FINE 
 
 DA 
 
 687 
 
 .T7 
 
 L64 
 
 1902 
 
CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
 FINE ARTS LIBRARY 
 
-* 
 
 7902 
 216 
 
 [All Eights Reserved. 
 
 AUTHORISED 
 
 mi TO THE TOW 
 
 W. J. LOFTIE, B.A., F.S.A. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMOURY, 
 
 THE VISCOUNT DILLON, P.S.A.* 
 
 {Curator of the Tower Armouries). 
 
 LONDON: 
 ■■ PRINTED FOB HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONBBT. OFFICE. 
 BY HAERISON AND SONS, ST. MABTIN'S LANE, 
 PBINTEBS IN ORDnrABY TO HIS MAJBSTT. 
 
 AND aOLD AT THE TOWHS. 
 1902. 
 
 PRICE ONE PENNY. 
 

 DATE DUE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Jp: QAYUORD 
 
 
 
 PHIMTED IN U.S>- J 
 
3 1924 101 976 276 
 
 [All Righti Reierved. 
 
 ATJTHOEISED 
 
 GUIDE TO THE TOWER OF LONDOH. 
 
 ABBIBGUI). 
 
 REVISED EDITION 
 
 BT 
 
 W. J. LOFTIE, B.A., F.S.A. 
 
 WITH 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF THE ARMOURY, 
 
 THE VISCOUNT DILLON, P.S.A., 
 
 {Curator of the Tower Armouries). 
 
 LONDON; 
 
 PKINTBD FOB HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONBRY OFFIOB, 
 
 BT HAEBISON AND SONS, ST. MABTIN'8 LANE, 
 
 PKINTBRS IN OBDINAIiT TO HIS MAJESTY, 
 
 AlTD SOLD AT TEM TOWSS. 
 1902, 
 
 PRICE ONE PENNY. 
 
/^ <ik. 
 
 V t 1 
 
 ^ » ■* l» c s 
 
 VLiU OJ THB TOWEB. 
 
THE TOWER OF LONDON. 
 
 GENERAL SKETCH. 
 
 The Tower of London was founded in 1078, by 
 William the Conqueror, for the purpose of pro- 
 tecting and controlling the city. To make room 
 for his chief buildings he removed two bastions 
 of the old wall of London, and encroached slightly 
 upon the civic boundaries. Part therefore of the 
 Tower is in London, and part in Middlesex, but it 
 forms, with its surrounding fortifications, a precinct 
 in itself which belongs neither to the city nor the 
 county. It covers an area of 18 acres within the 
 Garden rails. 
 
 The present buildings are partly of the Nor- 
 man period ; but architecture of almost all the 
 styles which have flourished in England may be 
 found within the walls. It is well to remember 
 that though the Tower is no longer a place of great 
 mihtary strength it has in time past been a fortress, 
 a palace, and a prison, and to view it rightly we 
 must regard it in this threefold aspect. 
 
 It was first built as a fortress, and has a central 
 Keep, called the "White Tower." The Inner 
 Ward is defended by a wall, flanked by thirteen 
 towers, the entrance to it being on the south 
 side under the Bloody Tower. The Outer Ward 
 is defended by a second wall, flanked by six towerc 
 on the river face, and by three semicircular 
 bastions on tlEie north face. A Ditch or " Moaf ," 
 now dry, encircles the whole, crossed at the south- 
 
western angle by a stone bridge, leading to the 
 "By ward Tower" from tbe "Middle Tower," a 
 gateway which, had formerly an outwork, called 
 the "Lion Tower." 
 
 The Tower was occupied as a palace by all our 
 Kings and Queens down to Charles II. It was the 
 custom for each monarch to lodge in the Tower 
 before his coronation, and to ride in procession to 
 Westminster through the city. The Palace build- 
 ings stood eastward of the " Bloody Tower." 
 
 The security of the walls made it convenient as 
 a State prison, the first known prisoner being 
 Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Durham, who had been 
 active under William Rufus in pushing on the 
 buildings. From that time the Tower was seldom 
 without some captive, English or foreign, of rank 
 and importance. 
 
 In the Tudor period the "Green" within the 
 Tower was used on very rare occasions for 
 executions.* Condemned prisoners were usually 
 beheaded on 
 
 Tower Hill. 
 
 Emerging from the Mark Lane railway station, 
 the visitor obtains an excellent view of the great 
 fortress. Within the railed space of Trinity Square, 
 the first permanent scafibld on Tower Hill was set 
 ap in the reign of Edward III, but the first execu- 
 tion recorded here was that of Sir Simon Burley 
 in 1388. Here also were beheaded, among others, 
 Dudley, the minister of Henry VII (1510), his son, 
 the Duke of Northumberland (1553), his grandson, 
 Lord Guildford Dudley (1554), Cromwell, Earl of 
 
 • See Pag* 32. 
 
Essex (1540), More and Fisher (1535), Surrey 
 (1547), and his son, Norfolk (1572), Strafford 
 (1641), and Archbishop Laud (1645), and the 
 Scotch lords in 1716, 1746, and 1747, the last 
 being Simon, Lord Lovat. 
 
 The Tower moat is immediately before us. It 
 is drained and used as a parade ground. Beyond 
 it, as we approach the entrance, we have a good 
 view of the fortifications. On the extreme left are 
 the Brass Mount and North Bastions. In the middle 
 is Legge's Mount. To the right is the entrance gate- 
 way. The highest building behind is the White 
 Tower, easily distinguished by its four turrets. 
 In front of it are the Devereux, Beauchamp, and 
 Bell Towers, the residences of the Lieutenant of 
 the Tower and of the Yeoman Gaoler being in the 
 gabled and red tiled houses between the last two. 
 From one of these windows Lady Jane Grey saw her 
 husband's headless body brought in from Tower 
 Hill, by the route we now traverse ; and the leads 
 are stiE called Queen Elizabeth's Walk, as she used 
 tJiem during her captivity in 1554. 
 
 The Lion Tower 
 
 stood where the Ticket Office and Refreshment 
 Room are now. Here the visitor obtains a pass 
 which admits him to see the Regalia, or Crown 
 Jewels, and another for the Armoury. In the 
 Middle Ages and down to 1834 the Royal Mena- 
 gerie was lodged in a number of small buildings 
 nearthe Lion Tower whence its name was derived, 
 and the saying arose, "seeing the lions," for a visit 
 to the Tower. Where the wooden gate now 
 stands, there was a small work called the Conning 
 
6 
 
 Gate. It marked the boundaries of Middlesex 
 and ihe Tower Ptecinct. Here prisoners were 
 handed over to the Sheriff. 
 
 The Middle Tower 
 
 was originally built by Henry III, but has been 
 entirely refaced. Through its archway we reach 
 ohe stone bridge, which had formerly in the centre 
 i drawbridge of wood. We next reach 
 
 The Byward Tower, 
 
 the great Gatehouse of the Outer Ward. It is in 
 part the work of Henry III, and in part that of 
 l^chard II. Observe the vaulting and the dark 
 recesses on the southern side. We pass on the 
 left 
 
 The Bell Tower, 
 
 which may safely be attributed to the reign of 
 King John. Here Fisher, Bishop of Rochester, 
 was imprisoned by Henry VIII, and the Princess 
 Elizabeth by her sister, Queen Mary. The 
 " Curtain WaU," of great antiquity, is pierced 
 by the windows of the Lieutenant's Lodgings, 
 now called " The Queen's House," and one of 
 these windows lights the CouncU Chamber, where 
 Guy Fawkes and his fellow conspirators were tried 
 and condemned, 1605. 
 
