vowel (in external com- bination, a short vowel, or the particles a, ma) and a follow- ing ch, the letter c is generally inserted : — [ga-chati) ga-c- chati {pr-chati) pr-c-chati ; {tava cdya) tava-c-chayd. h. The first consonant of a group, and any consonant (save a spirant before a vowel) preceded by r or A may or should be doubled in its unaspirated form : — fvtru or puttia ; artha or artlha. 68. Internal Insertion. — Meeting consonants are often com- bined by some inserted vowel, among which i (sometimes i) is by far the most common. When thus used, it is con- veniently called union-vowel. Nuie. — The union-vowel i appears before various sufiBxes, and in verb-inflection before pers. endings (especially in perf.) and before the tense-signs (in aonst. CONSONANT COMBINATION. 25 fut. and desid.). The vowel f appears only exceptionally before the pers. endings s and t, regularly (except in perf. and some other eases) after the root grah 'grasp,' and optionally after rr 'enclose' and all so-called r-roots (31. note 2), Its origin, if organic or merely parasitical, is etill a matter of some donbt ; but its use in the older language was much more limited than it has become in the later. 69. External Insertion. — a. Between the dental n and any- surd mute to which there is a corresponding sibilant {i.e. pal., ling., and dent, surd), such a sibilant (5, s or .*) is inserted, and n changes before it to n : — {Jcumdrdn ca) kumdrdn-Q-ca ; {tapan tarus) tapan-s-taruh. Note. — The inserted sibilant, being in the Aoc. pi. (orig'Iy -7i») of organic origin, has come to be used, by analogy, even where not historically justified. 6. Between n and » or s, a f, and between n or n and a sibilant, a fc or « may 1^ inserted. c. Any final nasal save m is after a short vowel doubled before an initial vowel : — {tudan iti) tudannili. The second nasal is in part of organic origin (tudann for tudant). 5. Abbbetiahon. 70. Several abbreviations occur, of which the most important are : a. The loss of re or m is already referred to, 33. b. b. « is sometimes lost (cf. 59, 188. C.I.b, 264 b>. c. ks before a dental mute or s is reduced to » ■.—{cak»-ta) casta. d. Before or after another consonant, two mutes of the same class are, optionally or not, reduced to one •.—datrd (optional for dot-twa). e. After a nasal, the first of two mutes may be dropped: — i/u'(.{y) -dhi. 70. Synopsis of the Bnles of Consonant Combination. GENERAL LAW. Special iiUernal changa. Special external changes. /Peelimcnary. — Except before internal vowels, semivowels, and nasals, which do not aSect a preceding consonant, finals are considered redaced according to 45-6. Without Change of CLisa (mutes). Mutes become surd or sonant according to the following sound [48]. p Sonant a.-(-C(A)=Bonant-|-<'A [49]. h treated as gh(dh) or t, or lost [49]. d, d before » are assimilated [49. c]. Usually with Change op Class («; nasals », r) Mutes before nasals are generally changed to nasals of their own class ; and t before { is assimilated [50]. n before a sibilant becomes ri [52]. ( assimilates with pal. or ling, mutes, and changes before f to c [51]. n before son't pal. or ling, mutes, or p, changes to a pal. or ling, nasal, and before lio I [53]. m before a consonant becomes a corresponding nasal or m [54]. in before m or r becomes n [55]. r unchanged [57]. 8 before a sibilant may become h ; in certain cases it becomes t, or is losit [57]. Without Changs «, r (=A) before surds change to a kindred sibil. (or A), and before sonants to r [58] ; but a«, as are before sonants reduced to d; OT is, if the son't be a or a con- sonant, to [59]. r is lost before r, and preceding vowel is made long [59. b]. OP Class {t, th, f). I t, tit, after son't asp. become dh [49], f after ( and n may become ch [61]. Usually with Change of Class {dentals and A). Dental consonant after lingual consonant (chiefly ») lingualLsed [63. a]. n, on certain conditions, lingualized by f, r, f, even if not directly pro. ceding [63 b]. ET. I », if followed by another sound than r, lingualized by any pure or nasalized i vowel, save a or a, and by k, r [68. c]. I , i V J ^i 1 i 1 roj-i 1 A = preceding consonant's sonant asp. I 71 palatahzed after palatals [64j. rgg-i "^ c between a vowel (in external combination, short or a, ma) and ch [67]. sibilant between n and surd pal., I between consonants [68J. °'' L J- - n, n, between vowels doubled [69. cj. p ■a , El rORMATION OF NOUNS. 27 THIRD CHAPTER. Formation and Inflection of Nouns (Substantives and Adjectives). I. FORMATION OF NOMINAL STEMS. 71. Nominal stems are of three principal kinds : — A. Root or Monosyllabic Stems, B. Derivative Stems, and C. Compound Stems. Note. — Sanskrit dictionaries report nouns not in their Nominative form, but as naked stems. A. Root ok Monosyllabic Stems. 7i. These are to be de.scribed separately : — a. Root-Stems. — A few verb-roots (single or compounded with a prefix) are used directly, without any suflSxal element, as nominal stems ; and almost any verb-root is liable to be thus usedj in a participial sense, as the final member of a compound. The form of the root is either unchanged or slightly modified. The syllable ar is mostly contracted to r, and t is added to a short final vowel [i, u, r). Sporadically the root is found reduplicated. Thus : — d/d {\/dAi ' perceive ') 'intellect'; dfg {\/darg 'see') 'sight'; dpad (prep. d + \/pad ' befall ') ' mishap '; vac {\/vac ' speak ') ' speech'; pzr [gar, ' call ') ' voice '; =vid {\/vid ' know ') ' knowing '; shdn (y/hati 'kill') 'killing'; sjit {\/]l 'conquer') 'conquering'; ^Icft {\/ kar ' make ') ' making '; di-dyu ' arrow.' 23 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. h. Monosyllabic Stems, which, having no assignable suffix, appear like roots :—^f^ 'heart,' 4? 'water,' path ' path.' B. Derivative Stems. 73. These are of two kinds : a. Primary, and b. Secondary Derivatives. 74. a. Primary (or Verbal) Derivatives. — The single or compounded root, mostly in its strengthened form, but also otherwise changed or, often, unaltered, is extended by the addition of a derivative ending, the connection being some- times made by means of an inserted element (mostly i, y, v, art). Thus: — ved-a [s/tid 'know,' gunated and extended by a) 'knowledge'; tej-ai (v/^ ' be sharp') 'splendour'; kdm-a (\/kam ' love ') ' love '; bud-dhi [\/budh, ' know '+-ii, 49) 'intellect'; yd-y-in [yd 'go') 'walker'; kr-t-vati {kar 'make') 'active'; megh-a (raJA ' sprinkle ') 'cloud.' Note. — Accepting the grma-fonn of the root as fimdainental (29. note 1), the only assumed vj-ddhi-increments that occur, a, ar, ay, do (the two last for ai, iu) would all be better explained as resulting from a lengthened a. 75. Accent.— the accent shows a certain tendency (especially pronounced in the very common stems in a) to rest on the radical part of action-nouns (veda, kdmii, above), and on the ending of agent-nouns {yayin, meghd, above), or to correspond with the accent of the present-stem ; but this tendency is crossed and obscured by manifold exceptions. 76. According to the original sense of Iry stems, their suffixes may be divided into two classes: — (a) Such as form both substantive action-stems (denoting abstractly the state or action implied by the root, e.g. teda, above) and substan- tive or adjective agent-stems (denoting the agent or recipient of that action, e. g. meghd, kftran, above), though prevailingly, except perhaps for -van, the former ; and (b) Such as form only agent-stems, chiefly adjectives, but in some instances (-tar, -tra) almost exclusively substantives. — These suffixes are here, for convenience of reference, reported in alphabetical order, those of the latter FORMATION OP NOUNS. 29 kind (b) being designated by ' b ', and all the more common ones by small capital letters : — A (158), aka b, ajh, at b, ata b, ati^ atu, atnu b, atra b, athdy athtt, ad b, an, AKA, ani, anl, ann, a(n)t b (pr. pple, 292), anta b, nblia b, ar b, ara b, oru b, ala b, AS (1 16), A (1531, dka b, ana b (pr. pple, 292), ara b, Hu b ; i (H7), tta, »Aa (fern, to aka) b, y b, it b, lTA=(a, itnu b, itra b, in b (118), ina b, inui», ira b, ito b, ija b, iWAb (superl., 100), ijnu b, is ; i (153',ifci b,t«i,j, Ina, iya ; ura, via ; ena, enya, eya ; EA ; TAMA (160.b), tatya, TABA (160. b), TA, tU}ia,tna, tva; na; ma, makt (133i, maya, mna; IA,yo; ra; la; to, ran, vant (133), traya, VABi (fem.totan, \26),Tala, vya, fa. Note. — To the suffixes enumerated above, should be added, as used also in secondary verbs, such Iry suffixes as form verbal nouns (participles etc.). the various fem. suffixes in a or :, and a few forming nouns from numerals and par- ticles (taya, tya, tana, etc.). C. CoMPOUNP Stems. 80. By combining, as prior member, an uninflected word of any kind with a nominal stem to which it bears some syntactical relation, a compound nominal stem of the simplest kind is formed ; and by joining one or more such stems to a simple or compound noun-stem, complex compounds arise themselves virtually consisting of but two principal members. The whole subject of compound stems is here treated under two heads, viz. Form of the Compositional Members, and Meaning of Compound Stems. formation op nouns. 31 81. Form of the Compositional Members, a. Prior members generally appear in their stem-form or, if the stem is variable, in their loeak or middle form (95). Occasionally they are inflected or otherwise modified. They appear inflected chiefly as Accusatives or Locatives governed by a final member having a participial force, but also in other case-forms and otherwise combined : — Ack. ariiiedama ' enemy-Bubduing,' bhayamckara ' fear-inspiring ' ; Loc. laraskjd (' water-bom '=) 'lily,' yuddhi^ithira ('battle-firm*) a proper name ; Gen. pi. vi^am^ati 'lord of men '; Nom. pitd^putra ' father and son.' The end-syllable has suffered some change, as in mahac for mahant ' great, dvh for dvd ' two,' gavac for go ' cow,' and in fem. stems, whose final vowel is conditionally shortened. b. Final members not unfrequently change their ending, chiefly so that an a-stem arises (and the compound is then inflected according to its new termination). Thus : — A final nasal is often dropped : sga (s/gam) ' going,' sraja for rdjan ' king,' etc. A long final vowel, especially a, is often shortened, and i (j) changed to a : — tstka {•Jstkd 'stand') 'standing,' Miu [-Jbku 'be') 'being,' csakha for tikhi 'friend,' ^aksa for dksi ' eye,' etc. To a final consonant or a resolved vowel is frequently added an a ; and some- times (in adj .-compounds) one of the suffixes kaorin: — sma7?asa for mdnas *mind'; ^vida (^/md'imow') 'knowing'; :gava for g6 'cow'; sfriia for fH ' splendor'; tjodUn [■^ yudh 'fight') 'fighting.' A t ia added after a short final vowel, cf. 72. a. 82. Aectnt. Compounds regularly accent only one of the members (sporadi- cally two). Co-ordinatives, comp'ds with a root-final, transf. adjectives with the neg. pref. a[n), and many substantives accent the final syllable; other com- pounds retain the accent of the prior or final member, those with the pref. a(n) and most transf. adj., that of the prior. Meaning of Compound Stems. This subject here requires a special attention, because Sanskrit compounds, being formed with great freedom, cannot all be in dictionaries reported. 83. According to the syntactical relation of the prior member to the final, compounds may be divided into two 32 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. main classes : — T. Co-ordinaiive, and II. Suhordinative Com- pounds, an important phase of the latter heing the free or absolute use of the original substantives as Transferred (or ^Possessive ') Adjectives. I. Co-ORDiNATivE COMPOUNDS. — In these the members are coordinated as if combined by the conjunction ' and': — hast^: aqra 'elephant and horse'; candrassHryd, ' moon and sun'; r^uklaclirsnd ' white and black.' Note. — Co-ordinatives when inflected are put in the dual or plural according as two or Bsveral objects are to be denoted ; and in the singular neut. lOften formed from a stem expressly extended by a suffixed a) if the compound is to be used a? a collective : — haati/afvau (dual) 'an elephant and a horse', Aosfyifrd* Ipl.) ■elephants and horses,' haiti/afrdm (aSTit. sing.) 'elephants and horses' col- lectively (as in an army). II. SuBOttDiNATiVE COMPOUNDS. — In these the prior mem- ber (simple or complex) is subordinate to the second, deter- mining in some way its general meaning : — subst. svryactejds, 'sun-light, sun's brightness'; mahd-bala 'great strength'; adj. dtma=krta ' self-made '; dsjndta ' unknown.' Transferred (or 'Possessive') Adjectites. — By a free or permanent transfer, compounds of this class having as final member a substantive stem, are found used as adjectives, mostly without any other change of the stem than its adapta- tion to different genders and a shift of the accent, but some- times by a special alteration of its ending (81. b). When not directly translatable by equivalent adjectives, these trans- ferred compounds are best rendered by adding before their substantive sense the word ' possessing,' or ' having,' or ' with.' Thus (cf. the ex. above) : — suryaiiejas ' possessing the sun's brightness, bright as the sun'; ma^a=4o^a ' possessing great FORMATION OP NOTJNS. 33 strength, very strong'; ma/i(a>d)a.iman^ (subst., not in use, ' great mind^), ' high-minded '. Tranf. adjectiTes occurring only ae snch are quite numerous (of. eep. 84. A.b). JTote 2. — Several transferred adjectivee are again in some gender stereotyped as Bubstantires (proper nouns eto.) : — mracsena, subst. f,, 'hero-army '; adj. |m.n. -naW having an army of heroes', and finally, the masc. form of the adj. (its only actual use), ' Virasena.' 84. The meaning of subordinative compounds, in so far as it depends on the reciprocal relation of their two members, is quite various, and often to be inferred only from the context ; but, in general, it is easily discovered by observing the fol- lowing rules concerning the nature of the prior member and its determinative relation to the second. A. The prior member is a' substantive or a pronoun (excep- tionally for b. some other word) qualifying the final member by standing to it in a relation equivalent a.) to that of an oblique ease, or b.) to that of a quasi-adjective or an appo- sition. a. Case-Relation. — The prior member may be equivalent to any oblique case, most commonly a Genitive : — (Gen.) surya- tejas, subst., 'sun's brightness' or surya-tejas, adj., 'having the brightness of the sun'; deva--pati (' god-lord ' = ) 'lord of the gods'; taUpuTusa ('he-man') 'his man'; deva=rypa ('god-form', only as adj.) 'having a god's form, divinely shaped';— (Ace.) vedacvid 'Veda-knowing';— (Instr.) indra^ gupta ' Indra-protected, protected by Indra'; atmaskrta 'self- made, made by one's self ';— (Dat.) pad[a'U)odaha ' foot- ') Abbreviated mode of writing for (mahdsatman, by 39=) makutman. D ■ii SANSKRIT GRAMMAE. water, water for the feet';— (Loo.) jalatkriia 'water-sport, sport in the water' ;—(Abl.) mad=viyoga ('me-separation') ' separation from me/ b. Quasi-Adjective or Appositional relation. — Comparatively few of the compounds here had in view are used as substan- tives, the vast majority being adjectives, by origin or, more often, by transfer. The adjectives, in order to yield the exact sense, must generally be rendered by supplying the words ' having ' etc. before and ' as ' between the meaning of the two members. Thus : — subst. raja-danta ' king-tooth, i. e. ' front^tooth'; deva'jana ('god-being', or collect, '-beings') ' divine being(s), god(s) '; brakm{a=r)a.Tsi 'brahman-sage, brah- manical sage'j — adj. Qi/rd=putra ('hero-son') 'having hero- sons'; m,aran{a=a)anta ('death-end') 'having death as its end, terminated by death ' ; karna-mmhlia (even as subst. ' Kama's face') 'having Kama as head or leader'; indra-jyestha ('Indra- best ') ' with India foremost or as chief Note 1. — Some words of very frequent use as final members in adj. com- pounds — Tiz. artha (mostly as adv.) 'object', ddif ddifcUf adya, fyurca ' firet, foremost ', para, parama, ' first, highest ', and mdtra, ' measure ' — , give to these compounds a peculiar meaning, as illustrated by the following examples : — damayantycartham ' f or Damayanti's sake', praj{d^arthe ' for progeny's sake, in order to obtain progeny ', etad^artham (' that-object ') ' on that account, with that in view ' ; — indr[aid)didi, or ddya, etc. ' having Indra as first, headed by Indra, Indra and the others ' ; caktursddi (' eye-first ') ' commencing with the eyes, the eyes ei cetera '; evam^di or itysddi (' thus-first ') ' beginning thus, to this and the like effect ; and so on'; — eiTitd^para {'anxiety-foremost') 'having anxiety as supreme feeling, absorbed by anxiety'; — <^bda^mdtra ('noise- measure': adj. 'having noise as its measure or limit') ' consisting in a mere noise ' ; often as subst. ueut. * more noise, sound only.' Note 2. — Some compounds of this class, esp'ly snch whose final member is a superlative or purva, are most readily translated by inversion : — nar(a:u)ottavia ( • luan-best ' ) ' most excellent man ' ; brahmanasfreftha ' best among brahmans ', FORMATION OF NOUNS. 35 pitd-mahd (' father-great ' = ratber a mere collocation) 'grand-father'; drtta^ puna (* seen-before ') ' previoualy seen'. Note 3. — Here may be counted also some compounds whose final member charaoterizea (gen'ly extols) the person or thing indicated by the prior member : — narasfdrdula ' man-tiger ', i.e. a ' heroic or excellent man ', puruaastinha ' man - lion'; stri'iratna ('woman-gem') 'a gem of a woman ', Tatianassarq/a ('face- lotus ') ' lotus-Uke face '. Nate i. — Exceptionally, the relation of the first member to the final is that of an adverb : — induspdndu (' moon-pale ') ' pale as the moon.' B. The prior member is an adjective, or a numeral, or an indeclinable, directly qualifying or determining the sense of the final member. Thus: — pr. member an adj. vara-ndri 'excellent woman'; (varasvarna 'excellent color': by 81. b as transf. adj.) vara'varn-in 'having excellent color'; sarva-.guna 'every virtue'; unmatta-darqana 'mad look', adj., 'having a mad or frenzied look ' ; — a num. (cf. note 1) catus^pad (' four-foot ') ' quadruped ' ; qatd^dant (' hundred-tooth '), trf. adj., 'having a hundred teeth ' ; — an indecl. d-jndta ' un-known ' ; d'Aasta, subst., ' not hand ', akastd.tii. adj., 'handless'; an-agha (' no- sin'), trf. adj., ' sinless'; su-lcrta 'well-made'; sudocana, trf. adj., ' fine-eyed'; adhudtmdn [' o\&x-s^mt') 'supreme being'; ati'TTiatrd ('above-measure'), adj. or adv., 'exeeeding(ly)'; far'i- Aasta (' round-the-arm ') 'bracelet.' Note 1. — Compounds beginning with a numeral are often transferred adjectives used as substantives {cdluscpad ' having four feet ', hence ' quadruped '), or fern, (final -a, -an being changed to -i), or neut. substantives with a collective or abstract sense {cdturcyuga ' fonr-age ' = ' the four ages ' collectively). 85. The classification of Sanskrit compounds described above, althongh com- prising the mass of that kind of formations, is not, however, exhaustive. Some compounds can be referred only with difficulty to the preceding classes, iud sporadical examples of wholly anomalous formations — such as compounds with an indeclinable as final member {mctatha ' false', tatyatvind ' without truth ', etc.), or made up by repeated words {paras^pura, anyjni/a ' each other '), 36 . SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. or implying an ellipsiB {abhijndnaii;akuntald ' token-f aknntala', «. e. ' f. recog- nized by a token '), etc. — are found scattered in the literatore of the language. But such words are too few or too heterogeneous to receire here a special classi- fication ; and, if not found in dictionaries, their meaning is deducible from the context. 