CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY GIFT OF Nixon Griffis CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY 3 1924 092 886 443 CATHOLICS AND THE American Revolution BY MARTIN I. J. GRIFFIN VOLUME I Back of the events which led to the formation of the Republic the Church sees the Providence of God leading to that issue. We believe that our Country's heroes were the instruments of the God of Nations in establishing this Home of Freedom ; to both the Almighty and to His instruments in the work we look with grateful reverence. Teach your children to take a special interest in the History of our own Country. We consider the establishment of our Country's Independence the shaping of its Liberties and Laws, as a work of special Providence ; its framers " building wiser than they knew," the Almighty Hand guiding them. If ever the glorious fabric is subverted or impaired, it will be by men forgetful of the sacrifices of the heroes that reared it, the virtues that cemented it and the principles on which it rests. We must keep firm and solid the Liberties of our Country by keeping fresh the noble memories of the past and thus sending forth from our Catholic homes into the arena of public life, not Partisans but Patriots. [Pastoral Letter of the Fathers of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore, December 7th 18S4.] RIDLEY PARK, PA. PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR 1907 Copyright, September, 1907 By Martin I. J. Griffin DEDICATION TO MY GRANDSON Martin I. J. Grikfin, III IN The hope that he may be Dutiful to Church AND Devoted to Country No... of 1000 Copies Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924092886443 A MANIFESTATION PATRONS: The Contents of this book present in a more compact and ready-to-use form the articles on Catholics and thb American Revolution which appeared in The American Catholic Historical Researches 1906 and 1907. Though somewhat disjointed in the manner of presentation they are yet a revelation of the activity of Catholics in the endeavor for Liberty and Inde- pendence and in the achievement of Freedom. No desire existed nor was effort made to present solely pro-Revolutionary matter. Such counter information which came to the surface has also been used if only to show that among Catholics as among all other classes of the colonists there existed a division of opinion. Laudation of "The Patriot" or condemnation of "The Loyalist" has not been indulged in. The only desire has been to present some of the records showing transactions in which Catholics were engaged without regard to the position which the actors held in the great struggle for political Right and Social Reform. My purpose has not been to write a connected history of the services of Catholics of the Revolution, but simply to supply a portion of the material for such a graphic and thoughtful study of the subject by those indisposed to seek the information from original sources or illy adapted by mental indisposi- tion from engaging in the tedious work of seeking it. This Volume, though containing so much illustrative of the activity of Catholics, very inadequately shows the available material relating to the sub- ject. The absence of any relation of the careers of Commodore John Barry, General Stephen Moylan and his brothers, of Captain Thomas FitzSimons, of Charles Carroll of CarroUton, of Kosciusko, of Oliver Pollock, of Father Gibault, or Colonel Francis Vigo, of General DuCoudray, and others of the French Ofl&cers and Chaplains and many others conspicuous for services in the great Battle for Freedom, as well as those of lesser but most worthy names, known and imknown, of our coreligionists makes this record of Catholics and THE American Revolution now presented incomplete without their services being presented to the country. So I must strive to complete the record more fully and show a more extended manifestation of the services Catholics gave to the winning of the Independence of our Country. So if God spares my life and gives me the strength to do the work, I hope in two years, if a patronage is given me such as this Volume has received, to offer to my good will friends and helpers a Second Volume on the subject. I express my gratitude to the Patrons of this Book. Of very many thousands who have been solicited to aid in publishing the work those named have responded. Without their support the work would not have appeared. With their co-operation I hope to do more that will win their approving encouragement. MARTIN I. J. GRIFFIN, Ridley Park, Sept. 17, 1907. CONTENTS 1. The Antipathy of the Patriots to the Catholic Church an Active Factor in bringing on the Revolution 1 2. Canada and the American Revolutionists 5 3. Evidences of the Hostility of the American Patriots to the Church 6 4. Anti-Catholic Address to the Soldiers of the British Army issued in England by the Friends of America and also sent from Washington's Army besieging Boston to the British Soldiers 11 5. Anti-Caliolic Declarations of the Continental Congress 14 6. Congress quite different with the Canadians 17 7. The Defenders of American Liberty Express Detestation of Catholicity . 19 8. The Friends of America in England also Anti-Catholic 29 9. Ireland in the Revolution. The Religious Spirit evoked 33 10. Father Barber's relation of the Anti-Catholic Spirit of the Revolution ... 34 11. The Enemies of American Liberty became Popery Haters 35 12. The French Alliance 39 13. Father Lotbiniere, the Chaplain of the "Rebel" Canadians who joined the American Army during the Revolutionary War — His trials, dis- tresses and Piteous Appeals to Congress 41 14. A Catholic Indian Loyalist 64 15. Captain Hector McNeill appeals for relief to save Father Lotbiniere from "Want and Misery" because he took "the part of the Americans in the Darkest Hour of their distress" 65 16. The Marquis de Lotbiniere, a Supporter of the American "Rebels;" His Son a Captain in the British Forces, a Prisoner of the Americans . . 69 17. Father Peter Huet la Voliniere, the "Fiery, Factious and Turbulent 'Rebel' Canadian Priest" the Most Culpable and the Least Con- verted of the Priests favoring the Americans; sent to England by General Haldi and the Governor of Canada; His wanderings. His troubles while Vicar General at the Illinois 18. Father Lotbiniere Appeals to General Sullivan to Advocate His Cause before Congress ' 92 19. Bishop Briand kept Canada for England Orders Te Deum for Defeat of General Montgomery 96 20. Father Floquet, Jesuit, "An Inveterate Enemy" of the British to whom he "Behaved very badly" while "the most dangerous supporter of the Rebel" Americans; suspended by Bishop Briand; His defense and Submission 21. The Priest of La Prairie, Canada; one "A Jesuit, a Villain and a Tory." The other "A Fat Jolly Thing and a Whig." Bread and Milk ever ready for the Americans ; The Address of Congress to the Canadians 21. "Congress" Own-Colonel James Livingston's Regiment 114-26 22. Colonel Moses Hazen's Regiment 119 23. Washington directs that the Religion of the Canadians be respected and protected and no Contempt or Ridicule be shown its Ceremonies or Ministers 127 24. Washington's Address to the Canadians 127 25. Washington Rebukes Insult to the Canadian Catholics and Accords Public Thanks to "Our Brethren" for their Services. Pope Day . 129 26. Address of the Provincial Congress at New York to the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, 1775 129 27. The Catholic Scotch Loyalists of "the Back Settlements of the Province of New York." Petition of Rev. Roderick MacDonnell to be ap- pointed "as their Clergyman" at "their New Settlement in Canada" 131 28. Colonel Morgan Connor ■,-■■■■ io^ 29. Canadians on Secret Service for Washington. Capt. Clement Gosslem . . 135 7 30. Private Pierre Cadieux; Lieutenant John Goulet 138 31 Loyal Canadian Prisoners 139 32. Congress Permits a Canadian Prisoner to go to Confession 142 33. Pierre Hugiiet ; Father Bernard Well, S. J 142 34. French Military Forces in the American Revolution 144 35. French Naval Forces 160 36. Address of the Canadian Clergy to King George III 37. Circular Regarding the Canadian Militia issued by Catholic Authority in 1775 177 38. Catholic Hessians in the Revolution ' 172 39. Father Theobald, Hessian Chaplain 174 40. The Canadians Friendly to the Colonies but the Clergy and Nobles aided by the mis-conduct of the Americans kept Canada Loyal to England 177 41. A Soldier of the Revolution, Prisoner in Canada, cared for by Nuns .... 181 42. Address of the Continental Congress to the oppressed inhabitants of Canada 182 43. Americans and Canadians Friends and Brothers declared the New York Provincial Congress 184 44. Commissioned Oflficers of the Navy of the Revolution 185 45. Patriots of New York Fly a "NO POPERY" Flag 194 46. The Commodores of the Navy of the United Colonies 195 47. Washington Prohibits the "Ridiculous and Childish" Custom of Burning the Effigy of the Pope, 1775 211 48. "Extraordinary Verses on Pope-Night" 212 49. How Canada was "Lost" 216 50. Pelissier, Dirctor of the Iron Works at Three Rivers, Canada to the Continental Congress, Advising Measures for the Capture of Quebec and telling that some Priests has prayed that God would exterminate the American Troops coming to Canada 223 51. Pelissier the Foundryman of Three Rivers, Maker of Ammunition for the Americans attacking Quebec 229 52. Benjamin Franklin to the Bishop of Tricome who had sought his Help in obtaining an American Military Commission 232 53. Captain Dohicky Arundell, "a Foreign Papist" the First French Artil- lery Officer to offer services to the Continental Congress; Com- missioned as Captain and killed in the Battle at Gwyn's Island Chesapeake Bay, July 8, 1776 ' 233 54. General John Sullivan, the Son of an Irish Catholic and Grand Son of a Defender of Limerick, Denounces the "Cursed Religion" of the Catholics of Canada as "Dangerous to the State and Favorable to Despotism" 242 55. Address to the People of Great Britain by the Continental Congress . . . . . 246 56. Sentiments of the Continental Congress expressed in "The Address to the People of Great Britain Hostile to the Catholic Church" 248 57. Memorial to the Inhabitants of the Colonies Condemning Parliament for "Estabhshing the Roman Catholic Religion in Canada and sapping the Foundations of Civil and Religious Liberty 7 250 58. Congress Changes its Tune in an Address to the People of QuelDec '. 251 59. The Petition of Congress to the King 256 60. Arnold's "Eye saw the mean and profligate Congress at Mass" ... . 257 61. Schuyler's Address to the Inhabitants of Canada 258 62. Second Address of the Continental Congress to "The Inhabitarits of the Province of Canada" 259 63. The Commission sent to Canada by the Continental Confess 261 64. Washington's Address to "The Inhabitants of Canada" 274 65. The Continental Congress endeavors to induce Hessians to "Quit the British Service," promising they shall be protected "in the Free Exercise of their Respective Religions" 276 66. Hessian and British Soldiers Married by Father Farmer of Philadelphia 278 67 "Address to Lord North" by American Supporters in England, denounce him for Establishing "the Romish, superstitious, idolatrous Hier- archy, professedly intolerant, perfidous and bloody." 279 68. Abbe de Valent of the Diocese of Toulouse compliments General Wash- ington 280 69. Charles Carroll of CarroUton advises General Washington to remove Army stores from Bristol, Pa., and Trent9n, N.J 281 70. Captain Juennesse of Montreal 281 71. Jean Baptiste de Gas, the French Interpreter 284 72. Congress Orders Payments of Services of Canadians who had Aided the Colonies 284 73. Jean Laugeay, Maker of Artificial Fire Works offers his Services to Con- gress 1776-9 286 74. Plenipotentiaries from the Pope and the Pretender to Congress 288 75. Michael Fitzgerald "from the Kingdom of Ireland" Petitions Congress to give him "a Part in the Struggle against Oppression and Tyrany" 289 76. King Louis XVI Orders the Te Deum sung in the Churches of France for the Victory at Yorktown 290 77. The Victory at Yorktown. Louis XVI Orders General Rochambeau to have the Te Deum sung 291 78. The Bishop of Nancy orders the Te Deum for the Victory at Yorktown . 292 79. The Continental Congress at Mass. Requiem for General De Coudray 295 80. Don Juan de Miralles, the Spanish Agent. His Requiem Mass at St. Mary's 298 81 . Te Deum at St. Mary's for Victory at Yorktown 312 82. TeDeumatSt. Mary's July 4, 1779 316 83. "The First CathoUc Fourth of July" 320 84. A Declaration Addressed in the name of the King of France to all the Ancient French in North America 322 85. The Roman Catholic Regiment 325 86 The Volunteers of Ireland 340 INDEX Adams, John, 8, 17, 32, 39, 211, 309. Address to Soldiers, 11. Allen, William, 331. Alliance, French, 2, 39, 109. Antil, Edward, 119. Arnold, Benedict, 6, 18, 109, 117, 257, 283, 284, Arundell, Dohicky, 233. Bandol, Rev. S., 317. Barber, Rev. Daniel, 34. Barry, Capt, Dennis, 147. Barry, Captain John, 185, 195, 204. Barre, Colonel, 9. Bayley, General Jacob, 139. Begin, Archbishop, 100, 216. Belknap, Rev, Jeremy, 308. Biddle, Captain Nicholas, 185. Bigelow, Colonel Timothy, 179. Boileau, Lieutenant Amable, 139. Bonaparte, Charles J., 185. Boston, Port Bill, 7. Boucher, Rev., 31. Briand, Bishop, 42. 67, 77, 80, 96-7, 110, 139, 216-7. Brisson, Dr. T. A., 111. Bristol, Pa., 142. Brown, Major John, 113, 140, 178. Bunker Hill, 13. Burlington, N. J., 45, 63. Butler Bishop, 338. Cadieux, Pierre, 136-8. Caldwell, Colonel Henry, 43. Camden, Lord, 28. Carmichael, 27. Charles Carroll of CarroUton, 19, 104, 243, 260-4, 270-1, 281, 352. Carleton General, 20, 78. Carroll, Dr. W. B., 175. Carroll, Rev. John, 43, 63, 88, 107, 264-5. Clarke, Rev. Wm. F., 314. Chaplains. French, 161-2-3. Chase, Samuel, 19, 104. Chatham 21, 336. Clifton Alfred, 327-8, 330-1. Clifton, William, 330-1. Clinton, Sir Henry, 108-9, 346 Coll, Bernard, 245. Columbus, Ohio, 118. "Congress' Own" 67, 114, 119. Commissioners to Canada, 19. Connor. Colonel Morgan, 132-4. Conner, P. S. P., 134. Connell, John, 328. Condin, Rev. John, 216. Coombe, Rev. Thomas, 29. D'Estaing, 322-5. Dantermond, John, 261. Deane, 17. Deane, Silas, 295. Dearborn, 179. Desglis, Bishop, 87. Deserters, 341-2. Desligneries, 111. De Gas, Jean B., 284. DeCourcy, Henry, 75. DeGrasse, Count, 86. Donnelly, Eleanor, C, 320. Dorouray, Father, J. B., 137. Doyle, Welbore Ellis, 346. Drayton, Judge, 32. Duane, James, 14. Dubois, Rev. Joseph, 112. Duche, Rev. JacolD, 35. Duchemin, Daniel, 237. Dumas, Alexandre, 228. Dunmore, Lord, 238-240. Dusable, Rev. L. A., 231. Du Calvert, Pierre, 285. Du Coudray, 295. Du Close, Alexander, 285. Du Vidal, Jean B., 285. De Valent, Abbe, 280. Eck, Peter, 328. Farmer, Rev. Ferd., 89, 90-1, 103, 125, 278, 310, 328. Fasselabord, Anth., 173. Ferguson, Elizabeth, 306. Filiau, Rev., 111. Fishkill, N. Y., 89. Fisseul, Jean. Fitzgerald, Michael, 289. Flahavan, Roger, 278. Floquet, Father, 104. Franklin, Benjamin, 5, 19, 104, 232, 264, 269, Frederick, 11, 272. Galloway, Joseph, 341-2. Gamble, Thomas, 179. Ganss, Rev. H. G., 278. Germain, Lord George, 75, 343. Gerard, Minister, 36, 316. 10 Gordon, Rev. Wm., 26 Gordon, Rev. Antoine, 111. Gordon, Father, 112. Gosslein, Clement, 135. Goulet, John, 138. Grave, Mons., 87. Guerdon, Peter P., 148. "Guy Fawkes Day", 211. Gwyn's Island, 238, 241. Haldimand, General Fred., 75, 81. Halifax, Earl of, 5. Hamilton, Alexander, 334. Hamtramck, John, 285. Hancock, John, 260, 281. Hanrahan, James, 328. Harding, Father, 297. Hazen, Colonel Moses, 44, 61, 104, 116, 221, 272. Heinrichs Captain, Johan, 327. Hessians, 172-3-4. Hillegas, Michael, 50, 58. Holland, John, 328. Hopkins, Esek, 185, 195. Hudson, Sergeant, 351. Huguey, Pere, 142. Ireland in Revolution, 33. Ireland, Volunteers of, 340. Irish at Savannah, 157. Irish Regiments, 176. Jamaica, Petition of, 24. James II, 12, 33. Jay, John, 17, 115. La Jueness, Prudent, 261, 281-2. Jones, John Paul, 195. July 4th, 1779, 36. Kane, Patrick, 337-8 Kaskaskia, 91. Kemble, Colonel Stephen, 334. Kenmare, Lord, 33. Knyphausen, General, 333. La Prairie, 110. La Valiniere Father, 43. Landais, Peter, 186. Langdon, Captain John, 242. Langlade, Charles, 64. Laugeay, Jean, 286-7. Lee, Arthur, 34. Lee, General Charles, 235-6-7-9, 284. Lee, Richard Henry, 236-8. Lewis, Rev. John, 63. Lieber, Captain, 107. Lincolij, General, 303. Lindsay, Abbe, 67-9. Livingston, Major Henry, 110, 115. Livingston, Col. James, 44, 67, 114, 117, 284-5. Livingston, William, 26. Lotbiniere, Father, 41-4, 65, 284. Lotbiniere, Marquis, 69. Lotbiniere, Captain Charles, 141. Louis XVI, 290-1. Loyalist, Indian, 64. Luzerne, French Minister, 301. MacDonell, Rev. Roderick, 13. McEvay, Capt., 328-336. MacPherson, Captain, 298. McKinnon, Captain John, 336-7. McNeill, Captain Hector, 65, 185 McReady, Father, 89. Manly, Captain John, 185. Mansfield, Rev. Wm., 27. Marbois, Barbe, 90. Meade, George, 306. Meade, Thomas, 306 Mesplet, Fleury, 251. Meurin, Father, 110. Middleton, Henry, 252. Miralles, Juan de, 6, 257, 298, 305. Montgolfier, Vicar General, 77, 78, 88, 106, 171. Montauban, Bishop, 292-4. Montgomery, General, 18, 96, 114, 119. 223 254 Monmouth, Battle of, 333-246. Mooers, General, 126. Morris, Robert, 48, 314. Morristown, N. J., 257. Mount Holly, N. J., 333. Mullen, Patrick, 332. Munroe, James, 20. Murray, General, 224. Nancy, Bishop of, 290-2. Nasselbend, Anthony, 173 Navarro, Don Diego, 300. Newburg, N. Y., 89. Newport, R. I., 145. Nicholson, Captain James, 185 North, Lord, 21, 279. "No Popery" Flag, 194. Nugent, Father, 90. O'Connor, Morgan, 132. O'Leary, Rev. Arthur, 36. O'Neill, John, 331. Oliver, Captain, 107. Otto, Consul, 90. Page, John, 239. Paine, Thomas, 10. "Papinian" 319. Pattison, General James, 34 11 Peale, Charles Wilson, 299. Pepin, Andrew, 285. Pelissier, Christopher, 223-9. Pittsburg, Pa., 91. Plessis, Manduit, du, 47. Pontbriand, Bishop, 103. "Popery" 2-3-5. "Popery and Slavery," 7, 12. "Popery, Key to," 7. "Pope Day," 13, 22, 129, 211. Porterfield, Charles, 44. Pott's Grove, Pa., 281. Prairie du Rocher, 110. Rawdon, Lord, 325, 346. Preakness, N. J., 135. Prospect Hill, 13. Rayneval, Gerard de, 298. Read, Captain Thomas, 185. Reed, General Joseph, 9. Rendon, Don Francis, 299, 303. Regonville, Major, 140-42. Rensselaer, James Van, 261. Revolution, "Glorious." Rice, Patrick, 278. Riedesel, General, 173. Robertson, General James, 109. Roche, Major Boyle, 33. Rochambeau, General, 291. Rush, Dr. Benjamin, 257, 306, 316. Russell, Thomas, 306. St. Mary's Church, Phila., 36, 257, 297, 309, 312-16. St. Peter's Church, New York, 90. St. Pierre, Father, 91. Saint-Simon, Marquis, 149. Saltonstall, Dudley, 185. Schuyler, General, 114, 179, 258, 267. Scott, John, M., 26. Shahan, Rev. T. J., 214. Shippen, "Peggy", 308. Smith, William, 26, 28. "Sons of Liberty," 26. Southwick, S., 7. Sullivan, General John, 92, 124, 242-44. Sweeny, Doyle, 193. Sweeny, Morgan, 193. Theobald, Father, 174. Thomas, General J., 42. Tricome, Bishop of, 233, Valiniere, Father, 43, 67, 75. Voir, Juet A., 285. Varick, Colonel Rich., 173. Virginia Colony, 5. Washington, General, 13, 14, 178, 221, 274, 307. Washington's order on Pope Day, 127. Well, Father Bernard, 142. Whelan, Father, 89. Whipple, Abraham, 185. Whitfield, George, 22. Wickes, Captain Lambert, 185. William III, 2. Wooster, General, 263. Wuregan, Nicholas, 328. Quebec Act, 2-3-4-8-15. Quebec, Clergy, 20. Zubly, Rev. John, 29. 12 PATRONS 1 Rev. Martin I. J. Griffin, St. Paul, 2 Sister M. Dorothea, Philadelphia. 3 Dr. W'm. L. J. Griffin, Phila. 4 Philomena M. Griffin. " 5 Hon. Jno. M. Campbell, Phila. 6 Michael J. Ryan, 7 Owen Kelly, 8-9 Rev. P. R. McDevitt, 10-11 Thomas A. Fahy, 12-13 V. Rev. Thos. C. Middleton, O.S.A. Villanova, Pa. 14 John M. Doyle, Philadelphia. 15 T. E. Mullen, Phoenixville, Pa. 16 B. L. Douredoure, Phila. 17-18 Dr. Jno. G. Coyle, New York. 19 Rev. A. J. Zeller, Philadelphia. 20-21 Rich. J. Treacy, New York. 22 Jas. F. Brennan, Peterborough, New Hampshire. 23-24 Simon Martin, Philadelphia. 25 John J. Derham, Rosemont Pa. 26 John T. Doyle, New York. 27 Chas. J. McNulty, Philadelphia. 28 to 37 A. A. Hirst, Philadelphia. 38 Rev. L. W. Mulhane, Mt. Vernon. 39-40 W. J. Feeley, Providence, R. I 41 W. J. Fitzmaurice, Philadelphia. 42 Hon. Jas. A. O'Gorman, N. Y. 43 M. I. Weller, Washington, D. C. 44 Jas. F. Brennan, New Haven. 45 Rt.Rev.N.F.Fisher, Philadelphia. 46 Rev. Thos. P. Phelan, New York. 47 Rev. R. L. Burtsell, Rondout. 48-49 Jas. F. Cox, Philadelphia. , 50-1-2-3 RT. Rev. P. J. Garvey Overbrook, Pa. 54 P. H. Quinn, Providence, R. I. 55-6 Rev. Gerald P. Coghlan, Phila. 57 D. J. Scully, Baltimore, Md. 58-9-60-1-2 J. J. McVey, Phila. 63 John A Coyle, Lancaster, Pa. 64-5 Rev. M. A. Lambing, Scott- dale, Pa. 66 Samuel Byrne, Pittsburg, Pa. 67 Patrick A. Ricards, Pittsburg, Pa 68 Coleman Connolly, Pittsburg, Pa. 69 Dr. George McAleer, Worcester. 70 Rev. Patrick J. Hally, Maiden. 71 Joseph M. Smith, Philadelphia. 72 T. M. Coniff, Plains, Pa. 73 John J. Keough, Brooklyn, N. Y. 74-5-6-7 T. M. Daly, Philadelphia. 78 Dr. J. J. Mangan, Ljmn, Mass. 79 Rev. D. J. Sadlier, Battle Creek. 80 Thomas Plunkett, E. Liverpool. 81 N. Y. Historical Society, N. Y. 82 Rev. P. J. McGuire, Canton, O. 83 Patrick O'Neill, Philadelphia. 84-5 Patrick C. Sheehan, Conneaut- ville. Pa. 86 Rev. John F. Hickey, Cincinnati. 87 Theo. Wolfram, Columbus, Ohio. 88 Rev. Chas. J. Kemper, Dayton, O 89 Thos. Devine, Rochester, N. Y. 90 Rev. J. T. Smith, Omaha, Neb. 91-2-3^-5-6 Hugh McCaffrey, Philadelphia. 97-8 P. E. C. Lally, Denison, Iowa. 99 W. D. Dwyer, Superior, Wis. 100 Rev. Thos. Rafter, Bay City. 101 Hugh F. E. Farrell, Salem, Mass. 102 W. A. Cartier, Ludington, Mich. 103-4 Harvey J. Routt, Jacksonville. 105 Dr. G. R. Maloney, Belle Plain. 106 Hon. Wm. F. Harrity, Phila. 107-8 John Lilly, Memphis, Tenn. 109 James J. Murphy, Philadelphia. 110 S. Edwin Megargee, Philadelphia. 111 Rev. Walter F. Leahy, Princeton. 112 Jas. O'Mara, Decatur, Illinois. 113 Richard H. Mooney, Worcester. 114 Rev. Joseph J. O'Connell, Port Carbon, Pa. 115-6 Rev. Martin Mahoney, Hop- kins, Minnesota. 117 Rev. Joseph McCabe, Waltham 13 118 Rt. Rev. Edw. P. Allen, Mobile. 119 Rt. Rev. P. J. Garrigan, Sioux City, Iowa. 120 Rev. M. A. Shine, Lincoln, Neb. 121 Rev. N. J. Horan, Calais, Me. 122 Timothy Donovan, Lynn, Mass. 123 Rev. H. F. Foley, Baltimore, Md. 124 Rev. Joseph A. Foley, Baltimore. 125-6-7-8-9 W. O'Herin, Parsons, Kansas. 130 Rev. Wm. Kieran, Philadelphia. 131 D. F. Bremner, Chicago, 111. 132 Rt. Rev. Peter Engel, O. S. B, Collegeville, Minnesota. 133-4 Rt. Rev. Matthew Harkins. 135 Dr. Joseph Walsh, PhUadelphia. 137 Fenelon Reading Circle, Brooklyn 138 Mrs. Elizabeth Ford, Brooklyn. 139 John Hoey, New York. 140 Joseph Tynan, New York. 141 Rev. Gerard Heinz, O. S. B, Atchison, Kansas. 142 Thomas J. Carroll, York, Pa. 143-4-5 Rev. P. F. McAllenny, Hartford, Conn. 146 Mrs. Edward Morrell, Torresdale. 147 Hon. Edward Morrell, Torresdale. 148 Rev. E. W. J. Lindesmith, New Milford, Ohio. 149 Rev. D. L. Murray, Blooming Prairie, Minnesota. 150 Hugh Cunningham, Philadelphia. 151 Dr. Edw. Evans, La Crosse, Wis. 152 Rev. R. F. Walsh, Easthampton. 153 Hon. Victor J. Dowling, New York. 154 John F. Cuneen, Chicago, 111. 155-6 St. Benedict's Abbey, Atchison 157-8 Rev. Wm. D. Hickey, Dayton. 159-160 Wm. S. O'Rourke, Fort Wayne, Ind. 161 John Lavelle, Cleveland, Ohio. 162 M. J. O'Leary, Savannah, Ga. 163-4 D. Delaney, Chicago, 111. 165-6 M. F. Wilhere, Manayunk. 167 Rev. N. A. Fitzgerald, Hartford. 168-9 Patrick Ford, New York. 170 Richard Kearney Philadelphia. 171-2-3-4-5 Rev. Francis Kelley, Lapeer, Michigan. 176 Robert Morrison, Prescott, Ariz. 177 Joseph Geoghegan, Salt Lake. 178 Alexander Sullivan, Chicago, 111. 179 Rev. M. J. Dorney, Chicago, 111. 180 Hon. Patrick Egan, New York. 181 Hon. O'Neill Ryan, St. Louis, Mo. 182 St. Louis Public Library. 183-4 Most Rev. John Ireland. 185 Jas. P. O'Connor, Chicago, 111. 186-7 Rt. Rev. Jas. McGolrick, Duluth, Minn. 188 Joseph Scott, Los Angeles, Cal. 189-198 Hon. John D. Crimmins. 199 Rhode Island Historical Society. 200 Rev. J. A. Flanagan, Reading, Pa. 201 Rev. J. F. Sheahan, Poughkeepsie 202 Roman Catholic High School, Philadelphia. 203 Rev. Joseph A. Thie, Troy, Ind. 204 Rev. Jas. H. O'Donnell, Norwalk, Connecticut. 205 J. Ward Amberg, Chicago, III. 206 A. J. Gallagher, Green Bay, Wis. 207-8 Capt. John S. Barnes, New York. 209-10 Rev. Thos. Finn, Rockford, 111. 211 Michael Dowd, Tacoma, Wash. 212 Rev. J. P. Bodfish, Canton, Mass. 213 Rev. Francis Auth, C. SS. R., North East Pa. 214 Rev. Joseph Och, Colum.bus, O. 215 Reverend Stephen F. Farrell, N. Platte, Nebraska. 216 Jas. M. Graham, Springfield, 111. 217-8 Rt. Rev. J. Raines, St. Francis, Wisconsin. 219 Rev.- J. B. Ceulmans, Rock Island 220 R. A. Hanrick, Waco, Texas. 221-2-3 Rev. A. A. Moore, Salem, Oregon. 224 Carl Zittel, Colorado Springs, Col. 225 Rev. Edwin O'Hara, Portland, Oregon. 226-7 Rev. Jos. L. J. Kirlin, Phila. 228 John J. Wall, Philadelphia. 229 H. C. McNair, St. Paul, Minn. 14 230 V. Rev. Anselm Mueller, Quincy. 231 Rev. C. J. Schwarz, Holton, Ind. 232 Public Library, New York. 233 Rev. B. Dieringer, St. Francis, Wisconsin. 234 J. J. Murphy, Toronto, Canada. 235 Edw. J. Hannan, Washington. 236 Benedictine Sisters, St. Mary's. 237 Rev. Emil Verbrugghe, Shoshone. 238 Rev. M. J. McConnell, Belmont. 239 J. M. Walsh, Cananea, Mexico. 240 Rev. Edw. McSweeny, Mt. St. Mary's, Md. 241 Rev. J. M. Hayes, Dallas, Texas. 242 Rev. P. F. O'Rourke, St. Louis. 243 Rev. E. F. Gibbons, Attica, N. Y. 244 John S. Leahy, St. Louis, Mo. 245 Wm. O'Herin, Parsons, Kas. 246 And.Fleckenstein, NewCastle,Pa. 247 Joseph Hannon, New Castle, Pa. 248 Robert L. Miller, New Castle, Pa. 249 John J. Green, New Castle, Pa. 250 James J. Igoe, New Castle, Pa. 251 Rev. P. R. Cunningham, Hast- ings, Minnesota. 252 Rev. Thomas C. Hanley, Anna- polis, Md. 253 John F. McAlevy, Pawtucket. 254 Frank J. Powers, Pawtucket, R. I 255 Rev. W. A. Cunningham, Turtle Creek, Pa. 256 Sister M. Victoria, Arcadia, Mo. 257-8 W. L. Connelly, Independence, Kansas. 259-268 Sacred Heart Review. 269 T. F. La VeUe, Rock Island, 111. 270 J. F. Marron, Rock Island, 111. 271 Dr. John T. Bottomly, Boston. 272 Rev. F. Schneider, C. PP. S., San Antonio, Texas. 273 Rev. J. H. Sheedy, Peekskill. 274-5 Rev. Thos. W. Coughlin, Watertown, Mass. 276 M. J. Richards, New York. 277 Sebastian Henrich, Evansville. 278 Frank M. Doyle, Boston, Mass. 279 Rev. J. J. Burke, Bloomington. 280 Samuel H. Connor, Manchester, New Hampshire. 281 Rev. Patrick J. Meehan, Clinton. 282 Rev. L. P. McCarthy, E. Boston. 285 Rev. P. J. Scannell, Boston, Mass. 284-5 Rev. Austin Dowling, Provi- dence, Rhode Island. 286 Joseph R. Fahy, Philadelphia. 287 J. D. Casey, Springfield, Mass. 288 T. E. Eyanson, Seattle, Wash. 289-290 V. Rev. Father Robert, C.P. 291 Rev. Jos. Himmel, S. J., So. Nor- walk. Conn. 293 P. J. MacCarthy, Providence, R. I. 293-4 Brother Paul C. SS. C. Notre Dame, Ind. 295 Rev. A. A. Lambing, Wilkins- burg. Pa. 296 William Daly, Brooklyn, N. Y 297 Rev. Thos. C. O'Reilly, Cleveland 298 J. D. Leonard, Washington, D. C. 299 W. C. Barry, Rochester, N. Y. 300 Rev. L.B. Norton, Coal Dale, Pa. 301 Sister of Visitation, Wheeling. 302 Rev. L. M. Langan, Escanaba, 303 Rev. W. L. Russell, Baltimore. 304 Rev. J. D. Shannon, Middlebury. 305 N. A. Campbell, Northampton. 306 Mrs. S. H. Chute, Minneapolis. 307 Rev. Wm. Kittell, Pittsburg, Pa. 308 Rev. P. F. McCarthy, Omaha. 309 P. J. Kennedy, Memphis, Tenn.. 310 Rev. L. Kennedy, Eureka, Cal. 311 Dr. E. J. McOscar, Fort Wayne. 312-13 P. T. Barry, Chicago, 111. 314 John C. Carlin, New Castle, Pa. 315 Rev. M. D. Collins, St. Mary's, Mo. 316 Sisters of St. Joseph, Chestnut Hill, Philadelphia. 317 W. A. Prendergast, New York. 318 Rev. Thomas P. Fitzgerald, Massena, New York. 319 Rev. Max J. Phillips, Columbus. 320 Joseph M. FitzSimmons, Brook- lyn, New York. 321 Rev. Joseph H. Gef ells, Rochester _ 15 322 Rev. John M. Sailer, Cincinnati. 358 323-4 Rev. Honorius Busch, O, F. M, 359 Cliillicothe, Mo. 325 Joseph J. Dreher, Dubuque, Iowa 360 326 V. Rev. F. J. Brune, Alton, 111. 361 327-8 Rev. Oeorge Winkler, Brook- 362 ville. Pa. 363 329 Rev. F. A. Smalian, St. Peter. 330 Daniel Cox, Phoenix, Arizona. 364 331 Joseph J. Nulage, St. Louis, Mo. 332 Rev. Peter E. Dietz, Oberlin, O. 365 333 Rev. E. Pruente, Cape Girar- 366 deau, Missouri. 367 334 Rv. George Kanbert, Brooklyn, New York. 368-9, 335 Arthur Preuss, Bridgeton, St. Louis, Missouri. 372-3 336 Rt. Rev. Abbot, Charles, O. S. B., St. Leo, Florida. 374 337 Rev. Joseph Kaup, Hecker, 111. 338 F. Henry J. Kaufman, Mendon, 375 Michigan. 339 St. Francis Solanus Library, 376 Quincy, Illinois. 340 John J. Mylod, Poughkeepsie. 377 341 M. J. Hartman, St. Louis Mo. 378 342 Public Library, Boston, Mass. 379 343 F. A. Garrecht, Walla Walla. 344 J. F. Quinn, Joliet, Illinois. 380 345 Rev. Wm. A. Wachter, Phila. 381 346 Rev. Joseph Kluser, Morgantown 382 347 Rev. Thomas Fagan, Milwaukee 383 Wisconsin. 348 James A. Flaherty, Philadelphia. 384 349 Knights of Columbus, Phila. 385 350 Rev. Wm. Russ, C. PP. S., 386 Wapakoneta, Ohio. 387 351 Rev. Thos. Hoffman, Richmond, 388 Indiana. 352 Columbian Literary Society, 389 CoUegeville, Indiana. 390 353 St. Procopius, Lisle, Illinois. 391 354 Rev. P. Kurtenbach, St. Louis. 392 355 Rev. Fred. Beuchmann, Shaw- 393 neetown, Illinois. 394 356 Rev. J. S. Arnold, Toledo, Ohio. 395 357 Rev. J. J. Merkle, Guilford, Ind. 396 16 Rev. Ambrose Murphy, La Crosse. Rev. O. L. Bentley, Alexandria Bay, New York. Dr. Wm. Carroll, Philadelphia. J. J. Boyle, Mauch Chunk, Pa. Augustine Ford, Brooklyn, N. Y. Sacred Heart College, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. Rev. Peter Wallischeck, O. F. M., Santa Barbara, California. Rev. J. Printon, St. Paul, Minn. Rev. J. Myers, Claremont, Minn. Rev. B. Held, O. S. B., San An- tonio, Texas. 70-1 R. E. Queen, San Fran- cisco, Cal. Rev. Chyrsostom Theobald, O. F. M., Cincinnati, Ohio. Dr. Charles A. Wingarter, Wheeling, West Virginia. Fr. Zephyrin, O. F. M., Watson- ville, California. Father's Library, St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Md. Wm. J. Onahan, Chicago, 111. Rev. G. Eisenbacher, Chicago, 111. Redemptorist Fathers, New Orleans, La. C. B. Hayes, Kansas City, Mo. John M. Galvin, Council Bluffs. W. J. Broderick, New York. Rev. P. L. Crayton, Watertown, Massachusetts. Rev. John A. Ryan, St. Paul. Rev. J. H. Roche, Evan's Mills. A. Leo Knott, Baltimore, Md. James Reilly, Memphis, Tenn. Rev. James J. Chiltick, Hyde Park, Massachusetts. J. F. Healey, Thomas, W. Va. E. T. McClallen, Rutland, Vt. John J. Fitzmorris, Omaha, Neb. John P. O'Connor, St. Paul, Minn Rev. John A. Nolan, Clarksville. Hon. Morgan J. O'Brien, N. Y. Myles J. Murphy, New York. Wm. H. Bennett, Brooklyn, N. Y. 397 V. Rev. J. Grimes, Syracuse. 456 398 William A. Amberg, Chicago, 111. 399 Rev. Thos. C. Hanley, Annapolis. 457 400 Jacob A. Fritz, Philadelphia. 458 401 Rt. Rev. A. F. Schinner, Superior. 459 402 St. Joseph's College, Philadelphia 403-414 B. Herder, St. Louis, Mo. 460 415 Richard M. Reilly, Lancaster, Pa. 461 416 David O'Leary, Philadelphia. 417-8 Rev. E. A. Manning, Lima, O. 462 419 J. J. Fitzgerald, Kansas City, Mo. James H. Stark, Boston, Mass. 463 Le Vega Clements, Owensboro, 464 Kentucky. 465 College of St. Elizabeth, Convent, 466 New Jersey. 467 A. J. Merkle, Savannah, Ga. 468 Rev. J. W. McDowell, Madison, 469 New Jersey. 470 Wm. J. Gillin, Philadelphia. 471 Rev. H. G. Ganss, Carlisle, Pa. 472 Rev. Joseph B. Brock, Erie, Pa. 473 Rev. Wm. Pine, Providence, R. I. 474 429-434 D. O. HaUoran, St. Paul. 475 435 John J. Shea, Memphis, Tenn. J. M. J. Reade, Minneapolis, Ks. 476 St. Paul Seminary, St. Paul, Minn. 477 E. M. Gill, Appleton, Wisconsin 478 Ignatius J. Horstmann, Phila. 479 T. E. Fenton, Boone, Iowa. 480 H. J. Desmond, Milwaukee, Wis. 481 Rev. J. Hickey, Springfield, 111. 482 Rev. Jas. T. Gardiner, Bowie, Md. 483 Rev. Jas. Flood, Saratoga Springs New York. 484 Franciscan Fathers, Harbor Springs, Michigan. 485 Rt. Rev. P. J. Muldoon, Chicago. 486 Rev. Phillip J. Gallagher, Phila. 487 448-450 Rt. Rev. I. F. Horstmann, 488 D. D., Cleveland, O. 489 451 Rev. George Thompson, Portland. 490 452 Rev. Joseph Ruesing, West 491 Point, Nebraska. 492 453-4 Rev. E. F. Callahan, Harriman. 493 455 Rev. Fred M. Schneider, Win- 494 field Junction, N. Y. 495 17 420 421 422 423 424 425 426 427 428 436 437 438 439 440 441 442 443 444 445 446 447 Rev. Wm. F. McGinnis, West- bury, N. Y. Rev. J. W. Lougnot, Grafton. P. J. Moran, Nashua, N. H. Mrs. Ellen Ryan Jolly, Paw- tucket, Rhode Island. Dr. Walter Reynolds, Atlantic City, New Jersey. Rev. John G. McCormick, Tuck- ahoe. New York. Daniel Daly, New York. Rev. Hugh T. Henry, Overbrook. Daniel Donovan, Lynn, Mass. Rev. L. Kutz, St. Louis, Mo. University Library, St. Louis. Rev. F J. Butler, Dorchester. Rev. J. J. Burke, Bloomingdale Rev. J. T. Coffey, St. Louis, Mo. J. M. Connelly, New York. W. Doyle, Milwaukee, Wis. Rev. R. Cahill, Le Suer, Minn. Rev. T. F. Connors, Rochester. Rev. Patrick J. Cherry, Port Washington, New York. Rev. J. M. Cassin, Santa Rosa. Rev. F Burelback, Melrose Park. John McNamee, Brooklyn, N. Y. George J. Gillespie, New York. Mich. B. Hallinan, Mt. Holly. St. Mary's Seminary, Perryville. T. J. Gaughan, Camden, Ark. Rev. Michael Huddity, Dor- chester, Mass. Rev. James T. Bray, Lewiston, New York. Hon. L. P. Callouet, Thibodaux. T. H. Shriver, Union Mills, Md. Rev. William Powers, Manchester. Sister M. Ludwina, Arlington. Michael Kearney, Philadelphia. Rev. J. J. Glenn, Lenox, Mass. Rev. P. B. Kenna, Uniontown. Rev. F. Eppes, Mt. Angel, Ore. Rev. Felix Byrne, Stanley, Wis. Henry A. McCarthy, Ridley Park. Rev. Denis F. Coyle, Amenia. 496 J. W Dunphy, Roxbury, Mass. 497 St. Mary's High School, Chicago. 498 Rev. John W. Toohill, Kingsley. 499 St. Xavier College, Cincinnati, O. 500 Rev. R. DeRyckere, Deer Lodge. 501-2 St. Joseph's Academy, Chest- nut Hill, Philadelphia. 503 Peter K. Guilday, Overbrook, Pa. 504 Hon. F. J. SuUivan, San Fran- cisco, California. 505 Rev. E. J. O'Connell, Caledonia. 506 V. Rev. A. Wilson, Benecia, Cal. 507 Rev. B. J. Raycroft, Erie, Pa. 508 Chas. H. Walsh, Washington. 509 Rev. P. E. Mulligan, San Fran- cisco, Cal. 510 Rev. M. Coleman, Marysville. 511 John T. Smith, New York. 512 Sister M. Ignatius, Hyde Park. 513 Daniel Murphy, Philadelphia. 514 Sisters of Charity, Mt. St. Joseph. 515 M. J. O'Brien, New York. 516 Rev. James Coyle, Taunton,Mass. 517 Rev. E. Stack, Good Thunder. 518 Rev. G. Raber, Colorado Springs. 519 Rose GrifBn Malone, Chillicothe. 520 J. A. Roe, Detroit, Mich. 521 Rev. D. J. Flynn, Mt. St. Mary's, Maryland. 522 J. I. C. Clarke, New York. 523-4 Ursuline Academy, Cleveland. 525 Phillip C. Walsh, Newark, N. J. 526 Rev. P. Kohner, O. F. M., Omaha, Neb. 527 John P. Donohue, Philadelphia. 528 Mother Mary Louis, Nottingham. 529 Michael Keating, Philadelphia. 530 P. C. Fisher, Fort Smith, Ark. 531 Catholic Club, New York. 532 Daniel J. Ryan, Columbus, Ohio. 533 E. J. McDermott, Louisville, Ky. 534 Dr. Chas. W. Rodgers, Dor- chester, Mass. 535 La Salette Academy, Covington, Kentucky. 536 Hugh McNally, Anaconda. 537 Patrick J. O'Reilly, Alton, 111. 538 J. J. Mclnerney, Alton, 111. 539 J. W. Wilson, Lamar, Colorado. 540 M. J. McCarthy, Salem, Mass. 541 Charles J. Haag, Nome, Alaska. 542 J. J. Richards, Providence, R. I. 543 Rev. John T. Burns, Connells- ville, Pa. 544-n5 The Irish World, New York. 546 V. Rev. J. A. Connolly, St. Louis, Missouri. 547 Michael Jenkins, Baltimore, Md. 548 Father Ambrose, O. C. C, Englewood, N. J. 549 Sisters of Notre Dame, New Orleans, La. 550 Rev. F. Keane, Pittsburg, Pa. 551 W. Gaston Payne, Clifton Forge. 552 Rev. D. O'Donovan, Verplank. 553 Rev. F. Kinzer, O. F. M., Hum- phrey, Nebraska. 554 Rt. Rev. M. B. Murphy, Sacred Heart, Okla. 555 Reverend C. A. S. 556 W. F. P. Connor, New York. 557 Henry Hillman, St. Mary's, Ind. 558 Rev. J. A. Conlan, Meriden, Conn. 559 Canisius College, Buffalo. N. Y. 560 Rev. Thomas A. Hoffman, Rich- mond, Indiana. 561 Catholic University, Washington. 562 Dr. F. Gaudin, New Orleans, La. 563 Rev. Wm. J. Fitzgerald, Millville. 564 Paul Bakewell, St. Louis, Mo. 565 Joseph R. Allen, Columbia, S. C. 566 Rv. Albert A. Dierckes, Cincin- nati, Ohio. 567 Ralph Leigh Anderton, Jr., Englewood, N. J. 568 Rev. Alfred Mayer, O. S. B., St. Cloud, Minn. 569 Rev. James V. Hanrahan, Mil- ford, Mass. 570 Public Library, Buffalo, N. Y. 571 Rev. Felix A. Byrne, Stanley. 572 Rev. Arthur B. C. Dunne, Eau Claire, Wisconsin 673 Daniel Colwell, New Haven, Conn 18 574 J. J. Caffrey, Louisville, Ky. 613 575 Rev. Jas. B. Fitzgerald, Wisner. 614 576 Rev. A. Kuhls, Kansas City, Kas. 615 577 Rev. P. J. Fahey, Morris Park, 616 New York. 617 578 J. Franklin, Lehigh, Ala. 618 579 Rev. J. H. Gaughan, Red Wing. 619 580 Frank Alvey, Beaumont, Texas. 620 581 Rev.D.O.Crowley.SanFrandsco. 621 582 Most Rev. J. J. Keane, Dubuque. 622 583 Rev. Thomas Oestreich, O. S. B., 623 Belmont, N. C. 624 584 Miss M. M. Hawes, Morristown. 625 585 Rev. P. B. Knox, Madison, Wis. 626 586 F. W. Immekus, Pittsburg Pa. 627 587 Dr. John F. Herrick, Ottumwa. 628 Iowa. 629 588 Rev. Jas. J. O'Brien, Somerville. 589 James B. Murrin, Carbondale, Pa. 630 590 Rev. D. J. Mulcahy, Anderson. 631 591 Redemptorist Fathers, Kansas 632 City, Mo. 633 592 D. J. Hennessy, Butte, Montana. 634 593 Rt. Rev. Jas. J. Ryan, Alton, 111. 635 594 Rev. John A. Klang, Baltimore. 636 695 V. Rev. Theodore Arentz, Fruit- 637 vale, California. 638 596 Joseph R. Fahy, Philadelphia. 639 597 Dr. T. F. O'Brien, Charlestown. 640 598 Free Library, Philadelphia. 641 599 C. Corbett, Detroit, Mich. 642 600 J. K. Mullen, Denver, Col. 643 601 John M. Harnan, Colorado 644 Springs, Col. 645 602 F. J. Crilly, Philadelphia. 603 Public Library, Lyim, Mass. 646 604 Rev. J. D. Tierney, Charlestown, 647 Massachusetts 605 Rev. J. V. Byrne, TuUy, N. Y. 648 606 J. B. Oelkers, Newark, N. J. 649 607 Conception Abbey, Conception. 650 608 George W. Gibbons, Philadelphia. 651 609 Rev. J. Masterson, Peabody. 652 610 Hon. Charles J. Bonaparte, Balti- 653- more, Maryland. 655 611 Jno. H. Duffy, Wenham, Mass. 656 612 '; N. D. Beck, Edmonton, Canada. 19 Minnesota Historical Society. J. Smith, Wilmington, Del. R. G. Oellers, Philada. D. I. Broderick, Catonsville, Md. C. C. Shriver, Baltimore, Md. Rev. R. Weagle, Maiden, Mass. Public Library, New Bedford. Rev. John Kaiser, Melvina, Wis. Rev. J. H. Guendling, Peru, Ind. Rev. Mich. Dwyer, Seneca Falls. Rev. J. D. Shannon, Middlebury. John A. Kuypers, De Pere, Wis. Rev. Thaddeus Hogan, Trenton. A. M. Murnik, Eveleth, Minn. James T. Elliott, Superior, Wis. John E. MacPartland, New Haven Rt. Rev. Chas. H. Colton, DD., Buffalo, N. Y. Rt. Rev. J. Schweback, La Crosse. R. O'Brien, Erie, Pa. W. T. White, Knoxville, Tenn. College St. Francis Xavier, N. Y. Rev. Eras. A. Foy, E. Nutley.N.J. James O' Sullivan, Philadelphia. Rev.J.F.McGraw, SyTacuse,N.Y Rev. T. P. Linehan, Biddeford. Students' Library St. Louis Un. Rt. Rev. J. J. O'Connor, Newark Rev. M. J. Lavelle, New York. T. Hubert MacCauley, Newark Jos. F. Burke, Yeadon, Pa. Jos. P. Sherer, Zanesville, O. Franciscan Father, Paterson,N.J. Rt. Rev. Msgr. G. P. Houck, Cleveland, Ohio. J. J. O'Rourke, Philadelphia. Rt. Rev. Geo. McCIoskey, Louis- ville, Ky. Rev. H. F. O'Reilly, Shenandoah, St. Bede's College, Peru, 111. A. V. D. Watterson, Pittsburg. Rt. Rev. Regis, Canevin, Pittsbgh Rt. Rev. Msgr. J. F. Kearney,N.Y ■4 Rt. Rev. M. J. Hoban, Scranton Rev. P. J. Durcan, E. Cambridge. ■7-8-9 Very Rev. D. I. McDermott, Philadelphia, Pa. 660 Rt. Rev. N. F. Fisher, Philada. 661 Rev. F. M. Schneider.Winfield Jet. 662 Public Library, Syracuse, N.Y. 663 J. A. Roe, Detroit, Mich. 664 W. P. Feder, Great Bend, Kas. 665 Cady Hayes, Lanesboro, Minn. 666 Rev. T. P. Ryan, Eddystone, Pa. 667-8 M.Rev.S.B. Messmer, Milwaukee 669 Rev. C. J. Herlihy, Roxbury. 