 The Traitors' Gate, 
 
 with St. Thomas's Tower, is now on our right. 
 Observe the masonry which supports the wide 
 Rpan of the arch. This gate, when the Thames was 
 more of a highway than it is at present, was 
 
often used as an entrance to the Tower. St. Thomaa 
 Tower was built by Henry III, and contains a smaii 
 chapel or oratory dedicated to St. Thomas of Canter- 
 bury. In later times it was found convenient as a 
 landing place for prisoners who had been tried at 
 Westminster ; and here successively Edward Duke 
 of Buckingham (1521), Sir Thomas, More, Queen 
 Ajine Boleyn, Cromwell Earl of Essex, Queen 
 Katharine Howard (1542), Seymour Duke of 
 Somerset (1551), Lady Jane Grey, the Princess 
 (afterwards Queen) Ehzabeth, Devereux Earl of 
 Elssex (1601), and James Duke of Monmouth, 
 passed under the arch on their way to a prison or 
 the scaffold. Opposite is 
 
 The Bloody Tower, 
 
 which is believed to derive its name from the 
 suicide in it of Henry Percy, eighth Earl of 
 Northumberland, in 1585. Under this Tower we 
 enter the Inner Ward. It dates from the reigns 
 of Edward III and Richard II, and was called 
 by its present name as early as 1597, being 
 popularly believed to be the scene of the murder 
 of Edward V and his brother the Duke of York, 
 as well as of Henry VI. It was originalJy known 
 as the Garden Tower, as its upper storey opens 
 on that part of the parade ground which was 
 formerly the Constable's Garden. Here Sir 
 Walter Raleigh was allowed to walk during 
 his long imprisonment, and could sometimes 
 converse over the wall with the passers-by. 
 Observe the grooves for working the massi' «- 
 portcuJlifl, which was raised by chains aud a 
 
8 
 
 windlass. These still exist on the upper floor. 
 Immediately adjoining the gateway on the east is 
 the 
 
 Wakefield Tower. 
 
 Its lower storey is the oldest building next to 
 the Keep ; it was, with the Lanthom (rebuilt on 
 the old foundation in 1884-5) and Cold Harbour 
 Towers, part of the original Norman plan. The 
 apper storey was rebuilt by Henry III, who made it 
 the entrance to his palace on the east. The Great 
 QaU, memorable as the scene of Anne Boleyn's 
 trial, adjoined it, but was pulled down during 
 the Commonwealth. In 1360 the records of the 
 kingdom, which had previously been kept in the 
 White Tower, were removed here, and this is 
 called in ancient surveys sometimes the Record, 
 and sometimes the Hall Tower. The present 
 name is said to be derived from the imprisonment 
 of Yorkists after the Lancastrian victory at 
 Wakefield in 1460. It is used now for the safe 
 keeping and exhibition of 
 
 The Crown Jewels. 
 
 The visitor who has obtained a ticket passes up 
 a short stair and finds himself in a well-lighted 
 circular apartment in the Wakefield Tower. The 
 deep window recess opposite the door was fitted 
 up as a small chapel, with Aumbry, Piscina, and 
 Sedilia. Tradition says that Henry VI used 
 it for his devotions when a prisoner in the Tower, 
 and was here .murdered. In the centre, in a large 
 double case, are arranged the splendid objects 
 
which form the English Regalia. The following 
 are the most remarkable : — 
 
 The Crown of Queen Victoria, It occupies 
 the highest place in the case. It was constructed 
 in 1838 for her Majesty's coronation, the principal 
 jewels being taken from older crowns and the 
 royal collection. Among them, observe the large 
 ruby given to the Black Prince in Spain in 1367 
 Henry V wore it in his helmet at Agincourt 
 With seventy-five large brilhants it forms a 
 Maltese cross on the front of the diadem. Imme- 
 diately below it is a splendid sapphire, purchased 
 by George IV. Seven other sapphires and eight 
 emeralds, all of large size, with many hundred dia- 
 monds, decorate the band and arches, and the crosB 
 on the summit is formed of a rose cut sapphire 
 and four very fine brilliants. The whole contains 
 about 2,700 diamonds, and many other jewelBj 
 and weighs thirty- nine ounces and five penny- 
 weights. 
 
 The Crown made for the coronation of Mary 
 of Modena, the second wife of James II. This 
 \a probably one of the oldest of the crowns, and 
 contains some fine jewels. 
 
 The Crown made for Qieen Mary II, for hei 
 coronation with William III. 
 
 St. Edward's Crown, which appears to be 
 the model by which all the later crowns have 
 been fashioned. It was made for the coronation 
 of Charles II. 
 
 The Prince of Wales's coronet. 
 
 The Orb, of gold, with a cross and bands of 
 jewels. 
 
 St Edward's Staff, a sceptre of gold, 4 feet 
 
7 inches in length, surmounted by an orb which is 
 supposed to contain a fragment of the true cross. 
 
 The Royal Sceptre. 
 
 The Sceptre of Equity, surmounted by a dove. 
 
 Small sceptres, one of ivory. 
 
 Besides these magnificent regal emblems, which 
 chiefly date from the Restoration, when the places 
 of the ancient objects, destroyed during the Com- 
 monwealth, were supplied as nearly as possible, 
 observe, also — 
 
 The Anointing Spoon, the sole relic of the 
 ancient regalia, of silver gilt. 
 
 The Eagle, for the anointing oil. 
 
 The Golden Salt-cellar, a model of the White 
 Tower. 
 
 The Baptismal Font, used at the christening of 
 the Sovereign's children, of sUver, double gilt. 
 
 The Sacramental Plate used at the coronation. 
 
 A large silver-gilt wine-fountain, of good work- 
 daanship, presented to Charles II by the Corpora- 
 tion of Plymouth. 
 
 In a case in the large recess, Curtana, the 
 Sword of Mercy, pointless, the blade 40 inches 
 long. 
 
 Two Swords of Justice. 
 
 In the cases in the recesses are also exhibited the 
 insignia of the British and Indian orders of Knight- 
 hood, their collars, stars, and badges. 
 
 Leaving the Wakefield Tower, we descend the 
 slope and turn to the left near the site of what 
 was the Cold Harbour Tower, a name the exact 
 meaning of which is unknown. The original 
 Jewel House was behind it to the east, forming 
 with the south side of the White Tower, and 
 
WUITB lOWBI. 
 
 Flan of Mid<l e Floor. 
 
12 
 
 portioi s of the palace, a small courtyard, in which 
 some remains of the ancient buildings may stiQ be 
 traced. On a raised platform is the gun-carriage 
 and limber on which the body of Her Majesty 
 the late Queen Victoria was conveyed on the 
 occasion of her funeral, 2nd February, 1901, from 
 Windsor Railway Station to St. George's Chapel. 
 This was placed here by order of the Houses of 
 Parliament. We now reach a doorway made in 
 the south wall of the 
 
 White Tower, 
 
 or Keep, the oldest part of the whole fortress. 
 