86. Complex compounds are subject to the same classifi- cation as the simple, being all (the comparatively few Co- ordinatives excepted) resolvable into two principal members. Examples are: — co-ord. Aastyagva'raiAa ' e\ep}ia,nt{s),hoTs(es), and wagon (s)'; subord. hasty'aqva^athatghosa 'noise of ele- phants, horses, and wagons;' hrc'cliay[a-a)2,vista-cetana, trf. adj., 'having the mind (cetana) entered (dvista) by love {Arc- chaya, lit. 'the heart-dweUer'=god of love) '. The great freedom of forming complex compounds in Sanskrit, is often extravagantly abused. 87. The Hindu classification of Sanskrit compounds being quite generally adopted or referred to in European works, requires here a brief notice. It is : I. DVAKDVA ('pair')= Co-ordinatives ; II. Tatpiikcsa (' his man : ' the name an example) in a general sense =Subor- dinatives, Transf. Adjectives excepted ; a. Tatpuruia in a limited sense — Subordinatives with case.relation (84. A. a) • b. Karmadharaya (uncert. meaning) = Subordinatives with adj. or adv. relation (84. B, and A. b, Transf. Adj. excepted) ; c.Dvigu ('two cows': the name an example) =Subordmativ6S with a numeral as prior member ; III. Bahuvbihi (' having much rice ■ : the name an example) = Transferred Adjectives. tv. Atyayibhava (' conversion to an indeclinable ')=certain Subordinatives used as adverbs (cf. 342. note). INFLECTIOK OF NOUNS. 37 II. INFLECTION OP NOMINAL STEMS. 88. The function assigned to nominal stems in the sen- tence is denoted, in general, by their further extension by means of added inflectional endings, indicative of various rela- tions, as also, in several instances, by a concomitant change of the normal form and accent, one or both. The inflection of subst. and adj. stems is essentially concordant; but other categories of stems, taking different inflectional endings, have to be distributed into different declensions. 89. Inflectional Endings. — The endings added to a noun- stem denote seven different Cases [Nominative, Accusative, In- strumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative : an eighth case, the Vocative, is formed without any added ending). But these case-endings are different for different Numbers (singular, dual, phiral) and also, in part, for different stems, those indicating a difference of Gender [masculine, feminine, neuter) inclusive. The case-endings will be described separately for each group of stems within which they accord. 90. Fdnction or the Cases: — The Norn, denotes the subject or the pre- dicite of the aentence. — The Ace. denotes the direct object of the verb. Sometimes it is governed by verbs of approach or address, or by verbal nouns, and by prepositions ; or it is used adverbially to express space, or dra»tion of time, or manner. Verbs of asking, speaking, leading, OS well as causatives, may be construed with two accnsatives. — The Inslr. (' by, by means of, with ') denotes the instrument, agent, or accompani- ment of an action, or the manner in which it is done. It is also used in various other constructions (expressing a price, » difference, a separation, etc) — The Dat. ('to, for') denotes the indirect object. — The All. ('from') indicates the whence something comes or happens ; it is also used after com- paratives ('than'). — The Gen. ('of) determines in various -ways, mostly as a 38 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. possessive, the meaning of an adjacent substantive (being even sometimes apparently nsed as a Dat., Instr,, or Loc.), or it is governed by some other word. — The Loc. (' in, on, at ') regularly denotes the place tir time in which any- thing is done ; but its relations are quite variable, frequently coinciding with those of other ca^-es. With a. participle it is used adverbially (loc. abioL). — The Voc. is the case of address. 91. Change op Stem and Accent. — These phenomena (unless referable to usual laws of combination) belong almost entirely to the first declension, and will be described there. Only neut. stems have universally iu the Nom.-Voc.-Acc. pi. a stronger form than in other cases. The strong neut. forms all insert a nasal after the vowel of the final syllable (except before n and r), and that vowel is, besides, lengthened in all vowel stems and in cons't stems taking a long vowel in the Nom. sing. masc. or ending in is, us. 92. Distribution of Stems into Declensions. — A very large and well-defined division of noun-stems, comprising all monosyllabic bases and all derivatives terminating in a con- sonant, assume throughout (with only a slight exception for stems in ar) perfectly homogeneous endings that are always easily separable from the stem, while all remaining deriva- tives, with various mutual discrepancies, assume endings that in many cases difier from those of the preceding division, and which cannot always be separated from the stem with which they are partially fused. With regard to this distinction, the noun-stems are here divided into a First and a Second De- clension, each being in turn subdivided as described hereafter. ^ First Declension. 93. To the first declension belong all root or monosyllabic stems and all derivative consonant-stems whether used singly riaST DECLENSION. 39 or as final members in a compound, unless, by a special change, they be transferred to the second declension. 94. Inflectional Endings. — All stems of this declension, with a slight exception for those in ar alone, assume the endings which are given below (the varied hyphens indi- cating variations of the stem as explained in 95) : Singular Dual m. f. m. f. NOM. .(s) -no ending -aa Ace. ^im -no ending -du Ihstb. ..a ■bhyam Dat. .-« ■bhyam Abl. .-as -bhyam Gbn. .•as .-OS Loc. ..i .-OS Plural m. f. n. -as -i .■ai ■bhU -bhyaa -bhyai .•dm ■m -i Voc. = nom., except that most Tariable masc. Btems in sing, are weak. Note 1 . — The Noni.-Voc. when of one form will be given together, any dif- ference of accent (96) understood. Note 2. — All variable adj. stems (transf. adj. -compounds inclusive), save those in van, and also adj. in m, develop, by means of the added suffix :, a special fem. stem, in form perfectly analogous with the Nom. du. nent. ; and this stem is, of course, transferred to the vowel-deol'n. For sj>dd and for com- pound adj. in an this change is said to be only optional ; and stems in van form a fem. in vari. 95. Varlation of Stem. — A majority of the consonant- stems (only two vowel-stems) show when inflected a variation of form other than that required by the common laws of com- bination. This variation is of two kinds : a. organic, ulti- mately dependent on accentual variations, and b. inorganic, having no such cause. 40 SANSKRIT GEAMMAR. a. Organic Variations. — Owing to an original or actual shift of accent as between stem and ending, a few mono- syllabic and several important groups of derivative conso- nant-stems whose final or only syllable contains the vowel a shoWj when inflected, a variation of form characterized by a strengthening or weakening of that syllable. Thus : A strong form, invariably accented and characterized by having in the final syllable a lengthened a, or a penulti- mate nasal, or both, is assumed by masc. and untransferred (94. note 2) fern, stems in the Nom., Voc. (partly, 94), and Ace. sing, and du. and the Nom.-Voc. pi., and by neut. stems in the Nom.-Voo.-Acc. pi. alone : — murdhan- ' head,' dvisdnt- ' hating,' vidvaiis- ' knowing.' A weah or middle form, lacking the vowel-lengthening, the nasal, and often also the accent of the strong form, and, besides, a final n (cf. 33. note), is assumed by some stems wherever the strong form is not required, but by others — it being then for the sake of distinctness called the middle form — only when no ending or one beginning with a consonant follows : — murdha-, dvisat-, vidvat- {t by a spec'l change). The weakest form, lacking entirely the characteristic sounds of the strong stem, and often its accent, is assumed chiefly by vans-siams (partly by root-stems and by stems in -an) whenever the inflectional ending is or begins with a vowel : — murdhn-, vidua (by loss of -dn- and vocalization of the preceding v). In the table of endings above (94), the strong and weak forms of the stem are indicated by prefixed heavy and light hy- phens, and the weakest form by a dot under the light hyphen. PIEST DECLENSION. 41 The groups of cases in which these varied forms occur, are also called resp. strong, weak or middle, and weakest; and these terms often receive a generic use. Note 1. — Except in a few cases, there is no general agreement as to which form of the stem is to be considered as the normal, whether the strong, or the weak, or neither. In accordance with the views of the Hindus, a majority of grammars and dictionaries accept the middle form as being in general the normal one, but others do so only in part or not at aU. There thus arises a discrepancy in the report of most of the variable stems, different works giving them with different endings, viz. ant {mant, Tant), or at {tnat, rat) ; tans or vas or vans ; {i)yan3 or {i)yaa ; ar or r. In each set of these endings, the first one (i.e. ant etc., vans, iyans, a/r], containing a more or less clearly justified nasal or ar, is here given as the ending of the normal stem. Note 2.— It is already noted (91) that all neut. stems have a strong form in the Nom.-Voo.-Acc. pi. b. Inorganic Variations. — Stems in in form a kind of tran- sition-group between the preceding class and the present one, being largely varied in analogy with stems in an ; and deriva- tives in as, is, us show some faint traces of a strengthened stem-form. Monosyllabic stems in ir, is, ur, us lengthen i and « before endings beginning with a consonant. 96. Shift of Accent. — Simple root-stems with few ex- ceptions and oxytone derivatives in dnt, shift their accent to the ending, the former in all their weak cases, the latter in their weakest. Oxytones in dr and an also make that shift when in the weakest cases those stem-finals, by the loss of d, are reduced to r and n (stems in ar also optionally in Gen. pi.). Other stems retain their accent except in Voc, where it invariably rests on the initial syllable. 97. The stems of the First Declension are here treated in the following order : 42 o CD 3 o *1 03 = e ■< --& I ^ B !^ o ■ a — S" SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. A. Root or Monosyllabic Consonant-Stems (98) : a. Without organic variation of form (99) ; b. With organic variation of form (101). B. Root or Monosyllabic Vowel-Steras (104) : Neariy all with unvaried stem, but changing accent. Derivative Consonant-Stems (113) : a. With no variation of form (114) ; b. With partial variation of form (115) : 1. Stems in as, U, vs (116); 2. „ „ in (118). c. With organic variation of form (120) : 1. Stems in (fjar (121); 2. „ „ an, man, van (125) ; J> O f 3- »» )j (z)yaria comparatives (131) ; T~,^ I i. „ „ ant pr. pples, mant, vant (133) ; I 5. „ „ tans pf. pples ( 140). Note. Adj. stems are sometimes nsed as substantives ; and all snbst. stem? are liable to be used in composition as adjectives (83. ii). A. Root or Monosyllabic Consonant- Stems (single or as final members in composition). 98. The uncompounded stems are nearly all substantives, mostly fem., less often masc, and rarely neut. As final mem- bers of a compound, they may, of course, be converted into adjectives (83. ii) ; and many roots are used in composition alone, with the value of a Pres. Participle (72. a). Simple stems and compounds are inflected alike, observing the dif- ferent treatment of the accent (96). 99. Stems without Oeqanic Vabiation op Form. — The stem is unvaried except that nouns in ir, is and ur, us pro- FIRST DECLENSION. 43 long i and u before endings beginning with a consonant and in Nom. sing, (where s is dropped, see helow). 100. Examples : — simple subst. ^T^ vac, f., voice, speech ' ; fn^ gir, i., ' song '; — comp^d adj. «^^|c|i sarva- gdk, m. f. n., ' omni-potent '. The Nom. ending s must, by the requirements of 35, be dropped in all cons't-stems [vdk for vdc-s) . Sing. : f. i. m. f. n. N. V. ^ ^% «55r«»>^ 1 tdk sarva^ak (94. n. 1) A. «IM« «'<5I'*H, 'i^^I'K Toc-am (c : 45. a) gir-am fhTT tarvacQak-am sana:qak I. ^^ 4)^^141 rdc-d (96) gir'd sana^^k-d (96) D. gr^ f^ «#?!<« i>ac-4 glr-S sarcasfdjt-e Ab.G. gr^fl; ftTTH^ ^51*5^ ■eiic-as gir-ds fWfc sarvas^dk-at L. ♦l^^lf* Tdoi gir-i sanacqdk-i Du.; N. V. A, .^^ fnft ?j^5r<*^ ?i55i^'t v&c-au gir-du sarrosfai-au sarMsfdi-i I. D. Ah . =rF«n'^ »T^*StTH^ 1Bt5FW»T\ tdg.bhydm (g : 48) gftr-hhiiam sarvasgdg^bkydin G. L. ^Wt^ fmS\ M^lhd-bhydm, G. ,ghn-6s; pi. N.V. sluin-as, A. cghn-ds, I. kd-bhis, D. Ab. kd-bkyas, G. :ghn-dm, L. :Ad-su. — Fem. stem vrtra-ghnt. f. sroA ' bearing ' is in strong and middle cases tdh, but in the weakest cases, by samprasaran.i, tSA (with a preceding vowel diijt: cf. 42. note). In anatbrdh ox ' this root has three forms : strong =rdA (but N. ivdn, V. scan), middle ;urf, weakest suA. g. nor ' man ' and fedn 'dog' are described in 123 and 129. 46 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. 102. Defective nouns inflected by the aid of kindred stems: a. div, f., ' sky, day ' borrows its N. and V. sing, from di/6 (112) ; before a consonant div is changed, by vocalization of V, to dyu, which retains the accent: — sing. N. dydus (V. di/dus), A. div-am, I. div-d, etc.; pi. N. div-as, A. div-ds, I. dyu-lhu, etc. b. dint, m., 'tooth ' has its strong cases from the stem ddnta. 0. path, m., ' path ' forms only the weakest cases (of. 130. b). d hfd, n., 'heart ', md{>n)$, n., ' fiesh', mdi, m., 'month', ndt,f., 'nose ', nif, f ., ' night ', pft, f ,, ' army ', are said to occur in weak cases alone (but neat, not in N. A. sing, and du.), their strong cases being formed hj hfdai/a, tadmsd, tndsu, ndsikd, nifd, pftand. 103. star 'heaven', <;dm 'bliss', jos ' fortune ', bhur (orig1y=ftit5-a 'earth'), mystic word, are uninflected. B. Root or Monosyllabic Vowel-Stems (simple or as fina members in composition). 104. The simple stems are mostly fern, substantives endin^ in a, l, u, or a diphthong (only live, of which two are irre- gular). Compounds having these simple stems or other roots with long final vowels as last members, are either substantives or adjectives (transf. or not). 105. Simple monosyllabic vowel-stems are inflected without any other change of form than that required by the laws of internal combination : i. e. their final vowels i, u, di, du are before endings beginning with a vowel resolved into iy, uv, dy, dv (40. a, 39. b). About stems in a, cf. 108. 1()6. But fern, in « or « are allowed also to take in the D., Ab.-G., and L. sing, and in the G. pi. the endings of derived i and «-stems (resp. di, ds, dm, and n-dm: 155). FIKST DECLENSION. 47 107. ^ rai, before Sing. ; N. V. Examples : — V^ dhi, f., 'thought'; >» bhu, ?., 'earth''; m. (f.), ' wealth ' (the only stem in ai : drops consonant its i) ; "^ nau, i., ' ship '. D. Ab. G. L. Du.: N. V. A. I. D. Ab. G. L. Plur. : N. V. A. f. dki-s dkiy-am fw dhit/-d ftR °§ (19) dhiy-4y '^ydi dhiy-as, ''yds fvf^ °vjff^ dhiy'i, "^ydm dhiy-du dhi-hhyam dhiy-os dlny-as I. vMWw^ dkl-bhis D. Ab. >rh*ra; dhi-bhyds dhiy-dm, dhi-n-dm L. Jlftq dhi-8u (« : 63. o) bhu-8 ^^ bhuc-am bkuv-d _'\ *. bhuv-dst °Tds bhuV'iy °vdm bituv-du bhu-hhydtn o \ bhur-6s bhuB-as ^^ bku'bhis m. (f.) rd-s rdy-am vm rdy-d ray -4 <.\*\\ rdy-ds trftr rdy^i f. ndu-8 ndc-am •TRT ndv-d ndv-£ ndn-ds ndv-i rdy-au nan-an rd-bhydm ndu-hhydm rdy-6s ndc-os bhttt-dm, bhundm bhii-au rd^os (A. gen'ly -ds) ndv-as ra-bhls tTwra TTTTW rdy.dm ndu-bhia Ttdu-bhyds 7idi7 dm 48 SANSKRIT GEAMMAIl. 108. Simple etems in a, which are extremely rare, drop before a rowel their o, and seem to retain the accent throughout. ThuBjd, f., 'progeny': — sing. N. jis, A. jam, I. jd, D. je, etc. ; pi. I. jdbhis : etc. 109. Compound vowel-stems having' as final member a root or a monosyllabic stem in a, I, u, are inflected in the main as above, only that a final * or « sometimes (especially when preceded by only one consonant) are resolved directly into y or V, in which case a lost acute accent becomes svarita (23) . If the compound is an adjective, it shortens in the neut. its end-vowel, and is then, except optionally in the weak cases, inflected like a derivative neut. * or K-stem (148). Thus prasdhi ' high-minded ' : Sing. m. f. n. N. V. pradhis pradhi A. pTadhiiiam or pradhyim pradki etc. (= dhi) etc. etc., as stated above. Note. — Roots ending in a vowel are, as already noticed (8 L. b), when entering as final members in a compound largely altered. Thus, all roots ending in a short vowel are by an added ( changed to consonant stems, and several roots terminating in a long vowel shorten it, and are then inflected like derivatives ending in short vowel Icf . the treatment of neut. above) . Many fern, in a are even directly declined like derivative a-stems (163). Irregular inflection : 110. strt, f., 'woman', probably by contraction from a derivative stem, is inflected in the main as such, cf. 157. 111. go, m. f., 'ox, cow' is inflected without shift of accent and with two stems : strong ffdu, and weak ffo (before a vowel resolved into ffdv) ; but three cases are irregular, viz. A. sing. ffdm, A., pi. ffds, and Ab.-G. sing. ffos. Thus : — N. V. gaii-s, A. gi-m, I. gdr-d, D. gdr-e, Ab.-G. g6-t, L. gir-i ; dn. N. V. A. gde-du, I. D. Ab. g6-bh]/dm, G.li. gdv-os; pi. if ■ V . gdv-as, A. gas, I. g6-bkis, D.-Ab. g6-bhyas, G. gdv-dm, L. g6-fit, 112. dyo, f., ' sky, day' is inflected like ffo: — sing. N. dyau-s (V. dydus), A. dydm, etc. Cj. also dlv, iU2. a. rillST DECLENSION. 49 C. Derivative Consonant-Stems (single or aa final members in composition). 113. Derivative consonant-stems, whether simple or com- pound, are both substantives and adjectives, the substantives being prevailingly neut., less often masc, and only spora- dically fern. Very few derivative consonant-stems are inflected without any variation of form at all, some large groups show an irre- gular tendency towards such a variation, and the majority of stems, especially adjective, are declined with a full organic change, as described in 95. a. The stems are accordingly arranged in three different divisions. 114. Stems vnTR no Vaeiation of Form. — Some deriva- tive consonant-stems ending in a dental or^ immediately pre- ceded by a vowel (or in a few cases by r) are inflected, like unchangeable root-stems, simply by adding the regular end- ings. They are substantives of any gender or adjectives; and masc. and fem. are inflected alike. Tlius sarit, f., ' river :^ — N. V. sarit (N. for sarit-s), A. sarif-am, I. sarit-a, D. sarit e, Ab.-G. sarit-as, L. sarit-i; du. N. V. A. sarit-au, I. D. Ab. sarid-b/i^dm [iS) , etc. The adj. karit ' green ' would be inflected in masc. and fem. like sarii, and also in neut., except in the A. sing., hant, N. V. A. du., harit-i, and N. V A. pi,, ItaHnt-i (91. note). 