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ALLYN AND BACON'S COLLEGE LATIN SERIES 
 
 UNDER THE GENERAL EDITORSHIP OF 
 
 CHARLES E. BENNETT asd JOHN C. ROLFE 
 
 GAI SUETONI TRANQUILLI 
 
 DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 LIBRI Ill-Vl 
 
 Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, Nero 
 
 WITH INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BT 
 
 JOSEPH B. PIKE 
 
 FBOFESSOB OF LATIN IN THB UNIVBESITT OF MINNESOTA 
 
 Boston 
 
 ALLYN AND BACON 
 1903 
 
COPYRIGHT. 1903, 
 BY JOSEPH B. PIKE. 
 
 -yyt/b 
 
 Norbiootr ^xtM 
 
 . S. Gushing & Co. — berwick & Smith Co. 
 
 Norwood, Mass., U.S.A. 
 
Eo 1^. H. % 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The Lives of the Caesars contained in this collection are 
 of great interest to the student of Roman history, since 
 they treat of the period covered by the Annals of Tacitus, 
 by which they are so admirably illustrated and the gaps 
 of which they serve to bridge. The Lives are, too, in 
 special need of elucidation, partly because of their author's 
 disregard of chronological sequence and partly because of 
 their extreme conciseness. The Notes of this edition, there- 
 fore, have been made rather full, with a view to confirm, 
 refute, or further illustrate the statements of Suetonius 
 by citations from other authors, especially from Tacitus, 
 Dio Cassius, and the latter's abridger, Xiphilin. 
 
 No commentary on the Lives of this edition has, so far 
 as I am aware, been published in any modern language. 
 The old commentators, and the Baumgarten-Crusius-Hase 
 edition in particular, have been of assistance in preparing 
 the Notes ; but of necessity, in an edition of this kind, much 
 of the work has been done independently. The text adopted 
 is that of Roth (1857), with modifications. 
 
 I wish to express my great indebtedness to Professor 
 Charles E. Bennett and Professor John C. Rolfe for their 
 many valuable suggestions. I also appreciate the assistance 
 given me by my colleague, Dr. John E. Granrud, who read 
 critically the proof of the commentary. 
 
 JOSEPH B. PIKE. 
 
 Minneapolis, Minnesota, 
 April, 1903. 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 LIFE OF SUETONIUS. 
 
 Like most of the writers of the Silver Age, Gaius Suetonius 
 Tranquillus is exceedingly reticent as to his early life. He 
 states, however, that his father, Suetonius Laetus,' a military 
 tribune, took part in the battle of Bedriacum,^ 
 which was fought in the year 69 a.d. To this ^^^ *"* 
 meagre information with regard to his family, 
 Suetonius' contemporaries add nothing. Not even the place 
 of his birth is mentioned. Vossius, a Dutch scholar of the 
 seventeenth century, suggests" that he was a native of 
 cisalpine Gaul, but adduces nothing more convincing to 
 support this theory than the fact that Suetonius' friend, 
 Pliny the Younger, was a native of that region. The year 
 of his birth, while quite uncertain, cannot be assigned to a 
 later date than 75 a.d., as may be inferred from a passage 
 cited later, in which he speaks of a pseudo-Nero at the court 
 of Vologesus. 
 
 A few personal references relating to the period of his 
 youth are found in his writings. For example, 
 in his life of Caligula, after stating the gener- 
 ally accepted theory that the emperor had built his bridge 
 
 1 Some editors read Levis. 
 
 2 Otho 10, interfuit huic bello pater mens Suetonius Laetus, tertiae 
 decimae legionis tribunus angusticlavius. 
 
 » De Hist. 1. 31. 
 
 vii 
 
VUl INTRODUCTION. I. 
 
 at Baiae to rival a similar structure of Xerxes over the 
 Hellespont, he goes on to say that, when a boy, he had 
 heard his grandfather give a different explanation.' In a 
 passage of the De Orammaticis' he states that he recalls 
 from the period of his youth the system of declamation and 
 disputation employed by the rhetorician Princeps. Suetonius 
 probably spent his early years at Rome, for, in speaking of 
 the cruelty of Domitian, he remarks that he himself, when 
 a youth, was present (i.e. in Rome) on one occasion, when 
 an investigation was being made to determine whether a 
 certain aged man was a Jew.' Another personal reference 
 is met with in the statement that during his youth, twenty 
 years after the death of Nero (i.e. after the year 88 and be- 
 fore the death of Vologesus in 91), a pseudo-Nero had great 
 influence at the court of the Parthians.* 
 
 The letters of Pliny the Younger throw some light upon 
 the life of Suetonius between the years 96 and 112 or 
 
 thereabout. The first nine books of these let- 
 Sue^n^s *®^^ yfeie written after the death of Domitian, 
 
 and before Pliny was appointed governor of 
 Bithynia and Pontus. The tenth contains the official cor- 
 respondence that passed between Trajan and Pliny, his 
 representative, chiefly in regard to the administration of 
 the province. The earliest of these letters addressed to 
 Suetonius shows that the latter was about twenty -six years 
 of age at the time, while the latest attests that he was not 
 far from forty. 
 
 > See Calig. 19. 
 
 ^ Chap. 4, me quidem adulescentulo, repeto quendam Principem 
 nomine alternis diebus declamare, alternis disputare, nonmillis vera 
 mane disserere, post meridiem remoto pulpito declamare solitum. 
 
 ' Domit. 12, interfuisse me adnlescentulum memini, cum a procura- 
 tore frequentissimoque conailio inspiceretur nonagenarius senex an 
 circumsectus esset. 
 
 * See Nero, 67. 
 
LIFE OF SUETONIUS. ix 
 
 In these letters Pliny shows that he held the character of 
 his friend in high esteem, and that he was solicitous for his 
 welfare. It was through Pliny's influence that the office of 
 military tribune was offered to Suetonius. This office, since 
 he did not care to accept it, he had transferred to a friend — 
 again through the kindness of Pliny.' Pliny also inter- 
 ceded in behalf of Suetonius with reference to the purchase 
 of a piece of property,^ and goes so far as to style him 
 " contubeiTialis meus." When Suetonius was about to plead 
 a case, and was much perturbed in consequence of a dream, 
 it was Pliny who consoled and calmed him, and even 
 promised to secure a postponement of the trial.' It was 
 Pliny, too, who encouraged him to put the finishing touches 
 to some of his writings and publish them.* Finally, in 
 soliciting from the Emperor Trajan the benefits of the ius 
 trium liberorum for Suetonius, he remarked that the longer 
 he knew him the more highly he prized him.* All this 
 from a man of Pliny's refinement and judgment argues for 
 the good qualities of Suetonius. 
 
 Though Suetonius was a lawyer, and filled some public 
 posts during his life, yet he seemed by nature suited to more 
 tranquil paths. He was in truth, as Pliny says, 
 a scholasticus.^ At Pliny's death, a dear friend 3 "u^"^"* '^ ' 
 of Pliny's, Gains Septicius Clarus,' became 
 Suetonius' patron. To this Septicius he dedicated his eight 
 books on the lives of the Caesars, and it was through Septi- 
 cius' influence that he was appointed secretary to Hadrian. 
 At first upon friendly terms with the emperor,' he, as well 
 as Septicius and others, afterward lost favor. Spartianus ° 
 
 1 Ep. III. 8. * Ep. I. 24. 8 Ep. I. 18. 
 
 * Ep. V. 10. ' Ep. X. 94, 95. « Ep. I. 24. 
 
 ' Pliny speaks of this man in high terms, Ep. II. 9, 4. 
 8 Aug. 7. 
 
 ' Spart. Hadrian 11,3, Septicio Claro praefecto praetorii et Sue- 
 tonio Tranquillo epistularum magistro muUisque aliis, quod apud 
 
X INTRODUCTION. I. 
 
 states that the reason for the dismissal was that these 
 men had not conducted themselves toward the empress 
 according to the strict rules of etiquette demanded by 
 Hadrian. 
 
 Suetonius must have been about fifty years old at the 
 time of his dismissal from the court of Hadrian. The rest 
 
 of his life was devoted to the peaceful pursuit 
 
 of literature. The last contemporary mention 
 of him is made by M. Fronto in a letter to M. Aurelius, 
 probably written during the early years of the reign of 
 Antoninus Pius. 
 
 Suetonius was almost the only author in the reign of 
 Hadrian who produced anything of importance. The chief 
 
 work of his which has been preserved, and by 
 tirei' Ca''*ars ''^^i'^^ ^^ ^^ *° ^^ judged, is his Lives of the 
 
 Caesars. Suetonius apparently used good 
 authority for almost all that he wrote. He drew little from 
 Tacitus, and never mentions him. Pliny, no doubt, supplied 
 him with some material for his later Lives, but he, too, is 
 passed over in silence. There is nothing to show that 
 Suetonius used Velleius Paterculus or Plutarch. He drew 
 largely from official documents and from the private cor- 
 respondence of the emperors. He was, however, somewhat 
 too prone to accept the stories and gossip that were current 
 with regard to the imperial court. 
 
 Suetonius is not an historian, for he neglects even the 
 great public happenings of the times, except in so far as 
 
 they relate to the Caesars as individuals. He 
 J^^^°°' is hardly a biographer in the strict sense of 
 
 the term, as an analysis of the Lives will show. 
 They are all written after one general pattern. He gives 
 first an account of the parentage and early life of each 
 
 Sahinam uxorem in vau eius familiarius se tunc egerant quam reve- 
 rentia domus aulicae postulabat, successores dedit. 
 
LIFE OF SUETONIUS. xi 
 
 emperor; he then divides the reigpa into certain sections,* 
 treating separately the good and bad traits ''■ of his subject, 
 but leaving no clear conception of the character as a whole. 
 The account of the death is preceded or followed by a 
 statement of the omens that presaged it. He pays no atten- 
 tion to chronological sequence in his narration, and displays 
 but little historical insight. He is a painstaking compiler 
 of data, and as such is valuable from the historical point of 
 view. No other author has related so many interesting 
 facts concerning the court life of the early empire of Rome. 
 Both Tacitus and Suetonius seem to be trustworthy in 
 respect to the facts they state, but here the likeness ends. 
 Suetonius attempts no philosophical discussion xgjjtus and 
 of character; he merely enumerates the vices Suetonius 
 and virtues of his subject, without drawing «"™P*^** 
 conclusions. There is no analysis of motives or emotions. 
 While Tacitus is a violent partisan, Suetonius dispassion- 
 ately states facts without discussing them. He draws the 
 portraits of his Caesars as men rather than as rulers. He 
 possesses but little dramatic instinct, and what he does 
 possess is displayed in narration' rather than in the pres- 
 entation of character. 
 
 ^ Aug. 9, proposita vitae eius velnt summa, partes singillatim neque 
 per tempora sed per species exsequar, quo distinctius demonstrari 
 cognoscique possint. 
 
 ' Nero, 19,haec partim nulla reprehensione, partim etiam non medi- 
 ocri laude digna in unum eontuli, ut secernerem a probris ac sceleribus 
 eius de quibus dehinc dicam ; Calig. 22, hactenus quasi de principe ; 
 reliqua ut de monstro narranda sunt. 
 
 ' The best example of his power in this respect is seen in Chapters 
 48 and 49 of the Life of Nero. 
 
xii INTRODUCTION. IL 
 
 II. 
 
 LANGUAGE AND STYLE.' 
 
 Suetonius of necessity reflects the literary tendencies of 
 his time ; yet his style is less typical of the Silver Age than 
 that of any other writer of the period. His use of Greek 
 words and poetical phrases and constructions seems to be 
 due to the influence of the age rather than to his personal 
 inclination. He aims at clearness, simplicity, and brevity, 
 though on occasions condensation is attained at the expense 
 of clearness. The brevity of Suetonius' diction is not epi- 
 grammatic, nor employed with evident artistic purpose. It 
 is the brevity of economy, which aims to express the thought 
 in the simplest and fewest words. Neglect of concinnity and 
 parallelism of construction, while not carried to excess as in 
 Tacitus, are peculiarities of Suetonius' style. The sentences 
 are comparatively short, and there is an entire absence of 
 the periodic structure. As would be expected from these 
 traits, his prose is not harmonious. In fact, he seems to be 
 utterly lacking in a feeling for rhythm. He does not strive 
 for effect, and his diction is singularly free from rhetorical 
 ornamentation. He keeps himself entirely out of his works, 
 with the result that his style is somewhat colorless. Its 
 very simplicity, however, gives an element of strength and 
 vigor. The following are the most noticeable linguistic 
 characteristics : 
 
 ' For further information the following works may be consulted : 
 P. Bagge, de elocutions C. Suetonii TranquilH, Upsala, 1875 ; 
 R. Dupow, de Suetonii TranquilH consuetudine guaesiiones, Jena, 
 1895 ; H. R. Thimm, de usu atque elocutione C. Suetoni TranquilH, 
 Konigsberg, 1867 ; Freunde, de C. Suetoni TranquilH usu atque 
 genere dicendi, Berlin, 1900. 
 
LANGUAGE AND STYLE. xiii 
 
 § 1. VOCABULAEY. 
 
 a. Suetonius uses many words from the Greek. He also 
 exhibits many unusual and technical words. 
 
 (1) chlamys, ' a mantle,' Tib. 6 ; megistanuin, ' grandees,' Calig. 5 ; 
 chrysocoUa, 'green,' Calig. 18; asticos, 'celebrated in the city,' 
 i.e. ' games,' Calig. 20 ; automatum, ' self-acting machine,' Claud. 34 ; 
 catadroraum, 'a tight rope stretched on an incline,' Nero, 11 ; ephe- 
 borum, ' youths,' Nero, 12 ; buthysiae, ' a sacrifice of oxen,' Nero, 12 ; 
 pyxidem, ' a small box,' Nero, 12 ; oitharoedum, ' one who plays on the 
 cithara, accompanying it with the voice,' Nero, 20 ; hypocrita, ' an 
 actor who accompanies the dialogue with gesticulation,' Nero, 24 ; 
 hieronicarum, 'victors in the sacred games,' Nero, 24; phonasco, 
 ' an instructor in voice culture,' Nero, 25 ; naumachiam, ' a mock sea- 
 fight,' Claud. 21; epinicia, 'songs of victory,' Nero, 43; agona, 'a 
 contest,' Nero, 45 ; synthesinam, sc. vestem, ' a dressing-gown,' Nero, 
 51 ; brabeutarum, 'those who preside at the public games,' Nero, 53. 
 
 (2) amanuensibus, ' secretaries,' Nero, 44 ; exstipicio, ' an inspection 
 of the vitals of victims,' Nero, 56 ; cycladatus, 'clothed in the cyclas, 
 or women's state robe,' Calig. 52; imagunculam, 'a small image,' 
 Nero, 56 ; machinosum, ' skilfully constructed,' Nero, 34 ; resalutatione, 
 ' a greeting in return,' Nero, 37 ; sericatus, ' dressed in silks,' Calig. 52 ; 
 solutilem, ' that would fall apart,' applied to a ship, Nero, 34 ; super- 
 iumentarium, 'an overseer of teamsters,' Claud. 2; verbenatum, 
 ' crowned with a sacred wreath,' Calig. 27. 
 
 b. Suetonius shows a remarkable fondness for adverbs 
 in -im : 
 
 raptim, Tib. 6, Nero, 41 ; confestim, Tib. 7, 13, 24, Calig. 12, 15, 
 48, Claud. 1, 37; iunctim, Tib. 8; seusim, Tib. 11, 44 ; statim, Tib. 
 21, 40, 44, 48, 52, 61, 72, Calig. 14, 27, Claud. 1, 15, 33, 37, Nero, 20, 
 40, 48 ; praesertim, Tib. 21, Calig. 8 ; paulatim, Tib. 53, Calig. 3, 
 Nero, 27 ; iuxtim, Tib. 33 ; singillatim, Tib. 42, 61, Claud. 29, Nero, 
 15 ; interim, Tib. 63, 73, Claud. 6 ; separatim, Tib. 76 ; passim, Calig. 
 6, Nero, 25; nominatim, Claud. 6; vicissim, Claud. 10; Nero, 1; 
 viritim, Nero, 10 ; furtim, Nero, 23. 
 
 This fondness is more apparent in other portions of Sue- 
 
xiv INTRODUCTION. 11. 
 
 tonius' writings than in the Lives of this edition. The 
 following occur : 
 
 caesim, carptim, circulatim, dispersim, domesticatim, generatim, 
 gregatim, mixtim, municipatim, provinciatim, regionatim, sabsultim, 
 summatim, ubettiin, vicatim. 
 
 c. Diminutives are freely used : 
 
 amiculae, Calig. 33 ; cenulam, Claud. 21 ; corbulae, Nero, 19 ; cul- 
 tellos, Claud. 34 ; filiola, IY6. 53 ; imaguncula, Nero, 66 ; modulum, 
 Nero, 49 ; ofEula, Claud. 40 ; palmularum, Claud. 8 ; porcello, Nero, 
 33 ; rastello, Nero, 19 ; regulos, Calig. 5 ; sportulam, Claud. 21 ; 
 tirunculum, Nero, 21 ; trimulus, Nero, 6. 
 
 d. As in Tacitus, so in Suetonius we find a fondness for 
 abstract expressions : 
 
 omnisque amicitias et familiaritates intra breve tempus afflixU 
 (where amicitias et familiaritates is equivalent to amicos et familiares, 
 'friends and intimates'), Tib. 51; Italiam per clientelas occupare 
 (where per clientelas is equivalent to per clientes, 'by the instrumen- 
 tality of his clients), Tib. 2; confectores ferarum et varia harenae 
 ministeria (ministeria equivalent to ministros, ' various participants in 
 the gladiatorial games '), Nero, 12 ; viciniae silentium indieere (_viciniae 
 equivalent to vicinis, 'order the neighbors to be silent'), Calig. 65. 
 
 e. Adjectives are freely used as nouns : 
 
 aureos (sc. nummos), 'gold pieces,' Claud. 6 ; diribitorio (^sc. aedi- 
 ficio), ' building whence distributions were made,' Claud. 18 ; ducen- 
 tesima (ic. pars), 'two hundredth part,' Calig. 16; natali {sc. die), 
 'birthday,' Calig. 26. 
 
 § 2. Cases. 
 
 o. (1) In common with other prose writers of the Silver 
 Age, Suetonius constantly uses the ablative instead of the 
 accusative to denote extent of time : 
 
 vixit annis viginti novem, imperavit triennio et decern mensibus 
 diebuaque octo, Calig. 69. 
 
LANGUAGE AND STYLE. XV 
 
 (2) The ablative is freely used without the preposition in, 
 in words that convey a distinctly locative idea: 
 
 media ampkitheatn harena igni cremavit, Calig. 27. 
 
 b. The Greek accusative and the accusative object of a 
 passive participle used as a middle are more frequently 
 met with than in earlier writers : 
 
 depictas gemmatasque indutus paenulas, Calig. 52 ; hirsutus cetera, 
 'as for the rest with heavy growth of hair,' Calig. 50 ; illud horae, 'at 
 that time,' Nero, 26. 
 
 c. (1) The dative of agent with other forms than the 
 gerundive, though common, is not found as often as in 
 Tacitus : 
 
 quae iam nunc sibi componi oporteret, ' which he should already be 
 composing,' Nero, 43. 
 
 (2) The dative of purpose in the gerundive construction 
 is very common : 
 
 ligna conferri curando max eadaveri, Nero, 49 ; deligendi vekicula 
 portandis scaenicis organis, Nero, 44. 
 
 d. The following uses of the genitive deserve notice : 
 
 commeatus a senatu peti solitos henefleii sui fecit, ' were granted at 
 his hand' (predicate), Claud. 23 ; scyphos gratissimi usus, 'favorite 
 goblets' (quality), Nero, 47 ; fascias purpurae ac conchylii, 'fillets of 
 purple ' (genitive for adjective), Calig. 17 ; patronum perferendae 
 legationis, Claud. 6 (an extension of the defining genitive where we 
 might expect the preposition causa instead of the simple genitive). 
 This, construction is also much afiected by Tacitus. 
 
 § 3. The Verb. 
 a. Tense. 
 
 (1) The historical present is very rare as compared with 
 the frequency with which it occurs in other writers. 
 
xvi INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 (2) In no other writer is the perfect subjunctive more 
 freely used for the imperfect: 
 
 prosecutus est ut custoditum sit, Tib. 1 ; adulationes adeo aversatus 
 est ut neminem . . . admiserit, Tib. 27. 
 
 (3) The present subjunctive in indirect discourse is often 
 used where we should expect the imperfect {repraesentatio) : 
 
 se prolaturum affirmavtt si liceat, Nero, 41 ; nihil habere se vocife- 
 ratus est quare eos demereatur, Claud. 40. 
 
 (4) Bolder still is the union of the imperfect and perfect 
 subjunctive in correlative constructions : 
 
 obtrectavit ut . . . elevarit et increparet, Tib. 52 ; cf. experiebatur 
 quae fuisset . . . quid sint solitae, Tib. 70. 
 
 b. Mode. 
 
 (1) The imperfect subjunctive is used with priusquam, 
 antequam, pridiequam, in constructions where the earlier 
 writers would have used the perfect indicative : 
 
 ante paucos quam obiret menses, Calig. 8 ; pridiequam periret, 
 Calig. 57. 
 
 (2) The subjunctive is once used with iubere : 
 
 lectis codicillis quibus ut id faceret iubebalur, Tib. 22. 
 
 (3) Suetonius is fond of the iterative subjunctive in tem- 
 poral and conditional clauses : 
 
 quotiensque introiret, Calig. 7 ; quotiens exoscularetur, Calig. 33 ; 
 promptus utique si perorandum in aliquem esset, Calig. 53. 
 
 (4) As in Tacitus, the subjunctive is used in clauses 
 introduced by tamquam and quasi to express the ground of 
 action, without necessarily implying any suggestion of un- 
 reality : 
 
 quasi fatale esset, Nero, 43 ; tamquam parum esset non oboedire, 
 Calig. 29. 
 
LANGUAGE AND STYLE. xvii 
 
 (5) The subjunctive is used with quamquam : 
 
 quamquam aaepUis revocaietur, Tib. 16 ; 
 also with quamvis to introduce a statement of fact : 
 
 quamvis minimum fortunae casibusque permitteret, Tib. 19. 
 
 (6) The subjunctive without ut is frequent after verbs of 
 commanding and exhorting : 
 
 monuit . . . durarent, Calig. 46 ; scripsit . . . appararent, Calig. 47 ; 
 demmtiavit abiret, Calig. 55. 
 
 c. Constructio ad sensum is of frequent occurrence : 
 
 magna pars rutila barba fuerunt, Nero, 1 ; ditissimus quisque com- 
 parabant, Calig. 22. 
 
 § 4. Participles, Infinitives, Geeund, and Gerundive. 
 
 a. (1) The future participle is freely used to express pur- 
 pose ; also with temporal or conditional force : 
 
 Capitoliumque occupaverant, asserturi communen libertatem (pur- 
 pose), Claud. 10; traiecturus Bhenum (temporal), Tib. 18; ut mono- 
 polium nominaturus veniam prius poatularet (conditional), Tib. 71. 
 
 (2) Perfect passive participles used as adjectives are freely- 
 compared : 
 
 contemptior, Tib. 13 ; impensissimis, Tib. 13. 
 
 (3) Suetonius shows a great fondness for participial con- 
 structions, which he employs for the sake of brevity: 
 
 successores permssoresque summittere exercitus et provinciis re- 
 gentibus, quasi conspifatis idemque et unum sentientibus, Nero, 43. 
 
 6. (1) The object infinitive, either with or without sub- 
 ject accusative, is freely used in constructions not allowed 
 or but seldom employed by the writers of classical prose, 
 e.g. with the following words : 
 
 aggressus, Claud. 41 ; contentus, Tib. 25 ; flagitavit, Claud. 15 ; 
 oraret, Nero, 47 ; permisit, Calig. 16 ; non dubitans, Claud. 36 ; 
 
XVUl INTRODUCTION. II. 
 
 imperavit, Tib. 57 ; cum magni aestimaret, Nero, 21 ; non defuit 
 animus, Calig. 56, and many others. 
 
 (2) The historical infinitive seems not to have been used. 
 
 c. (1) The accusative of the gerund and gerundive is used 
 after inter and oh, a rare usage : 
 
 inter canendum, Nero, 32. 
 
 (2) For the genitive and dative of the gerundive see under 
 " Cases." 
 
 § 5. Prepositions. 
 
 Among the most characteristic uses of prepositions, the 
 following may be noted : 
 
 (1) Ab: equivalent to post: 
 
 a somno, 'after sleep,' Tib. 68 ; 
 
 to signify the office or duty : 
 
 Epaphrodito a libellis, ' Epaphroditus, master of petitions,' Nero, 49 ; 
 cf. Jul. 74, servu3 a manu, ' a secretary ' ; Tib. 42, a voluptatihus. 
 
 Ad: 
 
 exhibuit ad ferrum, ' had them fight,' Nero, 12. 
 
 Apud : equivalent to locative case or in with ablative : 
 
 apud insulam Capreas, Aug. 92 ; apud Neapolim, Tib. 6 ; 
 
 or to ad : 
 
 apud Philippos, Tib. 14. 
 
 These are archaisms revived in Silver Latin. 
 
 Circa : in temporal sense : 
 
 circa initia imperii, 'at the beginning of his reign,' Claud. 7 ; 
 
 with the meaning of de : 
 
 circa successorem omnia ordinare, 'with reference to his successor,' 
 Claud. 45. 
 
 Citra : equivalent to sine, as in Tacitus : 
 
 citra bellum, ' without war,' Claud. 35. 
 
LANGUAGE AND STYLE. xix 
 
 De : the preposition de, contrary to ordinary usage, is em- 
 ployed with the verb paenitere: 
 
 paenitentis de matrimonio Agrippinae, Claud. 43. 
 
 In : equivalent to ad : 
 
 usque in Idus, Calig. 17 ; in memoriam patris, Calig. 15. 
 
 Inter : 
 
 inter haec, ' meanwhile,' Calig. 46 ; inter moras, ' after some delay,' 
 Nero, 49. 
 
 Prae : equivalent to propter : 
 
 prae turba occurentium, ' because of the crowd,' Calig. 4. 
 
 Procul : as a preposition, equivalent to sine : 
 
 procul dubio, Nero, 3. 
 
 (2) Prepositional phrases are freely used as attributive 
 modifiers of nouns : 
 
 mirmillonem e ludo, ' a mirmillo of the training school,' Calig. 32 ; 
 iuris dictionem de fidei commissis, 'jurisdiction in matters of trust,' 
 Claud. 23; quo materiam tumultus post se subduceret, Tib. 22. 
 
 § 6. Adverbs and Conjunctions. 
 
 a. Quamquam (for quamvis) is used with adjectives and 
 
 participles : 
 
 quamquam hoc modo agenti, Claud. 6 ; 
 
 for quamquam with subjunctive, see under " Mode." 
 
 b. (1) Priusq^am, quamvis, nisi, quasi, tamquam, and 
 quamquam are freely used with the ablative absolute : 
 
 quamvis triginta hominum milibus operantibus, Claud. 20 ; quam- 
 quam abominantibus qui audiebant, Claud. 46 ; non prius palam fecit, 
 quam Agrippa iuvene interempto, Tib. 22 ; for quamvis in statement 
 of fact, see under " Mode." 
 
 (2) They are also used with participles : 
 
 Non prius occidit quam offensus adore, Calig. 27. 
 
XX INTRODUCTION. III. 
 
 c. Tamquam and quasi are sometimes used, as in Tacitus, 
 introducing a subjunctive clause where the accusative with 
 infinitive might have been expected: 
 
 tenetque opinio tamquam et natus ibi sit, Aug. 6 ; increbrescente 
 rumore quasi . . . commorarelur, Tib. 11. 
 
 d. Et with the force of etiam is very common. 
 
 e. Quo is used to introduce a clause of purpose where no 
 comparison is involved : 
 
 quo . . . subduceret, Tib. 22. 
 
 /. Donee is used with the subjunctive in a statement of 
 fact. 
 
 Viewed as a whole, the Latin of Suetonius is not so closely 
 modelled on the Ciceronian style as that of Quintilian or 
 that of Pliny the Younger, nor does it exhibit such marked 
 peculiarities of the Silver Age as do the diction of Seneca 
 and Tacitus. It does not present many difficulties, and is 
 admirably adapted to the purpose of its author. 
 
 III. 
 THE WORKS OF SDETONIUS. 
 
 Some of the works of Suetonius were written in Greek, 
 others in Latin, a practice followed by many of the authors 
 of the time. 
 
 With the exception of the Lives of the Caesars, but few 
 fragments, considering the bulk of his productions, have 
 come down to us, and considerable doubt exists even in 
 regard to the titles of many of the works. 
 
 The first collection of the fragments' was made by Isaac 
 
 1 The standard edition of the fragments is Reifferscheid's, which 
 may be consulted for further information with reference to them. 
 
THE WORKS OF SUETONIUS. xxi 
 
 Casaubon in 1595. Suidas, a Greek lexicographer of the 
 tenth century, is the chief authority as to the order and 
 titles of the works. These are as follows : 
 
 1. ntpi rStv Trap" 'EAAtjcti iraiSuov fiifi\iov a, a book of the 
 
 games in vogue among the Greeks. This was undoubtedly 
 written in Greek, though it may also have been translated 
 by the author into Latin. • 
 
 2. TTfpl Tuiv Ttapa 'P(i>|*aibts ${tapiu>v Kal ayutvtov ^ifiXux (3', an 
 
 account of Roman spectacles and games, written in Latin, 
 under the title Historica ludicra. 
 
 3. -irtpl Tov Kara. 'PtD/iaiow IviavTov /Si/SXio)/ a', an archaeo- 
 logical investigation into the theory of the Roman year. 
 
 4. TTtpl Tuiv iv Tois /3i;3XiW a-qfiiiatv a, on the meaning of 
 rare words. 
 
 5. ircpl T^s KiKtpmv&; ttoXxtcuk; a, a justification of the con- 
 duct of Cicero, written in answer to some of his numerous 
 detractors, especially one Didymus, a conceited Alexandrine. 
 
 6. vepl ovofuiTtDv Kal i&eai icrOrmaTiov koi vrro8riiJ.aTa>v Koi riov 
 
 aXXftJv oU Tis a.p.<t>i.a>wTai, a treatise on the different names 
 of shoes, coats, and other articles of dress. 
 
 7. TTcpt Sv<T<t>ijix<i>v X.i$«ov rJTOi ^\au<f>T)fu!i>v Kal Trodtv fKoxTTrj, 
 
 an inquiry into the origin and etymology of various terms 
 of abuse employed in conversation and literature, probably 
 written in Greek. The work appears to have been framed 
 under headings designating the objects of censure (iirl 
 
 av8pu>v aKo\dL(TTtav, cttI ywaiKHv, cis SovXovs). 
 
 8. ircpl 'Poijui;? Kal tS>v iv avrrj vo/ii/ioiv Kal rjOSiv /8ty3\ui /3', an 
 
 account of the chief Roman customs. Only a short pas- 
 sage on the triumph has been preserved by Isidore. 
 
 9. SvyyeviKoj' Kaio-apwv i/3', a biography of the twelve 
 Caesars, in eight books, written in Latin under the title De 
 Vita Caesarum. 
 
 10. %T€fifjuiTa "Piopaiiov avSpuiv i-n-icrrjixiav, a gallery of illus- 
 trious men, written in Latin under the title De Viris Illus- 
 tribus. 
 
XXli INTRODUCTION. III. 
 
 11. irept iirurriiiMv iropvuiv, an account of those courtesans 
 who had become renowned through their wit, beauty, or genius. 
 
 12. De Vitiis Corporalibus, a list of bodily defects, written 
 possibly to supplement the medical works of Celsus and 
 Scribonius Largus. 
 
 13. De Institutione Officiorum, a manual of rank as fixed 
 by law, and of social and ceurt etiquette. 
 
 14. De Regibus, in three books, containing biographies of 
 the most renowned monarchs in each of the three divisions 
 of the world, Europe, Asia, and Africa. 
 
 15. De Rebus Variis. Of this there are few and insignifi- 
 cant notices. 
 
 16. Praia, miscellanies, in ten or perhaps twelve books. 
 This was a very popular work, and it is probable, as Reiif er- 
 scheid supposes, that many of the foregoing treatises were 
 merely portions of the Prata, cited under separate names. 
 The Prata was extensively used by later writers, especially 
 Isidore, through whom the parts on natural history became 
 well known during the Middle Ages. 
 
 Of all these works, there have survived only parts of the De 
 Viris Illustribus, and the Lives of the Caesars, that is, of Nos. 9 
 and 10 of the above list. The De Viris Illustribus treated of 
 those eminent in literature, and comprised treatises on poets, 
 orators, historians, philosophers, grammarians, and rhetori- 
 cians. First came a list of the authors treated, then followed 
 the earlier history of the department in question, and finally 
 the principal representatives were discussed in chronological 
 order. The series of orators began with Cicero; of histo- 
 rians, with Sallust. The lives of Tacitus and Pliny the 
 Younger were not treated, for this work, like the Lives of 
 the Caesars, did not extend beyond the time of Domitian. 
 
 Of the earlier parts of the work, there are extant excerpts 
 made by Diomedes and Jerome. From the book De Poetis, 
 we possess the lives of Terence, Horace, and that of Lucan 
 
MANUSCRIPTS OF SUETONIUS. xxiil 
 
 in part. The lives of Vergil and Persius are believed to be 
 the work of another hand. From the book De Historkis, 
 fragments of the life of Pliny the Elder exist. Of the 
 work De Grammaticis et Rhetoribus, the greater part, together 
 with the index, is extant. The life of Terence has been pre- 
 served entire by Donatus, iu the introduction to his com- 
 mentary on Terence. The life of Horace was preserved in 
 manuscripts of his works, and at an early date was prefixed 
 in somewhat modified form to copies of his poems. The 
 life of Persius is attributed to Valerius Probus. 
 
 The work De Vita Caesarum, dedicated to C. Septicius 
 Clarus, was published in 120 a.d. This work was divided 
 into eight books, in such a way that the lives of the first 
 six emperors, from Julius to Nero, form one book each; 
 those of the three emperors of the year 69, the seventh ; and 
 those of the three Flavians, the eighth. The beginning of 
 the life of Julius is missing. 
 
 IV. 
 
 MANUSCRIPTS OF SUETONIUS.i 
 
 But few of the numerous manuscripts of Suetonius found 
 in the various libraries of Europe are of any great value. 
 These manuscripts may be divided on the basis of their origin 
 into four classes, to the first of which belongs the Codex 
 Memmianus, the oldest and most valuable, and the Ghtdianus. 
 The second class has as its type the third Medicean, and in- 
 cludes the Codex Vaticanus of Lipsius. Becker also places 
 the Berolini, No. 337, one of the best of the inferior manu- 
 
 1 Cf. Roth's preface. For points on textual criticism, consult Becker, 
 Quaestiones Critieae. For some of the latest work done in collating 
 manuscripts, see Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. XII, 
 pp. 19-58. 
 
xxiv INTRODUCTION. IV. 
 
 scripts, in this class. The third class is headed by the 
 Codex Parisinus, 6116, and the second Medicean. Though 
 the manuscripts of this class are badly corrupted, they are 
 the only source confirming some of the readings fovind in the 
 Memmian. The fourth class consists of the manuscripts 
 made during the fifteenth century, which are of comparatively 
 little value.' 
 
 The Codex Memmianus. — This manuscript is first heard 
 of at Turin, in the thirteenth century. From that place it 
 was carried in the sixteenth century to the library of Henri 
 de Mesmes. Here it was inspected by various scholars, but, 
 as it had as yet no definite title, it was cited under different 
 names, e.g. Turonensis, Pithoeamis, and Memviianus, thus 
 giving rise to the belief that three separate manuscripts, 
 instead of one, existed. From the possession of the De 
 Mesmes family, it passed into the library of Emmerich Bigot, 
 where it was known as No. 196. In 1706 Bigot's library 
 was purchased by the Royal Library of Paris, now the 
 National Library, where the manuscript still rests, being 
 known as Codex Memmianus, No. 6115. The title of the 
 Lives is wanting in this, but the first five words, annum 
 agens sextum decimum patrem, beginning the life of Julius, 
 are written in red ink with the initial A of the word annum 
 somewhat higher than the other letters, proving that the 
 loss of the first part of this life antedated the writing of 
 the manuscript. It belongs, as the style of the writing 
 indicates, to the ninth century. 
 
 Oudianus 268. — This is the next earliest manuscript, and 
 was written in the eleventh century. Its excellence was not 
 known to Roth, nor did he collate it, supposing it to be later 
 than the Ouelferhytanus of Wolf, who cited it as Guelf. II, 
 whereas in reality it is earlier and more valuable. It 
 
 1 For a different estimate of these fifteenth century manuscripts, 
 see Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. XII, pp. 261-264. 
 
EDITIONS. XXV 
 
 approaches most nearly to the readings of the Memmian, 
 and is undoubtedly from the same original. 
 
 Tliird Medicean. — This, the best-known manuscript of 
 the second class, is now preserved in the Medicean library 
 of Florence. It is written in two columns, in the style 
 prevalent during the eleventh century. Its excellence is 
 undoubted, for it often approaches the Memmian in value, 
 and, either with it or alone, preserves the correct reading for 
 certain words. 
 
 Codex Vaticanus Lipsii. — To this same class belongs the 
 Codex Vaticanus Lipsii, from which readings were taken by 
 Lipsius in 1574; hence the name. Of this only the first 
 three books, the lives of Julius Caesar, Augustus, and 
 Tiberius, are extant. There are in all twelve maauscripts of 
 Suetonius in the Vatican Library. 
 
 EDITIONS. 
 
 Earliest Editions. — Two editions were printed at Rome in 
 the year 1470, and one at Venice, 1471. 
 
 Subsequent Editions. — Philip Beroaldus, 1493 and 1503 ; 
 Erasmus, 1518; Robert Estienne, 1543; Isaac Casaubon, 
 1595 and 1610; John August Ernesti, 1748 and 1775; 
 Franz Oudendorp, 1751 ; Wolf, 1802 ; Baumgarten-Crusius, 
 1816 ; the same with additions by Hase, 1828 (this last is 
 still the standard annotated edition); Roth, 1857; Smilda; 
 Vita Claudii, 1896. With English commentary, there are 
 at the present time two editions: Suetonius I-II, H. T. 
 Peck, 1899 ; and Augustus, Shuckburgh, 1896. 
 
C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI 
 
 DE YITA CAESARUM 
 
 LIBER III. 
 TIBERIUS. 
 
 1 Patricia gens Claudia (fuit enim et alia plebeia, nee 5 
 potentia minor nee dignitate) orta est ex Eegillis; oppido 
 Sabinorum. Inde Romam recens conditam 
 
 ,. .. The Claudian 
 
 cum magna clientium manu commigravit, q^^ 
 auetore Tito Tatio consorte Eomuli, vel, 
 quod magis constat, Atta Claudio gentis principe, post lo 
 rages exactos sexto fere anno ; atque in patricias cooptata, 
 agrum insuper trans Anienem clientibus locumque sibi 
 ad sepulturam sub Capitolio publice accepit. Deinceps 
 procedente tempore duodetriginta consulatus, dictaturas 
 quinque, censuras septem, triumphos sex, duas ovationes 15 
 adepta est. Cum praenominibus cognominibusque variis 
 distingueretur, Luci praenomen consensu repudiavit, 
 Clfi'^postquam e duobus gentilibus praeditis eo alter latro- 
 cinii, caedis alter convictus est. Inter cognomina auteni 
 et Neronis assumpsit, quo significatur lingua Sabina 20 
 fortis ac strenuus. 
 
 2 Multa multorum Claudiorum egregia merita, multa- 
 etiam aetiua^admissa in rem publicam exstant. Sed ut 
 
 1 
 
2 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAEUM 
 
 praeoipua commemorem, Appius Caecus societatem cum 
 
 rege Pyrrho ut parum salubrem iniri dissuasit. Claudius 
 
 ... ^ Caudex primus if reto classe traiecto Poenos 
 
 Achievements '^ 
 
 and misdeeds Sicilia expulit. Tib. Nero advenientem ex 
 
 5 °* '** ™®™' Hispauia cum ingentibus copiis Hasdruba- 
 bers 
 
 lem, priusquam Annibali f ratri coniungeretur, 
 
 oppressit. Contra Claudius E-egillianus, decemvir legibus 
 
 scribendis, virgiuem iugenuam per vim libidiuis gratia 
 
 in servitutem asserere conatus, causa plebi fuit secedendi 
 
 10 rursus a patribus. Claudius Drusus, statua sibi diade- 
 mata ad Appi Forum posita, Italiam per clientelas 
 occupare teinptavit. ''Claudius Pulcher apud Siciliam, 
 non pascentibus in at^spicando puTlis ac per contemptum 
 
 ^"religionis mari demersis, quasi ut biberent quando esse 
 
 15 nollent, proenum navale iniit; superatusque, cum dicta- 
 torem dicere a senatu iuberetur, velut iterum illudens 
 discrimini publico, Glician viatorem suum dixit. 
 
 Exstant et feminarum exempla diversa aeque, siquidem 
 gentis eiusdem utraque Claudia fuit, et quae navem cum 
 
 20 sacris Matris deum Idaeae obhaerentem Tiberino vado 
 extraxit, precata propalam, ut ita demum se sequeretur, si 
 sibi pudicitia constaret; el quae novo more iudicium 
 maiestatis apud populum mulier subiit, quod in conferta 
 raultitudine aegre procedente carpento palam optaverat, 
 
 25 ut frater suus Pulcher revivesceret atque iterum classem 
 
 amitteret, quo minor turba Romae foret. Praeterea nota- 
 
 tissimum est, Claudios omnis, excepto dumtaxat P. Clodio, 
 
 qui ob expellendum urbe Cicerbnem plebeio 
 
 . *" ^ homini atque etiam natu minori in adop- 
 
 haugntmess ^ 0* ^ > ■ 7 " 
 
 30 tionem se dedit^ optimates assertoresque 
 
 unicos dignitatis ac pOtentiae patriciorum semper fuisso, 
 
 atque adversus plebem adeo violentos et coutumaces, ut 
 
LIBEE III. TIBERIUS. 3 
 
 ne capitis quidem quisquam reus apud populum mutare 
 
 vestem aut deprecari sustinuerit; nonnulli in altercatione 
 
 et iurgio tribunes plebi pulsaverint. Etiam virgo Ves- 
 
 talis f ratrem, iniussu pop.uli triumphantem, ascenso simul 
 
 curru, usque in Capitoliura prosecuta est, ne vetare aut 5 
 
 intercedere fas cuiquam tribunorum asset. 
 
 3 Ex hac stirpe Tiberius Caesar genus trahit, et quidem 
 
 utrumque: paternum a Tiberio Nerone, maternum ab 
 
 Appio Pulchro, qui affilfc -A-ppi Caeci filii 
 
 fuerunt. Insertus est et Liviorum familiae, '*^°"st°" "' lO 
 
 ' Tibenus 
 adoptato in earn materno avo. Quae familia, 
 
 quamquam pleljeia, tamen et ipsa admodum floruit, octo 
 
 consulatibus, censuris duabus, triumphis tribus, dictatura 
 
 etiaui ac magisterio equitum honorata ; clara et insigni- 
 
 bus viris, ac maxime Salinatore Drusisque. - Salinator 15] 
 
 uniVersas tribus in censura notavit levitatis nomine, 
 
 quod, cum se post priorem consulatum mult^ irrogata '^ 
 
 condemnassent, consulem iterum censoremque fecis- 
 
 sent. Drusus, hostium duce Drauso comminus truci- 
 
 dato, sibi posterisque suis cognomen invenit. Traditur 20 
 
 etiam pro praetore ex provincia Gallia rettulisse aurum, 
 
 Senonibus olim in obsidione Capitolii datum, nee, ut 
 
 fama est, extortum a Camillo. Eius abnepos, ob eximiamJ ' 
 
 adversus Gracchos operam patronus senatus dictus, filium/ 
 
 reliquit, quern in simili dissensione multa varie molien- 2S- 
 
 tem diversa factio per fraudem interemit. ' [ 
 
 4 Pater Tiberi, qpaestor C. Caesaris Alexandrino bello 
 
 classi praeposi1^s,''plurimum ad victoriam contulit. Quare 
 
 et pontifex in locum P. Scipionis substitutus 
 
 , . ^ „ . ... ffis father 
 
 et ad deducendas m Galliam colonias, in 30 
 
 quis Narbo et Arelate erant, missus est. Tamen Caesare 
 
 occiso, cunctis turbarum metu abolitionem facti decer- 
 
C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAEUM 
 
 V 
 
 nentibuSj^tiam de praemiis tyrannicidarum referendum 
 censuitfifftaetura deinde functus, cum exitu anni dis- 
 cordia inter triumviros orta esset, retentis ultra iustum 
 tempus insignibus L. Antonium consulem, triumviri 
 
 5 fratrem, ad Perusiam secutus, deditione a ceteris facta, 
 solus permansit in partibus ac primo Praeneste, inde 
 Neopolim evasit, servisque ad pilleuin frustra vocatis in 
 Siciliam profugit. Sed indigne feiens, nee statim se in 
 conspectum Sexti Pompei admissunr et fascium usu pro- 
 
 10 hibitum, ad M. Antonium traiecit in Achaiam. Cum quo, 
 brevi recouciliata inter omnis pace, Romam redit, uxo- 
 remque Liviam Drusillam, et tunc gravidam et ante iam 
 apud se filium enixam, petenti Augusto concessit. Nee 
 multo post diem obiit, utroque liberorum supers'tite, 
 
 15 Tiberio Drusoque Neronibus. 
 
 Tiberium quidam Fundis natum existimaverunt, secuti 5 
 levem coniecturam, quod materna eius avia Fundana 
 fuerit, et quod mox simulacrum Felicitatis 
 ex senatus consulto publicatum ibi sit. Sed 
 
 20 ut plures certioresque tradunt, natus est Eomae in Pala- 
 tio XVI Kal. Dec. M. Aemilio Lepido iterum, L. Munatio 
 Planco conss. per bellum Philippense. Sic enim in fastos 
 actaque in publica relatum est. Nee tamen desuut, qui 
 partim anteeedente anno, Hirti ac Pansae, partim inse- 
 
 25 quenti, Servili Isaurici Lucique Antonii consulatu, geni- 
 tum eum seribant. 
 
 Infantiam pueritiamque habuit laboriosam et exercitam, 6 
 comes usquequaque parentum f ugae ; quos quidem apud 
 Neapolim sub irruptionem hostis navigium 
 
 30 '?-^^^^ clam petentis vagitu suo paene bis prodidit, 
 
 semel cum a nutricis ubere, iterum cum a 
 
 sinu matris raptim auferretur ab lis, qui pro necessitate 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 5 
 
 temporis mulierculas levare onere temptabant. Per Si- 
 cilian! quoque et per Achaiam circumductus, ac Lace- 
 daemoniis publice, quod in tiitela Claudiorum erant, 
 demandatus, digrediens inde itinere noctiirno discrimen 
 vitae adiit, flamma repeats e silvis undique exorta, adeo- 5 
 que omnem comitatum circumplexa, ut Liviae pars vestis 
 et capilli amburerentur. Muaera, quibus a Pompeia, 
 Sex. Pompei sorore, iu Sicilia donatus est, chlamys et 
 fibulaj ;tem bullae aureae, durant ostendunturque adhuc 
 Bais. Post reditum in urbem a M. Gallic senatore testa- 10 
 mento adoptatus, hereditate adita mox nomine abstinuit, 
 quod Gallius adversarum Augusto partium fuerat. 
 
 Novem natus annos defunctum patrein pro rostris 
 laudavit. Deliinc pubescens Actiaco triumpho eurrum 
 Augusti comitatus est sinisteriore funali equo, cum Mar- is 
 cellus Octaviae filius dexteriore veheretur. Praesedit et 
 asticis ludis, et Troiam circensibus, ductor turmae 
 puerorum maiorum. 
 
 7 Virili toga sumpta, adulescentiam omnem spatiumqiie 
 insequentis aetatis usque ad principatus 20 
 
 initia per haec fere transegit. Munus gladi- 
 atorium in memoriam patris et alteram in avi Drusi 
 dedit, diversis temporibus ac locis, priraum in foro, 
 secundum in amphitheatro, rudiariis quoque quibusdam 
 revocatis auctoramento centenum milium ; dedit et ludos, 25 
 sed abseas : cuncta magnifice, inpensa matris ac vitrici. 
 
 ^7 Agrippiuam, Marco Agrippa genitam, neptem Caecili 
 
 Attici equitis Eomani fad quem sunt Ci- 
 
 ^ '- His mamage 
 
 ceronis epistulae], duxit uxorem; sublar 
 
 toque ex ea filio Druso, quamquam bene convenientem 30 
 
 rursusque gravidam dimittere, ac luliam Augusti filiam 
 
 confestim coactus est ducere, non sine magno angore 
 
6 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 animi, cum et Agrippinae consuetudine teneretur et 
 luliae mores improbaret; ut quam sensisset sui quoque 
 sub priore marito appetentem, quod sane etiam vulgo 
 existimabatur. Sed Agrippinam et abegisse post divor- 
 
 5 tium doluit, et semel omnino ex oCcursu visam adeo 
 contentis et umentibus oculis prosecutus est, ut custo- 
 ditum sit ne umquam in conspectum ei posthac veniret. 
 Cum lulia primo concorditer et amore mutuo vixit ; mox 
 dissedit, et aliquanto gravius, ut etiam perpetuo secu- 
 
 10 baret, intercepto communis fili pignore, qui Aquileiae- 
 natus iufans exstinctus est. Drusum fratrem in Ger- 
 mania^ amisit, cuius corpus, pedibus toto itinere jflPae»- 
 grediens, Romam usque pervexit. 
 
 Civilium officiorum rudimentis regem Archelaum Tral- 8 
 
 15 liauos et Thessalos, varia quosque de causa, 
 
 Early cmi Augusto cognoscente defendit; pro Laodi- 
 
 cenis Thyatirenis Chiis,. terrae motu afflictis 
 
 opemque implorantibus, senatum deprecatus est ; Fannium 
 
 Caepionem, qui cum Vavrone Murena in Augustum con- 
 
 20 spiraverat, reum maiestatis apud indices fecit et condem- 
 navit. Interque haec duplicem curam administravit, an- 
 nonae quae artior inciderat, et repurgandorum tota Italia 
 ergastulorum, quorum domini in invidiam venerant quasi 
 exceptos supprimerent, non solum viatores sed et quos 
 
 25 sacramenti metus ad eius modi latebras compulisset. 
 
 Stipendia prima expeditione Cantabrica tribunus mili- 9 
 
 turn fecit, dein ducto ad Orientem exercitu 
 
 itary cam- pggj^,jm Armeniae Tigrani restituit ac pro tri- 
 
 bunali diadema imposuit. Kecepit et signa, 
 
 30 quae M. Crasso ademerant Parthi. Post hoc Comatain 
 Galliam anno fere rexit, et barbarorum incursionibus et 
 principum discordia inquietam. Exin Eaeticum Vindeli- 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 7 
 
 CTimque bellum, inde Pannonicum, inde Germanicum 
 gessit. Eaetico atque Vindelico gentis Alpinas, Pan- 
 nonico Breucos et Dalmatas subegit, Germanico quadra- 
 giiita miliaaediticioruin tlftiecit in Galliam iuxtaque 
 ripam Eheni sedibus assignatis coUocavit. Quas ob res 5 
 et ovans et curru urbem ingressus est, prius, ut quidam 
 putant, triumphalibus ornamentis honoratus, novo nee 
 antea cuiquam tribute genere honoris. 7 
 
 Magistratus et maturius incohavit et paene iunctim per- 
 cucurrit, quaesturam, ^aeturam, eonsulatum ; 10 
 
 interpositoque tepapore consul iterum etiam pf^*^ 
 tribuniciam potestatem in quinquennium ac- 
 
 10 cepiyTTot prosperis coufluentibus, integra aetate ac vale- 
 tudine statuit repente secedere seque e medio quam lon- 
 gissime amovere : dubium, uxorisne taedio, quam neque 15 
 criminari aut dimittere auderet neque ultra perferre pos- 
 set, an ut vitato assiduitatis fastidio auctoritatem absentia 
 tueretur atque etiam augeret, si quando indiguisset sui res 
 publica. Quidam existimant, adultis iam Augusti liberis, 
 loco et quasi possessione usurpati a se diu secundi gradus 20 
 sponte cessisse, exemplo M. Agrippae qui, M. Marcello ad 
 munera publica admoto, Mytilenas abierit, ne aut ob- 
 stare aut obtrectare pra«sens videretur. Quam causam 
 et ipse, sed postea, reddidit. Tunc autem honorum 
 satietatem ac requiem laborum praetendens, comuieatum 25 
 petit; neque aut matri suppliciter precanti, aut vitrico 
 deseri se etiam in senatu conquerenti veniam dedit. 
 
 ■ '^ Quin et pertinacius retinentibus, cibo per quadriduuni 
 abstinuit. Facta tandem abeundi potestate, relictis 
 Eomae uxore et filio confestim Ostiam descendit, ne 30 
 verbo quidem cuiquam prosequentium reddito paucosque 
 
 11 admodum in digressu exosculatus. Ab Ostia oram Cam- 
 
8 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 paniae legens, imbecillitate August! nuntiata, paulum 
 
 substitit. Sed increbrescente rumore quasi ad occasio- 
 
 uem maioi'is spei commoraretur, tantum non adversis 
 
 tempestatibus Rhodum enavigavit, amoenitate et salu- 
 
 5 britate insulae iam inde captus cum ad earn ab Armenia 
 
 rediens appulisset. Hie modicis contentus aedibus nee 
 
 multo laxiore suburbano, genus vitae civile admodum 
 
 instituit, sine lictore aut viatore gymnasio interdum 
 
 obambulans, mutuaque cum Graeculis officia usurpans 
 
 10 prope ex aequo. 
 
 Forte quondam in disponendo die mane praedixerat, 
 
 quidquid aegrorum in civitate esset visitare 
 LifeinRhodes n ■ i • • ii 
 
 se velle; id a proximis ahter exceptum, 
 
 iussique sunt onines aegri in publicam porticum deferri 
 15 ac per valetudinuni genera disponi. Perculsus ergo inopi- 
 nata re diuque quid ageret incertus, tandem singulos cir- 
 cuit, excusans factum etiam tenuissimo cuique et ignoto. 
 Unum hoc niodo neque praeterea quicquam notatum est, 
 in quo exseruisse ius tribuniciae potestatis visus sit : cum 
 20 circa scholas et auditoria professorum assiduus esset, 
 iiioto inter antisophistas graviore iurgio, non defujt qui 
 eum intervenientem et quasi studiosiorem partis alterius 
 convicio incesseret. Sensim itaque regressus domum, 
 repente cum apparitoribus prodiit citatumque pro tribu- 
 23 nali voce praeconis conviciatorem rapi iussit in carcerem. 
 Comperit deinde luliam uxorem ob libidines atque adul- 
 
 teria damnatam, repudiumque ei suo nomine 
 Divorce from i. -j. ^ * j_- 
 
 luiia ®^ auctoritate Augusti remissum; et quam- 
 
 quam laetus nuntio, tamen oflBcii duxit, 
 
 30 quantum in se esset, exorare filiae patrem frequentibus 
 
 litteris et vel utcumque meritae, quidquid umquam done 
 
 dedisset, concedere. 'Transacto autem tribuniciae potes- 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 9 
 
 tatis tempore, confessus tandem, nihil aliud secessu 
 devitasse se quain aemulationis cum C. Lucioque suspici- 
 oneni, petit ut sibi secure iam ab hac parte, conroboratis 
 his et secundum locum facile tutantibus, permitteretur 
 revisers necessitudines, quarum desiderio teneretur. Sed 5 
 neque impetravit ultroque etiam admonitus est, dimitteret 
 
 12 omnem curam suonim, quos tarn cupide reliquisset. Re- 
 mansit igitur Rhodi contra voluntatem, vix per matrem 
 consecutus, ut ad velandam ignominiam quasi legatus 
 Augusto abesset. lo 
 
 Enimvero tunc non privatum modo, sed etiam obnoxium 
 et trepidum egit, mediterraneis agris abditus 
 vitansque praeternavigantium oiRcia, quibus "is precanous 
 frequentabatur assidue, nemine cum imperio 
 aut magistratu tendente quoquam quin deverteret Rhodum. 15 
 Et accesserunt maioris soUicitudinis causae. Namque 
 privignum Gaium Orienti praepositum, cum visendi 
 gratia traiecisset Samum, alieniorem sibi sensit ex crimi- 
 nationibus M. LoUi coniitis et rectoris eius. Venit etiam 
 in suspicionem, per quosdam beneficii sui centuriones a 20 
 commeatu castra repetentis mandata ad complures de- 
 disse ambigua et quae temptare singulorum animos ad 
 novas res viderentur. De qua suspicione certior ab 
 Augusto factus, non cessavit efflagitare aliquem cuiuslibet 
 
 13 ordinis custodem factis atque dictis suis. Equi quoque 25 
 et armorum solitas exercitationes omisit redegitque se, 
 deposito patrio habitu, ad pallium et crepidas, atque in 
 tali statu biennio fere permansit, contemptior in dies et 
 invisior, adeo ut imagines eius et statuas Nemausenses 
 subverterint, ac familiari quondam convivio mentione 30 
 eius orta, exstiterit qui Gaio poUiceretur, confestim se, 
 
 si iuberet, Rhodum navigaturum caputque exsulis (sic 
 
10 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 enim appellabatur) relatunim. Quo praecipue non iam 
 
 metu sed discrimine coactus est, tam swis quam matris 
 
 impensissimis precibus reditum expostulate, impetra^ 
 
 vitque, adiutus aliquantum etiam casu. Destinatum 
 
 5 Augusto erat, nihil super ea re nisi ex voluntate maioris 
 
 fili statuere; is forte tunc M. Lollio offensior, facilis 
 
 exorabilisque in vitricum fuit. Permittente ergo Gaio 
 
 revocatus est, verum sub condicione ne quam partem 
 
 curamve rei publicae attingeret. 
 
 10 Eediit octavo post secessum anno, magna 14 
 
 e urn ^^^ incerta spe futurorum, quam et ostentis et 
 
 praedictiouibus ab initio aetatis conceperat. 
 
 Praegnans enim Livia cum, an marem editura esset, 
 
 Omens and variis captaret ominibus, ovum incubanti gal- 
 predictions of T 1_J i. • • i^ 
 
 ^® future ereat- ^^^^^ subductum nunc sua nunc ministra^ 
 ness rum manu per vices usque fovit, quoad 
 
 puUus insigniter cristatus exclusus est. Ac de infante 
 Scribonius mathematicus praeclara spopondit, etiam reg- 
 naturum quandoque, sed sine regio insigni, ignota scili- 
 
 20 cet tunc adhuc Caesarum potestate. Et ingresso primam 
 expeditionem ac per Macedoniara ducente exercitum in 
 Syriam, accidit ut apud Philippos sacratae dim victri- 
 cium legionum arae sponte subitis conlucerent ignibus; 
 et mox, cum Illyricum petens iuxta Patavium adisset 
 
 25 Geryonis oraculum, sorte tracta, qua monebatur ut de 
 consultationibus in Aponi fontem talos aureos iaceret, 
 evenit ut summum numerum iacti ab eo ostenderent; 
 hodieque sub aqua visuntur hi tali. Ante paucos vero 
 quam revocaretur dies aquila, numquam an tea Ehodi 
 
 30 conspecta, in culmine domus eius assedit; et pridie 
 quam de reditu certior fieret, vestimenta mutanti tunica 
 ardere visa est. Thrasyllum quoque mathematicum. 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 11 
 
 quem ut sapientiae professorem contubernio admoverat, 
 turn maxime expertus est, affirmantem, nave provisa 
 gaudium afEerri ; cum quidem ilium, durius et contra 
 praedicta cadentibus rebus, ut falsum et secretorum 
 temere consclum, eo ipso momento, dum spatiatur una, 5 
 praecipitare in mare destinasset. 
 
 15 Eomam reversus, deducto in forum filio Druso, statim 
 e Carinis ac Pompeiana dome Esquilias in hortos Mae- 
 cenatianos transmigravit totumque se ad quietem con- 
 tulit, privata modo officia obiens ac publicorum munerum 10 
 expers. 
 
 Gaio et Lucio intra triennium defunctis, adoptatur ab 
 
 Au gusto simul cum fratre eoruin M. Agrippa, 
 
 coactus prius ipse Germanicum fratris sui "P "" y 
 ^ '^ Augustus 
 
 filium adoptare. Nee quicquam posteapro 15 
 
 patre familias egit aut ius, quod amiseratj ex uUa parte re- 
 tinuit. Nam neque donavit neque manumisit, ne heredita- 
 tem quidem aut legata percepit uUa aliter quam ut peculio 
 referret accepta. Nihil ex eo tempore praetermissum est 
 ad maiestatem eius augendam, ac multo magis post quam, 20 
 Agrippa abdicate atque seposito, certum erat, uni spem 
 
 16 successionis incumbere ; data rursus potestas tribunicia in 
 quinquennium, delegatus pacandae Germaniae status, Par- 
 thorum legati, mandatis Augusto Romae redditis, eum quo- 
 que adire in provincia iussi. Sed nuntiata 25 
 lllyrici defectione, trausiit ad curam novi u^?"^""* 
 belli, quod, gravissimum omnium externo- 
 
 rum bellorum post Punica, per quindecim legiones parem- 
 que auxiliorum copiam triennio gessit, in magnis omnium 
 rerum difficultatibus summaque frugum inopia. Et quam- 30 
 quam saepius revocaretur, tamen perseveravit, metuens 
 ne vicinus et praevalens hostis instaret ultro cedentibus. 
 
12 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Ac perseverantiae grande pretium tulit, toto Illyiico, 
 quod inter Italiam regnuni(jue Noricum et Thraciam et 
 Macedonian! interque Danubium flumen et sinum maris 
 Hadi'iatici patet, perdomito et in dicionem redacto. Cui 17 
 5 gloriae araplior adhuc ex opportunitate cumulus accessit. 
 Nam sub id fere tempus Quintilius Varus cum tribus legio- 
 nibus in Germania periit, nemine dubitante quin victores 
 Germani iuncturi se Pannoniis fuerint, nisi debellatum 
 prius Illyricum esset. Quas ob res triumphus 
 
 10 ferred ®' decretus est, multique et magni honores. 
 
 Censuerunt etiam quidam ut Pannonieus, alii 
 
 ut Invictus, nonnulli ut Pius cognominaretur. Sed de 
 
 cognomine intercessit Augustus, eo contentum repromit- 
 
 tens, quod se defuncto suscepturus esset. Triumphum 
 
 15 ipse distulit, maesta civitate clade Variana ; nihilo minus 
 urbem praetextatus et laurea coronatus intravit positum- 
 que in Saeptis tribunal, senatu astante, conscendit, ac 
 medius inter duos eonsules cum Augusto simul sedit; 
 unde, populo consalutato, circum templa deductus est. 
 
 20 Proximo anno repetita Germania, cum animadverteret 18 
 Second cam- Varianam cladem temeritate et neglegentia 
 paign in Ger- ducis accidisse, nihil non de consilii sen- 
 ™*°y tentia egit; semper alias sui arbitrii con- 
 
 tentusque se uno, tunc praeter consuetudinem cum 
 
 25 compluribus de ratione belli communicavit. Curam quo- 
 que solito exactiorem praestitit. Traiecturus Rhenum 
 commeatum omnem ad certam formulam astrictum non 
 ante transmisit, quam consistens apud ripam explorasset 
 vehiculorum onera, ne qua deportarentur nisi concessa aut 
 
 30 necessaria. Trans Rhenum vero eum vitae ordinem tenuit, 
 ut sedens in caespite nudo cibum caperet, saepe sine 
 tentorio pernoctaret, praecepta sequentis diei omnia (et 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 13 
 
 si quid subiti muneris iniungendum esset, per libellos) 
 daret ; addita monitione ut, de quo quisque dubitaret, se 
 nee alio interprete quacumque vel noctis hora uteretur. 
 
 19 Disciplinain acerriiiie exegit, animadversionum et igno- 
 rainiarum generibus ex antiquitate repetitis, atque etiam 5 
 legato legionis, quod paucos milites cum liberto suo trans 
 ripam venatum niisisset, iguominia notato. Proelia, quain- 
 vis minimum fortunae casibusque permitteret, aliquanto 
 constantius inibat quotiens l ucubra nte se, subito ac nullo ' 
 propellente, decideret lumen et extingueretur, confidens, 10 
 ut aiebat, ostento sibi a maioribus suis in omni ducatu 
 expei'tissimo. Sed re prospere gesta, non multum afuit 
 quin a Bructero quodam occideretur, cui inter proximos 
 versanti et trepidatione detecto tornientis expressa con- 
 
 20 fessio est cogitati facinoris. A Germania in urbem post 15 
 biennium regressus triumphum, quem distu- 
 
 lerat, egit, prosequentibus etiam legatis, qui- .!*.""' *° 
 bus triumphalia ornanienta impetrarat. Ac 
 prius quam in Capitolium flecteret, descendit e curru 
 seque praesidenti patri ad genua summisit. Batonem 20 
 Pannonium ducem, ingentibus donatum praemiis, Raven- 
 nam transtulit, gratiaiu referens, quod se quondam cum 
 exercitu iniquitate loci circumclusum passus esset eva- 
 dere. Prandium dehinc populo mille mensis, et congi- 
 arium trecenos nummos viritim dedit. Dedicavit et 25 
 Coneordiae aedem, item Pollucis et Castoris suo fratris- 
 
 21 que nomine, de manubiis. Ac non multo post, lege per 
 consules lata ut provincias cum Augusto communiter ad- 
 ministraret simulque censum ageret, condito lustro in 
 Illyricum profectus est. Et statim ex itinere revocatus 30 
 iam quidem adfectum, sed tamen spirantem adhuc Au- 
 gustum repperit fuitque una secreto per totum diem. 
 
14 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Scio vulgo persuasum quasi, egresso post secretum ser- 
 
 monem Tiberio, vox August! per cubicularios exeepta sit: 
 
 Miserum populum Eomanum qui sub tarn 
 Augustus's ^ .__ , 
 
 estimate of lentis moxilUs erit ! Ne illud quidem ig- 
 
 5 Tiberius's noro aliquos tradidisse, Augustum palam nee 
 
 dissimulanter moruin eius diritatem adeo 
 
 improbasse, ut nonnumquam remissiores hilarioresque 
 
 sermones superveniente eo abrumperet; sed expugnatum 
 
 precibus uxoris adoptionem non abnuisse, vel etiam am- 
 
 10 bitione tractum, ut tali successore desiderabilior ipse 
 quandoque fieret. Adduci tamen nequeo quin existimem, 
 circumspectissimum et prudentissimum pi-incipem, in 
 tanto praesertim negotio, nihil temere fecisse ; sed vitiis 
 Tiberii virtutibusque perpensis potiores duxisse virtutes, 
 
 15 praesertim cum et rei publicae causa adoptare se eum pro 
 contione iuraverit, et epistulis aliquot ut peritissimum rei 
 militaris utque unicum populo Romano praesidium prose- 
 quatur. Ex quibiis in exemplum pauca hinc inde subieci : 
 
 Vale, iiicundissime Tiberi, et feliciter rem gere, ifwl koI 
 20 Tats Movarais (TTpaTrjywv. lucundissime et ita sim felix, 
 vir fortissime et dux vofUfiuiTart, vale. 
 
 Ordinem aestivonnn tuorum! Ego vero, mi Tiberi, et 
 Extracts from *'**^'' *"' rerura difficultates koI Toa-avniv airo6v- 
 Augustus's fuav twv trTpaTevofiivoiv non potidsse quem- 
 25 etters quatn pi-udentius gerere se quam tu gesseris, 
 
 existimo. li quoq'ue qui tecum fuerunt omnes conJUentur, 
 versum ilium in te posse did : 
 
 Unus homo nobis vigilando restituit rem. 
 
 Sive quid incidit de quo sit cogitandum diligentius, sive 
 30 quid stomachor valde, medius fidius Tiberium meum desi- 
 dero, su^curritque versus ille Homericus : 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 15 • 
 
 TovTov y etTvoiievoio, koI ck Tnipos aiflo^e'voto 
 Aii<l><D i/oo-Tijcrai/itv, €7r£t irtpCoiSc vorjaai. 
 
 Attenuatum, te esse continuatione laborum cum audio 
 et lego, di me perdant nisi cohorrescit corpus meum; teque 
 oro ut parcas tibi, ne si te languere audierimus, et ego et 5 
 mater tua exspiremus et de summa imperi sui populus 
 Jiomanus periditetar. 
 
 Nihil interest valeam ipse necne, si tu nan vcdebis. 
 
 Deos obsecro, ut te nobis conservent et valere nunc et 
 semper patiantur, si non popidum Romanum perosi sunt. lo 
 
 22 Excessum August! non prius palam fecit, quam Agrippa 
 iuvene interempto. Hunc tribunus militum custos appo- 
 situs occidit, lectis' codicillis, quftjus ut id Mm-jej-f 
 faceret iubebatur ; quos codicillos dubium the young 
 fuit, Augustusne moriens reliquisset, quo ^K^ppa j^ 
 materiam tumultus post se subduceret; an nomine Au- 
 gusti Livia et ea conscio Tiberio an ignaro, dictasset. 
 Tiberius renuntianti tribuno, factum esse quod imperas- 
 set, neque imperasse se et red.diturum eum seiiatui rationem 
 respondit, invidiam scilicet in praesentia vitans. Nam 20 
 
 23 mox silentio rem obliteravit. lure autem tribuniciae 
 potestatis coacto senatu incohataque adlocutione, dere- 
 pente velut impar dolori congemuit, utque non solum 
 vox sed et spiritus deficeret optavit ac perlegendum 
 librum Druso filio tradidit. Inlatum deinde 25 
 Augusti testamentum, non admissis signato- j5 
 
 ribuj nisi senatorii ordinis, ceteris extra 
 curiam signa agnoscentibus, recitavit per libertum. Tes- 
 tamenti initium fuit : Quoniam atrox fortuna Gaixim et 
 Lucium filios mihi eripuit, Tiberius Caesar mihi ex parte 30 
 dimidia et sextante heres esto. Quo et ipso aucta suspicio 
 
16 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 est opinantium, successorem ascitum eum necessitate 
 magis quam iudicio, quando ita praefari non abstinuerit. 
 
 Principatum, quam vis neque occupare confestim neque 24 
 agere dubitasset, statione milituni, hoc est vi et specie 
 
 5 dominationis, assumpta, diu tamen recusavit, 
 
 Pretended . , . . 
 
 reluctance to iiupudentissimo mimo nunc adnortantis ami- 
 assume impe- cos increpans ut ignaros, quanta belua esset 
 n au on y j,^pg,.(„„j^ nunc precantem senatum et pro- 
 cumbentem sibi ad genua ambiguis responsis et callida 
 
 10 cunctatione suspendens ; ut quidam patientiam rumpe- 
 rent atque unus in tumultu proclamaret : Ant ayat, aut 
 desistat! alter coram exprobraret, ceteros, quod polliciti 
 sint tarde praestare, sed ipsum, quod praestet tarde 
 polliceri. Tandem quasi coactus, et querens miseram et 
 
 15 onerosam iniungi sibi servitutera, recepit imperium ; nee 
 tamen aliter, quam ut depositurum se quandoque spem 
 faceret. Ipsius verba sunt: Diim veniam ad id tempus, 
 quo vobis aequum possit videri dare vos aliquam se.nectuti 
 meae requiem. 
 
 20 Cunctandi causa erat metus undique imminentium dis- 25 
 
 criminum, ut saepe lupum se auribus tener^ diceret. Nam 
 
 et servus Agrippae Clemens nomine non con- 
 
 18 appre- temnendam manum in ultionem domini com- 
 hensions 
 
 pararat, et L. Scribonius Libo vir nobilis res 
 
 25 novas clam moliebatur, et duplex seditio militum iu 
 Illyrico et in Germania exorta est. Flagitabant ambo 
 exercitus multa extra ordinem, ante omnia ut aequaren- 
 tur stipendio praetorianis. Germaniciani quidem etiara 
 principem detractabant non a se datum, summaque vi 
 
 30 Germanicum, qui turn iis praeerat, ad capessendam rem 
 publicara. urgebant, quamquam ofRrmate resistentem. 
 Quern maxime casum timens, partes sibi quas senatui 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 17 
 
 liberet tuendas in re publica depoposcit, quando universae 
 sufficere solus nemo posset, nisi cum cUtero vel etiam cum 
 pluribus. Simulavit et valetudinem, quo aequiore animo 
 Gerniauicus celerem successionem vel certe societatem 
 priiicipatus opperivetur. Compositis seditionibus Clemen- 5 
 tem quoque, fraude deceptum, redegit in potestatem. 
 Libonem, ne quid in novitate acerbius fieret, secundo 
 demum anno in senatu coarguit, medio temporis spatio 
 tantum eavere contentus ; nam et inter pontifices sacri- 
 ficanti simul pro secespita plumbeum cultrum subicien- 10 
 dum curavit, et seeretum petenti nonnisi adhibito Druso 
 filio dedit, dextramque obambulantis veluti incumbens, 
 quoad perageretur sermo, continuit. 
 
 26 Verum liberatus metu, civilem admodum inter initia ac 
 paulo minus quam privatum egit. Ex plurimis maximis- 15 
 que honoribus praeter paucos et modicos non 
 
 recepit. Natalem suum, plebeis incurren- "^ssmmng 
 tem circensibus, vix unius bigae adiectione 
 honorari passus est. Tenipla, flamines, sacerdotes decemi 
 sibi prohibuit, etiam statuas atque imagines nisi permit- 20 
 tente se poni : permisitque ea sola condicione, ne inter / 
 simulacra deorum sed inter ornaraeuta aedium poneren- 
 tur. Intercessit et quo minus in acta sua iuraretur, et 
 ne mensis September Tiberius, October Livius voca- 
 rentur. Praenomen quoque imperatoris cognomenque 25 
 patris patriae, et civicam in vestibule coronam recu- 
 savit; ae ne Augusti quidem nomen, quamquam heredi- 
 tarium, ullis nisi ad reges ac dynastas epistulis addidit. 
 Nee amplius quam mox tres consulatus, unum paucis 
 diebus, alteram tribus mensibus, tertium absens usque in 30 
 Idus Maias gessit. 
 
 27 Adulationes adeo aversatus est, ut neminem senatorum 
 
18 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 aut officii aut negotii causa ad lecticam siiam admiserit, 
 consularem vero, satisfacientem sibi ac per 
 flatterv" " genua orare conantem, ita suffugerit ut cade- 
 ret supinus ; atque etiam, si quid in sermone 
 5 vel in continua oratione blandius de se diceretur, non 
 dubitaret interpellare ac reprehendere et commutare con- 
 tinue. Dominus appellatus a quodam, denuntiavit ne 
 se amplius contumeliae causa nominaret. Alium dicen- 
 tem sacras eius occupationes et rursus alium, auctore eo 
 
 10 senatum se adisse, verba mutare et pro auctore suasorem, 
 pro sacris laboriosas dicere cpegit. Sed et adversus con- 28 
 vicia malosque rumores et famosa de se ac suis carmina 
 Freedom firmus ac patiens, subinde iactabat, in eivi- 
 
 of speech tote libera linguam jnentemqtte liheras esse 
 
 15 Permitted debere; et quondam senatu cognitionem de 
 eius modi criminibus ac reis flagitante, Non tantiim, 
 inquit, otii habemus, ut implicare nos pluribus negotiis 
 debeamus; si lianc fenestram aperueritis, nihil aliud agi 
 sinetis : omnium inimicitiae hoc praetexto ad. nos deferen- 
 
 20 tu7: Exstat et sermo eius in senatu percivilis : Siquidem 
 locutus aliter fuerit, ddbo operam ut rationem factorum 
 meorum dictorumque reddam; si perseveraverit, in vicem 
 eum odero. 
 
 Atque haec eo notabiliora erant, quod ipse in appellan- 29 , 
 
 25 "dis venerandisque et singulis et universis 
 
 ourtesy to prope excesserat humauitatis modum. Dis- 
 sentiens in curia a Q. Haterio, Ignoscas, in- 
 quit, rogo, si quid adversus te liberius sicut senator dixero. 
 Et deinde omnis adloquens : Dixi et nunc et saepe alias, 
 
 30 patres conscripti, bonum- et salutarem principem, quem vos 
 tanta et tarn libera potestate instruxistis, senattd servire 
 debere et universis civibus saepe, et plerumque etiam 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 19 
 
 singulis; neque id dixisse me paenitet, et bonos et aequos 
 el faventes vos habui dominos et adlmc habeo. 
 
 30 Quin etiam speciem libertatis quandam induxit, conser- 
 
 vatis senatui ac magistratibus et maiestate 
 
 ^T Liberty 
 
 pnstina et potestate. Neque tarn parvum allowed the 5 
 
 quicquam neque tarn magnum public! pri- senate and 
 
 vatique negotii fuit, de quo non ad patres 
 
 conscriptos referretur : de vectigalibus ac monopoliis, de 
 
 exstruendis reficiendisve operibus, etiam de legendo vel ex- 
 
 auctorando milite ac legionum et auxiliorum descriptione, lo 
 
 denique quibus imperium "prorogari aut extraordinaria 
 
 bella mandari, quid et qua "forma regum litteris rescribi 
 
 placeret. Praefectum alae, de vi et rapinis reura, causam 
 
 in senatu dicere coegit. Numquam curiam nisi solus 
 
 intravit; leetica quondam introlatus aeger, comites a se 15 
 
 31 removit. Quaedam adversus sententiam suam decerni, 
 ne questus quidem est. Negante eo destinatos magistral 
 tus abesse oportere, ut praesentes honori acquiescerent, 
 praetor designatus liberam legationem iinpetravit. Iterum 
 censente, ut Trebianis legatam in opus novi theatri 20 
 pecuniam ad muuitionem viae transferre concederetur, 
 optinere non potuit quin rata voluntas legatoris esset. 
 Cum senatus consultum per discessionem forte fieret, 
 transeuntem eum in alteram partem, in qua pauciores 
 erant, secutus est nemo. 25 
 
 Cetera quoque nonnisi per magistratus et iure ordinario (,v . 
 agebantur, tanta consulum auctoritate ut legati ex Africa 
 adierint eos querentes, trahi se a Caesare ad quem missi 
 forent. Nee mirum, cum palam esset ipsum consideration 
 quoque eisdem et assurgere et decedere via. displayed to 30 
 
 32 Corripuit consulares exercitibus praeposi- g an ow 
 tos, quod non de rebus gestis senatui scriberent, quod- 
 
20 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 que de tribuendis quibusdam militaribus donis ad se 
 referrent, quasi non omnium tribuendorum ipsi ius 
 haberent. Praetorem conlaudavit, quod honore inito con- 
 suetudinem antiquam retulisset de maioribus suis pro 
 
 5 contione memorandi. Quorundam illustrium exsequias 
 usque ad rogum frequentavit. 
 
 Parem moderationem minoribus quoque et personis at 
 rebus exhibuit. Cum Rhodiorum magistratus, quod 
 litteras publicas sine subscriptione ad se dederant, 
 
 10 evocasset, ne verbo quidem insectatus ac tantum modo 
 iussos subscribere remisit. Diogenes grammaticus, dis- 
 putare sabbatis Ehodi solitus, venientem eum, ut se 
 extra ordinem audiret, non admiserat ac per servolum 
 suum in septimum diem distulerat ; hunc Romae, salu- 
 
 15 tandi sui causa pro foribus adstantein, nihil amplius 
 quam ut post septimum annum rediret admonuit. Prae- 
 sidibus onerandas tributo provincias suadentibus rescrip- 
 sit, boni pastor is esse tondere pecus, non deglubere. i /- 
 Paulatim principem exseruit, praestititque etsi varlum 33 
 
 20 Qj^j^jj diu, commodiorem tamen saepius et ad 
 
 assumption of utilitates publicas proniorem. Ac prime 
 sovereignty eatenus interveniebat, ne quid perperam 
 fieret. Itaque et constitutiones senatus quasdam rescidit, _.. 
 et magistratibus pro tribunali cognoscentibus plerumque 
 
 25 se ofEerebat consiliarium assidebatque iuxtim vel exad- 
 versum in parte primori ; et si quern reorum elabi gratia 
 rumor esset, subitus aderat iudicesque aut e piano aut e 
 quaesitoris tribunali legum et religionis et noxae, de qua 
 cognoscerent, admonebat; atque etiam, si qua in publicis 
 
 30 moribus desidia aut mala consuetudine labarent, corri- 
 genda suscepit. Ludorum ac munerum impensas corripuit, 34 
 mercedibus scaenicorum recisis paribusque gladiatorum 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 21 
 
 ad certum numerum redactis. Corinthiorum vasoram 
 
 pretia in immensum exarsisse tresque lauUos triginta 
 
 milibus nummum venisse graviter conques- 
 
 tus, adhibendum supellectili modum censuit Extravagance 
 
 checked 
 annonamque macelli senatus arbitratu quot- 5 
 
 amiis temperandam, dato aedilibus negotio popinas 
 
 ganeasque usque eo inhibendi, ut ne opera quidem pis- 
 
 toria proponi venalia sinerent. Et ut parsimoniam pu- 
 
 blicam exemplo quoque iuvaret, sollemnibus ipse cenis 
 
 pridiana saepe ac semesa obsonia apposuit dimidiatumque lo 
 
 aprum, affirmans, omnia eadem habere, quae totum. 
 
 Cotidiana oseula edicto prohibuit, item strenarum com- 
 
 mercium ne ultra Kal. Ian. exerceretur. Consuerat quar 
 
 druplam strenam, et de manu, reddere; sed ofEensus 
 
 interpellari se toto mense ab iis qui potestatem sui die 15 
 
 35 festo non habuissent, ultra non tulit. Matronas prostra- 
 
 tae pudicitiae, quibus accusator publicus deesset, ut pro- 
 
 pinqui more maiorum de communi sententia 
 
 coercerent auctor fuit. Equiti Romano iuris "^*° °1J*V "* 
 ^ ness curbed 
 
 iurandi gratiam fecit, uxorem in stupro ge- 20 
 
 neri eompertam dimitteret, quam se numquam repudia^ 
 turum ante iuraverat. Feminae famosae, ut ad evitandas 
 legum poenas iure ac dignitate matronali exsolverentur, 
 lenocinium profiteri coeperant, et ex iuveutute utriusque 
 ordinis profligatissimus quisque, quo minus in opera 25 
 scaenae hareuaeque edenda senatus consulto teneretur, 
 famosi iudicii notam sponte subibant ; eos easque omnes, 
 ne quod refugium in tali fraude cuiquam esset, exsilio 
 adfecit. Senatori latum clavum ademit, cum cognosset, 
 sub Kal. lul. demigrasse in hortos, quo vilius post diem 30 
 aedes in urbe conduceret. Alium et quaestura removit, 
 quod uxorem pridie sortitionem ductam postridie repu- 
 
22 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 diasset. Externas caerimoHias, Aegyptios ludaicosque 36 
 
 ritus compescuit, coactis qui superstitione 
 
 Suppression o ^^ tenebantur relieiosas vestes cum insirii- 
 foreign ntea ° 
 
 mento omni comburere. ludaeorum iuven- 
 
 5 tutem per speciem saci-ainenti in provincias gravioris 
 caeli distribuit, reliquos gentis eiusdem vel similia 
 sectantes urbe ^mmovit, sub poena perpetuae servitutis 
 nisi obtemperassent. Expulit et matheniaticos, sed de- 
 precantibus ao se artem desituros promittentibus veniam 
 
 10 dedit. 
 
 In primis tuendae pacis a grassaturis ac latrociuiis 37 
 
 „ ,. seditionumque licentia curam habuit. Sta^ 
 
 Preeeivation ^ 
 
 of peace, at tiones militum per Italiam solito frequenti- 
 home and Qpgg disposuit. Romae castra constituit, 
 
 15 quibus praetorianae cohortes, vagae ante id 
 
 tempus et per hospitia dispersae, continerentur. 
 
 Populares tuinultus et ortos gravissime coercuit et ne 
 orerentur sedulo cavit. Caede in theatre per discordiam 
 admissa, capita factionum et histriones, propter quos 
 
 20 dissidebatur, relegavit, nee ut revocaret umquam ullis 
 populi precibus potuit evinci. Cum Pollentina plebs 
 funus cuiusdam primipilaris non prius ex foro misisset, 
 quam extorta pecunia per vim heredibus ad gladiatorium 
 munus, cohortem ab urbe et aliam a Cotti regno, dissi- 
 
 25 mulata itineris causa, detectis repente armis coneinenti- 
 busque signis per diversas portas in oppidum immisit, 
 ac partem maiorem plebei ac decurionum in perpetua 
 vincula coniecit. Abolevit et ius moremque asylorum, 
 quae usquam erant. Cyzicenis in cives Komanos violen- 
 
 30 tins quaedam ausis publice libertatem ademit, quam 
 Mithridatico bello meruerant. 
 
 Hostiles motus, nulla postea expeditione suscepta, per 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 23 
 
 legates compescuit, ne per eos quidem nisi cunctanter et 
 necessario. Reges infestos suspectosque comininationi- 
 bus inagis et querellis quam vi repressit; qiiosdam per 
 blanditias atque proinissa extractos ad se non remisit, ut 
 Maroboduum Germanum, Rhascupolim Thracein, Arche- 5 
 laum Cappadocein, cuius etiam regnum in formam pro- 
 vinciae redegit. 
 
 38 Biennio continue post adeptum imperium pedem porta 
 non extulit ; sequenti tempore praeterquani in propinqua 
 oppida et, cum longissime, Antio tenus 10 
 
 r 1. ■ ^ i. Reluctance to 
 
 nusquam afuit, idque perraro et paucos . _ 
 dies; quamvis provincias quoque et exer- 
 citus revisurum se saepe pronuntiasset et prope quot- 
 annis profectionem praepararet, vehiculis comprehensis, 
 commeatibus per municipia et colonias dispositis, ad 15 
 extremum vota pro itu et reditu suo suscipi passus, ut 
 vulgo iam per iocum Callippides vocaretur (quern 
 cursitare ac ne cubiti quidem mensuram progredi pro- 
 
 39 verbio Graeco notatum est). Sed orbatus utroque filio, 
 
 quorum Germanieus in Syria, Drusus Ro- 20 
 
 , . . ^ ,-. Withdrawal to 
 
 mae obierat, secessum Campaniae petit; camDania 
 constanti et opinione et sermone paene 
 omnium quasi neque rediturus umquam et cito mortem 
 etiam obiturus. Quod paulo minus utrumque evenit; 
 nam neque Romam amplius rediit, et paucos post dies 25 
 iuxta Tarracinam in praetorio, cui Speluncae nomen est, 
 incenante eo complura et ingentia saxa fortuito superne 
 delapsa sunt, multisque convivarum et ministrorum elisis, 
 praeter spem evasit. 
 
 40 Peragrata Campania, cum Capuae Capitolium, Nolae 30 
 templum Augusti, quam causam profectionis praeten- 
 derat, dedicasset, Capreas se contulit, praecipue delecta- 
 
24 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DK VITA CAESARUM 
 
 tus insula, quod uno parvoque litore adiretur, saepta 
 uudique praeruptis iminensae altitudinis rupibus et pro- 
 fuudo mari. Statimque revocante assidua obtestatione 
 populo propter cladem, qua apud Fidenas supra viginti 
 
 5 hominum milia gladiatorio iiuinere amphitheatri ruina 
 perierant, transiit in continentem potestatemque omni- 
 bus adeuiidi sui fecit : tanto magis, quod urbe egrediens 
 ne qui se interpellaret edixerat ac toto itinere adeuntis 
 submoverat. 
 
 10 Regressus in insulam, rei publicae quidem curam usque 41 
 
 adeo abiecit, ut postea non deeurias equitum umquam 
 
 supplerit, non tribunos militum praefectosque, non pro- 
 
 vinciarum praesides ullos inutaverit, Hispa- 
 Capreae „ ■ 
 
 main et Syriam per aliquot annos sine 
 
 15 consularibus legatis habuerit, Armeniam a Parthis occu- 
 pari, Moesiam a Dacis Sarinatisque, Gallias a Germanis 
 vastari neglexerit, magno dedecore imperii nee minore 
 discrimine. Ceterum secreti licentiam nanctus et quasi 42 
 civitatis oculis remotus, cuncta simul vitia male diu dissi- 
 
 20 mulata tandem profudit: de quibus singilla- 
 
 s Bsjpa- ^jjjj ^^ exordio referam. In castris tiro etiam 
 tion 
 
 turn propter nimiam vini aviditatem pro 
 
 Tiberio Biberius, pro Claudio Caldius, pro Nerone Mero vo- 
 
 cabatur. Postea princeps in ipsa publicorum morum cor- 
 
 25 rectione cum Pomponio Flacco et L. Pisone noctem 
 continuumque biduum epulando potandoque consumpsit, 
 quorum alteri Syriam provinciara, alteri praefecturam 
 urbis confestim detulit, codicillis quoque iucundissimos 
 et omnium horarum amicos professus. Sestio Gallo, 
 
 30 libidinoso ac prodigo seni, dim ab Augusto ignominia no- 
 tato et a se ante paucos dies apud senatum iiicrepito, 
 cenam ea lege condixit, ne quid ex consuetudine immu- 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 25 
 
 taret aut demeret, utque nudis puellis ministrantibus 
 cenaretur. Ignotissimum quaesturae candidatum nobi- 
 lissimis anteposuit ob epotam in convivio, propinante se, 
 vini amphoram. Asellio Sabino sestertia ducenta donavit 
 pro dialogo, in quo boleti et iicedulae et ostieae et turdi 5 
 certamen induxerat. Novum denique officium instituit a 
 voluptatibus, praeposito equite Romauo T. Caesonio Frisco. 
 
 46 Pecuniae parous ac tenax, comites peregrinationum ex- 
 peditionumque numquam salario, cibariis tan- 
 
 tum sustentavit, una modo liberalitate ex in- lo 
 
 dulgentia vitrici prosecutus, cum tribus classibus factis 
 pro dignitate cuiusque, primae sescenta sestertia, secun- 
 dae quadringenta distribuit, ducenta tertiae, quam non 
 amicorum, sed gratorum appellabat. 
 
 47 Princeps neque opera uUa magnifica fecit (nam et quae 15 
 sola susceperat, Augusti templum restitutionemque Pom- 
 peiani theatri, imperfecta post tot annos reliquit) neque 
 spectacula omnino edidit ; et iis, quae ab aliquo ederentur, 
 rarissime interf uit, ne quid exposceretur, utique postquam 
 comoedum Actium coactus est manumittere. Paucorum 20 
 senatorum inopia sustentata, ne pluribus opem ferret, 
 negavit se aliis subventurum, nisi senatui iustas necessi- 
 tatium causas probassent. Quo pacto plerosque modestia 
 et pudore deterruit, in quibus Hortalum, Quinti Hortensi 
 oratoris nepotem, qui permodica re familiari auctore 25 
 Augusto quattuor liberos tulerat. 
 
 48 Publice munificentiam bis omnino exhibuit, proposito 
 milies sestertium gratuito in triennii tempus, et rursus 
 quibusdam dominis insularum, quae in monte Caelio 
 deflagrarant, pretio restitute. Quorum alteram magua 30 
 difficultate nummaria, populo auxilium flagitante, coactus 
 
26 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 est facere, cum per senatus consultum sanxisset, ut fae- 
 neratores duas patrimonii partes in solo collocarent, 
 (lebitores totidem aeris alieni statim solverent, nee res 
 expediretur ; alteram ad mitigandam temporum atroeita- 
 
 5 tern. Quod tamen beneficium tanti aestimavit, ut mon- 
 tem Caelium appellations mutatavocari Augustumiusserit. 
 Militi post duplicata ex Augusti testamento legata nihil 
 uraquam largitus est, praeterquam singula niilia denari- 
 orum praetoi'ianis, quod Seiano se non accommodassent, et 
 
 10 quaedam munera Syriacis legionibus, quod solae nullam 
 Seiani imaginem inter signa coluissent. Atque etiam 
 missiones veteranorum rarissimas fecit, ex senio mortem, 
 ex morte compendium captans. Ne provincias quidem 
 liberalitate ulla sublevavit, excepta Asia, disiectis terras 
 
 15 motu civitatibus. 
 
 Procedente mox tempore etiam ad rapinas convertit 49 
 animum. Sat constat, Cn. Lentulum augu- 
 rem, cui census maximus fuerit, metu et 
 angore ad fastidium vitae ab eo actum et ut ne quo nisi 
 
 20 ipso herede moreretur; condemnatam et generosissimam 
 femiiiam Lepidam, in gratiam Quirini consularis praedi- 
 vitis et orbi, qui dimissam earn e matrimonio post vicen- 
 simum annum veneni olim in se comparati arguebat; 
 praeterea Galliarum et Hispaniarum Syriaeque et Grae- 
 
 25 ciae principes confiscatos ob tarn leve ac tam inpudeus 
 calumniarum genus, ut quibusdam non aliud sit obiectum, 
 quam quod partem rei familiaris in pecunia haberent ; 
 plurimis etiam civitatibus et privatis veteres immunitates 
 et ius metallorum ac vectigalium adempta ; sed et Vono- 
 
 30 nem regem Parthorum, qui pulsus a suis quasi in fidem 
 populi Romani cum ingenti gaza Antiochiam se receperat, 
 spoliatum perfidia et occisum. 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 27 
 
 50 Odium adversus necessitiidines in Druso primum fratre 
 detexit (prodita eius epistula, qua secum de 
 
 cogendo ad restituendam libertatem Augusto cruelty 
 
 agebat) deinde et in reliquis. luliae uxori toward 
 
 . . , ... relatives 
 
 tantum afuit ut relegatae, quod minimum 5 
 
 est, officii aut humanitati^ aliquid impertiret, ut ex con- 
 
 stitutione patris uno oppido clausam domo quoque egredi 
 
 et commercio hominum frui vetuerit; sed et peculio con- 
 
 cesso a patre praebitisque annuis fraudavit, per speciem 
 
 publici iuris, quod nihil de his Augustus testamento 10 
 
 cavisset. Matrem Liviam gravatus velut partes sibi 
 
 aequas potentiae vindicantem, et congressum eius assi- 
 
 duuin vitavit et longiores secretioresque sermones, ne 
 
 consiliis, quibus tamen interdum et egere et uti solebat, 
 
 regi videretur. Tulit etiam perindigne actum in senatu, 15 
 
 ut titulis suis quasi Augusti, ita et Liciae fllius adi- 
 
 ceretur. Quare non parentem patriae His mother 
 
 appellari, non ullum insignem honorem ^'^^ 
 
 recipere publice passus est ; sed et frequenter ad- 
 
 monuit, maioribus nee feminae convenientibus nego- 20 
 
 tiis abstineret, praecipue ut animadvertit, incendio 
 
 iuxta aedem Vestae et ipsam intervenisse populumque et 
 
 milites, quo enixius opem ferrent, adhortatam, sicut sub 
 
 51 marito solita esset. Dehinc ad simultatem usque pro- 
 cessit hac, ut ferunt, de causa. Instanti saepius, ut 25 
 civitate donatura in deeurias adlegeret, negavit alia se 
 condicione adlecturum, quam si pateretur ascribi albo, 
 extortum id sibi a matre. At ilia commota veteres quos- 
 dam ad se Augusti codieillos de acerbitate et intolerantia 
 morum eius e sacrario protulit atque recitavit. Hos et 30 
 custoditos tarn diu et exprobratos tam infeste adeo 
 graviter tulit, ut quidam putent, inter causas secessus 
 
28 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 hanc ei vel praecipuam fuisse. Toto quidem trieunio, 
 quo vivente matre afuit, seiuel omnino earn nee amplius 
 quam iino die paucissimis vidit horis ; ac mox neque 
 aegrae adesse curavit defunctamque et, dum adventus sui 
 
 5 spem facit, complurium dierum mora corrupto demum et 
 
 ■ • Ntabidp corpore funeratam prohibuit consecrari, quasi id 
 
 ipsa mandasset. Testamentum quoque eius pro irrito 
 
 habiiit, omnisque amicitias et familiaritates, etiam quibus 
 
 ea funeris sui curam morieus demandaverat, intra breve 
 
 10 tempus aflBixit, uno ex iis, equestris ordinis viro, et in 
 
 antliam condemnato. 
 
