Wi-iJ. .... 
 
 MANN 
 
 HD 
 
 9780 
 
 .A2 
 
 T16 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 ANNEX 
 
 2 
 
 .^^asfK 
 
itll?.,™?.'',''*^ '"•'* '" '''''6S, skins and le 
 
 3 1924 013 811 413 
 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 Page 
 
 Letter of submittal — Conclusions 1 
 
 Part I : Principal manufacturing countries 5 
 
 Part II : Semi-manufacturing and raw stock producing countries . . 36 
 Part III : Raw stock supplies 49 
 
Letter of Submittal — Conclusions. 
 
 November 11, 1918. 
 Mr. V. A. Wallin, 
 Chairman, Foreign Trade Committee. 
 
 My dear Mr. Wallin : 
 
 In the following pages an effort has been made to discuss concisely 
 but comprehensively the main conditions governing the leather industry 
 of the world, and the maintenance and expansion of our own produc- 
 tion and export trade. 
 
 In preparing this paper it was decided to treat the subject in three 
 parts — one showing the importations of raw stock, the production of 
 leather, and the exportation and importation of leather for each of the 
 leading manufacturing countries; another showing the production and 
 importation of leather in semi-manufacturing countries or regions in 
 which raw stock is produced ; and a third dealing with the animal pop- 
 ulation and raw-stock supply of the world. 
 
 It can be safely estimated that in 1913 the United States produced 
 nearly as much leather as all of Europe combined. Our principal article 
 of export in that year was glazed kid, and in this we held the bulk of 
 the world's trade. Since the war we have made great progress in the 
 exportation of sole, calf and kip, and patent upper leather. 
 
 Germany's principal article of export in 1913 was calf and kip upper 
 leather though she had also made some progress in the production and 
 exportation of patent and glazed kid leather. Despite the general im- 
 pression that German industries have long been highly organized for 
 the export trade, there was no "cartel" in the shoe and leather industry 
 in that country until within the last two or three years, when war con- 
 ditions led to' the formation of a combination under pressure from the 
 Government. 
 
 Great Britain, prior to the war, was not able to produce sufficient 
 leather to meet home demands and the requirements of her export shoe 
 business. However, it is believed that the growth resulting from the 
 war will probably make her self-sufficient so far as sole leather is con- 
 cerned, and it is not improbable that she will make considerable progress 
 
in the production and exportation of the finer grades of upper leather. 
 Although France is a leading producer of goat and kid leather, her 
 trade in -finished leather is confined largely to a few high grades, and it 
 is not believed that she will become a formidable competitor of Ameri- 
 can producers. 
 
 With respect to the production of leather in semi-manufacturing 
 countries there is a strong tendency toward home production of most 
 requirements. Practically all of the outlying countries produce sole 
 leather that is sufficient in quantity and acceptable in quality for home 
 requirements. It is only upper leather that is usually imported, and in 
 the case of several countries the production of better grades of upper 
 leather is seriously interfering with imports. In the British self- 
 governing Dominions in particular there is a strong tendency toward 
 tariff protection of infant industries, including leather and shoes — 
 usually combined with preferential treatment for British products. 
 
 The United States depends upon the outside world for about 45 per 
 cent of the cattle hides, practically all of the goat skins, and a con- 
 siderable proportion of the sheep skins consumed. The bulk of our 
 supply of goat skins comes from British India and China, and the 
 United States is by far the largest consumer of these skins. As re- 
 gards China, the available supply of goat skins is not even known. In 
 the circumstances it is believed that some sort of constructive steps 
 should be taken at once to insure getting our share of the world's 
 supply of hides and skins. 
 
 Indeed, in view of the probable international competition for avail- 
 able supplies of raw stock after the war, and the obvious desirability 
 of assuring adequate quantities for the use of American tanners, it 
 may be found advisable to form an import organization for the control 
 of this branch of the trade. The legal aspect of such a combination 
 would, of course, have to be given careful consideration. 
 
 There is much loose talk about preparation for trade after the war 
 by groups of manufacturers in Germany, Great Britain, and other 
 European countries, but, as far as can be seen, their plans are nearly 
 all on paper and few definite steps have been taken. As regards 
 Great Britain, however, the point should be made that she has in some 
 way endeavored to keep up the interest of her customers abroad by 
 supplying their needs as best she can and sending specially trained men 
 as representatives of manufacturers to keep in touch with the trade. 
 While in South America last year the writer met a textile expert 
 
who had been withdrawn from the British Army and sent to the West 
 Coast of South America to keep in touch with Britain's cotton-goods 
 trade in that section. In discussing his mission he stated that his 
 country considered the work that he was doing quite as important as 
 if he were in the trenches on the Western battle front. 
 
 It will be noted that Germany in 1913 depended upon the Allied 
 countries for 48 per cent (by quantity) of stock for hides and skins 
 consumed by that country. It is of interest to note in this connection 
 the large increase in the net imports into Germany of hides and skins — 
 amounting to about 40 per cent — from 1910 to 1913. As regards tan- 
 ning materials, the home production of Germany was only about one- 
 fifth of her requirements. With respect to importations, the official 
 import figures for 1913 showed that practically all of the bark, ground 
 and unground, came from British possessions and that 93 per cent ol 
 the chromic iron imported in the year named came from French and 
 British territory. Furthermore, it has been ascertained that the great 
 supply of quebracho upon which she must depend is now in Allied 
 hands. 
 
 With respect to the German leather industry it should be pointed out 
 that that country is now, so far as shoes for the civilian population 
 are concerned, mainly on a fiber arid wooden basis ; and it can be safely 
 assumed that it will take several years at least for Germany again to 
 supply home demands, to say nothing of branching out into the export 
 field. 
 
 With regard to Germany's raw stock, she could be somewhat crip- 
 pled by the cutting ofif of supplies from Allied sources, but in my 
 opinion such action, of more than a temporary character, is most un- 
 likely. Many of the things that are planned during the heat of war 
 are changed when the belligerents put down their arms and come to 
 fix the terms, of peace. It can not be imagined that any country, no 
 matter how badly beaten, will not find means to prevent its own 
 economic ruin. 
 
 In connection with the foregoing it is stated that the semi-inde- 
 pendence of the British Colonies, from which much of the world's raw 
 stock comes, must not be overlooked. It is most likely that these 
 Colonies will have some opinions of their own when it comes to making 
 an international policy to cover the distribution of products which 
 furnish the life blood of their own people. 
 
 It can easily be seen from the following paper that the leather im- 
 
port trade outside of Europe and the United States, is relatively negligi- 
 ble. With respect to the part that we play in the European trade, it is 
 clear that we have a large share, and that this has been built up as a 
 result of the superiority of certain brands of American leather sent to 
 consumers in that section of the world. It is believed that this trade can 
 best be held by a continuance of individual efforts of tanners rather 
 than through a collective organization. In short, it does not seem to 
 me that there is any need at this time for the organization of an export 
 company for the tanning industry. 
 
 There is, however, every reason to believe that the Foreign Trade 
 Bureau in the Tanners' Council can be of much service to the industry 
 in a supplemental way by gathering and compiling statistical and other 
 information needed by the various firms. In time this Bureau should 
 make itself a valuable adjunct of the export departments of the 
 various firms engaged in overseas trade. 
 
 What is most needed at this time is the adoption of an export policy 
 by our Government that will remove the restrictions on the exports of 
 our leather, and particularly of glazed kid. Otherwise the splendid 
 markets built up through tedious efforts of our people will be forever 
 lost. 
 
 Finally, in connection with the matter of forthcoming customs 
 tariff adjustments, some sort of protection or reciprocity should be 
 provided for American tanners. It does not seem quite fair that the 
 products of our tanners should be met by a high tariff law in some 
 countries and an absolutely free hand given to the same countries to 
 invade markets of the United States and make inroads in the trade of 
 our own people. 
 
 In conclusion, I wish to express appreciation for the valuable assist- 
 ance rendered in connection with this work by Mr. John R. Arnold, 
 Chief of the Foreign Trade Bureau. 
 
 Very truly yours, 
 
 E. A. Brand, 
 General Secretary. 
 
The World's Trade in Hides, Skins and Leather. 
 
 Part I. — Principal Manufacturing Countries. 
 
 UNITED STATES. 
 
 Animal Population. — ^According to Department of Agriculture estimates for 
 1917, there were in the United States in that year more than 65,000,000 cattle 
 and 48,000,000 sheep. The supply of goats is nominal. As a producer of 
 cattle the United States ranks next to India (161,000,000 cattle, including 
 buffaloes). The next country below the United States is Russia, with 52,000,000 
 cattle in Europe and Asia. As a producer of sheep the United States ranks third 
 in the world, with 48,000,000, Australia and Russia each possessing about 
 70,000,000. The Argentine Republic ranks fourth, with about 43,000,000. 
 
 HIDES AND SKINS. 
 Consumption. 
 
 It is estimated that the consumption of hides and skins in the United 
 States in the year 1913 aggregated 1,272,000,000 poimds, or 71 per cent 
 more than the estimated consumption of Germany in that year. Of 
 this total 776,980,366 pounds, or about 61 per cent, was produced in 
 the United States; while the remainder — 4-95,019,634 pounds, or 39 
 per cent — was imported. There was a falling off of 16 per cent in the 
 production of cattle hides and calfskins in the United States as com- 
 pared with 1909, the last Census year, and of 14 per cent in importa- 
 tions. Of sheepskins consumed it is estimated that the home produc- 
 tion amounted to about 52,341,120 pounds, or 42 per cent, while prac- 
 tically the entire supply of goatskins was imported. The total value of 
 imported hides and skins in the year named was $117,386,794 — ^includ- 
 ing horse and buffalo hides, kangaroo skins, etc. 
 
 The total consumption of hides and skins in 1916 and 1917 is esti- 
 mated at 1,532,000,000 and 1,598,000,000 pounds, respectively (or an 
 increase of 20 per cent and 26 per cent over 1913). The total value 
 of imports of all hides and skins in the year first named reached the 
 sum of $158,861,376; and in 1917 of $216,363,609. 
 
 Importations. 
 
 In connection with this subject of importations of raw stock, there 
 is given below a statement showing the quantities of cattle hides. 
 
calfskins, goatskins and sheepskins imported into the United States in 
 the fiscal years 1913, 19X5, 1917, and 1918: 
 
 Hides and skins. 1913 1916 1917 1918 
 
 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 
 
 Calf 94,559,135 64,135,000 46,336,000 13,161,000 
 
 Cattle : 
 
 Green 185,447,165 280,838,692 225,363,408 190,844,499 
 
 Dry 82,595,225 153,339,079 161,236,620 76,655,271 
 
 Goat 96,250,305 100,657,021 105,640,307 66,932,937 
 
 Sheep 71,784,719 101,459,281 95,730,598 55,468,915 
 
 Total 530,636,549 700,429,073 634,306,933 403,062,622 
 
 During the years 1916 and 1917 importations of cattle hides, goat- 
 skins, and sheepskins reached the highest point in the history of the 
 trade; while the importations of calfskins, for reasons that will be 
 stated hereafter, showed a great decline as compared with former years. 
 
 Cattle hides. 
 
 In 1913 the importations of green salted and dry cattle hides aggre- 
 gated 268,042,390 pounds. Of this amount about 82,000,000 pounds 
 came from Europe, 86,500,000 pounds from South America, 77,300,000 
 pounds from North America, 15,200,000 pounds from Asia, and the 
 remainder, 7,200,000 pounds, from Australasia and Africa. Qose ex- 
 amination of the figures shows that importations were received from 
 15 countries of Europe, the largest importations being from Russia, 
 France, and Germany (22,906,231 pounds, 20,102,370 pounds, and 
 9,787,312 pounds, respectively) ; from three countries of North 
 America, Canada contributing 41,608,176 pounds; and from 16 coun- 
 tries of Central America and the West Indies. Mexico and Cuba con- 
 tributed about 29,500,427 and 2,850,141 pounds, respectively, and Ar- 
 gentina furnished 67,041,938 pounds. At this point it should be noted 
 that Brazil did not begin to figure considerably in the exportation of 
 cattle hides to the United States until the year 1915. Colombia and 
 Uruguay each contributed in the neighborhood of 5,000,000 to 
 7,000,000 pounds. 
 
 It will be noted that the importations of cattle hides in 1916 and 1917 
 increased 62 per cent and 44 per cent, respectively, over 1913. These 
 importations, as stated above, are the highest in the history of the 
 country and will be again referred to indirectly in connection with the 
 
discussion of the production and exportation of leather during the past 
 two or three years. 
 
 Calfskins. 
 
 In 1913 the importations of calfskins, as indicated above, amounted 
 to 94,559,135 pounds, of which 30,000,000 pounds came from Russia, 
 17,000,000 pounds from Germany, 4,300,000 pounds from British In- 
 dia, 6,000,000 pounds from Canada, 5,300,000 pounds from the United 
 Kingdom, and the remainder from 9 countries in Europe, 12 countries 
 in Central America and the West Indies, 5 countries in South America, 
 and 14 countries in Asia, Australasia and Africa. It will be noted that 
 there was a decided falling ofif in the importations during the years 
 1916 and 1917 — of 34 per cent and 51 per cent, respectively. In 1918 
 the importations suffered a decline of about 86 per cent from 1913. 
 This falling off is, of course, due largely to the loss of the Russian and 
 German markets. However, this loss has been compensated tO' some 
 extent by considerable increases in the importations of calfskins from 
 the Argentine Republic, Uruguay, China, British India, and the Dutch 
 East Indies. 
 
 Goatskins. 
 
 Goatskin importations in 1913 aggregated 96,250,305 pounds. Im- 
 portations were received from 20 countries of Europe; from Canada 
 and Mexico in North America ; from 5 countries of Central America ; 
 from 9 of the West Indian Islands ; from 7 countries of Asia ; from 9 
 countries of Africa; and from 1 in Australasia. Out of the total in- 
 dicated, British India furnished 41,124,364 pounds; China nearly 
 10,000,000 pounds; Russia, 7,184,000 pounds; and Argentina and Brazil 
 7,634,000 pounds. It will be noted that the increase in importations in 
 1916 and 1917 was nominal. The heavy falling oflB in 1918 is due to 
 shipping restrictions. 
 
 Sheepskins. 
 
 Sheepskins were received from about 40 foreign countries. About 
 29,000,000 pounds came from England (consisting largely of Austra- 
 lasian skins); about 8,500,000 pounds from Russia; about 3,000,000 
 pounds from France ; about 7,000,000 pounds from Argentina ; and 
 about 8,000,000 pounds from Australasia. Attention is called to the 
 
fact that a considerable increase in the direct sales from Australasia 
 was shown in the years 1916 and 1917, and a falling off in the pur- 
 chases by way of the United Kingdom during the same period. This 
 would indicate that more American buyers are finding their way into 
 the Australasian markets. 
 
 Conclusions. 
 
 The foregoing figures show very clearly that the United States is in 
 no way dependent upon any enemy country for its raw stock ; so there 
 is no need for comment on this point. There are, however, one or two 
 other points that should be emphasized. The United States is de- 
 pendent upon foreign sources for about 45 per cent of its cattle hides, 
 50 per cent of its calfskins, 75 per cent of its sheepskins, and practically 
 all of its goatskins; so that, while there is no dependence on enemy 
 countries for raw stock, appropriate steps ought to be taken to make 
 sure of a due share in bargaining with Allied countries. As regards 
 cattle hides, a large share is controlled by American packers now 
 operating in South America. 
 
 Although tonnage restrictions have been placed on importations, the 
 receipts of cattle hides during the fiscal year 1918 were about equal to 
 those of 1913. In the case of calfskins, in which there was a falling 
 off due to causes already stated, the importations were more than 600 
 per cent greater in 1913 than in 1918. The importations of goatskins 
 and sheepskins have suffered great decreases on account of shipping 
 restrictions, amounting to 30 per cent and 23 per cent, respectively. 
 
 Exports of Raw Stock. 
 
 Exports of hides and skins from the! United States have long been 
 of trifling importance in comparison with the importations. In 1917 
 the exports of domestic raw stock amounted to 10,000,000 pounds, and 
 the re-exports of foreign raw stock, to 13,000,000 — in comparison with 
 total imports of 700,000,000 pounds. In 1918 the figures were 
 12,000,000 and 6,400,000 pounds, as compared with 433,000,000 pounds. 
 The bulk of the domestic raw stock exported consists of cattle hides, 
 with fairly large items of calfskins and horsehides; while of the re- 
 exports an even larger proportion is accounted for by cattle hides, with 
 all other classes scattering. 
 
1917 
 Pieces. 
 48,948,262 
 11,566,241 
 51,151,413 
 45,694,290 
 
 Perc 
 crease 
 
 :entage of in- 
 or decrease. 
 
 +52 
 —30 
 +48 
 +56 
 
 157,360,206 
 
 +39 
 
 LEATHER TRADE OF UNITED STATES. 
 Production of leather. 
 
 The following table gives the quantities of the several kinds of leather 
 produced in the United States during the year 1914, as compared with 
 estimates for 1917: 
 
 Leather. 1914 
 
 Pieces. 
 
 From cattle hides (sides) 32,180,526 
 
 From calf and kip skins 16,587,296 
 
 From goat and kid skins 34,627,296 
 
 From sheep and lamb skins 29,406,970 
 
 Total 112,802,088 
 
 The value of leather produced in the United States in 1913 was 
 $367,201,705, while a very rough Estimate shows the value in 1917 to 
 have been approximately $760,000,000. A detailed statement of this 
 estimate, together with similar figures for 1915 and 1916, will be found 
 in Appendices A and B (pp. 58-59). 
 
 Glove leather an infant industry. 
 
 Just prior to the outbreak of the present war the men's fine glove 
 leather industry in the United States was in its infancy, German tan- 
 ners supplying fully five-sixths of the leather suitable for the purpose 
 consumed in this country. The value of the imports amounted to 
 $2,384,677 in 1913. As a result of the cutting off of the German sup- 
 ply, an infant glove-leather industry has grown up in this country that 
 is now of considerable importance; and there are a number of firms 
 engaged in this line. In connection with this matter the following 
 statement from the Chairman of the Glove Leather Division of the 
 Tanners' Council is pertinent: 
 
 The production of fine-grain glove leather began commercially in this 
 country in 1913 and rapidly increased during 1914. When the war broke out 
 in 1914, for a short time the industry was seriously impeded, but later, of course, 
 glove-leather tanning became a fairly large industry, until by the end 
 of 1915 the glove-leather tanners were easily producing all the leather required 
 by this country, and were beginning to be in a position to look for export 
 business. This condition was maintained, until lately the tanners have been 
 compelled to close or run very slowly owing to lack of raw material. 
 