115. Stems with partial Variation of Form. — By ana- logy with stems having an organic variation of form, deriva- tive stems in as, is, us, and in all incline toward such a variation. E 50 SANSKRIT GUAMMAR. (1) Derivative Stems in as, is, US : — 116. The simple stems are mostly neat, substantives; but a few masc, one fem. [us-ds 'dawn'), and some adj. stems also occur. Compound stems are, of course, both substantives and adjectives. The inflection is regular, except that masc. and fem. stems in as lengthen the vowel of the ending in N. sing., and all neut. in N. V. A. pi. 117. Example: — ^^-TB^ dJlgiras, m., 'Angiras ' (myth, being) ; H^w^ manas, n., ' mind ;' W^ sufmanas, trf. adj. compound, ' well-minded, benevolent / aq '^Pri g jyot-is, n., 'light.' Sing. . m. II. m. f. dngiras dngiras-am afii^iras-a dnjiras-e dngiras-as dngiras-i dngirag Du. : N. V. A. ^f^prnl- diigiras-au ^'^Tl^ ♦IH'l«fl^ X>. Ab G. V. mdnas susmdnas su^mdna$ mdnas su^mdnas-am su^mdnas vidnas-d susmdnas-d mdnas-e su^mdnas-e mdnas as susjndnas-as Tsrftj wnrftf mdnas-i su^mdnaS'i mdnas gufmanas n. jyotis jyotis jyotis-a (63. c) jyotia-e JtfOtiS'QS ■»i f > f Kfa jyotis-i jyotis D. Ab. mdnas-z 9usmdnas-du sustndnas-i dhgiro-bhydm mdno-bhydn (p : 59) su^mdno-bhydm jykir-bhydm {57) ^i^T^t^^ ^^\ 5lR^?^^ jjftfiNt^^^ diijiras-os mdnas-ot swmdnas-os jyotif-os ^f^pttwim^ »nftwn»T su^jyotis-i FIRST DECLENSION. 51 Plur. XT \T A inTTftr '^ 5iftTrW^ W. V. A ^fS'-^«s ■«m««^ «^«nr« dnjiras-as mdnaiU~i SU-. mdnas-as su^ndna/is -t jyoCins-i I. ^rf^f»Ta >TH^f»ra FHn'^fvnf ^mf^ auijiru-bhis mdno-bhis sucnndno-bhis jyotir-bliis D. Ab. '?I%tt«WT *nft«l^ alftfill*^'^ ahgirO'hUyas mdno-bhyas su^mdno-bhyas jyotir-bhyas G. ^'{^\»^ «H»f*II»f^ dhgiras-ain mdnas-am sui-mdnas-dm jyotis-am L. ^^:^ jr:^ ?nrJT:t r^:^ ingirah-su mdnah-su (57) su;»idnflA-sw jyotih-su (6y. a) cdkstts, ii., ' eye ' is beautiful light,' like sm without lengthened i). inflected \\V.e jyotis; and su^jyotia, trf. adj., 'having a 'mdnas, except in the N. sing. masc. and fem. [svjyuth. (2) Derivative Stems in in [min, vin) : — 118. These very common stems are all original adjectives of possession, inflected in the masc. and neut., and developing for the fem. a special stem in i (94!. note 2). They lengthen the vowel of the ending in N. sing. masc. and N. V. A. pi. neut., and drop their n when in inflection it would become final (except generally in V.) and before a consonant. — Cf. stems in an below. 119. Example: — ^f^^ hal-in (from hala, strength'), adj., * strong.-" Sing. Du. Plur. m. n. in. u. m. n. N. ^^^ ^f^ bait ball ^%?^ ^^f^^ ^f^^w ■^w^f■^ . r j^ . p ■ balin-du balin-l batin-as batin-i balin-am baU , 52 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Sing. Du. Plnr. D. Ab. <*• ^%^ ^^1^ bcUin-d bali-bhis balln-e bali-bhi/am hali-bhyas balin-aa , bali-bkyas ■-if^iTin b(iClH-UVl viitn-as balin-i bdliii ti(ili(n) balin-os bdiiii-iiu bdlin-l 6o/i-su bdlUi-as bdlin-i Fem. stem ^%^ halim, inflected according to 155. 120. Stems with Organic Variation of Form. — The stems of this division are such whose end-syllable contains the vowel a followed by a final r or n (chiefly subst.) or by a penultimate nasal (only adj.). They are divided into five ijroups, viz. 1. stems in (i)ar ; 2. in an, man, van; 3. in (7)i/ans ; 4. in ant, mant, rant ; and 5. in vaiis. About the varied usage in reporting these steins, cf. 95. a. note 1. (1) Derivative Stems in (t)ar : — 121. These stems are mostly masc. substantives {nom. ac- toris and a few nouns of kinship) in tar. Simple and com- pound stems are inflected alike. Alone ot all consonant-stems, those in {t)ar have a few irregular endings, viz. in Ab.-G. sing. (cf. below) and A. pi. (m. -11, f. -s). They are inflected with two somewhat vacil- FIRST DECLENSION. 53 lating forms: a strong in dr (nom. act.) or ar, except in N. sing, which invariably ends in a, and a weak in r, in G. sing, changed to ur, in L. sing, to ar, and in A. and G. pi. to r. Note 1. — Neut. stems (of sporadic occurrence) end in r, and are inflected throughout like stems in i (148), or in the weakest cases optionally like masc. Note 2. — Two nouns of relationship svdsar 'sister' and ndptar 'grand-son' are inflected like agent-nouns with strong form in dr. 122. Examples: — ^TifTda-tdr, m., ' giver ^; fmr^ pi-tiir, m.., 'father^; »rnT^ ma-tdr, {., 'mother'; ilfilT dha-tdr, n., ' providence '. Sing. m. m. f. n. N. ^TiTT ftnTT »nin VTrT dald /)i«d maid ihdif A. «^lriK»< ddtdr~am J3i«(ir-am 7na(dr-a?n UTTT dhdtf I. ?[T^T fq^T m^T virtm 0^ ddtr-a (39 b) pi(r-d mdtr-d dhdtf-n-d, °trd D. ^% fTT^ etc. ddtr-e pitr-e ma«r-e like Ab. G. 5TlJ^ ddluT (for "ar- s ?) /ijilir fVTTfft TTTTft rdri, (188) or in weakest cases like dutf, m. ddtdr-i pilar -i mdtar-i < V. ff<=r ^f^PTffT ^iwf^ fsir^^ rdjh-i, "jan-i itdmn-i, "inani dtmdn i jkviin-i V. cnPT ^m{-^) '3IIWJI V ftr^W^ flTr^(wJ rdjan ndma (n) dtnian j'Umn jUva(n) Du. : TX^^ ^iv"), <^m(\ ^ N. v. A, iHlrHMl Hr»ii»t ^»T«nR vsicWMim^ r«fr3 HIH*J rdja-su ndma-su a(ina-su jitza-m Fem. stem f^(j^K\ jit-vari, inflected acc'g to 155. Examples of compounds; moAasnyVin, m., 'great king* is inflected like rd/a??, and mahldsd) ilman, trf. adj., 'high-minded,' in m. and n. like jitvan, its fem. stem being mahdtmanl (or mahdtmd). Irregular inflection : — 129. mojAdtan ('rich, generons' = ), m., 'Indra,' yitron 'yonng,'and frdn (101. gl, m., 'dog 'are in the weakest cases by samprasarana reduced to mat^Adn, yen, f«» (the accent unchangeable): — sing. N. maghdvd (yutd, frdi, A. maqhd- viin-am (etc.), I. magk6n-d [yun-d, fiift-a), etc. — Fem. stems maghoni, yuvaii or Note. — Besides maghdvan, there is also astern maghdtant (cf. 136). 130. Defective nouns inflected with the aid of kindred stems : — a. dhan, u., ' day' borrows its middle cases from dJtas (secondary form of the probably earlier dhar] : — sing. N. dhai, I. dJin-d, etc.; pi. I. dho-bhia, D. Ab. oAo- bhyus, etc. Niite. — As prior member in composition either ahar or aho (of oAas '), and as final member either ahah, ahan, aha, or alma is used. b. pditthan, m., ' path ' forms its middle cases from pathi, and its weakest from pith (movable accent). N. V. sing, are irregularly pdnthd-a. Thus :— sing. FIBST DECLENSION. 57 N.V. pdnthd-s, A.pinthdn.am,!. path-d,!). path-i, Ah..Q. path.ds,h. path-i ; du N. V. A. pdnthdn-du, I. D. Ab. pathi-bhydm, G. L. pn(A-ds ; pi. N.V. pdnthun-at, A. path-ds, I. patM-bhis, D. kh, patM-bhyas, Q. path-am, L. pathi-su. Note. — Generally the stem is given as pathin, but no n ever occurs. i;. aksdn, n., 'eye,' asthdn, u.,'bone,' dadhdn, n., 'curdled milk/saAlAdn, u., ' thigh ' form only the weakest cases, except N. "V. A. du. Other oases are formed from dksi etc., of the same gender and meaning, see 152. d. The neut. stems asdn ' blood,' dsdn ' mouth,' uddn ' water,' do^dn ' arm,' yakdn 'hver,' yuaan 'broth,' ^akdn 'dirt,' form the N. V. A. throughout from dsrjy dsydj udaka, dos, ydkrt, yusa, cdkrt (which are fully inflected). (3) Derivative Stems in iyans (seldom yaiis) : — 131. Ttese stems are all comparatives (cf. 160. a) inflected in the masc. and neut. and developing for the fern, a special stem in i (94. note 2) . They have two forms : strong in {i)ydns and weak in {i)yas. 132. Examples : — J?^^ mah-iyans, m. n. (f. 131) ' greater '; ^R^ gre-yans, m. n., better '. Sing. : m. u. m. u. A. D. Ab. G. V. makl-ydn (35) mdhlyas T^nr bhdv-ant (cf. 138), m. n. (f. 135), ' being ', Hf^tq^ bhavisy-dnt, m. n., ' about to be'; ^^ ddd-at (from the redupl. root da-du), m. n., ' giving '; — adj. in vant WXRnf bhdga-vant, m. n., rich, blessed '; adj. in mant inflected like those in vant. Sing. N. Ab. G. L. m. n. m. n. bhavisydn m. n. m. u. m. *(-<^if^^ bhdcan (35) dddat bhdgazdn n. vm^ bhdvat bhavisydt bhdgarat m. W^tPI^ bhdtant-am bhavisydnt-am dadat-am bhdgavimt-am n. H^ bhdvat bhaxisydt dddat bhdgarat bhdtat-d bhav'isyat-d dddat- a bhdgatat-d bhdmt-e bhavisyat-e ddiiat-e bhagarat-e bhdvat-as bhdrat-i bhavisyat-ds »Tf^'HtfJT bhamsyat-i dddat-as dddat-i bhdgavat-as bhdjnTT7RH bhdvat bhdiiiyat bhdgavat 60 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Du. 'm.«W> Hf^^ITift »Wt (135 6A((Dts^aRt-au dddat-du bhdgarant-du ) MN«lfl1 oxrift VUNill bhdvant.t bkavis^dnt'i, °ycUi bhamsyad-bhyam (2d(/a«-i iii(7ara<-z I. D. Ab. bhdvad'bhi^dm bhacat.ot dddad-bhydm blidgavad-bhydm Or. Li, Plu. ; bhan?yat-6s bhdgamt-os m. H^'ira Mf^l^llW ^ire *nnrt bhdvant-i, ^^^ dadoi-i, etc., inflected acc'g to 165. FIEST DECLENSION. 61 137. The siemB mahdnt ' great', rrhdnl {ot brhdnt]' great', a.nijdgat, n., 'world being orig'ly participles, are inflected ae such, except that mahdnt in all strong cases lengthens its d (N. mnhdn, A. mah&ntam, I. mahatd, etc.). The neut. jd;]at (though derived from a redupl. form of gam ' go ') is in N. V. A. pi. jdganti. The fern, forms are mahaii, zrhati, jdyati, 138. bAd-vant, respectful term of address (='your honor'), being a different word from the participle 6/idv-ant above, is probably a contraction of hJidga-vant, and is inflected like it (see above). But, besides the regular Voc, an irregular, hMs (contracted from an older form bJidvas), is also used as a kind of voc. interjection. Thus : — N. bhdvdn, A. bJidvantam, T. bhdvaid, etc. Fern, stem bhdvatl. 139. dnant, m., 'steed' has the N. sing, drvu (fr. drran). (5) Derivative Stems in (i)-vans : — 140. These stems are all perf. participles inflected in the masc. and neut., and developing for the fern, a special stem in I (94 note 2). They have three forms : a strong in vans, a middle in vdt, and the weakest in us (cf. 95. a), before which the union-vowel i, if it occurs, is lost. The accent is always upon the stem-final. 141. Examples: — Trfw^^T tasth-i-vdns, m. n. (fern. 140), ' having stood '; f^^ vid-vdns (irreg. perf. formation with pres. meaning : 247) ' knowing, wise '. Sing. : vidvan xidrdt riirdns-am zidvdt ,Tn. n. HftW=llfl ttTw^^ tasthirdn (35) tasthlvdt trfW^^TH mfvuvjt^ t'tsthirdns-aia tasthirat HW^ tasthut- a 62 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. u. H^^ f^5^ tasthus-a ridii»-« Ab. G. tastkus-as vidus-as L. Ti^ f%|ft tastkiis-i Tidvan TidvcU t^thimn tdsthivat Da.: N. V. A. fffpnit^fi" KW^ fcigiwt f^l^ tastkicdiis-du tasthu^-l Bi• I P- u T. m. fciri-s ^^ tnri-n-d ^ knraij-e «^ ftardii •s Du.: )j V. A. cjrrt Aarf f. maty-& matd!/-e,°ti/-di HitKc'-s, °ty-di »nft °i«n^ viatdu, °ly-din 1^ 0. Ab. ^?»»IT»^ Hfir«IT»t htvi-bhtjdm mati-bkydm kavif'OS maty-ot Tiiati-s Plur X. L D. Ab. S. A-rwi-n Akzri-6At« kon-hhyas mati-bhyaa \\\'>) him-u-am mati n-dm kavi-9u moti-iu n. vdri pari rdi-i-n-d rdri n-« rdii-n-as rdri-n-i ^Tft or rdii, °re if MB tdnta-8 TPfTSn t6.ntav-e tdntda fHift ffktnu-m dkenr-d n. \j \> mddku n!drf/iA«-«-d dhendn-e^ '^nv-dl mdUku-n-t V*f^B o^giw BV^TB Meuo-s, nv-as inddha-ti-m dhenait. dktno iiv-am i/tddhu-n-i tnddhuy °dho dhenu rari-n-j ta«tw ^TfcwITT^ fniT«r»^ VHVJJTW *|W>m^ tdri-bhydiii tdiita-hkydm dhenH-bhi/dm mddha-i>hydj;t ^rfttfrti Kn=ri« v^fVw »wftw van-n-09 tantv^ug dhenv-os mddku-n-t/s rdri-ri'i rdri'Ti-i vdri-bhis rdii-bhyoi rdn-n-dm rdrj-«tt tdntae-as dhendv-as tdntil-n dhenu-s tdntu-hhis dhenu-bhis tantii'bhyas dhenu-bhyai tdnt/'f-H'ain dhenil-n-dm tdnta-nt dkenu-ta wfsT mddhu.n'i mddku-n-i mudku'bkif mddhabhym tnadku'n-utfi TOd(fAu-SU (•ji; SAKSERIT 6RAMMAU. 1 4.9. Adjectives are inflected exactly like substantives. But iieut. may optionally be inflected like masc. ; and stems ill u sometimes form a special fem. by lengthening the final vo\v(-l, or by adding to it the suffix t (m. tan-u ' thin'; f. tanii, or ta>iu, or tanv-i; m. bahu 'much': f. bahu or bahv-i). — Thus ?lf^ giic-i, m. f. n., clear '; K'T tan-u, m. f. n., ' thin, slender ': Sill: K- ■ m- f. n. m. f. II. y. ¥^x !I^ ^^ ^^ -"d*! ITU i;vcis ficit g&ci tanus tonus t]49) tanu A. ^. ^I*1H ^. ^i\ n r-uHm (ucim fuel tanum tatium tanu etc.. etc. etc . (or=7n.) etc. etc. etc. Irregular inflection : 150. pdii, m., ' lord, husband ' is inflected regnlarly in composition and nsnally in the sense of ' lord ' ; but when it is nncomponnded and means ' husband ', it resolrea its i into y, before all endings beginning with a vowel, except in 6. pi., and forma Q. sing, in us. Thus:— pAi«, pitim, pdtyd (reg. pilina), phtye (reg. piitaj/e), pdit/tts (reg. piles), palyau [Tig. pdtda), pile: the rest regnlarly. 151. sdkid, m., ' friend ' is in strong cases tdlrhay (hut N. sing tikhd^ ; in weak cases it is treated like piti ' husband', above. Thus : — idkkd, sdlhayam, sdthaa, sdkhye, sdkki/us, sdkhyau, sdkhe ; idkiiiyiii, sdkhibhyam, sdkhyos ; sdkhayat, sdkhin, !a]ddbhis, fdkhibhyas, fdkhlndm, sdkhitu. 152. dkd, dathi, ddrlhi, patki, and krostu exchange certain forms with kindred stems in an or af, cf. 130 c, b ; 124. B. Dfrhative Stems in a, 1, U (suff". a, i, u ; la, vari, etc.) : 153. The simple stems are with few exceptions (cf. 156) fem. substantives and adjectives, the latter having a special masc. and neut. form, viz. . All stems of this division are inflected in the main alikcj except in N. sing, and du. (sing, -a, -i, -u-s, du. e, au, du) . Other discrepancies are only euphonic, d being before a vowel changed to ay (or in I. sing, and G. L. du. to ay, and i, u regularly toy, v). About the accent, cf 145. 155. Examples : — subst. TRT sena, f. army '; ^T> dev-i, f., "goddess^; ?V vadh-v, {., woman'; — adj. Tfin ga-tci, f. (m. n. 153), 'gone'. Sing.: f. f. f. f. Ab. G. Du. [. D. A. Q. L. tend deti vadha-s ffatd tend-m deri-m vadlia-m giit&m sena-y-d sind-y-di dery-d ^^ dery-di gen vadhv-d vadhv-di TCfm gatdyd gatdydi send-y-ds devy-ds vadhv-ds gaidyds send-y-dm seae devy-dm ^^. devi vadhv-dm vddhu gatdydin scite [It. send- ■i) devy-du jute 94nd-bhydm sina-y-o» deti-bhyam devy-6$ za^hu-bhydm vadho-oi nUTWfW gatdbhydm gatdytn 68 SANSKRIT GEAMMAE. Plur. : D. Ab. G. L. «H1« <«HW ^EW^ mn\ lendt (fr. seni-at) dery-cLi Todht-ai gatds ?nn^ ^^1h mrm senS-s devi-s warfAS-s gaidi send-bhis dcvt-bhis c \ Tadha-bhi$ gaidbhis w»n«m 5^«W ^v«m nHTWRT tena-bhyas dett-bhyas dert-n-dm Tyxdhu-bhyas gatabhyat sind-n-din TOirfAS-»-fiin JlriMIH gatdnam send-su deri-fu vadliii-su »trrm Irregular inflection : 156. In the earlier language, several stems which have been gradually trans- ferred to this mode of declension formed a separate group of stems inflected in the main like root-stems in a, i, u. A few muse, and fem. stems in i orii (as papi, ' nJer, sun,' nriu ' dancer,' and others) are still said to be inflected like compound root-stems (109), except in A. sing, and du., which are formed as above, and in L. sing, off-stems which terminates in i (instead of y-i). The fem. lakfmi, goddess of fortune, tantri 'lute,' and tail 'boat' have (like all K-stems) retained the older ending in X. sing, [lakfmi-s etc.). 157. stri, !., ' woman ' (probably a contracted form of "tatrt : Kuhns Ztschr. XXV. 29) is inflected like a derivative stem, except that 7 before a vowel becomes it/ (not y), that A. sing, and pi. may terminate resp. in am and as, and that the accent is shifted as in root-stems. Thus : — stri, siHm or sirii/am, striyd, striyai, striyds, striydm, stri ; striydu, strtbltydm, stnt/6:s ; striyas, stvis or striyai, stribins, stribhyds, strindm, $tnHu. C. Derivative Stems in a (suff. a, ta, va, ana, etc.) : 158. These stems, by far the most common of all, aremase. and neut. substantives or adjectives, the latter forming a special i'em. stem by changing a to a {gafd, m. n., °ta, f., ' yone ') or, less often, to I [kalydna, m. n., °ni, f , ' beautiful '). SECOND DECLENSION. 69 -subst. ^TO dg-va, m., ' horse ', ijigr -adj. TTH ga-td, m. n. (f. 155), 'gone'. Simple stems and compounds (of which many are trans- ferred from consonant-stems: 81. b) are inflected alike, their inflectional endings (for which cf. 143) deviating most of any from those of the first declension, though they cannot, in general, be confidently separated from the stem. 159. Examples :- phdl-a, n., fruit ';- Sing. : m, N. '^WS dgvat A. ^f^f{ aqram di;Tena d^dt d^rasya L. W'B V. ^ng d^ra Dn.: N. V. A. W^ dfrdu I. D. Ab. V{iy|M(l>^ D. Ab. G. phdlam phd/jim phdUna phaldya G. L. dfTdbhydtn aftayot Mk4W phalasya phdle ^^ phdla ^ phiU phdldhhydm phMayot gatdt gatdm yaWn gatdm ^atena gaidt gatdi gate gatdbhydin 70 8ANSKKIT GBAMHAS. Plor.: m. n. va. n- N. V. WJ\ •vm^'^ »nrTH mnfsT dftd$ phdidm potdi gatini A. "WT^ 'Irll*!^ 'Irtir^ d<;rdn plUUdni (^M^n gatdni I. V^^ ^ Tini 6<;ndu phdldii ^otaii D. Ab. «man^^ TS^am^ n^>^ agvAhyat pkdUlihj/at ^atcMyoi Q. wyniH, «i(jlHIH^ J|ilMI\ agtd-n-dm phAldndM gat&nim L. ^ ITHJ dfve-tu ph6ie9U po/e^tt Formation op Stems of Comparison. This subject, though briefly noticed in the chapter on stem.fonnatioa, where it properly belongs, requires a special treatment since stems of comparison are, to a certain extent, freely formed from any adjective and therefore not always reported in dictionaries. 160. Stems of comparison are either primary or secondary (cf. 74). a. Primary Stems op Comparison. — These stems (of limited occurrence) are formed by adding to the root, which is accented and mostly gunated, the suffix lyans (rarely yan*) for comparatives, and istha for superlatives. A positive stem is often formed from the same root, but when it is not, un- related adjectives are substituted as vicarious positives. — Thus [vicar, posit, within brackets] : Comp. Sup. kfip-iyans kfep-iftha prdth iyarii prdtft-istha mdhlyant maJi-Ufha vdr-iyans rdr-iftha gdr-iyani (lar-istha bdl-iyans tcU-iftha SECOND DECI4ENSION. I Fr. the root Posit. kfip ' hurl ' : kfip-rd ' swift ' prath ' extend ' • prth-u ' broad ' miih ' elate ': ntah-dnt ' great ' var ' enclose ' : i/r-ii ' broad ' ((^itr 'lift'?) : jur-ii ' heavy ' in 6aii 'strength': bal{n 'strong' „ fr/ 'fortune * : fri-mant ' lovely ' ) or [prafd.f tt Ab. Hi^ mm i^ tvdt G. ini mdma (if me) jr^tdva 71 te L. Rftr ™iy> Rfq tviyi rORMATION AND INFLECTION OF PRONOUNS. 77 Du,: N. A. «1<|IH ardm (A. 'q^ Hfiu) 'T^TH yurdm (A. ^TH ram) I. D. Ab. '<||<4|M]|44 dedbhyam (D. 7^ nau) t4<:||M|m yuvdhhyam (D. ^H ram 6. Ii. q\<(t|^V dvayos (G. 'S(J' Jiaa) 4^41 tf yurayos (G. cfW ram) N. '^TT" Tuyam l|l|U yuyam A. -jt^M asmdn (tT?f no*) TmT'T yufmdn (^TT cos) L '44 W I IWV aatndbhis ^miftra yasmdbhU D. ^^ijMm amiibliyam («TTt "<•«) T^^'W yusmdbhyam (^^T eos) G. WWTolW asmaiam ('tTO "'") ^5^I«li*T yumidkam (^^ uoj) !-■■ ^^ETTR tismdsu (JEHI^ yufmdsu iVofe. — Tho briefer forms ma, ««, etc. are enclitioal. 179. Refljsxive and Emphatic Pronouns. — The only re- flexive pronoun is ^ sva 'own, self', used singly or more often in composition ; but the noun ^W<^ atmdn ' soul, self' (l28) has come to be widely used in the sing, or in composition as a reflexive pronoun for all persons and numbers. As emphatic pronoun, the indeclinable ^IJH svayam (h. svd) 'self is likewise used, singly or in com- position, in connection with words of all persons and numbers. Sed is mostly inflected like sdna (187. a), exoeption'ly as an adjective in a : — N. «rds, svd, avdm : etc. 180. Possessive Pronouns. — Mostly the possessive relation of pronouns is expressed simply by their genitive, or by their stem in composition (e.g. mama putras ' my son ', td,>iya putrds 'his son', asmat=putrds 'our sons'); but sometimes ^ svii ' own ', relating to all persons and numbers^ and rarely special 78 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. derivatives in iya and hd {M'^\Ji mad-iya etc. : cf. 184) are found used as possessives. 181. Demonstrative Pronouns. — The demonstrative stems, like the personal, are not homogeneous throughout the entire inflection of each pronoun. The lexical stems are the neuters ITi; tad JHf^ etdd, 7(^ tydd, ^^T iddm, ^t\^ enad, ^^Tl oc7as— all meaning 'this or that ^, but etdd denoting especially a nearer and adds a remoter object. The foi-ms (a, eta, u, i, amu also occur in deriv'n. a. tad (^etdd and f^dd inflected like it), ida?n, adds : A. D. Sing m. D. !. m. n. f. m. n. f. m i sas W m. ^nn^ ayani ^"•^ m asau. ^r^ n. lit n. ^/iusniat amtitryai b. CLinutydt tusya t&syas asyd aimin asyds amufya amufmin amu»yds Utginin t&tyim aiydm amuxyum PORMATION AND INFLECTION OF PRONOUNS. 