670 Rev. J. J. Abell, Elizabethtown. 671 Rev. D. J. Devlin, Pittsburgh.Pa. 672 V. Rev. C. Wienker, Eleanor, Pa. 673 Rev. J. Gunn, CM, Atlanta, Ga. 674 Redemptorist Fathers, Ilches- ter, Md. 675 FranciscanFather,Chillicothe,Mo. 676 J. R. \\'elsh, Indianapohs, Ind. 677 Rev. W. J. Rensmann, Portage des Sioux, Mo. 678 Rt. Rev. J. S. Michaud, Burling- ton, Vt. 679 H. J. Rickelman, Effingham.lll. 680 Rev. F.A. O'Brien, Lincoln, Neb. 681 Rev. J. A. Schauf , Abilene, Texas. 682 Charles J. Stubbs.Galveston.Tex. 683 T. D. O'SuUivan, Reno, Nev. 684 Dr. E. J. Nolan, Philada. 685 Rev. M. A. Sullivan, Hartford,Cn. 686 Rev. D. J. Stafford, Washington. 687 John J. Hartigan, Troy, N. Y. 688 Thos. J. Meighan, Preston, Minn. 689 Jos. C. Pelletier, Boston 690 Rev. Jos. M. Langan, Escanaba 691 Rev. E. P. Graham, Sandusky.O. 692 Rev. L. J. Wall, Holmesburg. 693 V. Rev. F. O'Brien, Kalamazoo. 694 Martin J. Griffin, Ottawa, Can. 695 Rev. Rich. A. Gleeson, S. J., Santa Clara, Cal. 696 Rev. G. Mahony, C.SS.R., Kirk- wood, Mo. 697 698 Rev. J. M. Naughton, Madison. 699 Most Rev. P. J. Ryan, Philada. 700 Rev. A. Bruder, Englewood, N.J. 701 Rev. John Waters, Astoria, Ore. 702 Josephinum College, Columbus, O . 703 W A. Hennessy, New York. 704 St. Vincent's Seminary, Germt'n. 705 M. J. McEnery, Philadelphia. 706 Edward P. Meany, New York. 707 Historical Society of Penna. 708 Rt. Rev. Thos. F. Cusack, New York. 709 Thos. R. Smith, Philadelphia. 710 A B. Reid, Pittsburgh, Pa 711 Rev. D. J. Duggan, Bordentown, N.J, 712 Rev.Thos.E. Murphy, S.J.,Wor- cester, Mass. 713 L. B. Murphy, Madison, Wis. 714 John C. McKenna, Madison, Wis. 715 Anton L. Nussbaum, Madison, Wis. 716 Rev. John Lindsman, Fulton, N.Y. 717 Rev. Walter J. Shanley, Dan- bury, Conn. 718 Rev. John J. Sprangers, Wrights- town, Wis. 719 Rev. Bede Oldergeering, O.F.M., Washington, D. C. 20 Catholics and the American Revolution "we believe that our country's heroes were the instruments of the god of nations in establishing this home of free- DOM." — [Fathers of the Third Plenary Council of Baltimore.] THE ANTIPATHY OF THE PATRIOTS TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCH AN ACTIVE FACTOR IN BRINGING ON THE REVOLUTION. "American Independence," sa)'S Bancroft, "like the great rivers of the country, had many sources." It was not due solely to oppressive tax laws nor to restrictions on popular rights. Indeed though these hold the main place in the popular narration of causes which brought on the Revolt, it is a question for historical consideration whether these oppressions alone would have moved the body of the people to acts of resistance had not Religion been a moving force upon the minds of the people. The active malcontents or leaders of the Revolt sought to impress upon the people that Protestantism had been assailed and might in America be overthrown. The contest with Great Britain is called the Revolution. In that alone is epitomized an active principle which brought on the Revolt and gave it force. The overthrow of James II. was called "The Glorious Revolution." The very name "Revolution" simply meant that the Colonists struggled for the principles won by "The Glorious Revolution" of 1688. The American Tories were asked if they had lived at that time whether they would not have been Revolutionists."— [Marshal's Washington, ii, p. 65, App.] "William III. of England divested the Sceptre of Britain from a bigot and a tyrant, effected a glorious revolution in religion and government and laid the foundations of that perfect liberty which we en]oy. "—[Philanthropos, Am. Museum, iv, p. 229.] So when the controversy with :^ngland became bitter, heated Americans declared they wished to preserve the fruits of the Revo- lution of 1688 and not to allow the King and Ministry to "nullify the principles and sap the foundation of 'The Glorious Revolution' that exalted the House of Hanover to the British throne" [Rev. Gordon], but to mamtain that system of public and personal liberty secured by the Revolution ( 1 688) [Rev. Smith]. They even reminded King George of this and ever declared themselves Protestants faith- ful to the principles of the days of 1688 and to the House of Hanover then seated on the throne. That religious prejudices were a moving cause of our Revolution is most clearly proven by the words and conduct of the Americans after the passage of the Quebec Act by Parliament in June, 1774. This but gave vent and force to the anti-Catholic spirit already existing. When we consider the influence of Religion, whether in its truth or in its error, on men's actions, we may readily agree that when the Americans came to consider their Religion — Protestantism — as involved, this inspiring motive to action brought results amazing in their greatness and instructive in their lessons. We will, then, give ample evidence that an active motive of the Americans in taking up arms against Great Britain was the belief of large and influential numbers that the Protestant Religion was being assailed and threat- ened with suppression, and that the fear of "Popery" was, after all, the incentive which made great numbers of the Colonists take up arms who could not have been moved to activity by recitals of oppressive tax laws which affected not directly the great body of the people though they may have those in mercantile pursuits. It will be shown how self-preservation quieted these fears, when the hours of desolation and doubt came, and how the French Alliance in 1778 cheered the hearts of the Patriots, and how, even 2 with that added hope and force, many abandoned the struggle for Liberty rather than accept the aid of a Catholic Nation and thereby subject the land to the deadly influence of "Popery." In all the Colonies except Pennsylvania ("the land of toler-ii ation," Jefferson), the exercise of the Catholic religion was debarred! ' or its public exercise restricted. In Rhode Island no restriction of law existed but no Catholics are known to have been there. In Pennsylvania alone did real and full Religious Liberty exist. Even here its members were civilly restricted by oaths required by law of England from officials which a Catholic could not take had any been chosen to office. THE QUEBEC ACT. The Act of the British Parliament which brought on the actual war — ^the fighting — ^was the Quebec Act of 1774, enlarging the bound- aries of the Province of Quebec so that the western section of the country bordering New York and Pennsylvania and a portion of Virginia had Canadian territory as their boimdaries. This it was charged, was to "hem in" the Colonies. But the Quebec Act did worse, as the Colonists viewed it, It ' ' established Popery in Canada . ' ' That was but the fentering wedge to establishing it over the "free Protestant Colonies." The Act, however, simply gave the Canadian Clergy the right they had possessed prior to 1763 when under France — ^the right of tithes for the support of Religion. This Act was "the last straw," as Henry Armitt Brown declared in his oration at Carpenter's Hall, Philadelphia, on the Centennial Anniversary of the Assemblying of the First Continental Congress. The Dissenters were "in the vast majority" in the British Provinces [Bancroft]. They were the early and active resisters of England's claims and fiery denunciators of the Quebec Act. "The true cause of such violent animosity can be nothing but that the Americans (particularly those of New England) being chiefly Dissenters and Whigs." — [Address of Protestant Dissenters of all Denominations on Approaching Election of Members of Parliament; London, 1774. p. 5-] So when the Quebec Act aroused the anti-Catholic prejudices of these Dissenters "of all denominations," there "never was in history so general a commotion from which religious differences 3 have been so entirely excluded," said Rev. John Witherspoon signer of the Declaration and President of Princeton College, in hii Fast Day sermon, seventeenth May, 1776. Resistance to "Popery' was the cementing sentiment. This Scotch Presbyterian Ministei also declared "the most violent persecution which many emineni Christians met with in England from their brethren, who called themselves Protestants, drove them in great numbers to a distani part of the world where the light of the Gospel and true religior were unknown." So the Dissenters hated Prelacy and Popery and had resisted all efforts to establish Bishops of the Church of England in America though Sherlock, Bishop of London, in 1748, had written the King that such were "essential to Royal authority." [Bancroft.] Thus the Dissenters had "a fear of the Church of England," as John Adams said, as well as a hatred of Poper>-. They believed "the Almighty will not suffer Slavery and the Gospel to go hand in hand, " as the New York Representatives said to their constitutents in 1776. The Declaration of Independence is the Charter of American Liberty. Yet the title "Dedaraiiow" was taken from the "Declaration of the Lords, Spiritual and Temporal and Commons assembled at Westminister," and also from the Declarations of the Estates of Scotland as well as similar documents during the controversy with James II. So the model, the inspirator of the American Patriots, were the principles of "The Glorious Revolution" which overthrew that King and established Protestantism in England. The Patriots would not brook any divergence from nor any weakening of those principles in America. They had been in agitation for years over the suggestions, if not the endeavor, to establish Bishops of the Church by law established in England over any of the Colonies in America. So when the Quebec Act "established," as they declared, "Popery" in Canada and recognized the Clergy as entitled to exact tithes for the support of "Popery," the Patriots simply accepted the so doing as evidence that soon the same nefarious course would be resorted to over the Colonies south of Canada. To prevent that they took down their guns not at first to defend their homes bul to rush to Canada to capture that country, if possible, and to strive to gain it in alliance if not in union. 4 CANADA AND THE AMERICAN REVOLUTIONISTS. Long before the Revolution Canada and its Catholics had been a source of alarm and discontent to the British Provinces. There were contests on the northeast as to the boundary lines. In 1749, the Earl of Halifax as First Commissioner of Plantations, to secure the disputed territory, endeavored to colonize Nova Scotia with Protestants and issued invitations to the Protestants of Europe to emigrate to the British Provinces. On the west to resist France, grants of land on both sides of Ohio were made to a Virginia Colony so as to take possession of the valley of the Mississippi. [Bancroft.] In 1756 a colony was projected "100 miles west of Pennsylvania to 100 miles west of Mississippi" in which "No member of the Church of Rome shall be able to hold any lands or real estate in the Province nor be allowed to be the owners of, or to have any arms or ammunition in their possession on any pretence whatsoever, nor shall any Mass house or Popish chapels be allowed in the Province." [The Remem- brancer or Impartial Repository of Public Events. Part III for the year 1776. London, J. Almon, p. 131.] The "undefined state of the possessions between the European competitors for North America" prompted these colonization projects not only to secure possession of the land but to "resist the inroads of Popery" from Canada. Thus the public mind had for a generation before the Revolution been concerned and agitated with respect to the Canadian Catholics. Hence the bitterness of heart which aroused the Dissenters of New England and of the Presbyterians of the other Colonies when the Quebec Act "established" the Catholic religion in Canada as they believed it did. With this spirit existing throughout the Colonies, we can readily understand that the passage of the Quebec Act by the British Par- liament but increased the anti-Catholic spirit, and why that Act was regarded as a measure for the suppression of their liberties and as the price paid for Catholic Canadian co-operation in the "enslavement of the Protestant colonies." Canada was always an annoyance to the British Provinces. WTien France held it the fears of Canadian intrigues with the Indians kept the colonies in agitation even when not at war. The colonies never were quiet from these alarms. As early as 1 744 Franklin in ' 'plain truth' ' had asked, ' ' Are there no priests among us, think you, that might give an enemy good 5 \ encotiragement. It is well known we have numbers of the same religion with those who lately encouraged the French to invade our mother country." Such, then, was the spirit of the early days of the Revolution and the actuating motive which largely filled the army. The Pres- bjrterians of Pennsylvania and the Congregationalists of New England were especially moved by this anti-Catholic antipathy. But the Revolution went on moved by an anti-Catholic spirit until the French Alliance brought a revulsion in the mind of the great body of the Americans. Aid being necessary the alliance with a Catholic Nation was not to be despised, though very many deserted the cause of America on that account, solely. It formed Hold's excuses for his treason as he set forth in his Address to the Soldiers of the Amencair"Army. After Arnold's treason he issued an "Address to officers and soldiers of Continental army." "Even their last stake Religion he represented to be in such danger as to have no other security than what depended upon the exertion of the parent country for their deliverance. In proof or illustration of that he asserted a fact upon his own knowledge, viz: that he had lately seen their mean and profligate congress at Mass* for the soul of a Roman Catholic in Purgatory and participating in the rites of a Church against whose anti-Christian corruptions their pious ancestors would have wit- nessed with their blood. — [Dodsley's Register, 1781, p. 48.] With the Alliance came a change of attitude on the "Popery" point. The Congress and distinguished Patriots assisted at Te Deums, at Requiems and did nothing to offend the religious sensi- bilities of the French Ministers, Gerard and Luzerne. The British adherents and the American Loyalists then became the party charging "Popery" upon the "Rebels" and endeavoring to lessen their power by setting forth the direful results to come by the Alliance with a Nation of Catholics. They represented the Colonies as becoming subservient tools of the French Papists. EVIDENCES OF THE HOSTILITY OF THE AMERICAN PATRIOTS TO THE CHURCH. To sustain this view of the condition of affairs and the general sentiment of the people "let facts be submitted to a candid world." * The Mass was the Requiem at St. Mary's, Philadelphia, for Don Juan de Mirallei. 6 They are herewith submitted in sufficiency to justify the view held as to the force and activity of a spirit of hostility to the Catholic Religion. Many more than those presented could be cited. "At a meeting of the Delegates of every Town and District in the County of Suffolk Mass. [Boston] on September 6th, 1774" after declaring "the Torrent of Panegyrists will roll our Reputations to that latest Period when the Streams of Time shall be absorbed in the Abyss of Eternity." "Resolved, 10. That the late Act of Parliament for establishing the Roman Catholic Religion and the French laws in that extensive Coimtry now called Quebec, is dangerous in an extreme degree to the Protestant Religion and to the Civil Rights and Liberties of all America; and therefore as Men and Protestant Christians we are indispensibly obliged to take all proper Measures for our Security." — [Journal, Congress, vol. i, p. 16, or p. 35 of new edition by the Library of Congress.] When the Bill of Parliament [March, 1774,] for the closing of the Port of Boston reached that city it was printed as a broadside and circulated . At the bottom of the Bill was the following advertisement : TO BE SOLD BY S. SOUTHA^TICK A MASTER KEY TO POPERY In five parts, containing 300 large octavo pages, price 4 Shillings, being as cheap a book of the kind as ever was printed in Europe or America. And highly necessary to be kept in every Protestant family in this country ; that they may see to what a miserable state the people are reduced in all arbitrary and tyrannical governments, and be thereby excited to stand on their guard against the infernal machinations of the British ministers and their vast host of tool, emissaries &c. &c. sent hither to propagate the principals of popery and slavery which go hand in hand as inseparable companions. [Advertisement at bottom of broadside : ACT FOR BLOCKING UP THE HARBOR OF BOSTON.— Du Simitiere Collection. F. 960, Ridgway Library, Philadelphia.] "Popery and Slavery go hand in handj" said South wick in 1774. His son in 1826 was editor of the National Observer at Albany, New 7 York, when he said his "good father" had published this book but a "new light burst on us." He found that "Catholics and the fighters for Freedom went hand in hand." — [Researches, 1904, P- I5-] The Quebec Bill was, to adopt the language of the day, an Act to "establish the Catholic religion in Canada." As usual in excited popular controversies there was much misrepresentation and mis- understanding of the actual scope and meaning of the Act. "More lies and misrepresentations concerning this Act have been circulated than one would think malice and falsehood could invent." — [A Friendly Address to all Sensible Americans. New York, 1774, p. 20.] The popular understanding was that Popery was to be "established" in Canada, that King George, in order to overawe 'the British Provinces had done so to secure the co-operation and (assistance of the Catholics of Canada in his measures of oppression of the discontented English Colonies. "England sought to create under its own auspices a distinct empire, suited to coerce her original Colonies and restrain them from aspiring to independence" — "The Roman Catholic religion was as effectually established in Canada as the Presbj'terian Church in Scotland." [Bancroft.] When the news of the passage of the Quebec Act came to an already excited land and the people were made to believe that it not only enlarged the boundaries of that country, but "established" the Catholic religion, they accepted it as proof that King George had sought to conciliate the Canadians and make them "fit instru- ments" to overawe and overpower the Colonists. How this Quebec Act was regarded b}'' the people let a few of the almost innumerable evidences suffice. The nature and extent of the authority of Parliament over the Colonies was discussed everywhere, till it was discovered that it was none at all ; a conclusion still more forcibly impressed upon the people by the Canada Bill, by which the Roman Catholic religion and Popish Bishops were established in that province by atithority of a British Parliament. The people said, if Parliament can do this in Canada, they can do the same in all the other Colonies ; and they began to see, and freely to say, that Parliament had no authority over them in any case whatsoever. John Adams to Rev. Dr. Morse. — [Morse's Revolution, p. 206.] Besides by this Act the boundaries of the province were extended considerably beyond the limits assigned to it by the treaty in 1763, the Government of Quebec was converted into the most odious despotism, and the Catholic clergy placed upon a footing in direct hostility to the genius and spirit of the American Colonies. This should not fail to alarm them for the safety of the Protestant religion, the free enjoyment of which, according to the dictates of their con- sciences, had been the chief cause of the first emigrations. Hence, in all subsequent meetings of the people, as well as in the proceedings of Congress, this subject was mentioned as one of the grievances of which they had to complain. — [History of the American Revo- lution, by Paul Allen, Esq., vol. i. Baltimore: Printed by Thomas Murphy, 1819. p. 206.] When the Bill was before Parliament, Gov. Johnstone declared that a principle of the Bill seemed to be "that the Popish reUgion is better than the Protestant." The Mayor, Alderman and Commons of London in a petition to Parliament declared, "the establishment of the Roman Catholic religion without any provision for the free exercise of the Protestant ' religion wotdd prove injurious and oppressive to His Majesty's subjects." After the Bill passed they petitioned the King to with- hold his assent because "it established a religion known to be idola- trous and bloody, that His Majesty's family was called to the throne in consequence of the exclusion of the Roman Catholic branch of the Stuart Line, under the express condition that they should profess the Protestant religion and according to your coronation oath, you would maintain the laws of God, the true profession of the Gospel and the Protestant Reformed Religion."— [Pa. Gaz., Aug. 24, 1 774-] "If you are about to raise a papist army to serve in the colonies, from this time all hope of peace in America will be destroyed," said Col. Barre. — [Am. His. Record, vol. 11, p. 208, note.] "It excited as much indignation and more dread among the colonies than the severe measures against Massachusetts."— [Gordon's History Rev., p. 484.J Gen. Jos. Reed said [Biography vol. i, p. 71]: "The Quebec Bill has proved very tmpopular." In a letter to the Earl of Dart- mouth September 25, 1774, he said: "What seemed a little time since to be a spark which might with prudence have been extinguished 9 is a flame which threatens ruin to both the parent and child. The spirit of the people gradually rose, when it might have been ex- pected to decline, till the Quebec Bill set fuel to the fire. Then all those deliberate measures of petitioning previous to opposition were laid aside as inadequate to the apprehended mischief and danger, and now the idea of bringing down the Canadians and Savages upon the English Colonies is so inconsistent, not only with mercy but justice and humanity of the Mother Country, that I cannot allow mj^elf to think that your Lordship would promote the Quebec Bill or give it your suffrage with such intention. People are generally ripe for any plan the Congress advise, should it be war itself." — [vol. ii, p. 78.] The Quebec Act contributed more than, perhaps, any other measure to drive the American provinces into the present rebellion. — [Canadian Freeholder, vol. iii, p. 6.] The committee of New York to the Mayor, Alderman and Council of London, under date of May 5, 1775, named among the "engines of depotism" "the establishment of Popery in Canada." — [Niles' Acts Rev. p. 439.] In Narrative and Critical History of America, vol. vi, p. 103, is a copy of a print issued in Boston in 1775, entitled "Virtual Rep- resentation." It represents America assailed by One String Jack, who demands "Deliver Your Property." An accomplice is Te Deum [a monk and a Frenchman]. Boston is represented in flames and Quebec in safety. Alexander Hamilton's views on the Bill were : "Roman Catholics by the reason of implicit devotion to their priests and the super- stitious reverence they bear those who countenance or favor their religion will be the voluntary instruments "of ambition and ready to second oppressive designs against other parts of the Empircv"— [Ham. Papers, p. 225.] Thomas Paine in Crisis, No. i, said: "An aim of the Par- liament was to subvert the Protestant Religion. . . . Our Religion subverted to the Roman Catholic Religion not tolerated but established. . . . Every engine of oppression and arbitrary power at work to accomplish our ruin. His Majesty's minions and instruments of slaughter are now safe ... in their sub- version of the Protestant Religion because we are tame." 10 To the King he said : "Consider your coronation oath to protect the Protestant Religion." "The Officers, Soldiers and Seamen Who may be employed to butcher their Relations, Friends and Fellow subjects in America, " the Crisis, No. 4, reminded them that if "they could be prevailed on to butcher Americans they would be reduced to the miserable condition of being really an army of Scotch janizaries assisted by Roman Catholics." — [F. 960. Ridgway.] In Crisis, No. 5, said: "Admit that Ministry by the power of Britain and the aid of our Roman Catholic neighbors .... the wealth, and we may add the men, particularly of the Roman Catholics, will then be in the power of your enemies." ANTI-CATHOLIC "ADDRESS TO THE SOLDIERS" OF THE BRITISH ARMY ISSUED IN ENGLAND BY THE FRIENDS OF AMERICA AND ALSO SENT FROM WASHINGTON'S ARMY BESIEGING BOSTON TO THE BRITISH SOLDIERS. WhUe the British Army in Boston was besieged by Washington's forces Gen. Howe held Bunker Hill, the Americans held Prospect Hill and later Cobble Hill and Ploughed Hill. The latter was after- wards called Mt. Benedict. On it was erected the convent destroyed in 1834. After these two Hills had been occupied by Washington's men it is related that the "lines of the opposing forces approximated so closely that the sentries exchanged news, banter and compliments and deserters found an easy transit. Among the humors of the situation the provincials availed themselves of the opportunity to send, on the wings of a favoring breeze, or by messengers with flags, large numbers of a satirical print containing a remonstrance to the British soldiers and a contrast of the bills of fare, the wages and the looked for rewards of the respective combatants on Bunker's and Prospect Hills. A complaint was made, by the British officers, of this attempt to promote desertions. In answer it was reported that the British had successfully decoyed two of the Provincial sentries." A copy of this Address will be of interest as showing the anti- Catholic spirit of the early days of the Revolution. Supporters, in England, of the Americans prepared this Address to the Soldiers. The copies distributed to the British soldiers at Boston were printed at Cambridge. 11 ADDRESS TO THE SOLDIERS. Gentlemen, You are about to embark for America, to compel your Fellow Subjects there to submit to Popery and Slavery. It is the Glory of the British Soldier, that he is the Defender, not the Destroyer, of the Civil and Religious Rights of the People. The English Soldierly are immortalized in History, for their Attach- ment to the Religion and Liberties of their Country. When King James the Second endeavored to introduce the Roman Catholic ReUgion and arbitrary Power into Great Britain, he had an Army encamped on Hounslow-Heath, to terrify the People. Seven Bishops were seized upon, and sent to the Tower. But they appealed to the Laws of their Country, and were set at Liberty. When this News reached the Camp, the Shouts of Joy were so great, that they re-echoed in the Royal Palace. This, however, did not quite convince the King, of the Aversion of the Soldiers to be the Instruments of Oppression against their Fellow Subjects. He therefore made another trial. He ordered the Guards to be drawn up, and the Word was given, that those who did not chuse to support the King's Measures, should ground their Arms. When, behold, to his utter confusion, and their eternal Honour — the whole body ground their Arms. You, gentlemen, will soon have an Opportunity of shewing equal Virtue. You will be called upon to imbrue your Hands in the Blood of your Fellow Subjects in America, because they will not admit to be Slaves, and are alarmed at the Establishment of Popery and Arbitrary Power in One Half of their Country. Whether you will draw those Swords which have defended them against their Enemies, to butcher them into a Resignation of their Rights, which they hold as the Sons of Englishmen, is in your Breasts. That you will not stain the Laurels you have gained from France, by dipping them in Civil Blood, is every good Man's Hope. Arts will no doubt be used to persuade you, that it is your Duty to obey Orders ; and that you are sent upon the just and righteous Errand of crushing Rebellion. But your own Hearts will tell you, tliat the People may be so ill treated, as to make Resistance necessary. You know, that Violence and Injury offered from one Man to another, has always some Pretence of Right or Reason to justify it. So it is between the People and their Rulers. 12 Therefore, whatever hard Names and heavy Accusation may be bestow upon your Fellow Subjects in America, be assured they have not deserved them ; but are driven, by the most cruel Treat- ment, into Despair. In this Despair they are compelled to defend their Liberties, after having tried, in Vain, every peaceable Means of obtaining Redress of their manifold Grievances. Before God and Man they are right. Your Honor, then. Gentlemen, as soldiers, and your Humanity as Men, forbid you to be the Instruments of forcing Chains upon your injured and oppressed Fellow Subjects. Remember that your first obedience is due to God, and whoever bids you shed innocent Blood, bids you act contrary to his Commandments. I am. Gentleman, your sincere Well-wisher, An Old Soldier. On the back of this hand-bill was printed. PROSPECT HILL. I. Seven Dollars a Month. II. Fresh Provisions, and in Plenty. III. Health. IV. Freedom, Ease, Affluence and a good Farm. bunker's hill. I. Three Pence a Day. II. Rotten Salt Pork. III. The Scurvy. IV. Slavery, Beggary and Want. When Washington's army was besieging Boston, "a design was formed" to celebrate Pope Day, November 5, 1775. Wash- ington issued an Order forbidding it, saying: "He cannot help expressing his surprise that there should be officers and men in this army so void of common sense as not to see the impropriety of such a step at this juncture, at a time when we are soliciting, and have really obtained, the friendship and alliance of the people of Canada whom we ought to consider as brethren engaged in the same cause — the defense of Liberty in America. At this juncture and under such circumstances, to be insulting their religion is so monstrous y as not be suffered or excused." 13 That placed the condemnation of the "insult" to the religion of the Canadians solely upon the bad policy of doing it. But that the army intended the "insult " best shows the spirit in it. Arnold was then bearing Washington's Address to the Canadians, urging them "to range themselves under the standard of general liberty," and Congress was then sending Commissioners to Canada, promising "never to molest them in the enjoyment of their reUgion." Hence it was not "good sense" to "insult the religion" of those they were asking for help. It was indeed "monstrous" that the bigotry could not be kept in subjection at such a "juncture and under such circumstances." So "the best policy" was to keep quiet and not let the Canadians know of the intended "insult." This order of Washington's was in accord with his instructions to Arnold [September 14, 1775,] relative to expedition against Quebec. He directed "as the contempt of the religion of a country by ridi- culing any of its ceremonies, or affronting its ministers or votaries, has ever been deeply resented, you are to be particularly careful to restrain every officer and soldier of such imprudence and folly and to punish every instance of it. On the other hand, as far as lies in your power, you are to protect and support the free exercises of the religion of the country and the undisturbed enjoyment of the rights of conscience in religious matters, with your utmost influence and authority. — [Writings of Washington, vol. ii, p. 123-4.] ANTI-CATHOLIC DECLARATIONS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. In the committee of Continental Congress to state the rights of the Colonies violated, James Duane and John Jay, both of New York, were on the committee. "Among the subjects of debate was the question whether the Quebec Bill should be reported as a grievance. Duane was opposed to including it in the report but Lee of Virginia on territorial con- siderations, the eastern members on pretence of Religious uses and others because it would be popular to insert in both England and America, united and made a large majority against Duane and he agreed to report it tmanimously." — [Doc. His. of New York, vol. iv, p. 1071.] Lee declared, "of all the bad acts of Parliament the Quebec Act is the worst." How did Congress regard the Act? The very Congress of which Washington was a member and which through it "contained states- 14 men of the highest order of wisdom" they "had not wholly purged themselves of Protestant bigotry," says Bancroft. The Quebec Act in Congress. From Journals of Congress, vol. i, October 5, 1774. Committee on address to His Majesty to assure him that when the several (named) Acts are repealed among the number that for altering the Government and extending the Limits ot Canada * * Commerce will be again restored. — [p. 23.] Oct. 14th. — ^The people of the Colonies in order that their Religion, Laws and Liberties may not be subverted, do Declare &c. — [p. 28.] Same day. — Resolved that the following Acts of Parliament are In- fringements and violations of the Rights of the Colonists. * * "The Act passed for establishing the Roman Catholic ReUgion in the Province of Quebec, abolishing the equitable system of English Laws and erecting a tyranny there to the great Danger (from so total a Dissimularity of Religion, Laws and Goyern- ment) of the neighboring British Colonies, by the assistance of whose blood and treasure the said country was conquered from France." — [p. 31.] Oct. 19th 1774. — Memorial to the Inhabitants of these Colonies — "the present unhappy situation of affairs is occasioned by * * * * also an Act for extending the province of Quebec, so as to border on Western Frontiers of these Colonies, estab- lishing an arbitrary Government therein and discouraging the settlement of British subjects in that wide extended Country ; thus by the influence of civil principles and ancient prejudices to dispose the inhabitants to act with Hostility against the free Protestant Colonies whenever a wicked Ministry shall chuse so to direct them. — [p. 33.] So a Non-Importation Resolution was adopted to go into effect December i. We bind ourselves and our Constituent to adhere to this until the several Acts of Parliament * * * And that for extending the Limits of Quebec are repealed. — [p. 36.] Signed by George Washington, "conspicuous for wisdom and unquestionably the greatest man in Congress."— [Lecky.] Friday, Oct. 21, 1774.— Address to the people of Great Britain. ' 'That we think the Legislature of Great Britain is not authorized by the Constitution to establish a Religion fraught with san- guinary and impious Tenets. — [p. 39.] 15 At the conclusion of the late war which was succeeded by an inglorious peace framed under the auspices of a Minister, of principles^ and of a family unfriendly to the Protestant cause and inimical to Liberty. — [p. 40.] Now mark the Progression of the Ministerial plan for enslaving us: An Act was passed extending the Dominion of Canada, "modelled and governed, as that by being disunited from us, de- tached from our interest, by civil as well as religious prejudices,, that by their numbers daily swelling with Catholic emigrants from Europe, and by their devotion to Administration so friendly to their Religion, they might become formidable to us and on occasion be fit instruments in the hands of power, to reduce the ancient, free Protestant Colonies to the same state of slavery with themselves. This was evidently the object of the Act, and in this view being extremely dangerous to our Liberty and Quiet, we cannot forbear complaining of it, as hostile to British America. — [p. 43.] Nor can we suppress our astonishment that a British Par- liament should ever consent to establish in that country, a Religion that has deluged your Island in blood and dispersed Impiety, Bigotry, Persecution, Murder and Rebellion through every part of the World. — [P- 44-] * * Admit that the Ministry by the power of Britain and the aid of Roman Catholic neighbors should be able to carry the point of Taxation * * what advantages or what laurels will you reap from such a conquest? * * May such a Minister with the same armies enslave you Remember the taxes from America, the wealth and, we may add, the men, and particularly the Roman Catholics of this vast Continent will then be in the power of your enemies. — [p. 44.] Lee, Livingston and Jay were the committee reporting that Address. It was written by Jay. — [Am. An. Register, 1 827-8, p. 2 1 7.I The same Committee reported An Address to the Inhabitants- of the Colonies by which the Congress on September 5, 1 774, declared r "In the session of Parliament an Act was passed for changing the government of Quebec by which Act the Roman Catholic ReUgion, instead of being tolerated, as stipulated by the Treaty of Peace, is established. The authors of this arbitrary Arrangement flatter themselves that the inhabitants deprived of Liberty and artfully 16 provoked against those of another Religion will be proper in- struments for assisting the oppression of such as differ from them in modes of Government and faith. The people of England will soon have an opportunity of declar- ing their sentiments concerning our Cause - - we cannot be persuaded that they, the defenders of true religion and the asserters of the Rights of mankind, will take part against their affectionate Protestant Brethren in the colonies in favor of our open and their own secret enemies, whose intrigues for several yea,rs past have been wholly exercised in sapping the foundation of civil and ReUgious Liberty." CONGRESS QUITE DIFFERENT WITH THE CANADIANS. Congress adopted another tone, however, in Addressing the Canadians. October 26, 1774, in Address to the Inhabitants of Quebec, Congress said : What is offered to you by the late Act of Parliament — Liberty of Conscience in your Religion? No. God gave it to you and the temporal powers with which you have been and are connected, finally stipulated for your enjoyment of it. — [p. 61.] The Congress then went 06 to show the Canadians that the Act degraded them: "Have not the Canadians sense enough to attend to any other pubUc affairs than gathering stones from one place and piUng them up in another," referring to the power to assess taxes for road-making. An insolent Ministry persuade themselves that you will engage to take up arms by becoming tools in their hands, to assist them in taking that freedom from us treacherously denied to you. — [p. 62.] We are too well acquainted with Liberality of Sentiment dis- tinguishing your nation, to imagine, that Difference of Religion will prejudice you against a hearty Amity with us. You know, that the transcendant Nature of Freedom elevates those who unite in her Cause, above all such low minded Infirmities. The Swiss Cantons furnish a memorable Proof of this Truth.^p. 64.] On May 26, 1775, Congress appointed Jay, Adams and Deane Committee on Letter to Inhabitants of Canada. They reported May 29, 1775: "We perceived the fate of the Protestant and Catholic Colonies to be strongly Hnked together, and, therefore, invite you to join with us in resolving to be Free, and in rejecting, with disdain, the Fetters of Slavery however artfully polished. — [p. 108.] 