10 
 
 Exports of leather. 
 
 The value of exports of leather in the fiscal year 1913 aggregated 
 $42,384,199. It will be noted that the exports of upper leather amounted 
 to $28,435,561, or about $1,000,000 more than the export trade of Ger- 
 many in the year 1913. Following is a statement of the exports of the 
 United States during the fiscal years 1913, 1916, 1917, and 1918: 
 
 Leather. 1913 1916 1917 1918 
 
 Belting $1,105,168 $2,608,176 $3,122,841 $2,544,257 
 
 Carriage, automobile and uphol- 
 stery 107,430 38,937 97,054 130,891 
 
 Glove 316,715 675,964 1,497,957 2,542,282 
 
 Patent 1,750,119 4,626,975 7,150,097 4,690,320 
 
 Sole 8,804,955 27,186,761 39,026,278 12,245,967 
 
 Upper, calf and kip 2,392,861 6,216,011 8,229,038 7,554.560 
 
 Upper, goat and kid 19,573,509 18,420,905 30,285,489 14,383,148 
 
 All other upper ■ 4,719,072 11,635,931 12,810,199 10,600,801 
 
 All other leather and tanned 
 
 skins 3,614,370 8,664,227 6,370,790 4,751,549 
 
 Total $42,384,199 $80,073,887 $108,589,743 $59,443,775 
 
 Analysis of exports in 1913. 
 
 In 1913 American belting leather was sold in about 70 countries, 
 including $232,153 worth in Germany. Central and South America 
 and the West Indies took about $322,000 worth. 
 
 The exports of upper leather amounted to $28,435,561. Of the goat 
 and kid upper leather, $15,000,000 worth went to Europe. The best 
 customer was the United Kingdom, which took about $7,000,000 worth, 
 and was followed by Germany, with a total of $3,000,000. Germany 
 also took about $500,000 worth of calf upper leather. 
 
 Although sole leather was exported to about 60 countries, the bulk 
 of it went to the United Kingdom. 
 
 There is one point in connection with our leather trade in Latin 
 America that is well worthy of mention, namely, that the total of 
 American belting, carriage and automobile, upper, and sole leather sold 
 in this section of the world in the year named amounted to nearly 
 $6,000,000, as against no more than $1,500,000 from Germany. This 
 should set at rest much of the idle talk about Germany's predominance 
 in the countries south of us. 
 
 In,crease in exports during later years. 
 
 It will be noted that the exports of sole leather increased more 
 than a hundred per cent (making allowance for the increased price) 
 
11 
 
 during the years 1916 and 1917 ; this being due to the increased orders 
 from the United Kingdom (which has always taken the bulk of our 
 exports of this product) and from several neutral countries of Europe. 
 It will be noted, however, that in the fiscal year 1918 there was a de- 
 cided decline in the exports of sole leather to the United Kingdom, re- 
 sulting from the fact that, in order to supply the demands of her 
 army, that country had greatly expanded her production of sole 
 leather; which makes it probable that at the close of the war she will 
 have a self-contained sole leather industry, and that there will be a 
 consequent decline in her purchases from the United States. 
 
 It is interesting to note that our infant glove-leather industry, which 
 has grown up as a result of the war, is now yielding a sufficient surplus 
 to supply an export market. During 1917 this leather found its way 
 to 33 foreign countries, 7 of which were South American. Patent 
 leather was sent into about 60 foreign countries, our largest customers 
 in 1917 being the United Kingdom, which took $1,812,000, as against 
 $629,000 in 1913, and Australia, which took $1,388,000 in 1917, as 
 against $176,000 in the earlier year. 
 
 Calf leather was exported to about 70 countries in 1917. The United 
 Kingdom increased her purchases from $471,000 worth in 1913 to 
 $2,450,000 worth in 1917. Brazil was the next largest customer, in- 
 creasing her imports from $144,407 in 1913 to $1,180,000 in 1917. It 
 is clearly evident that we have absorbed every dollar's worth of the 
 German leather trade in Brazil. It should also be mentioned that 
 imports into the Argentine Republic increased from $119,000 in 1913 
 to about $394,000 in 1917. 
 
 The exportation of kid leather, which is the most important item of 
 export, increased about 50 per cent in value during this period, buf 
 relatively little in quantity. The largest part, of course, of the in- 
 crease in the exports of kid leather is attributable to the increased de- 
 mand from both Allied and neutral countries in Europe. Two other 
 increases, however, are worthy of note. First, Canada increased her 
 imports from $244,000 in 1913 to $1,765,000 in 1918 ; second, exports 
 to Japan increased from $52,000 in 1913 to $1,238,000 in 1917, though 
 they fell off again to $679,000 in 1918. It is believed that this tem- 
 porary increase resulted mainly from the transshipment in Japan of 
 consignments to Siberia. 
 
 There was a falling off in the trade with South America of more 
 than $1,200,000 between the years 1913 and 1917. In 1913 the sales 
 
12 
 
 amounted to about $2,865,000, while in 1917 they aggregated only 
 about $1,597,000. There has been a decided increase in the case of 
 Brazil and several other countries, but in the case of the Argentine Re- 
 public there was a falling off of more than $1,000,000 from the 1913 
 figure of $1,413,000. This decrease took place in 1914, and is attribu- 
 table without doubt to the business depression in the Argentine, arising 
 from the failure of the land boom and from the effects of overspecu- 
 lation, which began to be felt about that year. 
 
 Leather production — German competition. 
 
 Something should now be said about the imports of leather into the 
 United States. In 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, 1916, 1917, and 1918 the 
 values of the imports amounted, respectively, to $6,951,233 ; $8,908,237; 
 $13,810,347; $10,874,722; $13,455,779; $20,111,666; and $13,057,148. 
 
 Shortly after leather was placed on the free list, German tanners 
 established agencies in important shoe centers in this country, and com- 
 petition in calf and other upper leathers especially became very keen. 
 With the advantage of securing raw skins from Eastern Europe and 
 with cheaper labor costs, "it became increasingly difficult to compete 
 with them." In connection with this matter a prominent tanner in New 
 England states: 
 
 The German leather in some finishes (particularly black gun-metal finish) 
 proved to be of interest to many of the American manufacturers of fine foot- 
 wear. We do not know whether or not they did the business at a loss, but we 
 do know that in many instances they sold at prices lower than those at which 
 we could sell without loss. It is now our opinion, from what we have gathered 
 from Americans who were the selling representatives of certain German tan- 
 ners, that they went after the business regardless of profit, figuring that they 
 would be able to recoup after they had established their lines with American 
 shoe manufacturers. 
 
 After the removal of the import duty on finished leather, and up to 
 the outbreak of the war, German manufacturers made some progress in 
 selling in this country a cheap, heavy side upper leather, in competi- 
 tion with American work-shoe upper made from imported and domestic 
 country hides, and claimed that they expected to capture a large share 
 of this trade. 
 
 At the same time, moreover, British tanners, who have not, generally 
 speaking, made their competition seriously felt in this country, had 
 made some headway in placing on the market a cheap grade of upper 
 leather made of East India kips, mostly rough-tanned in India and 
 finished in England. 
 
13 
 
 Patent leather. 
 
 The United States and Germany are the principal producers of 
 patent leather. It is stated that prior to the war Germany could ap- 
 parently produce this leather at a considerably lower cost than was 
 possible in this country. Prior to the war, moreover, the patent leather 
 shipped into this country by Germany was almost all of the old- 
 fashioned French patent calf, so-called, and leather japanned on the 
 flesh side — which was not produced in this country except in a very 
 limited way. After the passage of the Underwood-Simmons law Ger- 
 many began to ship grain finished patent leather made from cow hides 
 and kid skins ; and these leathers were sold, it is stated, at a price lower 
 than the same article could be produced in our own country, although 
 we were the originators of the grain patent leathers. In connection 
 with this matter the following statement as regards cost was made 
 by the Chairman of the Patent Leather Division of the Tanners' 
 Council : 
 
 It is possible that the Germans sold their leathers here to introduce them 
 at cost or less than cost, but we are inclined to think, knowing the prices 
 that they quoted in foreign markets, that because of their lower costs of pro- 
 duction, they sold their leathers in our country at some profit, even though at 
 prices below those that could be quoted by our own tanners. As far as the 
 patent-leather industry is concerned, my- experience would lead me to believe 
 that all we need is a sufficient duty to protect our higher costs of manufacture. 
 
 Canadian competition. 
 
 Prior to 1913 the imports of leather from Canada aggregated not 
 more than $75,907 (the figure for 1908). After the passage of the 
 tariff act now in force in 1913, sole-leather importations from Canada 
 increased from $100,112 in 1913 to $2,782,226 in 1916; in 1918 the 
 importations amounted to $1,893,985. Prior to 1916 no other kinds 
 of Canadian leather, except belting, had made any headway in this 
 market. Beginning with that year, however, importations of harness 
 leather increased from $199,858 to $3,815,180 in 1918; patent leather 
 from $67,268 to $92,265 ; and calf and kip from $829,274 to $1,517,190. 
 
 There are also several other kinds of leather that are being imported 
 from Canada. 
 
14 
 
 GERMANY. 
 
 Animal Population.— The animal population of the German Empire in 1913 
 included 20,944,258 cattle, 5,504,195 sheep, and 3,383,971 goats (1912 figure). As 
 regards cattle, the Empire had nearly four-fifths as many as either the Argentme 
 Republic or Brazil in the year mentioned. Germany is a considerable importer 
 of livestock from neighboring countries. The number of cattle imported 
 averaged about 200,000 during the five-year period ended with 1913, and the 
 number of sheep ran from 1,500 to 15,000 annually. 
 
 CONSUMPTION OF HIDES AND SKINS. 
 Consumption in 1910 and 1913. 
 
 According to the census taken in 1910, the consumption of hides and 
 skins in Germany aggregated about 656,732,000 pounds. Of this 
 amount the net imports accounted for 282,957,000 pounds and the 
 estimated domestic production for 373,775,000 pounds. Following is 
 a statement showing in pounds the consumption of various kinds of 
 hides and skins according to the German census of 1910: 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Cattle hides 444,342,000 
 
 Calfskins 110,801,000 
 
 Horsehides 33,472,000 
 
 Sheep and lamb skins 41,548,000 
 
 Goat and kid skins 22,186,000 
 
 Other hides and skins 4,383,000 
 
 Total 656,732,000 
 
 The total increase in net importations of hides and skins during the 
 three-year period from 1910 to 1913 was 121,910,198 pounds, or about 
 40 per cent. Combining this with the figures for consumption given 
 above, and with those for domestic slaughter of cattle, calves, and sheep 
 in the two years under consideration, the domestic production in 1913 
 may be estimated at 337,959,000 pounds, and the total consumption 
 in that year at 742,827,000. 
 
 Imports in 1913. 
 
 Of the imported raw stock in 1913, approximately 48 per cent by 
 quantity came from the Allied countries. On a basis of value the per- 
 centage from the Allied countries is somewhat higher. 
 
 In studying the statistics of imports it is found that Germany drew 
 hides and skins from 60 or more foreign countries. The gross imports 
 of raw stock in 1913 reached approximately 554,000,000 pounds, with 
 
Number of 
 Countries. Europe. 
 Cattle hides A^ 24 60,932,500 7 
 
 02 37 60,894,200 9 
 
 Calfskins A 11 37,419,100 6 
 
 O 11 44,570,600 9 
 
 Sheep and lamb skins.. A 16 14,990,400 9 
 
 O 19 16,928,700 10 
 
 Goat and kid skins.... A 14 8,615,500 8 
 
 O 16 4,687,000 8 
 
 All other A 9 15,242,800 5 
 
 O 9 9,272,600 6 
 
 Totals A 137,200,300 
 
 O 136,353,100 
 
 Grand total 273,553,400 
 
 1 — Signifies Allied countries. 
 
 " — Signifies enemy and neutral countries. 
 
 3 — Portion of total for which countries of origin 
 
 ■•—Percentages which totals for Allied countries 
 
 IMPORTS OF HIDES AND SKINS INTO GERMANY IN 1913. 
 (Quantities in pounds.) 
 
 America. 
 44,021,000 
 
 4 
 
 Africa. 
 6,094,400 
 
 7 
 
 Asia. 
 58,103,600 
 
 S 
 
 Australia. 
 6,506,000 
 
 1 
 
 117,814,200 
 
 18 
 
 10,219,500 
 
 7 
 
 4,290,800 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 318,600 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 466,800 
 
 2 
 
 1,520,800 
 
 1 
 
 1,867,300 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 164,200 
 
 1 
 
 561,300 
 
 1 
 
 267,000 
 
 3 
 
 1,424,700 
 
 2 
 
 2,517,300 
 
 4 
 
 4,080,500 
 
 3 
 
 354,300 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 658,700 
 
 2 
 
 46,500 
 
 1 
 
 5,487,900 
 
 2 
 
 34,800 
 
 1 
 
 111,600 
 
 2 
 
 3,406,600 
 
 3 
 
 1,206,100 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 2,798,300 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 139,300 
 
 2 
 
 206,600 
 
 1 
 
 2,472,000 
 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 47,960,800 
 124,782,400 
 172,743,200 
 
 17,706,600 
 24,408,800 
 
 5,851,200 
 70,315,800 
 
 6,702,200 64,464,600 9,692,900 
 
 9,692,900 
 
 704,300 
 
 323,900 
 
 860,300 
 
 171,100 
 
 1,537,000 
 
 3,596,600 
 
 Allied. 
 175,657,500 
 
 39,725,300 
 17,407,600 
 14,843,400 
 18,387,000 
 
 Percen- 
 Others. Totals. ages.* 
 
 193,218,700 
 
 46,437,900 
 
 23,880,800 
 
 9,411,300 
 
 11,744,600 
 
 369,580,500 48 
 
 86,487,100 46 
 
 42,148,700 42 
 
 24,425,800 61 
 
 31,668,600 61 
 
 3,596,600 266,020,800 284,693,300 554,310,700 
 
 48 
 
 are not shown, 
 form of totals for whole classes, excluding "Unclassified" column. 
 
h 
 o 
 
15 
 
 a value of $112,322,000. The table opposite shows in detail the 
 quantities of hides and skins imported from the various sections of the 
 world, classified into "Allied" and "Other" (enemy and neutral) groups. 
 For the purposes of this table Russia (exclusive of Finland) and 
 Rumania are reckoned as "Allied." 
 
 Cattle hides. 
 
 Taking first the importations of cattle hides, it will be noted that 
 Germany secured 176,000,000 pounds from 24 Allied countries. In- 
 cluded in this total is an item of 21,300,000 pounds from Russia. Of 
 the importations from 37 "Other" countries, the largest item under 
 Europe was from Austria-Hungary. The total from the 7 Allied coun- 
 tries of America included 40,000,000 pounds from Brazil and Uruguay. 
 Of the total from the 9 "Other" countries of America all but about 
 35,000,000 pounds came from the Argentine Republic. In view of the 
 fact that a large proportion of the cattle hides produced in the Argen- 
 tine Republic is under the control of British and American packing 
 concerns, it can be safely assumed that Germany's importations from 
 that country could be considerably restricted if a need arose for 
 such action. The largest item from Africa consisted of 4,600,000 
 pounds from Abyssinia. Since shipments from that country would 
 have to pass to seaboard through Allied territory, it can be assumed 
 that this trade could be controlled by the Allies. Of the 62,000,000 
 pounds of cattle hides imported from Asia, 42,000,000 pounds came 
 from British India. 
 
 Altogether, 48 per cent of Germany's importations of cattle hides 
 came from Allied countries. 
 
 Calfskins. 
 
 Of the total of 40,000,000 pounds of calfskins coming from Allied 
 countries, the contributions from France amounted to 22,000,000 
 pounds, while those from Russia amounted to 11,000,000. Of the 
 "Other" countries from which calfskins were received, Austria-Hun- 
 gary was the largest contributor, with 22,000,000 pounds. The impor- 
 tations from Denmark amounted to 7,700,000 pounds, while those from 
 Sweden aggregated 5,800,000. Switzerland, also, contributed 3,400,000 
 pounds. The item of 2,000,000 pounds of calfskins from "Other" 
 American countries is charged to the Argentine Republic. 
 
16 
 
 It would seem that Germany, in view of her proximity to Russia, 
 would continue to secure her full quota of calfskins from that country ; 
 and ought to secure, regardless of any restrictions that might be im- 
 posed, at least 75 per cent of her total needed supplies of these skins. 
 
 Sheep and lamb skins. 
 
 The principal countries included in the "Allied" group are: Greece, 
 2,700,000 pounds ; Portugal, 600,000 pounds ; Russia, 3,700,000 pounds ; 
 Serbia, 1,100,000 pounds; and the United Kingdom, 2,100,000 pounds. 
 In the "Other" group are included: Bulgaria, 367,000 pounds; Den- 
 mark, 4,600,000 pounds; Spain, 3,600,000 pounds; Turkey, 1,600,000 
 pounds. The sheepskins imported from Africa included about 
 3,800,000 pounds from Algeria and Morocco, and about 260,000 
 pounds from Tunis. 
 
 Goatskins. 
 
 British India furnished 3,700,000 pounds of goatskins, while China 
 supplied 1,700,000 pounds and the East Indies — ^included in the 
 "Other" countries — sent forward skins to the amount of 999,680 
 pounds. 
 
 EXPORTS OF HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 In view of her extensive steamship service, which reached every port 
 in the world, and her highly developed free-port system, principally at 
 Hamburg, Germany was a world distributor of many raw materials, 
 including hides and skins. The figures of foreign commerce for 1913 
 show exports of hides and skins from Germany aggregating 149,465,000 
 pounds. Of this amount 25 per cent went to Russia, 16 per cent to 
 Austria-Hungary, and 14 per cent to Belgium. 
 
 TRADE IN TANNING MATERIALS. 
 Leather was formerly tanned in Germany with oak and pine bark; 
 later valonia and sumac were used. Quebracho has been employed 
 for about 35 years, being imported in large quantities, principally as 
 logs. Divi-divi is largely used in the tanning of sole leather under the 
 North German system. Wattle bark has been used for about 20 years, 
 while mangrove bark, which is now consumed in moderately large quan- 
 tities, was introduced at a comparatively recent date. Mangrove bark 
 of East and South African origin is preferred. 
 