79 Du.: m. n. I. m. n. f. m. u. f. N. A. m. n. tdu •\ T( U te m n. I. D. A G L. Plnr b. tdbhiidin tdyoa dlhydin aiiiiibktfdm amuyos m m ?^ m. 'anrt N. n. ti tdni tdi n. imdai imds n. ami A. m n. tan inftr tdni tds m n. inidn imdni Hilda m n. auii aiiiiini I. tais inf>re tebhis s dbhis ajz/MAw amiihhis D. Ab wwT^ irr«ra libhyas tdbhyas dblii/da andbhyas amUJiyus G. lefdm TTRTR tdndm esdm dsdtn a nth dm L. tern tdaa aTnijfK e^ac/, tyad would be (with change oi t to s in N. sing.) : N. e-^ds (« G3. c) e-^d e-tdt t fyds gyd iydt A. e-tdiii e-tdm e-tdt etc. I tj/dm tydm tydt etc. Note 1. — About .ids, esds in ext'l combination, cf. 59. note 1. Note 2. — tad may be used with the let and 2nd pers. ; sd 'ham ' this I '. 80 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. b. enad (unacc'd) occurs only in A. sing., du., pi., I. sing., and G.-L. du., being there inflected like tad (A. enam, enam, enat, etc.). 182. Relative Pronoun. — The lexical stem is t^z ydd (but ^a often occurs in deriv'n). It is inflected like tad, though without any change of the initial consonant. Sing. : m. n. i. N. 7T?f yds ^ ya< TT ya A. 7ft{ yam «IH ydt TR^ yam I. "fVn ydyd etc, etc. JVo(f. — By repetition or in connection with kiin (183), ydd assumes an inde- finite sense : yd yas or ydh kd» ' whosoever '. 183. Intereogativk Pronoun.— The lexical stem is f^f!\ Mm ; but fert is the basis of all forms save N.-A. sing. n. [kim), and is inflected like tad. Sing. : m. N. «ra A. c|W I. Kale 1. — In deriv'n and oonip'n, the forms ka, hi, ku, ko, kad also occur. .Vi, (or e, from a-V) and a following vowel, y is inserted. c. Imperative, comprising the Present tense, and having no special mode-sign, except in the first persons that are borrowed iiom an old Subjunctive (mode-sign a, added to the stem). 19-1-. Tense. — There are six simple tenses, formed by a direct combination of stem and endings, and distinguished Ijy a difference in one or both of them. They are Present and Imperfect (both from one stem), Perfect, Aorist, Future and Conditional (both from one stem). In sense they agree on the whole, with corresponding tenses in kindred tongues, on)}- noticing that the three past tenses, Imp., Perf., and Aor., are used without any definite distinction. 195. The Impf., Aor., and Cond. have a special tense-sign called Augment, and consisting of the accented prefix a, added to the stem (in compounds to the final or verbal member) . With an initial vowel it invariably forms vriddhi. -Vofc. — After the prohibitive particle md, the augment is omitted, and the indicative sense of the verb-form becomes imperative. 196. Aside from the simple tenses, a Periphrastic Perfect mid Future are made by loosely combining with a specially formed noun-stem an auxiliary verb [as, bhu, or kar). 197. Number anp Person. — Tliere are three numbers, xingular, dual, and plural, distinguished by different endings ; and in each number three persons, ^^/'iff, second, and third. 198. The personal endings, being added to the various FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF VERBS. 87 tense and mode-signs, differ, as is already noticed, tliroughout for different voices and in part for different modes and tenses. According to their variations within each voice, they may be divided into : — a. primary, ocemring in Pres. and Fut. Ind. ; b. secondary, being in part abbreviated forms of the primary, and occurring in augment-tenses (195) and Opt. ; u. perfect, being in Act. mostly unlike any other, but in Midd., except in 3 pi., like the primary, and belonging to Perf. alone ; d. imperative, part y like the secondary, and occurring in Impv. In tabular form, the endings may accordingly be arranged as follows (heavy and light hyphens denoting strong and weak stems, acc'g to 205-8) : Act ive. Midd le. Prim. Sek. Perf. Impv, Prim. Sek. Perf. Impv. S: 1. .mi -am -a, -au -ni •e -i,-a -e -tfi 2. .si -s Uha -,{-d)hi -se -thus ■se -sva 3. M •C -a,-iu -tu ■te ■ta -e -tiim D: 1. -tas -ca -vd mta ■vaJie -vahi -I'dhe mvahiii 2. -thas -tam -dthus -tam •lithe •dtham -dthe •dthiiiii 3. -tas -tain ■dtus -tarn -ate •atam ■ate ■ dtfim P : 1. -iivis -via •md •^yia •make -mohi -indhe -mahdi 2. -tha •ta •a -ta ■dhve •dhcam ■dhri -dliV'im 3. -a^nyi -an,^us ■us -a{n)tu 199. Where, above, double noticed : — •a{n)te ■a(n)ta,^ran -re •a{ii)tdm forms are given, it must be a. In 1st and Sd sing. Perf. : roots in a have du. b. In 1st sing. Midd., sec. : a belongs to Opt. c. In 2d sing. Impv. Act. : — no pers. ending is added to stems in o or in nu preceded by a vowel (a-nu etc.); — hi is added to all other vowel-stems, save juhu ; and — dhi to consonant.stems and, by dissimilation, to juhu (^■Jhu), 88 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Roots of the (/(/class (208. v) ending in a consonant, have ana for both clasa- s'gn and poi's'l ending (af 'eat': OQ-und). d. 7)1 3d ;//. : — anti, antu lose in redupl. root- verbs (on acc't of the removed acjent : 20S. II. note), and exceptionally in some others, their n ; — ante, anta, aiililm loso their (( in all variable stems (the accent having once rested on the last vowel of the cnd'g: ati etc.) ; — us (sec. Act.) occurs in Opt., in Aor. vrhen the stem does not end in a, and sometimes in Impf. (viz. in all redupl. root- vecbs, optionally in verbs of the root-class ending in a, and sporadically in a few others, as vid etc.) ; — ran (sec. Midd.) is the ending of the Opt. e. Moreover, the initial a of du. endings is in the Midd. after a stem-final a changed to e (or it blends with it into e). 200. The various forms of tbe verb described above may be schematically arranged as follows : Active and FassiTe Indicative Optative v impekatite Present and Imperfect Perfrct (of two kinds) Aoi-vit Future (of two kinds) and Conditional Present Aorist (=Precative) PrestKl 3 pers. sing., du. and pi. Ao(c. — The Pres. (Ind , Opt., Impv.) and Impf,, being for each verb made from the same stem, fonn together the Present-Systtm. •201. Verbal Nouns. — Aside from these personal forms, the verb-stem comprises also certain impersonal forms or verbal noims, viz. various Participles and Gentndites, a (icruiiJ, and an htfinitive. •202. Distribution of Verbs into Conjugations. — In accordance with a fundamental distinction of verbal stems as rejj^ards their sense and use (pointed out 188), Sanskrit verbs are distributed into two main Conjugations, viz : — I. A 'Primary Conjugation, comprising all the roots of the laiij;uage, which directly or extended to derivative steins, FORMATION AND INFLECTION OP VEUBS. 89 though without change of their primary sense, form the basis of the inflection ; and IT. A Derivative Conjugation, comprising all secondary- stems, derivative or nominal, which, modifying, as a rule, the radical sense of the verb form the basis of almost the entire inflection. 203. These two main divisions are again, with regard to the difference of their stems, subdivided, the former into eight and the latter into four classes. I. THE PRIMARY CONJUGATION. 204. The primary conjugation comprises, as is already noticed, all the verb-roots of the language. In part, they form directly or by reduplication the basis of the inflection, but in part only as extended to derivative stems (188). Another peculiarity of their inflection is that they often show a mutual change of stem and accent, as described below. 205. Change of Stem and Accent. — Owing to a shift of accent as between stem and ending, Pres. and Impf. -stems that do not terminate in the vowel a, and all Perf.-stems, show, when inflected, a variation of form, characterized by a strengthening or weakening of their final (or only) syllable. Thus :— A strong form, having in the final syllable a strengthened vowel or a full infix {na), both accented unless the accent be drawn on the augment, appears in the Sing. Act. (except in Opt. and 2d Impv.) and in the first du. and pi. Impv., both Act. and Midd. : — v/*" 'pi'ess^: si.nu-no; \/yuj '^om': st. yu-nd-j. 90 SANSKKIT GRAMMAR. A weak form, lacking the strong vowel or the full infix and having its own accent drawn on the ending (unless it be on the augm.), appears in other forms : — su-nn ; yn-ij-j. 206. Owing to a loss of accent, the Opt. -stem is weak throughout, and the radical syllable ar everywhere, save in the strong forms of root and reduplicative stems, Contracted to r (31). The Present-System. 207. The stem of the Pres.-system (cf. 200. note) is differently formed by different groups of verbs. There are nine such groups or classes, arranged, as shown below, into two large divisions. 208. A. Verbs with Changeable Stem and Accent (cf. 205). — These verbs, divided into five classes, form the stem (that never ends in a) as follows : — I. The Root-Class. — The root alone is the stem. In strong forms it takes guna, if allowable (28. note 3) ; in weak forms it is unaltered (save that the syll. ar changes to r, cf. 206) : — s/dtis 'hate': str. stem f/i'^s, wk. stem dvis ; y/ad 'eat': stems 6x1, ad. Note. — Roots in u have in strong forms before a consonant vrddhi, some of them {ka 'see', tu 'be able ', nu 'praise', ru'roar', s(« 'praise') being allowed, instead, to insert before that consonant the union-vowel i: — y/nu: str. stem vi'iu (or uir-i] and n<5, wk. stem nu. II. The Reduplicative Class. — The root is reduplicated, and the root-vowel in strong forms gunated (and cf. 206) : — x/Tw"' honor, sacrifice': stems ju-ho, Jit-Au. The reduplication is made according to 189, noticing only FORMATION AND INFLKCTION OF VERBS. 91 that in the repeated syllable a long vowel is shortened (or in ga 'go', ma ' measure', Ad, Midd., 'leave' changed to i), and a mostly rendered by i. Note. — The accent is irregularly shifted to the redapl. syllable in all strong forms, those of 6/irtr, bhi, hu, hrl excepted, and, also in weak forms that are followed by a vowel. III. The Infix-Class. — The root has in strong forms the accented syllable nd and in weak the nasal n inserted before its end-consonant (andcf. 206) : — s/yuj ' \o\Xi' : stems _5'M-?ia-y, yu-ii-j (ef. 32) ; s/mdh ' check ': ru-nd-dh (n : 63. b), ru-n-dh. Note. — ] f the root has itself a pennlt nasal, that substitutes the nasal of the etem-sign : — -Janj ' anoint ': stems anaj, aiij. IV. T/ie no-Class. — The root has in strong forms the accented sufRz no and in weak nu (and cf. 206) : — s/su ' press out ': stems su-no, sn-nu. Note. — If the root ends in n, that is dropped (of, 33. note) : \/tan ' stretch ': stems ta-noy ta-nu. There are five such roots (ksan, tan, man, van, san), and they are usually made to form, along with the irreg. kar ' make ' (st. kiir-6, kur-u), a separate conjugational class having the stem-sign 6 (wk. a). V. The na,-Class. — The root has in strong forms the accented suffix nd, and in weak ni : — \/Jri ' buy ': stems kri nd {n ; 68. b), krl-nl. Note. — By the loss of the root-accent, ar and ra are weakened to r or ri (of. 206j, final ?, ii, and ya (only in jycl ' conquer ') resp. to i, u, and i (ji-nd), and a pennlt nasal is dropped: — ^par (pf) 'fill': st. pr-na, pr-n'i ; \/grah 'take': gr-nd, qr-nl ; s/pil 'purify': pu-nd, pu-nl ; ••/ bandit 'hmd': hadh-nd, badh-ni ; wjhd 'know': ju-nd, ja-ni. 209. B. Verbs with Unchangeable Stem and Accent. — These verbs, divided into four classes, form their stems (that always end in a) as follows : — VI. The &-Class (unaccented a). — The accented and, if "ai SANSKRIT GRAMMAE. possible (28. note 3), gunated root has the suffix a: — s/hku ' become, be ': stem {^h6 + a-=)hhdv-a. VII. The k-Class (accented a). The unaccented root has the suffix a : — \/tud ' push, thrust ': tud-d. Note. — Satnprasarana takes place acc'g to 31, except that final ar is changed to ri or (in r-roots: 31. noto 2) to ir : — \/kars ikrs] 'draw' krf-d ; s/tar \if) 'cross': tir-d; \/mar (mr) 'die': mri'y-d (of. note); \/ jtracli 'ask': jirch-d or usually, acc'g to 67, prcch-d. Note. — Before the bu£Sx i, final t and S hecome iy, uv : — y/k»i ' dwell ': knVtj-a; 'Jdhu 'agitate': dhu'v-d; •/mar 'die': mri'y-d (perhaps only a passive mri-yd). VIII. The ya.-Class. — The accented but unstrengthened or even weakened root has the suffix ya : — \/nah ' bind ': stem nah-ya ' bind '. Nute. — The root ia in general treated as before yd in pass. (cf. 287). Many verbs of this class are, in fact, more or less evident transfers from the pass. ; the majority are intransitives, and probably the orig'l accent was on the suffix. IX. The eiia-Clasi. The four roots gam ' go', yam ' check', ar ' move', if ' wish ' form the stems gd-chu, yd-cha, r-chd, i-chd (or usually, acc'g to 67, fjd-ccha etc.). — In most grammars and dictionaries, gam, yam, ar (as if fdia) are referred, as irregular, to the a-class, and i^ to the d-claas. 210. Many verbs are inflected according to more than one class. 211. In combining the verb-stem with the pers. endings, the following special rules are to be observed : a. Before vowels, u when preceded by two consonants, and u become uv (40. a) • u in ■Jhu ' sacrifice ' ia before us in Impf. gunated (a») ; i is dropped before any vowel, and a before a and e (199. e). b. Before consonants, a (vi — is) is in the first persona always lengthened to a; and u (iv), if preceded by one consonant, may in the Ist du. and pi. be dropped land it mostly is). 212. Saaakrit roots are in European works, after Hindu example, divided into oonjugation-olasses according to the different formation of the present-stem. PRESENT-SYSTEM. 93 The nsnal classification differs from that described above in so far as certain roots of the wo-olass are made to form a, separate class (cf. 208. iv), certain denominatives in aya another (of. 330), and roots in cha a part of the a or d-class ; and the classes are designated either by the name of that root which heads the native lists or else by their order of arrangement (the a-olaas, as the most numerous, standing first, and the others following without assignable method). The relation between this arrangement and that made above is as follows : I. 6Am-c1. = a-cl. VI. tud-al. = a-cl. II. ad-cl. = root-cl. YII. rudh-c\. = infix-cl. III. Au-cl. = redp.-cl. VIII. *an-cl. = bm-cI. (only (an etc.) IV. div-c\. = ya-cl. IX. fcrl-ol = ma-cl. V. sa-cl. = «o-cl. (save ten etc.) X. cur-cl. = certain stems in aya (330). 213. Examples of Inflection :- - Root. Str. stem : "Wk. stem : I. Root-ol. fgTB dvis ' hate ': 3T? dvh 13^5 dns II. Redp.-el. ^ hu ' sacrifice ': \3 »l^ juho v3 »nr juhu \3 ^3 III. Inf.-cl. TS^ yi/j'join't JjqST yu-na-j 5^ .v«-''-y IV. n«-cl. ?T su ' press out ': TT»ft su-no Wt( su-nu V. na-cl. 3) krl ' buy ': WtCTT in-n& •?K\T^ kn.> VI. a-cL >T bkii ' become, be ': >T^ bhdr-a VII. — IX. (d, ya, cA«-8tems, inflected exactly like a-stems, cl. vi.). Fresent-System. — Active. Present Indicative. B. Fixed St. A. Changeable stem and accent. and accent. Koot-Cl. Redf.-Cl. Inf..Cl. nU-Cii. na-CL. a-CL. (etc.) Sing. : 1- tf^T ^f** ^Tfw ^^ftfti wliBTft K^nftr dres-mi jako-mi yundj-mi suno-mi krind-mi bkavd-mi [211. h) 2. 5ftj ^^q 5?Tf^ ^rf^q -Sltmf^ H^ftj dv4k-»i [io. h) jaho-si yundk-si [io.h) sunn-fi knnd-si bhdta-ei 3. ift w^fw ^frf^ 5^K *lt^ dves-ti{i5.h) juho-ti yaudh-ti suni-ti knnd-U bhvdc-ati [2l\ . a) 94 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Du.: 1. yuiij-vAs fun(u]-vds{2ll. b) fcnM;-To« bhaTd-vas 2. dvif-thdi dtis-tds Plu.; drU-mas juhu-thdt yanJ:- ... 1. juku-ydm yvhj ydm sunn-ydiii hace'y-am' 2 jahu-yd-s yuHJ-yd s suna-yd-s bkdvt-s 3. dris-ifd-t Du. : dvig-i/d- ra dviti-yd-t'im yauj-ydu sanu-yd't i krinl-yd-taiit •> - bhdze-t 1. jiiltu-yd-va yunj-yd-va sunu-yd-ea bhare-Ta i) ?t^"''\ S^^'n *}d*<'n ju/iu-yd-iam ymj-yd-tam sunu-yd-tam 3. HSUJIHTH^ dris-yd tarn *i5Mini*i^ tiiHini*! «ii«yi^iiTiM i yunj-yd-tam suun-ya-tam krlnhyd-tdm bhavetum ') But fr. \/f«A- etc. faknur-dnti: 211. o. -i = ilri^-yd-am etc. ') = bkdta-'i y-am, bhdta-l-s etc. . 193. b. note. PRESENT-SYSTEM. 1. 3. ST^tlTR Plu.: fswf dvia-yd-nia fSTHTlI dnii-yd-ta juhu-yd-ta dvif-y-us jiihu-y-m junu-ya-ma yunj-ya-ma smiu-ya-ma knm-ya-ma '^(^'njf v^ajjf ??5nrnr 'afha'hjTff yuuj-ya-la yunj-y-us \9 S» mnu-ya-ta Icrinl-yd-ta warm »'Ij 4frir ^71 dvid-dhi{i6.h) juka-dhi i/uny-dhi{4:5.h) sunu, dtes-ta Du. ; dvts-d-ra dtia-tdm 3- r^eiH ju-ko-tu juhut-d-va juku-tdm dtis-tdin juku-tdm Plu : yundk-tu yiiiu'ij-u-va o \ yunk-tdm ^. yunk-tdm sandV'd-ra sunu-tdm aunu-iam 1- ^^W ^fTR ^^TWR ^^^R dveif-d-ma jakdv-d-ma yundj-d-via suiidr-d-ma avls-fd Jaku-td yunk-ta 3- PgU^a »ISiT TWf ^'^^ atii5-d/t£u ^utiv-atu yunj-dtUu aumt-ta suiiv-dnlu ■aftrrrrr krind-la knnd-xa krini-tdin knm-tdni krind-ma krin-dntu hkdtu-ni bkdca j rt bkdra'tu hhdrd- ra blidca-tam Olidta-ldiH bhdvd-uia bhdva-ta II. ^» bhav-antu Imperfect Indicative. Sing. ; ^ 1. iHjMM^ ^»r^H ^^^Tspi^ ^ti^H 'BT-gi'hnTJ^ «vr^ |i d-dves-am d-junav-aiii d-yunaj-am d-sunar-am dhrindm d-bhav-aiii ^ 2. ^si^ ^rsT?>?T ^^"^ ^"^ ^raft'iT^ ^vr^" d-rf»r< (35) a-JuAo-s d-^u«ai 1 35) d-mno-t u-krhid-s d-hhira-s 3. ^^ 'an?^ . wtRcK ^^vftTT ^ra'Nnrr ^JTqnr d'dvet d-jah'j-t a-yanak a-nuuo-t a-knnd-t d-bhata-t 90 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. 3 Du..- d-dvis-va d-jahu-va 2. flf^^JT ^il?Tni 7 \ \» ^ s d-dcls-tam d-juhu-tam d-dvU-tam d-juhu-tdm Plu.: d-dvis-ma d-juliu-ma 2. ^fg'g ^nT?iT d-dris-ta d-juhu-ia 3. ^fSTTT ^»iJqH d-dris-an d-jiihat-us (lU9.d;211. d-yunj'Ta d-sun\ it)~va d-knm-va d-bhard-va d-yuhk-tam d-sunu-tam d-knni-tam d-hhavt-tam d~yunk-tdm d-sanu-idm d-knni-tdm d-bhaza-tdm ^nv? whr^ d-yunjma d-sun(u)-tna d-krini-ma d-bhatd-ma d-yunk-ta d-suiia-la d-krini-ta d-bliava-ta w« ^^ 5^^ T'^^ >»^ § drin-dihe jukr- tithe yuitj-dthe euiir-dthe krln-dthe 6A4c-e(A*j3, f?-^ "\ 3^ ^Tk wfjnm •S*\ 3. ^,/^iri >nrff dvif-dte juhc-dte yuiij-dte suiiv-ite fcnn.dte hhac-ete PRESENT SYSTEM. 'J7 Plur : 1. r^mt ^^»Tt 5^f h^h| ■gi'tjn't*!^ >T^jr? dr'i^-mdhe jnhu-mdhe yiiuj-mdhe suji{ii]-mdhe Inn'i-mdhe bhaoil-inahe ■i ffjff ■3T?» ^Tjg jf^^ Ti\mi^ »T^^ (ivid'dhte jnhu-'ihre yuwf-iihvt sunu-dhre krhihdhte. hhura-dhre %^ W4A 5^ff ^TTTff M^-Tf dch-dte juhe-atc itiiiij-dte sunv-i-ite kr'in-dfe bhdv-anff Present Optative. Sing. ; '^ 1. fl^TI ■3Td?hl ^rghl VTWtTJ ■aftTrfhl iT^T? ^^ dc'iH-iij-d jahv-'iy-a ynnj-hi-d sanr-'iy-d krln-'iy-ti hhdrt'ii-d r 2. %^mTT IT^^^ tl^lt^T^ ^^T!TT^ "Sff^Tft^H >T$^W ^ drh-i-lhSs jiiliu-'i-tlii'is yunj-'i-tkds sunr-i-lhds Ici'nf-l-tltds bh^ir^-l/i,'^ a- f^wtif ^^tf jg'hi -wiiiif -^Wtn M^TT dr'is-i-ta juhc-i-t't yn~tj-'t-td suitv-i-td knu-'i-td bhdre-t't Du. . 1. ft^^^f? ^^^? ^wf% 5?^^? ^'^in't^f? >T^?f? drls-J-cdhi jiihv-t-ralil yu'ij-J-rdkl sunv-7-rdhi krhi-J-vdIil bJidve-valr 2. fi'^nT'^rn^; ' ^j^d^ljj i vjui^ 5^irrv7T»^ ^t^t^ •^^ifhrrnT^ h^utsith dris-h/'dlhum jukv-ly-dlluhii i/unj-lt/-dtlidiii sunT-hj-d'hdin kr'iy-7i/-d'/t>anbhnvi/ iltft/'rm '■^- f^:^^inf{ ii3^^iTfrrT^ ^ra^^Twra t^^^itwht wftt^?rR v^^Ttrnr drU-iy-dttnn juhc-iy-utiiiii yauj-hi'dtaiii sunv-'iy-dtum kiln.lf^-dtdtn bhdveij-r'li'/tn Plu. . 1- f^'t'rff ^'rf? 5^'^''fl 'g^'t^rf? ■S^irtflf^ «^nf|r deis-l-mdhi jukr-i-nifiki yuitj-'i-mdhi sunv-'i-mdlii krhi-l indh't hhare-iiud/i 2. f^'tigH ^f^siM ^sn^ fl?Ttur»i; -git^ar*!; h^jcth dms-i-dhrdm julic-l-dktam yuJij-'i-dktdm sunr.-1-dkvdni knn-~i-dhrdm bhdrt-dhnxm ■ f¥^t^ ^p^'l 3'3Uh wr^'ft'i; ^^Ith «^t^ dtiS'i-rdn juhc'i-ran ynnj-i-rdn sunv-i-rdn h'in-1-idn bkdre-nin H 98 SANSKRIT GKAMMAR. Present Imperative. Sing. : 1. i^ ^ yrt ^% ^§ ^ dres-di juhav-ai yttno/-aJ suMoc-ai krtndi (lT.