 The Conqueror, before he entered London, 
 formed a camp, eastward of the city, and probably 
 on part of the ground now occupied by the Tower. 
 Tmmediately after his coronation he commenced 
 the works here. At first, no doubt, they consisted 
 of a ditch and palisade, and were formed partly 
 on the lower bastions of the old City WaU, first 
 built by the Romans, and rebuilt in 885 by King 
 AJfired. The work of building the Keep was 
 entrusted to Gundulf, a monk of Bee, in Nor- 
 mandy, who was shortly afterwards made Bishop 
 of Rochester, and who probably commenced opera- 
 tions in 1078. In 1097, under WilHam Ruftifl, 
 the works were BtUl going on and the inner ward 
 was enclosed. A great storm in 1091 damaged 
 the outworks. Ralf Flambard, Bishop of Dur- 
 ham, being imprisoned in the Tower by Henry I, 
 contrived to escape, 1101. During the wars 
 between Stephen and Matilda, the Earl of Essex 
 was constable of the Tower, and obtained a grant 
 
13 
 
 even of the City of London from the Empress. 
 When he fell into Stephen's hands the Tower 
 formed his ransom, and the citizens regained their 
 ancient liberty. When Richard I was absent on 
 the Crusade, his regent, Longchamp, resided in 
 the Tower, of which he greatly enlarged the pre- 
 cincts by trespasses on the land of the city and of 
 St. Katharine's Hospital. He surrendered the 
 Tower to the citizens, led by John, in 1191. 
 The church of St. Peter was in existence before 
 1210, and the whole Tower was held in pledge for 
 the completion of Magna Charta in 1215 and 1216. 
 In 1240 Henry III had the chapel of St. John 
 decorated with painting and stained glass, and the 
 royal apartments in the Keep were whitewashed, 
 as well as the whole exterior. In the reign of 
 Edward III it begins to assume its modem name, 
 as "La Blanche Tour." During the wars with 
 France many illustrious prisoners were lodged here 
 as David, King of Scots ; John, King of France ; 
 Charles of Blois, and John de Vienne, governor 
 of Calais, and his twelve brave burgesses. In the 
 Tower Richard II signed his abdication, 1399. 
 The Duke of Orleans, taken at Agincourt, was 
 lodged by Henry V in the White Tower. From 
 that time the Beauchamp Tower was more used 
 as a prison, but it is probable that some of the 
 Kentish relsels, taken with Wyatt in 1554, slept 
 in the recesses of the crypt of the Chapel, long 
 known as Queen Elizabeth's Armoury. In 1663, 
 and later years down to 1709, structural repairs 
 were carried out under the superintendence of 
 Sir Christopher Wren, who replaced the Norman 
 window openings with others of a classical cha- 
 
14 
 
 racter. Remains of four old windows are visible on 
 the south side. A few years ago some disfiguring 
 annexes and sheda were removed, as well as an 
 external staircase of wood, which led up from 
 the old Horse Armoury and entered the crpyt 
 by a window. 
 
 The White Tower is somewhat irregular in plan, 
 for though it looks so square from the river its 
 four sides are all of different lengths, and three of 
 its corners are not right angles. The side towards 
 which we approach is 107 feet from north to south. 
 The south side measures 118 feet. It has four 
 turrets at the comers, three of them square, the 
 fourth, that on the north-east, being circular. 
 From floor to battlements it is 90 feet in height. 
 The original entrance was probably on the south 
 side, and high above the ground, being reached 
 as usual in Norman castles by an external stair 
 which could be easUy removed in time of danger. 
 Another or the same entrance led from an upper 
 storey of the palace. The interior is of the plainest 
 and sternest character. Every consideration is 
 postponed to that of obtaining the greatest 
 strength and security. The outer walls vary in 
 thickness from 15 feet in the lower to 11 in the 
 upper storey. The whole building is crossed by 
 one wall, which rises from base to summit and 
 divides it into a large western and a smaller 
 eastern portion. The eastern part is further sub- 
 divided by a wall which cuts off St. John's Chapel, 
 its ciypt, and its subcrypt, each roof of which is 
 massively vaulted. There is no vaulting but a 
 wooden floor between the storeys of the other 
 
15 
 
 part. There are severaJ comparatively moderi) 
 entrances. 
 
 A short external stair leads to a staircase in the 
 thickness of the waU on the south side, by which 
 we approach the Chapel. A brass plate on the 
 right refers to some children's bones found in the 
 reign of Charles II. They were identified, some- 
 what ooniecturaUy, with the remains of Edward V 
 and his brother who disappeared so mysteriously 
 at the accession of Richard III, and were re- 
 moved to Westminster Abbey in 1 678. Ascending 
 the stair we come to the passage which led from 
 the palace to 
 
 The Chapel of St. John. 
 
 The chapel is the largest and most complete 
 now remaining in any Norman castle, and must 
 have seen the devotions of William the Conqueror 
 and his family. It is 55 feet 6 inches long by 
 31 feet wide, and 32 feet high, and is vaulted with 
 a plain arch. There are four massive columns od 
 either side and four in the apse. The south aisle, 
 as we have seen, communicated with the palace, 
 and an upper aisle, or gallery, similarly opened 
 into the 
 
 State Apartments 
 
 of the White Tower, which we reach by a cir- 
 cuitous route through a passage round the walla 
 only wide enough for one person at a time, and a 
 circular, or newel, stair in the north-east turret, 
 gaining at every turn glimpses of the extensive 
 
16 
 
 stores of small arms. The second floor is divided 
 into two large apartments, not reckoning the 
 chapel ; in the eastern wall of the smaller or 
 Banqueting Chamber, is a fire-place, the only one 
 till recently discovered in any Norman Keep. 
 A second and third have of late years been found 
 in the floor below, but the whole building was 
 designed for security, not for comfort and in spite 
 of the use of wooden partitions and tapestry 
 must have been miserable as a place of residence. 
 On leaving St. John's Chapel we enter 
 
 The Armoury. 
 
 In connection with the Armouries, it should be 
 noted that the present collection of arms and 
 armour had its origin in that formed at Greenwich 
 by King Henry VIII, who received many presents 
 of this nature fi-om the Emperor Maximilian and 
 others. He also obtained from the Emperor 
 several skilled armourers, who worked in his pay 
 and wore his livery. English iron in former days 
 was so inferior, or the art of working it was so 
 little known, that even as far back as the days of 
 Richard II German and Italian armourers were 
 the chief workmen in Europe, It should be 
 remembered that the earlier kind of armour 
 chiefly consisted of quilted garments, further 
 fortified by small pieces of leather, horn, or metal. 
 So far from the invention of gunpowder having 
 driven out armour, if we may credit the story of 
 the earliest employment of that explosive, it was 
 at a date when plate armour was hardly in use. 
 
17 
 
 certainly not in large pieces. What actually did 
 cause the disuse of armour was the change in ideas 
 as to the movement of troops and the large quan- 
 tity of armour which was made in the sixteenth 
 century, and consequently the inferior make. In 
 Sngland the disuse of armour seems to have begun 
 fiarlier than on the Continent, but at no time 
 were the ordinary soldiers covered with metal as 
 seen in Armouries and oth^r places. The weight, 
 and what was more important, the cost, prevented 
 such a thing. It was only the rich who could 
 afford to pay for and had horses to carry armour, 
 who wore much of what we see now. Again, 
 armour for war was much lighter and less 
 complete than that used for the tilt yard, where 
 protection to the wearer was more considered than 
 his ability to hurt his opponent. The greater 
 substance of such armour and its frequent enrich- 
 ment with engraving and gilding no doubt led to 
 the preservation of this class of defence. Chain 
 mail suffered extremely by rust and neglect, and 
 even plate armour was subject to the same 
 deterioration. It is consequently not to be 
 wondered at, that little or no armour of a date 
 previous to the fifteenth century is to be seen in 
 this collection. On Henry VIII's death the first 
 inventory of the Royal collection was made, and 
 this includes the armour and arms at Greenwich, 
 and arms and artillery at the Tower of London 
 which, from the time of Henry VIII, was one of 
 the sights for foreigners of distinction. In the 
 troubles of the Civil War the arms were drawn 
 out, and there is no doubt much, both of arms and 
 armour, was used and lost. The Protector took 
 
18 
 
 one suit, and it was not till 1660 that the armour, 
 which had meanwhile been brought to London, 
 was collected, and, with the weapons still in the 
 store, were formed into a kind of museum. It is 
 to that period that may be traced most of the 
 grotesque stories associated with the collection. 
 At various subsequent periods additions were 
 made to the collection, and it was arranged in 
 such manner as suited the knowledge of the day. 
 Series of figures of kings of England and famous 
 persons were made and added to or changed on 
 the death of the sovereign. In later times the 
 whole has been arranged by Sir Samuel Meyrick, 
 Mr. Hewitt, and Mr. Planche, and in 1859 
 Mr. Hewitt drew up the first catalogue of the 
 contMits. 
 