17 
 
 Of extracts, chestnut extract was the first used to a considerable ex- 
 tent in Germany. Extract of oak was adopted soon afterward. Que- 
 bracho extract is to a large extent manufactured in that country. It 
 is the principal product of the German tanning and extract factories. 
 
 It is estimated that Germany supplies perhaps one-fifth of her de- 
 mand for tanning materials.^ 
 
 Imports of tanning materials. 
 
 Although there are large tan-oak forests in Germany, considerable 
 quantities of oak bark are imported annually ; this is also true as regards 
 pine bark. 
 
 According to the German statistical reports, vegetable tanning mate- 
 rials, tanning woods, and chrome ores were imported in 1913 to the 
 amount of 405,904,400 pounds, valued at $4,362,920. 
 
 There is given on the next page a detailed statement from which it 
 will be seen that practically all the tanning barks, ground and un- 
 ground, and about 95 per cent of the chrome ores, came from Allied 
 countries or dependencies. 
 
 It is understood that 80 per cent of the quebracho log and extract 
 production in the Argentine Republic is controlled by the Forestal 
 Land, Timber & Railway Co., a British concern. Prior to the war, the 
 management of this concern was in the hands of Germans resident in 
 the Argentine Republic; but soon after war was declared these were 
 disniiissed and replaced by British subjects. It is understood that the 
 remaining 20 per cent of the quebracho production is in the hands of 
 Germans living in the Argentine, but that the Forestal Co. is nego- 
 tiating with these individuals to take their entire output for the next 
 
 ^"Shoe and Leather Trade in Germany" (Special Agents' Series No. SO, 
 United States Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce), by A. B. Butman: 
 pp. 24-25. 
 
1-6 
 
 Articles and countries of origin. Pounds. Value. 
 Mimosa, mangrove, maletto, and other tanning 
 barks, ground and unground : 
 
 Total 95,761,400 $1,638,948 
 
 British East Africa 5,718,200 97,888 
 
 British South Africa 67,324,300 1,152,268 
 
 British West Africa 203,500 3,330 
 
 German East Africa 2,766,900 56,608 
 
 Madagascar 11,136,000 190,564 
 
 British India, etc 1,777,900 27,328 
 
 Dutch East Indies, etc 604,700 10,248 
 
 Australia , 4,923,200 84,180 
 
 Quebracho wood and other tanning woods, in 
 blocks : 
 
 Total 248,147,000 2,354,064 
 
 Argentina 248,147,000 2,354,064 
 
 Quebracho and other tanning woods, "broken up" : 
 
 Total 10,600,300 77,108 
 
 Belgium 10,599,600 76,616 
 
 Chrome ores : 
 
 Total 51,395,700 292,800 
 
 Turkey 4,752,200 26,108 
 
 British South Africa 3,642,200 20,008 
 
 Portuguese East Africa 8,852,700 49,532 
 
 United States 117,300 732 
 
 French Oceania 29,797,500 171,044 
 
 Recapitulation : 
 
 Tanning barks 95,761,400 $1,638,948 
 
 Tanning woods in blocks 248,147,000 2,354,064 
 
 Tanning woods, "broken up" 10,600,300 77,108 
 
 Chrome ores 51,395,700 292^800 
 
 Grand total 405,904,400 $4,362,920 
 
19 
 
 five or ten years. If this is accomplished, Germany will be in a sad 
 predicament as regards the importation of her main vegetable tanning 
 material. It should be added that the International Products Co., 
 financed by Armour & Co., has gone into the manufacture of quebracho 
 extract. 
 
 Exports of tanning materials. 
 
 Exports of tanning materials are small in comparison with imports. 
 The largest single item is quebracho and other tanning woods in blocks, 
 of which, in 1913, Russia took 4,254,000 pounds, Austria-Hungary 
 3,888,000 pounds, and Sweden 2,053,000 pounds. Of other exports, 
 wattle and mangrove bark went to Austria-Hungary and Russia ; acorns 
 mainly to Austria-Hungary; algarobilla, divi-divi, myrobalans, sumac, 
 catechu, etc., to Russia and Sweden ; gallnuts, sumac, and other extracts 
 to Belgium, France, Italy, and the Netherlands ; and quebracho extract 
 to nearly all the neighboring countries. 
 
 LEATHER TRADE OF GERMANY. 
 
 Domestic production. 
 
 Leather of all kinds produced in Germany in 1910 was valued at 
 $156,249,000. As no actual figures are available for production since 
 that year, the production and value for 1913, the year that will be used 
 for purposes of comparison, must be estimated. Using as a basis the 
 estimate of total consumption already given, and making an estimated 
 allowance for the variation in prices during the interval, it is calculated 
 that the value of the leather produced in Germany in the year 1913 was 
 about $195,000,000. 
 
 During the years immediately before the war there was an increasing 
 tendency in the German leather industry to specialize (particularly for 
 export) in box calf, patent, and glove leather, although the percentages 
 of these classes showing in the 1910 census of production were still 
 relatively low. The importance of the calf production is concealed to 
 some extent by the fact that a considerable proportion is made from 
 East India kips, which appear in the statistics of importation as cattle 
 hides. 
 
 In 1913 some progress has been made in the production of goat 
 and kid leather. Both machinery and men had been imported from the 
 United States for the purpose of establishing plants to turn out leather 
 
20 
 
 of the same superior quality as that produced in this country, and ex- 
 periments had even been made with imported American water. Up 
 to 1913, however, American firms were selling annually in Germany 
 several million dollars' worth of glazed kid leather. 
 
 The chief product of the German sheep and lamb leather industry 
 (which was also, as appears from the import figures, an infant industry 
 up to 1913) was glove leather. This was made principally of sheep 
 and lambskins, coming from many sources, of which Austria-Hungary, 
 Russia, Denmark, and Spain were perhaps the most important. The 
 United States was the principal customer for the portion of the product 
 exported. 
 
 Imports of leather. 
 
 The total imports of leather into Germany in the year 1913 reached 
 a value of $20,308,000, of which the principal items were as follows: 
 Tanned sheep and lambskins, $5,436,000, coming mainly from the 
 United Kingdom, France, and India; dressed sheep and lamb leather, 
 other than glove and patent, $3,643,000, coming mainly from France, 
 the United Kingdom, and Belgium; patent calf, $227,000, coming 
 mainly from Great Britain; tanned goat and kid skins, $2,444,000, 
 coming mainly from India and the United Kingdom; dressed goat 
 and kid leather, other than glove and patent, $1,395,000, coming mainly 
 from the United States, France, and the United Kingdom; and belting 
 leather, $1,107,000, coming from the United Kingdom, Belgium, the 
 United States, and Sweden. 
 
 Exports of leather. 
 
 The total exports of leather from the German Empire in 1913 were 
 valued at $57,598,000, of which upper leather, valued at about 
 $27,255,000, was the principal item. 
 
 By an analysis of the figures it has been found that Germany was 
 sending upper leather to nearly all foreign countries. Exports to the 
 value of $24,670,000 were sent to 18 European countries, of which 
 $15,931,000 went to Allied, and the remainder to neutral and enemy 
 territory. To the 11 countries of Latin Am,erica, only $1,353,000 worth 
 of upper leather was sent in the year referred to, and this total includes, 
 for some of the smaller countries, manufactures of leather. It was 
 estimated that upward of $1,400,000 worth of upper leather was sent 
 
21 
 
 to Asia, Africa, and Australasia. It was a bit surprising to find that, 
 notwithstanding the heavy importations of cattle hides from British 
 India, Germany's sales of leather in that country were small, as were 
 the sales to China and Australia. As will be seen later, the United 
 States holds the bulk of the leather trade of Latin America, Australasia, 
 and South Africa. 
 
 The following table gives the exports of upper leather from Ger- 
 many to the principal European and Latin American countries for the 
 year 1913 : 
 
 Countries of destination. Value. 
 
 Europe. 
 
 Austria-Hungary $4,764,000 
 
 Russia 5,686,000 
 
 Belgium 725,000 
 
 Bulgaria 131,000 
 
 Denmark 499,000 
 
 Finland 312,000 
 
 France 1,467,000 
 
 Greece 126,000 
 
 Italy 2,663,000 
 
 Norway 412,000 
 
 Portugal 441,000 
 
 Roumania 417,000 
 
 Serbia 48,000 
 
 Spain 326,000 
 
 Sweden 552,000 
 
 Switzerland 1,334,000 
 
 Turkey 409,000 
 
 United Kingdom 4,358,000 
 
 Total $24,670,000 
 
 Latin-America.^ 
 
 Mexico $128,000 
 
 Costa Rica 20,000 
 
 Honduras 18,000 
 
 South America: 
 
 Argentina 282,000 
 
 Bolivia 124,000 
 
 Chile 
 
 Colombia 66,000 
 
 Ecuador 42,000 
 
 Brazil 566,000 
 
 Paraguay 20,000 
 
 Peru 87,000 
 
 Total $1,353,000 
 
 ^Includes some items of manufactured leather. 
 
22 
 
 The next item of importance is sole leather, of which Germany ex- 
 ported $3,433,000 worth in 1913. The bulk of this leather was taken by 
 Austria-Hungary, Switzerland, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and 
 the United Kingdom. The last-named country was the largest con- 
 sumer, taking $841,806 worth. 
 
 The remaining items consisted of about $27,000,000 worth of belting 
 leather, harness leather, upholstery, glove leather, pocket-book leather, 
 goat and kid, and other forms. Glove leather, glazed, to the value of 
 $700,672 went to Austria-Hungary and Great Britain, and $1,516,060 
 to the United States. Goat and kid (other than glove and patent) to 
 the value of $7,309,000 was sold largely to European countries. 
 
 Of sheep and lamb leather other than glove and patent (valued at 
 $2,334,000), the bulk went to Europe, but Brazil took $282,000 worth 
 and the United States a small amount. Exports of patent calf were 
 valued at $3,240,000, of which Argentina and Brazil took $367,000, 
 Australia $71,000, and the United States $267,000. The remainder 
 went to Europe. Patent leather of other materials to the value of 
 $7,174,000 was also exported. 
 
 Up to 1913, Germany was not much more than able to supply enough 
 shoes for the home demand. Consequently her export trade was com- 
 paratively small, amounting to $7,000,000. On the other hand, she im- 
 ported boots and shoes to the value of $2,530,000, of which the fol- 
 lowing were the principal items by countries of origin: Austria-Hun- 
 gary, $649,000; the United States, $551,000; Switzerland, $399,000; 
 and the United Kingdom, $270,000. 
 
 AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 
 
 Animal Population. — The latest figures available for recent years, ranging 
 from 1910 to 1913 for various parts of the Monarchy, show a total of approxi- 
 mately 17,500,000 cattle, 12,300,000 sheep, 3,000,000 goats, and 4,400,000 horses 
 for the whole country, including Bosnia-Herzegovina. 
 
 TRADE IN HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 The table below shows the Austro-Hungarian exports and imports 
 of hides and skins of the principal classes for 1912 and 1913, the latest 
 years for which separate figures are available. About two-thirds of the 
 cattle hides were imported dry and one-third wet, but the proportion 
 of the wet hides appeared to be increasing. From this table it ap- 
 pears that Austria-Hungary is of importance as both an importer and 
 an exporter of hides and skins. This is partly due to the relatively 
 large domestic production in the agricultural parts of the Monarchy, 
 
23 
 
 and partly to a certain amount of transit trade between parts of Russia 
 and the Balkan countries, on the one hand, and central and western 
 Europe, on the other. Germany has been the principal customer for 
 Austro-Hungarian hides and skins. 
 
 1912. 1913. 
 
 Hides and skins. Imports. Exports. Imports. Exports. 
 
 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 
 
 Cattle 72,882,533 42,846,622 79,673,583 35,172,198 
 
 Calf 2,170,972 23,995,969 2,652,134 25,180,500 
 
 Goat 1,695,999 3,409,193 2,085,993 3,369,069 
 
 Sheep 13,326,366 6,667,068 13,810,938 9,021,664 
 
 Horse 241,844 4,158,758 488,539 5,040,377 
 
 All other 715,952 1,144,581 607,588 1,338,633 
 
 Total 91,033,666 82,222,191 99,318,775 79,122,441 
 
 There are no very full or recent figures with regard to the production 
 of hides and skins in Austria-Hungary. Inasmuch as the numbers of 
 live stock have remained very nearly stationary for the last 10 or 15 
 years, some idea of the domestic production of hides and skins for the 
 latest normal years may be obtained by comparing with the figures given 
 under "Animal Population" the following data for hide-and-skin 
 production in 1906: Cattle hides and calfskins, 11,132,000; sheepskins, 
 3,775,000; and goatskins, 461,000. The number of calfskins is given 
 separately only for Austria proper, for which it amounted to 6,160,000. 
 
 LEATHER TRADE. 
 Domestic production. 
 
 The Austro-Hungarian tanning industry had already reached con- 
 siderable importance in 1912 and 1913, when the latest detailed in- 
 formation at hand on the subject was obtained. There were then in the 
 Monarchy about 700 tanneries of greater or less importance, excluding 
 some 2,000 small establishments not employing more than five persons 
 each. Most of the more important tanneries are in Bohemia and 
 Moravia and the neighborhood of Vienna. Those in the last-named 
 district will apparently be reckoned with the German industry of the 
 future, while the Bohemian and Moravian plants will belong to the 
 new Czech state. 
 
 Vegetable tannage is the system in most general use, as not more than 
 20 per cent of the finished output was tanned by chrome processes in 
 1913. This was claimed to be due to the import duty on chemicals 
 and other tanning materials and accessories, which, it was stated, made 
 competition with the neighboring German chrome tanners very difficult, 
 
24 
 
 the cost of the materials averaging 35 per cent higher in Austria than 
 in Germany. Use is made, so far as possible, of native vegetable tan- 
 ning materials, large quantities of which are grown within the country, 
 principally pine and oak barks and gallnuts. The production of these 
 materials is quite large, and, though no very recent figures are avail- 
 able, there was an exportation of them running to a value of about 
 $1,000,000 a year. There are a number of factories making extract 
 from oak wood, pine bark, and quebracho; and there was also a con- 
 siderable exportation of tanning extracts. The imports of tanning 
 materials, however, were much larger than the exports. During the 
 latest years for which figures are available, these imports ran from 
 $3,200,000 to $3,600,000. From 25 to 35 per cent of the importations 
 consist of quebracho extract, and about the same proportion consists 
 of quebracho and other tanning woods in blocks and in ground form, 
 and of gallnuts, myrobalans, and valonia, in about equal proportions. 
 The only other important items shown separately are chestnut wood 
 extract and sumac extract. 
 
 Most of the larger Austrian tanning plants are equipped with ma- 
 chinery, of which 50 to 60 per cent before the war was of American 
 manufacture, and the remainder in about equal proportions of Ger- 
 man and Austrian origin. None of these plants, however, is large 
 according to American standards. 
 
 Of the total sole-leather production, about 80 per cent is tanned by 
 the rapid tanning system, 15 per cent by the old six to eight months' 
 process, and the remainder by the combination system. 
 
 The latest figures available for the production of the Austro-Hun- 
 garian leather industry are the following, for the census year 1911 : 
 
 Sole leather hides. . 1,247,500 
 
 Belting leather hides. . 157,500 
 
 Flexible insole leather (from kips) hides. . 310,000 
 
 Upholstery leather hides. . 60,000 
 
 Harness leather hides . . 122,500 
 
 Upper leather (vegetable system) cowhides. . 204,000 
 
 Upper leather (vegetable system) kips. . 522,500 
 
 Upper leather (chrome system) kips . . 655,000 
 
 Patent and enamelled leather kips . . 157,500 
 
 Pigskins skins. . 135,000 
 
 Glazed kid skins. . 475,000 
 
 Imitation glazed kid from sheepskins skins . . 600,000 
 
 Fancy leather (East India tannage) skins. . 1,475^000 
 
 Glove leather skins. . 2,250,000 
 
 Total 8,371,500 
 
25 
 
 Available data are inadequate for making an estimate tor any later 
 year. 
 
 Exports and imports of leather. 
 
 Statistics of Austrian imports and exports of leather are available 
 for the years 1912 and 1913. Total imports for the two years were, 
 respectively, 16,199,634 pounds, valued at $14,822,873, and 18,822,647 
 pounds, valued at $15,588,374. About one-third of the imports have 
 consisted of sheep and lamb leather other than glove and patent, and 
 about the same proportion of sole and other hide leathers. Imports 
 of goat and kid leather, other than glove and patent, have run from 
 2,000,000 to 2,500,000 pounds, patent leather to about 750,000 pounds, 
 and glove leather to 600,000 to 700,000 pounds. Germany was much 
 the most important source of supply for the Austrian imports of 
 leather during the years immediately preceding the war; but all the 
 other producing countries of western Europe, as well as the United 
 States, also appear in the statistics. 
 
 Austrian exports of leather were of much less importance than the 
 imports, although those for 1913 showed a considerable increase over 
 those for 1912, being 9,144,902 pounds, valued at $5,839,067, for the 
 later year, as compared with 5,376,578 pounds, valued at $4,183,469, 
 for the year preceding. Exports consisted of a large variety of items in 
 comparatively small amounts. The highest single item was sole leather, 
 which accounted for about a quarter of the total in each of the years 
 indicated. Other hide leather also accounted for a large proportion of 
 the total, especially in 1913. Approximately 500,000 pounds of glove 
 leather were exported in each year, 200,000 to 600,000 pounds of calf 
 leather, other than patent, and 150,000 to 180,000 pounds of patent 
 leather. 
 
 UNITED KINGDOM. 
 
 Animal Population. — The number of cattle in the United Kingdom is esti- 
 mated at 12,500,000; the sheep at 27,800,000; the goats at 269,000; and the horses 
 at 2,181,000. 
 
 TRADE IN HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 With regard to the British trade in hides and skins, a comparison of 
 the figures for 1912 with those for later years is made difficult by a 
 change in the classification. Consequently this statement will be con- 
 fined to the period 1913 to 1917. For the former year the gross imports 
 
26 
 
 amounted to approximately 162,736,000 pounds, valued at approxi- 
 mately $28,500,000. For 1917 the gross imports reached 102,067,840 
 pounds of wet hides and skins and 79,730,560 pounds of dry. The 
 estimated imports for 1918 were reduced to 44,170,560 pounds of the 
 wet and 28,611,520 pounds of the dry. The British classification of 
 raw stock is not at all detailed, and calfskins, which constitute a very 
 small proportion of the total, are the only class shown specifically in the 
 imports. 
 
