1' ju£?!;, 
 
^ 
 
 
 THE ZARNCKE I 
 
 COI,I,ECTED BY PRIEDRICH 
 
 .IBRARY 
 
 ZARNCKE 
 
 age 
 
 THE GIFT OF 
 
 1893 
 
 k'^'^^Si> 
 
 1 7 ^- I 
 
ed' 
 
 
 OFFENTLIi 
 
 NSTALT 
 
 D-^ ALEXANDER STEINHAUS, 
 
 DIRECTOR. 
 
 1853. 
 
 LEIPZIG, 
 
 DRUCK VON BREITKOPF UND HARTEiJ pp 2107.M74"" ""'"""' '"""' 
 
 V 1-2 
 
 Notes and queries on the Ormulum. 
 
 3 1924 013 116 177 o.»,o..i 
 
^ i^J'^J 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 X he publication of the Ormulum has long been ardently desired by all lovers 
 of our old language and literature, and we are indebted to Dr. Meadows White, 
 formerly Professor of Anglo - Saxon in the University of Oxford, for the exem- 
 plary care which has ensured us a correct Text of this poem, the philological 
 value of which cannot be estimated too highly. It is only to be regretted that, 
 In his Glossary, the Editor has not confined himself within narrower limits or 
 devoted his attention exclusively to fix the relative position of the language of 
 the Ormulum. The relationship between the Gothic, the Saxoii and the Scan- 
 dinavian languages is so close that there can be no diificulty in finding etymolo- 
 gical forms that are common to all. Dr. White frequently contents himself Avith 
 the Anglo-Saxon etymon, but he very frequently likewise prefers the Danish, 
 Icelandic, and Gothic forms, neglecting the Anglo-Saxon, in words of which 
 this last language undoubtedly exhibits the parent form. In tracing the general 
 relations of the Saxon branch to the great family of the Germanic languages, 
 the Gothic with its clear and stately forms , still redolent of its recent Eastern 
 home is, of course, for the present, our highest court of appeal. But in our 
 endeavours to establish the character and position of a special language (per- 
 haps it would be more correct to say dialect) like that in which the Ormulum is 
 written, we should only refer to the Gothic or other German languages, when 
 the Anglo-Saxon does not sufficiently elucidate the subject. As the principal 
 difficulty in the problem before us consists in determining what elements in the 
 language of the Ormulum are exclusively Danish or Scandinavian, it is evident 
 that the more prudent course is to attribute to the Anglo-Saxon all those ele- 
 ments, for which any authority can be found in the extant monuments of Anglo- 
 Saxon literature. 
 
 This is the course which I have pursued in these unpretending Notes and 
 Queries. I have endeavoured to point out some of the most striking analogies 
 
IV 
 
 with the more immediately preceding and succeeding languages that were spo- 
 ken in England, viz. the Anglo-Saxon, the later Saxon (Semi-Saxon?) and the 
 language of Chaucer. The title which I have chosen indicates that it was not 
 my intention to write a grammar of this dialect, but merely to call attention to 
 some of its peculiarities. I have been obliged to confine my observations within 
 a narrower sphere than I had originally intended, but even within these limits 
 I trust the reader will find much that will interest him. The breaking up of 
 the parent language and the influence of the Anglo-Norman have not hitherto 
 met with that attention and strictness of treatment, which alone can lead to satis- 
 factory results. It is only by historical deduction that we can hope to trace the 
 origin and development of the English languages. The time for writing their 
 history is not yet come ; the materials for many essential parts of such an under- 
 taking must be collected and strictly sifted. But some features may already be 
 distinctly traced. The substantives in the Ormulum and in Chaucer already 
 approach the English form ; but in the strong verbs we observe in the former 
 work a remarkable adhesion to the Anglo-Saxon forms, whilst in Chaucer, with 
 all his Saxon reminiscences, the difference , although still transitional , is not 
 inconsiderable. The whole chapter on the English prepositions must be re- 
 "vvritten and can only be written correctly, from historical deduction, of which 
 scarcely a trace is to be found in our Grammars and Dictionaries. The pictu- 
 resque and varied, although occasionally heavy, Anglo-Saxon conjunctions have 
 given way to very stifi^ and awkward forms in the Ormulum ; in this respect the 
 language of Chaucer exhibits a great improvement, which in modern English 
 has been continued, to the great benefit of the language. The syntax of the 
 Ormulum deserves a careful stiidy, and throws much light on many peculiarities 
 which have been misunderstood by our grammarians. 
 
 Lastly, I should wish to direct the attention of philologers to the necessity 
 of fixing the French elements in the language of Chaucer. This can only be 
 done by confining our investigations at first to Norman-French of the earliest 
 period. The laws of William the Conqueror, the famous Rooles d'Oleron, the 
 works of Maistre Wace are of great importance in confirming the orthoo-raphy 
 and vocabulary of Chaucer, and the attentive reader Mali find that in many of 
 the pecuHarities of the syntax, the Saxon and Norman languages, at the same 
 period, exhibit striking proofs of one common pervading influence, both in 
 their destructive and constructive forms. 
 
 C H. Monicke. 
 

 cke^^ C H 
 
 NOTES AND QUERIES ON THE ORMULUM.' 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 X he original Manuscript of this remarkable poem is preserved in the Bodleian 
 library and forms one of the most valuable donations which Junius 3 made to 
 that splendid collection. It doubtless belonged to some religious fraternity in 
 England, and most probably shared the fate of so many other literary treasures, 
 during the lamentable plunder of the monasteries in England at the period of 
 the Reformation. An entry on the second fly-leaf of the MS. shews that it 
 was purchased in 1659 by Janus Vlitius,^ a friend of Junius. From a copy 
 of the sale -catalogue of the library of Van Vliet (preserved in the Museum 
 of the Bodleian) we may conjecture that Junius , residing in the Netherlands 
 at the time of his friend's death, attended the sale at the Hague (1666) and 
 
 * The Ormulum, now first edited from the original Manuscript in the Bodleian with Notes and 
 a Glossary hy R.M. White, D.D. Oxford: 1852. 2 voll. 8™- 
 
 * Jacob Grimm has paid a well merited tribute to tbe memory of Franciscus Junius, the 
 son, in his Program, Gottingen : 1S30, 4'"-, which contains "H)rmnorum Veteris Ecclesife XXVI 
 interpretatio theotisca nunc primum edita." The Penny Cyclopcedia says that he died in 1678, I 
 know not on what authority; Grimm, with the other authors whom I have consulted, gives 1677, 
 as the year of his death. 
 
 ^ The following anecdote will prove the esteem in which Vlitius (Van Vliet) was held by 
 his learned contemporaries, as well as the little value they placed on the study of their own lan- 
 guage. Nicolas Heinsius having in the course of his correspondence with him addressed one of 
 his letters "Vlitio antiquitatis utriusque tarn barbarte quam eruditffi, peritissimo," received a reply 
 with the following superscription , ' ' Heinsio, viro uti latinsB grtccaeque antiquitatis indagatori stu- 
 diosissimo, ita patrii avitique sermonis incurioso." Quoted by Dr. White. Preface to the Ormulum 
 p. Lxiv from the Biograph. Universelle Anc. et Mod. &c. a Paris, 1827 ad v. Vlitius, 
 
 1 
 
thus became the purchaser of (BCtl OUtrt .SttJffirs of (SiOttiscf) in l^ariJUftttfnt 
 qe$Cf)Vetiett IBor eft Otirr tie ©tiangelium, for thus the Ormulum was designated 
 in the Catalogue. About twelve years after the death of Junius, Hickes, in the 
 Catalogue of Northern Books appended to the first edition of his Anglo-Saxon 
 Grammar, describes the Ormulum as a Book of Semi-Saxon Homilies on the 
 first chapter of the Gospel of Saint Luke, in a dialect verging towards the Old 
 EngUsh or rather the Scotch tongue, i Tanner, in his Catalogue of the Junian 
 MSS. describes it as a Harmony of Gospel History, with Latin Texts and an 
 Old English or Scotch Commentary. Hickes, in his Thesaurus, calls it in one 
 place Dano-Xorman- Saxon and in others Norman -Saxon and even Anglo- 
 Norman ! Wanley likewise describes it as a Book of Norman-Saxon Homilies 
 or Paraphrastic Lectures on the Gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, but we 
 find no indications of the metrical form of the work in either of these writers, 
 and the extracts quoted by them are throughout printed as prose. Tyrwhitt 
 advanced a step further. "The learned Hickes," he says in his Essay on the 
 Language and Versification of Chaucer, ' 'has pointed out to us two very curious 
 pieces, which may with probability be referred to this period. The first of them 
 is a paraphrase of the Gospel Histories, entitled Ormulum, by one Orm, or 
 Ormin. It seems to have been considered as mere Prose by Hickes and by 
 Wanley, who have both given large extracts from it ; but, I apprehend, every 
 reader, who has an ear for metre, will easUy perceive that it is written very 
 exactly in verses of fifteen syllables, without Rime, in imitation of the most 
 common species of the Latin Tetrameter Iambic." 2 But this eminent critic 
 failed to discover the secret of the pecuhar orthography adopted by the author 
 of the Ormulum. "There is a peculiarity in the Author's orthography, which 
 consists in doubling the Consonants; e. g. brother, he writes brotherr; after, 
 affterr, &c. He has done this by design, and charges those who shall copy his 
 
 ' "Locutio plane divergit ad veterem Anglicam seu potius Scoticam linguam." 
 ^ The Poetical "Works of Geoffrey Chaucer &c. by Thomas Tyrwhitt. London; Moxon, 1852. 
 p. xxxir. Tyrwhitt adds in a Note. "The Ormulum seems to be placed by Hickes among the 
 first writings after the Conquest (Gram. Ang. Sax. c. xxii. p. 165.), but, I confess, I cannot con- 
 ceive it to have been earlier than the reign of Henry II." (1 1 54 — 1 1 S9) (probably a hundred and 
 fifty years too soon). In Note 69, p. xliii of the same Essay, Tyrwhitt calls Orm, "the most 
 authentic metrical composer that we have in our antient language." 
 
book to be very careful to write these letters twice, which he has written so, as 
 otherwise, he assures them, " they will not write the word right." Hickes has 
 taken notice of this peculiarity, but has not attempted to explain the author's 
 reasons for it; and indeed, without a more perfect knowledge than we now 
 probably can have of the Saxon pronunciation, they seem totally inexplicable." i 
 It was reserved for Mr. Thorpe to penetrate the mystery and to indicate the 
 value of Orm's orthography, as an indication of the pronunciation of the lan- 
 guage at the time he wrote. "This singular work," says Mr. Thorpe, 2 "is 
 among the Junian MSS. in the Bodleian Library. It consists of a metrical 
 paraphrase of the Gospels, interspersed with moralizations , by an ecclesiastic 
 named Orm , or Ormin, by whom it is addressed to his brother Walter. It is 
 without rime, in Hues of fifteen syllables, which for smoothness of rhythm 3 
 may vie with many modern productions. The author seems to have been a cri- 
 tic in his mother -tongue; and to his idea of doubUng the consonant after a 
 short vowel (as in German), we are enabled to form some tolerably accurate 
 notions as to the pronunciation of our fore-fathers. Thus he writes min with a 
 single n only, because the i is long or diphthongal, as in our mine. So also in 
 kinde (pronounced as our hind) dom, hoc, had, lif (pronounced as our life),'*' Sec. 
 On the other hand , wherever the consonant is doubled , the vowel preceding 
 
 * Tyrwhitt's Chaucer p. xxxit^ note 52. The reader will have an opportunity of remarking 
 that, in the Dedication of the Ormulum, the words rime and fers are used as synonymous terms. 
 At what time was the word rime or rhyme first used to convey the idea of Consonant terminations? 
 
 * Analecta Anglo-Saxonica, London: 1834, p. ix. 
 
 * This rhythmus is preserved, as in the pure Anglo-Saxon and other languages, by pronoun- 
 cing the final e as a syllable, except where it precedes a vowel or an aspirate. Note by Mr. Thorpe. 
 
 * It is with considerable diffidence that I diifer from so eminent an authority as Mr. Thorpe, 
 but a glance at the following words (which I have selected from a longer list) will show that the 
 question respecting the pronunciation of the vowels (and particularly that of the vowel i) is not 
 without its difficulties. Dr. White alludes to the correction of eo into e in the MS. beoldenn, 
 beldenn ; deore, dere; deor der; eor)je, erjie, &c. We find chele chele; dale, dale (vailley) ; 
 dwillde, dwilde; fele, fele, fele ; forr)?, for)?; habbenn, hafenn; wilenn, wilenn (to will, wish), 
 the substantive is, I believe, always written wille; heore, heore, here, here; kinedom, kinedom; 
 leten, leten ; name, name; of err, ofir; &c. Some allowance must be made for inadvertencies in a 
 poem of such extraordinary length ; the metre and flexion must likewise be taken into considera- 
 tion. In some respects the orthography of Grin doubtless proves our present pronunciation to have 
 then existed, compare dene with clennlike and clennsenn, clensedd; child, pi. chilldre ; Crist was 
 most probably pronounced as at present, as were doubtless Crisstene, Crisstendom, crisstnenn. 
 
is short and sharp, as in gett (pronounced as our ^e^, noiyate, as it would 
 be if written with a single t), Godd (pronounced God, not Gode), &c. Thus 
 hus is to be pronounced hoos, whereas )?uss, with a double s, is our thus. 
 Mr. Tyrwhitt, therefore, had done well, even for his own sake, to have spared 
 his injudicious remark upon this peculiarity of the author, for which every cri- 
 tical student of our early language is so much indebted to him." 
 
 From this time the opinion of English scholars has been invariably favour- 
 able. "I consider it" (the Ormulum) says Mr. Guest,' "as the oldest, the 
 purest , and by far the most valuable specimen of our old English dialect , that 
 time has left us. Layamon seems to have halted between two languages , the 
 written and the spoken. Now he gives us what appears to be the Old English 
 dialect of the West ; and , a few sentences further, we find ourselves entangled 
 in all the peculiarities of the Anglo-Saxon. But Ormin used the dialect of his 
 day ; and , when he wanted precision or uniformity, he followed out the prin- 
 ciples on which that dialect rested. Were we thoroughly masters of his gram- 
 mar and vocabulary, we might hope to explain many of the difficulties , in 
 which blunders of transcription and a transitional state of language have in- 
 volved the syntax and the prosody of Chaucer." He adds in a Note that, "it 
 ought to be pubHshed and all its peculiarities investigated." Mr. DTsraeli, the 
 elder, 2 says. "As it is only recently that we have obtained any correct notion 
 of a writing which has suffered many misconceptions from our earlier English 
 
 scholars, the history of this work becomes a bibliographical curiosity It is 
 
 evident that this critical was also a refined writer The title of this work 
 
 may have perplexed the fijst discoverers as much as the double consonants. 
 The writer was an ecclesiastic of the name of Orm , and he was so fascinated 
 with his own work for the purity of its diction and the precision of its modulated 
 sounds, that in a literary rapture he baptised it with reference to himself; and 
 Orm fondly called his work' the Ormulum. One hardly expected to meet with 
 such a Narcissus of literature in an old Anglo-Saxon philologist of the year so 
 far gone by, yet we now find that Orm might fairly exult in his Ormulum ! " » 
 
 * A History of English Rhythms, Vol. II. p. 186. 
 ^ The father of the late Chancellof of the Exchequer. 
 