 Filiorum neque naturalem Drusum neque adoptivum 52 
 
 Germanicum patria caritate dilexit, alterius vitiis infen- 
 
 sus. Nam Drusus fluxioris remissiorisque 
 His sons ' j^ -r 
 
 15 vitae erat. Itaque ne mortuo quidem per- 
 
 inde adfectus est, sed tantum non statim a funere ad 
 
 negotiorura consuetudinem rediit, iustitio longiore in- 
 
 hibito. Quin et Iliensium legatis paulo serius consolan- 
 
 tibus, quasi obliterata iam doloris memoria, irridens se 
 
 20 quoque respondit vicem eorum dolere, quod egregium civem 
 Hectorem amisissent. German ico usque adeo obtrectavit, 
 ut et praeclara facta eius pro supervacuis elevarit et 
 gloriosissimas victorias ceu damnosas rei publicae incre- 
 paret. Quod vero Alexandream propter immensam et 
 
 25 repentinam famem inconsulto se adisset, questus est in 
 senatu. Etiam causa mortis fuisse ei per Cn. Pisonem 
 legatum Syriae creditur, quem mox huius criminis reum 
 putant quidam mandata prolaturum, nisi ea secreto osten- 
 tant . . . quae multifariam inscriptum et per noctes cre- 
 
 30 berrime adclamatum est: Redde Oermamaim! Quam 
 suspicionem confirmavit ipse postea, coniuge etiam ac 
 liberis Germanici crudelem in modum afflictis. 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 29 
 
 53 Nurum Agrippinam, post mariti mortem liberius quid- 
 dam questam, manu apprehendit Graecoque versu Si non 
 dominaris, inquit, JiUola, iniuriam te accipere ^^ aauehter- 
 existimas? nee ullo mox sermone dignatus in-law Agiip- 
 est. Quondam vero inter cenam porrecta a ^"'^ 5 
 se poma gustare non ausam etiam voeare desiit, simulans 
 veneni se crimine accersi; cum praestructum utrumque 
 consulto esset, ut et ipse temptandi gratia offerret et ilia 
 quasi certissimum exitium caveret. Novissime calum- 
 niatus modo ad statuam August! modo ad exercitus 10 
 confugere velle, Pandatariam relegavit, conviciantique 
 Dculum per centurionera verberibus excussit. Rursus 
 mori inedia destinanti, per vim ore diducto, infulciri 
 cibum iussit. Sed et perseverantem atque ita absum- 
 ptam criminosissime insectatus est, cum diem quoque 15 
 natalem eius inter nefastos referendum suasisset. Im- 
 putavit etiam, quod non laqueo strangulatam in Gemonias 
 abiecerit; proque tali dementia interponi decretum pas- 
 sus est, quo sibi gratiae agerentur et Capitolino lovi 
 donum ex auro sacraretur. 20 
 
 54 Cum ex Germanico tres nepotes, Neronem et Drusum 
 
 et Gaium, ex Druso unum Tiberium haberet, destitutus 
 
 morte liberorum maximos natu de Germaniei 
 
 His gtandsons 
 filiis, Neronem et Drusum, patribus conscn- 
 
 ptis commendavit diemque utriusque tirocinii congiario 25 
 
 plebei dato celebravit. Sed ut comperit, ineunte anno 
 
 pro eorum quoque salute publice vota suscepta, egit cum 
 
 senatu, non debere talia praemia tribui Jiisi expertis et 
 
 aetate provectis: atque ex eo, patefacta interiore animi 
 
 siii nota, omnium criminationibus obnoxios reddidit, varia- 30 
 
 que fraude inductos, ut et concitarentur ad convicia et 
 
 concitati proderentur, accusavit per litteras amarissime 
 
30 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 congestis etiani probris, et iudicatos hostis fame necavit : 
 Nerouem in insula Pontia, Drusum in iraa parte Falatii. 
 Putant Neronem ad voluntariam mortem coactum, cum 
 ei carnifex quasi ex senatus auctoritate missus laqueos et 
 5 uncos ostentaret, Druse autem adeo alimenta subducta ut 
 tomentum e culcita temptaverit mandere, aiuborum sic 
 reliquias dispersas ut vix quandoque colligi possent. 
 
 Super veteres ainicos ac familiares viginti sibi e nu- 55 
 His counsel- ^na.evo pi'incipum civitatis depoposcerat, velut 
 
 10 lors and consiliarios in negotiis publicis. Horum vix 
 
 Sejanus duos anne tves incolumis praestitit, ceteros 
 
 alium alia de causa perculit, inter quos cum plurimorum 
 clade Aelium Seianum ; quem ad summam potentiam non 
 tam benevolentia provexerat, quam ut esset cuius mini- 
 
 15 sterio ac fraudibus liberos Germanici circumveniret, ne- 
 potemque suum ex Druso tilio naturalem ad successionem 
 imperii confirmaret. 
 Nihilo lenior in convictores Graeculos, quibus vel ma- 56 
 xime acquiescebat. Xenonem quendam ex- 
 
 20 quisitius sermocinantem cum interrogasset, 
 
 quaenam ilia tam molesta dialectos esset, et ille respon- 
 disset Doridem, relegavit Cinariam, existimans expro- 
 bratum sibi veterem secessum, quod Dorice Ehodii 
 loquantur. Item cum soleret ex lectione cotidiana quae- 
 
 25 stiones super cenam proponere et comperisset Seleucum 
 grammaticum a ministris suis perquirere, quos quoque 
 tempore tractaret auctores, atque ita praeparatum venire, 
 primum a contubernio removit, deinde etiam ad mortem 
 compulit. 
 
 30 Saeva ac l9nt^ natura ne in puero quidem latuit : quam 57 
 Theodoras Gadareus rhetoricae praeceptor et perspexisse 
 primus sagaciter et assimilasse aptissime visus est, sub- 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 31 
 
 inde in obiurgando appellaus eum irrikov alixan -n-'ifnifm (■,■?- ' . 
 vov [id est lutuiu a sanguine macera^um.J Sed aliquanto 
 magis in principe eluxit, etiam inter initia 
 cum adhuc favorem hominum moderationis examples of 
 simulatione captaret. Scurram, qui prae- severity and 5 
 tereunte funere clare mortuo mandarat, """ ^ 
 ut nuntiaret Augusto, nondum reddi legcUa quae plebei 
 reliqnisset, adtractuin ad se recipere debitum ducique ad 
 supplicium imperavit, et patri suo verum referre. Nee 
 multo post in senatu Pompeio cuidam equiti Romano 10 
 quiddam perneganti, dum vincula minatur, affirmavit 
 fore, ut ex Pompeio Pompeianus fieret acerba cavillatione . 
 simul hominis nomen ijicessens veterumque pai-Vuim flor- 
 
 58 tunam. Sub idem tempus, consulente praetore an indicia 
 maiestatis cogi iuberet, exercendas esse leges respoiidit 15 
 et atrocissime exercuit. Statuae quidam Augusti caput 
 dempserat, ut alterius imponeret ; acta res in senatu et, 
 quia ambigebatur, per tormenta quaesita est. Damnato 
 reo paulatim genus calumuiae eo processit, ut haec quo- 
 que capitalia essent : circa Augusti simulacrum servum 20 
 cecidisse, vestimenta mutasse, nummo vel anulo effigiem 
 impressam latrinae aut lupanari intulisse, dictum ullum 
 factumve eius existimatione aliqua laesisse. Periit deni- 
 que et is, qui honorem in colonia sua eodem die decerni 
 sibi passus est, quo decreti et Augusto olim erant. 25 
 
 59 Multa praeterea specie gravitatis ac mo- 
 
 , Lampoons 
 
 rum corrigendorum, sed et magis naturae directed 
 
 obtemperans, ita saeve et atrociter factita- against 
 
 vit, ut nonnulli versieulis quoque et prae- 
 
 sentia exprobrarent et futura denuntiarent mala : 30 
 
 Asper et immitis, hreviter vis omnia dicam ? 
 Dispeream, si te mater amare potest. 
 
32 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Non es eques; quare ? Non sunt tihi milia centum: 
 Omnia si quaeras, et Rhodus exsilium est. 
 
 Aurea mutasti Satumi saecula, Caesar : 
 Incolumi nam te ferrea semper erunt. 
 
 5 Fastidit vinum, quia iam sitit iste cruorem : 
 
 Tarn bibit hunc avide, quam bibit ante merum. 
 
 Aspice Felicem {sibi, non tibi), Romule, Sullam, 
 Et Marium, si vis, aspice, se(i ifedycern,, ^ , 
 
 Kec non Antoni civilia bella moventis 
 10 Non semel infectas aspice caede manus, 
 
 Et die : Soma pent, regnavit sanguine multo, 
 Ad regnum quisquis venit ab exsilio. 
 
 Quae primo, quasi ab impatientibus remediorum ac non 
 tarn ex animi sententia quam bile et stomacho fingeren- 
 
 15 tur, volebat accipi, dicebatque identidem : Oderint, dum 
 ])robent ! Dein vera plane certaque esse ipse fecit fidem. ,^ 
 In paucis diebus quam Capreas attigit piscatori, qui 60 
 sibi secretum agenti grandem muUum inopinanter obtu- 
 lerat, perfricari eodem pisce faciem iussit, 
 
 20 ^™*'*y ** territus, quod is a tergo insulae per aspera 
 ^ et devia erepsisset ad se; gratulanti autem 
 
 inter poenam, quod non et locustam, quam praegrandem 
 ceperat, obtulisset, locusta quoque lacerari os imperavit. 
 Militem praetorianum ob subreptum e viridiario pavonem 
 
 25 capite puniit. In quodam itinere lectica, qua vehebatur, 
 v epribu s_impedita, exploratorem viae, primarum cobor- 
 tium centurionein, stratum humi paene ad necem verbe- 
 ravit. Mox in omne genus crudelitatis erupit, numquam 61 
 deficiente materia, cum primo matris, deinde nepotum et 
 
 30 nurus, postremo Seiani familiares atque etiam notos per- 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 33 
 
 sequeretur; post cuius interitum vel saevissimus extitit. 
 
 Quo inaxime apparuit, non tarn ipsura ab Seiano coiicitari 
 
 solitum, quain Seianum quaerenti occasiones siimmiiii- 
 
 strasse ; etsi commentario, quern de vita sua summatiin 
 
 breviterque composuit, ausus est scribere, Seianum se 5 
 
 punisse, quod comperisset furere adversus liberos Oermanici 
 
 filii sui: quorum ipse alterum suspecto iam, alterum 
 
 oppresso demum Seiano interemit. 
 
 Singillatim crudeliter facta eius exsequi longum est ; 
 
 genera, velut exemplaria saevitiae, enunierare sat erit. 10 
 
 Nullus a poena hoininum cessavit dies, ne 
 
 religiosus quidem ac sacer ; animadversum trials and 
 
 _ . , , . executions at 
 
 in quosdam ineunte anno novo. Accusati ro^j 
 
 damnatique' multi cum libertis atque etiam 
 liberis suis. Interdictum ne capite damnatos propinqui 15 
 lugerent. Decreta accusatoribus praecipua praemia, non- 
 numquam et testibus. Nemini delatorum tides abrogata. 
 Omne crimen pro capitali receptum, etiam paucorum 
 simpliciumque verborum. Obiectum est poetae, quod in 
 tragoedia Agamemnonem probris lacessisset; obiectum 20 
 et historico, quod Brutum Cassiumque ultimos Romano- 
 rum dixisset; animadversum statim in auctores scripta- 
 que abolita, quamvis probarentur ante aliquot annos, 
 etiam Augusto audiente, recitata. Quibusdam custodiae 
 traditis non modo studendi solacium ademptum, sed etiam 25 
 sermonis et colloquii usus. Citati ad causam dicendam 
 partim se domi vulneraverunt certi damnationis et ad 
 vexationem ignominiamque vitandam, partim in media 
 curia venenum hauserunt; et tamen colligatis vulneribus 
 ac semianimes palpitantesque adhuc in carcerem rapti. 30 
 Nemo punitorum non in Gemonias abiectiis uncoque 
 tractus, viginti uno die abiecti tractique, inter eos femi- 
 
34 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 nae et pueri. Immaturae puellae, quia more tradito 
 nefas esset virgines strangulari, vitiatae prius a carnifice, 
 dein strangulatae. Mori volentibus vis adhibita vivendi. 
 Nam mortem adeo leve supplicium putabat, ut cum 
 
 5 audisset unum e reis, Carnulum nomine, anticipasse eam, 
 exclamaverit : Carnuliis me evasit. Et in recognoscendis 
 custodiis precanti cuidam poenae maturitatem respondit : 
 Nondum tecum in gratiam redii. Anualibus suis vir con- . 
 sularis inseruit, frequenti quondam convivio, cui et ipse 
 
 10 affuerit, interrogatum eum subito et clare a quodam nano 
 adstante mensae inter cqpreas, cur Paconius maiestatis 
 reus tarn diu viveret, statim quidem petulantiam linguae 
 obiurgasse, ceterum post paueos dies scripsisse senatui 
 ut de poena Paconi quam primum statueret. 
 
 15 Auxit intenditque saevitiam, exacerbatus indicio de 62 
 
 morte filii sui Drusi. Quem cum morbo et intemperantia 
 
 perisse existimaret, ut tandem veneno inte- 
 Vengeance j -r • 'n 
 
 wreaked for remptum traude Livillae uxons atque Seiani 
 
 the murder of cognovit, neque tormentis neque supplicio 
 DrusuB . , . , . . . . , 
 
 20 cuiusquam pepercit, soli huic cognitioni adeo 
 
 per totos dies deditus et intentus, ut Rhodiensem hospi- 
 
 tem, quem familiaribus litteris Romam evocarat, adve- 
 
 nisse sibi nuntiatum, torqueri sine mora iusserit, quasi 
 
 aliquis ex necessariis quaestioni adesset; deinde errore 
 
 25 detecto, et occidi, ne vulgaret iniuriam. Cavnificinae 
 eius ostenditur locus Capreis, unde damnatos post longa 
 et exquisita tormenta praecipitari coram se in mare 
 iubebat, excipiente classiariorum manu et contis atque 
 remis elidente cadavera, ne cui residui spiritus quicquam 
 
 30 inesset. Excogitaverat autem inter genera cruciatus 
 etiam, ut larga meri potione per fallaciam oneratos, 
 repente veretris deligati s, fidicularum simul uriuaeque 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 35 
 
 tormento distenderet. Quod nisi eum et mors praeve- 
 nisset et Thrasyllus consulto, ut aiunt, differre quaedam 
 spe longioris vitae cojnpulisset, plures aliquanto neca- 
 turus ac ne reliquis quidem nepotibus parsurus creditor, 
 cum et Gaium suspectum haberet, et Tiberium ut ex 5 
 adulterio conceptum aspernaretur. Nee abhorret a vero ; 
 namque identidem felicem Priamum vocabat, quod super- 
 stes omnium suorum exstitisset. 
 
 63 Quam inter haec non modo invisus ac detestabilis, sed 
 praetrepidus quoque atque etiam contumeliis obnoxius lo 
 vixerit, multa indicia sunt. Haruspices secreto ac sine 
 testibus consuli vetuit. Vicina vero urbi 
 
 oracula etiam disicere conatus est, sed maies- " *"* 
 
 ' apprehensions 
 
 tate Praenestinarum sortium territus desti- 
 tit, cum obsignatas devectasque Eomam non repperisset 15 
 in area nisi relata rursus ad templum. Unum et alterum 
 consulares, oblatis provinciis non ausus a se dimittere, 
 usque eo detinuit, donee successores post aliquot annos 
 praesentibus daret ; cum interim manente officii titulo 
 etiam delegaret plurima assidue, quae illi per legatos et 20 
 
 64 adiutores suos exsequenda curarent. Nurum ac nepotes 
 numquam aliter post damnationem quam catenates obsu- 
 taque lectica loco movit, prohibitis per militem obviis ac 
 viatoribus respicere usquam vel consistere. 
 
 65 Seianum res novas molientem, quamvis iam et natalem 25 
 eius publice celebrari et imagines aureas coli passim vide- 
 ret, vix tandem et astu magis ac dolo quam 
 
 principali auctoritate subvertit. Namprimo, c •* * " 
 ut a se per speciem honoris dimitteret, col- 
 legam sibi adsumpsit in quinto consulatu, quem longo 30 
 intervallo absens ob id ipsum susceperat. Deinde spe 
 afSnitatis ac tribuniciae potestatis deceptum inopinantem 
 
36 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM 
 
 criminatus est pudenda miserandaque orations, cum inter 
 alia patres conscriptos precaretur, mitterent alteram e 
 consulibus, qui se senem at solum in conspectum eorum 
 cum aliquo militaii praesidio perduceret. Sic quoque 
 
 5 diffidens tumultumque metuens, Drusum nepotem, quem 
 vinculis adhuc Komae continebat, solvi, si res posceret, 
 dncemque constitui praeceperat. Aptatis etiam navibus 
 ad quascumque legiones meditabatur fugam, specular 
 bundus ex altissima rupe identidem signa, quae, ne nun- 
 
 10 tii morarentur, tolli procul, ut quidque factum foret, 
 mandaverat. Varum at oppressa coniurationa Seiani ni- 
 bilo securior aut constantior, per novem proximos menses 
 non egressus est villa, quae vocatur lonis. 
 
 Urebant insuper anxiam mentem varia undique con- 66 
 
 15 vicia, nullo non damnatorum omne probri genus coram 
 Opprobrium ^^^ P®"" lib^llos in orchestra positos inge- 
 cast upon rente. Quibus quidem divarsissime adficie- 
 
 Tibenus batur, modo ut prae pudore ignota at celata 
 
 cuncta cuparet, nonnumquam eadem contemneret et pro- 
 
 20 ferret ultro atqua vulgaret. Quin et Artabani Parthorum 
 
 regis laceratus est litteris, parricidia at caedes et igna- 
 
 viam et luxuriam obicientis, monentisque ut voluntaria 
 
 \ morte maximo iustissimoqua civium odio quam primum 
 
 satis faceret. Postramo semet ipse partaesus, tali apis- 67 
 
 25 tulae principle tantum non summam malorum suorura 
 professus est: 
 
 Quid scribam vobis, patres conscripti, avt quo modo scri- 
 bam, aut quid omnino non scribam hoc tempore, dii me 
 deaeque peius perdant quam cotidie perire sentio, si scio. 
 
 30 Existiraant quidam [praescisse haec] eum peritia futu- 
 rorum multo ante, quanta se quandoque acerbitas et in- 
 famia maneret, prospaxisse ; ideoque, ut imperium inierit, 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 37 
 
 et patris patriae appellationem et ne in acta sua iuraretur 
 obstinatissime recusasse, ne mox maiore dedecore impar 
 tantis honoribus inveniretur. Quod sane ex 
 oratione eius, quam de utraque re habuit, *"*6st»t'e 
 colligi potest; vel cum ait, siniilem se 5 
 
 semper sui futurum nee ^imquam mutaturiim mores suos, 
 quam diu sayiae mentis fuisset ; sed exempli causa caven- 
 dum esse, ne se senatus in acta cuiusquam obligaret, qui 
 aliquo casu mutari posset. Et rursus 
 
 Si quando autem, inquit, de moribus meis devotoque vo- 10 
 bis animo dubitaveritis, (quod prius quam eveniat, opto xct 
 me supremus dies huic mutatae vestrae de me opinioni eri- 
 piat) nihil honoris adiciet mihi patria appellatio, vobis 
 autem exprobrabii aut temeritatem delati mihi eius cogno- 
 minis aut inconstantiam contrurii de me iadicii. 15 
 
 68 Corpore fuit ainplo atque robusto, statura quae iustam 
 excederet; latus ab umeris et pectore, ceteris quoque 
 
 membris usque ad imos pedes aequalis et 
 
 ■ . , -T Personal 
 
 congruens ; sinistra manu agiliore ac va- 
 
 lidiore, articulis ita firmis, ut recens et in- 20 
 
 tegrum malum digito terebraret, caput pueri vel etiain 
 
 adulescentis talitro vulneraret. Colore erat candido, car 
 
 pillo pone occipitium summissiore ut cervicem etiam 
 
 obtegeret, quod gentile in illo videbatur ; facie honesta, 
 
 in qua tamen crebri et subiti tumores, cum praegrandibus 25 
 
 oculis et qui, quod mirum esset, noctu etiam et in tene- 
 
 bris viderent, sed ad breve et cum primum a somno pa- 
 
 tuissent; deinde rursura hebescebant. Incedebat cervice 
 
 rigida et obstipa, adducto fere vultu, plerumque tacitus, 
 
 nullo aut rarissimo etiam cum proximis sermone eoque 30 
 
 tardissimo, nee sine moUi quadam digitorum gesticula- 
 
 tione. Quae omnia ingrata atque arrogautiae plena et 
 
38 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 animadvertit Augustus in eo et excusare temptavit saepe 
 apud senatum ac populum, professus naturae vitia esse, 
 non animi. Valetudine prosperrima usus est, tempore 
 quidem principatus paene toto prope inlaesa, quamvis a 
 
 5 tricesimo aetatis anno arbitratu earn suo rexerit sine 
 adhynento consiliove medicorum. 
 
 ^''Circa deos ac religiones neglegentior, quippe addictus 69 
 
 mathematicae plenusque persuasionis, cuncta 
 Superstition . . ^ . 
 
 fato agi. Tonitrua tamen praeter moduiu 
 
 10 expavescebat et turbatiore caelo numquam non coronam 
 laureani capita gestavit, quod fulmine afiBari negetur id 
 genus frondis. 
 
 Artes liberales utriusque generis studiosissime coluit. 70 
 In oratione Latina secutus est Corvinum Mes- 
 
 15 " eraiy salam, quern senem adulescens observarat. 
 
 Sed affectatione et morositate nimia obscura- 
 
 bat stilum, ut aliquanto ex tempore quam a cura praestan- 
 
 tior haberetur. Composuit et carmen lyricum, cuius est 
 
 titulus Conquestio de morte L. Caesaris. Fecit et firaeca 
 
 20 poemata imitatus Euphorionem et Rhianum et Parthe- 
 nium, quibus poetis admodum delectatus, scripta omnium 
 et imagines publicis bibliothecis inter veteres et prae- 
 cipuos auctores dedicavit, et ob hoc plerique eruditorum 
 certatim ad eum multa de his ediderunt. Maxime tamen 
 
 25 curavit iiotitiam historiae fabularis usque ad ineptias 
 atque derisum ; nam et granimaticos, quod genus homi- 
 num praecipue, ut diximus, appetebat, eius modi fere 
 quaestionibus experiebatur, qna£ mater Hecubae, quod 
 Achilli nomen inter virgines fuisset, quid Sirenes cantare 
 
 30 sint solitae ? Et quo primum die post excessum Augusti 
 curiam intravit, quasi pietati simul ac religioni satis fac- 
 turus, Minois exemplo, ture quidem ac vino verum sine 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 39 
 
 tibicine supplicavit, ut ille olim in morte filii. Sermone 
 
 71 Graeco quamquam alioqui promptus et facilis, non tamen 
 usqueguaque usus est, abstinuitque maxime 
 
 in senatu : adeo quidein, ut monopolium no- ^ P""st "» 
 
 ^ language 
 
 minaturus veniam prius postularet, quod sibi ■ 5 
 
 verbo peregrino utendum esset ; atque etiam cum in quo- 
 dam decreto patrum c/^jSAt^/ux recitaretur, commutandam 
 censuit vocem, et pro peregrina nostratem requirendam 
 aut si non reperiretur, vel pluribus et per ambitum ver- 
 borum rem enuntiandam. Militem quoque, Graece testi- 10 
 monium interrogatum, nisi Latine respondere vetuit. 
 
 72 Bis omnino toto secessus tempore Romam redire conatus 
 (semel triremi usque ad proximos naumachiae hortos 
 subvectus, disposita statione per ripas Tiberis, quae obviam 
 prodeuntis submovevet, iterum Appia usque ad septimum 15 
 lapidem) sed prospectis modo nee aditis urbis moenibus 
 rediit ; primo ineertum qua de causa, postea osteuto terri- 
 tus. Erat ei in oblectamentis serpens draco, quern ex con- 
 suetudine manu sua cibaturus cum consumptum a formicis 
 invenisset, monitus est ut vim multitudinis caveret. Re- 20 
 diens ergo propere Campaniam, Asturae in languorem in- 
 cidit, quo paulum levatus Circeios pertendit. 
 
 Ac ne quam suspicionera infirmitatis daret, •^*',1^^ 
 castrensibus ludis non tautum interfuit, sed 
 etiam missum in harenam aprum iaculis desuper petit; 25 
 statimque latere convulso et, ut exaestuarat, afflatus aura 
 in graviorem recidit morbum. Sustentavit tamen ali- 
 quamdiu, quamvis Misenum usque devectus nihil ex 
 ordine cotidiano praetermitteret, ne convivia quidem aut 
 ceteras voluptates, partim intern perantia partim dissimu- 30 
 latione. Nam Chariclen medicum, quod, commeatu afu- 
 turus, e convivio egrediens manum sibi osculandi causa 
 
40 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM 
 
 apprehendisset, existimans temptatas ab eo venas, rema- 
 nere ac recunibere hortatus est, cenamque protraxit. 
 Nee abstinuit eonsuetudine quin tunc quoque instans in 
 medio triclinio, astante lictore, singulos valere dicentis 
 5 appellaret. Interim cum in actis senatus legisset, dimis- 73 
 \ SOS ac ne auditos quidem quosdam reos, de quibus stric= 
 tirj. et nihil aliud quam nominates ab indice seripserat, 
 pro contempto se habitum fremens repetere Capreas quo- 
 quo modo destinavit, non temere quicquam nisi ex tuto 
 10 ausurus. Sed tempestatibus et ingravescente vi morbi 
 
 retentus, paulo post obiit in villa LucuUana, 
 Death > f f > 
 
 octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno, tertio 
 et vicesimo imperii, XVII Kal. Apr. Cn. Acerronio Pro- 
 culo, C. Pontio Nigrino conss. 
 15 Sunt qui putent, venenum ei a Gaio datum lentum atque 
 tabificum ; alii, in remissione f ortuitae f ebris cibum deside- 
 RumoTs of ranti uegatum ; nonnulli, pulvinum-iniectura, 
 violence cum extractum sibi delieienti anulum mox 
 
 done him reslgiscens requisisset. Seneca eum scribit. 
 
 20 intellecta defectione, exeraptum anulum quasi alicui trar 
 diturum parumper tenuisse, dein rursus aptasse digito, et 
 compressa sinistra manu iacuisse diu immobilem ; subito 
 vocatis ministris ac nemine respondente, consurrexisse, 
 nee procul a lectulo deficientibus viribus concidisse. 
 
 25 Supremo natali suo ApoUinem Temenitem et amplitu- 74 
 
 dinis et artis eximiae, advectum Syracusis ut in biblio- 
 
 theca templi novi poneretur, viderat per quie- 
 
 sagine death ^^^ affirmanbem sibi, non posse se ab ipso 
 
 dedicari. Et ante paucos quam obiret dies 
 
 30 turris Phari terrae motu Capreis concidit. Ac Miseni 
 cinis e favilla et carbonibns ad calfaciendum triclinium 
 inlatis, extinctus iam et diu frigidus, exarsit repente 
 
LIBER III. TIBERIUS. 41 
 
 prima vespera atque in multam noctem pertinaciter 
 luxit. 
 
 75 Morte eius ita laetatus est populus, ut ad primum nun- 
 tium discurrentes pars, Tiberium in Tiberim! clamita- 
 rent, pars Terrain matrem deosque Manes „ ... 5 
 orarent, ne raortuo sedem ullam nisi inter ing at news of 
 impios darent, alii uncum et Gemonias cada- ""^ ****'' 
 veri minarentur, exacerbati super memoriam pristinae 
 crudelitatis etiam recenti atrocitate. Nam cum senatus 
 
 . consulto cautum esset ut poena damnatorum in decimum lo 
 semper diem differretur, forte accidit ut quorundam sup- 
 plicii dies is esset, quo nuntiatum de Tiberio erat. Hos 
 implorantis hominum fidem, quia absente adhuc Gaio 
 nemo exstabat qui adiri interpellarique posset, custodes, 
 ne quid adversus constitutum facerent, strangulaverunt 15 
 abieceruntque in Gemonias. Crevit igitur invidia, quasi 
 etiam post mortem tyranni saevitia permanente. Corpus 
 ut moveri a Miseno coepit, conclamantibus plerisque Atel- 
 lam potius deferendum et in amphitheatro semiiistilanduvi, 
 Romam per milites deportatum est, crematumque publico 20 
 funere. 
 
 76 Testamentum duplex ante biennium fecerat, alterum 
 sua, alterum liberti manu, sed eodem exemplo, obsigna- 
 veratque etiam humillimorum signis. Eo 
 
 ..... His will 
 
 testamento heredes aequis partibus reliquit 25 
 
 Gaium ex Germanico et Tiberium ex Druse nepotes, sub- 
 stituitque in vicem ; dedit et legata plerisque, inter quos 
 virginibus Vestalibus, sed et militibus universis plebei- 
 que Komanae viritim, atque etiam separatim vicorum 
 magistris. ' *) 
 
C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI 
 
 DE VITA CAESAEUM 
 
 LIBER IV. 
 C. CALIGULA. 
 
 r-*: 
 
 5 Germanicus, C. Caesaris pater, Drusi et minoris Anto- 1 
 
 niae filius, a Tiberio patruo adoptatus, quaesturam quin- 
 
 quennio ante quam per leges liceret et post ^ 
 
 Gennaiucus, consiilatum statim gessit : missusque ad 
 
 father of Gaios o i i 
 
 exercitum in Germaniam, excessu Augusti 
 
 10 nuntiato, legioues universas, imperatorem Tiberium perti- 
 nacissirae recusantis et sibi summam rei publicae defe- 
 rentis, incertum pietate an constantia maiore, compescuit, 
 atque hoste mox devieto triumphavit. Consul deinde 
 iterum creatus ac prius quam honorem iniret ad compo- 
 
 15 nendum Orieutis statum expulsus, cum Armeniae regem 
 devicisset, Cappadociam in provinciae formam redegisset, 
 annum agens aetatis quartum et tricensimum diuturno 
 morbo Antiochiae obiit, non sine veneni suspicione. Nam 
 praeter livores, qui toto corpore erant, et spumas, quae 
 
 20 per OS fluebant, cremati quoque cor inter ossa incorrup- 
 
 tum repertum est : cuius ea natura existimatur, ut tinc- 
 
 tum veneno igne confici nequeat. Obiit 2 
 His death ... .... 
 
 autem,ut opinio fuit, fraude Tiberi, ministerio 
 
 et opera Cn. Pisonis, qui sub idem tempus Syriae prae- 
 
 positus, nee dissimulans offendendum sibi aut patrem 
 
 42 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 43 
 
 aut filium, quasi plane ita necesse esset, etiam aegrum 
 Germanicum gravissimis verborum ac rerum acerbitati- 
 bus nullo adhibito modo adfeeit; propter quae, ut Ro- 
 mam rediit, paene discerptus a populo, a senatu capitis 
 
 3 damnatus est. Omnes Germanico corporis animique 5 
 
 virtutes, et quantas nemini cuiquam, conti- 
 
 gisse satis constat : formam et fortitudinem ^'* °°'''* 
 
 qualities 
 egregiam, ingenium in utroque eloquentiae 
 
 doctrinaeque genere praecellens, benevolentiam singula- 
 
 rem, conciliandaeque hominum gratiae ac promerendi lo 
 
 amoris mirum et efflcax studium. Forniae minus con- 
 
 gruebat gracilitas crurum, sed ea quoque paulatim repleta 
 
 assidua equi vectatione post cibum. Hostem comininus 
 
 saepe percussit.^ Oravit causas etiam triumphalis ; atque 
 
 inter cetera studiorum monimenta reliquit et comoedias is 
 
 Graecas. Domi forisque civilis, libera ac foederata oppida 
 
 sine lictoribus adibat. Sicubi clarorum virorum sepulcra 
 
 cognosceret, inferias Manibus dabat. Caesorum clade • 
 
 Variana veteres ac dispersas reliquias uno tumulo huma- 
 
 turus, colligere sua manu et comportare primus adgressus 20 
 
 est. Obtrectatoribus etiam, qualescumque et quanta- 
 
 cumque de causa nanctus esset, lenis adeo et innoxius, 
 
 ut Pisoni decreta sua rescindenti, clientelas divexanti, 
 
 non prius suscensere in animum induxerit, quam vene- 
 
 ficiis quoque et devotionibus impugnari se comperisset; 25 
 
 ac ne tunc quidem ultra progressus, quam ut amicitiam 
 
 ei more maiorum renuntiaret mandaretque domesticis 
 
 4 ultionem, si quid sibi accideret. Quarum virtutum fruc- 
 
 tum uberrimum tulit, sic probatus et dilectus 
 
 . His popularity 
 
 a suis, ut Augustus, (omitto enim necessitu- 30 
 
 dines reliquas) diu cunctatus an sibi successorem destina- 
 
 ret, adoptandum Tiberio dederit; sic vulgo favorabilis, 
 
44 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 ut plurimi tradant, quotiens aliquo adveniret vel sicunde 
 
 discederet, prae turba occurrentium prosequentiumve 
 
 nonnumquam eum discrimen vitae adisse, e Germania 
 
 vero post compressam seditionem revertenti praetoriauas 
 
 6 cohortes universas prodisse obviam, quamvis pronuntia- 
 
 tum esset ut duae tantum modo exirent, populi autem 
 
 Komani sexum, aetatem, ordinem omnem usque ad vice- 
 
 simum lapidem effudisse se. Tamen longe maiora et 5 
 
 _ . firmiova de eo iudicia in morte ac post 
 
 Sorrow at ^ ^ 
 
 10 news of his mortem exstiteruntV Quo defuDCtus est die, 
 ****'' lapidata sunt templa, subversae deum arae, 
 
 Lares a quibusdam familiares in publicum abiecti, partus 
 eoniugum expositi. Quin et barbaros ferunt, quibus 
 intestinum quibusque adversus nos bellum esset, velut 
 
 15 in domestico communique maerore, consensisse ad indu- 
 tias ; regulos quosdam barbam posuisse et uxorum capita 
 rasisse ad indicium maximi luctus ; regum etiam regem 
 et exercitatione venandi et convictu megistanum absti- 
 nuisse, quod apud Parthos iustitii instar est. Romae 6 
 
 20 quidem, cum ad primam famam valetudinis attonita et 
 maesta civitas sequentis nuntios opperiretur et repente 
 iam vesperi incertis auctoribus convaluisse tandem per- 
 crebruisset, passim cum luminibus et victimis in Capito- 
 lium concursum est ac paene revolsae templi fores, ne 
 
 25 quid gestientis vota reddere moraretur; expergef actus e 
 somno Tiberius gratulantium vocibus atque undique con- 
 cinentium : 
 
 Salva Roma, scUva patria, salmis est Oermanicus. 
 Et ut demum fato functum palam factum est, non solaciis 
 
 30 ullis, non edictis inhiberi luctus publicus potuit, duravit- 
 qiie etiam per festos Decembris mensis dies. Auxit glo- 
 riam desideriumque defuncti et atrocitas insequentium 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 45 
 
 temporum, cunctis nee temere opinantibus reverentia eius 
 ac nietu repressam Tiberi saevitiam, quae mox eruperit. 
 
 7 Habuit in matrimonio Agrippinam, M. Agrippae at luliae 
 
 filiam, et ex ea novem liberos tulit : quorum 
 
 duo infantes adhuc rapti, unus iam pueras- ^ "?.* 5 
 
 ^ ' ^ and childiea 
 
 cens insigni festivitate, cuius efRgiem habitu 
 Cupidinis in aede Capitolinae Veneris Livia dedicavit, 
 Augustus in cubiculo suo positam, quotiensque introiret, 
 exosculabatur ; ceteri superstites patri fuerunt, tres sexus 
 feminini, Agrippina, Drusilla, Livilla, continuo triennio lo 
 natae ; totidem mares, Nero et Drusus et C. Caesar. Nero- 
 nem et Drusum senatus Tiberio criminante hostes iudi- 
 cavit.l' 
 
 8 C. Caesar natus est pridie Kal. Sept. patre suo et C. Fon- 
 teio Capitone coss. Ubi natus sit, incertum diversitas 15 
 tradentium facit. Cn. Lentulus Gaetulicus DiacQgaJott ^g 
 Tiburi genitum scribit, Plinius Secundus in to birthplace 
 Treveris, vice Ambitarvio supra Confluentes ; "»»"* 
 addit etiam pro argumento, aras ibi ostendi inscriptas : 
 
 ob Agrippinae puerperium. Versiculi imperante mox 20"^ 
 eo divulgati apud hibernas legiones procreatum indi- 
 cant: 
 
 In castris natus, patriis nutritus in armis, 
 lam designati principis omen erat. 
 
 Ego in actis Anti editum invenio. Gaetulicum refellit 25 
 Plinius quasi mentitum per adulationem, nt ad laudes 
 iuvenis gloriosique principis aliquid etiam ex urbe Her- 
 culi sacra sumeret, abusumque audentius mendacio, qnod 
 ante annum fere natus Germanico filius Tiburi fuerat, 
 appellatus et ipse C. Caesar ; de cuius amabili pueritia 30 
 immaturoque obitu supra diximus. Plinium arguit ratio 
 
46 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 temporum. Nam qui res August! memoriae mandarunt, 
 Germanicum exacto consulatu in Galliam missum consen- 
 tiunt, iam nato Gaio. Nee Plini opinionem inscriptio 
 arae quicquam adiuverit, cum Agrippina bis in ea regione 
 5 filias enixa sit, et qualiscumque partus sine ullo sexus 
 discrimine puerperium vocetur, quod antiqui etiam puel- 
 las pueras, sicut et pueros puellos dictitarent. Exstat et 
 Augusti epistula, ante paucos quam obiret menses ad 
 Agrippinam neptem ita scripta de Gaio hoc (neque enim 
 
 10 quisquam iam alius infans nomine pari tunc supererat :) 
 Puenim Gaium XV Kal. lun. si dii volent ut ducerent 
 Talarius et Asillius, heri cum Us constitui. Mitto prae- 
 terea cum eo ex servis ■nieis medicicm, quern scripsi Germa- 
 nico si vellet ut retineret. VcUebis, mea Agrippina, et dabis 
 
 15 opieram ut valens pervenias ad Germanicum tuum. Abunde 
 parere arbitror, non potuisse ibi nasci Gaium, quo prope 
 bimulus demum perductus ab urbe sit. Versiculorum 
 quoque fidem eadem haec elevant et eo facilius, quod ii 
 sine auctore sunt. Sequenda est igitur, quae sola restat 
 
 20 publiei instrumenti auctoritas, praesertim cum Gains An- 
 tium, omnibus semper locis atque secessibus praelatum, 
 non aliter quam natale solum dilexerit tradaturque etiam 
 sedem ac domicilium imperii taedio urbis transferre eo 
 destinasse. 
 
 25 Caligulae cognomen castrensi ioco traxit, quia manipu- 9 
 lario habitu inter milites educabatur. Apud quos quan- 
 tum praeterea per banc nutrimentorum 
 of the soldiers "onsuetudinem amore et gratia valuerit, 
 maxime cognitum est cum post excessum 
 
 30 Augusti tumultuantis et in furorem usque praecipites 
 solus hand dubie et conspectu suo flexit. Non enim 
 prius destiterunt, quam ablegari eum ob seditionis peri- 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 47 
 
 culum et in proximam civitatem demandari animadver- 
 tissent; tunc demum ad paenitentiam versi reprenso ac 
 retento vehiculo, invidiam quae sibi fieret deprecati sunt. 
 
 10 Comitatus est patrem et Syriaca expeditione. Unde re- 
 versus primum in matris, deinde ea relegata gj^ ^^^^j 5 
 in Liviae Augustae proaviae suae contuber- years and 
 
 nio mansit ; quam defunctam praetextatus *''"^*"*'' 
 etiam tunc pro rostris laudavit. Transiitque ad Antoniam 
 aviani et undevicensimo aetatis anno, accitus Capreas a 
 Tibei'io, uno atqiie eodem die togam sumpsit barbamque lo 
 posuit, sine ullo honore qualis contigerat tirocinio fra- 
 trum eius. Hie omnibus insidiis temptatus elicientium 1, 
 cogentiumque se ad querelas, nullam umquam occasionem 
 dedit, perinde obliterato suorum casu ac si nihil cuiquam 
 accidisset ; quae vero ipse pateretur, incredibili dissimu- is 
 latione transmittens tantique in avum et qui iuxta erant 
 obsequii, ut non immerito sit dictum, nee servum meliorem 
 
 11 ulhim, nee deteriorem dominum fuisse. Naturam tamen 
 saevam atque probrosam ne tunc quidem inhibere poterat, 
 quin et animadversionibus poenisque ad supplicium dato- 20 
 rum cupidissime interesset, et ganeas atque adulteria cajyl- 
 lamento celatus et veste longa noctibus obiret, ac scaenicas . 
 saltandi canendique artes studiosissime appeteret ; facile 
 id sane Tiberio patiente, si per has mansuefieri posset 
 ferum eius ingenium/ Quod sagacissimus senex ita prorsus 25 
 perspexerat, ut aliquotiens praedicaret, exitio suo om- 
 niumque Gaium vivere et se natricem [serpentis id genus] 
 populo Romano Phaethontem orbi terrarum educate. 
 
 Non ita multo post luniam Claudillam M. Silani no- 
 
 12 bilissimi viri filiam duxit uxorem. ,Deinde augur in locum 30 
 fratris sui Drusi destinatus, prius quam inaug^raretur 
 ad pontificatum traductus est insigni testimonio pietatis 
 
48 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESABUM 
 
 atque indolis, cum, deserta desolataque reliqiiis subsidiis 
 
 aula, Seiano iam tunc suspecto Imox et op- 
 
 ci*"d^n "* pressoJad spem successionis paulatim admo- 
 
 veretur. Quam quo magis confirmaret, amissa 
 
 5 lunia ex partu, Enniam Naeviam, JVIacronis uxorem, qui 
 
 turn praetorianis cohortibus praeerat; sollicitavit ad stup- 
 
 rum, pollicitus et matrimonium suum, si potitus imperio 
 
 f uisset ; deque ea re et iure iurando et chirographo cavit. 
 
 Murder of Ti- ^^^ hanc insinuatus Macroni, veneno Ti- 
 
 10 berius attrib- berium adgressus est, ut quidam opinantur, 
 uted to him gpirantique adhuc detrahi anulum et, quo- 
 niam suspicionem retinentis dabat, pulvinum iussit inici, 
 atque etiam fauces manu sua oppressit, liberto, qui ob 
 atrocitatem facinoris exclamaverat, confestim in crucem 
 
 15 acto. Nee abhorret a veritate, cum sint quidam auctores, 
 ipsum postea etsi non de perfecto, at certe de cogitato 
 quondam parricidio professum ; gloriatum enim assidue 
 in commemoranda sua pietate, ad ulciscendam necem 
 matris et fratrum introisse se cum pugione cubiculum 
 
 20 Tiberii dormientis, et misericordia correptum abiecto 
 ferro recessisse; nee ilium, quamquam sensisset, aut in- 
 quirere quicquam aut exsequi ausum. 
 
 Sic imperium adeptus, populum Eomanum (vel dicam 13 
 hominum geuus ?) voti compotem fecit, ex- 
 
 25 . .°^° " ^"Y * optatissimus princeps maximae parti provin- 
 
 cialium ac militum, quod infantem plerique 
 
 cognoverant ; sed et universae plebi urbanae ob memoriam 
 
 Germanici patris miserationemque prope afflictae domus. 
 
 Itaque ut a Miseno movit quam vis lugentis habitu et funus 
 
 30 Tiberi prosequens, tamen inter altaria et victimas arden- 
 tisque taedas densissimo et laetissimo obviorum agmine 
 incessit, super fausta nomina sidus et pullum et pupum 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 49 
 
 14 et alumnum appellantium ; ingressoque urbem, statim 
 consensu senatus et irrumpentis in curiam turbae, inrita 
 Tiberii voluntate, qui testamento alterum nepotuin suum 
 praetextatum adhuc coheredem ei dederat, ius arbitri- 
 umque omnium rerum illi permissum est, tanta publica 5 
 laetitia ut tribus proximis mensibus ac ne totis quidem 
 supra centum sexaginta milia victimarum caesa tradantur. 
 
 Cum deinde paucos post dies in proximas Campaniae 
 insulas traiecisset, vota pro reditu suscepta sunt, ne mini- 
 mam quidem occasionem quoquani omittente in testifi- 10 
 canda soUicitudine et cura de incolumitate eius. Ut 
 vero in adversam valetudinem incidit, pernoctantibus 
 cunctis circa Palatium, non defuerunt qui depugnaturos 
 se armis pro salute aegri quique capita sua titulo propo- ^ 
 sito voverent. Accessit ad immensum civium amorem 16 
 notabilis etiam externorum favor. Namque Artabanus 
 Parthorum rex, odium semper contemptumque Tiberi 
 prae se ferens, amicitiam huius ultro petiit venitque ad 
 colloquium legati consularis, et transgressus Euphraten 
 aquilas et signa Romana Caesarumque imagines adoravit. 20 ' 
 
 15 Incendebat et ipse studia hominum omni genere popu- 
 laritatis. Tiberio cum plurimis lacrimis pro 
 
 contione laudato funeratoque amplissime, ,°.^'^°''°' 
 confestim Pandatariam et Pontias ad trans- 
 ferendos matris fratrisque cineres festinavit, tempestate 25 
 turbida, quo magis pietas emineret, adiitque venerabundus 
 ac per semet in urnas condidit ; nee minore scaena Ostiam, 
 praefixo in biremis puppe vexillo, et inde Eomam Tiberi 
 subvectos, per splendidissimum quemque equestris ordinis 
 medio ac frequenti die duobus ferculis Mausoleo intulit, 30 
 inferiasque iis annua religione publice instituit, et eo 
 amplius matri Circenses carpentumque quo in pompa 
 
50 C. SUETONI TEANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 traduceretur ; at in memoriam patris Septembrem men- 
 sem Germanicum appellavit. Post haec Antoniae aviae, 
 quidquid umquam Livia Augusta honorum cepisset, uno 
 senatus consul to congessit; patruum Claudium, equitem 
 5 Komanum ad id tempus, coUegam sibi in consulatu as- 
 sumpsit; fratrem Tiberium die virilis togae adoptavit 
 appellavitque principem iuventutis ; de sororibus auctor 
 fuit, ut omnibus sacramentis adiceretur : neque me liheros- 
 que meos cariores habebo quam Gaium habeo et sorores 
 
 10 eius; item relationibus consul um : quod bonum felixque 
 
 -^ sit C. Caesari sororibusque eius. 
 
 Pari popularitate damnatos relegatosque restituit ; cri- 
 minum, si quae residua ex priore tempore manebant, 
 omnium gratiam fecit ; commentaxios ad matris fratrum- 
 
 15 que suorum causas pertinentis, ne cui postmodum dela- 
 tori aut testi maneret uUus metus, convectos in forum, et 
 ante claxe obtestatus deos neque legisse neque attigisse 
 quicquam, concremavit; libellum de salute sua oblatum 
 non recepit, contendens, nihil sibi admissum cur cuiquam 
 
 20 invisus esset, negavitque se delatoribus aures habere. 
 
 Spinthrias monstrosarum libidinum, aegre ne profundo 16 
 
 ffis refonns mergeret exoratus, urbe submovit. Titi La- 
 
 andbenefac- bieni, Cordi Cremuti, Cassi Severi scripta, 
 
 ""^ senatus consultis abolita, requiri et esse in 
 
 25 manibus lectitarique permisit, quando maxime sua inter- 
 esset ut facta quaeque posteris tradantur. Eationes imperii, 
 ab Augusto proponi solitas sed a Tiberio intermissas, 
 publicavit. Magistratibus liberam iuris dictionem et 
 sine sui appellatione concessit. Equites Romanos severe 
 
 30 curioseque, nee sine moderatione, recognovit, palam 
 adempto equo quibus aut piobri aliquid aut ignominiae 
 inesset, eorum qui minore culpa tenerentur nominibus 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 51 
 
 modo in recitatione praeteritis. Ut levior labor iudican- 
 tibus foret, ad quattuor prioris quintam decuriam addidit.*" 
 Temptavit et comitiorum more revocato suffragia populo 
 reddere. Legata ex testamento Tiberi quamquam abolito, 
 sed et luliae Augustae, quod Tiberius suppresserat, cum 5 
 fide ac sine calumnia repraesentata persolvit. Ducentesi- 
 mam auctionum Italiae remisit ; multis incendiorum 
 damna supplevit ; ac si quibus regna restituit, adiecit et 
 fructum omnem vectigaliorum et reditum medii temporis, 
 ut Antiocho Commageno sestertium milies confiscatum. 10 
 Quoque magis nuUius non boni exempli fautor videretur, 
 mulieri libertinae octoginta donavit, quod excruciata gra- 
 vissimis tormentis de scelere patroni reticuisset. Quas ob 
 res inter reliquos bonores decretus est ei clipeus aureus, 
 quem quotannis certo die collegia sacerdotum in Capi- 16 
 tolium ferrent, senatu prosequente, nobilibusque pueris 
 ac puellis carmine modulate laudes viitutum eius canen- 
 tibus. Decretum autem ut dies, quo cepisset imperium, 
 Parilia vocaretur, velut argumentum rursus conditae 
 urbis. 20 
 
 17 Consulatus quattuor gessit, primum ex Kal. lul. per 
 duos menses, secundum ex Kal. Ian. per xxx dies, tertium 
 usque in Idus Ian., quartum usque septimum 
 Idus easdem. Ex omnibus duos novissimos ^ ' 
 
 coniunxit. Tertium autem Luguduni iniit 25 
 
 solus, non ut quidam opinantur superbia neglegentiave, 
 sed quod defunctum sub Kalendarum diem collegam 
 rescisse absens non potuerat. Congiarium populo bis 
 dedit trecenos sestertios, totiens abundantissimum epu- 
 lum senatui equestrique ordini, etiam coniugibus ac li- 30 
 beris utrorumque ; posterior epulo forensia insuper viris, 
 feminis ac pueris fascias purpura* ac conchylii distribuit. 
 
52 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Et ut laetitiam publicam in perpetuum quoque augeret, 
 adiecit diem Saturnalibus appellavitque luvenalem. 
 
 Munera gladiatoria, partim in amphitheatre Tauri par- 18 
 tim in Saeptis, aliquot edidit, quibus inseruit catervas 
 5 _. j.^jjj. Afrorum Campanorumque pugilum ex utra- 
 toriai ezhibi- que regione electissimorum. Neque spec- 
 ^'"^^ taculis semper ipse praesedit, sed interdum 
 
 aut magistratibus aut amicis praesidendi munus iniunxit. 
 Scaenicos ludos et assidue et varii generis ac multifariam 
 
 10 fecit, quondam et nocturnos, accensis tota urbe himinibus. 
 Sparsit et missilia variarum rerum, et panaria cum ob- 
 sonio viritim divisit ; qua epulatione equiti Romano con- 
 tra se hilarius avidiusque vescenti partes suas misit, sed 
 et senatori ob eandem causam codicillos, quibus prae- 
 
 15 torem eum extra ordinem designabat. Edidit et cir- 
 censes plurimos a mane ad vesperam, interiecta modo 
 Africanarum venatione modo Troiae decursione, et qiios- 
 dam praecipuos, minio et chrysocolla constrato eirco, nee 
 uUis nisi ex senatorio ordine aurigantibus. Commisit et 
 
 20 subitos, cum e Gelotiana apparatum circi prospicientem 
 pauci ex proximis Maenianis postulassentj^ 
 
 NovTim praeterea atque inauditum genus spectaculi ex- 19 
 cogitavit. Nam Baiarum medium intervallum ad Puteo- 
 His bridge lanas moles, trium milium et s^scentorum 
 
 25 from Baiae fere passuum spatium, ponte coniunxit, con- 
 ° " *° tractis undique onerariis navibus et ordine 
 
 duplici ad ancoras conlocatis, superiectoque aggere 
 terreno ac directo in Appiae Viae formam. Per hunc 
 pontem ultro citro commeavit biduo continenti, prime 
 
 30 die phalerato equo insignisque quercea corona et caetra et 
 gladio aureaque chlamyde, postridie quadrigario habitu 
 curriculoque biiugi famosorum equorum, prae se ferens 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 53 
 
 Dareum pvierum ex Parthorum obsidibus, comitante prae- 
 torianorum agmine et in essedis cohorte amicorum. Scio 
 plerosque existimasse, talem a Gaio pontem excogitatum 
 aemulatione Xerxis, qui uon sine adniiratione aliquanto 
 angustiorem Hellespontum contabulaverit ; alios, ut Ger- 5 
 mauiam et Britanniam, quibus imminebat, alicuius in- 
 mensi operis fama territaret. Sed avum meura narrantem 
 puer audiebam, causam operis ab interioribus aulicis 
 proditam, quod Thrasyllus mathematicus anxio de succes- 
 sore Tiberio ct in verum nepotem proniori affirmasset, 10 
 non magis Gaium imperaturum quam per Baianum sinum 
 equis discursurvm. y 
 
 20 Edidit et peregre spectacula, in Sicilia Syracusis asti- 
 cos ludos, et in Gallia Luguduni miscellos ; sed hie cer- 
 tamen quoque Graecae Latinaeque facundiae, Q^^^^g 3^3 15 
 quo certamine femnt victoribus praemia contests in 
 victos contulisse, eorundem et laudes com- ""•K""**** 
 ponere coactos ; eos autem, qui maxime displicuissent, 
 scripta sua spongea linguave delere iussos, nisi ferulis 
 obiurgari aut flumine proximo mergi maluis^ent. 20 
 
 21 Opera sub Tiberio semiperfeeta, templum Augusti 
 
 theatnimque Pompei, absolvit. Incohavit autem aquae 
 
 ductum regione Tiburti et amphitheatrum ^ ^,. 
 
 ° ^ Public works 
 
 iuxta Saepta, quorum operum a successore 
 
 eius Claudio alterum peractum, omissum alterum est. 25 
 
 Syracusis conlapsa vetustate moenia deorumque aedes 
 
 refectae. Destinaverat et Sami Polycratis regiam resti- 
 
 tuere, Mileti Didymeum peragere, in iugo Alpium urbem 
 
 condere, sed ante omnia Isthmum in Achaia perfodere, 
 
 miseratque iam ad dimetiendum opus primipilarem. X) 
 
 22 Haetenus quasi de principe ; reliqua ut de monstro nar- 
 randa sunt. 
 
54 C. SUETONI TRAUQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Compluribus cognominibus adsumptis (nam et pius et 
 castrorum filius et pater exercituum et optimiis maxi- 
 _... , mus Caesar vocabatur) cum audiret forte 
 assumption of reges, qui officii causa in urbem advene- 
 5 *""'* •»<>■">" jg^jj^.^ concertantis apud se super cenam de 
 nobilitate generis, exclamavit: Ets KoLpavcK Io-to), els jSao-i- 
 Xtus ! nee inultum afuit quin statim diadema sumeret 
 speciemque principatus in regni formam converteret. 
 Verum admonitus, et principum et regum se excessisse 
 
 10 fastigium, divinam ex eo niaiestatem asserere sibi coepit ; 
 datoque negotio ut simulacra numinum religione et arte 
 praeclara, inter quae Olympii lovis, apportarentur e 
 Graecia, quibus capite dempto suum imponeret, partem 
 Palatii ad forum usque promovit, atque aede Castoris et 
 
 15 Pollucis in vestibulum transfigurata, consistens saepe 
 inter fratres deos, medium adorandum se adeuntibus 
 exhibebat; et quidam eum Latiarem lovem consaluta- 
 runt. Templum etiam numini suo proprium et sacer- 
 dotes et excogitatissimas hostias instituit. In templo 
 
 20 simulacrum stabat aureum ieonicum, amiciebaturque 
 cotidie veste, quali ipse uteretur. Magisteria sacerdotii 
 ditissimus quisque et ambitione et licitatione maxima 
 vicibus comparabant. Hostiae erant phoenicopteri, pa- 
 vones, tetraones, numidicae meleagrides, phasianae, quae 
 
 25 generatim per singulos dies immolarentur. Et noctibus 
 quidem plenam fulgentemque lunam invitabat assidue 
 in amplexus atque concubitum, interdiu vero cum Capi- 
 tolino love secrete fabulabatur, modo insusurrans ac 
 praebens in vicem aurem, modo clarius nee sine iurgiis. 
 
 30 Nam vox comminantis audita est : 'H /i' avitip rj iyw a-i • 
 donee exoratus, ut referebat, et in contubernium ultro 
 invitatus, super templum Divi Augusti ponte transmisso, 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 55 
 
 If 
 
 Palatium Capitoliumque coniunxit. Mox, quo propior 
 esset, in area Capitolina novae domus fundamenta iecit. 
 23 Agvippae se nepotem neque credi neque dici ob igno- 
 bilitatem eius volebat, suscensebatque, si qui vel oratione 
 vel carmine imaginibus eum Caesarum insererent. Praedi- 5 
 cabat autem matrem suam ex incesto, quod Augustus cum 
 lulia filia admisisset, procreatam ; ac non gga^iess co 
 contentus hac Augusti insectatione, Actiacas duct toward 
 Siculasque victorias, ut funestas populo Ko- ""^ relatives 
 mano et calamitosas, vetuit sollemnibus feriis celebrari. 10 
 Liviam Augustam proaviam, Ulixem stolatum identidem 
 appellans, etiam ignobilitatis quadam ad senatum epistula 
 arguere ausus est, quasi materno avo decurione Fundano 
 ortam ; cum publicis monumentis certum sit, Aufidium 
 Lurconem Romae honoribus functum. ' Aviae Antoniae 15 
 secretum petenti denegavit, nisi ut interveniret Macro 
 praefectus, ac per istius modi indignitates et taedia causa 
 exstitit mortis, dato tamen, ut quidam putant, et veneno ; 
 nee defunctae ullum honorem habuit, prospexitque e tri- 
 clinio ardentem rogum. Fratrem Tiberium inopinantem, 20 
 repente immisso tribuno militum, interemit ; Silanum item 
 socerum ad necem secandasque novacula fauces compulit : 
 causatus in utroque, quod hie ingressum se turbatius mare 
 non esset secutus ac spe occupandi urbem, si quid sibi per 
 tempestates accideret, remansiset; ille antidotum oboluis- 25 
 set, quasi ad praecavenda venena sua sumptum ; cum et 
 Silanus impatientiam nauseae vitasset et molestiam navi- 
 gandi, et Tiberius propter assiduam et ingravescentem 
 tussim medicamento usus esset. Nam Claudium patruum 
 non nisi in ludibrium reservavit. ao 
 
 .V . 
 
 26 Leve ac frigidum sit his addere, quo propinquos amicos- 
 
56 C. SUETONI TRANQCILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 que pacto tractaverit, Ptolemaeum regis lubae filium, con- 
 
 sobrinum suum, (erat eniin et is M. Antonii ex Selene 
 
 filia nepos) et in primis ipsum Macronem, ipsam Enniam, 
 
 adiutores imperii : quibus omnibus pro necessitudinis iure 
 
 B proque meritorum gratia cruenta mors persoluta est. 
 
 Nihilo reverentior leniorve erga senatum, quosdam 
 
 summis honoribus functos ad essedum sibi currere to- 
 
 gatos per aliquot passuum milia, et cenanti modo ad 
 
 pluteum modo ad pedes stare succinctos linteo passus 
 
 10 est; alios cum clam interemisset, citare nihilo 
 
 Cruelty to . ' . 
 
 senate, magis- mmus ut Vivos perseveravit, paucos post dies 
 
 tiates, and voluntaria morte perisse mentitus. Consuli- 
 
 bus oblitis de natali suo edicere abrogavit 
 
 magistratum, fuitque per triduum sine summa potestate 
 
 15 res publica. Quaestorem suum in coniuratione nominatum 
 flagellavit, veste detracta subiectaque militum pedibus, 
 quo firme verberaturi insisterent. 
 
 Simili superbia violentiaque ceteros tractavit ordines. 
 Inquietatus fremitu gratuita in circo loca de media nocte 
 
 20 occupantium, omnis f ustibus abegit ; elisi per eum tumul- 
 tum viginti amplius equites Romani, totidem matronae, 
 super innumeram turbam ceteram. Scaenicis ludis, inter 
 plebem et equitem causam discordiarum serens, decimas 
 maturius dabat, ut equestria ab infimo quoque occupa- 
 
 25 rentur. Gladiatorio munerer'% ductis interdum flagran- 
 tissimo sole velis, emitti quemquam vetabat remotoque 
 oidinario apparatu, tabidis feris vilissimos senioque con- 
 fectos gladiatores,* quoque paegniariis patres familiarum 
 notos sed insignis debilitate aliqua corporis obiciebat. 
 
 30 Ac nonnumquam, horreis praeclusis, populo famem in- 
 dixit. 
 
 Saevitiam ingenii per haec maxime ostendit. Cum ad 27 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 57 
 
 saginam ferarum muneri praeparatarum carius pecudes 
 compararentur, ex noxiis laniandos adnotavit et custo- 
 diarum seriem recognoscens, nullius inspecto elogio, stans 
 tan turn modo intra porticum mediam, a calvo purther 
 ad calvum duci imperavit. Votum exegit ab examples of 5 
 eo, qui pro salute sua gladiatoriam operam '^™* ^ 
 promiserat, spectavitque ferro dimicantem, nee dimisit 
 nisi victorem et post multas pieces. Alterum, qui se 
 periturum ea de causa voverat, cunctantem pueris tradidit; 
 verbenatum infulatumque votum reposcentes per vicos 10 
 agerent, quoad praecipitaretur ex aggere. Multos honesti 
 ordinis, deformatos prius stigmatum notis, ad metalla et 
 munitiones viarum aut ad bestias condemnavit, aut bes- 
 tiarum more quadripedes cavea coercuit, aut medios serra 
 dissecuit ; nee omnes gravibus ex causis, verum male de 15 
 munere suo opinatos, rel quod numquam per genium 
 suum deierasseut. Parentes supplicio filiorum interesse 
 cogebat ; quorum uni valetudinem excusanti lecticam 
 misit, alium a spectaculo poenae epulis statim adhibuit 
 atque omni comitate ad hUaritatem et iocos provocavit. 20 
 Curatorem munerum ac venationum, per continuos dies 
 in conspectu suo catenis verberatum, non prius occidit 
 quam offensus putrefacti cerebri odore. Atellanae poetam 
 ob ambigui ioci versiculum media amphitheatri harena 
 igni cremavit. Equitem Eomanum obiectum feris, cum 25 
 28 se innocentem proclamasset, reduxit, abscisaque lingua 
 rursus induxit. Eevocatum quendam a vetere exsilio 
 sciscitatus, quidnam ibi facere consuesset, respondente eo 
 per adulationem : Deos semper oraviut, quod evenit,periret 
 Tiberius, et tu imperares, opinans sibi quoque exsules suos 30 
 mortem imprecari, misit circum insulas, qui universos 
 contrucidarent. Cum discerpi senatorem concupisset, 
 
58 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM 
 
 subornavit, qui ingredientem curiam repente hostem pub- 
 licum appellantes invaderent, graphiisque confossum lace- 
 randum ceteris traderent; nee ante satiatus est quam 
 membra et artus et viscera hominis tracta per vicos atque 
 
 5 ante se congesta vidisset. Immanissima facta augebat 29 
 atrocitate verborum. Nihil magis in natura sua laudare 
 se ac probare dicebat quam, ut ipsius verbo utar, dSiarpc- 
 iliiav [hoc est inverecundiam]. Monenti Antoniae aviae, 
 tamquam parum esset non oboedire: Memento ait omnia 
 
 10 mihi et in omnis licere! Trucidaturus fratrem, quem 
 metu venenorum praemuniri medicamentis suspicabatur : 
 Antidotum inquit adversus CaesaremfT/'RelegaXis sorori- 
 bus non solum insulas habere se, sed etiam gladios mina- 
 batur. Praetorium virum ex secessu Anticyrae, quam 
 
 15 valetudinis causa petierat, propagari sibi commeatum 
 saepius desiderantem cum mandasset interimi, adiecit, 
 necessariam esse sanguinis missionem, ciii tarn diu non 
 prodesset eUeborum. Decimo quoque die numerum puni- 
 endorum ex custodia subscribens, rationem se purgare 
 
 20 dicebat. Gallis Graecisque aliquot uno tempore con- 
 demnatis, gloriabatur, GaJlograeciam se subegisse. Non 30 
 temere in quemquam nisi crebris et minutis ictibus ani- 
 madverti passus est, perpetuo notoque iam praecepto : Ita 
 feri ut se mori sentiat! Punito per errorem nominis alio 
 
 25 quam quem destinaverat, ipsum quoque paria meruisse 
 dixit. Tragicum illud subinde iactabat : 
 Oderint, dum metuant ! 
 Saepe in cunctos pariter senatores, ut Seiani clientis, ut 
 matris ac fratrum suorum delatores, invectus est, prolatis 
 
 30 libellis, quos crematos simulaverat, defensaque Tiberi 
 saevitia quasi necessaria, cum tot criminantibus creden- 
 dum esset. Equestrem ordinem ut scaenae harenaeque 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 59 
 
 devotum assidue proscidit. Infensus turbae faventi 
 adversus studium suum, exclamavit: Utinam populus 
 Momanus unam cervicem haberet ! Cumque Tetrinius latro 
 postularetur, et qui postularent, Tetrinios esse ait. Eetiarii 
 tunicati quinque numero gregatim dimicantes sine cer- 5 
 tatnine alio totidem secutoribus succubuerant ; cum occidi 
 iuberentur, unus resumpta fuscina omnes victores in- 
 teremit : banc ut crudelissimam caedem et deflevit edicto 
 
 31 et eos, qui spectare sustinuissent, exsecratus est. Queri 
 etiam palam de conditione temporum suorum solebat, lo 
 quod nullis calamitatibus publicis insignirentur ; August! 
 principatum clade Variana, Tiberi ruina spectaculorum 
 apud Fidenas memorabilem factum, suo oblivionem 
 imminere prosperitate rerum ; atque identidem exerci- 
 tuum caedes, famem, pestilentiam, iucendia, biatum 15 
 aliquem terrae optabat. 
 
 32 Animum quoque remittent! ludoque et epulis dedito 
 eadem factorum dictorumque saevitia aderat. 
 
 Saepe in conspectu prandentis vel comissan- .'^ 
 
 ^ r r sions 
 
 tis seriae quaestiones per tormenta habeban- 20 
 
 tur, miles decollandi artifex quibuscumque e custodia 
 capita amputabat. Puteolis dedicatione pontis, quem 
 excogitatum ab eo significavimus, cum multos e litore in- 
 vitasset ad se, repente omnis praecipitavit, quosdam gu- 
 bernacula apprehendentes contis remisque detrusit in 25 
 mare. Komae publico epulo servum ob detractam lectis 
 argeuteam laminam carnifici confestim tradidit, ut mani- 
 bus abscisis atque ante pectus e coUo pendeutibus, prae- 
 cedente titulo qui causam poenae indicaret, per coetus 
 epulantium circumduceretur. Murmillonem e ludo, rudi- 30 
 bus secum battuentera et sponte prostratum, confodit fer- 
 rea sica ac more victorum cum palma discucurrit. Admota 
 
60 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 altaribus victima, siiccinctus poparum habitu elato alte 
 subito malleo cultrarium mactavit. Lautiore eonvivio 
 effusus in cachinnos, consulibus, qui iuxta cubabant, quid- 
 nam rideret, blande quaerentibus, Quid, inquit, nisi uno 
 5 meo nutu iugulari iitrumque vestrum statim posse ? In- 33 
 ter varios iocos, cum adsistens simulacro lovis- Apellen 
 tragoedum consuluisset uter illi maior videretur, cunetan- 
 tem flagellis discidit, conlaudans subinde vocem depre- 
 cantis quasi etiam in gemitu praedulcem. Quotiens 
 
 10 uxoris vel amiculae eollum exoscularetur, addebat : Tam 
 bona cervix simul ac lussero demetur. Quin et subinde 
 iactabat, exquisiturum se vel fidiculis de Caesonia sua, cur 
 earn tanto opere diligeret. -> 
 Nee minore livore ac malignitate quam superbia sae- 34 
 
 15 vitiaque paene adversus omnis aevi homi- 
 
 ma^Ity^ num genus grassatus est. Statuas virorum 
 
 inlustrium, ab Augusto ex Capitolina area 
 
 propter angustias in campum Martium conlatas, ita sub- 
 
 vertit atque disiecit ut restitui salvia titulis non potue- 
 
 20 rint, vetuitque posthac viventium cuiquam usquam statuam 
 aut imaginem nisi consulto et auctore se poni. Cogitavit 
 etiam de Homeri carminibus abolendis, cur enim sibi non 
 licere, dicens, quod Platoni licuisset, qui eum e civitate quam 
 constituebat eiecerit ? Sed et Vergili ac Titi Livi scripta 
 
 25 et imagines paulum afuit quin ex omnibus bibliothecis 
 amoveret, quorum alteram ut nullius ingenii minimae- 
 que doctrinae, alterum ut verbosum in historia neglegen- 
 temque carpebat. De iuris quoque consultis, quasi sci- 
 entiae eorum omnem usum aboliturus, saepe iactavit, se 
 
 30 meJiercule effecturum ne quid respondere possint praeter 
 eum. Vetera familiarum insignia nobilissimo cuique 35 
 ademit, Torquato torquem, Ciucinnato crinem, Cn. Pom- 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 61 
 
 peio stirpis antiquae Magni cognomen. Ptolemaeum, de 
 quo rettuli, et arcessitum e regno et exceptum honorifice, 
 non alia de causa repente percussit, quam quod, edente 
 se munus, ingressum spectacula convertisse hominum 
 oculos fulgore purpureae abollae animadvertit. Pulchros 5 
 et comatos, quotiens sibi occurrerent, occipitio raso detur- 
 pabat.' Erat Esius Proculus patre primipilari, ob egre- 
 giam corporis amplitudinem et speciem Colosseros dictus; 
 hunc spectaculis detractuin repente et in harenam de- 
 ductum Thraeci et inox hoplomacho comparavit, bisque lo 
 victorem constringi sine mora iussit et pannis obsitum 
 vicatim circumduci ac mulieribus ostendi, deinde iugu- 
 lari. Nullus denique tam abiectae condicionis tamque 
 extremae sortis fuit, cuius non commodis obtrectaret. 
 Nemorensi regi, quod multos iam annos poteretur sacer- 15 
 dotio, validiorem adversarium subornavit. Cum quodam 
 die muneris essedario Porio, ob prosperam pugnam 
 servum suum manumittenti, studiosius plausum esset, 
 ita proripuit se spectaculis, ut calcata lacinia togae 
 praeeeps per gradus iret, indignabundus et clamitans 20 
 dominum gentium populum ex re levissima plus honoris 
 gUxdiatori tribuentem quam conseeratis principibus aut 
 praesenti sibi. 
 
 37 Nepotatus sumptibus omnium prodigorum ingenia su- 
 
 peravit, commentus novum balnearum usum, portento- 25 
 
 sissima genera ciborum atque cenarum, ut 
 
 , ProdigaUty 
 
 calidis frigidisque unguentis lavaretur, pre- 
 
 tiosissima raargarita aceto liquefacta sorberet, convivis ex 
 
 auro panes et obsonia apponeret, o'd frugi hominem esse 
 
 oportere dictitans aut Caesarem. Quin et nummos non 30 
 
 mediocris summae e fastigio basilicae luliae per aliquot 
 
62 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 dies sparsit in plebem. Fabricavit et deceris Liburnicas 
 gemmatis puppibus, versicoloribus velis, magna ther- 
 marutn et porticuum et .tricliniorum laxitate magnaque 
 etiam vitium et pomiferarum arborum varietate ; quibus 
 5 discumbens de die inter chores a« symphonias litora 
 Campaniae peragraret. In exstructionibus praetoriorum 
 atque villarum, omni ratione posthabita, nihil tam efficere 
 conciipiscebat quam quod posse effici negaretur. Et iactae 
 itaque moles infesto ac profundo mari, et excisae rupes 
 
 10 durissimi silicis, et campi montibus aggere aequati, et 
 complanata fosstiris montium iuga, incredibili quidem 
 celeritate, cum morae culpa capite lueretur. Ac ne sin- 
 gula enumerem, immensas opes, totumque illud Ti. Cae- 
 saris vicies ao septies milies sestertium non toto vertente 
 
 15 anno absumpsit. 
 
 Exhaustus igitur atque egens ad rapinas convertit ani- 38 
 
 mum, vario et exquisitissimo calumniarum et auctionum 
 
 et vectigalium genere. Negabat iure civita- 
 
 apine an ^.^ Komanam usui'pare eos, quorum maiores 
 ezactions . 
 
 20 sibi posterisque earn impetrassent, nisi si 
 
 filii essent, neque enim intellegi debere posteros ultra 
 
 hune gradum ; prolataque Divorum luli et Augusti diplo- 
 
 mata ut Vetera et obsoleta deflebat. Arguebat et per- 
 
 peram editos census, quibus postea quacumque de causa 
 
 25 quicquam incrementi accessisset. Testamenta primipi- 
 larium, qui ab initio Tiberi principatus neque ilium neque 
 se heredem reliquissent, ut ingrata rescidit ; item cetero- 
 rum ut irrita et vana, quoscumque quis diceret herede Cae- 
 sare mori destinasse. Quo metu iniecto cum iam et ab 
 
 30 iguotis inter familiares et a parentibus inter liberos palam 
 heres nuncuparetur, derisores vocabat, quod post nuncu- 
 pationem vivere perseverarent, et multis venenatas mat- 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 63 
 
 teas misit. Cognoscebat autem de talibus causis, taxato 
 prius modo summae ad quern conficiendum consideret, 
 confecto demum excitabatur. Ac ne paululum quidem 
 morae patiens, super quadraginta reos quondam ex diver- 
 sis criminibus una sententia condemnavit, gloriatusque 5 
 est expergefacta e somno Caesonia, quantum egisset, dum 
 ea meridiaret. 
 
 Auctione proposita, reliquias omnium spectaculorum 
 subiecit ac venditavit, exquirens per se pretia et usque eo 
 extendens, ut quidam immense coacti quaedam emere ac lo 
 bonis exuti venas sibi inciderent. Nota res est, Aponio 
 Saturnino inter subsellia dormitante, monitum a Gaio 
 praeconem ne praetorium virum crebro capitis motu nutan- 
 tem sibi praeteriret, nee licendi finem factum, quoad 
 tredecinv^gladiatores sestertium nonagies ignoranti addi- 15 
 
 39 cerentur. /In Gallia quoque, cum damnatar 
 
 ■7 J. J. 11 i-i i His auction- 
 
 rum sororum ornamenta et supellectilem et . 
 
 servos atque etiam libertos immensis pretiis 
 
 vendidisset, invitatus lucro, quidquid instrumenti veteris 
 
 aulae erat ab urbe repetiit, comprensis ad deportandum 20 
 
 meritoriis quoque vehiculis et pistrinensibus iumentis, 
 
 adeo ut et panis Romae saepe deficeret et litigatorum 
 
 plerique, quod occurrere absentes ad vadimonium non 
 
 possent, causa caderent. Cui instrumento distrahendo 
 
 nihil non fraudis ac lenocinii adhibuit, modo avaritiae as 
 
 singulos increpans et quod non puderet eos locupletiores 
 
 esse quam se, modo paenitentiam simulans quod princi- 
 
 palium rerum privatis copiam faceret. Compererat 
 
 provincialem locupletem ducenta sestertia numerasse 
 
 vocatoribus, ut per fallaciam convivio interponeretur, nee 30 
 
 tulerat moleste tam raagno aestimari honorem cenae suae ; 
 
 huic postero die sedenti in auctione misit, qui nescio quid 
 
64 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM 
 
 frivoli ducentis milibus traderet diceretque, cenaturum 
 
 apud Caesarem vocatu ipsius. 
 
 Vectigalia nova atque inaudita primum per publicanos, 40 
 
 deinde, quia lucrum exuberabat, per centuriones tribunos- 
 
 5 que praetorianos exercuit, nullo rerum aut 
 
 Imposition of ijominum senere omisso, cui non tiibuti ali- 
 taxes ° 
 
 quid imponeret. Pro edulibus, quae tota 
 
 urbe venirent, certum statumque exigebatur ; pro litibus 
 
 ac iudiciis ubicumque conceptis quadragesima summae, de 
 
 10 qua litigaretur, nee sine poena, si quis coraposuisse vel 
 donasse negotium convinceretur ; ex gerulomm diurnis 
 quaestibus pars octava. . . . Eius modi vectigalibus in- 41 
 dictis neque propositis, cum per ignorantiam scripturae 
 multa commissa fierent, tandem flagitante populo proposuit 
 
 15 quidem legem, sed et minutissimislitteris et angustissimo 
 loco, uti ne cui describere liceret. Ac ne quod non manu- 
 biarum genus experiretur, lupanar in Palatio constituit, 
 distinctisque et instructis pro loci dignitate compluribus 
 cellis, in quibus matronae ingenuique starent, misit cir- 
 
 20 cum fora et basilicas nomenculatores ad invitandos ad 
 libidinem iuvenes senesque ; praebita advenientibus pecu- 
 nia faenebris, appositique qui nomina palam subnotarent, 
 quasi adiuvantium Caesaris reditus. Ac ne ex lusu 
 quidem aleae compendium spemens, plus mendacio atque 
 
 25 etiam periurio lucrabatur. Et quondam proximo conlu- 
 sori demandata vice sua progressus in atrium domus, cum 
 praetereuntis duos equites Romanes locupletis sine mora 
 corripi confiscarique iussisset, exsultans rediit gloriansque, 
 numquam se prosperiore alea usum. 
 
 30 ,^ Filia vero nata, paupertatem nee iam imperatoria modo 42 
 sed et patria conquerens onera, conlationes in alimonium 
 ac dotem puellae recepit. Edixit et strenas ineunte anno 
 
LIBEK IV. C. CALIGULA. 65 
 
 se recepturum stetitque in vestibule aedium Kl. lanuariis 
 
 ad captandas stipes, qiias plenis ante eum manibus ac 
 
 sinu omuis generis turba fundebat. Novis- 
 
 , , , -J- • Forced gifts 
 
 sime contrectandae pecuniae cupidme incen- 
 
 sus, saepe super imniensos aureorum acervos patentissimo 5 
 
 diffuses loco et nudis pedibus spatiatus et toto corpore 
 
 aliquamdiu volutatus est. 
 
 43 Militiam resque bellicas semel attigit, neqiie ex desti- 
 nato, sed cum ad visendum nemus flumenque Clitumni 
 Mevaniam processisset, admonitus de sup- lo 
 
 1 J -p, , His militaiy 
 
 plendo numero Batavorum, quos circa se ,a__ai 
 habebat, expeditionis Germanicae impetum 
 cepit ; neque distulit, sed legionibus et auxiliis undique 
 excitis, dilectibus ubique acerbissime actis, contracto et 
 omnis generis commeatu quanto numquain an tea, iter in- 15 
 gressus est confecitque mode tam festinanter et rapide, 
 ut praetorianae cohortes contra morem signa iumentis 
 imponere et ita subsequi cogerentur, interdum adeo seg- 
 niter et delicate, ut octaphoro veheretur, atque a propin- 
 quarum urbium plebe verri sibi vias et conspergi propter 20 
 pulverem exigeret. 
 
 44 Postquam castra attigit, ut se acrem ac severum ducem 
 ostenderet, legatos, qui auxilia serius ex diversis locis 
 adduxerant, cum ignominia dimisit ; at in exercitu recen- 
 sendo, plerisque centurionum maturis iam, et nonnullis 25 
 ante paucissimos quara consummaturi essent dies, primes 
 pilos ademit, causatus senium cuiusque et imbecillitatem; 
 ceterorum increpita cupiditate, commoda emeritae militiae 
 ad sescentorum * milium summam recidit. Nihil autem 
 amplius quam Adminio Cynobellini Britannorum regis 30 
 filio, qui pulsus a patre cum exigua manu transfugerat, 
 in deditionem recepto, quasi universa tradita insula. 
 
66 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 magnificas Komam litteras misit, monitis speculatoribus, 
 ut vehiculo ad forum usque et curiam pertenderent, nee 
 nisi in aede Martis ac frequente senatu consulibus tra- 
 derent.J 
 
 5 Mox, deficiente belli materia, paucos de custodia Ger- 45 
 manos traici occulique trans Khenum iussit, ac sibi post 
 prandium quam tumultuosissime adesse liostem nuntiari. 
 Quo facto, proripuit se cum amicis et parte equitum 
 praetorianorum in proximam silvam, truncatisque arbori- 
 
 10 bus et in modum tropaeorum adornatis, ad lumina rever- 
 sus, eorum quidem qui secuti non essent timiditatem et 
 ignaviam corripuit, comites autem et participes victoriae 
 novo genere ac nomine coronarum donavit, quas dis- 
 tinctas solis ac lunae siderumque specie exploratorias 
 
 15 appellavit. Kursus obsides quosdam abductos e litterario 
 ludo clamque praemissos, deserto repente convivio, cum 
 equitatu insecutus veluti profugos ac reprehensos in 
 catenis reduxit; in hoc quoque mimo praeter modum 
 intemperans. Repetita cena, renuntiantis coactum agmen 
 
 20 sicut erant loricatos ad discumbendum adhortatus est. 
 Monuit etiam notissimo Vergili versu, durarent secun- 
 disque se rebus servarent. 
 
 Atque inter haec absentem senatum populumque gra- 
 vissimo obiurgavit edicto, quod Caesare proeliante et tantis 
 
 25 discriminibus obiecto, tempestiva convivia, circum et theatra 
 et amoenos secessus celebrarent. Postremo quasi perpetra- 46 
 turus helium, directa acie in litore Oceani ac ballistis 
 macliinisque dispositis, nemine gnaro aut opinante quid- 
 nam coepturus esset, repente ut conchas legerent galeas- 
 
 30 que et sinus replerent imperavit, spolia Oceani vocans 
 Capitolio Palatioque debita, et in indicium victoriae altis- 
 simam turrem excitavit, ex qua ut Pharo noctibus ad 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 67 
 
 regendos navium cursus ignes emicarent ; pronuntiatoque 
 militi donativo centenis vii-itim denariis, quasi omne ex- 
 emplum liberalitatis supergressus Abite, inquit, laeti, abite 
 locupletes ! 
 
 47 Conversus hinc ad curam triumphi, praeter captives 5 
 ac transfugas barbaros Galliarum quoque procerissimum 
 quemque et (ut ipse dicebat) a^iodpidfifiiVTov, 
 
 ac nonnuUos ex principibus legit ac seposuit 
 ad pompam, coegitque non tantum rutilare et summittere 
 comam, sed et sermonem Germanicuni addiscere et no- lo 
 mina barbarica ferre. Praecepit etiam triremis, quibus 
 introierat Oceanum, magna ex parte itinere terrestri 
 Eomam devehi. Scripsit et procuratoribus, triumphum 
 appararent quam minima summa, sed quantus numquam 
 alius fuisset, quando in omnium hominum bona ius 15 
 haberent. 
 
 48 Priusquam provincia decederet, consilium iniit nefan- 
 dae atrocitatis, legiones, quae post excessiim Augusti 
 seditionem olim moverant, contrucidandi, 
 
 quod et patrem suum Germanicum ducem Plan to mas- 20 
 et se infantem tunc obsedissent, vixque a and senate 
 tam praecipiti cogitatione revocatus, inhiberi 
 nullo modo potuit quin decimare velle perseveraret. 
 Vocatas itaque ad contionem inermes, atque etiam gladiis 
 depositis, equitatu armato circumdedit. Sed cum videret 25 
 suspecta re plerosque dilabi ad resumenda si qua vis 
 fieret arma, profugit contionem confestimque urbem petit, 
 deflexa omni acerbitate in senatum, cui ad avertendos 
 tantorum dedecorura rumores palam minabatur ; querens 
 inter cetera fraudatum se iusto triumpho, cum ipse paulo 30 
 ante, ne quid de honoribus suis ageretur, etiam sub 
 
 49 mortis poena denuntiasset. Aditus ergo in itinere a 
 
68 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 legatis amplissimi ordinis ut maturaret orantibus, quam 
 maxima voce Veniam inquit, veniam, et hie mecuni ! capu- 
 lum gladii crebro verberans, quo cinctus erat. Edixit et 
 reverti se, sed iis tantum qui optarent, equestri ordini et 
 
 5 populo; nam se neque civem neque principem senatui 
 amplius fore. Vetuit etiam quemquam senatorUm sibi 
 occurrere, atque omisso vel dilato triumpho ovans urbem 
 natali suo ingressus est; intraque quartum mensem periit, 
 ingentia facinora ausus et aliquauto maiora moliens. Si- 
 
 10 quidem proposuerat Antium, deinde Alexandream com- 
 migrare, interempto prius utriusque ordinis electissimo 
 quoque. Quod ne cui dubium videatur, in secretis eius 
 reperti sunt duo libelli diverse titulo ; alteri gladius, alteri 
 pugio index erat; ambo nomina et notas continebant 
 
 15 morti destinatorum. Inventa et area ingens variorum 
 venenorum plena, quibus mox a Claudio demersis infecta 
 maria traduntur, non sine piscjum exitio, quos enectos 
 aestus in proxima litora eiecit. y 
 
 Statura fuit eminenti, colore expallido, corpora enormi, 50 
 
 20 gracilitate maxima cervicis et crurum, oculis 
 
 appearance ^* temporibus concavis, fronte lata et torva, 
 
 capillo raro ac circa verticem nullo, hirsutus 
 
 cetera. Quare transeunte eo prospicere ex superiore parte, 
 
 aut omnino qua«umque de causa capram nominare, crimino- 
 
 25 sum et exitiale habebatur. Vultum vero natura horridum 
 
 ac taetrum etiam ex industria efferabat, componens ad 
 
 speculum in omnem terrorem ac formidinem. 
 
 Valetudo ei neque corporis neque animi constitit. Puer 
 
 comitiali morbo vexatus, in adulescentia ita 
 Mental . , , 
 
 30 weakness patiens laborum erat, ut tamen nonnumquam 
 
 subita defectione ingredi, stare, colligere se- 
 
 met ac sufferre vix posset. Mentis valetudinem et ipse 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 69 
 
 senserat ae subinde de seeessu deque purgando cerebro 
 cogitavit. Creditur potioiiatus a Caesonia uxore amatorio 
 quidem medicamento, sed quod in furorem verterit. Inci- 
 tabatur insomnia maxime ; neque enim plus quam tribus 
 noctui'uis horis quiescebat, ac ne iis quidem placida quiete, 5 
 sed pavida miris rerum imaginibus, ut qui inter ceteras 
 pelagi quondam speciem conloquentem secum videre 
 visus sit. Ideoque magna parte noctis vigiliae cubandi- 
 que taedio nunc toro residens, nunc per longissimas por- 
 ticus vagus invocare identidem atque exspeetare lucem lo 
 consuerat. 
 51 Non immerito mentis valetudini attribuerim diversis- 
 sima in eodem vitia, summam confidentiam 
 
 Timidity- 
 et contra nimium metum. Nam qui decs 
 
 tanto opere contemneret, ad minima tonitrua et fulgura 15 
 conivere, caput obvolvere, ad vero maiora proripere se e 
 strato sub lectumque condere solebat. Peregrinatione 
 quidem Siciliensi irrisis multuni locorum miraculis, re- 
 pente a Messana noclu profugit Aetnaei verticis fumo ac 
 murmure pavef actus. Ad versus barbaros quoque minar 20. 
 cissimus, cum trans Rhenum inter angustias densumque 
 agmen iter essedo faceret, dicente quodam non mediocrem 
 fore consternationem sicunde hostis appareat, equum ilico 
 conscendit ac propere reversus ad pontes, ut eos calonibus 
 et impedimentis stipatos repperit, impatiens morae per 25 
 manus ac super capita hominum translatus est Mox 
 etiam audita rebellions Germaniae, fugam et subsidia 
 fugae classes apparabat, uno solacio adquiescens, trans- 
 marinas certe sibi superfuturas provincias, si victores 
 Alpium iuga, ut Cimbri, vel etiam urbem, ut Senones .so 
 quondam, occuparent; unde credo percussoribus eius 
 postea consilium natum, apud tumultuantes milites emen- 
 
70 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 tiendi, ipsum sibi manus intulisse nuntio malae pugnae 
 
 perterritum. 
 
 Vestitu calciatuque et cetero habitu neque patrio neque 52 
 
 civili, ae ne virili quidem ac denique humano 
 His apparel 
 5 semper usus est. oaepe depictas gemmatas- 
 
 que indutus paenulas, manuleatus et armillatus in publi- 
 cum processit ; aliquando sericatus et cycladatus ; ac modo 
 in crepidis vel cothurnis, modo in speculatoria caliga, non- 
 numquam socco muliebri ; plerumque vero aurea barba, 
 
 10 fulmen. tenens aut fuscinam aut caduceum [deorum in- 
 signia] atque etiam Veneris cultu conspectus est. Tri- 
 umphalem quidem ornatum etiam ante expeditionem 
 assidue gestavit, interdum et Magni Alexandri thoracem 
 repetitum e conditorio eius. 
 
 15 Ex disciplinis liberalibus minimum eruditioni, eloquen- 53 
 
 tiae plurimum attendit, quantum vis facundus et promptus, 
 
 utique si perorandum in aliquem asset. Irato 
 
 evo onto gj. ygjjjg^ g^ sententiae suppetebant, pronun- 
 
 tiatio quoque et vox, ut neque eodem loci 
 
 20 prae ardors consisteret et exaudiretur a procul stantibus. 
 Peroraturus, strictuncm se lucuhrationis suae telum mina^ 
 batur ; lenius comptiusque scribendi genus adeo con- 
 temnens, ut Senecam tum maxime placentem commissiones 
 meras componere, et harenam esse sine calce diceret. 
 
 25 Solebat, etiam prosperis oratorum actionibus rescribere 
 et magnorum in senatu reorum accusationes defensio- 
 nesque meditari ac, prout stilus cesserat, vel onerare 
 sententia sua quemque vel sublevare, equestri quoque 
 ordine ad audiendum invitato per edicta. 
 
 30 Sed et aliorum generum artes studiosissime et diver- 54 
 sissimas exercuit. Thraex et auriga, idem cantor atque 
 saltator, battuebat pugnatoriis armis, aurigabat exstructo 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 71 
 
 plurifariam circo ; canendi ac saltandi voluptate ita effere- 
 batur, ut ne publicis quidem spectaculis temperaret quo 
 minus et tragoedo pronuntianti concineret, 
 et gestum histrionis quasi laudans vel cor- 0*''"P"- 
 rigens palam efiingeret. Nee alia de causa 5 
 
 videtur eo die, quo periit, pervigilium indixisse quam 
 ut initium in scaenam prodeundi licentia temporis aus- 
 picaretur. Saltabat autem nonnuraquam etiam noctu; 
 et quondam tres consulares secunda vigilia in Palatium 
 accitos multaque et extrema metuentis super pulpitum 10 
 conlocavit, dein repente magno tibiarum et scabellorum 
 crepitu cum palla tunicaque talari prosiluit ac desaltato 
 cantico abiit. Atque hie tarn docilis ad cetera uatare 
 nesciit. 
 55 Quorum vero studio teneretur, omnibus ad insaniam 15 
 favit. Mnesterem pantomimum etiam inter spectacula 
 osculabatur, ac si qui saltante eo vel leviter 
 obstreperet, detrahi iussum manu sua flagel- f°*>'=ati<"'* »* 
 
 ° insanity 
 labat. Equiti Romano tumultuanti per cen- 
 
 turionem denuntiavit, abiret sine mora Ostiam perferret- 20 
 
 que ad Ptolemaeum regem in Mauritaniam codicillos 
 
 suos ; quorum exemplum erat : Ei quern istoc misi, neque 
 
 boni quicquam neque mali feceris! Thraeces quosdam 
 
 Germanis corporis custodibus praeposuit. Murmillonum 
 
 armaturas recidit. Columbo victori, leviter tamen saucio, 25 
 
 venenum in plagam addidit, quod ex eo Columbinum 
 
 appellavit (sic certe inter alia venena scriptum ab eo 
 
 repertum est) ; prasinae factioni ita addictus et deditus, 
 
 ut cenaret in stabulo assidue et maneret. Agitatori 
 
 Eutycho comissatione quadam in apophoretis vicies ses- 30 
 
 tertium contulit. Incitato equo, cuius causa pridie cir- 
 
 censes, ne inquietaretur, viciniae silentium per milites 
 
72 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 indicere solebat, praeter equile marmoreum et praesepe 
 ebunieum praeterque purpurea tegumenta ac monilia e 
 gemmis, domum etiam et familiam et supellectilem dedit, 
 quo lautius nomine eius invitati acciperentur; consulatum 
 
 5 quoque traditur destinasse. 
 
 Ita bacchantem atque grassantem non defuit plerisque 56 
 animus adoriri. Sed una alteraque conspiratione detecta, 
 aliis per inopiam occasionis cunctantibus, 
 Conspiracies duo consilium communicaverunt perfece- 
 
 10 jjg runtque, non sine conscientia potentissimo- 
 
 rum libertorum praefectorumque praetorii ; 
 
 quod ipsi quoque etsi falso in quadam coniuratione quasi 
 
 participes nominati, suspectos tamen se et invisos sentie- 
 
 bant. Nam et statim seduetis magnam fecit invidiam, 
 
 15 destricto gladio afRrmans sponte se periturum, si et illis 
 morte di'gnus videretur, nee cessavit ex eo criminari alte- 
 rum alteri atque inter se omnis committere. 
 
 Cum placuisset Palatinis ludis spectaculo egressum 
 meridie adgredi, primas sibi partes Cassius Chaerea tri- 
 
 20 bunus cohortis praetoriae depoposcit, quem Gains senio- 
 rem iam ut mollem et effeminatum denotare omni probro 
 consuerat et modo signum petenti Priapum aut Venerem 
 dare, modo ex aliqua causa agenti gratias osculandam 
 manum offerre formatam commotamque in obscenum 
 
 25 modum. 
 
 Futurae caedis multa prodigia exstiterunt. Olympiae 57 
 simulacrum lovis, quod dissolvi transferrique Eomam 
 placuerat, tantum cachinnum repente edidit, 
 bod' '^T th*' ^'* machinis labefactis opifices diffugerint ; 
 
 30 supervenitque ilico quidam Cassius nomine, 
 
 iussum se somnio affirmans immolare taurum lovi. Capi- 
 tolium Capuae Id. Mar. de caelo tactum est, item Eomae 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 73 
 
 cella Palatini atriensis. Nee defuerunt qui coniectarent, 
 altero ostento periculum a custodibus domino portendi, 
 altero caedem rursus insignem, qualis eodem die facta 
 quondam fuisset. Consulenti quoque de genitura sua 
 Sulla matheniaticus certissimam necem appropinquare 5 
 affirmavit. Monuerunt et Fortunae Antiatinae, ut a 
 Cassio caveret ; qua causa ille Cassium Longinum Asiae 
 turn proconsulem occidendum delegaverat, immemor 
 Chaeream Cassium nominari. Pridie quam periret som- 
 niavit, consistere se in caelo iuxta solium lovis, impul- 10 
 sumque ab eo dextri pedis pollice et in terras praecipi- 
 tatura. Prodigiorum loco habita sunt etiam, quae forte 
 illo ipso die paulo prius acciderant. Sacrificans respersus 
 est phoenicopteri sanguine ; et pantomimus Mnester 
 tragoediam saltavit, quam olim Neoptolemus tragoedus 15 
 ludis, quibus rex Macedonum Philippus occisus est, 
 egerat ; et cum in Laureolo mimo, in quo actor proripiens 
 se ruina sanguinem vomit, plures secundavum certatim 
 experimentum artis darent, cruore scaena abundavit. 
 Parabatur et in noctem spectaculum, quo argumenta 20 
 inferorum per Aegyptios et Aethiopas explicarentur. 
 58 Vim Kal. Febr. hora fere septima, cunctatus an ad 
 ■ prandium surgeret marcente adhuc stomacho pridiani 
 cibi onere, tandem suadentibus amicis egressus est. Cum 
 in crypta, per quam transeundum erat, pueri 25 
 
 nobiles ex Asia ad edendas in scaena operas '® assassina- 
 evocati praepararentur, ut eos inspiceret 
 hortareturque restitit, ac nisi princeps gregis algere se 
 diceret, redire ac repraesentare spectaculum voluit.^Ttu- 
 plex dehinc fama est : alii tradunt adloquenti pueros a 30 
 tergo Chaeream cervicem gladio caesim graviter percus- 
 sisse, praemissa voce : Hoc age ! dehinc Cornelium Sabi- 
 
74 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 num, alterum e coniuratis, tribunum ex adverse traiecisse 
 pectus; alii Sabinum, summota per conscios centuriones 
 turba, signum more militiae petisse, et Gaio lovem dante 
 Chaerearn exclamasse : Accipe ratum ! respicientique 
 maxillain ictu discidisse. lacentem contractisque mem- 5 
 bris clamitantem se vivere ceteri vnlneribus triginta con- 
 fecerunt ; nam signum erat omnium : Repete ! Quidam 
 etiam per obscena ferrum adegerunt. Ad primum tu- 
 multum lecticarii cum asseribus in auxilium accucur- 
 rerunt, mox Germani corporis oustodes, ac nonnullos 10 
 ex percussoribus, quosdam etiam senatores innoxios 
 interemerunt. 
 