 The gross exports of hides and skins from the United Kingdom con- 
 sist in large proportion of reexports (60 or 70 per cent in normal 
 years), and are not classified specifically, except for wooled sheepskins, 
 which do not form a very large part of the total. In 1913 these exports 
 included 416,773 pounds of wooled sheepskins out of a total of 81,382,- 
 •896 pounds of hides and skins; but in 1917, the latest year for which 
 figures are available, the former class had almost disappeared and the 
 total was reduced to 20,000,000 pounds. Exports of domestic origin 
 amounted only to 24,400,000 pounds in the former year, and 5,800,000 
 in the latter. 
 
 The high proportion of reexports results, of course, from the exten- 
 sive degree of control, direct and indirect, that British interests exer- 
 cise over the world trade in raw stock, and with regard to which some 
 details are given in the section dealing with that subject. 
 
 Here also it may be appropriate to remark that there is a very similar 
 degree of British control over the supply of many important tanning 
 materials. Something is said on this subject in dealing with the Ger- 
 man imports of tanning materials, in the section on that country. The 
 various British African territories, India, and the British possessions 
 in tropical America and the West Indies are producing regions of im- 
 portance, and the British control of shipping lines and of general ex- 
 porting business in many foreign countries plays an important part in 
 this trade as well as in the case of raw' stock. 
 
 LEATHER TRADE. 
 Domestic production. 
 
 The Census figures for the year 1907 are the latest available in 
 detail in regard to the production of leather in the United Kingdom. 
 According to these figures the output of the tanners in that year ag- 
 gregated about 238,000,000 pounds, valued at about $85,000,000. On 
 
27 
 
 the basis of provisional figures for the domestic production of hides 
 and skins, and of the statistics for net imports, it may be roughly esti- 
 mated that the consumption of British tanneries in 1917 reached 372,- 
 000,000 pounds. This was the year of heaviest production in the history 
 of the industry. As indicated above, the importations of raw stock for 
 1918 have been greatly decreased on account of shipping restrictions, 
 and this will, of course, have its effect in reducing the output. 
 Following are the details of production in 1907 : 
 
 Classes of leather. Quantity. Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Undressed 185,584,000 $42,774,932 
 
 Dressed 40,320,000 27,116,136 
 
 Varnished, japanned, or enameled 1,120,000 1,386,952 
 
 Leather belting 11,424,000 5,479,679 
 
 Waste and by-products 8,654,235 
 
 Total 238,448,000 $85,411,934 
 
 Tanning methods. 
 
 With respect to tanning methods in the United Kingdom, Mr. Arthur 
 B. Butman, Commercial Agent of the United States Department of 
 Commerce, who visited that country in 1912, reported : 
 
 The American tanner is more progressive than the British tanner; the latter 
 is slower to undertake new processes and methods and hesitates to run risks; 
 at the same time he carries on the various manufactiiring operations with care- 
 fulness and precision. Some of the smaller tanyards would probably be con- 
 sidered obsolete by an American tanner. The larger and more important, how- 
 ever, are equipped with machinery, and certain of the more progressive plants 
 in Bristol, Warrington, Liverpool, Leeds, and Birmingham are equipped with 
 the most modern and up-to-date machines available. Operations are carried 
 on more rapidly in an American than in an English tannery; machines are run 
 at a higher speed; rolling machines, for instance, are run SO per cent faster 
 than in England. The British tanner claims that the British sole leather is 
 better finished and better tanned, and consequently takes longer to tan and 
 finish than is customary in the United States. About five months is generally 
 required for tanning good sole butts in this country, six to seven months for 
 better-class heavy butts, three months for shoulders, and two months for bellies. 
 In the finishing or shed work, from a fortnight to three weeks is consumed 
 owing to the fact that the finishing required by the English trade must be care- 
 fully done, and the system of bleaching with soda followed by acid is not 
 used by English tanners. An English tanner turning out 750 hides weekly 
 requires as much shed room as an American tanner with an output of 3,000 
 hides per week. Liming and soaking are more thoroughly done in the United 
 States than is usual in England; more water is used and the hides are handled 
 more during the liming process. 
 
28 
 
 Exports and imports of leather. 
 
 Figures are available for exports and imports of leather for the 
 United Kingdom for the years 1912 to 1917, inclusive.^ Total im- 
 ports of leather rose from 160,055,392 pounds, valued at $57,063,342, in 
 1912, to 173,189,408 pounds, valued at $76,159,281, in 1915; since 
 which year they have declined considerably, largely owing to trade 
 restrictions. Exports of leather amounted to 25,545,744 pounds, valued 
 at $11,281,943, in 1912, and 28,638,288 pounds, valued at $16,833,512, 
 in 1913; since when there have been considerable fluctuations, with a 
 tendency to decline as regards quantity. 
 
 Of the tanned calfskins imported into Great Britain, 80 per cent or 
 more of the total come from India. Of the tanned goatskins, 80 per 
 cent come from India, and nearly all the rest from British West Africa. 
 Of the tanned sheepskins, 75 or 80 per cent come from India and 
 Australia in about equal proportions, and the remainder mainly from 
 France. Of the other tanned hides and skins (mainly cattle hides), 
 about 40 per cent come from the United States, 15 to 20 per cent from 
 India, and the remainder from Canada and Australia. In 1913 British 
 imports of box calf were distributed among a number of countries, 
 with the largest items from France; but by 1917 the bulk of the total 
 was coming from the United States. Of the glazed kid, practically the 
 whole is of American origin. The varnished, japanned, and enameled 
 leather formerly came mainly from Germany, but now from the United 
 States. In a similar manner this country has replaced Russia in the 
 minor item of morocco and Russia leather. 
 
 1 The classification of leather in the British statistics is not very de- 
 tailed. Undressed leather is shown in the imports under the headings "Calf- 
 skins," "Other hides," "Sheepskins," and "Other skins" ; dressed leather is 
 shown under the headings "Box calf," "Glace kid," "Varnished and japanned," 
 "Morocco and Russia, including imitations," and "All other." This classi- 
 fication, moreover, applies only to the imports, the exports being shown under 
 three classes only — two for dressed leather and one for undressed. Undressed 
 leather has all along constituted the bulk of the imports, especially "hides other 
 than calfskins," which have generally run to about two-thirds of the total 
 imports. Dressed sheepskins have also been a large item, with a tendency 
 to decrease in recent years. Imports of dressed leather have been relatively 
 unimportant, and the "all other" item has constituted tiie greater part of the 
 total, so that it is impracticable to go into detail with regard to this part of 
 the subject from the available data. Of the items of dressed leather shown 
 separately, box calf and glace kid have been the most important, and approxi- 
 mately equal in amount. Of the exports of leather, half or more have been, 
 all along, in the rough tanned class; and of the dressed leather exports, all 
 but a small fraction have been in the "all other" classes. 
 
29 
 
 Exports of shoes. 
 
 While the United Kingdom plays only a relatively small part in the 
 exportation of leather, she had for a long time before the war become 
 the largest exporter of shoes in the world. The trade in 1913 amounted 
 to $19,343,972 and in 1917 to $31,128,329. Of the totals for those 
 years $12,042,597 and $12,262,543, respectively, went to British pos- 
 sessions, among which the Union of South Africa was the most im- 
 portant customer. Among non-British countries the largest amounts 
 were taken by France, Italy, and Russia. The increases in 1917 were 
 mainly due to exports of army shoes. 
 
 FRANCE. 
 
 Animal Population. — The number of cattle in France is estimated at 12,000,- 
 000 and the number of sheep at 11,000,000. While, as will be shown later, France 
 is a large producer of goatskin leather, she depends largely on importations 
 for her raw stock of this class. 
 
 TRADE IN HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 Imports of hides and skins into France in 1913 amounted to approxi- 
 mately 201,000,000 pounds, of which 164,000,000 pounds were ac- 
 counted for by heavy cattle hides, not further classified. Calfskins 
 amounted to 6,000,000 pounds, sheepskins to about 26,000,000, and 
 goatskins to 4,900,000. In 1917 these imports had fallen off to about 
 110,000,000 pounds, of which nearly 97,000,000 were accounted for by 
 heavy cattle hides. 
 
 The consumption of raw stock in France for the first six months 
 of 1918 was estimated at 122,000,000 pounds of domestic hides and 
 skins and approximately 37,000,000 pounds of the imported. Exports 
 of hides and skins from France in 1913, exclusive of reexports, 
 amounted to about 129,000,000 pounds ; but in 1917 these had dropped 
 off to 20,000,000 pounds. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF LEATHER. 
 
 The only detailed figures for the production of leather in France 
 are the following for 1911, summarized in a report by a Special Agent 
 of the Department of Commerce : Upper leather, 7,200,000 goatskins, 
 2,5^,000 calfskins, and 720,000 sheepskins; sole leather, 540,000 hides; 
 leather belting, 300,000 hides; fancy leather, 7,020,000 hides. No 
 official or detailed figures for production are available for any later 
 
30 
 
 year, but a rough estimate places the consumption of raw stock for 
 1917 at approximately 260,000,000 pounds. 
 
 In normal years about one-quarter of the output of the tanners of 
 France that enters the export trade consists of tawed or tanned sheep, 
 lamb, goat, and kid skins; and these are taken in large quantities by 
 near-by countries such as the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain (and, be- 
 fore the war, Germany), and also the United States, and finished into 
 shoe-upper and glove leather. Nearly one-third of the finished leather 
 exported consists of natural-color, dyed, or black sheep, lamb, goat, and 
 kid leather, which is used for shoe-upper and glove purposes. Prob- 
 ably the larger proportion consists of shoe stock. 
 
 Considerable quantities of fine "French calf" for shoes and "French 
 kid" for gloves (specialties of a few firms) are sold in foreign countries 
 — some in Europe, but notably in South America. France, however, is 
 not considered a formidable competitor so far as goat or kid leather is 
 concerned. A certain amount of sole leather is also exported. 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF LEATHER. 
 
 Statistics of imports and exports of leather for France are available 
 from 1912 to 1916, inclusive. During this period imports of leather 
 rose from 16,638,820 pounds, valued at $11,330,272, to 39,482,920 
 pounds, valued at $31,113,400. In the first year about half of these 
 imports were included in the class "skins other than goat, sheep and 
 lamb, tanned or tawed." There were also large items of "hides and 
 skins, varnished," and "skins other than goat, sheep and lamb, mineral 
 tanned." The remainder of the imports were scattered through a con- 
 siderable number of classes in relatively small amounts. In 1916 skins 
 of the first-named class constituted an even larger proportion of the 
 total imports, and most other classes had remained stagnant or had 
 fallen off, except for moderate increases in imports of heavy hides,, 
 presumably due to the demand for material for army shoes. 
 
 Exports of leather from France fell ofif from 35,284,700 pounds, 
 valued at $31,404,190, in 1912 to 11,526,900 pounds, valued at $12,651,- 
 800, in 1916. The causes of this falling off are obvious. In 1912 th& 
 big items of French leather exports were, of course, goat, sheep, and 
 lamb skins, tanned or tawed ; other skins, tanned or tawed ; goat, sheep, 
 and lamb skins, dyed; and all classes of skins, mineral tanned. The 
 system of classification used in the statistics does not permit of a more 
 
31 
 
 detailed description. The falling oflf in 1916 afifected all classes to very 
 much the same extent, with the exception of the single item of chamois 
 skins, which increased slightly. 
 
 ITALY. 
 
 Animal Population. — The number of cattle in Italy is estimated at 6,500,000, 
 the sheep at 11,000,000, and the goats at 3,000,000. There are, unfortunately, no 
 recent exact figures. 
 
 TRADE IN HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 According to available statistics, the Italian imports of hides and 
 skins for 1913, 1916, and 1917 amounted to 48,723,400 pounds, 
 71,553,600 pounds, and 36,669,600 pounds, respectively. The great 
 bulk of this raw stock was dry, but no further classification is given. 
 Italian consumption of raw stock for 1918 was estimated at about 
 193,600,000 pounds, of which 77,000,000 was covered by domestic pro- 
 duction and 116,000,000 by imports. The figure for imports for this 
 year seems large in comparison with the actual imports for earlier 
 years, but this may be explained by the allotment of additional tonnage 
 by Allied nations. Exports of hides and skins from Italy amounted to 
 about 58,600,000 pounds in 1913. During 1916, 1917, and 1918 the ex- 
 portation of raw stock was prohibited. 
 
 LEATHER INDUSTRY AND TRADE. 
 
 According to a report by a Special Agent of the Department of 
 Commerce, who visited Italy in 1911, the production of leather in that 
 year was valued at about $5,200,000. The total quantity produced 
 could not be ascertained. In 1913 it is estimated that the total consump- 
 tion reached 148,000,000 pounds, and in 1916, 179,000,000 pounds. In 
 1917, however, decreased production of domestic raw stock and the 
 shortage of tonnage for imports appear to have reduced consumption 
 to about 112,000,000 pounds. It is uncertain how far any of these 
 changes are likely to prove permanent. 
 
 Figures for imports and exports of leather for Italy are available 
 for the period from 1912 to 1917, inclusive. During this period imports 
 decreased from a total of 8,526,760 pounds, valued at $11,870,509, to 
 3,511,200 pounds, valued at $9,796,740. This decrease was compara- 
 tively slight in 1913 and 1914, but rapid in the later years. The Italian 
 classification of leather imports is quite detailed, but in the earlier 
 
32 
 
 years about a half of the total is accounted for by chrome-tanned calf- 
 skins and "all other" items. In the later years the chrome-tanned 
 calfskins are still the most important item, but imports of sole leather 
 show considerable increases, as well as imports of chrome-tanned 
 goatskins. 
 
 Exports of leather from Italy were relatively insignificant through- 
 out the period for which statistics are available, although they showed 
 a small net decrease. Quantities ran from 500,000 to 1,800,000 pounds, 
 valued at $750,000 to $1,400,000. In the earlier years sole leather was 
 much the most important item of export, accounting for more than 
 one-third of the total quantity. In the later years, however, the bulk 
 of the exports appear to have consisted of glove leather, which accounts 
 for about half of the total in 1916 and 1917. 
 
 BELGIUM. 
 
 Animal Population. — In 1913 the number of cattle in Belgium was placed at 
 1,850,000, and the number of horses at 267,000; but no official figures were avail- 
 able for sheep or goats. 
 
 Figures for Belgium are available only for exports and imports of 
 leather for 1912 and 1913, and the classification is not at all detailed. 
 The total imports of leather for these two years amounted, respectively, 
 to 5,044,490 pounds, valued at $3,498,845, and 5,699,016 pounds, valued 
 at $4,330,838. About two-fifths of the imports in each ot the years 
 indicated come in the class "skins dyed, varnished, lacquered or mo- 
 rocco" and nearly the same amounts in the "all other" class. The bulk 
 of the remainder (nearly 20 per cent), was accounted for by goat and 
 sheepskins tanned with the wool or hair. Exports of leather from 
 Belgium during the two years indicated remained about stationary, be- 
 tween 14,000,000 and 14,500,000 pounds, valued at about $7,500,000. 
 The great bulk of these exports come in the "all other" class, although 
 there was a considerable item, amounting to about 10 per cent of the 
 total, of "skins dyed, varnished, lacquered or morocco." 
 
 The following are the figures for the production of leather in Bel- 
 gium according to the Census of 191 1 : Sole leather and belting, 
 200,000 hides; light sole and heavy upper leather, 170,000 hides; calf- 
 skins, 118,000 skins; goatskins, 1,400,000 skins; sheepskins, 1,600,000 
 skins. 
 
33 
 
 RUSSIA. 
 
 Animal Population. — The total number of cattle in European and Asiatic 
 Russia is estimated at 52,000,000; the sheep at 72,000,000; and the horses at 
 35,000,000. No separate figures are given for goats ; but it is asserted by some 
 authorities that the bulk of these are included in the official figures for sheep. 
 
 HIDE AND LEATHER TRADE. 
 
 Statistics for exports and imports of hides and leather for Russia 
 are available only iof the pre-war years, 1912 and 1913. Imports of 
 leather for those two years amounted, respectively, to 12,441,816 
 pounds, valued at $8,389,328, and 16,363,980 pounds, valued at $10,832,- 
 639. About one-third of these imports for each of the years shown 
 comes in the class of large dressed hides or skins, presumably cattle 
 for the most part. Nearly another third was accounted for by small 
 dressed hides and skins and most of the remainder by stamped and 
 lacquered leathers and morocco leather in proportions of about two 
 to one. 
 
 Exports of leather from Russia during these years were relatively 
 unimportant, amounting to 1,677,132 pounds, valued at $597,551, for 
 1912, and 1,095,876 pounds, valued at $498,194, for 1913. Much the 
 greater part of these exports is shown in the "all other classes." The 
 only specific item of importance is, as might be expected, Russia leather, 
 which accounted for nearly one-third of the total in 1912 and about 
 a quarter of the total in 1913. 
 
 Figures for exports of hides and skins from Russia are also avail- 
 able for 1912 and 1913. In 1912 these exports amounted to approxi- 
 mately 112,000,000 pounds, valued at $24,000,000, and in 1913 to ap- 
 proximately 92,000,000 pounds, valued at $18,000,000. The only classi- 
 fication showing in these exports of raw stock is large undressed skins, 
 small undressed skins, and trimmings. The total exports for both of 
 the years indicated are about equally divided between the large and 
 small skins. Imports of raw stock into Russia amounted to about 
 99,500,000 pounds, valued at $8,000,000, in 1912 and to 130,000,000 
 pounds, valued at nearly $11,000,000, in 1913. Separate figures are 
 given for imports of dry and wet raw stock ; but in both the years in- 
 dicated the latter class accounts for all but 10 to 20 per cent of the total. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF LEATHER. 
 
 The total value of leather produced in Russia amounted to approxi- 
 mately $33,000,000 in 1911 and about $36,300,000 in 1912. The prin- 
 cipal item was sole leather, which amounted to $18,680,000 and 
 
34 
 
 $20,879,000 in the two years, respectively. The values for "Russia 
 leather," the next item of importance, were $2,979,790 and $3,214,630. 
 The following table (from a publication of the Russian Tanners' 
 Association of Petrograd) shows the production for these two years 
 m detail, together with comparative figures for 1916, as far as avail- 
 able. In computing increases or decreases between 1912 and 1916 the 
 difficulty referred to in the second footnote to the table should be con- 
 sidered. The classifications are complicated and difficult to translate, 
 and it is not certain in all cases that the correct technical equivalent has 
 been found. The relation between the two sets of figures is not suffi- 
 ciently clear to determine the increase, if any, in total production. 
 