17 The enjoyment of your very Religion, on the present system, depends on a Legislature in which you have no Share, and over which you have no Controul, and your Priests are exposed to Expulsion, Banishment, and Ruin, whenever their Wealth and Possessions furnish sufficient Temptation. — [p. 109.] "We are your friends not your enemies." On July 6, 1775, Congress issued a Declaration setting forth Cause and Necessity of taking up arms. "We have received certain intelligence that Gen. Carleton, the Governor of Canada is instigating the people of that Province and the Indians to fall upon us." That Congress in November, 1775, appointed I^ivingston, Paine, and Langdon Commissioners to secure the alliance of the Canadians. Their instructions were: "You may assure them that we shall hold their rights as dear as our own you may and are hereby empowered to declare that we hold sacred the rights of conscience and that we shall never molest them in the free enjoyment of their religion." — [Journal, i, p. 242.] In the Petition to the King, Congress objected to the Act for Extending the Limits of Quebec and establishing an absolute Govern- ment and the Roman Catholic Religion throughout those vast regions, that border on the westerly and northerly Boundaries of the free Protestant, English Settlements. In the Address to the King, October, 1 774, Congress said : We enjoyed our rights under the auspices of your royal Ancestors whose family was seated on the throne to rescue and secure a pious and gallant nation from the Popery and Despotism of a superstitious and inexorable tyrant. — [Journal, p. 69.] They "implored" the King "for the honor of Almighty God whose pure Religion our enemies are undermining," etc. Montgomery and Arnold were invading Canada when the effort to secure an alliance was made. Its possession was deemed necessary to thwart the designs of the Ministry and to prevent the Catholics from being made a military force for the oppression of the other Colonies. The Address of Washington published by Arnold said to the Canadians : The cause of America is the cause of every virtuous American citizen whatever may be his religion or his descent. — [Niles' Acts Rev., p. 425.] We know the disastrous termination of the expedition. Congress the following March (1776) tried Catholic influence 18 upon the Canadians by sending Charles Carroll of Carrollton as Commissioner with Franklin and Chase and requesting Mr. John Carroll to accompany them. But the Canadians gave them no encouragement, and but scant courtesy was shown Father Carroll even by his fellow Jesuits: Bishop Briand of Quebec was loyal. He made his priests act so and excommunicated the laity who aided "the Bostonnais." The Commissioners started in April and were back in June Then followed the Declaration of Independence. Even in this document the antipathy to the Canadians was manifested in the recital of the wrongs of the Colonies : "For aboUshing the free system of EngUsh laws in a neighboring province establishing there an arbitrary government, and enlarging its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule in these colonies." "Fitinstruments." The very words of its anti-CathoUc Address to the People of Great Britain put into the Declaration of Independence ! Charles Carroll of Carrollton in August, 1776, signed his name in support of that. THE DEFENDERS OF AMERICAN LIBERTY EXPRESS DETESTATION OF CATHOLICITY. A few Philadelphia instances of the anti-Catholic spirit will be of interest in view of the assertion that all Catholics were in favor of the Revolution. Could it be possible for Pennsylvania Catholics to take the side of those so bitterly assailing their ReUgion? What could only have been the effect of the action of Congress and the pubUcation of the following extracts : "London : The Quebec Bill is of all others the most infamous and despotic; it makes George III. ten thousand times more arbitrary than Lewis XV. was when he ruled that Kingdom with a rod of iron."— [Pa. Journal, Aug. 17, i774-] The Pennsylvania Gazette, August 31, 1774, says: "As the spirit of liberty in some of the colonies has given so much trouble to the Government, it was resolved to cherish the spirit of slavery in others. The French laws and Popery being most conducive to this end they were both adopted by our State Movers behind the scene as most suitable to the principles they were desirous of engendering." Tribunus, in London Evening Post, June 30, 1774, in a letter 19 to "The King: Defender of the Protestant Faith" said: "Must Protestants mourn while Papists rejoice?" We believe that "to keep a large body of Popish Canadians in terrorem against our Protestant Brethren in America the true ground and principle of the Bill." The Duke of Gloucester having voted against the Bill "deserves the thanks of the friends of Liberty and Protestantism." — [Pa. Gaz., Sept. i6, 1774.] The Gazette, September 21, gave an extract from a letter of James Munroe, Esq., dated Paris, June 25, relating the alarm of tht. Protestants in France at the action of the Archbishop and Clergy, made this comment: "We shall not make any observations on the above but leave it to the reader to draw the parallel between the situation of the Papists here and the Protestants in France." A letter from London July 20, 1774, published in Pa. Gaz., September 28, said: "You are now by this time in possession of the infamous Popery Bill for the colony of Quebec; if this don't rouse the most lethargic man amongst you I shall be amazed." Extract from letter, Quebec September 20, 1774 : "Gen. Carleton arrived here last Sunday afternoon and was received by all the French clergy at his landing when he had the honor to be kissed by the Bishop, and, afterwards, genteely introduced Popery by placing him at his right hand in the chaise. The French have said : "All their laws will be madt by the General and the Bishop." If the General was a Roman Catholic he could not show them more respect than he does." — [Gaz., Oct. 12.] The following week the Gazette published an Address of the Clergy of Quebec to Carleton: "You will always find the clergy to be good and faithful subjects." Signed by John Oliver, Bishop of Quebec, H. F. Grave, Sup. of Seminary, 'Louis Aug. de Glapion, Sup. Gen. Jesuits, Emanuel Grespel, Sup. of RecoUets. An Address from the Laity expressed the gratitude for the Act and that "no subjects were more faithful and dutiful than the Canadians." The English Inhabitants of Montreal met and resolved: "We shall have no security for our property nor religion." They were all "determined to struggle to obtain a repeal of the abominable Act." — [Gazette, Nov. 10, 1774.] The Mayor of London in reply to a nobleman v/ho desired his nominees for ParUament to be supported by the Mayor said, the 20 King "in establishing Popery in America would do just the same here when the plan in such readiness is ripe for execution," and so he would not vote for his choice as they had "voted Popery a better system of ReUgion than Protestantism as in the case of the Quebec Bill."— [Gaz., Nov. 23.] "The Quebec Bill in its establishment of Popery will serve to keep the other colonies in awe." Letter from London. — [Pa. Journal, Sept. 7, 1774.] Lord Chatham opposed the Bill: "His long speech breathed nothing but love of country, the free principles of the Reformation and the Glorious Revolution. The Bill was at variance with all the safe guards and ba.rriers against Popery and Popish influence and might shake the affection and confidence of the Protestant subjects." — [Pa. Journal.] SciPio, in Pennsylvania Joumal,Octdher 5, 1774, "To thB King:" "You have violated your coronation oath. From the late diabolical Act respecting the government of Quebec one would imagine you had imbibed the doctrine of Infallibilities, Purgatoiies, Bulls, Adora- tions, &c. The Act is repleted with the most direful mischiefs to your Protestant Subjects, openly countenancing Popish conspiracies and a manifest dereliction of the Protestant faith." "'Tis your subject's duty to endeavor to be always beforehand with the Pope, the Devil and all their emissaries." Caius, in addressing. Lord North : ' 'You have made the Roman Catholic the established Religion in Canada though it is one of the most sanguinary of any amongst Christians and one of its cardinal tenets, Absolution, is totally inconsistent with all civil government." — [Journal, Oct. 5, 1774.] A London letter August 23, 1774, expressed great admiration at the sagacity of the present ministry in planning the Bill. No political spirit of slavery is to be found in the colonies to contend with the spirit of patriotism. "Let us try," cries a Minister, "if none can be found under the cloak of Religion." "You will find it in the Church of Rome," cries the Pope. "You will find it in the Church of Rome," cries the Devil. "I have found it there," cries the French King. "Then I will seek it there," cries the English Ministry. "Popery shall be established in Canada. The Tories here shall carry the Bill, the Pope, Devil and French King shall make it effectual there for my purposes." 21 In Charleston, S. C, on October 14, 1774: "An Association of Protestant School Boys gave notice that they would, on November I, call at each house to receive India tea, towards making a Bonfire on the memorable November 5, commonly called Gunpowder Plot Day, when the old custom is intended to be revived of exhibiting a piece of pageantry to show their abhorrence and detestations of Pope, Pretender and such of their adherents as would overthrow our good old EngUsh Constitution."— [Pa. Journal, Nov. 9, i774-] In Newport, R. I., on November 5, 1774. "Last Saturday there were two large Popes, &c., carried about this town in com- memoration of the Gunpowder plot. On one of the stages besides the Devil and Pope were exhibited the effigies of L-d North and the old traitor T. Hutchinson, which afforded a great satisfaction to all the friends of liberty in this place. In the evening images were burnt and with them a pamphlet with these words written on the cover : "L-d Darthmouth's pamphlet in justification of Popery sent over the Colonies." This pamphlet was burnt to convince his lordship that his patronage will by no means sanctify such villainous productions, the tendency of which the good people of America can see as clearly as any of St. James cabal." — [Pa. Journal, Nov. 23, 1774.] A Scotchman in Public Ledger [London] declared the King a perjurer, as he had violated his coronation oath. "One who pre- tends to have an over quantity of piety gives his slavish religion by establishment to a province which Lord Chatham says may be possessed by thirty miUion of souls." — [Pa. Journal, Nov. 23.] The Journal the same day published an anecdote of Whitefield, the Methodist, as saying, "I never can believe that Christ would redeem America and have no martyrs there to seal with their blood the truth of His ReUgion." The Right of Great Britain Asserted, London, 1776, p. 32, said : "The Act for Regulating the Government of Quebec furnishes the Congress with an ample field for declamation. To inveigh against Popery and Arbitrary power has been ever a favorite topic with men who wish to profit by the prejudices of the people. "The Duke of Grafton, the Earl of Shelbume, Gen. Conway and several others of that "illustrous band," on whose virtues the Americans expatiate with rapture, approved the popish, arbitrary, tyrannical system of Government ; yet all these now are true Ameri- 22 cans, strenuous Protestants, whigs of the ancient mould, determined asserters of freedom, avowed enemies of oppression. Popery and arbitrary principles." "A noble Whig, the Marquis of Rockingham, sent a Popish Bishop to Quebec." "The glaring inconsistency of Congress in addressing the people of Great Britain and of Canada we can scarcely ascribe to any better motive than poUtical lunacy." — [p- 33-] A Full Vindication of Measures of Congress from Calumnies of their Enemies, &c., N. Y., 1774, [by Alexander Hamilton,] said: " The affair of Canada is still worse. The Romish faith is made the estabUshed religion of the land and his Majesty is placed at the head of it. The free exercise of Protestant faith depended upon the pleasure of the Governor and Council. The ParUament was not content with introducing arbitrary power and Popery into Canada with its former limits, but they have annexed to it vast tracts that surround all the Cplonies. Does not your blood run cold, to think an EngUsh ParUament should pass an Act for the estabhshment of arbitrary power and Popery in such an extensive coimtry. If they had had any regard to the freedom and happiness of mankind, they would never have done it. If they had been friends to the Protestant cause they never would have provided such a nursery for its great enemy. They would never have given such encouragement to Popery. The thought of their conduct in this particular shocks me. It must shock you, too, my friends. Beware of trusting yourselves to men who are capable of such an action! They may as well estabhsh Popery in New York and the other colonies as they did in Canada. They had no more right to do it there than here. — ^Your lives, your property, your reUgion are all at stake." — [p. 26.] A Tory pamphlet issued under the name of Bob. Jingle, Esq.,. Poet Laurate to the Congress, giving a versified report of the Associa- tion of the Grand Congress, September, 1 774, said : If Gallic Papists have a right To worship their own way, Then farewell to the Liberties, Of poor America. — [p. 8.] 23 Referring to Non-Importation and Non-Exportation Resolutior it said : We have bound and ty'd you all As it were with a Rope, Which never can be broken by The Devil or the Pope. In versifjdng the Acts complained of "Bob" wrote: Then last, and worst of all the Pack, Is that vile Act about Quebec, An Act to make French Bougers free, To give them all that Liberty, Civil and Sacred which we hold, Was ever Parliament so bold? A Poor Man's Advice to his Neighbors, New York, 1774, p. 5 said: The Canagans, too, whom they address And treat so very blunt ; Will cry, while as they cross their breast, Jesu, quel gros affront. If to obey King George they please, For what is all this fuss ? And love him more than Lewy Sease* Pray what harm's that to us. The Petition and Memorial of Assembly of Jamaica, said : "With like sorrow do we find the Popish Religion establishec by Law which by treaty was only to be tolerated." — [p. 7.] In The American Aroused in A Cure for the Spleen, Representa tive Puff asks: "Why there's the Quebec Bill; don't you think they intern to bring in Popery? For the Boston Minister said as how the; did and that every man that wouldn't turn Papist was to lose hi land." — [p. 22.] Parson Sharp replied that the Minister and some others ha much to answer for. He asked: "Has Popery spread or prevailei in any degree in the other colonies since the conquest of Canada- * Louis XVI. 24 or has our rdigion suffered from the prevalency of that of the Roman Cathohc in Maryland for many years past?" — [p. 22.] An Address to the People of England, Ireland and Scotland on the Present Important Crisis of Affairs. By Cath. Macauley. London — Reprinted, New York, 1775, p. 10, said: "Though a toleration of all religions is laudable - yet the establishment of Popery is a very different thing to the toleration of it is, for very just and wise reasons altogether incompatible with the fundamental principles of our constitution." The Canadian Freeholder: A Dialogue showing the senti- ments of the Bulk of the Freeholders of Canada concerning the late Quebec Act — declared the attempt to arm the Roman Catholics of Ireland for America "would only increase the animosity and resentment of the Protestant colonies against Great Britain, make accommodation with them more difficult than before or rather utterly impracticable but would not much contribute to the reduction of them. — [p. 251.] The Other Side of the Question or a Defence of the Liberties of North America, by a Citizen, [Philip Livingston,] New York, 1774. "All the bigotry, all the superstition of a religion abounding in both, beyond any which the world has beheld, all, all is in his Royal hand to be used at his Royal will and pleasure." — [p. 24.] To the Address to the Colonies a reply was made, entitled : An Englishman's Answer to the Address to the Colonies, New York, 1775, pp. 22-3, said: "I am astonished at what you tell us of the fruits of their [Cana- dian] reUgion - we shall find by turning over the sad historic page, that it was the sect (I forget what they called them, I mean the sect which is still most numerous in New England, and not the sect they so much despise) that in the past century deluged our island in blood! That even, shed the blood of the Sovereign and dispersed impiety, bigotry, superstition, hypocrisy, persecution, murder and rebelUon through every part of the Empire." THE SPIRIT OF THE REVOI,UTION HOSTILE TO THE CHURCH. Intelligence Extraordinary. We hear that in consequence of the passing of the late Acts many, promotions will take place among which the following are said to be already determined on : Lord North, Commissioner of SuppUes' to the College of Jesuits. 25 Jeremiah Dyson, Esq., Clerk of the Holy Inquisition. Thomas Bradshaw, Esq., Secretary to the See of Rome. Charles Jenkins, Esq., Runner to ditto. Charles Fox, Arch Treasurer of the Holy Romish Empire. Lord Chatham, Superior of the Holy House of Loretto. Archbishop of Canterbury, Sovereign Pontiff. Mr. Home, Crucifix maker to his Most Catholic Majesty. — [London News in Pa. Gaz., 1774.] Rev. Wm. Gordon, pastor of the Third Church, Roxbury, Mass., in a discourse preached December 15, 1774, reierred to the Quebec Act as "that formal security of their religious liberty which was in no ways wanting, but is generally, I fear justly, taught with the base, diaboUcal design of procuring their assistance, if required, in quelling the spirit of freedom among the natural and loyal subjects of Great Britain." The New York Associators or Sons of Liberty in addressing Lieutenant Governor Colden named as grievance "the extention of the boundaries of Quebec, the establi^ment of Popery and the arbitrary form of government in that province." — [N. Y. Col. Doc, vol. i, p. 584.] The active spirits of The Sons of Liberty were: John Moranie Scott, WilUam Livingston and William Smith, whom Governor Colden called "The Damned Triumvirate of Presbyterian Lawyers." March 6, 1775, the friends of freedom assembled at the liberty pole. New York. They carried a large union flag with a blue field. On one side "George III. Rex and the Liberties of America: No- Popery." On the other the "Union of Colonies, and the Measures of the Congress." — [Moore's Diary Rev., vol. i, p. 35.] On March 13, 1775, a broadside signed " Philei/Enthbros " was issued in New York, headed : NO PLACEMEN, PENSIONERS, MINISTERIAL HIRELINGS, POPERY NOR ARBITRARY POWER ! TO THE FREEMEN AND FREEHOLDERS OF THE CITY AND COUNTY OF NEW YORK. In "A Friendly Address to all Reasonable Americans, " issued in New York in 1775, it is said: "It is true the Piapists of Canada might have had a toleration, less generous than has been granted them without the ParUament allowing to the clergy their tithes, or to their parishes their ' and misery in the streets of Philadelphia I hope you will let me receive 14 pound and 10 sh. in hard money or exchange according to the convention, your ratification on't is a sacred thing and you will restore me, wood, candill aiid liquor of which I have been deprived unknown to you and against your consentement and the gentelman Hildago continental trescurer will pay me henceforth as he did formerly for the pay mas- ter general is a brutish man who wont pay me tho he has got money and I present him the board wars order that which prejudice me so far as I die with hungry for want money and have use me roughly if my misery does not strike your hearts dispose gentalmens of my Life it is better for me to die at once then to Lead a Lingering and sade Life at Least I would have the consolation to say I die by the order of those to whose brother I have given the Life at expens of my fortune and my own Life LoTBiNiERE priest of Canada [Papers of Continental Congress (No. 78, vol. xiv, p. 367).] To his Excellency Huntington the president of Congress at Philadelphia. [Endorsed :] Letter from Lotbinier Read Aug. 7 1780 Referred to Mr. Muhlenberg Mr Matlack Mr Lovell 60 Father Lotbiniere [translation.] Sir: As^you understand and read French perfectly I have taken the liberty to give you in French the information which you ask for, altho I read and write English as well as I do French I In my petition to Congress I relate I — the agreement between General Arnold and myself was 14 pounds 10 shillings in gold or in money which had its value, not in that which had only the name. 2 — The important service which I rendered the Continental army by my presence, because the Canadians despaired (disposed) by the order of the bishop would have risen up again if I seemed to be connected with the Tories and to fall in with the army. 3 — I represent, naturally the misery in which I am placed by the depression or the fall of (money) because as you know they now ask 72 for a kind wliich I could only touch at 3 dollars and ^ crown 4 — I represent the injustice which was done me some years ago by taking from me (my allowance) of wood and candles I was almost frozen and the miseries of the winter being passed, at Spring 1 was almost at the point of death. In the spring the took away (my allowance) of Hquor A man of my age has need to take something to strengthen him 5 The morning 5 I ended my petition by praying Congress to hold to the argeement of 14 pounds 10 shillings in gold or its equiva- lent and not to give to the Bishop of Quebec the satisfaction of say- ing Lotbiniere almost to spite me, my clergy, and his family (my brother was in London at the time) the party of Americans for the recompense have abandoned it and he died of misery and hunger on the pavements of Philadelphia so much was he at his ease at the place board and rent in fact I was the 2nd cure of Quebec a place which gives me 230 pounds sterling and more a year I send my family 30 pounds sterling and in rent 40 I show them in all 300 pounds. Finally I end my petition by praying Congress to pay me thru Mr Hildagos continental treasurer since I have been finished since last April and have nothing more to do with the war board because it was a misery to be paid before those two months which are due me I have been two months with no pay and consequently will be as miserable as I have been There sir is the information, you seek I flatter myself that you Father Lotbiniere 51 desire to give me your help on all those occasions which present them- selves and you will always find me a man full of gratitude I have the honor to be with profound respect Sir. Your most humble and very obedient servant Lotbiniere priest of Canada Philadelphia Aug. 12, 1780 [Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, 371.] On August 30, 1 780, this Petition was presented : Gentlemen On my Reading Last Week your Raising the officers, Salarys laid into the publik papers my heart was very griev,d not to see the Regiment.s chaplains included into it I can,t help thinking you had forgotten me and them: for you continued me in this ftmction 1° in behave of my important services in canada by assisting with my functions against the bishop will the dying canadiens, who should have removed themselves if I were not declare myself to assist them, and made a League with the torys in order to fall upon the remains of the army which would have been very little by their giving it over 2° in behave of isnoar, ng place Estates and pensions, which amounted to 600 pound a year, that which was known to general arnold and to other officers, when they dunned me to enter into nhier inteaets by consequence I did not want to be chaplain to live 3° in behave of the convention (between the general arnold and I) to get a month 14 pounds and 10 shellings which would amounted now 290 pounds, or 773 dollars and one third according to the course of congress-money into the publick it is to say 20 for one, in consequence your intention was to raise me in this hard time, for all things, above said, were laid the 12 august 1776 in the congress book. then pray gentlemen be pleased to looke kindly upon my sad condi- tion. I (it is true) I Receiv,d eighteen month ago sixty dollars for my subsistence and salarys, and one ration a month, as long as the Congress money has been at the rate of four, five six, seven, even ten for one in tmy loblickl could help me with very much ado for I did get at that time wood and candles but all misfortunes have at once fallen upon me 1° tjie gentleman peters against all human right be- reaved me of wood and candles on the sharpness of winter 2° the congress money came to 20 for one and all things rised to so heigh a 52 Father Lotbiniere point that I could pay pension no more, then from that time I kept my self in little room which I pay 12 dollars a week and I eat there in a great misery my only ration which I cook by myself, indeed how very sad is my life is it possible a man of my extraction sixty and three years old (for I was bom the 13 december 1716) should be so ill a man, say I, who long his life was attended by trhee servants at least; a man who has heartily sacrificed six hundred pounds a year, and calm life to sustain your interests : a man who has made himself hated by both his own famely and the Clergy and all Noble mens in Canada for his taken for the liberty : a man who is not able to receive any thing from his country : a man who despised for your sake, the strong attempts from the prisoner officers at bristol above all my two nepvieus to bring me back to canada : a man who Escaped from the jail ninteen month ago in which he has been 3 weeks and five days; what it would not have hapen.d if I did listen to the favorable offers from a great many people I hope gentelmen you will be moved to the pity in my favour and you will deal with me as much kindly as you did with several who are in their country and never done and will never do as much services as I did in canada by six month remember you used me when I came here as a regiments major by your giving 33 dollars and one third . with three rations that sum (which was above the convention betwen general amold and I since it was no more 38 doll, the rations included) that sum was at that time as good as silver or gold ; but you give me now no more but 3 dollars and one ration surely which you would not have proposed so trifling a sum indeed I Set a too high value upon your gratitude not to think you will make a pride of your raising my salarys as you did when 1 came here it is to say to use me as a regiment,s major by giving me the Same Salarys I would be in the right to have the commission of brigad chaplain ; since I am now, after mrs [next] Spring, the Eldest; butt I am to old even at the point to grow infirm, I hope you will receive kindly my petition and you will give me the same Salarys of a major Louis LotbinierB priest of Canada and Chaplain of united States Addressed : To his Excellency the president and to honourable delegates of united States at Philadelphia Father Lotbiniere 53 Endorsed : Letter from Mr. lyOtbiniere. Read Aug. 30, 1779. Referred to the board of treasury passed 2 Septr. [Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, 279.] The annexed document, the report of the committee to whom the letter was referred, is preserved. It reads thus : "The Comtee on the I^etter of Mr. I^otbiniere report: "That the Board of Treasury be directed to make such anadjust- ment of the accoimt of the Rev. Lewis Lotbiniere as that he may receive the full Benefit of the Stipulation made to him by Gen. Arnold on the 26th of January 1 776 and confirmed by Congress on the loth of August following." * The following is the translation of a French letter to President Huntingdon of Congress: [translation.] Sir I cant but to be well satisfied with the honourable congress for his gracious accepting of my petition, and his resolving (according to the decision of a committy appointed by this Respectable assembly on the purpose) viz that I should receive henceforth 40 dollars in hard money or Exchange per month; as it was transacted the 26 januar. 1776 in Canada, between the gen. arnold and me : and I would rebeive the full benefit of what I lost by the depreciation of money from I 7ber, xmtill now. indeed I Cannot never Enough shew my gratitude to that illustrious assembly, and to your Excellency for it. in that time, tis to say, the 5 7ber last the Repartition of my losts by the depreceiation of money was made, by a sub commissioner appointed by the Theseaurj'S office, and that repartition amounted to 965 doll and 5 sh. which this board accepted of, and in persuance of it drawn up in my favour an order for mr hildegas but instead of their specfyn gold, or exchange according to the Resolutions of the Congress ; that order announce that I would be paid in the Emitted bill even without specifying I'exchange I went to the Treseaurer ; but this gentile man not having that money (for it is not printed yet) in his office, he could not pay me So that my misery is stronger than before, for as I was almost naked, and did stand in need of both coat ♦Endorsed "Delivered Aug. 21st 1780. Passed Aug. 22, No. 51." The original is found in volume .3, no. 19, p. 613, of MS. Papers Congress, State Dept. 54 Father Lotbiniere Linen and hats and paying my pension from the 23 aug last untill 28 7ber last I have taken upon trust almost 100 dollars in specie but my creditor refuse now to advance me, and as I was in the unhappy pos- ture by that not to pay four Weeke of my pension, my land lord not only expelled me but keep my Unen in that hard condition I went to mr hildegas, and prayed him to give me the exchange. Since thos bills emitted were as good as gold, he told me he cannot but if I should present my sade circonstance to your excellency in order to draw from it an order about the Exchange, he will do it, and he added that he did thjnk your Excellency will do me that favour readily, since the resolution of congress about me was in specie or exchange I hope that your excellency will be moved on my misery and will not be contented to see me in the streets for want of being pay,d tho I have an order I am with a prof ond Respect of your excellency the most humble and obedient servant Lotbiniere priest of Canada and chaplain at Philadelphia 28 October 1780. [Papers of Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, p. 379.] Addressed : To his excellency the honourable Samuel hiuitington the president of the Congress at Philadelphia Endorsed : Letter from Lotbiniere Read Oct 24, 1 780. Sir I am so much indebted to your Excellency for all its kind atten- tions for me that I am ashamed to trouble it again but as you are the father of the patrial abode all of those who have signalised themself for the common cause I cannot help having recourse to your excel- lency in that present time. it is due to me 5 month aug. sept, octob. novemb. decemb. I went las tuesday to the board war in order to be pay,d I was answered that they were to be bussy and to come again any time and I should be pay,d. yesterday I presented myself they told me they by Con- gress order, Cant, pay any body untill a new one as the bills emitted of this province are not set out yet I cannot draw any money from the treseury with my order bearing 965 doll, and 5 sh. and I was Father Lothiniere 55 told that they will be emitted but within a month, so that I am very puzeled not having but 200 continentales doll, for the loooo dol- lars which the honourable congress granted me the last 29 October I was obliged to pay 7500 doll, to my Creditor it did remain no more but 2500 to maintain my Self from that time untill now and 1 find that I have spared them with a great economy I hope Sir you will be so kind as to present to the congress whose kindness for me 1 cannot shew enough my gratitude to, that I stand in need of the Ex- change of fourty dollars either on account of my order or of what is due to me for five month of my Salarys in order that I may live untill the currency of the bill emitted Ivet your Excellency be convinced that it is impossible any one should entertain more devout Sincere and fervant wishes for its happyness and prosperity that I do I am Sir with the utmost Respect the devout and humble Servent of your excellency LoTBiNiERE priest of Canada and at Philadelphia Chaplain of Congress the inst 6 januar. 1781 Endorsed : Letter from Lotbiniere, Jan'y 6, 1781 Read, 11. Referred to the board of treasury. T. B. Jany 15, 1781 "Mr. Lotbiniere must have Patience until the Paymaster is furnished with Money. J. G." [Papers of Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, 405.] Sir there will be to morrow three Weeke Elapsed Since I Wrotte to your excellency that I had about me no more but 200 cont. doll, in the same day I heard that the honnourable congress was over whelm.d with utmost important affairs and was advised to wait, for one week, what I did; never the less as 200 d. were not enough to maintain my Self I Spent the following 2 days in running about this city for searching some body kind enough to lent me money : and after a long and true search I had the good fortune to meet with 400 dollars but with the interest of forty per cent : tis to say, I must, return to my lender 560 doll within a month the next week after I presented my self again to your excellency then you promis,d me kindly to read my Letter in the same day in congress assembly, what you did : but what grief was I over whelm,d with when your excellency told me that my letter had been defered 56 Father Lotbiniere to the treasure.s office, be pleased to remember that I answer.d I will not be pay,d before a month be elapsed, what I told is hap- pened, for from that time I convey my Self every day into either treasury.s office or treascrer,s house, but all to no purpose there is never money, at least, for me, for I heard there was a great many who have been pay,d last weeke neverteless all my money is gone and I cant now find any money to be borrowed, what will become of me I want shoes and wood no money to buy them, even for my living, and paying my room. Shall I Sell my Cloths and linen and return again into the Same misery which I was in last summer? what benefit shall I reap from the pity which the honourable Congress took on me at the Seight of my peti- tion of inst 22 last aug. if its resolution is not put in execution? would not I have the room to think the commissionerys Laugh,d at me in giving me 965 doll and 5 sh. new money for depreciation, to think their order for it was a Stok Set on the delawr river fogs Since I cannot draw any money from it even from my salarys which is due to me five month ago. indeed I am in a very mist, and know no more what Course to take, nevertheless if your assembly is inclined to me never so little : it will perceive easily that two hundred dollars for five month of salary and 965 and 5 sh from which it must draw 136 the exchange of loooo con- tinental dollars is not so a great Cash to be drawn from the immense Stok for the expenses, will perceive, say I, that I cannot perish in the street with hungry and misery without its good heart being troubled at it, that favour (granted to me), will dispose certainly with in the favour of those States my countrymens however angry they were with me at my taking the interest of american Cause. I hope your excellency will employ all its influence in my favour and I will never be able enough to shew my gratitude for it. I am with utmost and prof ond Respect of your excellency the most devouted and obedient Servant lyOTBiNiERE priest of Canada and at Philadelphia chaplain of Congress 26 of januarie 1781 Endorsed : Letter from Mr. Lotbiniere Read Jan'y 30, 1781 Referred to the Board of treasury. [From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, 415.] Father Loibiniere 57 Mr Lotbiniere Priest of Canada and the only Clergyman of that Country who against the will of his Bishop, his family and friends espoused the Cause of Liberty applied to me as having commanded the Army in Canada in 1 776 & revealed to him his unhappy Situation owing to the non payment of his Salary & of the warrant received the 2d September Last he told me that he had in fact received the 2d of October last on Account of his warrant ten Thousand Continental Dollars money being then at 75 for one This Sum would furnished him with a suit of Clothes compleat Shirts, Stockings & Shoes had enabled him to Live till the 2d of February But after the 2d of february the Continental Dollars having fallen prodigiously so that state for Continental Dollars were 200 for one & State money at three for one would not furnish him, but a peruke a paire of Boots & mod- erate Living upon the other ten thousand Dollars which he received the 2d of last february would be in fact about five hundred with which he expected to Live one week In truth, the honorable place which he has occupied and the great revenues which he has Lost in Support of our Cause the great Services which he rendered to our Army in preventing the Canadiens who were about retiring from our Army in Consequence of the orders given by the Bishop to the priests to Deny funeral Services &c the Sacrament to Such as Should Engage in our Army. A Service I say the more grand as all the Army would have been Massacrered all things Speak in his favor They were communicated to you by Gen- eral Arnold & other officers & therefore we could not without going contrary to Justice & without greatly disaffecting the Clergy the Nobless & the Inhabitants of the Country against us Abandon This honest Priest who had rendered himself obnoxious by espousing our Cause : of Course we ought 'to pay the Residue of his Warrant which Amounts in fact to 699 State Dollars & Nine Months Salary amount- ing to three hundred & Sixty Dollars As he Complains that the Board of War and Treasury have not Executed any of the orders of Congress upon his affair we ought to give a particular order either upon the Treasury or upon the pay- master to pay him Exactly the first of every Month for as there is no communication from him to Canada but is altogether cut off (This is not Sir the Case with the other officers who can retire to their families & wait for their pay or at one Stroke to cut off his head This will be according to him to rendre him Service he would prefer Such 58 Father Lotbiniere a Death to a Languishing Live which must carry him with ignominy to the grave I repeat Gentlemen we ought as well for the Sake of Justice as for engaging in our favor the Canadians who Though In- censed against him will not have a good opinion of our abandoning or not paying him. his age birth & Character is respectable & it is too Much for him to go thirty or forty times to obtain Nothing but to experience the ill Nature of the board of War and the Commissioners of the Treasury Endorsed : Mr. Lotbinieres Letter Translated 2nd Endorsement: Letter from Mr. Lotbiniere May 15, 1 78 1. Referred to the board of treasury, to take Order Trea Board 16 May 1781. Issue a Warrant for 1 140 Dolls New Bills 832 41-90 in lieu of a Warrant drawn on the Treasurer the residue 307 49-90 Lotbiniere to be made accountable. [Papers of Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, p. 419.] PhiladaFeby loth 1 78 1 This is to Certify That Monsr Louis Lotibinier has this day lodged in my Office a Warrant of Congress in his favour dated the 2d of Septr last for Nine hundred & sixty five Dollars & 66-9oths of a dol- lor of the Bills emitted in pursuance of the Resolutions of Congress of the 1 8th of March last, in part of which have this day paid him agreeable to Act of Congress of the 8th Instant Ten thousand Dollars of the Old Emissions. Ml. Hillegas Cont Trear [Papers of Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, 427.] Pay office Philadelphia April 9 1781 This Certifys that Monsietu: Lotbiniere has pay