 The mounted figures from 1826 till 1883 stood 
 in a long gallery adjoining the south side of the 
 Tower, but at the latter date this was pulled 
 down, and the figures removed to the top floor. 
 Within the last few years the floor below has 
 been used for the later arms, but the lighting 
 of the rooms and their shape, with various other 
 causes, prevent any strictly chronological arrange- 
 ments of the collection, many objects of which also 
 belong to long periods of time. 
 
 The arms and armour are now placed on the two 
 upper floors of the White Tower, the earlier 
 weapons and aU the armour, being on the top 
 floor, while the later weapons and the Indian arms 
 and armour, with various personal relics, are placed 
 ©n what ie the third stage or second floor. To 
 this the visitor ascends by a circular staircase ia 
 the south front of the Tower. At the foot 
 
19 
 
 observe a brass plate recording the finding in 1674 
 of the supposed remains of the " Princes in the 
 Tower," Edward V and his brother Richard Duke 
 of York. The visitor then enters the Chapel of 
 St. John, and on leaving passes into the smaller 
 of the two rooms on this floor. 
 
 At the end of the room is a Persian horse 
 armour of brass scales connected by chain mail. 
 Near this is the quilted armour of the Burmese 
 General Maha Bundoola, killed in 1824. At the 
 other end of the room is a large bell from Burmah, 
 presented by the late General Sir William Gomme, " 
 G.C.B., and near it are two figures with Japanese 
 armour, one of them presented to Charles TI when 
 prince by the Mogul. It is interesting as be^ng 
 one of the earliest examples of Eastern armour 
 which has a a authentic record of its presence in 
 this country, and it also exhibits the persistence 
 in early forms so common in the East. The cases 
 on either hand contain weapons, helmets, and 
 armour from most parts of our Indian Empire, as 
 well as weapons from Cabul, Persia, Africa, 
 America, and the South Seas. Soms of these 
 were presented by the Honourable East India 
 Company, some were acquired by purchase after 
 the Great Exhibition of 1851, and others have 
 been added at various times. In the centre of 
 the room are models showing the Tower buildings 
 in the years 1842 and 1866. 
 
 The Large Room is now entered, and on the left 
 is a case containing firearms, hand grenades, and 
 a series of the rijled arms in use in the British 
 Army since 1801. These include the two Baker 
 rifles of 1801 and 1807 ; the Brunswick rifle, 1836 ; 
 
20 
 
 the Minie rifle, 1851 ; the Enfield rifle musket, 1855 ; 
 the Snider, 1865; the Martini-Henry, 1871; and 
 the Lee-Metford magazine rifle. On the right, 
 between two grotesque figures, called Gin and Beer, 
 from the entrance to the Buttery of the old Palace 
 of Greenwich, is a case containing executioners' 
 Bwords (foreign), thumb-screws, the Scavenger's 
 daughter for confining the neck, hands, and feet, 
 bilboes for ship use, and thumb-screws. Observe 
 also the so-called " Collar taken from the Spanish 
 Armada," which however was here in 1547, and 
 has been in later times filled with lead to make it 
 more terrible. It was only a collar for detention 
 of ordinary prisoners. A conjectural model of the 
 rack is also shown, but the only pictorial authority 
 for this instrument (at no time a legal punishment) 
 is a woodcut in Foxe's Martyrs, the illustrations 
 for which were drawn from German sources. 
 
 On the left hand are cases of European firearms 
 of the first half of the present century, and two 
 cannon made for the Duke of Gloucester, the son 
 of Queen Anne. In the S.E. corner, on a platform, 
 are several early cannon, including one, and part 
 of another, from the wreck of the Mscry Hose, 
 sunk in action with the French off Spithead in 
 1545. These display the early mode of construc- 
 tion of such weapons, namely bars of iron longi- 
 tudinally welded together and encircled by hoops 
 of the same metal. On the window side in the 
 recesses are wall pieces, which belonged to the 
 Honourable East India Company. The figure of 
 Queen Elizabeth is supposed' to represent her as 
 on her way to St. Paul's Cathedral after the 
 destruction of the Spanish Armada. Near the 
 
21 
 
 lift are partizans carried by the Yeoman of the 
 Guard, and round the pillars are the sergeants' 
 halberds used in the Army till about 1830. 
 Observe the kettledrums captured at the battle 
 of Blenheim, 1704. 
 
 On the left hand observe the beheading axe, 
 which has been here since 1687, also the block 
 •n which Lord Lovat, in 1747, lost his head at 
 one stroke for the share he took in the attempt 
 of the Pretender in 1745. 
 
 Beyond this, against the wall, is a model by 
 John Bell of a monument for the Great Duke ot 
 Wellington. It was presented by Sir Daniel 
 Lysons, Constable of the Tower, 1890-1898. 
 StiU on the left hand, in a glass case, is the 
 soldier's cloak on which General Wolfe expired 
 in the moment of victory, at Quebec, 1759. 
 
 Beyond, in another case, is the uniform worn 
 as Constable of the Tower by he Great Duke of 
 Wellington from 1826 until his death, in 1852. 
 
 Near this is a portion of the wooden pump of 
 the Mary Rose, sunk in action off the Isle of 
 Wight in 1545. 
 
 In a case at the end of the room is a mass of 
 fused gun flints, a relic of the fire which in 1841 
 destroyed the Great Store n the Tower and 
 many thousand stand of arms, cannon, &c. 
 
 The staircase i<n the S. W. corner is now ascended 
 leading to the great upper chamber, generally 
 known as the Council Chamber, 95 feet by 40 
 feet, and, like the smaller room, 21 feet high. 
 Ilound this top floor runs a passage cut in the 
 thickness of the walls, with numerous openings 
 inwards opposite the windows, and widening 
 
22 
 
 somewhat when forming as it does the triforium 
 of St. John's Chapel. At the entrance are cases 
 containing velvet-covered brigandines and canvas- 
 covered jacks, garments which were much used in 
 the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries,, as giving 
 protection by means of numerous small plates of 
 metal disposed between the thicknesses of the 
 material covering and lining them, and also great 
 flexibility. In the cases on the right hand are 
 specimens of chain mail in form of hoods, coats, 
 sleeves, &c., mostly, if not all, of Eastern origin. 
 Observe also some bronze swords and other very 
 early weapons. 
 
 Round the walls of the two rooms are arranged 
 the various staff weapons used in England and 
 the continent. In the first enclosure on the 
 left are cases in which are ancient bronze 
 tools, weapons, and ornaments from various 
 localities, stone implements and weapons, 
 and a suit of bronze armour from Cumse, an 
 ancient Greek settlement near Naples. In the 
 centre of the enclosure are grouped many varieties 
 of staff weapons of the fifteenth, sixteenth, and 
 seventeenth centuries. Among them are boar 
 spears for the chase and for war, halberds, 
 partizans, bills, glaives, holy water sprinkles (a 
 .staff with a ball with spikes at its extremity), 
 and the 18 foot pikes of the Civil War period. 
 
 The first case on the left contains a fine archer's 
 salade with its original lining, from the de Cossoa 
 collection. A Venetian salade, with the stamp of 
 the maker of the Missaglia family, a heavy salad© 
 for jousting, a combed morion and the tilting 
 helmet of Sir Henry Lee, K.G., Master of the 
 
23 
 
 Armouries to Queen Elizabeth and James I, In 
 the lower case are finely engraved and parcel gilt 
 chamfrons for horse's heads, a gilt vamplate for 
 the tilting lance belonging to Lord Chancellor 
 Hatton, an officer's gorget of the time of Queen 
 Anne, and various pieces of rich armour. 
 