 Units of 
 
 quantity 1911. 1912. 1916. 
 
 for 1911 Quantities 
 
 Products. and 1912. Quantities. Value. Quantities. Value. (pieces). 
 
 Sole leather pounds 59,837,584 $18,680,080 64,676,592 $20,879,850 2,679,173 
 
 Russia leather pounds 6,211,264 2,979,790 6,861,280 3,214,630 
 
 pieces 144,000 115,000 
 
 Calf leather pounds 1,227,808 842,540 1,011,136 618,515] 
 
 pieces 50,000 49,000 n,716,556» 
 
 Young calf leather<^ pounds 180,560 354,320 144,448 254,410 J 
 
 Horsehides pounds 4,261,216 1,824,130 4,261,216 1,938,975 
 
 pieces 61,000 68,000 881,617 
 
 Morocco leather pounds 28,890 31,930 10,833 47,8851 
 
 Kid leather square feet 1,335,000 271,920 165,830] 
 
 Glazed leather pounds^ 296,000 223,510 246,685 f 2,020,932'' 
 
 Goatskins* pieces 3,700 28,325 2,317 
 
 Sheepskins* pieces 300,000 520,150 473,285 J 
 
 Tawed skins pounds 975,024 324,450 1,697,264 573,710 577,517 
 
 pieces 600 7,000 
 
 Half-tanned skins" pounds 1,147,504 4,222,485 12,422,528 4,637,060 4,862,206 
 
 pieces 78,000 77,000 
 
 Chrome leather pounds 137,225 296,640 97,502 325 480 
 
 square feet 934,000 
 
 Split leather-: pounds 1,336,144 268,830 1,769,488 337,840 
 
 Lacquered leather 531,480 533,540 239,081 
 
 Strap leather pounds 2,997,296 1,361,145 3,250,080 1,518,220 
 
 Chamois 2 059 
 
 Shagreen 567,015 433,015 
 
 Other tanned hides and 
 
 leathers pounds 325,008 111,175 288,896 104,544 
 
 Totals $33,439,915 $36,307,850 12,977,082 
 
 ^This is conjectural, no unit being given in the original document. 
 
 >>The selection of the items in the more detailed classification of 1911 and 1912, which 
 should correspond with these items in 1916, is to some extent conjectural, and it is uncertain 
 how far the later figures represent gains or losses. 
 
 "The exact significance of these terms is somewhat uncertain. 
 
 ^Presumably rough tanned, and exclusive of finished specialties. 
 
35 
 
 In connection with this matter it was stated by a Government agent 
 who visited Russia in 1912 that "although there are many establish- 
 ments in the Empire in which tanning is carried on, most of them are 
 little more than family industries. Recently, however, a tendency 
 toward concentration has been shown." 
 
Part II.— Semi-Manufacturing and Raw-Stock Producing Countries. 
 
 Inasmuch as leather production in Scandinavian countries, Spain, 
 Portugal, and other minor countries of Europe is of relatively small 
 importance, it is not considered necessary to deal with them in detail 
 in this paper. 
 
 DOMINION OF CANADA. 
 
 Animal Population. — In 1917 the numbers of the principal classes of livestock 
 in Canada were as follows: Cattle, 7,920,940; sheep, 2,369,358; and horses, 
 3,412,749. 
 
 According to a census taken by the postal authorities in Canada in 
 the year 1916, the value of the output of tanneries of that country 
 aggregated about $24,000,000. Judging, however, from the figures for 
 exports to the United States (shown below), and to the mother country 
 the output has increased considerably in the past two years. Prior to 
 1913 Canada exported very little leather to the United States ; but after 
 the passage of the Underwood-Simmons Law in 1913, when the tariff 
 on leather was removed, she immediately began to increase her ship- 
 ments of sole leather. In 1916, 1917, and 1918 there were decidedly 
 large sales of harness, saddlery, patent, calf and kip, and other kinds 
 of leather to the United States, which had not theretofore been sold 
 in this country. The table given below shows the imports of leather 
 into the United States from Canada during the period 1913 to 1918 
 (fiscal years) : 
 
 Leather. 1913. 1914. 1915. 1916. 1917. 1918. 
 
 Glove $121 
 
 Belting and sole $100,112 $1,381,481 $1,519,075 $2,782,226 $1,600,279 1,893,985 
 Goatskins 
 
 (tanned) .... 161 1,923 96 916 463 473 
 
 Harness and 
 
 saddlery 199,858 1,189,803 3,815,180 
 
 Patent, j apanned, 
 
 and varnished 
 
 Calf and kip 
 
 Sheep and lamb 
 
 Other upper 
 
 All other leather 19,570 623,747 923,955 
 
 67,208 
 
 86,726 
 
 92,265 
 
 829,274 
 
 927,440 
 
 1,517,190 
 
 2,644 
 
 60,977 
 
 33,298 
 
 186,115 
 
 147,018 
 
 32,626 
 
 363,614 
 
 385,952 
 
 673,532 
 
 Total.... $119,843 $2,007,151 $2,443,126 $4,431,855 $4,398,658 $8,058,670 
 
17 
 
 Whether Canadian tanners are to become serious competitors of 
 American producers can not be determined at this time ; but it is pointed 
 out by some who are not unfriendly to the trade that there should at 
 least be reciprocal relations between the two countries in the leather 
 business. At the present time Canada imposes a tariff ranging from 
 25 to 30 per cent ad valorem on leather imported from this country, 
 while a preference is given to the mother country. The rates on leather 
 from the United Kingdom range from 17^ to 221^ per cent ad valorem. 
 
 AUSTRALIA. 
 
 Animal Population. — Australian statistics of livestock are very complete. 
 At the end of 1915 the number of cattle was placed at 9,931,416; the number of 
 sheep at 69,257,189 ; and the number of horses at 2,377,920. 
 
 DOMESTIC LEATHER INDUSTRY.i 
 
 The production of leather in Australia increased from $11,291,000 
 in 1909 to $16,879,000 in 1914. The industry is mainly centered in 
 New South Wales and Victoria. 
 
 Australian tanners are producing today nearly every kind of leather. 
 The greater part of the local production heretofore has been inferior — 
 so inferior, in fact, that Australian shoe manufacturers making the 
 better grades did not use it extensively until the world leather shortage 
 forced them to do so. The larger tanners, of course, make very fair 
 leather, but with Federal control of the prices of hides and skins, and 
 of exports, and the protection afforded by a high tariff, many of the 
 Australian tanners find it more profitable to make a mediocre quality 
 of leather than to exert themselves to meet outside competition with 
 quality products. 
 
 Sole and harness leather are the great staple products of the Aus- 
 tralian tanneries. The harness leather is very satisfactory and is used 
 almost exclusively by local harness makers. Sole leather has shown a 
 marked improvement and is of satisfactory quality. The product of 
 many of the tanneries, however, still has a most disagreeable odor and 
 deteriorates when exposed to moisture. 
 
 Sheepskins are tanned in large quantities in Australia Formerly 
 
 ^This section is a summary of passages from a report by C. E. Bosworth, Com- 
 mercial Agent of the United States Department of Commerce, entitled "The 
 Shoe and Leather Trade in Australia" (Special Agents' Series No. 159). 
 
38 
 
 they were all bark tanned, but now many of them are acid tanned. 
 Manufacturers complain that the acid-tanned sheepskin is likely to 
 crack when it comes in contact with sweat, either in shoe or in har- 
 ness work. White sheepskin of Australian make is used for linings 
 only in cheap and medium-grade shoes. 
 
 Belting butts are produced in considerable quantities in Australia, 
 and most of the made-up belting is produced by local belt manufac- 
 turers. As with sole leather, however, English belts are usually speci- 
 fied by those who think of quality before price. 
 
 Smooth and boarded calf of Australian manufacture is fairly good ; 
 but it is not generally regarded as suitable for anything but shoes of 
 medium and cheap grades. 
 
 Side leather is made in both black and colors and is now pretty gen- 
 erally used. The finish is inferior to that of the American product, 
 but usually not inferior enough to warrant users paying the difference 
 in price and landing costs. 
 
 IMPORTS OF LEATHER. 
 
 The following table gives the statistics of importations of leather into 
 Australia in the yeai^s 1913 and 1915-16: 
 
 Countries of origin. 1913. 1915-6. 
 
 Total $2,155,815 $1,639,627 
 
 United States 1,347,544 1,309,853 
 
 Germany 395,107 
 
 United Kingdom 302,039 253,000 
 
 The reason for the falling oS in imports, as stated above, is to be 
 found in the increased use of home products. It will be noted that 
 there was a decline in imports from both the United States and Great 
 Britain, and that neither country has filled the gap left by Germany. 
 
 The principal items of import from the United States for 1913 and 
 1915-16 were as follows : 
 
 1913. 1916-17. 
 
 Calf, other than patent and enameled $44,811 $55,322 
 
 Patent and enameled 339,048 702,348 
 
 Rough-tanned goatskins, Persian sheepskins, skivers and 
 
 chamois leather 7,155 5,587 
 
 Miscellaneous (including kid) 956,530 546,596 
 
 Total $1,347,544 $1,309,853 
 
39 
 
 The largest decline in imports from the United States was that cover- 
 ing "Miscellaneous leather (including kid)," which amounted to 
 $410,000. On the other hand, there was an increase of $363,000 in the 
 imports of patent leather. 
 
 The largest item of import from Germany in 1913 was patent leather, 
 which amounted to about $210,000. The other items included calf, 
 $82,000; rough tanned skins, $16,000; and "Miscellaneous (including 
 kid)," $88,000. 
 
 The falling off in imports from Great Britain was in the item of 
 "Miscellaneous (including kid)." 
 
 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA. 
 
 Animal Population. — According to estimates made in 1916, the total number 
 of sheep was placed at about 32,000,000, and the total number of goats at ap- 
 proximately 9,000,000. Available figures for other classes of live stock are not 
 so recent. In 1911 the number of cattle was placed at 5,797,000, and the number 
 of horses, mules, and asses at 719,000. Mention should be made of a total of 
 approximately 1,400,000 cattle and 2,000,000 sheep (perhaps including goats) in 
 Rhodesia and certain other territories of British South Africa that are politically 
 distinct from the Union but practically parts of it for economic purposes. 
 
 DOMESTIC LEATHER INDUSTRY. 
 
 The leather industry in the Union of South Africa is still of very 
 minor importance, and the available data with regard to it are scanty. 
 No complete industrial census has ever been taken for the Union, but 
 the production of the tanning industry for the fiscal year 1915-16 
 was estimated at $2,300,000. There has lately been a good deal of 
 discussion of the stimulation of domestic manufacturing industries, 
 and there appears to be a strong movement for a revision of the tariff 
 to secure better protection against foreign goods. The domestic mar- 
 ket, however, is so comparatively small that there does not seem to be 
 much prospect that local industries will prove serious competitors, 
 except perhaps in a very few staple lines. 
 
 South Africa has, of course, not only an ample supply of raw stock, 
 but also an excellent source of supply of vegetable tanning material in 
 the native wattle bark, which has been introduced from South Africa 
 into other countries. One of the recently established industries of the 
 country is the manufacture of wattle bark extract both for domestic 
 consumption and for export. Announcement was recently made;; pbre- 
 over, of the discovery of important deposits of chrome ore in Rhodesia ; 
 and this has aroused discussion of the possibility of the establishment 
 of a local chrome tanning industry. ' ( 
 
40 
 
 The boot and shoe manufacturing industry is of minor importance 
 in South Africa, although there is a considerable number of firms en- 
 gaged in it. It does not seem likely that local producers will be able 
 to fill satisfactorily the demand for most classes of high-grade shoes. 
 Formerly this trade was mainly in the hands of British manufacturers ; 
 but at present large quantities of boots and shoes are being received 
 from the United States, largely as the result of inability to obtain 
 supplies elsewhere. 
 
 IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF LEATHER. 
 
 Statistics are available for the imports and exports of leather for 
 the Union of South Africa for the years 1912 to 1917, inclusive. The 
 classification is not at all detailed ; in fact, the only classes shown spe- 
 cifically are pigskins and enamelled, morocco, and patent leather. Total 
 imports of leather during the period referred to increased from a value 
 of $980,099 in 1912 to $1,136,391 in 1915 ; since which they had fallen 
 ofJ materially to $542,780 in 1917. 
 
 This decrease is presumably due to shipping difficulties, increased 
 prices, and the shutting off of accustomed sources of supply in the 
 United Kingdom; but it may also be due in part to the expansion of 
 the domestic industry. Imports in the class of enamelled, morocco, 
 and patent leather have fluctuated very greatly — from 10,000 to 56,000 
 pounds, valued at $9,000 to $47,000. During 1916 and 1917 they re- 
 mained about stationary — in the neighborhod of 35,000 pounds, valued 
 at $35,000. In this latter class from one-third to two-thirds of the 
 imports have all along been supplied by the United States, but most 
 other classes of leather imported into South Africa come about half 
 from the United Kingdom and half from Australia. Exports of 
 leather from South Africa are of minor importance, though they have 
 shown a tendency to increase of late years to 75,000 to 100,000 pounds, 
 valued at $35,000 to $50,000, and destined about half to the United 
 Kingdom and the remainder to the neighboring African territories, in- 
 cluding the Portuguese, Belgian, and former German possessions. 
 
 TRADE IN HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 As rernarkfid above. South Africa is an important producing country 
 for r'aw stock, although it does not rank among the hide and skin 
 exporting countries of the very first class. The trade in hides and 
 
41 
 
 skins is for practical purposes, of course, entirely an export trade. 
 The large items of imports of hides and skins that appear in the 
 statistics are from neighboring African territories and intended for 
 reexport. During the period for which figures are available, the ex- 
 ports fluctuated a good deal but generally ranged from 15,000,000 to 
 20,000,000 pounds of cattle hides, 25,000,000 to 37,000,000 pounds of 
 sheepskins, and 4,000,000 to 9,000,000 pounds of goatskins. 
 
 SOUTH AMERICA. 
 
 Animal Population. — The total number of cattle in Latin America may be 
 estimated at about 90,000,000, and that of the sheep at about the same, with the 
 reservation that some authorities consider the official iigures for sheep in 
 Argentina much too small, and those for Uruguay 10,000,000 too large. The 
 number of goats is about 20,000,000, and of horses 18,000,000. 
 
 THE EAST COAST. 
 
 In the east-coast countries of South America the leather situation,, 
 so far as the native production is concerned, is somewhat complicated. 
 The war has undoubtedly given a tremendous impetus to the tanning 
 industry, especially in Argentina and Brazil. In Rio de Janeiro, they 
 are now experimenting with varnished leather, and tanners in that 
 city have made more progress in that line than have those in Buenos 
 Aires. They are also making patent sides, which are cutting into our 
 own export trade. So far as sole leather is concerned, the duties are 
 prohibitive in all these countries. The natives do not insist on long- 
 wearing qualities, but they do prefer an inexpensive article, and for 
 this reason the native product fills the bill. According to the Census 
 of 1913, the value of leather tanned in Argentina was about $13,700,000. 
 No statistics for the Brazilian production are available. 
 
 The Argentine RepubHc undoubtedly has the largest production of 
 shoes and the most highly organized industry in South America, but 
 Brazil really makes the best shoes. The largest factories in Argentina 
 turn out from 2,000 to 3,000 pairs of shoes a day, comprising several 
 hundred different models. In Buenos Aires alone there are about 200 
 shoe factories. More than 100 of these have an output of from 500 to 
 2,000 pairs. In Uruguay there are approximately 30 shoe factories 
 using machinery. 
 
 The value of leather imported into Brazil in 1917 was $4,280,000. 
 
42 
 
 Imports into Argentina in 1916 were about $1,233,000 and into Uruguay 
 (in 1915) about $153,000.^ 
 
 THE WEST COAST. 
 Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. 
 
 The tanning industry in Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia is negligible. 
 They are not making leather that can compete effectively with Ameri- 
 can or any other imported leather, in normal times. The industry, 
 however, has been stimulated in all these countries, and experiments 
 ;are now being made with chrome processes in Lima, Peru. As regards 
 importations of leather, the value for Peru is nominal, the highest value 
 in the past few years having been not more than $130,000. 
 
 Chile. 
 
 Practically all the sole leather consumed in Chile is of local tannage, 
 ^nd it is of fairly good quality. Although a certain amount of upper 
 leather suitable for better grades of shoes is made locally, by far the 
 greater part is imported. It is stated, however, that a distinct improve- 
 ment has been made in the quality of the glazed kid and box calf turned 
 ,out by local manufacturers. The estimated production of Chilean 
 tanners in 1915 was about $8,000,000. According to figures for 1916, 
 Chile imported about $500,000 worth of leather during that year, the 
 "bulk of it coming from the United States. Besides Germans there are 
 ^ther Europeans, chiefly French, interested in the tanning industry. 
 
 In the cities of Valparaiso and Santiago a number of shoe factories 
 equipped with American machinery are turning out shoes of good 
 quality in quantities up to 2,000 pairs a day. Shoes for men, women, 
 :and children are all made in the same factory. There is no specializa- 
 tion of output, as in the United States. The majority of shoe manu- 
 facturers in Chile are also Europeans. This question of nationality 
 has a big influence on importations of leather and shoe supplies ; as for 
 example, it is only natural that two or three brothers of French origin 
 who are running a combination tannery and shoe factory should turn 
 to France when desiring to purchase new stock. 
 
 Since the trade of other countries of South America is nominal, it is 
 not thought necessary to cover them in detail. 
 
 ^Latin American trade statistics are so unsatisfactory that these figures should 
 "be accepted with some reserve. 
 
43 
 
 INDIA. 
 
 Animal Population.— Official statistics for 1914-15 put the number of cattle 
 and buffaloes in India at 161,000,000. This only covers a portion of the Native 
 States, and is therefore short of the actual total. It includes for British India 
 86,000,000 full-grown neat cattle ; 19,000,000 full-grown buffaloes ; and 42,000,000 
 head of "young stock" (cattle and buffalo calves combined). For the more im- 
 portant Native States it includes 12,000,000 neat cattle and 2,000,000 buffaloes, 
 of all ages. The number of sheep (including some goats in the Native States) 
 is placed at 31,000,000; and the number of goats (probably too small) at 33,000,000. 
 