 59 Vixit annis viginti novem, imperavit triennio et decem 
 mensibus diebusque octo. Cadaver eius clam in hortos 
 Lamianos asportatum, et tumultuario rogo 15 
 semiambustum levi caespite obrutum est, 
 
 postea per sorores ab exilio reversas erutum et crematum 
 sepultumque. Satis constat, priusquam id fieret hortorum 
 custodes umbris inquietatos ; in ea quoque domo, in qua 
 occubuerit, nullam noctem sine aliquo terrore transactam, 20 
 donee ipsa domus incendio consumpta sit. Perit una et 
 uxor Caesonia gladio a centurione confossa, et filia parieti 
 inlisa. 
 
 60 Condicionem temporum illorum etiam per haec aesti- 
 mare quivis possit. Nam neque caede vulgata statim 25 
 creditum est, fuitque suspicio, ab ipso Gaio famam caedis 
 
 N simulatf m et emissam, ut eo pacto homi- 
 
 num erga se mentes deprehenderet ; neque Desire of sen- 
 ... ..... ^ ate to restore 
 
 coniurati cuiquam imperium destinaverunt ; jepybup 
 
 et senatus in asserenda libertate adeo con- 30 
 
 sensit, ut consules primo non in curiam, quia lulia 
 
 vocabatur, sed in Capitolium convocarint, quidam vero 
 
LIBER IV. C. CALIGULA. 75 
 
 sententiae loco abolendam Caesarum memoriam ac di- 
 ruenda templa censuerint. Observatum autem notar 
 tumque est in primis, Caesares omnes, quibus Gai 
 praenomen fuerit, ferro perisse, iam inde ab eo, qui 
 Cinnanis temporibus sit occisus. 5 
 
C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI 
 DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 LIBER V. 
 DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 
 
 5 Patrem Claudi Caesaris Drusum, olim Decimum mox 1 
 Drusus the Neronem praenomine, Livia, cum Augusto 
 father of gravida nupsisset, intra mensem tertium 
 
 Claudius peperit, fuitque suspicio, ex vitrico per 
 
 adulterii consuetudinem procreatum. Statim certe vul- 
 
 10 gatus est versus : 
 
 Tois evrvj(Ov(n koI rpifirjva iraiSia. 
 Is Drusus in quaesturae praeturaeque honore dux Raetici, 
 deinde Germanici belli Oceanum septemtrionalem primus 
 Romanorum ducuni navigavit transque Rhenum fossas 
 
 15 novi et immensi operis effecit, quae nunc adhuc Drusinae 
 vocantur. Hostem etiam frequenter caesum ac penitus 
 in intimas solitudines actum non prius destitit insequi, 
 quam species barbarae mulieris, humana amplior, victo- 
 rem tendere ultra sermone Latino prohibuisset. Quas ob 
 
 20 res ovandi ius et triumphalia ornamenta percepit ; ae 
 post praeturam confestim inito eonsulatu atque expedi- 
 tione repetita, supremum diem niorbo obiit in aestivis 
 castris, quae ex eo Scelerata sunt appellata. Corpus eius 
 per municipiorum coloniarumque primores, suscipientibus 
 
 76 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 77 
 
 obviis scribarum decuriis, ad urbem devectum sepultum- 
 que est in cainpo Martio. Ceterum exercitus honorarium 
 ei tumulum excitavit, circa quern deinceps stato die quo- 
 tannis miles decurreret Galliarumque civitates publics 
 supplicarent. Praeterea senatus inter alia complura 5 
 marmoreum arcum cum tropaeis Via Appia decrevit et 
 Germanic! cognomen ipsi posterisque eius. Fuisse autem 
 creditur non minus gloriosi quam civilis animi ; nam ex 
 hoste super victorias opima quoque spolia captasse sum- 
 moque saepius discrimine duces Germanorum tota acie lo 
 insectatus; nee dissimulasse umquani pristinum se rei 
 publicae statum, quandoque posset, restituturum. Unde 
 existimo nonnullos tradere ausos, suspectum eum Au- 
 gusto revocatumque ex provincia et quia cunctaretur, 
 interceptum veneno. Quod equidem magis ne praeter- 15 
 mitterem rettuli, quam quia varum aut veri simile putem, 
 cum Augustus tanto opere et vivum dilexerit, ut cohere- 
 dem semper filiis instituerit, sicut quondam in senatu 
 professus est, et defunctum ita pro contione laudaverit, 
 ut deos precatus sit, similes ei Caesares svos facerent, sibi- 20 
 que tarn honestum quandoque exitum darent quam illi dedis- 
 sent. Nee contentus elogium tumulo eius versibus a se 
 compositis insculpsisse, etiam vitae memoriam prosa ora- 
 tione composuit. 
 
 Ex Antonia rainore complures quidem liberos tulit, 25 
 verum tres omnino reliquit: Germanicum, Livillam, 
 Claudium. 
 2 Claudius natus est lulio Antonio, Fabio Africano conss. 
 Kl. Aug. Luguduni, eo ipso die quo primum gj^^ ^^ 
 ara ibi Augusto dedicata est, appellatus- early life of 30 
 que Tiberius Claudius Drusus. Mox fratre <^'*"''^"* 
 maiore in luliam familiam adoptato, Germanici cogno- 
 
78 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 men assumpsit. Infans autem relictus a patre, ac per 
 omne fere pueritiae atque adulescentiae tempus variis et 
 tenacibus morbis conflictatus est, adeo ut animo simul et 
 corpore hebetate, ne progressa quidem aetate ulli publico 
 
 5 privatoque muneri habilis existimaretur. Diu atque 
 etiam post tutelam receptam alieni arbitrii et sub paedar 
 gogo fuit; quem barbarum et olim superiumentarium ex 
 industria sibi appositum, ut se quibuscumque de causis 
 quam saevissime coerceret, ipse quodam libello conqueri- 
 
 10 tur. Ob banc eandem valetudinem et gladiatorio munere, 
 quod simul cum fratre memoriae patris edebat, palliolatus 
 noTo more praesedit ; et togae virilis die circa mediam noc- 
 tem sine sollemni officio lectica in Capitolium latus est. 
 Disciplinis tamen liberalibus ab aetate prima non medio- 3 
 
 15 crem operam dedit ac saepe experimenta cuiusque etiam 
 publicavit. Verum ne sic quidem quicquam dignitatis 
 assequi aut spem de se commodiorem in posterum facere 
 potuit. 
 
 Mater Antonia portentmn eura Jiominis dictitabat, nee 
 
 20 ahsoliitum a natura, sed tantum incohatum; ac si quem 
 
 socordiae argueret, stultiorem aiebat^^jo sua 
 
 An object of Qaudio. Avia Augusta pro despectissimo 
 
 contempt in ... 
 
 his family semper habuit, non affari nisi rarissime, non 
 
 monere nisi acerbo et brevi scripto aut per 
 25 internuntios solita. Soror Livilla cum audisset quando- 
 que imperaturum, tam iniquam et tam indignam sortem 
 populi Romani palam et clare detestata est. Nam avun- 
 culus maior Augustus quid de eo in utramque partem 
 opinatus sit, quo certius cognoscatur, capita ex ipsius 
 30 epistulis posui : 
 
 CoUocutus sum cum Tiherio, ut mandasti, mea Livia, 4 
 quid nepoH tuo Tiherio faciendum esset ludis Martialibus. 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 79 
 
 Consentit autem uterque nostrum, semel nobis esse statuen- 
 
 dum, qnod consilium in illo sequamur. Nam si est artius, 
 
 (ut ita dicam) holocleros, quid est quod 
 , , .. , , Extracts from 
 
 auoitemus, qitiii per eosdem articulos et gradvs letters of Au- 
 
 producendus sit, per quos frater eius productus gustus treat- 5 
 
 „/,a o- s .» - /I ^. ineof Claudius 
 
 sj£? ojn autem -^AaTTtita-oai. sentimus eum 
 
 et p€p\a<l>dai Kal eis rrjv Tov trol/inTos Koi £ts r^v T^s "/"^XV^ 
 dpTioTTjTa, praebenda materia deridendi et ilium et nos 7ion 
 est homtnibus to, TOWLvra (TKunrTtiv Koi fivKTripL^av tlwOocnv. 
 Nam semper aestuabimus, si de singulis articulis temporum 10 
 deliberabimus, fiij TrpovTroKaixevov iffuv posse arbitremur eum 
 gerere honores, necne. In praesentia tamen quibus de rebus 
 consulis, curare eum ludis Martialibus triclinium sacerdo- 
 tum nan displicel nobis, si est passiirus se ab Silani Jilio 
 homine sibi affini admoneri, ne quid faeiat quod conspici et 15 
 derideri possit. Spectare eum circenses ex pulvinari, non 
 placet nobis; expositus enim in fronte prima spectaculorum, 
 conspicietur. In Albanum montem ire eum, non placet 
 nobis, ant esse Eomae Latinarum diebus. Cur enim non 
 praejicitur urbi, si potest sequi fratrem s^ium in montem? 20 
 Habes nostras, mea Livia, sententias, quibus placet semel 
 de tota re aliquid constitui, ne semper inter spem et metum 
 Jluctuemur. Licebit autem, si voles, Antoniae quoque nos- 
 tras des hanc partem epistulae huius legendam. Rursus 
 alteris litteris : 25 
 
 Tiberium adulescentem ego vero, dum, tu aberis, cotidie 
 invitabo ad cenam, ne solus cenet cum suo Sulpicio et 
 Athenodoro. Qui vellem diligentius et minus fitrtiopuK 
 deligeret sibi aliquem, cuius motum et habitum et incessum 
 imitaretur. Misellus a.TV)(ex- nam iv row o-irouSoiots, ubi 30 
 non aberravit eixis animus, satis apparet ij t^s V^x?' <^vT<nj 
 eiyivtia. Item tertiis litteris : 
 
80 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Tiberium nepotem tuum placers milii declamantem potu- 
 
 isse, peream nisi, mea Livia, admiror. Nam qui tarn 
 
 acratftiiis loqiMtur, qui possit cum declamat cra<^ui; dicere 
 
 quae dicenda sunt, non video. 
 
 5 Nee dubium est, quid post haec Augustus constituerit 
 
 et reliquerit eum nullo praeter auguralis sacerdotii 
 
 honore imperlitum, ac ne heredeni quidem nisi inter 
 
 tertios ac paene extraneos e parte sexta nuncuparit, 
 
 legato quoque non amplius quain octingentorurn ses- 
 
 10 tertiorum prosecutus. 
 
 Tiberius patruus petenti honores eonsularia ornamenta 5 
 
 detulit ; sed instantius legitiinos flagitanti id solum codi- 
 
 cillis rescripsit, quadraginta aureos in Satur- 
 
 Demed office ^lalia et Siqillaria misisse ei. Tunc demum, 
 
 by Tibenus " ' 
 
 15 abiecta spe dignitatis, ad otium concessit, 
 
 modo in hortis et suburban© mode in Carapaniae secessu 
 
 delitescens, atque ex contubernio sordidissimorum homi- 
 
 num super vetereni segnitiae notam ebrietatis quoque et 
 
 aleae infamiam subiit. 
 
 20 Cum interim, quainquam hoc modo agenti, numquam 6 
 
 aut ofRcium hominum aut reverentia publice defuit. 
 
 Equester ordo bis patronum eum perferendae 
 Honored by ^ '^ . ^ 
 
 equestrian pro se legationis elegit, semel cum deportan- 
 
 orderand Jum Romam corpus Augusti umeris suis ab 
 
 SCO Ate 
 
 25 consulibus exposceret, iterum cum oppres- 
 
 sum Seianum apud eosdem gratularetur ; quin et specta- 
 culis advenienti assurgere et lacernas deponere solebat. 
 Senatus quoque, ut ad numerum sodalium Augustalium 
 sorte ductorum extra ordinem adiceretur, censuit et mox 
 
 30 ut domus ei, quam incendio amiserat, publiea impensa 
 restitueretur, dicendaeque inter consulares sententiae ius 
 asset. Quod decretum abolitum est, excusante Tiberio 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 81 
 
 iinbecillitatem eius ac damnum liberalitate sua resarturum 
 polliceiite. Qui tamen moriens et in tertiis heredibus 
 eum ex parte tertia nuncupatum, legato etiam circa ses- 
 tertium vicies prosecutus commendavit insuper exercitibus 
 ac senatui populoque Romano inter ceteras necessitudines 5 
 nominatim. 
 
 7 Sub Gaio demum fratris filio, secundam existimationem 
 circa initia imperii omnibus lenociniis colHgente, honores 
 auspicatus consulatum gessit una per duos 
 
 menses, evenitque ut primitus ingredienti °°*" "" " lo 
 cum fascibus forum praetervolans aquila 
 dexteriore umero consideret. Sortitus est et de altero 
 consulatu in quartum annum ; praeseditque nonnumquam 
 spectaculis in Gai vicem, acclamante populo : Feliciter 
 partim pairuo iwyjeratom partim Oennanici frcUri ! Nee 15 
 
 8 eo minus contumeliis obnoxius vixit. Nam et si paulo 
 serius ad praedictam cenae lioram occurris- „ . . 
 
 set, nonnisi aegre et circuito demum triclinio insults and 
 recipiebatur, et quotiens post cibum addor- ^"^i" 
 misceret, quod ei fere accidebat, olearum aut palmularum 20 
 ossibus incessebatur, interdum ferula flagrove velut per 
 ludum excitabatur a copreis. Solebant et manibus ster- 
 tentis socci induci, ut repente expergefactus faciem 
 sibimet confricaret. 
 
 9 Sed ne discriminibus quidem caruit. Primum in ipso 25 
 consulatu, quod Neronis et Drusi, fratrum Caesaris, sta^ 
 tuas segnius locandas ponendasque curasset, paene honore 
 summotus est; deinde extraneo vel etiam domesticorum 
 aliquo deferente asaidue varieque inquietatus. Cum vero 
 detecta esset Lepidi et Gaetulici coniuratio, missus in 30 
 Germaniam inter legatos ad gratulaudum, etiam vitae 
 periculum adiit, indignante ac fremente Gaio patruum 
 
82 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM 
 
 potissimum ad se missum quasi ad puerum regendum, 
 
 adeo lit non def uerint, qui traderent praeoipitatum quoque 
 
 in flumen, sicut vestitus advenerat. Atque ex eo num- 
 
 quam non in senatu novissijnus consularium sententiam 
 
 5 dixit, ignominiae causa post omnis interrogatus. Etiam 
 
 cognitio falsi testanienti recepta est, in quo et ipse signar 
 
 verat. Postremo sestertium octogies pro introitu iiovi 
 
 sacerdotii coactus impendere, ad eas rei farailiaris angus- 
 
 tias deeidit, ut cum obligatam aerario fidem liberare non 
 
 10 posset, in vacuum lege praediatoria venalis pSpenderit, 
 
 sub edicto praefectorum. Per haec ac talia 10 
 Accession 
 
 maxima aetatis parte transacta, quinquage- 
 
 simo anno imperium cepit quantumvis mirabili casu. Ex- 
 
 clusus inter ceteros ab insidiatoribus Gai, cum, quasi 
 
 15 secretum eo desiderante, turbam submoverent, in diaetam, 
 cui nomen est Hermaeum, recesserat ; neque multo post 
 rumore caedis exterritus, prorepsit ad solarium proximum 
 interque praetenta foribus vela se abdidit. Latentem 
 discurrens forte gregarius miles, animadversis pedibus, e 
 
 20 studio seiscitandi quisnam esset, adgnovit, extractumque 
 et prae metu ad genua sibi accidentem imperatorem salu- 
 tavit. Hinc ad alios commilitones fluctuantis nee quic- 
 quam adhuc quam frementis perduxit. Ab his lecticae 
 impositus et, quia sui diffugerant, vicissim succollantibus 
 
 25 in castra delatus est tristis ae trepidus, miserante obvia 
 turba quasi ad poenam raperetur insons. Eeceptus intra 
 vallum, inter excubias militum pernoctavit, aliquanto 
 minore spe quam fiducia. Nam consules cum senatu et 
 cohortibus urbanis forum Capitoliumque occupaverant, 
 
 30 asserturi communem libertatem ; accitusque et ipse per 
 tribunos plebis in curiam ad suadenda quae viderentur, 
 vi se et necessitate teneri respondit. Verum postero die, et 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 83 
 
 senatu segniore in exsequendis conatibus per taedium ae 
 disseiisionem diversa censentiiim, et multitudine quae cir- 
 eumstabat unum rectorem iam et nominatim exposcente, 
 armatos pro contione iurare in nomen suum passus est 
 promisitque singulis quina dena sestertia, primus Cae- 5 
 sarum fidem militis etiam praemio pigneratus. 
 11 Imperio stabilito, nihil antiquius duxit quam id biduum, 
 quo de mutando rei publicae statu haesitatum erat, memo- 
 riae eximere. Omnium itaque factorum dic- 
 
 , , . . First acts 
 
 torumque in eo veniam et oblivioneni m per- 10 
 
 petuum sanxit ac praestitit, tribunis mode ac centurion- 
 ibus paucis e coniuratorum in Gaium numero interemptis, 
 exempli simul causa et quod suam quoque caedem depo- 
 poscisse cognoverat. Con versus hi no ad officia pietatis, 
 ius iurandum neque sanctius sibi neque crebrius instituit 15 
 quam per Augustum. Aviae Liviae divines honores et 
 circensi pompa curruni elephantorum, Augustino simi- 
 lem, decernenda curavit; parentibus inferias publicas, 
 et hoc amplius patri circenses annuos natali die ; matri 
 carpentum, quo per circum duceretur, et cognomen 20 
 Augustae, ab viva recusatum. Ad fratris memoriam, 
 per omnem occasionem celebratam, comoediam quoque 
 Graecam Neapolitano certamine docuit ac de sententia 
 iudicum coronavit. Ne Marcum quidem Antonium in- 
 honoratum ac sine grata mentione transmisit, testatus 25 
 quondam per edictum, tanto impensius petere se ut 
 natalem patris Drusi celebrarent, quod idem esset et avi 
 sui Antonii. Tiberio marmoreum arcum iuxta Pompei 
 theatrum, decretum quidem olim a senatu verum omis- 
 sum, peregit. Gai quoque etsi acta omnia rescidit, diem 30 
 tamen necis, quamvis exordium principatus sui, vetuit 
 inter festos referri. 
 
84 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 At in semet augendo parous atque civilis, pra«nomine 12 
 
 Imperatoris abstinuit, nimios honores recusavit, sponsalia 
 
 iiliae natalemque geniti nepotis silentio ac 
 
 "d^ct™"^ tantuin domestica religione transegit. Ne- 
 
 5 niinem exsiiluin nisi ex senatus auctoritate 
 
 restituit. Ut sibi in curiam praefectum praetorii tribu- 
 
 nosque militum secum inducere liceret, utque rata essent 
 
 quae procuratores sui in iudicando statuerent, precario 
 
 exegit. lus nundinarum in privata praedia a consiilibus 
 
 10 petit. Cognitionibus magistratuum ut unus e consiliariis 
 
 frequenter interfuit; eosdem spectacula edentis surgens 
 
 et ipse cum cetera turba voce ac manu veneratus est. 
 
 Tribunis plebis adeuntibus se pro tribunali excusavit, 
 
 quod propter angustias non posset audire eos nisi stan- 
 
 15 tes. Quare in brevi spatio tantum amoris favorisque 
 
 collegit, ut cum profectum eum Ostiam perisse ex in- 
 
 sidiis nuntiatum esset, magna consternation e populus et 
 
 militem quasi proditorem, et senatum quasi parricidam 
 
 diris execrationibus incessere non ante destiterit, quam 
 
 20 unus atque alter et mox plures, a magistratibus in rostra 
 
 producti, salvum et appropinquare affirmarent. 
 
 Nee tamen expers insidiarum usquequaque permansit, 13 
 sed et a singulis et per factionem et denique civili bello 
 infestatus est. E plebe homo nocte media 
 
 Conspiracies . , , . , . ^ 
 
 25 against him luxta cubiculum eius cum pugione depre- 
 
 heusus est; reperti et equestris ordinis duo 
 
 in publico cum dolone ac venatorio cultro praestolantes, 
 
 alter ut egressum theatro, alter ut sacrificantem apud 
 
 Martis aedem adoreretur. Conspiraverunt autem ad res 
 
 30 novas Gallus Asinius et Statilius Corvinus, Pollionis ac 
 Messalae oratorum nepotes, assumptis compluribus lib- 
 ertis ipsius atque servis. Bellum civile movit Furius 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 85 
 
 Camillas Scribonianus, Delmatiae legatus ; verum intra 
 quintum diein oppressus est, legionibus, quae sacramen- 
 tum mutaverant, in paenitentiam religione conversis, 
 postquam, denuntiato ad novum imperatorem itinere, 
 casu quodam ac divinitus neque aquilae ornari neque 5 
 signa convelli moverique potuerunt. 
 
 14 Consulatus super pristinum quattuor gessit; ex quibus 
 duo primes iunctim, sequentis per intervallum, quarto 
 quemque anno, semenstrem novissimum, bi- 
 
 Subsequent 
 
 menstns ceteros, tertium autem, novo circa consulships; ^** 
 
 principem exemplo, in locum demortui suf- devotion to 
 
 , , , , judicial duties 
 
 rectus. lus et consul et extra nonorem 
 
 laboriosissime dixitr, etiam suis suorumque diebus sol- 
 
 lenmibus, nonnumquam festis quoque antiquitus et 
 
 religiosis. Nee semper praescripta legum secutus, dnri- 15 
 
 tiam lenitatemve multarum ex bono et aequo, perinde 
 
 ut adficeretur, moderatus est; nam et lis, qui apud pri- 
 
 vatos indices plus petendo formula excidissent, restituit 
 
 actiones, et in maiore fraude convictos, legitimam poenam 
 
 15 supergressus ad bestias condemnavit. In cognoscendo 20 
 
 autem ac decernendo mira varietate animi 
 
 rt . 1 • . , • , 1 Character as 
 
 fuit, modo circumspectus et sagax, interdum . . 
 
 inconsultus ac praeceps, nonnumquam frivo- 
 
 lus amentique similis. Cum decurias rerum actu expun- 
 
 geret, eum, qui dissiinulata vacatione quam beneficio 25 
 
 liberorum habebat responderat, ut cupidum iudicandi 
 
 dimisit; alium interpellatum ab adversariis de propria 
 
 lite, negantemque cognitionis rem, sed ordinarii iuris 
 
 esse, agere causam confestim apud se coegit, propria 
 
 negotio documeivtiim daturum, quam aequus iudex in alieno ao 
 
 negotio futurus esset. Feminam non agnoscentem filium 
 
 siium, dubia utrimque argumentorum fide, ad confes- 
 
86 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 sionem compulit indicto matrimonio iuvenis. - Absenti- 
 bus secundum praesentes facillime dabat, nullo delectu, 
 culpane quis an aliqua necessitate cessasset. Procla- 
 mante quodam, praecidendas falsario manus, carnificem 
 
 5 statim acciri cum machaera mensaque lanionia flagitavit. 
 Peregrinitatis reum, orta inter advocates levi conten- 
 tione, togatumne an palliatum dieere causam oporteret, 
 quasi aequitatem integram ostentans^ mutare habitum 
 saepius et prout accusaretur defendereturve, iussit. De 
 
 10 quodam etiam negotio ita ex tabella pronuntiasse cre- 
 ditur, secundum eos se sentire, qui vera 2W02Wsuissent. 
 Propter quae usque eo eviluit, ut passim ac propalam 
 contemptui esset. Excusans quidamHestem e provincia 
 ab eo vocatum negavit praesto esse posse, dissimulata 
 
 15 diu causa; ac post longas demum interrogationes Mor- 
 tuvs est, inquit : puto, licuit. Alius gratias agens, quod 
 reum def endi pateretur, adiecit : Et tamen fieri solet. 
 Illud quoque a maioribus natu audiebam, adeo causidicos 
 patientia eius solitos abuti, ut descendentem e tribunali 
 
 20 non solum voce revocarent, sed et lacinia togae retenta, 
 interdum pede apprehenso detinerent. Ac ne cui haec 
 mira sint, litigator! Graeculo vox in altercatione excidit : 
 Kai (TV yepojv el Kal fKopoi. Equitem quidem Romanum 
 obscenitatis in feminas reum, sed false et ab impotenti- 
 
 25 bus inimicis conficto crimine, satis constat, cum scorta 
 meritoria citari adversus se et audiri pro testimonio 
 videret, graphium et libellos, quos tenebat in manu, ita 
 cum magna stultitiae et saevitiae exprobratione iecisse 
 in faciem eius, ut genam non leviter perstrinxerit. 
 
 30 Gessit et censuram, intermissam diu post Planeum 16 
 Paulumque censores; sed banc quoque inaequabiliter 
 varioque et animo et eventu. Recognitione equitum 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 87 
 
 iuvenem probri plenum, sed quern pater probatissimum 
 sibi aflirmabat, sine ignominia dimisit, habere dicens cen- 
 sorem suum; alium corruptelis adulteriisque 
 
 . .,.,,. Censorship 
 
 lamosum nihil amplius quam monuit, ^U aut 
 parcius aetatulae indulgeret aut certe cautius ; addiditque : 5 
 Quare enim ego scio, quam amicam liabeasf Et cum, 
 orantibus familiaribus, dempsisset cuidam appositam 
 notam, Litiira tamen, inquit, exstet ! Splendidum virum 
 Graeciaeque provinciae principem, varum Latirii sermonis 
 ignai'um, non raodo albo iudicum erasit, sed in peregrini- 10 
 tatem redegit. Nee quemquam nisi sua voce, utcumque 
 quis posset, ac sine patrono rationera vitae passus est 
 reddere. Notavitque multos, et quosdam inopinantis et 
 ex causa novi generis, quod se inscio ac sine commeatu 
 Italia excessissent ; quendam vero et quod comes regis 15 
 in provincia fuisset, referens, niaiorum temporibus Ea- 
 birio Postumo, Ptolemaeuni Alexandriam crediti servandi 
 causa secuto, crimen maiestatis apud indices motuni. 
 Plures notare conatus, magna inquisitorum neglegentia 
 sed suo maiore dedecore, innoxios fere repperit, quibus- 20 
 cumque caelibatum aut orbitatem aut egestateni obiceret, 
 maritos, patres, opulentos se probantibus ; eo quidem, 
 qui sibimet vim ferro intulisse arguebatur, illaesum 
 corpus veste deposita ostentante. Fuerunt et ilia in een- 
 sura eius notabilia, quod essedum argenteum, sumptuose 25 
 fabricatum ac venale ad Sigillaria, redimi concidique 
 coram imperavit ; quodque uno die XX edicta proposuit, 
 inter quae duo, quorum altero admonebat, ut uberi vine- 
 arum proventu bene dolia picarentur ; altero, nihil aeque 
 facere ad viperae inorsum quam taxi arboris sucum. 30 
 
 17 Expeditionem unam omnino suscepit, eamque modicam. 
 Cum, decretis sibi a senatu ornamentis triumphalibus. 
 
88 P- SUETONI TEANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 leviorem maiestati principal! titulum arbitraretur vellet- 
 
 que iusti triumph! decus, unde adquireret Britamiiam 
 
 potissimum elegit, neque temptatam ulli 
 
 Britain post Divum luliurn et tunc tuinultuantem ob 
 
 5 non redditos transfugas. Hue cum ab Ostia 
 
 navigaret, vehementi circio bis paene demersus est, prope 
 Liguriam iuxtaque Stoechadas insulas. Quare a Massilia 
 Gesoriaoum usque pedestri itinere confecto, inde trans- 
 misit, ac sine ullo proelio aut sanguine intra paucissimos 
 
 10 dies parte insulae in deditionem recepta, sexto quam pro- 
 fectus erat mense Romam rediit, triumphavitque maximo 
 apparatu. Ad cuius spectaculum commeare in urbem non 
 solum praesidibus proviueiarum permisit, verum etiam 
 exsulibus quibusdam ; atque inter hostilia spolia navalem 
 
 15 coronam fastigio Palatinae domus iuxta civicam fixit, 
 traiecti et quasi domiti Oceani insigne. Currum eius 
 Messalina uxor carpento secuta est ; seeuti et triuraphalia 
 ornamenta eodem bello adepti, sed ceteri pedibus et in 
 praetexta, Crassus Frugi equo phalerato et in veste 
 
 20 palmata, quod eum honorem iteraverat. 
 
 Urbis annonaeque curam sollicitissime semper egit. 18 
 Cum Aemiliana pertinacias arderent, in diri- 
 •^ bitorio duabus noctibus mansit, ac deficiente 
 
 militum ac familiarum turba, auxilio plebem 
 
 25 per magistratus ex omnibus vicis convocavit ac positis ante 
 se cum pecunia fiscis, ad subveniendum hortatus est, re- 
 praesentans pro opera dignam ouique mercedem. >^ Artiore 
 autem annona ob assiduas stevilitates, detentus quondam 
 medio foro a turba conviciisque et simul fragminibus 
 
 :» panis ita infestatus, ut aegre nee nisi postico evadere in 
 Palatium valuerit, nihil non excogitavit ad invehendos 
 etiam tempore hiberno comraeatus. Nam et negotia- 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 89 
 
 toribus certa lucra proposuit, suscepto in se damno, si 
 cui quid per tempestates accidisset, et naves mercaturae 
 causa fabricautibus magna commoda constituit pro con- 
 
 19 dicione cuiusque; civi vacationem legis Papiae Poppaeae, 
 Latino ius Quiritium, feminis ius quattuor liberorum ; 5 
 quae coustituta hodieque servantur. 
 
 20 Opera magna potiusquam necessaria et multa perfecit, 
 
 sed vel praecipua : ductum aquarum a Gaio incobatum, 
 
 item emissarium Fucini lacus portumque Os- 
 
 ...... , Public works 
 
 tiensem, quamquam sciret ex 11s alterum ab 10 
 
 Augusto precantibus assidue Marsis negatum, alterum a 
 Divo lulio saepius destiuatum ac propter difficultatem 
 omissura. Claudiae aquae gelidos et uberes fontes, quo- 
 rum alteri Caeruleo, alteri Curtio et Albudigno nomen est, 
 simulque rivum Anienis novi lapideo opere in urbem 15 
 perduxit, divisitque in plurimos et ornatissimos lacus. 
 Fucinum adgressus est, non minus compendii spe quam 
 gloriae, cum quidam privato sumptu emissbros se repro- 
 mitterent, si sibi siccati agri concederentur. Per tria 
 autem passuum milia partim effosso monte partim ex- 20 
 ciso, canalem absolvit aegre et post undecim annos, quam- 
 vis continuis XXX hominum milibus sine intermissione 
 operantibus. Portum Ostiae exstruxit, circumducto dex- 
 tra sinistraque brachio et ad introitum prof undo iam sale 
 mole obiecta; quam quo stabilius fundaret, navem ante 25 
 demersit, qua magnus obeliscus ex Aegypto fuerat advec- 
 tus, congestisque pilis superposuit altissimam turrem in 
 exemplum Alexandrini Phari, ut ad nocturnos ignes cur- 
 sum navigia dirigerent. 
 
 21 Congiaria populo saepius distribuit. Spectaculaquoque 30 
 complura et magnifica edidit, non usitata modo ac solitis 
 locis, sed et commenticia et ex antiquitate repetita, et 
 
90 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 ubi praeterea nemo ante eum. Ludos dedicationis Pom- 
 
 peiani theatri, quod ambustum restituerat, e tribunal! 
 
 posito in orchestra commisit, cum prius apud 
 
 pec c es superiores aedes supplicasset, perque mediam 
 and games ' r x 
 
 5 caveam, sedentibus ac silentibus cunctis, 
 
 descendisset. K Fecit et Saeculares, quasi anticipates ab 
 Augusto nee legitimo tempori reservatos, quamvis ipse 
 in historiis suis prodat, intermissos eos Augustum inulto 
 post, diligentissime annorum ratione subducta, in ordi- 
 
 10 nem redegisse. Quare vox praeconis irrisa est, invitan- 
 tis more sollemni ad ludos, quos nee spectasset quisquam 
 nee spectatwus esset, cum superessent adhuc qui spectar 
 verant, et quidam histrionum producti olim tunc quoque 
 producerentur. Circenses frequenter etiam in Vaticano 
 
 15 commisit, nonnumquam interiecta per quinos missus vena- 
 tione. Circo vero Maximo marmoreis carceribus auratis- 
 que metis, quae utraque et tofina ac lignea antea fuerant, 
 exculto, propria senatoribus constituit loca promiscue 
 spectare solitis ; ac super quadrigarum certamina Troiae 
 
 20 lusum exhibuit et Africanas, conficiente turma equitum 
 praetorianorum, ducibus tribunis ipsoque praefecto; 
 praeterea Thessalos equites, qui feros tauros per spatia 
 circi agunt insiliuntque defessos et ad terram cornibus 
 detrahunt. 
 
 25 Gladiatoria munera plurifariam ac multiplicia exhibuit: 
 anniversarium in castris praetorianis sine venatione ap- 
 paratuque, iustum atque legitimum in Saeptis ; ibidem 
 extraordinarium et breve dierumque paucorum, quodque 
 appellare coepit sportulam, quia primum daturus edixerat, 
 
 30 velut ad subitam condictamque cenidam invitare se popu- 
 lum. Nee ullo spectaculi genere communior aut remissior 
 erat, adeo ut oblatos victoribus aureos prolata sinistra 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 91 
 
 pariter cum vulgo voce digitisque numeraret, ac saepe 
 hortando rogandoque ad hilaritatem homines provocaret, 
 dominos identidem appellans, immixtis interdum frigidis 
 et arcessitis iocis; qualis est ut cum Palumbum postu- 
 lantibus daturum se promisit, si captus esset. lUud plane 5 
 quantumvis salubriter et in tempore : cum essedario, pro 
 quo quattuoT filii deprecabantur, magno omnium favore 
 indulsisset rudera, tabulam ilico misit adinonens popu- 
 lura, quanta opere liberos suseipere deberet, quos videret et 
 gladiatori praesidio gratiaeque esae. Edidit et in Martio 10 
 campo expugnationem direptionemque oppidi ad imagi- 
 nem bellicam et deditionem Britanniae regum, praese- 
 ditque paludatus. Quin et emissurus Fucinum lacum 
 naumachiam ante commisit. Sed cum proclamantibus 
 naumachiariis, Have imperator, moritxiri te salutant! 15 
 respondisset, Aut iwn! neque post banc vocem quasi 
 venia data qnisquam dimicare vellet, diu cunctatus an 
 omnis igni ferroque absumeret, tandem e sede sua pro- 
 siluit ac per ambitum lacus non sine foeda vacillatione 
 discurrens, partim minando parl^im adhortando ad pug- 20 
 nam compulit. Hoc spectaculo classis Sicula et Rhodia 
 concurrerunt, duodenarum triremium singulae, exciente 
 bucina Tritone argenteo, qui e medio lacu per machinam 
 emerserat. 
 22 Quaedam circa caerimonias civilemque et militarem 25 
 morem, item circa omnium ordinum statum domi foris- 
 que aut correxit, aut exoleta revocavit, aut 
 etiam nova instituit. In cooptandis per g|„„g jejoj^g 
 collegia sacerdotibus neminem nisi iuratus 
 nomiuavit ; observavitque sedulo, ut, quotiens terra in 30 
 urbe movisset, ferias advocata contione praetor indiceret, 
 utque, dira ave in Capitolio visa, obsecratio haberetur, 
 
92 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 eamque ipse iure maximi pontificis pro rostris populo 
 
 -praeiret summotaque operariorum servorumque turba. 
 
 Rerum actum, divisum antea in hiberuos aestivosque 23 
 
 menses, coniunxit. luvis dictionem de fidei commissis, 
 
 5 quotannis et tantum in urbe delegari magi- 
 
 Jodicial stratibus solitam, in perpetuum atque etiam 
 reforms . 
 
 per provincias potestatibus demandavit. 
 
 Capiti Papiae Poppaeae legis a Tiberio Caesare, quasi sex- 
 
 agenarii generare non possent, addito obrogavit. Sanxit 
 
 10 ut pupillis extra ordinem tutores a consulibus daren- 
 tur, utque ii, quibus a raagistratibus provinciae inter- 
 dicerentur, urbe quoque et Italia sumuioverentur. Ipse 
 quosdam novo exemplo relegavit, ut ultra lapidem tertium 
 vetaret egredi ab urbe. 
 
 15 De maiore negotio acturus in curia, medius inter con- 
 
 sulum sellas tribunicio subsellio sedebat. Commeatus a 
 
 senatu peti solitos beneficii sui fecit. Orna- 24 
 
 ," menta consularia etiam procuratoribus du- 
 
 reforms ^ 
 
 cenariis indulsit. Senatoriam dignitatem 
 
 20 recusantibus equestrem quoque ademit. Latum clavum, 
 
 quamvis initio affirmasset non lecturum se senatorem nisi 
 
 civis Romani abnepotem, etiam libertini filio tribuit, sed 
 
 sub condicione si prius ab equite Romano adoptatus esset; 
 
 ac sic quoque reprehensionem verens, et Appium Caecum 
 
 25 censorem, generis sui proauctorem, libertinorum filios in 
 
 senatum adlegisse docuit, ignarus, temporibus Appi et 
 
 deinceps aliquamdiu libertinos dictos non ipsos, qui manu 
 
 emitterentur, sed ingenuos ex his procreatos. Collegio 
 
 quaestorum pro stratura viarum gladiatorium munus 
 
 30 iniunxit detractaque Ostiensi et Gallica provincia, curam 
 
 aerarii Saturni reddidit, quam medio tempore praetores 
 
 aut, uti nunc, praetura functi sustinuerant. 
 
LIBER V. DIVDS CLAUDIUS. 93 
 
 Triumphalia ornamenta Silano, filiae suae sponso, non- 
 duni puberi dedit, maioribus vero natu tarn multis tam- 
 que facile, ut epistula communi legionum nomine exstiterit 
 petentium, ut legatis consularibus sinml cum exsercitu et 
 triumphalia darentur, ne causam belli quoquo niodo 5 
 quaererent. Aulo Plautio etiam ovationem decrevit in- 
 gressoque urbem obviam progressus, et in Capitolium 
 eunti et inde rursus revertenti latus texit. Gabinio 
 Secundo, Chaucis gente Germanica superatis, cognomen 
 Chaucius usurpare concessit. 10 
 
 25 Equestris militias ita ordinavit, ut post cohortem alam, 
 post alam tribunatum legionis davet ; stipendiaque insti- 
 tiiit et imaginariae militiae genus, quod voca- 
 tur supra numerum, quo absentes et titulo 'taiy 
 
 tenus f ungerentur. Milites domos senatorias 16 
 
 salutandi causa ingredi etiam patrum decreto prohibuit. 
 Libertinos, qui se pro equitibus Eomanis agerent, publi- 
 cavit. Ingratos et de quibus patroni quererentur revoca- 
 vit in servitutem advocatisque eorum negavit, se ad versus 
 libertos ipsorum ius dicturum. Cum quidam aegra et 20 
 adfecta mancipia in insulam Aesculapii taedio medendi 
 exponerent, omnes qui exponerentur liberos esse sanxit, 
 nee redire in dicionem domini, si couvaluissent ; quod si 
 quis necare quern mallet quam exponere, caedis crimine 
 teneri. Viatores ne per Italiae oppida nisi aut pedibus 25 
 aut sella aut lectica transirent, monuit edicto. Puteolis 
 et Ostiae singulas cohortes ad arcendos incendiorum 
 casus coUocavit. 
 
 Peregrinae condicionis homines vetuit usurpare Ro- 
 mana nomina dumtaxat gentilicia. Civitatem Romanam 30 
 usurpantes in campo Esquilino securi percussit. Provin- 
 cias Achaiam et Macedoniam, quas Tiberius ad curam 
 
94 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 suam transtulerat, senatui reddidit. Lyciis ob exitiabiles 
 inter se discordias libertatem ademit, Rhodiis ob paeni- 
 tentiam veterum delictorum reddidit. Iliensibus, quasi 
 Romanae gentis auctoribus, tributa in perpetuum remisit, 
 5 recitata vetere epistula Graeca senatns populique Romani 
 Seleuco regi amicitiam et societatem ita demum pollicen- 
 tis, si consanguineos suos Ilienses ab omni onere immu- 
 nes praestitisset. ludaeos impulsore Chresto assidue 
 tumultuantis Roma expulit. Germanorum 
 
 10 eig'ous legatis in orchestra sedere permisit, simpli- 
 
 citate eorum et fidueia commotus, quod in 
 
 popularia deducti, cum animadvevtissent Parthos et Ar- 
 
 menios sedentis in senatu, ad eadem loea sponte transie- 
 
 rant, nihilo deteriorem virtutem aut condioionem suam 
 
 15 praedicantes. Druidarum religionem apud Gallos dirae 
 immanitatis, et tantum civibus sub Augusto interdictam, 
 penitus abolevit; contra sacra Eleusinia etiam transferre 
 ex Attica Romam conatus est, templumque in Sicilia 
 Veneris Erycinae vetustate conlapsum ut ex aerario 
 
 20 populi Romani reficeretur, auctor fuit. Cum regibus 
 foedus in foro icit porca caesa ac vetere fetialium praefa- 
 tione adhibita. Sed et haec et cetera totumque adeo ex 
 parte magna principatum non tarn suo quam uxorum 
 libertorumque arbitrio administravit, talis ubique plerum- 
 
 25 que, qualem esse eum aut expediret illis aut liberet. 
 
 Sponsas adraodum adulescens duas habuit : Aemiliam 26 
 
 Lepidam Augusti proneptem, item Liviam Medullinam, 
 
 cui et cognomen Camillae erat, e genere an- 
 His wives . . . 
 
 tiquo dictatoris C' "■niUi. Pnorem, quod 
 
 30 parentes eius Augustum offenderant, virginem adhuc re- 
 
 pudiavit, posteriorem ipso die, qui erat nuptiis destinatus, 
 
 ex valetudine amisit. Uxores deiude duxit Plautiam 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 95 
 
 Urgulanillam triumphali, et mox Aeliam Paetinam consu- 
 lar! patre. Cum utraque divortium fecit, sed cum Pae- 
 tina ex levibus offeusis, cum Urgulanilla ob libidinum 
 probra et homicidii suspicionem. Post has Valeriam 
 Messalinam, Barbati Messalae consobrini sui filiam, in 5 
 matrimonium accepit. Quam , cum comperisset super 
 cetera flagitia atque dedecora C. Silio etiam nupsisse dote 
 inter auspices consignata, supplicio adfecit confirmavit- 
 que pro contione apud praetorianos, quatenus sibi matri- 
 monia male cederent, permansurum se in caelibatu, ac nisi 10 
 permansisset, non recusatunim confodi manibus ipsorum. 
 Nee durare valuit quin de condicionibus continue tracta^ 
 ret, etiam de Paetinae, quam olim exegerat, deque Lolliae 
 Paulinae, quae C. Caesari nupta fuerat. Verum illecebris 
 Agrippinae, Germanici fratris sui filiae, per ius osculi et 15 
 blanditiavum occasiones pellectus in amorem, subornavit 
 proximo senatu qui censerent, cogendnm se ad ducendum 
 eam uxorem, quasi rei publicae maxime interesset, dan- 
 damque ceteris veniam talium coniugiorum, quae ad id 
 tempus incesta habebantur. Ac vix uno interposito die 20 
 confecit nuptias ; nonrepertis qui sequerentur exemplum, 
 excepto libertino quodam, et altero primipilari, cuius 
 nuptiarum officium et ipse cum Agrippina celebravit. 
 
 27 Liberos ex tribus uxoribus tulit : ex Urgula- 
 
 . His children 
 
 nilia Drusum et Claudiam, ex Paetina Anto- 25 
 
 niam, ex Messalina Octaviam et quem primo Germani- 
 cum, mox Britannicum cognominavit. Drusum Pompeis 
 impuberem amisit, piro per lusum in sublime iactato et 
 hiatu oris excepto strongulatum, cum ei ante paucos dies 
 filiam Seiani despondisset. Quo magis miror fuisse, qui 30 
 traderent fraude a Seiauo necatum. Claudiam ex liberto 
 suo Botere conceptam, quamvis ante quintum mensem 
 
96 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 divortii natam alique coeptam, exponi tamen ad matris 
 
 ianuam et nudam iussit abici. Antoniam Cn. Pompeio 
 
 Magno, deinde Fausto Sullae, nobilissimis iuvenibus, 
 
 Octaviam Neroni privigno suo collocavit, Silano ante 
 
 5 desponsam. Britannicum, vicesimo imperii die inque 
 
 secundo consulatu natum, sibi, parvulum etiam turn, et 
 
 militi pro contione manibus suis gestans et plebi per 
 
 spectacula gremio aut ante se retinens assidue com- 
 
 niendabat faustisque ominibus cum adclamantium turba 
 
 10 prosequebatur. E generis Neronem adoptavit, Pompeium 
 
 atque Silanum non recusavit modo, sed et interemit. 
 
 Libertorum praecipue suspexit Posiden spadonem, 28 
 
 quern etiam Britannico triumpho inter militates viros 
 
 hasta pura donavit ; nee minus Felicem, 
 His fieedmen 
 15 quern cohortibus et ahs provinciaeque lu- 
 
 daeae praeposuit, trium reginarum maritum ; et Harpo- 
 
 cran, cui lectica per urbem vehendi spectaculaque pu- 
 
 blice edendi ius tribuit ; ac super hos Polybium ab studiis, 
 
 qui saepe inter duos consules ambulabat ; sed ante omnis 
 
 20 Narcissuiu ab epistulis, et Pallantem a rationibus, quos 
 decreto quoque senatus non praemiis modo ingentibus, 
 sed et quaestoriis praetoriisque ornamentis honorari libens 
 passus est ; tantum praeterea acquirere et rapere, ut que- 
 rente eo quondam de fisci exiguitate non absurde dictum 
 
 iJ5 sit, abnndaturum, si a duobus libertis in consortium reci- 
 peretur. His, ut dixi, uxoribusque addictus, non princi- 29 
 Ruled by P^'" ^®' ^^^ niinistrum egit, compendio cuius- 
 
 wives and que horum vel etiam studio aut libidine 
 ire men honores, exercitus, impunitates, supplicia, 
 
 30 largitus est, et quidem insciens plerumque et ignarus. 
 Ac ne singillatim minora quoque enumerem, revocatas 
 liberalitates eius, iudicia rescissa, suppositos aut etiam 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 97 
 
 palam immutatos datorum officiorum codicillos ; Appium 
 Silanum consocerum suum, luliasque alteram Drusi, 
 alteram Germanici filiam, crimine incerto nee defensione 
 uUa data occidit, item Cn. Fompeium maioris filiae virum, 
 et L. Silanum minoris sponsum. Ex quibus Pompeius 5 
 . . . confossus est, Silanus abdicare se praetura ante IIII 
 Kal. Ian. morique initio anni coactus, die ipso Claudi et 
 Agrippinae nuptiarum. In quinque et triginta senatores 
 trecentosque amplius equites Romanes tanta facilitate 
 animadvertit, ut, de nece consularis viri renuntiante 10 
 centurione factum esse quod imperasset, negaret quic- 
 quam se imperasse, nihilo minus rem comprobaret, 
 affirniantibus libertis officio milites funetos, quod ad 
 ultionem imperatoris ultro procucurrissent. Nam illud 
 omnem fidem excesserit quod nuptiis, quas Messalina 15 
 cum adultero Silio fecerat, tabellas dotis et ipse con- 
 signaverit, inductus, quasi de industria simularentur ad 
 avertendum transferendumque periculum, quod imminere 
 ipsi per quaedam ostenta porteaderetur. 
 
 30 Auctoritas dignitasque formae non defuit ei, verum 20 
 stanti vel sedenti ac praecipue quiescenti ; (nam et pro- 
 lixo nee exili eorpore erat, et specie canitie- 
 
 que pulcra, opimis cervicibus) ceterum et *"""'* P" 
 
 ingredientem destituebant poplites minus 
 
 firmi, et remisse quid vel serio agentem niulta deho- 25 
 
 nestabant : risus indecens, ira turpior spumante rictu, 
 
 umentibus naribus, praeterea linguae titubantia, caputque 
 
 cum semper, turn in quantulocumque actu 
 
 , \^ , ,. : ,. Health 
 
 31 vel maxime tremulum. Valetudine sicut olim ■ ■ ' 
 
 gravi, ita princeps prospera usus est, excepto stomachi 30 
 dolore, quo se correptum etiam de consciscenda morte 
 cogitasse dixit. 
 
98 C. SUKTONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Convivia agitavit et ampla et assidua, ao fere patentis- 32 
 simis locis ut pleruinque sesceni simul discumberent. 
 Convivatus est et super emissaiium Fucini 
 
 Banquets ^ 
 
 lacus, ac paene summersus, cum emissa im- 
 
 6 petu aqua redundasset. Adhibebat oinni cenae et liberos 
 
 suos cum pueris puellisque nobilibus, qui more vetere ad 
 
 fulcra lectorum sedentes vescerentur. Convivae, qui 
 
 pridie scyphum aureum subripuisse existimabatur, revo- 
 
 cato in diem posterum calicem fictilem apposuit. . . . 
 
 10 Cibi vinique quocumque et tempore et loco appetentis- 33 
 
 simus, cognosceiis quondam in Augusti foro, ictusque 
 
 nidore prandii, quod in proxima Martis aede 
 Gluttony 
 
 Saliis apparabatur, deserto tribunali ascendit 
 
 ad sacerdotes unaque decubuit. Nee temere umquam 
 
 15 triclinio abscessit nisi distentus ac madens, et ut statim 
 
 supino ac per somtium hianti pinna in os inderetur ad 
 
 exonerandum stomachum. Somni brevissimi erat (nam 
 
 ante mediam noctem plerumque evigilabat) ut tamen in- 
 
 terdiu nonnumquam in iure dicendo obdormisceret, vixque 
 
 20 ab advocatis de industria vocem augentibus excitaretur. 
 
 . . . Aleam studiosissime lusit ; de cuius arte librum 
 
 quoque emisit; solitus etiam in gestatione ludere, ita 
 
 essedo alveoque adaptatis ne lusus confunderetur. 
 
 Saevum et sanguinarium natura fuisse, magiiis mini- 34 
 
 25 misque apparuit rebus. Tormenta quaestionum poenas- 
 
 que parricidarum repraesentabat exigebatque 
 
 anguinary cojam. Cum spectare antiqui moris sup- 
 
 plicium Tiburi concupisset, et deligatis ad 
 
 palum noxiis carnifex deesset, accitum ab urbe vesperam 
 
 30 usque opperiri perseveravit. Quocumque gladiatorio 
 
 munere, vel suo vel alieno, etiam forte prolapsos iugulari 
 
 iubebat, maxime retiaiios, ut expirantium facies videret. 
 
LIBER V, DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 99 
 
 Cum par quoddam mutuis ictibus concidisset, cultellos 
 sibi parvulos ex utroque ferro in usum fieri sine mora 
 iussit. Bestiariis meridianisque adeo delectabatur, ut et 
 prima luce ad spectaculum descenderet et meridie, dimisso 
 ad prandium populo, persederet, praeterque destinatos 5 
 etiam levi subitaque de causa quosdam conimitteret, de 
 fabrorum quoque ac ministrorum atque id genus numero, 
 si automatum vel pegma vel quid tale aliud parum cessis- 
 set. Induxit et unum ex nomenculatoribus suis, sic ut 
 erat togatus. 10 
 
 35 Sed nihil aeque quam timidus ac diffidens fuit. Primis 
 
 imperii diebus quamquam, ut diximus, iactator civil itatis, 
 
 neque convivia inire ausus est nisi ut specu- 
 
 latores cum lanceis circumstarent militesque y"""'y *"* 
 
 distrust, 
 vice ministrorum fungerentur, neque aegnun 15 
 
 quemquam visitavit nisi explorato prius cubiculo culci- 
 
 tisque et stragulis praetemptatis et excussis. Eeliquo 
 
 autem tempore salutatoribus scrutatores semper apposuit, 
 
 et quidem omnibus et acerbissimos. Sero enim ac vix 
 
 remisit, ne feminae praetextatique pueri et puellae con- 20 
 
 trectarentur, et ne cuius comiti aut librario calamariae 
 
 aut graphiariae thecae adimerentur. Motu civili cum 
 
 eum Camillus, non dubitans etiam citra bellum posse 
 
 terreri, contumeliosa et minaci et conturaaci epistula 
 
 cedere imperio iuberet vitamque otiosam in privata re 25 
 
 agere, dubitavit, adhibitis principibus viris, an obtempe- 
 
 36 raret. Quasdam insidias teraere delatas adeo expavit, ut 
 deponere imperium temptaverit. Quodam, ut supra 
 rettuli, cum ferro circa sacrificantem se deprehenso, 
 senatum per praecones propere convocavit lacrimisque et 30 
 vociferatione miseratus est condiciouem suam, cui nihil 
 tuti usquam esset, ac diu publico abstinuit. Messalinae 
 
100 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 quoque amorein flagrantissimum non tarn indignitate 
 contuineliarum quam periculi metu abiecit, cum adultero 
 Silio acquiri imperium credidisset ; quo tempore f oedum 
 in modum trepidus ad castra confugit, nihil tota via 
 5 quain essetne sibi salvum imperium requirens. Nulla adeo 37 
 suspicio, nullus auctor tarn levis exstitit, a quo non medi- 
 ocri scrupulo iniecto ad cavendum ulcisceudumque com- 
 pelleretur. Unus ex litigatoribus seducto in salutatione 
 affirmavit, vidisse se per quietem occidi eum a quodam ; 
 
 10 dein paulo post, quasi percussorem agnosceret, libellum 
 tradentem adversarium suum demonstravit: confestimque 
 is pro deprenso ad poenam raptus est. Pari modo oppres- 
 sum feruut Appium Silanum : quern cum Messalina et 
 Narcissus conspirassent perdere, divisis partibus, alter 
 
 15 ante lucem similis attonito patroni cubiculum inrupit, 
 affirmans somniasse se vim ei ab Appio inlatam ; altera, 
 in admirationem formata, sibi quoque eandem speciem 
 aliquot iam noctibus obversari rettulit ; nee multo post 
 ex coDiposito irrumpere Appius nuntiatus, cui pridie ad 
 
 20 id temporis ut adesset praeceptum erat, quasi plane 
 repraesentaretur somnii fides, arcessi statim ac mori 
 iussus est. Nee dubitavit postero die Claudius ordinem 
 rei gestae perferre ad senatum ac liberto gratias agere, 
 quod pro salute sua etiam dormiens excubaret. Irae 38 
 
 25 atque iracun^^iae conscius sibi, utramque excusavit edicto 
 distinxitque, pollicitus alteram quidem brevem et innoxiam, 
 alteram non iniustam fore. Ostiensibus, quia sibi subeunti 
 Tiberiin scaphas obviam non miserint, graviter correptis, 
 eaque cum invidia, ut in ordinem se coactum conscriberet, 
 
 30 repente tantum non satis facieutis modo veniam dedit. 
 Quosdam in publico parum tempestive adeuntis manu sua 
 reppulit. Item scribam quaestorium, item que praetura 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 101 
 
 functum senatorem inauditos et innoxios relegavit, quod 
 ille adversus privatum se intemperantius affuisset, hie in 
 aedilitate inquilinos praediorum suorum, contra vetitum 
 cocta vendentes, multasset vilicumque intervenientem 
 flagellasset. Qua de causa etiam coercitionem popinarum 5 
 aedilibus ademit. 
 
 Ac ne stultitiam quidem suam reticuit, simulatamque 
 a se ex industria sub Gaio, quod aliter evasurus perven- 
 turusque ad susceptam stationem non fuerit, quibusdam 
 oratiunculis testatus est; nee tamen persuasit, cum intra lo 
 breve tempus liber editus sit, cui index erat Mtopuiv iirava- 
 cTTacris, argumentum autem, stultitiam neminem fingere. 
 
 39 . Inter cetera in eo mirati sunt homines et oblivionem 
 et inconsiderantiam, vel, ut Graece dicam, /uercwpuiv et 
 dy3A.€i/fiav. Occisa Messalina, paulo post quam gj^ foreetfui- ^^ 
 in triclinio decubuit, cur domina non veniret ness and in- 
 requisiit. Multos ex iis, quos capite damna- •^^'''S'''^® 
 verat, postero statim die et in consilium et ad aleae 
 lusum admoneri iussit et, quasi morarentur, ut somni- 
 culosos per nuntium increpuit. Ducturus contra fas 20 
 Agrippinam uxorem, non cessavit omni oratione Jiliam 
 
 et alumnam et in gremio suo natam atque educatam praedi- 
 care. Adsciturus in nomen Neronem, quasi parum repre- 
 henderetur, quod adulto iam filio privignum adoptaret, 
 identidem divulgavit, neminem umquam per adoptionem 25 
 familiae Claudiae insertum. 
 
 40 Sermonis vero rerumque tantara saepe neglegentiam 
 ostendit, ut nee quis nee inter quos, quove 
 
 tempore ac loco verba faceret, scire aut cogi- aienitv 
 tare existimaretur. Cum de laniis ac vinariis 30 
 
 ageretur, exclamavit in curia: Rogo vos, quis potest sine 
 offula vivere f descripsitque abundantiam veterum taber- 
 
102 C. SUETONl TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAEJJM 
 
 nai'um, unde solitus esset vinum oliin et ipse petere. De 
 quaestuvae quoJam candidato inter eausas suifragationis 
 suae posuit, quod pater eius friijidam aeyro sibi tempestive 
 dedisnet. Inducta teste in seuatu, Haec inquit rtiatris 
 5 meae liberta et ornatrix fuit, sed me patronwn semper ex- 
 istimavit; hoc ideo dixi, quod quidam sunt adhuc in do'mo 
 mea, qui me patronum, non putant. Sed et pro tribunali, 
 Ostiensibus quiddain publice orantibus, cum excanduisset, 
 nihil habere se vociferatus est, quare eos demereatur ; si 
 10 quem alium, et se liberum esse. Nam ilia eius cotidiana 
 et plane omnium horarum et momentorum erant : Quid, 
 ego tibi Telegenius videor f et AoXct, koI fir/ Oiyyavt ! multa- 
 que talia etiam privatis deformia, nedum prinoipi, neque 
 infacundo neque indocto, immo etiam pertinactiter libera- 
 ls libus studiis dedito. 
 
 Historiam in adulescentia, hortante T. Livio, Sulpicio 4] 
 
 vero Flavo etiam adiuvante, scribere adgres- 
 Histoncai ^^^ ^^^ -gj. ^^^^ primum freqnenti audi- 
 
 works '' ^ ^ 
 
 torio coinmisisset, aegre perlegit, refrigeratus 
 
 ■JO saepe a semet ipso. Nam cum initio recitationis, defrac- 
 
 tis compluribus subsellis obesitate cuiusdam, risus ex- 
 
 ortus esset, ne sedato quidem tumultu temperare potuit, 
 
 quin ex intervallo subinde facti reminisceretur cachin- 
 
 nosque revocaret. In principatu quoque et scripsit 
 
 25 plurimum et assidue recitavit per lectorem. luitium 
 
 autem sumpsit historiae post caedem Caesaris dictatoris, 
 
 sed et transiit ad inferiora tempora coepitque a pace 
 
 civili, cum sentiret neque libere neque vere sibi de 
 
 superioribus tradendi potestatem relictam, correptus 
 
 30 saepe et a matre et ab avia. Prioris materiae duo 
 
 volumina, posterioris unum et quadraginta reliquit. 
 
 Composuit et De vita sua octo volumina, magis inepte 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 103 
 
 quam ineleganter ; item Ciceronis defensionem adversns 
 Asinl Gain libros satis eruditam. Novas etiani com- 
 uientus est litteras tres, ac nuinero vetenim quasi 
 maxime necessarias addidit; de quarum ratione cum 
 privatus adhuc volumen edidisset, mox princeps non 5 
 diffieulter obtinuit ut in usu quoque promiscuo essent. 
 Exstat talis scriptura in plerisque libris ac diurnis titu- 
 lisque operum. 
 
 42 Nee minore cura Graeca studia secutus est, aniorem 
 praestantiamque linguae oceasione omni pro pg-.j-. ^ 10 
 fessus. Cuidam barbaro Graece ac Latiue Greek utera- 
 disserenti Cum iitroque, inquit, sermone nostra *'"^® 
 
 sis paratus; et in commendanda patribus conscriptis 
 Achaia, gratam sibi proiinciam ait commnnium studiorum 
 commercio ; ac saepe in senatu legatis perpetua oratione 15 
 respoudit. Multum vero pro tribunali etiam Homericis 
 locutus est versibus. Quotiens quidem hostem vel insi- 
 diatorem ultus esset, excubitori tribuno signura de more 
 poscenti non temere aliud dedit, quam : 
 
 'AvSp' OTra^wacrflat, 0T£ ri'! irporepo? xaXcTrrjvri. 20 
 
 Denique et Graeeas scripsit historias, Tyrrhenicon 
 viginti, Carchedoniacon octo. Quarum causa veteri Alex- 
 andriae Museo Claudieum additum ex ipsius nomine ; 
 institutumque ut quotannis in altero Tyrrhenicon libri, 
 in altero Carchedoniacon diebus statutis velut in audi- 25 
 
 43 torio recitarentur toti a singulis per vices. 
 
 Sub exitu vitae signa quaedam, nee obscura, paenitentis 
 de matrimonio Agrippinae deque Neronis Repents mar- 
 adoptione dederat. Siquidem, commemoran- liage with 
 tibus libertis ac laudantibus cognitionem, *g"PP"^ 30 
 qua pridie quandam adulterii ream condemnarat, sibi 
 
104 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 quoque in fatis esse iactavit omnia impudica, sed non 
 impunita matrimonia; et soibinde obviurn sibi Britanni- 
 cum artius complexus hortatus est, ut cresceret rationemque 
 a se omnium factorum acciperet; Graeca insuper voce pro- 
 
 5 secutus : o rpwcras kol ld<T€Tai. Cumque impubi teneroque 
 adhuc, quando statura permitteret, togam dare destinas- 
 set, adiecit : Ut tandem populus Romanus verum Caesarem 
 habeat. Non multoque post testamentum etiatn conscripsit 44 
 P • on d at ^^ signis omnium magistratuum obsignavit. 
 
 10 instigation of Prius igitur quam ultra progrederetur, prae- 
 Agrippina ventus est ab Agrippina, quam praeter haec 
 conscientia quoque, nee jninus delatores multorum crimi- 
 num arguebant. 
 
 Et veneno quidem oecisum convenit ; ubi autem et per 
 
 15 quem dato, disirepat. Quidam tradunt, epulanti in arce 
 cum sacerdotibus per Halotum spadonem praegustato- 
 rem ; alii, domestico convivio per ipsam Agrippinam, 
 quae boletum medicatum avidissimo ciborum talium ob- 
 tulerat. Etiam de subsequentibus diversa fama est. 
 
 20 Multi statim hausto veneno obmutuisse aiunt, excrucia- 
 tumque doloribus nocte tota defecisse prope lucem. 
 Nonnulli inter initia consopitum, deinde cibo affluente 
 evomuisse omnia, repetitumque toxico, incertum pultine 
 addito, cum velut exhaustum refici cibo oporteret, an 
 
 25 immisso per clystera, ut quasi abundantia laboranti etiam 
 
 hoc genere egestionis subveniretur. Mors 45 
 . . eius celata est, donee circa successorem om- 
 
 nia ordinarentur. Ttaque et quasi pro aegro 
 adhuc vota suscepta sunt, et inducti per simulationem 
 
 30 comoedi, qui velut desiderantem oblectarent. Excessit 
 III Id. Octob. Asinio Marcello, Acilio Aviola coss. sexa- 
 gesimo quarto aetatis, imperii quarto decimo anno, fune- 
 
LIBER V. DIVUS CLAUDIUS. 105 
 
 ratusque est sollemni prineipum porapa et in numerum 
 deorum relatus: quem honorein a Nerone destitutum 
 abolitumque recepit mox per Vespasianum. 
 46 Praesagia mortis eius praecipua fuerunt : ^^^^ /"J., 
 exortus crinitae stellae, [quam cometen vo- 5 
 
 cant,J tactumque de caelo monumentum Drusi patris, et 
 quod eodem anno ex omnium magistratuum genera pleri- 
 que mortem obierant. Sed nee ipse ignorasse aut dis- 
 simulasse ultima vitae suae tempora videtur, aliquot 
 quidem argumentis. Nam et cum consules designaret, lo 
 neminem ultra mensem quo obiit designavit, et in senatu, 
 cui novissime interfuit, multum ad concordiam liberos 
 suos cohortatus, utriusque aetatem suppliciter patribus 
 commendavit, et in ultima cognitione pro tribunali acces- 
 sisse adfinem mortalitatis, quamquam abominantibus qui 15 
 audiebant, semel atque iterum pronuntiavit. 
 
C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI 
 
 DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 LIBER VI. 
 NERO. 
 
 5 Ex gente Domitia duae familiae claruerunt, Calvino- 
 rum et Aenobarborum. Aenpbarbi aactorem originis 
 The family itemque cognominis habent L. Domitium 
 of the cui rure quondam revertenti iuvenes gemini 
 
 Aenobarbi augustiore forma ex occursu imperasse tra- 
 
 10 duntur, nuntiaret senatui ac populo victoriam, de qua 
 incertum adhuc erat ; atque in fidem maiestatis adeo 
 permulsisse^alas, ut e nigro rutilum aerique adsimilem 
 capillum redderent. Quod insigne mansit et in posteris 
 eius, ac magna pars rutila barba fuerunt. Functi autem 
 
 15 cousulatibus septem, triumpho censuraque duplici, et 
 inter patricios adlecti perseveraverunt omnes in eodem 
 cognomine. Ac ne praenomina quidem ulla praeterquam 
 Gnaei et Luci usurparunt ; eaque ipsa notabili varietate, 
 modo continiiantes unum quodque per trinas personas, 
 
 20 modo alternantes per singulas. Nam primum secundum- 
 que ac tertium Aenobarborum Lucios, sequentis rursus 
 tres ex ordine Gnaeos accepimus, reliquos nonnisi vicis- 
 sim turn Lucios turn Gnaeos. Pluris e famifia cognosci 
 referre avbitror, quo facilius appareat ita degenerasse a 
 
 106 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 107 
 
 suorum Virtutibus Nero, ut tamen vitia cuiusque quasi 
 2 tradita et ingenita rettulerit. Ut igitar paulo altius repe- 
 tam, atavus eius Cn. Domitius in tribunatu 
 
 ,.£ •. ~- ■ J 1- Cn. Domitius, 
 
 pontiiicibus offensior, quod, ahum quam se „^dfather 
 in patris sui locum cooptassent, ius sacerdo- of Nero's 5 
 turn subrogandorum a coUegiis ad populum Ereat-grand- 
 transtulit, at in consulatu Allobrogibus Ar- 
 vernisque superatis, elephanto per provinciam vectus 
 est, turba militum quasi inter soUemnia triuniphi pi-ose- 
 quente. In hunc dixit Licinius Crassus orator, non esse 10 
 mirandum, quod aeneam barbam haberet, cui os feiTeum, 
 cor plambeum esset. Huius filius praetor C. Caesarem 
 abeuntem consulatu, quern adversus auspicia legesque 
 gessisse existimabatur, ad disquisitionem senatus voca- 
 vit ; mox consul iniperatorem ab exercitibus Gallicis 15 
 retrahere temptavit, successorque ei per factionem nomi- 
 natus, principio civilis belli ad Corfiuium captus est. 
 Unde dimissus Massiliensis obsidione laborantis cum ad- 
 ventu suo confirmasset, repente destituit, acieque demum 
 Pharsalica occubuit ; vir neque satis constans et ingenio 20 
 truci, in desperatione rerum mortem timore appetitam ita 
 expavit, ut haustura venenum paenitentia evomuerit me- 
 dicumque manumiserit, quod sibi prudens ac sciens minus 
 noxium temperasset. Consultaute autem Cn. Pompeio 
 de raediis ac neutram partem sequentibus, solus censuit 25 
 hostium numero habendos. 
 3 Eeliquit filium omnibus gentis suae procul dubio prae- 
 ferendum. Is inter conscios Caesarianae necis quam- 
 quam insons damnatus lege Pedia, cum ad 
 Cassium Brutumque se propinqua sibi eogna- ''^^^f^^^^^ 
 
 Nero's great- „ 
 
 tione iunctos contulisset, post utnusque in- 
 
 teritum classem dim commissam retinuit, auxit etiam. 
 
108 C. SUETONl TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 nec nisi partibus ubique profligatis M. Antonio sponte et 
 ingentis meriti loco tradidit ; solusque omnium ex iis, qui 
 pari lege damnati erant, restitutus in patriam, amplissi- 
 mos honores percucurrit; ac subinde redintegrata dissen- 
 5 sione civili, eidem Antonio legaitiis, delatam sibi summam 
 imperii ab iis, quos Cleopatrae pudebat, neque suscipere 
 nequerecusare fidenter propter subitam valetudinem ausus, 
 transiit ad Augustum et in diebus paucis obiit, nonnulla 
 et ipse infamia asperaus. ) Nam Antonius eum desiderio 
 
 10 amicae Serviliae Naidis transfugisse iactavit. 
 
 Ex hoc Domitius nascitur, quem emptorem familiae 4 
 pecuniaeque in testamento Augusti fuisse mox vulgo 
 notatum est, non minus aurigandi arte in 
 f «i^'*° adulescentia clarus quam deiride ornamentis 
 
 15 triumphalibus ex Germanico bello. Verum 
 
 arrogans, profusus, immitis censorem L. Plancum via sibi 
 decedere aedilis coegit; praeturae consulatusque honore 
 equites Romanes niatronasque ad agendiim mimum pro- 
 duxit in scaenam. Venationes et in circo et in omnibus 
 
 20 urbis regionibus dedit, munus etiam gladiatorium, sed 
 
 tanta saevitia, ut necesse fuei'it Augusto clam frustra 
 
 monitum edicte coercere. Ex Antonia 5 
 His father it < 
 
 maiore patrem Neronis procreavit, omni 
 
 parte vitae detestabilem. Siquidem comes ad Orientem 
 25 C. Caesaris iuvenis, occiso libferto suo, quod potare quan- 
 tum iubebatur recusarat, dimissus e cohorte amicorum ni- 
 hilo modestius vixit. Sed et in Viae Appiae vico repente 
 puerum citatis iumentis baud ignarus obtrivit, et Romae 
 medio foro cuidam equiti Romano liberius iurganti 
 30 oculum eruit ; perfidiae vero tantae, ut non modo argen- 
 tarios pretiis rerum coemptarum, sed et in praetura mer- 
 cede palmarum aurigarios fraudaverit ; notatus ob haec 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 109 
 
 et sororis ioco,* querentibus dominis factionum reprae- 
 sentanda pvaemia in posterum sanxit. Maiestatis quoque 
 et adulteriorum incestique cum sorore Lepida sub ex- 
 cessu Tiberi reus, mutatione temporum evasit decessitque 
 Pyrgis morbo aquae intercutis, sublato filio Nerone ex 5 
 Agrippina, Germanico genita. 
 
 1 Ner» natus est Anti p»st Villi mensem quam Tiberius 
 excessit, XVIII Kal. Ian. tantum quod exoriente sole, 
 paene ut radiis prius quam terra contin- 
 
 _ . . . , Neio's birth 
 
 geretur. De genitura eius statim multa et 10 
 
 formidolosa multis coniectantibus, praesagio fuit etiam 
 Domiti patris vox, inter gratulationes amicorum necjantis 
 quicquam ex se et Agrippina nisi detestabile et malo publico 
 nasci potuisse. Eiusdem futurae infelicitatis signum 
 evidens die lustrico exstitit ; nam C. Caesar, rogante 15 
 sorore ut infanti quod vellet nomen daret, intuens Clau- 
 dium patruum suunj, a quo mox principe Nero adoptatus 
 est, eiits se dixit dare, neque ipse serio sed per iocum, et 
 aspernante Agrippina, quod turn Claudius inter ludibria 
 aulae erat. 20 
 
 Trimulus patrem amisit ; cuius ex parte tertia heres, 
 ne banc quidem integram cepit, correptis per coheredem 
 Gaium universis bonis. Et subinde matre 
 
 His childhood 
 
 etiam relegata, paene mops atque egens 
 apud amitam Lepidam nutritus est, sub duobus paedago- 25 
 gis saltatore atque tonsore. Verum Claudio imperium 
 adepto, non solum paternas opes reciperavit, sed et 
 Crispi Passieni vitrici sui hereditate ditatus est. Gratia 
 quidem et potentia revocatae restitutaeque matris usque eo 
 floruit, ut emanaret in vulgus, missos a Messalina uxore 30 
 Claudi, qui eum meridiantem, quasi Britannici aemulum, 
 strangularent. 'Additum fabulae, at eosdem dracone e 
 
110 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAKUM 
 
 pulvino se proferente conterritos refugisse. Quae fabula 
 exorta est, deprensis in lecto eius circum cervicalia ser- 
 pentis exuviis ; quas tamen aureae annillae ex voluntate 
 maths inolusas dextro brachio gestavit aliquamdiu, ac 
 
 5 taedio tandem maternae memoriae abiecit, mrsusque ex- 
 tremis suis rebus frustra requisiit. 
 
 Tener adhuc necdum matura pueritia circensibus ludis 7 
 Troiam constantissime favorabiliterque lusit. Undecimo 
 aetatis anno a Claudio adoptatus est Annaeoque Senecae 
 
 10 iam tunc senator! in disciplinam traditus. Ferunt, Sene- 
 cam proxima nocte visum sibi per quietem C. Caesari 
 praecipere, et fidera somnio Nero brevi fecit, prodita im- 
 manitate naturae quibus primum potuit experimentis. 
 Namque Britannicum fratrem, quod se post adoptionem 
 
 15 Aenobarbum ex consuetudine salutasset, ut subditivum 
 apud patrein arguere conatus est. Amitam autem Lepidam 
 ream testimonio coram afflixit, gratificans matri, a qua rea 
 premebatur. 
 
 Deductus in forum tiro populo congiarium, militi dona- 
 
 20 tivum proposuit, indictaque deoursionu praetorianis scu- 
 tum sua manu praetulit ; exin patri gratias 
 in senatu egit. Apud eundem consulem 
 pro Bononiensibus Latine, pro Rhodiis atque Iliensibus 
 Graece verba fecit. Aus^^catus est et iuris dictionem 
 
 25 praefectus ui'bi .sacro Latinarum, celeberrimis patronis 
 non tralaticias ut assolet et br'evis, sed maximas pluri- 
 masque postulationes certatim ingerentibus, quamvis 
 interdictum a Claudio esset. Nee multo post duxit uxo- 
 rem Octaviam, ediditque pro Claudi salute circenses et 
 
 30 venationem. 
 
 Septemdecim natus annos, ut de Claudio palam factum 8 
 est, inter horam sextain septiinamque processit ad excubi- 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. Ill 
 
 tores, cum ob totius diei diritatem iion aliud auspicandi 
 
 tenipus aecommodatius videretur ; proque Palati gradibus 
 
 imperator consalutatus, lectica in castra et 
 
 inde raptim appellatis militibus in curiam 
 
 delatus est, discessitque iam vesperi, ex immensis, quibus 5 
 
 cumulabatur, honoribus tan turn patris patriae nomine 
 
 recusato propter aetatem. 
 
 9 Orsus hinc a pietatis ostentatione, Claudium apparatis- 
 simo funere elatum laudavit et consecravit. Memoriae 
 Domiti patris honores maximos habuit. Matri summam 10 
 omnium rerum privatarum publicarumque permisit. 
 Primo etiam imperii die signum excubanti tribune dedit 
 Optimam matrem, ao deinceps eiusdem saepe lectica per 
 publicum simul vectus est. Antium coloniam deduxit, 
 ascriptis veteranis e praetorio additisque per domicilii 16 
 translationem ditissimis primipilarium ; ubi et portum 
 operis sumptuosissimi fecit. 
 
 10 Atque ut certiorem adhuc indolem ostenderet, ex Au- 
 
 gusti praescripto imperaturum se professus, neque liberali- 
 
 tatis neque clementiae, ne comitatis quidem 20 
 
 ,.,,,, • -i. o Promises of a 
 
 exnibendae ullam occasionem omisit. Gra/- ^.„„, „j„„ 
 
 nappy reign 
 
 viora vectigalia aut abolevit aut minuit. 
 Praemia delatorum Papiae legis ad quartas redegit. Di- 
 visis populo viritim quadringenis nummis, senatorum no- 
 bilissirao cuique, sed a re familiari destitute annua salaria, 25 
 et quibusdam quingena, constituit, item praetorianis co- 
 hortibus frumentum menstruum gratuitum. Et cum de 
 supplicio cuiusdam capite damnati ut ex more subscribe- 
 ret admoneretur: Quam vellem, inquit, nescire litteras! 
 Omnis ordines subinde ac memoriter salutavit. Agenti 30 
 "senatui gratias respondit : Cum meruero. Ad campestres 
 exercitationes suas admisit et plebem, declamavitque sae- 
 
112 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESABUM 
 
 plus publice ; recitavit et carmina, non modo domi sed et 
 
 in theatro, tanta uuiversorum laetitia, ut ob recitationem 
 
 supplicatio decreta sit, eaque pars carminum aureis litte- 
 
 ris lovi Capitolino dicata. 
 
 5 Spectaculorum plurima et varia genera edidit: iuvena- 11 
 
 les, circenses, scaenicos ludos, gladiatorium munus. luve- 
 
 nalibus senes quoque consulares anusque 
 Spectacles , , „. ., 
 
 matronas recepit ad lusum. Uiroensibus 
 
 loca equiti secreta a ceteris tribuit, commisitque etiam 
 
 10 camelorum quadrigas. Ludis, quos pro aeternitate im- 
 perii susceptos appellari maximos voluit, ex utroque 
 ordine et sexu plerique ludicras partes sustinuerunt ; 
 notissimus eques Romanus elephanto supersidens per 
 catadromum decucurrit ; inducta Afrani togata, quae 
 
 15 Incendium inscribitur, concessumqiie ut scaeuici arden- 
 tis domus supellectilem diriperent ac sibi haberent; 
 sparsa et populo missilia omnium rerum per omnes dies : 
 singula cotidie milia avium cuiusque generis, multiplex 
 penus, tesserae frumentariae, vestis, aurum, argentum, 
 
 20 gemmae, margaritae, tabulae pictae, mancipia, iumenta, 
 atque etiam mansuetae ferae, novissime naves, insulae, 
 agri. Hos ludos spectavit e proscaenii fastigio. Munere, 12 
 quod in amphitheatre ligneo regione Martii campi in- 
 tra anni spatium fabricato dedit, neminem oceidit, ne 
 
 25 noxiorum quidem ; exhibuit autera ad ferrum etiam quar 
 dringentos senatores sescentosque equites Eomanos, et 
 quosdam f ortunae atque existimationis integrae, ex isdem 
 ordinibus confectores quoque ferarura et varia harenae 
 ministeria ; exhibuit et naumachiam marina aqua, innan- 
 
 30 tibus beluis ; item pyrrichas quasdam e numero ephebo- 
 rum, quibus post editara operam diplomata civitatis' 
 Romanae singulis obtulit. . . . Icarus primo statim 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 113 
 
 conatu iuxta cubieulum eius decidit ipsumque cruore 
 
 respersit. Nam perraro praesidere, ceterum accubans, 
 
 parvis primum foraminibus, deinde toto podio adaperto 
 
 spectare consuerat. 
 
 Instituit et quinquennale certamen primus omnium 5 
 
 Romae more Graeco triplex, musicum gymnicum equestre, 
 
 quod appellavit Neronia ; dedicatisque tber- 
 
 , . . . The Neronia 
 
 mis atque gymnasio, senatui quoque et equiti 
 
 oleum praebuit. Magistros toto certamini praeposuit 
 
 consulares sorte, sede praetorum. Deinde in orchestram 10 
 
 senatumque descendit, et orationis quidem carminisque 
 
 Latini coronam, de qua honestissimus quisque conten- 
 
 derat, ipsorum consensu concessam sibi recepit, citharae 
 
 autem a iudicibus ad se delatam adoravit ferique ad 
 
 August! statuam iussit. Gymnico, quod in Saeptis ede- is 
 
 bat, inter buthysiae apparatum barbam primam posuit, 
 
 conditamque in auream pyxidem et pretiosissimis mar- 
 
 garitis adornatam Capitolio consecravit. Ad athletarum 
 
 speetaculum invitavit et virgines Vestales, quia Olympiae 
 
 quoque Cereris sacerdotibus spectare conceditur. 20 
 
 13 Non immerito inter spectacula ab eo edita et Tiridatis 
 
 in urbem introitum rettulerim. Quem Armeniae regem, 
 
 magnis pollicitationibus sollicitatum, cum 
 
 destinato per edictum die ostensurus populo _.'" ° 
 
 propter nubilum distulisset, produxit quo 25 
 
 opportunissime potuit, dispositis circa fori templa armatis 
 
 cohortibus, curuli residens apud rostra triumphantis 
 
 habitu, inter signa militaria atque vexilla ; et primo per 
 
 devexum pulpitum subeuntem admisit ad genua alleva- 
 
 tumque dextra exosculatus est, dein precanti tiara deducta 30 
 
 diadema inposuit, verba supplicis interpretata praetorio 
 
 viro multitudibi pronuntiante ; perductum inde in thea^ 
 
114 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 trum ac rursus supplicantem iuxta se latere dextro con- 
 locavit. Ob quae imperator consalutatus, laurea in 
 Capitolium lata, lanum geminum clausit, tamquam nullo 14 
 residue bello. 
 5 Consulatus quattuor gessit: primum bimenstrem, secun- 
 dum et novissimum semenstres, tertium qua- 
 
 drimenstrem ; medios duos continuavit, reli- 
 ... -i - J 
 quos inter annua spatia variavit. In luris dictione pos- 15 
 
 tulatoribus, nisi sequenti die ac per libellos, non temere 
 
 10 respondit. Cognoscendi morem eum tenuit, 
 
 Admimstia- ^j.^ continuis actionibus omissis, singillatim 
 
 quaeque per vices ageret. Quotiens autem 
 
 ad consnltandum secederet, neque in commune quicquam 
 
 neque propalam deliberabat, sed conscriptas ab uno quo- 
 
 15 que sententias tacitus ac secreto legens, quod ipsi libuisset 
 perinde atque pluribus idem videretur pronuntiabat. 
 
 In curiam libertinorum filios diu non admisit ; admissis 
 a prioribus principibus honores denegavit. Candidatos, 
 qui supra numerum essent, in solacium dilationis ac 
 
 20 morae legionibus praeposuit. Consulatum in senos ple- 
 rumque menses dedit. Def unctoque circa Kal. Ian. altero 
 e consulibus, neminem substituit, improbans exemplum 
 vetus Canini Rebili uno die consulis. Triumphalia orna- 
 menta etiam quaestoriae dignitatis et nonnullis ex eques- 
 
 25 tri ordine tribuit, nee utique de causa militari. De 
 quibusdam rebus orationes ad senatum missas, praeterito 
 quaestoris officio^ per consulem plerumque recitabat. 
 Formam aedificiorum urbis novam excogitavit, et ut ante 16 
 insulas ac domos portions essent, de quarum solariis 
 
 30 incendia arcerentur ; easque suniptu suo exstruxit. De- 
 stinarat etiam Ostia tenus moenia promovere atque iude 
 fossa mare veteri uvbi inducere. 
 
LIBEE VI. NERO. 115 
 
 Multa sub eo et animadversa severe et coercita, nee 
 minus instituta : adhibitus sumptibus modus ; publicae 
 cenae ad sportulas redactae ; interdictum ne 
 
 . , . Reforms ; 
 
 quid ni popinis cOcti praeter legumina aut persecution 
 
 holera veniret, cum antea uullum non obsonii of the Chris- 5 
 
 genus proponeretur ; afflicti suppliciis Chris- "°^ 
 
 tiani, genus hominum superstitionis novae ac maleficae ; 
 
 vetiti quadrigarioriim hisus, quibus inveterata licentia 
 
 passim vagantibus fallere ac furari per iocum ius erat; 
 
 pantomimorum factiones cum ipsis simul relegatae; 10 
 
 17 adversus falsarios tunc primum repertum, ne tabulae nisi 
 pertusae ac ter lino per foramina traiecto obsignarentur ; 
 cautum ut testamentis primae duae cerae, testatorum 
 mode nomine inscripto, vacuae signaturis ostenderentiir, 
 ac ne qui alieni testament! scriptor legatum sibi ascri- 15 
 beret; item ut litigatoves pro patrociniis certam iustamque 
 mercedem, pro subselliis nullam omnino darent, praebente 
 aerario gratuita ; utque rerum actu ab aerario causae ad 
 forum ac reciperatores transferrentur, et ut omnes appel- 
 lationes a iudicibus ad senatum fierent. 20 
 
 18 Augendi propagandique imperii neque voluntate ulla 
 neque spe motus umquam, etiam ex Britannia deducere 
 exercitum cogitavit, nee nisi verecundia, ne obtrectare 
 parentis gloriae videretur, destitit. Ponti modo regnum 
 concedente Polemone, item Alpium defuncto Cottio in 25 
 provinciae formam redegit. 
 
 19 Peregrinationes duas omnino suscepit, Alexandrinam 
 et Achaicam ; sed Alexandrina ipso profec- 
 
 . Expeditions 
 
 tionis die destitit, turbatus religione simul 
 ac periculo. Nam cum circumitis templis in aede Vestae 30 
 resedisset, consurgenti ei primum lacinia obhaesit, deinde 
 tanta oborta caligo est, ut dispicere non posset. In 
 
116 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Achaia Isthmum perfodere aggressus, praetorianos pro 
 contione ad incohandum opus cohortatus est, tubaque 
 signo dato primus rastello humum effodit et corbulae 
 congestam umeris extulit. Parabat et ad Caspias portas 
 
 5 expeditionem, couscripta ex Italicis senum pedum tironi- 
 bus nova legione, quam Magni Alexandri phalanga 
 appellabat. 
 
 Haec partim nulla reprehensione, partim etiara non 
 
 mediocri laude digna in unum contuli, ut seceinerem a 
 
 10 probris ac sceleribus eius, de quibus dehinc dicam. 
 
 Inter ceteras disciplinas pueritiae tempore imbutus et 20 
 musica, statim ut imperium adeptus est, 
 Devotion to Terpnum citharoedura, vigentem tunc prae- 
 ter alios, arcessiit diebusque continuis post 
 
 15 cenam canenti in multam noctem assidens, paulatim et 
 ipse meditari exercerique coepit, neque eorum quicquam 
 omittere, quae generis eius artifices vel conservandae 
 vocis causa vel augendae factitarent; sed et plumbeam 
 chartam supinus pectore sustinere, et clystere vomituque 
 
 20 purgari, et abstinere pomis cibisque officientibus ; donee 
 blandiente profectu (quamquam exiguae vocis et fuscae) 
 prodire in scaenam concupiit, subinde inter familiares 
 Graecuin proverbium iactans, occultae musicae nullum 
 esse respectum. Et prodit Neapoli primum, ac ne concusso 
 
 25 quidem repente motu terrae theatro ante cantare destitit, 
 quam incohatum absolveret nomon. Ibidem saepius et 
 per complures cantavit dies; sumpto etiam ad reficien- 
 dam vocem brevi tempore, impatiens secreti a balineis in 
 theatrum transiit, mediaque in orchestra f requente populo 
 
 30 epulatus, si paulum subbibisset, aliquid se sufferti tinnitu- 
 rum Graeco sermone promisit. Captus autem modulatis 
 Alexandrinorum laudationibus, qui de novo commeatu 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 117 
 
 Neapolim confluxerant, plures Alexandria evocavit. Ne- 
 que eo segnius adulescentulos equestris ordinis et quin- 
 que amplius milia e plebe robustissimae iuveatutis 
 undique elegit, qui divisi in factiones, plausuum genera 
 condiscerent (bombos et imbrices et testas vocabant) 5 
 operamque navarent cantanti sibi, insignes pinguissima 
 coma et excellentissimo cultu pueri nee sine anulo laevis, 
 quorum duces quadringena milia sestertia merebant. 
 21 Cum magni aestimaret cantare etiam Eomae, Nero- 
 neum agona ante praestitutam diem revoca- 10 
 
 vit, flagitantibusque cunctis caelestem vocem ^h'^'^t" "*°° 
 respondit quidem ui hortis se copiam volenti- 
 bus facturum, sed adiuvante vulgi pieces etiam statione 
 militum, quae tunc excubabat, repraesentaturum se pollici- 
 tus est libens ; ac sine mora nomen suum in albo protiten- 15 
 tium citharoedorum iussit ascribi, sorticulaqiie in urnam 
 cum ceteris demissa, iutravit ordine suo, simul praefecti 
 praetorii citharam sustinentes, posttribuni militum, iuxta- 
 que amicorum intimi. Utque constitit, peracto principio, 
 Nioham se cantaturum per Cluvium Rufum consularem 20 
 pronuntiavit et in horam fere decimam perse veravit, 
 coronamque earn et reliquam certaminis partem in annum 
 sequentem distulit, ut saepius canendi occasio esset. Quod 
 cum tardum videretur, non cessavit identidem se publi- 
 care. Dubitavit etiam an privatis spectaculis operam 25 
 inter scaenicos daret, quodam praetorum sestertium de- 
 cies offerente. Tragoedias quoque cantavit personatus, 
 heroum deorumque item heroidum ac dearum personis 
 effectis ad similitudinem oris sui et feminae, prout 
 quamque diligeret. Inter cetera cantavit Canacen par- 30 
 turientem, Oresten matricidam, Oedipodem excaecatum, 
 Herculem insanum. In qua fabula fama est, tirunculum 
 
118 C. SUET02<I T?>ANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 militem positura ad. custodiam aditus, cum eum ornari ac 
 vinoiri catenis, sicut argumentum postulabat, videret, 
 accurrisse ferendae opis gratia. 
 
 Equorum studio vel praecipue ab ineunte aetate flagra- 22 
 5 vit, plurimusque illi sermo, quamquam vetaretur, de cir- 
 censibus erat ; et quondam tractum prasinum 
 Passion for agitatorem inter condiscipulos querens, obiur- 
 gante paedagogo, de Hectore se loqui emen- 
 titus est. Sed cum inter initia imperii eburneis qua- 
 le drigis cotidie in abaco luderet, ad omnis etiam minimos 
 circenses e secessu commeabat, primo clam, deinde pro- 
 palam ; ut nemini dubium esset, eo die utique affuturum. 
 Neque dissimulabat velle se pahnarum numerum am- 
 pliare ; quave spectaculum multiplicatis missibus in serum 
 15 pi'otrahebatur, ne dominis quidem iam factionum dignan- 
 tibus nisi ad totius diei cursum greges ducere. Mox et 
 ipse aurigare atque etiam spectari saepius voluit, posito- 
 que in hortis inter servitia et sordidam plebem rudimento, 
 universorum se oculis in Circo Maximo praebuit, aliquo 
 20 liberto mittente mappam unde magistratus solent. Nee 
 contentus hariim artium experimenta Romae dedisse, 
 Achaiam, ut diximus, petit, hinc niaxime motus : insti- 
 tuerant civitates, apud quas musici agones edi solent, 
 omnes citharoedorum coronas ad ipsum mittere. Eas 
 25 adeo grate recipiebat, ut legates, qui pertulissent, non 
 modo primos admitteret, sed etiam faniiliaribus epulis 
 interponeret. A quibusdam ex his rogatus ut cantaret 
 super cenam, exceptusque effusius, solos scire audire Grae- 
 Appears in '"'*' ^olosque se et sfudiis siiis dig7ios ait. Nee 
 30 various cele- profectione dilata, ut primum Cassiopeu 
 ons traiecit, statim ad aram lovis Casii cantare 
 
 auspicatus, certamina deinceps obiit omnia. Nam et quae 23 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 119 
 
 diversissimorum temporum sunt, cogi in unum annum, qui- 
 busdam etiam iteratis, iussit, et Olympiae quoque praeter 
 consuetudinem musicum agona commisit. Ac ne quid 
 circa haec occupatum avocaret detineretve, cum praesen- 
 tia eius urbicas res egere a liberto Helio admoneretur, 5 
 rescripsit his verbis : 
 
 Quamvis nunc tuum consilium sit et votum celeriter re- 
 verti me, tamen suadere et optare potius debes, ut Nerone 
 dignits revertar. 
 
 Cantante eo, ne neeessaria quidem causa excedere thea- lo 
 tro licitum est. Itaque et enixae quaedam in spectaculis 
 dicuntur, et multi taedio audiendi laudandique, clausis 
 oppidorum portis, aut furtim desiluisse de muro aut 
 morte simulata funere elati. Quam autem trepide anxie- 
 que certaverit, quanta adversariorum aemulatione, quo 15 
 metu iudicum, vix credi potest. Adversaries, quasi plane 
 condicionis eiusdem, observare, captare, infamare secrete, 
 nennumquam ex occursu maledictis incessere, ac si qui 
 arte praecellerent, corrumpere etiam solebat. Indices 
 autem prius quam inciperet reverentissime adlequebatur, 20 
 omnia se facienda fecisse, sed eventum in manu esse Fw- 
 tunae; illos ut sapieixtis et doctos viros fortuita debere ex- 
 cludere; atque, ut auderet hortantibus, aequiore anime 
 recedebat, ac ne sic quidem sine sollicitudine, taciturni- 
 tatem pudoremque quorundam pre tristitia et maligni- 25 
 24 tate arguens suspectosque sibi dicens. In certande vero 
 ita legi obeediebat, ut numquam exscreare ^^ ^^^.^ ^^^ 
 ausus, sudorem quoque frontis brachio deter- foimance to 
 geret ; atque etiam in tragice quodam actu, ™ * 
 cum elapsum baculum cite resumpsisset, pavidus et me- 30 
 tuens ne ob delictum certamine summoveretur, non aliter 
 confirmatus est quam adiurante hypocrita, non animad- 
 
120 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 versum id inter exsultationes succlainationesque populi. 
 Victorem autein se ipse pronuntiabat ; qua de causa et 
 praeconio ubique contendit. Ac ne cuius alterius 
 hieronicarum memoria aut vestigium exstaret usquaiu, 
 
 5 subvei'ti et unco trahi abicique in latrinas omnium sta- 
 tuas et imagines iniperavit. Aurigavit quoque pluri- 
 fariam, Olympiis vero etiam decemiugem, quanivis id 
 ipsum in rege Mithradate carmine quodam suo repre- 
 heiidisset; sed excussus curru ac rursus repositus, cum 
 
 10 perdurare non posset, destitit ante decursum ; iieque eo 
 setius coronatus est. Decedens deinde provinciam uni- 
 versam libertate donavit, simulque iudices civitate Ko- 
 mana et pecunia grandi. Quae beneficia e medio stadio 
 Isthmiorum die sua ipse voce pronuntiavit. 
 
 15 Reversus e Graecia Neapolim, quod in ea primum 25 
 
 artem protulerat, albis equis introiit, disiecta parte muri, 
 
 _. ._ ut mos hieronicarum est; simili inodo An- 
 
 Bis entry as ' 
 
 conqueror into tium, inde Albanum, inde Romam ; sed et 
 vanous cities u^omam eo curru, quo Augustus olim trium- 
 
 20 phaverat, et in [veste] purpurea distinctaque stellis 
 aureis chlamyde, coronamque capite gerens Olympiacam, 
 dextra manu Pythiam, praeeunte pompa ceterarum cum 
 titulis, ubi et quos quo cantionum quove fabularum 
 argumento vicisset ; sequentibus currum ovantium ritu 
 
 25 plausoribus, Augustianos militesque se triumphi eius 
 clamitantibus. Dehinc, diruto Circi Maximi arcu, per 
 Velabrum forumque Palatium et Apollinem petit. In- 
 cedenti passim victimae caesae sparse per vias identidem 
 croco, ingestaeque aves ac lemnisci et bellaria. Sacras 
 
 30 coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit, item statuas 
 suas citharoedico habitu (qua nota etiam iiummum per- 
 cussit). Ac post haec tantum afuit a remittendo laxan- 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 121 
 
 doque studio, ut conservandae vocis gratia neque milites 
 umquam, nisi absens aut alio verba pronuntiante, appel- 
 laret neque quicquam serio iocove egerit, nisi astante 
 phonasco, qui moneret, parceret arteriis ac sudarium ad 
 OS appUcaret; multisque vel amicitiam suam obtulerit 5 
 vel' simultatem indixerit, prout quisque se magis par- 
 ciusve laudasset. 
 