°ni.di) bUvai (fr. °M-at) 2. fn^ m^ 4^9 ^d*-* winnH H^^ dvlk-fvd juhu-gvd ywnA;-«ra sunu-ata iffm-jEo 6Aoro-sro ^ fgrm dris-tdm TOflu-fdm fcrinl-ed/n bhdta-tdm o. juhu-tdm Du. . dces-d-vahiii juhdv-d-vahdi -^ i aundt-d-tahut i hrind-vahdi s\ 1. i yundj-a-vahal (Adna-roAai 2. dms'dthum dvU-d(um juhv-dthdm yuTij-dtkum sunt-dthdm krin-dthdm knn-didm 6At^ d-dris-i a-jukr-i d-yunj-i d-siiiiv-i d-kihi-i ri-6Aare (fr. °ta-i) 'sfrsm iHsiFNiH ^■qot'iiiw ^«.T^»Tff d'dvis-mahi d-juhu-inaki d'^unj-mahi d-sun{u)'mahi d-knni-viahi d-bhavu-mnlii ^%^^ ^ra?I5»T ^TEER^ ^^leP^^ iH ri i1< l| t gPT 'STW^S^ d-dTtd-dkvam d-juku-dhxam d-yuihj-dhvau d-sunu-dhvam d-krhu-dhvam d-l^kuTa- dhratn ^fiTTir ■^nr^K wf^tt ^to^tt ^rafhrnr ^w^'tr d-dtis-ata d-juhv-ata d-yuJij-ata d-sunv-ata d-krin-ata d-bhav-anta 214. Other examples : — no-class : \/tan ' stretch ', Pr. Act. tano-mi, tano-si, tano-ti ; tan[u)va,s, tanu-thds, eic. Midd. tanv-e, tanu-se, etc. like su ; — a-cl. : s/tud ' strike ', Pr. Act. tudd-mi, tudd-si, etc. like l/^ii (observ'g the accent) ; — ya-cl. : y/nah 'bind', Pr. Act. ndhyd-mi, ndliya-si, etc. like bliu ; — cha-cl. s/ gam ' go', Pr. gdcchd-mt, gdccha-si, etc. like bhu. Ieeegulaeities. ®" For convenience of reference, a general synopsis of irregular and difficult rerbs (alphabetically arranged) is given § 314 ; and to that synopsis the learner is referred for an illustratiun of the irregularities that are systematically described telotc. 1. The Root-Class. 215. The four roots below are irregular chiefly in their weak forms : — a. as ' be ' is in the weak forms, except in Impf. and in 100 SA2TSKRIT GRAMMAR. 2nd sing. Impv. (irreg. e-dhi), reduced to » {e.g. Pr. 1 du. s-vds etc.. Opt. s-ydm etc.). BesideSj the 2nd sing. Pres. is dsi (instead of as-si) ; and the 2nd and 3rd sing. Impf. have between stem and ending the union- vowel i {ds-is, ds-i-t). Note. — Middle forms scarcely occur, except in so far as a Pres. Midd. aids in forming a Feriphr. Fat. (282). Its stem is t, which in the 1st pers. changes to h, and before » and dh is lost : — Pr. h-e, $e, s-te; s-vahe, etc. ; 2 pL dhve. b. han ' strike, kill ' is in weak forms before t, th weakened to ha (cf. 33. note), before hi (2nd Impv.), by dissimilation, to ja, and before a vowel (3rd pi.), by loss of a and restitution of an orig'l sound, to ghn. c. vap 'wish' is in the weak forms, by 31, up (before t or th—us: 45. b). d. f tfs * command ' is in weak Act. forms before a consonant changed to fU (except in 2d Impv. where it becomes fa: fd-dhi) ; and in 3d pL it has the endings of a rednpL verb {ati etc. . 199. d). 216. The following roots insert a union-vowel before pers'l endings that begin with a consonant : — a. bru ' speak ' mostly inserts an i between its strong stem [fjro = brdv) and a consonantal ending : — Pr. brav-i-mi etc. b. ku, tu, nu, ru, stu (208. I) may be inflected like brU. 0. an 'breathe,' ^tf 'eat' or 'smile' (cf. 219), nid 'wail,' gvas 'breathe,' and scop ' sleep ' insert an i before aQ immediately following consonantal end- ings, except in 2d and 3d Impf., where they take optionally i or a. d. id ' beg ' and if ' master ' take an t before dh or t. a. ad ' eat ' inserts an a before the endings in 2d and 3d Impf. 217. marj 'rub, clean' is in strong forms, and optionally in weak before a Towel, mdrj. 218. fi 'lie down' (Midd.) is gnnated and accented throughout {ci or fay), and it inserts an r before the endings in 3d pi. ■219. cakf 'appear; announce,' cakas 'shine,' jakf 'eat' or 'smile,' and lajor PRESENT-SYSTEM. 101 'wake,' though counted with the root-class, are really reduplicated verbs ithe first two of ka(^ ' shine,' jais of ghas ' eat ' or has ' smile.' a.ndjugar of gar ' be awake'), and they have the endings and accent of a reduplicated verb (199 c. 208. II|. Besides, cais drops its k before endings that begin with another con- sonant than m or »; and^ai'S takes a uuion-vowel acc'g to 21C. c. 220. Roots with a long initial vowel and some others (ras, sm, etc., and 'f. 218-9) are accented throughout. II. The REDUPLIC.A.TIVE Class. 221. dd 'give' and d/id ' put' (redupl. da-dd, da-dha) drop in all weak forms their a, and the weakened stern da-dh shifts its aspiration back on the initial before any alterant sound (45. b). The 2nd Impv. Act. is resp. de-hi and dhe-hi. 222. par {pf} ' fill' is in weak forms pr or pilr. 223. hu, Act., 'leave,' hi'i, Midd., 'run away,' and mu, Midd., 'measure' havi' as weak stems (i.e. the two last throughout) ros-p. Ja-lii, j'i-li7, and mi-mi laboiit the redupl'n cf. 208. II) ; and before a vowel or j/, the final J (or i) is lost. 224. nij ' clean,' ric ' separate,' rif ' perform ' gunate, like intonaives, tbi' redupl. vowel {ne-nij etc.), and strong forms are before a vowel weakened. The ho-Class. 225. gm 'hear' and d/iu ' shake' are weakened throughout to jr and d/iu. 226. kar (kr) ' make ' forms irregularly the strong stem i:ar-u and the weak kur-ii, which before v, m, y becomes Jcur. The a-CLASS (unaccented). 227. Ttoots in a. — Out of 54 (authenticated) roots in (7, 26 are arranged with the a-class. Their treatment is as follows : — a. The great majority of them (21) change their a to tly 102 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. or {dha ' suck ', ma ' change ', ra ' weave ', vya ' envelop ', Ava ' call ') to ay : — \/gd ' sing ': stem ffdy-a ; \/ dka ' suck ': stem dhdy-a. Note. — Many works, after Hindu example, give these roots as if terminating in ai (St. °ay-a\ or e (st. a{j-n\. Virtually, the stems in °aya, and possibly those in °tf i/'i, may be considered to come, by usual vowel-increment, from weakened root-forms in i, unless, indeed, we prefer, in accordance with modem theories (28. note 1), to derive them, in part at least, from roots in e (origly ai) and a'l. b. «i : — s/arc 'beam^ dn-arc ; \/ ardli (rdli) 'thrive': dn-ardh. Note. — Roots beginning with a prosodially long vowel other than a, gene- rally form Periphr. Perf. icf. 253). c. The radical syllables va, yd are in the redupl. syllable contracted to u, i (31): — \/vac 'speak': u-vac ; \/yaj ' sacrifice ': i-yaj ; \/&vap ' sleep ': sn-svap ; \/vt/ac ' embrace ': vi-vyac ; s/jyd ' subdue ': ji-jyd. Note 1. — dgvt ' shino ' forms, in like manner, di-dyut. Note 2. — r« ' weave ' may also form ro-ra. 104 SAKSKRIT GRAMMAR. 239. Change of Stem and Accent. — Stem and accent change acc'g to 205. A strong, accented stem belongs to the sing. Act. (but cf. note), and a weak, unaccented stem to all other forms. Note. — The 2d sing, is a Taeillating form. Without the union-vow. i, it is a regular strong form. With i (often used at option: 24:2), it is in verbs that come under 241. u. and d. and in some others a regular weak form with the accent on the ending ; while in remaining verbs, the accent is allowed to rest, without any attendant change of form, on any syllable. The strong and weak forms are described below. 240. Strong Stem. — The root is strengthened as follows : — a. A prosodially short initial or medial vowel, except a, is gunated : — \/is 'wish': str. stem iy-es [y : 237. note 1) ; \/ Ijud/i ' ^wow ' : hu-hoilh. b. A prosodially short a and any final vowel takes guna or vrddhi in 1st sing., guna in 2nd, and vrddhi in 3rd : — s/tan 'stretch'': ta-fdn ; \/iil 'lead': ni-iie or ni-nui. c. Apparently by a fusion of the stem and the personal ending, roots in a [e, di, o) form the 1st and 3rd sing. Act. in du (about the 2nd, cf 241. d. note) :— \//j« 'drink': 1. 3. sing, papuil. 241. ireai Stem. — The root is unchanged or, if containino- an a-vowel, by its loss weakened as follows : — a. gam ' go ', ja>i ' be born ', lian ' kill ■", hhan ' dig ', ff/ias 'cat' simply drop their a: — wk. stems Ja-ym, Ja-jn, ja-fViT bubodlt-Uthc 1 cakdr-tha niiie-tha u rdk-tha tatdn-tha tfn-i-tAa dadd-ilui ^^ dad-i-thd 3. '5^>V i^(/'o //i-a niudt/-a uvdc-a dad did *) About form and aco. of 2d Ipv., cf. 239, note and 242. FORMATION AND INFLECTION OF VERBS. 107 Dn.; 1. ^^fv^ ^Ui^ f*Tf==^ ^^^ bubudh-i-rd cakr-vd bubudh-dtkus cakr-dthus{'SO. 3. 't4«rvirifl ^"ajrnt bubudh-dtus cakr-dtus Plur.: 1. ^^VH ^cCT bubudh-i-md cakr-Tnd 2. -^^V ^^ bubudh-d Ciilcr-d 3. '3^>m ^^w bubudh-u3 cahr-us niny-i-xa frfHTTO b) niny-dthus niny-dtus nhiy-i-md niny-d Hc-dthus nc-dtus ten-i-vd ten-dthus o \ 'sliine': d-di-dip-a or d-di-dlp-a. 262. IV. The Sibilant Aorists. — The stem is formed by adding s, is, sis, or sa to the root, which before sis and sa, and even, if ending in a consonant, before s in the Middle, is unchanged (except that ar becomes r), while in remaining cases it is vrddhied or (if consonantal, before is) gunated in the Active and gunated in the Middle. In the table below, this rule is applied in forming the various sibilant-stems from the following roots, viz.: — («-Aor.) i/i ' lead ', riid/i ' stop ', iar ' make '; — (is- Aor.) pH ' purify ', hudh 'know'; — (.«'s-Aor.) yd 'go'; — (.w-Aor.) dic^ 'show', kurs ' draw': — II Hnal non-fin Stems S-AOR. is-Aou. sis- Aor- sa-AoK. Act. Midd. Act. Midd. Act. Act.&Midd. Trddhi guna imch.iar-r Trddhi guna guna guna unchanged unch.(ar-ri a-nai-s u-riiut-s a kar-9 d-yie-s d-rut-s a- kr-s d-pdv-ls d-bi)dh-is d-par-is a-bodh-is d-ya-sia d-dik-m d-tcrs-a Xutes : — 1. b-Aor.— Roots with a medial ar followed by r (also kars, sarj) optionally or not invert these letters in the Act. ; and certain roots in a (siAJ, dd *give', dlia * put ', etc.) change in the Midd. a to i ; — s/dnrr * see ': d'drdk-s \/s}>ar<; ' touch ': d-spurk-8 or d-sprdk-s ; — 's/du : d-dl-s. AORIST. 113 2. ig.Aor. — In the Act., a medial o before one consonant sometimes becomes a, and u in vya/( ' conceal ' becomes u : — -/kiln ' sound ' : dkan-U (or d-lcan-im. 3. ais-Aor. — Here belong several roots in S, two in I (mi ' diminish', li ' cling ', which change f to a| and three in m {nam, yam, ram), but in the Act. alone ; in the Jlidd. they follow the s-Aor. 4. sa-Aor. — Here belong roots in f, «, h, sounds that with the snfBxal s form fcs (45. b). A few roots in f, s, h may or must take other Aorist forms ; and some in A drop in certain Middle forms their stem-suffix sa (e.g. \/duh ' milk ' • 3 sing, d-dhuk-^a-ta or d-dag-dha). 263. Endings. — The personal endinirs are those described 198. Stems in a have, as usual (199. c. e), in 3rd pi. tlie endings an, anta (others us, ata), and in 2nd and 3rd du. Midd., 4a-stems excepted, ethdm e/dm (others, ia-stems in- cluded, dthdm, dtam). 264. Combination of Stem and Endings. — Beside the usual rules, the following peculiarities are to be observed : a. In joining the stem-endings is and sis with the personal endings s and t (2nd and 3rd sing ), the resulting com- binations are reduced (by 35, 35. note 1, and by a compen- satory lengthening of i) to is, it; and the .s-Aor. is inflected analogously by inserting an /. The result then is : Sing.; is-Aor. : sis-Aor. . B-Aor 1. ia-am (j; 63. c) sis-ani s.am 2. is (for is-s) sis (for sis-s) s-i-s 3. it (for is- 1: 33. note 1) si-t (for sis-t) s-i-t b. A final » of the stem is before dh (2d pi. Midd.) always lost (57), and if it should have been lingualized, dh mostly becomes dk. If preceded by a short Towel or a consonant, nasals and r excepted, s is lost also before t and th : Tbuai—s/ui 'lead' ; 2d pi. Midd , s-Aor. d-ne-dhoam (for d-nes-dhvam) ; -J mdh ' stop': 2d pi. Act., s-Aor. a-rdut-ta (for d-rauts-ta). c. The stem-final a is treated as in the Pres. -system, being dropped before a and e, and lengthened in Ist du. and pi. (211. a. b). In the sa-Aor. it is lust also before t in Ist sing. Midd. d. a is lost before a dissimilar vowel («, t). I lU SANSKRIT GKAMMAR. 265. Examples of Inflection : — I. Root-Aor. ^ da 'give': tense-atem ^f^ a-ia II. a-Aor. ^'I /ip 'smear': „ ^(^^J^ i-lvp-a III. Redp. a-Aor. jTST ym ' bo bom '; ,, IV. »-Aor. «-Aor. (a-Aor. ■SJ^ nj ' lead ': „ TJ pK ' purify ': „ f^^ di5 ' show ': „ SNjIIiH d-ji-jan-a V|V{U d-ndi-s [°di-f : 63. c) «»IB a-n«-»(°«-j) ^mf^ d-pan-it (Viy) ^nrf^ a'-;)or-is ("ti-if) wf^XJ d-dik-fa. Aorist. Active. S. : Root-AoE. a-AoB. Redp. a-AoB, 1. ■STW ^^TJH ^nrhni'T ddam d-lip-am d-rid'S d-Upa-s d'lipa-t d-da-t Du.: a-}i}an-ain d-jijana-s djijana-t S-AOB. d-nizis-am d-ndU'i-t a-rftf-rt .■?. dMpd-ta d-jijand-ta d rf« (am d-lipa-tam djijana-tam d-dd-tdm d-lipa-tam d-j'ijana-tam d-ndif-tdm d-ndis-iia d-ni!t>-(am Plu. . a-dd-ma ii-iipa-ma 2. TI^liT ^fcS^TW d-dd-ta d-Upa-ta 3. WJW Vf^^^ d-rf-«» (iitii.d) d-lip-an 6-jijanama d-J^/(lna-(a d-jij'in-an d-nui«-nia d-ndt;.^a 'm \ &-ndif-ut is-AoB. d-pdvi$-am d-pdvU (264. dpdvi-t (261. s) ii'<2it o \ r' Pin.: -5 ■5 2. 3. 1. djijana-thda d-nef-thdt d-jijana-ta d-nef-ta d-dikfa-lhai d-dikta-ta d-dikf-dthdtn, 2. d-jijan-ethdm d-nea-dtliam •\ ^ ., ^ : d-pavis-dthdm d-paw»-inaAi d-patidhvam d-parts-oto 3. d-jijan-etam d-nea-dtam d-jijand-mahi d-nes-mahi d-jijana-dhvam d-nedhvam d-jijan-anta d-nei-ata d-dikf-dtdm d-dikfd-mahi d-dikia-dhvam 1. 2. d-lipd-mahi d-lipa-dhvam 3. d-lip-anta d-dikf-anta 266. Other examples B-Aor. : s/Tudh 'stop'; Act. d-rduts-am, d-rduts-i-i, d-rduts-i-t ; d-rduU-va, d-rdut-tam (264. b), d-rau^tizm ; d-rauts-mo, d-raut-ta, d-rauts-us; Miid. d-ruts-i, d-rut-thds, ete. (2 pi. d-rW-tjAcam),' —ia-Aor.: s/budh ' know ' ; Act. a-hodhif.am, d-bodliiM, etc. ; Midi d-bodltii-i etc. ; ^ sis- Aor. : 'v/ya • go ' ; Act. d-i/dsia-am, d-ydas, d-ydii-t, etc. like u-Aor. ; Midd. (transferred to the i-Aor.) d-ydt-i etc. Ieuegularities (cf. Syn. 314). 267. The root-Aorist. — 6iu 'he' resolves before a vowel u to av (instead of nv : 40. a), and it takes in 3rd pi. Act. the ending an (instead of ua : 263). 116 SAKSKEIT GiAMMAE. 2S8. The &-Aoriat. — pat ' fall ', vac ' speak ', naf ' perish ', as ' throw ', and c&s * command ' form the stems d-papt-a, d-voc-a, d-rief-af dsth-a, and d'^it-a ( but Midd. d-f OS-is), which are inflected regularly. A'o<«. — The first three of these stems, though commonly counted to this class, are properly the result of a contracted reduplication. Thus dpapta clearly comes from d-pa-p{a)t-af and droca from d-Ta-v{a)c-a, with vocalized v. About dnei^a (for d-na-n{a)i;-a), cf. 241. c. note 1. The genesis of djrAa and d;>«a (cf. 215. d) is more uncertain. 269. The Reduplicated a-AoHst. — pa ' drink ' and dyut ' shine ' form the Caua. stems d-p'ipy-a and d-di-dyiU-a. (The Iry stems are not reduplicated.) 270. The a-AorUt. — Roots in ar marked as terminating in f (31. note 2) change in the middle ar to Ir ; and kan ' kill ', gam ' go ', yam ' check ' drop in the Middle their nas&l {gam, yam optionally): — s/tar \tf) 'cross': dAtr-s-i ; V <;a)« ' go ': 3 sing, d-ga-ta or d-gai'n-i-ta. 271. The is-Aor. — mar/ 'rub off' forms the vj-ddhi-stem d-marj-is (or with j-Aor. d-mdrk-s) ; and grah ' take ' has a stem in is. Peecative (or Benedictive). 272. This very rare verb-form, really an Aorist Optative, is made in the Active by adding to the weak root (273) the Optative sign yd extended by an s, and in the Middle by adding to the stem of the s or the w-Aor. the Optative sign 1, also in part extended by an s : — ^ bhu ' be ': Act. stem hhd-yds ; Midd. stem hhavis-i-{s). 273. The form of the root is in Prec. Act. almost throughout the same as in Pros. Pass. (287), except that a changes to c instead of i, and that v^ton remains unaltered. In Prec. Midd. it is the same as in s and is-Aorists. 274. Eridings. — The personal endings are those of the Opt., noticing only that the 2nd and 3rd du., by a peculiar insertion of tliat * which should ibllow the Opt. sign, become d-a-thum, d-s-Unii. PRECATIVK AND FUTURE. 117 275. Example of Inflection : — >T bhu ' be ': Act. stem M^^ hhu-yd-s ; Midd. stem hT^tK^) bhav-is-i-{s). S. bhu-yds-am bhu-yds ACTITE. D. bhu-yds-va p. WTTPT Cv bht't-yds-ma bhu yds-tam bkic-yds-ta MTTT^fTR mrrn^ bhu-yd't (35. n, 1) bhii-yds-tain bhu-yds-us Middle. S. D. P. bhavU-'iy-d bhath-'i-rdhi bhavis-~i-mdh bkavis-i-s-thds bhavis-ly-dsthant bhavix-i- dhri'im HP^mlK >Tr<4Ml<4IWIH wf^^T^ bhavig-i-s-td bliatis-iy-dstam bliavis-i-rut Future. 276. There are two Futures: I. T/te sj/d-Future with a stem in si/d, and II. The Periphrastic Future formed by the aid of an auxiliary verb. Both are allowed to be made from all verbs alike^ though the latter is of rare use. The syd-Fut. has a preterit-form, The Conditional. I. The sya-FuTURE. 277. The tense-sign syd is added (directly or by the union- vowel i) to the gunated root;, and the stem is inflected like a Pres. of the a-class : — \/dd ' give ': stem da-syd ; \/ bhu 'be': hhav-i-syd [s: 63. c). Nolt. — Roots that in the s-Aor. invert the medial letters ar (262. note 1) do BO in the Fut. likewise : — Vdarf ' see': drak-syd; V spars 'tonch': spark-syd or sprak-fyd. 278. The nnion-vowel t is used after all roots in a, semivowel, and after a majority of roots in a spirant (those which refuse it changing their spirant to a mute, viz. : (;, s, kto k : 45. b ; and s to ( : 57|, but only after a few roots in a vowel or a closed consonant [fi-i, gci, fi, su, sta \both opt'lyl, dhu, bhic, ryac. traj, tad, zid, ardh, etc.]. 118 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. 279. Examples : — ^ da 'give '; w bhii ' be s. ddsyd-mi ddiyd-si ddsyd-ti bhavisyd-m etc. ACTITB. D. P. ddtyd.mat ddsyd-tha dasy-dnti S. ddayi ddxyd-K ddsyd-te etc. MiDDLS. D. .. .., . .^ P. ddsyd.Toi ddiyd-vahe ddsy-ethe dday-ite ddsyd-mahe ddsyd-thaa ddsyd-dhve ddsyd-tas dasy-dnte bhavityd-Tas etc. 6Aari«^d-nku etc. bhaeisyd-tahe bhantyd-mahe etc. etc. Irregularities : 280. grah ' take ', majj ' sink ', marj ' nib o£F ', vd (ee) ' weave ', hvd {hve) 'call' have the stems grah-i-fyd (i: 68. notej, mank-iyd, mdik-fyd, vay-i-fya (or vd-syi), hvay i-fya (or hdd-syd). Conditional (Preterit of the jya-Fut.). 281. This rare tense (in sense of 'should have . . '), is made from the Future-stem precisely as an Imperfect from a Present-stem : — v/<^a ' give ': stem d-da-sya ; \/hhu ' be ' : d-hhav-i-sycL. s. AoirrE. D. P. MiDDIB. S. D. d-ddsye d-ddsyd-vahi P. d-ddsy-am d-ddsyd-va d-ddsyd-ma d-ddsya-tam d-ddsya-ta d'ddsya-tdm d-ddsy-an d-ddtyd-mahi d-datya-$ d-ddsya-thds d-ddty-etham d-ddsya-dhvam d-dasya-t d-ddsya-ta d-ddsy-Hdm 2. 1. vkrfcpqH VNMr«(uirT=ni^ >tr<<«J^ 4Ani)-an<(209.VI) bhavisy-dnt cf. \bhdv-anti IhavUy-dnti Midd. i ^cfHIH Wf^ttjirn!! bhdra-mdna bhavisyd-mdna cf. [/jhdvante bhavisyante Pass.: MMHItf =Midd. hhuyd-mdna ,, cf. \Uiiyante ,, VERBAL NOUNS. 123 Act. and Midd.-Participles of the other verba nnder 213 : Active. Middle. Pres. Fut. Perf. juhT-dmx kosyd^mdna jukur-dnd ; yunj-dna yoksyd-mana yuyvj-dnd ; suHT-dnd sosyd-mdna susuv-dnd ; krin-dnd Icreiyd-mana cikriy-dnd. Prea. Fut. Peri. V Au : julit-at hofy-dnt juhu-vdns vyuj: yunj-dnt yoksy-dnt yuyuj-vdns vsa; sunv-dnt tosy-dnt iu»u-vins •vkri: krin-ant leresy-dnt cikri-vans Vfak: paknun-dnt (211. a) eia. Note. — Periphr. Peri, and Fut. Participles are formed on the same principle : — v cur ' steal ': eoraydm dsitdns. 294. About the inflection etc. of these stems of. 133-6, 140-1, 158-9. 295. Irregularities : The root as ' sit ' has the Pres. Part. Midd. ds-ind ; and gam ' go ', han ' kill ' have in Perf. Part. Act., beside the regular forms (Jagm-i-vdnSfjaghn-i'vdns), also the irregM]aiTJagan-vdn3fjaghan-vdn3. 