 The export and import statistics of India are very inadequate for 
 the purpose of giving an idea of the extent of the hide and leather 
 trades, since the classifications, though simple and inteUigible, are not 
 at all detailed. 
 
 EXPORTS OF HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 Available figures show that the exports of all classes of hides and 
 skins from India decreased from 197,600,000 pounds in the fiscal year 
 1913 to 163,000,000 in 1917. The big items are cattle hides, goatskins, 
 and sheepskins, which in 1917 made up about two-thirds of the total, 
 with bufifalo hides as a relatively small but still important class. 
 
 The action of the Government in concentrating the tanning facili- 
 ties of the country on the production of hides for war purposes has- 
 greatly diminished, for the time being, the domestic Indian demand for 
 skins ; and this has led to an accumulation that is available for export,, 
 when shipping can be secured. As the bulk of the tonnage available 
 for purely commercial shipments is at present Japanese, this situation 
 has given the Japanese dealers and buyers, as elsewhere explained, an 
 advantage in the trade. 
 
 LEATHER INDUSTRY AND MARKET. 
 
 The Indian leather industry is a considerable one, but the product.? 
 are almost entirely of the rough tanned variety and the only classifica- 
 tion appearing in the statistics of the exports of leather includes (a) 
 rough tanned hides and (b) rough tanned skins. Exports of these 
 classes increased from 40,817,952 pounds, valued at $14,979,233, in 
 the fiscal year 1913, to 55,703,648 pounds, valued at $30,612,519, in 
 
 1917. 
 
 The hide and leather trades in India have their center in Cawn- 
 pore. There is a large consumption of the rough tanned and native 
 tanned leather for the manufacture of water bags, sandals, ginning 
 rollers saddle bags and all other classes of saddlery and harness. For 
 
44 
 
 these purposes the domestic products, even in the present crude state of 
 the industry, appear to be satisfactory ; and the prospects of marketing 
 American leather for the purpose do not appear to be particularly 
 good. It could certainly not be sold except at competitive prices. 
 
 There has been a considerable increase of late years in the manufac- 
 ture of finished leather in India, but the products of this industry are 
 not exported to any extent and therefore no detailed statistics of pro- 
 duction are available. During the war practically the whole output 
 of the Indian leather industry, so far as buffalo and cattle hides are 
 concerned, has been taken by the Indian and British Governments for 
 army purposes, and the difficulty is now said to be a shortage in tanning 
 materials which has not thus far been overcome. Efforts are being 
 made by the Indian Government to develop the domestic supplies of 
 chrome, but the chrome tanning industry in India is still in its infancy. 
 The very extensive use of leather for the manufacture of water bottles 
 in India and the damp climate during the rainy season over a large 
 part of the country, make chrome tanned leather particularly suitable 
 for the Indian market. 
 
 The manufacture of leather in India is so' largely a small scale in- 
 ■dustry, carried on by primitive methods, that no complete and reliable 
 statistics with regard to the output have yet been published. 
 
 Imports of leather into India decreased from 728,784 pounds, valued 
 at $481,365, in 1912-13 to 367,136 pounds, valued at $470,737, in 
 1916-17. There are no figures for separate classes of leather. 
 
 JAPAN. 
 
 Animal Population. — The total number of cattle and buffaloes in the 
 Japanese Empire (including Korea and Formosa) in 191S was about 3,200,000; 
 •goats, 226,000; and horses, 1,633,000. The number of sheep was negligible, and 
 all attempts to establish sheep-raising in Japan proper have failed, although 
 there are greater prospects of success in Korea. The latter country, moreover, 
 has about half of the total number of neat cattle (excluding about 400,000 
 "buffaloes in Formosa). More than half the goats are in the small group of the 
 Riu Kiu Islands. 
 
 TRADE IN HIDES AND SKINS. 
 
 Japanese imports of hides and skins are shown for only two classes, 
 (a) bull, ox, cow, and buffalo, and (b) all other; and for the latter, 
 -values only are given. Imports of the first-named class increased from 
 5,948,187 pounds in 1914 to 18,812,322 pounds in 1916. During the 
 same period the imports of all other hides and skins increased from a 
 value of $144,635 to $243,274. In considering the increase in the im- 
 
45 
 
 ports of bull, ox, cow, and buffalo hides, it is necessary to note the 
 exports, which are shown for one class only, "hides and skins un- 
 dressed," and which fluctuated greatly during the period for which 
 figures are at hand, decreasing from 844,353 pounds in 1914 to 228,156 
 pounds in 1916. These are mainly reexports of Chinese hides and 
 skins, as the Japanese domestic production for export is negligible. 
 
 LEATHER TRADE. 
 
 It thus appears that there was a considerable net increase in the 
 Japanese consumption of hides and skins, coming, as might be ex- 
 pected, almost entirely from China. This has been the natural accom- 
 paniment of a very considerable expansion in the Japanese leather in- 
 dustry, although, as stated above, this expansion has not been anything 
 like that in some other lines. It has, moreover, been to a very large 
 extent a war-time expansion, since before the war the Japanese leather 
 industry was not expanding with any rapidity. The lack of domestic 
 raw materials and the climate have prevented the Japanese from being 
 by habit a leather-using people, and this fact goes far to offset the 
 advantage of being near the Chinese source of supplies of hides and 
 skins. A very considerable part of the large consumption of hides in 
 1915 and 1916 was accounted for by war orders for boots and shoes 
 for the Russian Army and was therefore decidedly not normal. 
 
 Figures are at hand for imports and exports of leather for Japan 
 for 1914, 1915, and 1916. The figures for the imports are given in some 
 detail, but for the exports, totals only. Total imports of leather show 
 a considerable, though not an enormous, increase from 1,820,179 
 pounds, valued at $943,179, in 1914 to 2,332,594 pounds, valued at 
 $1,353,365, in 1916. In 1914 about one-third of the imports by quan- 
 tity consisted of sole leather, and rather more than another third of 
 miscellaneous sheep and goat leather other than patent leather. The 
 other principal items of import, in the order of their importance, were 
 leather waste, dyed and colored leather of all classes, patent leather, 
 and Indian tanned hides. In 1916 the proportion of sole leather had 
 fallen off somewhat, the proportion of miscellaneous sheep and goat 
 leather had considerably increased, and the proportion of leather waste 
 had very largely increased. The other items remained about the same. 
 Exports of leather from Japan increased from 743,319 pounds, valued 
 at $432,608, in 1914 to 1,454,118 pounds, valued at $832,853, in 1916. 
 
46 
 
 This increase of approximately 100 per cent is large in itself, but not 
 especially so when compared with the increases during the same period 
 of some other classes of Japanese manufactured goods. 
 
 Japanese statistics of leather production are not very detailed. They 
 show that the total output for some years before the war fluctuated 
 around 600,000 to 800,000 pieces (of which three-quarters or more was 
 accounted for by hide leathers), without any marked tendency to in- 
 crease. From 1914 to 1916, however, the total jumped from 988,000 
 pieces, valued at approximately $4,600,000, to 5,213,000 pieces, valued 
 at $30,400,000. This enormous increase was mainly the result of 
 Russian army orders, and was practically all in sole and side upper 
 leathers, with a certain amount of harness, case and strap. There are 
 no separate figures for calf, sheep or goat leathers, but they are known 
 to be unimportant. 
 
 Characteristics and future of Japanese industry. 
 
 The Japanese have a considerable trade in cheap boots and shoes to 
 other parts of the Far East, which they are likely to maintain to a 
 great extent for reasons of price. They also have a considerable export, 
 with a better reputation for quality, in leather baggage and containers 
 of all descriptions. Most observers do not look for an expansion in 
 the Japanese exports of either manufactured dressed leather or boots 
 and shoes to a seriously competitive extent — at any rate not to so great 
 an extent as in textiles, hardware, etc. Japanese competition is likely 
 to be more serious in some of the minor lines of manufactured leather 
 goods, especially bags, trunks, and cases. 
 
 As appears from the figures given above in connection with the raw- 
 stock trade, the Japanese industry has thus far devoted itself much 
 more to the working of buffalo and cattle hides and kips than of sheep 
 or goat skins. The present situation with regard to the Indian skin 
 trade, however, has for the time being given the Japanese an advantage 
 with regard to the supply of raw skins, which should be noted. 
 
 The British Government has practically stopped the tanning of skins 
 in India in order to conserve tanning material for hides and to increase 
 the tanning of hides. The shutting off of imports to America will 
 naturally cause accumulation unless the Indian Government allows tan- 
 ning to be undertaken again. In the meantime, Japan has entered the 
 skin market seriously and is taking full advantage of the situation. 
 This buying sustains the market so far. 
 
47 
 
 The Japanese merchants are also ship agents and Japanese ships are 
 at their disposal. The Japanese require payment of their freight in 
 rupees in India, which eliminates for them the exchange situation when 
 buying merchandise in India. British ships are paid in sterling in 
 London. The Japanese seem to avoid as much as possible Atlantic 
 voyages, while British ships have been withdrawn from the Pacific and 
 placed in the Atlantic voyages or other parts of the war zones. 
 
 CHINA. 
 
 Animal Population. — There are no trustworthy estimates of the numbers 
 of live stock in China. A China census of 1913 gives 22,000,000 cattle, 22,000,000 
 sheep, and 9,200,000 horses, for the whole country, exclusive of Tibet; but these 
 figures are alniost certainly too small, especially for Mongolia and Chinese 
 Turkestan. No estimate of the number of goats is known to exist. 
 
 HIDE AND SKIN PRODUCTION AND TRADE. 
 
 The vast importance of China in the hide and leather trade lies, of 
 course, in its exports, actual and potential, of hides and skins. During 
 the period from 1912 to 1917, buffalo and cow hides increased from 
 44,000,000 to 64,000,000 pounds; goatskins from 5,900,000 pieces to 
 11,700,000; horse, ass, and mule hides from 4,000 pieces to 31,000; 
 and sheepskins from 377,000 pieces to 1,720,000. However correct the 
 figures given above for the numbers of livestock may be, the general 
 opinion is that China is not yet exporting anywhere near her maximum 
 capacity in hides and skins. 
 
 As might be expected, there are practically no imports of hides and 
 skins into China. 
 
 LEATHER TRADE. 
 With regard to the leather trade of China the only statistics available 
 for imports are for totals of all kinds of leather, which increased from 
 12,398,000 pounds, valued at $4,759,360, in 1912 to 18,945,000 pounds, 
 valued at $11,154,252, in 1917.^ This is a considerable relative increase, 
 but the total is obviously small in proportion to the size and population 
 of the country. Like the Japanese, the bulk of the population of China 
 are not by habit leather users ; and in the southern part of the country, 
 
 iThis large apparent increase in average value was only partially due to 
 rising prices ; the main cause being the abnormal rise in the exchange value of 
 the Chinese silver currency in 1916 and 1917. 
 
48 
 
 where the people are best able to purchase foreign goods and are most 
 progressive, the climate is unfavorable to an extensive development of 
 the trade. There will undoubtedly continue to be an increase in the 
 demand, especially in the medium grades, for American leathers for 
 use in the custom-shoe industry, which, though small in proportion to 
 the size of the country, is still expanding with considerable rapidity in 
 the large cities. In the lower grades the Japanese have a great advan- 
 tage. There is a considerable domestic production in China of very 
 inferior leather, which is used to some extent for the soles of native 
 shoes ; but the total consumption of leather in China for boot and shoe 
 making is relatively very small. Most of the people in the south go 
 Barefoot, and in the north wear shoes in which felt is the principal 
 material. The Chinese statistics show a considerable export of tarmed 
 goatskins and dressed kid and lamb skins, which amounted to approxi- 
 mately 1,214,305 pieces in 1912, but had fallen off to 619,689 in 1917. 
 There is no detailed information with regard to this trade, but it is 
 thought that it represents merely a preliminary operation, to be rated 
 more as a process of preservation than as a branch of leather manu- 
 facture. 
 
Part III. — Raw-Stock Supplies. 
 
 WORLD PRODUCTION OF RAW STOCK. 
 
 The table inserted at the end of this pamphlet shows for the prin- 
 cipal countries of the world (a) the numbers of the chief classes 
 of live stock and (b) the imports and exports by weight, as far as 
 available, for the principal classes of hides and skins over a period 
 of years. This period has, as far as possible, been made from 1912 
 to 1917, inclusive, but for a number of countries is necessarily limited 
 to certain of the earlier of these years. Countries of minor im- 
 portance are summarized in "Other" classes. The only territories 
 for which no data at all could be secured are a few of the smaller coun- 
 tries in tropical Latin America and Africa, Afghanistan in Asia, and 
 Albania and Montenegro in Europe. 
 
 Animal population of the v^orld. 
 
 The available statistics for many countries ^re so defective that it 
 was not thought advisable to attempt to total the figures for the whole 
 world on the table itself, either as regards the animal population or 
 the imports and exports. The data, however, may be summarized 
 very roughly here. They indicated that there were in the whole world, 
 about the beginning of the war, approximately 555,000,000 neat cattle 
 and buffaloes (including calves) ; 520,000,000 sheep; 155,000,000 goats, 
 and 126,000,000 horses (including mules and asses in some countries). 
 
 Separate figures for calves were not available for any recent year 
 for any important country excepting India. The number of buffaloes 
 for which separate figures exist is about 38,000,000. This is probably 
 approximately correct for the buffalo-raising countries, except China, 
 for which no data are available. The number of sheep may be some- 
 what too large, since it is claimed that in a good many of the more 
 backward cotmtries the goats are to a considerable extent reckoned in 
 with the sheep. In the case of Uruguay, moreover, there is a discrep- 
 ancy of 10,000,000 in the number of sheep between two sets of figures, 
 both claimed to be ofificial. On the other hand, the official figures 
 for Argentina show an enormous decline of 35,000,000 in the num- 
 bers of sheep between the two censuses of 1908 and 1914 ; and this may 
 
50 
 
 indicate a considerable underestimate for this, important sheep raising 
 country for the latter year. 
 
 The total number of goats just given must be taken with great re- 
 serve. It is thought by some authorities that the figure for Turkey is 
 too high; but with this exception the number of goats are probably 
 quite generally underestimated. There is no estimate whatever to be 
 had for the number of goats in China— one of the first class goat-rais- 
 ing countries of the world. As already stated, goats are apt to be 
 reckoned with sheep in the official figures ; and the conditions in which 
 goats are kept in the less civilized countries makes it practically im^ 
 possible to obtain an accurate count of them. . It may be added, more- 
 over, that the figure for world exports of goat skins given below 
 (223,000,000 pounds) would seem very high if the total number of 
 goats were only 155,000,000; and of the two figures the former is of 
 course much more likely to be accurate. 
 
 Since few figures are available for Continental European countries 
 later than 1914, these estimates make practically no allowance for the 
 wastage of livestock caused by the war. There are no figures whatever 
 available for estimating the extent of this wastage in the important 
 areas of Russia, Turkey, the Balkans, Austria-Hungary, Belgium, and 
 northern Italy ; and it must be assumed that the decline in these coun- 
 tries has been extensive. In France and Germany there had been a 
 general tendency for some time before the war towards a stationary 
 number of livestock; and, if available official figures are to be trusted, 
 this condition was maintained up to 1917 in Germany for cattle, and 
 measureably so for sheep. As regards France, there has been an ad- 
 mitted decline of about 15 per cent in the number of cattle, 35 or 40 
 per cent in the case of sheep, and 20 per cent in the number of goats. 
 
 Finally, it may be noted that the only animal population figures avail- 
 able for Mexico date back to 1902; and that since 1910 or 1911 there 
 has been in that country a great wastage of livestock due to the recur- 
 rent civil commotions, amounting in the opinion of some authorities 
 to from 50 to 75 per cent of the normal totals. 
 
 World exports of raw stock in 1913. 
 
 As in the case of numbers of livestock, the data available with re- 
 gard to imports and exports of hides and skins are not sufficiently 
 complete to permit of accurate world totals being made. Figures for 
 imports have in some cases been omitted altogether from the table. 
 
51 
 
 either because the figures are negligible or unavailable, or because the 
 importations are practically balanced by reexports. With regard to 
 exports, however, it may be roughly computed that during the year 
 1913 (the last for which anything like complete iigures are available) 
 there were exported from all countries approximately 2,027,000,000 
 pounds of raw stock. The total consumption in that year of all coun- 
 tries having a leather industry on any considerable scale may be 
 roughly estimated at from 3,300,000,000 to 3,500,000,000 pounds. It 
 is probable that the difference between this figure and the figure for 
 total exports just given (after subtracting an estimate of total re- 
 exports from the latter) can be reasonably accounted for by the con- 
 sumption of domestic raw stock in the producing countries themselves. 
 
 The data for the world exports of individual classes of hides and 
 skins are even less complete but they serve as a basis for very rough 
 estimates of 1,470,000,000 pounds of cattle hides (including buffalo 
 hides and calfskins); 290,000,000 pounds of sheepskins; and 219,- 
 000,000 pounds of goatskins. Separate figures of calfskins are avail- 
 able for too few countries to make an estimate of any value. The item 
 of buffalo hides is relatively insignificant. Mention has already been 
 made of the bearing of the amount of the goatskin exports on the 
 correctness of official figures for the numbers of goats. The remnant 
 of 48,000,000 pounds covers ail other classes of hides and skins, in- 
 cluding horse, ass and mule hides, and in some countries the skins of 
 wild animals not properly belonging with tanners' raw stock. In the 
 case of Africa these constitute an item of some importance, and it is 
 possible that sufficient allowance has not been made for them in the 
 estimates for "Other Africa." The total exports of horse, ass and 
 mule hides for which separate figures have been obtained amounted 
 to 28,500,000 pounds ; but this is materially below the actual total. 
 
 The total of 2,027,000,000 pounds for world exports of hides and 
 skins in 1913 may be divided roughly into a total of 1,064,000,000 for 
 Asia, Africa, Latin America, and Australasia, which are primarily raw 
 stock producing areas ; and 963,000,000 pounds for Europe, the United 
 States, and Canada, which are primarily raw stock consuming areas. 
 In making this distribution the whole of the former Russian and 
 Turkish empires have been included with Europe. In tlie case of 
 Russia, this was done because during the two years preceding the war 
 there was only a slight excess of raw stock exports over imports ; and 
 in the case of Turkey the existing figures are so defective that its 
 
52 
 
 inclusion affects the result very little in either direction. The two totals 
 for the producing and consuming areas should not be compared 
 directly with each other, since there is a large item of reexports (for 
 estimating which the available data are insufficient) to be subtracted 
 from the latter. 
 