 26 Petulantiam, libidinem, luxuriam, avaritiam, crudeli- 
 
 tatem sensim quidem primo et occulte et velut iuvenili 
 
 errors exercuit, sed ut tunc quoque dubium 10 
 
 * nemini foret, naturae ilia vitia, non aetatis *^ **^ 
 ' ' conduct 
 
 esse. Post crepusculum statim adrepto pilleo 
 vel galero popinas inibat circumque vicos vagabatur 
 ludibundus, nee sine pernicie tanien. Siquidem rede- 
 untis a cena verberare ac repugnantes vulnerare cloacis- 15 
 que demergere assuerat, tabernas etiam efEringere et 
 expilare ; quintana domi constituta, ubi partae et ad 
 licitationem dividendae praedae pretium absumeretur. 
 Ac saepe in eius modi rixis oculorum et vitae periculum 
 adiit, a quodam laticlavio, cuius uxorem attrectaverat, 20 
 prope ad necem caesus. Quare numquam postea publico 
 se illud horae sine tribunis commisit procul et occulte 
 subsequentibus. Interdiu quoque clam gestatoria sella 
 delatus in theatrum, seditionibus pantomimorum e parte 
 proscaenii superiore signifer simul ac spectator aderat; 25 
 et cum ad manus ventum esset lapidibnsque et sub- 
 selliorum fragminibus decerneretur, multa et ipse iecit 
 in populum, atque etiam praetoris caput consauciavit. 
 
 27 Paulatim vero invalescentibus vitiis, iocularia et late- 
 bras omisit nullaque dissimulandi cura ad maiora palam 30 
 erupit. 
 
 Epulas a medio die ad mediam noctem protrahebat, 
 
122 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 refotus saepius calidis piscinis ac tempore aestivo niva- 
 
 tis ; cenitabatque nonnumquam et in publico, 
 
 Hisrevesan naumachia praeclusa vel Martio caiupo vel 
 debaucbenes '^ _ ^ , 
 
 Circo Maximo, inter scortorum totius urbis 
 
 5 et ambubaiarum ininisteria. Quotiens Ostiam Tiberi de- 
 flueret aut Baianum sinum praeternavigaret, dispositae 
 per litora et ripas deversoriae tabernae parabaiitur insig- 
 nes ganea et matronarum institorio copas imitantium 
 atque hinc inde hortantium ut appelleret. Indicebat 
 
 10 et familiaribus cenas, quorum uni raitellita quadragies 
 sestertium constitit, alteri pluris aliquanto rosaria. 
 
 Divitiarum et pecuniae fructum non alium putabat 30 
 quam profusionem, sordidos ac deparcos esse quibus impen- 
 sarum ratio constaret, praelautos vereque mag- 
 
 15 nificos qui abuterentur ac perderent. Lauda^ 
 
 bat mirabaturque avunculum Gaium nullo magis nomine, 
 quam quod ingentis a Tiberio relictas opes in brevi spatio 
 prodegisset. Quare nee largiendi nee absumendi modum 
 tenuit. In Tiridatem, quod vix credibile videatur, octin- 
 
 20 gena nummum milia diurna erogavit abeuntique super 
 sestertium milies contulit. Menecraten citharoedum et 
 Spiculum mirmillonem triumphalium virorum patri- 
 moniis aedibusque donavit. Cercopithecum Panerotem 
 feneratorem, et urbanis rusticisque praediis locupletatum, 
 
 25 prope regio extulit funere. Nullam vestem bis induit. 
 Quadringenis in punctum sestertiis aleam lusit. Piscatus 
 est rete aurato et purpura coccoque funibus nexis. Niun- 
 quam minus inille carrucis fecisse iter traditur, soleis 
 mularum argenteis, canusinatis mulionibus, armillata 
 
 30 phalerataque Mazacum turba atque cursorum. 
 
 Non in alia re tamen damnosior quam in aedificando, 31 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 123 
 
 domum a Palatio Esquilias usque fecit, quam primo 
 
 transUoriam, mox incendio absumptam re- 
 
 stitutamque auream nominavit. De cuius ^he Golden 
 
 House 
 
 spatio atque cultu suffecerit haec retulisse. 
 
 Vestibulum eius fuit, in quo colossus CXX pedum staret 5 
 
 ipsius effigie ; tanta laxitas, ut porticus triplices miliarias 
 
 haberet ; item stagnum maris instar, circumsaeptum 
 
 aedificiis ad urbium speciem ; rura insuper, arvis atque 
 
 vinetis et pascuis silvisque varia, cum multitudine omnis 
 
 generis pecudum ac ferarum. In ceteris partibus cuncta lo 
 
 auro lita, distincta geramis unionumque conchis erant; 
 
 oenationes laqueatae tabulis eburneis versatilibus, ut 
 
 flores, fistulatis, ut unguenta desuper spargerentur ; prae- 
 
 cipua cenationum rotunda, quae perpetuo diebus ac noc- 
 
 tibus vice mundi circumageretur ; balineae marinis et 15 
 
 albulis fluentes aquis. Eius modi domum cum absolutam 
 
 dedicaret, hactenus comprobavit, ut se diceret quasi hovii- 
 
 nem tandem habitare coepisse. 
 
 Praeterea incohabat piscinam a Miseno ad Avernum 
 
 lacum, contectam porticibusque conclusam, quo quidquid 20 
 
 totis Bails calidarum aquarum esset conver- 
 
 . Other woiks 
 
 teretur ; lossain ab Averno Ostiam usque, ut 
 
 navibus nee taraen mari iretiir, longitudinis per centum 
 
 sexaginta milia, latitudiuis, qua contrariae quinqueremes 
 
 commearent. Quorum operum perficiendorum gratia 25 
 
 quod ubique esset custodiae in Italiam deportari, etiam 
 
 scelere convictos nonnisi ad opus damnari praeeeperat. 
 
 Ad hunc impendiorum furorem, super fiduciam imperii, 
 
 etiam spe quadam repentina immensarum et 
 
 , . • J • • The hidden 
 
 reconditarum opum impulsus est ex indicio t„ag„je 30 
 
 equitis Romani pro comperto pollicentis, 
 
 thesauros antiquissimae gazae, quos Dido regina fugiens 
 
124 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Tyro secum extulisset, esse in Africa vastissimis specu- 
 bus abditos, ac posse erui parvula molientium opera. 
 Verum ut spes fef ellit, destitutus, atque ita iam exhaustus 32 
 et egens ut stipendia quoque milituiii et commoda vetera- 
 
 5 norum protrahi ac differri necesse esset, calumniis rapi- 
 nisque intendit animum. 
 
 Ante omnia instituit, ut e libertorum defuiictorum bonis 
 
 pro semisse dextans ei cogeretur, qui sine probabili causa 
 
 eo nomine fuissent quo essent ullae familiae 
 
 10 P'"°<*«"°g quas ipse contingeret ; deinde, ut iugratorum 
 
 in principem testamenta ad fiscum perti- 
 
 nerent, ac ne impune esset studiosis iuris, qui scripsissent 
 
 vel dictassent ea ; tunc ut lege maiestatis facta dictaque 
 
 omnia, quibus modo delator non deesset, tenereutur. 
 
 15 Eevocavit et praemia coronarum, quae umquam sibi 
 civitates in certaminibus detulissent. Et cum inter- 
 dixisset usum amethystini ac Tyrii coloris, summisis- 
 setque qui nundinarum die pauculas uncias venderet, 
 praeclusit cunctos negotiatores. Quin etiam inter ca- 
 
 20 nendum animadversam matronam in spectaculis vetita 
 purpura cultam demonstrasse procuratoribus suis dicitur, 
 detractamque ilico non veste modo sed et bonis exuit. 
 NuUi delegavit officium ut non adiceret : Scis quid mihi 
 opus sit! et Hoc agamus, ne quis quicquam habeat ! 
 
 25 Ultimo templis compluribus dona detraxit simulacra- 
 que ex auro vel argento fabricata conflavit, in iis Pena^ 
 tium deorum, quae mox Galba restituit. 
 
 Parricidia et caedes a Claudio exorsus est ; cuius iiecis 33 
 Murders ^*®^ ^'^^ auctor, at conscius fuit, neque dis- 
 
 30 committed: simulanter, ut qui boletos, in quo cibi genere 
 
 *" "' venenum is acceperat, quasi deorum cibum 
 
 posthac proverbio Graeco conlaudare sit solitus. Certe 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 125 
 
 omnibus rerum verborumque contumeliis mortuum insec- 
 
 tatus est, modo stultitiae modo saevitiae arguens ; nam 
 
 et morari eum desisse inter homines producta prima syl- 
 
 laba iocabatur, multaque deereta et constituta, ut insi- 
 
 pientis atque deliri, pro irritis habuit; denique bustum 5 
 
 eius consaepiri, nisi humili levique maceria, neglexit. 
 
 Britannicum non minus aemulatione vocis, quae illi 
 
 iucundior suppetebat, quam metu ne quan- 
 
 Bhtaimicus 
 deque apud hominura gratiam paterna me- 
 
 moria praevaleret, veneno adgressus est. Quod acceptum 10 
 a quadam Locusta, venenorum variorum indice, cum 
 opinione tardius cederet, ventre modo Britannici moto, 
 accersitam mulierem sua manu verberavit arguens, pro 
 veneno remedium dedisse ; excusantique, minus datum 
 ad occultandam facinoris invidiam, Sane inquit legem 15 
 luliam timeof coegitque se coram in cubiculo quam pos- 
 set velocissimum ac praeseutaneum coquere ; deinde in 
 haedo expertus, postquam is quinque horas protraxit, 
 iterum ac saepius recoctum porcello obiecit; quo statim 
 exanimato, inferri in triclinium darique cenanti secum 20 
 Britannico imperavit. Et cum ille ad primum gustum con- 
 cidisset, comitiali morbo ex consuetudine correptum apud 
 convivas ementitus, postero die raptim inter maximos im- 
 bres tralaticio extulit funere. Locustae pro navata opera 
 impunitatem praediaque ampla, sed et discipulos dedit. 25 
 34 Matrem, facta dictaque sua exquirentem acerbius et 
 corrigentem, hactenus primo gravabatur ut invidia iden- 
 tidem oneraret, quasi cessurus imperio Rho- 
 dumque abiturus, mox et honore omni et ^gnppina 
 potestate privavit, abductaque militum et 30 
 
 Germanorum station e, contubernio quoque ac Palatio 
 expulit; neque in divexanda quicquam pen si habuit, 
 
126 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 summissis qui et Komae morantem litibus et in secessu 
 quieseentem per convicia et iocos terra marique praeter- 
 vehentes inquietarent. Verum minis eius ac violentia 
 territus perdere statuit ; et cum ter veneno temptasset 
 
 5 sentiretque antidotis praemunitam, lacunaria, quae noctu 
 super dormientem laxata machina deciderent, paravit. 
 Hoc consilio per conscios parum celato, soliitilem navem, 
 cuius vel naufragio vel caraarae ruina periret, commentus 
 est, atque ita reconciliations siinulata, iucundissimis lit- 
 
 10 teris Baias evocavit ad solleninia Quinquatruum simul 
 celebranda; datoque negotio trierarchis, qui liburnicam 
 qua advecta erat velut fortuito concuisu confringerent, 
 protraxit convivium, repetentique Baulos in locum cor- 
 rupt! navigii machinosum illud obtulit, hilars prosecutus 
 
 15 atque in digrsssu papillas quoqus exosculatus. Reli- 
 quum temporis cum magna trepidatione vigilavit, oppe- 
 riens coeptorum exitum. Sed ut diversa omnia nandoque 
 evasisse earn compsrit, inops consilii L. Agerinum liber- 
 tum eius, salvam et incolumein cum gaudio nuntiantsm, 
 
 20 abiecto clam iuxta pugione, ut percussorem sibi suborna- 
 tum arripi constringique iussit, matrem occidi, quasi 
 deprehensum crimen voluntaria morte vitasset. Addun- 
 tur his atrociora, nee incertis auctoribus: ad visendum 
 interfsctae cadaver accurrisse, contrectasse membra, alia 
 
 23 vituperasss, alia laudasse, sitique intsrim oborta bibisse. 
 Nequs tamen conscientiam sceleris, quamquam et mili- 
 tum et senatus populique gratulationibus confirmaretur, 
 aut statim aut umquam postea ferre potuit, saspe con- 
 fsssus sxagitari se materna specis verberibusque Furi- 
 
 30 arum ac taedis ardentibus. Quin st facto per Magos 
 sacro evocare Manes et exorare temptavit. Psregrina- 
 tions quidsm Graeciae et Eleusinis sacris, quorum ini- 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 127 
 
 tiatione impii et seelerati voce praeconis suramoventur, 
 
 interesse non ausus est. 
 
 lunxit parriciclio matris amitae necem. Quam cum ex 
 
 duritie alvi cubantem visitaret, et ilia tractans lanuginem 
 
 eius, ut assolet, iarri grandis natu per blandi- 5 
 
 tias forte dixisset : Simul lianc excepero, mori ^''^^" "* •*" 
 
 ^ ' aunt Lepida 
 
 volo: conversus ad proximos confestim se 
 positurum velut irridens ait, praecepitque medicis ut 
 largius purgarent aegram, necdum defimctae bona invasit, 
 suppresso testainento, ne quid abscederet. 10 
 
 35 Uxores praeter Octaviam duas postea duxit : Poppaearn 
 Sabinam, quaestorio patre natam et equiti Romano antea 
 nuptam, deinde Statiliam Messalinam, Tauri 
 bis consulis ac triumphalis abneptem. Qua 
 ut poteretur, virum eius Atticum Vestinum consulem in 15 
 honore ipso trucidavit. Octaviae eonsuetudinem cite 
 aspernatus, corripientibus amicis sufficere illi debere 
 respondit uxoria omamenta. Eandem mox saepe frustra 
 strangulare meditatus, dimisit ut sterilem, sed impro- 
 bante divortium populo nee parcente conviciis, etiam 20 
 relegavit, denique occidit sub crimine adulleriorum adeo 
 inpudenti falsoque, ut in quaestione pernegantibus cunc- 
 tis Anicetum paedagogum suum indicem subiecerit, qui 
 dolo stupratam a se fateretur. Poppaeam, duodecimo 
 die post divortium Octaviae in matrimonium acceptam, 25 
 dilexit unice ; et tamen ipsam quoque ictu calcis occidit, 
 quod se ex aurigatione sero reversum gravida et aegra 
 conviciis ineesserat. Ex hac filiam tulit Claudiam 
 Augustam, araisitque admodum infantem. 
 
 Nullum adeo necessitudinis genus est, quod non scelere 30 
 perculerit. Antoniam Claudi filiam, recusantem post 
 Poppaeae mortem nuptias suas, quasi molitricem novarum 
 
128 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 rerum interemit. Similiter ceteros aut afBnitate aliqua 
 sibi aut propinquitate coniunctos ; in quibus Aulum 
 Cruelty to Plautium iuvenem, quern cum ante mortem 
 relatives and per vim conspurcasset, Eat nunc inquit mater 
 
 5 t<'ot'i8''s ^jga gj siiccessorem meutrv osculetur ! iactans 
 
 dilectum ab ea et ad spem imperii impulsum. Privignum 
 Kufium Crispinum Poppaea natum, impuberem adhuc, 
 quia ferebatur ducatus et imperia ludere, mergendum 
 mari, dum piscaretur, servis ipsius demandavit. Tuscum 
 
 10 nutricis filium relegavit, quod in procuratione Aegypti 
 balineis in adventum suum exstructis lavisset. Senecam 
 praeceptorem ad necem compulit, quamvis saepe com- 
 meatum petenti bonisque cedenti persancte iurasset, sus- 
 pectuin se frustra periturumque potius quam nociturum 
 
 15 ei. Burro praefecto remedium ad fauces pollicitus, toxi- 
 cum misit. Libertos divites et seues, olim adoptionis 
 mox dominationis suae fautores atque rectores, veneno, 
 partim cibis partim potionibus indito, intercepit. 
 Nee minore saevitia foris et in exteros grassatus est. 36 
 
 20 Stella crinita, quae summis potestatibus exitium porten- 
 dere vulgo putatur, per continuas noctes oriri coeperat. 
 Anxius ea re, ut ex Balbillo astrologo didicit, solere reges 
 talia ostenta caede aliqua illustri expiare atque a semet 
 in capita procerum depellere, nobilissimo cuique exitium 
 
 25 destinavit ; enimvero multo magis et quasi per iustam 
 causam duabus coniurationibus provulgatis, quarum prior 
 maiorque Pisoniaua Komae, posterior Viniciana Bene- 
 venti conflata atque detecta est. Coniurati e vinculis 
 triplicium catenarum dixere causam, cum quidam ultro 
 
 30 crimen faterentur, nonnulli etiam imputarent, tamquam 
 aliter illi non possent nisi morte sxiccurrere dedecorato 
 Jlagitiis omnibus. Damnatorum liberi urbe pulsi enecti- 
 
LIBEK VI. NERO. 129 
 
 que veneno aut fame ; constat, quosdam cum paedagogis 
 et capsariis uno prandio pariter necatos, alios diurnum 
 victum prohibitos quaerere. 
 
 37 NuUus posthac adhibitus dilectus aut modus interi- 
 mendi quoscumque libuisset quacumque de causa. Sed 5 
 ne de pluribus referam, Salvidieno Orfito obiectum est 
 quod tabernas tres de domo sua circa forum civitatibus 
 ad stationem locasset, Cassio Longino iuris consulto ac 
 luminibus orbato, quod in vetere gentili stemmate C. Cassi 
 percussoris Caesaris imagines retinuisset, Paeto Thraseae lO 
 tristior et paedagogi vultus. Mori iussis non amplius 
 quam trium horarum spatium dabat; ac ne quid morae 
 interveniret, medicos admovebat qui cunctautes continuo 
 curarent (ita enim vocabatur venas mortis gratia incidere). 
 Creditur etiam polyphago cuidam Aegypti generis, cru- 15 
 dam carnem et quidquid daretur mandere assueto, con- 
 cupisse vivos homines laniandos absumendosque obicere. 
 Elatus inflatusque tantis velut suecessibus, negavit quera- 
 quam principum scisse quid sibi Uceret, multasque nee 
 dubias significationes saepe iecit, ne reliquis quidem se 20 
 parsurum senatoribus,jeumque ordinem sublaturum quan- 
 doque e re publica ac provincias et exercitus equiti 
 Romano ac libertis permissurum. Certe neque adveniens 
 neque proficiscens quemquam osculo impertiit, ac ne 
 resalutatione quidem; et in auspicando opere Isthmi 25 
 magna frequentia clare ut sibi ac populo Romano bene res 
 verteret optavit, dissimulata senatus mentione. 
 
 38 Sed nee populo aut moenibus patriae pepercit. Dicente 
 quodam in sermone communi : 
 
 "E/iou OavovTo'i yoSa jxiyBrfTia irvpi ! 30 
 
 Immo, inquit, ifiov fivTos ! planeque ita fecit. Nam 
 quasi offensus deformitate veterum aedificiorum et an- 
 
130 C. SUETONI TBANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 gustiis flexurisque vicorum, incendit urbem tam palam, 
 
 ut pleriqueconsulares cubicularioseius, cum stuppa taeda^ 
 
 que in praediis suis deprehensos, nou atti- 
 
 Kero bums gerint ; et quaedam horrea circa Domum 
 
 5 Auream, quorum spatium maxime desiderar 
 
 bat, ut bellicis machinis labefacta atque inflammata sint, 
 quod saxeo muro constructa erant. Per sex dies septemque 
 noctes ea clade saevitum est, ad monumentorum busto- 
 rumque deversoria plebe compulsa. Tunc praeter im- 
 
 10 mensum numerum insularum domus priscorum ducum 
 arserunt bostilibus adhuc spoliis adornatae, deorumque 
 aedes ab regibus ae deinde Punicis et Gallicis bellis 
 votae dedicataeque, et quidquid visendum atque memora- 
 bile ex antiquitate duraverat. Hoc incendium e turre 
 
 15 Maecenatiana prospectans laetusque flammae, ut aiebat, 
 pvlchritudiiie Halosin Ilii in illo sue scaenico habitu 
 decantavit. Ac ne non hinc quoque quantum posset 
 praedae et manubiarum invaderet, pollicitus cadaverum 
 et ruderum gratuitam egestionem, nemini ad reliquias 
 
 20 rerum suarum adire permisit ; collationibusque non 
 
 receptis modo vei'um et efflagitatis provincias privato- 
 
 rumque census prope exhausit. Accesserunt tantis ex 39 
 
 principe malis probrisque quaedam et fortuita : pestilentia 
 
 unius autumni, quo triginta funerum milia 
 
 25 in rationem Libitinae venerunt ; clades Bri- 
 
 tannica, qua duo praecipua oppida magna 
 
 civium sociorumque caede direpta sunt ; ignominia ad 
 
 Orientem, legionibus in Armenia sub iugum missis aegre- 
 
 Lampoons l*^® Syria retenta. Mirum et vel praecipue 
 
 ;« directed notabile inter haec fuerit, nihil eum patien- 
 
 agains ero ^^^^^ quam maledicta et convicia hominum 
 tulisse, neque in uUos leniorem quam qui se dictis aut 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 131 
 
 carrainibus lacessissent exstitisse. Multa Graece Latine- 
 que proscripta aut vulgata sunt, sicut ilia : 
 
 Ncpo)!/ OpiaTrji 'AXK/xeuiv fuqrponTovtK- 
 
 Ncdi/v/ic^ov Nc'po)!' iSiav /irjTtpa dire'icTfii't. 
 
 Quis negat Aeneae magna de stirpe Neronem ? 5 
 
 Sustulit hie matrem, sustulit ille patrem. 
 
 Diim tendit citharam noster, dum comua Parthus, 
 Noster erit Paean, ille Hecatebeletes. 
 
 Roma domus fiet : Veios migrate, Quirites, 
 
 Si non et Veios occupat ista domus. 10 
 
 Sed neque auctores requisiit et quosdam per indicem 
 
 delates ad senatum adfici graviore poena prohibuit. 
 
 Trauseuntem eum Isidorus Cynicus in publico clara voce 
 
 corripuerat, quod Naupli mala bene cantitaret, sua bona 
 
 male disponeret ; et Datus Atellanarum histrio in cantico 15 
 
 quodam ■YytWe iranp, iiyuuvf. jj-rirtp ! ita demonstraverat, 
 
 ut bibentem natanteraque faceret, exitum scilicet Claudi 
 
 Agrippinaeque significans, et in novissima clausula Orcus 
 
 vobis ducit pedes senatum gestu notarat. Histrionem et 
 
 philosophum Nero nihil amplius quam urbe Italiaque 20 
 
 summovit, vel contemptu omnis infamiae vel ne fatendo 
 
 dolorem irritaret ingenia. 
 
 40 Talem principem paulo minus quattuordecim annos 
 
 perpessus terrarum orbis tandem destituit, uprising led 
 
 initium facientibus Gallis, duce lulio Vin- byVindexin 25 
 ,. . i. Gaul 
 
 dice, qui turn earn provinciam pro praetore 
 
 obtinebat. 
 
 Praedictum a mathematicis Neroni olim erat, fore, ut 
 
 quandoque destitueretur ; unde ilia vox eius celeberrima : 
 
132 C. SUEJONl TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 To Ttxvi-ov ^/iSs Sutdpiij/ti, quo maiore scilicet venia me- 
 ditaretur cithai'oedicam ai'tem, principi sibi gratam, 
 private necessariam. Spopouderant tanien quidam de- 
 stitute Orientis dominationem* nonnulli nominatim reg- 
 
 5 num Hierosolymorum, plures omnis pristinae fortiinae 
 reslitutionem. Cui spei pronior, Britannia Armeniaque 
 amissa ac rursus utraque recepta, defunctum se fatalibiis 
 malis existimabat. Ut vero, consulto Delphis Apolline, 
 septuagensiinum ac tertium annum cavendum sibi audivit, 
 
 10 quasi eo demum obiturus, ac nihil coniectans de aetate 
 Galbae, tanta fiducia non modo senectam sed etiam per- 
 petuam singularemque concepit felicitatem, ut amissis 
 naufragio pretiosissimis rebus non dubitaverit inter suos 
 dicere, pisces eas sibi relaturos. 
 
 15 Neapoli de motu Galliarum cognovit die ipso quo ma- 
 trem occiderat, adeoque lente ac secure tulit ut gaudentis 
 etiam suspicionem praeberet, tamquam occasione nata 
 spoliandarum iure belli opulentissimarum provinciarum ; 
 statimque in gymnasium progressus, certantis athletas 
 
 20 effusissimo studio spectavit. Cenae quoque tempore in- 
 terpellatus tumultuosioribus litteris, hactenus excanduit, 
 ut malum iis qui descissent minaretur. Denique per octo 
 continues dies non rescribere cuiquam, non mandare quid 
 aut praecipere conatus, rem silentio oblitteravit. Edictis 41 
 
 25 tandem Vindicis contumeliosis et frequentibus permotus, 
 senatum epistula in ultionem sui reique publicae adhor- 
 tatus est, excusato languore faucium, propter quern non 
 adesset. Nihil autem aeque doluit, quam ut malum se 
 citharoedum increpitum ac pro Nerone Aenobarbum ap- 
 
 30 pellatum. Et nomen quidem gentile, quod sibi per con- 
 tumeliam exprobraretur, resumpturum se professus est, 
 deposito adoptivo, cetera convicia, ut falsa, non alio ar- 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 133 
 
 gumento refellebat, qxiam quod etiam inscitia sibi tanto 
 opere elaboratae perfectaeque a se artis obiceretur, sin- 
 gulos subinde rogitans, nossentne quemquam praestan- 
 tiorem. Sed urgentibus aliis super alios nuntiis, Romam 
 praetrepidus rediit ; leviterque modo in itinere frivolo au- 5 
 spicio meute recreata, cum annotasset insculptum monu- 
 mento militem Galium ab equite Romano oppressum trahi 
 crinibus, ad earn speciem exsiluit gaudio caelnmque ado- 
 ravit. Ac ne tunc quidem aut senatu aut populo coram 
 appellato, quosdam e primoribus viris domum evocavit, 10 
 transactaque raptim consultatione, reliquam diei partem 
 per organa hydraulica noji et igiy>ti generis circumduxit, 
 ostendensque singula, de'TatirmfeTac difficultate cuiusque 
 disserens, iam se etiam prolaturum omnia in theatrum 
 affirmavit si per Vindicem liceat. 15 
 
 42 Postquam deinde etiam Galbam et Hispanias descivisse 
 
 cognovit, conlapsus animoque male fracto diu sine voce et 
 
 prope intermortuus iacuit, utque resipiit, 
 
 ,. . ., , . .J Galba's revolt 
 
 veste discissa, capite converberato, actum de . g j^ 
 
 se pronuntiavit, consolantique nutriculae et 20 
 
 aliis quoque iam principibus similia accidisse memoranti, 
 
 se vero praeter ceteros inaudita et incognita pati respondit, 
 
 qui summum imperium vimts amitteret. Nee eo setius 
 
 quicquam ex consuetudine luxus atque desidiae oraisit 
 
 vel imrainuit ; quin immo, cum prosper! quiddam ex pro- 25 
 
 vinciis nuntiatum esset, super abundantissitaam cenam 
 
 iocularia in defectionis duces carmina lasciveque modu- 
 
 lata quae vulgo notuerunt, etiam gestieulatus est; ac 
 
 spectaculis theatri clam inlatus, cuidam scaenico placenti 
 
 nuntium misit, abuti eum occ-upationihus suis. 30 
 
 43 Initio statim tumultus, multa et inmania, verum non 
 abhorrentia a natura sua creditur destinasse : successores 
 
13-4 C. SUETONI TKANQUILLI DE VITA CAESAUUM 
 
 percussoresque summitTtere exercitus et provincias regenti- 
 
 bus, quasi conspiratis idemque et unum sentientibus ; 
 
 quidquid. ubique exsulum quidquid in urbe 
 
 Nero s mon- hominum Gallicanorum esset contrucidare 
 stious designs 
 5 (illos ne desciscentibus adgregarentur, hos ut 
 
 conscios popularium suorum atque fautores) ; Gallias 
 
 exercitibus diripiendas permittere ; senatum universum 
 
 veneno per convivia necare ; iirbein incendere, feris in 
 
 populum immissis, quo difficilius defenderentur. Sed 
 
 10 absterritus non tam paenitentia quam perficiendi de- 
 speratione, credensque expeditionem necessaiiam, con- 
 sules ante tempus privavit honore atque in uti'iusqiie 
 locum solus iniit consulatum, quasi fatale esset, non 
 posse Gallias debellari nisi a se consule. Ac susceptis 
 
 15 fascibus, cum post epulas triclinio digrederetur, innixus 
 umeris familiarium, affirmavit, simtd ac primiim pro- 
 vinciam cUtigisset, inermem se in conspectum exercituitm 
 proditunim nee qidcqiiam aliud quam fleturum, revoca- 
 tisque ad paenitentiam defectoribus iiisequenti die laetum 
 
 20 inter laetos canta/tirum epinicia, quae iam nunc sibi 
 componi oporteret. 
 
 In praeparanda expeditione primani curam habuit deli- 44 
 gendi vehicula portandis scaenicis organis, concubinasque 
 Preoares to quas secura educeret tondendi ad virilem 
 
 25 go to the modum et securibus peltisque Amazoiiicis 
 
 Provinces . jnstruendi. Mox tribus uibanas ad sacra- 
 mentum citavit, ac nullo idoneo respondente certum 
 dominis servorura numerum indixit; nee nisi ex tota 
 cuiusque familia probatissimos, ne dispensatoribus qui- 
 
 30 dem aut amanuensibus exceptis, recepit. Partem etiam 
 census omnes ordines conferre iussit, et insuper in- 
 quilinos privatarum aedium atque insularum pensionem 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 135 
 
 annuam repraesentare fisco; exegitque ingenti fastidio 
 et acerbitate iiummum asperum, argeiitum piistulatum, 
 aurum ad obrussam, nt plerique omnem collationeiii 
 palam recusai-ent, consensu flagitantes, a delatoribus 
 potius revocanda praemia quaecumque cepis- „ 5 
 
 45 sent. Ex annonae quoque caritate lucranti which he was 
 adcrevit invidia; nam et forte accidit, ut ''*'* 
 
 in publica fame Alexandrina navis nuntiaretur pulverem 
 luctatoribus aulicis advexisse. 
 
 Quare omnium in se odio inciLato, nihil contumeliarum 10 
 defuit quin subiret. Statuae eius a vertice cirrus apposi- 
 tus est cum inscriptione Graeca, nunc demum agona esse, 
 et traderet tandem! Alterius collo ascopera deligata, 
 simulquetitulus: Ego quidpotuif sed tu culleum meniisti. 
 Ascriptum et columnis, iam Oallos eum cantando exci- 15 
 tasse. Iam noctibus iurgia cum servis plerique simu- 
 lantes, crebro Vindicem poscebant. 
 
 46 Terrebatur ad lioc evidentibus portentis somniorum et 
 auspiciorum et ominum, cum veteribus turn uovis. Num- 
 quam antea somniare solitus, occisa demum n f ^ 
 matre vidit per quietem, navem sibi regenti approaching 
 extortum gubernaculum, trahique se ab Octa- •^'^^^t^'' 
 
 via uxore in artissimas tenebras et mode pinnatarum 
 formicarum multitudine oppleri, modo a simulacris 
 gentium ad Pompei theatrum dedicatarum circumiri 25 
 arcerique progressu ; asturconem, quo maxima laetaba- 
 tur, posteriore corporis parte in simiae specieni trans- 
 figuratum, ac tantum capite integro hinnitiis edere 
 canoros. De Mausoleo, sponte foribus patefactis, exaudita 
 vox est nomine eum cientis. Kal. Ian. exornati Lares in 30 
 ipso sacrificii apparatu conciderunt; auspicanti Sporus 
 anulum muneri obtulit, cuius gemmae sculptura erat 
 
136 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 Proserpinae raptus ; votorum iiuncupatione, magna iam 
 ordinuin freqnentia, vix repertae Capitoli claves. Cum 
 ex oratione eius, qua in Vindicem perorabat, recitaretur 
 in senatu, daturos poenas sceleratos ac brevi dignum 
 5 exituni facturos, conclamatum est ab universis : Tu fades, 
 Auguste ! Observatum etiam fuerat, novissimam fabulam 
 cantasse eum publice Oedipodein exsulem atque in hoc 
 desisse versu : 
 
 ®av«iv /i' avoyyt ffiryyajuos, ivqn)p, waTrip. 
 
 10 Nuntiata interim etiam ceteroruni exercituum defec- 47 
 
 tione, litteras prandenti sibi redditas concerpsit, mensam 
 
 subvertit, duos scyphos gratissimi usus, quos 
 
 Nero'sabject Homerios a caelatura carminum Homeri 
 conduct 
 
 vocabat, solo inlisit, ac sumpto a Locusta 
 
 15 veneno et in auream pyxidem condito, transiit in hortos 
 Servilianos, ubi, praemissis libertorum fidissimis Ostiam 
 ad classem praeparandam, tribunes centurionesque prae- 
 torii de fugae societate temptavit. Sed partim tergiver- 
 santibus, parlim aperte detrectantibus, uno vero etiam 
 
 20 proclamante : Usque adeone mori miserum est ? varie 
 agitavit, Parthosne an Galbam supplex peteret, an atratus 
 prodiret in publicum proque rostris quanta maxima posset 
 miseratione veniam praeteritorum precaretur, ac ni flexis- 
 set animos, vel Aegypti praefecturam concedi sibi oraret. 
 
 23 Inventus est postea in scrinio eius hac de re sermo 
 formatus ; sed deterritum putant, ne prius quam in 
 forum perveniret diseerperetur. 
 
 Sic cogitatione in posterum diem dilata, ad mediam 
 fere noctem excitatus, ut comperit stationem militum 
 
 30 recessisse, prosiluit e lecto misitque circum amicos, et 
 quia nihil a quoquara renuntiabatur, ipse cum paucis 
 hospitia singulorum adiit. Verum clausis omnium fori- 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 137 
 
 bus, respondente nuUo, in cubiculum rediit, unde iam et 
 custodes diffugerant, direptis etiam stragulis, amota et 
 pyxide veneni; ac statim Spiculum mirmillonem vel 
 quemlibet alium percussorem, cuius manu periret, re- 
 quisiit, et nemine reperto, Ergo ego, inquit, nee amicum 5 
 habeo nee inimieum? procurritque, quasi praecipitaturus 
 48 se in Tiberim. Sed revocato rursus impetu, aliquid 
 secretions latebrae ad colligendum auimum desideravit, 
 et offerente Phaonte liberto suburbanum 
 suum inter Salariam et Nomentanam viam fjoJ^R„,^^ lo 
 circa quartum miliarium, ut erat nudo pede 
 atque tunicatus, paenulam obsoleti coloris superinduit, 
 adopertoque capite et ante faciem obtento sudario equum 
 inscendit, quattuor solis comitantibus, inter quos et 
 Sporus erat. Statimque treinore terrae et fulgure ad- 15. 
 verso pavefactus, audiit e proximis castris clamorem 
 militum et sibi adversa et Galbae prospera ominantium, 
 etiam ex obviis viatoribus quendam dicentem : Hi Nero- 
 nem persequuntur, alium sciscitantem : Ecquid in urbe 
 novi de Nerone f Equo autem odore abiecti in via cada^ 20 
 veris consternato, detecta facie agnitus est a quodam 
 missicio praetoriano et salutatus. Ut ad deverticulum 
 ventum est, diniissis equis, inter fruticeta ac vepres per 
 arundineti semitam aegre nee nisi strata sub pedibus 
 veste ad aversum villae parietem evasit. Ibi hortante 25 
 eodem Phaonte, ut interim in specum egestae harenae 
 concederet, negavit se vivum sub terram iturum, ac parum- 
 per commoratus, dum clandestinus ad villam introitus 
 pararetur, aquam ex subiecta lacuna poturus manu bausit 
 et Haec est, inquit, Neronis decocta ! dein, divolsa sentibus 30 
 paenula, traiectos surculos rasit. Atque ita quadripes 
 per angustias effossae cavernae receptus in proximam 
 
138 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 cellam, decubuit super lectum modica culcita, vetere 
 
 pallio strato, iiistructum ; fameque et iterum siti inter- 
 
 pellante, panem quidem sordidum oblatum aspernatus 
 
 est, aquae autem tepidae aliquantum bibit. Tunc uno 49 
 
 5 quoque hiuc inde instante ut quam priinum se impen- 
 
 dentibus contumeliis eriperet, scrobem coram fieri im- 
 
 peravit, dimensus ad corporis sui modulum, 
 His death ... • ^ j- ^ 
 
 componique simul, si qua invenirentur, irusta 
 
 marmoris, et aquam simul ac ligna conferri curando mox 
 
 10 cadaveri, flens ad singula atque identidem dictitans : 
 Qualis artifex peren ! 
 
 Inter moras perlatos a cursore Phaonti codicillos prae- 
 ripuit legitque, se hostein a senatu iudicatum et quaeri, 
 ut puniatur more maiorum, interrogavitque quale id genus 
 
 15 esset poenae ; et cum comperisset, nudi hominis cervicem 
 inseri furcae, corpus virgis ad necem caedi, conterritus 
 duos pugiones, quos secum extulerat, arripuit, temptata- 
 que utriusque acie rursus condidit, causatus nondum 
 adesse fatalem horam; ac modo Sporum hortabatur ut 
 
 20 lamentari ac plangere inciperet, modo orabat ut se ali- 
 quis ad mortem capessendam exemplo iuvaret ; interdum 
 segnitiem suam his verbis increpabat: Vivo deformiter, 
 [<Mrpj<er*] — oi irpeVa Hepwvi, ov irparfi — vt^<I>iiv Bti cv rots 
 Toiovroi! — ayt lyeipe acavrovl lamque equites appropin- 
 
 25 quabant, quibus praeceptum erat ut vivum eum adtrahe- 
 rent. Quod ut sensit, trepidanter eflfatus : 
 
 iTTTTtUV /A bJKVTTOOtaV afXtfn KTVTTO^ OUttTtt ^oAAci 
 
 ferrum iugulo adegit, iuvante Epaphrodito a libellis. Se- 
 mianimisque adhuc irrumpenti centurioni et paenula ad 
 30 vulnus adposita in auxilium se venisse simulanti non aliud 
 respondit quam Sero ! et Haec est fides ! Atque in ea voce 
 defecit, exstantibus rigentibusque oculis usque ad horro- 
 
LIBEK VI. NERO. 139 
 
 rein formidinemque visentium. Nihil prius aut magis a 
 comitibus exegerat quani iie potestas cuiquam capitis 
 sui fieret, sed ut quoquo modo totus cremaretur. Per- 
 misit hoc Icelus Galbae libertus, non multo ante vinculis 
 exsolutus, in quae primo tumultu coniectus fuerat. 5 
 
 50 Funeratus est impensa ducentorum milium, stragulis 
 albis auro intextis, quibus usus Kal. Ian. fuerat. Reli- 
 quias Ecloge et Alexandria nutrices cum 
 
 Burial 
 
 Acte concubina gentili Domitiorum monu- 
 mento condiderunt, quod prospicitur e campo Martio im- 10 
 positum coUiculo Hortulorum. In eo monumento solium 
 porphyretici marmoris, superstante Lunensi ara, circum- 
 saeptum est lapide Thasio. 
 
 51 Statura fuit prope iusta, corpore maculoso et fetido, 
 subflavo capillo, vultu pulchro magis quam venusto, 15 
 oculis caesis et hebetioribus, cervice obesa, 
 
 ventre proiecto, gracillimis cruribus, valetu- 
 dine prospera (nam qui luxuriae immode- 
 ratissimae esset, ter omnino per quattuordecim annos 
 languit, atque ita ut neque vino neque consuetudine 20 
 reliqua abstineret) ; circa cultum habitumque adeo pu-- 
 dendus, ut comam semper in gradus formatam peregri- 
 natione Achaica etiam pone verticem summiserit, ac 
 plerumque, synthesinam indutus, ligato circum coUum 
 sudario prodierit in publicum sine cinctu et discalciatus. 23 
 
 52 Liberalis disciplinas omnis fere puer attigit. Sed a 
 philosophia eum mater avertit, monens imperaturo con- 
 trariam esse : a cognitione veterum oratorum 
 
 Seneca praeceptor, quo diutius in admira- ^^^^^ 
 tione sui detineret. Itaque ad poetieam :«) 
 
 pronus, carmina libenter ac sine labore composuit nee, 
 ut quidam putant, aliena pro suis edidit. Venere in 
 
140 C. SUETONI TRANQUILLI DE VITA CAESARUM 
 
 manus meas pugillares libellique cum quibusdam notis- 
 simis versibus, ipsius chirogiapho scriptis,. ut facile appa- 
 reret non tralatos aut dictante aliquo exceptos, sed plane 
 quasi a cogitante atque generante exai'atos ; ita multa et 
 
 5 deleta et inducta et superscripta inerant. Habuit et 53 
 pingendi fingendique non mediocre studium. 
 
 Maxime autem popularitate efferebatur, omnium aemu- 
 lus, qui quoquo modo animum vulgi moverent. Exiit 
 His nassion opinio, post scaenicas coronas proximo lustro 
 
 10 for popular descensurum eum ad Olympia inter athletas ; 
 applause ^^^ ^^ luctabatur assidue, nee aliter .certa- 
 
 mina gymnica tota Graecia spectaverat quam brabeu- 
 tarum more in stadio humi assidens ac, si qua paria 
 longius recessissent, in medium manibus suis protrahens. 
 
 15 Destinaverat etiam, quia Apollinem cantu, Solem auri- 
 gando aequiperare existimaretur, imitari et Herculis 
 factaj^raeparatumque leonem aiunt, quem vel clava vel 
 bi-achiorum uexibus in amphitheatri harena spectante 
 populo Budus elideret. Sub exitu quidem vitae palam 54 
 
 20 voverat, si sibi incolumis status permansisset, proditurum 
 se partae victoriae ludis etiam hydraulam et choraulam 
 et utricularium, ac novissimo die histrionem saltaturum- 
 que Vergili Turnum. Et sunt qui tradant, Paridem his- 
 trionem occisuin ab eo quasi gravem adversarium. Erat 55 
 
 25 illi aeternitatis perpetuaeque famae cupido, sed incon- 
 sulta. Ideoque multis rebus ac locis, vetere appellatione 
 detracta, novam indixit ex suo nomine, mensem quoque 
 Aprilem Neroneum appellavit; destinaverat et Eomam 
 Neropolim nuncupare. 
 
 30 Religionum usquequaque eontemptor, praeter unius 56 
 Deae Syriae. Hane mox ita sprevit ut urina contami- 
 naret, alia superstitione captus, in qua sola pertinacissime 
 
LIBER VI. NERO. 141 
 
 haesit. Siquidem imagunculam puellarem, cum quasi 
 remedium insidiarum a plebeio quodam et ignoto muneri 
 accepisset, detecta confestim coniuratione, 
 pro summo numine trinisque in die sacri- '"P'^ty a"* 
 
 . . ^ superstition 
 
 ncus colere perseveravit, volebatque credi 5 
 
 monitione eius futura praenoscere. Ante paueos quam 
 periret menses attendit et exstispicio, nee umquam litavit. 
 57 Obiit tiicensimo et secundo aetatis anno, die quo quon- 
 dam Octaviam interemerat, tantumque gaudium publice 
 praebuit, ut plebs pilleata tota urbe discur- lo 
 
 reret. Et tamen non defuerunt qui per bhorred 
 
 longum tempus vernis aestivisque floribus by some, re- 
 tumulum eius ornarent, ac modo imagines '"**''y 
 
 ' ° others 
 
 praetextatas in rostris proferrent, niodo 
 edicta quasi viventis et brevi magno inimicorum malo 15 
 reversuri. Quin etiam Vologesus Parthorum rex, missis 
 ad senatum legatis de instauranda societate, hoc etiam 
 magno opere oravit ut Neronis memoria coleretur. Deni- 
 que cum post viginti annos, adulescente me, exstitisset 
 condicionis incertae qui se Neronem esse iactaret, tarn 20 
 favorabile nomen eius apud Parthos fuit, ut vehementer 
 adiutus et vix redditus sit. 
 
142 
 
 STEMMA OF THE IMPERIAL FAMILY. 
 
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NOTES. 
 
 TIBERIUS (14-37 A.D.). 
 
 Principal sources : Tacitus, Annals, i.-vi. ; Suetonius ; Dio Cassius, 
 Ivii., Iviii.; Velleius Paterculus, ii. 123-131. 
 
 Tiberius was the heir of Augustus, but the latter did not have the 
 right to bequeath his power as princeps. The ex-Empress Livia, 
 because of her native ability and her exalted position (she had been 
 adopted by Augustus in his will, and had received the name Julia and 
 the title Augusta), had a large following of devoted friends. Germau- 
 icus, more closely related to Augustus than Tiberius and dearly loved 
 by his soldiers, might have been a dangerous rival had he so willed. 
 These facts made Tiberius cautious, and only gradually did he assume 
 complete control of the government. The death of Germanicus in 
 the East, removing, as it did, a possible rival, was generally attributed 
 tc poison administered by Piso at the instigation of Tiberius. Of this, 
 however, there is absolutely no proof. Early in the reign, the election 
 of magistrates passed from the comitia to the senate. This body 
 Tiberius treated with studied respect. Many of its members, however, 
 he viewed with suspicion, and a wider application was given to the 
 law of treason, resulting in the growth of an infamous class of pro- 
 fessional informers. Of great significance was the concentration in 
 a permanent camp at Eome of the praetorian cohorts. Their com- 
 mander, Sejanus, became the most powerful official under the emperor. 
 On the fall of Sejanus, Macro succeeded as praefectus praetorio. The 
 prolonged absence of Tiberius from Rome resulted in making his 
 representative in the city (the praefectus urbi) a permanent official. 
 Tacitus, Suetonius, and Dio Cassius agree in picturing Tiberius as 
 a man of gloom and suspicion, who finally degenerated into a blood- 
 thirsty tyrant. Velleius, who treats of the period before Tiberius' 
 accession and the early years of his principate, writes in a style so 
 laudatory that he excites suspicion as to his sincerity. Tacitus is 
 unjust, in that he attributes to Tiberius those motives that best 
 support his own theory, which was that Tiberius was a hypocrite dur- 
 ing all his earlier years, and only in the latter portion of his life 
 showed his true colors. All three note a change for the worse in 
 
 143 
 
144 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 1 
 
 Tiberius' character after the discovery of Sejanus' treachery. The 
 provincial writers Strabo, Philo, and Josephus speak in terms of 
 gratitude of Tiberius' rule. 
 
 In early life, Tiberius proved himself a general of marked ability. 
 As emperor, he displayed wisdom in the administration of the finances 
 of the state, and aimed to secure good government, particularly in the 
 provinces. After his death senatorial v^ritings misrepresented his con- 
 duct as a ruler. His natural sternness and moroseness made him 
 unpopular, and this unpopularity resulted in a gross exaggeration, on 
 the part of the people, of his licenti.ousness and cruelly. These vices, 
 however, he did possess, and they became more marked as he grew 
 older and more timid. 
 
 Page 1. 6. Regillis : the exact location of Kegilli is unknown. 
 
 8. cllentium : Livy, ii. lU. 4, uses this word in the same connection. 
 Clientela seems to have existed among the Sabines and Etruscans, 
 and was an institution perhaps universal in ancient Italy. The word 
 is probably not used technically here, but merely designates a family 
 and its dependents. 
 
 9. Tito Tatio : king of the Sabines ; cf. Livy, i. 1-3. 4. 
 
 10. Atta Claudio : Livy, ii. 16. 4, gives his name a£ Attius Clausus 
 and states that he was known at Rome as Appius Claudius. 
 
 11. sexto fere anno : 504 b.c. (traditional chronology). co- 
 optata : cooptare is used to signify the act of a body electing its own 
 members. It is here technicaLy used of the act of the comitia curiata 
 In admitting a foreign clan into a patrician gens. When a plebeian 
 was so admitted, the act was called allectio, not cooptatio; cf. Nero, 
 chap. 1. 16. 
 
 12. locumque eibi . accepit . a special privilege granted 
 distinguished men, since interment and cremation within the walls of 
 the city were afterward forbidden by a statute of the Twelve Tables, 
 I., hominem mortnom in ^lrbe ne sepelito neve urito. 
 
 15. ovationes : the ovation was granted generals who, while they 
 had distinguished themselves, had not done so in such .a marked 
 degree as to waiTant the granting of a triumph. The general entered 
 the city on foot (not in the chariot) and clad in the toga praetexta 
 (not the toga picta), often unaccompanied by his troops. The cere- 
 monies terminated with the sacrifice of a sheep (hence ovatio), instead 
 of a bull as in the case of a triumph. 
 
 17. consensu : by common consent. The Ciceronian expression 
 is omnium consensu. 
 
Page 2J NOTES ON TIBKRIL'S. 145 
 
 18. eo ; sc. cognomine, and construe with praeditis. 
 
 20. quo BlgniHcatur, etc.: c/. A ill. Gell. xiii. 23: " JVerio is a 
 word of Sabine- origin, signifying manliness and bravery. The 
 Claudii, we are told, are of Sabine descent, and hence tliey give the 
 name Nero to those of their line distinguished for bravery." The 
 root of the word Nero is the same as in the Greek dw)p. 
 
 23. setiuB : a euphemistic way of saying that harm was done the 
 state. Of. the expression seeus de aliquo dicere, ' to speak ill of any 
 one.' 
 
 Page 2. 1. AppiuB . . . dissuasit : the incident referred to 
 occurred after the defeat of the Komans at Heraclea, 280 B.C., by 
 Pyrrhus, who then sent proposals of peace to Rome. The blind 
 Appius, who was now old and feeble, had liimself carried into the 
 senate, and spoke so efiectively against the proposed peace that 
 the senate rejected the king's offer. Appius' speech was still extant 
 in the time of Cicero, who, in speaking of him, De Senect. 6, quotes 
 these lines, which Ennius represents the old hero as addressing to the 
 senate on the occasion : 
 
 (^uo vobis mentes, rectae quae stare solebant 
 Ante.hac, dementis sese fiexere viai t 
 
 2. iniri : for the infinitive, see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). Clau- 
 dius . . ezpuUt: 264 B.C., corroborated by Veil. Pat. ii. 38. 2. 
 4. Tib. Nero . . oppreasit : 207 b.c. ; cf. Livy, xivii. 40-49. 
 
 6. Annibali: another spelling for .Han nz'&aJi. 
 
 7. contra Claudius . . aaserere conatus : 449 b.c. (tradi- 
 tional chronology). For the story of Virginia, see Livy, iii. 44-48. 
 legibuB Bcribendis : dative of purpose. This gerundive construction 
 is often employed with names of officials, to designate their duties. 
 
 9. secedendi ruraus : i.e. the second secession of the plebs, the 
 first having taken place in 494 b.c. The story of Virginia, whether 
 or not it ever had its -origin in fact, was employed as a picturesque 
 explanation of the action of the plebeians. They probably seceded 
 because they distrusted the sincerity of the patricians' promises 
 of reform. 
 
 10. statua . . poaita, etc. : nothing further is known of the occur- 
 rences referred to in this sentence. Forum Appi was a village on the 
 Appian Way southeast of Rome. Mommsen believes that the person 
 referred to in the passage must have been Appius Caecus, and not 
 Claudius Drusus, 'whoever tins was. Max Ihm suggests Bussus for 
 
146 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 2 
 
 Drusus, a cognomen by which Caecus' eldest son wag known ; see 
 Hermes, xxxvi. 2. 
 
 12. Claudius Pulcher . . . iniit : Cicero tells the -story, jV.2>. ii. 3. 
 7; cf. Livy, Epit. xix. apud Sicilian!: see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 13. non pascentibuB, etc. -. auspices taken from the feeding of 
 chickens were especially employed on military expeditions. If the 
 chickens refused to eat the puis thrown to them by the pullarius, the 
 omens were unfavorable. If, on the contrary, they ate with such 
 greed that some of the food fell from the mouth to the ground, it was 
 considered an especially favorable sign (tripudium solistimum) . 
 
 14. quasi : the word is here used to introduce the thought or 
 words of Claudius. esse : from edo. 
 
 15. dictatorem dicere : the technical expression for naming a 
 dictator. 
 
 17. viatorem : a servant who attended upon and executed the 
 commands of certain Roman magistrates. When the magistrates did 
 not possess lictors, the viatores took their place. If the magistrates 
 possessed lictors, the viatores were subordinate to them. The viatores 
 were generally of low birth, hence the insult to the public in Pulcher's 
 action. 
 
 20. Matris deum : Cybele, whose earliest sanctuary and oldest 
 e£Egy, a stone that had fallen from heaven, stood upon Mt. Dindymus 
 in Phrygia. The worship of the Great Mother was introduced into 
 Rome in 204 B.C., at the command of a Sibylline oracle, and for the 
 purpose of driving Hannibal from Italy. The festival of the goddess 
 in April was called the Megalesia, and her attendants were the emas- 
 culated Galli. 
 
 21. si sibi, etc. : if her chastity was beyond qtiestion, i.e. if her 
 reputation for chastity was well deserved. The si clause explains the 
 ita, while demvm implies that her prayer was, that the ship might not 
 follow unless she was chaste. This Claudia was probably a Vestal. 
 Ovid, Fasti, iv. 305 seq., in telling this story, says that her chastity 
 was unjustly impugned. He puts this prayer into the mouth of the 
 virgin : 
 
 Svpplicis, alma, tuae, genetrix fecvnda deorum, 
 
 Accipe sub cerla condicione preces. 
 Casta negor. Si tn damnas, meruisse fatebnr ; 
 
 Morte luam poenas iudice victa dea. 
 Sed, si crimen abest, tu nostrae pignora vitae 
 
 Se dabis, et castas casta sequere manus. 
 
 After Claudia had offered this prayer, the boat followed her. 
 
Page 3] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 147 
 
 22. et quae . . . subiit : see the story in Aul. Cell. x. 6. novo 
 more ; i.e. a woman had not been convicted on this charge before. 
 
 23. maiestatjs : sc. minutae or laesae. The majesty of the state is 
 meant. 
 
 23. Puloher : this is the Pulcher mentioned in line 3 above. In 
 consequence of his disregard of the omens, his fleet was destroyed and 
 many Romans perished. 
 
 27. dumtazat : see Introd. II. § 6, 6 (1). 
 
 28. ob ezpellendum, etc. : ob with the gerundive to denote pur- 
 pose is rather rare ; ad or causa is usually employed. Cf. Sail. Jug. 
 80. 2, existimaiis lugurtham ob suos tutandos in manus venturum. 
 plebeio homini : Fonteius was his name ; cf. Cic. de domo sua, 
 14. 35. Clodius did tliis that he might be eligible for the office of 
 tribune of the plebs, the only office open to him in which he could 
 introduce a bill for the banishment of Cicero. 
 
 30. asaertoresque unicos, etc. : the belief that the members of 
 the Claudian gens systematically opposed and hated the plebeians has 
 been shaken by Mommsen. The decemvir, at least, seems to have 
 been their friend. 
 
 Page 3. 1. mutare vestem: the regular Latin expression for 
 putting on mourning garb as a sign of distress. 
 
 3. tiibunoB plebi pulsaTerint : an act of impiety, as the person 
 of a tribune of the plebs was sacrosanct. 
 
 4. fratrem : Valerius Maximus, v. 4. 6, says that the Vestal did 
 this for her father. So Cicero, pro Cael. 14. 34. Her father (or 
 brother) was consul in 143 B.C. The reason the tribune had for inter- 
 fering was the fact that the ceremony was being held illegally. 
 
 8. utnimque : on both sides. 
 
 11. materno avo : i.e. the father of Tiberius' mother, Livia. 
 
 12. quamquam : see Introd. § 6, a. 
 
 15. Salinatore : M. Livius Salinator was condemned on the 
 charge of having unfairly divided the booty taken in the war against 
 the Illyrians, and he abstained from taking part in public life for 
 a considerable time thereafter. In his second consulship (207 B.C.) 
 he helped Claudius Nero, his colleague, defeat Hasdrubal on the 
 Metaurus. When censor in 204 b.c. he imposed a tax upon salt, 
 raising the price of this necessary article, in consequence of which 
 the surname Salinator was given him in derision. Cf. Livy, xxix. 
 37. 4. Drusisque : Drusus was the name of a distinguished family 
 of the Livian gens. With regard to the founder of the family 
 
148 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 3 
 
 nothing can be added to the account, probably legendary, given by 
 Suetonius. 
 
 16. universas tribuB : i. e. the whole thirty-five. Livy states that he 
 spared the Maecian tribe. notavit : in the technical sense of affix- 
 ing the mark of disgrace (noto) to one's name on the census roll. 
 levitatiB nomine i because of their fickleness; cf. Livy, xxix. 37. 13 
 seq. 
 
 21. pro praetore : this form of expression is used, as well as the 
 nominative propraetor. Gallia: i.e. cisalpine Gaul. 
 
 22. SenonibuB : the Senones, the tribe of Gauls who sacked 
 Rome in 390 B.C. 
 
 23. a Camillo : by Camillus. abnepos : for the force of the 
 prefix, see note on p. 107. 3. Possibly, instead of meaning a grand- 
 son's grandson, the word is here used indefinitely of a more distant 
 descendant ; cf. alavus. The individual referred to is Livius Drusus, 
 the tribune, who was colleague of C. Gracchus in 122 b.c. The senate, 
 frightened by the growing popularity of Gracchus, employed Drusus 
 to oppose him and undermine his influence. After thwarting many of 
 the measures of Gracchus, he proposed and carried several of virtually 
 the same purport, for which the senate secured credit ; hence the ex- 
 pression, ob eximiam operam, 'because of distinguished services.' 
 
 24. iilium : the life of this Livius Drusus (tribune, 91 b.c.) was an 
 active and exciting one. At first an advocate of the optimates, under 
 pretext of supporting his party he courted the favor of the plebeians 
 by imitating the measures of the Gracchi. He promised to secure for 
 the Italian allies the right of citizenship, and by their support and that 
 of the populace was able to force through certain measures, especially 
 that with regard to the indicia. His supporters became dissatisfied 
 with him because he failed to fulfil all his promises. The consuls, who 
 viewed him as a conspirator, plotted against him and he fell by the 
 hand of an assassin. 
 
 29. P. ScipioniB : father-in-law of Pompey. After his defeat in 
 Africa at the battle of Thapsus, 46 b.c, he slew himself. 
 
 30. Qalliam : i.e. transalpine Gaul. 
 
 31. quiB : the post-Augustan writers are fond of using this old 
 form of the dative and ablative of the pronoun. Narbo et Arelate : 
 cities of Gallia Narbonensis, and centres of Roman civilization in 
 Gaul. The Roman remains at Arelate, Aries, — aqueduct, theatre, 
 amphitheatre, etc., — are deservedly famous. 
 
 32. abolitionem facti decementibus : voting in favor of amnesty. 
 Facti refers to the murder of Caesar. 
 
Page 4] NOTES ON TIBEKIUS. 149 
 
 Page 4. 1. referendum censuit : he spoke in favor of entertain- 
 ing a motion. Referendum is the periphrastic infinitive. 
 
 2. ezitu anni : probably 42 B.C. 
 
 3. triumviros : Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus. retentis . . . 
 msignibuB : i.e. having retained the office. The insignia were the 
 toga praetexta, the sella curulis, two lictors within the city, and six 
 when the praetor was on foreign service. 
 
 4. L. Antonium : consul in 41 b.c. This Lucius and Fulvia, Pom- 
 pey's wife, for the purpose of causing dissension between Octavian and 
 Ponipey, refused to fulfil the part of the agreement made between 
 Octavian and Mark Antony, whereby the former was to have two of An- 
 tony's legions. In the contest that resulted, Lucius and Fulvia were 
 shut up in Perusia and forced to surrender after a long siege, 40 e.g. 
 
 5. ad Ferusiam : to the neighborhood of Perusia. 
 
 6. in partibus : in allegiance. The plural is usually employed to 
 denote a party or faction. 
 
 7. ad pilleiun : the pilleus was a felt cap placed upon the head of 
 a slave when he was freed; cf. the scene in Petronius, 41. The ex- 
 pression therefore means, 'to summon to freedom,' i.e. he promised 
 them freedom if they joined him. in Siciliam prohiglt : Velleius 
 Paterculus, ii. 75, tells how Livla, a woman noted for her virtue and 
 beauty, carrying in her arms the babe who in after yeai-s was to be 
 emperor, accompanied her husband in this flight from a man who was 
 soon to marry her and make her an empress. 
 
 9. Sezti Pompei : who had command of the forces and fleet of 
 the republic in Sicily. fascium usu prohibitum : because he no 
 longer had a right to them. See note on p. 4. 3. 
 
 11. brevi . . . pace : the peace of Brundisium, 40 b.c, according 
 to which Antony was to govern east of the Adriatic and have charge 
 of the Parthian war. Lepidus was to have Africa ; Octavian all the 
 rest, with the task of crushing Sextus. Antony was to confirm the 
 peace by marrying Octavia, Caesar's sister. This peace was supple- 
 mented a few months later by that of Misenum, by which terms were 
 made with Sextus. 
 
 13. iilitun : sc. Tiberium. petentd Augusto : cf. note on p. 4. 7, 
 and Aug. 62, Liviam Drusillam matrimonio Tiberi Neronis et quidem 
 praegnantem abduxit, dilexitque et probavit unice ac perseveranter. 
 Livia seems to have been a high-minded and virtuous woman of no 
 mean ability. Shuckburgh, in his note on the above passage, has cited 
 most of the statements in ancient authors in which she is mentioned. 
 
 15. DniBO : bom after Livia'a marriage to Augustus. 
 
150 NOTES ON TIISEKIUS. [Page 4 
 
 16. Fundis: Fundi, the modern Fondi, was an ancient town of 
 Latiurn on the Appian Way. 
 
 20. in Palatdo : on the Palatine ; the fashionable quarter. 
 
 21. XVI Kal. Dec. : November 10, 42 B.C. 
 
 22. per bellum Philippense : i.e. the campaign conducted by 
 Antony and Octavian against the tyrannicides headed by Brutus and 
 Cassias. The struggle was terminated by the battle of Philippi, 
 fought in the autumn of 42 B.C. 
 
 23. actaque : acta, sometimes used alone, sometimes modified by 
 the words publica, diurna, urbana, populi, etc., signifies the official 
 gazette published at Rome. This was the nearest approach to a 
 modern newspaper among the Romans. The acta contained informa- 
 tion of more general interest than the fasti, which were ofScial records. 
 Acta is sometimes used to signify the minutes or records of enact- 
 ments ; cf. Tib. chap. 73. 5, in actis senatus. 
 
 24. Hirti ac Pansae ; Hirtius was an officer and friend of Caesar, 
 and completed Caesar's commentaries on the Gallic war by adding the 
 eighth book. While cooperating with Octavian, he defeated Antony 
 at Mutina, 43 B.C., but was killed while storming the town. Pansa 
 had been wounded in a previous engagement at Mutina, dying a fort- 
 night after. The death of the consuls, leaving the republic without 
 its chief magistrates, greatly strengthened the position of Octavian. 
 
 27. iniantiam pueritiamque babuit, etc. . he passed his infancy 
 and youth amid hardships and disturbances. 
 
 28. apud Neapolim : for the force of apnd. see Inlrod. II. § 5 (I). 
 This use of apud is much affected by Suetonias and Tacitus. 
 
 29. sub irruptionem hostis : i.e. just as the foe was breaking into 
 the city. 
 
 Page 5. 1. mulierculaa : the diminutive is frequently used to 
 indicate the weakness of the sex. 
 
 3. in tutela Claudionim : i.e. the Claudian gens acted as their 
 patrons. 
 
 9. bullae aureae : the bulla was a hollow disk of gold, silver, or 
 leather, containing a charm, which was hung around the neck of boys 
 as a protection against the Evil Eye. The golden bulla was an indi- 
 cation of high birth. 
 
 11. nomine : sc. Gallio. All that is known of this Gallius, is that 
 he was of praetorian rank and belonged to the party of Antony. 
 
 12. partium : on the plural, see note on p. 4. 6. 
 
 13. pro rostris : on the front part of, i.e. from the rostra. 
 
Page 5] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 151 
 
 14. laudavit: the delivery of a, eulogy (laudatio funebris) was a 
 regular part of the funus of a distinguished man. It was usually pro- 
 nounced by a near relative of the deceased, but in the case of a funus 
 publicum, the duty might be assigned to a magistrate. Actiaco 
 triumpho : mentioned in ^m^. 22 as one of his three greater triumphs ; 
 the other two were for his achievements in IJalmatia and at Alexan- 
 dria. In the naval battle off the promontory of Actium (31 B.C.), 
 Octavian defeated Antony and Cleopatra. 
 
 15. sinisteriore funali equo : when four horses were harnessed 
 abreast, the two on the outside were called funales (trace-horses) 
 sinister et dexter, and the two between these, iurjales (yoke-horses). 
 Note the rare comparatives of sinister and dexter. Marcellus : 
 this is the Marcellus addressed by Virgil, Aen. vi. 8G0. lie was 
 the son of Gaius Claudius Marcellus, who had married the sister 
 of Octavian. 
 
 17. asticis ludis : games celebrated in the city, i.e. Athens, proba- 
 bly in honor of Bacchus ; hence in general, as here, games in honor 
 of Bacchus. The expression occurs only here and in Caliy. 20. 
 Actiacis, the reading of the old editions, has no manuscript authority. 
 Troiam : the reading of the Mem. manuscript ; lu.sit must be sup- 
 plied. A number of manuscripts (of the fifteenth century for the 
 most part) read Troianis. The Troia, or ludus Tmiae, was an eques- 
 trian sham battle, introduced into Italy, according to legend, by Aeneas 
 and the Trojans, as told in the Aeneid, v. 545-003. circensibuB : 
 ablative of time. The games of the circus began with a, magnifi- 
 cent procession, which passed from the Capitol through the Forum 
 around to the Circus Maxinuis, by way of the Forum Boarium. 
 Sometimes the emperor himself, clothed in triumphal robes and riding 
 in a chariot, led the way. A throng of noble citizens followed ; then 
 came the horsemen and charioteers who were to take part in the races ; 
 and finally, tlie priests and images of the deities. During the early 
 empire, the usual number of races was ten or twelve per day. Seven 
 times around the spina constituted a course. In addition to the races 
 the young nobles sometimes held reviews and contests at arms, as 
 indicated in the text by the word Troiam. 
 
 19. virili toga sumpta : the toga virilis was the ordinary toga 
 put on by the youth when he discarded the garb of childhood, toga 
 praetexta. The ceremony, as introducing the young man to public 
 life, was an important one, and took place in the presence of the rela- 
 tives and friends of the family, who then accompanied the young man 
 down to the Forum {deducere in forum). The toga virilis was not. 
 
152 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 5 
 
 as a rule, assumed earlier than the fourteenth, nor later than the 
 seventeenth, year. 
 
 21. per baec fere : in the following occupations, not to be too 
 explicit. 
 
 24. amphitheatro : the amphitheatre of Taurus in the Campus 
 Martius, constructed by T. Statilius Taurus, 27 B.C. This was tlie 
 only permanent structure of the kind in Rome, until the erection of 
 the Flavian Amphitheatre (the Coliseum). rudiariis: when honor- 
 ably discharged, the gladiator was called a rudiarius, because as a sign 
 of his dismissal he received a rudis, or wooden sword, the instrument 
 with which he had perfected himself in his art. Cf. Ilor. Epist. i. 1. 2. 
 
 25. auctoramento centenum milium : by stipulatiiuj to pay them 
 100,000 sesterces each ; about SJOOO. 
 
 26. inpensa matris : sc. pecunia, ablative of attendant circum- 
 stance. 
 
 27. Agrippinam : her full name was Agrlppina Vipsania. Marco 
 Agrippa : Augustus' famous general and adviser. He was a fellow- 
 student of Octavius at ApoUonia, and afterward took an active part in 
 the civil war, the successful outcome of which was in large part due 
 to his genius. He won for Augustus the battle of Actium. It was at 
 one time thought that Augustus had marked him for his successor. In 
 his third consulship Agrippa built the Pantheon. His second wife was 
 Julia, only child of Augustus. He died 12 b.c. Nepos, Att. 12, states 
 that Agrippa, though he might have married a woman of the highest 
 rank, was induced to marry the daughter of a Roman knight because 
 of his admiration for the character of her father, Atticus, who was 
 noted for his generosity and for his readiness to succor those in dis- 
 tress. Caecili Attici : T. Pomponius Atticus, Cicero's friend. It 
 will be remembered that Atticus was adopted by his wealthy uncle, 
 Q. Caecilius, and became his heir. According to Roman custom, 
 his name on adoption became Q. Caecilius Pomponianus, his gentile 
 name being retained in the adjective form. 
 
 28. ad quern sunt Ciceronia epistulae : Becker seems right in 
 regarding these words as a gloss. 
 
 30. quamquam : for usage, see note on p. 3. 12. bene conveni- 
 entem: i.e. although their relations were harmonious. 
 
 31. luliam : Augustus' only child. Her mother was Scribonia. 
 Though brought up with great strictness, she became notorious for hor 
 lax morals (hence luliae mores below), which so incensed Augustus 
 tliat he banished her, and even thought of putting her to death ; cf. 
 Aug. 65, and Tib. chap. 11. 26. 
 
Page 6] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 153 
 
 Page 6. 2. ut quam Bensisset : a relative clause expressing cause. 
 
 3. sub priore marito : cf. Aug. 63, ut is (Marcellus) obiit,- M. 
 Agrippae nttptum (dedit). 
 
 4. sed Agrippinam, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. i. 12, shows that Tiberius 
 resented her subsequent marriage with Asinius Gallus. 
 
 5. ex occtirsu : lit. on meeting. In connection with semel . . . 
 visam, render, 'the only time that he happened to see her.' 
 
 7. ei : i.e. Tiberius. 
 
 9. dissedit : he grew cold toward her. 
 
 11. DruBum fratrem in Germania, etc. . Dio, Iv. 2, says that 
 on hearing of Drusus' illness, Augustus sent Tiberius, who found his 
 brother still alive. Val. Max., v. 5. 3, tells of the grief of Tiberius at 
 the news, and describes his rapid journey to Drusus. The latter was 
 thirty years of age at the time of his death, 8 a.d. 
 
 14. regem Arcbelaum : king of Cappadocia. 
 
 16. Augusto cognoscente : cognoscere, as a technical term, signi- 
 fies ' to conduct a judicial investigation.' The expression means that 
 Augustus presided in this case. 
 
 17. Thyatirenis : people of Thyatira, a town of Lydia. 
 
 19. Varrone Muxena : he was adopted by P. Terentius Varro, 
 and was known as C. Proculeius Varro Murena. Augustus seems to 
 have reposed great confidence in him, and at one time thought of him 
 as a husband for his daughter Julia. He is the man referred to by 
 Horace, Carm. ii. 2. 5. Suetonius, Aug. 19, mentions this conspiracy, 
 which was formed in 23 B.C. Caepio and Murena failed to appear at 
 the trial, were condemned in their absence, and afterward put to death. 
 Cf. Veil. Pat. ii. 91, cum iniissent occidendi Caesaris {i.e. Augustus) 
 coHsilia, oppressi auctoritate publica, quod vi facere voluerant, iure 
 passi sunt. Dio. liv. 3, gives the most complete account. 
 
 20. maiestatis : treason ; see note on p. 2. 23. Here the majesty 
 of the state, as embodied in the person of the emperor, is meant. 
 condeznnavit : brought about his condemnation. 
 
 21. annonae : a genitive, looking back to curam. The important 
 and arduous task of keeping the city properly supplied with grain which 
 could be sold at a reduced rate was considered a duty of the govern- 
 ment. Originally the aediles had the supervision of this matter, but 
 under the empire a praefectus annonae was appointed, who became 
 the most important regular imperial official next to the praefectus 
 praetorio. Because of the decline of agriculture in Italy, the grain 
 had to be brought from the provinces over the sea, particularly Sicily 
 and Africa. When the importations were delayed by stress of weather 
 
154 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 6 
 
 or for other reasons, the supply often ran very low (c/. artior in the 
 text) and this caused the government extreme anxiety. 
 
 22. repurgandorum . . . ergaBtulorum : the er{ras««!a were prisons 
 for slaves who were punished by being made to work in chains in the 
 fields. Augustus, as stated by Suetonius, Aug. .j3, had ordered these 
 ergastula inspected. Tiberius, as liere indicated, made a more rigorous 
 investigation. The ergastula were done away with entirely by 
 Hadrian. 
 
 23. quasi: on usage, see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4). 
 
 25. sacramenti metua : i.e. fear of being pressed into military 
 service. 
 
 26. expeditione Cantabrica : i.e. in one of the two compaigns 
 which Augustus conducted in person. The other was the campaign in 
 Dalmatia ; cf. Aug. 20. The Cantabri, a wild race of highlanders of 
 northern Spain, made repeated raids upon the tribes subject to Rome. 
 Augustus, in 25 B.C., conducted in pei-son the campaign referred to 
 in the text. They were thoroughly subdued by Agrippa, 19 b.c. 
 
 27. ducto ad Orientem ezercitu : Velleius, ii. 94, states that 
 Tiberius' conduct was characterized by the display of every virtue 
 in his management of affairs in the east ; that he subdued Armenia 
 and gave the throne to Artavasdes. According to Tacitus, Tigranes 
 was first put upon the throne ; afterwards, Artavasdes. Armenia had 
 been reduced to the position of a kingdom dependent upon Rome, by 
 Antony's victory over Artabazes, 34 b.c. In 20 b.c. Artaxias, the 
 king, was murdered. Augustus, in the Mon. Ancyrannm., chap. 27, 
 says that he might then have made it a province, but preferred to 
 establish Tigranes upon the throne. This he did at the request of 
 the faction which had killed Artaxias. At the time, Tigranes was 
 living in exile at Rome. 
 
 28. pro tribunal! : on the force of pro, see note on p. 5. 13. 
 
 29. recepit et signa: in Aug. 21, the recovery, which was 
 effected by compromise, is attributed to Augustus. Tiberius was but 
 his general and representative. These were the standards lost by 
 Crassus, the triumvir, near Carrhae, 53 b.c. Dio, xl. 16-30, gives 
 a detailed account of the disaster. 
 
 30. Comatam Galliam : in Cicero's time, all transalpine Gaul 
 was so called (from the retention of the custom of wearing the hair 
 long) to distinguish it from the Romanized cisalpine province (Gallia 
 Togata). Later the name was used to signify Gallia Belgica, Lugdu- 
 tiensis, and Aquitania, as opposed to Gallia Narbonensis, anciently 
 called Gallia Bracata (wearing trousers). 
 
Pagb 7] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 155 
 
 31. anno : see Introd. 11. § 2, a (1). 
 
 32. Raeticum Vindelicumque, etc. : the early inhabitants of 
 Raetia were said to be Etruscans, but in the Roman period the ma- 
 jority of the inhabitants were Kelts ; cf. note on p. 76. 12. They 
 were subdued in the reign of Augustus. The Vindelici were the most 
 warlike tribe of Vindelicia, which was south of Raetia and afterward 
 a part of that province. Its chief town was Augusta Vindelicorum 
 (Augsburg). The Pannonians, probably of lUyrian origin, inhabited 
 the region between the Danube and the Alps. They were conquered 
 by the Romans about 33 e.g. In 7 a.d., with the Dalmatians 
 mentioned in the text, they revolted, but were subdued by Tiberius in 
 a three years' struggle, 7-9 a.d. On the campaign in Raetia and 
 Vindelicia, cf. Veil. ii. 95 ; Dio, liv. 22. On the Pannonian campaign. 
 Veil. ii. 96, suhinde bellmn Paiinonicum, quod incohatum ab Agrippa 
 Mnrcoque Vinicio, avo tuo consulari magnum atroxque et perquam 
 viciiium imminehat Italiae, per Neronem gestum est. 
 
 Page 7. 3. Germanico: cf. Aug. 21, Germanosque ultra Albim 
 Jluvium summovit. Tiberius conducted one of the campaigns. 
 
 6. ovana : for meaning, see note on p. 1. 15. The chariot, curru, 
 is mentioned, because it was not usual for those enjoying an ovation 
 to ride in one. piius, etc. : Dio, liv. 31, says that the senate voted 
 the triumph, but that Augustus substituted the ornamenta. Under 
 the empire, the members of the ruling family alone received the 
 honor of a regular triumph. Others received the ornamenta or title 
 (trinmphalis). The insignia (laurel crown, triumphal robe, and 
 chariot) were given only to the members of the imperial family, 
 so that for others the ornamenta triumphalia meant solely the 
 title. Cf. the expression cunsularia ornamenta, etc., which means 
 the insignia and honorary privileges, but not the office itself. 
 
 9. maturius: i.e. earlier than the age fixed bylaw. The earliest 
 ages at which the quaestorship, praetorship, or consulship could be 
 held by law at this period, were twenty-five, thirty, and thirty-two 
 respectively. These ofBces could not be held successively. At least 
 two years must intervene. 
 
 10. quaesturam, etc. : he was quaestor, 23 b.c, when nineteen 
 years of age ; cf. Veil. ii. 94 ; and consul for the first time, 12 b.c. 
 
 12. tribuniciam potestatem : Tac. Ann. i. 3, Jilius, collega impe- 
 rii, consors tribuniciae potestatis adsumitur. The possession of the 
 tribunician power by the emperor was of the greatest significance. 
 To be sure, many of the constitutional powers which it conferred 
 
156 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 7 
 
 came to him in other ways as well, but it made his person sacrosanct, 
 and pointed him out as the champion of the people. By virtue of it 
 he could veto the action of any magistrate ; but his actions could not 
 be vetoed, because he was not a tribune, though he possessed a trib- 
 une's power. So important was the tribunician power esteemed, 
 that its bestowal upon a person indicated that he was to be the suc- 
 cessor of the reigning prince. It was gi-anted for life to the emperor, 
 and in imperial titles, the number of years it had been held was 
 indicated. 
 
 15. dubium ozorisue taedio : cf. Tac. Ann. i. 53, spreveratque 
 (lulia) ut imparem ( Tiberium) nee alia tani intima Tiherio causa 
 cur Shodum abscederet. This was in 6 b.c. ; Tiberius was thirty- 
 six years old at the time. 
 
 17. assiduitatis fastidio : assiduitatis is subjective genitive ; cf. 
 the saying, ' familiarity breeds contempt.' 
 
 19. August! libeilB : the sons of Agrippa and Julia, Gains and 
 Lucius Caesar, adopted by Augustus. 
 
 21. ezempio M. Agiippae : cf. Aug. 66, cum ille (M. Agrippa) 
 ex levi frigoris suspicione el quod MarceUus sibi anteferretur, Mytile- 
 nas se, relictis omnibus, contulisset. 
 
 22. ne . . . videretur : such is the reason assigned by Veil. ii. 99, 
 cum Oaius Caesar sumpsisset iam ririlem togam, Lucius item maturus 
 esset viribus, ne fulgor suus orienlium iuvenum obstaret iniliis, dis- 
 simulata causa consilii sui, commeatum ab socero atgue eodem vitrico 
 adquiescendi a eontinuatione laborum petiit. 
 
 Page 8. 2. ad occasionem maioris spei : i.e. on the chance of 
 being able to realize his expectation of succeeding Augustus on the 
 latter's death. On the clause quasi . . . commoraretur, see Introd. II. 
 §6, t. 
 
 3. tantum non adveraia tempestatibua : with winds all but dead 
 ahead. 
 
 6. appulisset : the technical word for putting into port, as solvere 
 is the technical term for weighing anchor ; navem is to be understood. 
 
 9. mutuaque cum Graeculis, etc. . exchanging courtesies with 
 those Greeks, almost as if he were one of their number. Note the 
 diminutive Graeculi, often used by the Roman writers to signify their 
 contempt for the degenerate Greeks of their day. 
 
 12. in civitate : in the town. This use of the word civitas is, for 
 the most part, post- Augustan. 
 
 13. a prozimis aliter ezceptum : i.e. they thought that he 
 
Page 9] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 157 
 
 wanted all the sick brought, that he might view them all together. 
 On Tiberius' sulicitude for his sick soldiers, c/. Veil. ii. 114. 
 
 18. unum hoc : explained by ttie passage beginning cum circa 
 scholas below ; modo is the adverb. 
 
 19. ezseruisse : exercised. 
 
 21. antisophistas : disputing sophists. 
 
 24. apparitoribus : a general term indicating servants of magis- 
 trates, scribes, lictures, vialores, praecones, etc. It might here refer 
 to his vintores. 
 
 26. luliam uzorem, etc. : cf. Aug. 65, lulias filiam et neptem 
 timnibus probris contaminatas relegavit. 
 
 30. filiae : dative. 
 
 31. utcumque meritae : whatever her conduct. 
 
 32. dedisset : the subject is Tiberius. The exchange of gifts by 
 husband and wife was forbidden by Roman law, except in particular 
 instances. The gifts here mentioned would probably revert to the 
 husband, as the wife was the guilty party. 
 
 Page 9. 5. necesBitudinea : abstract for concrete ; see Introd. 
 II. § 1, <J. » 
 
 9. quasi legatua Augusto : apparently as the representative of 
 Augustus. 
 
 11. obnoziuin et tiepidum egit : he lived exposed to dangers 
 and filled loith apprehension. Note that the idiom agere followed by 
 the substantive is borrowed from the stage, and really means ' to play 
 the part of,' or ' act like ' : a form of expression to be distinguished 
 from agere used with the reflexive, se ngere, 'to behave.' 
 
 13. officia : i.e. the visits of courtesy and the marks of respect 
 which they attempted to show him. quibus frequentabatur, 
 etc. . cf. Veil. ii. 99, ' He spent seven years at Rhodes, and all pro- 
 consuls and legates, on the way to their provinces over the sea, used 
 to pay their compliments, and lower their fasces to him, though he was 
 at the time only a private citizen, if such majesty ever was private.' 
 
 14. nemine: classic style rejects the ablative and genitive of nemo, 
 employing nulla and nullius instead. 
 
 19. M. Iiolli : the same who suffered defeat at the hands of the 
 Germans, 10 B.C. ; cf. Aug. 23. Velleius, ii. 97, has nothing' but evil 
 to say of him, calling him greedy, unscrupulous, and extravagant. 
 Horace alone, Carm. iv. 9, among ancient writers, has a good word 
 for him, commending his integrity and strength of character. 
 
 20. beneficii aui : genitive of quality ; see Introd. II. § 2, d ; 
 
158 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 9 
 
 i.e. who had been advanced to their rank by him. a commeatu, 
 etc. .- as they icere returning to service after a furlouijh. They had 
 been on leave of absence, and as they were returning to the East, they 
 stopped to pay their respects to Tiberius. The suspicion was that lie 
 had given tliem treasonable documents to lake with them on their way. 
 25. factis atque dictis : dative governed by verbal noun cus- 
 todem. 
 
 27. ad pallium et crepidas : to the robe and slip2}ers ; namely, 
 the Greek garb in contrast to the Roman toga and sandals. 
 
 28. contemptior . . . et invisior : see Introd. II. § 4, a (2). 
 
 29. Nemausenses : Aemausus, modern Nimes, in Gallia Narbo- 
 nensis, like Aries and Narbonne, is famous for its Roman remains. 
 
 Page 10. 3. impensissimis : see note on p. 9. 28. 
 
 5. Augusto : for construction, see Introd. II. § 2, c (1). maioris 
 fill : Gains Caesar ; see note on p, 7. 19. 
 
 6. M. LoUio : see note on p. 9. 19. 
 
 7. in vitricum : Tiberius. 
 
 8. ne quam . . . attingeret : note that this is not a purpose clause, 
 but an example of the stipulalive substantive clause, originating in the 
 jussive subjunctive. A proper understanding of this stipulative con- 
 struction, first pointed out by Bennett, will be of great assistance to 
 the student. See Trans. Amer. Phil. Assoc. 1900. 
 
 14. ovum incubanti, etc. : Pliny, N. H. x. 154, in a discussion on 
 the hatching of eggs, cites this stoi-y. 
 
 20. Caesarum potestate : the empire. 
 
 22. apud PhilippoB: see Introd. II. § 5 (1). sacratae olim 
 victricium, etc. : i.e. Octavian's victorious legions had erected them. 
 
 25. Geryonis oraculum ; nothing further is known of this oracle. 
 
 26. ApSni : the fons Aponi or Aponus was a mineral spring about 
 six miles south of Patavium. talos: the dice of the Romans were 
 of two kinds ; the tesserae, which were cubes like modern dice, and 
 the tali. The latter were oblong, and rounded at the ends so that 
 they could not rest upon either of these. Two opposite sides were 
 marked, respectively, I and VI ; the other two, III and IV. Four of 
 these tali were used in playing. The highest throw was the (actus 
 venerius or Venus, i.e. when all sides came up different ; and the lowest 
 throw, the canis, i e. when they all displayed the same number. For 
 the description of a game in which a jack-pot was formed, see Aug. 71. 
 
 28. hodieque : to this very day. ante . . qucun revoca- 
 retur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (1). 
 
Page 11] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 159 
 
 29. aquila: Pliny, JV. H. x. 76, also states that there were no 
 eagles in Rhodes. 
 
 32. Ttirasyllum, etc. : Tac. Ann. vi. 21, tells the story more in 
 detail; cf. Dio, Iv. U. 
 
 Page 11. 1. contubemio : the use of this word to indicate the 
 abode where people live together, or ' the household,' is post-Augustan ; 
 cf. Calig. chap. 10. 6. Another late meaning is that of ' intercourse ' 
 with one's friends or teachers. 
 
 2. turn mazime ezpertus est : he on that occasion received the 
 most striking proof of the skill of Thrasyllus. Turn refers to the time 
 indicated above by pridie quam, etc. nave provisa ; by the ship 
 seen in the offing ; to be construed with efferri, or possibly an abla- 
 tive absolute denoting time, in which case construe with affinnantem. 
 Note the force of the prefix. 
 
 4. secretoram temere conscium : a dangerous confidant ; lit. 
 ' one rashly intrusted with his secrets.' 
 
 5. eo ipso momento : i.e. just before catching sight of the ship. 
 
 7. deducto . . Druso : on the significance of this act, see note 
 on p. 5. 19. 
 
 8. Carinis : the Carinae ('The Keels'), a fashionable quarter in 
 Rome, lying between the Caelian and Esquiline hills. Esquilias: 
 construed like the name of a town without a preposition. in bortOB 
 MaecenatianoB : these gardens were on the Esquiline Hill, and 
 afterward connected with the imperial residence by a gallery ; cf. Nero, 
 chap. 31. 2 and note. 
 
 10. privata officia : functions such as recitations of literary works, 
 betrothals, marriages, the putting on of the toga virilis, etc. ; cf. I'liny, 
 Epist. i. 9. 2. 
 
 12. Gaio et Lucio: see note on p. 7. 19. Gains was treacher- 
 ously wounded before Atagira in Syria, while treating for its surrender, 
 and died shortly afterward, 3 a.d. Lucius, while on his way to Spain, 
 fell ill at Massilia, and died there, 1 a.d. Tacitus' words, Ann. i. 3, 
 mors fato prnpera vel novercae Liviae dolus abstulit, show that there 
 were suspicions of foul play in the case of Gaius. adoptatur ab 
 Augusto, etc. : cf. Aug. 65, tertium nepotem Agrippam simulque pri- 
 vignum Tiberium adoptavit infiiro lege curiata. 
 
 14. coactus prius, etc : Dio, Iv. 13, states that Augustus, as a 
 check upon the ambition of Tiberius, compelled him to adopt Ger- 
 manicus, since he feared that the former might grow overbearing and 
 plot treason. 
 
160 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 11 
 
 18. aliter quam ut peculio . . . accepta : otherwise than as his 
 peculimn, lit. • otlierwise than to place them to tlie credit of his pecu- 
 hum,' i.e. not to receive them as property to be held independently 
 by him, but with the permission of Augustus ; foi peculium means the 
 property which a father allows his children, or a master his slaves, to 
 have as their own, but which technically remains a part of the father's 
 or owner's property. The idiom, rtferre acceptum, is a common com- 
 mercial term, meaning to enter on the books as received. In the 
 clause aliter quam ut re/erret, referret is an example of Bennett's 
 stipulative subjunctive ; see note on p. 10. 8 ; the stipulation in this 
 case, however, is simply a principle of conduct laid down by Tiberius 
 for himself. 
 
 21. Agrippa . . seposlto : Suetonius, Aug. 65, attributes this 
 action of Augustus to the low character and bad disposition of Agrippa 
 Postumus. He was sent first to Surrentum and afterward transported 
 to Planasia. 
 
 23. delegatus pacandae GeTmaniae : the task of subduing Ger- 
 many was assigned to him. status : the use oi status is somewhat 
 peculiar ; lit. ' the condition ' or ' state ' of subduing Germany. On 
 Tiberius' operations there, cf. XeW. ii. 10-5 seq., and ])io, Iv. 28. 
 
 25. In provincia : i.e. in Germany, provincia being used to signify 
 Germanioas' sphere of activity as a general. The provinces of Ger- 
 many had not yet been formed. sed nvmtiata Illyiici defectione : 
 6 A.D. Veil. ii. 110 seq., and Dio, Iv. 29, give detailed accounts of the 
 uprising. Velleius remarks : ' The whole of Pannonia waxing insub- 
 ordinate, as the result of uninterrupted peace, and Dalmatia, now in 
 the full maturity of her strength, drew into a confederacy all the 
 nations of that region, and took up arms.' The real reason of the 
 revolt was the harshness of the Roman rule in that district. 
 
 30. quamquam saepius revocaretur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5). 
 
 32. ultro : if taken with instaret, the meaning is, ' would presume 
 to harass them' ; if with cedentibiis, ' should they voluntarily retreat.' 
 The latter seems preferable. 
 
 Page 12. 1. toto Illyrico . . . perdomito: peace had been 
 made with the Pannonians in 8 a.d. They afterward rebelled and 
 were subdued as narrated in the text. 
 
 6. sub id fere tempus: viz. 9 a.d. Velleius, ii. 117, states that 
 within five days after the termination of the war in Pannonia and 
 Dalmatia, the terrible news came that Varus had been killed in Ger- 
 many, and that three legions, as many squadrons of cavalry, and six 
 
Page 13] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 161 
 
 cohorts had been cut to pieces. The disaster occurred in the Teuto- 
 berg forest. The Germans were led by their patriot and liero, Her- 
 mann. The entire story of this defeat — which was a terrible blow to 
 the Romans, both in loss of prestige and of men, for it was found 
 difficult to recruit the legions at this period — is told by Dio, Ivi. 18-24. 
 Suetonius, Aug. 23, gives a vivid account of the effect the news had 
 upon Augustus : " On receiving the news of this disaster, he ordered a 
 strict watch kept throughout the city to prevent any public demonstra- 
 tion, and continued in office the praefects of the provinces that the 
 allies might be controlled by persons of experience with whom they 
 were familiar. ... In short, we are told that he was thrown into 
 such consternation by the event that he let his hair and beard grow 
 for several months, and sometimes struck his head against the door- 
 posts with the cry, ' O Quintilius Varus 1 Give me back my legions ! ' " 
 7. nemine : see note on p. 9. 14. 
 
 14. triumphum ipse distulit : according to Yelleius, ii. 121, be- 
 cause he was still occupied with wars. 
 
 15. clade Variana : see above on line 6. 
 
 17. in Saeptis : the Sa«pta Julia. The saepta or ovilia were origi- 
 nally temporary wooden enclosures in the Campus Martius, into which 
 the people passed to vote. Julius Caesar formed the plan of construct- 
 ing marble saepta, the whole to be surrounded by a portico nearly a 
 mile in circumference. Agrippa completed and dedicated this work, 
 which was known as the Saepta lulia, or Agrippiana. 
 
 20. prozimo anno: viz. 10 a.d. repetita Germania: cf. 
 Veil. ii. 121, 'On receiving the news, Caesar hurried home to his 
 father ; and ever the patron of Roman dominion, he undertook as 
 usual to plead her cause. He was sent to Germany.' 
 
 22. nihil non . . egit : he took no action xoilhout the advice of 
 a council. 
 
 23. semper alias sui arbitrii : on all other occasions deciding for 
 himself. arbitrii : genitive of quality ; see Introd. II. § 2, d. 
 
 26. BOlito : neuter of adjective used as a substantive ; ' than 
 he usually displayed.' ezactiorem: see Introd. II. § 4, a (2). 
 traiecturus: see Introd. II. § 4, a (1). 
 
 Page 13. 1. si . . esset: see Introd. II. § 3, b (3). per 
 libelloB : i.e. in writing, to guard against mistakes. 
 
 4. disciplinam acerrime ezegit: Velleius' statement, ii. 114, 
 shows that Tiberius was able to discriminate in his punishments. 
 " He forgave those who did not follow the strict rules of discipline, in 
 
162 NOTES ON TIBEEIUS. [Page 13 
 
 so far as no injury was done by their bad example. He gave warn- 
 ing frequently, and wlien he punished, it was to correct and not to 
 avenge. He took a moderate course, passing much by unnoticed, and 
 checking some abuses." 
 
 7. quamvis . . permitteret: see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (.5). 
 
 9. quotiens . . . decideret: see Introd. II. § 3. 6 (3). 
 
 11. ostento Bibi, etc. : trusting to an omen in which he had im- 
 plicit confidence, because it had never failed his ancestors, when they 
 were conducting campaigns. Sibi is a dative with the adjective parti- 
 ciple expcrtissimo, while a maioribus is ablative of agent with the 
 same ; lit. ' most perfectly tested for him by liis ancestors.' Tliis is a 
 fine example of a participle used as an adjective and yet retaining 
 a verbal force. 
 
 13. Bnictero: the Bructeri, a tribe of northwestern Germany, are 
 mentioned by Tacitus, Ger. 33. They were inveterate foes of Rome, 
 and took part in the defeat of Varus. 
 
 16. quern distulerat: see p. 12. 14 and note. 
 
 20. Batonem : he surrendered to Tiberius after a severe war. The 
 adjective Pannonius is used to distinguish this man from Bato, chief 
 of the Bruci. 
 
 21. Ravennam : the port of Ravenna, three miles from the city, 
 which like modern Venice was built amid tidal lagunes, was one of 
 the two chief naval stations of the empire, the other being Misenum. 
 We have the testimony of Tacitus, Ann. i. 58 and ii. 63, for the fact 
 that Ravenna was the place of exile of the young son of Arminius 
 (Hermann) and of Maroboduus. Such persons were probably placed 
 under the charge of officers of the fleet. Honor was shown the sur- 
 rendered Bato, but he was withal a prisoner. 
 
 24. conglarium : originally a gift of oil or wine of the measure of 
 a couijius, distributed to the people. Afterward, as here, a largess in 
 money. 
 
 25. trecenos nummoB : about fifteen dollars for each person. 
 DtimmoB : lit. 'coins' ; is here, as often, equivalent to sestertios. 
 dedicavit .et Concordiae, etc. : according to Dio, Ivi. 25, the date 
 was 11 A.n. 
 
 26. PolluciB et Castoria : this had been dedicated in the year 
 6 A.D. by Tiberius. From the words of the text, it would appear to 
 have been afterward adorned with the spoils of war. The temple had 
 been built in 484 b.c. in memory of the assistance given the Romans 
 by Castor and Pollux at the battle of Lake Regillus, 498 b.c. (tradi- 
 tional chronology). The second restoration was that of Tiberius in 
 
Page 14] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 163 
 
 6 A.D. There was probably another restoration by Hadrian. The 
 three beautiful columns wliioh stand out so conspicuously in the 
 Roman Forum formed part of this temple as restored by Tiberius. 
 
 29. censum ageret: 14 a.d., the third census taken by Augustus. 
 Cf. Mon. Ancyranwn, chap. 8, tertuim consulari cum imperio lustrum 
 conlega Tib. Caesare filio feci Sex. Pompeio et Sex. Appuleio conss. ; 
 also Aug. 27. The right to supervise the morals and laws of the state 
 was given him for life, in virtue of which he thrice took the census, 
 though without the title of censor ; the first and third times in con- 
 nection with a colleague, but the second by himself. 
 
 32. fuitque una, etc. : Suetonius, Aug. 98, says that this long 
 conference with Tiberius was the last matter of importance to which 
 Augustus gave his attention before his death. 
 
 Page 14. 1. quasi . . . ezcepta sit: Introd. II. § 0, c. 
 3. tarn lentis mazillis: jaws that crunch so slowly; and hence 
 protract the agony. 
 