296. Past Passive Participle. — This Participle is made by adding to the root, which is generally weakened, the sufEx td or, less often, nd, the former sometimes by the union-vowel i, but the latter always directly. Several roots take either suffix. Thus: — \/dvis 'hate': dvis-td 'hated'; s/vac 'speak': uk-ta ; \/ pat ' fall ': pat-i-td ; \/lit ' cut': lii-nd ; \/15 'leave': Ai-nd; v^fya ' coagulate ': gi-td, or qi-7id, or e,yd-nd. 297. Before ta the root is treated, on the whole, as in Pass. (287), except that final ar becomes r (about f-roots cf. 300. d), that a is weakened oftener to i than l (ef. note 1), that final i and u are unchanged, and that a final nasal more often disappears (cf. note 2) : — \/vac 'speak': uk-tdj ^yaj • sacrifice ': is-td [s-t : 45. b) ; \/ dar<^ ' see ': drs-td (st : 45. b) ; \//;ar ' make': kr-td ; v/^ary ' cling ': sak-td ; v^^a'sing': gl-td; v/«^Aa ' stand ': sthi-td; \/gam' go': ga-id; etc. 124 8ANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Note 1. — All roota that in Paga. weaken a to « (save da ' give ': cf. 298) bIiow a kindred change before td^ only that the i-vowel is short except in gd ' sing ', dha ' suck ', pd ' drink ', and optionally in sphd ' swell ' (thus gi-td etc. ; but \/ftlid: sthi-td, •/dlid, by an additional change of dhtoh: hi-td, etc.). Even chd (eho) 'cut' and <;d {fo) 'whet' optionally weaken a to i. — Roots in -yd, -vd are treated as in Pass., except that \/ra forms i.td (Pass. st. i-ya). XUe 2. — The final nasal is lost in kian ' hurt ', lihan ' dig ', jan ' be bom ', tan ' stretch ', man ' think ', san ' procure ', haii ' kill ' (Icsa-td etc. ; khan, jan, tan, besides, lengthening their a : khd-ta etc.) ; — and farther in gam ' go ', nam ' bend ', yam ' check ', ram ' stop, love '; i(/a-td etc.). — When u final m remains, a preceding a is apt to be lengthened {vkram ' go ': krdn-td •^ dam 'tame': dda-td, etc.). Note 3. — Sporadically, a medial or final vowel (the latter then followed by the union-vow. i) appears gunated : — Vsrid ' sweat'; sved-i-td (or STin-hd) ; Vi^i'lie': fay-i-td; \/^k ' purify ': pnv-i-td (or pu-td). •19S. The following peculiar formations are to be noted : cakf ' see, say ': Part, casid icf. 70 c) ; jaks (redp. of ghas) ' eat '; „ jagdhd [fr. ja-gk\a)s-td, with loss of «] ; (fa 'give': ,, daHa (fr. the redupl. form rfa-rf); div (prop'ly dJr) ' play ': „ dyiitd or dyuna (vocal'n of v) ; >iv (prop'ly s'lC) ' sew': ,, lyutd ; d/mc ' wash': ,, dlidutd ; prach ' ask ': „ prstd (st : 45. b) ; lih ' lick ': „ ttdhd (acc'g to 49. b) ; Da/i'boar': „ udAd (acc'g to 49. b and 297); fa< ' command ': „ fistd (cf. Pass. 287. e) ; tah ' bear': „ eodkd (acc'g to 49. b) ; .«!i (sb) ' generate ': „ «u(a or sM(d or sano; and notice also the change of j+f to ft (45. b) as in mrstd {marj), bhritd (Iharj or bkrajji, istd lyaj], srstd {sarj). 299. Only a very few roots ending in a vowel (cf. 297. note 3), but several in a consonant take the union- vowel i. {\/grah takes, as usual, I). 300. Before na the root is treated, on the whole, as before til (297) or as in Pass. (287). This suffix is taken, optionally or not, by various roots in a vowel, a palatal, d, or r. Thus : a. Certain roots in a vowel, chiefly d:—^dd 'bind' and da (do) 'cut': VERBAL NOUNS. 125 yUds)ni. Pass. Pr. (287. b) ajyi. Aor. 3. sing, diiji. Part. (287. b) aktd. Ger. a{n)ktvd or aftjitrd, °d{n]jya. ad. root-cl. (II) Act., 'eat': — Pr. ddmi, d'si, dtti ; advds, atthds, attda ; admdt, atthd, addnti. Opt. adydm. Ipv. dddni, addhi, dttu, d>idva, attain etc. Ipf. (216. e) ddam, ddas, ddat ; ddra, dttam, etc. Pf. (237. note 1) dda, dd'uha, dda; ddird etc. Aor. (borrowed fr. ghas: d^/ha.-am). Fut. atry- dmi. Pass. Pr. arfyc. Aor. 8 sing. d./). [Part, and Ger. borrowed fr. j/un.- jiujdhd [2d8\, jagdhvd^. aili root-cl. (II) Act., 'breathe': — Pr. (216. c) animi, onisi. etc. Opt. anydm, aiiyds, etc. Ipv. dndni, anihi, etc. Ipf. dnam, dnis or difit, etc. Pf. (237. note 1) ana. Aor. dnitain. Fut. anisydmi. Pass. Pr. anye. — The root an is also said to follow the u-cl. (Pr. dnami etc.). ar (rs chd-c\. (VI) Act., 'move, stir (tr. or intr.), reach': — Pr. (209. IX) rcdidmi (Ipf. drccAam ; 195). Pf. (237. note 1) ara. Aor. II. dram (cf. below) ; IV. drfo.fi. Fut. nrifydmi. Pass. Pr. orj/e. Part. rW, rnri. Part. rtd. Ger. rtvd, °rtya. — Indian grammarians refer the root as irregular to the a-cl. ifcchdmiy etc.). Acc'g to the red.-cl. (Ill):— Pr. <'y-nr-mi (redupl. voweli: 208 II). Opt. fy-r-ydm. Ipl. diy-ar-am (195). Pf. etc. as above; (Aor. dram by grammarians referred hero). — Acc'g to no-cl. (V) : Pr. rnoini. SYNOPSIS OF ROOT-VERBS. 129 aSi root-cl. (II), ' be. : Ocoars only in the Pres.-system Act. (215. a : for the Midd. cf. note), and in Perf. both voices : Present Indicatite. Sing. Du. PI. Sin] s-xas i-mds ds-d-ni n-thds s-thd e-dhi s-tds s-dnti ds-tu 1. ds-mi 2. d-si 3. da-ti 1. s-ydm 2. s-yd-s 3. s-yd-t Present Imperative, Du. PI. da-u-va ds-d-ma s-tdin s-td S'tdin s-dntu Imperfect Indicative, ds-am ds-va ds-tna ds'i-s d^-tam ds'ta ds-i-t ds-tam ds-an Present Optative. s-yd-ta s-yd.ma s-yd-tam s-yd-ta s-yd'tdm s-y-us Pf. (237. note 1) sing. 1. dsa, 2. ds-i-thd, 3. dsa ; du. 1. us-i-vd, 2. Ss-dthus, 3. ds-atus; pi. 1. ds-i-mdj 2. ds-d, 3. ds-us ; (Midd. ds-e, ds-i-st, ds-e, etc.). ah, ' say ' :— Only in 2d and 3d pers. Pf. (2i8) : eing. 2. dttha, 3. aha ; du. 1. dhdthuSt 2. dhdtus ; pi, 3. dhus. as, root-cl. (II) Midd., 'Bit':— Pr. (220) dse. Yl. (2oZ. a) d>dm cakre. Aor. dsisi. Fut dsisye. Part. Pr. Midd. (295) dslna. i (i), root-cl. (II) Act., 'go': — Pr. emi, iai, 4ti; has, ilhds, itds ; imds, ithd, y-dnti (39. b). Opt iydm. Ipv. dydni, ihi, etu ; dydta, itam. kdm ; dydma, ltd, ydntu. Ipf. dyam (for d-e-am = di-ayn), dis, dit ; diva (for d-iva: 195), ditam, ditdin ; diina, dita, dyan. Pf. iydya (237 note 1), iyity'itha or iy^tha; iydya; lylvd, iydtkuSj lydthus ; iyimd, Jyd, zyus. (Aor. fv. gd : dydm). F\it. esydini. Pslss. Pt. iye, lyase, etc. Part. jfd. Ge^. itrd,°Uya. adhi (fr. adhi^i), Midd. ' go over, read ' resolves before a vowel its i and di (Ipf.) to ty, diy : — Pr. adlilye, adhlsi, adhtti, etc. Ipf. adkyulyi (fr. adhlsd'Vy-i ; 195), adhyditkds : etc. is, c^a-cl. (VI) Act., ' wish ' : — Pr. (209. IX) icchdmi. Opt. iccheyam. Ipv. icchdni. Ipf. (195) dicchain. Pf. (237. note 1) iy4m (w. stem is). Aor. disisam. Fut. esisydmi. Pass. Pr. isy^. Aor. 3 sing, esi. Part, istd, Ger. istvd or esitvd, °isya. Inf. estum. kar> (*r)j no-ol. ( VITI), ' make ' : — Pres. -system (226) : Active, Present : Middle. Indie. S.: karo-mi karo-si kar6-ti Optat. Imperat. Indie. Optat. Imperat. kur-yd-m kur-yd-s kur-yd-t kardt-d-ni kur-u karo-tu kurv-i liuru-se karu-te kurv-iy-d kurt-'i-tltds kurv-i-td hirdv-di karu-svd kuru-tdin K 130 SANSKRIT GRAMMAE. Imperat. Indie. Indie. Optat. D.: kur-Tds hir-yd-ra kardv-a-ra VuTU-thdi Jcur-yd.tam kuru-tdm kfiru-tds kuV'yd-tdm kuru-tdm P.: kiir-wds kur-yd.ma kardv-d-ma kuru-tlid kur-yd-ta kuru-td kun>dftti kur-y-us kui-v-dntu Optat. Imperat. kur-vdhe kurv-l-tdhi kardr-a-tahai kurv-dthe hurv-iy-dlhdm kurv-dtkdin karv-dle kurv-iydtdm kurv-atdm kur-mdhe kun-l-mdhi kuru-dhre kun-l-dhtam kurv-dte kurr-l-rdn kardn-d-malidi luru-dkrdin kuri-dtdm Imperfect Indicative. S. D. P. ii-karav-am d-kur-ta d-kur-nia (i karo-s d-kuru-tam d-karu-ta d-karo-t d-kuru-tdm d-karv an S. D. P. d-kurc-i d-kur-tahi d-kiir-inahi d-kuru-thun a kurv-dthdm d-kuru-dhTam d-kuru-ta d-karv-utdm d-kurt-aia 71. cakdra (infl. 244). Aor. d-kdr-s-am, d-kdr-s-is, etc. like nl 265 ; (Jlidd. d-krs-i). Proc. kri-yas-am (ilidd. krs-i'y-d}. Fut. kariiyd-iui (Midd. ka- rixye). Cond. d-karUya-m (Jlidd. d-kariaye). Per. Fut. kartasmi (Midd. i-artdAel.— Pasa. Pr. (287. a) kriy-e etc. (288). Aor. 3d sing, d-kdr-i. Part, kr-td. Gerv. (305-C) kdr-ya, kar-tatya, kar-aniya. Ger. kr-tta, °kf- t-ya. Inf. kdr-tum. kram> a-cl. (I), 'go ; go to' : — Pr. (228) krdmdini (Midd. krdme). Pf. cakrd- ma. Aor. dkram'taam (Midd. akran'isi). Fut. kramisydmi (Midd. krmii- sye). Pass. Pr. kramyi. Part. (297. note 2.) krdnld. Also ya-kl. (IV) krdmydmi. khan. «-cl. d), 'dig': — Pr. khandml. F!. cakhSna (w. stem cakn: 241. a). Aor. dkhiinimm. Fut. khanisydini Pass. Pr. (287. d) klidye ot khanye. Part. (297. note. 2) klidtd. Ger. (310) k/idtvd or Uianktd ; "khdya or '^khdnya. gam- c'la-el. (I) Act., ' go (to), come ' : — Pr. (209. IX) gdcchdmi. Pf. (241. a) jaijdina, jagamitha or jagdntha (54), jagdma ; jagmird, jagmdthiis, jagmdtus; jiigmird,jagmd,jagmus. (Part. Pf.jagajivdtis, oo,OTJr)gmhans). Also Midd. j'ignie. Aor. dgamam (about the Midd. cf. 270). Fnt. gaiuiai/dmi. Fut. Per. gantdsmi. Pass. Pr. gnmyd. Aor. 3 sing, dgdmi. Part. (297. note 2). gatd. Gerv. gdmya, gaiitavyd, gamaniya. Ger. (310) gatrd; "gdlya or °gdmya. Inf. gdntum. ga igdi], a-cl. (1) Act., 'sing '; — Pr. (227, a) gdy.ind Pljajau (w. stem jag.- SYNOPSIS OF ROOT-VEKBS. 131 241. d). Aor. agasuam. Preo. geydsam. Fut. gasiidmi. Pass. Pr. (287. c) glyi. Aor. 3 sing, agiiyi. Part. (297) gila. Gerv. giya, g/ltaTju, ganti/a. Ger. (310) giltd ; "ydga. gnh, a-cl. (I), 'cover':— Pr. (228) guhdmi C^WM. gihe). Pf (2i9) y/yi/A-j (w. stem juguh), Aor. IV. dgfihimm or di/haksam (49. b). Ftit. ghokfydini (49. b) or giihUydmi. Pass. Pr. guhye. Aor. 3 sing. dijHhl. Part, gudlta (49. b). Ger. guhitrd or guhttrd or yildhvd (49. b) ; °guhya. grah, na-ol. (IXl, 'take':— Pr. (208. V. note) grhndmi (llidd. i/rAne'). Pf. jagr&ha (w. stem jagrh: 241. b). Aor. (271) dgrriKimm. Fut. (2S0) grahlaydmi. Pass. Pr. (287. a) grhye. Aor. 3 sing. djTiiliL Paii. (297, 299) "-ol- (I) Act., ' smell ':—Pr. (227. h) jh/hrdmi. Fl. jaghrdu. Aor. I. dghrdm ; IV. dghrdsUam. Fut. glirdiHidinl, Pass. Pr. ghrdye. Aor. 3 sing, dghruyi. Part, ghrdtd or glirund. Caks, root-cl. (II) Midd., • appear ; announce': — Pr. (2191 cdkse, cdkse (for cds-se) caste; cdksrahe, etc. Opt. cdkslya. Ipf. acaisi, dcaxt/iux, etc. Pf. cacukse. Other tenses wanting. Part. (298) casta. Inf. castmii. Ci, BM-el. (V), 'arrange, collect':— Pr. ci/idmi. Pf. ckSya or |237. note 2) cikdya, (Midd. cicye or cikye). Aor. dcdlsam. Fut. cesydiiii. Pads. Pr. (287. c) cf^c. Aor. 3 sing, a'cayi. Part, citd, Ger. ciVrfi, ''ci'lya. jaks> root-cl. (II) Act., 'eat': — Pr. (216. u, 219} jdks-i-mi, jdks-l-si, etc. (3 pi. jdksati). Opt jaksydm. Ipv. jdksuni, jagdlit, etc. Ipf. dioks'iiii, djiiks-i-s or °«-o-3, etc. |3 pi. °»-iii). Vl.jajdkm. Aor. djuksisam. Fm.Juksijydini. Part. (298) joiK/Aa'. jail! ya-cl. (IV) Midd., 'be born'; (except in the Pros. -syst. also sporadic'ly Act.), 'beget ': — Pt. (233) jdye. Oft. jdyeya. iTp^.jdydi. Ipf.ajuy,-. Pf. (241. a) jajTie etc. {Act. jajdiia). Aor. djaii'm (3 sing. Pass, djun'v. Fut. jnnisye (Act. janisydmi). Part. (297. note 2) Jdtd. — (Pass, ju^e, in un- accented texts not sep'ble from the 'Midd. jdyet. jar; Uf)' l/"-'^^- (IV) ' decay, grow old ' lorig'ly ' bo worn out ': — Pr. (200. VIII. note") jirydmi Qilidd. jiryt). PS. jcijSm (w. stem _;Vyar or jer : 241. c) Aor. II. q/aram ; 1\. djdrisani. Fat. jmUydmi. Part. (300. d)y/;-?m. ji, a-cl. (I), • gain, conquer ': — Pr. jdyumi (Midd. jaye : chiefly -with vi, jiard). Pf. (237. note 2) jiySyn, jlgitha or jigayitha, jigdya ; jigyhd, etc. (w. stem jiyi, jigy). Aor. djdisam. Fnt. jesydmi or jayisydini. Pas.'!. Pr. (287. c) jlyL Aor. 3 sing, cyayi. Va,rt.jild. Gor.jitvd,"jitya. jna. «"*-<=•• il^)' 'know':— Pr. (208. V. note) jdiidmi (Midd.jawe). Pf. (240. 132 SANSKRIT GUAMMAR. e, 241. d) jnjndu, jajnatka or jajnithd, jujiidA; jajidii, etc. (like da 244). Aor. djiiusiiam. Fut. juifydmi. Pass. Pr. juaye. Aor. 3 sing, ajndi/i. Part. /Tirt/rf. Gerv. jiiei/a, jndtavtfa, JKdnit/a, Ger. judtvd, °judt/a^ jya> "«-ol. (IX) Act., 'subdue, grow old': — Pr. (208. V. note) jlndmi. Pf. jijijOu. (w. stem jijl : 241. b). Aor. djydiisam. Fut. jyaiydmi. Part. (297, 300. a)yjW OTJlad. Ger. (310)y;eid,- "^iiaya. tan. ""-cl. (VIII), 'stretch':— Pr. (208. rV. note; 214) tanomi. Pf. tatina (etc., cf. 244|. Aor. dtdnisam. Fut. tanisydmi (Midd. tansye). Pass. Pr. (287. d) mye or ta«yf. Aor. 3 sing, dtani. Part. (297. note 2) «ota'. Ger. (310) (a(rd or tanittd ; "idtya. tar Cf)) <*-ol- (I) 'pass across': — Pr. tdrdmi. Vl.tatdra (w. stem ter: 241. note 2). Aor. atdrham. Fut. tarlsydmi. Pass. Pr. (287. a) tirye. Aor. 3 sing, dtdri. Part. (300. d) tlrnd. Ger. (385) Ht,diiii or nnftksydmi. Pass. Pr. na^ye. Aor. 3 sing. diiBc'. Part. )/a»/d (45. b). Ger. nn{n)xtrd; "ndqyn. nah lf°'' orig'l jmrf/i; 49 b. note), ja-cl. (IV), 'bind":— Pr. ndJiyami. Pf. natidha, nandddha or nekitkd, naiidha; jicAiwri, etc. (w. stem ?(tfA: 241. c, Midd. /If/if'). Fut. natfydini. Fut. Per. naddhdsmi. Pass. Pr. nahye. Pari, naddlid. Ger. tiaddhrd ; ^iid/iya. pat> «-ol. (I), 'fly; fall, sink': — Pr. /)(i(«mt. Pf. (241. c| pa^a/n, ^e»«, 195. note, bkdis), etc. Fut. bhesydiiii. Pass. Pr. bhlyi. Aor. 3 sing, dbhiiyi. Part, bhltd. Ger. bKilta ; "bhiya. bhu, O'-'^^- (I), 'be, become': — Pr. i^arami etc., cf. 213. Pf. bmdj(j)ya, man. ya-cl. (IV) Midd., 'think': — Pr. mdnye. Pf, tiKne etc. (i.e. w. stem >ii«n.- enl. 241. c|. Aor. dmorisi or dmanisi (referred to man of nu-cl.). Fut. mansye. Pass. Pr. manye. Aor. 3 sing, dmdni. Part, (297. note 2) maM. Gerv. mdnya, mantarya, mananiya. Ger. (310) tnatvd ; °mdnyaf "mdtya. Also 7M/-cl. (VIII. note) Midd. : — Pr. manve, manuse, etc. marj (»'rj <"■ marj^ root-cl. (II) Act., ' rub off, clean '. [For euphon. changes cf. 45. b] : — Pr. (217 and cf. 228) mdrjmi, mdrksi, mdrfti ; mrjtdt, ntr^thds, mrstds ; mrjmds, mrsthdy mrjdnti or mdiydnti. Opt. mrjydin. Ipv. mdrjdni, mrddhi (45. b, 63. a), mdrtfu; mdriava, mrftdm, mritdm ; wdiydmaj mrstd, nirjdiUu or mdrjdntu, Ipf. dmdrjam, dmart (35) dmdri ; dmrjva, etc. (3 pi. dmrjan or dmdrjan). Pf. (249) mamdrja (w, stem viamrj or mamarj). Aor. (271) dindrkgam or dmdrjUam. Fat. (280) murkfydmi or mdrjifydmi. Pass. Pr. mrjye. Aor, 3 sing, dmdrji. Part. (298) mrgti. Gerv. inJyya or mdrgya, marftarya or m«r;i(ati/d, mirjantya. Ger. mrsird or mdrjUvd ; °mfjya or 'mdriya. SYNOPSIS OF EOOT- VERBS. 137 maj redp.-cl. (Ill) Midd., 'measure': — Pr. mime, mimhe, mindte, etc. Pf. mame (also A. mo»iaiI). Aor. dmasi, dmasiAas, etc. ¥\xX.m.usyL Pass. Pr. (287. c) miye. Aor. 3 sing, imayl. Part. (297) mita. Gerv. miya, mutavi/a mdatya. Ger. (310) mittd ; °mdya. — Also root-cl. Act. : mdmi etc. nmCj "-ol- (VI) 'loosen, set free'; — Pr. (231) muncami. Pf. mum6ca (w. stem mumuc). Aor. dmucam (Midd. amuksi). Fut. moksydmi. Pass. Pr. mucyi. Aor. 3 sing, dmoci. Part, muktd (45. b). Ger. muktvd, "mucya, yaj, o-cl. (I), 'honor, worship'; (for euph. changes cf. 49. b) : — Pr. ydjami. Pf. (238. c) iySja, iyajitha or iydstha or yejithu, iydja ; ijicd etc. (w. stem ij: 241. b). Aor. aydksam (Midd. dyakai). Prec. (273) ijydsam. Fut. yakaydmi. Pass. Pr. (287. a) ijye. Aor. 3 sing, ayaji. Part. (298) Uld. Gerv. ydjya, yagtarya, yajaniya. Ger. iatra, °ijya. yani> cka-cl. (I), * stop ': — Pr. (209. IX) ydcchdmi. Pf. yaydma (w. stem yem : 241. c). Aor. (262. note 3) dydmsisam. Fut. yamsy&mi. Pass. Pr. yamye. Part. (297. note 2) yata. Ger. (310) ya(mi)ii:d, 'ydtya or °ydmya. ranj. a-cl. or ja-cl. (I, IV), 'glow, redden; be affected, love (Loc.)': — Pr. (230) rdjdmi or rdjydmi. Pf. rardnja. Aor. drdnkaam. Fut. ranksydmi. Pass. Pr. (287. b) rajye. Part. (297, 45. b) rakid. rabh> "-cl. (I) Midd., * grasp ', with prep, d ' begin ': — Like labh. mdi root-cl. (II) Act., 'wail': — Pr. (216. c) rodimi, rodi^i, roditi ; rudlrds ate. (S f\. ruddnti) . Opt. rudydm, IpY. roddni, rudihi, etc. Ipf. (216. o) drodam, drodzs or drodas, etc. Pf. ruroda (w. stem jiirwrf). Aor. II. drudam; IV. drodi^am, Fut. rodisydmi. Part, rudita. Ger. rudUvd, "rudya. labh> o-"!!- (I) Midd., 'grasp, take': — Pr. Idbhe. Opt. Idbheya. Ipv. Idbhdi. Ipf. dlabhe. Pf. ieft/i/ (etc., w. stem ZeiA ; 241. c). Aor. dlapsi, dlahdhds (49), dlabdha ; dlapsvaki, etc. Prec. iapstyd. Fut. lapsye. Pass. Pr. labhye. Aor. 3 sing. dZa6A( or dlambhi. Part, labdhd (49). Ger. labdhrd (49|, -ZdJAya. VaCi root-cl. (II) Act. (in Pf. etc. also Midd.), 'speak':— Pr. rcwmi, rd/tsi (45. b), vdkli (45. b) ; eacvas, nakthds, raktds, Tacmds, naktha, (3 pi. fr. bri) brutdnti. Opt. vaq/dm. Ipv. TdcaBt, iiagdhi, rdktu, etc. (3 pi. fr. frni). Ipf. dtacaiH, drak (35), diai (35) ; drocra, draktam, etc. Pf. ttvSca {eta.: 244). Aor. (268) dvocam. (Midd. dwce). Prec. ucydsam (Midd. vakilyd). Fut. takaydini (Midd. zakaye}. Pass. Pr. (287. a) 138 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. ucy/. Aor. 3 sing. Avaci. Part. (297) uhd. Gerv. vdc^a or vdkya, rafc- tari/u, mcaiiii/a. Inf. rdktum. Ger. (310) uktrd, oucya. Vad. o-ol. ill, ' 8peak':— Pr, eadami. Pf. (238. c) uxdia, uvaditha, utdda; nilivd, etc. (w. stem ud : 241. b). Aor dcudimm. Prec. (273) udt/dauin. Fut. tadkydmi. Pas9. Pr. (2«7 a) urf^e. Part. (297) udita. Gerv. tddya, or in oompos'n °udya or "tddya, xaditavya, vadaniya. Ger. (310) uditvd, "udya. vac, root-cl. (II) Act., 'wish': — Pr. (215 c) vdr^mi, rdksi (45. bl, vdfti (45. b) ; M^Ba's, uMds, etc. Opt. ui;ydm. Ipv. rdi;dni, uddhi (45. b, 63. a), va»tu; vdfdca, ustdin, etc. Ipf. deafain, dmt (35., 49. bl, am*; aufro (af d-afpa .- 195) auxtam, etc. Pf. (238. o) uedfx (w. stem »f ; 241. bl. Aor. dedfifam, Prec. (273i vfydsam. Fut. var/isydnd. Pass. Pr. (287. a) af^e. Part. (297) u^itd. Ger. vacitrd, °uft,'a, 1. VaS, a-cl. (I) Act., 'dwell':— Pr. rdsami. Pf. (238. c) «rdsa (w. stem u» : 241. bl. Aor. IV. dvulsam (57). Fut. vatsydml (57). Pass. Pr. |287. a) uaye. Aor. 3 sing, dvasi. Part. (207) K«i(d. Ger. (310) usitvd, °u»ya. 2. Vas, root-cl. (II) Midd., 'put on a dress': — Pr. rase, easse, taste, etc. Pf. Tavast. Aor. drasi^i. Fut. vasisye. Pass. Pr. rasye. Part, vasitd. Vah, ''-cl- il) 'bear': — Pr. vdlidmi (M. rci/ie). Pf. (238. C' urdha uvaliitha or urodhii (cf. 49. bl, uvdha; iiliird (etc., w. stem w/i ; 241. b). Aor. dvdk- 8am (45. b), draksis, etc. ; in combination "with t, th, avodk ; 2 du. dtodhaia etc. (Midd. draksi, dvodhds, etc.). Fut. vaksydini. Per. Fut. xodlidsmi. Pas«. Pr. (287. a) aA^e (Ipf. duhye: 195l. Aor. 3 sing, atdhi. Part. jirf/wi (298). Inf. rodhiiin. Ger. I'ldhrd (310), °uhya. ya, l»e), a-ol. (Il, ' weave ': —Pr. (227. a) vdydini. Pf. (fr. two root- forms : 250) vaci/u or urdya, varithd [or vardtka) or iirdyitha, Tarda OTuzdya; tavivd (or «DU'a') or iiyhd, etc. (Midd. rare' or «fe' or iiye'). Aor. dvusi- fam. Fut. vusydmi or (280) vayisydmi. Pass. Pr. (287. aj Mjie. Part. i root-ol. (II) Act., 'breathe': — Pr. (216. c) fvdsimi. Pi. qaqtSga, etc. CVi (?"«)) a-cl. (I) Act., ' swell':— Pr. fodyami. Pf. (250) fiftiya or fufita (w. stem (ifviy or fufu'v: 243). Aor. afvayisam. Fut. ftayifydmi. Pass. Pr. (297. o) fuye. Aor. 3 sing, dfrayi. Part. (300. a| f«Ba. sa(n)ji a-cl. (I) Act., 'adhere': — Pr. (230) sdjdmi. Pf. sasdiija (w. stem sasaj or sasaiy). Aor. dtankfam. Fut. sanksydmi. Pass. Pr. (287. b) sq;'^^. Part. (297, 45. b) saHd. Ger. so(n)i(ra, "sdjya. sad) a-cl. (I) 'sit': — Pr. (229) Mumi. Pf. smida (w. stem serf; 241. c). ^ Aor. dsadam. Fut. lattydmi. Pass. Pr. sadyi. Part. (300 c.) sannd or garj (^.'7)) o-cl. (VI), 'let loose, free; produce': — Pr. yrjdmi. Pf. gasdrja. Aor. (2G2. note 1) dsraksam. Fut. (277. note) srakfyaini. Pass. Pr. sr/ye. Aor. 3 sing, daarji. Part. «r»mi. Pf. (242. note) tuatSva, tastotha, etc. Aor. dstdviaam (Midd. dstoai). Fut. atoaydmi. Pass. Pr. »h/<;ad ' fall ': qdtdya ; \/sid/i 'succeed': sddhdya (or sedhaya) ; \/Aa;i ' kill': ghutdya. 330. II. Quasi-Denominatives. — Several stems in dya that are used either, like Causatives — though mostly without Gausat. sense — at the side of kindred Iry stems (as garj-dya ' roar ' beside gdrj-a ' roar ') or without any such connection (as dand-dya ' chastize ', rlr-dya ' be heroic ') are by the Hindus derived directly from roots [garj, dand, vir, etc.) that are allowed to constitute a special Iry class (the Xth or c?»'-c]ass). In fact, however, many of these stems are clearly derived from nouns (danddi/a, v'lrdya, from dandd ' rod ', vlrd ' hero ', etc.) and presumably all have such an origin, or some may be simply duplicates of Causatives in some of their senses (cf. mdrjdya, Caus., ' cause to cleanse ' or, cur-c\., ' cleanse '). 