 ^ Amenities of Literature, Vol.1, p. 101 — 103. Paris ed. 1S42. Mr. D'Israeli's observation 
 is hardly just ; he quotes too, at random, for he attributes the merit of discovering the secret of 
 
We are now, by the publication of the MS. (probably the autograph) 
 enabled to judge for ourselves of the merits of the good Monk Orm : 
 J>iss boc iss nemmnedd Orrmulum fori]?! I>att Orrm itt wrohhte. 
 
 Orm and his brother Walter, at whose request he wrote, and to whom he 
 has dedicated, the work, were canons regular of the Order of Saint Augustine. 
 This is aU the information we possess respecting our author. This voluminous 
 poem consists of a series of paraphrastic versions and expositions of the Gospels 
 of the day, illustrated by quotations from the Bible, St. Augustine, ^Ifric and 
 Beda. We have but a small portion of the work; this fragment, however, con- 
 tains about 20000 verses, probably a tenth part of the whole, as out of the 
 Series of Homilies, nothing is left beyond the text of the thirty -second. 
 
 There seems no reason to doubt that the MS. came into the possession of 
 the University of Oxford in its present mutilated state. Orm doubtless com- 
 pleted his task : 
 
 Ice hafe sammnedd o j^iss boc Tpa. Goddspelless neh alle_, 
 
 and the remainder may still lie buried in some English or continental library. 
 
 The style is simple , and devoid of poetical merit ; the repetitions occa- 
 sionally wearisome ; but a tone of genuine piety and kind-hearted feeling per- 
 vades the work, that gradually gains upon the reader. The poem is written 
 throughout in Verses of fifteen syllables, with a cesura after the eighth syllable 
 and with a feminine conclusion, a thesis begins the verse, and after each arsis 
 follows a monosyllabic thesis. ^ It has neither alliteration nor rhyme, and is 
 
 Orm's orthograpliy to Dr. Bosworth or Mr. Thorpe, although Dr. Bosworth himself (Preface to 
 his larger Anglo-Saxon Dictionary p. xxiv.), cites Mr. Thorpe as the discoverer. 
 
 * In modem English the feminine conclusion is .often sacrificed ; we have both forms in the 
 following verses from Shakspeare : 
 
 For often have you writ to her ; and she, in modesty, 
 
 Or else for want of idle time, could not again reply ; 
 
 Or fearing else some messenger, that might her mind discover, 
 
 Herself hath taught her love himself to write unto her lover. 
 
 Two Gent, of Ver. II. sc. I. 
 In our modem ballads the alternate cesuras and conclusions have their respective rhymes and 
 the long verse is thus divided into two short ones : 
 
 Turn, gentle Hermit of the dale, and guide my lonely way 
 To where yon taper cheers the vale with hospitable ray. 
 
 Goldsmith. 
 
•n 
 
 Written without any intermixture of French words. Our author has paid great 
 attention to his rhythm, by preserving the pronunciation of every syllable ex- 
 cept that of the final e, which sufi'ers elision before a vowel or aspirate. The 
 pronunciation of eo as a monosyllable can hardly be called an exception, as 
 the pronunciation was either in a state of transition or had already passed, 
 from eo into e. The article ^e and the negative ne, as also to prefixed to infini- 
 tives, frequently lose their final , before an initial vowel. The final e, of pre- 
 positions and adverbs, as also of the old dative, is frequently omitted altogether. 
 In these cases attention should be paid to the metre ; thus the Scandinavian (?) 
 termination — ^^55^ is very convenient for the cesura at the eighth syllable, 
 whilst the Saxon termination, in Orm (and Chaucer) — nesse, is equally conve- 
 nient for the feminine fifteenth syllable of the whole long verse. But the most 
 striking feature in Ormin's versification , of which he was , as the undoubted 
 inventor, justly proud, was in the scientific treatment of the vowels. A long 
 vowel is followed by only one consonant, a short one by two consonants. ' 
 
 Another important peculiarity (from which some critics imagined they 
 could deduce the locality of the poem), which our author has in common with 
 the A. S. Chronicle, and in a less degree with Chaucer, is the change (with 
 some exceptions) of the initial ]> into t, after the finals d, dd, t, and tt. ' ' Ex- 
 ceptions occur in compounded words, or when a word with the initial \> is sepa- 
 rated by the metrical point from that which precedes it (Annd ajj aifterr ]?e 
 Goddspell stannt ]>att tatt te Goddspell mene)?. D. 33. 34.) or lastly, in some 
 
 instances, when it takes the vowel u after the ]>, as in ]>u and ]>urrh "3 
 
 ' ' There are certain marks (which) take the form of the acute accent , and 
 
 are found single, double, and threefold, whether followed by a vowel or con- 
 
 Compare the metre of the following verses by Ciullo of Alcamo (about 1200) : 
 
 Rosa fresca aulentissima | ch' appari in ver Testate, 
 le donne te disiano | pulzelle e maritate, 
 traemi d' este focora | se t' este a bolontate &c. 
 
 quoted from Diez's Essay upon epic versification p. 108 subjoined to the Altromanische Sprach- 
 denkmale. Bonn: 1846. 
 
 ' There are - doubtless some mistakes, but very few, considering the length of the work. 
 Occasionally he substitutes the usual mark of a short syllable kine, kinne. The diflferences in this 
 respect deserve to be carefully noted. 
 
 '^ Preface to the Ormulum p. Ixxxi. Ixxxil. 
 
sonant." The purport of these marks has not been distinctly ascertained. For 
 the description of the MS. I must refer my readers to the Oxford Edition of the 
 work. It will be sufficient to observe here that Orpa uses two forms of the let- 
 ter g ; one to express the hard strong sound ; for the soft sound he uses a letter 
 resembling the Anglo-Saxon 5, that stuinbling- block of so many Antiquaries. 
 H is never found as an initial letter before consonants, nor after liquids, except 
 perhaps burrhjess and folhjenn, the usual forms being burrjhess and foUjhenn ; 
 and in Ihude, which only occurs once. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 DATE AND LOCALITY OF THE ORMULUM. 
 
 We hare seen that the English critics, who first noticed the Ormulum, 
 siipposed it to have been written in the eleventh or the twelfth century. , This 
 opinion could only be entertained by persons unacquainted with the later Anglo- 
 Saxon, which, although exhibiting signs of breaking up soon after the Conquest, 
 was for a long time far more tenacious of flexional forms than the languages 
 which began gradually to dawn in England. It is now certain that a much 
 later period must be assigned. "If," says Dr. White, 1 "we consider alone 
 the character of the handwriting, the ink, and the material used by the scribe, 
 we find reasons for placing the date of the MS. early in the thirteenth century, 
 while the grammatical forms and structure of the language rather indicate a 
 later period." The reader is alternately tantalized by forms which appear 
 younger than some of the corresponding forms in Chaucer, whilst by far the 
 greater number indicate a much earlier period. Competent critics have sup- 
 posed that the absence of French words may have proceeded from Orm's desire 
 to render his work intelligible to the common people, who, even to the present 
 day, can hardly be said to have adopted the French elements in our language. 
 But this argument is by no means decisive ; until a comparatively late period. 
 
 * Preface to the Ormulum p. Ixxii. 
 
the Saxon and the Norman-Saxon languages moved independently of each other. 
 "NMio would believe that the following lines were Avritten in "engliss of Kent," 
 the high road to the Norman dominions of the kings of England, the county, 
 of which the chief city is Canterbury, to which Chaucer's pilgrims wend? 
 
 Nou ich wille ]?et ye ywyte hou hit is y went 
 
 ]?et ]?is boc is ywrite mid engliss of Kent. 
 
 ]?is boc is ymad uor lewede men | 
 
 Vor uader | and uor moder | and uor o]?er ken | 
 
 Ham uor to berje uram alle manyere zen | 
 
 )7et ine hare inwytte ne bleue no uoul wen. 
 
 Huo ase god is his name yzed | 
 
 pet )?is boc made God him yeve ]?et bread 
 
 Of angles of hevene and ]?erto his red 
 
 And onderuonge his zaule huanne pet he is dyad. Amen. 
 
 Ymende. pet ]?is boc is uolueld ine pe eue of pe holy apostles Symon an 
 Judas I of ane bro)7er of pe choystre of saynt Austin of Canterberi | Ine pe 
 yeare of oure Ihordes beringe. 1340.1 (This was written during the life time 
 of Chaucer ! ! ) 
 
 Until we have a local and chronological classification of Saxon MSS. or 
 until the conclusion of the poem (which may probably throw some light upon 
 this subject) shall have been discovered, we must rest satisfied with the opinion, 
 that the Ormulum most probably belongs to the fourteenth century. 
 
 The question of the locality, 2 as well as of the date, of the MS., is not 
 without its difficulties. Those who have paid attention to the dialect agree in 
 
 ' Caedmon. ed. Thorpe. Preface, p. xii. 
 
 * "In the "Liber Vitac" of the Church of Durham, published by the Surtees Society in 1841, 
 among other benefactors of the 1 3'''' century, at p. 48, appear the names of Orm and Walter con- 
 secutively. The fact may present no more than a remarkable coincidence , but the notice of it, 
 when we know so little of the brothers, may not be thought irrelevant at least by those who claim 
 for the Ormulum a Northumbrian origin. It should be added that the late Mr. Garnett expressed 
 to the editor his opinion, after examining the original MS. in the B. M. that the entry of the 
 names of Orm and Walter, as well as of others both before and after them , was in the hand- 
 writing of the monk who had the custody of the book, and that it was not earlier than A. D. 1300.'' 
 Preface to the Ormulum p. Ixxii. 
 
assigning it to one of the Anglian i counties, but they vary as to the district. 
 The late. Mr. Garnett, who was familiar with its pages, was of opinion that 
 "the Ormulum was written a hundred miles or upwards to the south of Dur- 
 ham, and considered Peterborough not an unUkely locahty." Latham 3 classes 
 it among "Northumbrian" productions. Guest, taking a lower range of limit, 
 is "inclined to fix on some county north of Thames and south of Lincoln," and 
 resting on the probability that the A. S. Chronicle, which contains the same 
 permutation of ]> as the Ormulum, was written by one of the monks of Peter- 
 borough, adds, "it is, by no means, unlikely, that Ormin lived in one of the 
 neighbouring shires. The critics, who made him a native of the east of Eng- 
 land, though they guessed in the dark, may not have guessed wrongly," » and 
 says "The MS. may have been written at the close of the twelfth century." ^^ 
 
 Dr. White, who, as Editor, has examined the whole MS. with more mi- 
 nuteness than his predecessors, cites in evidence of an Anglian origin, the pre- 
 ference for the simple instead of the complex and the close instead of the open 
 vowels, e. g. all, wharrfenn, seofenn, sefenn, &c. for call, hiveorfan, seofan; he 
 notices also the Scan,dinavianisms, e. g. afledd, hrixle, ha'^herr, rowwst, scal- 
 dess, war, &c. at oferrdon, at hof; the phrases swa summ, ajj occ ajj, the ter- 
 minations — /ejjc (?) and — sunnd, and hallffeorpe (3^) , which the West Saxons 
 would have written feor'pe healf. "If the above evidence be of value, conside- 
 ring the existing difficulties attending the local classification both of MSS. and 
 of dialects, there would seem to be more than conjectural grounds for placing 
 Ormin's hearers in some district on the East coast of England where the dialect 
 would be influenced by their Northumbrian and East Anglian neighbours." ^ 
 Thus far aU Dr. White's readers will concur with him, but when he adds, 
 
 ' East Anglia (the land of the Angles) includes Norfolk, Suffolk, Cambridge, and part of 
 Bedfordshire. The country was conquered by the Danes in 883 ; and it was not completely brought 
 back under subjection to the English crown tUl after the accession of Athelstane in 925. Peter- 
 borough is in the county of Northampton, which formed part of the Kingdom of Mercia, said to 
 have been founded by Crida, whose followers were Angles, A. D. 585. 
 
 ^ In "The English Language," ^rs< ^d. p. 76, Latham says, "the birthplace of the author 
 of the Ormxilum is undetermined." 
 
 3 History of English Rhythms, Vol. II. p. 209. 
 
 * History of English Rhythms, Vol. II. p. 410. 
 
 ® Preface to the Ormulum, p. Ixxvi. Ixxviii. 
 
 2 
 
10 
 
 "the locality of Peterborough would not on these grounds, be inadmissible," 
 I think he goes too far south. 
 
 The famous Ahhej oi Medeshamstede, afterwards Burh, (Buruh, Burg) and 
 now a bishop's see (Peterborough) is 83 miles from London, in the County of 
 Northampton, on the old Hull and Lincoln mail-road. It enjoyed the privi- 
 leges of a Vice -popedom or second Eome, so at least says the A. S. Chronicle 
 and cites a charter A. D. 656, ")?us," says king Wulfere in this document, "ic 
 wille freon ]?is minstre. pet hit ne be under]?ed buton Rome ane. and hider ic 
 wille J?et we secan see Petre. ealle )?a ]?a to Rome na majen faren." i The 
 Abbey was plundered and destroyed by the Danes and after having lain " buried 
 in its ruins for the space of ninety six years," it was rebuilt and richly endowed 
 in the latter half of the tenth century. We have, moreover, OAddence that the 
 monks of Burg were of the order of St. Benedict,* but the brothers Orm and 
 Walter had "takenn an reghellboc to folljhenn, swa summ Sannt Awwstin 
 sette." D. 10. In the earlier part of the Chronicle, the name of St. Augustine 
 is frequently mentioned ; in the last 80 years, in which Gibson follows exclu- 
 sively the Peterborough Chronicle, it is perhaps not mentioned at all, but the 
 writer mentions with complacency that the land was full of monks who lived 
 after the 'rule of St. Benedict. ^ 
 
 If we compare the language of the Chronicle from A. D. 1071 to A. D. 11 54 
 
 ^ Chronicon Saxonicum, ed. Gibson, Oxonii: 1692^ p. 36. This charter is not genuine, nor is 
 that ofA.D.963, p.118, 119 (the Latin charter A. D. 972 is marked with an asterisk in Kemble's 
 Codex Diplomatious, No. DLXXV), but the privileges most probably existed. The MS. cited as 
 Laud by Gibson (presented to the Bodleian by the Archbishop) and which alone furnishes the Text 
 from A. D. 1071 to A. D. 1154, was doubtless written by the monks of Peterborough. I regret 
 that I cannot consult Ingram's edition of the Chronicle. 
 
 ^ Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum. Ed. secunda &c. Londin. : 1682, p. 63 — 71, folio. Patrick 
 in his Edition of Gunton's History of the Church of Peterburgh, London: 1686, folio, says, "In 
 all probability the njonks of this Church were brought under the rule of St. Benedict ; when it was 
 restored by King Edgar (972) and not till then," p. 246. And in an Indulgence, granted by Pope 
 Innocent IV. (1250) in the seventh year of his Pontificate, allo-iving the Monks to cover their heads 
 in time of Divine Service on account Of the coldness of the place, we read, "Abbati Monasterii de 
 Burgo Sancti Petri Ordinis Sancti Benedicti." Patrick, p. 161. 
 