due to him from the first day of August last Philip Andibert A.P.M.G. 8 months pay due [Continental Congress, No. 78, xiv, p. 431.] On December 30, 1901, while making an examination of the papers of the Continental Congress at the State Department in Wash- ington, I found these documents, and also, among "Petitions" (no. 42, vol. iv, p. 418) the following: Father Lotbiniere 59 MEMORIAIv FROM FATHER LOUIS LOTBINIERE, CHAPLAIN AND PRIEST OF CANADA. "Gentlemen: "Would to God that i had never known either the general mont- goniery or arrived in Canada ; i would not now starve with hunger and cold for not being payd according to the convention made between general arnoM and me the 26 Januarii 1776 and ratified in Congress assembly the 12 August 1776 for long my Life; to indemnify me for having lost my parish of 1200 bushel of all grains, wheat, peace sat (?) & my herdship and two houses at quebec, the Revenue of all to- gether did amount to 750 pounds Philadelphia, in keeping (against the will of general Carloton (sic) and bishop) your army compounded with 300 americans no more at that time; from being murdered by 800 Canadiens enlisted in this army and dispirited at the order of this folish Oliver briant bishop to all priests to abbandon them at the death, like Rebels to the romain church and to the King of England their very King. "This convention is a sacred Deed which we cannot brake with- out being contrary to the Law de bona fide, i am certain gentlemen that you never do. your good behaviour admired of all Europe above all france from the time of its alliance with america make myself depend upon it, and i may tell that i am the utmost satisfied with your kind- ness to me from the time i am in america. but you have given al- ways too much authority to the officers of your treasury, these officers think no more but of their interest, gibson and putnam have kept me during three years in the utmost misery, in denying to pay me according to the Congress order and did wait for the falling at all of continental money, these present officers compel me to sign a warrant for mr. hildegras, as it were, this gentleman did pay me hie et nunc and did give a draft upon the receiver of taxis it is the same thing as it were they did give a draft upon the Delaware river fogs for this receiver james ewing deny to pay it, so that from the ist of April Last i have received 120 dolls one quarter, it is due to me from the first of this month 2 quarters 240 doll and i have not one penny to get some victual and wood in this sharp cold — some neighbors take me on pity and carry me some of it, without this Little secour i would be dead now. "it is a crying thing that a priest born in the beginning of the 60 Father Loibiniere year 1716 eaten with gout and Rumathism who has lost 750 pounds of pensylvania per year to save your country -fellows from the mur- der, perish with hunger and cold under your eyes at 71 years old. i hope gentlemen it will not be so, and your bowels will be moved at my situation. As i am very old and my sight begin to put out, pray gentlemen to spare me the trouble to go to meet mr. Ewing (now you commissionaire) at trenton so often, Like a poor beggar as i did, i may Live ten years yet and certainly you will not abandon me in my oldness and infirmity ; but it is a supposition i will never do, but to spare all trouble both from you and me ask two years and two quarters that will amount to twelve hundred dollars ; and to facilitate my benefactors i will take paper money provided i may be payd in this month, then i buckle myself sincerely to death and pray God that state maybe sincerely with your Company united Like it was in the • beginning for the best prosperity of America. "Louis LotbinierE your "chaplain and priest of canada.'' The above petition is without date, but the following letter to the President of Congress, dated in January, 1 786, refers to the petition, and agrees with the chaplain's "sharp, cold" weather. Of the wea ther for those years, Peirce's record says: "The winters of 1786 and 1787 were tolerably mild. There were some cold days, of course." The letter of Father Lotbiniere, moreover, shows the distressed and disunited condition of the country just after the close of the war for independence. It is as follows : LETTER OF FATHER LOTBINIERE TO THE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS. "January 2, 1786. "Sir "I send to your Excellency a petition for the Congress in assem- bly. I hope that your Excellency will be good enough to Read it. I was to insert in this petition, what I writte to your Excellency in particulare: but this petition would be too long. "Sir I sie with a great great grief these united states. Respected of all Europe for their union ; now disunited : this honourable Con- gress alwais prudent and wise in his actions, formely respected of Father Lotbiniere 61 these united states now dispised of these disunited states: which would presume to deprive this honourable assembly of all powers, even money, which the people give no more but to pay the debtes ; and charges contracted with their one accord in the time of war to save their Estates and Lifes, it seems that they pretend to dissolve this respectable assembly to exerce a tiranik power, and vexe the people with more Liberty than they do now. indeed the frame of this gouvemement has been inspired by some tory in these states, it is a snare Laid to these imbecille and ignorants men who set in the house of these states, to make fall america in second bondage again. "For what will become of them? if this honourable assembly is constrained to break of for want Money to pay Either debt or charge? What shall they do? i° they cant depend opon one another, since they are disunited 2° France will turn the bake. 3° they will never find any good soldier, and the militia will not march, they are too angry for their plonderage. more Ever it is a poor troop, they will be cut in pice one after other, it is of the utmost consequence to these states to keep this honourable assembly, and to pay the respect due to it. Since this assembly is compounded with the delegates of all states; they are reputed to be the best of Every states, then this Respectable body must be invested of supreme aucthority, to name aU judges the i" and 2d. the treasurer, the receiver of taxis the First and sub collectors of all towns both Large and small of these States, to give the order to the receiver to call to an account the collectors both county and sub collectors, to the treasurer to call to an account the receivers of taxis and the assembly general compounded with all judges of Every town both Large and small to call on account the treasurer, then this Liberty purchased with the blood of so many good citizens, and so many fortune over-set, would be everlasting: strong enough to keep itself from the tyranik gouvemement. Like hoUand, gene, venise, but the first of the houses of town both Large and small in these states won't agree with it. they pretend by the authority they have usurped by the False votes of mob harmeless and Little people to plunder this money to appropriate it; and to pay the publik debts and Charges to give a small portion to the Congress as it were a favourfrom them. "I explain myself better to your Excellency, the interest has been in all time the head of all Evils in the world ; in particular in these countrys. (the Lawyers whose the science consist for having 62 Father Lotbiniere written 3 or four month in the office of some other Lawyer) very gredy and covetous ; at the time of election pretend to be president or mayor or alderman : bribe the votes, and it is an easy thing to get from the mob 5 or 600 votes with 5 or 6 gallons of rum. this IJttle people have the order to present themself the first in this house ; and before the honest people come, this assembly is broke of, and very often the most unworthy men are elected in spite of the very honest gentlemen, one proced to the election of county and sub-collectors, and they and elected after the same manner, these collector main- tained by this house, force the poor people to pay the taxis settled by this house: in putting some in jail other in Execution Lay out at seven per cent this publik money (Like Thomas Fenemore) make wait for the Receiver of taxis Some time two years : don't give any account, because they agree with this house, and grow very riche in a Short time, the receiver of taxis, and the treasurer are Elected in the time of assembly after the same manner and act Like the collec- tors. So that it is a very plunderage, and a tour of babel, the money of the poor people is to make riches the treasurer, receiver of taxis and collectors of these States and not to pay the Charges and debt, they are more tory than those who did oppose to the independency, your Excellency may be convinced that the King of France has made his alliance with your honourable assembly which did at that time rep- resent all america, it was to humble angland whose the power would be too strong, if this coutone did keep these countrys yet France would be alwais good friend of america provided the states could continue to be united; but the King is informed of their disunion their plonderage upon the poor people of their states and disrespect for the Congress, is not contented at all. the ministry of France has got the Catalogu of the names of thos who Compound the assembly general of all States the name of those who set in the house of town both Larger and Small the name of all treasurers, and Receiver of taxis of States and the name of all county and sub -collectors of these States, my Letter from the France ministry will be a proff of it. this Letter is dated the 28th Septembre 1786 ( ?). when it will ques- tion of it I Will shew it. "I hope Sir that your Excellency will urge the honourable Con- gress to ordo me that I may be paid For it is Less Crime to ordorr my death than to Kill me by inche in denying my pay and it is due to me 240 doll for two quarters from the first day of januarii 1786. I am Father Lotbiniere 63 with a profond Respect of your Bxcellency the utmost humble obe- dient servant 'XOUIS lyOTBINIERE, "priest of Canada, "at burlington [N. J.] "2 januarii "1786 "my direction is to Reverend Louis Lotbiniere board to burling- ton per bristol at bristol — ." Of Father Lotbiniere having performed any religious ceremonies or administered any of the Sacraments in Philadelphia, Burlington, or elsewhere there appears no sign. We have seen that Congress ratified the appointment Arnold made with the priest in Canada in 1776; that later chaplains were only appointed to brigades ; that in the army there were not enough Catholics to warrant Father Lotbiniere being so appointed, which meant that in no one brigade were there members of the Church num- erous enough to justify his appointment, and even had there been, that the assignment of the duty to Father Lotbiniere would not have been acceptable to him because of his age and infirmities. So it is probable he did no active duty while with the Americans, but, because he had forfeited so much by his adherence to the American cause while the army was in Canada, Congress simply retained him on the pay-roll as a means of support, at times too inadequate, since chap- lains as well as soldiers had to suffer for the need of money Congress could not provide. Whether Father Lotbiniere had the faculities to perform the usual religious duties while army chaplain is a question. The per- mission, during the Revolutionary War, could have come only from the Vicar ApostoUc of the London district, which it is improbable to suppose was the case, or from Rev. John Lewis, Superior of the Jesuits In Maryland until, in 1784, Rev. John Carroll was made Superior of the missions in this cotmtry. It is very unlikely that the said Supe- rior gave permission to Father Lotbiniere to exercise the usually priestly faculties, as already in 1786, and maybe earUer, he had re- fused it to Father de la VaUniere, "a perfect rebel," who had also espoused the cause of the Americans and was made bitterly to suffer for it. When, in 1 786, it was sought to allow Father de la Valiniere 64 Father Lotbiniere to attend refugee Canadians in New York, Father Carroll declared that "he had not the power." Though later he was permitted to minister to his countrymen there who might desire his services. So I am of the opinion that a similar course was pursued with respect to Father I^otbiniere when at Philadelphia and vicinity at any time from 1777 to 1786. There really was no one to give him faculties. [Thirteen pages of this article are from the Records, A. C. H. Society, March, 1902.] A CATHOLIC INDIAN LOYALIST. Charles Michel de Langlade, son of Augusti, was bom in France, served in French army and emigrated to Canada. Charles was bom at Mackinaw, near the beginning of May, 1724, In 1 745 he and his father removed to Bay des Puants now known as Green Bay. He was engaged in war with the Indians and commanded the inhabitants of Green Bay. In the war between France and Eng- land for Canada, Langlade led a party of Indians who opposed the English at Fort Duquesne in 1755. After the War had ended by the cession of Canada to England, Langlade became a loyal British subject. His services to the English cause during the Revolutionary War had been appreciated to secure him a life annuity of $800 besides three thousand acres of land on the borders of the River thames — then known under the name of La Trenche, in the Province of On- tario. — [Wis. His. Soc. Col., vii, p. 182.] He died in January, 1800. "The little colony at Green Bay went in a body to weep over his grave, which may still be seen in the old cemetery of the town." [p. 184.] Langlade was by the Indians called A Military Conqueror. Like his father he always showed himself a submissive child of the Catho- lic Church, always giving every possible assistance to the intrepid mis- sionaries who, from time to time, went to proclaim the gospel to the Canadians, half-breed and Indians, in this far-distant region. When he wore his British scarlet uniform, his hat and sword and a red morocco belt, his appearance was as becoming as it was warlike. We know he cultivated all those moral virtues which characterize the true hero. The Wisconsin His. Soc. preserves the silver buckle of this belt.— [Page 185 vol. vii., Wis. His. Soc. Col.] Father Lotbiniere 65 "TEACH YOUR CHILDREN TO TAKE A SPECIAL INTEREST IN THE HISTORY OF OUR OWN COUNTRY. "we MUST KEEP FIRM AND SOLID THE LIBERTIES OP OUR COUNTRY BY KEEPING FRESH THE NOBLE MEMORIES OF THE PAST." — Fathers of the Third Plenary Council. LETTER OF CAPTAIN HECTOR McNEiLL APPEAI^ING FOR RELIEF TO SAVE FATHER LOTBINIERE, CHAP- LAIN OF CONGRESS, FROM "WANT AND MISERY." BECAUSE HE TOOK "THE PART OF THE AMERI- CANS IN THE DARKEST HOUR OF THEIR DISTRESS." On January 14, 1779, while at Philadelphia, Captain Hector McNeill, Commander of the frigate Boston, wrote the following letter relative to Father Lotbiniere: "Sir: Although I know that your time is constantly taken up with matters of importance yet I cannot help begging your attention for a few moments to the case of a person now under distress in this City whose situation formerly I was well acquainted with. "I beUeve you are no stranger to the deplorable circumstances our army in Canada were reduced to, immediately after the death of General Montgomerie. "I myself am a witness of, the amazing fortitude and persever- ance of that handfull which remained under Genl Arnold, who with a number of much less than half the Garrison, kept up the Blockade of Quebec for some months imtill reinforcements arrived from these States : it was at that critical time the General stood in great need of the assistance, and friendship of the Canadians, who although they 66 Father Lotbiniere were well disposed towards the american army, and their cause, yet were frightened by their Priests, who threatened them with Excom- munication, and had actually refused every church privilege to any who served or inclined to serve on the side of the Americans; On this occasion the person above spoken of step'd forth, and offered his services as a clergy-man for the Canadians, which good policy, and the Exigency of our Affairs, inclined the Genl to accept, and Mr. I/)benier was accordingly appointed chaplain to a Canadian Regt. much to the satisfaction of those poor men, who thought their etemall felKcity depended on the assistance of a Priest, etc. "It is beyond doubt that the part M. Lobenier had taken rendered him obnoxious to the Brittish, consequently, he was ob- liged to quit his native coimtry with our retreating army and throw himself on the mercy of a people whose part he had taken in the darkest hour of their distress. "Since his arrival in this City he has enjoyed, by the Bounty of Congress, a small pittance which has made his exile ToUerable until the setting in of the present winter, but as the times grow worse even with those who have much greater Resources than this poor Gentleman can possibly have, so has it fallen heavily on him; for ever since the last of november he has been retrench'd by fire and candle which at this pinching season of the year are undoubtedly among the Necessarys of Life ; Especially to a man in his situation, burthened with age, an utter stranger among us and totally unable even to begg in our language. "I know this man as a Gentleman, to belong to one of the Greatest familys in canada, and as a clergeyman I believe the only one of that country honoured with the Religious Cross of Malta. I know also that he enjoyed a Living worth between four and five hundred potmds sterling a year, besides a Patrimonial estate, all of which he has lost through his friendship for the Americans. What pitty it is then, that in addition to the sacrifices he has made for our sakes, he should be suffered to pine away in want and misery, dueling his exile from his friends and Country — in short I am shocked at the idea of the consequences this man's case may pro- duce hereafter; a time may come once more when we may stand in need of the Friendly offices of the Canadians, whom I fear instead of trusting us, will have reason to take warning, and reproach us with the unhappy fate of the Refugees from that country, many Father Lotbiniere 67 of whom are now exposed to extreme poverty and little or no notice taken of their sufferings. < "I think it my Duty to make you acquainted with Mr. Lobe- nier's Case in particular not doubting of your disposition for doing all the Good you can on every Occasion. "I am, Sir, with due Respect & Deflerence "Your Most Obed* Serv* "Hector McNeili,." "Philadelphia, January 14th, 1779. [Proc. Mass. His. Soc. 1873, pp. 276-7. This letter was sold by Libbie & Co., Auctioneers, Boston, May 14th 1906.] The address "To the Hon'ble. Samuel Adams" has a pen drawn through it. The letter is labelled "Copy to Mr — on Lobenier's Situation, Jany. 14th, 1779," The two Canadian "Regiments" [really but Battahons] known as "Congress' Own" — those of Col. James Livingston and Col. Moses Hazen — after the retreat of the Americans from Canada operated in New York along the Hudson River. The Battle of White Plains was fought October 29, 1 776. On November 12,1776, the Canadian Corps is noted as being at Fishkill, New York, where a priest, whose name is not given, attended the wounded and dying Maryland and Penn- sylvania Catholic Soldiers. This could have been no other than Father Lotbinier. Congress on August 10, 1776, had confirmed his appointment as Chaplain made January 26, 1776, by General Arnold at Montreal. The Abbfe Lindsay, of Quebec, writes The Researches : The following extract from Mgr. Tetu's Les Eve ques Quebec, Mgr. Briand (p. 289), will convince you that you are mistaken in some items regarding the U. S. Chaplain Francois Louis Chartier de Lotbinier. I translate for your benefit : — "Mgr. Briand says of him in a letter written in 1774 to I'AbbS de I' Isle-Dieu : 'Departed from Canada in 1753, at the time he was a Recollect, interdicted and suspended from all orders, afterwards a Cordelier, once more, after a dangerous illness, a Recollect, after that an apostate in Europe, during two years ; then joined the Order of Malta, without becoming any better; driven out of Martinique, on account of his disorders, by the Capuchins and the Governor, he was not ashamed to come to Canada, where he was known for an arrant libertine, where 68 Father Lotbiniere he knew that I was Bishop and should also have known that I was informed concerning his infamous doings.'" On his return to Quebec he was once more interdicted by his first cousin, Mgr. d'Esglis, into whose hands Mgr. Briand had com- mitted him. He had been audacious enough to write to London against his Bishop. His letter had no other result than to make him lose a pension of one hundred eciis which the Governor had allowed him after his interdiction. Nevertheless, this pension was given back to him owing to the pressing entreaties of Bishop Briand, who thus returned good for evil. "The Abbe de Lotbiniere died in the United States in 1784." This last date is taken from A bbe (Mgr .later) Tanguay 's Repertoire du Clergi, which is now, after due criticism and experience, acknowledged to be a nest of inaccuracies in every sense. The ex-RecoUect's brother, Louis Eustache, who died at I'Ancienne-Lorette, nine miles from Quebec, in 1786, was not the Chaplain to the U. S. Army. The respective dates of the birth of the two brothers suffice to establish this fact, without having to seek for any further evidence. Quebec, May 17, 1906. Dear Sir : — In reply to yours of 14th inst., I beg to inform you : I . — ^That Bishop Briand, in the letter of which I sent you a quota- tion, could not allude to the rebelUon of the ex-Recollect de Lotbiniere, because he wrote prior to the American Revolution, the letter being dated 1774. 2. — ^That the Abbe de Lotbiniere, who died at I'Ancienne-Lorette in 1786, had been cure of that parish since 1777, and before this latter date, at Pointe-aux-Trembles, near Quebec (not to be mistaken for another parish of same name, near Montreal). Although he signs all the acts in the parochial register Chartier de Lotbiniere without any surname, according to the French usage, in his own Mortuary act, his name is given as Eustache. Bishop Hubert, the coadjutor, presided at his obsequies, which would certainly have not been the case had the other one been concerned. Moreover, after such a record as that of the ex-friar, he would not have been entrusted with a parish. My appreciation of Mgr. Tanguay's Repertoire du Clergi applies principally to the second edition, far more inaccurate than the first. His Dictionari Genealogique, in spite of many inevitable errors, Marquis Lotbiniere 69 remains a monument, unique of its kind, of indomitable, painstaking, and patient research, and a mine of valuable and reliable information. The Rev. I,. St. G. Lindsay, of the Cathedral, Quebec, gives Ths Researches the information above. This testimony showing the wayward life of Abbe I/Otbiniere prior to 1774 seems to show that he was living on the pension given by the Governor of Canada. Captain Hector McNeil, however, declared that he knew the Abbe, when he became Chaplain to the United States, to "enjoy a Uving worth between four and five htmdred pounds SterUng, besides a patrimonial estate, all of which he lost through his friendship for the Americans." The Abbe is also stated to have died in the United States in 1784. That date, taken "from a nest of inaccuracies," is now known to be wrong, as the Chaplain was in January, 1786, alive in Burlington, New Jersey, and appealing to Congress for reUef . . That he died in the United States sometime in 1786 is probable, for no references in the Journals of Congress appear diuing that or later years. Perhaps he died at BurUngton, New Jersey, where he so long suffered from cold and hunger consequent upon his alljdng himself with the Americans. THE MARQUIS DE LOTBINIERE, A SUPPORTER OF THE AMERICAN "REBELS." HIS SON, A CAPTAINjIN THE BRITISH FORCES, A PRISONER OF THE AMERICANS. The Committee of Montreal secretly favoring the American Rebels wrote to the Committee of Safety of Massachusetts on April 8, 1775: "The bulk of the people, both English and Canadian, wish well to your cause but dare not stir a finger to help you, being of no more estimation in the political scheme than the sailors are in shaping the course or working of the ship. They may mutter and swear, but must obey. The case is quite different with their noblesse or gentry. The pre-eminence given to their religion, together with a participation of honors and oflSces in common with the EngUsh, not only flatters their mutual pride and vanity, but is regarded by them as a mark of distinction and merit, that lays open their way to fortune; of Liberty or Law they have not the least notion." [Am. Arch. 4-2-306.] General Arnold, however, wrote Governor Trumbull June 13, 1775, that "no more than twenty of the noblesse" favored the British. [M4. 97S]. 70 Marquis Lotbiniere A letter of a Continental officer at Ticonderaga, August 25, 1775, said: The Canadians in general are our firm and steady friends ; that is to say, the peasants; but what they call or term in Canada the noblesse are for despotic measures, which prevents many from appearing more open than they do for us." — [Am. Ar. 4S, 3 vol, p. 433.] The majority of the Canadian hahitans were by all evidence now obtainable, imdoubtedly, at first, sympathizers and helpers of the American "Rebels." The Clergy and "Noblesse or Gentry" were generally the other way. An exception among the "Noblesse" was the Marquis de Lotbinier, whose family name and rank by social position has been an honorable one. It yet exists in the town and county of Lotbiniere, Canada. The narration herewith presented shows father and son divided in sympathy and in action. The father active and zealous for the American cause, the son — Captain Chartier de Lotbiniere, serving England. He was one of the eight officers and sixty men taken prisoners at Fort Chambly, November 2, 1775. [p. 1419, Am. Ar. 4-3 Vol.l. The officers were taken first to Trenton, N. J., and later to Bristol, Pennsylvania. He was held for a year or more, being allowed by Congress $2 a day for support. \Am. Ar., Vol. 3 — Series 5— p. 1564.] He was paid $104 for 52 weeks from November 2, 1775 to October 31, 1776, less $14.60 received from Gen. Schuyler, by whom Trenton was chosen as the place of detention. The Canadian officers taken at St. John who were sent to Windham and Lebanon, in Connecticut, were under parole of honor not to go into or near any seaport town, nor more than six miles from place of detention, nor carry on any political correspondence whatever on the subject of dispute between England and the Colonies, {ibid p. 1921. Vol.2,-Series 4.] Marquis de Lotbiniere of Canada was in London June 3, 1774, when the Quebec Bill was before ParUament. He was "called in and ex- amined" and declared he was of the "corps of nobiUty" of Canada; that the Canadians were desirous of having an Assembly to represent them in the government of the Province, but had not made appeal for it fearing the expenses of the Government to support would be more than they could afford; they desired a freer government than a Gov- ernor with a Council; that if some of the noblesse were admitted to that Council they might be satisfied; that the noblesse would not Marquis Lotbiniere 71 object to an Assembly in which the Bourgeois were admitted if it were the King's pleasure to have it so ; the Canadians like the English judication very well. {Am. Ar. Vol. 1-195 — 4th Series.] The Marquis then went to France and there endeavored to serve the Americans. He was entrusted with a secret mission to them and in the Summer of 1 776 left France for America. He wrote to FrankUn from Chatham, Cape Cod, Massachusetts, November 11, 1776, saying: That he had arrived but two days and was on his way to Phila- delphia without the dangers he had been exposed to since his depar- ture from St. Pierre, Martinique, where he had arrived September 5th, from France. He enclosed a letter to his son which he asked Dr. Franklin to deUver to him. He informed Dr. Franklin he had re- sided at Paris and Versailles above two months before he went to St. Malo, when he embarked for St. Pierre and Miguelin. During his residence at Court he had had several conferences with De Ver- gennes. Minister of Foreign Affairs, as well as other important per- sonages in France who appeared to be greatly concerned in the suc- cess of the Americans — more concerned about it than of their own affairs. He wished Mr. Lotbiniere and daughter were with him, then he would act more openly than he should be able to do. He proposed that his son (a prisoner) be sent to Canada for his mother and sister, while he would fill his place in his absence. In the meantime he would not be sparing of his advice because of his zeal for the common cause and the knowledge of the places where these views ought to be directed as soon as the enemy were obliged to act on the defensive. The best way, he thought, was to close them in as much as could be done and avoid any general action, which if lost would divide the American army without hope of gathering them in time to prevent disunion which he saw was too great in the Colony attacked and upon which the enemy in London so much depended. It was necessary to act Uke Fabius. Keeping provisions behind and destrojdng the country they abandoned — ^thus the enemy would be destroyed and not being able to refresh themselves nor recruit in the cotmtry would in the winter be reduced to a small number and England could not support the exorbitant expense to which she had been subjected last winter. ,3 ., .^j 72 Marquis Lotbiniere On the 2oth of November the Marquis arrived at Boston. He found that Franklin had sailed for France three weeks before so he sent the letter to John Hancock, the President of Congress. He for- warded also the letter he had written to his son on November loth. He told the son he had come to relieve him from his captivity even in giving himself as hostage — if Congress accepted he would not be long in receiving his liberty. He told him if he had followed the advice he gave him last year he would be convinced of what has hap- pened and would have remained quiet in his estate and restrained the sallies of humor and the desire of distinguishing himself in a military way, reserving himself for a fitter opportunity — and have spared himself many pains and losses and his father the mortal uneasiness for himself and the family which he had entrusted to his care, but whom he abandoned without knowing what might become of them in his absence. Instead of giving himself up to a bravery, foolish in the case in which he employed it, he should have gone to Europe with his sister and not exposed himself to any reproaches of certain ancient offi- cers who have had the talent of exposing our young gentlemen to the danger and keeping themselves out of it. He told him that after many dangers and troubles he was here now hoping to join the family and to render the country the greatest and most essential services, if those- who inhabit it will hsten to him by showing them their true and only interest, which he had always done and at the expense of his own interest — though without success. He had particular reasons now to lay before them so they might renounce so unreasonable a zeal as that they had shown. — [Am. Ar, Vol. 3 — p. 642-44, 5 Series.] On December 24, 1776, from Boston the Marquis wrote the Presi- dent of Congress relating that this was the third letter he had sent him — the first being the one to Dr. Franklin,which had been forwarded by Captain Faulkner on the 21st of November — the second, written December 4, had been taken by the post-office on the 12th. In the interval he had sent by Mr. Walker going to Philadelphia with two French gentlemen a letter to his son. Still there was no answer from his son. It was cruel of Mr. Walker to deprive him of the letter. He had not heard from his family for two years. He declared the great and ardent desires of his soul were for the success of the Ameri- can arms; he had not been able to show the commission on which he Marquis Lotbiniere 73 came to the country — that he had not been backward in communica- ting his ideas for the preservation of the States — when he left France the commission he accepted could not be granted without a reserve of disavowing him in case things did not succeed in the manner expected. He had not acted with less ardoiu- and zeal since his arrival though under the double risk of being disavowed by Congress and by France which secretly employed him as one who may and France knows could be of the greatest service to the Americans because of his knowledge of war and politics. The most dangerous enemies were the false brethren who are im- happily found in all the States in too great numbers, whose only aim and occupation is to discourage the people by deluding them. This enemy must be eradicated without delay by severest laws and striking examples, though not in great numbers. Though the French Court had given the strictest recommendations and orders to all to whom its authority extended to procure him every means and conveniency to this continent — ^yet these orders could not be kept secret here but had been published and Frenchmen regarded him in a superior rank to those in places where he was seen. In spite of all this he had been exposed and accused of being a de- clared enemy to the United States. Some had been so infamous as to charge him with being a British spy, so that all he did to render himself useful to the States has poisoned to his disadvantage and strengthened the suspicions against him. He did not conceal the sensibiUty and pain he felt at this attempt at his honor for which he could obtain speedy satisfaction by the power which employed him. He con- sidered, however, that he was now stopped in his endeavors for the good of the country. He sought an answer from Congress as without it he, his servants and baggage would be exposed on the road to Phila- delphia. He now saw things in "a pretty clear light" and foresaw what the enemy would attempt the next campaign. He had informed the French Court of it and if it determined to support it as he had mentioned, all would be ready here to concur in that system. The letter to the French Court he had sent by a schooner bound for St. Pierre — concealed — even in the master's breeches if necessary in case he shotdd be taken. Another letter in cypher directed to Coimt d'Ennery, General of Hispaniola mentioned the same projects and ideas as the first letter. The letter sent to Congress by Mr. Walker gave a recital of the 74 Marquis Lotbiniere affair which detained him five years in England, and of his incon- testable right to the Lordships of Dalainville and D'hocquart at the head of Lake Champlain extending to the lower end of New Lake George, to the west of the river which joins that Lake to Lake Champlain. The lordship of D'hocquart is situated on the east side of that river and begins two miles above Crown Point and extends near to the en- trance of Au Loutres. Each of these lordships has four leagues in front from north to south, on five leagues depth ; the first to the west and the second to the east. He would give fuller information when he saw the Presi- dent, besides that given in the Memorial by which he expected to obtain justice from Congress as the memorial had also been presented to the King, his Minister, the members of Parhament and almost all the foreign ministers in London and to the principal persons in France. By that it would be seen how he had treated the British Minister and principal persons of the British Court whose spy they have now dared to call him. Unfortunately there are some, and too many, who render the British more service than any stranger could, however incUned. The letter the Marquis sent by Mr. Walker, dated Boston, Novem- ber 20, 1776, to his son, told him that it was too late to yield to the Spirit of enthusiasm by which he had been led by the persuasion of Longeuil and Bel-Etre. He had done no honor to his judgment in taking their advice in preference to that of his father. Proper re- flection would have made him prefer his father. Had his conduct been regulated by the letters he had sent from London he would have avoided many losses and sorrows as well as others who had followed the same course, would not now be exposed to the reproaches of his mother coimtry in which his ancestors made a figure against which for sometime he had appeared in army, though he could not be ignorant of the interest France took in the success of the cause against which he was persuaded to fight. It occasioned the greatest sur- prise in France when they were informed that the Canadian noblesse had joined the Royalists in such a cause, particularly after the treat- ment which they had received, without the least occasion given which tended to no less than to reduce them to a lower state than their vassals and which they would have accomplished if they had had a sufficient time to execute their schemes. He closed by saying, "all letters from France give me the title of Marquis. You will run no risk in conforming to it." — [Am. Archives, Vol. 3, page i4i4-5th Series.] No further record of the Marquis has been found. Father de la Valiniere 75 FATHER PETER HUET db tA VALINIERE, THE "FIERY. FACTIOUS AND TURBULENT 'REBEL'" CANADIAN PRIEST, "THE MOST CULPABLE AND THE LEAST CON- VERTED" OF THE PRIESTS FAVORING THE AMERI- CANS; SENT TO ENGLAND BY GENERAL HALDI- MAND, THE GOVERNOR OF CANADA: HIS WANDER- INGS. HIS TROUBLE WHILE VICAR GENERAL AT THE ILLINOIS. General Fred. Haldimand, Governor of Canada, during the Ameri - can Revolution, writing to Lord North from Quebec, June 19, 1783, said : "The Jesuits are the only order of regular priests who have shown an attachment to the rebels during the course of the war. ' ' [Canadian vs. Haldimand Papers, B. 56, p. 75]. Of Catholic American Revolutionary historical interest is the recital of the career of a Priest of another Order — the Sulpicians — and of his trials for being suspected of aiding the American cause by association with the "Rebels" and being favored by them. Because of this and, perhaps, by reason also of his eccentricities and instability of mind, he became a wanderer, the first American tramping priest, covering the country from Canada to New Orleans. This was the Reverend Pierre Huet db la VaunierE, the "perfect rebel in his heart," as General Haldimand declared him to be to Lord George Germain, when he deported the Priest to England. Henry De Courcy, a French journalist, whose letters in 1855-6, to the Ami de Religion and other French periodicals, were translated by Dr. John Gilmary Shea, and, on May 3, 1856, published under the title of The Catholic Church in the United States: A Sketch of its Ecclesiastical History, in a brief relation of the career of Father de la Valiniere says: "This original character deserves to be better known in America, for it was in consequence of his sympathy for the United States that the Abbe de la Valiniere was subjected to numberless trials during the last thirty years of his life." Our work now is to do this — to make him "better known" by a recital from original sources of some of these "trials." Bom January 10, 1732, at Varade, France, Pierre Huet de la VaUniere studied at the College of Nantes and entered the Grand Seminary of that city November 22, 1752. After having been or- 76 Father de la Valiniere dained sub-deacon he went to Paris, where he entered the Seminary of Saint Sulpice and became a member of that Congregation. Being endowed with great zeal and untiring energy he thought his vocation was for far-off missions, and leaving France April 13, 1754, he reached Montreal on the 9th of the following September. He was then ordained priest, Jime 15, 1755, by Bishop Pontbriand, and busied himself with the different works of which the Seminary had charge, both in the city and its neighborhood. It was during that time (1758) that he succeeded in rescuing from the hands of the Indians, a Uttle EngUsh girl named O'Flaherty, at the very moment when these barbarians were about to make her perish by fire. "They had already tied her to the stake with Mrs. O'Flaherty, her mother, and were preparing to bum them both, when that ecclesiastic, by his prayers, his entreaties and promises, succeeded in delivering them from death."