331. The stem is formed from the assumed roots on the same principles that Causatives are formed from their roots : — y/cuT ' steal ': cor -ay a ; \/afanrf ' chastize ^ dand-dya. 332. III. Denominatives. — These rare forms are all made from nominal stems, and are not reported as roots. Virtually, their form, by the reduction of the notm-stem before aya to a monosyllable, and by the occasional insertion 148 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. of J) after a lengthened final o, becomes like that of the two preceding classes: — ijiid/t ' hunger ": kfodk-aya ' {eel hunger'; rastra 'dieaa': vaitr-aya ' drese ' ; rarman ' armonr ': varm-aya ' put on armour '; sra ' own ': leap-aya ' make one's own '. 333. Inflection. — The stems in aya are all inflected in the Pi-es.-system like Iry a-stems (213). Remaining tenses, Aor. and Free. Act. excepted, are made on the basis of the full stem, noticing that the Perf. is periphrastic (251), and that the other tenses invariably take the union-vowel i, with loss of the stem-final a. The Aor. and the Prec. Act. are both made from the root, the Aor. being reduplicated as explained at 258. and the Prec. being formed from the causatively strengthened root. Example : — fs^ dvis 'hate': Cans, stem S^Tl dves-dya. Act.: . 1. MidJ.: 1. Art. MM.. 1. Present-System. Indie. dcesdydmi etc. Optat. dzesdyeyam etc. Imperat. Imperf. dresuydni etc. ddtefayam etc. dtesaye etc. ¥^1 dvesdyeya etc. OtAer Tenses ¥^ dvesdydi etc. ddteiaye etc. Perf. Aor. Sib.-Fut. Perf.-Fnt •s . ddidvimm etc. (with Prec.) dtesayuydmi etc. (with Con: dtcaaydtii cakdra etc. dzemyitdsmx d.) etc. ^ . ^ ddidvise dcexayi^ye 0. (with Free.) etc. (with Cond.) ^ .. V dcemydfh cakr^ etc. eti dvefayitike etc. DERIVATIVE VEUBS IN aya. 149 stems like coraya, quasi-Den. (assumed root cur), ' steal' and ksodhaya, Den., 'hunger' are inflected in a perfectly analogous way. 334. A Passive ia formed by adding the suffix yd to the cansatively strengthened root (Pass. st. dtes-i/a); — and a Desiderathe by adding i-m to the reduplicated Caua.-Btem, whose final a is lost (Des. st. di-dresdy-i-sa). D. Denominatives other than those in aya. 335. These verbs, being all of a very rare occurrence, are made in different ■ways, viz.: ^ a. by using directly any noun-stem in 5 as a verb-stem ; hrttrtii ' act like Krsna': mala ' be like a garland ' {mala] ; ^— 4. by adding n to the stem, whose final vowel mostly is gunated: pitar-a * s^ct the iaiher ' ( pttdr), kauay-a or kary-a ' act the poet ' {kari) ; — c. by adding yd to the stem, whose final sound is changed nearly as in the Pass, {d to I, or a in Midd. to il ; i, u to !, K ; ar to ri ; and on, with loss of n, to I or « | : putrl-yd ' act as or desire a son ' [putrd] ; pati-yd ' desire a husband ' ( pati), ruj'i-ya or iJIidd.) raja-yj, 'consider as king' (ro/an), etc.; ^ rf. by adding (a)sya to the stem, which then expresses a desire : madhu-sya or madhx-asya ' desire honey ' {mddhu). Note.— ~Ab a Den. suffix is also counted kumya, which, however, is itself a Den. stem of kdma ' love ': — putTackdmya * long for a son '. 336. These Denominative stems are inflected in the Pres. -system like Iry a-stems. Other forms rarely occur. Verbal Nouns of the Derivative Verbs. 337. The verbal nouns of the Derivative conjugations are formed with the same suffixes as those of the primary. Tlie full stem is retained, except that the Intens. suffix ya after a consonant disappears before td, tvd, ya, aniya {\/hk[d ' s[A\t ': bebhid-i-ta, °tvd, etc.), and the Caus.-Den. suffix aya before td, ya, aniya {\/bhu ' be ': bhdv-i-td,°v-ya,°T-aniya). Before td, tdvant, tavya, turn, tvd, the union-vowel i ahvajs sub- stitutes the stem-final a or the lost stem-suffix. Note. — After a short penultimate root-vowel, aya is not before «a dropped, but shortened to ay {sam-gamay-ya). 150 SANSKRIT GEAMMAE. SEVENTH CHAPTER. Indeclinable Words. 338. Sanskrit has the usual classes of indeclinable words, though less distinctly separated from one another than in kindred languages. ADVERBS. 339. The adverbs are, like the nouns, either monosyllabic, derivative, or compound. 340. Monosyllabic Adverbs. — The most important of these, being for the most part of obscure origin, are as foUovs^s : — ' a. Asaeverativo particles (used in sense of ' indeed ' etc., or simply pleonas- tically) : tii, rui, hi, ha, v, sma (giving to the Pres. the force of a, Perf.).— h. Negative particles: nd, ma (cf. 195. note).^c. Interrogative particles: kad, kiiii, kva, (earlier kuha), stid. — d. Inseparable prefixes : to verbs, a 'to ', ud ' up ', etc. (cf. 188. C. I) ; to nouns or adverbs, a or, before vowels, an, nis, vi, all privative particles (e.g. as/iro/a ' childless ', ansa rarfi/a ' ir-reproachable ') ; na comitative prefix; das 'ill, 5uj-*, su ' well, very, e5', a ' somewhat*, kd etc. (cf. 183. note 3). 341. Derivative Adverbs. — These are of two distinct kinds : A. Adverbs by Svffix. — By adding certain adverbial suflBxes (some of these, like tas, vat, etc., with greatest freedom) to pronominal roots or noun-stems, a host of adverbs are made. The most important are those in — tas, adverbs with an Abl. sense: tatns 'thence', yafas ' whence '; mukhatai 'from the mouth, foremost', agraids 'in front, first ', etc. ; — (ro, tat, ha. INDECLINABLE WORDS. 15] adverbs with a more or less evident Loc. sense : dtra ' liere ', tatra ' there '; ydtra ' where ', sarcdtra ' everywhere '; purdstut ' in front, before, east-svard ', iJid 'here', etc.; — thd, modal adverbs: tdthd 'thus', ydthd 'in what manner, as ';_<;«, adverbs of time : tadd ' then ', sddd ' ever ', etc. ; dLi, aistributive adverbs : ekadhd ' in one way ', bahudkd ' in many ways ', etc. ; — nat (prop'ly Ace. of stems in zant, with changed accent), oxytone adverbs of similitude: sar]/ara'« ' like the sun', amarardt 'like an immortal', tdrat so much, so long', ydtdt 'how (as) much or long'; ^^ds^ oxytone adverbs of quantity or manner : eka<;ds ' singly ', sarva^ds ' wholly', etc. rfote. — Many other deriv. adverbs are alone of their kind (or nearly so) or of obscure formation : — i-ti ' thus ' mostly used as a particle of quotation [e.g. karisya Ui '"I shall do if, thus' (scil. said he)], i-ra (end.) 'like, as it were ', e-ta, khdlu 'indeed ', adt/a 'to-day ', nunam ' now ' punar ' again ', pritdr • early '; yadi ' if ', and several prepositional prefixes {dti, adlii, dnu, etc. 188. C). B. Adverbially used Case-forms. — Case-forms of actual or obsolete nouns are frequently used as adverbs. Botb form and sensCj especially the latter, are then apt to be modified. Most often the Ace. and Instr. are thus used, least often the Dat. and Gen. Examples are : Ace: of nouns, jidma ' by name ', »aAtam ' by night ', sa«i/am ' truly ', Zaj/m 'swiftly'; of pronouns, tdl 'therefore, then', ydt ' wherefore, when, if ': (cf. also those in tdt, above) ; —Instr.: of nouns, sdhasa 'suddenly', dita 'by day', prdyena 'mostly, probably*, ddksinena 'to the right, southwards', uccdis 'high up, aloud ' ; of pronouns : lena ' therefore ', yena ' wherefore '; ^— Dat. : cirdyu 'for a long tune'j.^AbL diirdt 'from afar', tdsmut ' therefore '; ^ Gen. eirasya ' far '; — Loc. dure ' far off ', agre ' in front ', rte ' except '. 342. Compound Adverbs. — Simple Adverbs combine into compounds. Especially frequent are such compounds whose final member is a case-form. Thus : — atha^rd ' either, or rather ', karhUcid ' ever ', koa^cid ' anywhere, sometimes ', la-kft 'once', etc.; — (Aoc.) suckhdm 'happily', ati-mdtrdm 'immeasurably', yathd-faleti (cf. note) ' according to power, as far as possible '; (Instr.) yathiU qaktyd same meaning; (Abl.) sfasajaisrZt 'visibly, evidently', etc. Very common as final members are sarthe (or sartham), krte ' on account of '. Note. — Certain adverbial compounds whose prior member is an indeclinable 152 SANSKRIT GEAMMAB,. (mostly preposiHons or a, an, yatha, yavat, sa, saha), and -whose final member, whatever be its stem-final, takes the form of an Ace. neut., are nsnally, after Hindu example, arranged with the nominal compounds ae a special class called aryayibhdva {'conversion to an indeclinable'): — dnu-rupam 'con- formably ', fircitUni(;am ' every night ', aticmdtram ' immeasurably ', a^sam^yam ' undoubtedly ', yatkatqaUi of. ' above ', yoi/i(a=a)arAom ' fitly ', ydvajujizam ' for life ', sasiopam ' angrily ', etc. PREPOSITIONS. 343. Sanskrit has developed no distinct class of prepositions. But many adverbs may have more or less of a prepositional value. Thus, some prepositional prefixes are also used inde- pendently in government vpith nouns, viz. a ' to, as far as ' (Ab. or Ace), dnu 'after' (Ace, rarely Ab. or Gen.), prdli ' at, to, towards' (Ace.) or ' in place of (Ab.), and sproradi- cally some others; and a very few adverbs — as r../ — — V^V^ — V.^— ^ j 2d haK- verse = 1st. II. Matravrtta: Of this class of metres the commonest is the dryd or gdthd. Each half-verse contains seven and a half feet, and each foot four mora (distributed on two, three, or four syllables), excepting the sixth of the second half-verse, which contains only one short syllable. The first half-verse, then, contains thirty morw, and the second, twenty-seven. E.g. (Qak. v. 2) : y^^^sy I ^-w |__|| I I w I I- d paritosddvidiisdm |] na sddhu manye prayogavijhdnam \ balaxadapi Qiksitdndin || dtmanyapratyayaw, cetah. [ Note. — TJsnally the caesura is after the 3d foot, whose final syllable for the most part is long. The 1st, 3rd, 5th, and 6th feet must not be amphibrachs. 156 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, BRIEF SKETCH OF SCENIC PRAKRIT. Prakrit {prakrta ' original, natural, vulgar ') is the collective name of all the popular dialects akin to Sanskrit that were spoken in India at a time preceding our era. By scenic or ordinary Prakrit is meant the vernaculars that women and inferior persons are made to speak in Sanskrit plays. Except in the Mrcchakatika and the 4th act of the Vikra- morva9i, rarely more than two dialects, the closely- united Malidrdsfrl and ^auraseni, occur in Sanskrit dramas. Maha- rastri is the dialect used in poetry, and forms the basis of this brief sketch, (^auraseni, distinguished from the former by a more faithful preservation of medial consonants and by certain peculiar forms (in part noted below), is the prose- dialect. Grammar. 1. Introductory. — The general character of Prakrit as compared with Sanskrit is as follows : — I. All the Sanskrit vowels' ofiCMX save f, I, di, and au, and all the consonants save g, s, and h; but by an extensive change of etymologically justified sounds, and especially by a frequent loss or assimi- lation of consonants, the Prakrit words are made far more weak and vocalic than corresponding Sanskrit words ; II. the noun-stems are all, by abbreviation or extension, made to end in a vowel, and they do not occur in the du. ; III. the pronouns all end in a vowel or anusvara, and do not occur in the du. ; IV. the verb-stems all end in a, and are inflected only in three Act. tenses, sing, and pi. BRIEF SKETCH OF SCENIC PRAKRIT. 157 I. ELEMENTARY SOUNDS. Vowels : 2- Ti f) h ^^> ^^^ "^^ ^^^ wanting'. They are supplied as follows : initial r by ri, ov, rarely, « or i ; medial f by a, or i, or (after a labial) u, or, rarely, ri ; I by li ; ai by e, ai, or, rarely, i ; and au by o, aii, or, rarely, u. 3. e, o are simple vowels, short or long, sometimes corre- sponding to Skr. ?', u. 4. A long vowel is shortened before two consonants, or it is saved by the loss of one of them ; and, inversely, a short vowel is lengthened if two sequent consonants are reduced to one. Consonants : 5. 5, s, h are wanting, 5, s being supplied by s. 6. Initial Consonants. — No Prakrit word begins with more than one consonant. Of conjunct consonants only the last, reduced acc'g to 7, is retained. Single consonants are usually the same as in Sanskrit, except that Skr. y is repre- sented by j, and Skr. n, save before dental mutes, by n. In some words, an initial consonant is dropped {una=S^v. punar ; a=Skr. ca). 7. Medial Consonants. — These are single or conjunct. Single Consonants. — Sanskrit y, v are generally lost in the Prakrit ; r and unaspirated mutes, save t, d, are often so (esp'ly in poetry) ; gutt. and dent, aspirates and hk are usually supplied hy h; t, th, t, p, and sometimes ph, are 158 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. sonantized (p^v ov b) ; d is supplied by I, and n, as when initial by n. Other letters are usually unaltered. Often a med. cons't is doubled {eika or ea!=eka). Conjunct Consonants. — Where three consonants concur in the Sanskrit word, they are in Prakrit reduced to two (always by the loss of a semivowel, if there be one). Two consonants are more or less fully assimilated with one another, mostly in such a way that gutturals and palatals prevail over other consonants, mutes over nasals and semi-open sounds (sibilants being assimilated in the form of aspirates), and sibilants (in Pkr. = «) over semivowels. Aspirates and h always come last, and r is always changed. The Prakrit conjuncts may, accordingly, be arranged under the following three heads : — a. Double consonants (of any kind save aspirates, rr, and i^) : — Pkr. kk = SUr. tk,kt, ky, rk, kr, Ik, kl, kn; — gg = dg, dg, gn, gm ; gy, rg, gr, Ig ; — cc = cy, ty, re ; — jj =hj, j'l., jr, rj, jv, dy, ry, yy (rarely); — tt = r« (which alBO become dd) ; — dd = rt or rarely rd ; — nn =/«, mm, nn, ny, ny, rn, nv, nr ; — tt=kt, pt, in, tm, tr, «r, rt ; — dd = M, dr, rd, dt; — W=tp> PS> fi 'T'l pl^ Ip, kin; — bb=d6, I'b, br ; — inm=n?n, nm, nm, my, rm, Im; — 77=Ty, rj (rarely) ; — ll = iy, rl, {Ir, ry); — 77=vy, vr, TV; — SB = r», fm, qy, fr, ft, fm, »y, 8T, sy, sr, sv ; b. Unaspirated consonants with corresponding aspirates : — Pkr. kkh = Skr. tkh, khy, {t)ks, (ksy), ak, sk, (akh), skh, kkh; — gg'il = dgh, ghn, ghr, rgh ; — cch = (A^, rch, chr, ka, {l)ka, kam, ts, tsy, pa, 5c; — jjb=dAy, hy; — tth = 8f, fth; — iih = dhy; — tth=i(A, tr, rth, st, sth; — Ai'ii=gdh, bdh, rdh, dht ; — pph=(j>A, apk, hph, sjjh, ap, tp ; — bbli=c;6/(, dbh, bhy, bhr, rbh; c. Nasals with kh, d, h, or a ; and I with h .- — Pkr. fikll=Skr. ttkf ; — nli = kan, fn, an, sn, lin; — ni = nd (in prose) ; — mh = $m, kam, atn, Jim ; — ns=rf, {T, {r, av ; — lh=Ai. 8. Final Sounds. — Prakrit allows no other finals than pure or nasalized vowels (of. 9, 10, etc.). BRIEF SKETCH OP SCENIC PRAKEIT. 159 II, NOUNS. 9. Formation of Stems. — The nominal steins all end in a vowel. The final consonants of a Sanskrit word are either lost («ara = Skr. sdras 'pond', hliavaihlia/oant 'being'), in which case, however, they usually reappear before an added vowel-ending (bhava : Inst, bhavad-d) , or they are saved by an added a or a [sarada = Skr. garad ' autumn '). Note.— Some new stem-suffixes — such as ulla, ilia, dia, inta (inda), etc — occur in Prakrit. 10. Inflection. — The essential features of the Sanskrit inflection are also recognizable in Prakrit. It is to be noticed only that the case-forms of the various stems are largely assimilated with each other, that some pronominal influences are discernable, that there are two new Abl. forms in pi., viz. one in -hinto (fr. bhis + tas), Abl. cattsalis, and one in sunto (fr. su + tas), Abl. localis, and finally that the Dat. ease and the du. number are wanting. At the end of a case-form, anusvara is often (chiefly in I., G., L. pi.) added or dropped at option. 11. a-Stems : — ajja (Skr. arya) 'honored person'; vana (Skr. vdna), n., 'forest'. Sing. : m. u. PI. : m. n. N. ajjo ") Ti ajjam ^nam ajja "J Tandi'n), rand A. etc. ajja, ajje > (in . prose tandni) I. ajjenaim) ajjehi{m) Tannkii^vi) Ab. f ajjddo, °dn (. aijUhij ajjdhinto, °ehinto etc. ajjdsitnto, "esunto G. ajjassa ajjdna{m) L. ajje, ajjammi ajjesa(m) V. ajja rana ajja 'candi(n) 160 SANSKRIT 6RAMMAB. 12. a-Stems -.—mdia (Skr. m61d) , I., ' garland '. Sing. : Pin.; N. mala mdldo, "du, oa A. malam mdldo, "du Ab. malddo, °ddu, °ahi mdldhinto, 'dsunto I- 1 mdldhi[n) G. } mdlde, -di mdldna{m) L. ) mdldm(m) V. male mdldo, oda 13. i-Stema : — nal (Skr. nadt) f., ' river ' Sing.: Plnr.: N. nal A. naim 1 naio, "iu, °l Ab. naido, °du, nhi nalhiwto, Hmnto I 1 naihi{m) G. V BOM, old, °li, 'U nainaith) h. ) naisu(m) V. nai nalo, ozu i and U-Stems : 14. These stems are in masc. and neut. inflected as below (tt-stems analogously with i-stems), but in fern, like l-stems. Examples: aggi (Skr. agnt), m., 'fire, Agni', dahi (Skr. dadhi) ' curds '. dahim Sing. : m. N. aggl A. aggim 1. aggind etc. Ab. aggldo, °idu, 'ihi G. aggino, "Uea L. aggimmi V. aggi dahi PI.: m. aggio, °ino aggino aggihi(m) agglhinio, °isunto aggina{m) aggim(m) aggio, °ino I iaA>i(n) etc. dahli(n) III. PRONOUNS. 15. The pronominal stems, generally corresponding to those stems in Sanskrit that appear in derivations, all end BRIEF SKETCH OF SCENIC PRAKEIT. IGl in a pure or nasalized vowel. They are : Pers. ahain, tum, Dem. ta, eda, ima (ef. Skr. iddm) amu (of. Skr. adds), Rel._;c^, Int. ha. Instead of ta, ya, lea, the forms ti, ji, hi also occur in the fern, and exceptionally elsewhere. 16. The vowel-stems being inflected alike (almost like nouns), only one example, the Rel.^'a, needs be given. N(^. — Shortened or irregular forma — like nam, {=enam, enum), to or ello ( = t(is7Bat, etdsmdt), le {=tdsya, tasyas), sim (=tesdm, tdsdm), etc.) — are not uncommon, and the masc. is sometiniea used for the fem. 17. Personal Pronouns ; Sing. : N. aharh A. mam, mamam I. mae, me Ab. motto (mamdiio, °du) G. mama, me^ majjka, maha L. tnai Plur. N. amJie A. amhe, no I. amliehi(tn) Ab. arnkdhinto, "dsunto G. amhdnam, amiia, "he, no L. atnJiesu tumaw, turn tumaiii tai, toe, tve, ta)»{a)e, te, de tatto (tumddo, "du) tu{n)a, te, de, tujjlia, tulm)ha, tumma tai, toe, tui, tumainmi tmnhe, tujjhe tumhe, tujjhe, no twnhehim, tujjhekim, tummehim tumhuhirUo, 'dtutito tumhdnam, tujjhdnain, to tumhesu, tujjhesu 18. Relative Pronouns: Sing. : m. n. f. N. jo jam ji A. jam jam I. jena, jind =Q.-lj.)de, etc. Ab. jatto, °ttu, °do, ' •du jddo, °du, jtdo G. jassa, jdaa jassd, jasd, jite-\}de, jdi L. jassi(m),jammi (»■'). Vjif,fii jaM{m) , jattlia Jjlu, jta ]62 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Plur.; N.A. I. Ab. G. L. m. n. jm{n) jehiim) jdhinto, jisunto jdna{m) , jeiUm] jesu(m) i. jao, jdu, jio, jiu jdhim,jlhim juhinto, jasunto, Jihinto, jisunto jdna{m), jdtim,jina{m),jitm }dsu{th), jisa[m] IV. VERB. 19. With a few scattering exceptions, the verbal stems all end in a (or, by contraction of ay a or ava, in e or o). Root- stems are extended, no and «a-stems changed to na or na- stems, and a- (ya-) stems preserved with usual phonetic changes. 20. The verbs are inflected almost exclusively in the Act., but only in the Pres., Impv., and Fut. Ind. ; and the dual number is wanting. For past time the Pass. Part, is used. Imperat. hasamu hasalsu), °sdhij osassa Example : Aas ' smile ' Sing. : Pres. 1 hatimi, 'am(li)i 2 hasasi 3 hasa[d)i Plur.: 1 hasdmo, °m(a), <>ma, °simn, hasdmo, °ma, "in{u}, "ma, "samJw, °iitka hasamha 2 kasalia [in prose oadha(m)'\ hasalia, '•sadha(iii) liasittka 3 hasanti hasantu Fut. hasiasatii, "stdmi hasissaii haiissa(d)i hasissdmo hatissalta, "asadha hcmtsanti Sometimes tlie Fut. has cch instead of ss (soccham=^ro>ya)Hi), and Ai instead of Sid [has-i-hi-ini)^ 21. Of as 'he' the following forms occur: Pres. sing. BRIEF SKETCH OF SCENIC PRAKRIT. 163 1. (!i)m/d, 2. {a)si, 3. {a)tfM ; pi. I. {^a)mho, °ka, 2. ttha, 3. santi. Ipf. sing. asi{m), 2. 