 * Eac >is land wa;s swiSe afilled mid munecan. and J)a leofodan heora lif sfter scs. Benedictus 
 re5ule. A. D. 1086. We must not omit that many writers affirm the Benedictine order to have 
 been brought into England by St. Augustine an^ his brethren, A. D. 596, others that it was but 
 little known in England till King Edgar's time and never perfectly observed till after the Conquest. 
 
11 
 
 with that of the Ormulum, we shall find little in support of the opinion that 
 this poem was written by a monk of Peterborough, but much negative evidence 
 against it. Mr. Guest's chief argument seems to rest upon the circumstance 
 that in both works t is substituted for ]>, whenever it follows a word that ends 
 in d or t. He owns, however, that this change is, "in some few cases," to be 
 met with in Southern MSS.i But we find the same change in Chaucer, it 
 occurs three times in the first six pages of my copy. Tyrwhitt says, "Atte is 
 
 a dissyllable it has been frequently corrupted into at the; but in Chaucer 
 
 it may, and, I think, should almost every where be restored. See vers. 125, 
 3934, 4303, where some MSS. have preserved the true readings." 3 
 
 Dr. White, speaking of the Ormulum, says, "there is also for the most 
 part a simphcity in grammatical forms and in the construction of sentences. 
 All these may fairly be considered as phenomena indicating a less artificial, 
 and therefore more advanced, stage of the language." 3 Among these pheno- 
 mena he includes the genitives sing. l)ro\>err, faderr, moderr, hunngerr; but 
 these do not at all belong to the more advanced state of the language (i. e. in 
 point of time) , but are old instances of a law that prevailed before the separa- 
 tion of languages ; liiascuHnes and feminines in r (vowel) lose their genitive 
 sign in Sanscrit,* Old German [althochdeutsch) gen. wee fatar, pruodar, muotar; 
 Middle German gen. vater, hruoder, muoter; Anglo-Saxon ^en. fader, ^ brddhor, 
 mSdor; Old Saxon gen. fader, muoder, brdder, as in the Ormulum. This simpli- 
 city of grammatical forms in the earlier stages of the language does not form the 
 rule, but the exception. With reference to the other observations of Dr. White, 
 I beg to offer the following remarks. ' 
 
 The preference for the simple instead of the complex, and for the close, 
 instead of the open , vowels, can hardly be considered decisive in favour of an 
 Anglian origin or as a sign of any peculiar dialect, but it is a general form of 
 development of the later EngHsh languages. « The use of that and pa for the 
 
 * History of English Rhythms, Vol. II. p. 193. 
 
 * Tyrwhitt's Chaucer, p. 197. Note on ver. 12542. * Preface to the Ormulum p. Ixxiil. 
 
 * Bopp, Krit. Gramm. der sanskrita sprache in ktlrzerer fassung, p. 70, 2'<= Ausgabe. Berlin: 
 1845. Sanscrit words ending in a cons, reject flexional s, even in the Nomin. Bopp, p. 30. 
 
 ^ Gen. faderes (but seldom). This rule gives way to the intrusion of « in Chaucer. 
 " Thus the name Eddweard^ in the Charters of the eleventh Century, in Kemble's Cod. Dipl. 
 is very often written Eadwardus in the Latin, and Eadward in the Saxon, Charters. I do not 
 
 2* 
 
12 
 
 def. article and personal pronoun they is likewise no proof of a northern origin, 
 but may also be attributed to the general breaking up of the Anglo-Saxon. 
 
 If the Ormulum were written by a monk of Peterborough , how can we 
 account for the absence of the prefix je, which only occurs once as a participial 
 form, -^ehaten ? whereas it is very frequently to be met with in the Peterborough 
 Chronicle. In some few cases, in the Ormulum, i is substituted for je, imcene, 
 istanedd, iwhillc, iwiss. * 
 
 Whence comes it that in the Chronicle we find no Scandinavianisms ? If, 
 as Tyrwhitt and Guest assume , the Ormulum were written in the twelfth cen- 
 tury, and Peterborough "not inadmissible," we should expect as many Scandi- 
 navianisms in the one as in the other. If, as I think there can be no doubt, 
 the Chronicle is older than the Ormulum , then we might expect to find more 
 Scandinavianisms in the older work, inasmuch as it was written at a time less 
 remote from the influence of the Danish sway. But we find none. 
 
 That the Chronicle, even in the Annals of the last century which it records, 
 is older than the Ormulum, can hardly be doubted, if we consider the language 
 of the two works. In the former the language is corrupt and the flexional 
 forms confused, but the A. S. forms still exist (in the Ormulum the substantive 
 flexions are almost as simple as in modern English) ; the prepositions, although 
 exhibiting frequently a tendency to govern the accusative, mostly retain their 
 A. S. character; the preposition on gives way, but very slowly, to the preposi- 
 tion in, which, at a very early stage of the A. S. language, 3 it had driven from 
 the field (the preposition in occurs very frequently in the Ormulum) ; I doubt if 
 the prep, til,^ is to be found in the Chronicle at all. These reasons seem to 
 me conclusive as to priority of time. 
 
 recollect to have seen tlie name ■written Edward, although Gibson says, " Testem habemus Edwardi 
 Confessoris Numisma, in quo Regis istius nomen Edward exaratur ; cum tamen nominis origo et 
 antiqua scriptio Eadweard ^ost\Aeni,. Ejusdem numismatis pars adversa, in qua Lefwine scriptum 
 conspicitur pro Leofwine, idem testatur." Chron. Sax. praefatio s. p. 
 
 ' In Chaucer there are perhaps nearly a hundred participles with the prefix y (A. S. je) e. g. 
 y-heried &c. 
 
 ^ Die altesten ags. denkmahler gebrauchen noch die praep. in (allmahlig wird sie durch on = 
 ahd. ana vertreten). Grimm, 2, 759. 
 
 ' til was most probably introduced by the Danes (see Grimm, 3, 257), but seems soon to have 
 obtained a footing in. the island; we find ii = to in Chaucer, it is (as prep.) still very common 
 in Scotch. 
 
13 
 
 In fact , we may assert that the peculiarities of language (or dialect) , cha- 
 racteristic of the Chronicle, are not to be found in the Ormulum, nor are those 
 of the poem to be met with in the former work. I am decidedly of opinion that 
 the Ormulum was not written by a monk of Peterborough and that the lan- 
 guage in which it was written, belongs to a more northern district; but to 
 which side of the Humber, I leave to abler judges to determine. * 
 
 * It may, perhaps, not be uninteresting to compare Chaucer's imitation of a Northern Dialect 
 of his time (supposed to be Yorkshire), although such imitations must be read with great caution. 
 In the Reve's Tale (Tyrwhitt's Chaucer p. 30, 33. vv. 3919 — 4322) two "yonge poure scoleres" 
 
 play a part : 
 
 Of o toun were they bom, that highte Strother, 
 Fer in the North, I can not tellen where. 
 
 The reader must not expect a detailed account of the Plot ; suiSce it to say, that it is from 
 Boccaccio : John highte that on, and Alein highte that other. I have given the Northern words 
 and phrases in Italics. 
 
 John loquitur : Him behoves serve himself that has na swain 
 
 Or elles he is a fool, as clerkes sain. 
 
 Swa werkes ay the wanges in his hed : 
 
 And therefore is I come, and eke Alein, 
 
 To grind our com and cary it hame agein. 
 
 I pray you spede us henen that ye may. 
 Alein loquitur : John, and wolt thou stva ? 
 
 Then wol I be benethe by my croun. 
 
 And see how that the laele Jalles adoun 
 
 In til the trogh, that shall be my disport : 
 
 For, John, in faith I may ben of your sort ; 
 
 / is as ill a miller as is ye. 
 John loquitur : Our hors is lost : Alein, for Goddes hanes, 
 
 Step on thy feet: come of, man, al at anes. 
 
 Lay doun thy swerd, and I shall min alswa 
 By Goddes saule he shal not scape us hathe. 
 Why ne had thou put the capel (?) in the lathe (?) . 
 
 Now are we driven til hething and til scome. 
 Alein loquitur: Lo whilke a complin is ymell hem alle. 
 Wha herkned ever slike a,ferly thing? 
 
 And when this jape is tald another day. 
 I is thin awen clerk, so have I hele. 
 That was ymaked of thin owen mele 
 Which that I halpe my fader for to stele. 
 
 The resemblance between some of the words in this and the dialect of the Ormulum is striking, 
 but not less so is the contrast, so that the dialects of the North must have differed considerably 
 from each other. 
 
14 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 ORMULUM. THE DEDICATION, TEXT. 
 
 Nu, bro}?err Wallterr, bro)?err min affterr pe flseshess kinde ; 
 
 Annd bro)7err min i Crisstemidom ]?urrh. fulluhht annd ]?urrh troww)?e ; 
 
 Annd hropexT min i Godess hus get o pe |?ride wise, 
 
 )?urrh )?att witt hafenn takenn ba an rejhellboc to folljhenn, 
 
 Unnderr kanunnkess had annd lif , swa summ Sannt Awwstin sette ; 5 
 
 Ice hafe don swa summ pu badd, annd for)?edd te ]?in wille, 
 
 Ice hafe wennd inntill EnngUssh GoddspeUess haUjhe lare, 
 
 Affterr )?att little witt tatt me min Drihhtin hafe]?}? lenedd. 
 
 pVi )7ohhtesst tatt itt mihhte wel till mikell frame turrnenn , 
 
 jiff EnngUssh foUk, forr lufe off Crist, itt woUde jerne lernenn, 10 
 
 Annd folljhenn itt, annd fillenn itt wij)]? ]?ohht, wi)?)? word, wipp dede. 
 
 Annd forr)?i jerrndesst tu )?att ice ]?iss werrc pe shoUde wirrkenn ; 
 
 Annd ice itt hafe for]?edd te, aec aU }?urrh Cristess hellpe; 
 
 Annd uhnc birr]? ba]?e ]?annkenn Crist ]7att itt iss brohht till ende. 
 
 lec hafe sammnedd o }?iss boc }?a Goddspelless neh alle, 15 
 
 ')?att sinndenn o pe messeboc inn all pe jer att messe. 
 
 Annd ajg affterr pe Goddspell stannt ]jatt tatt te Goddspell mene]>]?, 
 
 }?att mann birr]> spellenn to pe folic off J^ejjre sawle nede ; 
 
 Annd jett tser tekenn mare inoh pn shallt tseronne findenn, 
 
 Off ])att tatt Cristess hallghe })ed birrjj trowwenn wel annd folljhenn. 20 
 
 Ice hafe sett her o }?iss boc amang Goddspelless wordess. 
 
 All })urrh me sellfenn, manij word pe rime swa to fillenn ; 
 
 Ace pn shallt findenn }?att min word, ejjwhser peer itt iss ekedd, 
 
 Majj hellpenn pa. Jjatt redenn itt to sen annd tunnderrstanndenn ; 
 
 All }?ess te bettre hu ]?e55m birr]? pe Goddspell unnderrstanndenn. 25 
 
 Annd forr]?i trowwe ice Jjatt te birr}) wel }>olenn mine wordess, 
 
 Ejjwhser }jser pn shallt findenn hemm amang Goddspelless wordess. 
 
 Forr whase mot to Isewedd foUc larspeU off Goddspell tellenn, 
 
 He mot wel ekenn manij word amang Goddspelless wordess. 
 
15 
 
 ORMULUM. THE DEDICATION, TRANSLATION. 
 
 Now, brother Walter, brother mine, after nature of the flesh, 
 
 And brother mine in Christendom by baptism and by faith, 
 
 And brother mine in God's house yet on the third wise, 
 
 For that we two have taken both one rule -book to follow 
 
 In the Canon's rank and life e'en as Saint Austin ruled, 5 
 
 I have done even as thou bad'st and furthered thee thy wiU, 
 
 I have turned into English the Gospel's holy lore. 
 
 After the little knowledge that to me my Lord hath lent. 
 
 Thou thoughtest that it might full well to mickle profit turn 
 
 If English folk for love of Christ it wilHngly would learn 10 
 
 And follow it and practise it in thought, in word, in deed. 
 
 And therefore yearn' dest thou that I this work for thee should work; 
 
 And I have done it here for thee but all through Christ his help ; 
 
 And it befits us both thank Christ that it is brought to end. 
 
 I have collected in this book the Gospels well nigh aU, 15 
 
 As they are in the mass -book in all the year for mass. 
 
 And aye after the Gospel stands that which the Gospel meaneth, 
 
 That we should preach unto the folk of their souls' need ; 
 
 And yet thereto eke more enough thou shalt yet find therein, 
 
 Of that which Christ his holy flock should well believe and foUow. 20 
 
 I have here vsrritten in this book among the Gospel's words, 
 
 AU of myself, fuU many a word the metre so to fiU ; 
 
 But thou shalt flnd that yet my word wherever it is eked. 
 
 May help out him that readeth it to see and to understand ; 
 
 How aU the better it them befits the Gospel to understand. 25 
 
 Therefore, I trust, it thee befits to bear with aU my words. 
 
 Wherever thou shalt find of them among the Gospel's words. 
 
 For whoso would to the lay folk the Gospel's doctrine preach, 
 
 He must eke out full many a word among the Gospel's words. 
 
16 
 
 Annd ice ne mihhte nohht min ferrs ajj wi}?]? Goddspelless wordess 30 
 
 Wei fillenn all, annd aU forr)?i shoUde ice wel offte nede 
 
 Amang Goddspelless wordess don min word, min ferrs to fillenn. 
 
 Annd te bitseche ice off ]?iss boc, heh. wikenn alls itt seme J?)?, 
 
 AU to ])urrlisekenn illc an ferrs, annd to )?urrhlokenn offte 
 
 )?att upponn aU )?iss boc ne be nan word jsen Cristess lare, 35 
 
 Nan word tatt swif>e wel ne be to trowwenn annd to foUjhenn. 
 
 Witt shulenn tredenn unnderrfot annd all pwent tit forrwerrpenn 
 
 pe dom off all ]?att la]?e flocc )?att iss )?urrli rap forrblendedd, 
 
 }?att tsele]?)? )?att to lofenn iss, ]?urrh. ni)?fuU modijnesse. 
 
 )?e55 shulenn Isetenn hsej^elij off unnkerr swinnc, lef bro]?err ; 40 
 
 Annd all J'ejj shulenn takenn itt onn unnitt annd onn idell ; 
 
 Ace nohht )?urrh skill, ace all )?urrh ni)?, annd all Jpurrh J'ejjre sinne. 
 
 Annd unne birr]? biddenn Godd tatt he forrjife hemm here sinne ; 
 
 Annd unne birr)? ba]?e lofenn Godd off )?att itt wass bigunnenn, 
 
 Annd ]?annkenn Godd tatt itt iss brohht till ende, ))urrh hiss heUpe ; 45 
 
 Forr itt majj hellpenn aUe ]?a )?att blij^elike itt herenn, 
 
 Annd lufenn itt, annd folljhenn itt wij?]? ]?ohht, wi]?)? word, wij?]? dede. 
 
 Annd whase wilenn shall J)iss boc efft o]?err si]pe writenn, 
 
 Himm bidde ice )3att het write rihht, swa summ ]?iss boc himm tseehe)?)?, 
 
 All Jjwerrt ut affterr )?att itt iss uppo ]?iss firrste bisne, 50 
 
 Wi)?}? aU swillc rime alls her iss sett, wi]?)j aU se fele wordess ; 
 
 Annd tatt he loke wel ]7att he an boestaff write twijjess, 
 
 Ejjwheer J^ser itt uppo )?iss boc iss Writenn o ]?att wise. 
 