^ This child, whom Madam d 'You- ville received under her roof, devoted herself to her benefactress and became a Sister of Charity. Later, the priest composed, at the request of the saintly founders of the Sisters of Charity of Montreal, a Litany to the Eternal Father, which has been recited daily in the commimity since April 4, 1774. He was appointed successively to the following parishes : RiAriere- des-Prairies, May 22, 1 759 ; St. Henri de Mascouche, November 2, 1 766 to January 3, 1769; St. Sulpice, January 30, 1769 to October 4, 1773; L'Assomption, November 11, 1774 to February i, 1777, and St. Anne, September, 1778, to October 9, 1779. He likewise attended Lavaltrie October 18, 1768 to November 18, 1770, while in charge of one or another of the above-named parishes. His restless and changeful nature prevented him from remaining long anywhere, — ^he was certainly one of the greatest travelers of his day. When he took possession of the Cure of I'Assomption, Abbe de la Valiniere seems to have foreseen the bitterness that was in store for him, for he writes to the Bishop as follows : "At the beginning of an undertaking so formidable as that which has been imposed on me, I resign myself to my fate, because the Lord has answered me by the voice of my Superiors: ad omnia ad quae mittam, dicit Dominus ibis." And, in truth, he was not happy there, for, perhaps through his own fault, he was compromised and accused 1 Quoted from the Life of the Venerable Mother d'Youville by Madame Jette, wife of the Lieutenant-Governor of the Province of Quebec. Father de la Valiniere 77 on the occasion of the invasion of Canada by the Americans in 1775. According to his autobiography (which is preserved in the Seminary of Montreal), he has nothing wherewith to reproach himself in all this affair. He attended to his parish of L'Assomption, and busied himself only in praying to God and in preaching fidelity to the King, carrying his devotedness so far as to send to the army one of his servants and to render the Canadian officers every possible service. Having learned that the Abbes Robert and St. Germain were prisoners of the Bostoners, he went to Sorel at the peril of his life, says he, to rescue his two confreres and forced the general of the invading army to deliver Mr. Robert into his hands. To attain this desirable end, he had secured the services of one Durocher, a friend to Thomas Walker, a Montreal merchant, who hved at L'Assomption, and who had succeeded in inducing a certain number of inhabitants of his and the neighboring parishes to rebel. However, notwithstanding M. de la Valiniere's protestations of innocence, he was beUeved neither by General Carleton, nor by his Superior, M. Montgolfier, nor by his Bishop, Monseigneur Briand. He was reputed to have favored the rebels. Letter from Vicar Generai, Montgolfier to Bishop Briand. On August 12, 1776, Monseigneur Montgolfier wrote to Bishop Briand: "Since the departure of the rebels, we have hved in this district in great tranquillity imder the protection of an equitable government: probity is respected and virtue protected. All the parishes, perhaps without any exception, either through fear or for duty's sake, seem manifestly enough to me to have returned to reason ; at least regard- ing the greater number of their inhabitants. The pastors (cures), conformably to Your Lordship's intentions, admit to the Sacraments only such as having appeared rebellious or indifferent, acknowledge their fault and retract it publicly by their behaviour and in all their words, being disposed to make all amends that may be judged proper and I think there are few that refuse to comply with such con- ditions. "As to the clergy, they persevere in the best dispositions regarding submission to legitimate authority; those who heretofore seemed to have deserved some blame are ashamed even to be suspected, and seek for testimony to prove that they have been constantly attached to the government. Does not such conduct imply a retraction and a 78 Father de la Valiniere sufficient reparation of what may have indicated a certain weakness in their past behaviour? Acting on that principle I have until now maintained a profound silence regarding the three missionaries of Sault Ste. Louis, of Longueuil and of V Assomption.^ Nevertheless, I have had the honor of unburdening my heart to General Carleton regarding the last named whom I reckon among the most guilty and the least converted. His excellency gave me liberty to deal with him as I may judge fit. The dearth of priests forces me to employ him, though reluctantly. Should Your Lordship judge proper to withdraw him, and if means could be found of providing for the essential needs of that large parish, I would see therein no difficulty. But, in that case, I would desire that subject to be removed from the country. He is thoroughly self-willed, and, although of good morals, he would infallibly cause us some other trouble " — Dated August 12, 1776. On the fifth of September following, the Abbe de la VaUniere writes to Monseigneur Briand to complain of M. Montgolfier, who, says he, "has served him, after dinner, a dish as disagreeable to nature as it was beneficial to the spirit." His Superior rebuked him for not having consulted him, for having followed his own mind, for having favored the Bostoners. He must have had some connection with them to have so boldly gone to meet them at Sorel. On the second of October M. Montgolfier writes to the Bishop: "M. de la Valiniere is keeping quiet for the present and I think he is checkmated. I have seen him only once since the extravagant steps he has taken of his own accord, and in which I know nobody that has shared. I have clearly notified him that I no more looked upon him as a member of our house, that I left him to his entire liberty and that I had no more advice to give him, save that I always thought he would do better to return to France, and that I would provide him with every facility for so doing. And it appears to me that he thinks no more of it. And if Your Lordship does not ordain otherwise, as far as I am concerned all will be over, and, considering the dearth of priests, I will leave him in his parish." Everjrthing appeared to be settled; but General Carleton inter- venes, as is proven by the following letter of M. de Montgolfier to the Bishop of Quebec: 1 The Jesuit Joseph Huguet, the Recollect Claude Carpenter and Monsieur de la Valiniere. Father de la Valiniere 79 "I had almost forgotten M. de la Valiniere, and in speaking of Father Huguet's^ affair, His Excellency showed me that it would be expedient and even necessary to withdraw that missionary from I'Assomption, and, should it be thought fit to employ him elsewhere, at least to transfer him to another parish, and to remove him from this district, where he is too well known I hope Your I,ord- ship will have the goodness to regulate his condition when the time has come." Bishop Briand ordered the Abb6 to Quebec, and while giving him permission to confound his calumniators, if he were able, he signified to him his departure from TAssomption, and offered him to choose for himself among three situations, viz. : either remain definitely at the Montreal Seminary, or stay there until navigation was opened and then leave for Europe, or finally, accept some ministry in the district of Quebec. The prelate added: "His Excellency is informed of my action, the matter is settled." M. de la Valiniere was therefore obUged to comply and to leave I'Assomption for Saint-Roch-des-Aulnaies in February, 1777. His successor was Monsieur Petrimoult, who wrote to M. Montgolfier to render an accoimt of the state of mind of the inhabitants and of the manner in which he had been received. The Superior of Saint-Sul- pice was not without anxiety; he feared that two himdred inhabi- tants sympathetic to the Bostoners might manifest in favor of M. de la Valiniere and against his successor. Nothing of the kind hap- pened. ' 'My taking possession, says M. Petrimoult, was as peaceful as might be desired, at least up to this moment. I have neither seen nor heard any sign of discontent." The year that preceded M. de la Valiniere's arrival at St. Roch des Aulnaies, the Abbe Bailly de Messein,^ Chaplain to the Royahst troops, had succeeded with M. de Beaujeu in enlisting fifty mihtia men from Kamouraska, four from Riviere-Orelle, twenty-seven from St. Anne and twenty-five from St. Roch, de la Valiniere's parish. An engagement took place at St. Pierre (now in the county of Montinaguy), and the RoyaUsts were beaten by the rebels who had with them 150 Bostoners. Three men were killed, ten wounded and a greater number taken prisoners. This engagement threw consternation in the surrounding parishes. 1 A Jesuit missionary at Sault Ste. Louis. 2 Who was later appointed Coadjutor to the Bishop of Quebec. 80 Father de la Valiniere The families that had lost a member bitterly reproached the priests for having caused the departure of their sons for the army. M. de la VaUniere, who had arrived after the enlistment, merited none of these reproaches. Writing to Bishop Briand, May 9, 1777, he informs him that he has given praise to those of his parishioners whose children had been woimded or who were still prisoners with the Bostoners for the service of the King. He even intends to preach often to inculcate the obedience they owe the King. He complains of the dilapidated state of the Church, presbytery and surroimdings, and particularly of his own penury. To this latter complaint the Bishop turns a deaf ear, knowing as he did that de la VaUniere's pecuniary condition was far from dis- tressing. De la Valiniere managed to quarrel with a neighboring parish, St. Jean Port-Joly, and in the difficulties that ensued, he threatened to sue the Bishop and the Seminary of Montreal for a reparation of his honor, of his goods and of his health, of which he had been despoiled. After receiving from the Bishop a letter full of kindness and good sense, his humor improved. In 1778 he asks the Bishop to be trans- ferred to the adjacent parish, and his request is granted. At St. Anne de la Pocatiere, his new post, new difficulties beset him and he spends only one year there. In his autobiography de la Valiniere attributes to Bishop Briand the following eulogy of his unworthy self: "He (de la VaUniere) is the priest of my diocese who knows best how to gain general affection. In every place, his zeal and wisdom have won for him the esteem of all. He possesses the gift of enriching the church-treasury; he preaches well, and he deserves no reproach. His talent is almost unique; he distributes abundant alms and yet he is ever ready to give." According to the same document, M. Smith, who was Seig- neur of St. Anne, was ready to give 40,000 livres as bail to prevent his departure. He had made the proposal to Governor Haldimand, who had laid the fault on the prelate and on M. Grave, the Vicar General. Haldimand's letter (original in archives of Archbishopric, Quebec) shows how false is the last accusation. Father de la Valiniere 81 Letter op Governor Sir Frederick Haldimand to Bishop Briand. Monseigneur : "You will be so kind as to order Monsieur de la Valiniere, cure of the parish of St. Anne on the South Shore/ to proceed without delay to this city with all his baggage, and to take his lodging, during his stay here, at the Seminary or with the Jesuit Fathers, according as you may judge proper. "I leave it to you to inform him, if you think fit, that he must sail for Europe with the fleet that leaves the 25th of this month, and care will be taken to provide him with refreshments and all possible commodities for the voyage. You will be careful to recommend him partictilarly not to give way to his usual fits of vivacity and to be attentive as to his manner of acting and speaking vmtil his departure. "Monsieur de la Vahniere may give his letter of attorney to the person he may judge proper, provided such person be one with whom the government has reason to be satisfied, to attend to the interests he may leave in this Province. "I have no doubt that the clergy, recognizing the bounties of his Britannic Majesty, their Sovereign, towards them and towards the people whose souls are in their keeping, will induce the latter to give proofs of fidelity, of zeal and reverence, which they owe him in every respect, and for all sorts of reasons. "I have the honor to be with great esteem and consideration. Sir, Your most obedient humble servant Fred Haldimand. Quebec, this 14th October, 1779. To His Lordship, the Bishop of Quebec. But "removing" him from one place to another seems not to have led to the submission of this suspected supporter of the Americans. So that in October, 1779, General Haldimand ordered his arrest and deportation to England, as the annexed document sets forth : GENERAL HALDIMAND DEPORTS VALINIERE. Lord George Germaine. Quebec, October 24, 1 779. My Lord : Having already the honor of informing your Lordship in my Letter 1 It now bears the name of Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere. It was then called Sainie Anne du Sud, in order to distinguish it from the older parish of St. Anne, the celebrated pilgrimage then called Sainie Anne du Nord. 82 Father de la Valiniere No. 28, of my intending to send Home M. "De La Valliniere," Cure of one of the parishes below the Town, upon the south side of the river, I have accordingly delivered him over to Captain Hervey, command- ing the Convoy, that is to sail from hence the 25th instant, desiring at the same time, he may not be allowed to leave the ship until Gov- ernment gives some instructions, how he is to be disposed of. This gentleman is a native of France, and was, till some time in the year 1776, a member of the Seminary of Montreal, under whose patronage he enjoyed one of the best cures in the Province near that Town. The gentlemen of the Seminary were extremely offended with his behaviour during that whole winter, when he proved himself a perfect rebel in his Heart. On their complaint the Bishop removed him from his cure to one of less value, in the lower part of the Province, he has since quarrelled with the Bishop, and was once disposed, as I am informed, to sue him in our Courts. Fiery, factious and turbulent, no ways deficient in point of wit and parts, he was too dangerous at this present crisis to be allowed to remain here, and accordingly taking advantage of his disagreements with the Seminary of Montreal, and with the Bishop, he is now with consent of the latter sent home, as it rather appears that the blow proceed from his ecclesiastical Superiors, any noise or disturbance about it here is avoided, and at the same time may oblige the Clergy, especially the French part of them, to be careful and circumspect; the French alUance with the Colonies in Rebellion has certainly opera- ted a great change upon their minds, and it too generally runs through the whole body of Canadians. However disagreeable it may be, it is improper he should be permitted to return to his native country. I think he must either be confined, though well treated or sent prisoner at large to a remote part where some inspection may be had over his conduct, in short, there cannot be a doubt that while these troubles last, he will seek every opportunity of serving France, & of being of Dis-service to the British interests. I have honour to be &c. &. (signed) FRED HALDIMAND. [Canadian Archives Haldimand Papers B. 54, Page 225.] At the time of his departure from Quebec, de la Valiniere was under universal condemnation. ReUgion and civil authorities, as well as his own Superior of Saint Sulpice, were unanimous against him. It would be hard to prove his innocence. Father de la Valiniere 83 The exile met with no better fortune at sea than on land. He com- plains that after having received the most evident marks of friend- ship, he was deceived and robbed of all his money. On his arrival at Spithead, he would have liked to sue his despoilers in order to recover his money, but having no papers, he was unable to do so, and to crown his misfortune, he was kept for twelve months a prisoner on board ship. While at Spithead he wrote Lord Germain : Appeal of father Valiniere to Lord Germain. From Spithead, on Board the Convoy, Dec. 14, 1779. My Lord: I beg you not to be angry with your servant. I know that you are so much occupied as to leave you no time to recall to your memory a poor little subject like myself; yet I am still detained on board awaiting your orders, and I have not yet been on shore, which is rather bad on a person of my age, especially as I have been very ill with sea sickness. I entreat you then to allow me at least to buy a sloop and depart with two men without setting foot on land. If this is not agreeable in time of war — for you see I take liberty of reasoning with you and say, either your servant is guilty or only under suspicion, or even innocent; if the first, he asks for trial and punishment if he deserves it ; if the second, your self-interest accords with this request; if, finally, it is the third, why retain as a prisoner him who does not deserve to be so treated. I beg you to honor with a reply and a passport, if it be possible, him who has the honor to be Your most Humble and Obedient Servant P. HUET LA DE VALINIERE, Priest. Passport, if you please, for at least two of these four with me: Jas. LeGros, John Constance, Clement Coret. Thomas Gaurier. \Canadian Archives Series 2, Vol. 16-1, p 319.] Alleged Death op Father De La Valiniere. lord hervey to lord george germain. My Lord: On my return from Portsmouth, I found a letter desiring informa- tion concerning Monsieur Valiniere, the Canadian Prisoner sent home by His Excellency, General Haldimand, with me. I beg leave to inform your Lordship, that he caught a bad fever when on board the Lenox at Cork. He was sent to the Hospital, on 84 Father de la Valiniere § his arrival at Portsmouth, where he died soon after. I have the Honor to be your Lordship's Humble and obedient Servant, HERVEY. St. James' Square, Thursday Morning. Endorsed "No Date Received 17th March 1780." [Canadian Archives, Series Q. Vol- 17-1, p. 80.] This information was not correct, for Father Valiniere, the "fiery, factious and turbulent," was "not dead yet," but lived for more than quarter of a century after his alleged death at Cork. NO OVERT ACT. Now the "Rebel" Priest had been brought to England what to immediately do with him was a matter of conjecture by the authori- ties in the absence of a direct charge against him. The annexed document shows that the Priest was so guiltless of any legal offence that his arrest is declared "ill advised" and his custodian may do as he pleases with him. RT. JACKSON TO (UNDER SECRETARY OF STATE?) 22d December, 1779. Dear Sir: I cannot see any ground for detaining de la Valiniere, unless it be under the authority of the Act for securing Persons charged with or suspected of High Treason committed in the Colonies. I cannot advise Ld. Geo. Germain to commit him under that Act, unless some charge, or some cause of suspicion of High Treason be first distinctly alleged by somebody, however expedient it may be to confine the man. Perhaps Capt. Harvey or some on board his fleet may furnish such cause of suspicion, but I confess the Gover- nor's letter does not to me impart suspicion of Treason committed, though perhaps a very liberal expounder might construe the Behav- iour by which he proved himself a perfect Rebel in his Heart to an act overt of Treason. I know not what the practice under the Act has been, and will make some inquiry and will then trouble you with another Letter, but my present opinion is that it will be best for the Secretary of Father de la Valiniere 85 State to take no notice of la Valiniere, but leave the Capt, to do what his discretion directs him to do. The Governor seems to have been ill advised. Dear Sir, Yom-s Sincerely, ROBERT JACKSON. [Canadian Archives. Series, Q., Vol. 16-2, p. 715.] Finally, to get rid of him, they forged a document, in which they made him state that having been captured on a French Merchant Vessel he was not to be considered as a prisoner of war. He was allowed to reach France at his own expense. He thereupon embarked on French vessel the St. Antoine, which was wrecked off the coast of France and all that remained of the poor missionary's fortune went to the bottom. He was forced to travel on foot to Paris, by the way of Ostende. Although the reputation which had preceded him deterred his brother Sulpicians from receiving him very cordially, nevertheless, they lodged and boarded him at Nantes in a house (St. Clement) destined for the invalids of their congregation. While resting there, he recovered his health, collected the debris of a small inheritance and prepared to begin again his missionary life. In 1782, while there he addressed the following memorial to the Secretary of the Marine Department of France: Memorial to the French Marine Department. "To His Excellency, Monsieur de Castries, Secretary of State at the Marine Department." "Your Excellency will please excuse an old missionary of Canada, who, having returned to France since nine months, has been obliged to observe a silence for which he ceases not to reproach himself as liable to cause prejudice to the State. Here is the fact : "A sojourn of twenty -six years in Canada, especially at the most critical period, imder the domination of France as well as of England, has necessarily imparted some knowledge to a man successively entrusted with an Indian mission and with ten or eleven parishes at the two opposite extremities of the said country. The desire of making himself useful to God and to the Eling induced him to learn EngUsh, under the government of the Marquis de Vandreuil, to whom he rendered gratuitously the service of acting as interpreter towards General Abercromby. But the general esteem in which he was held having confided to his care several parishes whose districts, although 86 Father de la Valiniere regulated by the court, seemed to place no obstacle in the way of the Bishop, who would displace them without necessity, our missionary thought it his duty to oppose such designs and by means of the law, he obliged the said prelate to renounce his undertaking. But alas ! how sad it is for a priest, so far from home and under EngUsh domination, to defend his right against a Bishop of their naming and according to their taste. "It happened then that in 1776, the insurgents called in Canada the Bostoners (Bostonnais,) having taken the country and besieged Quebec, dviring the whole winter, judged proper to detain two priests as prisoners at Sorel; whereupon, our missionary, being alone able to express himself in EngUsh, thought fit to use some endeavors to deUver them; he therefore, went to Sorel and had the good fortune of rescuing at least one of them whom he brought with him. But his request was not long in becoming suspicious to the English government, which, after three years of extreme persecution, made him leave suddenly the 25th of October, 1779, and sent him to Ports- mouth, with interdiction to land him without the consent of the ministry. He therefore, remained there during seven and a half months, on board ship, without having the two-thirds of a soldier's rations, and again later twenty days a prisoner, contrary to the right of nations, at Alesford, whence, by means of a passport, he came as best he could by Ostend. But to crown his misfortune, having placed all that was left him in a box on board the vessel to be brought to Nantes, ,the ship was wrecked. As for himself, having traveled by land to Paris, he took on his arrival the liberty of requesting in writing an audience of M. de Sartine, who, no doubt, had no time to honor me with a word of answer. "Since that time, that missionary has never ceased to reproach himself with his want of action ; having especially heard of the depart- ure of Count de Grasse to whom he might have been of some useful- ness, he cannot refrain from offering the services and the experience of a man who will soon reach his fiftieth year, begging of Your Ex- cellency to honor with a word of answer him who already takes the liberty of calling himself Your most Humble and Obedient servant, P. HUET DE LA VALINIERE, Priest. The Canadian Archives Supplementary Report for 1899, p. 199, has the following summary of the above recited documents which it Father de la Valiniere 87 states is in the Archives of the Ministere des Colonies in the I/juvre ; our transcript is from the Quebec Archiepiscopal Archives. 1782 — Letter from Pere Huet de la Valiniere, a Priest, to M. de Castres, Secretary of State (a remarkable letter, artless and myster- ious). Returned from Canada nine months since, after a period of twenty-six years. Offers his services. Applied for an audience to M. De Sartines, but received no answer. Relates his history and that of a priest taken prisoner by the Bostonnais at Sorel, in 1776, and re- leased at his, the writer's, solicitation ; kept in captivity by the Eng- Ush during three years; sent to England; detained upon the vessel for seven months ; a prisoner for twenty days at Alrefford, &c., &c. De Courcy-Shea's History of the Church, Edition 1856, p. 461, says: "Soon dissatisfied with his family, and meeting in consequence of his eccentricity, a rather cool reception from the Sulpicians at Paris, he resolved to return to Canada and set sail for Martinique." WANDERINGS OF VALINIERE. Is it not more probable, however, that the Minister of Marine Department gave him the service appUed for on one of the vessels going to the West Indies, the cruising ground of the French marine forces? That it was thus he reached Martinique and later San Domingo, where he was attacked by the yellow fever and on his recovery "took passage on a small craft, for Newburyport, Massachu- setts, where he arrived early in the Spring of 1785. From thence traveled on foot by way of Vermont and Lake Champlain to Montreal, where he arrived in June, 1785." As he distrusted his Montreal friends, he plaimed going first to Martinique, San Domingo, or the United States, before reaching Canada, which was the final object of his voyage. As a fact, he landed at Newburyport in 1785, reached Vermont, Lake Champlain and was soon back to Montreal. The first authentic news of his arrival is given in the following letter addressed by Bishop Desglis to Monsieur Grav6, the Vicar General,, dated July 25, 1785: "I enclose herewith an interesting document of M. Huet de lat. Valiniere : "What shall we do, my dear Vicar General, with this poor man?" Howjwell he bears out the portrait given by M. Montgolfier in his. 88 Father de la Valiniere letter to His Honor the Lieutenant Governor ; restless, turbulent, etc. ! "He asks me for a certificate of good standing and behaviour so as to go wherever the Lord calls him. Can I give him one as long as he will hold a conduct so much opposed to my orders? I have for- bidden him, as you are aware, to say Mass publicly until he has made arrangements with the government, and he has nevertheless officiated without having compUed, for I don't see by all his verbiage how he £an prove that His Honor, M. Hamilton, allows him to remain in this province. God grant that for the honor of the clergy he be not decided to allow him to stay! I even desire that you endeavor to make him know that I would be very glad if he did not suffer him in this country " Evidently de la Valiniere was not very warmly welcomed by Bishop Briand's successor. On his part, M. Montgolfier is at a loss to get rid of him once more and for good, for M. de la Valiniere is determined to remain at the Seminary in spite of everybody. In vain do they offer him, for peace sake, a pension of six hundred livres, Tounois ciu-rency, payable yearly in Paris. The deed is drawn up, signed by the Sulpicians, but at the last moment, the Abbfe changes his mind and refuses to sign. After this he seeks the hospitality of a Confrere, M. Curateau, and later lodges with the Recollect Fathers. He applies to English lawyers, among others to M. Christie, to institute proceed- ings against the Sulpicians. But the lawyers will not plead without the permission of the Seminary priests. Then, after several trips to Quebec, to St. John, to I'Isle-aux-noix, he, in August, 1785, leaves for the United States, with a "favorable letter" from the Bishop to Rev. John Carroll. He traveled as far as Philadelphia, where he meets Father Carroll, the future Bishop of Baltimore, who received him kindly, but could not grant him faculties nor confide to his care the Canadian, Arcadian and French group settled in New York and its vicinity, as he "had no power to do it." IN NEW YORK. While in New York he sent a petition to Congress then sitting in that City, stating his "losses and sufferings." That Petition is not now among the papers of the Continental Congress, but its purport can be known by the following document : Office of Secretary of Congress. October 15, 1785. Father de la Valiniere 89 On the petition of Peter Huet de la Valiniere, priest, chosen to be a general Vicar for New Skotland, which he has refused, stating his losses and sufferings, and offering his services and praying for an answer, i. concerning some succour, 2. concerning the recovery of his baggage which he left last Spring at Newbury, and 3. concerning his being employed at Ilinois or some other place. The Secretary of Congress reports That the said petition be referred to the board of treasury to report. Agreed to, Sept. 17' 1785. R. H. Sec. P. [No. 1 80, p.g, Reports of Secretary of Congress. In State Department in 1901.] In the Fall of 1785, he was at Newburg, New York, and doubt- less also at Fishkill, where a number of Canadian refugees were located and to whom he ministered by special faculties given by Father Carroll. In December, if not earUer, he was in New York City preaching to the French, whom he assembled in his house. About Christmas he wrote Father Farmer, of Philadelphia, a letter, the purport of which we get to know by the letter of the latter to Rev. John Carroll, dated December 27, 1785, transmitting Father Valiniere's communication, sa3dng: "It contained matters that must be laid before your rever- ence. It is from La Valiniere, la)dng down his reasons for staying in New York ; for collecting the Canadians and French for the purposes of divine service, and asking for faculties. That gentleman was again, in a late letter, recommended as a zealous missionary by Fr. Wells (of Quebec), and I doubt not that his staying among those forlorn people, and preaching to them may revive their decayed devotion. For I have seen some instances of it two years ago in my own poor endeavors, when staying five days in Fishkill. My answer to him was, that till your pleasure be known, he might exercise at New York, with respect to the Canadians and French only, those faculties your reverence had given him. La Valiniere writeth of their (Fathers Whelan and McReady) expecting exhorbitant fees, even before the service. Another motive of allowing him to exercise at New York the faculties you gave him, was mentioned by himself, and it is that formerly in Canada he had been the ordinary pastor of those volimtary exiles, and may we not add to these motives, that he was our fellow missionary in America and that he comes with 90 Father de la Valiniere approbation from a neighboring Bishoprick. — [Campbell's Carroll. U. S. C. Mag. March, 1847]. Nevertheless, Father Carroll did not give him faculties as we learn from his letter from Rocky Creek, Md. January 25, 1786, to the Trustees of St. Peter's Church, New York City, wherein he says: "He lamented his hands being still tied. I was prevented from giving full employment to M. Nugent's zeal and I must add for M. l,a Valiniere's credit, that when I declined granting him leave to administer the Sacraments to the Canadian refugees, it was for the reason, because I had no power to do it. Otherwise, I have such a conviction of his many qualities that I should gladly have indulged the wishes of those good people who solicited and of this I beg to inform him." — [M55. copy. Georgetown University]. Otto, the French Consul at New York, writing to Comte Vergennes, the Minister of France at Paris, on January 29, 1 786, said : ASSEMBIvES THE FRENCH "M. de la Valiniere assembles the French who are in his house. He preaches regularly to them every Sunday and he assures me he is persuaded that if there were a French Church here, it would, with- out doubt, attract a great number of his countrymen." [Bancroft's Formation of the Constitution, p. 77]. On January 26, 1786, Father Farmer, of Philadelphia, wrote Rev. John Carroll, "From, or of M. De la Valiniere, I heard nothing since I wrote to him, as I sometime ago mentioned to you." On February 25, 1786, Father Farmer wrote that he had trans- mitted to La Valiniere, who was still in that city, "powers to perform parochialia, without restrictions to the French," and this gentleman had informed him of the state of affairs, as he had been requested to do; "that scandals had ceased and all was quiet there." In a letter of March 30, he mentions the intention of M. De la Vali- niere, to leave New York for the Illinois. With the labors of his minis- try he found time to compose a catechism in both French and English, and formed numerous projects for the erection of churches and semi- naries in the principal cities. Having failed to obtain, through the influence of the French Ambassador (M. Barbe Marbois), permission to buy an old Protestant church in New York City, which he intended to use for the Catholics, he felt discouraged and asked Bishop Car- ij Father de la Valiniere 91 roll's leave to travel West. He was allowed to do so and was even invested with the faculties of a Vicar General. Going To The Illinois. Rev. Ferdinand Farmer, of Philadelphia, on April 12, 1786, wrote Rev. John Carroll, Superior: "I,a VaUniere, who thinks to leave New York on Monday after Quasimodo, is composing a Catechism in English and French which my correspondent is af eard not to be suffi- cient concerning the English language and also perhaps to serve upon those of our communion he wisheth we might see it before it is put to press, but the time is too short. The gentleman's trunks for his journey to the Illinois are already here." The Catechism referred to was titled : Dialogue Curieux et Interessant entre Mr. Bondesir et le Dr. Brevilog, en Francais et en Anglais." Dr. Shea says, {History of the Church, />. 431, note) "in which the printer strangely Protestantized his Enghsh." It is probable, how- ever, that printer "followed copy," as Father Farmer's New York correspondent declared La Valiniere "was not sufficient in the English." Father La Valiniere describes himself in the title as "having suffered great persecution for the cause of America in the last war and having been obliged to take refuge in the United States." No copy of this catechism is in the State Library at Albany, nor in the New York Historical Society, nor in the Lenox Library of New York. "He came to Philadelphia and, making a brief rest at Old St. Joseph's with Fathers Farmer and Molyneux, he 'made his way as a pedestrian to Pittsburg and descending the Ohio in a batteau,' journeyed on to Kaskaskia, where he became in 1 786, Pastor and Vicar General. The register of that Old Church yet exists with his signature as "Pretre, Vic. Gen. Miss, de la St. Famille."— [I/. S. C. H. Mag. XIII, p. 43.] He had no sooner reached his destination than he began to wage war against Father St. Pierre, a discalced Carmelite, who had served as Chaplain in Rochambeau's Army, and of whom I'Abb^ J. H. Laval, quoted by John Gilmary Shea, says that he was certainly one of the most remarkable priests who had administered the parish of St. Gabriel (in Louisiana). The relation of his doings as Vicar General of Illinois may be read in The American Catholic Historical Researches for July, 1906. 92 Father Lotbiniere FATHER LOTBINIERE APPEALS TO GENERAL SULLIVAN TO ADVOCATE HIS CAUSE BEFORE CONGRESS. [Translation.] General : I have been an eye witness of the courage and prudence which your Excellency showed at Chambly and Sorel. You were the same in all places where you fought and your courage and prudence rightly gained for you the applause and esteem of all who fought under your orders. Your gallantry made me often wish to see your Excellency at the head of the army, after the death of the valiant Montgomery. But Congress sent (the Respectable) Woorster, who was too old to succeed in that capacity. Had your Excellency been sent, all Cana- da would have united to the United States, and the Canadian people who hate the English and ardently wish to throw off the Englsh yoke would have held the country against England and all the armies she might have sent. As for me I would now enjoy in peace my income which amounted to 450 pounds sterling and would have kept the honorable position I held, instead of being adrift in a foreign country, always on the verge of starvation as my salary has not been paid. I have some reason to believe that General Arnold and other officers of high rank have told your Excellency of my former prosper- ous and honorable position ; that after the bishop, I was the foremost priest in the country by birth, position and income. When I took sides with the United States they bore witness of all those facts when they reached Congress, but the majority of the members of that honor- able assemply have not seen those facts, they formed an opinion with- out considering them and they looked down upon me as a poverty- stricken priest, who for a living, joined the army as chaplain. There- fore, they paid no attention and gave me no consideration and last year I received only 240 dollars a month. Besides I was paid only every four months. I have been on the very point of dying on the streets of hunger and exposure as I have had to sell my linens and part of my clothes to keep myself alive. Finally I resolved to declare i" my poverty to Congress, 2° the impossibility of borrowing or of get- ting anything from my country, all communications between Canada and this country being cut ofif. I added that the bishop, the clergy and the nobiUty, although they were vexed at my action, would take the opportimity to show that one cannot rely on the Americans. They would say : TyOtbiniere had an honorable position and a good in- Father Lotbiniere 93 come ; he has left everything against our wishes, to side with them ; as a reward they left him to die of hunger and exposure in the'streets of Philadelphia. This petition was presented and Congress ordered that, money having depreciated in value, I should be paid 965 doll, and 5 shill. in gold. Furthermore, I was to receive 40 dollars in gold per month. This order was taken to the oflBce of the Treasury and the commissar- ies of that office gave me a warrant for 965 doll, and 5 shill. in bill emitted. Said warrant has been in my hands since the 2nd of Sep- tember last and has not been paid. I received only 20,000 continen- tal dollars in two payments, which make 266 doll, bill emitted, and 5 shillings. I could not get one cent more since the first of August until now ; therefore my salary is due for nine months which makes 360 doll, bill emitted. 