3. asi. 22. Passive. — The suffix yd becomes ta or ijja, or y is assimilated with the preceding consonant. The stem is inflected as in Act.: — 3 sing. j)adhla[d)i or jaad}iijja[d)i=- Skr. pathydte {s/path 'recite'); gam.ma{d)i=^kx. gamydie (y/ffom 'go'). Verbal Nouns. 2:i. TAe Pres. and Fuf. Participles in the Acf. end in anta or enta (f. °ti, or it is formed by adding ai to the root), and in the Midd. in mana (f. °ni or °na). In the Pass, both anta and mana occur. Thus: — padhanta ■=■ B^x. pdtkant {\/path ' recite ') ; rakkhiamana = Skr. raksydmdna {raks ' guard') ; karljjanta for Skr. kriydmdna (\/kar ' make '). 24. The Pass. Participle is formed as in Sanskrit, observing usual phonetic laws: — su(d)a-=B)ix. c^rntd {^/qru 'hear'), luddha = labdhd {\/Labli 'take'). 25. The Gerundive in ya usually assimilates y to the pre- ceding consonant or vice versa {koppa = S\ir. kop-ya : s/ kiqi 'be angry'; ^a;j'a=Skr. hurya) ; the suffix auiya is repre- sented by ania or anijja {puanla=Skr. pvjaniya : s/jjuj ' honour'; karanifJa = S^T. karanlya). 26. The Gerund ends in (t)i/na or, rarely, dna (Skr. trd), and in ia (Skr. ya). The latter is in prose used even in simple verbs. Thus ; — kama (kadua) = SkT. hrtvu ; gerihia = Skr. °gfhya {\/grah ' take': Pkr. genh, fr. the Pres. grhnd-). 164 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. 27. Causativks. — The Causative stems have two forms : I me in e ( = Skr. aya), the other in dve ( = Skr. apa/yd): — Ldredi or kdrdvedi=B\x. kdrdyati. V. INDECLINABLES. 28. Among more disguised forms are to be noticed: a=St. ca (6); am}/io= 'ilio ; avi, vi, biy pi=api; idha=:iha ; in=i8at ; una=punar ; evra, va, jema, irva=cva; ctaiH=erram; o=apa or ava; kaid; kdhe=kadd; kku, kkhu = l.halu: niitit = nanu ; tti, ti, ia^iti; ddva = tuvat; pati=prati; to. Tea, Tia=- h't ; ca = zd. ( 165 ) SANSKRIT READING SPECIMEN. This brief specimen (from the beginning of the Nala) is here appended simply to indicate to the learner how a Sanskrit test ought from the outset to be analyzed and studied. In the devanagari-line, the ivords are fused according to the principle prevailingly followed in European text-editions (of. foot-note, pi 19) ; in the first transliterated line, they are separated throughout, but otherwise unaltered, while in the second their independent form, as freed from all combinatory changes, is given. In the vocabulary, the accent and the derivation of the words are pointed out whenever known. All references should be carefully looked up, and paradigms studied. — The metre in the lines below is the cjloka (346. 1. B.l. dsid rdjd rtalo noma virasena iuto bait dsit [48] rdja nalas [59] ndma vlrasenaautas [59] ball There was a king Nala by name, the mighty son of Virasena, upapanno gundir istdi rilpavdn afrakotidah upapannas gundis [58] istdis [59. b] rupavdn aqvakovidas [9] endowed with the finest qualities, beautiful, skilled in horsea. atisthan manujendrdndm ■murdni devapatir ira atuthat [50] manujendrdnim [54] murdni devapatis [58] ira He stood at the head of princes like the lord of the gods, •?^^T ^l^'mH i r^rH ^ KH?TT II ^ 11 upary upari saiTesdm dditi/a iva tejasd upari [39. b] upari sarveadm ddityas [59] iva tejasd above, above all, resembling Aditya by his splendor, brcUimanyo xedavic churo nisadhesu makipatih brahraanyas vedavid [51, 61] furas nitadhesu mahipatis pious, Veda-knowing, a hero, ruler in Nisadha, 166 SANSKRIT GKAMMAK. dkiapriyah satyavadi mahdn ak^duhinipatih f avouied by the die, truthful, a great commander ; ipsito varanartndm vddrah samyalendriyah beloved by fair women, noble, self-controlled ; ^ft^KT vft^t ^y: m^^ »»h: ^t»»t II d ii raksitd dhanmndm freithah sdktdd iva manuh tzayam a protector, the best among archers, like Manu himself made manifest. tath{d e)div(a d)d3ld vidarbhe^u bhimo blihnaparakramah There lived also in Vidarbha the terribly powerful Bhima, tt: utn^^: «»< i <* i h ; « 'Bmnr: ii m ii faroA sarnagundir yulctah prajdkdmah sa c|o a)dpra-jah a hero, possessed of all virtues, desiring offspring, but childless. K»?wjir3i$?lfl^q> ^1 HTtK II l( II w ^ >Th»: Uiiioiii*«!tf)MviMTO M^ftnr i •rffrr W5 THf'?' *ir*uir «^'5mh ii s ii inw iTT>^ ^»r: 'BHT^m ^ ^ i •ifnTsi 4*ff «n' ' >rt»rqTrgwT^ ii ^ ii ?>m»ti1 H ^«n!r iniwr i^rar fstiT i ( 167 ) VOCABULARY TO THE READING SPECIMEN. •/oi 'be': &ni, 3d a. Ipf. [215. a; 314.] rajan (71. note), m , 'king, regent'. [vi^ 'direct, rule'+enff. -an; 74, 76. Infl. 128.] nala, m., Nala, N. Pr. [Infl. 159] ndinan, n., ' name ' Aco. adv'ly ' by name'- [Infl. 128.] viraaenasuta, m., Viraaena's son ' [vira- sena, N. Pr.+s« ' obtain ': ipsita, P. Pple, Deaid. (323. note) ' desired to be obtained, desired, loved' rarandrl, f., ' excellent woman '- [rara (v/ijur 'choose') 'choice' -|- nirl [I. of ndrd ' man ', itself of ndr ' man '. Infl. 155.] uddrd, adj. 'exalted, noble', [ud-ar (id ' up ' and \/ar ' move ') ' raise '.] mwyatendriya, trf. adj , • having re- strained senses, self-controlled', [sdm- yata (P. Pple of gam-yam ' check ', fr. sam ' together ' and vyam ' hold, hold back ') + indriyd (indra + -iya) ' pertaining to Indra '; n. ' power, sense'.— 83. II.; 84. B.] raksUdr, m., ' protector '. [yrakf ' pro- tect' + i-tar: 74-6. Infl. 121.] dAonnn, m ,' archer, bowman '- [Pro- p'ly poss. adj. of dltdnvan \'/dhun ' set in motion ') ' bow ': 77-9.] <;reftha, adj., 'fairest, best'. [Cf. 160. a.] saksd, only in Abl. idkfdl 'evidently, manifestly, in person ' [«o ' with ' + akfdn, end of cpds -akfa (81. b), ' eye '. mdmi, m., ' man ; Mann (The Man, father of mankind, man ideal, the law-giver),' ataydm, pr., ' self '. [srd ' own,' with Nom. end'g (cf. a-y-dnC) : 179.] 5. tdthd, adv., ' so, also ' [Pr. root ^'i. b| fti ' sacred singer, saint, sage ': 84. A. b.] damana, m., Damana, N. Pr. [-s/rfawi 'tame '.] bhdrata, adj., 'of Bharata'; m. 'de- scendant of Bharata ' (prince to whom the story of Nala is told) ' [bharatd (■/tW ' bear ') N. Pr.: 77.] 7. \/tus ' be pleased '; Cans. ' gratify ': tosaydmdsa: 252. dharmarid, adj., 'knowing one's duty, duly '. [rfAarjHrt (\/dhar ' bear, sup- port ') ' confirmed usage, law, duty ' + -»«.] mdhisl, f., ' woman of high rank, queen '* [f. of mahifd (\/inah] ' mighty ': 158.] sahd, prep., ' with ' [.'ia ' with.'] rdjendra, m., 'chief of kings '. [rdja{n), 81. a. + indra.^ satkdra, m., 'good treatment, hospi- tality '- l_sat-kar {sdnt, cf . verse 3 -)- V iur) ' do good '.] surdrcas, trf. adj., * very splendid ' [jil -t- rdrcas ' splendor '.] 8. pra-sad ' be favorably inclined ': prd- sanna, P. Pple, 300. c. [prd 'for- ward ' -(- ^ sad, ' sit'.] sabhdrya, trf. adj., ' with his wife '. [sa- ' with ' -{- hhdryd iGerv. fern, of wbhar ' bear, support': 305-6) 'wife'.] rdra, m., ' choice ; gift, reward '. [v^rur ' choose '.] v/d^, 'give'. Cf. 314. kanydratna, n., * girl-jewel, splendid maiden '. [kanyd ' girl ' -f- rdtna {Vra ' give ') Vedic ' gift ; treasure '; later : ' jewel ': 84. A. b.J 170 SANSKRIT GKAMMAE. kumurii, m., ' boy '. ti-i, num., ' three '- mahayafas, trf. adj., ' having great fame, famous', [mahd for ntahdnt (81, a) ' great ' + ydpas ' fame '.] 9. damayanli, !., ' DamayantI '. [Pr. Pple (f.) CauB. of »/ dam 'tame, con- quer': 337.] 9. dania, m., ' Dama '. [N/rfaw.] danta, m., ' Danta '- [P. Pple of Vdixm : 297. note 2.] damana, m., ' Damana'. [vi/um.] 10. Ui, pole, ' but ; in sooth '. fri, f., ' beauty '. [Infl. 107.] saubhagya, n., 'charm, loveliness'. [«<• bhdgya (sa- ' well ' + bhaga ' portion, blessing ', f r. fjbliaj ' apportion '), trf. adj., 'fortunate; lovely': 77.] hiki, m., ' world '. [Uneert. deriv'n ; older form M-/oia.j •praf ' obtain ". [^ra + i/ap ' obtain '.] sumadhyama, trf. adj., ' fair-waisted '. [su- + inadhyaind (superl. of niddkya 'middle') 'midmost'; m. or n. ' waist '.] ( 171 ) SANSKRIT INDEX. (References are to paragraphs.) a : pron. 3 ; weak, to i, u, 30, 31. n. 2, 227. a. n.; 235, 273, 287. c, 297, 306, etc., and cf. ar ,-^-los3, 31 (e.g. 140, 241. b, 287. a, 297, etc.), 77, 95. a (e.g. 121, 125, etc.), 211. a, 241,264.0,332, 333, 337 ; — its own gana, 28 ; — changed to a, 28, 29 (e.g. 77, 95. a, 211. b, 240. b, 262, 287. d, 297. n. 2, 324, 329. a, etc.).— -a (stems in) : Nom. st. : form., 74-6, 79, 81. b ; infl., 158-9; Pres.-st., 209.VI.,VII.; Aor.-st., 257-8. ahadn : infl., 180. c, dkfi : infl., 152. c. dngiras: infl., 117. '/anc: syn., 314. dnc - infl., 101. d. •/m^: syn., 314. a<2-cl.: 212. Vorf, syn., 314. addi : infl., 181. van : syn., 314. •an (stems in) : form., 74-6; infl., 125-30.— roots in : Pass., 287 ; Part. 297. n. 2 ; Ger., 310. anndtdh : infl., 101. f. ■anina : 305, 308, 337. anuddlta : 23-4. anudittatara : 23. ii., 24. anundsika : 10. a. anusvdra: 1, 2, 10, 11; for Ii, 52-3 ; for m, 35. n. -a{n)t, stems in : form., 74-6, 292 ; norm, form., 91.a. n.l; infl, 133-8. anyd : 184. anzdric : infl., 101. d. n. dp: infl., 101. b. dpi ; 108. C. I. ; abbr. to pi, 108. C. I. a. dpdnc: infl., 101. d. u. -am ! roots in, Pr. 234, Part., 297. u. 2 ; Ger., 310 ; Adv. Ger. in, 312. ^/^: Pf., 253. b. -aya : verba in, 327-36. ar, the syllable ; oontr. tor, 31 (e.g. 121, 208. v., 209. Vm., 241. b, 262, 287. a, 297, 324, etc.) ; ^— ahanged to ri, 209. VII. u., 272, 287. a ; ^ changed to ir, 209. VII. u. ; — changed to ir or -ir, 270, 287. a, 300. d, 324 ; ^ changed to r/, 316. b ; changed to ro, 262. n.l, 277. n.;— written r or f , 31. u. 2. >/ar : syn., 314 ; Cans., 329. c. -ar(-«ar), stems in: form., 74-6; infl., 121-4. irtha : in oomp., 84. A. b. note 1. ; 342. drtant: infl., 139. avagraka: 18. dvaiic, infl., 101. d. n. atyayihhdTa : 87, 342. n. dcta : infl., 159. ^/as 'be ': syn., 314. V a 'sit' Pr. Part., 295. 172 SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. Vas' throw': Aor., 268. -a!, stems in: form., 74-6; infl., 116-7. asan : infl., 130. d. asthdn : infl., 130. c. aithi: infl., 152. asmdd : infl., 178. Vah: conj., 314. dkan, -as : infl., 130. a. d : pron., 3 ; -weak, to I, 30 (e.g. 208. v., 287. c, 297. II. 1, 300. a) ; to c, 273 ;_ lost, 31 (e.g. 241. b.d; 264. d|. -a, roots in ; way of writing and Pr , 227. a. note, 235 ; Pf., 239. b, 240. >;, 241. d; Aor., 263. 3; Prec, 273 j Pass., 287.C; 289.11.1; Part.,297.n. 1,300. d; Gerv., 306. a; Ger., 310 ;__ stems in: form., 72-9; infl., 104, 108, 153-6. itman : infl., 128 ; as pron., 186. dtmane padam : 191. ddij -ikaj -dya : in comp., 84. A. b. note 1. ■ ana : Pan. in, 292-3. \/'^i.- Des., 323. n., 325. dri/d : meter, 346. II. ^/da : Byn., 314. dsAn ; infl., 130. d. i .- pron., 3 : sandhi, 39. b, 40. a ; length. 29, 99, 287. c, 324, etc. i un.-Towel : in gen'l, 67 ; in Pr., 215-6 ; in Pf., 243 ; in Fut. 278, 283 ; in Part., 209 ; in Gerv., 305; in Ger. 309; in Inf., 313 ; in Dosid., 322. \/i: syn., 314; Gerv., 306. ii. note Cans., 329. c. -i, stems in : form., 74- 6 ; infl , 147-52. iddm: infl. 181. -in, stems in : form., 74- 9; infl., 118. indra-rajrd : meter, 346. I. A. V i» ; syn., 314. -ifta (stems in) : form., 76, 160. a; infl., 159. ■is (stems in) : form., 74- 6; infl., 116. ■i : pron., 3 ; sandhi, 39. b, 40. a. 0,43, 211 a. -! (stems in) : form., 74-9, 94. n. 2; infl., 104-9, 153-7. ^il: Pr.. 216. a; Per. Pf., 253. a. -lynns (stems in) : form., 76, 160. a ; norm, form, 95. a. note 1 ; infl., 131-2. N/i9T-Pr.,216. d;Pf.252. M : pron., 3 ; sandhi, 39. b, 40. a, 77. u. 3, 2, 11. a. b ; length., like t. u (stems in) : form. 74- 6; infl., 147-9 ;— verb- stems in, 208. I. n. udauc : infl., 101. d. n. uddtta : accent, 23-4. iiddn : infl. 130. d. ubhdlya): infl., 187. b. \/m^- Pf., 253. b. ■ us (stems in) : form., 74. 6; infl., 116. II : pron., 3 ; sandhi, 39. b, 40. a, 211. a. -w : (stems in) : form., 74- 6; infl., 104-9, 153-7. r ." cf. -ar. e ; pron. 3 ; nature of, 21. n; sandhi, 39. b, 43 ; for i, 241. c, 268, 273 ; — cf. b,\bo gvna. Ska: infl., 166. Md: infl., 181. etdmnt: 184. enad: infl., 181. b. esis : sandhi, 59. n. I . " .- pron., 3 ; nature of, 21. n. ; sandhi, 39. b; for as, 59 ; cf. also gutia. di : pron., 3 ; nature of, 21 ; sandhi, 39. b ; cf. also vrddhi. du : pron., 3 ; nature of, 21 ; sandhi, 39. b ; of. also vrddhi. SANSKRIT INDEX. 173 k : pron., 5 ; for other sounds, 3d, 48 ; sandhi, 48, 50; insert. 69. bj loss, 70, c. d. e. Vkar: syn. 314; Int. 3I7.b;D6s. 323;Caua. 329. a ; orig'ly skar, 188. C. I. note 1. b. karmadhdraya : 87. •/kari: Aor. 262. n. 1. kavi: infl., 148. ■v/te; Pf., 253. b. him : infl., 183 ; as indef., 183. 2 ; in oomp., 183. 3 ; adv., 340. kiyant: 184. Vhl: Pr., 208. I. note, 216. b. lcu:,ko:: 183.3. krtd: 301. t/kiam: syn., 314. M-ol. ;212; ■/kiT: Pr., 213. kroftdr, -tu : 124. ■/kmn: Pr., 208. IV. n. ; Part., 299. u. 2. Wt : pron., 5 ; final, 35 ; sandhi, 45. 6, 46. Vkhan: Bja., 314. g: pron., 5; final, 35, sandhi, 48, 50 ; loss, 70. d. e. gatAt infl., 155, 159; form., 297. n. 2. \/gam : syn., 314 ; Pf. Part., 295. ■s/gd'go': Pr., 208. II. gUi) 'sing ': syn., 314. gdtlid: meter, 346. IL gir: infl., 109. guna .- 28 ; 74, 208. I., 208. II., 208. IV., 209. VI., 240, 262, 277, 282, 297. n. 3, 306. ^, 307, 313, 316, 324, 329. a; etc. Vguh: syn., 314. Caus., 329. d. go : in oomp., 81. a, b ; infl.. 111. Vgranth : Pr., 208. V. Pf., 241. c. n. 2. V grail: syn., 314; Tut. 317 b. gK : pron. , 5 ; final, 35 ; sandhi, 45. b, 49 a. ^/gh^: Pf., 241. ». w gki'd : syn., 314. n : pron., 8 ; for k, g, 50 ; for m, 54. c: pron., 5; final, 35; int. comb., 45. b ; for t, 51 ; insert., 67. \/caks : syn., 314. ^/culcds: conj., 117, 219, 253. c. cdkaus: infl., 132. catur: infl., 168. wear: Int., 316 a. wcl: syn., 314; Caus., 329. c. c\d : 1S3. n. 2. cur-cl., 212, 330; ■/cur; 333. ck : pron., 5 ; final , 35 ; int. comb., 45. b ; writ- ten cell, 67. cAo-cl. ; 209. IS. y/cha: Part., 297. u. 1. j: pron, 5., final, 35; int. comb., 45. b ; for t, 51. -/juks 'eat': syn., 314; 'smile': Pr., 216. c, 219. s/jagat: infl., 137. ^jagar: Pr., 219. jagati : meter, 346. 1. A. Vjan: syn., 314 ; Aor. Caus., 265. V]^: Int., 317. o. •/jar: [jfj: 31. n. 2 ; syn., 314. ■yji: syn. 314 ; Caus., 329. c. fUvan : infl., 128. Vjiia: syn. 314. "/jt/d: syn. 314. jyolis: infl., 117. jh: pron., 5; as final: does not occur. n : pron. 5 ; final, 35 ; for », 53, 64 ; for m, 54. t : pron., 7 ; for other sounds, 35, 49, 51, 63. a ; sandhi, 48, 50 ; in- sert., 69. b. 174 SANSKRIT GBAMMAR. M; pron., 7; int. comb., 45. b ; for th, 63 a. d: pron., 7 ; final, 35 ; sandhi, 48, 49. c ; for t, 51. dk: pron. 7 ; for dh, 63 a ; for h, 49. b. n : pron., 8 ; for n, 63. b ; for t, 50 ; doubled, 69. o. t : pron. 5 ; for tk, d, dh, h, 35, 48 ; for s, 57 ; sandhi, 48, 50, 51, 63. a ; insert., 69. b ; loss, 70. d. e ; retained in 3d sing., 35. n. 2. .16 : Part, in, 296-9. Icitpurusa : 87. tad: infl., 181; adv. 341 b. tun-c\.: 212;—s/tan,BjD., 314. t'Uii : infl. 149. tdiitu, infl. 148. tantri : infl., 156. ■lama (stems in) : form., 79, 160 b, 184; infl. 159. ■yiar\tr) : 31. n. 2; syn., 314. -tar (stems in ) ; form-, 74.6; infl., 121-2. ■tara (stems in) : form., 79, 160. b, 184; infl., 159. tart: infl., 15G. •Jtarp : syn., 314. -tavya : Gerv. in, 305, 307, 337. tagticdns : infl., 141. tdcant: 184. tiri/diic ! infl., 110. d. n. Viu: Pr., 208. I. a; 216. b. tud-ch, 212 ; v'«lld.-214. ■ turn (of Inf.) : 313. tratubh : meter, 346. 1 A. lyad: infl., 181. VtnjT: Pf., 241.c.n. 2. Vtras : syn., 314. tri: infl., 168. tvad: infl., 178. -tva (of Ger.) : 309-11. th .- pron., 5 ; final, 35. tha = -ysthd: 188.C. I. b. d : pron., 5 ; final, 35 ; sandhi, 48, 49, 49. c, 50 ; loss, 70. d. e. Vdanf: syn., 314. daksina, infl., 187 b. dddat: infl., 136. dadhdn : infl. 130. c. dAlhi: infl. 152. ddnt : infl., 102. b. Vdabfi; Des., 323. a. '^ dam: syn., 314. \/(« ; syn., 314 ; Caus., 333. dh : pron., 5 ; final, 35 ; in int. comb., 45. b, 49. a ; for (, th, 49 a. SANSKRIT INDEX. 175 Vdha 'put': Byn., SH; Des., 323. a. '/dka 'suck': syn., 314. dJwtdr: infl., 122. Vdhdi .- Part., 298. dhiioTadhi: 188. C. I. ». dht : infl., 107. •Jdhu: syn., 314. dkenu: infl., 148. •ydhma : syn., 314. n : pron., 5 ; loss, 33, 81. b, 93. 199, d; 287. h. d ; 297, 297. n. 2 ; 309, 324, etc ; sandhi, 33, 52, 53, 63. a. b, 64; doubled, 69. c; insert. 40. b; 317. c. -nd (of Part.) : 296, 300. ndptar, infl., 121. n. 2. ^/nam : syn., 314. ndr : infl., 123. Vnaf : syn., 314. nds: infl., 102. d. \/nah : syn., 314. •na-cl. : 208. V. tidinan: infl., 128. ■//lijl Pr., 224. nig : infl., 102. d. ^/^: Pi. 244. b; Aor. 205. -y^: Pr., 208. I. n., 216. b. nrtH: infl., 156. ni/dM : infl., 101. d. n. «o-cl. : 208. rv. na« .• infl., 101 d. n. p : pron., 5 ; for ph, b, bh, 35, 48 ; sandhi, 48, 50 ; loss, 70. d. o. paktd: as Part., 301. -/puc: Des., 3:!3. pdiica : infl., 109. •J pat: syn., 314; Int., 317. c; Desid.,323. n. pdti: infl., 150. pdOi, (hi (-pathin) : infl., 102. c, 130. b. pdd: infl., 101. a; fem., 94. n. 2. pdntkan: infl., 130. b. papi : infl., 156. jiar {pf) : 31. n, 2 ; syn., 314. para : in comp., 84. A. 6. n. 1 ; infl., 187. b. parama : in comp., 84. A. 6. n. 1. pardilc: infl., 101. d. n. parismdi padam : 191. paid, -li for para, -ri, 188. C. I. note b. •/pa ' drioka ': syn., 314 ; Red. Aor., 299 ; Des., 323 ; Caus. 329. b. Vpa 'protect ': Pass. 287. c. n. pdda : 346. n. 2. pi for api, 188. C. I. a. pitdr: infl., 122. puths : infl , 101. c. \/pu : Aor., 265 ; Part , 297. n. 3; Desid.,323. pArva: in comp., 84. A. b. n. 1 and 2; infl., 187. b. pfl : infl., 102. d. Vpyii: Caus., 329. b. n. V prach : syn., 314. pratydnc : infl., 101. d. pradhi; infl., 109. prdnc : infl., 101. d. ph : pron., 5 ; final, 35. phdra : infl., 159. 6 : pron., 5 ; final, 35 ; sandhi, 48, 50 ; loss, 70. d. o. Vbandh: Pr. stem, 208. V. n. balin: infl., infl., 118. bahuvrihi : 87. VbMi/i : Pf . 244. a ; Aor., 266 ; Desid., 322. brhdnt ; infl , 137. V 6™ ; syn., 314. bh: pron., 5; final, 35; int. comb., 45. b, 49. a. hhdgavant : infl., 133. \/bhag : Pf., 241. c. n. 2. vbhixiu) : syn., 314. Vbhar: syn., 314. 1. bhdvant: infl., 136. 2.bhdvant: infl., 138; as pron., 156. hhatisydnt: infl., 130. bhi for flWi: 219. A. a. •J bid: syn., 314. 176 SANSKRIT GEAMMAE. '/bhu: syn., 314; Int., 316. a; Desid., 322 ; Caus., 329. a ; fc/ia-cl., 212. Uu: infl., 107. 6Ads : in comb., 59. a. u. 2; interj. 345. hlira^j : syn. 314. bhram : syn. 314. HI : pron., 5 ; final, 35. n. 2; for p (bl, 50; sandhi, 64-5 ; loss, 31, 81. b, 297. n. 2. vvtajj : infl., 314. mnghdrajt : infl., 129. viati : infl., 148. ■\/mad : Pr., 234. c, 239. mad: infl., 178. mddhu : infl., 148. -man (stems in) : form., 74-6 ; infl., 125-9. -mant (stems in): form., 77-9 ; infl., 133-8. mdjKu : infl., 117. ■y month : Pr., 230. marui: infl., 132. t/viarj: syn., 314 ; Cans., 329. d. mahdnt : in comp., 81. a ; infl., 137. mahlydna: infl., 132. •y/ma ' measure ' : syn., 314 ; Desid., 323. n. ■s/ma ' change' : Pr., 227. a. md{m)s: infl., 102. d. inntdr: infl., 122. mdtra : in comp. 84. A. b. n. ; prosodial unit, 346. mdtrctiVrita : 340. II. -indna (in Part.) : 292. •J mac: syn., 314; Des., 323. ^. •/mah : treatm. of h, 49. b. u. a/^;!^ : Pr., 227. c. y : pron., 5 ; of I, 39. b ; 40. a ; vocalized, 31. ^a-cl., 209. VIII. -yo (Gerv. in) : 305-6 : (Ger. in) : 309-10. yakdn ; infl., 130. d. vyaj: syn., 314. yhd : infl-, 182 ; ind. pron., 182. n ; adv., 341. b. -/yam: Part., 297. n. 2. ydtant : 184. v^yJ: Aor., 266. \/yy: Pr., 213. yutan : infl., 129. yutmdd : infl., 1 78. yufdn: infl., 130. d. r .- pron., 5 ; final, 35 ; sandhi, 57-9. vranj ; 314. v/mm.- Aor., 262-3 ; Part., 297. u. 2. '/raj : euph. traBtm.. 45. b. r&jan : infl., 128. ■/ru: Pr., 208. I. n., 216. b. •/rud : syn., 314. -/rudh: Aor., 266 ; rudh- c)., 212. •yruh: Caus., 329. d- rui: infl., 107. I : pron., 5 ; f or «, 50. laksmi : infl., 156. ■/labU : syn., 314 ; Des., 323. u.