 Loke he well ]?att het write swa, forr he ne majj nohht eUess 
 
 Onn Ennglissh writenn rihht te word, Jjatt wite he wel to so)?e. 55 
 
 Annd jiff mann wile witenn whi ice hafe don }?iss dede, 
 
 Whi ice till Ennglissh hafe wennd Goddspelless haUjhe lare ; 
 
 Ice hafe itt don forr]?i )?att all Crisstene foUkess berrhless 
 
 Iss lang uppo )?att an, )?att tejj Goddspelless halljhe lare 
 
 Wi») fuUe mahhte folljhe rihht ]?urrh >ohht, Jjurrh word, )?urrh dede. 60 
 
 Forr aU )?att gefre onn erpe iss ned Crisstene folic to foUjhenn 
 
 I trowwj^e, idede, all teeche]?)? hemm Goddspelless halljhe lare. 
 
 Annd forr)?i whase lerne)?)? itt annd folljhe)?]? itt wi]?]? dede. 
 
17 
 
 But I could not in this my verse aye with the Gospel's words 30 
 
 Well fill up all, and all for that I should full often need 
 
 Among the Gospel's words to put my word, my verse to fill. 
 
 And thee entrust I of this book, high office though it seemeth, 
 
 AU to examine every verse and to look through it often 
 
 That here in all this book there be no word 'gainst Christ his lore, 35 
 
 No word that it be not full sooth for to believe and foUow. 
 
 We two should tread under our foot and all out from us cast 
 
 The doom of all that loathsome flock that is with envy blinded, 
 
 That blameth what is to be praised through envious moodiness. 
 
 For they wUl judge all scornfully our labour, brother dear; 40 
 
 And all they will consider it as useless and as idle ; 
 
 But not through skiU, but all through hate, and aU through their sins. 
 
 And it befits us pray to God that he forgive their sins ; 
 
 And it befits us both praise God for that it was begun, 
 
 And to thank God that it is brought to end, all through his help ; 45 
 
 For it can surely help all those that blithely it hear, 
 
 And love it and vnll follow it in thought, in word, in deed. 
 
 And whoso shall wish this my book another time to write, 
 
 I pray him that he write it right e'en as this book him teacheth. 
 
 An throughout, just as it here is in this first example, 50 
 
 With all such metre as here is set with just so many words ; 
 
 And that he look well to't that he write every letter twice. 
 
 Wherever it in this my book is written on that wise. 
 
 Let him take care to write it so or else he never will 
 
 In English write the word quite right that wit he Avell, for sooth. 55 
 
 And if a man will know for why I thus have done this deed. 
 
 Why I to English here have turn'd the Gospel's holy lore ; 
 
 I have it done for this, that all the Christian folk's salvation 
 
 Is long of that alone, that they the Gospel's holy lore 
 
 With all their might may follow right in thought, in word, in deed. 60 
 
 For all that e'er on earth is need for Christian folks to follow 
 
 In truth, in deed, all teacheth them the Gospel's holy lore. 
 
 And therefore whoso learneth it and foUoweth it in deed, 
 
18 
 
 He shall onn ende wurr]?i ben ]>urrli Godd to wurr)?enn borrjhenn. 
 
 Annd tserfore hafe ice turrnedd itt inntill Ennglisshe speeche, ^ 65 
 
 Forr )?att I wollde bli)?eli5 J?att all Ennglisshe lede 
 
 Wi}?)? eere shollde lisstenn itt wi]?)? herrte shoUde itt trowwenn, 
 
 Wi))> tunge shollde spellenn itt wij?]? dede shollde itt foUjhenn, 
 
 To winnenn unnderr Crisstenndom att God so}? sawle berrhless. 
 
 Annd jiff Ipe^i wilenn herenn itt annd folljhenn itt wi)?)) dede, 70 
 
 Ice hafe hemm hollpenn unnderr Crist to winnenn J^ejjre berrhless. 
 
 Annd I shall hafenn forr min swinnc god leen att God onn ennde, 
 
 jiff }?att I, forr ]?e lufe off Godd annd forr pe mede off heffne, 
 
 Hemm hafe itt inntill Ennglissh wennd forr f'ejjre sawle nede. 
 
 Annd jiff jjejj all forrwerrpenn itt, itt turrne)?]? hemm till sinne, 75 
 
 Annd I shall hafenn addledd me pe Laferrd Cristess are, 
 
 )jurrh )?att ice hafe hemm wrohht tiss boo to J^ejjre sawle nede, 
 
 jjohh )?att tejj all forrwerrpenn itt )?urrh J^ejjre modijnesse. 
 
 Goddspell onn Ennjlissh nemmnedd iss god word, annd god ti]?ennde, 
 
 God errnde, forr]?i )patt itt wass ]?urrh haUjhe Goddspellwrihhtess 80 
 
 All wrohht annd writenn uppo boc off Cristess firste come. 
 
 Off hu so}? Godd wass wurrjjenn mann forr all mannkinne nede, 
 
 Annd off Jiatt mannkinn }>urrh hiss dge)? wass lesedd tit off heUe, 
 
 Annd off }»att he wisslike ras pe }>ridde dajj off d8e}>e. 
 
 Annd off }>att he wisslike stah pa, si}>})enn upp tiU heffne, 85 
 
 Annd off }'att he shall cumenn efft to demenn aUe })ede, 
 
 Annd forr to jeldenn iwhillc mann affterr hiss ajhenn dede. 
 
 Off all }>iss god uss brinnge}>}> word annd errnde annd god ti}'ennde 
 
 Goddspell, annd forr}»i majj itt wel god errnde ben jehatenn. 
 
 Forr mann majj uppo Goddspellboc godnessess findenn seffne 90 
 
 }>att ure Laferrd Jesu Crist uss hafe}>}) don onn erpe 
 
 })urrh }>att he comm to manne, annd }>urrh }?att he warr}? mann onn er|?e. 
 
 Forr an godnesse uss hafe})}> don pe Laferrd Crist onn er})e, 
 
 }?urrh fiatt he comm to wurr}>enn mann forr all mannkinne nede. 
 
 0}>err godnesse uss hafe}>}) don pe Laferrd Crist onn expe, 95 
 
19 
 
 He shall at th'end be worthy found through God's grace to be saved. 
 
 And therefore have I turned it into the English speech, 65 
 
 For that I would right blithely have aU the English people 
 
 With their ears listen unto it, with their hearts it believe, 
 
 With their tongues preach it zealously, and follow it with deeds, 
 
 Here under Christendom to win of God sooth soul's salvation. 
 
 And if they listen unto it and follow it with deeds, 70 
 
 I have them holpen under Christ to win their soul's salvation 
 
 And I shall for my labour have good meed of God at last. 
 
 If that I, for the love of God and for the meed of Heav'n, 
 
 For them have it to English turn'd for their soul's needs. 
 
 And if they "should reject it all it will become their sin, 75 
 
 And I shall have gain'd for myself the Lord Christ his grace. 
 
 For that I wrought for them this book to their soul's needs, 
 
 Though that they should reject it all through sinful moodiness. 
 
 Gospel in English named is good tidings and good word, 
 
 Good message too, because it was by holy Gospel writers 80 
 
 All wrought and written in the book how Christ first came on earth. 
 
 How that, sooth God, he was made man for the needs of all mankind, 
 
 And how that mankind through his death was loosed out of hell, 
 
 And how that he for certain rose the third day up from death. 
 
 And how that he for certaia then ascended into heav'n, 85 
 
 And how that he shall come again for to judge all mankind, 
 
 And for to give to every man, after his own deeds. 
 
 Of all this good us bringeth word, , message and tidings good 
 
 The Gospel, therefore it may well good message be proclaimed. 
 
 For we can in the Gospel-book goodnesses seven find 90 
 
 That our Lord Jesus Christ hath done to us on earth 
 
 In that he came among mankind and man became on earth. 
 
 For one goodness to us hath done the Lord Christ on earth. 
 
 That he did here become a man for the needs of aU mankind. 
 
 An other good to us hath done the Lord Christ on earth, 95 
 
 3 
 
 » 
 
20 
 
 Jjiirrh ]?att he wass i flumm Jordan fullhtnedd for ure nede ; 
 
 Forr pait he wollde uss waterrkinn till ure fuUuhht halljhenn, 
 
 ]?urrh ]?att he wollde ben himm sellf onn erlpe i waterr fullhtnedd. 
 
 pe )7ridde god uss hafe]?J? don \>e Laferrd Crist onn erpe, 
 
 )?urrh ]?att he jaff hiss ajhenn lif yvipp all hiss fulle wille, 100 
 
 To jjolenn d^epp o rodetre sacclses wi]?)?utenn wrihhte, 
 
 To lesenn mannkinn ]?urrh hiss dse]? ut off pe defless walde. 
 
 pe {evpe god uss hafe)?)? don pe Laferrd Crist onn er]?e, 
 
 ]?urrh ]7att hiss halljhe sawle stah fra rode dun till helle, 
 
 To takenn utt off helle wa ]?a gode sawless alle, 105 
 
 )?att hafFdenn cwemmd himm i ]?iss lif ]?urrh so]? unnshaj^ijnesse. 
 
 pe fifte god uss hafe)?)? don pe Laferrd Crist onn erjje, 
 
 ]?urrh ]7att he ras forr ure god pe )?ridde dajj oif dsejpe, 
 
 Annd lit te posstless sen himm wel inn hiss mennisske kinde ; 
 
 Forr ]?att he wollde fesstnenn swa soJj troww]?e i t'egjre bresstess 110 
 
 Off )?att he, wiss to fuUe so)?, wass risenn upp off dsej^e, 
 
 Annd i ]?att illke flsesh )?att wass forr uss o rode najjledd ; 
 
 Forr ]?att he wollde fesstnenn wel ]?iss trowwpe i l^ejjre bresstess, 
 
 He let te posstless sen himm wel well offte si)?e onn er]?e, 
 
 Wi]?J?innenn dagjess fowwerrtij fra ]?att he ras off dsejpe. 115 
 
 pe sexte god uss hafe)?]? don pe Laferrd Crist onn erpe, 
 
 Jjurrh ]?att he stah forr ure god upp inn till heffness blisse, 
 
 Annd sennde si|?]?enn Halij Gast till hise Lerninngcnihhtess, 
 
 To frofrenn annd to beldenn hemm to stanndenn jaen pe defell, 
 
 To gifenn hemm god witt inoh off all hiss halljhe lare, 120 
 
 To gifenn hemm god lusst, god mahht, to ]?olenn alle wawenn, 
 
 All forr pe lufe off Godd, annd nohht forr erj^lij loff to winnenn. 
 
 pe seffnde god uss shall jett don pe Laferrd Crist onn ennde, 
 
 J?urrh ]?att he shall o Domess dajj uss gifenn heffness blisse, 
 
 jiff Jjatt we shulenn wurr)?i ben to findenn Godess are. 125 
 
 )?uss hafej))? ure Laferrd Crist uss don godnessess seffne, 
 
 )?urrh )?att tatt he to manne comm to wurr]?enn mann onn er]?e. 
 
 Annd o ]?att halljhe boc )?att iss Apokalypsis nemmnedd 
 
21 
 
 That he was there in Jordan stream baptised for our needs ; 
 
 For he would for us waterkind to baptism consecrate, 
 
 By this, that he would be himself baptised on earth in water. 
 
 And the third good to us hath done the Lord Christ on earth. 
 
 For that he gave up his own life with all his own full wiU, 100 
 
 To suffer death on the rood tree guiltless and without sin. 
 
 To loose all mankind through his death out of the devil's pow'r. 
 
 And the fourth good to us hath done the Lord Christ on earth. 
 
 For that his holy soul went down from the roodtree to heU, 
 
 Out of hell's torments for to take the good souls all, 105 
 
 That him had served in this life by their sooth guiltlessness. 
 
 And the fifth good to us hath done the Lord Christ on earth, 
 
 For that he rose up for our good on the third day from death, 
 
 And let the Apostles see him well, in his human natiire ; 
 
 Because he would estabhsh so sooth faith in all their breasts 110 
 
 That he, for certain, to full sooth was risen up from death. 
 
 And in that same flesh that he was for us nailed to the rood ; 
 
 Because he would establish well this faith in aU their breasts, 
 
 He let the Apostles see him well full often since on earth. 
 
 Within the space of forty days that he rose up from death. 115 
 
 And the sixth good to us hath done the Lord Christ on earth. 
 
 For that he rose up for our good into the bliss of heav'n. 
 
 And sent from thence the Holy Ghost unto his disciples. 
 
 To comfort them, to bolden them to stand against the devil. 
 
 To give them knowledge good enough of all his holy lore, 120 
 
 To give them good will and good pow'r for to endure all woes, 
 
 All for the love of God and not for to win earthly praise. 
 
 And the seventh good to us shall do the Lord Christ at the end. 
 
 Because he will on Doom's Day give to us heaven's bliss. 
 
 If that we shall be found to be worthy the grace of God. 125 
 
 Thus hath our Lord Jesus Christ done us goodnesses seven. 
 In that he came among mankind to be a man on earth. 
 And in that holy book that is Apocalypsis named 
 
22 
 
 Uss wrat te posstell Sannt Johan, ]?urrh Halij Gastess lare, 
 
 )?att he sahh upp inn heifne an boc bisett wi)?)? seffne innsejjless, 130 
 
 Annd sperrd swa swi))e wel )?att itt ne mihhte nan wihht oppnenn 
 
 Wi)j}>utenn Godess halljhe Lamb )?att he sahh ec inn heifne. 
 
 Annd }?urrh )?a sefFne innsejjless wass rihht swi)?e wel bitacnedd 
 
 pBLtt sefennfalld godlegjc ]?att Crist uss dide Jjurrh hiss come ; 
 
 Annd tatt nan wihht ne mihhte nohht oppnenn ]?a , seffne innsejjless 135 
 
 Wi]?|?utenn Godess Lamb, J^att comm, forr ]?att itt shollde tacnenn 
 
 }?att nan wihht, nan enngell, nan mann, ne naness kinness shaffte, 
 
 Ne mihhte fjurrh himm sellfenn pa seffne godnessess shsewenn 
 
 O mannkinn, swa ]?att itt mannkinn off helle mihhte lesenn, 
 
 Ne gifenn mannkinn lusst, ne mahht, to winnenn heffness bhsse. 140 
 
 Annd all all swa se Godess Lamb all ]?urrh hiss ajhenn mahhte 
 Lihhtlike mihhte annd wel inoh pa seffne innsejjless oppnenn, 
 All swa pe Laferrd Jesu Crist all ]?urrh hiss ajhenn mahhte, 
 Wi)?}? Faderr annd wi]?)? Halig Gast an Godd annd all an kinde, 
 All swa rihht he lihhtlike inoh annd wel wi)?)? alle mihhte 145 
 
 O mannkinn )?urrh himm sellfenn pa seffne godnessess shsewenn, 
 Swa j^att he mannkinn wel inoh off helle mihhte lesenn ; 
 Annd gifen mannkinn lufe annd Insst, annd mahht annd witt annd wille. 
 To stanndenn inn to cwemenn Godd, to winenn heffness blisse. 
 Annd forr ]?att halij Goddspellboc all J^iss godnesse nss shsewe)?)?; 150 
 
 Thiss sefennfald godlejjc ]?att Crist uss dide )purrh hiss are, 
 Forr)?i birr]? all Crisstene folic Goddspelless lare folljhenn. 
 Annd tserfore hafe ice turrnedd itt inn till Ennglisshe spseche, 
 Forr )patt I wollde blijjeUj )>att all Ennglisshe lede 
 
 Wi]?)? sere shollde lisstenn itt wi)?]? herrte shollde itt trowwenn, 155 
 
 Wi}?)? tunge shollde spellenn itt, wi)?]? dede shollde itt folljhenn. 
 To winnenn unnderr Crisstenndom att Crist so]? sawle berrhless. 
 Annd Godd Allmahhtij jife uss mahht annd lusst annd witt annd wille 
 To folljhenn ]?iss Ennglisshe boc ]?att all iss haHj lare, 
 Swa )?att we motenn wurr)?i ben to brukenn heffness blisse. 160 
 
 Am(8en) Am(8en) Am(8en). 
 