 9. adoptionem : Veil. ii. 10.3, says that Augustus had wanted to 
 do this after the death of Lucius, and while Gaius was still alive, 
 but had been diverted from so doing by the vigorous opposition of 
 Tiberius. vel etiam ambitione tractum, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. i. 10, 
 mentions, among other indictments brought against the character of 
 Augustus, that he had selected Tiberius as his successor, not influ- 
 enced by affection or regard for the welfare of the state, but to 
 enhance his own glory, which would be thrown into relief by the 
 infamy and cruelty of Tiberius. 
 
 10. deslderabilior : a very rare comparative form. 
 
 11. adduci . . quin, etc. : a peculiar form of expression , but one 
 readily accounted for. Adduci nequeo conveys a slight suggestion of 
 hindrance, which is carried out in the construction, quia existimem. 
 The normal construction would be either nequeo adduci ut, etc., or 
 nequeo impediri quin, etc. 
 
 17. proaequatur : bestows upon him the epithets, etc. 
 
 18. hino inde : on both points : equivalent to hinc et inde, and 
 referring back to the expressions peritissimttm and unicum praesidium. 
 
 19. A part of the Greek in this line is unintelligible in the Memm. 
 manuscript. Med. 1, 2, and 3 give ^wtio-ais re after iiwl xal mU, the 
 reading followed in the text. Render, ' warring for me and the Muses.' 
 
 20. ita aim feliz, etc. : the normal expression would be ita sim 
 felix itt vir fnrtissimus es, 'as I hope for grace, so you are,' but the 
 thought of the last clause is concisely expressed by the vocative. 
 
164 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 14 
 
 21. vo(ii(iclTaTe : most strict. Legitime is the Latin explanation 
 given on two manuscripts, and is the literal interpretation. 
 
 22. ordinem, etc. : accusative of exclamation. ' The arrangement 
 of your summer campaigns ! ' 
 
 23. Kal Too-auTnv, etc. . such apathy on the part of the army. 
 
 28. unus homo, etc. : a line modelled on one of Ennius, referring 
 to Fabius, surnamed C:unctator. The original has cunctando instead 
 of vigilando. 
 
 30. mediuB iidiua : adverb of asseveration, ' on my word of 
 honor.' Perhaps originally the full expression was me Dius Fidius 
 iuvet. Dius Fidius, originally identified with Jupiter as god of faith, 
 was afterward regarded by the Romans as a separate deity, and iden- 
 tified with the Sabine Semo Sancus. 
 
 Page 15 . 1. Toirou y' €(riro(«'voio, etc. : II. X. 246, ' Should he 
 follow, we may both return, e'en from blazing fire, for great is his 
 wisdom,' words applied to Ulysses by Oioniede. 
 
 6. imperi : this, the earlier form of the genitive, was probably 
 used by Augustus. It wa.s, however, in his reign that the genitive in 
 -ii from nouns in ius and ium supplanted the form in -i. 
 
 10. perosi sunt : not the perfect tense, but the adjective use of the 
 participle, which here has its active meaning, 'full of hatred toward.' 
 
 12. iuvene interempto: see Introd. II. § 6, 6 (1). Tacitus, Ann. 
 i. 6, states that Tiberius did not mention the execution in the senate, 
 pretending that Augustus had ordered the centurion of the guard to 
 despatch Agrippa as soon as he himself should pass away. Dio, Ivii. 
 3, mentions three rumors with regard to Agrippa's death : that his 
 execution was ordered by Augustus on his death-bed ; that the captain 
 of the guard took matters into his own hands, knowing that Agrippa 
 was plotting ; that Livia, without orders from Tiberius, had him put 
 to death. 
 
 13. ut Id faceret iubebatur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (2) ; the con- 
 struction is occasionally found, however, at all periods of the language. 
 
 15. quo : see Introd. II. § 6, e. 
 
 16. tumultus post se : see Introd. II. § 5 (2). 
 
 21. moz : equivalent to deinde. This meaning, rather than ' soon,' 
 is the prevailing force of the word in post-Augustan Latin. iure 
 autem tribuniciae poteatatis: cf. Tac. Ann. i. 7, "Not even the 
 edict calling together the senate did he issue on his own authority, 
 but in virtue of the tribunician power received from Augustus." On 
 the significance of the tribunician power, see note on p. 7. 12. 
 
Page 10] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 165 
 
 25. inlatum deinde August! testamentum : Suetonius, Aug. 101, 
 gives an extended account of this will. Tiberius and Livia are made 
 heirs. Legacies to his relatives and friends, to the Roman people, 
 legions, praetorian soldiers and cohorts, are enumerated. The will 
 also states that many of the legacies left to Augustus had been expended 
 by him iu the interests of the sUte. It is forbidden that the two Julias, 
 his daughter and grand-daughter, be buried in his tomb. Cf. Dio, Ivi. 
 32 ; Tacitus, Aim. i. 8, " At the first session of the senate, he allowed 
 nothing to be discussed but the funeral ceremonies of Augustus. The 
 ■will was brought in by the Vestals, and it was found that Tiberius and 
 Livia were appointed his heirs." 
 
 26. signatoribuB . . agnoacentibus : it was customary for the 
 witnesses both to sign and place their seals upon a will. The seal 
 and signature were placed upon the outside of the document. 
 
 30. ex parte dimidia et seztante : 5 + i\ = | ; heres ex besse 
 might have been used to express 'heir to two-thirds of the estate.' 
 Since the Romans used a duodecimal system in expressing their frac- 
 tions, the as being the unit, the shares into which an inheritance was 
 divided was expressed in twelfths; e.g. heres ex asse, 'heir to the 
 whole' ; exsemisse, 'to one-half ; ex triente, 'to one-third,' etc. 
 
 Page 16. 3. principatum : the empire; lit. 'the principate,' the 
 word used to signify the rule of the princeps, which last title best 
 expresses the position of the emperor, as head of the government and 
 the people. The words imperiiim and imperatiir always retain some- 
 thing of their technical military meaning, as in the passage from Taci- 
 tus cited next. quamvis . . . dubitasset : see Introd. II. § .3, b 
 (5). Cf. Tacitus, Ann. i. 7, who states that on Augustus' death, 
 Tiberius, as their imperator, gave the watchword to the praetorians ; 
 that armed guards surrounded the palace and accompanied him into 
 the Forum and Curia ; and that there were all other indications of an 
 imperial court. In fact, that he showed hesitation in nothing, except 
 when addressing the senate. Velleius' view, ii. 124, is difierent. He 
 represents that there was a veritable contest between Tiberius and the 
 state, the latter endeavoring to prevail upon him to become its prince, 
 and he struggling to remain in a private station. 
 
 4. Btatione militum : this refers to the excubiae, or detail of prae- 
 torians, on guard at the palace. Roth's text reads et stalione militum. 
 Madvig seems correct in considering the et of the manuscripts a repe- 
 tition of the last syllable of the preceding verb. 
 
 6. impudentisaimo mimo : with the most barefaced hypocrisy. 
 
166 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 16 
 
 10. ut quidam patientiam rumperent : so that some lost patience. 
 Cf. Tac. Ann. i. 1. 3, " Q. Haterius and Maiiiercus Scaurus had given 
 offence to Caesar, ever suspicious ; Haterius, by remarking, ' How long, 
 Caesar, are you going to leave the state without a head ? ' Scaurus, 
 by saying that there was some hope that the senate's wishes would 
 be complied with, in view of the fact that Tiberius had not vetoed the 
 bill of the consuls, which he might have done, in virtue of his tribu- 
 nician power." 
 
 13. praestare : perform. quod praestat tarde polliceri : was 
 slow to promise to perform what he was already performing. 
 
 15. nee tamen aliter, etc. : Dio, Ivii. 3, says that there was a 
 story that Tiberius pretended to agitate the policy of giving up his 
 power, in order to keep his enemies quiet, until his own power was 
 firmly established. 
 
 21. lupum auribus tenere : Terence puts this proverb into the 
 mouth of I'hormio, one of his characters ; Phorm. 506. 
 
 22. Agrippae : sc. Postumo. Clemens nomine, etc. : Tacitus, 
 Ann. ii. 39 (10 a.d.), mentions this attempt ; Dio also, Ivii. IG. 
 
 24. L. Scribonius Iiibo : Tacitus, Ann. ii. 27, calls him Libo 
 Drusiis, which was his correct name. Suetonius confuses him with 
 L. Scribonius Libo, the consul of the year. 
 
 25. duplex seditio : the revolt of the legions of Pannonia and 
 Germany in 14 a.d , a detailed account of which is given by Tacitus, 
 Ann. i. 16-30 and 31-50 ; cf Dio, Ivii. 4. 
 
 27. extra ordinem: .see Introd. II. § 5 (2). ut aequarentur, 
 etc. : the pay of the praetorians was double that of the ordinary soldier. 
 32. timens : i.e. Tiberius. 
 
 Page 17. 1. quando universae suificeTe, etc. : cf. Tac. Ann. i. 
 11. Dio, Ivii. 2, says that he selected assistants and was desirous of 
 dividing the government into three parts, retaining one himself. The 
 first division embraced Home and Italy ; the second embraced the 
 armies ; the third, the subject peoples. 
 
 7. in novitate : i.e. before his power was firmly established. 
 
 10. secespita: a long sacrificial knife of iron. 
 
 14. civilem admodum egit : he played a very unassuming role. 
 Civilis is applii'd to one who demeans himself as an ordinary citizen ; 
 hence, 'courteou.s,' 'affable,' 'unassuming.' On the idiom civilem 
 agere, etc., see notp on p. 0. 11. 
 
 17. plebeiB incurrentem circensibua : which happened to come 
 at the same time as the Plebeian Games of the Circus. These games 
 
Page 17] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 167 
 
 were given by the plebeian aediles November 4th to 17th. Tiberius' 
 birtliday was November 10 ; see note on p. 4. 21. 
 
 18. adiectione : i.e. in addition to those tliat would ordinarily run 
 at these games. 
 
 19. flamines : flamen was the name applied to any ]{oman priest 
 who was devoted to the service of one particular deity. Tlie. most 
 important was the flamen Dialis, or priest of Jove. After the deifi- 
 cation of the emperors, flamens were appointed to offer sacrifices to 
 them. The name was probably derived from flare, 'to blow up,' i.e. 
 a fire. 
 
 20. nisi pennittente se : see Introd. II. § 6, b (1). 
 
 21. ne . poneretur : that they should not be placed, etc. ; an 
 example of the stipulative subjunctive. See note on p. 10. 8. 
 
 22. inter ornamenta : the ornamenta of a temple consisted of 
 those objects which were consecrated to the temple by the faithful and 
 gradually accumulated in it. Macrobius, Sat. iii. 11. 6, enumerates 
 them thus : ornamenta vero sunt clipei, coronae, et huiusmodl donaria. 
 
 23. in acta sua iuiaretur : this oath to support the civil acts of 
 the emperor — not to be confused with the oath of allegiance {sacra- 
 mentum; in verba inrare) — is well explained by Dio, Ivii. 8: " The 
 custom which has always been observed on the first of January in the 
 case of Augustus, and all the following emperors, whose conduct has 
 been approved, of having all citizens take an oath to support what 
 these emperors had done, and were to do hereafter, Tiberius did not 
 allow in his own case, though he had himself taken such an oath in 
 favor of Augustus and had administered it to others." Cf. Tacitus 
 i. 72, who says that Tiberius did not allow any one to swear in acta 
 sua, for the higher one arose, he asserted, the more insecure became 
 his position. 
 
 24. September Tiberius, etc. : according to Dio, Ivii. 18, Tibe- 
 rius asked the subservient senators what they would do, should there 
 be thirteen Caesars. 
 
 25. cognomenque patiis patriae : the title had been granted to 
 Julius Caesar and Augustus. Tiberius persistently refused it in the 
 early part of his reign, as did Nero, Vespasian, and Hadrian. After- 
 ward it became a regular part of the imperial title. 
 
 26. civicam in vestibule coronam : the civic crown was of oak 
 leaves, and was granted for saving the life of a citizen. Augustus had 
 received this mark of honor, not for any individual case, but as the 
 perpetual preserver of the citizens. Note the position of the phrase in 
 vestibulo, and see Introd. II. § 5 (2). In the palaces of the nobles. 
 
168 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 17 
 
 the vesiibuhim was an open court before the structure, formed by the 
 two wings running out beyond the facade. The vestibulum was fre- 
 quently adorned with statues, arms, and trophies. In the Moil. Ancy- 
 ranum, chap. 34, Augustus states tliat the corona civica was placed 
 above his door. 
 
 29. nee amplius quam moz trea : no more than three afterxoard ; 
 i.e. three after becoming emperor. He had held two previously. For 
 the force of niox, see note on p. 15. 21. unum paucia diebus: 
 with Germanicus, 16 a.d. ; c/. Tac. Ann. ii. 53. 
 
 30. alterum tribuB menaibuB : his fourth consulship, 21 a.d., his 
 colleague being Drusus; c/. Tac. Ann. iii. 31. Under the empire the 
 term of office of the consul was shortened. This diminished the power 
 of the office, and yet allowed the emperor to bestow it as a mark of 
 favor upon more individuals than was possible under the old system. 
 Until Nero's death the term was usually six months. After that time, 
 two or four months ordinarily. The names of the first pair of consuls 
 for a given year (consules ordinarii) were used to indicate the year. 
 The consuls following in the same year were known as consules suffecti. 
 tertium abaena : viz. when in retirement at Capreae. His colleague 
 was Sejanus. usque in Idus Maiaa : viz. from January 1st until 
 May 15th. On the preposition in, see lutrod. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 Page 18. 2. conaularem : this was Q. Haterius. On Tiberius' 
 reason for being angry with him, see note on p. 16. 10. In the same 
 passage, Tacitus relates that Haterius came to the palace to appease 
 Tiberius. He threw himself at Tiberius' feet as he was walking by. 
 The emperor tripped in some way, in consequence of which Haterius 
 barely escaped being killed by the guards. 
 
 4. si quid . . diceretur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (3). 
 
 5. in continua oratione : in a set speech ; as contrasted with 
 conversation {sermo). 
 
 6. continuo : forthwith. 
 
 7. dominuB : from the first there was a tendency to call the em- 
 peror dominus, a title that indicated the respect felt by an inferior for 
 a superior. It hardly became a regular form of address until the time 
 of Septimius Severus. On the various uses of the term consult Hardy, 
 Pliny's Correspondence with Trajan., p. 78. 
 
 8. contumeliae causa : i.e. Tiberius' reproof implied that the 
 man had intended to insult him by addressing him as dominus. 
 
 9. auctore : implying that the man was there at the instigation of 
 Tiberius, rather than that he had advised (suasor) him to come. 
 
Page 19] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 169 
 
 11. adversus convicia, etc.- so Dio, Ivii. 9, who says that Tiberius 
 overlooked insolent conduct toward himself, but was jealous in main- 
 taining the respect due to the memory of Augustus. Ultimately, he 
 continues, Tiberius put many to death. 
 
 13. tirmuB : unmoved. 
 
 18. fenestiam : we say ' door ' in this connection. 
 
 21. locutuB alitor fuerit: if he shall speak ill of me. Loqui 
 aliter is probably equivalent to loqni secus, though the phrase does 
 not occur elsewhere with this force. It is not known to whom Tiberius 
 is referring. ut rationem reddam : as we may say, ' to give a 
 good account.' 
 
 26. humanitatiB : courtesy. 
 
 Page 19. 5. neque tam parvtun, etc.: cf note on p. 16. 3. 
 
 7. de quo non refeiretur : concerning which report teas not 
 made. Beferretur is here used impersonally. 
 
 8. monopoliiB : these monopolies were a fruitful source of com- 
 plaint on the part of the provincials. Pliny, N. H. viii. 135, in speak- 
 ing of the skin and quills of the porcupine, used in carding wool, 
 remarks : " From the monopoly of this article, great frauds and great 
 profits have resulted ; there is no subject on which the senate has 
 more frequently passed decrees, and there is not one of the emperors 
 who has not received from the provinces complaints respecting it." 
 
 10. deacriptione : distribution. 
 
 15. lectica quondam introlatuB aeger : Dio, Ivii. 17, remarks 
 that it was usual for senators who on account of ill health could not 
 go in the usual way, to be conveyed to the senate in litters. 
 
 17. ne questus quidem est: for an example of this moderation, 
 see Dio, Ivii. 27, where he tells of Tiberius' conduct toward those 
 who disagreed with him. negante eo destinatos, etc.. notioith- 
 standing his saying that magistrates when chosen ought not to be 
 absent, but remain in the city and devote their attention to the office 
 they had received, a praetor elect asked for and received permission to 
 travel with rank of ambassador. The verb acquiescere with the dative 
 seems, in several passages of Suetonius, to have the force of the ex- 
 pressions vacare or operam dare; cf. Vitell. 14, vaticinante Catta 
 muliere, cui velut oraculo acquiescebat. This meaning is not recog- 
 nized in the dictionaries (found, however, in the Thesaurus Linguae 
 Latinae), and the usual interpretation is, 'to be content with.' This 
 is the meaning of the verb when it is used with the ablative case, 
 with or without the preposition in ; cf. note on p. 30. 18. 
 
170 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 19 
 
 19. liberam legationem: the right of travelling as ambassador, 
 with all the rights and privileges pertaining thereto, though upon one's 
 own private business. 
 
 20. Trebianjs : inhabitants of Trebia (modern Trevi), a town of 
 Umbria. 
 
 21. munitionem viae : a paved road was called via mmnita, and 
 the technical expression for building it weis viam munire. Inasmuch 
 as roads were built by the Romans with great care, to make them 
 lasting works, and were usually graded, paved, and curbed with 
 well-supported stone-work, the appropriateness of the expression is 
 manifest. 
 
 23. per discesaionem : by division, i.e. those favoring the measure 
 went to one side of the house, and the opponents went to the other 
 (in omnia alia discedere). 
 
 28. trahi ae a Caeaare : were being kept from Caesar. 
 
 30. aaaurgere et decedere via : cf. Dio, Ivii. 11 : " He at all times 
 showed the magistrates as much respect as if he were living under a 
 republican form of government. He always rose in the presence of 
 the consuls, and when he invited them to an entertainment, he met 
 them at the door, and accompanied them to it when they departed." 
 
 Page 20. 2. omnium tribuendorom : sc. donorum, and note 
 the contrast between qnibusdam and omnium. 
 
 4. de maioribua ania . . . memorandi : cf. Cic. de Lege Agra- 
 ria, li. 1. 1, who states that it was usual for the successful aspirant 
 to a curule office to devote his first speech to the praise of his con- 
 stituents and of his own ancestors who had held curule offices. 
 
 7. parem moderationem : for a statement of the moderation of 
 Tiberius before the year 23 a.d., see Tacitus, Ann. iv. 6. Dio, Ivii. 
 7-l.S, also gives a sketch of the best years of Tiberius' reign. He 
 marks the first change for the worse after the death of Germanicus, 
 and a further decline after Tiberius' retirement to Capreae. 
 
 9. aine subaciiptione : according to Dio, Ivii. 11, this subscrip- 
 tion was a formula consisting of prayers addressed to the emperor. 
 
 12. aabbatia : every Saturday. This word sabbata was borrowed 
 from the Hebrews. It really means ' time of rest.' 
 
 13. aervolum: note the diminutive, 'an ordinary slave.' To send 
 an ordinary household slave would be a mark of disrespect. 
 
 16. praeaidibua ; the full expression is praesides provinciarum, a 
 general term applied to all provincial governors. It is more frequently 
 used, however, to designate governors of imperial provinces, whose 
 
Page 21] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 171 
 
 ofBoial title was legnti pro praetore, as in the present case. Eventually 
 the word praeses came to denote an inferior class of officers. 
 
 17. resciipsit : i.e. in his letters of instruction {rescripta) to pro- 
 vincial governoi'S. 
 
 18. boni pastoris, etc.. cf. Tacitus, Ann. iv. 6: "He saw to it 
 that the provinces should not be distressed by the imposition of new 
 burdens, and that the taxes already imposed should be collected with- 
 out cruelty or avarice on the part of the magistrates." Dio, Ivii. 10, 
 says that it was to Rectus Aemilius, when the latter sent a larger sum 
 than usual from Egypt, that Tiberius wrote back, using the proverb 
 about shearing his sheep. 
 
 19. principem ezseruit: revealed himself as prince ; lit. 'thrust 
 out the prince.' 
 
 24. pro tribiinali : on the force of pro, see note on p. 5. 13. ple- 
 ruinque se oiferebat : Tac. Ann. i. 75, states that Tiberius, not satis- 
 fied with the part he took in the legal investigations of the senate, 
 often sat on the bench with the praetor in the regular courts. The 
 historian remarks that, though the emperor did this in the interests 
 of justice, the practice was detrimental to liberty ; cf. Dio, Ivii. 7 ; 
 " He constructed a tribunal in the Forum, where he presided and 
 decided points of law, always having a body of advisers at hand, fol- 
 lowing an example set by Augustus." 
 
 25. assidebatque itiztim vel ezadversum in parte primori : 
 these words imply that there were two tribunals. Tiberius sat either 
 next the praetor, or on the corresponding platform at the other end of 
 the basilica. 
 
 28. religioniB: oath. 
 
 32. mercedibuB scaenicorum recisis : Tacitus, Ann. i. 77 (15 
 A.D.), also shows that measures were taken to restrict the amount 
 paid to actors. paribus gladiatorum : pairs of gladiators, i.e. 
 the number of matches at each exhibition was restricted. 
 
 Page 21. 2. mullos : a small fish weighing ordinarily about two 
 pounds. Epicures paid large sums for those of unusual size. Even 
 a three-poimd mullet was considered large ; cf. Hor. Ser. ii. 2. 32. 
 
 3. nummum : genitive plural, see note on p. 13. 25. venisae: 
 from veneo. 
 
 6. popinas ganeaaque : loto restaurants and eating-houses. 
 
 7. ut ne . . ainerent : i.e. the law did not allow these places, 
 which were often low dives in the guise of restaurants, to make a dis- 
 play of their wares to attract patrons. opera pistoria : pastry. 
 
172 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 21 
 
 Tacitus, Ann. iii. 52, in speaking of the extravagance of the time, uses 
 the word ganeae in the sense of ' gluttony,' showing that these places 
 had become notorious. 
 
 8. parBimoniam : frugality. The word is regularly used in a 
 good sense. 
 
 9. BoIlemnibuB : formal. 
 
 11. omnia eadem habere, etc. : that the parts tasted as good as 
 the whole. 
 
 12. cotidiana oscula : like the French and Italians of to-day, the 
 Roman men used to embrace and kiss on meeting. Pliny, N. H. 
 xxvi. 3, states that a loathsome disease of the face spread among the 
 nobles in the reign of Tiberius, and that the scourge was due to this 
 practice. strenarum : strena, a sign or omen, came to have the 
 meaning, ' new year's gift, ' given for the sake of the omen ; cf. French 
 etrenne. Dio, Ivii. 8, states that the reason for Tiberius' absence 
 from the city on the first of January was that he wished men to be 
 undisturbed by his presence at that season, and not to feel obliged 
 to bestow gifts upon him. Note the cynical turn given the thought 
 by the use of the word comynercium, as though this practice were 
 nothing but one of giving for value received. 
 
 13. quadruplam : i.e. of fourfold the value of the gift given him. 
 
 14. offensus interpellari : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). 
 
 15. potestatem Bui : i.e. the opportunity of meeting him and ex- 
 changing gifts. 
 
 16. ultra non tulit: did not endure it further; that is, the inter- 
 ruptions. 
 
 19. iuris iurandi gratiam fecit, uzorem, etc. : excused from his 
 oath and allowed to dismiss. For construction of dimitteret, cf. 
 Introd. II. §.S, 6(6). 
 
 22. ut . . exBolverentur : that they might be released from their 
 obligations and status of matrons, and thus escape the penally of the 
 laws. The laws on marriage and the relations of the sexes consisted 
 of a series of enactments. These were amplified in the reign of Augus- 
 tus during the consulship of M. Papius Mutilus and Q. Poppaeus 
 Secundus, Ob.c, and hence the new enactment was called called lex 
 Papia Poppaea. A woman convicted of adultery might lose one-half 
 her dowry, one-third of her property, and be banished. According to 
 Tacitus, ii. 85, if a woman made an open profession of prostitution 
 before the aediles (licentiam stupri apud aediles vulgaverat) she was 
 freed from the danger of suffering the penalties imposed by law. 
 This is what Suetonius means. 
 
Page 22] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 173 
 
 24. utriuaque ordinis : viz. of senatorial and equestrian rank. 
 
 25. quo minus in opera scaenae, He. : that they might not he 
 prevented by the decree of the senate from appearing in the arena 
 and on the stage. Such a decree was passed in tlie reign of Au- 
 gustus, 22 B.C. The most definite reference to it is found in Dio, 
 liv. 2. 
 
 27. famosi iudioii notam : i.e. they allowed themselves to be de- 
 prived by the censors, or by the emperor as praefectus morum, of their 
 senatorial or equestrian rank. 
 
 29. latum olavum : the broad purple stripe of the senator, on the 
 breast of his tunica; cf. the angustus clavus of the equestrians. 
 
 30. Kal. lul. ; the Roman moving day ; cf. Mart. Bpig. xii. 32. 
 After that date rents would not be held so high. 
 
 32. pridie sortitionem : on the day before he cast lots. Probably 
 on the day before he drew his province by lot. Why he divorced her 
 is a matter of conjecture. 
 
 Page 22. 1. Aegyptios ludaicosque ritus compescuit : Tacitus, 
 Ann. ii. 85 (19 a.d.), is not much more explicit. He states, however, 
 that four thousand freedmen were expelled to Sardinia, charged with 
 being disciples of these cults. From Josephus, Ant. Jud. xviii. .3, 4, we 
 learn the circumstances. The temple of Isis was destroyed and its 
 priests were crucified by Tiberius, because of an outrage perpetrated 
 by a Roman knight upon a woman of rank in this temple, with the 
 assistance of the priests. The Jews were punished because four of 
 that sect had persuaded one of their proselytes, a noble Roman lady, 
 to send as gifts to the temple of Jerusalem sums which they had 
 stolen. In general, it may be said that the Romans were very tolerant 
 toward foreign cults. They were aggressively hostile only toward 
 those creeds which, like the Christian and Jewish, were of a proselyt- 
 ing tendency and hostile to the state religion, or toward those which, 
 like Druidism, fostered national sentiments detrimental to Roman 
 dominion. 
 
 5. sacramenti : i.e. under pretence of enlisting them for military 
 service. 
 
 6. caeli : climate. similia sectantea : i.e. proselytes. 
 
 11. a grasaatuiiB, etc. : from prowling robbers and lawless con- 
 spirators. See Introd. II. § 1, d. grassatuiia ac latrociniia : a 
 case of hendiadys. 
 
 15. qnibua praetorianao cohortes, etc. . both Dio, Ivii. 10, and 
 Tacitus attribute this innovation to Sejanus. Suetonius, Aug. 49 
 
174 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 22 
 
 states that in Augustus' time most of the praetorians were kept in 
 the neigliboring towns, and but three cohorts quartered in the city. 
 'J'he site of this stationary camp of Sejanus, which, according to 
 Tacitus (Ann. iv. 2), lie established in the interest of discipline and 
 efficiency, was outside the Servian wall and northeast of the city. 
 The place is clearly marked by a square projection of the present 
 walls. 
 
 16. per bospitia : i.e. they had been billeted in scattered groups 
 throughout the city. cbntinerentur : subjunctive in relative clause 
 of purpose. 
 
 19. capita iactionum et histriones : Tacitus, Ann. iv. 14 (23 
 A.D.), represents the punishment as falling upon the whole body of 
 actors. Factioimm refers to the supporters and partisans of the dif- 
 ferent actors, who are elsewhere called fautores histrionum. How 
 zealous they were, may be inferred from the statement of Tacitus, 
 Ann. i. 77, with regard to a decree passed forbidding senators to pay 
 court to actors. Eelegatio sent the person so punished from Rome to 
 dwell in a specified place. This was less severe than deportatio, which 
 was accompanied by personal restraint, loss of citizenship, and con- 
 fiscation of property. 
 
 21. PoUentina plebs : the populace of Pollentia, a. city of Pi- 
 cenum. 
 
 22. funus: i.e. the cortfege. piimipilaris : of the rank of 
 primipilus, or centurion who originally commanded the right wing of 
 the first maniple of triarii. 
 
 24. a Cotti regno : the kingdom of Cottius embraced the tract 
 now known as the canton of Bianijonnais. The adjacent moun- 
 tains were named the Cottian Alps in honor of the sovereign. His 
 kingdom became a Roman province in the time of Nero. Cf. Strabo, 
 iv. 1. 3. 
 
 27. decurionum : the members of the senate (ordo) of munici- 
 palities and colonies were called decuriones. 
 
 28. asylorum : cf. Tacitus, Ann. iii. 60 (22 a.d.), who states 
 that the right of asylum was being greatly abused in the Greek cities, 
 and the temples thronged with crowds of worthless slaves. Debtors, 
 too, and even those charged with capital crimes, took advantage of 
 this custom to effect their escape. 
 
 29. CyziceniB . . . ademit : this was in the year 25 a.d. 
 TacitUR, Ann. iv. 36, besides the cause mentioned here, states that 
 they had neglected to perform certain ceremonies in honor of 
 Augustus. 
 
Page 23] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 175 
 
 Page 23. 4. eztractos ad se : induced to visit him. 
 
 5. Maroboduum : he was brought up at Rome. After becoming 
 leader of the Marcomaniii, he established a powerful kingdom. He 
 spent the last eighteen years of his life in exile at Ravenna, dying in 
 35 A.D. ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 62-t)3 ; Veil. ii. 108. Rbascupolim : 
 Augustus had divided Thrace between Rhascupolis and his nephew, 
 Cotys. The latter was killed by his uncle in the early part of the 
 reign of Tiberius. Rhascupolis was finally Jjanished to Alexandria 
 and put to death, 18 a.u. His history is given quite fully by Tacitus, 
 .4)!)!. ii. 64-67. Archelaum: the king to whom Cappadocia was 
 given by Mark Antony, 30 b.c. ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 42. 
 
 10. Antio : Antium, modern Anzio, a town of Latium, twenty-eight 
 miles from Rome. The place was noted for its temple of Fortune. 
 The prophecies were delivered by two Eortunae, called by Martial, v. 
 1. 3, veridicae sorores, and by Suetonius, Fortunae Antiatinae. See 
 Caliy. chap. 57. 6. 
 
 14. profectionem praepararet: Tacitus, Ann. i. 47 (14 a.d.), 
 states that after making elaborate preparations, he put oS his journey 
 on various pretexts, and imposed upon the provinces for a long lime. 
 ,17. Callippides: proverbial for a 'slow-coach.' Cf. Cic. ad Att. 
 xiii. 12. 3, bienniiim praeteriit cum ille KaXXiiri^ijs ansiduo cursu 
 cuhitum nullitm processerit. 
 
 20. Germanicus : on his adoption by Tiberius, see above on 11. 
 14. In 16 A.D. Tiberius, influenced by jealousy, according to Tacitus, 
 recalled Germanicus from his victorious career in Germany, and placed 
 him in complete control of the East. Some thought that secret in- 
 structions had been given Piso, governor of Syria, to thwart and 
 embarrass Germanicus. It was also rumored that Plancia, Piso's wife, 
 had been instigated by the Empress Livia to annoy Agrippina, wife of 
 Germanicus. Germanicus' illness and death were attributed to sorcery 
 and poison employed by Piso. Of this, however, there is no proof. 
 For the whole story, cf. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 69 seg. Drusus : Tibe- 
 rius' own son. He was poisoned, 23 a.d., by his eunuch Lygdus, 
 incited to the deed by Sejanus ; cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 8 ; Dio, Ivii. 22. 
 
 21. secessum Campaniae petit: Tacitus, Ann. iv. 57, remarks 
 that most authors attributed his retirement to the influence of Sejanus, 
 but inasmuch as Tiberius continued in retirement for six years after 
 the fall of Sejanus, he is inclined to attribute it to the emperor's 
 morose and licentious character. Other causes suggested are, shame 
 because of his disgusting personal appearance, and the arrogant con- 
 duct of his mother. 
 
176 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 23 
 
 22. conatanti et opiniode : Tacitus, Ann. iv. 58, relates that the 
 astrologers asserted that Tiberius left Rome under such a conjunction 
 of the planets that return was impossible. Many, jumping at the 
 conclusion that he was soon to die, spread such a report and paid the 
 penalty with their lives. 
 
 23. quasi . . . rediturus : a rather interesting case of the use of 
 quasi and a participle, instead of a tinite verb iu a substantive clause, 
 as explained in Introd. II. § U, c. 
 
 24. quod paulo minus utrumque evenit : both of which lacked 
 but little ofcuminy true. I'aulo is ablative of degree of difference. 
 
 26. Tarracinam : a town of Latium formerly called Anxur. 
 Some distance from this is the modern village of Sperlonga {Upelunca), 
 where a cave showing traces of ancient decoration may still be 
 seen. praetorio: a magnificent country villa. A post-Augustan 
 meaning. Originally it meant the headquarters, or dwelling, of the 
 general {praetor). 
 
 27. complura et iiigentia saza, etc.: according to Tacitus, Ann. 
 iv. 59, Sejanus protected the emperor from the falling debris by 
 interposing his own body, and was found in this posture by the 
 soldiers who came to the rescue. 
 
 30. Capitolium : this was a temple of Jove placed on the Capitol 
 at Capua, and corresponding to the Capitolium at Rome. Nolae: 
 the place of Augustus' death. 
 
 31. causam . praetenderat : cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 57 (26 a.d.), 
 abscessit, specie dedicandi templa apud Capuam lovi, apud Nolam 
 Angusto, sed certus procul urbe degere. 
 
 32. Capreas : modern Capri. This beautiful little island, nine 
 miles in circumference, lies south of the gulf of Puteoli. Tacitus, 
 Ann. iv. 67, speaks of its charms, and states that its climate was mild 
 in winter because of the protection afforded by mountains, and cool in 
 summer because exposed to the west winds, and that its outlook over 
 the bay of Campania was delightful. 
 
 Page 24. 3. revocante assidua obtestatione : persistently en- 
 treating and adjuring him to return. 
 
 4. apud Fidenas : for force of apud, see Introd. II. § 5 (1). Fide- 
 nae (also in singular Fidena) was situated at the junction of the Anio 
 and the Tiber, five miles from Rome. The amphitheatre fell because 
 of poor construction ; cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 62. 
 
 11. decurias equitum : though a disputed point, it seems best 
 to understand decuria here as a judicial term. Suetonius else- 
 
Page 24] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 177 
 
 where always says decuriae iudicum. On the latter, cf. note on 
 p. 27. 2ti. 
 
 13. praesides ullos mutaverit: for the word praestdes, see 
 note ou p. 20. Iti ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 80, who says that it was Tiberius' 
 custom to leave many officials in military and judicial positions for life. 
 
 14. Bine consularibus legatis: Hispania Tarraconensis and 
 Syria were imperial provinces governed by legati consulares, whose 
 official title, however, was legati Augusti pro praetore. The official 
 title of all governors of senatorial provinces was proconsiiles, whether 
 they were consulars or praetorians. 
 
 16. Gallias: i.e. transalpine Gaul. The word is in the plural be- 
 cause of the four divisions ; see note on p. 6. 30. 
 
 17. neglezerit: he disregarded the fact that. Note that the infini- 
 tives occvpari and vastari are in object clauses, magno dedecore, 
 etc. : ablative of attendant circumstance. 
 
 18. ceterum secreti licentiam nanctus : but having secured the 
 freedom that privacy guarantees. 
 
 21. tiro: the word is here used literally of a novice in military 
 affairs. It is also figuratively applied to the young man who has just 
 put on his toga virilis, his formal introduction into the Forum being 
 called tirocinium fori, and the day of the ceremony dies tirocinii; cf. 
 Nero, chap. 7. 19. 
 
 23. BiberiuB : as if from the verb bibere. Caldius : as if from 
 calda, a kind of hot punch. Mero : as if from merum, ' unmixed 
 wine.' 
 
 24. piinceps in . . . correctione : though Claudius assumed the 
 title of censor, 48 a.d., the emperors ordinarily undertook the regulation 
 of public morals under the title praefecti morum, the office referred to 
 here. 
 
 25. Pomponio Flacco : the man appointed by Tiberius to con- 
 duct the campaign against Rhascupolis. He is highly praised by 
 Velleius. He died, 34 a.d., while serving as procurator in Syria. 
 L. Pisone : probably the father of the two Pisos addressed by Horace 
 in Epist. ii. 3 {Ars Poetica). 
 
 27. alteri Syriam : viz. Flaccus. alteri praefecturam urbis : 
 viz. Piso. Praefeetura refers to the office of the permanent imperial 
 official known as praefectus urbi, the emperor's representative in the 
 city. 
 
 28. codicillia : i.e. in the documents which conferred the offices. 
 
 29. omnium horarum amicos: i.e. they were friends for all 
 occasions. 
 
178 NOTES ON TIBEKIUS. [Page 24 
 
 30. notato : c/. note on p. 3. 16. 
 
 32. cenam condizit: he invited himself to dine (with Sestius). 
 
 Page 25. 2. ignotissimum : see Introd. II. § 4, c. 
 
 4. amphoram : an amphora contained about seven gallons. It 
 seems probable, in view of the present passage, that the word was 
 also used to signify a large drinking vessel. Render, tankard. ses- 
 tertia ducenta : 200,000 sesterces ; about $10,000. 
 
 6. induxerat: represented, lit. 'brought on,' an expression bor- 
 rowed from the stage. ofiiciiim instituit a voluptatibus : insti- 
 tuted an office of master of amusements; a voluptatibus signifies the 
 duty, lit. ' from the point of view of pleasure.' For further examples 
 of this construction, see Nero, chap. 49. 28 and note. 
 
 8. tenax : this is contradicted by the statements of Tacitus and 
 Velleius I'aterculus. The former, Ann. i. 75, states that Tiberius was 
 always ready to pay out money for honorable projects, a virtue he re- 
 tained after losing all others ; and again, iii. 18, he terms him, satis 
 firmus adversum pecuniam. The latter, ii. 130, says that he assisted 
 many with his own private means, especially at the time that the 
 Caelian hill was ravaged by fire. Dio, Ivii. 10, after enumerating 
 acts of generosity, adds: "He never killed any one to secure his 
 wealth, and did not, at least at that period, confiscate any one's 
 goods, nor secure money by unlawful means." 
 
 10. una modo liberalitate . . prosecutus : i.e. treating them 
 generously on but one occasion. 
 
 12. sescenta aestertia : 600,000 sesterces ; about $.10,000. 
 
 14. gratonim : favorites ; but the reading is doubtful. 
 
 15. neque opera ulla magniiica : contradicted by Velleius ii. 130, 
 but his words are indefinite : " How many edifices he constructed in 
 his own name or in those of his kindred ! " Tacitus, Ann. vi. 45, says 
 that he did complete these two works, but only these, and that he left 
 them undedicated, either because of his advanced age, or because he 
 scorned display. Dio, Ivii. 10, states that his only new work was the 
 temple of Augustus ; and this is probably correct, as it was only the 
 stage of Pompey's theatre that Tiberius reconstructed. It is believed 
 that the temple of Augustus stood on the side of the Palatine facing 
 the Capitol. Pompey's theatre was built in 55 b.c, and was the first 
 permanent theatre at Rome. 
 
 19. rariBSime interfuit : contradicted by Dio, Ivii. 11, who says 
 that Tiberius made it » special point to be present at the games and 
 spectacles. 
 
Page 25] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 179 
 
 20. Actium manumittere : this is probably the case referred to 
 by Dio, Ivii. 11, where he states that Tiberius was so fair and just 
 that when the people demanded the manuuiission of an actor, he 
 would not permit it until the owner had siguified his willingness and 
 had received liis price. 
 
 22. nisi eenatui . . probassent: Tacitus, Ann. i. 76, attributes 
 this conduct on the part of Tiberius to his love of severity, which he 
 displayed even in meritorious actions. Velleius' explanation (ii. 129) 
 is more favorable. He implies that the senate was asked to pass upon 
 such cases in the interest of frugality and economy. 
 
 25. auctore Augusto, etc. : i.e. on the advice of Augustus, he 
 married and raised a family. 
 
 27. proposito mUies, etc. . offering to loan for the space of three 
 years the sum of 100,000,000 sesterces without interest; cf. Dio, 
 Iviii. 21. Roth's text reads sestertio, a conjecture of Glareanus 
 for sestertium of the manuscripts. In view of the fact that almost 
 without exception the manuscripts of Suetonius read sestertium in 
 passages where the numeral adverb is used, and where the sum 
 expressed is in the genitive and ablative (passages in Roth always 
 amended to sestertii and sestertio), it seems much safer to regard 
 the numeral as an indeclinable substantive and sestertium as genitive 
 plural. In the present passage proposito milies is ablative absolute. 
 It must be acknowledged, however, that the forms sestertio and 
 sestertii do occur in such constructions with manuscript authority, 
 especially in Tacitus. The two constructions probably existed side 
 by side. See Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. VII., 
 p. 210 seq. 
 
 29. quibusdam dominis, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. iv. 64 (27 a.d.), tells 
 how the people murmured and said that Tiberius had formed the plan 
 to be absent, knowing it to be a, year boding disaster. Their com- 
 plaints were silenced by his generosity. On the occasion of a severe 
 fire ten years later, Tiberius again came to the assistance of his people. 
 This is passed over in silence by Suetonius. A corps of vigiles had 
 been formed in the year 6 a.d., one of whose duties was to protect 
 the city from these frequently recurring conflagrations. insularuin : 
 insulae was the name given to the compact blocks, the apartment 
 houses of the Romans. The detached mansion with its grounds was 
 called domus. 
 
 30. magna diffioultate nummaria : this stringency of the year 
 3-3 A.D. was due to the fact that all debts were called in, as explained 
 in note on p. 26. 3. 
 
180 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 26 
 
 Page 26. 1. cum per senatus consultum, etc. : after having 
 ordained by decree of the senate, that money-lenders invest two-thirds 
 of their possessions in land. 
 
 3. debitores totidem, etc. : the evident intention of the decree 
 was, that the debtors might be enabled to pay two-thirds of their 
 debts by making over land to the money-lenders, who were ordered to 
 invest two-thirds of their money therein at a fair market price ; but 
 the scheme did not work {nee res expediretur) , because the money- 
 lenders, having eighteen months (Tac. Ann. vi. 10 and 17) in which 
 to comply with the requirements of the decree, called in the whole 
 amount due them, which it seems they were not prevented from doing 
 by the terms of the decree. They then waited, before purchasing, 
 until the land decreased in value, as it soon did, because of the amount 
 thrown on the market by the hard-pressed debtors. aeris alieni : 
 debt, — the ordinary Latin expression. 
 
 4. temporum atrocitatem : the hard times. 
 
 6. vocail Augustum iusserit : according to Tacitus, this was 
 suggested by the senate, and not ordered by Tiberius. It does not 
 appear that the suggestion was carried out. 
 
 7. militi post duplicata, etc. : from Tacitus, Ann. i. 36, we learn 
 that this was a concession granted by the letters which Germanicus 
 pretended he had received from Tiberius, but which he had himself 
 composed, in order to quiet the uprising of the German legions. I)io, 
 Ivii. 5, distinctly says that Germanicus paid this without the knowl- 
 edge of Tiberius, who afterward approved the act, and granted the 
 same to the legions of Pannonia. 
 
 8. praeterquam : ior praeterquam quod (sc. largitus est), a post- 
 Augustan usage. Bingula milia denarionim : 1000 denarii apiece ; 
 about 8200. 
 
 9. Seiano : Aelius Sejanus, prefect of the praetorian guard. He 
 was a son of Seius Strabo, a Roman knight, and was for eight years 
 the favorite and prime minister of Tiberius, whom he persuaded to 
 retire to Capreae, he himself remaining at Rome in full charge of the 
 government. When consul in 31 a.d. he was detected in a plot to 
 kill the emperor. He was deposed, and the senate ordered him to in- 
 stant execution. For his character, rf. Tac. Ann. iv. 1, and for his 
 death, see note on p. 30. 18. 
 
 12. misBiones : after twenty years' service, the legionaries were 
 entitled to an honorable discharge and a pension. The praetorians 
 served sixteen years. Under Augustus the legionaries served sixteen 
 years, and under Hadrian twenty-five years. 
 
Page 26] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 181 
 
 13. compendium captams: i.e. by their death he would be freed 
 from the necessity of pensioning them. With regard, however, to 
 Tiberius' generosity, see note on p. 25. 8. 
 
 14. diaiectis terrae motu civitatibus: 17 a.d., when twelve 
 populous cities of Asia were destroyed ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 47. With 
 reference to the Sardinians, whose loss was heaviest, Tacitus states 
 that Tiberius promised them 10,000,000 sesterces, and a remission for 
 five years of all their dues to the treasury and privy purse. For the 
 word civitas, see note on p. 8. 12. 
 
 16. procedente moz tempore : a very clear illustration of the 
 force of mox in post-Augustan Latin. See note on p. 15. 21. 
 
 17. Cn. Lentulum : consul, 14 b.c, with M. Liciuius Crassus. He 
 was a man of great wealth, but of contemptible spirit. He is always 
 called Augur, to distinguish him from Cn. Lentulus, surnamed 
 Gaetulicus. 
 
 19. angore : anguish of spirit. A much stronger word than 
 anxietas. et ut ne quo, ecc. : and with the intent that he might 
 die, leaving no other heir than himself. Madvig would emend by 
 striking out the et before ut. 
 
 21. Lepidam : daughter of Lucius Aemilius Lepidus and Cornelia, 
 who was a granddaugliter of Pompey the Great and Sulla the dictator. 
 For a further account of the charges brought against her, cf. Tac. 
 Ann. iii. 22 and 23. She ultimately committed suicide. Ann. vi. 40. 
 in gratiam Quirini : to please Quirinus. This man was consul, 
 
 11 B.C. 
 
 24. Galliarum : see note on p. 24. 16. Hispaniarom : i.e. the 
 provinces this side and beyond the Ebro from Kome. 
 
 27. quam quod partem, etc. : they must have been prosecuted 
 because they kept more money hoarded than was allowed by the ordi- 
 nance of Julius Caesar (de modo credendi possidendique intra Italiam 
 cavetur, Ann, vi. 16). The amount lawful to keep was probably 60,000 
 sesterces ; cf. l)io, xli. 38. 
 
 29. iuB metallonim : the right of mining. Under the republic 
 most of the mines and quarries were owned by private individuals. 
 In the time of the empire, whether in senatorial or imperial provinces, 
 they were worked for the emperor, and the income formed part of the 
 revenue of the Jiscus and private purse. The workmen were generally 
 slaves or criminals, sometimes soldiers or free laborers. Vononem : 
 this man, educated at Rome, had succeeded to the throne of Parthia. 
 He was driven into Armenia and there accepted as king, but was after- 
 ward removed by the Romans into Syria ; cf. Tac. Ann. ii. 1-4. From 
 
182 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 27 
 
 Tacitus' account {Ann. ii. 68), it does not appear tliat Tiberius had 
 anytliing to do witli his death. 
 
 Page 27. 1. in Druso : for Tiberius' affection for his brotlier, see 
 note on p. 6. 11. 
 
 2. de cogendo ad restituendam, etc. : cf. Claud, chap. 1.11; 
 Tacitus, Ann. i. 33: "The memory of Drusus was revered by the 
 Roman people, for it was generally believed that it was his intention 
 to restore their liberty to tliem, should he become emperor." 
 
 4. luliae uzori, etc. : on her banishment, see note on p. 8. 2(i. 
 On his accession, Tiberius allowed her to die of neglect in her place 
 of banishment ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 53. 
 
 5. tantum afuit ut . . impertiret : so far was he from dis- 
 playing any kindness or natural affection, etc. quod minimnm 
 est : this clause following relegatae signifies that her banishment was 
 the least of her miseries. 
 
 8. peoulio: for meaning, see note on p. 11. 18. 
 
 9. annuia : annual stipend; from annua, arum. per speciem 
 public! iuris: under prHence uf a well-dffined principle of law ; ius 
 publicum or ius publicum et tralaticium (cf. Aug. 10) signifies a right 
 that belongs to every one. 
 
 11. gravatuB ; vexed at ; this construction of gravor with an object 
 noun is poetical or post-Augustan. 
 
 16. Liviae filiuB : Tacitus, Ann. i. 14, states that he was so angry 
 at the suggestion of these titles that he would not even allow a lictor 
 to be appointed to attend his mother. 
 
 21. abBtdneret: Introd. II. § 3, 6 (0). 
 
 22. aedem VcBtae : this temple had been destroyed by fire, 241 
 B.C., was again burned in the great fire 64 a.d., and still again in 
 the reign of Commodus. The present fragments belong to various 
 periods, but the lowest substructure does not antedate the period of 
 the empire. The last restoration was made by Julia Domna, wife of 
 Septimius Severus, in the third century a.d., and the temple stood 
 in a perfect condition as late as 1489. 
 
 24. ad simultatem usque : to actual enmity. 
 
 26. decuriaB : each order of the jurors formed a decuria ; thus 
 there had been a decuria of senators, one of knights, and one of tri- 
 buni aerarii. Caesar omitted the tribuni ; and Augustus excused the 
 senators. The latter, taking in citizens of humbler rank, increased 
 the number of decuriae to four, and Caligula (see note on p. 51. 2), 
 after the importance of the office had passed away, introduced a fifth- 
 
Page 28] NOTES ON TIBEKIUS. 183 
 
 27. albo : dative. Album is the roll of any public body. Album 
 iudicum is here meant. 
 
 29. iDtolerantia morum : his insufferable character. 
 
 30. sacrario : a shrine or chapel. She may have kept the mask 
 and relics of Augustus in this shrine. 
 
 32. inter cauaas secessus : but c/. note on p. 7. 15. 
 
 Page 28. 3. horis : Introd. II. § 2, o (1). mox : see note on 
 p. 15. 21. 
 
 4. dum . . . facit : join this clause closely in thought with mora, 
 which is itself an ablative of cause. 
 
 6. prohibuit consecrciri : his directions were, ne caelestis religio 
 decerneretur; c/. Tac. Ann. v. 1 and 2; Dio, Iviii. 2. The funeral 
 oration was pronounced by Gains, her gi-eat-grandson. qnaeh see 
 Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4). 
 
 7. testamentum : Livia's legacies were afterward paid by Caligula ; 
 c/. Calig. chap. 16. 4. 
 
 10. et in antliam : the antlia wa.s a contrivance for raising water 
 for purposes of irrigation ; in form it was usually a chain pump or 
 bucket wheel ; if the latter, the condemned worked it as a tread-mill. 
 On the force of et, see Introd. II. § 6, d. 
 
 13. alteriuB vitiia : Dio, Ivii. 14: "Drusus was subject to such 
 bursts of passion, that he flogged a Roman knight ; so prone to intoxi- 
 cation, that one night, when forced to send assistance to people suffer- 
 ing from burns they had received in a conflagration, he ordered hot 
 water poured upon them when they asked for water ; such a devoted 
 partisan, that he aroused tumults among the actors and did not enforce 
 the laws that Tiberius had passed to remedy such disturbances." 
 
 15. perinde : as much as might be expected, lit. ' in like manner.' 
 
 16. tantum non statim: all but immediately, i.e. almost immedi- 
 ately, a funere : for the preposition, see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 17. iustitio : mourning. The original meaning is, ' cessation of 
 court business' (ius sistere). As the usual reason for closing the 
 courts was because of mourning, this is the prevailing meaning of the 
 word in imperial Latin. 
 
 20. vicem eorum : ore their account. For construction of vicem, 
 consult Bennett, Lot. Gram. 185, 1 ; Appendix, 310, 3. 
 
 22. elevarit: disparaged. 
 
 23. ceu : equivalent to tamquam. The word is poetical ; or, in 
 prose, post-Augustan. 
 
 24. propter . . . famem : Tacitus, Ann. ii. 59, evidently gives 
 
184 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 28 
 
 slight credence to the story of the famine. He says that Germanicus 
 went to Egypt to view its antiquities, official duties being made the 
 pretext ; he continues, levavitque apertis horreis pretia frugum mvl- 
 taque in vulgus grata usurpavit. 
 
 26. causa mortis : see note on p. 23. 20. 
 
 27. quern moz huius, etc. : and Dome believe that he, whett 
 charged with the crime, would have produced his orders, but for the 
 fact, etc. The following words, ea secreto ostentant quae, cannot be 
 construed, as the text is corrupt and a lacuna probable. Seemingly 
 the idea to be expressed is that the orders were secret and that he 
 dared not divulge them, since if he did his own life would be in danger. 
 The common reading is, ea secreta obstarent per quae, etc. Tacitus, 
 Ann. iii. 16, states that he had heard old men say that a document 
 had been often seen in Piso's hands, which his friends asserted to be a 
 letter from Tiberius, ordering Piso to oppose Germanicus; that the 
 intention of Piso was to lay it before the senate in his own defence, 
 but that he was beguiled by Sejanus' promises. 
 
 30. redde Oennanicum : Tacitus, Ann. ii. 82, gives a vivid descrip- 
 tion of the feelings of the people on hearing of Germanicus' illness and 
 danger. 
 
 Page 29. 2. si non dominaris, filiola, etc. : Tacitus' version 
 (Ann. iv. 52) is : correptamqne Graeco versu admonuit non idea laedi 
 quia non regnaret. Filiola is a diminutive of affection, sarcastically 
 employed. 
 
 6. vocare : address. 
 
 7. se . . . accersi : that he was being arraigned. The form 
 accerso for arcesso is archaic. cum praestructum, etc. : Tacitus, 
 Ann. iv. .54, attributes this scheme to Sejanus. 
 
 10. ad statuam August!, etc. ; according to Tacitus, Ann. iv. 
 67, she was advised to do this by the hirelings of Tiberius, and 
 although she rejected the advice, she was accused of having had such 
 intentions. 
 
 11. Pandatariam : an island about twenty-five miles south of 
 Latium, and west of Campania. The elder Julia had also been ban- 
 ished to this place. 
 
 13. mori inedia destdnanti, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 25, suggests, 
 however, that she may have been forced to starve herself. Dio, Iviii. 
 22, simply remai-ks that Tiberius was charged with cruelty in the 
 matter of Agrippina's death. 
 
 16. Imputavlt : took credit to himself. 
 
Page 30] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 185 
 
 17. Gemonias : sc. scalas, i.e. 'stairs of lamentation.' This was 
 a flight leading from the career to the Forum, and passing the Tulli- 
 anum, or lower dungeon of the career. It was on these stairs, near 
 the Tullianum, that the bodies of malefactors were exposed. 
 
 21. tres nepoteB : ef. Calig. chap. 7. 11. 
 
 23. morte liberorum : i.e. of his own son Urusus, and his adopted 
 son Germanious. 
 
 24. patribUB commendavit : this was in the year 20 a.d. ; cf. Tac. 
 Ann. iii. 29. 
 
 25. diem tirocinii : see note on p. 24. 21. congiario : see note 
 on p. 13. 24. 
 
 27. pro eorum quoque salute, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. 
 iv. 17, this action was induced by adulation, not by affection for the 
 youth. On the emperor's words, non debere, etc., as given by Sueto- 
 nius, the remark of Tacitus makes a good commentary ; quae (adu- 
 latio) moribus corruptis perinde anceps, si nulla et ubi nimia est. 
 egit cum senatu : he discussed the matter with the senate, saying. 
 
 29. interiore animi sui nota : his real feelings in the matter. 
 Nota here means 'quality,' 'character'; strictly it is the stamp or 
 label indicating the quality ; cf. Hor. Carm. ii. 3. 8, interiore nota 
 Falerni. 
 
 30. obnozioB reddidit : exposed them. 
 
 32. accuBavit per litteras : on the testimony of Tacitus, Ann. 
 V. 3, he had composed a letter directed against Agrippina and Nero, 
 but had been prevented from publishing it by his mother during her 
 life. 
 
 Page 30. 5. uncos : the hooks with which tiie bodies of male- 
 factors were dragged to the Tiber. The hook was fastened in the 
 neck. adeo alimenta subducta, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 23, says 
 that he prolonged his life until the ninth day by eating the stuffing 
 of the mattress. 
 
 7. reliquias dispersas : cf. Dio, Iviii. 22, " All were deeply grieved 
 to hear that he had forbidden the bones of Drusus and Agrippina to 
 be laid in the Mausoleum of Augustus, and that he had ordered them 
 secretly buried, that they might never be found." Caligula, how- 
 ever, finally placed the remains of Nero, Drusus, and Agrippina in the 
 Mausoleum ; cf. Dio, lix. 3. vir quandoque : with difficulty some 
 time after. 
 
 8. viginti sibi, etc.. Tiberius followed the precedent established 
 by Augustus, in maintaining this privy council. Aug. 35, sibique in- 
 
186 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. • [Page 30 
 
 stituit consilia sortiri semenstHa cum quibus de negotiis ad frequentem 
 senatum referendis ante tractaret. Cf. Dio, Ivii. 7. 
 
 13. Aelium Seianum : see note on p. 26. 9. The account of his 
 death is among the lost portions of Tacitus' works. For a detailed 
 account of his influence and fall, see Dio, Iviii. 2-15. An English 
 translation of these chapters may be found in Allen's edition of the 
 Annals of Tacitus, pp. .343-353. Also cf. Juv. Hat. a. 56-113. ad 
 auinmam potentiam, etc. : Suetonius' reason is but a shallow one, and 
 is not supported by tlie statements of other authors. Dio, Iviii. 14, in 
 stating that the charge of being Sejanus' friend was sufficient to cause 
 one's condemnation, says : " As though Tiberius had not loved him ; 
 for which reason, others, too, had been so devoted to him." 
 
 15. nepotemque : Tiberius, son of Drusus, killed by Caligula ; cf. 
 Calig. chap. 23. 20. 
 
 16. suum naturalem: his own, i.e. not by adoption. 
 
 18. GraeculoB : see note on p. 8. 9. quibus vel maziine ac- 
 quiescebat : to whom he devoted a great deal of attention. Quibus 
 is dative. For the meaning of acquiescere with the dative, see note 
 on p. 19. 17. If quibus be taken as ablative, render ' in whom he took 
 especial delight.' This is the rendering of the Thesaurus Linguae 
 Latinae, but the first seems preferable. 
 
 19. ezquisitiuB sermocinantem : holding forth in far-fetched 
 phrases. 
 
 21. molesta : labored, or affected; a meaning common in Latin 
 rhetoric. dialectoa (JidXeicTos) ; nominative singular; a Greek 
 word In Latin dress. 
 
 22. Cinariam : probably the same as Cynara, a small island in the 
 Aegean Sea, named' from the artichoke (itirapa) which it produced. 
 
 23. secesBum : i.e. at Rhodes. 
 
 25. Seleucum : a celebrated grammarian of Alexandria, who 
 taught at Rome. He wrote a number of commentaries on the Greek 
 poets and was surnamed Homericus. 
 
 26. quoque : from quisque. 
 
 28. contubemio : see note on p. 11. 1. 
 
 30. lenta : phlegmatic. 
 
 31. TbeodoruB : an eminent rhetorician ; a native of Gadara in 
 Syria, but he taught at Rhodes. Quintilian, Inst. Or. iii. 1. 17, states 
 that Tiberius, while at Rhodes, showed great interest in attending his 
 lectures. rbetoricae : sc. artis ; i.e. advanced instruction in com- 
 position and oratorj', as given by the rhetor. 
 
 32. Bubinde : noio and then. 
 
Page 31] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 187 
 
 Page 31. 1. TTiiXov aC)i,aTi irci^vpaiUvov : mud kneaded toith blood. 
 2. id est lutiun, etc. : a gloss. 
 
 4. moderationis simulatione : see introductory note on Tiberius, 
 p. 143. 
 
 5. Bcurram : probably an ordinary jester, and not one of the mimes 
 who sometimes followed and bantered in the funeral procession. Die, 
 Ivii. 14, says that some one was seen to whisper in the ear of a dead 
 man, and when asked what he had said, replied that he had com- 
 manded the corpse to announce to Augustus that the people had as 
 yet received nothing, referring to the legacies that Augustus had left 
 them. 
 
 8. recipere debitiun : a play upon the word debitum ; ' what was 
 due him,' i.e. his portion of the legacy, or death, which latter was the 
 emperor's meaning. 
 
 11. pemeganti: perneffo, 'to refuse absolutely,' is archaic and 
 post- Angus tan. 
 
 12. PompeianuB: a Pompeian, i.e. subject to proscription and 
 death, as were the partisans of Pompey. acerba cavillatione, 
 etc. : making a biting pun upon the man's name, and the misfurtvne 
 of the old party, i.e. the I'ompeians. On the plural, partium, see 
 note on p. 4. 6. 
 
 14. iudicia malestatis cogi, etc. : proceedings against treason to 
 be pressed. On meaning of maiestas, see note on p. 2. 23. Tacitus, 
 Ann. i. 72, gives the name of this praetor as Pompeius Macer. He 
 also remarks that Tiberius revived the old law of maiestas, but gave 
 it a wider application than of old. As illustrated in the following 
 examples, anything that injured the dignity of the state as represented 
 in the person of the emperor, might be construed as treasonable ; cf. 
 Dio, Ivii. 19. 
 
 16. Btatuae quidam, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. i. 74 (15 a.d.), states that 
 in the trial of Granius Marcellus, praetor of Bithynia, this among 
 other charges was brought against him, but that he was finally ab- 
 solved from the charge of treason. 
 
 18. per tormenta quaesita est: i.e. the witnesses were treated 
 like slaves whose testimony could be received only under torture. 
 
 21. cecidiase : from coedo, ' to beat. ' effigiem: i.e. Augustus'. 
 
 23. eziBtimatione aliqua laeaisBe : to have criticised. 
 
 26. multa praeterea . . . factitavit, etc. : moreover, he com- 
 mitted so many cruel and savage deeds under the guise of strictness in 
 correcting the morals of the state, but really following his natural 
 instincts, that, etc. 
 
188 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 31 
 
 29. nonnulli veraiculiB, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. i. ^^2' 
 these verses were directed against his cruelty and haughtiness and the 
 discord between himself and his mother. By a law of the Twelve 
 Tables, defamatory writings were strictly prohibited. 
 
 31. asper et immitis, etc. : these lines of poetry are in the elegiac 
 distich. 
 
 Page 32. 1. non milia centum : i.e. not a quarter of the 400,000 
 sesterces (820,000) that constituted a knight's estate. 
 
 2. omnia si quaeras, etc. : if you insist on knowing all, you are 
 also an exile at Rhodes. ezsilium : place of exile; predicate 
 nominative. 
 
 6. quam bibit ante merum : on his love for drink, see note on 
 p. 24. 23. 
 
 7. Felicem: Sulla was sumamed Felix, 'the happy,' or 'fortu- 
 nate.' Punning upon this, the author of the lines says, ' fortunate for 
 himself, not for Rome.' Romule : the name of the founder of 
 Rome is used poetically to indicate the Roman people. 
 
 8. sed reducem : but after his recall ; i.e. when he vented his 
 cruelly upon his foes. 
 
 15. volebat accipi: he desired them to he taken. The clause 
 quasi . . . Jingerentur is to be joined closely in thought with accipi. 
 oderint dum probent : cf. the saying attributed to Caligula, oderint 
 dum metuant, Calig. chap. 30. 27. 
 
 16. dein vera plane, etc. : his subsequent conduct proved them 
 but too true. 
 
 17. quam : equivalent to postquam, but used in this way only 
 when the word quam can be connected with some expression denoting 
 time, as diebus in the present passage. 
 
 24. viridiario : park. The viridiarium was an ornamental garden. 
 The picture of one from Herculaneum shows some birds and dogs 
 walking about the grounds. 
 
 25. capite : with death. The word caput may often refer merely 
 to the political life or status of a citizen. It is used in the present 
 instance with reference to the physical life. 
 
 26. piimarum cotaortiimi : a legion was divided into ten cohorts ; 
 but inasmuch as the word cohors was applied to any body of troops 
 not connected with the legions, it seems best to understand the ex- 
 pression as equivalent to cohortium praetoriarum ; otherwise the 
 plural is puzzling. 
 
 28. moz in omne genus crudelitatis, etc. : this was especially 
 
Page 33] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 189 
 
 true after the death of his mother, who, according to Tacitus, Ann. v. 3 
 (29 A.D.), exercised a strong control over Tiberius; nor did Sejanus 
 dare to oppose her authority. 
 
 29. nepotum : tlie children of Germanicus and Agrippina. 
 
 30. nurus : Agrippina. 
 
 Page 33. l. post cuius mteritum, etc.: cf. Tacitus, Ann. vi. 19 
 (23 A.D.), who states that he ordered put to death indiscriminately 
 people of every age and both sexes who were then in custody charged 
 with being attached to Sejanus. 
 
 4. commentario : this memoir is mentioned in Dom. 20, praeter 
 commentarios et acta Tiberi Caesaris nihil lectitabat. 
 
 7. alterum : Nero ; killed, 31 a.d. altenun : Drusus ; killed, 
 
 33 A.D. 
 
 9. longum est : it would be tedious. Note the idiom where one 
 might expect the subjunctive ; but cf. the English expression, ' 'Tis a 
 long story.' 
 
 12. religiosus : a dies religiosus was a day of ill omen, on which 
 no business of importance could be undertaken. It was so called 
 because originally dedicated to the gods of the lower world. Aulus 
 Gellius, iv. 9. 5, says that many incorrectly call that kind of a day 
 nefa.itus, a day on which court and assemblies could not be held, and 
 it is certainly so used occasionally by Latin authors. sacer : seeuis 
 to be here used with about the same meaning as religiosus, but inten- 
 sified ; render, accursed. 
 
 13. ineunte anno novo : kept as a festival by the Romans. On 
 the practice of giving gifts on this day, see note on p. 21. 12. 
 
 15. interdictum ne, etc. : even when being dragged to the Tiber, 
 the bodies of the condemned icere surrounded by armed men to keep 
 bade the friends, who were not allowed to give the coipses burial, even 
 when cast up by the river; cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 19. Dio, Iviii. 16, says, 
 however, that Tiberius at first not only allowed the friends of Sejanus 
 to mourn him, but forbade any one to interfere with another's expres- 
 sion of grief. 
 
 17. nemini delatorum, etc. : credence was given every informer. 
 
 19. obiectum est poetae, etc. : the poet was Mamercus Scaurus, 
 and his accuser. Macro ; Tac. Ann. vi. 29. Dio, Iviii. 24, says that 
 the tragedy was entitled Atreus, that Tiberius took the allusion to 
 himself, and forced the author to commit suicide. Becker thinks that 
 he detects a lacuna in line 20, and suggests as a reading, in tragoedia 
 Agamemnone principem, etc. 
 
190 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 33 
 
 21. et bistorico, etc. : the historian was Cremutius Cordus ; Tac. 
 Ann. iv. 34. Dio, Ivii. 24, states that he, too, committed suicide. 
 
 23. quamvia probarentvir : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5). 
 
 26. BermoniB et colloquii : speech and conversation. 
 
 27. certi : the transfer of certus from the thing to the person who 
 is determined to do a thing, is a usage that became current in prose 
 through the influence of the Augustan poets. 
 
 31. nemo punitonim non : every one who had been put to death. 
 GemoniaB : see note on p. 29. 17. unco : see note on p. 30. 5. 
 
 Page 34. 3. vib adhibita Vivendi: i.e. they were compelled to 
 live. 
 
 6. recognoBcendis custodiis : custodiae, with the meaning of 
 'persons kept in custody,' or 'prisoners,' is post- Augustan ; cf. 
 Introd. II. § 1, d; recognoscere with the same force as recensere be- 
 comes more common after the Augustan period. 
 
 10. aff uerit : Introd. II. § 3, a (2). nano: it was customary 
 for the wealthy Romans to keep dwarfs and buffoons (copreae) as a 
 means of amusing themselves and their guests ; cf. Sarmentus in the 
 suite of Maecenas, Hor. Serm. i. 5. 52 seq. 
 
 14. Paconi : this was Marcus Paconius, one time legatits of Silanus, 
 proconsul of Asia. In Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 28, he is referred to as a 
 hater of princes. 
 
 17. veneno interemptum : this, according to Tacitus, Ann. iv. 8, 
 was not discovered until eight years afterward. 
 
 18. Livillae : called Livia by Tacitus ; she was a sister of Ger- 
 manicus. 
 
 19. cognovit : he learned this through Apicata, the deserted wife 
 of Sejanus, after the latter's death ; cf. Dio, Iviii. 11. 
 
 24. ciliquis ex neceBsariis quaestioni : i.e. some one whose 
 testimony was necessary in the investigation. Ex necessariis is parti- 
 tive. 
 
 31. per fallaciam : they were induced, under the pretence of good 
 fellowship, to drink copiously. 
 
 32. fidicularum : of the cords. The word is a diminutive of fides, 
 ' string of a musical instrument.' 
 
 Page 35. 2. ThrasylluB: the famous astrologer. See note on 
 p. 10. 32. Dio, Iviii. 27, states that Thrasyllus, after accurately cal- 
 culating the hour of his own death, stated that the emperor would 
 live ten years longer than he. 
 
Page 35] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 191 
 
 5. Buspectum haberet : note the predicate use of the participle 
 with habere ; lit. ' he had Gaius suspected.' From this it is but a step 
 to the use of habere as an auxiliary verb. This Gaius was afterward 
 the emperor Caligula. ez adulterio : between Livilla and Sejanus. 
 
 10. praetrepiduB : a post-Augustan intensified form of trepidus. 
 coatumeliis obnozius : exposed to insult. 
 
 13. dlBicere : suppress. 
 
 14. PraeneBtinarum Bortivun -. of the oracle of Praeneste. At 
 Praeneste, the modern Palestrina, there was a temple of Fortuna 
 Primigenia, or firstborn daughter of Jove, with an oracle often men- 
 tioned under the name Praenestinae sortes. The origin of the oracle 
 in the finding of the sortes is told by Cicero, de Div. ii. 41. These 
 sortes were tablets of oak with letters carved upon them. Of sortes in 
 general, Cicero remarks : " What, then, is a lot ? Much the same as 
 the game of mora or dice, and other games of chance in which luck 
 and fortune are everytliing, and reason and skill are nothing." He 
 goes on to say that all that kept the Praenestinae sortes from falling 
 into contempt was the beauty and antiquity of the temple there. 
 
 16. unmn et alteium : these two cases are mentioned by Tacitus, 
 Ann. vi. 27 ; the officials were Aelius Lamia and Arruntius. Else- 
 where (Ann. i. 80) he makes the general statement : "He finally 
 became so undecided that he assigned provinces to soice whom he 
 was never to send from the city." 
 
 18. donee : the use of this conjunction with the subjunctive to 
 denote an actual fact is common in post/Augustan Latin. The usage 
 began with Livy. See Introd. II. § C, /. 
 
 21. ezsequenda curaxent : curare followed by the gerundive is 
 equivalent to the English idiom, ' to have a thing done.' nunun ac 
 nepotea : Agrippina, Nero, and Drusus. 
 
 22. obBUtaque lectica : i.e. the curtains of the ^ectica were sewed 
 together that those within might not be seen. 
 
 23. loco movit : transferred : i.e. from one place to another ; loco 
 is ablative of separation. 
 
 25. quamviB . . . videret : Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5). Cf. Dio, Iviii. 
 2, "For the number of statues which the senate, knights, tribes, and 
 influential men erected In his honor, surpasses all calculation." 
 
 29. ut a ae, etc. : Sejanus' presence as consul would be required at 
 Rome. coUegam aibi adsumpsit : Die's statement (Iviii. 4) is the 
 same. After Tiberius heard that Sejanus had won the favor of the 
 most powerful and influential men of the state, and was concealing 
 his actions, he thus attacked him, as indicated in the text. 
 
192 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 35 
 
 30. longo intervallo : after a long interval. 
 
 31. ape aifinitatis, etc. : he led Sejaiius to believe that he would 
 give him the daughter of his son Drusus. 
 
 32. tribuniciae potestatdB : on the significance of this power, see 
 note on p. 7. 12. 
 
 Page 36. 4. sic quoque : i.e. notwithstanding these precautions. 
 
 7. ducemque conBtitui, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 2.3, "Some state 
 that Macro had been enjoined to take Drusus from his prison in the 
 palace and proclaim him emperor, should Sejanus have recourse to 
 arms." 
 
 8. speculabundus ez altissima rupe, etc. . looking, from time to 
 time, from a lufty cliff, for the signals, which, for fear that the mes- 
 sengers should be dilatory, he had ordered made in the distance at 
 each step in the proceedings. Speculabundus is a verbal adjective, 
 having the force of a present participle. The clause ut . . factum 
 foret is subordinate, in indirect discourse. The tense is explained by 
 the fact that it represents the future perfect of the direct. 
 
 11. verum et oppressa coniuratioDe : hut even though the con- 
 spiracy was crushed. On the force of et, see Introd. II. § 6, d. 
 
 13. quae vocatur lonis : which is named the villa of lo. Why 
 the villa received this name is a matter of conjecture. Possibly it 
 contained a painting representing the myth of lo. Roth and the 
 earlier editions read lovis, and it is explained that Tiberius built 
 twelve villas on the island (cf. Tac. Ann. iv. 67, sed turn duodecim 
 villarum nominibus et molibus insederat) and tiiat they were given 
 the names of the twelve greater divinities. It seems best to under- 
 stand Tacitus as meaning that Tiberius occupied villas already built 
 there, probably by Augustus. The reading of the text is that of the 
 Memmian manuscript, and there seems no justification for changing 
 it ; cf. Ihm, Hermes xxxvi., 1901, pp. 286-290. 
 
 15. nullo non damnatorum : every pei-son condemned to death. 
 
 16. in orchestra positos : put in the orchestra: i.e. scattered 
 among the senators, whose seats were in the orchestra. 
 
 19. proferret ultro, etc. : Dio, Ivii. 23, says that he even had 
 the defamatory remarks transcribed on the public records. oltro ; 
 actually. 
 
 20. Artabani : Artabanus III, also known as Arsaces XIX. 
 
 24. pertaesuB : this use of pertaesus with object accusative, after 
 the analogy of perosus, is found only in Suetonius. tedi epistulae 
 principio : with a letter which began as follows. 
 
Page 37] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 193 
 
 25. tantumnon: only not, i.e. 'all but.' summeun malorum : 
 
 his extreme misery. 
 
 27. quid scribam : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 6, quotes these same words 
 and assigns them tQ a letter written in defence of Cotta Messalina. 
 
 30. Roth's reading is : existimant quidam praescisse haec eum peri- 
 tia futurorum ac multo ante, etc. As there is nothing to which haec 
 can be easily referred, and as ac is wanting in the Memmian manu- 
 script, Becker regards praescisse as a gloss. 
 
 31. quandoque : in time to come. 
 
 Page 37. 1. patriae appellationem, etc. : see note on p. 17. 25. 
 
 2. maiore dedecore : ablative of attendant circumstance. 
 
 5. vel cum ait : for example, when he says. This use of vel, im- 
 plying that other examples might be cited, is common in colloquial 
 Latin. 
 
 9. mutari : the passive voice has a middle force. 
 
 12. buic mutatae . . . opinioni eripiat : may take vwfrom you, 
 should you change your opinion of me. 
 
 15. inconstantiam contrarii de me, etc. : fickleness in having 
 changed your opinion of me. 
 
 16. corpore fuit, etc. . this description of the personal appearance 
 of Tiberius is the fullest extant. Velleius, ii. 94, thus characterizes him 
 in early life : " A youth who had been trained in the noblest princi- 
 ples, who was richly endowed with high birth, beauty, dignity, valua- 
 ble knowledge, and exalted capacity, and who from the beginning gave 
 promise of becoming the great man he is now, and who by his looks 
 proclaimed himself a prince." The following was said of him in his 
 old age (Tac. Ann. iv. 57) : " Some believe that in his old age he was 
 ashamed of his personal appearance, for he was exceedingly slight, 
 with a tall bent figure ; the top of his head was bald and his face un- 
 sightly by reason of ulcerous sores, and disfigured by patches of 
 plaster." 
 
 17. latus ab umeris : broad in the shoulders. The ablative in 
 this construction is probably of the same origin as that explained in 
 note on p. 25. 6. 
 
 22. talitro : by snapping it with his fingers. The exact English 
 equivalent, 'fillip,' is rarely heard except in the form 'flip.' 
 
 23. pone occipitium: behind; lit. 'behind the back part of the 
 head.' summissiore : hanging rather long. See Introd. II. §4, 
 a (2). 
 
 24. honesta : handsome ; this is a poetic use of the word. 
 
194 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 37 
 
 26. quod . . . CBset : subjunctive by attraction. noctu etiam 
 . . . viderent : Dio, Ivii. 2, also mentions this peculiarity of vision. 
 Viderent is a subjunctive of cliaracteristic. 
 
 28. cervice rigida et obstipa : with a confirmed stoop. As obsti- 
 pus simply means ' bent,' the passage has been taken to mean, 
 ' walked with head thrown stiffly back.' This would be the only 
 instance where obstipus is so used, while there are several passages in 
 which it has the opposite meaning. Moreover, the present interpreta- 
 tion is corroborated by Tacitus' description. With regard to the word 
 rigida, it may be remarked that when a person is much bent, it gives 
 the appearance of stiffness to the neck, and that this is especially 
 noticeable when the head is turned. 
 
 29. adducto fere vultu : generally with a stern expression on his 
 face. 
 
 31. molli quadam gesticulatione : a sort of supple movement. 
 Note the use of the indefinite pronoun quidam with attributive adjec- 
 tive to signify that the writer is in doubt just how to characterize the 
 peculiarity. 
 
 Page 38. 1. animadvertit Augustus, etc. . Tacitus, Ann. i. 10, 
 states that Augu.slus excused his faults to the senate, but did it for 
 the purpose of calling attention to them. 
 
 4. quamvis . . . rezerit : Introd. II. § .3, 6 (5). 
 
 5. sine adiumento consiliove medicorum : cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 46 : 
 " He used to ridicule the medical profession, and those who after 
 thirty years of age needed the advice of others to tell what was bene- 
 ficial or harmful for their constitutions." 
 
 7. circa : equivalent to de ; see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 10. numquam uon : always. 
 
 11. fulmiue afflari negetur, etc. : Pliny, N. H. xxv. 1.35, also 
 mentions this superstition and that Tiberius wore the laurel as a pro- 
 tection. 
 
 13. artes Uberales : the branches of a liberal education. These 
 comprised the study of poetry, oratory, history, rhetoric, and philos- 
 ophy, utriusque generis: i.e. of Latin and Greek. 
 
 14. Corvinum Messalcun : M. Valerius Messala Corvinus, who 
 fought on the republican side at Philippi. He was pardoned by the 
 triumvirs, and became Augustus' friend and served him well as a gen- 
 eral. He was besides an historian, poet, grammarian, and orator. 
 None of his works are extant. 
 
 16. morositate : mannerism. The word refers to the stiffness of 
 
Page 39] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 195 
 
 his style. Coupled with adfectatione, it conveys the idea of stiff and 
 unnatural. Augustus, Aiig. 86, censured Tiberius for this fault : nee 
 Tiberio parcit et exoletas interdum et reconditas voces aucupanti. 
 Tacitus, Ann. i. 11, also spealcs of his obscurity of style: Tiberio 
 etiam in rebvs quas non occuleret, seu natura sive adsuetudine, sus- 
 pense semper et obscura verba. Elsewhere (Ann. xiii. 3) he states 
 that the obscurity was intentional. 
 
 17. extempore: i.e. when speaking without previous preparation, 
 a cura: i.e. after meditation, as contrasted with ex tempore. For the 
 preposition, see Introd. II. § 5 (1), a somno. 
 
 19. L. Caesaris : see note on p. 7. 19. 
 
 20. Euptaorionem : an obscure tragic poet of Chalcis, who lived 
 in the third century b.c. Rhianum : a Cretan, and a contempo- 
 rary of Euphoric. Parthenium : a Greek erotic poet of the age of 
 Augustus. He was Virgil's Greek teacher. There are extant from 
 his pen thirty-six prose sketches on the theme of unhappy lovers. 
 
 22. veterea: i.e. authors before the time of Alexander the Great. 
 
 24. certatim . . . ediderunt : i. e. they vied with each other in 
 writing commentaries on these poets, which they dedicated to Tibe- 
 rius. 
 
 25. historiae fabularis : mythology. 
 
 29. inter virgines : Thetis, to prevent Achilles from taking part 
 in the Trojan war, sent him, disguised as a maiden, to the court of 
 Lycomedes, king of the island of Scyros, where he was known as 
 Pyrrha (Bvfa), from his auburn hair. On these erudite questions, 
 cf. Juv. vii. 233 seq. 
 
 31. pietati : filial duty. 
 
 32. Minois ezemplo : i.e. sine tibicine ; the story being that 
 Minos, while offering sacrifice on the island of Paros, heard of his 
 son's death. He took the garland from his head, ordered the music 
 to stop, and then proceeded with the sacrifice. The words, Minois 
 exemplo, therefore, refer merely to sine tibicine and not to ture ac vino. 
 
 Page 39. 2. alioqul : notwithstanding ; cf. German uberhaupt. 
 Joined with quamquam, the word has a strong concessive force. 
 Render, notwithstanding the fact that. 
 
 4. monopolium : cf. note on p. 19. 8. 
 
 6. cum in quodam decreto patrum, etc. : the circumstances 
 are given by Dio, Ivii. 15 : " Tiberius issued an edict to the effect that 
 no man should wear garments of silk, nor employ golden dishes, 
 except for purposes of sacrificing. When some were in doubt as to 
 
196 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 39 
 
 whether silver dishes with golden emblems were forbidden, Tiberius 
 issued a new decree, but forbade the use of the word 'emblem,' be- 
 cause it was Greek, and that, too, notwithstanding the fact that there 
 was no exact equivalent in Latin." 
 
 7. f|ipXii|i.a : the emblemata were inlaid figures of metal attached by 
 riveting or soldering to the exterior or interior of cups. For this word 
 the Latin had no equivalent, as the sigilla, a word of nearly the same 
 meaning, probably formed an integral part of the vessel. 
 
 8. noBtratem : sc. vocem. 
 
 9. per ambitum verbonun : by a circumlocution. In Latin 
 rhetoric the word ambitus also means ' the period.' 
 
 10. Qraece . . interrogatum : why he was questioned in Greek 
 is not apparent. Possibly his interlocutor knew no Latin. Cf. Dio, 
 Ivii. 15, " He likewise forbade a centurion, who was about to give his 
 testimony in Greek before the senate, to do so, though he had himself 
 listened to many cases presented in that language before that body, 
 and had asked questions with regard to many of these.'' 
 
 12. redire conatus: cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 1 (.32 a.d.) : "Tiberius 
 sailed along the coast of Campania, either intending to enter the city, 
 or making that pretence, because he had really decided not to do so. 
 He even came as far as the gardens of the Tiber, but ashamed of his 
 wickedness and lust, he again made for his solitary retreat among the 
 rocks in the sea." 
 
 13. ad prozimoB naumachiae hortos : to the gardens that were 
 near the artificial lake devoted to naval m anceuvres. The word nau- 
 machia means either a sham nav al battle, as in Claud, chap. 21. 14, or 
 the place of such an exhibition, as in the present instance. This 
 naumachia was the naumachia vetus of Augustus in the XlVth regio 
 of the city across the Tiber, on one edge of which was the grove of 
 the Caesars. Cf. Aug. 43, item novate proelium circa Tiberim cavato 
 solo in quo nunc Caesarum nemus est. The Mon. Ancyranum, chap. 
 23, gives the dimensions, navalis proeli spectaculum dedi trans 
 Tiberim, in quo loco nunc nemus est Caesarum, cavato solo in longi- 
 tudinem mille et octingentos pedes, in latitudinem mille et ducentos. 
 Xiphilin, Ixvi. 25, is authority for the statement that the place was used 
 for such exhibitions after the time of Augustus ; cf. Nero, chap. 27. 3. 
 
 14. Btatione : i.e. the guard or garrison stationed there. 
 
 15. Appia : sc. Via, the great southern highway extending from 
 Rome to Brundisium. It followed the coast closely as far as Capua, 
 its original terminal. From there it was constructed across the penin- 
 sula to Brundisium. 
 
Page 40] NOTES ON TIBERIUS. 197 
 
 16. lapidem : i.e. the miliarium. 
 
 18. serpens draco : a serpent ; serpens is the participial adjective. 
 Serpents were frequently kept as pets by wealthy Koniaiis. 
 
 21. Asturae : a town situated upon a small island at the mouth of 
 the river Astura, which flows betweun Antium and Circeii. Cicero 
 had an estate at this place. 
 
 24. castrensibus ludis : i.e. at games given by the soldiers en- 
 camped at Circeii. The exhibition probably took place in the forum 
 of the town, which was covered with sand for the purpose. 
 
 25. desuper petit : i.e. he threw the weapons from above the 
 arena. If the games were given in the forum, he was probably seated 
 in the Maeniana, for which see note on p. 52. 21. 
 
 26. latere convulso : seized with a pain in the side. ezaes- 
 tuarat : had become heated. 
 
 27. Bustentavit, etc. : cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 50: "At length his bodily 
 strength began to fail him. There was, however, the same stern 
 mind, the same energy in look and words ; at times an assumption of 
 affability to conceal his weakness, which was quite apparent." 
 
 31. nam Ctaaiiclen, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 50, tells the same 
 story, remarking that Charicles was not Tiberius' physician, but that 
 he was always at hand, so that the emperor might consult him if be 
 wished. 
 
 Page 40. 2. recumbere hortatns est: see Introd. II. §4, 6 (1). 
 
 4. singuloB valere, etc. : addressed them individually as they bade 
 him good-hy. 
 
 5. in actis senatuB : see note on p. 4. 23. 
 
 6. stiictim : cursorily. 
 
 8. pro contempto Be-habitmn: that he was treated as a nobody. 
 
 9. non temere, etc. : not inclined to be very bold except lohen in 
 a place of safety. 
 
 11. villa Lucullana : a beautiful villa at Baiae, formerly the prop- 
 erty of Lucullus, but at that time in the possession of Tiberius. 
 
 12. aetatis anno: cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 50 (37 a.d.), sic Tiberius 
 finivit, octavo et septuagesimo aetatis anno ; also 51, mox rei Romanae 
 arbitrium tribus ferme et viginli obtinuit. Dio, Iviii. 28, is more 
 explicit; "He lived seventy-seven years, four months, and nine 
 days." 
 
 15. Gaio ; Tiberius' successor, surnamed Caligula. 
 
 16. in remisBione lortuitae febrls : fortuita febris is a fever that 
 results from natural causes, and not one Induced by poison. Tacitus, 
 
198 NOTES ON TIBERIUS. [Page 40 
 
 Ann. vi. 60, states that Macro ordered him smothered. Dio, Iviii. 28, 
 says that Gaius did the deed. 
 
 23. nemiiie : see note on p. 9. 14. 
 
 25. Temeaitetn : a title given to Apollo from Temnos, a place near 
 Syracuse. amplitudinia et artis ezimiae : of large size and artis- 
 tic workmanship. 
 
 26. in bibliotheca ; this was the library connected with the temple 
 of Apollo, on the Palatine hill. Cf. Aug. 29, templum ApoUinis in ea 
 parte Palatinae domus excitavit, quam fulmine ictam desiderari a deo 
 haruspices pronuntiarant : addidit porticus cum bibliotheca Latina 
 Graecaque. 
 
 29. ante . . . quam obiret: see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (1). 
 
 30. tiirris Phaii : lighthouse. Pharos was the name of an island 
 near Alexandria, on which Ptolemy Philadelphus built his famous 
 light ; afterward the word Pharos was used to signify any lighthouse. 
 The best known lighthouses in Italy were situated at Capreae, Brundi- 
 sium, Ostia, and Kaveima. 
 
 31. cinis e favilla et carbonibus . . . inlatis : ashes of the coals 
 that had been brought in glowing ; favilla et carbonibus is a case of 
 hendiadys. 
 
 Page 41. 4. discurrentes pars : note the consti-uctio ad sensum. 
 
 1. Oemonias : see note on p. 29. 17. 
 
 9. nam cum senatus consulto, etc.: Tacitus, Ann. iii. 51 (21 
 A.D.), mentions that this decree granted a ten days' interval, but 
 remarks that Tiberius never became more placable by the lapse of 
 time. Dio, Iviii. 27, states that on this occasion a number escaped by 
 virtue of the enactment. 
 
 13. hominum fidem : the ordinary expression for imploring help. 
 
 16. quasi . . . pennanente : see Introd. II. § 6, b (1). 
 
 18. Atellam potius, etc. : the people sarcastically suggested 
 that it would be urore fitting to carry the corpse to Atella, a small 
 town of Campania ; he was not worthy of Rome. It will be remem- 
 bered, too, that Atella was the home of the Atellana, a kind of farce, 
 which would make the suggestion still more contemptuous. 
 
 19. semiustilandum : to half burn the body would be a sign of 
 neglect and disrespect. 
 
 23. Bed eodem ezemplo : to the same purport ; lit. ' after the 
 same pattern.' 
 
 24. humilUmorum signis : i. e. the wills were witnessed by people of 
 very low rank. For the signing and sealing of wills, see note on p. 16. 28. 
 
Page 42] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 199 
 
 25. heredes, etc.. cf. Calig. chap. 14. 3. aequia partibus: 
 ablative absolute. 
 
 26. Gaium . . . Druso : see stemma, p. 142. subsUtuitque 
 in vicem : according to the provision of the will, should either die, 
 the other was to succeed. Tiberius' claim was disregarded by Gaius. 
 
 27. iSgata plerisque : according to Dio, lix. 2, these were all paid 
 by Caligula. 
 
 29. vicorum magistria : after the reorganization of the city by 
 Augustus, there were four magistri vicorum to each viciis. The vici 
 in a city were either streets or the blocks bounded by streets, or, as 
 here, sub-divisions of the regiones. According to Pliny, N. H. ill. 66, 
 there were two hundred and sixty-five of these subdivisions in the time 
 of Augustus. 
 
 CALIGULA — EMPEEOR, 37^1 A.D. 
 
 Sources: Suetonius. Dio Cassius, lix. Josephus, Ant. Jud. xviii. 
 6, 10; xix. 1, 5. Philo, in Flaccum and Legat. ad Gaivm. 
 
 The accession of Gaius, son of Germauicus, was hailed with delight. 
 The informers were suppressed and election of magistrates was restored 
 to the assemblies. These and other reforms were short-lived, how- 
 ever, for Gaius soon reverted to the sySlem of Tiberius, though lacking 
 Tiberius' ability as an administrator. Great power, moreover, turned 
 his weak head. He claimed divine honors, undertook ridiculous cam- 
 paigns, and squandered the resources of the empire in wild schemes. 
 The ancient authorities are one in drawing the portrait of a madman, 
 and their pages are filled with the accounts of his insane antics. The 
 only important constitutional change was the formation of a fifth 
 decury of jurors. 
 
 Page 42. 5. OermanicuB: see note on p. 23. 20, and stemma, 
 p. 142. Dniai : the elder Drusus, brother of Tiberius. minoria 
 AHtoniae : daughter of Mark Antony and Octavia, sister of Augustus. 
 
 6. adoptatuB : according to Tacitus, Ann. iv. 67, Augustus was 
 prevailed upon by his wife to adopt Tiberius, who in his turn was com- 
 pelled to adopt Germanicus. Cf. Dio, Iv. 13: "Augustus, however, 
 adopted Tiberius, . . . but fearing that he might aspire to power, 
 compelled him to adopt Germanicus, son of his brother Drusus, and 
 that, too, notwithstanding the fact that Tiberius had a son of his 
 own." quinquennio ante quam: twenty-five was the minimum 
 age ; see note on p. 7. 10. 
 
200 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 42 
 
 7. ante quam . . . liceret : see Iiitrod. II. § 3, 6 (1). 
 
 8. Btatim : i.e. without holding the intermediate offices of aedile 
 and praetor. He became consul, not in the same year that he held the 
 quaestorship, but five years after, being quaestor, 7 a.d., and consul, 
 12 A.D. ; c/. Dio, It. 31 and Ivi. 20. 
 
 11. summam rei publicae : the sovereignty. 
 
 12. incertum pietate an, etc. : he held in check, and in so doing, 
 whether he showed greater regard for duty, or greater firmness, is 
 difflcult to say. The word pietas may mean duty to the state and 
 sovereign, to the gods, or to one's relatives. On the action of the 
 legions in Germany, cf. Tib. chap. 25. 28 seq. 
 
 13. moz : for the force of the word, see note on p. 15. 21. con- 
 sul deinde itenim : 18 a.d. 
 
 14. ad componendum Oiientis statum: for his command in 
 the East, his death, and the supposed complicity of Piso therein, see 
 Tib. chap. 52. 20 seq. and notes. 
 
 15. ezpulsUB: note the force of the word. Tiberius compelled 
 him to go. Armeniae regem devicisset: Tacitus, Ann. ii. 56, 
 says that Armenia had no king at that time : regem ilia tempestale 
 non habebant, amoto Vonone. Possibly it was this Vonones whom 
 Germanicus had conquered. 
 
 20. cor inter ossa : Pliny, W. H. xi. 187, states that it was generally 
 believed that the hearts of those who had died of a stomach disorder 
 or of poison could not be burned. Continuing, he says that Vitellius 
 in his accusation of Piso cited the fact that the heart of Germanicus 
 was not consumed on the funeral pyre, as a proof that he had been 
 poisoned. 
 
 Page 43. 1. quasi plane ita necesse esset : i.e. as though there 
 were absolutely no alternative. For the clause quasi . . . esset, see 
 Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4). 
 
 2. gravisaimis verbonim ac rerum acerbitatibus . . . ad- 
 fecit : i.e. he bitterly opposed Germanicus by word and deed. For 
 the abstract acerbitatibus, see Introd. II. § 1, d. 
 
 4. capitis : to death ; see note on p. 32. 25. For Tacitus' account 
 of the trial, see Ann. iii. 10-15. Kio, Ivii. 18, states definitely that 
 Piso, after obtaining an adjournment of the trial, committed suicide. 
 
 5. corporis animique virtutes : rf. Tac. Ann. ii. 13, " One praised 
 the noble birth of his general, another his handsome person, very 
 many lauded his endurance, his affability, and his even temper, dis- 
 played both in serious matters and in amusements." Dio, Ivii. 18, says, 
 
Page 43] NOTES ON CALIG0LA. 201 
 
 " He was of handsome personal appearance, and possessed a character 
 of sterling worth." 
 
 8. in utroque . . . genere : see note on p. 38. 13. 
 
 10. conciliandaeque . . . efficaz studium : wonderfully desirous 
 of winning the esteem of men and of deserving their affection, and 
 wonderfully successful in doing so. 
 
 12. gracUitas crurum: see Introd. II. § 1, d. 
 
 14. oravit causas: (/. Dio, Ivi. 26, " Germanicus did nothing that 
 deserves especial mention while holding the office of consul, except 
 that even then he pleaded cases for others." tTimnphalis : agree- 
 ing with the subject of oravit, and probably referring to the bestowal 
 of the ornamenta triumphalia, because he left for the Orient immedi- 
 ately after receiving his regular triumph. 
 
 15. cetera studiorum monimenta : other literary ^oorks. There i 
 are still extant Germanicus' paraphrase of the Phaenomena of Aratusj 
 in 725 lines, and fragments of a paraphrase of the same writer's Prog- 
 nostica. The word monimenta is often so applied in Latin. For the 
 force of et, see Introd. II. § 6, d. 
 
 16. civilis : for meaning, see note on p. 17. 14. 
 
 17. Bicubl . . . cognoBceret: see Introd. II. §3, 6 (3). 
 
 18. clade Variana : see note on p. 12. 6. 
 
 19. veteres . . humaturus: this was in 15 a.d. ; cf. Tacitus, 
 Ann. i. 62, who states that the Roman army, six years after the 
 disaster, gave burial to the scattered bones of their countrymen, and 
 that the sad duty filled them with grief and rage against the foe. 
 humaturus: for the future participle, see Introd. II. § 4, a (1). 
 
 21. qualescumque . . . nanctus esset : see Introd. II. § 3, 6(3). 
 
 23. cUentelas: Introd. II. § 1, d. 
 
 24. vene&ciis quoque et devotionibus : magical potions and 
 spells. See note on p. 42. 14 ; cf. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 69, who relates that 
 proofs of magic and abominable concoctions were discovered in Piso's 
 house, together with leaden tablets on which Germanicus' name had 
 been engraved. 
 
 26. ut amicitlam . . . renuntiaret : the renunciation of friend- 
 ship was, with the Romans, a formal act, both in the case of indi- 
 viduals and of states. 
 
 27. mandaretque domesticiB, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. ii. 
 71, his words were, vindicabitis vos, si me potius quam fortunam meam 
 fovebatis. 
 