360 added to 699 doll, the balance of the war- rant, makes 1059, due me. But what shall I get? The state money being valued at three dollars for one I shall receive only 353 doll, in gold and if Congress delays longer that payment, I shall not see any- thing of it. You see. General, how I am wronged. Had I received that money earlier, even in January, when there was not yet any difference between gold and bills emitted, I would have been able to buy the necessaries of life and besides I would have laid in a supply of sugar and coffee which would have saved me a lot of money. I thought that I would give you some explanation on this ques- tion and as you seem so well inclined to help me, will you kindly permit me to ask you to present to Congress this short address which will be strengthened by your powers of oratory ai;d by your charm of speaking. Mr. Lotbiniere, a priest from Canada, and the only one of the clergy of that country who, notwithstanding the opposition of his bishop, his family and his friends, sided with the party of Liberty, has come to me and presented himself as the former general-in-chief of the army in Canada in 1 776. He told me of his poverty due to the fact that his salary and the warrant given him on the 2nd of Septem- ber last, have not been paid. He says that he received on October 2nd last on account of his warrant ten thousand continental dollars, that the value of that money being at the time 75 for one silver dollar. 94 Father Lotbiniere This money enabled him to buy a suit, some shirts, stockings and shoes and to live until the 2nd of February. But since the 2nd of February the continental dollars fell considerably in value ; so did the state money. 200 continental dollars were worth only one silver dollar and 3 dollars of the state money worth only one, so that he could manage to get only a wig and a pair of shoes and had to live very economically on the other ten thousand dollars, which he received on the 2nd of February last. Now he has only 500 with which he hopes to be able to live a week. In fact, gentlemen, the high position he held, the large income he gave up to join our cause, the considerable help he gave our army, his very presence holding back in our regiments the enlisted Cana- dians who wanted to leave because the Bishop had ordered all priests to refuse the sacraments, even at the hour of death, to all those who had enlisted in our army, and had they left the whole army would have perished ; all these considerations speak for him, they were communi- cated to you by General Arnold and other high ranking officers. Therefore, we cannot, without injustice and without incurring the blame of the Canadian clergy, nobility and peasantry, leave without help this honest priest, who would be well- to-do if he had not espou- sed our cause. Therefore, it is absolutely necessary that we pay the balance of his warrant, amounting now to 699 doll, state money and his nine months salary amoimting to 360. He complains that the war-board and the Treasury do not execute the orders they receive from Congress in his case. We must thererfore, give a special order either to the Continental Treasurer or to the pay master to pay him promptly on the first of the month. Every communication with Canada being cut off, this gentleman is unable to receive anything from his country and is not in the same predicament as the other officers who may get help from home, while waiting for their salaries. If we cannot do him justice let us cut off his head and end his misery ; he himself would prefer that way of dying to a lingering and ignomin- ious death. Gentlemen. I repeat that we owe it to justice and to the nec- essity of securing the goodwill of the Canadians, who, notwithstand- ing their feeling against him would not entertain a good opinion of us to help him out of misery and pay him promptly on the first of the month. His age, his noble birth, and his position command our respect and it is humiliating for him to go 30 to 40 times to the war Father Lotbiniere 95 board or to the Treasury without getting anything but rude answers from the officials. This speech, General, enhanced by the glamor of the eloquence with which nature has endowed you will be irresistible. This being done nothing in the world will restrain me when I shall find an oppor- tunity of showing your Excellency the depth of my gratitude. LOTBINIERE, CANADIAN PRIEST AND KNIGHT OF THE ORDER OF MALTA. To His Excellency Mr. Sullivan, Major General of the Armies of the United States of America. Original in French. Papers of Continental Congress, No. 78, XIV, 423.] Perhaps General SulUvan acceded to the request of Father Lot- biniere but perhaps not. On September 5, 1774, he wrote from Philadelphia to Captain John Langdon, denouncing the Quebec Bill. He declared the Catholic an accursed religion, so dangerous to the State and favorable to despotism "that Philadelphia will be a city of refuge for Roman Catholics who will ever appear in favor of the prerogative of the crown, backed by an abandoned minister, aided by the whole force of Great Gritian and assisted by the same Indian nations. I am certain no God may as well exist in the imi verse as those two ReUgions where the Papists have the power to extirpate the profession of the other," Yet Sullivan was the son of an Irish Catholic. He may have become more tolerant of Catholics from his inter- course with them in Canada and his association with Father Lotbini- ere. When, in 1 78 1 , an effort was made in his State, New Hampshire to abolish the religious test for office, he drew up the report of the town of Durham in favor of striking out "Protestant" and inserting "Christian" in the Constitution of the State. 96 Bishop Briand BISHOP BRIAND OF QUEBEC "KEPT CANADA FOR ENGLAND." Jean Oliver Briand seventh Bishop of Quebec, was bom January 23d 1715, ordained Priest March i6th, 1739. Two years later he arrived in Canada as Secretary of Bishop Pontbriand and until his death he acted as Canon of the Quebec Cathedral. The See remained vacant until 1766 when Briand was appointed to it. He remained imtil 1784 when he resigned on account of age and infirmities, Hedied June 25, 1794. "At the time of the American invasion of 1775 it was he who by his loyalty and his authority kept this colony for England" says Monsigneur T€tu in Mandements des Eveques vol. 11 p. 5, 187 quoted in Jesuit Relative -vol. 71, p. 388. "Bishop Briand worked hard and did almost as much as General Carleton [the Governor] for the British cause" [Justin H. Smith in Am. History Review Jan. 1902. p. 400.] General Richard Montgomery, in his beUef that "the will of an oppressed people, compelled to choose between Liberty and Slavery, must be obeyed" had on December 31st, 1775, endeavored to take Quebec, but lost his life in the attempt. A year later Bishop Briand ordered Te Deum commemoration of the victory of the British and the preservation of the City from capture by the Americans. His pastoral address to ' 'the CATHOLIC PEOPLE of QUEBEC" reads: Bishop Briand gj Bishop Briand's Pastoral Letter. [Translation.] Jean Oliver Briand by the mercy of God and the grace of the Holy See, Bishop of Quebec. Suffragan immediate of the Holv See. Honorary Canon of the MetropoUtan Church of Tours, etc. To the Catholic people of Quebec, Salutation and Benediction in Our Lord Jesus Christ. What are to-day your sentiments, Dearly beloved Brethren, on the happy and glorious event of the 31st December, 1775, of which the anniversary will, in three days froin this date, recall the grateful and consoUng memory? You looked upon it then as a singular dis- pensation of Providence, to be remembered and held as a debt of gratitude to the God of armies for all time. This was the language of His Excellency and of all our officers and all our men. With the greatest consolation did we witness on the part of all the generals and faithful defenders of this town manifestations of the sentiment and see them all combine to render homage to the Supreme Being for the victory of that day. Nor could we, in view of the principles of our holy faith, augur otherwise than favorably of the event or refrain from hoping for what the Lord really accompUshed and what He never fails to perform when men are faithful in rendering to Him due tribute of glory and honor. He consummated His work, and af- ter having amid the shades of night, rescued us by a kind of miracle, or rather by a real miracle from the hands of our enemies, and deUv- ered them into our hands, when they deemed themselves victorious, that God of goodness, against whom neither science, nor wisdom,nor strength, nor craft, nor knavery can prevail, restored to us and not only to us but to the whole colony, the blessing of Uberty. And here perhaps I should enumerate and set before you in de- tail all the marvels which the Lord has accompUshed in our behalf, in order to convince you that it is your most strict duty to give him thanks and sing His praises: Cantate Domino canticum norum qua mirabilia fecit But you have well weighed and appreciated these wonderful mercies of God and times beyond number have I been delighted to hear you proclaim it, in accents which faith alone can i nspire. It was God and God only, who restored to us H. E. Monsieur 98 Bishop Briand Carleton. He it was who covered him with his shadow, who guided his footsteps, and brought him safely through the network of most vigilant sentinels specially posted at every point of vantage in order to capture him and carry him off ; it was God who enabled our illustrious Governor to put courage in every heart, to tranquilize the minds of the people and to reestablish peace and union in the town. It was God himself who imparted and preserved unanimity and concord amidst a garrison consisting of men of different ranks, characters, interests and religions. It was God who inspired that brave and glorious garrison with the constancy, strength, generosity and attach- ment to their king and their duty, which enabled them to sustain a long and painful seige during the severity of a Canadian winter. Did you not also recognize a further evidence of the special pro- tection of Divine Providence in the matter of the failure of fire-ship which would in all probability have reduced to ashes the whole of the lower town? What more need I say? The arrival of help from Europe at a most opportune moment and but a few hours in advance of the assistance which reached the enemy ; the terror manifested by the enemy on seeing His Excellency outside of the walls with a small number of men; the affair of Three-Rivers; the precipitate flight of the enemy on the approach of our troops; the victories won on lake Champlain ; was not all this the work of Divine Providence and do not these wonderful mercies call for our gratitude? Cantate Domino canticum Norum qui mirabilia fecit. Let us then Dear Brethren most joyfully chant a hynm of rejoicing and gratitude to our God, who has worked so many wonders in our behalf. Let us sing it, oiu" illus- trious Governor, who is of one mind with us in this matter asks for it. Your brave commanders, imder whom you have won so much glory, have asked that it be done, and begged of us to chant a solemn Mass, in order to testify before Almighty God by that august sacra- fice, in a manner more worthy of Him and in better keeping with their sentiments, to their heartfelt and bovmdless gratitude. Wherefore, after having conferred in this matter with the clergy of oiu- episcopal city, we have resolved to celebrate, at or about nine of the clock, on Tuesday next, 31st December, in our Cathedral Church a solemn mass in Thanksgiving, after which we shall, 'in Pon-, tiflcal Robes, chant the Te Deum, whereat our clergy secular and regular shall attend. We exhort and nevertheless enjoin upon all the people to attend thereat, in so far as it can be done, in good faith and Bishop Briand 99 before God. We should not consider as being exempt from sin those who through ill will or a spirit of criticism and disobedience, and for no other reason absent themselves therefrom. The Te Deum is to be followed by Benediction of the most Holy Sacrament, and we grant an indulgence of forty days. Given at Quebec, under otur hand, the seal 01 our Arms and the signatiue of our Secretary, this 29th December, 1776. T J. OL., Bishop of Quebec. Par Monseigneur, Frs. PerrauiIay, the other three being blown off from the fleet in afternoon about Easter and 174 Catholic Hessians supposed to be lost. That some time in June, the whole marched for Montreal where they arrived the latter end of the same month. That 500 WestphaUans and Brunsw. troops were drafted as Dragoons, horses purchased in Canada and daily trained for that purpose, 500 more were drafted as riflemen. The whole are new recruits from 1 6 to 22 years of age. Quartered at Longuieul opposite Montreal under the command of Col. Belvnik of the Brunswick Troops. That at Quebec, ten of the Germans had deserted. One was after- wards taken and at Languieul was ordered to run the gauntlet through 300 men, but the whole of the German troops mutinied, owing to their not receiving their pay and provisions as promised them, refused to inflict the punishment and were going to murder the General, but Col. Belvnik quieted them with promises of their receiving their allow- ances regularly for the future. On October 17, 1777, General Burgoyne's Army surrendered at Saratoga to General Gates. The Brunswick Hessians taken prisoners were sent to Winter Hill near Cambridge, Massachusetts, where they remained until November, 1778, when they were obliged to march to Charlottesville and Staunton and Winchester, Virginia, where they arrived the middle of January. Most of them remained until the end of the war in these localities. The camps were under the superinten- dency of Col. Bland of Virginia. FATHER THEOBALD, HESSIAN CHAPLAIN. The following letter is from the Bland Papers in possession of the Bland family of Virginia, published at Petersburg, Virginia, in 1840. It is written in French and addressed to General Washington. It is doubtful if it ever reached Washington. It was probably given to Col. Bland, who had the superintendency of the Hessian Prisoners in Virginia, to forward to Washington. That it was among his Revolu- tionary Papers indicates its non-delivery. The name of Chaplain Theobald does not appear in the list of Chap- lains given in Rosengarten's German Allies. The records do not show whether the Chaplains whose names are given were Catholics or Protestants. As there were many Catholic among the Hessians — three thousand among the Westphalians — a Chaplain was as necessaryfor them as were any of the other Chaplains Catholic Hessians 1 75 for the Protestants. Perhaps the nearly twenty-five hundred sent from Hesse-Hanau were Catholics and so justified a Chaplain. The letter too was written in French. It speaks of a curd offered him two years before at Albany. This may have been to minister to the Canadians in the two Regiments of Congress' Own, commanded by Col. Livingston, which guarded the Hudson River, or that of Col. Moses Hazen, which in 1777, was engaged in Gen. Sullivan's cam- paigns. For either or both of these Regiments Father Theobald may have been invited to attend the Canadian and Irish soldiers. Nothing further has been discovered concerning this Hessian chap- Iain. Charlottesville, 1779. It is now the fourth year that I have been engaged in the regi- ment of Hesse-Hanan, which is at present in captivity in Virginia. While in capacity of Chaplain to that Regiment, I have been exceed- ingly maltreated by my commander, from the very commencement of my service to the present time. And on that account, I felt myself obliged to apply for my dismissal to my prince ; which I have done at different times, but still in vain have expected an answer. The situation in which I find myself at present — overwhelmed with cha- grin, without resources and almost without hope of again soon revisit- ing my native country; all this compels me to have recourse to your Excellency, and to beg you to grant me permission to go away from this place to Albany, and to accept there a curd that was offered me two years ago. Your Excellency may be assured that I am not a man of false principles, who makes professon to one and deserts to another. On entering his service I did not take the oath of allegiance to his Brittanic majesty and therefore can quit it with a clear conscience. In the hope of a favorable answer, I am your Excellency's very humble servant, etc. — [Bland Papers, p 144 vol. i. Petersburg, Va. 1840.!) HESSIANS AT CHARLOTTESVILLE. Parole of Dr. W. B. [ or A. B.] Carroll. I do hereby promise and declare, on my parole of honor and on the faith of a gentleman, that I will not during my journey from the post at Charlottesville to Charles Carroll's Esq, near AnnapoUs, by any means, directly or indirectly, by word, writing or [ in any man- ner] say or do an3^hing to the prejudice of the United States of Ameri- ca, or any one of them, or the inhabitants thereof, that I will not hold 176 Irish Regiments in British Service conversation in order to obtain a knowledge of the situation or state of the armies, encampments, fortune or finances of the United States, so that I may communicate intelligence thereof to the enemies of the United States, that I will on my arrival put myself under the guidance and direction of his Excellency, Governor Johnston, and not exceed such limits during my residence in Maryland, or on my return to the Continental army, as he shall prescribe to me ; and on my arrival at Charles Carroll's Esq, I will announce it to his Excellency, the Governor of Maryland and deliver to him a copy of this, my parole. W. B. CARROLL, JR., 20th Reg't. It is difficult to determine to which Charles Carroll this Dr. Carroll was on his way to. There were at that time three of the name in Maryland and two at or near Annapolis. Of the latter, Charles Carroll [of CarroUton] lived at Annapolis, and Charles Carroll, the barrister -at-law, a Protestant, hved in the same county and probably "near Annapolis." So it is likely the Doctor from the Hessian camp was on the way to the latter. Were they related? Dr. Carroll signing "20th Regiment" and giving a parole shows he was in the. British service. Irish Regiments in British Service. On June 20, 1776, the President of the French Navy Board, at Versailles , wrote to M. de La Touche that the Journal of M. de Montazeand, which he had received, showed he had met not far from San Domingo an English fleet under Admiral Porter. His presence in these regions might cause uneasiness. But there is no doubt this admiral was carried away to the South by incidents in his navigation — that he was really going to Virginia or the Caroli- nas. Little to hear from San Domingo, as Parker's fleet, which sailed from Cork, only conveyed a few Irish regiments. "Cannot understand how the officers of this squadron could know that 6,000 Hessians had gone into England's pay to serve against the English Colonies as this arrangement could not be known in Ireland when Parker's squadron sailed." — Canadian Archives, 1905, p. 421. The Capafliatis Friendly tg, Uig, Colonies. 177 THE CANADIANS FRIENDLY TO THE COLONIES, BUT THE CLERGY AND, NOBLES AIDED BY THE MIS- CONDUCT OF THE AMERICANS, KEPT CANADA LOYAL TO ENGLAND. There is anjtple testimony to shpjv that the Canadiaps were not only not hostile to the cause of the Americans, but where they were not neutral they were avowed supporters of the "Bostonnais." Though the Quebec Act, "EstabUshing Popery in Canada," as it was sai^, gave the Canadians the benefit of their former laws of France respecting the Church it ajso imposed the tithe system fo|- the support of the Church on the people. That vfus one cause of dissatisfaction^ and so of favor toward the Americans, thotigh pos- sibly it may not have been the reason for the disapproval of that Act by Father Floquet. Indeed it is probable that it was the chief c^use, adding to the hope of a possible restora,f;ion of the rule of Fi^pce when Englfind w^ restoring some of the lawjs of th^t coun,try, and one wju.<;l> imppspd- * ^&^\ obliga,tion to support the Church. A few. citations of testimony showing, their favorable attitudp. toward the Americans may be presented as indicative of the force of many. John Dug^uia, vjrho had lived in Canada for sjxteen months, made oftlth at Phijadelphja, AHgu^Jt 2, 1775, that the "Capsyii^^ y/^ not take up arm& on either side^ but ^is)}, to, rems^in, m^^ire,; that when the officers a,ppointed by Governor Carleton attempted to force the Canadians to take up arms, about 3000 of them assembled and obliged the officers to quit their purpose and return home, that the son of Dj:. Chafnbeault, one of the ^rinci|)al seigjnje^rsof Canav..^-*^ j?^^,^**^ ^^*4£«. .^^ FJRST ORDER ISSUED TO AN OFFICER OF THE COLONIAL NAVY ON," ACTIVE SERVICE In the popular mind all other active^commanders in'the navy of the colonies are unknown, save John Paul Jones. Born in Scotland, and in youth known as John Paul, he, on set- 200 The Commodores of the Navy tling in America two years before the outbreak of hostilities, added "Jones" thereto. The first mention on the records of the nation presents his name to Congress on December 22, 1775, as first on the list of lieutenants of the new navy reported by the Marine Committee for confirmation. His biographers usually state that this was the day of his appoint- ment. Jones, however, records that he was appointed on December 7th. Concerning his appointment as Lieutenant and not a Captain, Jones recorded, in 1783, that he had been offered a captaincy, but he did not consider himself "perfect in the duties of a Lieutenant." He was appointed to the Alfred, commanded by Captain Saltonstall. It was the flagship of the Commander-in-chief. The incident of raising the flag on the Alfred is always related with patriotic glamour as though the present Stars and Stripes was "the American flag" hoisted by Jones and the first occasion of its display as has often been stated. Jones considered the act as "a slight circumstance," though he was always proud of it, as he had " chosen to do it with his own hands . " The Alfred carried two flags when she sailed southward. Which one did Jones hoist? It is generally stated that it was the Rattle- snake and Pine-tree flag. There was no such flag. There was a Pine-tree flag. There was another, the Rattlesnake flag. This lat- ter was the personal ensign of Hopkins, indicating the ship from which he commanded the expedition. Jones speaks of "the Ameri- can flag" as the one he hoisted. In January, 1776, that was the Union flag which Washington had raised at Cambridge, January i, 1776 — the thirteen stripes with the English cross where now are the stars. This, undoubtedly, was "the American flag " hoisted by Jones. No other could in 1783 be referred to as "the American flag." Biographers place the time at periods from November 25, 1775, to January 14, 1776, but the latter seems the most probable, as on that day Hopkins, the Commander-in-chief, arrived at Philadelphia and took command of the fleet. So it is reasonable to conclude that on his coming on board the Alfred the new flag, the flag of Washing- ton, was raised. That was the flag the Alfred carried when she sailed on the expedition southward. Lieutenant Jones thus began his naval services. There is no official record of any duties performed prior to those on the Alfred — no Cemmittee on Naval Affairs being appointed as early as June The Commodores of the Navy 201 — no consultation with such a committee which, it is said, had sent to Jones, the Virginia planter, to come to Philadelphia and select vessels for naval operations. These and many other alleged services are without foundation. After the expedition had returned and the fleet had entered the harbor of New London, Conn., Jones was, on May 10, 1776, appoint- ed by Hopkins to the command of the Providence. Later transferred to the Alfred, on which he did good service on the northeastern coast, he was successively assigned to eight other vessels. "Will posterity," he wrote in 1783, "believe that ten commands were taken from me and that the best vessel my country ever gave me was the Ranger?" He underscores "my country," as if to show that with all the many commands given and taken from him, but one was a vessel of such build and force as to enable him to do service in accord with his spirit of adventure. In the Ranger he had, in the English Channel and tributary waters, captured the Drake and many other prizes and created con- sternation in mercantile and marine circles of England. Yet the Ranger, on his entry to Brest, was taken from him, while he was soothed at its loss by being told that the Indien, building at the Texel, Holland, would be assigned him ; but, alas ! he never got the command owing to complications regarding her building having arisen between England and Holland. All this while Jones was in France, moving from Brest and L' Orient to Paris and Passy, interviewing Franklin and seeking court influences reaching to the King, Louis XVI, striving to have a ship given him and so give his active spirit an outlet. Franklin was unable to secure him an American vessel. But for the King's action of taking the French ship Due de Duras, mak- ing needed repairs, and changing her name to the Bonne Homme Richard in compliment to FrankUn's character of Poor Richard, it is probable that Jones would to-day be little known. Jones sailed as the nominal Commander-in-chief or "Commodore" of a fleet of five armed ships of which but one, the Alliance, was of American build, and that was commanded by Pierre Landais, a Frenchman, erratic, if not of infirm mind. The expedition sent out by the French King to keep up "a plan of annoyance" which had been arranged to harass English commerce, was a French enterprise, but one wholly in accord with the energies 202 The Commodores of the Navy and spirit of Jones, who chaffed at the eight months' idleness to which he had been subjected. He seems to have started on this expedition with an acute and sensitive spirit, determined to encounter, and not evade, a force double his own, as he expressed, in order, as it were, to convince his country, and especially its naval authorities, who had treated him so shabbily. View as we may with candor and yet with that partiality which ever causes us to honor as meritorious those who have well served From an old lithograph. BARRY RECEIVING HIS COMMISSION FROM WASHINGTON. our country, especially those heroes who aided in placing ours among the nations of the earth, many who have studied his career do not escape the conviction that Jones was of that class to whom the term "adventurer" iii the common mind best conveys the idea which study embodies. That seems to a great degree to be decided to^be correct by his letter to Lady Selkirk, in which he said: "I am not in The Commodores of the Navy 203 arms as an American. I profess myself a citizen of the world, totally- unfettered by the little mean distinctions of climate or country which diminish the benevolence of the heart and set bounds to philan- thropy." Jones fought valiantly and well for America and was a power- ful factor in upholding and winning the cause of the colonies. Yet with equal facility of action and, doubtless, with equal fervor, he entered the service of Russia and served her with as strong a devo- tion. But our cotmtry at the time — 1788 — ^had no navy, no use for Jones or other naval commanders. Jones, by taking service in the Russian navy as Rear Admiral, believed he was again perfecting himself in knowledge which might sometime be useful to our, if not his, country. He was serving, not forsaking, the country. He ever held the "glorious title of a citizen of the United States," though but a decade before he had proclaimed he strove for it not as an American but "as a citizen of the world." Now our country hails him as Founder or Father of the American navy. This is, again, going to the opposite extreme. History, moving our country to do exact and equal justice, will, and perhaps before long, place Jones in his true historical position where fame will ever rightly guard his name untainted by "romantic literary productions," but in proper "proportion to the real magnitude of his achievements," which ended with his death in Paris in 1792. The Scotchman, the "foreigner," as John Adams classed him, was faithful to America. Of all the naval commanders of the navy of the colonies it can truthfully be claimed that John Barry was the most conspicuous for length of service and continuous employment in the several duties assigned him. Indeed, a critical examination of the records will, prove he was the most trusted as well as a most faithful officer. Im- portant commands were assigned him. Missions fraught with serious consequences were given him to fulfil, and these, successfully per- formed, were more important than battles won or prizes captured. Indeed, he was commanded, at times, not to make captures, lest so doing would delay or endanger the missions upon which he was sent. He was always on duty. He was the first to begin under Continental authority and the last to cease operations — fighting the last battle of the Revolution and commanding the whole Navy of the new United 204 The Commodores af the Navy States and its last, as it was its best, vessel of the United Colonies' navy. When the new navy of the United States was founded in the administration of Washington, in 1794, of all the living command- ers of the Revolutionary navy, the first President of our country chose John Barry to be Number One in rank as the head or ranking officer of the new Navy and its first Commodore in command of its first fleet in naval operations. Like other officers of the navy of the colonies he has been over- shadowed by John Paul Jones, whose one most brilliant and certainly most startling action has caused the practical obliteration of all other names from the public mind. Yet it is becoming clear, by the consideration of the services of John Paul Jones, that if the title Father or Founder of the American Navy may rightly be bestowed upon anyone, it is justly due to John Barry, as was declared by Editor Dennie of the Port- folio in 1 81 3. This is true whether we consider his services in the navy of the United Colonies or in the navy of the United States. These, separately or combined successively, must be regarded as the The American Navy. In each and in both John Barry stands conspicuous for fidelity. He alone in the number of later distin- guished officers of the navy who were trained under him must truly be declared Father, for none other had such a number of young officers who later merited the renown won by services for our country. John Barry was a native of the County Wexford, Ireland, where he was born in 1745. Coming to Philadelphia in early manhood, he, from 1766, was actively engaged in the merchant marine service, mainly to and from the West Indies, until in 1 774, in the Black Prince, the finest and largest of the American commercial fleet, he made a voyage to Bristol and London. Affairs in the colonies were becom- mg more and more strained with England. A Congress of. the col- onies met at Philadelphia. The non-importation resolve debarred for a time the return of Barry's ship until, observing the trend of events after the battles of Lexington and of Bunker Hill, he deter- mined, in September, 1775, to return to Philadelphia. He arrived home on October 13, 1775, the very day Congress had resolved to fit out two armed cruisers of fourteen and of ten guns — of nine- pounders. This was done on recommendation of a" committee ap- pointed October 3d. Two vessels were obtained. They were named the Lexington and the Reprisal. The former, the heavier armed, The Commodores of the Navy 205 ^/T^^f^ /j^i^r^t^ — ^ THE STUART PORTRAIT OF BARRY 2o6 The Commodores of the Navy was given to Captain John Barry, the latter to Captain Wickes. Barry's vessel was named after the first battleground of the Revo- lution and was the first fitted out — and Barry the first appointed ofiicer. Selected prior to that date he was appointed Captain on December 7, 1775. Barry not only prepared the Lexington for service, securing for her the only nine-pounders in the city, owned by his former em- ployers, Willing &■ Morris, but he did, says Cooper's "History of the Navy," "shore duty" during the winter of 1775-76. These duties, kept him engaged until, at the end of March, 1776, he sailed down the Delaware and on April ist put to sea. On the 7th, off the Capes of Virginia, he captured the Edward, tender to His Majesty's ship of war the Roebuck, which cruised off the Delaware Bay. Barry had succeeded in getting to sea, and with his prize succeeded in en- tering the bay and returning to Philadelphia on April nth, bringing to Congress his first prize captured under Continental authority and rejoicing the hearts of the patriots so rriuch that John Adams gleefully wrote: "We begin to make a show in the navy way." Later assigned to the command of the Effingham by the reor- ganization system of October 10, 1776, Barry became Senior Com- mander at the Port of Philadelphia. When, in December, the Bri- tish advanced on Philadelphia, Barry organized a company for land service and engaged in the Trenton campaign, in which he served as an aide to Washington, who placed him in charge of a body of Hes- sian prisoners sent to Philadelphia. When, in 1777-78, the British held possession of Philadelphia, Barry, from the upper Delaware, below Bordentown, set in opera- tion the plan 01 firing the British shipping by projectiles concealed in floating enclosures — the famous"Battle of the Kegs," which caused so much consternation among the naval officers of the enemy. At this time all the American vessels in the upper Delaware were ordered by the Marine Committee of Congress and by- General Washington to be sunk. Barry protested against this, as he had been appointed to command the Effingham, not to sink her. In his vehement objections against the sinking he offended Mr. Hopkinson, of the Naval Committee, who reported Barry to Congress as guilty of dis- respect. Of this he escaped censure by a tie vote. Barry soon gave effective evidence of his worth by his services on the lower Delaware while yet the British remained in Philadelphia. He captured many The Commodores of the Navy 207 prizes carrying supplies to the British. He sent much of this captured stores to Washington, then at Valley Forge in destitution of supplies. Washington wrote congratulations on his services, expressing the hope that "a suitable compensation would ever attend your [his] bra- very." His services, alone, on the Delaware entitle him to com- memorative praise. To have lightened the heart of Washington at that dire period so as to gain his hearty commendation alike sets forth his bravery and his prudence in relieving the wants of the .suffer- ing army. Assigned to the Raleigh, he prepared her for sea, but being pur- sued by two British cruisers of much superior force, he was obliged to beach his ship after a most heroic defense, to save her from cap- ture by setting her on fire. But in this he was not successful, owing to the treachery of the one entrusted with the firing. He was then made Commander of the naval forces intended to cooperate with the army against East Florida. This was abandoned because the British sent reenforcements from New York to Savannah and Charleston. No other vessel being available for Continental commission, Barry took service in the Delaware under private commission of Pennsylvania, and in that cruiser did valiant service in capturing prizes. He so continued until sent to superintend the building of the America at Portsmouth, N. H., on which service he continued until the arrival at Boston of the Alliance, commanded by the er- ratic Frenchman, Pierre Landais, who was at once relieved of the command. It was given to Captain John Barry, who was succeeded at Portsmouth by John Paul Jones. Barry in the Alliance rendered the most efficient service. He took Col. John Laurens to France to procure money to move the French army to Yorktown. He took Lafayette to France after the Battle of Yorktown to secure additional, especially naval, aid. While returning he captured a number of prizes. His most notable en- gagements during this cruise were with the Mars and the Minerva and with the Atalanta and the Trepassy, capturing two armed ships in each battle. Barry was wounded. A later and a most memorable event, though not of common knowledge, is that Barry fought the last battle of the Revolution when, on March 10, 1783, he encountered the Sybille, an English warship, while convo5dng the Due d'e Lauzan, both bringing specie on Continental account from Havana. 20S The Commodores of the Naiy He remained in command of the Alliance and witlfi the Deane, the only ship of the United Colonies, and thus had under him the whole navy of the United States at the close of the war, as Washing- ton had command of the army. He so continued until both ships were, by order of Congress, sold. The famous Alliance^ the pride of the navy, which had on her appearance at French ports excited Admihalty SKAh. ^ Journals qfCongrets, v., S77. The three conimisflionera were each al- lowed ■ yearly salary ofrourteen thousand dollars, Continental money, eqaii^ ident, at that time, to about seven hundred dollars bard money. The nom- inal amount of this calary was to be varied according to the state of the pa- per currency. Their secretary was John Brown, wboae name appeals at- tached toallcommtssions issued dnring the active existence of the board, the fourth of May, 17&0, the board reported a device for an admiralty seal (see oext page) as follovrs : tliirteen bars, mutually supporting each other, altern' ate red and vhite, in a blue field, and eunnounting tin anchor proper. The crest, a ship under sail. The motto, Sutttntana tt fiHKnriiluin-" Siutainlng and Sustained." The legend, U. S. A. Sigil. Naval. Twenty months •arlier than this a committee was oppointed to " prepare a seal for the TreasQTy and Navy," 1 have never seen an impression of the former, if it was evei made. The sketch of the admiralty seat given on the next page I made rrom an impression altached to • conrniiuion issued in 1781, and now in posSM- »ion of Peter Force. Enr).. ofWashington City. SBAL ATTACHED TO BAIiRY'S COMMISSION the admiration of all seafaring men and shipbuilding experts, becaiiie a merchant vessel. Commodore John Barry had commanded the first Continental cruiser — the Lexington — and had in her made his first capture under Continental authority. He closed his Revolu- tionary career in command of tTie finest vessel of the United Colonies The Commodores of the Navy 209 — after fighting the last battle of the Revolution and commanding the whole navy, small as it was. When the depredations of the Algerians became unbearable and the Government decided it were better to build ships to fight these preyers upon our commerce than to pay millions in money as tribute to secure immunity, John Barry was again, in 1794, the first called into service by the supreme authority. Washington appointed him Captein and as Number One on the ranking list. He was appointed to superintend the building of the first frigate, the United States, constructed by Joshua Humphreys, the first Naval Constructor. Under Barry's direction she was built and on May io» 1797, launched at Philadelphia, amid the loud and proud acclaim of the entire city, which crowded to the wharves to see the first war cruiser enter the placid waters of the Delaware. When ready for service the United States was commissioned to stop, not the Algerines, but the French from spoliations on our com- merce. In that vessel he made successful cruises and as Commodore commanded the fleet sent to the West Indies to protect our merchants. Details of his operations in this war with France need not be entered upon as we have not done so with his career during the Revolution- ary War. These recitals would take too much space, though es- sential to all who wish to become fully informed of the zeal and fidel- ity of this Irish-bom hero to liberty. Animated by that racial love for liberty, and moreover, by its intense quickening when stirred to activity against the oppressor of his native land, Americans need not be told that John Barry must have loved and labored in the cause of American independence with a heartfelt intensity that none could surpass. He served steadily, continuously, from the first to the very last. The Continental authorities seem never to have doubted him, never distrusted him, did not make frequent changes in commands given him nor keep him in idleness for long periods. Barry was al- ways doing. Each assignment had its known cause and each was a betterment until the very best vessel the colonies ever had was given him, and it remained ever in his command while the Continentals owned it. It had really but two commanders, Landais and Barry, though Jones was in charge of her while Landais was, in response to summons, at Paris accounting for his erratic conduct in firing at the Bonne Homme Richard instead of into the Serapis during that famous engagement off Flambough Head, on September 23, 1779. 