23 
 
 The Apostle Saint John wrote to us through the Holy Ghost his lore, 
 
 That he saw up in heaven a book aU seal'd with seven seals, 130 
 
 And closed so fast and well that it none could be found to open, 
 
 Except alone God's Holy Lamb that he saw eke in heaven. 
 
 And by those seven seals it was right truly well betoken' d 
 
 The sevenfold good that Jesu Christ did to us by his coming. 
 
 And that no man was found, who could open those seven seals 135 
 
 Except God's Lamb alone, that was that it should well betoken 
 
 That no being, nor angel, man, nor any kind of creature. 
 
 Was able, through himself alone, that sevenfold good to shew 
 
 To mankind, so that it mankind out of heU-power could loose, 
 
 Nor give mankind good will, or might to gain the bliss of heav'n. 140 
 
 And as the Lamb of God alone all through his own power 
 Easily could and weU enough the seven seals there open, 
 Ev'n so the Lord Jesus Christ all through his own power, 
 With Father and with Holy Ghost one God and aU one nature, 
 Ev'n so he easily enough and all through his own power ^ 145 
 
 To mankind through himself alone the sevenfold good could shew, 
 So that he mankind well enough out of heU-pow'r could loose. 
 And give mankind both longing love, and power, knowledge, will. 
 To persevere in pleasing God to gain the bliss of heav'n. 
 And as the Holy Gospel-Book this goodness sheweth us, 150 
 
 This sevenfold good that Jesu Christ did to us through his grace. 
 Therefore 't befits aU Christian folk foUow the Gospel's lore, 
 And therefore have I turned it into the English speech. 
 For that I would right blithely have aU the English people 
 With their ears listen unto it, with their hearts it believe, 155 
 
 With their tongues preach it zediously, and foUow it with deeds. 
 Here under Christendom to win of Christ sooth soul's salvation. 
 And God Almighty give us pow'r and knowledge, love and will 
 To follow weU this English book that aU is holy lore. 
 
 So that we all may worthy be to enjoy the bliss of heav'n. 160 
 
 Amen Amen Amen. 
 
24 
 
 Ice )?att tiss Eiinglissh hafe sett Ennglisshe menn to lare, 
 
 Ice wass )?8er Jpser I erisstnedd wass Ormin bi name nemmnedd. 
 
 Annd ice Ormin fuU innwarrdlij wi]?}? mu]? annd ec wi]?]? herrte 
 
 Her bidde }ja Crisstene menn }?att herenn o)?err redenn 
 
 )5iss boc, hemm bidde ice her ]?att tejs forr me J?iss bede biddenn, 165 
 
 )?att bro]?err ]?att tiss Ennjlissh writt aUrseresst wratt annd wrohhte, 
 
 )?att bro}?err forr hiss swinne to Isen so)? blisse mote findenn. Am (sen). 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 WORD-LORE. 
 
 Indef. Article. The substantive appears much more frequently without 
 the article, when, in Chaucer or in modern English; * the indefinite or the defi- 
 nite article would be prefixed; the indef. art., when used, presents no difficulty; 
 its forms are interesting as a proof of the transitional state of the language. 
 
 (A. S. I do not notice the indef. art. tiU late in A. S. Chron. A. D. 1086 
 an man, A. D. 1096 an selcuS steorra, A. D. 1114 an munee mid him, Warner 
 wses gehaten.) 
 
 Nom. An preost wass onn Herodess dajj, 109. An wennchell )?att iss Jesu 
 Crist, 3356. a mikell here off enngle|?eod wass cumen ut off heoffne, 3371. 
 
 Ace. annd haffde an duhhtij wif, 113. forr J?att he wollde nohht onn ane 
 wise gilltenn, 3110. off genne mann,8 9197. je shulenn findenn senne child, 
 3364. annd itt iss in a eribbe lejjd, 3366. annd lejjde himm inn an cribbe, 
 3321. wijjj? elutess inn ann cribbe, 3327. We find even: An /lew king forr to 
 sekenn, 7149. 
 
 Gen. inn aness weress hewe, 2172. inn an manness like, 5813. in aness 
 cullfress like, 10677. wass inn ann kaKess like, 5851. )?urrh an kingess wajjn. 
 
 ' In these cases a reference to A. S. prose writings, particularly the A. S. Gospels, often 
 strikingly illustrates Orm's phraseology. 
 
 ^ Dr. AATiite calls this the genitive, I assume that the prepositions govern the ace. I find in 
 the A. S. Chronicle, "He com first to ]}one king. A. D. 1125. and waeran \mder-fangen of ]>one 
 Rape. A.D. 1125. 
 
25 
 
 I, that this English here have set for Englishmen to learn, 
 
 I was there, where I christen'd was, Ormin by name nam'd. 
 
 And I Ormin full inwardly with mouth and eke with heart 
 
 Here pray that aU those Christian men that either hear or read 
 
 This book, I pray them here that they for me this pray'r will pray, 165 
 
 That brother that this English book first of ail wrote and wrought, 
 
 That brother, for his labour's meed the bliss of heav'n may find. Amen. 
 
 5912. an kinness neddre iss vipera jehatenn, 9759. an o)?err kinness lif, 7519. 
 off aness kinness neddress, 17410. We find these forms in nan, na (ne an, ne a) ; 
 gen. naness, nan; ace. nsenne, nan, na. 
 
 Def. Article is invariable; nom. and ace. require no ^rooi; gen. affterr ]>e 
 flseshess kinde ; dat. F ]>e blinde jaff he wel to sen, 15498. * We frequently find 
 patt and pa (pliu-.) employed in this sense (A. S.), wserenn alle pe prestess off 
 
 twegjenn prestess annd tatt an wass nemmnedd Eleazar annd Ytamar 
 
 wass he )?att o)?err3 nemmnedd, 483 — 6. ]?att Herode king let slaen pa little 
 barrness, 8040. )?att sloh pe little barrness, 19588. 
 
 Substantive. The most remarkable substantives are those which end in 
 — le^'^c^ and — nesse; the former are indeclinable, or have but one form for 
 nom. and ace. sing. ; the latter are declined like the other substantives — nesse, 
 gen. and plur. — nessess. That these substantives occur more frequently in the 
 
 ^ Sucli examples must soon have destroyed all feeling for the dative. Compare : and iaef /line 
 Jjone eorldom. A. S. Chronicle A. D. 1127. 
 
 * Of which the eldest sone highte Algarsif, That other was ycleped Camballo. Chaucer C. T. 
 10345. God yeue him \>et bread of angles of heuene; "enngUss of Kent" of the year 1340. 
 See p. 8. 
 
 * Is — ^egjc in our poem to be considered as a Scandinavianism or A. Saxonism? See Grimm 
 2, 503 and compare the examples in Rask's Icelandic Grammar (translated by Dasent, London and 
 Frankfort: 1843), p. 156. 
 
 4 
 
26 
 
 ace. arises from their signification, which is more adapted to express the obj. 
 relations than the subject. The advantages of two such forms for the metre, 
 the one for the cesuxa, and the other for the feminine e, for the conclusion of 
 the long verse, are obvious and Orm has unsparingly availed himself of them. 
 In the same verse one forms the cesura, the other the conclusion, 
 
 Giff )?att tu folljhesst sojjmeoclejjc annd so)? unnshajjijnesse, 1170. Com- 
 pare meoclejjc, meocnesse; clsennlejjc, clsennesse; rihhtwislejjc, rihhtwisnesse. 
 I believe we may assume but one declension for all genders ; nom. ace. — ;.gen. 
 and plur. — ess. Feminine nouns still occasionally resist the intrusion of gen. 
 — ess, but even sawle, although frequently gen., occasionally assumes the form 
 sawless. I need hardly observe that when the subst. terminates in e, only ss is 
 added. The gen. plur. rarely omits the ss. The following peculiarities and ano- 
 malies seem worthy of notice ; including those forms which assume or retain e, 
 in the accusative, dative? or after a preposition. Subst. in / retain y under all 
 circumstances, hocstaff, plur. hocstafess. Compare the subst. in eo with A. S. and 
 Old German [althochdeutsch) : annd bujhenn himm o cneivive, 6627. nom. plur. 
 cues, ace. annd fellenn dun o cnewwess (compare A. S. strong neut. cneow, 
 gen. eneowes) _^c^re. treo, gen. treowwess, plur. treos. tres, trewwess. Old Ger- 
 man {althochdeutsch) chneo, chnewes; treo, trewes. 
 
 Subst. which end in ell,^ enn, en-, lose the e before the n: dcekenn, plur. 
 dsecness; deofell, defell, gen. and plur. deofless, defless. dohhtress (the sing, 
 doubtless dohhterr, is imperfect in the MS., 19833), enngell. wasstme elides e 
 also sing. 
 
 JExc. allderrmann , plur. allderrmenn, EUderrnemanness , 1213. gen.? or 
 comp.? asse, inn asse cribbe, 3711. hcern, nom. plur. harness n.? gen. ace, ]7att 
 wserenn No]?ess bsern, 6808. i min hedd, 2970. )?8er J^ejj o bedde slepptenn, 
 6495. hennche ace. bennkess. hlettcinng, llettsinng, hlettsin-^e, occurs ace. per- 
 haps only three times, and is spelt differently each time, hoc, gen. plur. bokess. 
 o bok, o boke; once with inn, bilapped inn all })at hoc, 14268. hodi-^ takes no 
 flexion, ]>m bodij mahhte, 5005. I^urrh ]>\a. bodig dede, 5011. dede, alle clene 
 dedess, 1595. annd tohh sahh he ]>e Laferrd Crist don miccle mare dede J^ann 
 
 ' Strong masc. A. S. formed with —1, — m, — n, — r, — ing, — els (recels A. S. reccless, 
 recless. Orm) and several other formations elide the formative vowel, but not invariably; see Grimm 
 1, 639. 
 
27 
 
 anij mann, 12418. broperr, plur. hxepxe, gen. hiss ajhenn bro]>err wif, 19601. 
 cAi7<?, gen. — ess, plur. chilldre, wi]?]? child, wipp childe. da-^^, gen. and plur. 
 daghess, dajjess. dear, der, plur. deor, der, deoress (Engl, only deer). Crist, all 
 enngle\>eode king, 3904. e-^he, plur. ejhne, ehne, ehhne. faderr, indecl. till 
 Jiejgre faderr (gen. plur.) herrte, 186. Jlod, uppo fiode. fot, plur. fet, unnderr- 
 fot, D. 73. annd tredenn himm wi]?)> fote. ioxr gillt, gillte. ioxx god, gode. godd^ 
 may be plural in the following verse, annd hsej^enn godd forrwerrpe annd lefe 
 on an AUmahhtij Godd, 4392. as in Old German dbgot is sometimes neuter 
 and indeclinable in the plural, o rihht hallf, 144. com dun o Godess hallfe, 
 624. o twegjenn hallfe, 5125. folic, gen. follkess; forr alle follke nede, 5293. 
 freond, n. ace, plur. n. d. ^cc.freondess, gen. plur. king, gen. and plur. kingess; 
 forr Criste iss allre kinge king, 3588. le (lion), gen. leness, leoness, leuness. 
 leode, lede, led, sing, and pliu*. loff, lof, Drihhtin to lofe3 annd wurrj^e (this 
 phrase occurs several times, the e cannot be used for the sake of the metre). 
 mahht, plur. — ess, gen. aUre mahhte moderr, 4977. aUre mahhte rote,^ 4976. 
 mann, gen. — ess, plur. menu; gen. plur. biforenn menness ejhne, 386. biforenn, 
 fra, to, manne. moderr, indecl. inn hiss moderr wambe, 168. mone]>]>, indecl. 
 ne&(ned), sing, plur.? sand, uppo ]>e drijge sandess,^ 14805. sawle, plur. — ss; 
 gen. of l^ejjre sawle nede, D.36. off ure sawle nede, 244. off jure sawless^ 
 nede, 254. forrleose|j sawless so]?e lihht, 6588. scribe, wseren scribe jehaten 
 (Lat. plur.), 7215. shaffte, shafftess; gen. ^YviX.shaffte, forr jho iss allre shaffte 
 cwen, 2159. i shafftess onnlicnesse, 19444. annd i ]?a fowwre shafftess niss, 
 17541 (the form shopte seems only to occur gen. plur.). gen. sing, shepess, plur. 
 
 * See Graffs AlthocMeutscher Sprachschatz IV, p. 149. A. S. god (the true God), plur. gpdas ; 
 god (the false god), plur. gbdu. Grimm, 3, 348. 
 
 * These examples of e final will suffice. Compare A; S. niht, ace. and nihte, ace. Rask, p. 42 ; 
 hand, fern. A. S. has sometimes gen. hand fcJr hande. Grimm, 1, 647. 
 
 ' This word rote (dissyllable) has sadly puzzled Mr. Guest, in his observations on Chaucer. 
 In the lines "Whanne that April with his shoures sote, the droughte of March hath perced to the 
 rote, C. T. 1, he says that rote is a dissyllable, which it certainly is, and that e final is dative, 
 which it certainly is not; as Gesenius (de ling. Chauc. p. 46) has shewn: rote occurs in Chaucer 
 in several verses, as nom. 
 
 * swa swa sand see. A. S. And Joseph gathered corn as the sand of the sea. Genesis, XLI, 49. 
 I am not sure that sands, plur. is to be found in the Bible. 
 
 ^ i. e./em. substant. take — ss. Annd sawwle iss Drihhtinlic i J>att tatt ,5/io ne dejeJ^J? 
 
 nohht, 9679. 
 
 4* 
 
28 
 
 shep. sleep, o slaepe (asleep), 8352. )jurrh slsepess bandess, 2971..plur. Cristess 
 swete slsepess, 7043. stih,^ plur. stishess, ]>ing,^ gen. and plur. ^ess, — e; 
 ace God ]?att alle J?inge se)?, 13664. wa, wajg, plur. wawenn.^ widdwe, widewe; 
 ■widdwe Uf , 7669. wifmann, wimmann, gen. sing, wimmaness, plur. wifmenn, 
 wimmenn. wlnnterr, indecl. ann hunndredd winnterr. word, plur. wordess. 
 ler, gen. — ess; plural forms: annd foUshe)?]? childess jgeress, 8050. off twej- 
 jenn jeress elde, 8020. annd Crist wass o }?a fo^vwre jer, 9493. 
 