 In the window recess behind are shields and 
 horns. In the next enclosure are three foot 
 figures of the end of the fifteenth century and 
 commencement of the sixteenth century, the first 
 holds a long-handled axe as used for encounters 
 on foot in champ clos. The second holds a two- 
 handed sword. The third suit is enriched with 
 ^igraving, and was formerly parcel gilt, but the 
 helmet does not belong to the suit. 
 
 Tn the centre of the room is an equestrian 
 figure (III), the man wearing a fine early six- 
 teenth-century suit of armour, bearing the 
 Nuremberg stamp, and the horse protected by a 
 bard richly repouss^, engraved, and formerly 
 silvered. The designs on this display the Bur- 
 gundian cross ragulS and the flint and steel. The 
 steel or briquet is to be seen also in the hinges 
 and in the metal coverings for the reins. It will 
 be remembered that this design forms the motif 
 of the collar of the Golden Fleece. 
 
 The next equestrian figure (IV) shows the fluted, 
 »r as it was called crested, armour, of about 1500. 
 The horse armour is also fluted. On the right, in 
 the centre of the room, are two suits which be- 
 longed to Henry VIII. Of these the first (XXVIII) 
 is that formerly described as " rough from the 
 hammer," though it has been milled or glazed 
 and no hammer marks are visible. It is a com- 
 
24 
 
 plete suit for fighting on foot in the lists, and 
 comfort and ability to move about, have been 
 sacrificed to perfect protection. The suit weighs 
 about 93 lbs., and is composed of no less than 235 
 separate pieces of metal. Some details of construc- 
 tion point to a Spanish influence in the style. The 
 second figure (XXIX), which wants the leg armour, 
 ;s of the kind known as a tonlet, and has a skirt 
 of horizontal lames engraved. Th6 helmet bears 
 the well-known stamp of the Missaglia family of 
 armourers, and is very curious and massive. This 
 armour is also for fighting on foot in champ clos 
 or the lists. 
 
 The next suit (VI) on the left is one of Henry 
 VTII, and has been parcel gilt ; the weight of. the 
 man's armour is 81 lbs. The two foot figures are 
 those of a horseman and an officer of foot, both of 
 Henry's time. The first bears on it Nuremburg 
 marks ; the second has an engraving of the Cruci- 
 fixion on the left breast. The next equestrian 
 figure (VIT), also of Henry YIII, much resembles 
 the last, and has at its feet extra pieces for the 
 tilt yard. Other extra pieces which might be 
 worn with these two suits are in the Royal 
 Armoury at Windsor Castle. 
 
 The suit (Y) on the equestrian figure in the 
 middle of the room is one of the finest in existence. 
 It was made by Conrad Seusenhofer, one of a 
 family of Augsburg armourers, and given in 1514 
 to Henry VIII by the Emperor Maximilian. The 
 man's armour is engraved with roses, pome- 
 granates, portcullises, and other badges of Henry 
 VIII and his first queen Katherine of Arragon, 
 and has on the metal skirt which imitates the 
 
25 
 
 cloth bases of the time the letters E and K. 
 The horse armour, probably made afterwards in 
 England by ( ne of Henry's German armourers, 
 is also covered with engraving, and has panels 
 on which are depicted scenes from the life and 
 death of St. George and St. Barbara, both military 
 saints. The whole armour was formerly washed 
 with silver, of which some traces still remain. 
 
 In the enclosure on the left is a mounted figure 
 (XI) of about 1550, and in front are a pistol 
 shield, one of 80 made for Henry VIII, and a 
 helmet with grotesque mask formerly attributed 
 to Will Somers, the king's jester, but since iden- 
 tified as a present from the Emperor Maximilian. 
 In the next cases are portions of armour of 
 Henry VIII ; also of a puffed and engraved suit 
 of the same time, and of a richly worked russet 
 and guilt suit of George Earl of Cumberland, who 
 in Elizabeth's time fitted out at his own cost 
 eleven expeditions against Spain. In the archway 
 are some combined weapons having gun barrels . 
 in the staff and pole-axe heads ; also the three- 
 ban-eUed weapon formerly called Henry VIII's 
 walking staff. In the corner of the room are an 
 old German tilting saddle, which protected the 
 legs of the rider, who stood up in his stirrups, a 
 large tilting lance shown as far back as the days 
 of Elizabeth as that of Charles Brandon, Duke of 
 Suffolk. At the end of the room are five suits of 
 the second third of the sixteenth century. The 
 centre one, which is damascened, has in front 
 of it an extra gorget, and a placcate to strengthen 
 the breast. The next figure (XXX) is a large suit 
 of armour 6 feet 10^ inches in height of the time 
 
26 
 
 of Henry VIII, though formerly incorrectly 
 called that of John of Gaimt, of whom, of course, 
 no armour exists. This suit weighs about 66 lbs. 
 
 Descending the room in the first enclosure is the 
 armour (TX) of the Earl of Worcester, who died 
 1589. This suit is very massive, the breast and 
 back plates together weighing 40 lbs. 3 oz. In 
 the same enclosure are two figures made up of 
 Maximilian armour, and a bowman and a mus- 
 keteer of the Earl of Worcester's time. In the 
 archways will be seen early forms of guns and 
 pistols of various types and swords and other 
 weapons. 
 
 The next mounted figure (VIII) (formerly 
 called Sir Henry Lee) is of the middle of the 
 sixteenth century, and the two foot figures are 
 made up of early sixteenth-century armour. 
 
 At the side is a cuir bouilli crupper as worn by 
 the English heavy cavalry in the XVI century. 
 
 The next enclosure contains an equestrian 
 figure (X) of Robert Dudley, Earl of Leicester the 
 favourite of Elizabeth. This fine suit bears all 
 over it the badge of the Ragged Staff, and is 
 engraved with the badges and collars of the 
 Garter and of the Order oif' St. Michael of France. 
 The suit was made between 1566 and 1588, and 
 is of very great interest as one of the very few 
 known which also possesses the extra pieces for 
 the tilt yard, viz. : the Grandguard and the Pass- 
 guard, ornamented like the suit, which with them 
 weighs about 83^ lbs. It will be seen that the 
 extra pieces are for the left side, and the helmet 
 has no air holes on that side, as the tilters passed 
 left arm to left arm on either side of the tilt or 
 
27 
 
 barrier. The two foot figures are of about the 
 same date. 
 
 The next mounted figure (XII) ia one still showing 
 the gilt enrichment so many of these suits for the 
 tilt yard originally had. It is attributed to 
 Robert Earl of Essex, another favourite of his 
 Queen. Many other pieces of this suit are in the 
 Royal collection in Windsor Castle. The two foot 
 figures came from the Great Armoury at Malta. 
 Beyond the passage are a mounted figure show- 
 ing how the lance was held when jousting at the 
 tilt or barrier in the XVI century and later, and 
 inferior suits for horsemen, and some other suits 
 from Malta. 
 
 On leaving the large room, in the case' in the 
 archway will be seen axes, horsemen's hammers 
 and maces, all designed for breaking and rending 
 armour. Observe also various forms of the 
 bayonet, from the early plug bayonet to the 
 later socketted type of that weapon. 
 