2IO The Commodores of the Navy Barry died September 13, 1803. He is buried in St. Mary's Cemetery, Philadelphia. Commodore John Barry is Thb Father of the Navy by reason of his early employment — the very first vessel — his continuous and meritorious service — ^his steady employment by Congress — his several promotions — his commissions on special and most important voyages — his selection as commander of the expedition to East Florida, though it was later abandoned by Congress — his command of the best vessel of the new Republic, and when our present navy was found- ed, his selection as its chief by President Washington, who well ■ knew his Revolutionary services and so selected him out of all the survivors to be the head of the new navy, commissioned him to build its first armed battleship and placed all others under his command, as did his successor. President Adams, when operations against the ^yf^: /»**' -^^»« '"' SIGNATURES OF THE NAVAI, COMMITTEE TO BARRY'S ORDERS French were ordered. So the very first record book of our Navy Department has for its initial entry that a commission had been delivered to Commodore John Barry to make seizures of French ravagers upon our commerce. Obscured as have been all the officers of the Revolutionary navy by the brilliancy of the one exploit of John Paul Jones, made famous because all the world witnessed it, John Barry has not received that recognition which his merits and his services should have secured, and had he had biographers even in lesser numbers than Jones, his fame would have been more prominent than it has been. But America is ever generous to those who serve her. Our President has recognized the worth of both and recommended public monuments to commemorate their valor. Burning the Effigy of the Pope 211 GENERAL WASHINGTON PROHIBITS THE "RIDICULOUS AND CHILDISH CUSTOM OF BURNING THE EFFIGY OF THE POPE"— 1775. Prior to the Revolution Pope Day, November 5th, was annually very generally celebrated throughout New England. It was a day known in England as Guy Fawkes Day, intended to commemorate "The Gunpowder Plot," 1588, or the Papists' Conspiracy, when it was alleged "some Roman Catholics" had made preparations to blow up the Parliament House when the King, James I, with the' Lords, would be present, but the plot, it was alleged, was discovered by means of a letter to a CathoUc Lord, warning him not to be present. The vaults were searched and the gunpowder discovered, of course, and Guy Fawkes, the chief conspirator, seized and executed. This "fiendish plot" and "providential delivery" was not so generally celebrated in the other Colonies as in New England, though there are records showing "the timely discovery of the plot" was not passed by in the southward colonies. When John Adams, on the evening of July 2, 1776 (not 4th), wrote his wife that the Resolution for Independence had that day been passed, he prophesied that the day, 2d, would be celebrated by bonfires, fireworks and other demonstrations of deUght; he was but transferring the carryings on of November 5th each year at Boston to the day he believed would be commemorated as the Day of Ameri- can Independence. But the Day of the Declaration, July 4th, and not the Day of the Resolution, became the Day of Independence. However, the boys' antics on July 4th are but the counterpart of the doings of the 'prentice boys of Boston and elsewhere, before Independence came. "Boston being a city of great cultivation and refinement took the lead in celebrating Pope Day. An efifigy of the Pope was made and generally one of the devil ; these were placed on a platform and carried by the crowd, who kept firing crackers, home-made at first, but when New England enterprise opened with China the Chinese firecrackers were imported for use on Pope Day." — [U. S. C. H, Mag., Vol. II, p. 3]. Our illustration is a broadside in the Library of Congress. South Eud Forever* N.orth End Forevet Extraordinary VERSES on POPE- NIGHf^, Or, A Cooimemoration of the Fifth of N(miml/tr, giving a Hiftofyl.'pf''dJt''i' •■ ■''--" - rr, A. i\.;Jw^ Attempt, made by tbe'y»/>i/?(?H jo.blovv up KING and PARLIAMENT, together with fomeAccount oftBe.lPO?£ Jiiinfdff and \ii&VI\ie,']qt;AN '-. \i\^3^c^ otberThings'worthy of Nbdcei 100' tcdi^-Ko mention. '' • i-W-TTUZZA! tare B And bad he tint, he'd been' a Rogoe Ai bad as Mother <<».' 4. pome on, brave Youths, diig pa your i'o/f ' Lp.t's fee his frtghlful Phiz : . Lei^'is Tien his Features rou^ and Smt, iEj3i«c-Ma'pof vgHncfs^ j ^ filiftorted Joints^ To huge and bnud I So horribly dreft up ! Twould ptozle Niwios's Selftotell, The D / from the Pope. (, See ! how He Shakes his lot'ring Head And luiqcks his paUy Knees ; A Proof He a the Setrlei F/hm, And got the foul EKfeaTe. jt Molt terrible for tii behold. He Stinks much vocfe thenRum: Here, you behold the Pofe, and here OU^arry in his Rme. t. Cye alk why Salon Stands hehmii Bifcri he durft not go, Secaufe his Pride won't let him Stoop, To kifi the Pcf^s great Toe. 9. OU Beyi, and young, be Sure obferve The Fi/li Day of Nevember ; yVhat tho* it is a Day apaft f You ftill can it remember. . 10. The little Pofii, they go out Firft, j With little teney Boys : ' InFrolcksthey ati; full Df Gale I And laughing make a Noife. II. The Gifis tun out to fee the Sight,' TV Bojs eke ev"ryjone > \ Akag thqr xe a HeM eiirfe the Rabble, anj away ^Ji ' |fHe'druhiotellhis»X^c. J^j, '>-'[ Some .Wits begin to ovil here ^)^' '' And hughingfeem to query, "i* r " UfaVopc fic„IJ *«v a Vfifc, ttdjeli ». JsrL . ■ ft' Oagj ptvir t^tryy^"' '.. " ' Jij; :• iK fiaugh if yp(i pleafe, yetlBIll'm fure K(? . ' ~ If talfe I'm notilot m «lone"^ tVny Oitit, did you ncvw^car Help Joaivl./« bow'Tpidrai^dmd h)esc% Purju*d; furroundedi — mfe I ll"- ^•Jl^ " And when Vm.^t^i ti Death, \/biill *tKSi " PeJ/aroecu*d alive. " Iw [ *°- ?""' ">■'=• " *^ "'■ '^'•iitB'i, Sir ■• ^SKI? "■ Axi wb} fo raving Tuny " rtufurtty nujl miftake the Cafe, " It camot iefo had." §ai. " You Fooll 1 faw it with tay Ryes, " I cannot be deteiv'd. " ^'S& " •3'". *«' ^"^ 'M me I'liher Dai, 3^1 " Sight mujl Mt it believ'd. '" S »§, "■ Albam'd, Inrag'd, and mad, .inJ vcx'd, f ^*F He mutters ten Times more, ^«|^ " /'/; »iiJ« «Bull, end my He-Cow i*^ " Stall betltw, grunt and rtar. " *B 13. Oh ! Pi!fe,vc pity thy fad Cafe, So difmal and forlorn I 2& We kiiow that thou a Cucisld art, ^•S^ For thou haft many an Wo-ai ituheliai m M alfo. 3jj^|; 14. And ekeftv'n Hea, . __. ., ^ W Tlio" but me on him (licks «JjK|f T'l'i Www he in his Pockil puts, ^1^15, And Heads no lefs ilian fix. J*C 45- His P«tr(; lull of Heads and Wtnu, j^r In's Hand he holds liis Xijj ; i*lf 5° ''°"'" '''' bends beneath tlicir Wciglit, «« ■. With yigp_ Shame and Difeafc, 26. His End fo near, each Cardinal Quite oU himfdf would feign : ^> He aKito/toDp and roH^A'that he M'ight his SuccclTot reign. ly. And" now, their Frolick to compluat. They to tlie Milt-Dam eo t ■"•■--"'-"^-'"' ntftl ^ Burn Him to Nothing firft, ant) then \ Plunge Hi(h the Waves into. :, 18. Jlut to conclude, from what we've lic^ With Plrafure ferve the King -. Sc not Prtlniert, Pafnjbei, I Nor Ptft, nor I'aber ni»t, AodkrliK'nkcn Boys ia ^^» "~~~"~~ Extraordinary Verses on Pope Night 213 The Revolutionary War brought not only Civil Liberty, but ReUgious Liberty as well. So Washington, who won both for the Nation, was the destroyer of Pope's Day by his General Order of November 5, 1775, prohibiting his soldiers from celebrating it and rebuking them as "devoid of common sense," for undertaking to do so at that time. His order reads : "November 5, 1775. — As the Commander-in-Chief has been apprised of a design formed for the observance of that ridiculous and childish custom of burning the effigy of the Pope, he cannot help expressing his suprise that there should be officers and soldiers in this army so void of common sense as not to see the impropriety of such a step at this juncture ^ at a time when we are soliciting, and have really obtained the friendship and aUiance of the people of Canada, whom we ought to consider as brethren embarked on the same cause — the defence of the Liberties of America. At this juncture and under such circumstances to be insulting their reUgion is so monstrous as not to be suffered or excused; indeed, instead of offering the most remote insult, it is our duty to address public thanks to these our brethren, as to them we are indebted for every late happy success on the common enemy in Canada." So not afterwards did the boys and senseless men demonott-ate by pubUc manifestation that they continued to "Remember, remember, The fifth of November." In course of time, one quarter of Boston thought itself badly treated in the arrangements for the procession. Then North End and South End each had a Pope and the processions generally met on Union street, where a fight took place for the possession of all the figures, the North Enders burning them on Copp's Hill if they won the day; while their antagonists, when successful, burned the Pope on the Common.— [J/. S. C. H. Mag., Vol. II, p. 3]. In 1745 : — Tuesday last being the Anniversary of the Gunpowder Plot, two Popes were made and carried through the streets in the evening, one from the North, the other from the South end of the town, attended by a vast number of negroes and white servants, armed with clubs, staves and cutlasses, who were very abusive to the inhabitant, insulting the persons and breaking the windows, etc., of such as did not give them money to their satisfaction, and even 214 Extraordinary Verses on Pope Night many of those who had given them Uberally; and the two Popes meeting in Comhill, their followers were so infatuated as to fall upon each other with the utmost rage and fury. Several were sorely wounded and bruised, some left for dead and rendered unfit of any business for a long time, to the great loss and damage of their re- spective masters. — [U. S. C. H. Mag., Vol. II, p. 4]. , Charleston, S. C. — "We had a great diversion the 5th instant. The Pope and devil, which were erected on a moving machine, and after having been paraded about the town all day, they were in the evening burnt on the Common, with a large bonfire, attended by a numerous crowd of people. — New York Journal, Dec. 15, 1774, quoted in U. S. C. H. Mag., Vol. II, p. 6]. Other instances, cited by Rev. T. J. Shahan, D. D., now of the CathoUc University, may be read in the United States Catholic His- torical Magazine, April, 1888]. After Washington's exorcism of "The Pope and devil," the prog- ress of the war debarred a continuance of so ridiculous, childish and senseless a custom. The Canadians were so friendly, in 1776, that continuance would have been damaging to the endeavor that year to secure an alUance or their neutrality. When the aUiance with France was secured, a renewal of the folly would have been resented. So ceased "The Pope and the devil" effigy burning and head breaking encotmters of the unruly upholders of the Act of Parliament which declared "The Gunpowder Plot" to have been caused by "many maUgnant and deviUsh Papists, Jesxuts and Seminary priests, much enjoying the true and free possession of the Gospel by the Nation, under the greatest, most learned and most reUgious monarch who had ever occupied the throne." In "Reminiscences of Gen. Wm. H. Sumner" in the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 8, April, 1854, P- ^9^> it is related concerning John Hancock, when Governor of Massachusetts, "respecting his great zeal, before the Revolutionary War, to do away with the animosity which subsisted in Boston between the North and Southerners, who, on Pope day, used to have a regular battle, the ill-blood arising from which continued through the year, and showed itself in almost every private as well as public transaction. The Governor, wishing to heal this difference, and thinking it essential to a successful resistance to British aggression, exerted himself in every possible way to effect it, without any avail. He then gave a supper at Extraordinary Verses on Pope Night 215 the Green Dragon Tavern, which cost him $1000, at which he invited all the leading men of both the Pope parties to be present. He ad- dressed them at the table in an eloquent speech and invoked them, for their country's sake, to lay aside their animosity, and fully im- pressed upon them the necessity of their united efforts to the success of the cause in which they were engaged. There is nothing more productive of domestic union than a sense of external danger. With the existence of this the whole audience now became fully impressed and shook hands before they parted, and pledged their united exer- tions to break the chain with which they were manacled. The happiest restalts attended this meeting, and since that time the North and South Popes have not showed their heads in the streets, and a custom and a celebration, in which all the town participated and which had long been estabhshed, was broken, as it were, by a charm, making the stories related of it by our fathers, who themselves were engaged in it, hardly credible by their children. 21 6 How Canada was Lost HOW CANADA WAS "LOST." AlvMIGHTY AND EVERLASTING GOD, IT WAS ThY WISDOM THAT LAID THE FIRM FOUNDATION OF THIS MIGHTY REPUBLIC. — [REV. John Condin, S. J. Benediction July 4, 1906, at Independence Hall, Philadelphia.] ' ' England, already despoiled of the richest portion of her heri- tage in America, owed to a French Bishop [Briand] the conservation of the country of Canada — one of the most precious jewels in the imperial crown. — [Archbishop B6gin, of Quebec, to Archbishop Bru- ch6si, of Montreal, January 15, 1900, published in La V^riti, of Quebec, January 27, 1900.] Charges of disloyalty against the Catholics of Canada having appeared in the Herald of Montreal, in an article on the "Semaine Religieuse de Quebec," the Archbishop of Montreal, in a letter to the Herald, dated January 12, 1900, in repl5dng, said: "Read the episcopal documents that have appeared since Canada became a colony of England ; read the instructions that have been given since then to the people by their clergy, and discover, if you can, one word to substantiate the accusation of our disloyalty. We have always been loyal, and we intend to be ever so. We love France, and what English-speaking person would dare upbraid us for so doing? Still we consider England as a generous, a powerfixl nation, and under her sheltering flag Providence has placed our holy religion and liberty." Archbishop B6gin of Quebec, in a letter to Archbishop Bru- ch6si of Montreal, said: "It is truly deplorable that the history of our country should be so little known. Does not a century and a half of open and un- changeable loyalty to the British crown suffice to convince our countrymen of English extraction of our attachment to the flag which shelters us? "O, the loyalty of the Canadian French Bishops and Priests! It is written in letters of gold, in fiery characters on the scrolls of his- tory, and all the sovereigns, all their representatives who have been successively here since the cession of Canada to England — even those among the latter, against whom it was necessary to contest legally in the courts in defense of most lawful rights — all these have given the most solemn and most cordial testimony. How Canada was Lost 217 "Need I recall here Mgr. Briand, who, occupying the See of Que- bec at the turning point in the history of New France, living alter- nately under the banner of the Fleur-de-lis and again under the Bri- tish standard, loyal at first to the former until, when on the Plains of Abraham, all, save honor, was lost, and then generously trans- ferring to the latter the homage of entire loyalty, used all his sacred influence during the terrible days of 1775 to keep Canada faithful to her new masters. And, nevertheless, God knows how great the temptation must be to the children of France in America to unite their fate to that of the children of Albion (England), less scrupu- lous, less loyal and more easily pardoned for a revolt, real and effi- cacious, than we are today for a fanciful disloyalty. If the Catholic emissaries of the United States, if the impassioned appeal of the French officers who served the cause of American Independene could not triumph over the last revolts of the Canadian people, it is because the voice of the head of the Church at Quebec, invoking the sacred principles of respect due to the ruling authority, and stigmatizing with the name of "rebels" those who allowed themselves to be al- lured, opposed to the Revolution an insuperable barrier. And Eng- land, already despoiled of the richest portion of her heritage in Amer- ica, owed to a Fench Bishop the conservation of the country of Cana- da — one of the most precious jewels in the imperial crown." How widely asunder are these statements and those current among Catholics of the United States, whose "histories" tell that it was the "bigotry" of John Jay, of the Continental Congress, whose address to the people of Great Britain, written by him, denounced the Catholic as a "religion fraught with impiety, rebellion and mur- der in every part of the world" — that this address, read to the Cana- dians, turned them from the American cause, and so "Canada was lost." Yet the same "histories" delight to tell us that in the Colonies revolted "every Catholic was a Whig" — an upholder of independence — that there were no Catholic traitors; that "unanimously and irre- sistibly" our brethren were battlers for American liberty — and yet Congress, with George Washington a member, had denounced their religion. Strange that they did not love the faith as well as their Cana- dian brethren. The American Revolution was, indeed, a wonderful event. Long 2i8 How Canada was Lost and constant research under the surface among the papers and doc- uments of the time, and an almost daily study of its events, has convinced me that God rules the affairs of nations as of men; that He guided the fathers of the Republic amid all their blunders, errors, mistakes, and even "bigotry;" that He let them show the height of their human wisdom, and how inadequate it was to direct the affairs in their charge; that His adorable will was manifested in a manner contrary to the judgment of men ; that even enmity to His Church was made the foundation for its greatest prosperity; that the judgment of Catholics, no less than that of those who despised their faith, alike misjudged, and that God guided all. It was indeed His wisdom that laid the firm foundation of this mighty Republic. It is a truth the Fathers of the last Baltimore Council spoke when they declared the Founders of our Republic were ' 'instruments of the Almighty." "God sometimes uses men as instruments in works they do not fuUy understand the import of. In shaping the course of events out of which this Republic grew. He used as instruments men who were unconscious of or adverted not to His designs, and yet they did their parts to the consummation of the result as surely as Moses did his in obedience to the Voice from the burning bush. Jefferson and the other Fathers of the Republic were near that fire and received more reflected light from it than they wot of. They were providential men, who, aside from their own per- sonal motives, did their part in the unfolding of a Divine plan, as Constantine did in his time and Charlemagne did in his." — [Rev. 1,. A. Lambert, in Freeman's Journal (N. Y.), July 20, 1901.] So we Catholics love to believe that our brethren in the "days that tried men's souls" were all upolders of the cause Washington led. Why should that be? How could that be? On what public measure — even those directly concerning the Church — have we Catholics been a unit — a solid body? When, too, have we been allies en masse of those who publicly branded our Religion as an im- pious, rebellious and murderous one? Think you that could be possible of the Catholics of Pennsyl- vania and Maryland — the only Colonies having Catholics countable? So how could it be reasonable to think that Canada would join in the revolt? The historical truth is that, save that Canada had How Canada was Lost 219 been "conquered" a few years before from France, Canada had no real cause for revolt. That conquest was sufficient for the people. They would have been moved to organized action, as they very generally welcomed the American armies under Montgomery and Arnold, but that the Americans hadn't sense enough to keep their detestation of the Catholic religion'; in control, and so on that account soon turned the Canadians from their helpfulness to the armies. You remember that Washington, while besieging Boston, had, in November, 1775, to rebuke his soldiers for showing the same bigotry on "Guy Fawkes Day," and plainly telling them that, while the American army was in Canada and being well received, was no time to be insulting the religion of the people of that country. But the main cause, the great reason why Canada did not join in the Revolution was, as the Archbishop of Quebec now declares, Bishop Briand was loyal to England. He had to be. Duty required it. England wouldn't allow a bishop to be appointed who was not of the right spirit toward her. She would soon have throttled Bishop Briand if he had shown countenance to the Americans or did not punish his priests and people who aided or favored them. The people who favored "the Bostonnais," as he called them, were excommunicated. Those who repented had to do public p)en- ance, and some, there is testimony, with ropes around their necks, at the altar. So the people were kept in order and loyal; though, of course, some revolted against the Church as well as against England. Bishop Briand, of course, you may be sure, kept the priests in obedience to him. The least sign of favor toward the Americans brought them tmder discipline — most noted are the cases of Fathers Floquet, Lotbiniere and De la Valiniere, as these pages have shown. Bishop B6gin now declares that England owed to a French bishop (Briand) the preservation of Canada, and that's a truth not pala- table today. And yet it ought to be. It proves that the opposition of Bishop Briand was not God-directed How could it be, when British ministry controlled him? We now believe "His wisdom laid the firm foundation of this mighty Republic." The "bigotry" of the Americans, aroused to action by the Quebec Act of 1774, but proved the foundation of the creation of a Nation in which, above 220 ^ow Canada was Lost all others, the Church of Christ should have the largest liberty and most complete freedom yet given her to do her beneficent work. Had the opposition of Bishop Briand and the power of England been strong enough to suppress "the unnatural and unholy rebel- lion," would the Church today, even in Canada, enjoy the freedom she now has? Here and there we have yet bits of bigotry to contend with, but what are these to the huge boulders of it which would have blocked the path of the Church in Canada and in this Country as well? Here, then, all human judgment went astray. The Catholics in Canada, or in the Provinces, who opposed the cause of the Colonies were really opposing the design of the Almighty for the betterment of His Church as well as of His people. The bigots of Congress, the warriors who rushed to Canada to prevent, as they believed, Eng- land organizing the CathoUc Canadians as a force to come down upon the Colonies to "impose Popery" on them, were also astray. Their hostility to the Church was the foundation of a sanctuary and home for the Church they hated. In it she enjoys a freedom and prosperity nowhere else equalled. Though there was justifiable resistance to unjust laws about to be imposed upon the Colonies, these did not move the great body of the people. But when the Quebec Act was passed, and they were told by their preachers that it "established Popery" in Canada, and that it was the design of the ministry to use the Canadians "as fit instru- ments" (to use the words of the Declaration of Independence), then, the people rushed to their guns and then rushed to Canada. When they couldn't capture it, they adopted a softer tone, and sent Charles Carroll of Carrollton and two others to Canada to negotiate even for neutrality. Congress actually voted to ask a "Popish" priest. Rev. John Carroll, to go up there with the commissioners. Scant cour- tesy the clergy of Canada gave their Jesuit brother on such a mission. Those who simply were "complaisant," as Father Floquet, had to make explanations to Bishop Briand of their conduct. Canada was "lost" because she had no just cause to revolt. Canada was "lost" because Bishop Briand kept the Priests and people loyal to the Civil authority. Canada was "lost" because the Americans did not know how to behave themselves and were not strong enough in force to hold the country. How Canada was Lost 221 Combine these and you have "why Canada was lost," Canadians — the Catholics especially — would today oppose annexa- tion to the United States. A few citations will show how the Americans contributed to destroy Canadian confidence : "The Canadians taking up arms so early against us is of the most important consequence. We have oxuselves brought about by mismanagement what Governor Carleton himself could never eflFect." — [Col. Hazen to Gen. Schuyler, Vol. Ill, ^.364: Writings of Washington.] General Washington wrote Gen. Sullivan from New York on June 16, 1776: "I am convinced that many of our misfortunes are to be attrib- uted to a want of discipline and a proper regard to the conduct of our soldiery. Hence it was, and from our feeble efforts to pro- tect the Canadians, that they had almost joined and taken part against us." — [Ibid., Ill, p. 423.] Col. Hazen, on April 20, 1776, from Montreal, wrote that all "the ill luck in recruiting, and the plottings and preparations mak- ing against us throughout the whole district, was because the Priests are at the bottom of it." — [Haldimand Papers, B. 27, p. 398.] General Philip Schuyler, writing to General George Clinton, said: "Our affairs in Canada are far from being in such a situation as I could wish ; the scandalous licentiousness of oiur Troops, the little care that has been taken to conciliate the affections of the Canadians, the jealously that weighs between the Troops from different Colo- nies, the cool treatment which Arnold has experienced from Gen. Wooster, who, good man, is led by a petulant youth, go much against us. I hope, however, that the presence of the Commissioners and General Thomas' prudence will change the face of things. The latter is a sensible, discerning man and does not appear to have any prejudices about him. Col. Moses Hazen wrote Gen. Schuyler from Montreal, April i, 1776: "You are not unacquainted with the friendly disposition of the Canadians when General Montgomery first penetrated into the country; the ready assistance which they gave on all occasions, by men, carriages or provisions, was most remarkable. Even when 222 How Canada was Lost he was before Quebec many parishes offered their services in the reduction of that fortress, which were at that time thought unneces- sary. But his most unfortunate fate, added to other incidents, has caused such a change in their dispositions that we no longer look upon them as friends, but, on the contrary, waiting an opportunity to join our enemies. "That no observation of my own may remain obscure, I beg to observe, that I think the clergy, or guardians of the souls and the conductors of the bodies of these enthusiasts, have been neglect- ed, perhaps in some instances ill used. Be that as it will, they are unanimous, though privately, against our cause, and I have too much reason to fear many of them, with other people of some con- sequence, have carried on a correspondence the whole winter with General Carleton in Quebec and are now plotting our destruction. The peasantry in general have been ill used. With respect to the better sort of people, both French and English, seven-eighths are Tories, who would wish to see our throats cut and perhaps would readily assist in doing it." — [Vol. Ill, p. 362 : Writings of Washing- ton.] "The Church did not prove ungrateful to England for the favors of toleration and freedom which had been conferred at the Conquest. In 1775, Bishop Briand issued a mandement denouncing the "per- niscious design" of the invaders under Montgomery and Arnold, praising the magnanimity and kindness of the King toward his French subjects, and urging the defence of homes and frontiers and religious interests against the Continental troops. During the trou- bles preceding the War of 181 2 Mgr. Plessis took still stronger ground, and in a long and eloquent mandement, issued on September 16, 1807, and based on the principle of "Fear God and honor the King," he urged loyalty to Great Britain and denounced as un- worthy the name of Catholic or Canadian any individual who was not ready to take up arms in opposing a possible American invasion. A little later, when American missionaries began to stir up the people with promises of what republican liberty would do for them, he is- sued a letter of concise and stringent instructions to all Catholics of his diocese regarding the necessity of inculcating loyalty." — \The Story of the Dominion, by Hopkins; p. 80.] Pelissier's Plan to Take Quebec 223 Peussier, Director of the Iron Works at Three Rivers, Canada, to the Continental Congress, Advising Meas- ures POR THE Capture of Quebec and Telling That Some OF the Priests Had Prayed That God Would Exterminate THE American Troops Coming to Canada. Forges of St. Maurice, January 8, 1776. Sir: — In December last. General Montgomery acquainted me with his Intention of calling an Assembly in this Colony, to the End that Deputies might be chosen to join the Continental Congress. He engaged me to use my Endeavors to accompUsh this Affair; but not finding it then practicable, I went to the Camp to confer with him on the proper Measures to be taken hereafter, for that purpose. From the Informations he had received, and those I had ob- tained, we were both of Opinion, that this Convention ought not to be attempted till after the Reduction of Quebec; as the Royalists, who were numerous in the Towns of Montreal and Three Rivers, were continually intimidating the People with supposed Conse- quences, and giving them odious and contemptible Ideas of the American Confederation. This brave General, impatient to forward the Designs of the Congress, resolv'd to remove all Difficulties & Obstacles, by a bold Stroke in Assaulting the City of Quebec. He did not succeed, and had the Misfortune there to finish his Days. He fell much regretted by all those who were persuaded that noble and generous Motives alone had determined him to engage in the Service of his Country. This Repulse has in no wise altered the good Dispositions of the Friends of America here, tho' they are a very small Number, but it has made the Royalists more audacious than ever, particularly those who are in the Pay of the Government. They already cry victory. But I flatter myself that they are grossly mistaken, for if Quebec is attack' d according to the Rules of War, on the Side of the Palace Gate, no Season, in my opinion, can prevent the City's being taken in a few Days. [There follows a particular Description of the Walls and De- fences on that Side, with the propos'd Method of Ruining those Works, & making a Breach; written with an Appearance of Skill in practical Engineering.] 2 24 Pelissier's Plan to Take Quebec The writer goes on: I imagine, that if the Congress continues to afford us its gen- eral Assistance, and the above methodical Plan of attacking Quebec is put in Execution, tliat City must soon be taken; the Royalists will then be confounded, the Just will prevail over the Unjust, the timid Canadians will be encouraged & emboldened to join in Prep- arations for opposing the Parliamentary Forces, which may arrive this Year, with a Design to execute the Resolutions taken long since to reduce to a State of Servitude all the Inhabitants of North America. I cannot but observe upon this Head, that when the Ministry determin'd to abolish the Privileges of Massachusetts Bay, they endeavor'd to save appearances at least, by creating a Cause of Quarrel in Imposing a Duty upon Tea. But they fancied they might enslave the Canadians without so much Ceremony. They even presumed they could persuade us it was for our good, and that we owed them, for so much Kindness, everlasting Gratitude. I own they must have had a wretched opinion of us, to think of thus treat- ing us. It was the height of Contempt. But they were mistaken. When in 1765, General Murray, under the specious Pretense of forming an Assembly of Representatives who should all be Cana- dians, intended to reestablish the Government on the same footing it had been under France, it was easy to conclude it a Plan of the Ministry, and that the Promises made us, Sc which had been confirm 'd by the King's Proclamation in 1763, were no longer to be considered as binding. General Murray not being able to carry this Plan into Execution, was removed. Ministry substituted Gen. Carleton who in the same views sounded the Sentiments of the Canadians, and omitted nothing to persuade them, that their ancient Laws, Customs & Usages would be most suitable and convenient for them, but having met with Opposition among those who knew the Differ- ence between Liberty & Despotism, he no longer communicated with, or took into his Confidence, any but some Canadian Officers & the Clergy. In them he found all he wanted, that is to say, Cour- tiers, who pleas' d with the Hope of seeing a Return of the Times in which they might domineer over the People, serv'd him in every thing he desir'd, and in consequence, addressed a Petition to the King, in the Name of all the Inhabitants of the Province of Quebec, Pelissier's Views 225 to have the wise British Constitution withdrawn, which in Kffect was asking Chains for their Fellow Citizens. It ought not to be supposed that the Canadians in general were so base. Some Flatterers, and some Ignorant People bigoted to ancient Customs, signed this shameftil Petition, without being au- thorized by any but themselves, to the Number of 65 only. It was upon this bespoken Petition, that the Ministry, who had their Views in obtaining it, seiz'd with Eagerness the Opportunity of establishing arbitrary power in this Country by the Quebec Act. All the Good People of this Province would have found themselves subjected to it, if the neighbouring Colonies had not pitied their unhappy Fate, and lent their Assistance to throw off the odious Yoke : for which we ought to be forever gratified. But it cannot and ought not to be concealed, that this good disposition &l these good Senti- ments may be corrupted in some, if the Precaution is not taken of purging the Colonies of all those Flatterers who receive Pay from the Government. It may be considered as certain, that if they are suffered to remain here, they will work a Division that may be prej- udicial to all the United Colonies. They are already doing it, by insinuating to the People, that a large Army will be here next Spring from old England, and that being guilty of Rebellion, they will have no other Resource then joining that Army to obtain their Pardon, without which their Houses will be pillaged & burnt, and themselves punished with Death. Such are the Discourses daily held to a Peo- ple naturally too credulous. If this Evil is not soon cut up by the Roots, it may become incurable; for Impressions of this Nature become in time like the Prejudices of Infancy: very difficult to re- move. Besides, by the abusive and contumelious Epithets they make use of in speaking of our good Neighbours who come to suc- cour us, they endeavour to render them, together with I^iberty it- self, contemptible in the Eyes of the Canadians. These base Prac- tices cannot but produce a bad effect; and are so much the more dangerous and serious, as upon the Precautions to be taken with regard to them, depends greatly the Preservation of the Province. If, as it may be presumed, no Agreement should take place be- tween the Colonies & Britain, before the Spring it is probable that she will send a Force into the River St. Lawrence, for the purpose of Penetrating the other Colonies, by the Aid of the Canadians, brought again under her Yoke thro' Menaces or Promises. It seems 226 Reeommendations of Pelissier to me, that to render such an Expedition fruitless, there are two principal Means which deserve particular Attention. The first would be to support & retain the Canadians; the second to hinder Fleets coming up the River, or passing above Quebec. The Circumstances necessary for retaining & supporting the Canadians, are, i. That proper Precautions be taken for securing the Persons salaried here by Government, the other Royalists, and particularly all the Military. 2. Altho' it is reasonable that the Canadians should pay their Proportion of the Charges of the War, I imagine it would be proper to delay levying it for some time, as this People having never been accustomed to pay any Tax but by way of Duties on Importation & Exportation, would fancy they had been deceiv'd & that they were conquer' d merely to be taxed, and made to pay all the Expense of this War, as the Royalists endeavour to persuade them 3. That they may not be alarmed, it is necessary to leave them in Possession of their Bishops, their Priests, & the free Exercise of their Religion. It is true that some of the Curates have made public Prayers during nine Days that God would exterminate the Troops that our good Neighbours have kindly sent to assist us; but Pru- dence requires that no Notice should be taken of that Conduct. As to the Measures to be taken for hindering a Fleet's passing above Quebec, it seems to me that the most expedient for Persons who, jealous of their Liberty, ought not to risque too much upon the Chance of a Battle, would be to burn it. [The writer then goes on to describe very particularly the Places where it should be attempted, and the Manner he proposes of doing it, which may properly be submitted to the Consideration of the General.] He concludes his Letter thus. If I have taken the Liberty to communicate to you my Senti- ments thus on the Attack of Quebec & Defence of the Colony, it is because persuaded as I am of the Justice of the Cause of America, no one desires more than myself to see her succeed in her most laud- able Enterprise. I shall esteem myself very happy, if my Reflections may Oc- casion the Use of some Means that may turn to her Advantage. Who Was Pelissier? 