 Of the 1,064,000,000 pounds shipped from the producing regions 
 under this classification, it may be estimated that 730,000,000 pounds 
 consisted of cattle hides, buffalo hides and calfskins; 182,000,000 
 pounds of sheepskins; 121,000,000 pounds of goatskins; and 31,000,000 
 pounds of all other hides and skins. 
 
 Of the world exports of cattle hides (including buffalo hides and 
 calfskins) there were shipped from the producing area just defined 
 approximately 730,000,000 pounds, of which 135,000,000 came from 
 India; 66,000,000 from China; 60,000,000 from Africa; 401,000,000 
 from Latin America ; and approximately 34,000,000 from Australasia. 
 Of the sheepskins there came from this producing area approximately 
 182,000,000 pounds, of which there originated in India about 4,000,000; 
 in China, 5,000,000; in Africa, 44,0000,000; in Latin America, 70,- 
 000,000; and in Australasia, 56,000,000. Of the world exports of goat- 
 skins there were shipped from this area approximately 121,000,000 
 pounds, of which China produced 13,000,000 pounds; India, 58,000,000; 
 Africa, 24,000,000; Latin America, 23,000,000; and Australasia a 
 negligible quantity only.^ 
 
 Subsequent developments in raw stock production. 
 
 With regard to the development of the raw stock situation since 
 the years for which these figures are computed, it is difficult to speak 
 very definitely, as the data are too scanty. As far as the numbers of 
 livestock are concerned, the world situation was carefully investigated 
 by the Bureau of Crop Estimates of the United States Department of 
 Agriculture^ in 1915-16; and they arrived at the conclusion that, since 
 
 ^The remainder of each class not accounted for in this distribution by grand 
 divisions of the world originated in Asia outside of India and China. Of tiie 
 34,000,000 pounds of cattle hides about 14,000,000 came from the Dutch East Indies, 
 and the bulk of the remainder from Indo-China and Siam. The 3,000,000 pounds 
 each of sheep and goat skins represent very rough estimates for Persia and other 
 parts of central and southwestern Asia not elsewhere accounted for. 
 
 2The Meat Situation in the United States, Part I : Report No. 109 of the Office 
 of the Secretary of Agriculture, 1916. 
 
53 
 
 about 1907, the number of cattle in most countries had been not far 
 from stationary, and had increased in a very few only — which, with 
 exception of the United States, Asiatic Russia and Uruguay, were un- 
 important. This stationary condition was pretty general in Europe 
 and existed also in Chile, Australia and Argentina — in the two latter 
 mainly as a result of overslaughter prompted by the ruling high prices 
 of beef. It must be remarked, however, that these statements do not 
 take into account the large numbers of cattle in British India, China, and 
 in other large areas of Asia, and of Africa and Latin America, where 
 the cattle supply and grazing resources are by no means being used to 
 the limit. Comparatively few figures for numbers of cattle are avail- 
 able later than those used in compiling the report of the Bureau of 
 Crop estimates just referred to; but such as exist do not show very 
 much change in the situation as outlined. There appears, however 
 to have been a recovery in the numbers of cattle in Argentina, if the 
 estimates of hide dealers in Buenos Aires of a total of 27,000,000 
 for 1917 are to be accepted. 
 
 With regard to sheep, the Bureau of Crop Estimates came to the 
 conclusion in 1916 that, since about 1907 or 1908, numbers of sheep 
 had increased absolutely in a small number of countries only ; although 
 these include Argentina, Uruguay, New Zealand, and the Union of 
 South Africa — all countries of the highest importance. In some other 
 important countries, including Asiatic Russia, Spain, and Hungary, 
 the number of sheep had been about stationary; but it had declined 
 absolutely in a long list, including a number of high importance, such 
 as Australia, European Russia, and the United States, France, Austria, 
 Germany, and Canada. The few figures which have become available 
 since these conclusions were arrived at, affect the situation very little ; 
 although here again it must be emphasized that potentially important 
 producing areas in Asia and Africa were not taken into consideration 
 in making the statements just summarized. 
 
 Raw stock supplies after the war. 
 
 It would appear, therefore, that upon a resumption of normal com- 
 mercial competition at the end of the war, American tanners will be 
 facing a world situation where the tendency has been much more 
 towards a stationary, or even a decreasing, output of cattle hides, calf- 
 skins and sheepskins in the producing areas for which the fullest data 
 
54 
 
 are available, than towards an increase. With regard to goatskins it 
 is not possible to speak so precisely, as the Bureau of Crop Estimates 
 investigation did not cover the supply of goats, and available figures 
 for stocks of these animals are, as already stated, defective. It seems 
 certain, however, that there are large supplies of goats in China, and 
 in many other less developed regions, which have not yet been exten- 
 sively drawn upon ; and it is probable, therefore, that there is not much 
 need for apprehension with regard to future supplies of this class of 
 raw stock. 
 
 At the same time, furthermore, it must be borne in mind that con- 
 clusions like those of the Bureau of Crop Estimates, which are based 
 exclusively on statistical data, tend to underrate the relative importance 
 of producing areas for which statistics are deficient, and especially of 
 those areas whose importance is potential rather than actual. This 
 last applies very strongly to China (especially Mongolia and Turkes- 
 tan) ; to considerable areas in southeastern Asia and the East Indies ; 
 and to large regions in central and southwestern Asia and tropical 
 America, and in the Sudan and central Africa. It seems safe to say 
 that for the raw stock produced in the more developed regions the 
 competition in the near future will become increasingly keen ; and that 
 a considerable advantage will lie with the purchasers who have the 
 most direct and efficient buying connections and also the best access 
 to supplies from the less developed areas. 
 
 In the remarks in the preceding paragraph no account was taken of 
 the wastage caused by the war in Europe. This will undoubtedly be 
 a complicating factor for time being; but it must be remembered that 
 animal stocks, with anything like an intelligent slaughter policy, tend 
 to recovery from wastage of this kind with considerable rapidity. 
 Striking illustrations of this appear in Cuba in the years following the 
 establishment of peace in 1899,, where the number of cattle increased 
 from 275,000 to 3,400,000 in fifteen years, despite a comparatively 
 heavy slaughter ; and in the Union of South Africa, where the number 
 of cattle, which had been all but swept away during the Boer War, 
 had been restored to 6,000,000 by 1911. It may be questioned indeed 
 whether the domestic supplies of raw stock in Europe will not be 
 brought back to normal amounts faster than the European leather 
 manufacturing industries can recuperate sufficiently to utilize them. 
 
 While, on the face of these figures, only a comparatively small per- 
 centage of the world exports of cattle hides, sheepskins and goatskins 
 
55 
 
 originated in British possessions, it is necessary to take into account the 
 additional percentage, particularly in Latin America, that is controlled 
 by British interests through the utilization of British buying houses 
 in the producing countries and of British shipping for purposes of 
 transportation. The degree of control over the raw-stock export sup- 
 plies of the world that is thus held by British interests is of the greatest 
 importance, both as between that country and other individual countries 
 and as between the nations at present in alliance against Germany and 
 the enemy and neutral States. It has been shown elsewhere how far 
 it would be in the power of the British and other allied Governments 
 to control former German sources of supply of hides and skins for a 
 long time after the war, if it should be decided to attempt such a course. 
 
 SUPPLIES OF RAW STOCK FOR AMERICAN TANNERS. 
 
 It is obviously a matter of the first importance to have at hand in- 
 formation with regard to the distribution of the world supplies of the 
 chief classes of hides and skins, and the extent to which the existing 
 control of production and purchases may be relied on to assure to 
 American tanners the shares that they require. The following notes 
 touch upon a few important points in this connection. 
 
 Purchase of cattle hides in Latin America. 
 
 With regard to the purchase of wet salted cattle hides in South 
 America, the facilities for securing supplies include the following: 
 There are several very large heairy leather tanners, besides at least one 
 large shoe-manufacturing tanner, who have their own representatives in 
 the Argentine Republic; and these make purchases in both Argentina 
 and Uruguay (Montevideo being only a few hours' run from Buenos 
 Aires). One of the American tanning concerns purchases on behalf 
 of itself and of several other firms. There is at least one very large 
 brokerage house that acts as purchasing agent for more than a dozen 
 American tanners, including one important shoe-manufacturing tanner, 
 and another representing a considerable number additional. In the 
 United States there is an important firm of selling agents in New York 
 that acts as the United States representative of a very large Argentine 
 hide-buying concern. 
 
 The above-mentioned firms deal largely in frigorifico hides that are 
 
56 
 
 purchased directly from the frigoriftcos. It is estimated that two- 
 thirds of the wet salted hides that are imported into the United States 
 from this region are frigorificos, the remainder being mataderos and 
 saladeros. It is stated that the United States takes all ot the hides pro- 
 duced by American-owned frigorificos, and a considerable quantity of 
 the same class turned out by the British and native packing concerns. 
 
 The firms above named also deal largely in matadero and saladero 
 wet hides, but the bulk of the business, as already stated, consists of 
 frigorificos. 
 
 In the case of dry hides, the stocks in the Argentine Republic — se- 
 cured from sources other than packing plants — are accumulated by 
 large dealers in various centers of the country. They have facilities 
 for assorting, storing, and drying small lots (say 100 or 200) accumu- 
 lated by farmers and small dealers and brought to them for final dis- 
 position. This business is largely in the hands of native firms, although 
 it is understood that a considerable number of Germans have been im- 
 portant factors in the past. So far as can be ascertained, not more 
 than two or three of the large tanning firms are buying this class of 
 stock in direct competition with the large native firms. In general, the 
 American firms make their purchases from the native concerns in 
 question. 
 
 Cattle amd buffalo hides in the Orient. 
 
 As regards the Far East, there are no American representatives buy- 
 ing cattle hides in either the Dutch East Indies or British India. Pur- 
 chases are made largely through resident agents of Dutch, British, and 
 other nationalities. In China the trade is mainly in the hands of large 
 foreign merchandise houses, which are accumulators of hides purchased 
 from natives. They maintain their own "godowns" or houses for the 
 accumulation of hides for export to the United States and other 
 countries. 
 
 A large item of Oriental hides consists of those of the water buffalo. 
 Of these, India is the largest producer. While buffalo hides account 
 only for a relatively small item in our import figures, yet at times they 
 are used in considerable quantities for producing a cheap grade of sole 
 leather. Since buffalo hides are very porous they are not suitable for 
 the better grades. Those from Java have been used largely in pro- 
 ducing chrome sole leather for cheap sporting shoes. 
 
57 
 
 Cattle hides from Europe Calfskins. 
 
 In connection with the general subject of our cattle hide supplies, it 
 will be noticed that considerable quantities of this class of raw stock 
 have been exchanged with European countries. On the face of it, it 
 looks as if this trade is a bit inconsistent ; but, in discussing the matter 
 with hide experts, it appears to be accounted for by the fact that certain 
 classes of hides of extra fine quality produced in Germany and other 
 countries were bought by American tanners for special purposes. 
 
 The best calfskins produced in the world come from Continental 
 Europe; and the United States naturally has looked to that section 
 of the world for its supply. Both France and Germany have produced 
 unusually fine grades of these skins. As already stated, there has 
 been an enormous decline in the importations of European calfskins, 
 for which Russia was formerly our principal source of supply. 
 
 Purchase of sheepskins from Australasia. 
 
 The chief item for which American tanners look to Australasia for 
 supplies is sheepskins. Before the war practically all the purchases of 
 these skins were made through London. The business was handled in 
 this way for the reason that it was entirely British-controlled; it was 
 financed by London banks and the goods were carried in British ships. 
 Within the past year or two the bulk of the importations have come 
 direct from Australasia. This has been due to the fact that ships have 
 been allocated outright for the direct trade. At present it is not be- 
 lieved that American representatives of more than two or three United 
 States firms are doing direct purchasing in this region, most of the 
 supplies being secured through resident agents of other nationalities. 
 
 The Argentine market is probably the most open in the world, and 
 buyers for American, British, French, and German firms are operating 
 there. There is possibly more German competition in Argentina than 
 in any other region. It is also to be noted that a large part of the 
 sheepskins produced in the Argentine are controlled by packers, and 
 that this means that a considerable portion is in the hands of American 
 firms. 
 
 There are more than 20 goat and kid tanners who have native buy- 
 ing agents in India and China, but not more than two or three have 
 their own exclusive men. There are probably 20 or more importing 
 firms that have their own or native agencies in these countries. 
 
58 
 
 [The following are provisional estimates, based on export and import statistics, 
 on the figures of the Census of Manufactures of 1914, and on data secured from 
 the trade or from the Department of Agriculture with regard to the domestic 
 kill in subsequent years.] 
 
 APPENDIX A. 
 
 HIDES AND SKINS OBTAINED FROM DOMESTIC KILL, IMPORTED, 
 EXPORTED, AND REMAINING FOR USE AS TANNERS' RAW MA- 
 TERIAL DURING THE YEARS ENDING DECEMBER 31, 191S, to 1917. 
 
 Hides and Skins : 
 Obtained from domestic kill of country 
 and packers : 1915. 
 
 (Pieces) 
 
 Cattle 12,592,000 
 
 Calf 5,418,000 
 
 Sheep 15,850,000 
 
 Goat 431,000 
 
 Imports. 
 
 Cattle 11,286,436 
 
 Calf 6,020,381 
 
 Sheep 30,687,586 
 
 Goat 43,771,811 
 
 (Pounds) 
 
 Kangaroo 962,509 
 
 Exports. 
 
 (Pieces) 
 
 Cattle 786,571 
 
 Calf 212,595 
 
 Sheep 35,297 
 
 Goat 264,849 
 
 Kangaroo 
 
 Apparent number remaining in United 
 States for use as tanners' raw stock : 
 
 Cattle 23,091,865 
 
 Calf 11,225,786 
 
 Sheep 46,502,289 
 
 Goat 43,937,962 
 
 (Pounds) 
 
 Kangaroo 962,509 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 (Pieces) 
 
 (Pieces) 
 
 14,620,000 
 
 13,723,900 
 
 7,048,000 
 
 7,030,700 
 
 14,065,000 
 
 12,123,800 
 
 563,000 
 
 470,000 
 
 12,550,744 
 
 11,181,977 
 
 7,939,173 
 
 4,783,461 
 
 42,501,620 
 
 33,759,892 
 
 60,476,781 
 
 50,885,336 
 
 (Pounds) 
 
 (Pounds) 
 
 1,229,026 
 
 603,541 
 
 (Pieces) 
 
 (Pieces) 
 
 677,023 
 
 431,746 
 
 373,175 
 
 247,920 
 
 27,772 
 
 188,802 
 
 339,411 
 
 203,923 
 
 
 7 171 
 
 26,493,721 
 
 24,474,131 
 
 14,613,998 
 
 11,566,241 
 
 56,538,848 
 
 45,694,290 
 
 60,700,370 
 
 51,151,413 
 
 (Pounds) 
 
 (Pounds) 
 
 1,229,026 
 
 596,370 
 
 PERCENTAGES OF LEATHER PRODUCED IN THE UNITED STATES 
 FROM IMPORTED AND DOMESTIC RAW STOCK. 
 
 1915. 1916. 1917. 
 
 Imported. Domestic. Imported. Domestic. Imported. Domestic. 
 
 Cattle 47.5 52.5 45.8 54,2 44.7 55 3 
 
 Calf 52.3 47.7 53.0 47.0 40.5 595 
 
 Sheep 65.9 34.1 75.1 24.9 73.5 265 
 
 Goat 99.0 1.0 99.1 0.9 991 09 
 
 Kangaroo .... 100.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 1000 00 
 
59 
 
 APPENDIX B. 
 
 PRODUCTION OF LEATHER IN THE UNITED STATES DURING THE 
 YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1914, AND ESTIMATED PRODUC- 
 TION FOR THE YEARS ENDING DECEMBER 31, 1915, 1916, 1917. 
 
 1914. 
 
 1915. 
 
 1916. 
 
 1917. 
 
 Leathers made from 
 
 
 
 
 
 Cattle Hides. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sole 
 
 Sides 
 
 18,075,482 
 
 25,401,051 
 
 29,143,093 
 
 26,921,544 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $116,188,059 
 
 $179,585,430 
 
 $234,310,468 
 
 $303,136,585 
 
 Belting butts 
 
 Butts 
 Value 
 
 647,2241 
 $8,369,584 
 
 
 
 
 Harness 
 
 Sides 
 
 2,773,312 
 
 (Sides) 
 
 (Sides) 
 
 (Sides) 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $20,969,169 
 
 20,782,680 
 
 23,844,359 
 
 22,026,718 
 
 Cattle side upper 
 
 , Sides 
 
 10,037,284 
 
 ^ (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $32,939,139 
 
 $107,446,452 
 
 $139,780,842 
 
 $180,716,985 
 
 Upholstery 
 
 Value 
 
 $14,328,358 
 
 
 
 
 Bookbinders' 
 
 Value 
 
 $1,362,673 , 
 
 
 
 
 Leathers made from 
 
 
 
 
 
 Calf Skins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper 
 
 Skins 
 Value 
 
 15,869,401 -^ 
 $41,812,734 
 
 
 
 
 Patent 
 
 Skins 
 
 58,135 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $100,612 
 
 11,225,786 
 
 14,613,998 
 
 11,566,241 
 
 Fancy 
 
 Skins 
 
 302,816 
 
 ■ (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $674,366 
 
 $33,452,842 
 
 $56,263,892 
 
 $60,954,090 
 
 Glove 
 
 Skins 
 Value 
 
 356,925 
 $725,024, 
 
 
 
 
 Leathers made from 
 
 
 
 
 
 Sheep Skins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper 
 
 Skins 
 Value 
 
 16,794,641' 
 $10,885,175 
 
 
 
 
 Patent 
 
 Skins 
 
 975,327 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $632,303 
 
 46,502,289 
 
 56,538,848 
 
 45,694,290 
 
 Fancy 
 
 Skins 
 
 6,051,190 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $4,531,371 
 
 " 
 
 
 
 Glove 
 
 Skins 
 
 3,637,279 
 
 (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $2,169,839 
 
 $30,226,488 
 
 $45,231,078 
 
 $59,402,577 
 
 Chamois 
 
 Skins 
 Value 
 
 1,948,533 
 $925,492^ 
 
 
 
 
 Leathers made from 
 
 
 
 
 
 Goat Skins. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Upper 
 
 Skins 
 
 29,874,538^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $26,113,234 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 (Skins) 
 
 Patent 
 
 Skins 
 
 3,614,790 
 
 43,937,962 
 
 60,700,370 
 
 51,151,413 
 
 
 Value 
 
 $3,966,577 
 
 .. 
 