 The first case on the right contains crossbows 
 of various types. This weapon, at no time our 
 national arm, was used for the defence of fortresses, 
 and later on for sport. The heavy forms were 
 bent by means of arrangements of pulleys, the 
 windlass, or a kind of lifting jack called , the 
 Cranequin or Cric. The lighter forms were beut 
 by an attached lever called the Goat's Foot 
 Specimens of these are in the ' case, as also two 
 bowstaves from the wreck of the Mary Rose, 1545, 
 and some leaden sling buUete from the battle- 
 field of Marathon. In the next case are firearms 
 of early types. Among these observe two guns 
 which belonged to Henry VIII, both of them 
 
28 
 
 breechloadtrs on a system resembling the modem 
 Snider rifle. Note also the German Eeiter wheel - 
 lock pistols, with ball pommel ; the William III 
 match-Icck, with plug bayonet stuck in the muzzle ; 
 the bandoliers, each containing twelve charges 
 of powder and a bullet bag ; the Vauban lock, 
 combining the flint and match ; also a still earlier 
 form of this lock of English make. Montecuculi 
 says he had similar locks made, having seen them 
 used still eailier by the Turks. 
 
 The next case contains rapiers and swords and 
 bucklers. Observe the raised bars on the latter, 
 to entapgle and break the sword-point. The 
 mounted figure in brown armour shows the equip- 
 ment of the cavalry in the early part of the 
 seventeenth century, the armour being browned 
 or blacked to prevent rust and to avoid detection 
 at a distance. 
 
 The figure (XXIY) in the first enclosure is that of 
 James 11. It will be seen that it only consists of 
 a headpiece, breast and back plates, and a long 
 gauntlet to protect the bridle arm. All the pieces 
 bear the King's initials, and the face guard is 
 pierced with the design of the Royal Arms. Thenext 
 equestrian figure is a gilt suit of Charles I (XIX), 
 said to have been given to him by the City of 
 London. It is the latest complete suit in the 
 collection, and was probably never worn by him. 
 In the centre of the room is a case containing 
 gun locks, powder flasks, and other pieces for the 
 furnishing of a soldier's equipment. The cannoii 
 were made for the instruction of Charles II when 
 a prince. In the wall case observe with other 
 objects two awine feathers, or feather stafis having 
 
29 
 
 one long and two short blades which can be 
 concealed in the shaft, also a German Calendar 
 sword with the saints days marked in gold, and 
 other swords. Below are two waistcoat cuirasses 
 opening down the front. 
 
 In the next enclosure on the right is a mounted 
 figure(XVIII)ofCharlesIwhen young. Thearmour 
 is apparently of French make, and is very interesting 
 as being a double suit — that is, it represents the 
 equipment of the cuirassier or cavalryman of 
 about 1610, and then by removing the helmet 
 and the armour for the arms and legs, and 
 substituting the pott ar.d the short thigh defences 
 (in the small glass case) we have the equipment 
 of the foot soldier as seen in the figures of pike- 
 men on the other side of the room. The small 
 silvered cap and breast and back in another glass^ 
 case was made for Charles II when prince. 
 
 In a table case are a gun and pistol datedl 
 respectively 1614 and 1619, made for Charles t 
 when Prince of Wales. The gun is not quite- 
 perfect, but the two weapons are the earliest 
 examples oi fiint lochs in the collection. Note 
 also a fine wheel lock of about 1600. The 
 gunner's axe was used for laying cannon, and has;- 
 on its shaft scales showing the size of cannon 
 balls of stone, iron, lead, and slag. It belonged 
 to the Duke of Brunswick l.nneburg. The? 
 last enclosure contains a suit (XYII) of richly de^^ 
 corated armour given to Henry Prince of Wales by 
 the Prince de JoinvHle. This suit, though rich, is of 
 late and inelegant form, as may be seen by 
 observiner the breast and the treatment of the 
 feet. In the suit of his brother Prince Charles 
 
30 
 
 also will be seen an instance of the decay of the 
 armourer's art, namely, the thigh-pieces, which 
 are marked as though of several pieces of metal 
 whilst being of one rigid piece. 
 
 In a small case are unfinished portions of a 
 helmet and gorget, and a gilt and engraved 
 vamplate belonging to a suit of Henry, Prince of 
 Wales. 
 
 The figures on the opposite side of the room 
 are horsemen and pikemen of the seventeenth 
 •century, after which time armour may be said 
 to have ceased to be worn, till at the coronation 
 of George IV in 1820, when the Household 
 Cavalry appeared in cuirasses. In the table cases 
 in this room are odd portions of armour : gorgets, 
 gauntlets, cuisshes, &c., daggers, knives, and 
 flwords, including good examples of the Cinquedea, 
 ,or short broad-bladed sword peculiar to Northern 
 Italy. 
 
 In the series of waU cases at the end of both 
 rooms will be found several varieties of helmets, 
 including salades, close helmets, tilting hehnets ; 
 also morions and cabassets and breasts and 
 backs. Among these observe the fine painted 
 archers' salade, with vizor ; two fine Venetian 
 «alades, like she ancient Greek helmets, and 
 bearmg armourers stamps; sixteenth-century 
 tilting helmets, with side doors for air ; spider 
 helmets, &c. Those on the upper shelves are 
 either false or imitations of real examples. In 
 the case by the door is a helmet made- for and 
 worn by the late Emperor Napoleon III (when 
 prince) at the Eglinton Tournament, in 1839. 
 
 On the walls are portions of horse armour. 
 
31 
 
 bucklers for foot soldiers, and several shields 
 simulating the embossed ornamentation of the 
 sixteenth century. 
 
 The Parade. 
 
 The Waterloo Barracks are opposite, built in 
 1845 on the site of storehouses burnt in 1841. 
 The building of similar character to the right is the 
 Officers' Quarters : between the two a gUmpse is 
 obtained of the Martin or Brick Tower, whence 
 Blood stole the crown in 167 1. Observe, on the left, 
 the extensive collection of cannons of all ages and 
 countries, including triple guns taken from the 
 French, of the time of Louis XIV, and some 
 curious and grotesque mortars from India. 
 
 Observe, on the right, almost adjoining the 
 Barrack, the Chapel of St. Peter "ad Vincula," 
 so called from having been consecrated on that 
 well-known festival of the Latin Church, the 
 1st of August, probably in the reign of Henry I 
 (1100-1135). The old chapel was burnt in 1512, 
 and the present building erected only in time 
 to receive the bodies of the first victims of the 
 tyranny of Henry VIII. It was considered 
 a Royal Chapel before 1550 ; the interior is not 
 shown to the pubhc. Here it is, in the memorable 
 words of Stow, writing in the reign of Queen 
 Elizabeth, that there lie before the high altar, 
 "two dukes between two queens, to wit, the Duke 
 of Somerset and the Duke of Northumberland, 
 between Queen Anne and Queen Katharine, all 
 four beheaded," Here also are buried Lady Ja,ne 
 (Grey) and Lord Guildford Dudley, the Duke of 
 Monmouth, and the Scotch lords, Kilmarnock 
 
32 
 
 Balmerino, and Lovat, beheaded for their share 
 in the rebellion of 1745. The last burial in the 
 chapel was that of Sir John Fox Burgoyne, Con- 
 stable of the Tower, in 1871. 
 
 The space in front of the chapel is caUed 
 Tower Green, and was used as a burial ground ; in 
 the middle is a small square plot, paved with 
 granite, showing the site on which stood at rare 
 intervals the i scaffold on which private executions 
 took place. It has been specially paved by the 
 orders of Her late Majesty. The following persons 
 are known to have been executed on this spot : — 
 
 1. Queen Anne Boleyn, second wife of Henry 
 
 VIII, 19th May 1536. 
 
 2. Margaret, Countess of SaHsbury, the last of 
 
 the old Angevin or Plantagenet family, 
 27th May 1541. 
 
 3. Queen Katharine Howard, fifth wife of 
 
 Henry VIII, 13th February 1542. 
 
 4. Jane, Viscountess Rochford, 13th February 
 
 1542. 
 
 5. Lady Jane (Grey), wife of Lord Guildford 
 
 Dudley, 12th February 1554. 
 