 30. ut Augustus . . . diu cunctatus, etc. : this statement is also 
 made by Tacitus, Ann. iv. 57 : nam dubitaveratX^ had been inclined ') 
 
202 NOTES ON CALIGTILA. [Page 43 
 
 Augustus Germanicum, sororis nepotem et cunctis laudatum, rei Bo- 
 manae imponere. necessitudines : Introd. II. § 1, d. 
 32. adoptandum Tiberio dederit: see note on p. 42. 6. 
 
 Page 44. 2. prae turba: see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 5. prodisse obviam : came out to meet. Note the adverbial con- 
 struction. The adjective construction may also be used ; in this case 
 it would he prodisse obvias. 
 
 11. lapidata: lapidare, 'to stone,' does not occur before the Au- 
 gustan period. 
 
 16. poBuisee : equivalent to deposuisse. 
 
 17. regum etiam regem : a title assumed by various kings. By 
 the Romans it was specially applied to the king of the Parthians. In 
 Plutarch, Pomp. 38. 15, there is a distinct mention of the title as 
 applied to the Parthian king : " And so he did not deign in his reply to 
 address the Parthian as king of kings, as others do." The Greeks 
 usually applied the term to the king of the Persians. 
 
 18. megistanum : grandees, a, Gieeik word (luyiaTam) . 
 
 19. quod-apud Farthos, etc. . which among the Parthians is a 
 sign of mourning ; lit. 'equivalent to a iustitium,' for which word see 
 note on p. 28. 17. 
 
 22. vesperi : adverbial locative form. convaluisse tandem 
 percrebruiBset, etc. : Tacitas, Ann. ii. 82, states that this news was 
 brought by traders from the East. 
 
 25. geetientis: longing. 
 
 28. s^va Roma s^va patria b^vub est Germ^micua : a tro- 
 chaic septenarius. Note that the stress accent and metrical ictus co- 
 incide, as was often the case in these popular jingles. 
 
 29. fato fmictum : euphemistic for ' had died.' 
 
 31. per festoB Decembris mensis dies : this festival of the Satur- 
 nalia originally lasted but one day ; during the later period of the 
 republic, two days. Augustus extended the time to three days, the 
 17th, 18th, and 19th of December. Caligula probably added a fourth, 
 and possibly a fifth (see note on p. 52. 2). Later the merry-making 
 lasted as many as seven days. 
 
 Page 45. 1. nee temere : and with good reason. reverentia 
 eiufl ao metu, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 51, says that Tiberius made a 
 pretence of virtue as long as Germanicus and Drusus lived, but as 
 soon as all shame and fear were cast aside, he followed his natural in- 
 clinations. Dio, Ivii. 19, remarks that now, there being no one left to 
 
Page 45] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 203 
 
 contend with Tiberius for the government, he changed completely, 
 though he had acted well enough before. 
 
 4. novem liberos : Nero, Dru.su.s, Tiberius, Gaius (who died in in- 
 fancy), Gaius (afterward the emperor Caligula), Agrippiiia (afterward 
 mother of Nero), Drusilla, Julia (also named Livilla), and a son 
 whose name is not known. 
 
 7. in aede Capitolinae Veneiia : also known as the temple of 
 Venus Erycina, dedicated after the battle of Trasumene, 217 b.c, by 
 Quintus Fabius Maximus. 
 
 8. Augustus in cubiculo suo positani : sc. effigiem ; hut Au- 
 ■gustus kept another picture of the child in his bed-chamber. Note the 
 asyndeton where the clauses are adversative, an idiom common in 
 Latin. quotiensque introiret: for the iterative subjunctive, see 
 Introd. n. §3, 6 (3). 
 
 11. Neronem et Drusum : see Tib. chap. 54. 24. 
 
 14. pridie Kal. Sept. : August 31, 12 a.d. Dio, lix. 7, after 
 telling of the two days' ceremony conducted by Gaius at the dedi- 
 cation of a temple built in honor of Augustus, remarks that the 
 ceremony of the second day, which was the day before the Calends of 
 September, was the more elaborate, because it was the birthday of 
 Gaius as well. 
 
 16. Cn. Iientulus Gaetulicus : Gnaeus Lentulus, sumamed 
 Gaetulicus, consul, 26 a.d., was commander of the legions in Upper 
 Germany. His great popularity with his soldiers aroused the jealousy 
 of Caligula, who had him puo to death, 39 a.d. He was a writer of 
 both prose and verse ; see note on p. 26. 17. 
 
 17. Flinius Secundus : this is Pliny the Younger. in Treveris : 
 in the country of the Treveri. The modern city of Treves derives its 
 name from this tribe. 
 
 18. Ambitarsio : the location of this place is not known. supra 
 Confluentes : the place was named Confluentes, because situated at 
 the confluence of the Moselle and Rhine. The modem name is Cob- 
 lentz. 
 
 20. versiculi: Introd, II. § 1, c. The diminutive indicates the 
 brevity and popular character of the quotation. 
 
 24. lam designati, etc. : was even then an omen of a prince to be. 
 
 25. in actis : in the official gazette ; for the word acta, see note 
 on p. 4. 23. Anti : locative ; see note on p. 23. 10. editum : 
 sc. Oaium. 
 
 27. ex urbe Herculi sacra: Tibur; cf. Aug. 72, Tibur, ubi 
 etiam in porticibus Herculis templi persaepe ius dixit. 
 
204 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 45 
 
 28. abuBumque audentius mendacio : and that he was embold- 
 ened to state this falsehood. 
 
 29. Tiburi : modern Tivoli, a town sixteen miles northeast of 
 Rome, one of the most ancient of Latium. The temple of Hercules, 
 situated here, was one of the largest structures outside of Rome. In 
 classical times Tibur was noted for its fine country homes. Horace 
 possessed a seat near by, and in its neighborhood was situated 
 Hadrian's magnificent villa. 
 
 30. et ipse : he too ; a form of expression found in Livy, but not 
 used by Cicero. 
 
 31. supra diziinus : chap. 7. Plinium arguit, etc. : Pliny is 
 refuted by chronological considerations. 
 
 Page 46. 4. adiuverit : potential. 
 
 5. filias : Drusilla and Agrippina. 
 
 6. quod antiqui etiam, etc. : cf. Priscian vi. 8. 41, ^ puer pueri,' 
 cuius, femininum 'puera' dicebant antiquissimi, unde et 'puerpera' 
 dicitur, quae puerum vel pueram parit. 
 
 8. ante . . quam obiret: Introd. II. § 3, b (1). 
 
 11. ut ducereat, etc. : I made arrangements yesterday with Tala- 
 rius and Asillius to take the boy with them. 
 
 16. non potuisee ibi nasci : that the place to which he was after- 
 ward brought from Borne, when hardly two years old, could not have 
 been his birthplace. 
 
 18. iidem . elevant : destroy belief in. 
 
 20. inBtrumenti : document; t'.e. the acta mentioned above. 
 
 21. lociB atque_Becessibus : hendiadys, ' places of retreat. ' 
 
 25. Caligulae cognomen .- the form caliyula is the diminutive of 
 the word caliga, a heavy military boot studded with nails. It may be 
 rendered 'little boots.' Cf. Tac. Ann. i. 41 ; also Dio, Ivil. 5, "They 
 called him Caligula because he had, for the most part, been brought 
 up in camp, and was accustomed to wear the soldier's boot instead 
 of that used by civilians." manipulario babitu: iii the dress of 
 a common soldier. Manipularius equivalent to manipularis is post- 
 Augustan. 
 
 27. per banc . . . consuetudinem : by being thus brought up as 
 one of them. 
 
 30. tumultuantiB : see Tib. chap. 25. 26. 4n furorem usque 
 praecipites : carried quite away by their madness. 
 
 31. conapectu suo : suo has the force of the objective genitive 
 sui. 
 
Page 47] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 205 
 
 Page 47. 1. prozimam civitatem : Trfeves, called by the Romans 
 Augusta Treverorum. 
 
 3. invidiam quae aibi tieret : the odium which was being cast 
 upon them. 
 
 4. et : Introd. II. § 6, d. Syriaca ezpeditione : see Calig. 
 chap. 1. 14. 
 
 5. ea relegata: to the Island of Pandataria; cf. Tib. chap. 53. 11. 
 
 6. contubemio: for meaning, see note on p. 11. 1. 
 
 8. pro roBtiia : for the force of pro, see note on p. 5. 13. Under 
 the year 29 a.d., Tacitus, Ann. v. 1, has this statement: laudata est 
 pro rostris a Gaio Caesare pronepote, qui max rerumpotitus est. This 
 would make Caligula sixteen years of age at the time. 
 
 9. accituB Capreas : Tacitus, Ann. vi. 20, under the date 33 a.d., 
 says that Gaius accompanied Tiberius to Capreae. 
 
 11. tirocinio : for meaning, see note on p. 24. 21. 
 
 14. perinde . . . ac si : just as if. obliterato Buorum casu : 
 his mother had been banished, his elder brother Nero had been exe- 
 cuted, and Drusus was at this time (33 a.d.) in a dungeon under the 
 palace, where he was soon starved to death. Cf. Tac. Ann. vi. 20: 
 immanem animnm subdnla modestia tegens, non damnatione matris 
 non exilio fratrum rupta voce. 
 
 15. quae . . pateretur : a general relative clause ; the subjunc- 
 tive is iterative ; 'if even he himself suffered anything.' incredibili 
 dissimulatione, etc. : Tac. Ann. vi. 20, " Whatever mood Tiberius as- 
 sumed for the day, in that did Caligula cloak his own feelings, whence 
 a saying of the orator Passienus, ' never had there been a better slave 
 or a worse master.' " 
 
 20. poenisque : as -que is lacking in the Memmian manuscript, 
 Bentley regarded poenis as a gloss. Other manuscripts have poenisque. 
 It seems safer to keep this reading with Roth. 
 
 21. ganeas atque adulteiia . . . obiret : he caroused and de- 
 bauched. For the literal meaning of ganeas, see note .on p. 21. 6. 
 The word also means, as here, the conduct of people in these low 
 dives. 
 
 24. Bi . . . poBset : an indirect question. 
 
 25. quod sagaciBBimuB, etc. : now, of this nature the keen old em- 
 peror had such a just conception that, etc. Cf Tacitus, Ann. vi. 46, who 
 states that on one occasion when Gaius expressed contempt for Sulla, 
 Auimstiis remarked that Gaius would possess all the vices of Sulla and 
 none of his virtues. Dio, Iviii. 23, states that Tiberius selected Gaius 
 as his successor because he thought that bis own evil deeds would be 
 
206 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 47 
 
 cast into the shade by Gaius' still more evil ones, and that the latter 
 would kill the noblest of the senators who had survived. 
 
 27. The words bracketed are clearly a gloss. 
 
 28. Phaethontem ; according to fable, he nearly burned up the 
 world trying to drive the chariot of the sun ; see Ovid, Met. il. 1-366. 
 
 29. M. Silani: consul suffectus \n \b i..i>. 
 
 30. du2it uzorem : Dio and Tacitus do not agree with regard to 
 the date of the marriage. The former, Iviii. 25, under the year 35 a.d., 
 says that Tiberius celebrated the marriage ceremony of Gaius at An- 
 tium. Tacitas, Ann. vi. 20, makes the marriage take place in 33 a.d. 
 
 32. insigni testiinonio : i.e. the selection was a proof that Tibe- 
 rius highly esteemed the loyalty and character of Gaius. 
 
 Page 48. 1. reliquia subsidiiB : in these words reference is made 
 to Drusus son of Tiberius, Germanicus his adopted son, and the two 
 brothers of Caligula, Drusus and Nero. 
 
 2. Seiano : see note on p. 26. 9. 
 
 5. Macronis : the man employed by Tiberius to present to the 
 senate the letter deposing Sejanus. He succeeded Sejanus as prae- 
 torian prefect. 
 
 6. Bollicitavit ad stuprum : Tacitus' account (^Ann. vi. 45) differs 
 somewhat from this, for he represents Macro himself as the instigator 
 of the intrigue for the purpose of gaining greaier control over Gaius. 
 
 8. chirographo : i.e. by a document signed in bis own hand- 
 writing. 
 
 9. msinuatus Macroni: having wormed his way into Macro's 
 favor. Tiberium adgressus est : see Tib. chap. 73. 16 and note. 
 
 12. suspicionem retinentiB : note the concrete expression, equiva- 
 lent to suspicionem retinendi. 
 
 15. Bint . . . auctoreB : the expression has the force of a verb of 
 saying, hence the infinitive construction following. 
 
 16. etsi . . . piofeBButa: that he had asserted that though he 
 had not committed the murder, he had really at one time thought of 
 committing it. 
 
 22. aut ezseqnl : or punish him. 
 
 24. Toti compotem fecit : fulfilled the desires of. ezoptatis- 
 BimuB: Introd. II. § 4, a (2). 
 
 27. plehi urbanae : the ordinary expression signifying the mass 
 of impoverished free citizens outside the two higher orders. There 
 were some two hundred thousand or more of these whose names made 
 up the list of those who were recipients of grain from the state. 
 
Page 49] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 207 
 
 29. Miseno : situated upon the promontory of Misenum, near Na- 
 ples; it was the naval station of the west coast ; r/. note on p. 13. 21. 
 
 32. sidus et pulluiu et pupum et alumnum : their star, their 
 chick, the apple of their eye, and their nursling. 
 
 Page 49. 2. inrita Tiberii voluntate : cf. Tib. chap. 76. 25. Dio, 
 lix. 1, relates that Gaius sent the will to the senate by Macro and had 
 it declared invalid, as being the work of a man of failing mental 
 powers, which was indicated by the fact that he had willed dominion 
 to a child not old enough to have a seat in the senate. 
 3. altenim nepotem : also named Tiberius. 
 6. ac ne totis : and even less. 
 
 8. in proziinas Ceunpaniae insulas : Capri, Ischia, Frocida, are 
 their names at the present time. 
 
 14. quique . . voverent : who made a formal vow to give their 
 lives if he were spared. titulo : strictly the formula in which they 
 made the vow. One of these people, so Dio narrates, named P. Afra- 
 nius Potitiis, instead of receiving the reward he had expected, was 
 compelled to fulfil his vow. See Calig. chap. 27. 5. 
 
 16. ArtabanuB : see note on p. 36. 20. 
 
 17. odium semper . . . prae se ferens: always making a dis- 
 play of his loathing and contempt for Tiberius ; cf. Tib. 66. 20. 
 
 18. amicitiam . . ultro : according to Dio, lix. 27, Vitellius, the 
 consular legate, forced him to this act of homage. 
 
 20 aquilas et aigna : the aquila was the standard of the legion as 
 a whole. The signa meant the standards of the diSerent maniples, or 
 as a comprehensive term, might include the aquilae. imagines : 
 each legion had a statue of the emperor, which was carried like a 
 standard by an imaginifer, and to which divine honors were paid. 
 
 21. et ipse : himself; see note on p. 45. 30. 
 
 22. pro contione: publicly; lit. 'before an assemblage of the 
 citizens.' 
 
 24. Pandataiiam: see note on p. 29. 11. Pontias: these islands 
 lay south of Latium, and were used as places of banishment by the 
 emperors. The group consisted of the islands of Pontia, Sinonia, and 
 Palmaria. 
 
 25. fratrisque cineres, etc. : this brother was named Nero. Cf. 
 Dio, lix. 3 : "He gathered with his own hands the bones of his mother 
 and brothers, brought them to Rome, and placed them in the tomb of 
 Augustus." tempestate tnrbida: in stormy weather; ablative of 
 attendant circumstance. 
 
208 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [I'age 49 
 
 27. nee minore scaena : with no less pomp. 
 
 28. praefizo . . . vezillo : as it was the vexillum that floated over 
 the general's tent, so it was probably the same that indicated the flag- 
 ship. Tiberi : ablative of the way or route taken. 
 
 29. splendidiBBimum : from Augustus' reign on, those knights 
 who were of illustrious birth and possessed the property qualification 
 of the senatorial rank, formed an upper class and were termed equites 
 itlustres or splendidi. 
 
 30. irequenti die: i.e. at a time of day when the streets were 
 crowded with people. Mausoleo : the imperial tomb built by 
 Augustus on the site of the present Teatro Correa. Some remains of 
 the work are still to be seen ; c/. Aug. 100 (reliquias Avgiisti), 
 mausoleo condideruiit. Id opus inter Flaminiam viam ripamque 
 Tiberis sexto suo consulalu exstruxerat. 
 
 31. inieriaaque, etc. : ceremonies in their memory to be performed 
 yearly by the state. annua religione : ablative of quality. 
 
 32. caipentum : a, two-wheeled covered carriage used to convey 
 the Roman matrons in public processions. The right to ride in the 
 carpentitm on such occasions was greatly coveted, and was granted 
 distinguished women by decree of the senate. 
 
 Page 50. 1. traduceretur : i.e. her image. at; moreover; at 
 is often used to introduce a, different, but not entirely opposite, 
 thought. 
 
 4. patruum Claudium : afterward the emperor Claudius ; see 
 Claud, chap. 6. Dio, lix. 6, states that, hitherto ranked as an eques- 
 trian, he was now in his forty-sixth year made at the same time a 
 senator and consul, 37 a.d. 
 
 6. fratrem : cousin. This was Gemellus, son of Drusus, grandson 
 of Tiberius, and adopted son of Gaius. die virilia togae: also 
 called the dies tirocinii. See notes on pp. 5. 19 and 24. 21. 
 
 7. principem iuventutiB : in the reign of Augustus this title, 
 originally applied to the knights as a body, was given to his grandsons 
 Lucius and Gaius Caesar. From that time on, the title was generally 
 bestowed upon the heir to the empire, or upon one closely connected 
 with the royal family. de sororibus, etc. : Dio, lix. 3, " Gaius 
 decreed that the honors granted the Vestals be conferred upon his 
 sisters ; that they sit in the same place of honor that he did at the 
 equestrian games, and that the vows offered for his own safety and 
 that of the state, be offered for them as well." 
 
 10. relationibUB : motions. 
 
Page 51] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 209 
 
 12. pari popularitate . . . restituit : he rendered himself equally 
 popular by resturlug, etc. 
 
 14. gratiam fecit : pardoned. conunentaiios : Dio, lix. 4, 
 states that the letters burned were copies, not the real ones ; cf. Calig. 
 chap. 30. .30. 
 
 18. libelliun de salute : a memorial relating to his personal safety. 
 
 19. nihil aibi admissum : that he had been guilty of no crime. 
 On the construction of sibi, see Introd. IL § 2, c (1). Note that the 
 word admittere indicates the moral liability ; committere, the overt 
 act. 
 
 21. spinthiiaa : sodomites. aegre ne . . . ezoratus : with 
 difficulty prevailed upon not, etc. 
 
 22. Titi Labieni : an orator and author of the time of Augustus ; 
 a bitter opponent of the imperial rfegime. 
 
 23. Cordi Cremuti ; an historian who wrote of the achievements 
 of Augustus. See Tib. chap. 61. 21, and note. Casai Seven: a 
 Roman orator exiled by Augustus. Tacitus, Ann. i. 72, says that it 
 was the virulent attacks of Cassius upon people of distinction that 
 caused Augustus to apply the law of maiestas to libellous writings. 
 
 25. sua : the ablative with interest ; for origin of construction, see 
 Bennett, Appendix to Lat. Gram. 249, 3. 
 
 26. rationes imperii : this statement of the financial condition of 
 the empire — a practice begun by Augustus — had been neglected 
 after Tiberius' retirement to Capri. Cf. I)io, lix. 9: "Following the 
 example of Augustus, he (Gaius) now made up and published an 
 account of the state revenues, which had not been made public since 
 the withdrawal of Tiberius." 
 
 29. sine sui appellatione : without appeal to him ; sui is objective 
 genitive. 
 
 31. equo : the equiles equo publico, having long ceased to serve as 
 cavalry in the army, would have disappeared with the other obsolete 
 military divisions, had not Augustus revived them and sent out under 
 experienced generals those knights of distinction who intended to fol- 
 low a military career, to learn their future profession. To take away 
 the horse was equivalent to deprivation of rank. 
 
 32. nominibus modo: i.e. the only mark of disapprobation was 
 the omission of their names in reading the roll of knights. 
 
 Page 51. 2. quintam decuriam, etc. : according to the lex Aure- 
 lia, 70 B.C., jurors were selected from the three classes, — senators, 
 knights, and tribuni aerarii. Each class formed a decuria. Angus- 
 
210 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 51 
 
 tus made a fourth decuria of those whose rating was inferior, to act in 
 cases of minor importance ; of. Aug. 32 : ad tres iudicum decurias 
 quartam addidit ex inferiore censii, quae ducenariorum vocaretur iudi- 
 caretque de levioribus stimmis. Cf. note on p. 27. 26. 
 
 3. sulfragia populo reddere : from this it would appear that Tibe- 
 rius had deprived the people of the right of voting for their magistrates. 
 The words of Tacitus, Ann. i. 16, imply the same thing, though he 
 is speaking particularly of the election of praetors. His statement 
 is that the election then passed from the comitia centuriata to the 
 senate. The words of Dio, lix. 9, are quite definite : " He (Caligula) 
 was praised for having restored to the people the right of election, 
 thus annulling what Tiberius had established in this matter." 
 
 5. Bed et luliae Augustae : as well as those of Julia Augusta, 
 i.e. Livia. Buppresserat : cf. Tib. chap. 61. 7. 
 
 6. sine calumnia ; i.e. without throwing odium upon Tiberius for 
 having suppressed them. repraesentata persolvit : he paid at once. 
 ducenteaimam : sc. partem. This tax, at first one per cent, was 
 instituted by Augustus to furnish apension fund ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 78. 
 Tiberius afterward reduced it to one-half per cent (^Ann. ii. 42). The 
 formation of this fund is thus described in the Mon. Ancyranum, 
 chap. 7: M. Lepido et L. Arruntio cos. (6 a.d.) in aerarium militare, 
 quod ex meo consilio constitutum est, ex quo praemia darentur militi- 
 bus, qui vicena aut plura stipendia emeruissent H.S. milliens et 
 septingentiens ex patrimonio meo detuli. 
 
 9. reditum : this probably refers to the income of the private purse 
 of these sovereigns, as fructum vectigaliorum refers to the public 
 revenues. 
 
 10. Antiocho Commageno : Commagene became a Roman prov- 
 ince in 17 A.D. In 38 a.d. Caligula, as indicated in the text, restored 
 his paternal kingdom to Antiochus, surnamed Epiphanes. This king 
 afterward, in the reign of Nero, assisted the Romans in their wars 
 against the Parthians, and against the Jews in the time of Vespasian. 
 Accused, in 72 A. D., of conspiring with the Parthians, he was deprived 
 of his kingdom, and thereafter resided at Rome. Bestertium 
 milieB: 100,000,000 sesterces; about 85,000,000. confiscatum : 
 agreeing with milies used as an indeclinable noun. The meaning is, 
 that the sum had been paid into the Roman treasury since Com- 
 magene had become a Roman province. 
 
 H. quoque : note the position ; hence not the adverb, but the con- 
 junction and connective. 
 12. octoginta: sc. sestertia; 800,000 sesterces ; about $40,000. 
 
Page 51] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 211 
 
 14. ei : i.e.. Caligula. clipeua : this was a shield emblazoned 
 with the figure of the emperor ; such a figure was also called imago 
 clipeata. The custom of emblazoning shields with the portraits of 
 one's ancestors, and using them as dedicatory offerings or for decorative 
 purposes, is said to have originated with Appiiis Claudius (consul, 
 495 B.C.). 
 
 17. carmine modulato : it was a poem set to music and sung as a 
 choral ode by the youths and maidens, much as the carmen saeculare 
 of Horace must have been sung at the secular games given by Augustus. 
 
 19. Parilia : the 21st of April, a day sacred to Pales, goddess of 
 shepherds ; also the traditional anniversary of the founding of Rome, 
 velut argiimentum : to indicate, as it were, that he was the second 
 founder of the city. 
 
 21. piimum ex Kal. lul. : from the 1st of July (37 a.d.), i.e. he 
 was consul suffectus; cf. note on p. 17. 30. His colleague was Claudius ; 
 see note on p. 50. 4. Under Augustus, particularly during the latter 
 portion of his reign, six months seems to have been the ordinary term 
 for the consuls. The first of July would therefore be the time for the 
 consules suffecti to begin their term. The practice was not maintained 
 under Tiberius; but Caligula seems to have desired to follow the 
 example set by Augustus, and hence he did not begin bis term till 
 July 3, although Tiberius had died the preceding March. 
 
 22. secundum ex Kal. Ian. : i.e. from January 1, 39 a.d., his 
 colleague being L. Apronius Caesianus. tertium usque in Idus 
 Ian. . i.e. from the 1st to the 13th of January, 40 a.u. 
 
 23. quartum usque septlmiun Idus easdem : i.e. January 1 to 
 7, 41 A.D., his colleague being Cn. Sentius Saturninus. 
 
 24. ex omnibus duos novissimos coniunxit : the apparent 
 meaning is, that of these four terms he held the last two in successive 
 years, coniunxit having the force of continuavit. If this interpretation 
 be correct — and no other is convincing — we must believe Suetonius 
 guilty of a slip, for by consulting the dates given above, it is obvious 
 that Caligula held the last three terms in successive years.' 
 
 25. Luguduni : the modern Lyons. 
 
 27. sub Kalendarum diem : just before the Calends; of January; 
 i. e. he died while consul-elect. 
 
 28. congiarium : see note on p. 13. 24. 
 
 29. trecenos sestertios : about fifteen dollars each. 
 
 31. forensia : sc. vestimenta ; i.e. togas, the out-of-door and formal 
 dress. 
 
 32. fasciaa : the fasciae were bands of cloth used in various ways 
 
212 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 52 
 
 as articles of apparel, — to bind around the breast, the legs either above 
 or below the knee, the abdomen, and even the throat. purpurae 
 ac conchylii : purpura was deep purple ; cunchylium, a diluted 
 purple of lighter shade formed by mixing water or other dyes with 
 purpura. 
 
 Page 52. 2. diem Batumalibus : we have seen (c/. note on p. 
 44. 31) that Tiberius extended this festival from one to three days. 
 Whether the day here mentioned is the fourth or fifth added by 
 Caligula, is not known, for Dio, lix. 6, says that Gains made the time 
 five days. 
 
 3. amphitheatro Tauri : see note on p. 5. 24. 
 
 4. Saeptia: see note on p. 12. 17. Dio, lix. 10, says that he even 
 flooded the place and had a ship floated in. 
 
 9. multiiariam : adverb, in many places. 
 
 11. miBsilia: these were presents thrown by the emperor to the 
 people. Dio, lix. 9, represents him as scattering tickets and not the 
 objects themselves, though this was often done : "At gymnastic 
 games he scattered tickets among the people, and gave those who 
 secured them the objects the names of which were written thereon." 
 obsonio : this was any food used as a relish with bread, considered 
 as the main article of diet. Fish was especially so used ; sometimes 
 fruit. 
 
 12. contra se : i.e. sitting opposite; see Introd. II. § 5 (2). 
 
 13. sed et : and likewise. 
 
 15. extra ordinem: i.e. before he had held the preliminary offi- 
 ces ; see note on p. 7. 9. circenBeB : sc. ludos. 
 
 17. Africanarum : sc. ferarum ; the name was especially applied 
 to panthers, though it might signify lions, tigers, leopards, etc., as 
 well. Troiae decursione : the manoeuvre known as Troia, for 
 which see note on p. 5. 17. 
 
 18. mlnio : ci'nnafiar or red lead I as a color, 'crimson.' chryso- 
 colla: horaa, ; as a color, 'copper-green.' 
 
 19. commiait et subitos: sc. ludos; he even began some on the 
 spur of the moment. 
 
 20. Gelotiana : sc. domo ; supposed, on the testimony of an in- 
 scription (c/. Gruter, Insc. 598, 7), to have been a home near the cir- 
 cus, built by one Gelotius and occupied by some of Caesar's slaves. 
 
 21. Maeniania : Maeniana originally meant balconies built in 
 front of a house that faced a forum, as places from which to view 
 the games ; afterward the word came to mean balconies in general. 
 
Page 53] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 213 
 
 They received the name from Maenius, consul in 338 u.c. ; c/. the 
 word mansard, which is derived from the name of a French architect, 
 Mansard. 
 
 23. Baianim: this charming spot, on the bay of Naples, was 
 famous for its magnificent country villas. Puteoli : modern Pozzu- 
 oli ; about two miles from Baiae, famous as a summer resort and for 
 its excellent harbor protected by a mole {moles Puteolanae). 
 
 24. trium milium : it will be remembered that a Roman mile is 
 about 144 yards shorter than an English mile. 
 
 27. Buperiectoque aggere : though not so stated, the two lines of 
 boats were probably connected by planks resting upon them. On 
 these planks and the boats the embankment was thrown up, forming 
 a road. 
 
 28. in Appiae Viae foimam : see note on p. 39. 15. This road, 
 passing close to Baiae and Puteoli, would naturally be the one with 
 which the work was compared. 
 
 29. ultro citro : back and forth; asyndeton. 
 
 30. quercea corona : also called corona civica ; see note on p. 
 17. 26. Querela was Roth's conjecture for quiercica of the Memm. 
 manuscript. It has since been found to be the reading of a thirteenth- 
 century parchment manuscript in the British Museum. caetra: 
 a small round Spanish shield of hide, like the target of the Scottish 
 Highlanders. 
 
 32. cunicnlo biiugi : riding in a chariot drawn by two horses. 
 prae se ferens : exhibiting. 
 
 Page 53, 2. essedis : the essedum (sometimes esseda, -ae) was 
 originally a Keltic war chariot. -Being a light, convenient, two- 
 wheeled vehicle, the Romans adopted it with some modifications, and 
 used it for travelling and for purposes of pleasure. cohorte : 
 retinue. 
 
 4. aliquanto : i.e. considerably. The strait, where bridged, was 
 about an English mile across. This was the bridge which Xerxes 
 built in 481 B.C., preparatory to invading Greece. 
 
 7. Bed aviun meum : one of the rare personal allusions in Sue- 
 tonius. See Introd. I. 
 
 8. interioribuB aulicis : confidential courtiers. 
 
 9. quod . . ■ affirmasaet : this causal clause following proditam 
 hits a substantive force. ThrasylluB : see note on p. 10. 32. 
 
 10. verum nepotem : Tiberius, Drusus' own child. 
 12. diBCursurum : run about. 
 
214 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 53 
 
 13. asticoB ludoB : see note on p. 5. 17. 
 
 14. IiUgudimi : see note on p. 51. 25. miacellos : sc. ludos, 
 ' mixed games, ' made up of various kinds of contests. 
 
 17. laudes: i.e. speeches in praise of them. 
 
 20. obiurgari: obiurgare, with the meaning 'to punish,' or 
 ' strike,' is pos1>-Augustan. 
 
 21. templum August! : see Tib. chap. 47. 16. Dio, lix. 7, says 
 that Gaius, dressed in a triumphal robe, dedicated the temple ; that 
 hymns were sung by boys and girls of noble birth, and that a ban- 
 quet was spread for the senators and their wives in honor of the 
 occasion. 
 
 22. aquae ductum : this is the famous Claudian aqueduct, begun 
 by Caligula, 38 a.d., and finished by Claudius, 52 a.d., and is the 
 most perfectly preserved of these ancient structures. Pliny, JV. H. 
 xxxvi. 122, gives a good description of it. Its length was forty 
 Roman miles, and its source at such an elevation that its water was 
 raised to the summits of all the hills of the city ; the cost of the aque- 
 duct was about ^17,500,000. Continuing, Pliny remarks: "If we 
 take into consideration the abundant supply of water to the public for 
 baths, ponds, canals, household purposes, gardens, places in the 
 suburbs, and country houses, and then reflect upon the distances that 
 are traversed, the arches that have been constructed, the mountains 
 that have been pierced, the valleys that have been filled up, we must 
 of necessity admit that there is nothing to be found more worthy of 
 our admiration throughout the whole universe." 
 
 23. Tiburti : see note oq p. 45. 29. 
 
 24. Saepta: see note on p. 12. 17. quorum . . . alteram: i.e. 
 the amphitheatre. 
 
 27. Polycratis : tyrant of Samos. For his marvellous good for- 
 tune, cf. Herod, iii. 39 seq. He was betrayed and crucified, 522 b.c, 
 by the satrap of Sardis. 
 
 28. Didymeum : a celebrated temple and oracle of Apollo, so 
 named from the town of Didyma, in the territory of Miletus, near 
 which it stood. 
 
 29. Isthmum . . . periodere : the isthmus of Corinth. Julius 
 Caesar had conceived this idea (_Iul. 44), and Nero, too, essayed the 
 task {Nero, chap. 19. 1), but it remained for modern engineering 
 skill to accomplish the work. 
 
 30. primipilarem : sc. eenturionem. A centurion of the primus 
 pilus or first maniple of triarii was called a primipUus, or cetUurio 
 primipilaris. 
 
Page 64] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 215 
 
 Page 54, 1. compluribus cognominibus adsumptis : Dio, lix. 
 3, states that Caligula, who bad hitherto been so modest that he had 
 refused to accept the titles granted to the Caesars, suddenly became so 
 haughty that in a single day he claimed all those titles which had 
 been granted to Augustus only during a long course of years. The 
 appellation pater patriae he did refuse, but not for long. 
 
 4. reges : these may have been Agrippa of Judaea and Antiochus 
 of Commagene, who were, we are told by Dio, lix. 24, at the court of 
 Caligula to teach him the art of ruling as an absolute monarch. 
 
 6. A% KoCpavos cirru, cts Ba<ri.\fvs : II. ii. 204, let there be one 
 prince, one king ; words of Ulysses addressed to Agamemnon. 
 
 8. speciemque principatuB in regni formam : to change the 
 pomp of the empire into that of a monarchy. Vot the meaning of 
 principatus, see note on p. 16. 3. 
 
 10. diviaam ex eo maiestatem : Dio, lix. 26, relates that when 
 Caligula, on account of an act of clemency, was hailed as a hero and a 
 god, he was seized with a violent fit of insanity, and claimed divine 
 honors. Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 1, mentions Gaius' claim to divine 
 honors as a proof of his insanity. 
 
 11. religione et arte praeclara : famous for the reverence in 
 which they were held and for their artistic value. 
 
 12. Olympii lovis : Josephus, Ant. hid. xix. 1. 1, states that this 
 was the work of Phidias, and that Memmius Kegulus was the one to 
 whom the task of taking down the statue had been assigned . Dio, 
 lix. 28, tells how the ship that had been constructed to transport the 
 statue was struck by lightning, and how the workmen who approached 
 the statue were terrified by derisive bursts of laughter, so that the 
 attempt had to be abandoned. 
 
 13. quibua . . imponeret : a relative clause of purpose. 
 
 14. aede Castoris et PoUucIb: Dio, lix. 28 : "He .separated the 
 temple of Castor and Pollux into two parts, that the entrance to his 
 palace might be through this [in vestibulum transfigurata'] ; and he 
 set up the statues of the twin gods that the sons of Jove and Leda 
 might, in his own words, be his doorkeepers." For the temple of 
 Castor and Pollux, see note on p. 13. 26. 
 
 16. medium : agreeing with ae. 
 
 17. Latiarem lovem: Dio, lix. 28: "He called himself Latian 
 Jove, and appointed as his priests his wife Caesonia, together with 
 Claudius, and other wealthy men, forcing them each to pay 10,000,000 
 sesterces for the honor." Juppiter Latiaris was the guardian of the 
 Latin confederacy, and to him were dedicated the/enae Latinae. 
 
216 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 54 
 
 19. ezcogitatissimas : see Introd. IL § 4,- a (2). 
 
 20. simulacrum . . . iconicum : a life-size statue. 
 
 21. magisteria eacerdotii : the office uf chief director of his cult. 
 Magisteria is in the plural because* of the plural idea conveyed by 
 the expression quisque . . . comparabanl, a case of constructio ad 
 sensum. The sacerdotium was an office for life, but the position of 
 magister was held in turn {vicibus) by the members. 
 
 22. Emibitione et licitatione : by political intrigue and by making 
 the highest bids. 
 
 24. tetraones : woodcocks, numidicae meleagrides : guinea hens. 
 
 25. generatim per sioguloa dies : one kind each day. 
 
 26. lunam invitabat : after one of these pretended meetings with 
 Luna, Gaius asked Vitellius whether he had witnessed the interview. 
 Vitellius, seemingly overcome with awe, said in a trembling voice, 
 " To you gods alone, O Lord, is it permitted to see each other." This 
 answer greatly flattered the emperor ; Dio, lix. 27. 
 
 30. 'H (I d,vdcip' ft lyi> a-i: E. xxiii. 724, Throw me or Vll throw 
 thee ; words addressed, in a. wrestling bout, by Ajax to Ulysses. 
 Seneca, De Ira, i. 20, represents Gaius as using these words when 
 angry at Jove because of the thunder which interrupted his mimes 
 and frightened him in the midst of his revels. Dio, lix. 28, states that 
 Gaius bad a machine constructed which could be made to thunder in 
 answer to Jove's thunder, and emit flash for flash, and hurl stones for 
 every bolt. On occasions of such contests, Gaius used the above 
 quotation from Homer. 
 
 31. contubemium : see note on p. 11. 1. 
 
 32. templum Divi Augusti : for this temple, see note on p. 25. 15 
 end. An emperor, after deification, received the appellation Dlvus. 
 
 Page 55. 3. Agrippae : this is the famous general and friend of 
 Augustus ; cf. note on p. 5. 27. Gaius was son of Agrippina, daughter 
 of Agrippa by Julia. Tacitus, Ann. i. 3, mentions Agrippas' obscure 
 birth. 
 
 7. admisisset : on the force of this word, see note on p. 50. 19. 
 
 8. Actiacas Siculasque victorias : for the battle of Actium, see 
 note on p. 5. 14. Caligula intended to disparage these victories as 
 having been achieved by Agrippa. 
 
 10. soUemnibuB : cttstomary. 
 
 11. UUzem stolatum : a Ulysses in petticoats ; an astute observa- 
 tion, for the empress was a woman of keenness and something of a 
 manager. 
 
Page 56j NOTES ON CALIGULA. 217 
 
 13. avo : ablative of origin. decurione : a member of the ordo 
 or senate of a provincial town was known as a decurio. Fundano : 
 of Fundi, for which see note on p. 4. 10. 
 
 14. monumentiB : recurds. Aufidiiun : i.e. her grandfather. 
 He was tribune of the plebs, 61 B.C. 
 
 16. ut interveniret Macro : a stipulative clause ; on condition 
 that Macro be present. See note on p. 10. 8. 
 
 17. ac per istius modi indignitates : Dio, lix. 3, states that 
 Caligula behaved shamefully toward his grandmother and his sisters 
 and that he drove the former to put an end to her life, because she 
 had reproved him for some misconduct. 
 
 19. etriclinio: i.e. while reclining at table. 
 
 20. fratrem Tiberium : see note on p. 60. 6. 
 
 21. Silanum : see note on p. 47. 29. Dio, lix. 8, says that Gains 
 hated him because of his good qualities and the fact that he was 
 closely related to him. Silanus, knowing that he was ridiculed by the 
 emperor, committed suicide. 
 
 23. quod . . . non esset secutus: on the ground that he (i.e. 
 Silanus) had not followed him when putting out to sea in somewhat 
 stormy weather. 
 
 25. ille . . . oboluiBset : that there was the odor of an antidote 
 about the former (Tiberius). 
 
 26. cum et Silanus, etc. : while in the one instance Silanus had 
 been deterred by the fear of sea sickness, and by the discomfort of trav- 
 elling by water. Bentley's conjecture for this passage is impatientia 
 nauseae vitasset molestiam. He considered that the et was a repeti- 
 tion, by mistake of the scribe, of the et in vitasset. 
 
 29. nam : to be sure ; nam is here transitional, not explanatory. 
 
 30. in ludibrium resorvavit : see Claud, chap. 8. 
 
 31. leve ac frigidum sit : would be unnecessary and -uninterest- 
 ing ; sit is potential subjunctive. 
 
 Page 56. 1. Ptolemaeum : Dio, lix. 25, relates that Gaius sent 
 for Ptolemaeus, son of Juba, and on hearing of his wealth put him to 
 death. Juba, a child at the time of the death of his father (also 
 named Juba), king of Numidia, was taken to Rome by Julius Caesar, 
 and there brought up. He became a man of great learning and 
 wrote numerous works. By Augustus he was given the throne of Nu- 
 midia, in place of which he afterward received that of Mauretania. 
 He died in 19 a.d. 
 
 2. Selene: daughter of >Iark Antony and Cleopatra and twin 
 
218 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 56 
 
 sister of Alexander. She is everywhere eLse called Cleopatra, and 
 was married to Juba, mentioned above. 
 
 3. Enniam: wife of Macro. See Calig. chap. 12. 5; c/. Dio, lix. 
 10 : " Gaius, forgetting the love of Ennia and the benefits conferred 
 upon him by Macro', although he had obtained much thereby, even 
 empire itself, drove them to death." 
 
 6. nihilo reverentior, etc. : Dio, lix. 23, states that Gaius did not 
 wish it to appear that the senate had any power to confer honors upon 
 himself, and hence he treated that body with studied contempt. 
 
 7. essedum : see note on p. .53. 2. 
 
 8. ad pluteum : the pluleus was the board at the back of a bed or 
 couch. 
 
 12. consulibus : Cn. Domitius Corbulo, consul suffecttis for the 
 year 39 a.d., and his colleague, whose name is not known. 
 
 13. abrogayit magistratuin : Dio, lix. 20, does not mention the 
 interregnum, but simply says that Caligula appointed Domitian con- 
 sul, after having compelled the regular consuls to resign because they 
 had not proclaimed holidays in honor of his birthday. 
 
 15. quaeetorem : Seneca, De Ira, iii. 18, in mentioning the inci- 
 dent, states that the quaestor's name was Betilienus Bassus. 
 
 17. quo . . . insisterent : Introd. IL § 6, e. verberaturi : 
 Introd. II. § 4, a (1). 
 
 19. de media nocte : at midnight. The word occtipantium indi- 
 cates that they wished to be beforehand in securing desirable places. 
 
 23. decimas : it is not easy to explain the meaning of decimas in 
 this passage. The ilecima was originally the tithe offered a deity. 
 Afterward it would seem to have acquired the meaning of gift or 
 offering to the people, and probably refers here to the viissilia, men- 
 tioned in note on p. 52. 11. The meaning of the passage, then, is that 
 Caligula, before the orders had taken their places in the theatre, began 
 to distribute his gratuities. The mob took possession of the most ad- 
 vantageous places for securing them, which Caligula had arranged to 
 be the places reserved for the equites. 
 
 26. veils : great canopies which served to protect the people In the 
 amphitheatres from the rays of the sun and from the rain. The holes, 
 with the stone supports beneath them, used to support the masts 
 which held the canopies, may still be seen on a portion of the upper 
 periphery of the Coliseum. We learn from Pliny, N. H. xix. 23, 
 that the material was often linen, and that it was dyed brilliant hues ; 
 <•/. Lucretius, iv 75, and vi. 109. These canopies were usually han- 
 dled by details of sailors from the fleet. 
 
Page 57] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 219 
 
 28. paegniariiB : the text is difficult here. The reading is that of 
 Rotli (he gives the contracted form paegniaris, for pegnares, the read- 
 ing of the Memmian manuscript). Pegmares is tliat of the Medicean 
 1st and 3d. The lacuna before quoque is to be filled by supplying 
 gladiatoribus, or some word of similar meaning. Faegnarius (Gr. 
 iralyvior, 'plaything') means 'pertaining to play.' The passage 
 apparently means ; ' He turned wild beasts, all wasted away, against 
 worthless gladiators worn out by age, and pitted against make-believe 
 gladiators householders, respectable, but noted for some bodily 
 defect.' 
 
 Page 57. 1. carius : at a rather high price. 
 
 2. cuatodiarum seriem recognoscens : revietoing the prisoners 
 drawn np before him in a line; for the word custodiae, see note on 
 p. 84. 0. 
 
 3. elogio : the record of the case, or ' sentence.' 
 
 4. a calvo ad calvum: i.e. indiscriminately. Dio, lix. 22, attrib- 
 utes the expression to Nero. " Once seeing a crowd of captives, he 
 ordered them put to death, using the proverb, ' from baldhead to bald- 
 head.'" 
 
 5. duci : here used absolutely, as often, in the sense of ' lead to 
 execution.' votum ezegit : see note on p. 49. 14. 
 
 6. gladiatoriam operam promiserat : had promised to fight as a 
 gladiator. 
 
 9. ea de causa: i.e. pro salute; on condition that the emperor be 
 restored to health. 
 
 10. verbenatum infulatumque : sc. eum; i.e. crowned as a 
 victim with sacred boughs and fillets. vicos: streets; see note 
 on p. 41. 29. 
 
 11. agerent: sc. pueri; imperative in indirect discourse. ex 
 aggere: from the embankment. Probably from the agger Tarquinii, 
 which took the place of the wall of Servius TuUius in the northeastern 
 part of the city, where the slope did not admit a wall ; cf. Horace, 
 Ser. i. 8. 15. Some understand the expression to mean from the Tar- 
 peian rock, but there is nothing to justify such an interpretation. 
 
 12. Btigina.txannotiB: by branding them with hot irons. metalla: 
 see note on p. 26. 29. 
 
 13. munitiones vianun : see note on p. 19. 21. adbestiae: 
 Dio, lix. 10, says that sometimes when criminals for the purpose 
 were not forthcoming, Gaius would order mere spectators seized and 
 thrown to the animals. 
 
220 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 57 
 
 14. quadripedes . . coerouit : confined them in cages, on all 
 fours. medioB serra diBsecuit ; sawed in two. 
 
 16. munere: gladiatorial show. per genium suum deieras- 
 eent: swear by his genius ; i.e. as though he were their guardian deity. 
 
 17. parentes eupplicio fUionim : Dio, lix. 25, cites one instance. 
 Caligula had ordered Cassius Betillinus put to death in the presence 
 of his father, Capito. When the latter in irony asked if he might be 
 allowed to wiult, Calignla put him to death as well. 
 
 18. vEiletudinem ezcusanti : asking to be excused because of ill 
 health. 
 
 19. Btatim adhibuit : Seneca, De Ira, ii. 33, gives the details. The 
 father's name was Pa-stor, and he was a knight of distinction. The 
 son, because of his neat personal appearance, had aroused the jealousy 
 of the emperor. 
 
 22. catenis : with chains. 
 
 23. Atellanae : for the Atellanae, see note on p. 41. 18. 
 
 24. ampbitheatri : the amphitheatre of Taurus; see note on p. 
 5. 24. harena: see Introd. IL §2, a (2). 
 
 31. circum Inaulas: to the different islands. Fhilo states that 
 this slaughter was perpetrated by Gaius. 
 
 32. cum diBcerpi aenatorem, etc. : the senator's name was Scri- 
 boniiis Proculus. Dio's account (lix. 26) is slightly different. Proto- 
 genes, one of Gaius' favorites, on entering the senate and being 
 surrounded by the fawning senators, pointed to Scribonius and asked 
 how that man, hating the emperor as he did, dared to approach. 
 Thereupon the senators fell upon their associate and tore him limb 
 from limb. 
 
 Page 58. 2. graphiiaque: the graphium, also called stilus, was 
 an iron pencil ground to a sharp point at one end, and flat at the other, 
 for the purpose of smoothing out the wax if it was desired to erase 
 what had been written. Julius Caesar used his gra/jhium to defend 
 himself when set upon by the assassins ; see Jul. 82. 
 
 4. membra et artuB : the two words, as often, are joined for the 
 sake of emphasis ; membra are the members or limbs ; artus (lit. 
 'joints '), if distinguished from membra, are the large-jointed limbs. 
 
 7. &SiaTp«|((av : barefaced impudence ; the word also conveys the 
 idea of obstinacy. 
 
 8. hoc eat Inverecundiam : a gloss. monenti Antoniae, 
 etc.: when reproved by his aunt, as though it were not enough to dis- 
 obey her, he added, " Bemember that I may do all things and to all 
 
Page 59] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 221 
 
 people." Monenti is used absolutely ; omnia is subject of licere, 
 a rare construction ; cf. Sen. De Clem. i. 18, cum in servum omnia 
 liceant. 
 
 10. trucidaturus : Introd. 11. § 4, a. 
 
 11. praemuniri medicamentis, etc. : Calig. chap. 23. 29. 
 
 12. antidotum, etr. : accusative of exclamation. The idea is, 
 ' What ! Can you take an antidote to preserve you from Caesar ? ' 
 
 14. Anticyrae : a city of Phocis, famous for its hellebore, which 
 was supposed to be helpful in cases of mental disorder. There seems, 
 on the testimony of Strabo, to have been a sort of sanitarium there. 
 Anticyra is upon a peninsula, and is not an island as sometimes stated. 
 
 16. saepius desiderantem : i.e. repeatedly expressing the wish. 
 
 18. quoque : from quisque. 
 
 19. ez custodia: lit. 'from prison.' This is a post- Augustan 
 use of the word, with which cf. the use of the plural custodiae ; see 
 note on p. 34. 6. Render, ' the number of prisoners to be executed.' 
 rationem se purgare : that he was clearing his accounts. 
 
 21. Oallograeciam : lit. 'Galatia,' but used in a punning way as 
 the country of the Gauls and Greeks mentioned above. non 
 
 temere, etc. : he was unwilling to have the death penalty inflicted 
 upon any one except in a manner calculated to prolong the agony, and 
 his invariable order was, etc. 
 
 27. oderint, dum metuant : a line from Accius' tragedy Atreus. 
 Seneca and Dio corroborate Suetonius in attributing this saying to 
 Gains. It is sometimes referred to Nero ; cf. Tiberius' saying, Tib. 
 chap. -59. 15. 
 
 29. prolatis libellis : see Calig. chap. 15. 18. 
 
 Page 59. l. proscidit : reviled; cf. the expression, 'tear a char- 
 acter to shreds.' faventi : applauding. 
 
 2. adversuB studlum suiim : Caligula was an ardent supporter of 
 the green faction of the circus ; cf. Calig. chap. 55. 28. utinam 
 populuB RomanuB, etc. : after enumerating several causes of resent- 
 ment, the last of which was, that the people had saluted him as " young 
 Augustus," Die, lix. 13, remarks: " Gaius once said in threatening 
 tones to the populace, ' Would that you had but one neck ! ' — and in 
 fact he always treated them as though they had." 
 
 3. TetTisius : nothing further is known of this robber. 
 
 4. Tetrinios: i.e. as bad as Tetrinius. Rettaril : these gladi- 
 ators were provided with a net (^rete) which they endeavored to throw 
 over the head of their opponent. If entangled, he could be easily 
 
222 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 59 
 
 despatched with the trident (fuscina) with which tlie retiarius was 
 armed. The opponent was armed with sliield, helm, and sword, and 
 was called a, mirmillo (from the image of a fish upon his crest), or 
 secutor, perhaps because he pursued the retiarius when the latter 
 made a false throw with his net. 
 
 9. spectare sustinuisBent : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). An infini- 
 tive following sustinere without a negative is quite rare. 
 
 12. clade Variana : see note on p. 12. 0. 
 
 20. quaestiones per tormenta : legal examinations under torture. 
 When referring to the testimony taken from slaves, quaestio has this 
 meaning without the addition of any word meaning torture, because, 
 according to Roman law, such testimony could be taken only under 
 torture. 
 
 21. decoUandi artilez : an adept at beheading. e custodia : 
 see note on p. 58. 19. 
 
 22. dedicatione pontis : see Calig. chap. 19. 25 and note. 
 
 27. lamlnam : these laminae were thin pieces of silver used in 
 inlaying the frames of the dining couches. 
 
 28. praecedente titulo : I)io, liv. 3, tells of Augustus having a 
 criminal led through the Forum bearing a placard indicating the cause 
 of his punishment. 
 
 30. muTmillonem : see note on p. 59. 4. e ludo : of the train- 
 ing quarters ; see Introd. II. § 5 (2). 
 
 Page 60. 1. poparum : the popa was the assistant who led the 
 victim to the altar and felled it with an axe. The cultrarius cut its 
 throat. 
 
 2. lautiore convivio: at a sumptuous banquet; see Introd. II. 
 §2, a (2). 
 
 6. Apellen : a native of Ascalon, a town in the south of Palestine. 
 Apelles was the chief tragic poet of the time of Caligula and lived on 
 intimate terms with that emperor. 
 
 9. quasi : note the use of quasi with an adjective or participle 
 taking the place of n causal clause, and cf. the usage mentioned in 
 Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4). 
 
 10. amiculae : mistress; Introd. II. § 1, c. The diminutive is one 
 of affection. 
 
 12. fidiculis : some kind of an instrument of torture made of 
 cords. A post-Augustan use of the word. Caesonia : Caesonia 
 Mllonia, the favorite wife of Gaius. He married her after repudiating 
 Lollia. 
 
Page 60] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 223 
 
 15. paene adversua omnis aevi, etc. : he assailed mankind of 
 almost every epoch. Graevius conjectured omne to be supplied before 
 omnis, and this Madvig deems necessary to the sense. Hominum 
 genus seems to be good Latin, however, to render the above thought. 
 
 19. atque diaiecit : and scattered the fragments. 
 
 20. vetuitque, etc. . Dio, Ix. 25, states that Claudius also forbade 
 statues erected except by order of the senate, for the reason that the 
 city was already crowded with those that had been erected indiscrimi- 
 nately. 
 
 21. nisi consulto et auctore se : Introd. II. %&,h (1). 
 
 23. 'qui eum e civitate : i.e. from his ideal state. Plato, in his 
 Republic, does not, in so many words, forbid the reading of Homer. 
 He does, however, expre.ss his disapproval of much that Homer teaches. 
 Cicero, De Bepublica, iv. 5. 5, however, uses this expression : ego vero 
 eodem, quo ille Homerum redimitum coronis et delibutum unguentis 
 emittit ex ea urbe, quam sibi ipse fingit. 
 
 24. Titi Livi : the famous historian. 
 
 26. minimaeque doctrinae: an unjust criticism, for it is in his 
 antiquarian knowledge that Vergil excels. 
 
 27. neglegentem : in fact, this is Livy's chief fault, due to his 
 erroneous conception of the duty of an historian. 
 
 29. ae mebercule eifectunun, etc. : that he, in faith, would see to 
 it that they could give no legal advice contrary to his wish ; lit. 'con- 
 trary to ' or ' disregarding him. ' Ipsum would be more common ; se 
 could not be used, as it would refer to the subject of possint. Uespon- 
 dere has its technical meaning of ' give legal advice as a, jurisconsult.' 
 Note the use of mehercule in an indirect quotation. 
 
 32. Torquato torquem : how the founder of the line, Manlius, 
 slew a mighty Gaul in single combat, and took his collar {torquis) of 
 gold, and in consequence received the title Torquatus, is told by Quin- 
 tus Claudius Quadrigarius, quoted by Aulus Gellius] ix. 13. Cln- 
 cinnato : the word means 'one with curly hair' {cincinnus). The 
 Lucius Quinctius who firsf bore the cognomen is mentioned by Livy, 
 iii. 12. How Gains deprived the Cincinnati of their distinctive mark 
 we are left to conjecture. Cn. Pompeio stirpis antiquae, etc. : 
 and from Gnaeus Pompey of ancient lineage, the surname of the 
 Great; i.e. a name hereditary and of long standing in the family. 
 Dio, Ix. 5, represents Gaius as saying on this occasion that it was not 
 safe for any one to bear that title. Dio also remarks that but for 
 the youth of Pompey, the title would have been the cause of his 
 death. 
 
224 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 61 
 
 Page 61. 1. Ptolemaeum : see note on p. 56. 1. 
 
 4. munus : see note on p. 57. 16. spectacula: the amphithea- 
 tre; lit. ' the seats,' or places allotted the spectators, as below, line 9. 
 
 5. aboUae : a mantle of stout texture, of which little is known. 
 
 6. quotiena . . occurrerent : lutrod. II. § 3, 6 (3). occipi- 
 tio : see note on p. 37. 23. 
 
 8. Colosseros : the word signifies large and handsome, KoXoao-As 
 and perhaps epws. 
 
 9. spectaciilis detractum : dragged from the seat ; see above, 
 note on line 4. 
 
 10. Thraeci: i.e. a gladiator armed as a Thracian, with ligTit cir- 
 cular buckler and short curved sword ; see note on p. 59. i. boplo- 
 m&cho : oTrXo/xixos ; a, gladiator clad in a complete suit of mail, like 
 those who fought in the front rank of a Grecian phalanx. 
 
 12. vicatim: through the streets. Introd. If. § 1, 6. 
 
 14. cuius non commodis obtrectaret: whose merit he did not 
 belittle. 
 
 15. NemorenBi regi : the rex Nemorensis, or priest of Diana of 
 the forest, whose temple stood deeply buried in the woods at the foot 
 of the Alban mountain, held this office by reason of his prowess. The 
 only way to gain the position was to slay the incumbent. Strabo, v. 
 3, 4, in the course of his description, says : " They appoint as priest a 
 fugitive, who has with his own hand murdered the preceding priest. 
 Apprehensive of an attack, the priest is always armed with a sword, 
 ready for resistance." Before the grove in which the temple stood, 
 there is a deep lake of considerable size, now called the lake of Nemi. 
 In this there have been discovered the remains of two huge and mag- 
 nificently equipped galleys dating from the reign of Caligula, probably 
 used in some way in the service of this Diana. 
 
 17. essedaiio : a gladiator who fought from the essedum, or Keltic 
 war chariot. 
 
 21. populum, etc. . the accusative is one of exclamation ; hence 
 we have trihnentem agreeing with it, instead of having a declarative 
 sentence with the verb in the infinitive. 
 
 22. consecratis principibus . eibi : i. e. to princes dead and 
 deified and to himself still among them (praesenti). 
 
 24. nepotatuB BumptibuB omnium : in extravagant expenditure 
 he outdid all who were noted for prodigality. Nepotatus is genitive 
 case; c,f. Seneca, Ad Helv. matrem, 10: " Gaius Caesar, whom in my 
 opinion Nature produced in order to show what unlimited vice would 
 be capable of when combined with unlimited power, dined one day at 
 
Page 02] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 225 
 
 the cost of 10,000,000 sesterces, and though in this he had the assist- 
 ance of the ingenuity of all, yet he could hardly find ways to make 
 one dinner consume the tribute of three provinces." 
 
 25. portentoaissima : most unnatural ; examples are given below 
 in the dissolved pearl and golden loaves. 
 
 28. ex auro psuies, etc. : loaves and relishes made of gold. For 
 obsonium, see note on p. 52. 11. 
 
 29. frugi : the indeclinable adjective modifying hominem. 
 
 31. basllicae luliae : this structure at the south side of the forum 
 was begun by Julius Caesar in his third year as dictator and was 
 completed by Augustus. It served as the chief law court of Rome. 
 The foundation and floor are in a fair state of preservation. 
 
 Page 62. 1. sparsit in plebem : Dio, lix. 25, does not mention 
 the basilica, but simply says that Gains threw down from a lofty 
 place a large amount of gold and silver, and that many were killed in 
 the scramble for it. Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 13, says that Gaius 
 took delight in watching the people fight for the gifts which he scat^ 
 tered among them ; these were generally flowers and rare birds. 
 deceris Libumicas : galleys with ten banks of oars. The Liburnica 
 or Liburna (sc. navis) was a long, light war galley, usually with but 
 two banks of oars, the model of which was taken from the Liburnians, 
 a piratical tribe of Dalmatia ; hence the name. 
 
 2. magna . . . lazitate : with a great expanse, etc. 
 
 5. discumbens de die : i.e. before the proper time for the eena, 
 which was late afternoon. Such feasts served at an inappropriately 
 early hour were termed tempestivae ; see note on p. 06. 25. 
 
 6. praetoriortim : see note on p. 23. 26. 
 
 8. iactae itaque moles: this building of marine villas, as an. 
 evidence of discontent and extravagance, had already been criticised 
 by Horace ; cf. Od. iii. 1. 33 : — 
 
 Contracta pisces aequora sentiunt 
 lactis in altum molibus : hue frequens 
 Caementa demittit redemptor 
 Cum famulis dominusque terrae 
 Fastidiosus. 
 
 10. aggere : i.e. by filling in. 
 
 11. fosBuris montium : by levelling mountains. quidem -. and 
 that too. 
 
 12. capite: life. 
 
226 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 62 
 
 14. vicies et septieB miliea: 2,700,000,000 sesterces; approxi- 
 mately 8135,000,000. Dio, lix. 2, slates that some give the amount 
 spent as 3,300,000,000 sesterces. non toto vertente anno : in less 
 than a year. Dio, lix. 2, says that he had not a farthing left in nine 
 months. 
 
 16. ezhauBtuB igitur, etc. . cf. Dio, lix. 4, " As he squandered his 
 money in the most lavish fashion, so he collected it by the basest 
 methods." 
 
 17. ezquisitisBimo : very cunningly conceived. 
 
 22. diplomata : tlie papers conferring citizenship. 
 
 23. ut Vetera et obBoleta deflebat : he used to deplore the fact 
 that they were old and out of date. 
 
 24. postea : (.e. after the statement of their rating. 
 
 27. ut ingrata: as displaying ingratitude. item ceteronun, 
 etc. . he also destroyed, as null and void, the wills of all people who 
 were said, by any one whomsoever, to have intended on their death to 
 leave Caesar their heir. Cf. Dio, lix. 15, where he ^ys that Gains 
 compelled all who had previously signified their intention of leaving 
 legacies to Tiberiiis, to make over the same to himself. 
 
 29. quo metu : according to the Latin idiom, quo agrees with 
 tnetu; it refers logically, however, to the nullification of the wills 
 mentioned above. 
 
 32. venenatas matteaB : poisoned delicacies. 
 
 Page 63. 1. cognoscebat autem, etc. : moreover, he used to pre- 
 side at such cases, first fixing the amount that he intended to raise at 
 that particular sitting, and as soon as this sum was made up, leaving 
 the bench. 
 
 3. ezcitabatuT : the passive has here the force of the middle voice. 
 In the active it means ' call from one's seat.' Note the asyndeton, 
 taxato . . . confecto. Madvig believes that et has fallen out ^atter the 
 last syllable of consideret and would supply it. The asyndeton does 
 not, however, seem harsh. ne paululum quidem : not in the least. 
 
 4. morae : to be construed as genitive with patiens. 
 
 6. Caesonia : see note on p. 60. 12. 
 
 7. meridiaret ; it was a common custom with Jhe Romans, as 
 with the modern Italians, to take a midday nap. 
 
 8. reliquiaB omnium Bpectaculorum : Suetonius not only means 
 the equipment, bitt the gladiators who were left over as well. This is 
 clearly indicated by Dio, lix. 14, "He sold at an exorbitant price the 
 gladiators who were left over." 
 
Page 64] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 227 
 
 9. subiecit : he brought under the auctioneer's hammer. 
 
 14. nee licendi fiuem factum : and that the bidding did not 
 cease ; licendi from liceor. 
 
 15. sestertium nonagies : about $450,000. Treat nonagies as an 
 indeclinable noun in the ablative. See note on p. 25. 27. Sestertio, 
 the reading of Roth, is a conjecture of Ernesti. 
 
 19. quidquid instnimenti veteris aulae : all the paraphernalia 
 of the old court ; i.e. of the court of Augustus and Tiberius. To en- 
 hance the value of these articles as they were offered for sale, Gains 
 would remark (Dio lix. 21): "This article belonged to my father; 
 this to my mother ; this to my grandfather ; this to my great-grand- 
 father.- Antony used this in Egypt ; this was given Augustus for a 
 victory won." 
 
 21. piBtrinensibuB iumentiB : i.e. the horses and mules employed 
 by the millers to turn the millstones. The millers were bakers as 
 well, for the two trades were combined in Rome. 
 
 22. Baepe : Becker suspects this word of being a gloss ; if not a 
 gloss, he would substitute paene. 
 
 24. causa caderent : lost their cases. Causa is ablative of sepa- 
 ration. , cui inBtrumento diBtrabendo : in order to dispose of the 
 paraphernalia, he employed every kind of deception and enticement. 
 Distrahere strictly means 'to sell piecemeal.' 
 
 27. quod . . . privatiB copiam iaceret : because he was alloxo- 
 ing private citizens to acquire, etc. 
 
 29. ducenta sestertia : about $10,000. 
 
 30. vocatoribuB: the slaves who delivered Caesar's invitations. 
 interponeretur : might secure a place at. 
 
 32. in auctione : i.e. at the sale of the above-mentioned articles. 
 
 Page 64. l. ducentiB milibuB : used instead of ducentis sester- 
 tiis (see note on p. 6.S. 29) to avoid ambiguity. The latter might 
 mean 200 sesterces apiece, instead of 200,000 sesterces. 
 
 3. vectigalia nova : Dio, lix. 28, says that he will pass over in 
 silence the sales, the dives, the lawsuits, the workmen and slaves, all 
 employed to swell the income of Gaius, but he cannot forbear men- 
 tioning the brothel established on the Palatine for the same purpose. 
 
 8. certxun atatumque : sc. tributnm. 
 
 9. ubicumque conceptis : before whatever court. quadra- 
 gesima : sc. pars. 
 
 10. compoBuiBBe vel donasse : settle their cases or abandon them. 
 Donare means, literally, to make a gift of the case to the adversary. 
 
228 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 64 
 
 11. ex genilonim, etc. . from the daily earnings of porters. 
 13. neque propositis : i.e. a statement of the law was not posted 
 in a public place. Bcripturae : i.e. of the details of the law. 
 
 16. uti ne cui, etc. . so that no one could copy it. Die, lix. 28, 
 makes the same statement with regard to the posting of this law. ne 
 quod non : equivalent to ut omne. manubiarum : in the general 
 sense of ' unlawful gain.' 
 
 17. lupanax in Palatio : see Dio's statement above, note on line 3. 
 19. circum fora, etc. : on the force of the preposition, see note 
 
 on p. 57. 31. 
 
 23. quasi adiuvantium : as those loho were adding to Caesar's 
 revenues. Ou force of quasi, see note on p. 60. 9. 
 
 24. compendium : profit. 
 
 26. demandata vice : intrusting his play. Dio, lix. 28, tells a 
 somewhat similar story of Caligula when in Gaul: "Once, while 
 gambling, on seeing that his money had given out, he called for a 
 statement of the rating of the Gauls. He ordered the richest of them 
 put to death, and on returning to the gambling table, remarked that 
 those present were playing for small stakes, for he had just raked in 
 about 60,000,000 sesterces." 
 
 Page 65. 2. plenis ante eum manibus, etc.. which, all classes 
 poured out before him by handfuls and lapfuls. 
 
 5. aureonun : the aureus, or denarius aureus, the principal gold 
 coin of the empire, was worth about $5. 
 
 7. volutatuB est : so Dio, lix. 28. The testimony of Pliny, N. H. 
 xxxiii. 79, as to the greed of Gains may also be adduced. In speaking 
 of orpiment, a mineral of Syria, he remarks : " This substance greatly 
 excited the hopes of the emperor Gains, a prince most greedy for gold. 
 He accordingly had n, large quantity of it melted, and really did ob- 
 tain some excellent gold, but the proportion was so small that he lost 
 by the operation." 
 
 8. ex destinato : in pursuance of a definite plan; an adverbial 
 phrase. 
 
 9. nemus flumenque Clitumni : at the source of the river Clitum- 
 nus, in Umbria, there was a temple dedicated to Jupiter Clitumnus. 
 That the temple and river were well worth a visit is vouched for by 
 Pliny the Younger (Epist. viii. 8) , who describes the locality. 
 
 11. Batavorum ; a tribe who inhabited what is now a part of 
 Holland, especially the island known as insula Batavorum. They 
 were noted for bravery and for their excellent cavalry. After sub- 
 
Page 66] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 229 
 
 jugation by Germanicus, they served the Romans well, and were 
 exempted from paying tribute and taxes. They revolted in the time 
 of Vespasian but were again subjugated by Trajan and Hadrian. 
 
 12. ezpeditionis Germanicae ; Dio, lix. 21, mentions this merely 
 in connection with Gains' plundering expedition into Gaul. He states 
 that Gaius went there under pretext of subduing the hostile Germans, 
 who were, as he said, engaged in an uprising. 
 
 19. octaphoro : the octaphoron was a litter carried by eight 
 bearers. 
 
 25. pleiisque . . . maturis: i.e. their term of service, twenty 
 years, being at an end. 
 
 26. consummaturi : sc. stipendia. primoa pilos ademit: 
 deprived of the command of the first maniple of triarii. See note 
 on p. 53. 30. 
 
 28. commoda emetitae militiae : rewards due those who had 
 completed their term of service. 
 
 29. ad Bescentonim milium, ««c..' 600, 000 sesterces. This amount 
 can hardly be correctly stated. On the authority of Dio, Iv. 23, it is 
 known that Augustus fixed the reward for the completion of the 
 twenty years' service at 12,000 sesterces. Lipsius amended so as to 
 read ad sex milium, making Gaius reduce the amount just one-half. 
 
 30. Adminio . . . recepto : an ablative absolute following 
 the expression, nihil aulem amplius quam. An ablative absolute is 
 rarely accompanied by a connective. Of connectives so used, nisi is 
 most common ; rf Introd. II. §6, 6 (1). Cynobellini : this king's 
 capitol was Camalodunura (Colchester). He had two other sons, 
 Caractacus and Togodumnus. 
 
 32. universa tradita insula : ablative absolute. Introd. II. § 6, 
 6(1). 
 
 Page 66i 1. speculatoiibus : these were a body of soldiers used 
 as scouts. The speculatores, especially those connected with the 
 praetorian cohorts, were often detailed for special duties, such as con- 
 veying messages, and acting as a special bodyguard of the emperor. 
 
 3. in aede Martis : i.e. the temple of Mars Ultor, vowed by 
 Augustus during the battle of Philippi, built in the Forum Augusti, 
 and consecrated, 2 a.d. There are some portions of this still re- 
 maining, particularly three beautiful Corinthian columns. 
 
 5. mox: see noteonp. lo. 21. de cuatodla : see note on p. 58. 19. 
 
 7. prandium : this meal, taken about midday, corresponds to the 
 continental second breakfast. The light meal taken on rising was 
 
230 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 66 
 
 termed ientaculum ; while dinner, cena, was served in the afternoon 
 or early evening. 
 
 10. et in modiiin tropaeoriun adornatia : and adorning them to 
 serve as trophies. ad lumina reversua -. returning by torchlight. 
 
 13. distinctas solis, etc. : adorned with figures of the sun, moon, 
 and stars. 
 
 14. ezploratoiias : i.e. given as badges of honor to scouts who 
 had discovered the foe. 
 
 15. litterario ludo : the adjective is added to show that a gladi- 
 atorial training school is not meant. 
 
 18. mimo : farce. 
 
 21. durarent aecundisque : Aen. i. 207. 
 23. inter haec : meanwhile. 
 
 25. tempeativa : i.e. begun at an hour so early as to be unseemly. 
 Late afternoon or evening was the appropriate time. 
 
 26. celebrarent : were devoting themselves to. 
 
 29. ut conchaa legerent : ])io, lix. 25, tells the same story. 
 
 30. ainua : the folds of their cloaks. 
 
 31. Capitolio Palatioque : to the Capitol as the seat of Koman 
 dominion and to the Palatine as the abode of royalty. 
 
 32. Pharo : see note on p. 40. 30. 
 
 Page 67. 2. centenis viritim denariia : about $20. Viritim with 
 the distributive numeral adjective is tautological. 
 
 6. Galliarum : see note on p. 24. 16. 
 
 7. &|i.a6pid)iP<uTov : worthy to grace a triumph. 
 
 9. rutilare : to color the hair auburn. Light hair was one of the 
 physical characteristics of the Germans. Cf. Tac. Ger. 4, habitus 
 guoque corporum quamquam in tanto hominum numero, idem omni- 
 bus, truces et caerulei oculi, rutilae com^e, etc. 
 
 10. addiacere : the prefix conveys the idea of learning another 
 tongue in addition to their own. 
 
 13. procuratoribus : the imperial financial agents. 
 17. priusquam decederet : Introd. IL § 3, 6 (1). 
 
 19. seditionein olim moverant : cf. Tib. chap. 25. 26, and Calig. 
 chaps. 1.9, and 9. 30. 
 
 22. inhiberi : inhibeo with the force of prohibeo is not found in 
 prose before the Ausustan period. 
 
 25. aed cum vlderet. etc. : Dio, lix. 22, states that Gains killed 
 many of his soldiers, both singly and in companies. Whether he refers 
 to this occasion is not apparent. 
 
Page 68] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 231 
 
 27. profugit contionem : profugio with accusative is post- 
 Augustan. 
 
 28. defleza omni acerbitate in senatum . Dio, lix. 25, states 
 that as soon as he reached the city he seriously considered putting the 
 whole senate to death because they had not decreed divine honors to 
 him. Seneca, De Ira, iii. 19. 2, also states that Caligula had conceived 
 the idea of slaughtering the whole senate. 
 
 32. denuntiaBset : Dio, lix. 2.3, relates that Gaius was angry 
 because Claudius was one of those appointed to report to Iiim the 
 honors conferred by the senate. As a result, he forbade such honors 
 conferred in the future. 
 
 Page 68. l. amplissimi ordinia : i.e. of the senatorial order. 
 
 7. ovans : see note on p. 1. 15. 
 
 8. natali suo : see note on p. 45. 14. 
 
 9. siquidem : since. 
 
 10. Antium : see note on p. 23. 10. 
 
 12. in secretiB ; among his private papers. 
 
 13. duo libelli, etc. : according to Dio, lix. 26, one Protogenes, 
 abettor of Gaius in all atrocious acts, used to carry about note-books 
 having these titles. 
 
 16. a Claudio demersis : Dio, Ix. 4, states that the large quantity 
 of poison found in Gaius' desk was burned by Claudius, together 
 with the letters that Gaius had pretended to burn. 
 
 19. ezpallido : exceedingly pale ; a post-Augustan word. cor- 
 pore enormi : misshapen. Seneca, De Const. Sapientis 18, gives a 
 description of Gains' appearance : " He himself was a most tempting 
 object of derision, so ugly was the paleness which proved him mad, so 
 savage the glare of the eyes which lurked under his old woman's brow, 
 so hideous his misshapen head, bald and dotted about with a few 
 cherished hairs, besides his neck set thick with bristles, his thin legs, 
 his monstrous feet." 
 
 21. torva : scowling. 
 
 22. birautus cetera : the rest of his body hairy. 
 
 23. ex Buperiore parte : i.e. so as to look down upon his head. 
 
 24. capram nominare : i. e. as reflecting upon his own hairy 
 person. criminoBtun : slanderous. 
 
 26. componens ad Bpeculum, etc. : standing before a mirror and 
 practising grimaces calculated to inspire horror and fright. 
 
 28. valetudo ei, etc. : he possessed neither a strong body nor a 
 sound mind. 
 
232 NOTES ON CALIGLXA. [Page 68 
 
 29. comitiali morbo : epilepsy, so named because when a person 
 was stricken by an attack of this kind, the meetings of the cumitia 
 were dissolved as by an evil omen. ita patiens laboruzn, etc. . 
 though he could endure hardships, yet sudden faintness would some- 
 times overtake him, leaving him incapable of walking, standing, con- 
 centrating his thoughts, or making any effort. 
 
 32. valetudinem : feebleness ; valetudo is a, vox media and may 
 mean either good health or poor health, according to the context. 
 
 Page 69. 2. creditur potionatUB, etc. : Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 
 2. 4, states that many attributed the madness of Gaius to this cause. 
 Caeaonia : see note on p. 60. 12. 
 
 4. tribus noctumis horis : see Introd. II. § 2, a (1). 
 
 12. attribuerim . potential subjunctive in modest statement. 
 There is no appreciable difference in meaning between the present 
 and perfect tense in this construction. 
 
 16. ad vero maiora : c/. Tiberius' fear of lightning, chap. 69. 9. 
 Roth, witli Med. 3d, reads at vero maiore. The reading of the Memm. 
 manuscript is ad vero maiore. Paris 0116 and eight other manu- 
 scripts read ad vero maiora, and Madvig seems justified in preferring 
 this. 
 
 19. Messana : modern Messina. A celebrated city of Sicily situ- 
 ated upon the strait of the same name, which is at this point about 
 four miles wide. 
 
 20. adversus barbaros quoque minacissimuB : Tjreitus, Ger. 
 37, speaks of the miglity threats of Gaius, mox ingentes Gai Caesaris 
 minae in ludibrium versae. 
 
 22. essedo : see note on p. 53. 2. 
 
 23. ilico : immediately. This word is especially frequent in collo- 
 quial style. 
 
 24. calonibUB : camp servants. 
 
 27. Bubsidia fugae : as a means of flight. 
 
 28. uno BOlacio adquiescens : consoling himself with one com- 
 forting thought. For the construction of solacio, see note on p. 19. 
 17 end. 
 
 30. Cimbri : the German tribe that invaded Italy, 102 b.c. Se- 
 noneB: the tribe of Gauls who burned Rome, 390 b.c. 
 
 Page 70. 4. denique humano: ac joins closely with the preced- 
 ing phrase, hence humano is also modified by ne . . . quidem. 
 
 5. depictas : embroidered. Depictus for pictus is post-Augustan. 
 
Page 70J NOTES ON CALIGULA. 233 
 
 6. indutua : passive participle used with middle force, hence the 
 object. paenulas : the paenula was a woollen cloak ordinarily 
 worn in travelling and in inclement weather. manuleatuB : wear- 
 ing long sleeves. This was deemed effeminate by the Romans. The 
 word is ante-classical and post- Augustan. Manicatus is the classical 
 word. 
 
 7. cycladatUB : clothed in a Greek cyclas, or state robe for women. 
 
 8. crepidis: see note on p. 9. 27. cotburnis : the high boot 
 worn on the tragic stage. speculatoria : i.e. such as those worn 
 by the speculatores, on whom see note on p. 66. 1. caliga : for 
 meaning, see note on p. 46. 2r>. 
 
 9. aurea barba : i.e. he had a beard made of gold, which he fitted 
 to his face. 
 
 10. fulmen: an attribute of Jove, as the fuscina was of Neptune, 
 and the caduceus of Mercury. deorum msignia : these words are 
 probably a gloss, as suggested by Becker. 
 
 11. Veneris cultu : he often personified Juno and Diana as well ; 
 cf. Uio, lix. 26. triumphalem . . . ornatmn : for the triumphalia 
 ornamenta, see note on p. 7. 6. 
 
 14. e conditorio eius : Augustus had viewed the body lying in its 
 glass coflSn at Alexandria ; cf. Aug. 18. The original gold coffin had 
 been removed about 118 b.c. Dio, li. 16, states that Augustus not 
 only viewed, but touched, the body, and in so doing broke off a piece 
 of the nose. 
 
 15. ex disciplinis liberalibus : of the liberal branches ; see 
 note on p. 38. 13. DiscipUnae is parallel to artes in this expression. 
 
 16. plurimum attendit: Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 3, speaking of the 
 oratorical ability of the different emperors, remarks, etiam Gai Cae- 
 saris turbata mens vim dicendi non comtpit. Dio, lix. 19, tells how 
 the emperor, desirous of surpassing all in oratory, would have put 
 Domitius Afer to death through jealousy of his ability, had it not 
 been for Afer's cunning in pretending to be struck dumb with admira- 
 tion at Gaius' power as an orator. Seneca, too, ran the same risk. 
 quantumvis facundus et promptus : being very fluent and ready 
 indeed. 
 
 17. perorandum : peroro is used in the general sense of ' plead in 
 a set speech,' and is especially applied to a speech of accusation. 
 
 20. prae ardore : see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 21. stricturum ae lucubrationis, etc. : i.e. would deliver the 
 speech in the preparation of which he had burned the midnight oil. 
 
 23. Senecani : the famous writer, philosopher, and tutor of Nero ; 
 
234 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 70 
 
 c/. Nero, chap. 7. 9. commiBsioneB meras: nothing but prize 
 declamations. 
 
 24. harenam esse sine calce : i.e. loose and disconnected. The 
 expression ridicules the epigrammatic style of Seneca with its omis- 
 sion of connectives. 
 
 25. rescribere : write replies to. 
 
 26. accusationes defeasioneeque, etc. . i.e. he composed and 
 studied speeches pro and con, and then delivered the speech which 
 appealed to him as most effective. 
 
 27. onerare sententia . . sublevare : i.e. by speaking for or 
 against. 
 
 31. Tbraez et auriga, etc. : Dio, lix. 5, says that Gains was ruled 
 by the charioteers, and was a slave to actors. At first a spectator, 
 he afterward drove a chariot, contended as a gladiator, and danced or 
 acted in tragedies. Once, late at night, he summoned the leading men 
 of the senate as if on important business, and then danced in their 
 presence. On Thraex, see note on p. 61. 10. 
 
 32. battuebat pugaatoriis armis: i.e. he fought with sharp 
 weapons, not foils. 
 
 Page 71 i 1. plurifaiiam : in many places. 
 5. palam effingeret : openly imitated. 
 
 7. ut . . . auspicaretor : that the freedom of the time might 
 afford an auspicious moment for appearing upon the stage. 
 
 11. dein repente : Roth, with the Memm. manuscript, reads deinde 
 repente, but the weight of manuscript authority is for the reading of 
 the text. Bcabelloruin : the precise nature of the scabellum is not 
 known. It was probably a wooden shoe provided with bells or bangles 
 and used to beat time as an accompaniment to other instruments. 
 
 12. desaltato cantico : having finished dancing the lyric scene ; 
 cf. Dio's remarks, note on p. 70. 31. 
 
 16. MneBterem : this famous pantomimist had been a freedman 
 of Tiberius. Many stories are told of his arrogance and profligacy, 
 and of the passion of Gains and Me.ssalina for him. On the down- 
 fall of the latter, he was put to death, in the reign of Claudius. 
 
 20. abiret: Introd. II. § 3, b (6). 
 
 21. Ptolemaeum : see note on p. 66. 1. 
 
 22. suOB : i.e. Caligula's, referring to the subject of denuntiavit. 
 iBtoc : to you ; adverb. 
 
 23. Thraeces : see note on p. 61. 10. 
 
 24. MurmiUonum : see note on p. 69. 4. 
 
Page 72] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 235 
 
 25. recidit : because he favored their opponents, the Thraeces. 
 
 26. venenum • Dio, lix. 14, states that he poisoned the most dis- 
 tinguished drivers of the opposite factions. 
 
 28. prasinae factioni : according to Dio, lix. 14, this was Gains' 
 favorite party. The drivers of the different chariots were distinguished 
 by the color of their garments. Hence, from the zeal with which 
 different people espoused the cause of the different colors, there arose 
 four parties or factions, named respectively, f actio albata (white), 
 prasina (green), rosata (red), and veneta (blue). When Domitian 
 instituted the praclice of starting six, instead of four, chariots at once, 
 two new factions were added, factio aurata (golden) and purpura 
 (purple), but these were not long kept up. There were frequent riots 
 and encounters between these various factions, the worst of which 
 occurred at Constantinople in 532 a.d. (the Nic6 rebellion), in which 
 thirty thousand are said to have perished. 
 
 29. agitator! Ehitycho : mentioned by Josephus, Ant. hid. xix. 
 4. 4, as a driver of the green faction, very devoted to Gains, and an 
 oppressor of the soldiery, whom he had compelled to perform degrading 
 labor on the stables of Nero. 
 
 30. apophoretis : the apophoreta were gifts distributed to the 
 guests at a banquet, as souvenirs. vicies sesteitiam : about 
 $100,000. 
 
 31. Incitato : a proper name, Flyer. Dio, lix. 14, tells almost 
 the same story about this horse, and affirms that Gains would indeed 
 have appointed it consul, had he not been murdered so soon after. 
 
 Page 72. l. equile: a staMe for horses. praesepe ebumeum : 
 an ivory manger. 
 
 3. familiam: a retinue of servants. 
 
 6. bacchantem atque graBsantem : pursuing his insane and 
 cruel course. 
 
 7. una alteraque conapiratioDe : Aemilius Lepidus, brother-in- 
 law of Gaius, was involved in one conspiracy. Niceus Cerealis is 
 known to have betrayed one to Gaius. The conspiracy, originated in 
 39 A.D. by Gaetulicus, legatus of upper Germany, is mentioned by Sue- 
 tonius in the Life of Claudiiis ; cf. note on p. 81. 30. 
 
 9. duo : Cassius Chaerea and Cornelius Sabinus. 
 
 12. in quadam coniuratione : i.e. in the conspiracy of Cerealis. 
 
 14. nam et statim seductia, etc. : and loith reason., for he imme- 
 diately set them aside and cast great odium upon them by drawing his 
 sword, etc. 
 
236 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 72 
 
 17. inter se omnis committere : setting them one against the 
 other. 
 
 18. cum placuiBset . . . adgredi : when it was decided to attacl: 
 liim. PalatiniB ludis : games of tliree days' duration, instituted by 
 Livia in lienor of Augustus ; c/. Dio, Ivi. 46. 
 
 19. Cassius Chaerea, etc. : for a full account of the conspiracy, 
 see Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 3-14, who states that there were three 
 parties planning the assassination : one led by Aemilius liegulus, an- 
 other by Cassius Chaerea, and the third by Annius Minucianus. 
 
 21. effeminatum: Sen. De Const. Sapientis, 1^ states that Chae- 
 rea's voice was suspiciously light. 
 
 22. Priapum aut Venerem : the male and female divinities of 
 procreation. 
 
 28. tantum cachmnuin, etc. : cf. note on p. 54. 12. 
 
 29. machiniB: the derricks, etc., to be used in taking down the 
 statue. 
 
 30. ilico : just then. 
 
 31. Capitolium Capuae : dedicated by Tiberius ; see Tib. chap. 
 40. 30. 
 
 32. Id. Mar. . Idibus Martiis, the anniversary of Julius Caesar's 
 murder. 
 
 Page 73. 1. cella Palatini atiiensis : the lodge of the major domo 
 of the palace. The atriensis is the overseer of the hall (atrium). 
 
 2. altero ostento : by the latter portent, i.e. by the fact that the 
 lodge of the major domo had been struck. 
 
 3. quails eodem die : see note on p. 72. 32. • 
 
 6. Portuaae Antiatinae : see note on p. 23. 10. 
 
 7. CasBium Longinum : he reached Rome just before the assassi- 
 nation. The emperor had not taken immediate action, hence Cassius 
 escaped ; Dio, lix. 29. 
 
 13. BaciiiicanB respersus est : according to Josephus, Ant. lud. 
 xix. ]. 13, it was the toga of a senator named Asprenas that was spat- 
 tered. Gaius laughed at the incident, but it was an ill omen, for 
 Asprenas fell with Gaius. 
 
 14. Mnester: see note on p. 71. 16. 
 
 15. tragoediam : the play was entitled Cinyras, in which the death 
 of this Assyrian king and his daughter Myrrha are represented ; cf. 
 Jos. Ant. hid. xix. 1. 13. 
 
 16. quibuB . Philippus occisus est : in the summer of 336 
 B.C., Philip of Macedon, father of Alexander the Great, held a festival 
 
Page 74] NOTES ON CALIGULA. 237 
 
 to solemnize the nuptials of his daughter. According to the Greek 
 account, on the first day after the marriage Philip requested the tra- 
 gedian Neoptoleiiius to recite a certain lyric piece apprt)priate to the 
 monarch's coming expedition against the Pei-sian king. In the course 
 of the piece the actor sang of the fall of pride, power, wealth, and 
 luxury. .After Philip's murder this was taken in the light of a proph- 
 ecy. On the second day of the festivities, while leading a procession 
 to the theatre, Philip was stabbed by Pausanias, one of his nobles. 
 
 17. Laureolo mimo : in a mime entitled Laureulus ; Josepbus, 
 Ant. lud. xix, 1. 13, states that the mime represented the crucifixion 
 of a robber chieftain ; c/. Juv. viii. 187. 
 
 18. 'ruina: i.e. from some falling structure ; ablative of separation. 
 secundarum : sc. partium. These actors tried to outdo the star. 
 
 22. Vim Kal. Tebr. . the 24th of January. hora fere sep- 
 tima : about one o'clock. Hora signifies one-twelfth of an actual 
 day (hence it varies from one and a quarter houjs to three-quarters, 
 according to the season), or the termination of such a period. 
 
 23. prandiuin : see note on p. 66. 7. 
 
 25. crypta : a subterranean passage. Some of these passages are 
 still to be seen in the ruins of the Palatine. Dio and Josephus use the 
 word o-TeKoiirAs, ' a narrow way,' in telling of the deed. 
 
 26. ad edendas in scaena operas : i.e. to act. 
 
 28. piinceps gregis : the leader of the company. algere : was 
 chilled. 
 
 29. repraesentare : have performed at once. voluit : note the 
 indicative for the sake of vividness, in a contrary-to-fact construction. 
 
 31. caesim : i c. with the edge of the sword. 
 
 32. hoc age : attention ; a formula used by the sacrificing priest 
 to arrest the attention of his audience. With the idiom hoc agere, 
 'to attend to the matter at hand,' cf. the opposite expression, aliud 
 agere, ' to be inattentive.' 
 
 Page 74. 4. accipe ratum: so be it; lit. 'receive it ratified.' 
 Lipsius' emendation is iratum, 'receive him, i.e. Jove, in his wrath.' 
 Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 14, states that even on this occasion, Gaius, 
 on being asked for the watchword, gave an obscene answer to Chaerea. 
 
 6. clamitantem, etc. : Josephus' account is different ; he says 
 that Gaius made no outcry, conducted himself with dignity, and 
 attempted to escape. 
 
 7. repete : again ! 
 
 9. asBeribua : these were the chair poles. 
 
238 NOTES ON CALIGULA. [Page 74 
 
 10. Qeimani, etc. ; Josepbus, Ant. lud. xix. 1. 15, gives a detailed 
 account of the action of these guards. It was by them that Asprenas 
 (see note on p. 73. 13) was killed, for they saw his toga stained with 
 blood, which they supposed to be the blood of Gaius. 
 
 13. viginti novem, etc. . so Eutropius, vii. 12. Dio, lix. 30, says 
 that he mled three years, nine months, and twenty-eight days. 
 
 14. in hortOB Lamianoa : gardens belonging to the Lamian family, 
 on the Esquiline hill. 
 
 15. tumultuaiio rogo : i.e. upon a funeral pile hastily constructed 
 in the midst of confusion. 
 
 17. ab ezilio reversas : they were recalled by order of Claudius ; 
 Dio, Ix. 4. 
 
 21. peiit nna et uxor Caesonia : she was killed by Julius Lupus, 
 a tribune sent for the purpose by Chaerea ; c/. Josephus,.4nt. lud. 
 xix. 2. 4. On Caesonia, see note on p. 60. 12. 
 
 25. nam nequa caede vulgata, etc. : the feelings of diSerent 
 elements in the state, on hearing the news, are described at length by 
 Josephus, Ant. Iitd. xix. 1. 16. 
 
 30. in asserenda libertate : cf. Claud, chap. 10. 30. 
 
 31. curiam: the Curia Hostilia, or ancient senate house, was 
 burned in the disturbances resulting from Clodius' death, 52 b.c. 
 The restoration made by Augustus was known as the Curia lulia. 
 
 Page 75. 1. sententiae loco : when it came their turn to speak. 
 
 2. templa: i.e. the temples erected to the deified Caesars, Julius 
 and Augustus. 
 
 5. Cinnanis temporibus: i.e. in the reign of terror in 87 b.c, 
 when Marius and Cinna entered the city and wreaked vengeance upon 
 their foes. Cf. Appian, Bell. Civ. i. 72, "Gaius Julius and Lucius 
 Julius, two brothers, were arrested in the street and killed." 
 
 CLAUDIUS — EMPEROR, 41-54 A.D. 
 
 Sources : Tacitus, Annals xi. and xii., or from the year 47 on. Dio, Ix. 
 (from the year 47, only in the abridgment of Xiphilin). Suetonius. 
 Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 3 seq. 
 
 While the senate, after the assassination of Gaius, was deliberating 
 and making plans to restore the republic, Claudius, uncle of Gaius, 
 was proclaimed emperor by the troops. He owed his position to the 
 soldiery, and rewarded them accordingly. 
 
 As a result of his weak character and purely literary training, 
 
Page 76] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 239 
 
 Claudius depended upon others, and soon became the puppet of his 
 wives and freedinen. Hence the account of his reign is largely the 
 story of the intrigues of the palace. However, Claudius showed good 
 sense in many iiistances, as is evinced in particular by his speech, still 
 in large part extant, in favor of the extension of the ius honorum to 
 the nobility of Gallia Comata.. A census was taken by Claudius, the 
 finances were placed upon a firm basis, important public works were 
 constructed, and reforms made in the judicial and police systems. 
 
 Page 76. 5. Drusum : see note on p. 4. 15, and stemma, p. 142. 
 moz : see note on p. 15. 21. 
 6. cum AuguBto gravida nupaisset : c/. note on p. 4. 13. 
 8. vitrico: i.e. Augustus. 
 
 11. Tois <vrvxov(ri ical Tp()iT|va iraiSla : the children of those on 
 whom fortune smiles, in three months are born. 
 
 12. duz Raetici . . . belli : on the Raetians, see note on p. 6. .32. 
 Dio tells of the cruelty of the people of Baetia to Roman travellers 
 and to Roman allies. As a result, Augustus, in the year 4 a.d., sent 
 Drusus against them. Afterward Drusus and Tiberius carried on the 
 war together. The account of Velleius, ii. 96, differs slightly from 
 that of Uio, for he speaks of the brothers as colleagues from the 
 beginning. 
 
 13. Oceanam . . navigavit : 10 and 11 b.c. ; Drusus was prob- 
 ably the commander of the fleet mentioned in the Aton. Ancyranum, 
 chap. 26, classis mea per Oceanum ab ostio Rheni ad solis orientis 
 regiones usque ad fines Cimbroritm navigavit, quo neque terra neqne 
 marl quisquam Romanus ante id tempus adit. Dio, liv. 32, in describ- 
 ing the campaign, speaks of Drusus' sailing down the Rhine and into 
 the ocean. 
 
 14. foBsas novi et immenai operis : genitive of quality ; see 
 Introd. II. § 2, d. One of these canals connected the Rhine with the 
 river Sala, the modern Issel. It was here, between the two rivers, 
 according to Strabo, vii. 13, that Drusus died, in the full course of his 
 victories. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 8, in speaking of Germanicus' subsequent 
 operations in Germany, uses the expression, fossam, cui Drusianae 
 nomen, ingressus. 
 
 16. caeaum : vanquished with great loss. 
 
 18. apeciea barbarae muUeria, etc. : Dio, Iv. 1, after stating that 
 Drusus attempted, but without success, to cross the swollen Elbe, 
 continues : " For a woman of more than mortal frame confronted him, 
 saying : ' Whither now, insatiable Drusus ? 'Tis not conceded thee 
 
240 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 76 
 
 by fate to see all that is here. Away ! an end both of thy deeds and 
 thy life is at hand.' " 
 
 19. quas ob rea ovandi ius, etc. . 10 b.c. For the ovation, see 
 note on p. 1. 15. 
 
 20. triumpbalia omamenta: see note on p. 7. 6. 
 
 21. confestim : i.e. without waiting for the ordinary interval of 
 two years ; c.f. note on p. 7. 9. 
 
 22. obiit, etc.: 8 b.c. For place of death, see note on line 14. 
 
 23. Scelerata: this adjective in Augustan prose may have the 
 meaning 'unfortunate,' or 'calamitous.' 
 
 24. municipiorum colonianimque : both classes of towns had 
 received Uoinan citizenship, so that there was now practically no 
 distinction between them except that of origin. 
 
 Page 77. 1. decuiiis: guilds. The plural is used because the 
 scribes connected with the various offices formed separate guilds; e.g. 
 the decuria quaestoria, the scribes attached to the quaestors. ad 
 urbem : to the city. The body was probably carried by the primores 
 to the city gate and there received by the scribes who came out to 
 meet it {obviis). Dio, Iv. 2, says that the body was carried to the 
 winter quarters of the Army of Germany by the centurions and 
 tribunes, and then in turn by the prominent men of the different 
 places along the route to Rome. He says nothing about the scribes. 
 
 2. in campo Martio: i.e. in the Mausoleum of Augustus. 
 bonorariiim ei tumulum : i.e. a cenotaph in Germany. Tacitus, 
 Ann. ii. 7 (17 a.d.), in speaking of the Chatti and Germanicus' cam- 
 paign, states that the Chatti had thrown down the sepulchral mound 
 lately raised to the Varian legions, and also the old altar of Drusus. 
 Germanicus restored the altar, and with his legions performed 
 manoeuvres in honor of his father. 
 
 4. decurreret : the word means to perform a military manoeuvre 
 and is often, as here, employed to indicate the military display at 
 funeral games. Dio, Ivi. 42, gives a good description of such a cere- 
 mony over the body of Augustus in the Campus Martius. The cavalry 
 galloped and the legionaries charged about the pyre, heaping upon 
 the body, as they passed, all the objects that they had received at the 
 hands of Augustus for their achievements in war. 
 