 Chaucer. The article, although more frequently employed than in the 
 Ormulum, is stUl occasionally omitted, where we should now use it : That on a 
 day came riding fro river, 6466. by )?iss haUf flumm Jordan, Orm. 10626. In 
 some cases the influence of the French is clearly perceptible : Which that men 
 clepe the heven, 4611. The norice of digestion, the slepe, 10661. 
 
 The gen. fadres, mothers (modres) are frequent ; in one phrase : by my 
 fader kin, 13937. the old form is retained. Jesus heven king, 6763. Drihtin, 
 heofi'ness king, Orm. 3516. irreg. plur. : man, plur. men. tvoman, plur. women, 
 wimmen. brother, plur. brethren, suster, plur. sustren. doipghter, plur. dough- 
 tren. child, childe, plur. children, foot, fote, plur. feet, tooth, plur. teeth, goos, 
 gees, cow, plur. kine. plur. oxen; eyen; been and bees; shoon and shoos; tone, 
 toos (tiptoon) ; fleen; plur. hors; plur. shepe, nete, swine; this day fifty wekes, 
 1852. yere*^ (after numerals) is generally indecl., but I find: many hundred yeres 
 ago, 6445. after other adj. yeres is frequent. Are foot (measure), pound, vnn- 
 ter(?), night &c. (she was sevennight old, 14879) invariable? The following 
 deserve notice: The unlikely elde of me, 10054. he hadde a beres skin, cole- 
 blake for old (rhyme), 2144. in twenty manere, 3328. that wered of yelwe 
 goldes a gerlond, 1931. our eldres, 14204. for all his strengthes in his heres 
 were, 14064. the nightesmare, 3485. I speke a wordes few, 12278. Declension 
 
 ' The guttural /* was therefore still pronounced. 
 
 ^ And with all lost thing of thy brother's which he hath lost. Deuteronomy, XXII, 3. 
 
 ^ 5 A. S. becomes w. This letter has caused sad confusion in English, in Chaucer (and A. S. 
 Chronicle) we find 5 ^ (j) y and 5 = w. Compare dmve and day; fain and fazve (A. S. faegn) ; in 
 modern Enghsh, say and saw. FuU of wise saws and modern instances. Sh. As you like it. II 7. 
 
 * "I have known^ when he would have walked ten mile afoot," says Benedick, a gentleman. 
 Sh. Much Ad. ab. No. II, 3. Mice and rats and such smaU deere, have been Tom's food for seven 
 long yeare. Sh. K. Lear, III, 4. 
 
29 
 
 of nouns in f final. * Lese my lif. so well was him on live, 5625. and art hir 
 lives (gen. plur.) leche, 15524. for he was yet in memory and live, 2700. shope 
 him to be a lives creature, 8779. to wif. thou darst not stonden by thy wives 
 (gen. sing.) right, 13918. I am so caitif, 1554. two woeful wretches ben we, 
 two caitives, that ben accombred of our owen lives, 1720. a thefe, 3937. we 
 were theeves strong, 12723. by your leve, 3914. but only his heleve (credo) 
 can, 3456. (adj. forms) my leve brother, 1138. min hoste lefe and dere, 3501. 
 my swete lefe, 3790. him had be lever, 3541. wel coude he peinten lifly that 
 it wrought, 2089. I return now to the Ormulum. 
 
 Adjective. Indef. form. Sing. — ; plur. — e. Norn, god mann, god lare, 
 god word; sallt iss swi)?e god, hu god itt wsere. dat. annd gho wass hanndfesst 
 an god mann, 2389. ace. annd I shall hafen god Isen. 'plur. annd sinndenn unn- 
 gode. o)?re gode preostess. gen. plur. annd gode menness herrtess. dat. plur 
 annd he wass Gode annd gode menu well swi))e lef annd dere, 8975. ace. plur. 
 ]?att wherrfedd^ folic hemm hallt forr gode, 9721. 
 
 Def. form. )?iss gode mann. gen. the gode manness bene. |?att gode winess 
 drinnch. dat. all all swa summ ])e gode mann iss cweme hiss gode macche. annd 
 tise fowwre gode menn. )?att gode (nom. plur.) georrndenn, 3578. j^att illke 
 mann, ]?att hafej>]? gode wille, 3967. )?att illke mann )?att hafe)?)? ajj god wille, 
 3969. Comp. bettre,^ sup. bettst (off bettste). alle, all; alle blisse, 656. all ure 
 bUsse, 708. Forr Criste iss allre* kinge king, annd alle shaffte Laferrd, 3589. 
 Annd Preost off alle preostess ec annd Shippennd allre shaffte, 346. allre msest, 
 2595. allre firrst, 11649. a^henn, occurs often, it is invariable; he sla]? hiss 
 ajhenn sawwle. efenn, efne annd sme]?e wejjess.'' hali'^, def. &c. halljhe. wel 
 
 ' Compare this declension with A. S. the Ormulum, and Heliand. I consider it as one of the 
 last lingering forms of flexion. 
 
 2 Compare >att laeredd folic, 1.5876. >>att laerede folk, 7440. 
 
 * Adv. wel (well), hettre ; \>e bett, bett annd bett; Jjess te bettre, A. S. J^as ]?e betre. )je = 
 the old instrum. Goth. J)e. Isl. ]>vi seepissime pronuntiatur \>i, quod raro scriptum invenitur, Mul- 
 ler Collectanea Anglo-Saxonica, Havn. : 1835, p. 94. Middle and modern German can only use 
 instrum. when des precedes, deste ba?: desto mehr. Ne bet ne wers, Chaucer, 3731. 
 
 * Shal have a souper at youre aUer cost, Chaucer, 801. was our aller cok, 825. alderfirst, 
 9492. alderlast and alderlevest (but not, I believe^ in C. T.) ; with you mine alder-Uefest sovereign. 
 Sh. 2. Henry VI. 1,1. 
 
 ® i. e. the same elision as in subst. in — en. 
 
30 
 
 annd wurrj^like jfitnmde (jemedd). in both cases, nom. plur. heh, plur. and def. 
 heghe, comp. hehhre, sup. heghesst. lah, comp. lahjhre, lahre, sup. lajhesst. 
 lattre, lattst, lattste, adj. and adv. litell, ]3att little : Uttless whatt off elessew, 
 comp. lasse, sup. Igeste.i mikell, ]?att miccle, plur. miccle; comp. ma, mare; 
 sup. msest, mast, maste; annd affterr )7att he wrohhte ma, 1549(5. annd gett he 
 hafifde suness ma, 8157. ]?ohh wass jho^ miccle lahre )>ann ure laffdij Marje 
 wass, 2664. rieh, comp. ner, plur. nerre, sup. nesst, nest.^ 
 
 Chaucer, e final is no longer flexional, but either superfluous or metrical: 
 the red hepe, the bitter tears, the fin coraU, this gentil* cok : with gret honour, 
 the gret god, this grete wrong: a yonge man (Melibeus, i.e. prose); a yong 
 wif: the first man, of the trewest and the beste wif. Two adj. with s plur. deli- 
 tables, 11211. reales, 13777 (doubtless for the rhyme) . Comp. mid. sup. There 
 n'as no man that Theseus hath derre, 1450. and this day fifty wekes, ferre ne 
 nere, 1852. longe, lenger, longer, lengest. had (badder), werse, werst, worst. 
 ntterest, upper est, over est, hinderest [innresst, Orm.).^ 
 
 Orm. Numbers. Cardinal numbers. An has the same forms as the indef. art.^ 
 It is not always very easy to distinguish between them ; of course a and an must 
 express the numeral. The following deserves quoting, Swa ]?att tejj ba)5e (bodij 
 
 * Chaucer has : Since thilke day that they were children lite, 1195. thou yevest litel charge, 
 1286. both lesse and more. That is a sign of kissing at the leste, 3683. Compare Icelandic litil-1, 
 neut. litt. A.S. Jpaet he winemaga. on folce lyt. freonda htefde. Caedmon, ed. Thorpe^ p. 158, 
 31—33 (ed. Bouterwek, t. 2620). 
 
 * J)am mycle ma he scryt eow. A.S. Gospels, ed. Thorpe. Matt. "VI, 30. mo occurs several 
 times in Chaucer: A manciple and myself, there n'ere no mo, 546. In the verse. As you have done 
 mo, 8915. Tyrwhitt proposes to read me, but I think that Gesenius is right in retaining mo, it 
 suits better with the character of the patient Grisildis. In Shakspeare, Much Ad. ab. Noth. we 
 read, in the first verse of the song : Sigh no more, ladies, sigh no more ; but in the second : Sing 
 no more ditties, sing noma, II, 3. In the Oxford Bible, 1717 and perhaps later, we read: The 
 children of Israel are mo and mightier than we. Ex. I, 9. Many a little makes a mickle, is still 
 current as an English proverb. The forms in Chaucer are : mochel (muchel), mo and more, mest, 
 most, moste. But evermore hir moste wonder was, 10513. 
 
 ^ A. S. neah, nearre (near, nyr), nyhst (nehst), >aet nyhste. Chaucer, neighe (ner), nere, next. 
 Better be far off, than — near be ne'er the near. Sh. Kich. II. V, 1. The English pos. is the old 
 comp. ; informer, it is the old sup. comp. 
 
 * Remark the influence of the French. 
 
 ^ A. S. yfemest, ytemest, innemest; English upmost, utmost (uttermost), inmost. 
 ^ 0, on, never, I think, one in Chaucer. 
 
31 
 
 annd. gast) jeornenn an annd foUjhenn an wipp wille, 5733. The A. S. forms 
 are tw^gen, masc, twd, fern., twa, neut. ; in the Orm. twejjenn,* and twa, 
 but the gender is no longer felt ; twejjenn burrjhess (fern, in A. S.). twa cuU- 
 fress, 7892. but in aness cullfress Uke, 10677. off twejjenn cuUfre briddess, 
 7936. might refer to briddess (masc. A. S.). twa bukkess, 1326. It is not 
 necessary to quote the other numbers. 3 
 
 Ordinal numbers. Firrste, forrme, |?ridde, feor}?e (ferj?e, hallf feor]>e) , fifte, 
 sexte, &c. are all definite (weak). Second, of course, is not used ; Orm has always 
 otherr, very frequently, like Chaucer, thatt otherr, plur. o)?re. ohht off ]>e Faderr 
 heffness king annd off hiss Sune ba|>e, annd off ]?att Halljhe Frofre Gast )?att 
 cume]?]? off hemm be-^-^enn,^ 15091. Sejjeww, ba, deserve particular notice. 
 
 * In the Bible, two before a substantive is used much, as in modern English, but without a 
 subst. and def. the translators seem to prefer twain. The one of the twain, I.Sam. 18, 21. on 
 them twain, 2. Kings 4, 33. they twain shall be one flesh, Mat. 19^ 5. Notice also the following, 
 with twain (wings) he covered his face, Isa. 6, 2. they cut the calf in twain^ Jer. 34, 18. the 
 veil of the temple was rent in twain^ Mark. 15, 38. Chaucer has twaine, tweine, twein, tway, 
 tweye, twey; a night or twaine (rhymes with raine.) Troilus and Cressida III, 551. of children 
 twein, 8526. shal teUen tales tway (rhymes with way), 794. twey (rhymes with wey), 1696. 
 
 ^ Fif: is invariable, or only takes e, wij?]? fife wehhte off sillferr. Heliarid has Jlf: but sie fiui, 
 104^; thiu fiui, 2^; girstin brod fiui, 87'; the forms ellif, elleuan, indecl. and ellif,, decl. are nearer 
 eleven than A. S. endleofan. It is much to be lamented that this fine old poem is so little known 
 in England. I know no work that reveals the peculiarities of the Saxon languages so strikingl;^ ; 
 we find forms that still form the characteristics of the common (now vulgar) dialect of the English 
 people, illustrated in this poem of the ninth century, for which we often seek an explanation in 
 vain in the extant monuments of A. S. literature. Thus, to say nothing of the exuberance and 
 absence of h, the interchange of v and w (those stumbling blocks of the Cockneys), we find mahti, 
 41 1^ &c. vvirthi, 56^; thriti, 157'; succa (for sulica), 24^*; hui-kes, for huilikes, 36^*; (ecce jam 
 Anglorum such et which, says Schmeller, whose recent death we, in common with all lovers of 
 Old German literature, deplore). The English substantives (in the plural) in /follow the O. S. and 
 not the A. S. form. Mr. Guest, who declares that the English make no difference of pronuncia- 
 tion' between father and farther (on the stage?), would be delighted to find thust for thurst, 59 2*; 
 exactly as it is generally pronounced in England at the present day. When I find that these and 
 many other peculiarities of language existed more than a thousand years ago, I cannot but be of 
 opinion that, among the languages spoken in England, must have existed a dialect more resembling 
 O. S. than A. S., or that the spoken and written languages differed very materially from each other. 
 
 ^ The Gothic forms are bdi, masc. (fem. b6s), ba neut. and a substantive form, baj6]3s. If the 
 singular nouns to which hai refers are masc. and fern., the pron. adj. and part, take the plur. 
 neuter: ha framaldra vesun (Zacharias andElisabet). Grimm, 4, 279, 280, gives several other exam- 
 ples (the Greek has masc.) ; the rule is observed in Old German, Heliand (but see Hel. 3* and sie 
 three times for siu, Grimm, i\ 281) and A, S. The rule is no longer stri6tly observed in the Ormu- 
 
32 
 
 (A. S. begen, masc, ba, fern., ba, iieut.) )?att Zacharie, Godess preost, annd 
 gho ]?att wass hiss macche, he sejjde )?att tejj wserenn ha, 373. ]?att time ]?att 
 tejj wserenn ha (viz. John the Baptist's father and mother), 745. j^egj ba forr- 
 lurenn Paradys, 7511. In all these cases the persons are sing. masc. and fern, 
 witt ha (viz. Orm and his brother Walter), D. 7. j^ejj ba (St. Andrew and his 
 brother Simon), jitt ba)?e (]?u annd )?in macche, 6202). ba)?e occurs frequently 
 as numeral (and conjunction) jafF hemm blettsinnje baj7e, 7637. ]?urrh J^ejjre 
 ba)?re bisne, 2794. to junnkerr ba)?re gode, 6183. twinne and ]>ri7ine i are the 
 only other numbers that deserve notice. ]?att twinne kinne genge, 6823. ]?att 
 wserenn No]?ess )jrinne bsern, 6808. 
 
 Pronouns. Personal. I. Sing, ice, i, i, i, dat. ace. me, dual, witt, gen. 
 (unnkerr), ace. unnc, pliir. we, dat. ace. uss. II. |?u, dat. ace. ]>e, dual, jitt, gen. 
 (junnkerr). dat. ace. junnc, pliir. je, gen. jure, dat. ace. juw. III. masc. he, dat> 
 ace. \njnxQ.,fem. jho, dat. ace. hire, wew^. itt. nom. aee.j)lm\ (for all genders', j^ejj, 
 _^e». J^ejjre, (/a?, ace. J^eggm, hemm: ]?att noww]?err J^ejjre nohhtne lajj, 12872. 
 
 Chaucer. I, ik, ich, me; we, us. II. Thou, the (thee); ye, you. III. he, 
 him; sAc, hire, here, her; it, plur. ^Aey, obli. hem. 
 