 6. Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, 25th 
 
 February 1601. 
 
 They were all beheaded with an axe except 
 Queen Anne Boleyn, whose head was cut off with 
 a sword, the public hangman of Calais having 
 been brought over for the purpose. The execu- 
 tioner of the Earl of Essex was not able to do 
 his work with less than three strokes, and was 
 mobbed and beaten by the populace on his way 
 
33 
 
 home. The bodies of all six were buried ra the 
 Chapel of St. Peter. 
 
 Lord Hastings was also beheaded on Tower 
 Green by order of the Duke of Gloucester in 
 1483. 
 
 The Beaucham'p Tower 
 
 is on the west side of Tower Green, facing the 
 White Tower, and is on the inner wall between the 
 BeU Tower on the south and the Devereux Tower 
 on the north, being connected with both by a walk 
 along the parapet. Its present name probably refers 
 to the residence in it as a prisoner ol Thomas, third 
 Earl of Warwick, of the Beauchamp family, who was 
 attainted under Richard II in 1397, but restored 
 to his honours and liberty two years later under 
 Henry IV. It is curious that the most interesting 
 associations of the place should be connected with 
 his successors in the earldom. Although buUt 
 entuely for defensive purposes we jBnd it thus 
 early used as a prison, and during the two following 
 centuries it seems to have been regarded as one 
 of the most convenient places in which to lodge 
 prisoners of rank, and in consequence many of the 
 most interesting mural inscriptions are to be found 
 in its chambers. 
 
 In plan the Beauchamp Tower is semi-circular, 
 and it projects eighteen feet beyond the face of 
 the wall. It consists of three storeys, of which 
 the middle one is on a level with the rampart, on 
 which it formerly opened. The whole building 
 dates from the reign of Edward III. We enter at 
 the south-east corner and ascend by a circular stair- / 
 case to the middle chamber, which is spacious ana 
 
34 
 
 has a large window, with a fire-place. Here are to 
 be found most of the inscriptions, some having been 
 brought from other chambers. A few are in the 
 entrance passage and on the stair. AU are 
 numbered and catalogued. The following — to 
 which the numbers are appended — will be found 
 the most interesting : — 
 
 2. On the ground-floor, near the entrance, 
 Rob ART DvDLEY. This was the fifth son of John, 
 Duke of Northumberland, and next brother to 
 Guildford Dudley, the husband of Lady Jane Grey. 
 When his father was brought to the block in 1553 
 he and his brothers remained in prison here, Robert 
 being condemned to death in 1554. In the 
 following year he was Hberated with his elder 
 brother Ambrose, afterwards created Earl of 
 Warwick, and his younger brother Henry_ In 
 the first year of Queen Elizabeth he was made 
 Master of the Horse and elected a Knight of the 
 Garter. In 1563 he was created Earl of Leicester. 
 He died at Combury, in Oxfordshire, in 1588. 
 
 8. On the left at the entrance of the great 
 chamber is a carved cross, with other religious 
 emblems, with the name and arms of Pbverel, 
 and the date 1570. It is supposed to have been 
 cut by a Roman Catholic prisoner confined during 
 the reign of Queen Elizabeth. 
 
 13. Over the fire-place this inscription in 
 Latin: — "The more suffering for Christ in this 
 world the more glory with Christ in the next," &c. 
 This is signed " Arundel, June 22, 1587.," This was 
 PhUip Howard, son of Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, 
 ibeheaded in 1573. Philip inherited from his 
 maternal grandfather the earldom of Arundel 
 
35 
 
 in 1580. He was a staunch Roman Catholic and 
 was constantly under suspicion of the Government, 
 by which in 1584 he was confined in his own house 
 for a short time. On his Uberation he determined 
 to quit the country, but was committed to the 
 Tower in 1585, and died in custody ten years later, 
 having refused release on condition of forsaking 
 his religion. His body was buried in his father's 
 grave in the Chapel of St. Peter, but was eventually 
 removed to Arundel. He left other inscriptions, 
 one in the window (79), and one on the staircase 
 (91), dated 1587. 
 
 14. On the right of the fire-place is an elaborate 
 piece of scidpture, which wiU be examined with 
 peculiar interest as a memorial of the four brother® 
 Dudley : Ambrose (created Earl of Warwick 1561), 
 Guildford (beheaded 1554), Robert (created Earl of 
 Leicester 1563), and Henry (killed at the siege of 
 St. Quintin, 1558), carved by the eldest, John 
 (called Earl of Warwick), who died in 1554. 
 Under a bear and a lion supporting a ragged 
 stafl is the name " John Dvdle," and surrounding 
 them is a wreath of roses (for Ambrose), oak leaves 
 (for Robert, rohur, an oak), gillyflowers (for Guild- 
 ford), and honeysuckle (for Henry). Below are 
 four lines, one of them incomplete, alluding to the 
 device and its meaning. It is on record that the 
 Lieutenant of the Tower was allowed 6s. 8d. a 
 day each for the diet of these captive brothers. 
 
 33. This is one of several inscriptions relating 
 to the Poole or Pole family (see also Nos. 45, 47, 
 52, 56, 57). They were the sons of the Countess 
 of Salisbury, by Sir Richard Pole, K.G. No. 45 
 contains the name of "Geffrte Poole 1562.'" 
 
36 
 
 He was tlie second son and gave evidence against 
 his elder brother, Lord Montagu, who was be- 
 headed in 1539. 
 
 48. "Iane." This interesting inscription, re- 
 peated also in the window (85), has always been 
 supposed to refer to the Lady Jane Grey, daughter 
 of the Duke of Suffolk, and wife of Guildford 
 Dudley, fourth son of the Duke of Northumberland. 
 A second repetition in another part of the room 
 was unfortunately obliterated in the last century 
 when a new window was made to fit this chamber 
 for a mess-room. It is sometimes, but erroneously, 
 supposed that the name was carved by this Queen 
 of ten days herself, but it is improbable that she 
 was ever imprisoned in the Beauchamp Tower. 
 She is known to have lived in the house of Part- 
 ridge, the Gaoler, It is much more probable that 
 the two inscriptions were placed on the wall either 
 by Lord Guildford Dudley, her husband, or by his 
 brother, whose large device has been described 
 above. 
 
 66. In the window is the rebus, or monogram, 
 of Thomas Abel : upon a bell is the letter A. 
 This was Dr. Abel, a faithful servant to Queen 
 Katharine of Arragon, first wife of King Henry 
 VIII. He acted as her chaplain during the pro- 
 gress of the divorce, and by his determined 
 advocacy offended the King. For denying the 
 supremacy he was condemned and executed in 
 1540. 
 
 The visitor who has time to spare wiU find 
 many other records of this kind in the Beauchamp 
 Tower, the oldest of all being the name of " Thomas 
 Talbot 1462 " (89), supposed to have been con- 
 
37 
 
 cerned in the Wdi s of the Roses. Emerging again 
 upon Tower Green we see on the right the 
 
 Lieutenant's Lodgings, 
 
 Qow called the Queen's House. The hall door, 
 where a sentry stands, is the same through 
 which Lord Nithisdale escaped in, female dress, 
 the night before he was to have been beheaded, 
 1716. Some parts of the house are of great 
 antiquity, among them the rooms in the Bell 
 Tower, those on the upper storey which open 
 on the leads and the rampart known as The 
 Prisoners' Walk, and the Council Room, a hand- 
 some apartment containing a curious monument 
 of the Gunpowder Plot. In this room Guy 
 Fawkes and his associates were examined, 1605. 
 The interior of the Queen's House is not shown 
 to the public. Next to it is the house of the 
 Gentleman Gaoler, or chief Warder. It was in 
 this house that Lady Jane Grey listed when a 
 prisoner, and from its windows saw her husband 
 go forth from the adjoining Beauchamp Tower to 
 his execution on Tower Hill, and his headless body 
 brought to the chapel "in a carre," while the 
 scaffold was being prepared for her own death on 
 the Green in front, which took place on the same 
 day, Monday 12th February 1554. 
 