 6. cum tropaeis : i.e. adorned with the arms, helmets, shields, 
 etc., taken from the foe. Via Appia: see Introd. II. § 2, a (2). 
 
 7. poBterisque eiuB : in fact, one of the sons is known only by the 
 name Germanicus ; see below, note on line .31, fuiase autem credi- 
 
Page 78] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 241 
 
 tur, etc. : he is believed to have possessed as great u love for military 
 renown as for political freedom. These characteristics are illustrated 
 by the statement that immediately follows. So Velleius Paterculus, 
 ii. 97, who remarks that it was doubtful whether his genius was better 
 adapted to the arts of war or peace. 
 
 9. opima spolia : technically, the spoils taken from the leader of 
 the enemy by the hand of the Roman general. They were hung as an 
 offering in the temple of Jupiter Feretrius. But three instances of 
 the attainment of this glory are cited during the period of the king- 
 dom and republic. 
 
 10. tota acie inaectatus : to have sought all over the battle- 
 field. 
 
 11. pTistinom . . . statum : i.e. the republic. 
 18. filiiB : i.e. Tiberius and Drusus. 
 
 20. Caesares : i.e. the princes or heirs. After the time of Hadrian 
 the prevailing meaning of the word Caesar is that of heir to the 
 empire. 
 
 23. prosa oratione: the classical expression is oratio soluta or 
 sermo snlutus. 
 
 28. Inlio Antonio, etc. . 9 u.c. 
 
 29. Lugudvini : see note on p. 51. 25. eo ipso die, etc. . the 
 words primum and ibi show that Suetonius does not mean that the 
 birth and dedication occurred on the same day, but that this was 
 the anniversary of the dedication. Render, ' the first of August, the 
 very day on which an altar was first dedicated there to Augustus.' 
 A ceremony was performed yearly at this altar even to the time of 
 Dio Cassius (liv. 32). 
 
 31. fratre maiore : known only by his title Germanicus Caesar. 
 He was entitled to the name Germanicus, apart from .his deeds in 
 Germany, as the title had been conferred upon his father Drusus and 
 his descendants. See above, note on line 7. 
 
 Page 78. 6. post tutelam receptam -. after attaining his ma- 
 jority. This is a legal term and is used of one who has become sui 
 iuris and hence is no longer under a guardian's care. alieni 
 arbitrii : predicate genitive ; Introd. II. § 2, d. paedagogo : the 
 paedagogus acted as the tutor of a young child, and as it grew older, 
 accompanied it to school as an attendant. 
 
 7. superiumentarium : an overseer of teamsters; the word does 
 not occur elsewhere; see Introd. II, § 1, a (2). ex industria: 
 the Ciceronian expression is de industria. 
 
242 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 78 
 
 8. quibuBCumque de causis . . coerceret : to repress him 
 harshly on the most trifling pretexts. 
 
 10. gladiatorio munere : this celebration is mentioned by Dio, 
 Iv. 27, under the year 9 a.d. 
 
 11. palliolatuB: muffled in a Greek robe. Quintilian, Inst. Or. 
 xi. 3. 144, says that the only excuse for wearing the pallium, as for 
 wearing ear muffs and other wraps, is ill health. 
 
 12. togae viiilis die : see note on p. 5. 19. 
 
 13. Bine BOllemni officio : cf. the expression sine ullo honore used 
 in the same connection, Calig. chap. 10. 11. 
 
 14. diBcipltnls tamen liberalibus : synonymous with artes liber- 
 ales, for which see note on p. 38. 13. Tac. Ann. vi. 46, mentions this 
 characteristic of Claudius, is composita aetate bonorum artium cupiens 
 erat. Dio, Ix. 2, says that he was not without mental power and was 
 so devoted to study that he always had some piece of writing on hand. 
 He was particularly devoted to historical study ; see chaps. 41 and 42. 
 
 15. ezperimenta cuiusque : his efforts in each branch. 
 
 16. publicavit : edo or divulgo are the classical terras. 
 
 22. pro deBpectiBBimo, etc. : always regarded him as the greatest 
 object of contempt. 
 24. monere : for meaning, see note on p. 58. 8. 
 
 26. tain iniquam . . . deteatata eBt : prayed, in a manner to be 
 distinctly heard, that the Bomans be spared such an unjust and un- 
 merited fate. Detestor has two meanings : (1) ' to curse,' (2) ' to 
 deprecate,' as here. 
 
 27. avunculus maior AugUBtus : through Augustus' sister Octa- 
 via, the mother of Antonia, who in turn was the mother of Claudius. 
 
 29. capita : extracts. 
 
 31. Livia ; Augustus' wife ; see note on p. 4. 13. 
 
 32. ludis MartialibuB : these games consisted of horse races and 
 animal hunts (Dio, Ivi. 27). They had been instituted in honor of 
 Mars Ultor, whose temple in the Forum Augusti was dedicated on 
 August 1, 2 B.C. (Dio, Ix. 5). 
 
 Page 79. 2. artiuB : iprios ; a Greek word in Roman letters ; 
 equivalent to aptus, 'ready,' 'quick.' 
 
 3. hoIoclerOB: 6X4icXijpo5, equivalent to integer, 'complete in all 
 parts,' 'sound.' 
 
 4. per articulos et gradus : by the customary appointments in 
 order. Articulot emphasizes the separate steps ; gradus, the sequence. 
 
 5. irater : i.e. Germanicus. 
 
Page 79] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 243 
 
 6. sin autem TiXarruo-Sai sentimuB : but if we perceive that he be 
 ■wanting and defectioe in respect to physical and mental perfection. 
 
 9. ToL ToiovTO o-KMirT€iv, ctc. : ciiaebatv is a perfect participle agreeing 
 witli hominibus ; ' wlio are accustomed to mock and sneer at such 
 defects.' 
 
 10. de singulis aiticulis temponun : on each occasion as it pre- 
 sents itself. 
 
 11. |iT| irpoiiiroKuii^vov, etc. : a genitive absolute ; if it be not de- 
 cided beforehand whether or not in our opinion he can hold office. 
 Note how Augustus interlards his letters with Greek words and 
 phrases, a practice common at that time and in the following age ; cf. 
 the letters of Cicero and Pliny. 
 
 13. cursure . . . triclinium: i.e. to superintend the sacred ban- 
 quet. Such. feasts were given in connection with various religious 
 observances and were noted for their magnificence. The officials 
 having charge of them were styled epulones. 
 
 14. ab Silani filio : probably Lucius Silanus, betrothed to Clau- 
 dius' daughter. Appius, the father, was put to death by Claudius ; see 
 Claud, chap. 29. 6. 
 
 16. ez pulvinari : the imperial box in the circus ; its location is 
 not known. Cf. Aug. 45, spectabat interdum ex pulvinari et quidem 
 cum coniuge ac liberis sedens. It may have been situated on the 
 podium, a position which would be well indicated by the words, in 
 fronte prima spectaculorum, i.e. in the very front part of that portion 
 of the circus used for seating the spectators. On the meaning of specta- 
 cula, see note on p. 61. 4. For another part of the circus frequented 
 by the emperor, see note on p. 112. 22. 
 
 19. aut esse Romae Latinarum diebus: Augustus thinks it 
 inappropriate that Claudius remain at Rome and yet not be appointed 
 prefect. By prefect, we are not to understand the imperial prefect of 
 the city, but the old republican officer who, even in the time of the 
 empire, was appointed during the Latin festival when the magistrates 
 proceeded in a body to the temple of Jupiter Latiaris on the Aloan 
 mount to offer sacrifice. For the feriae Latinae, see note on p. 
 
 54. 17. 
 
 25. sUteiiB litteiia : in a second letter. The word ii«erae signifies 
 'epistle,' unless accompanied by the distributive numeral adjective, in 
 which case it means ' epistles.' Sometimes the context may show 
 that the plural is meant, even when the distributive adjective is not 
 employed. 
 
 27. Sulpioio : not otherwise known. 
 
244 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 79 
 
 28. Athenodoro : the Stoic philosopher of Tarsus. Octavius 
 attended his courses at Apollonia, and afterward brought him to 
 Rome. Strabo, xiv. 4. 14, speaking of two philosophers, both named 
 Athenodorus, continues: "The other son of Sandon, called Canites, 
 from the name of his village, was the preceptor of Caesar (i.e. Augus- 
 tus) who conferred upon him great honor. In his old age he returned 
 to his native land," etc. If this be the man referred to by Suetonius, 
 as seems likely, he must have lived to an advanced age. qui : the 
 antecedent is Tiberium above. minus (UTCupus : with greater care ; 
 lit. 'less flightily.' 
 
 29. motum et habitum et incesBum : movements, carriage, a7id 
 gait. 
 
 30. miBelluB dnix*!, etc, : the poor fellow is unfortunate ; for in 
 serious matters when his mind is not clouded, he gives evidence of 
 nobility of soul. See Introd. II. § 1, c. The diminutive expresses 
 pity. 
 
 Page 80. 3. d(ra<f>us : indistinctly. qui : how. o-cufius : clearly. 
 Seneca, Apoc. 5, attributes to Claudius a voice like that of no human 
 being, but like the roar of a sea monster, hoarse and inarticulate. 
 
 5. quid . . . constituerit : an indirect question. Somewhat 
 loosely, but with no possibility of being misunderstood, Suetonius 
 continues, et reliquerit, where the reader readily supplies quin, sug- 
 gested by the introductory words, nee dubium est. post haec : 
 i.e. after such an expression of his opinion. 
 
 8. e parte sezta nuncuparit : named him heir to a sixth part of 
 his estate. The expression e sextaute or in sextante might have been 
 used ; see note on p. 15. .30. 
 
 9. octingentonim sestertiorum : about 840,000. Sestertiorum 
 is the genitive of sestertia, not sestertii. 
 
 10. prosecutus : see note on p. 14. 17. 
 
 11. consularia ornamenta: i.e. simply the title and insignia of 
 the consulship without the power ; cf. triumphalia ornamenta. 
 
 12. legitimoB : sc. honores; i.e. as opposed to the mere orna- 
 menta. 
 
 13. quadraginta aureos : about $200. For the aureus, see note 
 on p. 65. 5. in Saturnalia et Sigillaria : for the duration of the 
 Saturnalia, see note on p. 52. 2. The sixth and seventh days of the 
 Saturnalia were called the Sigillaria, from the sale of the terra-cotta 
 lignres used as gifts at that season. 
 
 17. ex contubernio sordidissimorom : for meaning of contu- 
 
Page 81] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 245 
 
 beriiium, see note on p. 11. 1. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 49, also notices his 
 predilection for low company. 
 
 18. ebrietatis quoque et aleae : cf. Claud, chap. 33. 21. 
 
 21. pubUce : on the part of the state. 
 
 22. perferendae legationia : see Introd. II. § 2, d, end. 
 
 25. ezposceret : the subject is equester ordo. 
 
 26. apud eosdem : i.e. the consuls; the dative might have been 
 used. spectaculis : ablative of time. 
 
 27. lacemaa : the lacerna was a cloak of thick material to be 
 thrown over the toga ; cf. Aug. 40, negotium aedilibus dedit, ne quern 
 poslhac paterentur in foro circove nisi positis lacernis togatum con- 
 sistere. 
 
 28. sodalium Augustalium : a college of priests appointed to 
 have charge of the rites instituted in honor of the deified Augustus. 
 The example was followed in the case of succeeding emperors who 
 were considered worthy. The memories of Tiberius, Gains, Nero, 
 Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Domitian were not so honored. Tacitus, 
 Ann. i. 54, states that the sodalium Augustalium consisted of twenty- 
 one members, to whom were added {extra ordinem) Tiberius, Dnisus, 
 Claudius, and Germanicus. 
 
 Page 81. 1. resarturmn: would repair; a colloquial word. 
 
 2. tamen ; i.e. notwithstanding his previous attitude toward him. 
 
 3. legato etdam circa sesteTtiuin viciea : a legacy of about 
 2,000,000 sesterces. Roth, following Gronovius' conjecture, reads 
 sestertii. On the construction of sestertium, see note on p. 25. 27. 
 For meaning of proseciitus, cf. note on p. 14. 17. 
 
 7. secundam eziBtimationem circa, etc. : endeavoring to create 
 a favorable impression with regard to the beginning of his reign by all 
 the arts of a deceiver. For circa, see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 9. consulatum geasit : 37 b.c. Cf. note on p. 50. 4. 
 
 10. primitua : archaic for primum. 
 
 15. partim . . partim : some of them . . . others. 
 
 16. obnoxius : exposed ; cf. Tib. chap. 63. 10. 
 
 19. reoipiebatur : i.e. was given a seat. qaotienB . . . ad- 
 dormiaceret : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (3). 
 
 22. excitabatur a copreis : he was aroused by the buffoons. In 
 the time of the empire, wealthy households maintained a body of 
 slaves whose duty was to furnish entertainment for the guests. These 
 slaves comprised buffoons, dwarfs, fools, etc. (scurrae, copreae, mori- 
 ones, nani, etc.). 
 
246 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 81 
 
 26. CaesailB: iU. Caligula. 
 
 27. honore : the consulship. 
 
 .. 28. extraneo vel etiam, etc.: ablative absolute, continually dis- 
 turbed by the different charges brought against him, not only by out- 
 siders, but even by his own domestics. 
 
 30. Lepidi et Oaetulici coniuratio : these were Aemilius Lepi- 
 dus, mentioned in Calig. chap. 24, and Cn. Lentulus Gaetulicus fils ; 
 see note on p. 45. 16. Dio, lix. 22, bints at a conspiracy on the part of 
 Gaetulicus in 39 a.d. : "Gaius ordered Lentulus Gaetulicus put to 
 death ; he was a man of distinction and had been governor of Ger- 
 many for ten years. The charge was that he had endeavored to cuiTy 
 favor with the army." Dio then goes on to say that Lepidus, who 
 had been on very intimate terms with Caligula, by whom he had 
 been selected as his successor to the throne, was also put to death. 
 Thereupon Caligula granted a largess to the army, "as though he 
 had triumphed over the enemy." Dio evidently does not believe in 
 the truth of these charges, for he continues, " Gaius wrote and sent 
 to the senate an account of these matters, as though he had escaped 
 from plots against his life. On other occasions, too, he was wont to 
 feign that his life was passed amid great dangers." 
 
 Page 82. 1. potiBBimum : adverh, rather than any otie else. 
 
 3. numquam non . . . noviBsimue : alioays last. 
 
 5. etiam cognitio, etc. : the senate entertained a motion to inves- 
 tigate a case involving the forgery of. a will, which Claudius, too, had 
 signed as witness. 
 
 7. novi eacerdotil: instituted by Gaius; see Calig. chap. 22. 21. 
 
 9. obligatam aerario fidem : his bond pledged to the treasury. 
 Aerario is dative. 
 
 10. in vacuum lege praediatoria, etc. ; that by edict of the prae- 
 fects (i.e. of the treasury) his property was offered for sale to meet the 
 deficiency, in accordance with the law governing confiscation. The 
 exact meaning of the expression in vacuum is a matter of conjecture. 
 Other possible, but not probable, interpretations are: 'in mockery,' 
 i.e. no real sale was to take place, it was advertised simply to cast 
 ridicule upon Claudius; 'in vain,' i.e. no purchaser could be found. 
 Venalis agrees with the subject of the verb, i.e. Claudius. pepen- 
 derit : from pendeo, an idiom meaning that his goods, not he, were 
 offered for sale. 
 
 12. quinquagesimo cmno : 41 a. v. 
 
 13. quantumvis: equivalent to vaMe or ^er^uam. 
 
Page 82] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 247 
 
 14. quasi . . . desiderante: Introd. II. §6, 6(1). 
 
 15. diaetam: diatta (lit. 'a place for living') does not signify 
 any definite kind of room. It means, in different connections, a 
 sleeping room, a dining room, a summer house, or even a, suite of 
 apartments. It means here one of Claudius' rooms in the palace. 
 
 16. Hermaeum: perhaps so named from a statue in the apart- 
 ment. 
 
 17. solarium : the diaela probably opened on a portion of the roof 
 of the palace used as a terrace (^solarium). The doorway or swinging 
 window leading to this terrace was draped with a curtain. The word 
 solarium is also, in Nero, chap. 16. 29, used to signify the roofs of 
 porticoes. The account of the discovery of Claudius is veiy much 
 the same in both Dio, Ix. 1, and Josephus, Ant. lud. xix. 3. The 
 account of the latter is, however, much more detailed. They both say 
 that Claudius was found hiding in a dark comer. Josephus gives the 
 name Gratus to the soldier who discovered him. 
 
 19. e studio sciscitandi . . . adgnovit : as a result of Ms 
 desire to find out who it was (he looked) and recognized him. The 
 soldier, from seeing the feet of Claudius, knew that some one was 
 trying to hide, and his curiosity was aroused. Inasmuch as the 
 expression e studio sciscitandi . . . adgnovit, ' from the desire of 
 finding out ... he recognized,' is not strictly logical, Madvig sus- 
 pects that the word adgnovit has crept into the text, and emends to 
 read studio sciscitandi quisnam esset, etc., salutavit. The expression 
 can hardly be misunderstood, however, and is used for the sake of 
 brevity. 
 
 22. fluctuantis nee quicquam, etc. : a prey to uncertainty, and 
 as yet doing nothing but giving vent to their rage. 
 
 24. sui diffugercUit : i.e. Claudius' litter-bearers. 
 
 26. quasi . . . raperetur : this seems to be a sort of running 
 together of the two constructions mentioned in Introd. II. § 6, c, and 
 § 3, 6 (4). intra vallum : i.e. of the praetorian camp on the edge 
 of the city ; cf. note on p. 22. 15. 
 
 27. inter ezcubias militum t with the soldiers on guard. 
 
 28. spe : i.e. for his succession. fiducia: i.e. of being safe from 
 violence. nam consules, etc. : cf. Calig. chap. 60. 31. Dio, Ix. 1, 
 says that the senators, when they saw themselves deserted by their 
 soldiers, finally offered Claudius the purple, though for some time they 
 had sent messages to him warning him not to accept the principate 
 and to submit to the will of the people and senate. 
 
 30. assertuil : Introd. II. § 4, a (1). 
 
248 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 83 
 
 Page 83. 1. per taedium ac disBenaionem diveraa censen- 
 tium : disgusted with the dinsensiuns of the different factions ; a case 
 of heiidiadys. 
 
 5. quina dena sestertia : about $750. From this time it became 
 a custom £or the emperor, on his accession, to bestow a largess upon 
 the praetorians who played such an important r61e in choosing the 
 princeps. 
 
 7. antiquius : more important. 
 
 11. praestitit : guaranteed. 
 
 12. paucis interemptiB : Dio, Ix. 3, states that be put Chaerea to 
 death as having established a bad precedent in killing an emperor, and 
 as though he had caught him plotting against himself. lie made no 
 pretence of avenging Gains. Others, who had desired the reestablish- 
 ment of the republic, or who even had designs upon the principate, he 
 not only forgave, but advanced to positions in the state. 
 
 14. oilicia pietatiB : i.e. his obligations to his relatives. 'F ot pietas, 
 see note on p. 42. 12. 
 
 15. iuB iurandum . . . per Augustum : the oath which he deemed 
 most binding, and tchich he most frequently used, toas ' By Augustus ! ' 
 
 16. Iiiviae divinos taonores : forbidden by Tiberius ; see Tib. 
 chap. b\. 0. 
 
 17. AuguBtino Bimilem : " A first brass of Augustus, coined in 
 pursuance of a decree of the senate after his death, represents him 
 seated upon the thensa of consecration, drawn by four elephants, on 
 each of which sits a driver" (Stevenson, Hist, of Soman Coins, p. 
 358). 
 
 19. patri : Drusus. matri : Antonia minor. 
 
 20. carpentum : see note on p. 49. 32. cognomen Augustae : 
 Augustus, in his will, had ordered her to take the title ; Aug. 101. 
 
 21. fratris : Germanicus. 
 
 23. NeapoUtano certamine : these were the quinquennial games 
 instituted in honor of Augustus. Aug. 98, tamen et quinquennale 
 certamen gymnicum honori suo institutum, perspectavit (^Augustus). 
 Strabo, v. 4. 7, states that the Neapolitans celebrated these games 
 every five years, that they consisted of contests in music and gym- 
 nastic exercises lasting many days, and that in fact they rivalled the 
 most famous games of Greece. Dio, Ix. 6, speaks in the highest terms 
 of Claudius' conduct while staying at Naples. He was unassuming, 
 just, and moderate in his expenditures. 
 
 24. Marcum quldem Antonium : the triumvir, the father of 
 Antonia minor, mother of Claudius. 
 
Page 84] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 249 
 
 28. marmoreum arcum, etc. : probably decreed because of his 
 having undeitaken to restore the theatre of Pompey ; cf. Tib. chap. 
 47. 16. Tacitus, Ann. ii. 41, mentions tlie completion of another arch, 
 17 A.D., under the auspices of Tiberius, for the recovery by Germani- 
 cus of the standards of Varus. 
 
 30. Gai quoque acta, etc. : cf. Dio, Ix. 4, who says that Claudius 
 annulled the imposts levied by the command of Gaius, as well as his 
 other enactments open to censure. He did not do this all at once, but 
 as each case came to his notice. He further recalled those who had 
 been unjustly exiled, and liberated those unjustly imprisoned. 
 
 Page 84. 1. civiUs : unassuming ; see note on p. 17. 14. 
 
 2. sponaalia:, Dio, Ix. 5 (41 a.d.), speaks of the betrothal of two 
 daughters, one to L. Junius Silanus, and another to Gnaeus Pompeius 
 Magnus. 
 
 3. natalemque geniti : the addition of geniti shows that the 
 meaning is the actual day of birth. 
 
 6. praefectum praetorii : after his return from Britain (43 a.d.), 
 Claudius granted this honor to the praefect, Rubrius Pollio ; cf. Dio, 
 Ix. 23. Tiberius had made the same request after the death of 
 Sejanus. 
 
 8. procuratores aui : the addition of sui shows that the procura- 
 tores Caesaris, or agents of Caesar, are meant. Suetonius probably 
 means the procurators of the Jiscus, or imperial financial agents, rather 
 than the governors of small outlying districts {procuratores Caesaris 
 pro legato). precario ezegit : he solicited ns a favor. 
 
 9. iu8 nundinarum in privata, etc. : the right of holding fairs on 
 his private estates ; lit. ' the right for his estates ' ; hence the accusative. 
 This request is illustrated by a passage from Pliny, Epist. v. 4, vir 
 praetorius Sollers a senatu petiit ut sihi instituere nundinas in agris 
 suis permitteretur. 
 
 10. cognitionibus magistratuum : cases tried before magistrates, 
 i.e. before the old republican magistrates. 
 
 12. voce: i.e. by complimentary expressions. manu: proba- 
 bly by throwing kisses to them. 
 
 16. profectum eum Ostiam : in the year 48 a.d. ; Tac. Ann. xi. 
 26. Messalina took advantage of this absence to solemnize her mar- 
 riage with Silius. 
 
 23. a singulis et per factionem et denique civili bello : note 
 the lack of concinnity in construction. See Introd. II. " Language 
 and Style." 
 
250 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 84 
 
 26. equestris ordinis duo: Tacitus, Ann. xi. 22 (47 a.d.), men- 
 tions one Cn. Nonius, found armed in the throng of those paying their 
 respects to the emperor. Whether this is one of the two men men- 
 tioned by Suetonius, or a third conspirator, is not clear. 
 
 27. dolone : sioord-cane. 
 
 29. Maitis aedem : see note on p. 66. 3. 
 
 30. FoUionis ac Measalae : Asinius FoUio and Statilius Corvinus 
 Messala, distinguished orators of the time of Augustus. 
 
 32. FuriuB CamilluB Scribonianus : 62 a.d. According to Dio, 
 Ix. 15, he was first Incited to this insurrection by Annius Vinicianus, 
 but afterward made the cause his own. On his threatening letters, see 
 Claud, chap. 35. 22. 
 
 Page 85. 3. religione : explained by the clause postquam . . . 
 potuerunt. 
 
 5. casu quodam ac divinitus : as it happened, and that, too, by 
 divine agency. aquilae omari : probably with garlands and with 
 perfumes, for the aquilae of the legions were kept in a shrine in the 
 camp with the images of the gods, and received the adoration of the 
 troops. 
 
 7. super piiatinum : see note on p. 50. 4. 
 
 8. duo prlmoB iunctim: 42 a.d., with C. Largus as colleague, and 
 43 A.D., with L. Vitellius. eequentis per inter7aUuin : the third, 
 47 A.D., with L. Vitellius; the fourth, 34 a.d., with Ser. Cornelius 
 Orfitus. quarto quemque anno : of three years, lit. ' each on the 
 fourth year.' 
 
 10. circa principem : in the case of an emperor. As Claudius 
 was regular consul with Vitellius this year, it may be supposed that 
 the consul-elect had died, and that Claudius took his place {suffectus), 
 becoming regular consul {ordinarius) on the Ides of January, when 
 the dead man would have begun his term. For the consul suffectus, 
 see note on p. 17. 30. 
 
 12. extra honorem : i.e. when not holding office. Claudius is 
 ridiculed in the Apocolocyntosis for his assiduity in this regard ; it 
 being represented that he would sit all day long as judge during the 
 months of July and August, i.e. during the summer vacation of the 
 court. 
 
 14. antiquituB : modifies /es(is ; 'observed of old.' 
 
 16. ex bono et aequo perinde ut : according as he was influenced 
 by considerations of justice and equity. 
 
 17. prlvatoB : i.e. acting as jurors in cases involving private citizens. 
 
Page 86] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 251 
 
 18. formula ezcidissent : had lost their suits. Formula excidere 
 is equivalent to the phrase causa cadere ; see note on p. 03. 24. 
 
 20. in cognoBcendo : Suetonius has been speaking of the ordinary 
 administration of justice {iuris dictio). In cognoscendo refers to 
 special judicial inquiries (cognitiones) conducted by the emperor. 
 
 24. cum decurias rerum actu ezpungeret : on the meaning of 
 decuriae, see note on p. 27. 26. Expungeret has the force of recensere, 
 'to clear off' or 'revise.' The expression rerttm actus means the 
 prosecution of judicial business ; c/. A'ero, chap. 17. 18. It seems best 
 to take actu as a dative, defining the duties of the decuries, ' decuries 
 for the prosecution of judicial business' ; i.e. decuries of jurors. Actu 
 is not to be taken as ablative of separation, as Claudius vrould not be 
 apt to dismiss whole decuries of jurors. 
 
 25. dissimulata vacatione, etc. : concealing the fact that he was 
 exempt by virtue of his children. We may conjecture that this exemp- 
 tion was one of the inducements to marriage offered by the Lex lulia 
 et Papia Poppaea, for which see note on p. 21. 22. 
 
 26. responderat : had appeared. 
 
 27. alium interpellatum, etc. . another juror was accosted by his 
 adversaries teith regard to a suit of his own ; on stating that this 
 matter did not properly come before Caesar^ s special tribunal, but xcas 
 a matter for the ordinary courts to settle, Caesar compelled him to 
 plead his case immediately in the imperial presence, saying that in a 
 matter touching his own interests, the man would show how just a 
 juror he would be in a case pertaining to another. It would appear 
 that the man was one of the jurors serving in a special court, with 
 Caesar on the bench. While so serving (such seems to be the idea 
 conveyed by the prefix inter of the verb interpellatum), he was asked 
 by his opponents in a suit to allow his own case tried before this 
 special court of inquiry. 
 
 32. dubia utrimque argtunentonim fide : for the testimony on 
 each side was untrustworthy. 
 
 Page 86. l. Indicto: se. ei, i.e. feminae. abaentibuB: when 
 parties to a suit failed to appear ; ablative absolute. 
 
 2. secundum : in favor of. According to Dio, Ix. 28, the reason 
 that some failed to appear was the fear of losing their cases. Claudius 
 then issued his edict that unless they appeared before a fixed day, he 
 would pass judgment against those absent, which in fact he did. 
 dabat : i.e. gave the case to them. 
 
 5. acciii . . . flagitavit: for infinitive, see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). 
 
252 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 86 
 
 6. peregrinitatia reum : i.e. charged with having unlawfully 
 exeiciseii the rights of a Koiiian citizen. 
 
 7. togatumne, etc. : if he wore the toga, his innocence was con- 
 ceded ; if the pallium, his guilt was taken for granted. 
 
 10. ez tabella . i.e. in writing, as though handing down an im- 
 portant decision. 
 
 15. mortuus est, inquit : puto, licuit : he is dead, said he ; his 
 excuse is, I take it, a good one. The lawyer is ridiculing Claudius, the 
 judge. 
 
 17. et tamen fieri solet : this is equivalent to saying, ' yet there 
 is nothing to thank you for after all.' 
 
 22. Oraeculo : see note on p. 8. 9. 
 
 23. Kal (Hi 'y^puv (t Kal pLupis : thou art both an old man and a 
 fool. 
 
 30. gessit et censuram : 47 a.d. The chronicle of Eusebius 
 states tliat under Claudius, 6,840,000 citizens were enumerated. in- 
 temuBSEim diu post Flancum, etc. : Flancus and Paulus were cen- 
 sors in the year Mnan^ Dio, liv. 2, relates that when the senate 
 desired to make Augustus perpetual censor, he refused the honor and 
 appointed Flancus and Paulus, and that these were the last private 
 citizens to hold the office together. From this time on, the emperors 
 discharged the duties of the ofBce under the title praefectura morum. 
 Sometimes, but rarely, the title censor was assumed when a census 
 was actually held, as in the case mentioned in the text. Plancus and 
 Paulus reflected no credit upon Augustus, since Paulus was incapable 
 and Plancus a reprobate ; cf. Veil. Pat. ii. 95. 
 
 31. inaequabiliter varioque et animo, etc. . showing th e same 
 instahilVy of character and erratic conduct. 
 
 Page 87. 2. censorem Buum : i.e. his father. 
 
 5. aetatulae indulgeret : sow his wild oats ; note the diminutive, 
 and cf. pelliculam curare, Ilor. Ser. ii. 5. 38 ; the diminutive in such 
 expressions denotes affectionate interest. 
 
 6. quare enim Bcio. etc. : for why do you let me know what mis- 
 tress you keep, i.e. why are you not more circumspect in your intrigues. 
 
 8. litura tamen, inquit, ezstet : to be understood as one of 
 Claudius' keen remarks. 
 
 9. Oraeciaeque provinciae : i.e. the province of Achaia, which 
 was now the political name of Greece. 
 
 10. albo : the album, lit. 'a white tablet,' is the regular word for 
 a list or register. in peregiinitatem redegit: i.e. deprived of 
 
Page 88] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 253 
 
 Roman citizenship. Dio, Ix. 17, cites the case of a Lycian by birtli, 
 Roman by naturalization, being deprived of his citizenship by Claudius, 
 because of his ignorance of the Latin language. 
 
 16. in provincia : the king was probably visiting some Roman 
 province. Rabirlo Postumo : the same who was defended by 
 Cicero, in an oration still extant. 
 
 17. Ptolemaeum : object of secuto. This was Ptolemy, sumamed 
 Auletes. credit! aervandi causa : to recover a loan. 
 
 18. maiestatis : see note on p. 2. 23. motum : was brought 
 against him. 
 
 19. magna inquisitorum neglegentia, etc. : ablative of attendant 
 circumstance ; they had been negligent in ascertaining the facts in 
 the cases. 
 
 22. probantibuB : the subject of this ablative absolute is the ante- 
 cedent of quibuscumque. 
 
 26. ad Sigillaria : for the word, see note on p. 80. 13. It signifies 
 besides, as in the present passage, a mart in Rome, where these 
 images, books, and works of art were sold. 
 
 29. dolia : earthenware jars in which the must was poured, and 
 allowed to ferment for the space of a year In the wine cellar. These 
 vessels were pitched to improve the flavor of tlie wine. 
 
 31. ezpeditionem unam : that to Britain, 43 b.c, mentioned 
 below. 
 
 32. decretis sibi, etc. : Dio, Ix. 8, tells us that Claudius' freed- 
 men persuaded him to accept an honorary triumph for his achieve- 
 ments in Mauretania, although he had not only won no victory, but 
 did not even possess imperium at the time the war was finished. For 
 the ornanienta triumphalia, see note on p. 7. 6. 
 
 Page 88, 1. maieatati : for his dignity. The ablative after the 
 comparative might have been used. 
 
 2. unde adquireret : sc. decus as object. Britanniam is object of 
 elegit. 
 
 3. ulli : dative of agent with perfect participle ; see Introd. II. 
 §2, c(l). 
 
 4. post Divum lulium : cf. Tac. Agric. 13: " Accordingly Julius 
 Caesar, the first Roman who entered Britain with an army, although 
 he terrified the inhabitants by a successful engagement, and became 
 master of the shore, may be considered rather to have transmitted the 
 discoveiy, than the possession of the country, to posterity. It is cer- 
 tain that Gaius Caesar meditated an expedition into Britain ; but his 
 
254 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 88 
 
 temper, precipitate in forming schemes and unsteady in pursuing 
 tliem, together with the ill success of his mighty attempts against Ger- 
 many, rendered the design abortive. Claudius accomplished the un- 
 dertaking, transporting the legions and auxiliaries, and associating 
 Vespasian in the direction of affairs." Dio, Ix. 19, states that Beri- 
 cus, one of the malcontents who had been expelled from the island, 
 impelled Claudius to undertake the expedition. 
 
 6. circio : Pliny, N. H. ii. 121, thus describes this wind: " In the 
 province of Narbonne, the most noted wind is the Circius ; it is not 
 inferior to any of the winds in violence, frequently driving the waves 
 before it to Ostia, straight across the Ligurian sea. Yet this wind is 
 unknown in other parts, not even reaching Vienne, a city in the same 
 province." 
 
 7. Stoechadas insulas : les isles (P Hieres, off Marseilles ; cf. 
 Strabo, iv. 1. 10, " Lying off this narrow pass, along the coast as you 
 begin your journey from Marseilles, are the Stoechadas islands. 
 Three are of considerable extent, and two are small." 
 
 8. Gesoriacum : also known as Bononiu, the modern Boulogne- 
 sitr-Mer. 
 
 9. intra paucissimos dies : according to Dio, Ix. 2.3, he spent but 
 sixteen days in Britain, returning to Rome after an absence of six 
 months. 
 
 10. sexto quam proiectus erat, etr. : for construction, <•/. note 
 on p. .32. 17. 
 
 11. tiiumphavitque : according to Dio, Ix. 2-3, besides performing 
 the usual ceremonies, Claudius crawled up the steps of the Capitol on 
 his hands and knees, aided by his sons-in-law, one on each side. 
 
 13. praesidibus : see note on p. 20. 10. 
 
 14. navalem coronam : the crown was formed to represent the 
 beaks of ships, and before the period of the empire was only granted 
 to the man who first boarded the enemy's vessel. 
 
 15. iuzta civicam: see note on p. 17. 26. 
 
 17. Becutl et . adept! : they, too, followed, xoho had obtained, 
 etc. 
 
 19. veste palmata : the tunica embroidered with palm branches 
 in gold. 
 
 20. quod eum honorem, etc. : because this was the second time he 
 had iiblained the honor. 
 
 22. Aemiliana : supposed to be a poor suburb of Rome, situated 
 near the Porta Fontinnlis. on the site of what was afterward the 
 Forum of Trajan. in diiibitorio : a huge structure near the Saepta, 
 
Page 89] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 255 
 
 begun by Agiippa and finished by Augustus. The ballots were here 
 distributed and counted, largesses issued to the people and gifts 
 bestowed upon the soldiery. 
 
 24. familiariun . slaves. Introd. II. § 1, (2. axtzilio: dative of 
 purpose. 
 
 25. ex omnibus vicis : from all quarters of the city. For the 
 word viais, see note on p. 41. 29. 
 
 26. fiscis : the literal meaning, sack, is to be given Jiscus in the 
 present passage. repraesentans : the word means ' to bring before 
 one,' and hence ' to do a thing immediately,' as, for instance, to pay 
 money on the spot. 
 
 27. artiore autem annona, etc. : on the annona, see note on p. 
 6. 21. Cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 4.3 (51 a.d.) : "A failure of the crops and 
 the resulting famine was regarded as a prodigy. Nor were the com- 
 plaints of the populace confined to murmurs: they even gathered 
 round the prince with tumultuous shouts, while he was administering 
 justice, and, driving him to the extremity of the Forum, pressed upon 
 him with violence, till at length, by means of a compact body of 
 soldiers, he forced his way through the incensed multitude. It is 
 certain that there was at that time in Rome provision for but fif- 
 teen days." 
 
 29. conviciisque et simul fragminibus : note the zeugma, 
 ' abused and assailed,' etc. 
 
 30. postdco : postern ; Orosius, vii. 6. 17, in telling the story, uses 
 the word psendothyrum, 'secret door.' 
 
 31. nihil non excogitavit : he thought of every possible plan. 
 
 Page 89. l. si cui quid : si affects quid as well as cut 
 
 3. pro condicione cuiusque : explained by the clauses following. 
 
 4. legis Papiae Poppaeae: see note on p. 21. 22. 
 
 5. iuB Quiritium: equivalent to ius civitatis. The lawyers did, 
 indeed, make a distinction ; when a Latinus obtained Roman citizen- 
 ship, he was usually said to obtain ius quiritium, as here ; when a 
 peregrinus obtained such rights, ius civitatis was considered the 
 proper expression. ius quattuor liberorum : according to a pro- 
 vision of the lex Papia Poppaea, free-born women were released from 
 tutela after having borne three children, and freedwomen after having 
 borne four. 
 
 7. opera magna potiusquam necesaaria et multa perfecit : the 
 manuscript reading is, opera magna potiusquam necessaria quam 
 multa, for which Roth and the older editions have opera magna 
 
256 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 89 
 
 potiusque necessaria quam multa. Madvig reads magna potius neces- 
 sariaque, suggesting that -que fell out before quam and was then incor- 
 rectly introduced as quam before necessaria. The reading of the text 
 is the suggestion of Max Ihm; it gives the proper sense, and is easily 
 accounted for. 
 
 8. Bed vel praecipua : but to cite the most important. On the 
 force of vel, see note on p. 37. 5. ductum aquarum : see note on 
 p. 53. 22. 
 
 9. Fucini lacuB : a broad but shallow lake in the country of the 
 Marsi ; it is now called Lago di Celano. 
 
 10. alterum ab Augusto : i.e. the outlet. 
 
 11. alterum a Divo lulio : i.e. the porta Ostiensis. 
 
 13. Claudiae aquae : the Claudian aqueduct was known as the 
 aqua Claudia. 
 
 15. Anienis novi : finished in 46 a.d. The Anio vetus was one of 
 the oldest aqueducts of Kome, dating back to 265 n.c. 
 
 16. lacus: the water conveyed to Rome by an aqueduct was 
 received into a large reservoir (castellum') , often in the form of an 
 ornate building. From this structure it was diverted to other smaller 
 castella, and that portion intended for further public distribution was 
 drawn off into smaller reservoirs and ponds (iocas) and fountains 
 (salieyites). 
 
 17. Fucinum adgressuB eat, etc.: Dio, Ix. 11, gives another 
 reason for the undertaking, — the desire to improve the Tiber by 
 giving it a larger volume of water. Pliny, N. H. xxxvi. 124, thus 
 speaks of the work: " Among the most memorable works too, I, for 
 my part, should include another undertaking of the Emperor Claudius, 
 although it was afterward abandoned in consequence of the hatred 
 borne him by his successors ; I mean the channel that was cut through 
 a mountain, an outlet for Lake Fucinus ; a work which cost a 
 sum beyond all calculation, and employed a countless multitude of 
 workmen for many years. In those parts where the soil was found 
 to be soft, it was necessary to pump up the water by the aid of 
 machinery ; in other parts again, the solid rock had to be hewn 
 through. All this, too, had to be done in the midst of darkness 
 within ; a series of operations which can only be adequately conceived 
 by those who were witnesses of them, and which no human language 
 can possibly describe." 
 
 22. continuis : this word conveys the idea that the workmen were 
 engaged all along the line of the work, simultaneously. 
 
 23. portum Ostiae: Dio, Ix. 11, gives a similar description. He 
 
Page 90] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 257 
 
 states that a considerable part of the shore was cut away, forming a 
 bay, the sides of which were built up with stone-work ; piers were 
 carried out from the ends of the above wall, and the entrance pro- 
 tected by an artificial island with its lighthouse. 
 
 24. ad introitiun, etc. : at the entrance where deep soundings were 
 found, a mole was thrown up for protection. This mole is the arti- 
 ficial island of Bio's account. profundo iam salo : an ablative of 
 attendant circumstance. 
 
 25. navem : this was the Great Eastern of antiquity, well de- 
 scribed by Pliny, ..V. H. xvi. 201 : " It is beyond all doubt that there 
 has been seen nothing on the sea more wonderful than this ship ; 
 120,000 modii of lentils formed the ballast, and its length took up the 
 greater part of the left side of the harbor at Ostia. It was sunk at 
 that place by order of the Emperor Claudius, three moles, each as 
 high as a tower, being built upon it ; they were constructed of cement, 
 which the same vessel had conveyed from Puteoli. It took the arms 
 of four men to span the girth of the fir that formed the mast." 
 
 26. magnus obeliscuB : this obelisk (called the great to distinguish 
 it from two others erected by Augustus in Rome) was conveyed from 
 Alexandria to Rome in the vessel described above, and set up by 
 Gains in his circus on the Vatican. See Pliny, iV. H. xxxvi. 70. 
 Prom here it was removed by Pope Sextus V. to Its present position 
 before the cathedral of St. Peter. 
 
 28. Phari : see note on p. 40. 30. 
 32. commenticia : newly invented. 
 
 Page 90. 1. Pompeiani tbeatri: dedicated by Pompey, 55 b.c. 
 Its stage was burned in the reign of Tiberius, who undertook the 
 restoration, but left the dedication to Gaius ; see Calig. chap. 21. 22. 
 
 3. commisit : presided; lit. 'gave the signal to begin.' apud 
 Buperiores aedes : there was a temple in the upper part of the theatre 
 of Pompey, devoted to the service of Venus (cf. TertuUian, De Spect. 
 10). There was also a temple of Victory (cf. Aul. Gell. x. 1. 7). which 
 explains the plural aedes. Pliny, N. H. viii. 20, however, evidently 
 referring to this, calls it the temple of Venus Victrix. Possibly it was 
 a temple with two shrines, one for Venus and one for Victoria. 
 
 5. caveam : the cavea was the body of the theatre devoted to the 
 seats (spectacula). 
 
 6. fecit et Saeculares: 47 a.d., sixty-four years since the cele- 
 bration of these games by Augustus, 17 B.C.; cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 11. 
 
 7. quamvis . . . prodat : Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5). 
 
258 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 90 
 
 9. in ordmem redegisse : had restored them to their proper period. 
 
 10. invitantia more sollemm: invitantis, concrete for abstract 
 invitandi. aollemni: customary. 
 
 13. quidam histrionum, etc. : Pliny, N. H. vii. 159, mentions one 
 Stephanio, who performed at both celebrations. 
 
 14. in Vaticano : sc. colle ; i.e. in the Gaianum, where the obelisk 
 mentioned above stood. 
 
 15. per quinos miasuB : after evei-y five courses run by the chariots. 
 The regular number of courses per day was twenty-four, four chariots 
 contending in each course. 
 
 16. carceribuB : the arched chambers where the chariots stood 
 awaiting the signal to start. 
 
 17. metis: tlie three conical pillars at either end of the spina, 
 around which the chariots ran seven times per course. tofina: 
 of tufa; this stone and travertine, both of volcanic origin, are even 
 now largely used at Rome for building purposes. 
 
 18. propria . . . loca : this of course refers to seats in the circus. 
 Senators possessed this privilege in the theatre as early as 194 b.c. 
 promiBCue : this does not mean that the senators had not sat together, 
 but that they had hitherto had no definite place assigned to them. 
 That such is the idea is clear from Dio's words, Ix. 7, "The different 
 orders, senators, knights, and plebs, before this time sat by themselves, 
 but no definite places had been assigned. Claudius now assigned to 
 the senators the seats which they occupy at the present time." Nero 
 made the same regulation with regard to the knights ; see Nero, chap. 
 11. 9. 
 
 19. Troiae luaum : see note on p. 5. 17. 
 
 20. AfiicanaB : see note on p. 52. 17 ; c/. Dio, Ix. 7 : " In the circus, 
 there was one exhibition of camels and twelve of horses. Three hun- 
 dred bears and the same number of wild beasts from Africa were 
 slain." coniiciente: hunting them down. 
 
 22. Tbeaaaloa equites, etc. . this form of amusement originated 
 in Thessaly. Cf. Pliny X. H. viii. 182: "The people of Thessaly 
 invented a method of killing bulls, by means of a man on horseback, 
 who would ride up to them, and, seizing one of the horns, so twist 
 the neck. Caesar, the dictator, was the first person who exhibited 
 this spectacle at Rome." 
 
 26. anniversarium : i.e. the annivei'sary of his being proclaimed 
 emperor, appropriately observed in the praetorian camp. 
 
 27. Saeptis : see note on p. 12. 17. 
 
 29. Bportulam : the sportula, originally a small basket, came to 
 
Page 91] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 259 
 
 have the meaning ' dole ' or ' pittance,' which was given in place of 
 the food received by the client from his patron, and carried in the 
 sportttla. The emperor here applies the term to games which he 
 got up on the spur of the moment, i.e. they were basket picnics, so 
 to speak. 
 
 30. ad subitam condictamque cenulam : to a bit of a dinner, 
 for which no extra preparation had been made. Condictam means 
 literally ' suddenly announced ' ; cf. note on p. 24. 32, where the verb 
 means to ' invite oneself to.' 
 
 31. communioT aut remiasior : more condescending or under less 
 constraint. 
 
 32. aureos : see note on p. 65. 5. 
 
 Page 91. 3. dominos : the word in late Latin was used with the 
 force of ' Sir ' or ' Mr. ' frigidis : we say ' flat. ' 
 
 4. arcessitis : far-fetched. Palumbum : the name of a gladi- 
 ator. It also means ' wood-pigeon,' hence the pun. 
 
 5. illud : referring, as often, to what follows. 
 
 6. quantumvis : see note on p. 70. 16, end. essedaiio : see 
 note on p. 61. 17. 
 
 8. mdulsiaset rudem: discharged; indulgeo with accusative of 
 the thing is post-Augustan. For the word rudis, see note on p. 
 5. 24. 
 
 10. edidit : i.e. in the triumph after his return from Britain. 
 
 13. Fucinum lacum : see note on p. 89. 17. 
 
 14. nauinachiam : 52 a.d. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 56, gives a detailed 
 account of this sham naval battle. Naumachia means either the 
 exhibition itself, as here, or the place where it was held ; see note 
 on p. 39. 13. 
 
 15. morituri te aalutem : this is usually quoted in the first person, 
 aalutamus, the form in which it is given by Dio, Ix. 33. 
 
 16. aut non : sc. morituri me salutant ; the emperor meant that 
 some would be victorious and so not perish. The combatants under- 
 stood the expression in the sense, ' or rather those not to die,' applying 
 it to their whole number, and considering that they were excused from 
 fighting. The reading of the text is that of Roth, following the best 
 manuscripts. The reading avete vos is from the fifteenth century 
 manuscripts and editions. In this case the emperor is simply return- 
 ing the salutation. The literal meaning is, however, 'be well,' 'be 
 safe,' or ' be sound,' and the gladiators understood it as dismissing them. 
 
 19. vaciUatione : tottering steps ; due to his weak knees, as stated 
 
260 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 91 
 
 in Claud, chap. 30. 24. ioeda : as being tlie result o{ his dissi- 
 pations ; cf. l)io, Ix. 2. 
 
 22. duodenarum : Dio, Ix. 33, says that the number of ships was 
 fifty on each side. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 56, gives the number of com- 
 batants as nineteen thousand. 
 
 25. circa: see Iiitrod. II. § 5 (1). civilemque et militarem 
 morem : civil and military regulations. 
 
 28. cooptandis : cooplare is strictly used of a body choosing its 
 own members. The colleges nominally did the electing, but the em- 
 peror's nomination was equivalent to an appointment. 
 
 30. quotiens moviBset -. Introd. II. § 3, b (3). 
 
 32. obsecratio : a public prayer. 
 
 Fage 92, 2. praeiret : the proper word to indicate the utterance 
 of a formula which others are to repeat ; cf. sacramentum praeire. 
 The talcing of such an oath is expressed by in verba iurare. sum- 
 motaque, etc. : i.e. that the holy rites might not be defiled by their 
 presence ; cf. Horace, Od. iii. 1.1: 
 
 Odi profanum valgus et arceo ! 
 Favete Unguis. 
 
 3. remm actum : on the meaning, see note on p. 85. 24. diviamn 
 aiitea, etc. . i.e. there had been but the summer and winter sessions, 
 interrupted by the spring and autumn vacations. The sessions prob- 
 ably ran into the autumn and spring, as it is not likely that the whole 
 of these seasons would be devoted to vacation. We might even 
 assume that the year was divided into halves, one winter and one 
 summer, for the transaction of legal business ; cf. this division of the 
 year for military and judicial purposes in the provinces, Cic. Att. v. 14. 2. 
 At any rate, Claudius now instituted one continuous session, and the 
 holidays at the beginning of the year were emphasized to the exclusion 
 of others ; cf. Galba 14, sed et concessum a Claudia beneficium, ne hieme 
 initioque anni ad iudicandum evocarentur, eripuil. The ordinary 
 midsummer vacation (c/. Pliny, Epist. viii. 21. 2) was also observed 
 more or less strictly. Even as lat« as the time of Marcus Aurelius, it 
 was not obligatory to appear in court at that season {Dig. ii. 12. 1). 
 
 4. fidei commissis : these are bequests left for the heir to fulfil. 
 From the text we should simply understand that the magistrates had 
 been given special jurisdiction in the matter each year, but that they 
 now received regular jurisdiction and that the power was extended to 
 the praesides of provinces. As a matter of fact, Augustus had given 
 
Page 92] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 261 
 
 this duty as a power extra ordinem to the consuls, and Claudius now 
 appointed two praetors to have ordinary jurisdiction ; cf. Dig. i. 2. 2, 
 §32. 
 
 8. Fapiae Poppaeae legis ; see note on p. 21. 22. 
 
 10. tutOTes a consulibuB dareutur : if there was no tutor testa- 
 mentarius, or legilimus, according to the terms of the Atiliaii law, the 
 praetor urbanus (or tribunes) was to appoint one. The duty was now 
 assigned, extra urdinem, to the consul. In the time of Marcus Aure- 
 lius a legalsii praetor tutelarius was appointed. 
 
 16. commeatus a senatu, etc. : to give the matter a legal appear- 
 ance' he had this power given him every year by a senatus consultum; 
 l)io, Ix. 25. 
 
 17. beneficii Bui fecit: Introd. II. §2, d. 
 
 18. procuratoiibua ducenariis : procurators receiving a salary of 
 200,000 sesterces. A fixed salary was given the ^)rocurators as well as 
 the governors of provinces ; cf. Dio, liii. 15, who also clearly explains 
 the expression in the text by the remark, "procurators were even 
 named from the sum they received." 
 
 24. Appium Caecum : see Tib. chap. 2. 1. 
 
 25. filios in senatum, etc. : cf. Tacitus, Ann. xi. 24, where 
 Claudius, in a speech in favor of giving the riglit of holding office to 
 the nobility of Gallia Comata, says, " For magistracies to be intrusted 
 to the children of freedmen is no innovation, as many are erroneously 
 persuaded, but a constant practice of the former Romans." 
 
 26. temporibuB Appi et deinceps: from this it would appear 
 that in the time of Appius the word libertinus meant the son of a 
 libertus, and was not a synonym for Hbertus. It is to be noted, how- 
 ever, that such is not the meaning of the word in any Roman writings 
 extant. A liberated slave is termed libertinus when described in 
 reference to his social position, but libertus when spoken of with 
 reference to his former master. 
 
 29. pro stratura viarum : in place of contributing for the paving 
 of roads. This change was made 47 a.d. ; cf. Tac. Ann. xi. 22. 
 
 30. detractaque Ostienai et Oallica provincia : he took from 
 them their official duties at Ostia and in Gaul, i.e. cisalpine Gaul. 
 These duties had been assigned them by Augustus, but they were in 
 fact the two remaining Italian quaestorships, established in 267 B.C. 
 The duties of the quaestors of Ostia were particularly arduous, as this 
 was the port of Rome. There seems to be no authority for the state- 
 ment that the provincia Ostiensis included the duty of supervising 
 the water supply of Rome. curam aerarii Sattinii : cf. Aug. 36, 
 
262 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 92 
 
 auctor fuit . . . nt cnra aerari a quaestoribus urbanis ad praetorios 
 praetoresve transiret. During the republic quaestors had charge of the 
 public treasury. Two aediles were giveu temporary charge by Caesar. 
 The different changes from that time are stated by Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 
 29. Augustus first allowed the senate to choose praefects-of the treas- 
 ury. As intrigue was employed in their selection, they were after- 
 ward drawn by lot from the praetors. This often resulted in the 
 appointment of incompetent men, so that Claudius restored the quaes- 
 tors. The quaestors lacked experience, however, and Nero chose such 
 as had passed the praetorship and were of tried ability. 
 
 32. praetura functi: the expression praetura, consulatu, etc., 
 functi is often used in the imperial period to distinguish those who 
 had actually held an office from those who had simply had the title, a 
 distinction not expressed by the words praeturii, consulares, etc. 
 
 Page 93. 1. omamenta Silano, etc. . Claudius had done all that 
 he could to make the man popular ; cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 3. filiae : 
 Octavia. Furneaux refers the conferring of the honorary triumph to 
 the year 44 a.d., considering Suetonius' statement, nondum puberi, 
 an exaggeration. Dio, Ix. 31, however, corroborates Suetonius. 
 
 2. maioribuB vero natu tarn multis: cf. Dio, Ix. 23: "He not 
 only bestowed the insignia triumphalla upon the consulars who had 
 served in the campaign in Britain, but upon senators as well ; he was 
 accustomed, in fact, to bestow this honor lavishly, for the most trivial 
 achievements." 
 
 4. ut legatiB consularibuB, etc. : Tacitus' explanation {Ann. xi. 
 20) of this request is, that generals who did not have the opportunity 
 of gaining this distinction in war tried to secure it in other ways, digging 
 canals, working mines, etc., and thus wore out their soldiers by hard 
 labor. 
 
 6. Aulo Plautio : who had command in Britain before the arrival 
 of Claudius, as told in Claud, chap. 17. 2 seq. ovationem ; see 
 note on p. 1. 15. 
 
 8. latus tezit : walked with him, taking the left side. This was a 
 mark of respect. The left is the exposed side (since weapons are car- 
 ried in the right hand), so latus tegere means to cover this side. Eu- 
 tropius, Tii. 13, in relating the incident, says, et conscendenti Capitolium 
 laevus incederet. Of. Hor. Sat. ii. 5. 17 : 
 
 Tires, ne tamen illi 
 ut comes exterior, si postulet, ire recuses, 
 Ulix. utne tegam apurco Damae latus f 
 
Page 93] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 263 
 
 9. Chaucis : this tribe dwelt on the coast between the Ems and 
 the Elbe. 
 
 11. equestris militias ita oidinavit : Jie thus regulated the ad- 
 vancement of those of equestrian rank who were serving in the army. 
 In the first century of the empire a tixed equestrian cursus honorum 
 was developed, at the bottom of which were the militiae equestres, in- 
 cluding the praefectura cohortis, the tribunatus legionis, the tribunatus 
 cohorlis vigilum or cohortis praetoriae, the praefectura aloe, and the 
 praefectura castrorum. 
 
 12. stipendlaque instituit, etc.: he instituted a kind of fictitious 
 service, called supernumerary, the title of which could be enjoyed with- 
 out the performance of actxial service. Stipendia et imaginariae mili- 
 tiae genus is taken as a case of hendiadys. 
 
 17. libertinos . . publicavit : he confiscated the property of 
 freedmen, etc. ae . . . agerent : see note on p. 9. 11 end. 
 
 18. ingratos et de quibua, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 26 and 27, 
 gives the arguments on both sides in the discussion of this question, 
 and stales that Claudius allowed no general legislation against the abuse, 
 but directed that each case be considered by itself. Dio, be. 13, states 
 that Claudius was exceedingly harsh in his treatment of ungrateful 
 freedmen, putting many to death and giving the patrons power to 
 punish others. 
 
 19. advocatisque eorum negavit: and he denied the pleas of 
 their advocates, saying, etc. 
 
 21. insulam Aesculapii : Livy, ii. 5, tells the tradition of the for- 
 mation of this island. It received its name from the temple of Aescula- 
 pius, built upon it in 291 b.c. One end of the island was fashioned to 
 represent the prow of a ship, to perpetuate the memory of the ship in 
 which Aesculapius, in the form of a serpent, was believed to have been 
 brought to the spot. This is now no longer an island, for the smaller 
 channel of the river has been recently filled in. 
 
 24. quein : carry over the force of the si from .<!! qnis. 
 
 25. viatores : see note on p. 2. 17. nisi ant pedibus, etc. : as a 
 mark of respect to the towns. It is to be remembered, too, that the 
 streets were very narrow. 
 
 30. dumtaxat gentilioia : at least the names of gentes. 
 
 31. in campo Esquilino : the usual place for executions, outside 
 the porta Esqnilina and inside the present Porta Maggiore. 
 
 32. ad curam suam : i.e. he had made them imperial provinces, 
 15 A.D. ; cf. Tac. Ann. i. 76. It was considered an advantage for a 
 province to be transferred to the imperial class. 
 
264 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 94 
 
 Page 94. 1. Lyciis : a brave warrior tribe occupying a small tract 
 called Lycia, on tlie soutliwestern side of Asia Minor. 
 
 2. Ubertatem ademit : because, according to Dio, Ix. 17, they had 
 slain certain Romans during riots. Rhodiis . . reddidit: 53 a. d. 
 Dio, Ix. 24, states that Claudius had deprived them of their liberty be- 
 cause they had crucified some Romans, and Tacitus, Ann. xii. 58, is 
 authority for the statement that they had been often deprived of their 
 liberty because of internal discord, and had often won it back by 
 their service to the Romans in time of war. 
 
 3. IlienaibuB, etc. : their cause was presented by Nero ; see Nero, 
 chap. 7. 23, and c/. Tac. Ann. xii. 58. 
 
 6. Seleuoo : probably Seleucus II. , sumamed Callinichus. ita 
 demum . ai : only on the condition that, etc. 
 
 8. ludaeos impulsore Chresto, etc. : for the expulsion of the 
 Jews by Tiberius, see note on p. 22. 1. The tumults referred to were 
 probably due to contentions between the Jews and Christians, for the 
 Romans regarded the latter simply as a sect of the former. By the 
 name Chrestus, Suetonius probably refers to Christ, who from the Ro- 
 man point of view might well be the one who caused the disturbances. 
 The Romans felt nothing but contempt for the Jews, and it is con- 
 ceivable that Suetonius, though he had heard of Christ, was not aware 
 that he had been executed in the reign of Tiberius and that he had 
 never been at Rome. Both TertuUian, Apol. 3, and Lactantius, In- 
 stit. iv. 7. 5, testify that the Romans, in their ignorance, used the forms 
 Chrestus and Chrestiani. Dio, Ix. 6, states that Claudius, finding the 
 number of Jews at Rome so great that they could not be expelled 
 without causing tumults, simply forbade those who observed the 
 Jewish rites meeting together. Dio probably refers to the Christians 
 as well as the Jews, for he never uses the former name. Cf. Orosius, 
 vii. 6. 16, who quotes these words of Suetonius and thus comments 
 upon them : quod vtrum contra Christum tumultuantes ludaeos 
 coerceri et comprimi iusserit, an etiam Christianas simul velut cog- 
 natae religionis homines voluerit expelli, nequaquam discernitur. 
 
 12. popularia : sc. loca, seats assigned to the masses. cum 
 animadvertisBent, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 54, refers this incident 
 to the reign of Nero. 
 
 15. Druidarum religionem : according to Pliny, N. H. xxx. 13, 
 Tiberius, too, had tried to stamp this out in Gaul. 
 
 17. penitus abolevit: it is none the less heard of afterward in 
 Gaul. sacra Eleuainia : the festival held at Athens and Eleusis 
 in honor of Demeter, Persephone, and lacchus. 
 
Page 95] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 265 
 
 19. Veneris Erycinae : Mt. Eryx in Sicily was famous for its 
 temple of Venus. Suetonius says in Sicilia, because at Rome, also, 
 there was a temple of Venus Erycina. 
 
 21. vetere fetialium praefatione : for this old formula, see 
 Livy, i. 24. 
 
 23. uzonim libertoromque arbitrio : cf. Claud, chap. 28. 
 
 24. ubique plerumque : in almost all matters. 
 
 27. August! proneptem : she was the daughter of Julia, grand- 
 daughter of Augustus. 
 
 29. Camilli : the celebrated Roman who, according to legend, 
 after being exiled by his countrymen, came to their relief when Rome 
 was in the hands of the Gauls, 390 e.g. Camillus lived to an ad- 
 vanced age, and was closely connected with almost all important 
 events and reforms of his time. 
 
 30. parentes eius Augustum offenderant : her father, L. Fau- 
 lus, had conspired against him {Aug. 19), while the mother gave 
 offence because of her wanton life {Aug. 65). 
 
 32. Plautiam nrgulaniUam : probably the daughter of M. Plau- 
 tus Silvanus, who served with distinction in Dalmatia. 
 
 Page 95. 1. Aeliam Faetinam : all that is known of her is that 
 she belonged to the family of the Tuberones ; cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 1. 
 
 5. Barbati Messalae: M. Valerius Messala Barbatus, who had 
 been consul in 7 a.d. 
 
 7. C. Silio etiam nupsisse : Tacitus, Ann. xi. 26 and 27, after 
 telling of the marriage, says that it may seem incredible that such a 
 marriage, with all the usual forms observed, could take place. He 
 vouches for the truth of the story, however. For the story that 
 Claudius was cognizant of the marriage at the time, see Claud, chap. 
 29. 15. 
 
 8. inter auspices : this expression indicates that all the usual 
 forms were observed, for the auspices not only attended to the reli- 
 gious part of the ceremony, but saw that the marriage contract was 
 duly signed, etc. ; cf. the passage of Tacitus cited above. suppU- 
 clo adfecit : 48 a.d. The story of her last moments is vividly told by 
 Tacitus, Ann. xi. 37 and 38. 
 
 12. nee durare valuit : Tacitus, Ann. xii. 1 , states that on the death 
 of Messalina the different freedmen began their intrigues to provide 
 another wife for Claudius ( Claudio, caelibis vitae intoleranti et con- 
 iugum imperils obnoxio). Of the competing women, he says, the 
 greatest rivalry was between Lollia Paulina and Julia Agrippina, 
 
266 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 95 
 
 daughter of Germanicus. Pallas supported the cause of the latter and 
 Callistus that of the former. condicionibus : alliances. 
 
 13. etiam de Paetinae ; sc. condicione. On Paetina, see note on 
 p. 95. 1. Iiolliae Faulinae : daughter of M. Lolllus, of consular 
 rank. Pliny, iV. H. ix. 117, speaks of the magnificence of her jewels. 
 Suetonius, Calig. chap. 25, states that she had married C. Mem- 
 mius, governor of a military province (supposed to be a mistake, and 
 that the husband's name was P. Memmius Regulus), and that she 
 had been taken from him by Gaius, who soon repudiated her. 
 
 15. per ius osculi, etc. : cf. Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 3, who states that 
 she constantly came to him under the cloak of kinship, and exercised 
 over him all the influence of a wife even before their marriage. 
 
 16. Bubomavit, etc. : in Tacitus' account (^Ann. xii. 5, 6, and 7), 
 it is Vitellius who addresses the senate and urges the marriage. 
 Much adulation on the part of the senators followed the speech, and 
 some went so far as to advise violence to force Claudius to marry. 
 
 17. ad ducendum earn : as a rule only the genitive and ablative 
 of the gerund and the latter without a, preposition admit a direct 
 object. 
 
 18. dandamque ceteris veniam, etc. . in Tacitus' account it is 
 Claudius himself who addresses the senate on this point. 
 
 22. altero primipilaii : and a second who held the rank of captain 
 of the first maniple. His name was AUedius Severus, and he did this 
 to curry favor with Agrippina ; cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 7. For the mean- 
 ing of primipilaris, see note on p. 5.3. 30. 
 
 28. in sublime iactato et hiatu oris ezcepto: tohich he had 
 tossed in the air and had cavght in his mouth. 
 
 30. filiam Seiani despondisset : there had apparently already 
 been an informal expression of such intention when- the daughter of 
 Sejanus was but a mere infant, in 20 a.u. ; cf. Tac. Ann. iii. 29. The 
 proposed match aroused considerable discontent, because Sejanus 
 was not of high birth and because it seemed to give Sejanus excessive 
 influence. The daughter met her death at the time of her father's 
 fall. 
 
 32. Botere : of this man nothing further is known. 
 
 Page 96. 1. silique coeptam : Claudius had probably formally 
 acknowledged (J,ollere) her ; cf. note on p. 1 09. 5. 
 
 2. Pompeio Magno : the cognomen Magnus had evidently been 
 restored to the family. It had been taken away by Caligula ; cf. Oalig. 
 chap. 35. 1. 
 
Page 96] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 267 
 
 3. Fausto Sullae : Faustus Cornelius Sulla Felix, consul 62 a.d. ; 
 put to death by Nero, 02 a.d. 
 
 4. Octaviam Neroui, etc. : this was the work of Agrippina ; cf. 
 Tac. Ann. xii. 3. Nero was sixteen years old at the time of the mar- 
 riage, 48 A.D. 
 
 5. inque secundo consulatu : this seems to be a mistake, for the 
 second consulship of Claudius was held, 42 a.d., in the second year of 
 his princip^te. The appending of -que to a preposition is not common 
 in prose. 
 
 7. per spectacula gremio ant ante se retinens : holding him in 
 his lap during the games or lifting him up in his arms. 
 
 9. faustisque ominibus, etc. : and he used to express hopes for his 
 happy future, in which he was joined by the applauding crowds. 
 
 10. Neronem adoptavit : 50 a.d. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 25, states 
 that Pallas was largely instrumental in bringing this about and gives 
 the arguments which he used on the occasion. Dio, Ix. 33, makes the 
 adoption precede the marriage. Claudius, to avoid having the mar- 
 riage appear that of a brother with a sister, had Octavia adopted by 
 another family. Fompeium atque Silanum . . . interemit : see 
 Claud, chap. 29. 4. 
 
 12. praecipue auspezit Posiden : Posides was an especial fav- 
 orite. Posides was one of Claudius' influential freedmen. His ex- 
 travagance took the form of a passion for building. Juvenal, xiv. 91, 
 mentions him in this connection ; while Pliny, N. H. xxxi. 5, speaks 
 of aquae Posidionae, which were evidently baths constructed by him 
 at Baiae. 
 
 14. hasta pura : usually granted by a general to a soldier for 
 having saved the life of a fellow-citizen. Tacitus, Ann. iii. 21, terras 
 it a servati civis decus. Felicem : M. Antonius Felix, brother of 
 Pallas and procurator of .Tudaea ; another notorious freedinan of 
 Claudius. Tacitus, Hist. v. 9, thus characterizes him : Antunius 
 Felix per omnem saevitiam ac libidinem ius regium servili ingenio 
 exercuit. He is mentioned in Acts, xxiii. and xxiv. 
 
 16. trium reginarum maritum : but two of his wives are known, 
 both named Drusilla ; the first a daughter of Herod Agrippa I. and 
 former wife of Azizus, king of Emesa ; the second, a granddaughter 
 of Antony and Cleopatra. HarpocTan : mentioned elsewhere only 
 in the Apocolocyntosis of Seneca. 
 
 18. Polybium ab studiis : Polybius his literary adviser. This is 
 the Polybius to whom Seneca addressed his Consolatio. Messalina, 
 who had an intrigue with him, caused his death ; cf. Dio, Ix. 31. In 
 
268 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 96 
 
 such expressions as senjus, etc., ab studiis, ab epistulis, a rationibus, 
 etc., the Latin conception is, a slave from the point of view of studies, 
 correspondence, accounts, etc, ; cf. note on p. 138. 28. 
 
 20. NaroiBsum : the chief factor in the fall of Messalina. He was 
 put to death in the reign of Nero by the machinations of Agrippina ; 
 cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 1. Pallantem : brother of Felix, and notorious 
 for his haughtiness and great wealth. He never deigned to speak to 
 his own freedmen, but indicated his wishes by gestures or^n writing ; 
 Tac. Ann. xiii. 23. a rationibus : accountant. 
 
 22. quaestorijs praetoriisque : these distinctions did not confer 
 the rank, but entitled the recipients to wear the dress and sit at 
 festivals with persons of that rank. Claudius appears to have been 
 the first to confer such honors upon freedmen. In the time of the 
 republic, such marks of favor, rarely given, were restricted to senators. 
 Tiberius was the first to bestow the honor upon any one below senato- 
 rial rank. He gave the praetnria ornamenta to Sejanus, a knight. 
 
 23. acquirere et rapere : sc. passus est. 
 
 24. fiBci : in the time of the empire, Jiscus, the imperial treasury, 
 is to be distinguished from the uerarium, or public treasury. non 
 abaurde : 7iot without point. 
 
 25. in consortium : into partnership. 
 
 27. ministrum egit : see note on p. 0. 11. compendio cuiua- 
 que, etc. : as it suited the advantage, or even the wish or the mere 
 -vjhim of each of these. The ablatives are causal. 
 
 30. insciens plerumque et ignarus : unaware and ignorant for 
 the most part of what he was doing. 
 
 31. revocatas liberalltates, etc. : appositives to minora. 
 
 32. BuppositOB aut etiam palam, etc. : the substitution of false 
 letters patent, or flagrant changes made in those already granted. 
 
 Page 97. 1. Appium Silanum : Dio, Ix. 14, relates that he was 
 married by Claudius to the mother of Messalina. He was put to 
 death because he rejected the advances of the latter. 
 
 2. conBocerum : one of his fathers-in-law. His son had been be- 
 trothed to Claudia. Note how rich the Latin language is in words 
 indicating degrees of relationship. luliaaque, etc. : they had been 
 exiled by Gains and recalled by Claudius. 
 
 4. maioriB filiae : Antonia, daughter of Claudius and Petina. 
 
 5. L. Silanum minoris sponBum : betrothed to Octavia, daughter 
 of Claudius and Messalina. For the charges brought against hiui, and 
 bis death, see Tac. Ann. xii. 4 and 8. 
 
Page 98] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 269 
 
 9. ampIiuB : amplius without quam ; for the origin of the construc- 
 tion, see Appendix to BennetVs Lat. Gram. 334. 
 
 14. ultro : i.e. witliout waiting for orders. 
 
 15. ezcesseiit : potential subjunctive. Tacitus, however, vouches 
 for the truth of tlie story. 
 
 17. inductUB, quasi de induatria simularentur, etc. . induced to 
 do it, because the marriage was purposely being feigned, as people 
 said, etc. The subject of simularentur is nuptiae understood. On 
 the clause quasi . . . simularentur, see Introd. II. § 8, 6 (4). 
 
 18. transferendum : i.e. to the new husband. quod imminere 
 ipsi, etc. : i. e. which threatened him (Claudius) as the husband of 
 Messalina. 
 
 20. non defuit ei, verum stanti, etc. : was not lacking in him, but 
 this was the case only when he was standing still or sitting, or espe- 
 cially when sleeping. When walking, or engaged in any occupation, 
 he was awkward and lacked dignity. The meaningless manuscript 
 reading is, non defuit et veterum stanti vel sedenti. Roth gives non 
 defuit vel stanti vel sedenti, marking a lacuna after defuit. The 
 reading of the text is the plausible conjecture of Oudendorp and 
 Bentley. 
 
 21. prolizo nee ezili, etc. : tall, but not slight, loith a pleasing 
 expression and becoming white hair ; his neck was thick. In prose, 
 cervices, the plural, is ordinarily employed, though there are numer- 
 ous exceptions to this rule. 
 
 25. multa dehoneatabant : Dio, Ix. 2, mentions his trembling 
 hands and head and his stammering tongue. Juvenal, vi. 623, em- 
 phasizes the spumante rictu. 
 
 26. riBus indecens, etc. : unseemly in his laughter, quite disgust- 
 ing in his wrath, for he then foamed at the mouth and trickled at the 
 nose. turpior : agrees with ira. 
 
 29. vel mazune tremulmn : exceedingly tremulous, indeed ; vel 
 is intensive. 
 
 30. Btomachi dolore : caused probably by indigestion. In Latin 
 the word stomachus is not applied to the abdomen (venter). 
 
 Page 98. 2. Beaceni : note the force of the distributive, ' on each 
 occasion.' 
 
 6. more vetere : this custom is explained by Tao. Ann. xiii. 16, 
 mos habebatur principum Uberos cum ceteris idem aetatis nohilibus 
 sedentes vesci ; in aspeclu propinquorum, propria et parciore mensa. 
 In the passage qui more vetere, etc., the relative is lacking in the 
 
270 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 98 
 
 Memmian and other manuscripts. The Gudianus inserts an ut after 
 velere. In view of these facts, Ihm suggests that qui was lacking in 
 the archetype, and that ut had fallen out after nobilibus. It seems 
 safer, however, to follow Paris 6116, with Koth. 
 
 7. convivae : his name was T. Vinius ; c/. Tac. Hist. i. 48. 
 
 11. cognoBcens: here used with its technical meaning. Au- 
 gust! foro : the second of the imperial fora built at Rome, the first 
 being the forum Julii, constructed by Julius Caesar. The forum 
 Anynsti was northeast of the old forum, separated from it by the 
 furum lulii. It was here that Augustus built the Aedes Martis men- 
 tioned below ; cf. note on p. 66. 3. 
 
 13. Saliis : the banquets prepared for the Salian priests were pro- 
 verbial for their magnificence ; cf. Hor. Carm. i. 37. 2. These were 
 served after the annual procession on the first of March, the anniver- 
 sary of the falling of the sacred shield from heaven. 
 
 14. temere umquam : scarcely ever. 
 
 17. Bomni brevissimi : the genitive is predicative ; see Introd. II. 
 §2, d. 
 
 18. ut tamen : notmithstanding which ; lit. ' so that nevertheless.' 
 23. esaedo : see note on p. 03. 2. alveoque -. the alveus was a 
 
 gambling table or board, and in the present instance was swung in 
 some manner so as to be unaffected by the motion of the carriage. 
 
 25. poenaBque parricidarum : parricides were flogged, sewed in 
 a bag with a dog, a cock, a viper, and an ape, and thrown into the 
 sea. Seneca, De Clem. i. 23, remarks that more parricides were pun- 
 ished ill this way under Claudius than in all preceding ages. 
 
 26. repraesentabat ezigebatque coram - was wont to exact at 
 once and in his presence. 
 
 27. antiqui moiis Bupplicium : explained by Eutropius, vii. 15 : 
 quae poena ernt talis, ut nudus per publicum ductxis furca capiti eius 
 inserta, virgis usque ad mortem caederetur atque ita praecipitaretur 
 de saxo ; i.e. from the Tarpeian rock. As a matter of course, when 
 the execution did not take place at Rome, the body could not be 
 hurled from the Tarpeian rock. Cf. also Nero, chap. 49, 14 seq. 
 
 28. Tlburi : see note on p. 45. 29. 
 
 29. veBperam usque : usqite with an accusative of words other 
 than the names of towns is post-Augustan. 
 
 31. munere : ablative of time. 
 
 32. retiariOB : see note on p. 59. 4. 
 
 Page 99. 3. meridianis : the gladiators who fought at midday, 
 
Page 100] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 271 
 
 after the combats of wild beasts, were called meridiani. For a criti- 
 cism of these midday combats, see Seneca, Epist. 7. On Claudius' 
 passion for gladiatorial combats, cf. Dio, Ix. 13. 
 
 7. id genus : see Bennett, Lat. Gram. 185, 1. 
 
 8. automaton vel pegma: see In trod. II. § 1, a (1). 
 
 9. nomenculatoribus : the more common form is nomenclator. 
 This was a slave, a sort of master of ceremonies, or usher, whose chief 
 duty was to keep his master informed as to the names of his visitors. 
 
 11. nihil aeque quam timidus, etc. : Dio, Ix. 2, states that 
 Claudius was incapable of forming any rational judgment, when seized 
 with his frequent fits of fear, and that his intimates took advantage of 
 this terror to forward their own interests. 
 
 12. quamquam . . . iactator civilitatis : though he made a 
 show of affabilitt/. He was, as the Romans said, civilis, i.e. con- 
 ducted himself as an ordinary citizen. As examples of this unassum- 
 ing spirit in Claudius, Dio, Ix. 3, cites the fact that he harbored no 
 resentment against those who had desired the reestablishment of the 
 republic at the time of his accession, nor against his possible rivals for 
 the principate. 
 
 13. nisi ut : except on condition that; see note on p. 10.8. spe- 
 culatores : see note on p. 06. 1. 
 
 16. nisi ezplorato, etc. . for construction, see note on p. 65. 30. 
 
 19. sero enim ac vix remisit, etc. : luith reluctance and only after 
 a long time, did he permit women, etc., to he excused from, etc. 
 
 20. contreotarentur : i.e. to see whether they carried concealed 
 weapons. 
 
 21. ne cuius comiti aut libraiio : from each one's attendant or 
 scribe. calamaiiae aut graphiariae tbecae : pen and style cases. 
 The calamus was of reed and the stilu.i of metal or ivory. 
 
 22. motu civili : see Claud, chup. 13.32. Dio, Ix. 15, says that 
 Claudius, just before Camillus committed suicide, had almost been 
 induced by terror to give up to him the principate. 
 
 23. citra bellum : see Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 26. dubitavit : s c. he seriously considered doing it. 
 
 27. insidias temere delatas ; unconfirmed rumors of conspiracies. 
 
 28. ut supra rettuli : see Claud, chap. 13. 24. 
 
 Page 100. 1. indignitate contnmeliarum : in consequence of 
 her unbecoming and disrespectful conduct toward him ; lit. ' the un- 
 worthiness of her insubordinate conduct.' For contumeliarum, see 
 Introd. II. § 1, d. 
 
272 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 100 
 
 2. periculi metu : he was so terrified that he asked whether he 
 was an emperor or Silius, a, mere private citizen ; c/. Tac. Ann. xi. 31. 
 
 3. Silio : dative of interest. acquiii : s. e. by Messalina. 
 
 6. tarn levis covapeileietxa, etc. : too insignificant to force 
 
 him on the slightest pnivucatiun to have recourse to measures of pre- 
 caution and vengeance. 
 
 8. seducto : sc. Claudio. 
 
 10. libellum tradentem : i.e. he was pointed out when in the very 
 act of handing in a petition in regard to liis case. 
 
 11. adverBarium : i.e. his opponent in a lawsuit. 
 
 12. pro deprenso : as though caught in the act. 
 
 13. Appium Silanum : see note on p. 97. 1. 
 15. patroni : i.e. Claudius. 
 
 17. in admirationem formata : with feigned surprise. 
 
 19. imimpere . . nuntiatus : it teas announced, according to a 
 prearranged plan, that Appius was forcing his way in. 
 
 20. quasi plane repraesentaretur, etc. : as though this, indeed, 
 were palpable proof of the truth of the dream; i.e. his appearance just 
 at that moment aroused the emperor's suspicions that the dream was 
 on the point of being fulfilled. 
 
 24. irae atque iracundiae : rage and irascibility. 
 
 29. eaque cum invidia ut, etc. . casting such odium upon them, 
 that he composed a statement to the effect that he had been degraded, 
 and yet he suddenly forgave them, almost in the manner of one making 
 reparation for an injury done. ut in ordinem coactum : originally 
 perhaps a military term, ' reduce to the ranks.' 
 
 30. tantum non : see note on p. 36. 25. 
 
 32. Bcribam quaestorium : see note on p. 77. 1. 
 
 Page 101> 2. affuisset : the word has its legal meaning. He had 
 appeared in a case as counsel, and had not shown the emperor suffi- 
 cient consideration. 
 
 3. contra vetitum cocta : i.e. cooked victuals offered for sale 
 contrary to law. For the sumptuary laws governing the sale of cooked 
 victuals, cf. Tib. chap. 34. 6, and Nero, chap. 16. 3. Offended by the 
 brachylogy , Polac supplies petita after vetitum. Ihm thinks proposita 
 more likely. If anything is to be supplied, the latter is preferable. 
 It seems dangerous, however, to deviate from the manuscripts. 
 
 4. vilicum : Claudius' steward. 
 
 9. Busceptam Btationem : the position which he had attained. 
 11. cui index erat Mupwv 4irav(urTa<ris, etc. : the title of which 
 
Page 102] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 273 
 
 was the elevation of fools and which went to prove that no one feigns 
 folly. Autem is adversative, contrasting argumentum (theme) vfith 
 index (title). The Greek is explained, by a gloss in the Memm. 
 manuscript, as exallatio stultorum. 
 
 14. |UTccDp(av : forgetfulness ; used as a synonym of oblivionem ; 
 it strictly means wavering of the mind. 
 
 15. dpXc<|/Cav: blindness; i.e. mental blindness, and is synonymous 
 viith inconsiderantiam, 'lack of reflection.' occiaa Messalina, 
 etc. : Tacitus' account {Ann. xi. 38) of Claudius' conduct is some- 
 what different. The news of her death was brought him while he 
 was feasting. It was not stated whether she had been put to death or 
 had committed suicide, nor did Claudius ask ; he called for his goblet 
 and went on feasting and drinking. 
 
 16. domina : for the word dommus, see note on p. 18. 7. Presum- 
 ably domina was used in quite the same way when applied to a woman. 
 
 17. multos ex iis, etc. : most of these executions were ordered by 
 Claudius when in a state of terror aroused by his freedmen or Messa- 
 lina. When he returned to his senses he would call for those whom 
 he had murdered, and when cognizant of the fact, would be filled with 
 remorse and grief ; Dio, Ix. 14. 
 
 19. quasi morarentur : see Introd. II. § 3, 6 (4). 
 
 20. ducturuB contra fas, etc. : the above-mentioned incidents are 
 examples of ohUvio ; the following of his inconsiderantia. For dictu- 
 rus, see Introd. II. § 4, a. 
 
 23. quasi parum reprehenderetur : as though it were not already 
 sufficiently reprehensible. The clause quod . . . adoptaret is the sub- 
 ject of reprehenderetur. 
 
 28. nee quis : i.e. not mindful of what was becoming in an emperor. 
 
 32. offula : a snack ; a vulgar word. 
 
 Page 102. 3. bigldam : sc. aqiiam. Introd. II. § 1, e. 
 
 5. omatrix : coiffeuse. 
 
 6. quidam sunt, etc. : referring to the overbearing conduct of his 
 freedmen. 
 
 9. demereatuT : oblige ; a meaning not given the word before the 
 
 Augustan age. 
 
 12. Telegenius : the name of some worthless individual. 
 
 13. nedum : much more. 
 
 16. hortante T. Livio : Livy, the famous historian, who died in 
 the fourth year of the reign of Tiberius, at which time Claudius was 
 twenty-seven years old. Sulpicio Flavo : otherwise unknown. 
 
274 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 102 
 
 19. commisisaet : began, i.e. to read. refiigeratua saepe a 
 semet ipso : and was himself the cause of chilling the interest in 
 many parts of it; i.e. any applause that lie might have gained was 
 prevented by his own conduct, as described below. 
 
 23. ex intervallo subinde : at frequent intervals. cachinnoB- 
 que revocaret: a>id again burst into loud laughter. 
 
 27. Bed et : but then ; Madvig would strike out et as being a repe- 
 tition of the last two letters of the preceding word, sed, spelled set in 
 the manuscripts. coepitque a pace civili: and made it begin 
 after the end of the civil wars. 
 
 30. ab avia : Octavia, sister of Augustus. 
 
 32. magis inepte quam ineleganter : inepte refers to the thought, 
 ineleganter to the style. 
 
 Page 103. 2. Asini Galli : son of the orator, Asinius Callus. 
 
 3. litteraa tres : these were j , the inverted digamma, to represent 
 the gemi-consonantal sound of v and distinguish it from the vowel u. 
 This letter is found in several inscriptions of the time of Claudius ; 
 3 thfe antisigma, to express the sound of ps or bs ; and |-, the Greek 
 sign of the rough breathing, to express the sound of the Greek u 
 (French U). The last two characters rarely occur ; 3 perhaps never. 
 
 4. de quanim ratione : on their raison d'etre. 
 
 7. diurnis : sc. actis ; see note on p. 4. 23. Tacitus, too, Ann. xi. 
 14, says that the characters were used during the reign of Claudius, 
 but soon fell into disuse. They were to be seen engraved on bronze 
 tablets affixed in public places. 
 
 15. perpetua oratione reapondit: replied in a roell-su stained 
 speech; sc. in Greek. 
 
 18. ezcubitori tribuno: the commander of that portion of the 
 praetorians on guard at the palace. 
 
 19. non temere aliud : generally nothing else. 
 
 20. ovSp' dirajivvairOat, etc. : to defend myself against a man who 
 without cause does me harm ; Od. xvi. 72 ; from 'I'elemachus' speech 
 to the stranger. 
 
 21. TyTThenicon : Greek genitive plural, Tuppiju/tui', ' on Tuscan 
 history. ' 
 
 22. Carchedonlacon : i.e. Kapxi?iovia/cui', 'on Carthaginian his- 
 tory.' 
 
 23. Muaeo Claudieum additum, etc. : Roth, with the manu- 
 scripts, reads Musio additum, but in his critical apparatus suggests 
 the word Claudieum to supply the lacuna. 
 
Page 104] NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. 275 
 
 25. velut in auditorio : as in a public lecture room. 
 
 27. signa quaedam, etc.: cf. JDio's account, Ix. 34, "Claudius, 
 indeed, began to hear of Agrippiua's conduct, and was provoked by 
 it. Moreover, he missed Britaunicus, whom Agrippina purposely kept 
 from his sight, endeavoring in every way to advance her own son 
 Nero. Claudius decided not to endure this longer, but to displace 
 Agrippina, and appoint his own son as his successor." 
 
 30. cognitionein : trial. 
 
 31. sibi quoque in fatis, etc. : that it was his fate to find all his 
 wives faithless, but not to let them escape unpunished ; cf. Tac. Ann. 
 xii. 64. 
 
 Page 104. 2. et subinde obvimn sibi, etc. ; Tacitus, Ann. xii. 
 65, attributes about the same conduct to Pallas, the freedman. 
 
 3. rationemque a se, etc. ; i. e. he would hand over the power to him. 
 
 5. o Tptivas Kal Ido-cTai: he who had inflicted the wound, will also 
 cure it, i.e. the wound inflicted by the adoption of Nero. Telephus, 
 wounded by Achilles, was informed by an oracle in these words ■ 
 quoted by Claudius, that only the ' wounder ' could heal him. 
 
 6. quando statura permltteret: he was tall for his years. 
 quando: since. 
 
 7. venun Caesarem : one of the real line and not Caesars by 
 adoption, as were Tiberius, Caligula, and Nero. 
 
 11. quam praeter baec, etc. : who, in addition to all this, was 
 being accused of many crimes, not only by the informers, but by her 
 own conscience as well. 
 
 14. et veneno quidem occisum, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. 
 xii. 66 and 67, the poison was prepared by a woman named Locusta, 
 who even then was under sentence for poisoning. It was administered 
 by Claudius' praegustator, Halotus, in a dish of mushrooms. A poison 
 had been selected which would act slowly and cloud the mind. Be- 
 cause of Clandius' sluggish temperament it failed to act as was antici- 
 pated, and then Xenephon, his physician, under pretence of relieving 
 the stomach, Inserted a poisoned feather in his throat. Dio, Ix. .34, 
 states that Locusta prepared the poison and that Agrippina admin- 
 istered it in a dish of mushrooms. He does not mention Halotus or 
 Xenephon. 
 
 15. in arce : i.e. in the Capitol. 
 
 16. praeguBtatorem : it was the custom to maintain a slave whose 
 duty it was to taste the food of the emperor or princes, as a precaution 
 against poisoning. 
 
276 NOTES ON CLAUDIUS. [Page 104 
 
 23. incertum pultine addito, etc. : there being doubt as to whether 
 it loas put in his porridge, or administered in a clyster. Addito agrees 
 with toxica. 
 
 25. laborantl Bubveniretur : relief might be given him 
 
 when suffering, etc. 
 
 27. circa BuccesBorem : Introd. II. § 5 (1). 
 
 30. ezceBBit III Id. Octob. : 54 a.d. 
 
 32. funeratuB eBt, etc. . cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 69 ; also Dio, Ix. 35, "All 
 the honors were decreed him which had been granted Augustus. 
 Agrippina and Nero pretended to mourn him whom they had slain, 
 and lifted to the skies him whom they had lifted from his own table. 
 Seneca, indeed, wrote a book entitled Apocolocyntosis, or the Consecra^ 
 tion of the Pumpkin. . . . Nero's bon mot is also worth repeating. 
 He said that mushrooms were divine food, since Claudius, by eating 
 them, became a god." 
 
 Page 105. 3. abolltumque : as -que is wanting in the best manu- 
 scripts, Becker regards oblitum as a gloss. It seems hardly safe to 
 follow him, however. per VeBpaBianum : cf. Vesp. 9, fecit . . 
 {templum) divi Claudi in Caelio monte coeptum quidem ab Agrippina, 
 sed a Nerone prope funditus destructum. 
 
 4. praeBagia mortis : Tacitus, Ann. xii. 64, mentions also the 
 birth of monstrosities of nature, and the settling of a swarm of bees 
 on the Capitol. Dio, Ix. 35, in addition mentions a shower that resem- 
 bled blood. 
 
 5. quam cometen vocant : Becker appears justified in regarding 
 these words as a gloss. 
 
 6. moniunentum Drusi : this may have been the altar erected in 
 Germany in his honor, mentioned by Tacitus, Ann. ii. 7. 
 
 7. ex omnium magistratuum genere plerique : many magistrates 
 of all classes. 
 
 9. aliquot quidem argumentia : which is proved by several facts. 
 Ablative absolute. 
 
 12. liberoB : Britannicus, his own son, and Nero, his adopted son. 
 
 13. aetatem : i.e. their youth. 
 
 15. quamquam abominantibus, etc. : although those who heard 
 deprecated with horror any such idea. The construction is ablative 
 absolute with quamquam. See note on p. 65. 30, and Introd. II. 
 §6,6(1). 
 
Page 106] NOTES ON NEKO. 277 
 
 NERO — EMPEEOR, 54-68 A.D. 
 
 Sources: Tacitus, Ann. xiii.-xvi. , or to the year 66. Suetonius. 
 Dio, Ixi.-lxiii., in tlie abridgment of Xiphilin. 
 
 Agrippina had poisoned Claudius «oon after she had prevailed upon 
 him to disregard his own son Britannicns and to adopt her son Nero. 
 The latter was immediately proclaimed emperor by the praetorians. 
 At first Nero allowed affairs to be managed by his imperious mother, 
 by Seneca, his tutor, and by Burrus, the praefect of the guards. 
 During these years the finances were well managed, the senate treated 
 with consideration, and administrative reforms instituted. After the 
 murder of Agrippina, the death of Burrus, and the retirement of Sen- 
 eca, Nero fell under the influence of Tigellinus, his praefectus prae- 
 torio, and of his freedmen. The treasury was depleted, the coinage 
 debased, and the senate disregarded. The city was laid waste by a 
 conflagration, which popular rumor attributed to Nero. The Chris- 
 tians, whose name now first appears in history, were charged with 
 the deed by Nero, and prosecuted. 
 
 In the suppression of the conspiracy of Piso, many eminent men 
 perished, notably Seneca and Lucan. Owing to the widespread dis- 
 content, Vindex, governor of Gaul, revolted, and was joined by Galba, 
 governor of Lusitania. Verginius Riifus, with the legions of Upper 
 Germany, defeated Vindex, but the victorious troops themselves turned 
 against Nero. Amid these disturbances he fell by his own hand. 
 
 Page 106. 6. Aenobarborum : aeneits and barba, ' brazen- 
 bearded.' A family name of the Domitian gens. 
 
 8. iuvenea geminl : the Dioscuri, Castor and Pollux. 
 
 9. augustiore : sc. htimana ( forma), an ablative after the com- 
 parative, ex oocursu : eq\iWa,\ent io cum ohvii facti essent. 
 
 10. nuntiaret: Introd. II. § 3, 6 (6). victoriam: the victory 
 of the Romans over the Latins, at Lake Regillus, 498 B.C. (tradi- 
 tional chronology). Cicero, De Nat. Deorum, ii. 6, in speaking of the 
 appearance of gods on earth, cites this instance : apud Regillum . . . 
 in nostra acie Castor et Pollux ex equis pugnare visi stmt. 
 
 11. infidem: equivulent to ut Jidem facerent. 
 
 14. foncti . . . septem : Velleius, ii. • 10, remarks upon the small 
 number and upon the distinction of the Domitian gens. According 
 to him, the seven who were consuls were the only sons of their 
 respective fathers, and almost all received the honor of a triumph. 
 
278 KOTES ON NEEO. [Page 106 
 
 15. triumpho : gained by the Aenobarbus, mentioned below, con- 
 sul, 122 B.C., for a victory over the Allobroges and Arvernians. 
 
 16. inter patiicios adlecti : on the significance of adlegere as a 
 technical term, see note on p. 1. 11. 
 
 18. notabili varietate : in a strikingly irregular manner. 
 
 19. per trinas personas : i.e. three individuals in succession had 
 the same name. Note the distributive trinas. 
 
 22. ez ordine : successively. 
 
 24. referre : from the impersonal refert. 
 
 Page 107. 1. ut tamen : he had retained family traits, but only 
 the bad ones. 
 
 2. altlua repetam : the expression altius repetere means to trace 
 events from a somewhat remote period ; c/. Liv. Praef., ut quae {res) 
 supra septingentesimum annum repetatur. 
 
 3. atavuB : the grandfather of a great-grandfather. The order in 
 the ascending scale is pater, avus, pruavus, abavus, atavus, tritavus. 
 
 5. cooptassent : see note on p. 91. 28. 
 
 6. Bubrogandorum : sitbrogare is to choose in place of another, 
 or to fill a vacancy. It appears tliat this law is to be attributed to the 
 son, and not the father as stated by Suetonius. 
 
 7. ArvenuBque : a tribe of central Gaul. 
 
 8. per provinciam: i.e. Gallia Narbonensis ; <•/. note on p. 6. 30. 
 
 10. IiicioiuB CrasBus : Lucius Licinius Crassus, one of the most 
 famous orators who preceded Cicero. He died during the boyhood 
 of the latter, and appears as an interlocutor in tlie Da Oratore. 
 
 11. OB ferreum : the expression means audacity. Terence uses the 
 terms, os durum and os impudens, with the same force. The best 
 writers also use os alone in this sense; cf. English 'cheek.' 
 
 12. cor plumbeum : apparently, 'a hard heart.' Note the play 
 upon the meaning of aeneam, ferreum, phtmheum, 'bronze,' 'iron,' 
 'leaden.' buluB filiuB : Lucius Domitius Aenobarbus, brother-in- 
 law of M. Cato, was a staunch upholder of the oligarcliical party. 
 He was praetor, 58 b.c, and consul, 54 r.c. On the outbreak of the 
 civil war he threw himself into Corfinium, but was compelled to sur- 
 render to Caesar. He fell, as narrated below, at the battle of Phar- 
 salia, 48 b.c. ; cf. lul. 23. 
 
 13. quern adverBUB auspicia legsBque, etc. : referring to Caesar's 
 unconstitutional methods in forcing through some of his measures 
 when consul, 59 b.c. 
 
 14. ad disquiBitionem BenatuB : to submit to an investigation of 
 
Page 108] NOTKS ON NERO. 279 
 
 his conduct by the senate. It was considered good policy to call a 
 Koman magistrate to account for his conduct only at the expiration 
 of his terra. 
 
 15. ab ezercitibus Oallicis : Caesar had obtained the governor- 
 ship of cisalpine Gaul, lUyricum, and transalpine Gaul for the space 
 of five years, 58-53 B.C. In 55 B.C. he obtained an extension of this 
 command for five years more, 53-48 b.c. 
 
 17. ad Corfiuium, etc. : Corfinium was a town in the country of 
 the Paeligni ; c/. lul. 23. Domitius was caught at Corfinium because 
 of disobedience to the orders of Pompey, who had ordered him to 
 retreat. 
 
 19. acie . . . Pbarsalica : see note on p. 4. 22. 
 