 Orm. Possessive. 1. min, mi (arrt all i mine walde, 12010), plur. mine; 
 dual, unnkerr. 3 ure, sing, and plur. II. 1pin, pi (ajj affterr ]?ine fere, 1251.) 
 plur. )?ine; dual, junnkerr. jure. III. hiss, plur. hise; hire sing, and plur.; 
 heore, heore, here, here, also pe-^^re. 
 
 Chaucer's forms jaresent no difficulty, except hir (= their) . He has like- 
 \vise, owes, youres, hires, hirs.^ 
 
 Self. A. S. swa him sylf bibead, swejles ajend.* Mr. Thorpe translates, 
 "as had himself commanded the Lord of Heaven." I suppose the verbal transla- 
 
 lum. Tyrwhitt, in his Glossary, has the following remark. "In T. (Troilus and Cressida, by 
 Chaucer) IV, 168. Ed. Ca. reads your bother love (the text reads your brother love], which might 
 lead one to suspect, that bother was the ancient genitive case of bothe, as aller was of alle.'' 
 
 ^ That of the trine compas Lord and gide is, Chaucer, 15513. Chaucer has eleven and enleven 
 (A.'S. endleofan), twelve, twelf (A.S. twelf, decl. twelfe ; but Hel. tuelif, decl. tuelifi, tuelibhi) 
 threttene, thritty and thridde. 
 
 ^ Fore uncerra saula hela and uncerra beama. A. S. Charter (Wulfred, &c.A. D. 805 — 831) 
 in Kemble's Cod. Dipl. No. ccxxti. 
 
 ^ Hisn, hern, ourn, yourn are still occasionally heard (vulgar.). 
 
 * Codex Exoniensis, ed. Thorpe, Lend. : 1842, p. 34. 
 
33 
 
 tion would be, "as had to them (the glorioxxs followers) himself commanded &c.," 
 but Raslc quotes from iElfr. N. T. p. 33 : and ]?a circlican jjeawas him-sylf )5ger 
 getsehte (himself, nom.). In the eleventh century the present form is not unfre- 
 quent; swa )?Bet an man ]?e him sylf aht wsere, A. S. Chron. A.D. 1086. and; 
 wolde cuman himsylf sefter, Chron. A. D. 1087. 
 
 The Ormulum. (It is scarcely necessary to observe that ace. pers. pron. is 
 used refl. as in Chaucer, Shakspeare and, occasionally, at present.) ]>e biscopp 
 seUf, 1022. ]>e Faderr sellf, 10970. >urrh Godd AUmahhtij sellfenn, 4131 . 
 
 Myself. ImeseUf, 12592. Thyself. >u >e sellf, 4162. >u cwennkesst i 
 )?e sellf, 1190. annd jiff ]7U cwennkesst i ]>i sellf, 1288. |)u ska)?esst firrst ]>e 
 sellfenn, 4469. 
 
 Himself. * The LaferrdGodd himm sellf (nom.), 727. annd ajj himm sellf, 
 himm ane,3 1079. jifenn uss himm sellfenn, 3698. off himm sellfenn, 11942. 
 
 Herself. Annd jho wass hire sellf full wiss god widdwe, 8686. forr ]?att 
 jho wollde jifenn uss god bisne in hire sellfenn, 2638. 
 
 Yourselves, ge guw sellfenn berenn me god wittness, 17952. till juw sell- 
 fenn, 949. 
 
 Themselves. Forr alle samenn didenn an Crist sellf annd tejj hemm sell- 
 fenn, 17860. swa )?att tejj cunnenn rajjenn rihht hemm sellfenn, 5515. bi 
 l^ejjm sellfenn, 16853. all off hemm sellfenn, I, 74. 
 
 Chaucer. In the solve moment, 2586. in the solve place, 11706. These 
 phrases are placed here somewhat inappropriately, but they are interesting. 
 
 Chaucer writes the forms indifferently myself, I myselven, thyself, himself, 
 himself e, him solve, nom. ; he himselven, hireself, hireselve, hireselven; ourself, 
 yourself, ye yourselven ; hemself , ve, ven. Remark, Ye wot j/owraeZ/' (Palamon 
 and Arcite), 1837. 
 
 Orm prefixes the accusative of the personal pronoun to sellf, with one 
 remarkable exception, i \>i sellf. Whence arises the extraordinary confusion in 
 modern English? To simplify the question, we may reject itself, as a compara- 
 
 ' Itt sell/ is scarcely to be expected, as Orm uses himm sellfv/iih reference to jer. Annd illc 
 an jer himm sellf iss all o fowwre dales daeledd, 11253. Chaucer: Lo eche thing that is oned in 
 himselve Is more strong than when it is yscatered, 7551. 
 
 ^ Ane is doubtless a weakened form from anum. Thus of two MSS. of A. S. Proverbs one 
 reads, olsece j^onne gode dnum, and the other, dne, MuUer Collect. Anglo-Sax. p. 44, 45. 
 
 5 
 
34 
 
 tively modem formation, after the masc. and fern, forms were fixed; the Eng- 
 lish his self only exists as a vulgarism. It seems to me that himself, which has 
 evidently played the greatest part in this medley, mg,y be traced to a misunder- 
 stood A.S. form: / 
 
 And him selfa sceaf reaf of lice, Cajdmon, p. 94, 20. Grimm's explana- 
 tion 1 is, that selfoiiexy shifts from the oblique into the nominative. 
 
 Myself and thyself are not so easily explained; we must, however, bear in 
 mind that the former is more frequently pronounced meself , and that the Old 
 Saxon forms for the pers. pron. ace. are mi and thi. How can we account for 
 the phrase i >i sellf , except upon the supposition that both forms were current 
 at the same time. Ourselves, yourself, yourselves are later formations, when 
 instead, of mi and thi, my and thy had obtained a footing in the language. » 
 
 STRONG VERBS. 
 
 Strong verbs indicate the affections of mood and tense by certain organic 
 vowel changes 3 in the radical part of the verb ; weak verbs principally by means 
 of suffixes. Nothing in language can be imagined more simple, beautiful and 
 picturesque than these vowel changes. They resemble the vivid blush of inge- 
 nuous youth, an instantaneous revelation of the finer feelings of the heart. The 
 weak verbs are hard and cold, affected only from without, stern and unbending 
 in their inner form, admirably adapted by their simple structure, to become the 
 vehicle of the understanding. 
 
 Strong vei'hs in the Ormulum. I. pres. i (e) ; pret. sing, a, plur. u; p. part, u, 
 (o). biginnenn; bigann, bigunnenn; bigunnenn. swinnkenn. bilimmpenn. bin- 
 denn. blinnenn. drinnkenn. findenn; fand, fundenn; ^res.sMft;. finde; pret.subj. 
 
 * Grimm, A, 360, see the other examples from Caedmon. 
 
 ^ The Romans could say, Nosce te ipsum, (Be thyself the object of thy study) and, Nosce te 
 ijise (Be thou thyself the subject or source of thy self-knowledge) ; me ipse consolor ; de se ipse 
 praedicat. See Billroth, Latein. Schulgrammatik, p. 259, 260, and for a similar construction in 
 Greek, Matthia, Ausfiihrl. Griech. Grammatik, 2"= Aufi. 1827, p. 868. 
 
 ^ Permutation (Grimm's Ablaut).' One remarkable distinction between strong and weak verbs 
 is the termination of the past participle ; da and na (i. e. d and n) are the Sanscrit forms. In the 
 German languages the former d [ed] is appended to the weak, and n (en) characteristic of the 
 strong verbs. 
 
35 
 
 funde; p. part, fmxdenn. forrwerrpenn. hellpenn. sprinngenn. stinnkenn. swell- 
 tenn. winnenn. 
 
 II. i (e) ; a., plur. se; p. part. o. pres. sing, l.bere, 2.beresst, 3.bere]?|7, 
 plur. berenn. pret. 1. barr, 2. barr (bar), 3. barr, plur. bserenn. 3. p. sing. 
 imperat. bere, 1. plur. bere|?)? ; 3. pres. subj. sing, bere ; 3. pret. subj. sing, bsere ; 
 p. part.horenn.'^ forrbedenn, pre^. forrbaed. forrhelen. cumenn, &c.? pret. 
 coram, p. part, cumen.* 
 
 III. i (e) ; a, plur. se; e. biddenn (ic bedej, badd, bedenn. brekenn?.forr- 
 jifenn. lin (A.S. licjan, ^. pres. sing. li|?), lajj jore?. seo (se) ; sahh, ssejhenn; 
 sene, sene, sejhenn. sittenn. spekenn? tredenn. 
 
 IV. u; a, o; u (o). V. a (e) ; o, o ; a (o). drajhenn; drohh, drojhenn ; 
 drajhenn. farenn. forrsakenn. hefenn; hof, hofenn; hofenn. lade]?)?, stande. 
 slan ; slob, slojhenn; p. part, slajenn. takenn. 
 
 VI. i; a, i; i. bigripenn; bigrap, bigripenn; bigripenn. abidenn? biswi- 
 kenn. bite)?]?; pret. batt. drifenn. risenn. s\m\.e\>]>'^ pret. shan. stijhenn. 
 
 VII. e (eo, u?); se (a), u; o. forrlesenn ; forrlses, forrlurenn; forrlorenn. 
 chesenn. drejhenn? ^re^. drah. fleon (flen), flejhenn. Isejhenn? 
 
 It is very remarkable that ^ehaten is the only participle with the prefix je. 
 In Gothic we find haitans, O. G. hei^an, A. S. haten (named, but jehaten pro- 
 mised). ^ In modern English hight (although an archaism) is still occasionally 
 used : named, was named. 
 
 The weak verbs require no particular notice. The contraction of 3. sing, 
 pres. bitt (biddeth) is frequent both in the Ormulum and in Chaucer. 
 
 Anomalies of the conjugations in the Ormulum. I. To be. Four roots concur 
 in the conjugation, a. prses. amm, arrt, iss, 3. plur. arm.*' b. 3. plur. T^res.sinn- 
 denn, 3. sing, imperat. (subj.) si. c.pret. ind. 1. — 2.wass, d.wass, -phxr . W(erenn, 
 
 ' These forms show the identity of the forms with A. S. 
 
 ^ The old forms cym (imperative) and pret. com, may stUl he heard daily in (not the most 
 fashionable parts of) London, hut woe betide the schoolboy who adopts them. 
 
 ^ Grimm, 1, 1016, jah haitan vas namo Is lesus. Ulfilas^ Luc. 2, 21. 
 
 * The plural form from this root A. S. is not in Grrimm, Rask, Bosworth or EttmuUer. Bouter- 
 wek in his valuable Glossary only refers to Grimm. I find, )>isses londes aran J^rie sulong (A. T). 
 305 — 831), in Kemhk's Codex Diplomaticus JEvi Saxonici, vol. I, p. 235. It seems to be very rare 
 in Chaucer. Gesenius says, "Bis tantum, w. 4706 et 8218 inveni tertiam personam plur. am." 
 De ling. Chaucer, p. 72. 
 
 5* 
 
36 
 
 pret. subj. 1. — 2. wcere, 3. wtsre, plur. wceren. d. pres. or fut. ind. 1. — 2. lest, 
 3. heo]>, bep, ben; 3. plur. bep, pres. subj. 1. beo, be, 2. beo, be, 3. beo]>, bep, 
 beo, be; inf. beon, ben, imperat. 2. plur. bep, beo, be, pa. part, beon, ben. 
 
 II. a. 1. — 2. 3. mo^ mcJ^e, mote, plur. motenn, pret. 3. sing, mosste. b. 1. 
 wa??, 1 2. ■iras^, 3. wa^^, ivatt, plur. witenn; pret. wisste, plur. wisstenn; inf. witenn, 
 imperat. 2. wiYi', 3. wife, 2. plur. witepp, ivite. neg. pres. 1. natt, pret. 3. ?imfe. 
 c. pres. i.ah, 2.-3. aA, pret. 3. ahhte. d. 3. (?«A. e. pres. 1. majj.s 2. m«M^, 
 mihht, 3. majj; plur. niu^henn, pres. subj. mu^he, plur. mupienn, inf. muihenn. 
 pret. 1. mihhte, 2. [mihht), mihhtesst, 3. mihhte , plur. mihhtenn. f. 1. sAaZ?, 
 I.shallt, Z. shall, plur. shulenn; pret. 1. 3. shollde, 2 . sholldesst, plur. sholldenn; 
 pret. subj. 2. 3. ^AwZe, plur. shulenn. g. 3. mtme, mwjie, pret. 3. munnde, plur. 
 munndenn. h. 1. t?arr, 2. darrst, 3. d'arr, pret. durrste, durrstenn. i. 3. pres. 
 )5Mr>/e, 3. pret. purrfte. j. 1. A-aw?i, 2. kannst, 3. Aamre, CMTOie]?,^ plur. cunnenn; 
 pret. 1. 3. CMJje, plur. cM|?eww, inf. cunnenn, pa. part. cm]?. 
 
 III. pres. l.tOT7e, zt)i7e, l.ivillt, 3. wile, wile, wille, -plm- . wilenn ; pret. 1.3. 
 wolde, wollde, 2. wolldesst, plur. wolldenn; inf. wilenn, wilenn (neg. ?^^7e, ni7Z^, 
 ?w7e; plur. nilenn; nollde, nolldenn). 
 
 IV. pres. 1. — 2. (?05s^, (?05^, 3. io]?, plur. (?ore; pret. 1. — 2. didesst, 3. (Zi(?e, 
 plur. didenn; inf. <?0Wj imperat. (?o, plur. o^oj?, pa. part. dfo?i. 
 
 V. ganngenn, gan, pres.l. — 2. _^a5^, 3. ganngepp, gap, plur. _9'aw; pret. 3. 
 -^ede, plur. -^edenn, imperat. sing. 2. _^a, plur. 1. ga, 2. _^a)?, pa. part. gan. 
 
 VII. biggenn, bohhte, bohht. brinngenn, brohhte, brohht. wirrkenn, 
 wrohhte, wrohht. 
 
 The comparison of these and other forms with A. S. and with Chaucer 
 throws much light upon the development of the language, but I am reluctantly 
 compelled to withhold them. 
 
 ' Chaucer has: wote, wotest (wost), wote ; plur. woten (wote, wot). The plural forms "ye 
 \\dten," and "wete ye," likewise occur, and Gesenius says, De ling. Chaucer, p. 72, patet exstitisse 
 turn praeter preesens / wote etiam aliud / wite et / wete. But he has forgotten the preterite origin 
 of these verbs. 
 
 ^ Sith ye may and can, Chaucer, 2314, and even in A. S. Chron. : I ne canne and ne mai 
 tellen alle \e, wundes, A. D. 1137. and waes ]78er tojeanes eall \«X he mihte and cu^e, A.D. 1123. 
 
 ^ He cunnejp )?a to fandenn ps., 12276. he wollde cunnenn to brinngenn, 12137. can occurs 
 in Chaucer && pret. his herd was shave as neighe as ever he can, 590. See also 8122. 
 
37 
 
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 III. CLASSE. 
 
 Montag, den 14. Marz. 
 Von 7 — 1/28 Uhr Deutsche Sprache, Herr Heuschkel. 
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38 
 
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 „ '/q12 — 12 „ Geographicj der Z^iVector. 
 