 Note. — Visitors who wish to know more about 
 the Tower are referred to the Larger Edition of 
 this Guide (6d), and to the works of Bayley, of 
 Brayley and Britton, of Mr. Doyne C. Bell, and 
 ofMr. G.T.Clark. 
 
 THE END. 
 
RECRUITIN G FOK THE Kmi kW ARffii.* 
 
 The attention of young men of intelligence, between 18 
 and 25 years of age is invited to the favourable prospect", 
 especially in reference to pension, offered to men entering 
 His Majesty's Army. 
 
 The Terms of Service are as follows : — 
 
 12 years with the Colours in the Household Cavalry. 
 
 7 years with the Colours and 5 years with the Reserve, in the 
 Cavalry of the Line, Royal Artillery, and Army Ordnance Corps. 
 
 7 years with thewColours and 5 years with the Reserve, or 
 3 years with the Colours and 9 years with the Reserve, in 
 the Royal Engineers, Foot Guards, Infantry of the Line, and 
 Royal Army Medical Corps. 
 
 3 years with the Colours and 9 years with the Reserve, in 
 the Army Service Corps. 
 
 Extensions to complete 7 or 12 years with 1he Colours, and 
 Re-engagements to complete 21 years are allowed, under 
 •certain restrictions. 
 
 PAY AND GRATUITIES. 
 
 Warrant Officers .. .. 5/- to 6/- a day. 
 
 Sei^eants and Lance Serjeants 2/- to 4/6 „ 
 
 Corporals and Bombardiers . , 1/8 to 2 8 „ 
 
 Gunners, Privates, &c. . . . . 1/- to 1/9 „ 
 
 A Messing Allowance of 3d. a day is granted to efficient Soldiers 
 on their attaining 19 years of age, if they have 6 months' service, to pro- 
 vide for their groceries and vegetables. 
 
 Good Conduct Pay is granted to Soldiers for good conduct according 
 to length of service. 
 
 Gratuities. Recruits who enlist for only 3 years' Colour Service 
 receive £2 on transfer to the Reserve. Recruits who enlist for 7 years' 
 Colour Service, and men who extend their Colour Service to 7 or 12 years, 
 receive on discharge or transfer to the Reserve, £1 for each year of 
 Colour Service up to a limit of £13. 
 
 DISCHARGE AND PENSION. 
 
 During the first three months of service, soldiers may claim their 
 discharg'e on payment of £10, subject to the provisions of Section 81, 
 Army Act. After that period they may be permitted to leave or 
 payment of £18. 
 
 After 21 years' service and upwards, soldiers become entitled, on dis- 
 charge, to a pension varying from 8d. to 6s. a day, according to their 
 rank and length of service. 
 
 Soldiers discharged on account of wounds or injvunes received in action, 
 or disability caused by military duty, are entitled to a pension varying 
 '"ith the extent of the disabDity and with the length of service. 
 
 * Alterations, giving increase of pay and better terms of Fervice for 
 non-commissioned officers and men of the Regular Army have been 
 ar.nounced. To come into force on 1st April, 1902. 
 
Army Seserve. Soldiers t.raast'erred to the Reserve receive pay at 
 6d. a day until the expiration of their term of serviee. On completing 
 12 years' service, either with thp Colours or in the ResHrve, they may. 3 
 eligihle, join the Supplemental Reserve lor 4 years, receiving pay at 6d. 
 ft day during that period. 
 
 GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE ARMY. 
 
 A Pamphlet showing the conditions of Service in the Army, and oon- 
 taimng full information as regards Standards, Food, Clothing, Quarters, 
 Fuel and Light, Medical Attendanoe, Prizes for Good Shooting, Libraries, 
 Recreation Rooms, Army Schools, &o., &c., will be supplied free, on 
 application, at any Pobt Office in the United Kingdom, or to any Serjeant- 
 Instructor of Volunteers or other Recruiter. 
 
 RECRUITING FOR THE MILITIA. 
 
 Respectable young mrm, between 18 and 35 years of age (and growing 
 lads between 17 and 18) , are invited to join the Militia of the County ia 
 which they have settled places of residence. 
 
 TERMS OF SERVICE. 
 
 Original enlistment . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 years. 
 
 MiUtiamen may re-engage during their last training, or may afterwards 
 re-enlist for a further period of 4 years. 
 
 After discharge from the Army of Army Reserve, soldiers may also 
 re-enlist in the Militia for a period of 4 years. 
 
 Militia Fngineers (Submarine Aliners), possessing the necessary quali- 
 dcations, may be enUsted in the Royal Engineers, and immediately 
 transferred to the Ist Class Army Reserve, for service with the Militia 
 Engineer Divisions, to which they wUl be attached as Supernumeraries. 
 
 DRILL AND TRAINING (Niimber of days in each 
 
 year). 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 In subse- 
 
 
 
 In first 
 
 year. 
 
 
 quent 
 years. 
 
 AEM OF THE 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 SEE7ICB. 
 
 Recruit 
 Drill. 
 
 Musketry 
 
 Usual 
 
 Total 
 
 Usual 
 
 
 or Gunnery 
 
 Anuual 
 
 during 
 
 Anuual 
 
 
 Drill. 
 
 Training. 
 
 the year. 
 
 Traiuiug. 
 
 Artillery , , ] 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Infantry . . V 
 
 49 
 
 14 
 
 27 
 
 80 
 
 27 
 
 Medical Staff Corps 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Enei- fortress . . 
 „.™" ■^ Submarine 
 
 43 
 
 14 
 
 41 
 
 97 
 
 41 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 "^*" 1 Miners .. 
 
 63 
 
 14 
 
 55 
 
 138 
 
 B6 
 
BOUNTY, PAY, EXTRA DUTY PAY, AND 
 ENGINEER PAY, &o. 
 
 During the first year of Bervioe the rate of Bounty of a Militiaman 
 Taries from 10s. to £Z, and during subsequent years is £4 10s. 
 
 Men having qualifying service under a previous engagement, are given 
 the advantage of the latter rate after attending one training. 
 
 During Drill and Training, U'.C.O.'s and men receive Army rates of 
 pay of their rank, also i-ations; and provided they are 19 years of 
 age and have attended one training, or the equivalent thereof, messing 
 allowance at 8d. a day. 
 
 In addition to the ordinary pay, extra-duty pay varying from 8d. to 
 6d. per day will be issued during the annual training to non-commissioned 
 officers and men of the Militia for the performance of certain specified 
 duties. 
 
 Engineer Pay varying from 4d. to Is. 8d. a day, will also be allowed 
 to non-commissioned officers and men of the MiUtia Engineers d'lriiig 
 training or when employed on engineering or submarine mining wpi-ks. 
 
 Corps pay, varying from 4d. to Is. a day, is granted to N.O.O.'s aud 
 men of the Militia Medical Staff Corps. 
 
 Prizes for good shooting will be granted to men who show proficiency 
 in shooting. 
 
 GENERAL ADVANTAGES OF THE MILITIA. 
 
 A Pamphlet containing detailed information as to the Conditions of 
 Service in the Militia can be obtained free of charge at any Post Office in 
 the United Kingdom, from any Serjeant-Instructor of Volunteers, or 
 other Eecruiter. 
 
 LUNUON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICBV 
 
 BY HAKEISON AND SONS, ST. MAETIN'S LANE, 
 
 PBIITTEBB IN OBSINAS; TO HIS MAJESTT. 
 (Wt. 11914 20,000 9 I «— H 4 S ti38,