 23. quod . . . temperasset : the story is told at greater length by 
 Seneca, De Beneficiis, iii. 24 ; cf. Pliny, N. H. vii. 186. 
 
 25. de mediis ac neutram partem aequentibus : pleonastic, 
 'the neutrals who took neither side in the contest.' The expression 
 is also used in lul. 75. 
 
 27. procul dubio : the more classical expression is sine dubio. 
 The son here mentioned is the Gnaeus Domitius Aenobarbus addressed 
 by Cicero in Fam. vi. 22. He was the son of the preceding Domitius, 
 by Portia, sister of Cato, and appears to have been a manly and ener- 
 getic soldier. Whether he took part in the plot against Caesar is a 
 matter of dispute among historians. It seems safe, however, to accept 
 Suetonius' statement that he had no part in it. 
 
 29. lege Pedia : passed, 43 b.c. ; it is thus described by Velleius, 
 ii. 69 : at lege Pedia quam consul Pedius conlega Caesaris tulerat, 
 omnibus, qui Caesarem patrem interfecerant, aqua ignique damnatis 
 interdictum erat. cum ad Cassium, etc. : Dio, xlviii. 7, says that 
 he gathered a fleet and inflicted severe losses upon Caesar on the 
 Ionian Sea. 
 
 Page 108. 1. partibus : for the plural, see note on p. 4. 6. 
 
 2. ingentis meriti loco : as a great concession ; loco is locative 
 ablative ; in loco is also used with the same force. 
 
 3. amplissimoB honores : he held the consulship in 32 b.c. 
 
 8. transiit ad Augustum : cf. Dio, 1. 13 : " Domitius, angry be- 
 cause of Cleopatra, deserted to Caesar ; although this did not benefit 
 Caesar, because Domitius died soon after, yet it set an example which 
 many followed, for it appeared that the latter had deserted Antony 
 because he despaired of his success." 
 
 10. BervlUae Naidis : of this person nothing further is known. 
 
280 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 108 
 
 11. emptorem iamiliae pecuniaeque : the testamentary executor. 
 The expression arose from a fiction of Roman law,' whereby the tes- 
 tator appeared to sell to the emptor that property which, after the 
 testator's death, the emptor would dispose of according to the inten- 
 tions of the deceased. Familiue is here, as often in legal phraseol- 
 ogy, used to signify the property. 
 
 14. omamentis tiiumphciUbus : see note on p. 7. 6. 
 
 15. ez Germanico bello : in speaking of the campaign, Tacitus, 
 Ann. iv. 44 (25 a.d.), states that Domitius crossed the Elbe and pene- 
 trated Germany farther than any of his predecessors, for which he 
 received the ornamenta triumphalia. 
 
 16. L. Plancvim : this Flancus and his colleague, Paulus Aemilius 
 Lepidus, were the last private citizens to hold the ofiice of censor, 
 3 B.C. ; see note on p. 86. 30. 
 
 22. ez Antonia maiore : Tacitus, iv. 44, makes this woman An- 
 tonia the younger, evidently confusing her with her sister. Dio, 
 xlviii. 54, makes her the wife of Nero's grandfather. In such mat- 
 ters it is safer to follow Suetonius, who must have been familiar with 
 the genealogy of the royal families. 
 
 25. C. Caesaris : son of Agrippa and Julia ; adopted by Augustus. 
 
 26. coborte : from the military use of the word, meaning prae- 
 torian cohort or general's bodyguard, it came to mean retinue of 
 friends. The distinction between the military guard and the retinue 
 of friends is clearly seen in Calig. chap. 19. 2. 
 
 27. in Viae Appiae vico : at a village on the Appian Way. 
 
 30. argentarioB : the word usually signifies, ' banker.' Here it 
 seems to mean 'silversmith.' The two occupations were probably 
 combined. 
 
 32. palmanim: figuratively, 'victories.' He cheated them of the 
 prizes promised. ob haec et Bororis loco : notorious for this, and 
 because of the shafts of ridicule directed against him by his sister, 
 loco is the conjecture of Sabellicus, for loco of the manuscripts. 
 
 Page 109. 1. factionum : see note on p. 71. 28. repraesen- 
 tanda : for the meaning of repraesentare, see note on p. 88. 26. 
 
 2. maiestatiB quoque et adulteriorum : according to Tacitus, 
 Ann. vi. 47, he, with others, was connected by adulterous intercourse 
 with Albucilla. She was charged with disloyalty, and Domitius 
 implicated, 37 a.b. 
 
 5. PyrgiB : Pyrgi, a town of Etruria, now San Severo. Bub- 
 lato fillo : having a son. Sublato, from tollo, 'to pick up.' This 
 
Page 110] NOTES ON NERO. 281 
 
 expression refers to the well-known custom of the father picking up 
 the infant from the ground and by so doing acknowledging it to be 
 his own. 
 
 7. Anti : see note on p. 23. 10. 
 
 8. ZVIII Kal. Ian. ; December 15th. tantumquod: but just; 
 usually with finite verb ; cf. tantum quod ex Arpinati veneram, etc., 
 Cic. Fam. vii. 23. 1. 
 
 9. terra : best taken as an ablative ; i.e. he was touched by the 
 rays of the sun before he was placed upon the ground ; see note on p. 
 109. 5. Dio, Ixi. 2, among the omens presaging his future greatness, 
 mentions the following : at his birth, which took place before day- 
 break, the child was surrounded by rays of light, as from the sun, 
 though this was not yet visible. 
 
 11. praeaagio : dative. 
 
 13. malo publico : with evil to the state, ablative of attendant 
 circumstance. In this construction, malum is the noun and publicum 
 the adjective ; cf. the expression bono publico. 
 
 15. die lustrico : on the ninth day after birth it was customary to 
 give the Roman boy a praenomen. At the ceremony there were 
 certain rites of purification : hence the term dies lustricus. 
 
 19. Claudius inter ludibiia aulae : cf. Claud, chap. 3. 19 seq. 
 
 23. matre . . . relegata : i.e. by Caligula. 
 
 25. amitam: aunt, i.e. sister of a father. The sister of a mother 
 was called matertera. 
 
 28. Crispl Passiem vitrici : on Domitius' death, he married 
 Agrippina. 
 
 29. revocatae restitutaeque matris : restored by Claudius. 
 
 31. meiidiantem : it appears to have been an almost universal 
 custom among the Romans to take a midday nap. 
 
 32. additum fabulae, at : the story continues that they however, etc. 
 At was the conjecture of Roth for ad of the Memm. manuscript. It 
 has since been discovered to be the reading of a fifteenth-century 
 manuscript in the Royal Library at Munich. The common lection est 
 has inferior manuscript authority. 
 
 Page 110. 1. quae fabula ezorta est, etc. : cf. Dio, 1x1. 2, 
 " During his boyhood, the cast-oS skin of a serpent was found near 
 the neck of Nero, and this caused the seers to prophesy that in time 
 to come he would receive great power from an old man, since the 
 serpent is supposed to cast off his skin because of age." 
 
 8. Troiam : see note on p. 5. 17. 
 
282 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 110 
 
 9. Annaeoque Senecae : the famous philosopher, tutor of Nero. 
 He was a Stoic, and his fame rests chiefly on his moral treatises. 
 He finally committed suicide at the bidding of his former pupil. 
 
 11. visum aibi per quietem : i.e. he dreamed. C. Caeaaii : 
 Caligula, the mad tyrant. 
 
 12. fidem somnio, etc. : i. e. showed that Nero was as bad a pupil 
 as Caligula would have been. 
 
 15. Aenobarbum : by so calling him, Britannicus seemed to dis- 
 regard the adoption of Nero by Claudius. Such also is the account of 
 Tacitus, Ann. xii. 41. ex coosuetudine : as a result of habit. 
 ut Bubditiviim : of being a supposititious child. 
 
 16. Lepidam : her illustrious lineage had excited the envy of 
 Agrippina. 
 
 17. coram : i.e. he appeared in person and testified against her. 
 
 19. deductus in forum : for the significance of this, see note on 
 p. 5. 19; and for the word tiro, see note on p. 24. 21. Tacitus, Ann. xii. 
 41 (51 A.D.), states that the ceremony was performed while Nero was 
 under age, in order that he might appear qualified to appear in public life. 
 
 20. decursione : manoeuvres. According to an arrangement of 
 Augustus, these manoeuvres were held thrice a month for the sake of 
 discipline. scutum sua manu, etc. : this means that be in person 
 directed the manoeuvres ; cf. Galba, 6, ipse maxime insignis, quod 
 campestrem decursionem scuto moderatus, etc. 
 
 23. pro Bononiensibus : Bononienses, inhabitants of Bononia, a 
 town of cisalpine Gaul, modern Bologna. This town had been de- 
 stroyed by fire, and as result of Nero's plea the people were given 
 pecuniary aid in the sum of 10,000,000 sesterces : cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 58 
 (53 A.D.). 
 
 24. auspicatus est : he obtained for the first time. 
 
 25. praeiectus urbi : see note on p. 70. 19. sacro Latinarum : 
 sc.feriarum, and see note on p. 54. 17. Sacro probably refers to the 
 whole ceremony, the most important part of which was, however, the 
 sacrifice (sacrijicium) of white bulls. 
 
 26. tialaticias : trifling. These cases were ordinarily brought for- 
 ward merely as a part of the ceremony. Not so in the present instance. 
 
 27. postulationes . . . iagerentibus : presenting requests ; Nero 
 was to pass judgment on these. 
 
 29. Octaviam : the daughter of Claudius and Messalina and 
 sister of Britannicus. Nero was sixteen years old at the time. cir- 
 censes {sc. ludos) et venationem : for a description of such exhibi- 
 tions, by Suetonius himself, see lul. 39. 
 
Page 111] NOTES ON NERO. 283 
 
 31. de Claudio : i.e. concerning his death as narrated in the 
 preceding Life. It was concealed until all was ready for the proclama- 
 tion of Nero as emperor ; cf. Claud, chap. 45. 26. 
 
 32. inter horcun seztam aeptunamque : between 12 and 1 p.m. 
 See note on p. 73. 22. processit, etc. : cf. Tacitus' account, Ann. 
 xii. 69 (54 a.d.) : " At last, on the thirteenth day of October, at noon, 
 the gates of the palace were suddenly thrown open, and Nero, ac- 
 companied by Burrus, went forth to the cohort, which, according to 
 the custom of the army, was keeping watch. There, upon a signal 
 made by the praefect, he was received with shouts of joy, and instantly 
 put into a litter. It was reported that there were some who hesitated, 
 looking back anxiously and frequently asking where Britannicus was, 
 but as no one came forward to oppose it, they embraced the choice 
 which was offered them. Thus Nero was borne to the camp, where, 
 after a speech suitable to the exigency, and the promise of a largess 
 equal to that of the late emperor, his father, he was saluted emperor. 
 The choice of the soldiers was followed by the decrees of the senate ; 
 nor was there any hesitation in the several provinces." Xiph., Ixi. 3, 
 says that this speech delivered to the soldiers had been composed by 
 Seneca, as well as the one made afterward in the senate. 
 
 Page 111. 1. diritatem : i.e. the astrologers had announced the 
 conditions unfavorable up to that time. Tacitus states that Agrippina 
 was concealing the news of her husband's death until the astrologers 
 should report favorable conditions. 
 
 3. in castra : i.e. the permanent camp on the outskirts of Rome. 
 See note on p. 22. 15. 
 
 8. orsuB bine, etc. : the idea is that he began immediately to 
 make a display of his filial regard. 
 
 9. laudavit et conaecravit : cf. Claud, chap. 45. 1. Tac, Ann. 
 xiii. 3, states that as long as Nero stuck to the truth in his eulogy, 
 he was given a serious hearing ; but when he fell into arrant flattery, 
 speaking of Claudius' forethought and wisdom, no one could keep 
 back his laughter. This speech had been composed for him by Seneca 
 and in his wonted style, which was much admired at that time. 
 
 10. matri summam, etc. . cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 2. Xiph., Ixi. 3, re- 
 lates that Agrippina and her son often appeared in public in the same 
 litter ; that Agrippina answered ambassadors and sent replies to 
 nations, princes, and kings, and that finally her aspirations were 
 checked by the policy of Burrus and Seneca. 
 
 14. Antium : see note on p. 23. 10. 
 
284 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 111 
 
 15. per domicilii translatioiiem : hy causing them to change 
 their place of residence ; i.e. from Rome to Antium. This would 
 reflect honor upon the latter. 
 
 18. ez August! praescripto : Augustus' advice, stated at the close 
 of his Breviarium or survey of the empire, vfas not to extend the 
 boundaries of the empire ; c/. Tac. Ann. i. 11. 
 
 21. ullam occaaionem omisit : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 10 and 11, 
 enumerates the acts calculated to enhance his popularity, and ends 
 vf ith the remark : " Pledging himself to clemency in frequent speeches, 
 which, either to show the purity of the precepts he instilled, or in 
 ostentation of his talents, Seneca gave to the world by the mouth of 
 the emperor." graviora vectigaUia, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 31 
 (67 A.D.), mentions the remission of the duty of 4 per cent on the 
 purchase of slaves. Nero also ordered (Ann. xiii. 51) the publication 
 of the schedules of imposts, which hitherto had been kept secret ; 
 publicans were not permitted to revive omitted claims more than a year 
 in arrears. Some other reforms did not last after Nero's time, while 
 still others continued in force when Tacitus wrote his Annals. 
 
 23. praemia delatorum Papiae legis : the rewards of informers 
 against those who violated the Papian law, i.e. the lex Iitlia Papia 
 Poppaea, for which see note on p. 86. 25. ad quartas : sc. partes. 
 It would appear that the provision of the lex lulia, granting a, fourth 
 part of the confiscated property to informers, had been disregarded and 
 a larger share taken. Nero now reduced the amount to the legal fourth 
 part. An instance where all the property was given the successful 
 informer in the reign of Tiberius is cited by Tac. Ann. ii . 32. 
 
 24. quadringenis nununis : 400 sesterces each ; about $20. 
 
 25. annua salaila : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 34, states that Messalla 
 was so assisted ; also Aurelius Cotta and Haterius Antonius, although 
 these latter had squandered their own fortunes. 
 
 26. quingena : sc. sestertia ; 500,000 sesterces, about $25,000. 
 
 27. framentum . . . gratuitum : before this they had paid the 
 market price, which was kept back from their pay. Tac. Ann. xv. 72. 
 
 29. quam vellem, etc. . cf. Seneca's account, De Clem. ii. 1. 
 
 30. Bubinde ac memoriter: immediately and unaided; i.e. he 
 pronounced their names without being prompted by his nomenclator. 
 
 31. ad campestrea ezercitationea : on the Campus Martins. 
 
 Page 112. 3. aureia litteria: Xiph., Ixi. 3, tells us that Nero's 
 first speech to the senate, the one composed by Seneca, was ordered 
 engraved upon a column of silver. 
 
Page 112] NOTES ON NERO. 285 
 
 5. iuvenales . . . ludos: games instituted by Nero in 59 a.u., in 
 honor of the first shaving of his beard. They were celebrated in a 
 private theatre, and by amateurs ; c/. Tac. Ann. xiv. 15, and xv. 33. 
 Xiph. Ixi. 19 : " He celebrated the Juvenalia on the first shaving of 
 his beard. This beard, enclosed in a golden globe, he consecrated to 
 CapitoUne Jove." Cy. JVero, chap. 12. 16. 
 
 7. aenes quoque consulares, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 15, states 
 that no one was excused from performing, on the plea of birth, age, 
 or ofiSce. Xiphilin cites the case of Aelia Catula, a woman of wealth 
 and distinction, eighty years of age, who danced at one of these 
 celebrations. 
 
 9. loca equiti secreta : see note on p. 90. 18. Cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 
 32 (63 A.i).), equiUim Bomanorum locos sedilibus plebis anteposuit 
 apiid circitm ; namque ad earn diem indiscreti inibant, quia lex Boscia 
 nihil nisi de quattiwrdecim ordinibus sanxit. 
 
 13. per catadromum : from Xiphilin's statement (Ixi. 17) it is 
 evident that the expression indicates a tight rope slanting from the 
 top of the theatre to the ground : "Oh this occasion, an elephant that 
 had been drawn to the top of the theatre ran down a rope with a rider 
 upon its back." Seneca, Epist. 85. 41, also mentions a rope-walking 
 elephant : elephantem minimus Aethiops iubet subsidere in genua et 
 ambulare per funem. 
 
 14. Afrani: Lucius Afranius, Rome's most celebrated writer of 
 the fahulae togatae (dramas Greek in form but representing Italian 
 life), flourished about 100 B.C. 
 
 17. missilia : see note on p. 52. 11. 
 
 19. tesserae frumentariae : tickets which entitled the holder to 
 his share of com. Xiph., Ixi. 18, states that other prizes were also 
 given by ticket ; he enumerates horses, slaves, carriages, gold, silver, 
 and embroidered raiment. 
 
 21. insulae : see note on p. 25. 29 end. 
 
 22. e proBcaenii fastigio : the proscaenium was the background 
 of the stage, visible to the audience. Hence Nero was up above the 
 stage ; cf. the expression ex parte proscaenii superiore, Nero, chap. 
 26. 24. 
 
 23. amphitheatro ligneo: mentioned by Tac. Ann. xiii. 31 as 
 built in the year 57 a.d. 
 
 25. exhibmt ad femun : he brought out as gladiators. 
 
 27. tortunae atque ezistimatioiiiB integrae : of unimpaired for- 
 tune and unblemished reputation. 
 
 28. et varia harenae ministeria : ministeria is the abstract for 
 
286 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 112 
 
 the concrete ministros. He exhibited them as combatants and as 
 slaves performing the menial services about the arena ; see Introd. 
 II., § 1, d. For a fuller account of this degradation, see Xiph. Ixi. 17. 
 
 29. naumaohiam marina aqua : aqua is ablative of quality ; 
 i.e. the place was flooded with sea-water, as stated by Xiph. Ixi. 9. 
 For the meanings of naumachia, see note on p. 39. 13. 
 
 30. pyrrichas : a war dance of Doric origin. It was danced to 
 the sound of the flute, in rapid measures, by men dressed in armor, 
 and represented the various movements of attack and defence. As 
 the expression pyrrichas quasdam e numero ephehorum is a somewhat 
 strained expression to signify 'war dances danced by a number of 
 youths,' Madvig's, among other emendations, may be cited, — pyrri- 
 chistas quosdam. ephebomin : see Introd. II. § 1, a (1). 
 
 31. diplomata : the diploma was a paper folded double ; in gen- 
 eral, a, document drawn up by a magistrate, conferring a privilege 
 upon the recipient. 
 
 Page 113. 1. cubiculum :'a sort of imperial pavilion or box; 
 doubtless so named because the emperor reclined there. It was 
 situated above the seats assigned to senators and knights and in the 
 part assigned to the third class of spectators, and is probably the 
 same as the suggestus. 
 
 3. podio : the podium was the wall (al- "^t twelve feet high) that 
 separated the arena from the spectators, xiie top of this, as being the 
 best place to see the combats, was assigned to spectators of the highest 
 rank. Here the word means that portion of the terrace on the podium 
 which was used as a royal box. 
 
 5. instituit et quinquennale, etc.: this was in the year60 a.d; 
 cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 20 ; they are also called Neronia. Xiph., Ixi. 21, 
 says that they were celebrated for the safe continuance of Nero's 
 reign. 
 
 7. theimis atque gymnasio : these baths and gymnasia included 
 open and covered colonnades for conversation, instruction, and physi- 
 cal exercise. There were also gardens, halls, libraries, and everything 
 that could conduce to the comfort and amusement of visitors. Of 
 these particular hot baths, no vestige remains ; cf. Entr. vii. 15, aedifi- 
 cavit Romne thermas quae ante Neronianae dictae nunc Alexandrtnae 
 appellantur. So named in honor of Alexander Severus. 
 
 9. toto : a rare dative form instead of toli. 
 
 10. Bede praetonim: see Introd. II. § 2, a (2). The meaning is 
 that they sat where the praetors sat when presiding. in orcbestram 
 
Page 114] NOTES ON NERO. 287 
 
 senatumque : a case of more exact definition. He descended to the 
 orcliestra, where tiie senators sat. 
 
 12. coronam ; a prize for the best production in Latin prose and 
 poetry. No one won it on this occasion, but Nero was proclaimed 
 victor ; c/. I'ac. Ann. xiv. 21. 
 
 13. citharae : sc. coronam. 
 
 14. adoravit : lie probably knelt and kissed it. 
 
 15. gymnico : sc. certamine, and cf. Nero, chap. 53. 12. Saep- 
 tis : the Saepta lulia ; see note on p. 12. 17. 
 
 16. butbysiae : {§ov8virla) , a sacrifice of oxen. barbam pri- 
 mam posuit : see note on p. 112. 6. 
 
 19. invitavit et virgines Veatales: Augustus had forbidden 
 women to appear at such exhibitions ; cf. Aug. 4-1. 
 
 21. Tiiidatis : brother of Vologeses I., king of Parthia. He had 
 been driven from the throne of Armenia by Corbulo, the lioman gen- 
 eral, but was restored by Nero in 63 a.d., as here related. Xiph., 
 Ixiii. 1—5, describes at great length the progress of Nero and Tiridates 
 from the banks of the Euphrates to Rome. He ends with the words : 
 " Nero then ordered him to ascend an inclined plane which had been 
 built before the tribunal for the purpose. Tiridates seated himself at 
 the feet of Nero, and the latter placed the diadem upon his head." 
 This explains the devexum pulpilum of the Latin. 
 
 25. propter nubilur« - -'ftecaiise of cloudy weather. 
 
 29. admisit ad geDiii! : Nero allowed him to cast himself at his 
 feet. 
 
 30. tiara : the turban, or ordinary head-dress, of the Orientals. 
 32. in theatnim : it was on this occasion that Nero covered the 
 
 theatre of Pompey with gold. 
 
 Page 114, 3. tamquam nullo residuo bello : ablative absolute; 
 Introd. II. § 6, 6 (1). Roth, with the manuscripts, reads, tarn nullo 
 quam residuo hello; the reading of the text is the emendation of 
 Lipsius. 
 
 7. continuavit : he held consecutively. inter annua spatia : 
 after intervals of a year. He was consul, 55, 67, 58, and 60 a.d. 
 
 8. postulatoiibus : i.e. those who brought cases to him. 
 
 9. non temere : hardly ever. 
 
 11. continuis actionibus ; actio continua would seem to be the 
 same as actio perpetua, or presentation of a case in its entirety by the 
 pleader. This Nero did not allow, but had the details (quaeqtie) sep- 
 arately (singiUatim) presented by each side in turn (per vices). 
 
288 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 114 
 
 12. quotdens . . . aecederet : In trod. II. § 3, i> (3). 
 
 13. ad consultandum : i.e. to ask the opinion of his assessors or 
 lawyers, who were selected to assist the judges with their advice. 
 
 14. Bed conacriptas : Roth, with the manuscripts, reads sed et. 
 The reading of the text is the emendation of Madvig, who regards the 
 et as a repetition of the last two letters of sed (spelled set, as often in 
 our mss.). 
 
 16. perinde atque : just as if. 
 
 17. non admiait : Nero was not so well disposed toward f reedmen 
 as was Claudius ; cf. Claud, chap. 28. 12. 
 
 19. qui supra numerum essent : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 28, cites the 
 instance of three candidates given the command of legions. There 
 ■were fifteen candidates for the praetorship, and positions for but 
 twelve. The three supra numerum were satisfied, as indicated. 
 
 23. Canini Bebili : in whose consulship, as Cicero {Ad Fam. vii. 
 30. 1) sarcastically remarked, no one breakfasted. The office was 
 given him by Julius Caesar ; cf. lul. 76. triumphalia omamenta : 
 see note on p. 7. 6. 
 
 25. nee utique, etc. : and that, too, not exclusively for military 
 purposes. de quibusdam rebus : Becker regards these words as 
 having crept into the text from the margin of the manuscripts, where 
 they served as a sort of chapter heading. Tour manuscripts give sed 
 et de quibusdam rebus. 
 
 27. quaestoris : the emperor regularly addressed the senate 
 through the quaestors, one or more of whom were attached to him 
 as secretaries. 
 
 28. novam ezcogltavit : i.e. after the great fire in 64 a. d., as is 
 apparent from Tac. Ann. xv. 43. Streets were laid out in regular 
 form, the height of buildings restricted, and room left for porticoes 
 before them. et ut . . . essent : the ut shows that some word 
 meaning 'directed,' or 'ordered,' is to be supplied by zeugma from 
 excogitavit. 
 
 29. insulas : see note on p. 25. 29. de quanim solailis : from 
 the roofs of these. For the word sotoriMm, see note on p. 82. 17. The 
 idea is that fire might be fought from these points of vantage. 
 
 32. veteri urbi : Rome. 
 
 Page 116. 3. sportulas : see note on p. 90. 29. 
 
 4. popinis : see note on p. 21. 6. 
 
 5. obsonii : see note on p. 52. 11 end. 
 
 6. afflicti suppliciis Christiani : they were accused of having set 
 
Page 115] NOTES ON NERO. 289 
 
 fire to Rome. See the whole of Tacitus' famous passage, Ann. xv. 44. 
 Of the torture meted out to them, he relates that they were covered 
 with the skins of wild beasts and then torn to pieces by dogs ; many 
 were covered with inflammable materials and burned, to serve as torches 
 to light up Nero's garden where he was giving circensian games. 
 
 7. novae ac meUeficae : strange and baneful. Maleficae may con- 
 vey the idea that sorcery was practised in their rites. 
 
 8. quadrigariorom lusus : it would appear that the charioteers, 
 after the races, were in the habit of amusing and enriching themselves 
 in the way stated. By tacit permission of long standing {licentia in- 
 veterata), they claimed this privilege as a right (^ius). 
 
 10. pantomimonim factiones: according to Tac. Ann. xiii. 25, 
 Nero himself took delight in inciting the opposing factions against 
 each other. Unable to quell the storm he had raised, he was forced to 
 banish the actors and restore the military guard to the theatre. cum 
 ipsis : i.e. the actors. 
 
 11. tabulae : documents. A number of tabulae relating to busi- 
 ness transactions have been discovered at Pompeii. nisi peitusae, 
 etc. : the outer edge of the tablet was pierced with holes, through 
 which a string was passed three times and the seal fixed upon this 
 triple cord. 
 
 13. cerae : inasmuch as the leaves of the tablets were covered with 
 wax, the word cera, as here, often signifies 'page.' 
 
 14. signaturis: i.e. the witnesses. 
 
 15. Bcriptor : the scribe. 
 
 16. pro patrociniis : for attorney's services. The lex Cincia, 
 204 B.C., forbade giving or receiving fees for pleading cases. This 
 law became obsolete, but Augustus again enforced it. Claudius fixed 
 a maximum fee of 10,000 sesterces. Tacitus, Ann. xi. 5, states that the 
 former regulation of the lex Cincia was enforced at the beginning of 
 Nero's reign. From the present passage, it appears that Nero after- 
 ward fixed the fees of advocates at what he deemed just amounts. 
 
 17. pro subselUis : the subsellia were seats arranged around the 
 tribunal of the praetor, for the convenience of the parties in a suit. 
 According to Nero's regulation, the parties of a suit would not be 
 obliged to pay for them. 
 
 18. rerum actu : in respect to judicial procedure ; cf. note on p. 
 85. 24. ab aerario causae, etc. : i.e. those having cases with the 
 treasury department should not have them tried before the praefects 
 of the treasury, but before reciperatores In the forum. Madvig would 
 strike out causae, making subselHa the subject of transferrentur, ex- 
 
290 NOTES ON NEKO. [Page 115 
 
 plaining that during vacation time the subsellia were stored by the 
 treasury department, but in term time {actu rerum) they were replaced 
 and their gratuitous use allowed. 
 
 19. reoiperatores : earlier form recuperalores ; a judicial corpora^ 
 tion of three or five members, before whom cases might be tried 
 without the usual tedious delay incident to the ordinary form of 
 procedure. 
 
 20. ad senatum, etc. . to increase the dignity of the senate, Nero 
 also provided that in cases of appeal to the senate, the same caution 
 money should be put up (usually one-third of the amount involved) 
 as was usual in cases of appeal to the emperor ; see Tac. Ann. 
 xiv. 28. 
 
 22. ex Britannia : for reverses in Britain, see note on p. 1.30. 
 25. 
 
 24. Ponti modo regnum, etc. : cf. Eutr. vii. 14, duae tameti pro- 
 vinciae sub eo factae sunt, Pontus Pulemonincus concedente rege 
 Polemone, et Alpes Cottiae, Cottio rege defuncto. For Cottius and 
 his realm, see note on p. 22. 24. 
 
 25. Alpium : sc. regnum. 
 
 30. in aede Vestae : see note on p. 27. 22. 
 
 32. tanta oborta caligo est: cf. Tacitus Ann. xv. 30 (64 a.d.), 
 who does not, however, particularize with regard to the omen. in 
 Achaia isthmum peifodere, etc. : the isthmus of Corinth ; see 
 note on p. 53. 29. Xiph., Ixiii. 16, states that many prodigies,, such 
 as the sound of lamentation and groaning, blood bursting from the 
 ground, etc., deterred the workmen who first broke ground. This was 
 the reason that Nero himself seized a pickaxe and set an example 
 which others had to follow. 
 
 Page 116. 4. ad Caspiaa portaa : the Ciispiae portae was the 
 narrow pass leading through Mt. Taurus, and was the same as the 
 modern pass of Dariel, in southeastern Asia Minor. 
 
 5. aenum : genitive plural of sent, ' of none less than six feet 
 tall.' 
 
 13. Terpnum : he is subsequently mentioned as receiving rewards 
 from Vespasian. 
 
 16. medltari ezercerlque : study and train himself. 
 
 19. cbartam : charta elsewhere has the meaning of ' sheet of 
 paper,' here it lias the force of the word lamina. 
 
 21. blandiente profectu : flattered by his progress. fuscae : 
 husky. 
 
Page 117] NOTES ON NEEO. 291 
 
 24. et prodit Neapoli primum : he chose this because it was a 
 Greek city and because lie did not dare begin at Rome. 
 
 26. nomon: v6fu>!, the ' air' or 'tune.' 
 
 28. impatiens secret! : i.e. he could not bear to be out of sight 
 of the audience even during the intermission. a beUineia : after 
 bathing. The plural of the word in this sense is post-Augustan. 
 
 30. subbibisset : note the force of the prefix, ' to take a drop,' 
 ' to tipple.' Buiferti : equivalent to canori, a partitive genitive with 
 aliquid. The word is probably a translation of the Greek, irdirvKvov, 
 irvKvbv in music meaning 'loud.' Render, 'he would ring out a loud 
 enough tune to suit them.' 
 
 31. modulatiB : given in measured cadence. 
 
 32. commeatu : from the meaning ' a going and coming,' com- 
 meatus takes the meaning of the thing that comes and goes, as a 
 caravan, fleet, train, etc. Render, 'who had flocked to Naples in a 
 fleet lately arrived.' 
 
 Page 117. 5. bombOB : the humming of bees, hence a sound of 
 applause resembling this. imbriceB : hollow tiles used on the 
 roofs for the purpose of carrying off the water. Here, a kind of 
 applause made by holding the hands so as to form hollows, and 
 striking them together. testas : flat tiles, hence a clapping with 
 the palms of the hands held flat. 
 
 7. pueri nee sine anulo laevis : Roth's reading from the best 
 manuscripts, pueris sine anulo laviis, gives no meaning. The reading 
 of the text is that of the fifteenth century manuscript in the Royal 
 Library at Munich, with the slight change laevis for levis. Render, 
 ' youths distinguished for their thick heads of hair, and wearing rings 
 on the left hand.' Madvig's conjecture, puris ac sine anulo laevis, is 
 plausible. 
 
 8. quadiingena milia : about $20,000. 
 
 9. Neroneum agona : i.e. the Neronia described in Nero, chap. 
 12. 5 seq. 
 
 10. ante praestitutam diem : i.e. not allowing an interval of five 
 years between the different celebrations of the Neronia. 
 
 12. in hortis : probably in his private garden. se copiam 
 volentibUB iactunim : would accede to their ^oishes. 
 
 14. repraesentaturum : that he would perform forthwith. 
 
 15. nomen suum in albo, etc.: cf. Xiph. Ixiii. 9, "How could 
 any one see with equanimity, or even hear of such acts as these on 
 the part of imperial Caesar.! entering his name on the list of athletes. 
 
292 NOTES ON NEKO. [Page 117 
 
 testing his voice, studying his ditties, letting his locks grow long, 
 plucking the hair from his chin to make it smooth, etc." For meaning 
 of album, see note on p. 87. 10. 
 
 16. aorticula : see Introd. II. § 1, u. The diminutive probably 
 belongs to colloquial speech and does not differ in meaning from sors. 
 
 19. amiconun intimi : a partitive construction much affected by 
 Tacitus. peracto principio: probably some words to gain the 
 good will of the audience ; cf. Xiph. Ixi. 20, " 'And now, gentlemen, 
 listen to me with favor,' said the emperor." 
 
 20. Niobam : a poem telling of the woes of Niobe, who lost her 
 seven sons and seven daughters for having, iu her pride, compared 
 herself to Leto, mother of Apollo and Artemis. Cluviiun Ruiuin : 
 cf. note on p. 120. 3. 
 
 21. in horam fere decimam : till about 4 p.m. ; see note on p. 
 73. 22. 
 
 22. coronam earn : i.e. the prize for that song. 
 
 25. dubitavit etiam an : he even had some thought, etc. pii- 
 vatis spectaculis : that is, those given by the magistrates, as dis- 
 tinguished from those of the emperor. operam inter scaenicos 
 daret : of appearing as an actor. 
 
 26. quodam praetorum : bis name was Larcius Lydus ; cf. 
 Xiph. Ixiii. 21. Bestertium decies : about $50,000. 
 
 27. personatus : wearing a mask (_ persona). 
 
 29. feminae, prout, etc. . of the woman of whom he was enam- 
 oured. 
 
 30. Canacen : daughter of Aeolus and Enarete, and mistress of 
 Poseidon, to whom she bore several children. 
 
 31. OreBten : son of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra. He slew 
 his mother to avenge his father, who had been slain by her and her 
 paramour, Aegisthus. Oedipodem : the unhappy king who, 
 driven by fate to slay his father and marry his mother, on discov- 
 ering what he had done, blinded himself. 
 
 32. Herculem insanom : in a fit of insanity, Hercules shot down 
 the three children which Megara, daughter of Creon, king of Thebes, 
 had borne him. ttruncnlam : a young recruit; Introd. II. § 1, c. 
 
 Page 118. 2. Bicut argumentum postnlabat : as the plot re- 
 quired. 
 
 4. equorum Btudio : both Tacitus, Ayin. xiv. 14, and Xiphilin, 
 Ixi. 6, mention this passion of Nero. The latter goes on to state that 
 as a result of Nero's favor the charioteers became so insolent, and 
 
Page 119J NOTES ON NERO. 293 
 
 demanded such prices, that a praetor, Aulus Fabricius, refused to 
 have any dealings with them, and had dogs trained to run instead 
 of horses. vel : intensive. 
 
 5. plurimus illi sermo . . . erat: he talked a great deal. 
 quamquam vetaretur : Introd. II. § 3, b (5) . 
 
 6. prasiauin agitatorem : see note on p. 71. 28. 
 
 8. Hectore : the Trojan hero slain by Achilles and thrice dragged 
 around the walls of Troy. The teacher had heai-d Nero speaking of a 
 charioteer who had been dragged by his horses. Nero, to conceal the 
 subject of the conversation, falsely said that he had been speaking of 
 Hector. 
 
 10. abaco : gaming table ; the word also means ' counting board,' 
 and ' sideboard. ' 
 
 11. e secesBu : from, his place of retreat ; probably from his 
 villas. 
 
 12. eo die utique : on that particular day, i.e. every day when 
 such games were celebrated. 
 
 14. missibus : see note on p. 90. 16. 
 
 15. dominis : managers. 
 
 16. greges: their companies ; i.e. of drivers. 
 
 17. positoque . . . rudimento : abandoning his experiments. 
 Posito is equivalent to deposito ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 14. 
 
 18. inter servitia : Introd. II. § 1, d. 
 
 20. mittente mappam : this was the signal to start. unde : 
 i.e. he sat where the magistrates who ordinarily gave the signal 
 used to sit. 
 
 21. contentuB . . . dedisse : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). 
 
 22. Achaiam . . . petit: Xiph. Ixiii. 8 : "He crossed over into 
 Greece, not as his predecessors, Flaminius, Mummius, Agrippa, and 
 Augustus, had done, but to drive chariots, play on the harp, act as 
 herald, and play tragedies." 
 
 29. Be : ablative. 
 
 30. Cassiopen : Cassiope, a town in the north of Corcyra (Corfu). 
 Its tutelary divinity was Jupiter Cassius. 
 
 Page 119. 2. praeter conBuetudinem : contrary to the usage at 
 the Olympian games, where there were ordinarily only the gymnastic 
 contests and chariot races. 
 
 5. Helio : Xiph., Ixiii. 12 and 19, states that this freedman had 
 been left in charge of the city. He had first summoned Nero by let- 
 ter and then came on in person, and so terrified him with the story of 
 
294 NOTES ON NERO. [Pagb 119 
 
 a conspiracy that he immediately set sail. Helius did this in the 
 hope that Nero might be lost in a storm then raging at sea. 
 
 12. taedio audiendi, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 5, states also that 
 many knights were crushed to death in the crowd packed into the 
 theatre ; cf. Xiph. Ixiii. 15. 
 
 13. oppidorum : the word oppidum, in early Latin, was synony- 
 mous with career, as a technical term referring to the circus. The 
 present passage would indicate that the word oppidum was applied to 
 the theatre as well. The people, in this instance, might have escaped 
 through the oppida, had not the gates of the same been closed. It 
 is possible, however, that the word oppidum may also mean some 
 ordinary exit from the theatre. de moro : murus refers to the 
 outer wall of the theatre. 
 
 14. quam autem trepide, etc.: Tac, Ann. xvi. 4, says that 
 Nero used to salute the audience and then on bended knee and with 
 assumed fear, await the decision of the judges. 
 
 17. captare : try to entice. 
 
 18. ex occursu : on meeting ; cf. note on p. 106. 9. 
 
 19. comunpere : hrihe. 
 
 23. hortantibus ; sc. iudicibus, ablative absolute. 
 
 24. taciturnitatem pro tiistitia, etc. : attributing the silence, 
 which some maintained because of modesty, to sourness and malignity 
 of disposition. 
 
 27. ezBCreare : to cough and spit ; cf. Tac. Ann. xvi. 4. 
 32. hypocrita : the actor who accompanied with appropriate ges- 
 tures the words of the speaker was called hypocrita. 
 
 Page 120. 3. praeconio ubique contendit: everywhere entered 
 into competition with heralds. He did this to make a display of his 
 clearness of voice and lung power. Praeconio is ablative of means. 
 According to Xiph. Ixiii. 14, Nero at first made use of Cluvius 
 Rufus, a man of consular rank, as his herald. 
 
 4. hieronicarum : the hieronica (Upovln);) was a victor at the 
 sacred games. 
 
 7. Olympiis : sc. certaminibus, the Olympic games were held every 
 four years at Olympia. 
 
 9. Bed ezcuBBUB curru : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 14, notes that Nero was 
 almost trampled to death on this occasion. 
 
 11. proviDciam : i.e. Achaiam, the official name of Greece as a, 
 Roman province. 
 
 12. Ubertate donavlt : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 11, says that, to be sure, 
 
Page 121] NOTES ON NERO. 295 
 
 he left it free, but he had first ravaged It as if he were waging war 
 against it. 
 
 20. veate : Becker regards this word as a gloss. 
 
 21. coronam : it is stated by Xiphilin that the Pythian crown was 
 of laurel, and the Olympian of wild olive. 
 
 22. pompa ceteraruin : a procession of those carrying other 
 crowns ; cf. the expression pompa imaginum. 
 
 23. quove iabulanun argumento : in the representation of what 
 plays. 
 
 25. AugustianoB : royal attendants. What these were and what 
 were their duties may be seen from Tac. Ann. xiv. 15. Cf. also Xiph. 
 Ixi. 20, " He instituted a special body of about five thousand soldiers, 
 called Augustani, to sound his praises." He continues with the state- 
 ment that others were forced to follow the example of the Augustani 
 even against their will. The cries were, " O beautiful Caesar ! " " O 
 Apollo!" "0 Augustus!" "0 Seer!" "No one surpasses thee!" 
 " By thee we swear ! " 
 
 27. Velabnun : a district between the Vicus Tuscus and the Forum 
 Boarium. ApoUinem : i.e. the temple of Apollo on the Palatine. 
 He went to this temple because his triumph was that of an artist. 
 
 29. aves : possibly to symbolize his victory in song. lemnisci : 
 these were ribbons or streamers attached to the crown given to the 
 victor in the games. bellaria: sxoeetmeats. According to Gell. 
 xiii. 11. 7, this is an archaic word. 
 
 30. coronas : Xiphilin states that Nero brought crowns into the 
 Forum to the number of 1808, and hung them upon the obelisk. 
 
 31. percoBsit : stamped. 
 
 Fase 121. 2. nisi absena aut, etc. : that is, he sent his orders if 
 not there in person ; but if present, he had another speak for him. 
 
 4. phonasco : an instructor in voice culture. Augustus also re- 
 ceived instruction from a phonascus ; cf. Aug. 84. arteiiis : 
 organs of the voice. In the singular, arteria means ' windpipe.' 
 
 6. simultatem : animosity. 
 
 12. ease : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). poat crepuBCulum sta- 
 tim, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 25, Nero disguised himself 
 as a slave. Others, following his example, formed bands of their 
 own and went about rioting. 
 
 13. galero : a peruke ; cf. Xiph. Ixi. 9, " When he acted thus, he 
 thought that he escaped notice, because he had disguised himself in 
 various costumes and wore false hair." 
 
296 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 121 
 
 17. quintana : mart. The word strictly means the market of a 
 camp, but is used liere in tlie general sense. ubi partae . . . ab- 
 Bumeretur : that he might there sell off at axtctiun in small lots the 
 booty he had secured, and then squander the proceeds. The literal ren- 
 dering is, ' where he might squander the proceeds of the booty secured 
 and to be sold piecemeal at auction. Note the meaning of divido, ' to 
 sell in small lots.' 
 
 20. a quodam latdclavio : for the latits clavus, see note on 
 p. 21. 29 ; the man's name was Julius Montanus. He was foolish 
 enough to show that he recognized Nero and to ask his pardon. For 
 this he was compelled to die ; Tac. Ann. xiii. 25. attrectaverat : 
 had taken liberties a-ith. 
 
 22. illud horae : i.e. at night. See Bennett, Lat. Gram. 185, 2; 
 cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 25. 
 
 24. delatuB in theatrum, etc. : see note on p. 115. 10. e parte 
 proscaenii superiore : see note on p. 112. 22. 
 
 25. Bigniier Bimul ac spectator: i.e. he incited tliem to brawls 
 and then enjoyed the contests he had stirred up. 
 
 28. conBauciavit : he icounded severely ; a post-Augustan word, 
 and very rare at that. 
 
 Page 122. 1. pisciniB : swimming pools ; a post- Augustan mean- 
 ing. The earlier meaning oi piscina is ' fi.sh pond.' 
 
 3. naumachia praeclusa : in the nuumachia with the sluices shut. 
 See Introd. II. § 2, n (2). For naumachia, see note on p. 39. 13. 
 
 4. inter . . . miniBteria : i.e. he was served by courtesans and 
 dancing girls of bad repute. 
 
 5. quotienB . . . deflueret : Introd. II. § 3, b (3). 
 
 7. insignes ganea : notorious for carousals. For the meaning of 
 ganea, see note on p. 21. 6. 
 
 8. matronarum inatitorio : bartering matrons. copaa imi- 
 tantium: i.e. they enticed by the arts which hostesses of inns employ 
 to attract travellers ; cf. the pseudo Virgilian Copa. 
 
 9. hinc inde : on this side and that ; i.e. of the river. The old edi- 
 tions read : insignes ganeae et matronarum, institorias operas imitan- 
 tium, etc. Ganea is the conjecture of Claude de Saumaise for ganeae 
 of the manuscripts, and institorio that of Adrien Turnfebe for the mean- 
 ingless institorlo. The ablative with insignes is, moreover, the con- 
 struction used elsewhere by Suetonius. indicebat, etc. . i.e. he 
 invited himself to dine with his intimates, and made them give expen- 
 sive dinners. 
 
Page 122] NOTES ON NERO. 297 
 
 10. mitellita : probably an adjective agreeing with cena, and 
 meaning a dinner where mitellae (diminutive of mitra), or garlands 
 made of flowers, ribbons, and costly perfumes, were distributed 
 among the guests. quadragies sestertimn: 4,000,000 sesterces; 
 about §200,000. Quadragies is to be considered as an indeclinable 
 noun in the ablative. Roth's reading, sestertio, is the conjecture of 
 De Saumaise. For a discussion of the reading and construction, see 
 note on p. 25. 27. 
 
 11. constitit : cost. pluiis aliquanto : pluris is genitive of 
 price and aliquanto ablative of degree of difference. rosaria : sc. 
 cena; i.e. a dinner where roses were used in profusion for decoration 
 and for gifts. The reading of the old editions for this passage is as 
 follows : mellita . . . absorptio rosaria, ' a drink sweetened with honey 
 and another flavored with ro.se.' Absorptio does not, however, appear 
 in the best manuscripts, and is met with nowhere else. 
 
 13. deparcos • over sparing ; the word occurs only here. qui- 
 bus impenBarum ratio constaret : who had regard for expense. 
 Xiphilin, Ixi. 5, says that Nero had directed the sum of 10,000,000 
 sesterces paid to Doryphorus, his accountant, and that when Agrip- 
 pina had the money heaped up, in order that her son, seeing the 
 amount, might repent of his generosity, Nero ordered the sum 
 doubled, remarking that he had not been aware that he had given 
 such a paltry amount. 
 
 17. in brevi spatio, etc. ; see Calig. chap. 37. 13. 
 
 18. quare nee largiendi, etc. : according to Tacitus, Hist. i. 20, 
 Nero expended 2,200,000 sesterces on donations. 
 
 19. octingena nummum milia : about §40,000. 
 
 21. seatertium miUes : about $-5,000,000. Xiphilin, Ixiii. 2, gives 
 the same figures for the first sum, but doubles the second. Mene- 
 craten : Nero's instructor on the cithara. 
 
 22. mirmiUonem : see note on p. 59. 4. 
 
 26. quadringenia aeatertiia : the distributive adjective shows that 
 sestertiis is the ablative of sestertia, not sestertii; 400,000 sesterces. 
 in punotum : at each throw ; lit. ' per point.' 
 
 27. rete aurato et purpura, etc. : with a golden net drawn by 
 cords made of purple and scarlet threads. That the funibus does not 
 refer to the meshes of the net, is seen from Orosius, vii. 7, luxuriae tarn 
 effrenatae fuit, ut retibus aureis piscaretur, quae pnrpureis funibus, 
 extrahebantur. 
 
 28. aoleia mularum argenteia, etc. ■ his mules shod with 
 silver, the drivers clothed in fine wool of Canusium, his troops of 
 
298 NOTES ON NEEO. [Page 122 
 
 Mazaces and couriers adorned with ornametits on the arms and 
 breast. 
 
 29. canusinatis : Canusium, in Apulia, was famous for its fine 
 wool. 
 
 30. Mazacum : the Mazaces, a tribe of Mauretania, noted for their 
 skill in horsemanship and their fine steeds. 
 
 31. danmosior : squandering more money. 
 
 Page 123. 1. JiBqaHiaa neqae: equivalent to usque ad Esquilias; 
 cf. note on p. 11. 8. 
 
 2. transitoTiam : the house of passage, i.e. as connecting the 
 Palatine with the Esquiline. Before the fire, the domus transitoria 
 was probably nothing but a long corridor carried over the streets 
 and connecting the Palatine and Esquiline bills ; cf. Tac. Ann. 
 XV. 39. 
 
 4. Buffecerit: potential subjunctive ; hut cf. Appendix to Bennett' s 
 Lat. Gram. 360, a. 
 
 5. coloasuB : Pliny, N'. H. xxxiv. 45, states that this was the work 
 of Zenodorus. 
 
 6. porticuB triplices miliarias : the simplest form of the portico 
 or porch would be one row of columns, the roof resting upon these and 
 upon the outer wall of the building. The portico here mentioned, pre- 
 sumably surrounding the palace, was a Roman mile in circumference 
 and had three rows of columns. Each aisle would somewhat resemble 
 a simple portico ; hence the plural porticns. 
 
 7. marlB instar : like a sea. 
 
 8. ad urbium speciem : presenting the appearance of cities. 
 rura inauper, arvia, etc. : stretches of country too, in the different 
 aspects of tilled fields, vineyards, pasture, and forest land. The archi- 
 tects and landscape gardeners who had the genius to accomplish this 
 work were named Sevems and Celer ; cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 42. 
 
 11. unionum conchia : mother of pearl. 
 
 12. tabulis : these were the panels proper of the laquear or fretted 
 ceiling. ut florea, etc. : the first ut clause gives the purpose of ver- 
 satilibus, the second that of flstulatis. 
 
 14. cenationum : partitive genitive depending upon the adjective 
 praecipua. rotunda : predicate adjective ; ' the main dining room 
 was round.' 
 
 16. albulis aquis : i.e. with water brought from tlie Sulphur 
 Springs (Albulae aqnae) near Tibur. 
 
 19. piacinam a Miseno, etc. : a bathing pool extending from 
 
Page 124] NOTES ON NERO. 299 
 
 Misenum to Lake Avernus. The distance was something like three 
 English miles. Baiae was midway between the two points. 
 
 20. quo quidquid totis Baiis, etc. : into which all the warm 
 streams of Baiae might be turned. 
 
 22. foBsam : Tacitus, Ayin. xv. 42, speaks of the difficulty of such 
 an undertaking, and says that traces of the work which finally had to 
 be abandoned, were to be seen in his time. 
 
 23. nee tamen, etc. . and yet not by sea. 
 
 24. contrariae . . . commearent : might pass each other. 
 
 26. custodiae : see note on p. 34. G. 
 
 27. damnari praeceperat : see Introd. II. § 4, 6 (1). 
 
 28. super iiduciam imperii : in addition to his confidence in the 
 resources of his empire. 
 
 30. ex indicio eqmtis Romani : Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 1, states that 
 the name of this person was Caesellius Bassus, that he was of Phoeni- 
 cian origin and of unsound mind. 
 
 Page 124. 3. exhaustus : impoverished. 
 4. commoda : cf. note on p. 65. 28. 
 
 8. pro semisse deztans : instead of one-half, five-sixths. See 
 note on p. 15. 30. sine probabili causa : i.e. freedmen whose con- 
 nection with these families could not be traced. 
 
 9. quo: in the same construction as eo nomine. Such names 
 might be Julius, Octavius, Claudius, Domitius, etc. Roth, with the 
 mamascripts, reads essent quo fiiissent, a manifest case of transposi- 
 tion. The reading of the text is the conjecture of Casaubon. Becker, 
 however, regards fuissent as a gloss, and would strike out the word. 
 
 11. fiscvun : see note on p. 96. 24. 
 
 14. qulbus modo, etc. : if only an informer brought charges. 
 
 15. revocavit: i.e. he again exacted the gifts. 
 
 17. summisisset : stealthily sent. As though the merchants were 
 guilty of disobeying him, he closed their shops and confiscated their 
 property. 
 
 19. praeclnsit negotiatores : a concise expression for ianuas 
 negotiatorum praeclusit. For Nero's treatment of merchants, cf. 
 Orosius, vii. 7, negotiatorum omnium suh una die tormentis quoque 
 adhibitis omnem penitus censum abstersit. inter canendum ; In- 
 trod. II. § 4, c. 
 
 23. ut non adiceret : without adding. 
 
 24. hocagamus: let this be our aim. 
 
 27. Oalba restituit : cf. Tacitus' cutting words, Agric. 6 : tum 
 
300 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 124 
 
 electus (Agricola) a Galba ad dona templorum recognoscenda, dili- 
 gentissima conquisilione fecit, ne cuius alterius sacrilegium respublica 
 quam Keronis sensisset. 
 
 30. ut qui : Since ; introducing a relative clause of cause. 
 
 Page 125. 3. morari : Nero, by lengthening the vowel o of the 
 verb morari, changed the meaning of the sentence from ' ceased to 
 tarry among men,' i.e. died, to 'ceased to play the fool among men,' 
 connecting the word with ^up6s (Plautine morus), 'foolish.' 
 
 5. buBtum : the place where the body was burned. His ashes 
 were deposited in the Mausoleum of Augustus. 
 
 6. maceria : a wall ; a generally accepted emendation for materia 
 of the manuscripts. 
 
 7. Britannicum : son of Claudius and Messalina. 
 
 10. veneno adgressus est: according to Tacitus, Ann. ziii. 15, 
 Julius PoUio, a tribune of the praetorian cohort, administered the 
 poison which Locusta had prepared. Locusta afterward became pro- 
 verbial; cf. Juv. i. 71. 
 
 11. venenorum variorum indice : an inventor of various poison- 
 ous potions. Roth, with the manuscripts, reads venenariornm indice. 
 The reading of the text is the conjecture of Ihm and seems preferable 
 to that of Madvig, venenorum rariorum. 
 
 15. invidiam : odium. legem luliam : this law is not mentioned 
 elsewhere. It was probably one of the provisions of the Lex lulia de 
 vi publica, and directed against poisoners. 
 
 17. deinde in haedo ezpertus : then testing it upon a kid. 
 
 20. cenanti secum : for the practice of allowing the princes to 
 dine in the presence of their elders, see note on p. 98. 6. 
 
 22. comitiali morbo : see note on p. 68. 29. 
 
 24. tralaticio : ordinary. Tralaticius is applied to anything 
 handed down ; e.g. decretum tralaticium, ' a decree handed down 
 from former magistrates,' hence, 'common' or 'ordinary'; ef.Tac. 
 Ann. xiii. 17. Xiphilin, Ixi. 7, states that the livid spots on the 
 corpse, caused by the poison administered, were concealed by the use 
 of chalk. This, however, was washed away by the rain, and the 
 horror disclosed. pro navata opera : for her distinguished services. 
 
 25. et discipulOB : i.e. those whom she was to instruct in her art. 
 27. ut invidia identidem, etc. : i.e. by repeatedly pretending to 
 
 be on the point of giving up the reins of power because of her conduct, 
 he tried to cast odium upon her. 
 
 31. Btatione: guard. 
 
Page 126] NOTES ON NERO. 301 
 
 32. neque in divezanda quicquam pens! habuit: he made 
 no scruples of harri/iny his mother. pensi : predicate genitive of 
 quality. In the present context tliis seems better than to call pensi 
 a partitive genitive. 
 
 Page 126. 4. perdere statuit : Xiphilin, Ixi. 12, says that it was 
 asserted on good authority, that Seneca was the prime mover in this 
 crime. Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 7, simply states that after her death Nero 
 summoned Seneca and Burrus, either as his confederates or to test 
 their feelings on what he had done without their knowledge. ter 
 veneno temptasset : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 3, says nothing about these 
 three attempts. He states that Nero first decided upon poison, but 
 did not dare try it at his own table, having already poisoned Britan- 
 nicus in that way. Furthermore, it would be dangerous to employ 
 others, since Agrippina would be apt to detect the attempt. 
 
 6. lazata machina : on loosening the mechanism; ablative abso- 
 lute. 
 
 7. Bolutilem navem : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 3, states that Anicetus, 
 admiral of the fleet at Misenum, was the inventor of this scheme. 
 According to Xiphilin, however, Ixi. 12, this ship was suggested by a, 
 similar contrivance which Nero and Seneca had seen in the theatre. 
 
 8. camarae ruina : by the fall of the cabin. 
 
 10. ad BoUcmnia Quinquatruum : the Quinquatrus was cele- 
 brated in honor of Minerva, during five days in March ; cf. Tac. Ann. 
 xiv. 4. 
 
 13. convivium : Xiphilin, Ixi. 13, probably by mistake, says that 
 this entertainment took place at Bauli, a small place between the gulf 
 of Baiae and Cape Misenum. According to Suetonius it took place 
 at Baiae, whence Agrippina sailed in the treacherous ship to Bauli. 
 Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 4, says that coming from Antium she was met by 
 Nero, and conducted to Bauli. Her suspicions aroused, she travelled 
 by sedan chair to Baiae, where the banquet took place. This does 
 not contradict Suetonius. in locum . . . illud : the galley in 
 
 which she had come had been wrecked purposely. In place of that 
 (in locum}, the above-mentioned (illud, sc. navigiuni) navis solutilis 
 was given her. 
 
 17. diversa omnia : i.e. from what he had expected. nando- 
 que evaaisse : she first swam and then was picked up by a skifE and 
 taken to her villa ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 5. L. Agerinum, etc. : 
 Tacitus' account {Ann. xiv. 7) of this theatrical coup of Nero's tallies 
 with that of Suetonius. 
 
302 NOTES ON NERO. [Pace 126 
 
 20. ut percusBOrem sibi Babomatum : on the ground that he 
 had been instigated by Agrippina to assassinate him. 
 
 21. quasi . . . vitaBset : to make it seem that she had avoided the 
 consequences of the deed in which she had been detected by committing 
 suicide. 
 
 22. adduntur bis, etc. : according to Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 9, some 
 affirmed these rumors, while others denied them. Xiphilin, Ixi. 14, 
 asserts that Nero did view the corpse, examine the wounds, and finally 
 remark, " I did not know that I had such a beautiful mother." 
 
 26. quamquam et militum . . . confinnaretur : Burrus was 
 the one who took the initiative and had the soldiers congratulate 
 Nero on his escape ; Tac. Ann. xiv. 10 ; Introd. II. § 3, 6 (5). 
 
 28. saepe confessus, etc. : the pangs of a guilty conscience com- 
 pelled him to leave the scene of the murder ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiv. 10. 
 
 30. MagOB : the maglans were learned men and magicians among 
 the Persians. 
 
 32. et Eleusinis sacris : see note on p. 04. 17. For the force of et, 
 see Introd. II. § 6, d. 
 
 Page 127. 3. amitae : aunt of Nero and sister of Domitia Lepida, 
 mentioned above, Xero, chap. 7. 25. 
 
 6. simul banc ezcepero : as soon as I shall have received this; 
 as soon as she should have seen Nero shave for the first time and offer 
 up his beard ; cf. Nero, chap. 12. 16. 
 
 8. positunim : equivalent to depositurum. 
 
 11. Poppaeam Sabinam : was the daughter of T. Ollius, but had 
 assumed the name of her grandfather Poppaeus Sabinus, consul in 
 9 A.D. She was a woman of great beauty but of loose morals. She 
 was first married to Rufus Crispinus and afterward to Otho, who was 
 one of Nero's chums. On Nero's becoming enamoured of her, he sent 
 Otho away to the province of Lusitania, and took Poppaea himself. 
 
 13. Statiliam Messalinam : granddaughter of Statilius Taurus, 
 consul in 11 a.d. She was Nero's third wife, and is not to be con- 
 fused with Valeria Messalina, third wife of Claudius. 
 
 15. in bonore ipso : while still in office. 
 
 18. uzoria omamenta : i.e. she should be content with the mere 
 title of wife ; a pun on triumphalia ornamenta, etc. 
 
 21. relegavit : she was sent first to Campania ; after her recall, at 
 the request of the people, she was again banished, this time to the 
 island of Pandat«ria. 
 
 22. in quaestione : when questioned under torture- 
 
Page 128] NOTES ON NERO. 303 
 
 23. Anicetum: seenote on p. 126. 7. Tacitus, .ilnn. xiv. 64, Bpeaks 
 in pitying terms of Octavia's fate. She was murdered, 62 a. d. qui 
 dolo stupratam a se fateretur - this is the reading of the Codex 
 Basiliensis. Roth, with the best manuscripts, reads, qui fingeret dolo, 
 etc., -which cannot be construed. Medicean I and II read, fingeret 
 et, etc. 
 
 26. ictu calcis occidit : Xiphilin, Ixii. 27, and Tacitus, Ann. 
 xvi. 0, give the same story. The latter adds that some authors state 
 that she was poisoned. This, however, he does not believe. 
 
 28. ez hac filiam tulit: born at Antium, 62 a.d. ; cf. Tac. Ann. 
 XV. 23. 
 
 31. Antoniam : cf. Claud, chap. 27. 3, where her marriages are 
 mentioned. 
 
 Page 128. l. Bimiliter ceteroB, etc. : Roth, with the best manu- 
 scripts, reads, similiter inter ceteros. Becker regards the inter as a 
 mistake of the scribes, who repeated the last part of similiter. More- 
 over, one manuscript of the thirteenth century in the British Museum 
 omits inter. Four of the fifteenth century read inleremit. 
 
 2. Aulum Plautium : not mentioned elsewhere. 
 
 5. iactans dUectum ab ea, etc. : asserting tauntingly that he had 
 been loved by her and had been led to hope for imperial power. 
 
 8. ducatuB : accusative plural. A game was played in which he 
 was called dux and imperator. 
 
 9. TuBCum : Caecina Tuscus, whom Nero wished to make prefect 
 of the praetorians instead of Burrus ; cf. Tac. Ann. xiii. 20. 
 
 12. quamvis saepe commeatum, etc. . explained more fully by 
 Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 64, in what purports to be Seneca's own words. 
 Commeatum means permission to retire from active public life. The 
 story of Seneca's death is given in detail by Tacitus, Ann. iv. 
 60-6-5. 
 
 13. boniBque cedent! : and offering to give up hisproperty. bub- 
 pectum Be fniatra : i.e. by Seneca. 
 
 15. tozicuin misit : Tacitus, Ann. xiv. 51, states that it was not 
 definitely known whether or not Burrus died a natural death, but that 
 many believed that he was poisoned in the way indicated by Suetonius. 
 
 16. libertOB : among these, Tacitus mentions Doryphorus, put to 
 death for opposing Nero's marriage to Poppaea, and Pallas, killed for 
 the reason that by living so long he was keeping his vast wealth from 
 Nero, who would inherit it at his death ; see Tac. Ann. xiv. 65. 
 
 20. Btella crinita : two comets are mentioned by Tacitus in the 
 
304 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 128 
 
 reign of Nero, one appearing in the year 60 (Ann. xiv. 22), and the 
 other in the year 64 [Ann. xv. 47). 
 
 27. Piaoniana: a plot formed against Nero in the year 65 a.d. by 
 Cn. Piso and other nobles. Most of those who joined it lost their 
 lives ; among others, the poet Lucan. Viniciana : nothing further 
 is known of the conspiracy of Vinicius. 
 
 30. imputarent : made a merit of it ," an expression borrowed from 
 the mart, and really meaning ' to charge.' 
 
 31. illi : i.e. Nero ; cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 68. 
 
 Page 129. 2. capsariis : slaves who carried a child's books, tab- 
 lets, etc., in a capsa, or satchel, were termed capsarii. 
 
 3. prohibitos quaerere : kept from seeking. 
 
 4. dilectua aut modus: distinction or limit; i.e. he killed indis- 
 criminately. 
 
 7. tabernas tres de domo : a domus often had shops and rooms 
 facing tlie street and not connected with the interior, which the owner, 
 as in the case mentioned, might rent. 
 
 8. ad stationem : as headquarters; i.e. for their ambassadors. 
 The public static, or place set aside for the ambassadors in the Forum, 
 where they might listen to the speeches and debates, was called the 
 Graecostasis. Cassio Longino : he seems to have been merely 
 exiled to the island of Sardinia. Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 7, says that the 
 inscription on the bust of Ca-ssius read duci partium. 
 
 10. Paeto Thraseae : a famous stoic philosopher and Roman sena- 
 tor. Nero was provoked with Thrasea because the latter had left the 
 senate during the reading of Nero's lying letter about his mother's 
 death. Xiphilin, Ixi. 21, states that Thrasea rose and left the senate 
 because what he wished to say he could not, and what he could, he 
 would not. Thrasea was condemned to death in 66 a.d. 
 
 12. trium horarum : this is the reading of the Gudianus, and is 
 probably correct. Roth, with the Memmian and others, gives hora- 
 rum without a numeral. 
 
 15. polyphago : 7ro\v<t>iyos, a freak with a miraculous digestion. 
 
 20. iecit : let fall. 
 
 22. equitd : collective, 'knights.' 
 
 24. OBCulo impertiit : the normal construction with impertio is 
 dative of the person and accusative of the thing, cuiquam, osculum im- 
 pertire ; then, as in the present instance, it was construed as the verb 
 dono is, with the accusative of the person and ablative of the thing. 
 
 25. opere Istbmi : see Calig. chap. 21. 29. 
 
AGE 130J NOTES ON NERO. 305 
 
 27. dissimulata senatus mentione : omitting to mention the 
 
 30. cfiov OavovTOs "yata fiixO^Toi -mipi : when lam dead, let the world 
 be consumed by fire. This is supposed to be a verse of Euripides. Dio 
 Cassius, Iviii. 23, says tliat it was often on the lips of Tiberius. 
 
 31. 4(i,oO ^uvTos : lohile I live. 
 
 Page 130. 1. incendit urbem : the same statement is made by 
 Xiph. Ixii. 10. Tacitus, however, is not so sure, Ann. xv. 38, sequitur 
 clades, forte an dolo principis incertum, nam utrumque auctores 
 prodidere. 
 
 6. ut inflammata sint : this clause is in the same construction as 
 ut attigerint, incendit being used by zeugma with the second ut clause. 
 
 7. sez dies, etc. . so Tacitus, Ann. xv. 40 (64 a.d). He says, 
 however, that it broke out again, and Lipsius cites an inscription 
 belonging to Christian Rome, to the effect that the conflagration lasted 
 nine days. 
 
 8. monumentormn : public buildings, i.e. erected by individuals 
 and perpetuating their memory. ad . . . diversoria : for refuge ; 
 lit. 'to the shelter furnished by public buildings,' etc. ; cf. Tacitus, 
 Ann. XV. 39, who states that Nero also opened his own gardens for the 
 homeless people, and erected temporary quarters for them. Provisions 
 were also brought in hastily and sold at greatly reduced prices. 
 
 9. tunc praeter immenBum, etc. : cf. Tacitus' enumeration (Ann. 
 XV. 41) of the losses. Xiphilin, Ixii. 18, states that two-thirds of the 
 city was burned and innumerable lives lost ; Tacitus, that but four of 
 the fourteen wards of the city remained intact, three being utterly laid 
 vyaste, and seven partially. 
 
 10. domus : on the domus and insulae, see note on p. 25. 29 end. 
 14. e tiirre Maecenatiana, etc. . this structure was probably a 
 
 tower in tlie gardens of Maecenas on the Esquiline and connected with 
 the Palatium by the domus transitoria, mentioned in Nero, chap. 31. 2. 
 Xiphilin, Ixii. 18, represents Nero as reciting on the top of the palace, 
 whence he had a fine view of the conflagration. Tacitus, Ann. xv. 39, 
 states as a rumor what Suetonius and Xiphilin give as facts. Nero 
 had been at Antium, but returned to Rome as the fire approached the 
 domus transitoria. 
 
 16. Halosin : aXuffix, the sack. The poem was probably written 
 or improvised by Nero himself. Xiphilin is authority for the state- 
 ment that Nero wrote a poem entitled Troica ; cf. also Juv. viii. 220. 
 
 18. pollicitus . . . egestionem : according to Tacitus, Ann. xv. 
 
306 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 130 
 
 43, Nero had the dfibris removed to help along the work of rebuilding the 
 city. The fact is mentioned in connection with the colonnades which 
 Nero ordered constructed at his own expense ; see Nero, chap. 16. 29. 
 
 20. collationibuB : exacted on the pretence of repairing the losses 
 caused by fire. Even the gods were compelled to submit to this treat- 
 ment and their temples pillaged ; cf. Tacitus, Ann. xv. 45. 
 
 23. pestilentia : in connection with this, Tacitus, Ann. xvi. 31 
 (65 A.r>.), mentions violent hurricanes, which destroyed farmhouses, 
 orchards, and crops throughout Campania. 
 
 25. in rationem Libitinae, etc. : were entered on the mortuary 
 records. In the temple of Venus Libitina, regarded as the goddess of 
 death, everything requisite for burials was kept, and had to be bought 
 or borrowed from it. According to an old ordinance, a piece of 
 money was deposited in the temple for every person who died in 
 Rome. clades Britannica : 61 a.d. ; see Tac. Ann. xiv. 29 seq., 
 where a detailed account of the uprising is given. Xiphilin assigns 
 as the cause of the uprising the severity of the confiscations resulting 
 from the calling in of large sums lent the Britons by Claudius and 
 Seneca. Tacitus gives as the cause the tyranny and severity of the 
 Roman forces. 
 
 26. duo oppida : Camaludunum, the modern Colchester, and 
 Verulamium. Londinium was also destroyed, having been abandoned 
 by Suetonius Paulinus, the Roman general, in order to save the other 
 places. 
 
 27. ignominia ad Orientem : particularly in the contests against 
 Vologeses, king of the Parthians, 62 a.d. ; cf. Tac. Ann. xv. 6 seq. 
 
 28. sub iugum missis : Tacitus, Ann. xv. 1 5, mentions this as a 
 mere rumor. 
 
 30. fueiit : for construction, see note on p. 123. 4. 
 
 Page 131. 1. ezBtitisBe : showed himself. 
 
 3. Nipov Op<<rrns, etc. : Nero, Orestes, and Alcmaeon, all three 
 slew their mothers. For Orestes, see note on p. 117. 31. Alcmaeon, 
 at the bidding of his father, slew his mother, Eriphyle. 
 
 4. N<o'w|i4>ov N^puv, etc. : Nero slew his own mother and she but 
 newly wed. 'Se6i'vii,<poi> agrees with liiiripa and refers to the rumors of 
 Nero's incestuous intercourse with Agrippina. 
 
 6. sustulit : a play upon two meanings of tollo, ' to carry ' and 
 ' to kill.' Render, ' carried off.' For the account of Aeneas carrying 
 his father from burning Troy, see Aen. ii. 707 seq. 
 
 7. noster : i.e. Nero. comua ; bow. 
 
Page 132] NOTES ON NERO. 307 
 
 8. Paean : Apollo as god of Music. lUe : i. c. Paribus. Heca- 
 tebeletes : ficaT7;/3cX^T7)i, the far shooter ; an epithet applied to Apollo 
 in his destructive mood. 
 
 10. domus : referring to the Golden Palace, which is hyperbolically 
 said to take in all Rome ; c/. Nero, chap. 31. 3. 
 
 14. Naupli mala : disasters of Nauplius. Nauplius, to avenge his 
 son's unjust execution at Troy, drew the Greek ships upon the roclis 
 by kindling false signal fires. Naupli is subjective genitive, meaning 
 the disasters inflicted by him. Note the play upon the words mala 
 bene, bona male; it may be rendered, 'sang properly the woes of 
 Nauplius, but wofully wasted his own property.' 
 
 15. Atellanaruzn : sc.fabuldrum, and see note on p. 41. 18. can- 
 tioo : cantica was the name given to all portions of the comedy that 
 were accompanied by music. More strictly it means, as here, the 
 solo accompanied by music and dancing. 
 
 16. 'Y-yiaiv€ irdrcp, etc. : farewell father, farewell mother I de- 
 monstraverat : had acted. 
 
 17. bibentem : cf. Claud, chap. 44. 25. nantem : cf. Nero, 
 chap. 34. 17. faceret : represent. 
 
 18. in novissuna clausula: in the closing sentence. Orcus 
 vobis, etc. : you stand on the brink of the grave. 
 
 19. bistiionem et philosophum : viz. Datus and Isidorus. 
 
 22. itritaret ingenia, etc. : i.e. incite others who had ability to 
 write slanderous verses. 
 
 23. paulo minuB, etc. : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 29, gives the exact time as 
 thirteen years and nine months. 
 
 25. lulio Vindice : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 22, states that be was descended 
 from a royal family of Gaul, belonging to the senatorial order at Rome, 
 possessed great physical strength, was a fine soldier, and bold enough 
 for any undertaking. He incited the Gauls by telling them the story 
 of Nero's infamy, extravagance, and incapacity. Vindex urged Galba, 
 governor of Spain, to lead the movement, and made terms with Ver- 
 ginius Rufus, who had marched from Germany against him. Vindex 
 slew himself in despair on learning that Verginius' soldiers had fallen 
 upon his followers without orders from their general. 
 
 26. pro praetore obtlnebat : i.e. he was legatus pro praetore. 
 See note on p. 20. 16. 
 
 Page 132. 1. To T^xvtov r||ids 8i,o6p4<(«i : my loved art will sup- 
 port me. 
 
 5. HieroBolymorum : of Jerusalem. 
 
308 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 132 
 
 7. dehinctum Be : that he had passed throuyh. 
 
 8. DelphiB : Delphi in Phocis, tlie site of the most famous temple 
 and oracle of Apollo. 
 
 11. Galbae : Nero's successor ; cf. note on p. 131. 25. 
 
 14. places eaa, etc. : Nero probably had in mind the story told by 
 Herodotus. Polycrates of Samos, famous for his prosperity, threw a 
 much valued ring into the sea, in order to experience some misfortune. 
 It was soon recovered, being found in the body of a fish. 
 
 17. tamquam occasione, etc. : both Xiphilin, Ixiii. 26, and Plu- 
 tarch, Galha 5, attribute this intention to Nero. For construction, 
 see Introd. II. § 0, 6 (1). 
 
 21. tumultuosioribus litteris : Hy a somewhat disquieting letter. 
 
 27. languore faucium : throat trouble. 
 
 28. adesset; implied indirect discourse. 
 
 29. pro Nerone Aenobarbum : cf. note on p. 110. 15. 
 
 30. nomen gentile : Doniitius Aenobarbus. 
 
 32. adoptivo: Claudius Nero. non alio argumento ref ellebat, 
 etc. : he would refute with no other argument than this, namely, that 
 he was charged with being ignorant of a branch at which he had faith- 
 fully labored and in which he had perfected himself. This is to say, 
 the absurdity of the charge of his being ignorant of music proved the 
 falsity of the other charges. 
 
 Page 133. 5. praetrepidus ; a post-Augustan intensive form of 
 trepidus. 
 
 11. partem : accusative of duration of time. According to Xiphilin, 
 Ixiii. 20, after summoning the most influential of the senatorial and 
 equestrian orders, as if on important business, he made this announce- 
 ment : " I have discovered a way to secure a fuller and more harmo- 
 nious tone from the water organ." 
 
 12. per organa bydraulica : examining organs, the bellows of 
 which were worked by water pressure. These water organs seem to 
 have been in shape similar to oblong chests, surmounted by pipes. 
 For a description and cut, consult Harper's Classical Dictionary under 
 hydraulus. circumduzit : the object is to be supplied from qnos- 
 dam above. 
 
 13. de ratione : about the principle. 
 
 14. prolaturum : would exhibit. 
 
 15. si per Vindicem, etc. : icenical. 
 
 16. Oalbam et Hispanias descivisse, etc. . it was on hearing 
 this news that Plutarch, Galba 5, states that Nero overturned in rage 
 
Pace 135] NOTES ON NERO. 309 
 
 the table at which he was breakfasting. Suetonius (A^ero, chap. 47. 
 10) attributes this act to Nero's anger at hearing of the disaffection 
 of tlie rest of tlie armies. Hispanias : see note on p. 26. 2i. 
 17. animoque vaale iracto : his mind terribly shattered. 
 
 19. actum de se : that it was all up with him. 
 
 20. nutriculae : Introd. II. § 1 , c. Diminutive of affection. 
 25. prosperi : partitive genitive. 
 
 27. iocularia in defectionis duces : he recited some witty verses, 
 set to sprightly music, and directed aijainst the leaders of the uprising. 
 
 29. spectaculis . . . inlatus : i.e. carried into the auditorium, 
 not upon the stage ; for spectacula, see note on p. 61. 4. 
 
 30. abuti eum occupationibas suis : that he was taking advan- 
 tage of the fact that he (Nero) was too busy to appear on the stage, and 
 hence was securing the applause which otherwise Nero would have 
 gained. 
 
 Page 134. l. summittere : the prefix conveys tlie idea of stealth. 
 
 4. Gallicanorum : the inhabitants of the Roman province of Gal- 
 lia, in upper Italy. Nero was afraid that these people would favor 
 Vindex and their countrymen across the Alps. 
 
 7. senatum . . necare, etc. : so Xiphilin, Ixiii. 27, who states that 
 Nero intended to go to Alexandria, and there support himself on 
 the proceeds of his art. 
 
 9. defenderentuT : be learded off. The subject is ferae, the 
 thought being that the people occupied with the conflagration could 
 not well protect themselves against the onslaught of the beasts. 
 
 11. consulea: the consuls for the year 68 a.d. : C. Silius Italicus, 
 the author of the poem on the Punic wars, and M. Galerius Trachalus. 
 
 20. epinicia: iirivUia, songs of victory. 
 
 23. Bcaenicia organis : probably the water organs mentioned 
 above, which he stated he would exhibit. 
 
 25. Amazonicis : i.e. such as were worn and carried by the Ama- 
 zons, a mythical warlike race of women dwelling on the Thermodon 
 River in Asia Minor. 
 
 28. dominia . . . indizit : ordered owners to send a stated number. 
 
 29. dispensatoribus : stewards. 
 
 32. inaularum : see note on p. 2-5. 29. 
 
 Page 135. 1. repraeaentare : see note on p. 88. 26. 
 2. asperum: rough to the touch, i.e. 'newly coined,' and not yet 
 worn smooth. puatulatum: blistered; i.e. refined. 
 
310 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 135 
 
 3. aunim ad obrusBam : lit. ' gold subjected to the test ' ; t. e. 
 'pure.' 
 
 4. delatoiibua, itc. : that he ought rather to exact from the in- 
 formers all the bounties which they had been paid ; cf. Nero, chap. 
 32. 13. 
 
 6. lucranti : sc. Neroni. Nero enriched himself in some way by 
 taking advantage of the high price of grain. Lucranti is the conjec- 
 ture of Oudendorp, for the meaningless lucrantia of the manuscripts. 
 
 8. pulverem : by this is meant the fine sand from the Nile, used 
 to sprinkle over the arena and on the bodies of the athletes when 
 slippery with perspiration and oil. 
 
 11. cirruB appositua est, etc. . curls were placed upon the crown. 
 
 12. nunc demum agona esse, etc. : now there was indeed a con- 
 test ; let him at length give it up. Give up what? Possibly the 
 cirrus as a sign of efieminacy ; possibly the struggle to retain the 
 throne. 
 
 13. alteriuB collo ascopera deligata : a sack was attached to the 
 neck of another. Ascopera is the conjecture of Politian for the cor- 
 rupt ascopa. This is the only instance of the dative with deligare, 
 the ordinary construction being ad with the accusative. Howard, 
 Harvard Studies in Classical Phil. Vol. VII., p. 208, conjectures do-zti! 
 praeligatus. 
 
 14. ego quid potui : could I help it f Supposed to be the words 
 of Nero, and answered by the people, aed tu culleum meruisti, ' well 
 you have deserved death by the sack,' referring to the death meted 
 out to parricides, for which see note on p. 98. 25. 
 
 15. OalloB : a pun on the word gallus, ' a cock,' and Gallus, ' a 
 Gaul.' Note also that the word cano, and presumably its frequenta- 
 tive, canto, means 'to crow' as well as 'to sing.' 
 
 17. Vindicem : another pun ; Vindex, the rebel, a, proper name, 
 and vindex, a legal term meaning 'defender.' 
 
 18. somniorum: Suetonius was himself a believer in dreams; cf. 
 Pliny, Epist. 1. 18. 
 
 21. navem Bibi, etc. : the helm wrested from him as he was steer- 
 ing a ship. 
 
 24. a aimulacria gentium, etc. : by the statues representing differ- 
 ent nations which had been erected around the theatre of Pompey. 
 Pliny, JV. H. xxxvi. 41, informs us that there were fourteen of these 
 statues. 
 
 26. aBturconem : a. small-sized horse, so called from Asturia, a 
 district of Spain. Pliny, A''. H. viii. 166, in a difficult passage, gives 
 
Page 137] NOTES ON NEEO. 311 
 
 a description of the steed's movements, which seems to indicate that 
 it was a pacer. 
 
 29. MauBoleo : see note on p. 49. 30. sponte lorlbua pateiac- 
 tis : beside this omen, Xiphilin, Ixiii. 26, mentions a rain of blood on 
 the Alban mount, and the fact that the sea flowed away from the 
 coast of Egypt, inundating a large tract of Cilicia. 
 
 32. muneri obtulit : for the Roman custom of giving presents on 
 New Year's ; c/. note on p. 21. 12. 
 
 Page 136. l. Proserpinae raptas : Proserpina had been carried 
 to the lower regions by Pluto ; hence the ill omen. votorum nuncu- 
 patione : i.e. for the safety of the stat«. The ceremony took place on 
 the 1st of January ; that for the safety of the emperor, on January 3d. 
 
 3. recitaretur : i.e. by Nero's quaestor. See note on p. 114. 27. 
 
 5. tu fades: ambiguous. It may mean, ' you will bring this about,' 
 t". e. their punishment ; or, — and hence the ill omen, — ' you will suffer 
 this,' i.e. dignum exitum. 
 
 7. Oedipodem : see note on p. 117. 31. 
 
 9. Savciv |i avu7c, etc. : %t>ife, father, mother, order me to die. The 
 line as quoted by Xiphilin, Ixiii. 28, is slightly different, " Wife and 
 father order me to die a miserable death." 
 
 11. menBam subvertit : see note on p. 133. 16. 
 
 12. giatissimi usub : genitive of quality. See Introd. II. § 2, d. 
 
 13. HomerioB a caelatura: i.e. scenes taken from the poems of 
 Homer were engraved upon them. 
 
 14. Locusta : c/. Nero, chap. 33. 11. 
 
 15. In hortoB Servilianos : the gardens of Servilius. These 
 probably lay between the Palatine hill and the porta Ostiensis. 
 
 20. uaque adeone mori miseruin est : Aen. xii. 646. 
 
 22. pro roBtiis : see note on p. 6. 13. 
 
 24. vel Aeg7pti praeiecturam : the most insignificant of the 
 provincial governorships. 
 
 29. Btationem militmn recesBiBse : i.e. from the gardens of Ser- 
 vilius, a.s would appear from Xiphilin, Ixiii. 27. 
 
 32. boBpitia Bingulorum adiit : he sought admittance to the apart- 
 ments of his intimates, going from one to another. These friends 
 probably had their apartments in Nero's palace. 
 
 Page 137. 3. mirmillonem : see note on p. 59. 4. 
 5. nemjne reperto : for nemine, see note on p. 9. 14, and cf re- 
 spondente nullo, line 1 above. ergo ego, etc. . Xiphilin, Ixiii. 29, 
 
312 NOTES ON NEBO. [Page 137 
 
 puts these words in Nero's mouth just before his death, at the time he 
 heard the approaching horsemen, as narrated in Nero, chap. 49. 11. 
 
 7. aed revooato, etc.: checking his violent impulse; the re and 
 rursus together are tautological and used for emphasis. Suetonius' 
 power of description is seen to the best advantage in the account of 
 the flight and last moments of Nero. He becomes almost dramatic. 
 His account of Caesar's assassination is also good. 
 
 9. Pbaonte : this freedman is mentioned only in connection with 
 Nero's death. 
 
 10. Salaiiam et Nomentanam viam : the Via Salaria extended 
 to the northeast from Rome. So named because used by the Sabines 
 for the transportation of salt from the coast. The Via Nomentana 
 left Rome by the porta Collina and extended to Nomentum. 
 
 14. quattuor solis : Xiphilin, Ixiii. 27, assigns him but three com- 
 panions, Phaon, Epaphroditus, and Sporus. Josephus, Bell. lud. iv. 
 9. 2, agrees with Suetonius. 
 
 15. Sporus : a favorite freedman of Nero. statimque tre- 
 more terrae, etc. . Xiphilin, Ixiii. 28, says that the earth was rent 
 asunder by this earthquake, and it seemed to Nero as if the souls of 
 those he had slain were issuing therefrom and rushing upon him. 
 adverao : that flashed in his face. 
 
 20. odore : the Memm. manuscript has eodore, for which Roth 
 reads ex odore. Becker would read odore, which, moreover, has the 
 authority of one manuscript. 
 
 22. miaaicio : retired. 
 
 23. per arimdineti semitam: making his way through a thick 
 growth of reeds. 
 
 24. aegre nee niai, etc. : with difficulty and only after spreading 
 garments, etc. 
 
 26. apecum egeatae harenae : a sandpit. 
 
 29. ez aubiecta lacuna : from an adjacent pool. poturua : 
 Introd. II. § 4, a. 
 
 30. haec eat, etc. : light is thrown on this by Pliny, N. H. xxxi. 
 39, who relates that Nero had his water distilled, and cooled by plac- 
 ing it in a glass vessel in snow. 
 
 31. traiectoa surculoa raait : brushed off the twigs that had pierced 
 his oloak. This appeai-s better than the common rendering, 'he crept 
 over boughs spread across his path ' ; a poetical use of radere. 
 
 32. per anguatias efioasae cavemae : through a narrow opening 
 made in the wall. projdmam cellam : i.e. the first hut, probably 
 a slave's lodging-place, that they came to within the grounds. 
 
Page 139] NOTES ON NERO. 313 
 
 Page 138. 1. modica culcita : a common mattress. 
 
 4. autem tepidae : Nero could usually drink only water that had 
 been cooled in snow ; see note on p. 137. 30. 
 
 5. hinc Inde : on every side. 
 
 7. modulum : Introd. II, § 1, c. The diminutive probably belongs 
 to colloquial Latin. 
 
 12. inter moras : while he delayed. 
 
 15. nudi hominis, etc. : see note on p. 98. 27. 
 
 18. condidit : put them away. 
 
 22 vivo deionniter : Roth gives vivo deformiter turpiter.* 
 Becker seems justified in regarding turpiter as a gloss on deformiter. 
 The word is, moreover, omitted in two manuscripts. 
 
 23. o« irp^iTfi, etc. . it is not becoming, Nero ! It is not becoming. 
 Thou must keep a clear head in such a crisis. Come I arouse 
 thyself! 
 
 27. Jiriroiv |j.' uKvirdSuv, etc. : the beat of flying hoofs comes to my 
 ears. 11. x. .535. Note the swing of the Greek line, imitating the 
 sound of galloping steeds, and cf. Vergil's still more celebrated line, 
 Aen. viii. 596, quadrupedante putrem sonitu quatit ungula campum. 
 
 28. iugulo : dative. Epaphrodito a libellis : Epaphroditus, his 
 clerk in charge of petitions. For construction, see note on p. 96. 18. 
 
 32. usque ad hoirorem, etc. : to such an extent as to cause those 
 who saw it to shudder in horror. 
 
 Page 139. 2. ne potestas, etc. : that no one be allowed to have 
 his head. 
 
 6. ducentorum milium : sc. sestertium, about $10,000. stragu- 
 lis albis, etc. : with the white robes shot with gold, etc. ; ablative of 
 attendant circumstance. 
 
 9. Acte : a freed woman of vrhom Nero was very fond. gentili 
 . . . monumento : in the family tomb. 
 
 11. colliculo Hortulorom : so named from the many gardens found 
 there. Among these the gardens of Sallust were the most famous. 
 The hill is now known as the Pincian. from a mediaeval Roman family 
 of that name. Roth reads colli hortulorum ; the reading of the text 
 is that of the Gudianus. That this was probably the correct form is 
 made more certain by the fact that twelve manuscripts, among which 
 are some of the best, read collo. 
 
 12. superstante Lunensi ara : with an altar of marble of Luna 
 above it. Luna was a town in Etruria. The white marble found in 
 the vicinity is now known as Carrara. 
 
314 NOTES ON NERO. [Page 139 
 
 13. lapide Thaaio : so named from the island of Thasos, one of 
 the Cyclades. 
 
 15. pulchro magis quam venosto : with handsome, rather than 
 attractive, features. 
 
 18. qui . . . GBset : give a concessive force to this characteristic clause. 
 
 21. adeo pudendus : so scandalous. 
 
 22. ut comam semper, etc. : that he always wore his hair long, 
 arranged in tiers of curls, and when travelling in Greece even hanging 
 down behind. in gradus formatam : this refers to that style of 
 dressing the hair often represented in the statues of women. See 
 bust of Julia Domna, Baumeister, Bilder aus dem g. und r. Alter- 
 tum, p. 206 ; also of Nero, p. 203. 
 
 24. Bynthesinam : sc. vestem, the loose gown of colored silk worn 
 at banquets. 
 
 29. Seneca praeceptor, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xiii. 3, speaks in 
 somewhat contemptuous terms of Seneca's literary taste, ut fuit illi 
 viro ingenium amoenum et temporis eius auribus accommodatum. He 
 remarks that Nero's poetical efforts gave evidence of considerable 
 application. 
 
 Page 14D. 1. pugillareB libelllque : note books and papers. 
 Becker regards -qxte as a gloss, and would omit it or the whole word 
 libellique. 
 
 3. ezceptOB : taken doion. 
 
 4. ezaratos : produced. This meaning of the word belongs to col- 
 loquial Latin. 
 
 9. post scaenicaB coronas : after his victories on the stage. 
 
 10. Olympia : the Olympic games, celebrated every four years at 
 Olympia, a sacred region of Elis ; see note on p. 119. 2. 
 
 12. brabeutarum : umpires ; brabeuta is a Greek word ; the Latin 
 equivalent is designator. 
 
 13. paiia: pairs. 
 
 16. Herculis facta : i.e. the twelve labors of Hercules. 
 
 20. proditurum : would appear ; from prodeo. 
 
 21. hydraulam : as a performer upon the hydraulus ; see note on 
 p. 133. 12. choraulam : the choraules was a flute player who 
 accompanied the dance. 
 
 22. utriculaiium : performer on the bagpipe. saltatanunque 
 Tumum : Turnum is cognate accusative, i.e. he would represent the 
 character of Tumus, king of the Rutuli, killed by Aeneas. Cf. Hor. 
 8erm. i. 6. 63, pastorem saltaret uti Cyclopa rogabat. 
 
Page 141] NOTES ON NERO. 315 
 
 23. Paiidem : he was once the property of Domitia, Nero's aunt. 
 Xiphilin, Ixiii. 18, says that Nero killed him because he failed to teach 
 Nero to dance. 
 
 28. Romam Neropolim, etc. : Tacitus, Ann. xv. 40, says that this 
 was apparently Nero's wish. Xiphilin, Ixiii. 7, states that the city of 
 Artaxata was rechristened Neronia by Tiridates as a mark of honor 
 to the Roman emperor. He does not mention Rome in this connection. 
 
 31. Deae Syriae : the mother of all nature, identified sometimes 
 with Venus, sometimes with Juno. 
 
 Page 141. 1. Biquidem imag^inculam puellarem : Roth reads 
 icunculam for the meaningless acunculam of the manuscripts. Since 
 Latin usage would require the form icunculum, while the manuscripts 
 invariably show the feminine ending, it seems best to accept the reading 
 of a fifteenth-century manuscript, imaguneulam. 
 
 3. conf estim : i.e. immediately after receiving the image. 
 
 6. ante paucos quam periret menses: Introd. II. § 3, 6 (1). 
 
 8. obiit, etc. : Nero died June 7, 68 a.d. Xiphilin, Ixiii. 29, gives 
 his exact age as thirty-three years nine months. 
 
 10. pilleata : as a sign of having been freed ; cf. note on p. 4. 7. 
 
 15. magno . . . malo : for construction, see note on p. 109. 13. 
 Tacitus, Hist. II. 8, mentions disturbances in Achaia and Asia, caused 
 by the belief that Nero was alive and would appear. 
 
 16. Vologesus : Vologesua I, the Parthian king defeated by Cor- 
 bulo, the Roman general. He finally agreed to peace on condition that 
 the throne of Armenia be given his brother Tiridates by the Romans. 
 
 22. vtz redditus sit : i.e. the Parthians were reluctant to deliver 
 him up to the Romans as an impostor. 
 
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 With Maps, Introduction, and Notes, by Professor ALFRED GUDE- 
 MAN. i2mo, cloth, 366 pages. Price, $1.40. 
 
 In the Dialogus is a scholarly discussion of the authorship of 
 the treatise. The Introduction of the Agricola covers the " Life 
 and Writings of Tacitus," " The Literary Character of the Agric- 
 ola," and "The Style and Rhetoric of Tacitus.'' This introduc- 
 tion is reprinted in the Agricola and Germania, which contains 
 also an introduction to the Germania, and two valuable maps, 
 one of the British Isles, for the Agricola, and the other of Europe, 
 with both ancient and modern names, for the Germania. 
 
LATIN. 29 
 
 Oollege Latin Series, continued. 
 
 THE ANDRIA OF TEREHCE. 
 
 With Introduction and Notes by Professor HENRY R. FairclOUGH, of 
 Leland Stanford Junior University. i2mo, cloth, 266 pages. Price, $1.25. 
 
 The introduction deals in a thorough yet concise fashion with 
 the Development of Roman Comedy, the Plot of the Andria, the 
 Characters of the Andria, Dramatic Entertainments, the Division 
 of Plays into Acts and Scenes, Actors and their Costume, the 
 Theatre, Prosody, Metres and Music, and the Language. The 
 notes are carefully adapted to college and university work. 
 
 THE CAPTIVI OF PLAUTUS. 
 
 With Introduction and Notes by Professor H. C. Elmer, of Cornell 
 University. i2mo, cloth, 231 pages. Price, $1.25. 
 
 Professor Elmer's introduction is a brief but comprehensive sur- 
 vey of Plautus' life, his writings, metres, and language, Roman 
 dramatic performances, and the history of the text of the Captivi. 
 
 SELECTED LETTERS OF PLINY. 
 
 With an Introduction and Notes by Professor J. H. Westcott, of 
 Princeton University, izmo, cloth, 326 pages. Price, $1.25. 
 
 The Introduction contains a Life of Pliny, a discussion of Pliny's 
 Style, and a brief bibliography. The Chronology of the Letters, 
 and a critical treatment of the text are given in the Appendices. 
 
 HANDBOOK OF LATIN INSCRIPTIONS. 
 
 By W. M. Lindsay, M.A., Fellow of Jesus College, Oxford. i6mo, 
 
 cloth, 134 pages. Price, $1.25. 
 The author states very clearly some of the principles of form 
 changes in Latin, and gives a collection of inscriptions by way of 
 illustration, from the earliest period down to Imperial and Late 
 Latin. 
 
 ROMAN CONSTITUTIONAL HISTORY. 
 
 By Dr. JOHN E. Granrud, of the University of Minnesota. i2mo, 
 cloth, 306 pages. Price, $z..V). 
 
 The political institutions of Rome are treated historically so as 
 to furnish collateral reading for students of Latin, and provide an 
 admirable introduction to further study of the subject. 
 
30 LA TTN. 
 
 College Latin Series, continued. 
 
 THE MOSTELLARIA OF PLAUTUS. 
 
 With introduction and Notes by Professor Edwin W. Fay, of the 
 University of Texas. i2mo, cloth, 204 pages. Price, $1.00. 
 
 The introduction contains a careful and comprehensive analysis 
 of the versification and dialect of Plautus, together with a descrip- 
 tion of his style. The notes are designedly full ; in the matter 
 of translation they aim to reproduce the metaphor or turn of 
 thought of the original. 
 
 Professor Morris H. Morgan, Harvard University : We have long wanted 
 an edition of this play suited to the use of students in American Colleges, 
 and I am happy to find that Professor Fay's book seems likely to fill this 
 want in the most acceptable manner. I am particularly pleased with his 
 treatment of the dialect of Plautus in the introduction, and with the many 
 parallels drawn from the Elizabethan drama which I find in the notes of 
 this scholarly edition. 
 
 Professor William K. Dennison, Tufis College, Mass. : I have taken great 
 pleasure in the examination of Fay's Mostellaria. It seems to me to be a 
 most excellent piece of work. I shall certainly use it when I read the 
 play in my classes. 
 
 LIVY, BOOKS I., XXI., AND XXII. 
 
 With Introduction and Notes by Professor J. H. Westcott, Princeton 
 University. z2mo, cloth, 426 pages. Price, $1.25. 
 
 An attempt has been made in this volume to present in simple 
 and convenient form the assistance needed by young students 
 making their first acquaintance with Livy. 
 
 The editor's experience in the class-room has led him to anno- 
 tate the text copiously. On the other hand, that fulness of illus- 
 tration which apparently aims to supersede the function of the 
 teacher has been carefully avoided. 
 
 Professor James H. Billard, Tulane University, New Orleans, La. .- I 
 should like to say that Westcott's Livy is the most satisfactory text-book 
 that I know of. Other works may put on a greater show of learning; 
 but when one comes to every-day class-room use, the editing of this text 
 is found to be exceptionally satisfactory. 
 
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