 
 
 Fancy 
 
 Skins 
 
 1,132,254 
 
 (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 (Value) 
 
 
 Vdlue 
 
 $1,200,218 
 
 $39,544,166 
 
 $72,840,444 
 
 $124,809,448 
 
 Glove 
 
 Skins 
 Value 
 
 5.694 
 $4,080. 
 
 
 
 
 Other leathers 
 
 Value 
 
 $53,898,429 
 $341,796,436 
 
 $15,682,990 
 $405,938,368 
 
 $25,288,977 
 $573,715,701 
 
 $39,722,870 
 
 Total 
 
 $768,742,555 
 
60 
 
 APPENDIX C. 
 
 [The figures in the following table give a fuller view of the development of 
 leather production and trade in the chief countries of the world for the period 
 1913 to 1917 than it was possible to give by means of statistics scattered through 
 the text. Minor countries have been omitted, as the collection of data for them 
 would have materially delayed publication. It must be remembered, however, 
 that while such countries are relatively unimportant, especially as regards pro- 
 duction, their consumption of raw stock and their imports and exports of 
 leather would reach considerable amounts in the aggregate. 
 
 The figures shown in the first column of the table, under production by quan- 
 tity, are, strictly speaking, for quantities of raw stock consumed. As data have 
 not been available for reducing the gross weight of green raw stock consumed 
 to net weight, these figures are presumably higher than the weights of finished 
 leather produced; and this accounts for the low average value per pound which 
 appears in the case of the United States and Germany, where production figures 
 are given by both quantity and value. All these figures for raw stock con- 
 sumed are estimates based on statistics for net imports and domestic kill; and 
 the figures for the value of leather produced in the United States for 1915, 1916 
 and 1917 and in Germany for 1913 are estimates of a similar kind, with allow- 
 ance for average changes in wholesale prices. 
 
 The gross total of imports of leather for the countries shown in the table 
 during the year 1913 (or the nearest previous or subsequent year for which 
 figures are available) was approximately $170,000,000; and the corresponding 
 total of exports was $170,000,000. Some of these figures entering into these 
 totals need to be corrected for re-exports, for estimating which available data 
 were insufficient; but this is not a disturbing factor of as much importance as 
 in the case of raw stock. 
 
 The total consumption of raw stock during the year 1913 for the countries 
 for which figures are given on the table amounted to a little less than 2,900,000,000 
 pounds, which may be roughly calculated to have been between 80 and 90 per 
 cent of the total world consumption for that year, as estimated on page 51. 
 Of this total the United States accounted for between 35 and 40 per cent and 
 Germany for 21 or 22 per cent. The whole of Asia, Africa and Australasia, of 
 the American Continent outside of the United States, and of Europe outside 
 of the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary, ac- 
 counted at the most liberal estimate for less than 20 per cent of this total 
 consumption, and probably for not much over 10 per cent. 
 
 As no figures exist for the value of leather produced in any of the principal 
 manufacturing countries, except the United States and Germany, for any year 
 later than 1911, the existing data are insufficient for estimating the value of 
 the world production of leather for any recent year.] 
 
61 
 
 PRODUCTION, EXPORTS AND IMPORTS OF LEATHER AND TANNED HIDES 
 
 AND SKINS OF ALL CLASSES FOR THE PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE 
 WORLD. 
 
 PRODUCTION. IMPORTS. EXPORTS. 
 
 Quantity." Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. 
 
 Pounds. Pounds. Pounds. 
 United States: 
 
 1913 1,272,000,000 $9,292,422 $38,437,687 
 
 1914 $341,796,436 15,008,801 44,975,996 
 
 1915 405,938,368 »> 9,620,835 " 80,865,037 
 
 1916 1,532,000,000 573,715,701 16,984,958 100,498,137 
 
 1917 1,598,000,000 768,742,555 18,126,314 80,626,659 
 
 Canada 
 
 1913 . , 4,174,507 1,353,473 
 
 1914 3,035,609 3,067,586 
 
 1915 " •> 2,834,382 i= 6,561,481 
 
 1916 24,000,000 3,216,302 7,297,295 
 
 1917 6,403,125 5,606,158 
 
 Europe : 
 Germany 
 
 1913 742,827,000 195,000,000 22,299,100 20,308,000 54,283,700 57,598,000 
 
 Austria-Hungary 
 
 1913 120,000,000 4 18,822,647 15,588,374 9,144,902 5,839,067 
 
 United Kingdom 
 
 1913 272,000,000 131,723,200 57,063,050 28,638,288 16,833,512 
 
 1914 141,809,696 51,449,125 24,874,080 13,842,832 
 
 1915 d 173,189,408 76,159,281 13,983,648 6,471,082 
 
 1916 295,000,000 135,839,424 74,217,804 16,569,504 13,086,018 
 
 1917 372,000,000 73,075,520 51,320,172 6,257,056 7,433,992 
 
 France 
 
 1913 .. 333,000,000 18,346,240 14,246,800 33,924,440 28,980,200 
 
 1914 « 11,507,320 9,494,400 23,530,980 20,395,200 
 
 1915 . 31,288,460 24,269,600 9,961,820 9,784,200 
 
 1916 246,000,000 39,482,920 31,113,400 11,526,900 12,651,800 
 
 1917 260,000,000 
 
 Italy 
 
 1913 148,000,000 7,657,980 11,769,327 1,791,680 1,334,771 
 
 1914 . . 6,053,960 9,315,939 1,354,320 846,343 
 
 1915 ■ 4 3,727,680 7,648,700 1,801,360 1,391,970 
 
 1916 179,000,000 5,778,960 13,825,630 527,120 1,147,630 
 
 1917 112,000,000 3,511,200 9,796,740 518,540 1,081,960 
 
 Belgium 
 
 1913 e e 5,699,016 4,330,838 14,552,903 7,804,837 
 
 Russia 
 
 1912 36,307,850 
 
 1913 1 16,363,980 10,832,639 1,095,876 498,194 
 
 Latin America : 
 
 Argentina 
 
 1913 13,700,000 1,734,163 2,557,394 431,772 
 
 1914 b 838,967 1,154,429 " 337,677 
 
 1915 832,999 1,130,439 991,895 
 
 1916!;!!!'.'.!'.!'.'. 1,096,100 1,233,345 899,612 
 
 ^■ion e g 3,807,547 5,159,532 186,057 8,177 
 
 1917.!!!!!!!!!!! 1,769,537 4,280,000 8S3,762 614,422 
 
 ^^llls b 599,941 549,966 ^ " 
 
 1915.'.....'.'..... 8,000,000 
 
 *^"ion B B 1,079,954 637,017 141,385 9,795 
 
 1917.!!!!!!!!!!! 1,562,757 1,077,789 1,777,337 43,463 
 
62 
 
 Mexico 
 
 1913 
 
 Australasia : 
 Australia 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 New Zealand 
 
 1914 
 
 191S 
 
 1916 
 
 Asia: 
 India 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 Japan 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 China 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 Dutch East Indies 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 Africa : 
 
 Union of South Africa 
 
 1913 
 
 1914 
 
 1915 
 
 1916 
 
 1917 
 
 PRODUCTION. 
 Quantity.* Value. 
 Pounds 
 
 IMPORTS. 
 Quantity. Value. 
 Pounds. 
 
 461,828 319.652 
 
 EXPORTS. 
 Quantity. Value. 
 Pounds. 
 
 2,423 
 
 995 
 
 14,749,315 
 16,879,000 
 
 b 
 
 2,155,815 
 
 1,840,710 
 1,639,627 
 
 i 
 
 i 
 
 4,060,550 
 
 876,902 
 745,360 
 
 594,883 
 743,580 
 
 J 
 
 1 
 
 k 
 
 728,784 
 554,288 
 404,992 
 409,584 
 367,136 
 
 481,365 
 515,459 
 366,179 
 430,792 
 470,737 
 
 1 
 40,817,952 
 34,250,720 
 37,601,312 
 44,830,128 
 55,703,648 
 
 1 
 14,979,233 
 13,770,506 
 15,424,824 
 18,284,209 
 30,612,519 
 
 4,600,000 
 "30,400,000 
 
 1,820,179 
 1,864.596 
 2,332,594 
 
 943,179 
 
 939,707 
 
 1,353,365 
 
 743,319 
 
 656,840 
 
 1,454,118 
 
 432,608 
 384,396 
 832,853 
 
 14,673,600 5,278,760 
 
 12,218,600 4,030.484 
 
 12,417,300 3,472,711 
 
 15.611,600 6,299,731 
 
 18,945,000 "11,154,252 
 
 1,415,377 
 
 1,406,784 
 
 546,115 
 
 2,300,000 
 
 479,376 
 515,482 
 251,047 
 
 1,039,732 
 788,631 
 
 1,136391 
 584,967 
 542,780 
 
 5,062 
 
 12,927 
 
 77,236 
 
 101,154 
 
 72,136 
 
 822,936 
 377,413 
 632,369 
 602,027 
 647,988 
 
 2,341 
 
 8,322 
 
 35,272 
 
 53,375 
 
 50,489 
 
 "More strictly, the quantity of raw stock consumed. 
 
 ''Quantities not available. 
 
 "A very rough estimate, made after the section on Austria-Hungary in the text had 
 been sent to press (page 24). 
 
 ^Values not available. 
 
 «No data available later than 1911, for which year the production is given is pieces only 
 (see page 32). 
 
 'No satisfactory total can be made for the quantity of leather produced in Russia in 
 1912, as the statistics are partly in pieces and partly by weight. Such a total is available for 
 1916), (see table on page 34), but in pieces only, without the details necessary for an estimated 
 conversion into pounds. 
 
 sNo figures for production available. 
 
 ••Figures for exports not available. 
 
 'Production negligible, as regards finished leather on a competitive basis. 
 
 JExports of leather non-existent or negligible. 
 
 ^Production of rough-tanned leather large, but no figures available. 
 
 'Almost wholly rough-tanned. 
 
 "Increase due to Russian war orders, and probably temporary. 
 
 "Increase in value mainly due to abnormal exchange value of Chinese silver currency. 
 
STATEMENT OF RAW STOCK SHOWING THE NUMBER OF LIVE ANIMALS AND THE IMPORTS AND EXPORTS OF HIDES AND SKINS BY COUNTRIES. 
 
 Countries. 
 
 Asia : 
 
 British India 
 
 China 
 
 Years. Live animals. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Dutch East Indies. 
 
 Other Asia 
 
 Africa : 
 
 Union of South Africa. 
 
 British East Africa.... 
 
 Egypt 
 
 Algeria 
 
 Tunis 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 
 1911 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 
 1913 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 ^100,422,082 
 "119,252,062 
 
 21,996,693 
 
 '>5,674,020 
 
 20,000,000 
 
 5,797,000 
 
 900,000 
 
 Other Africa (estimated) 1913 
 
 Latin America : 
 Argentina . 
 
 Brazil 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1915 
 1916 
 1917 
 
 1912 
 1913 
 1914 
 1916 
 
 "1, 169,524 
 1,107,000 
 
 239,989 
 
 32,960,000 
 
 29,016,000 
 25,866,763 
 
 (n) 
 
 ='30,705,400 
 ==28,962,180 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Hides. 
 Imports. Exports. 
 Pounds. Pounds. 
 
 131,738,544 
 
 121,956,912 
 
 77,532,896 
 
 95,424,000 
 
 94,387,328 
 
 43,919,600 
 66,405,066 
 55,616,400 
 58,319,333 
 62,061,466 
 63,613,200 
 
 14,995,660 
 
 13,739,856 
 
 9,979,545 
 
 '>10,113,424 
 
 6,000,000 19,650,000 
 
 53,755 
 
 167,935 
 
 73,643 
 
 361,256 
 
 1,333,645 
 
 762,168 
 
 52,045 
 
 9,957 
 
 47,297 
 
 31,218 
 
 185,424 
 62,443 
 
 20,428,461 
 21,279,840 
 14,673,065 
 15,387,690 
 19,629.784 
 17,380,897 
 
 1,950,704 
 2,023,280 
 
 6988,855 
 6189,083 
 6898,643 
 6593,142 
 
 5,086,700 
 3,311,500 
 2,498,600 
 
 1,209,238 
 
 594,360 
 30,000,000 
 
 242,486,200 
 191,342,000 
 
 f>171,743,00O 
 197.619,400 
 218,658,000 
 
 b210,071,400 
 
 79,760,443 
 77,164,450 
 69,154,804 
 
 Live animals. 
 Number. 
 
 38,639,837 
 
 42,184,790 
 
 (b) 
 
 Calves. 
 
 Imports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Skins. 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (h) 
 
 (b) 
 
 247,229 
 240,935 
 85,144 
 173,833 
 186,828 
 
 Exports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 3,319,680 
 2,924,992 
 2,369,808 
 3,333,232 
 5,704,496 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 8,200 
 
 900 
 
 337,000 
 
 (b) 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 (b) 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 Live animals. 
 Number. 
 
 22,934,265 
 
 31,015,836 
 
 22,186,175 
 
 Skins. 
 
 Imports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 (w) 
 12,000,000 
 
 35,711,000 
 31,434,000 
 
 k6,555,00O 
 
 250,000 
 
 66,969 
 194.300 
 
 85,763 
 147,470 
 450,868 
 410,478 
 
 Exports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 3,546,816 
 3,703,504 
 2,945,040 
 3,642,128 
 5,055,008 
 
 6997,911 
 61,463,926 
 
 6979,286 
 61,755,622 
 63,175,386 
 64,562,831 
 
 3,150,000 
 
 29.029,147 
 32,196,400 
 30.353,731 
 37,226,422 
 30,413,829 
 24,951,345 
 
 Live animals. 
 Number. 
 
 rr) 
 28,683,583 
 
 33,338,487 
 
 (v) 
 
 Goats. 
 
 Imports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Skins. 
 
 Horses. 
 
 (w) 
 
 !,000,000 
 
 11,521,000 
 
 8,918,000 
 
 250,000 
 
 Exports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 58,346,848 
 50,775,872 
 42,790,944 
 44,794,512 
 58,442,496 
 
 610,484,179 
 612,662,037 
 6 9,916,289 
 612,933.362 
 617,502,240 
 620,771,975 
 
 921,391 
 1,034,433 
 
 663,923 
 1,654,279 
 
 2,200,000 
 
 8,126,360 
 9,104,691 
 7,941,096 
 8,304,792 
 8,513,363 
 4,504,586 
 
 520,688 
 621,928 
 
 Live animals. 
 Number. 
 
 ■=2,999,837 
 
 3,236,791 
 
 69,328,693 
 
 Hides. 
 
 All others. 
 
 Imports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Exports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 Imports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 3,282,160 
 3,685,472 
 2,703,984 
 3,263,568 
 4,556,944 
 
 Exports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 651,952 
 97,440 
 67,536 
 39,536 
 50,960 
 
 638,150 
 6113,840 
 6115,660 
 6138,830 
 6259,570 
 6307,570 
 
 291,473 
 4,000,000 
 
 79,000 
 
 410,843 
 666,182 
 607,655 
 
 727.030 
 523.071 
 511,007 
 
 
 620,967 
 
 62,723,929 
 63,088,650 
 62,318,401 
 62,697,619 
 63,027,064 
 
 3,787.300 
 3,169,500 
 3,560,000 
 
 
 (d) 
 
 (d) 
 
 2,567,700 
 2,001,500 
 2,029,500 
 
 694,735 
 
 1,147,910 
 
 27,654 
 254 
 
 1,480,683 
 2,242,387 
 
 521.912 
 
 hl6,257 
 h38,986 
 
 928,461 
 540,638 
 
 115,026 
 
 37,400,000 
 
 
 3,000,000 
 
 29,300.00 
 
 
 10,000,000 
 
 353,000 
 
 °43,225,252 
 
 48,919 
 56,804 
 75,786 
 27,636 
 . 43,553 
 
 62,911,200 
 41,857,200 
 28,514,200 
 44,495,000 
 32,012,200 
 24,915,000 
 
 4,325,280 
 
 338,310 
 349.580 
 168,282 
 170,513 
 138.883 
 
 5,071,000 
 4,378,000 
 3,175,600 
 5,192,000 
 5,627,600 
 4,188,800 
 
 7,531,376 
 
 nO,559,930 
 =7,204,920 
 
 
 1,608,222 
 1,591,024 
 1,334,228 
 
 '10/ 70 
 '6 lO 
 
 
 5,147,195 
 5,050,943 
 3,778,117 
 
 7.289,690 
 6,065,230 
 
 4,000,000 
 
 2,859,000 
 2,602,600 
 3,066,800 
 5,605,600 
 8,692,200 
 8,690,000 
 
 304 
 264 
 154 
 
 262,644 
 472,259 
 361,581 
 
 Tot.nls. 
 
 Imports. 
 Pounds. 
 
 3.282,160 
 3,685,472 
 2,703,984 
 3,263,568 
 4,556,944 
 
 Exports. 
 Pou)tds. 
 
 197,603,840 
 179,458,720 
 125,706,224 
 147,233,408 
 163,640,288' 
 
 1 55,439.840 
 1 80,644.869 
 i 66,627,635 
 •73.147,147 
 1 82,998,662 
 1 89,255,576 
 
 16,327,894 
 15,440,471 
 11.251.223 
 11,767,703 
 
 6,500,000 25,000,000 
 
 120,724 
 362,235 
 159,406 
 508,726 
 1,784,513 
 1,172,646 
 
 52,045 
 
 9,957 
 
 47,297 
 
 1 52,185 
 
 2,556,500 
 1,964,300 
 1,454,600 
 
 229,335 
 101,683 
 
 634,458 
 647,319 
 329,212 
 371,982 
 369,264 
 
 57,583,968 
 62.580,931 
 52,967,892 
 60,918.904 
 58.556,976 
 46,836,828 
 
 2,471,392 
 2,645,208 
 6727,030 
 6523,071 
 6511,007 
 (g) 
 
 i 2,723,929 
 1 4,077,505 
 i 2.507,484 
 1 3,596,262 
 1 3,620,206 
 
 11,449,900 
 8,483,400 
 8,425,100 
 
 3,618,382 
 
 3,377,385 
 
 47,000,000 
 
 313,327,400 
 240,179,800 
 206,499,600 
 252,912.000 
 264,990.000 
 247,865,200 
 
 86,778,808 
 84,278.940 
 74,628,884