 I. CLASSE. 
 Von 2 — 1/28 Uhr Mathematik, Herr Meyer. 
 ,, V23 — 3 ,, Deutsche Sprache, Herr ^mA«. 
 ,, 3 — y24 ,, Italienische Sprache, Herr Prmc2[^«. 
 „ y2 4 — 4 „ Franzosische Sprache, Herr ^mAw. 
 „ 4 — 5 ,, Chemie, mechanischeTechnologie, Waarenkunde, HerrDr. JS'^iojo. 
 
 Mittvvoch, den 16. Marz. 
 
 Von 9 — y2 1 Uhr Englische Sprache^ Herr Monicke. 
 ,, V2IO — 11 „ Handelswissenschaft und Arithmetik, Herr Od/erwaww. 
 ,, 11 — 12 jj Statistik, National-Okonomiej der Director. 
 Der Actus und die Entlassung der von der Anstalt abgehenden Zoglinge findet Nach- 
 mittags 3 Uhr statt. 
 
 Das neue Schuljahr wird am 30. Marz eroffnet. 
 
 LEHRER DER ANSTALT. 
 
 Director^ Dr. Alexander Steinhaus, zugleich Lehrer der Geographic, Statistik und 
 
 National-Okonomie. 
 Herr Courvoisier, Frederic, Lehrer der franzosischen Sprache. 
 
 ,, Helbig, August, Lehrer der Handelswissenschaft hnd Arithmetik. 
 
 ,, Heuschkel, J. G., Lehrer der deutschen Sprache. 
 
 ,, Dr. Kleinert, Carl, Lehrer der Geschichte und Hilfslehrer der englischen Sprache. 
 
 ,, Dr. Knop, Wilhelm, Lehrer der Naturwissenschaften und mechanischen Technologie. 
 
 ,, Krug, Julius Otto, Lehrer der Kalligraphie. 
 
 ,, Kiihn, Albert, Lehrer der deutschen und franzosischen Sprache. 
 
 ,, iNIeyer, Martin Hermann, Lehrer der Mathematik. 
 
 „ Monicke, C. H., Lehrer der englischen Sprache. 
 
 ,, Odermann, Carl Gustav, Lehrer der Handelswissenschaft und Arithmetik. 
 
 ,, Princigi, Carlo, Lehrer der italienischen Sprache. 
 
 ,, Zocher, Ernst, Lehrer der Zeichnenkunst. 
 
39 
 
 SCHtLERYERZEICHNISS. 
 
 I. Ahtheilung . Handlungslehrlinge. 
 
 I. CLASSE. 
 Brandes, Antony von Lauchstadt, bei Herm C. E. Bachmann. 
 Gross, Hugo, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Julius Meissner. 
 Hassler, Bruno, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Johann George Schmidt. 
 Heydenreich, Bernhard, von Freiburg, bei Herrn C. F. A. Stehmann. 
 Honemann, Gustav, von Gerichshein, bei Herren Gebriider Zangenberg. 
 Ilau, Oskar, von Leipzig, bei Herren Job. Carl Peuckert & Comp. 
 Kandler, Theodor, von Leipzig, bei Herren Funke, Eidam Boddinghaus & Comp. 
 Lowenthal, Jacob, von Dessau, bei Herrn Moritz Wolff, jun. 
 Mobius, Carl, von Leipzig, bei Herren Berger & Voigt 
 Miiller, Gustav, von Schkeuditz, bei Herrn Moritz Wolff, jun. 
 Opitz, Friedrich, von Schneeberg, bei Herren Weinich & Comp. 
 Renter, Hermann, von Borna, bei Herrn J. G. Wappler. 
 Schmelzer, Hugo, von Werdau, bei Herren Riedel & Horitzsch. 
 Schwickert, Otto, von Quesitz, bei Herren Sernau & Delling. 
 Triebel, Robert, von Neusalza, bei Herren Gebriider Baumann. 
 
 n. CLASSE. 
 Apitzsch, Bruno, von Leipzig, bei Herrn J. G. Apitzsch. 
 Aster, Carl, von Pausitz, bei Herren Pezold & Fritzsche. 
 Br lick, Wilhelm, von Leipzig, bei Herrn E. Schmidt, Sohn. 
 Du Chesne, Paul, von Dresden, bei Herrn J. G. Klett, sen. 
 Dyhrenfurth, Wilhelm, von Breslau, bei Herren C. G. Reissig & Comp. 
 Findeisen, Hugo, von Cahla, bei Herm Heinrich Peissker. 
 Focke, Johannes, von Frose, bei Herren Gross & Comp. 
 Friedrich, Eduard, von Baalsdorf, bei Herrn F. V. Schone. 
 Fritz sch, Albert, von Eisleben, bei Herrn Paul Klahre. 
 Gotze, Friedrich, von Naumburg, bei Herrn Wilhelm Braunsdorf. 
 Giintzel, Friedrich, von Leipzig, bei Herren Erhardt & Grimme. 
 Hasper, Emil, von Wittenberg, bei Herren Schomberg, Weber & Comp. 
 Hellpapp, Eduard, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Abraham-Kiimpffer. 
 Hermann, Loui's, von Chemnitz, bei Herrn Wilhelm Rudolph. 
 Heym, Adolph, von Leipzig, bei Herrn J. A. Lehmann. 
 Hoffmann, Louis, von Stormthal, bei Herrn C. F. A. Stehmann. 
 Koch, Hermann, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Hermann Heynau. 
 
40 
 
 Koruei-j Albin, von Mutzschen, bei Herren F. B. Seyfert & Comp. 
 Lambert, Hermann, von Lossnitz, bei Herrn Gustav Steckner. 
 Lechner, Ludwig, von Leipzig, bei Herren Chr. Morgenstern & Comp. 
 Leisker, Otto, von Leipzig, bei Herren C. & G. Harkort. 
 Lurgenstein, Guido, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Theodor Pfitzmann. 
 Mehnert, Ferdinand, von Hof bei Oschatz, bei Herrn August Bottcher. 
 Miiller, Julius, von Leipzig, bei Herren C. F. Staats & Bang. 
 Rechenberg, Oskar, von Leisnig, bei Herrn Heinrich Schomburgk. 
 Rost, Heinrich, von Pegau, bei Herren TrefFtz & Sohn. 
 Schroder, Hermann, von Merseburg, bei Herrn C. F. Martin. 
 Schultze, Adolph, von Leipzig, bei Herren Riquet & Comp. 
 Schulze, Richard, von Leipzig, bei Herren Becker & Comp. 
 Schiitz, Wilhelm, von Wurzen, bei Herrn F. A. Schiitz. 
 Seltmann, Eugen, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Gustav Markendorf. 
 Siecke, Wilhelm, von Gross-Dolzig, bei Herren Sernau & Delling. 
 Stengler, Emil, von Leipzig, bei Herren Moltrecht & Comp. 
 Thielemann, Moritz, von Leipzig, bei Herrn P. O. Pratorius. 
 Ulbricht, Otto, von WilsdrulF, bei Herren Wipold & SeyiFerth. 
 Voigt, Hermann, von Borna, bei Herrn Hermann Godel. 
 Wallis, Julius, von Leipzig, bei Herrn J. G. Apitzsch. 
 Wilfferodt, Franz, von Leipzig, bei Herren Hammer & Schmidt. 
 
 HI. CLASSE. 
 
 Bertholdt, Alfred, von Leipzig, bei Herren Hunnius & Fortsch. 
 Bovrens, Felix v., von Leipzig, bei Herrn E. G. Spangenberg. 
 Dietze, Hermann, von Stormthal, bei Herrn Friedrich Kohler. 
 D bring, Alban, von Reichenbach, bei Herren Harck & Nolte. 
 Emmrich, Richard, von Mittweida, bei Herren Hentschel & Pinckert. 
 Gerike, Rudolph, von Magdeburg, bei Herrn Carl Forbrich. 
 Geyer, Richard, von Schwarzenbach, bei Herrn C. F. A. Stehmann. 
 G otter, Oskar, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Louis Cyriacus. 
 Graf, Carl, von Groitzsch, bei Herrn Ernst Seiberlich. 
 Glitter, Anton, von Markneukirchen, bei Herrn Joh. Friedr. Brandt. 
 Hahn, August, von Idar bei Oberstein, bei Herrn Adolph Horitzsch. 
 Hauschild, Julius, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Lenssen-Peuchen. 
 Hellge, Hermann, von Strehla, bei Herrn A. F. Hertwig. 
 Hennigke, Gustav, von Leipzig, bei Herren Weinoldt & Lange. 
 Heyne, Adolph, von Wintersdorf, bei Herrn Ernst Wagner. 
 Heyne, Carl, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Leon Bodeck. 
 Hommel, Julius, von Weissenfels, bei Herrn J. A. Lehmann. 
 Hudetz, Carl, von Linz, bei Herren Caffier & Wolf. 
 Just, Alexander, von Marienberg, bei Herren Hentschel & Pinckert. - 
 Kind, Moritz, von Leipzig, bei Herren Briirkner, Lampe & Comp. 
 Knoll, Victor, von Auerbach, bei Herrn Gustav Steckner. 
 Lenk, Oskar, von Barnsbach, bei Herren Dietz & Richter. 
 
41 
 
 Matthes, Gustav, von Zschopau, bei Herren Callmann & Eisner. 
 Mil Her, Theodor, von Brosen, bei Herrn Carl Flemming. 
 No Her, Eugen, von Altenberga, bei Herrn Ferdinand Harsleben. 
 Petzoldt, Benjamin, von Torgau, bei Herrn C. H. Eisse. 
 Riedel, Hermann, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Josef Martin. 
 R ii s s e 1 , Ernst, von Weissenfels, bei Herrn Carl Friedrich Richter. 
 Schirmer, Eduard, von Auligk, bei Herrn F. H. HoiFmann. 
 Seiberlicli, Richard, von Leipzig, bei Herrn Ernst Seiberlich. 
 Wagner, Gustav, von Leipzig, bei Herren Gerischer & Comp. 
 Walther, Carl, von Leipzig, bei Herrn S. G. Schletter. 
 Werker, Bernhard, von Grimma, bei Herren Plath & Scheler. 
 Wille, Julius, von Leipzig, bei Herren Hunnius & Fortsch. 
 Wiltzky, Eduard, von Leipzig, bei Herrn F. W. Steinmiiller. 
 Winckler, Ferdinand, von Hofgen, bei Herren Wipold & Seyferth. 
 
 II. Ahtheilung. 
 
 I. CLASSE. 
 Brescius, Otto, von Dresden. 
 Falkenberg, Wilhelm, von Stralsund. 
 Fleischl, Philipp, von Neuern. 
 G ii n t h e r , Friedrich, von New- York. 
 Hodgskin, George, von Capstadt. 
 Jezler, Franz, von Schaffhausen. 
 Klein, Carl , von Niirnberg. 
 Klein, Ferdinand, von Niirnberg. 
 Leuner, Oskar, von Dresden. 
 Magnus, Otto, von Gothenburg. 
 Meysel, Georg, von Leipzig. 
 Miinzberg, Robert, von Eulau. 
 Palm, Robert, von Stralsund. 
 Senff, Gustav, von Zschortau. 
 Spangenberg, Albert, von Leipzig. 
 Spinn, Carl, von Berlin. 
 
 n. CLASSE. 
 Becker, Edmund, von Leipzig. 
 Bernhard, Hermann, von Leipzig. 
 Bunzl, Rudolph, von Prag. 
 Dal me r, Anton, von Pesth. 
 Dick, Adolph, von OfFenbach. 
 Dierzer, Joseph v. Traunthal, von Linz. 
 Dinger, Georg, von Gera. 
 Engels, Otto, von Coin. 
 Graubner, Carl, von Leipzig. 
 
42 
 
 Gross, Carl, von Miinchen. 
 Harnwolf, Sigmund, von Wien. 
 Hirsch, E-iidolph, von Wien. 
 Janowitzer, Albert, von Neuern. 
 Kaloy, Demetrius, von Fockschan. 
 Knapp, Adalbert, von Budweis. 
 Roller, Philipp, von Prag. 
 Ladenburg, Ferdinand, von Mannheim. 
 Meinl, Wilhelm, von Baringen. 
 Meister, Richard, von Stettin. 
 Morpurgo, Eugen, von Triest. 
 Millie r, Sigmund, von Zofingen. 
 Offermann, Guido, von Sorau. 
 Polack, Franz, von Callao. 
 Raudnitz, Salomon, von Prag. 
 Rentsch, Max, von Leipzig. 
 Rivinus, Max, von Leipzig. 
 Rohling, Albert, von Leipzig. 
 Senff, Oskar, von Zschortau. 
 
 III. CLASSE. 
 
 Arnow, Martin, von Altona. 
 Batz, Carl, von Leipzig. 
 Beck, Heinrich, von Offenbach. 
 Belaz, Edmund, von Triest. 
 Buchholz, Carl, von Ronnsahl. 
 Collioud, Julius, von Triest. 
 Couprie, Aristide, von Sedan. 
 Davignon, Adolph, von Frankenhausen. 
 De la Vega, Ramon, von Culiacan. 
 Donat, Hermann, von Marienberg. 
 Fiirth, Ignatz, von Schvittenhofen. 
 Goldschmidt, Rudolph, von Cassel. 
 Gontard, Fritz, von Leipzig. 
 Hirzel, Conrad, von Leipzig. 
 Hoffmann, Richard v., von Leipzig. 
 Holterhoff, Daniel, von Lennep. 
 .Jacoby, Johann, von Warschau. 
 Jug o viz, Peter, von Triest. 
 Krafft, Gustav, von Petersburg. 
 Kunvs'ald, Eduard, von Pesth. 
 Lanna, Adalbert, von Budweis. 
 Lamer, Ludwig, von Kaadan. 
 Lattermann, Arthur, von Dresden. 
 Liebeskind, Franz, von Leipzig. 
 
43 
 
 Me issuer J Julius, von Leipzig. 
 MenZj Joseph, von Triest. 
 Meyers, Jacob, von Paramaribo. 
 Moesko, Jean, von Bukarest. 
 Mothes, Arthur, von Leipzig. 
 MiLller, Bernhard, von Leipzig. 
 Miiller, Ludwig, von Reichenberg. 
 Oehler, Gustav, von Crimmitzschau. 
 Oppenheimer, Hermann, von Leipzig. 
 Otho, Wilhelm, von Leipzig. 
 Pfeifer, Edmund, von Pesth. 
 Plancher, Christian, von Triest. 
 Quirsfeld, Edmund, von Wien. 
 B-eichel, Emil, von Lobau. 
 Hochat, Alfred, von Genf. 
 Schlick, Max, von Grimma. 
 Schmid, Eduard, von Vogelsang. 
 Scholinus, Max, von Erfurt. 
 Schvsrann, Sigismund, von Huddersfield. 
 Seiller, Anton, von Triest. 
 Shield, Clifton, von Newcastle. 
 Siebe, Otto, von Stralsund. 
 S teinbrecher, Johann, von Eriinn. 
 Teichler, Richard, von Sebnitz. 
 Thilo, Felix, von Leipzig. 
 Vogl, Rudolph, yon Triest. 
 Vollsack, Albert, von Leipzig. 
 Wi-tkowski, Ignatz, von Posen.