227 I have the honour to be with perfect Consideration, Sir, Your most humble & most obedient Servant, PfeUSSIER, Director of the Iron Works near the 3 Rivers. Postscript, 28 January, 1776: — I am now at Montreal, where I have an Opportunity of rnaking some Observations, which I think I ought to communicate to you. I have found the Number of Royalists much more considerable here than I imagined. If they are not bridled it is to jbe ifeared they may change the good disposition of the Country Peop|le. I believe that if the Reinforcements destined for Canada arrive soon, and are quartered in the Country, that may be a means of stopping the prog- ress of the bad Discourses. There is titne yet to do i,t, and the People will not dislike it. [The rest of the Postscript contains some additional particu- lars relating to the Attack of Quebec; and recommends the sending up some heavy Cannon, and good Engineers to direct the Works.] Endorsed: "Translation of Monsr. Pelissier's letter concern- ing affairs in Canada, 1776." (Notes in brackets are by Franklin.) (From Continental Congress Papers, 78, XVIII, 43, Library of Congress.) Here are a few items about Pelissier supplied by Mr. 1,. P. Sylvain, Library of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada : In 1767 Pelissier, a merchant of Quebec, organized the company of the St. Maurice Iron Works in order to continue the operations of the mine with more vigor. In 1771 the company was reorgan- ized, with Pelissier as director of same. Pelissier (Christophe) was born at Lyons, France, in 1730, and called himself "eMvain", when he got married, at Quebec, on the 1 6th of October, 1758, to Martha Beaudoin, who died in 1763, after having four children. On March 8, 1775, Pelissier was married, for the second time, to Catherine Delezenne, who had been courted by Laterri^re. Pelissier helped the invading American army during the occupa- tion of Three Rivers, which lasted from November, 1775, to June, 1776. On the 7th of June, he started from Three Rivers, leaving his wife at the iron works (aux forges). He passed through Sorel, 228 How Canada was Lost St. John, and made a stay at Carillon, where he was employed by the Americans as an engineer. From there he went to the Congress and succeeded in obtaining indemnity for certain losses, and then started for France. t^^^ .■ In the spring of 1777 a power of attorney from Pelissier was sent to a friend at Quebec, dated from Lyons, for the sale of the iron works, but nothing was done. The iron works at St. Maurice were royal property. In August, 1 778, Pelissier was back at Quebec, having come with General Haldimand, who belonged to Burgoyne's Army, in 1778. PeUssier and Laterriere settled their accounts to their mutual satisfaction, and Pelissier kept the iron works, but Laterriere seems to have kept PeUsser's wife with him for his share. Then Pelissier managed to get hold of his wife, hid her in Quebec, and threatened to put her in a convent in France. In the autumn Laterriere discovered the retreat of la Belle Catherine, and carried her away to Besausotir Island, where he was living. In the autumn of 1778 Alexandre Dumas, trader at Quebec, bought out Pelissier's rights in the iron works, and Pelissier sailed for France with the children from his first wife. Laterriere was ar- rested by Haldimand for having conspired with the Americans and was kept a prisoner from February, 1779, to November, 1782. In the meantime Mme. Pelissier was keeping house for him and lived quite comfortably. Laterriere had three children from Madame. On the loth of October, 1779, at Quebec, Laterriere was married to Mme. Veuve Pelissier. Her husband must have died in France shortly before. Laterriere died in 1815, and his widow in 1830. Pelissier The Foundryman. 229 PElvISSIER, THE FOUNDRYMAN OF THREE RIVERS, CANADA. MAKER OF AMMUNITION FOR THE AMERICANS ATTACKING QUEBEC. Trois Rivieres, January 30, 1907. His Grace the Bishop of Trois Rivieres gives this information about Pehssier, manager of the foundry at St. Maurice, near Trois Rivieres, who sent a letter to Congress, in 1776, showing how Quebec could be seized: — Christophe Pehssier was bom at St. Peter, Lyons, Department of Lyons, in 1730, an issue of the marriage of Francois Pehssier and Agathe Larigandiere. He married Marthe Beaudoin, who died in 1763. He had four children — Pierre, Maurice, Jean, GiuiUaume and Catherine Madeline. At the time of the conquest, in 1 760, 1 beheve that he was a very active merchant in Quebec. In those days the foundries at St. Maurice, which were situated about seven miles to the northwest of the city of Trois Rivieres, were very busy and brought great profits to the owners. These had been in existence from 1730, and had been worked up to 1763, and were then idle until 1767. Christophe Pehssier, then formed a company and appUed for the foundry at a moderate rent. He was successful and an announce- ment was made on Jime 9th, that Messrs. Pehssier, Alexander Dumas, Thomas Dunn, Benjamin Price, Cohn Drummond, Dumas St. Martin, Georges Allsop, James Johnston and Brooke Watson had taken the foundries for a term of sixteen years, pajdng an annual rental of twenty-five louis. 22,6 Pelissier The Foundryman. The company did a very large business. The manager at Quebec was Dr. Pierre de Sales I/aterriere, who PeUssier made inspector at the foundries in 1775. That year the Bostonians made an invasion of Canada, Chris- tophe PeUssier, manager of the foundries at St. Maurice, had a weak- ness for the Americans and hoped for the success of their enterprises. "However, still very reserved," says Dr. Laterriere in his Me- moires which have come down to us, "he only assisted at the assem- blies and councils since the arrival of General Wooster in Trois Riv- ieres in winter quarters. These new comers having known him as a man of great talents engaged him to visit General Montgomery at the Holland House near Quebec. From that time, he was recognized and denounced by the spies of General Carlton as an adherent of the Americans, and therefore, a dangerous enemy to Great Britain. The o"ther o&cers of the "Cyclops," myself, Inspector Pickard, the Book- keejper, Voligni, the mate, were denounced because it was naturally supposed that we drank of the poison of the rebelUon out of the same g^ass." Pelissier seemed to take pleasure in compromising himself, and this is pretty well shown by the fact that he counted on the success of the Bostonians. He was not afraid to go near General Montgom- ery, aiid he supplied a great quantity of things and munitions of war to the American Army. In the foundry, which belonged to the Brit- ish Crown, he made bombs and bullets, destined to bombard Quebec and to destroy the British Army. The Americans having been defeated at Quebec, returned to Trois Rivieres, of which they had easily taken possession, and then went to Sorel. At this new disaster to the American Army, the Grand-Vicaire St. Onge of Trois Rivieres sent a short note to Pelis- sier warning him that His Excellency, General Carleton, would not be very much pleased to find him there while passing through. Pellisier was so terrified that he jumped into a boat and was secretly conveyed by two men to Sorel. From there he went to St. John and to Carillon (Ticonderoga). For a time he acted there as an engineer, but he and the engineer-in-chief could not get along together, he then went to urge Congress to pay in advance the American Army, aiid then he went to France, to Lyons where his family was. Some- time later he sent a. power-of -attorney to a Mr. Perras of Quebec so Pelissier The Foundryman. 231 that he could manage all his affairs in his name. The sum advanced to the Army by Congress was 2000 louis. When peace had been made, M. PeUssier returned to Quebec for a short time; he fixed up his afifairs with I/aterriere, who had taken the management of the foundry, and then returned to France. He was a friend of Governor Haldimand — yet he could not live in Canada after his conduct during the American invasion. He married a second time, towards 1775 when he was sixty-six years old. Marie Catherine Delezenne, his second wife, was foturteen years old. Dr. Lateniere, who had similiar intentions in regard to the same young woman, tried to make out the marriage was null and void on account of defect of consent of the "infant" who had been forced by her par- ents to such an ill-mated marriage. Prom the time of the departiure of old Pelissier the Doctor "in- herited" the management of the foundries, and the young wife, by whom he had several children, as he bluntly remarks in his Me- moir es. I have the honor to be, Sir Your most obedient servant, (REV.) L. A. DUSABLON, Secretary — Archivist . Diocese Trois Rivieres, January 30, 1907. The Continental Congress on July 29th, 1776, resolved: That Mons. Christophe PeUssier, who has suffered considerably by varmly espousing and taking an active part in the cause of America in Canada, be appointed an engineer in the service of the United States, with the pay of 60 dollars per month, and rank of Ueutenant coloael; and that he be directed to repair to New York. A year later he presented the annexed Pbtition to Congress. TO THE HONORABLE, THE DELEGATES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA IN CONGRESS. [Christophe PeUssier humbly begs leave to represent, that having been lionor'd with a Commission, appointing him an Engineer with the ank of Lieut. Colonel, has to the utmost of his Abilities dis- chaii;'d the Duties of his Station at Ticonderoga, as became a Man of htnor truely attach' d to the Rights of the States, under the Com- manl of Major General Gates and desirous of the power to demon- 232 Franklin to the Bishop oj Triconiic. strate his Zeal, and promote the Service, which he judges he cannot more effectually, than by requesting to be appointed Engineer in Chief at Ticonderoga, with the Rank attached to that Employ. That a Company of Pioneers immediately under the Command of the Engineer in Chief is essential for the good of the Service, whom duely trained would serve as aids in assisting and overseeing the different partys employ 'd on that Service, and would remove the many difficulties that result by emplo)dng dayly different Officers. Your Petitioner flatters himself your honors will take into con- sideration the Alteration that has taken place since the appointment of the more early Commissions, which by the late regulations don't appear Noticed for the department wherein your Petitioner has the honor to Serve. Humbly submitting the contents to the mature deliberaton of your honors your Petitioner as in duty bound will ever pray. PELISSIER. Philadelphia, January 17th, 1777. From the Washington Correspondence, Vol. 90, folio 81, Li- brary of Congress. BENJAMIN FRANKLIN TO THE BISHOP OF TRICOMIS FRANCE, WHO HAD SOUGHT HIS HELP IN OBTAIN- i ING AN AMERICAN MILITARY COMMISSION. Passey, April 22, 1777, Rev'd Sir, — Mr. Merdey, whom your Reverence mentions as hav- ing made Promises to Monsieur your Brother, was employed ai, a Merchant to purchase some military Stores for the Congress, bij-t I know of no Authority he had to engage Officers of the Marine, ol to make any Promises to such in our Behalf. I have not myself, ((as I have already had the Honour of telling your Reverence) the l^ast Authority from the Congress, to make Promises to Officers to en- courage their going to America; and since my arrival in Frante I have constantly dissuaded all who have applied to me, from unler- taking the Voyage, as I knew how difficult it would be for then to find Employment, a few Engineers and Officers of the Artilery excepted, who are gone. Nevertheless, if your Brother contiiues resolv'd to go thither at his own Expence, and the Risque of fin(ing or not finding Employment, which I cannot advise him to do, I tvill Captain Dohicky Arundel. 233 give him Letters of Introduction to Gentlemen there, recommend- ing him to their Civilities; but I must at the same time caution him against having any Reliance on these Letters as a means of procur- ing him a Command in our Armies, since I am by no means sure they will have any such Effect. I will, if you please, give him a Letter to Gen. Washington; but then I should have the State of his Ser- vices to enclose; and if accompanied with Recommendations from some General Officers of Note, it will be so much the better. My Door is never shut to your Reverence when I am at home, as I am almost every Evening. With great Respect I have the Honour to be Your Reverence's most obedient & most humble Servt, B. F. Bishop of Tricomie. — [From Franklin Papers, in Library of Congress, Fol. 353. CAPTAIN DOHICKY ARUNDEL, "A FOREIGN PAPIST," THE FIRST "FRENCH ARTILLERY OFFICER" TO OFFER SER- VICES TO THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS; COMMISSION- ED AS CAPTAIN AND KILLED IN THE BATTLE AT GWYN'S ISLAND, CHESAPEAKE BAY, JULY 8, 1776. "That thou wilt hallow with a blessing the graves of those who 'fought the good fight' — who found death sweeter than dishonor and prized Life less than Liberty." — (Rev. F. J. McArdle, prayer at Inde- pendence Hall, July 4th, 1903.) The Journal of the Continental Congress for January 16, 1776, records: "A letter from Mr. [Francis] Lewis, dated January 8th, being read recommending a stranger to the notice of Congress. "Ordered that the same be referred to the Committee on the qualifications of persons applying for offices." Francis Lewis was one of the delegates from New York. That this "stranger" was a French Artillery officer, appears from the diary of Richard Smith, delegate from New Jersey. He reports under date of January 17th: "A report from the Comee about a French Artillery officer who offers his services and brought a certificate from the MiUtary School at Strasbiu-g, and two Commissions of Lieutenancy from the King of France, was referred to Dr. Franklin and Col. St. Clair to examine his abilities." — [Am. His. Rev. Vol. i. p. 493.] 234 Captain Dohicky Arundel, An artillery officer was a great addition to the army. General Charles Lee in writing to Robert Morris from Washington's army at Cambridgie on July 4, 1775, said: "We were assur'd that we should find an expert train of artillery. They have not a single gunner." — [Lee Papers,— 188]. Col. St. Clair was attached to General Schuyler's army and was at Philadelphia in connection with the projected invasion of Canada. A month later, February i6th, he was with General Schuyler. Con- gress directed he should send his battalions to Canada as fast as the companies could be got ready. The Journal of Congress for February 5th, records : Resolved: That Mr. Dohicky Arundell, who was recommended to the notice of Congress by Mr. (Francis) Lewis, be desired to repair to General Schuyler, and that General Schuyler be directed to ex- amine him, and if he finds him capable, and suitably quaUfied, to employ him in the artillery service in Canada." General Schuyler was. then in Albany engaged in preparing an expedition for the invasion of Canada. That the "stranger" the "French artillery officer" recommended to Congress by Mr. Lewis was a Cathohc, appears also from the diary of Richard Smith who under date of February 5th, 1776, records: Feb. 5th. "The Foreigner whom Dr. Franklin and St. Clair were to examine as to his Proficiency in the knowledge of Artillery was now recommended to General Schuyler for Preferment, tho' some members Paine and Sherman in particular, did not approve of employing in our Service Foreign Papists." — {Am. His. Rev. Vol. i, p. 499.] On February 8th, Congress resolved: That the sum of one hundred dollars be paid to Mr. Dohicky Arundel, and that he be directed immediately to repair to General Schuyler. Smith's diary under same date records : Feb. 8th. "100 dollars ordered to be presented to the French Artillery Officer to bear his charges to Albany. [Ihid^ So Dohicky Arundel was a "French Artillery officer," and a "Papist," whom Robert Treat Paine, delegate from Massachusetts and Roger Sherman of Connecticut "in particular'' objected to em- ploying as he was a "foreign Papist." Dohicky Arundell seemeth not to be a French name. Arundel is that of a noble FngUsh family of staunch Catholics one of whom Captain Dohicky Arundel. 235 Lord Arundel of Wardour was associated with the settlement of Avalon and of Maryland, and in 1630 with Lord Baltimore was given a grant of land south of Virginia. "Ere William fought or Harold fell there were Earls of Arundel." The Duke of Norfolk is now the Earl of Anmdel. Lord Arundel of Wardour died December, 1906. Was this volunteer one of that family who, debarred by English law from serving in the army of England, entered that of France and becoming proficient as an artillerist, came to America, the first to offer his services to the Colonies? It does not seem so as the name does not appear in the Early Genealogical History of the House of Arundel, by John Pym Yeatman. There is a village or hamlet named Arundell in Normandy. Per- haps Dohicky Arundell came from there. In Bigelow's edition of the complete works of Benjamin Frank- lin, volume 6, there is a letter from Benjamin Franklin to General Charles Lee, which contains the following reference to Arundel: "Philadelphia, 11 February, 1776. "Dear Sir: — The bearer, M. Arundel, is directed by the Congress, to repair to General Schuyler, in order to be employed by him in the artillery service. He proposes to wait on you upon his way, and has requested me to introduce him by a line to you. He has been an officer in the French service, as you will see by his commissions ; and, professing a good will to our cause, I hope he may be useful in instruct- ing our gunners and matrosses." It may also be found in The Lee Papers, Vol. i, p. 284, published by the New York Historical Society in 187 1-2. General Charles Lee was then in New York preparing to take command of an army for the second invasion of Canada. On Feb- ruary 17th, Congress directed him to "immediately repair to Canada and take command of the army of the United Colonies in that Pro- vince." General Schuyler at Albany was directed to repair to New York and take command of the forces there. But on March ist, General Lee was notified by President Han- cock that Congress "after a warm contest" had superceded the orders given him to proceed to Canada and had come to a Resolution that 236 Captain Dohicky Arundel. he should take command of the Continental forces in the Southern Department which comprehended Virginia, North and South Caro- lina and Georgia. Captain Arundell was then in New York awaiting marching order into Canada, but on March 18, 1776, Congress Resolved. That Monsieur Arundel be directed to repair to the Southern department and put himself under the command of General Lee; and that General Lee, if he find him capable, be directed to em- ploy him in the artillery service. On March 19th, Congress Resolved. That Monsieur Dohicky Arundel be appointed a cap- tain of Artillery in the Continental service. That General Lee be directed to set on foot the raising of a company of artillery, and it be recommended to the Convention or Committee of Safety of Virginia, to appoint the other officers of said company of artillery. Congress, March 30, 1776: Resolved. That sixty dollars be advanced Monsieur Arundel to be deducted out of his pay and that he be directed immediately to repair to the Southern Department, and put himself under the direc- tion of General Lee. The same day two Engineers for the Southern Department were elected. [Baron] Marsenback and John Stadler were chosen. On April ist, Congress Resolved. That Captain D. Arundel be allowed 48^ dollars, in full for pay and subsistence of a Captain from February 8th, the time he was recommended to General Schuyler, to the 1 9th of March, when he received his commission. On April i, 1776, Richard Henry Lee, delegate in Congress from Virginia, wrote General Charles Lee then at Williamsburgh, Va., notifying him of the appointment of the two Engineers and also saying : "Congress have also appointed Monsieur Dohicky Arundel (who I expect will deliver this), a Captain of Artillery in the Continental service with the following resolve : That General Lee be directed to set on foot the raising of a Com- pany of ji\rtillery, and that it be recommended to the Convention or Committee of Safety of Viriginia to appoint the other officers of said Company of Artillery." Captain Dohicky Arundel. 237 President Hancock that day also wrote General Lee saying : "The Congress having appointed Mr. Dohicky Arundel Captain of an Artillery Company, in the Continental Service, and directed him to repair to the Southern Department, and there put himself under your command, I have it in charge from that body to inform you that you are directed to set on foot the raising of a company of artillery. This you will endeavor to accomplish as soon as possible, being very sensible the service calls for such a company that we may be the better enabled to defend ourselves and annoy the enemy." On April 2, 1776, A petition from Daniel Duchemin, pra)dng for a lieutenancy in the company of Captain D. Arundel, being presented to Congress and referred to the delegates of Virginia, the said delegates brought in their report which was read. Agreed to as follows : That Daniel Duchemin be appointed a heutenant of the artillery company to be raised in Virginia in consideration of the scarcity of artillery officers in that colony and that two months pay be advanced to him to carry him to Virginia. This action, however, for some reason not on record, was set aside and the report of the committee was recommitted. The above set forth record is stricken out of the original manuscript Journal of Congress by lines drawn through it. Evidently the report was in conffict with the Resolution that Virginia should appoint all officers subordinate to Captain Arundel. General Lee wrote to the President of Congress from WiUiams- burg, April 19, 1776, saying: "I shall make Monsietur Arundel accountable for the sixty dollars but at the same time beg leave to submit to the consideration of the Congress whether the expenses of his journey should not be allowed ; indeed, the pay of the Artillery officers and Engineers is so wretched that I do not see any chance of procuring men fit for the service on the terms and if they are to proceed; they caimot possibly subsist un- less the expenses of their frequent journeys are paid. I forgot to mention that I advanced at New York to Monsieiur Arundel fifteen dollars to carry him to Philadelphia." The formation of another company of artillery was undertaken bylthe Committee of Safety of .Virginia under Captain Innis, "who," wrote General Lee to the President of Congress, "professes himself 238 Captain Dohicky Arundel. utterly ignorant of this particular branch," but was "a man of great zeal, capacity and merit." Richard Henry Lee wrote General Lee April 2 2d, saying: "It was certainly the idea of Congress and it is so expressed in their resolve, that you should raise a Company of Artillery for Mon- sieur Arundel and the Convention or Committee of Safety to appoint the inferior officers." On May 7th, General Lee in writing to President Hancock, stated : "Colonel R. Henry Lee informs me that it was not the intention of the Congress that Captain Innes's Company should be reduced to make way for Arundel, but that both should be estabhshed. Captain Innes who must I am sure be an excellent oflScer in any other depart- ment professed himself ignorant in this branch — his officers were equally ignorant. Arundel has got possession of the company and by his activity and knowledge, will, I am persuaded, make 'em fit for service — indeed, to estabUsh an TVrtillery Company, Captain, sub- alterns and non-commissioned officers, being entirely composed of novices, can answer no end or purpose; it is my opinion therefore, that instead of these two companies proposed, that the addition of thirty or forty men to Captain Arundel's and two subaltern officers will not only be better, but that it promises more advantage to the service. Now I am on the subject of Captain Arundel, I beg leave to remind the Congress of what I mentioned on the subject of his expenses on the road." At this time Lord Dunmore, the British Commander was ravag- ing the coast of Virginia and the several tributary rivers, along the James River was a scene of activity. The British cruisers were des- troying crops and carrying off the slaves. Under General Lee these incursions were being opposed. He had occupied Gw3m's Island in the Chesapeake. Charles Henry Lee wrote General Lee from Wil- liamsburg, Va., July 6, 1776, "Lord Dunmore still remains on Gwin's Island where, caterpillar like, we hear he has devoured everything in that place, so that it is probable force of some kind or other will shortly drive him thence." Two days later the endeavor to "drive him" off was successfully made. At which, though a victory for the Americans, resulted in the death of Captain Arundel. An account of the battle of Gwyn's Island is to be found in the Virginia Gazette, for July 19, 1776. Captain Dohicky Arundel. 239 According to the description in the paper, the Virginia forces reached the island at eight o'clock on the morning of July 8th, and began to fire with two batteries upon the British ships and fortified camp. The Dunmore was injured and obliged to haul off and the Otter also retreated. General Lewis attacked the British camp the next day, but the enemy had retreated. "In this affair we lost not a man killed, but poor Captain Arundel, who was killed by the burst- ing of a mortar of his own invention; although the general and all the officers were against his firing it. His zeal for the service lost him his Ufe." John Page, Vice-president of the Committee of Safety, writing to General Charles Lee, (then in South CaroUna), from Williamsburg, Va, July 12, 1776, relates "the expedition against Gw3Ti's Island" — that Brigadier General Lewis attended by Colonels Woodford, Step- hen, Buckner, Weedon and some others, intending to examine the strength of the enemy and submit the propriety of an attack to a Council of War found the Otter British vessel was in the very place they had been preparing a battery for her. At 8 A. M., Captain Arundel and Lieutenant Denny saluted the Dunmore and Otter with two 1 8 Pounders— the very first shot at the Otter, though a full mile from our battery, struck her, as is supposed, between wind and water, for she did not return the fire, but was towed off on the careen. The Dunmore fired a broadside and then was towed off, having received four shots through her sides, whilst she was in tow she received a fifth through her stem, which raked her. Scarcely a shot was fired which did not do execution in some part of the fleet. A schooner lost one of her masts * * *. We are now in possession of the Island. Our men behaved well. Our artillery was admirably served and we have disgraced and mortified our enemies. In this affair we lost not a man — but, most unhappily poor Captain Arundel was killed by the bursting of a wooden mortar he was endeavoring to throw shells into the fleet from. His loss is irreparable ! He behaved with great spirit and activity and was so hearty in our cause that he is universally lamented. — [Lee Papers 11, p. 132.] Colonel Adam Stephen in writing to General Lee from WiUiams- burg, 13 July, 1776, said: 240 Captain Dohicky Arundel. "Poor Arundel has knocked himself in the head by trying ex- periments." Lord Dunmore was building houses, ovens and windmills in the Island. You may call them castles in the air. — [ibid 138.] On Gw)m's Island at the time of the encounter were two French gentlemen — one the Chevalier De St. Aubin — who were bringing pow- der, arms and medicines, but were captured by Lord Dunmore and treated very roughly. When the British fleet was forced to retire they concealed themselves from the British when they were flying from the Island and by that means made their escape and dehvered them- selves up to the Americans. The ChevaUer agreed to assist in train- ing a troop of horse and to act as cadet till he proved his abilities and right to expect some sort of rank. The other French gentleman determined to return to Martinique. — [ibid 2 1 6.] Heitman's Register of officers of the Continental Army has this : Arundei/, Dohicky (Va.) Captain of a Company of Virginia Artillery, commissioned 5th February, 1776; killed in the action at Gwyn's Island, Chesapeake Bay, 8th July, 1776, by the bursting of a cannon." Thus died in defense of American Liberty within six months after offering his services, the "foreign Papist" objected to by Paine, Sher- man and others of the Continental Congress. The first Frenchman to offer his services and the first to give his life for our country. May he rest in peace. The ledger of the Commissioners for the War Department con- tains entries relative to Captain Arundel's accounts. The earUest record is that of March 5, 1776, and the latest April 7, 1776. It is contrary to the Rules of the Adjutant General's office to give for pub- lication any records. So the accounts of Captain Arundell who gave his life for our country's freedom, cannot be made manifest by a Department of the Government he aided in estabhshing. On February 12, 1838, a Virginia Revolutionary land bounty warrant was issued for 4,000 acres and for 1,092! acres additional to James StoUings as heir of Dohicky Arundel for services as Captain in the Continental Line from March i8, 1776, — \Sec. Va. His. Sac] The Virginia Land Registry also shows that an exchange war- rant for 500 acres was also issued. Captain Dohicky Arundel. 241 From the Virginia Land Registry records, Book No. 3, were ob- tained the following documentary recitals : Executive Department, Richmond, February 10, 1838. The heirs of Dohickey Arundel are allowed land Bounty for his services as a Captain in the Continental Line from the 19th March, 1776 to the 3rd November, 1783. The Register will issue a warrant accordingly if not heretofore drawn, deducting the quantity heretofore received. John B. Richardson. David CampbEi^l. On the 12th February, 1838, two warrants, viz. No. 8487 for 812 acres and 8488 for 2703 acres to James Stollings, heir to D. Arundel. The vouchers as to the 4000 acres were not on file. No. 3 pr. 567. 500 acres to Charles L. Alios, Esq., Atto in fact of Vespasim Ellis who was the Atto-in-fact of J. S. Stollings, only heir of Dohickey Arundel, Captain the Continental Line. The location of the land is not given, it seldom is. In earlier grants they were frequently located in Kentucky. "Gwynn's Island in the Chesapeake, to the east of Matthew's County, and separated from it by a strait. In SaffeU's Records of the Revolution p. 411 : "Arundell, Dohickey, Captain, Virginia, killed July 8, 1776." By reference to Virginia Land Registry it is fotind : Arundel, Dohickey, Book No. 3, p. 437, 4000 acres. " " heirs " " p. 437, 1083 J acres. " " Exchange Warrant, Book No. 3, p. 567, 500 acres. I am indebted to Mr. Stanard, Librarian of Virginia State Li- brary and to Mr. R. A. Brock of Virginia for information. 242 General John Sullivan. GENERAL JOHN SULLIVAN, THE SON OF AN IRISH CATHOLIC AND GRAND SON OF A DEFENDER OF LIMERICK DENOUNCES THE "CURSED RELIGION" OF THE CATHOLICS OF CANADA AS "DANGEROUS TO THE STATE AND FAVORABLE TO DESPOTISM." Philadelphia, September 5, 1774. Sir : — Your favor came safe to hand by Mr. Wharton, am much obUged for the seasonable hint you have given respecting masts. I should gladly give you an account of our proceedings but am under obligations of secrecy, except with respect to the general non-impor- tation and non-exportation, the former to take place on the first of December next, the latter in September following. We have selected those Acts which we determine to have a repeal of or forever restrain our trade from Great Britain, Ireland and the West Indies, among which acts is Canada Bill, in my opinion, the most dangerous to Amer- ican liberties among the whole train, for when we reflect on the dan- gerous situation the colonies were in at the commencement of the late war with a number of those Canadians on their backs, who were assisted by powerful Indian nations, determined to extirpate the race of Protestants from America to make way for their own cursed relig- ion, so dangerous to the State and favorable to despotism and con- template that by the late Act their territory is so far extended as to include by far the greater part of North America : That this will be a city of refuge for Roman Catholicks who will ever appear in favor of prerogative of the Crown, backed by an abandoned minister, aided by the whole force of Great Britain and assisted by the same Indian na- tions, we must suppose our situations to be infinitely more dangerous now than it was then, for while we are engaged with the Canadians on our frontiers, our seaports must yield to the ministerial fleet and the army, if they once prevail no man must expect safety until he pro- fesses that Holy Religion which our Sovereign has been pledged to establish. I am certain that no God may as ,well exist in the universe as those two ReUgions where the Papists have the power to expirate the profession of the other. We can easily discover the designs of the Act and are determined to counteract it in all events. I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you in a few days after this letter comes to hand and give you a particular account of our proceedings in the in- terim. I am yours, respectfully, JOHN SULLIVAN. Capt. John Langdon. General John Sullivan. 243 [Letters by Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple and others. Written before and during the Revolution. Philadelphia, 1889, p. 5.] Such was the bitterly hostile sentiments to the religion of his fathers of the "man who, in all the American provinces, was the first to take up arms against the King" at Fort William and Mary, at New Castle N. H., December 14, 1774. Within a year Sullivan and the like of him were seeking the aid — and getting it too — of these "Papists" professing the "Holy Religion" the King was charged with "estabhshing " and if he "prevailed" the Americans could not live in safety unless they "professed." The letter well illustrates the violent temper of the times among the Colonists on the passage of The Quebec Act. It aroused the passion of the people and inflamed their minds beyond conception in our days. It was the active cause of the beginning of hostilities. The invasion of Canada well shows the fear the colonists had that the King and Ministry would make that country the "fit instrument" of imposing "Popery and Slavery" upon the "Protestant Colonies" — So they rushed northward to capture the country and hold it to pre- vent England making it a field of hostility against the Colonies to the South. And strange to record though their Religion had been de- notmced by the Continental Congjress itself, Washington a member, as one "fraught with Impiety, Rapine and bloodshed in every part of the world, and had deluged England in blood," the Canadian people — not the clergy or noblesse — not knowing of "^hese sentiments, aided in all ways to support the "Rebels" who had invaded their country, professing to be without hostiUty to their ReUgion. But the Americans when in Canada lacked as fully as the soldiers of Washington's army around Boston, the good sense not to know they were injming American interests by exhibiting, as they did, their venom against the "Holy Religion" the Canadians professed. But in 1776 the "Rebels" sang another tune and actually elected a CathoUc, Charles Carroll of CarroUton, though not a member of Congress at the time, one of the Commissioners to go to Canada to condUate the Canadians and requested him to get a Priest — mind you a Priest of the "cursed Religion" of the Canadians — to go to Canada to help win the Clergy and people professing that "Holy ReUgion" to either stand neutral or to help the "Rebels" who had but lately howled so vigorously in condemnation of their Faith. Philadelphia then was what SulUvan had feared it would become, a "City of refuge 244 General John Sullivan. for Roman Catholics," for Congress was not only eager to secure the aid of the Canadians but was actually seeking an alliance with France, "a nation in which the Roman Catholic Religion" was "professed" as Washington in 1790, reminded Americans, had performed an im- portant part "in winning their Freedom." SulUvan himself later was not loath to get a "loan" from one of the "cursed ReUgion" and thus bring his name into disrepute as "a pensioner" of France. Bancroft's History ot the United States, Vol. X, page 502, in re- lating the articles of Peace with Great Britain said "That New Ham,p- shire abandoned the claim to the fisheries was due to Sullivan, who, at the time was a pensioner of Luzerne," the French Minister to the United States. On page 452 he stated that "Sullivan was in the pay of France." This charge came out of a letter of Luzerne's to Count Vergennes, the French Minister of State, in which he related that in 1780 SulUvan, a member of Congress, being in need he had, "under the appearance of a loan," given him sixty-eight guineas, and, after six months, he asked authority to charge the sum to "extraordinary expenses." Permission to do so was given. John SulUvan was the grandson of Major PhiUp O'SuUivan, one of the defenders of Limerick, who went with his regiment to France after the surrender. His family was one of the most distinguished in the south of Ireland. His father was Owen O'SuUivan, who was a teacher in New Hampshire for over fifty years. He contributed four sons, all of whom became commissioned officers, to the Continental army. Two of these later became Governors, respectively, of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. John SulUvan, when the trouble first began, was an attorney with an established reputation and with a lucrative practice. On the authority of John Adams, he was worth ten thousand pounds when he cast his lot with the advocates of inde- pendence. He held the commission of major in one of the provincial regiments. He had seen no active service, but possessed a good theoretical miUtary education from a close study of aU available works relating to the art of war. His ability was recognized by all his associates. He was chosen delegate from his town to the first Provincial Congress of New Hampshire, and was selected by that body to represent his General John Sulhvan. 245 native province in the First Continental Congress which met in Phila- delphia in 1774. Then it was he wrote Captain Langdon also of New Hampshire, that "cursed religion" letter. Bernard Coll of Boston, author of The Ancestors of General Sullivan in a letter to the American Catholic Historical Re- searches [April, 1 901] says. General SulUvan's father was bom and educated a CathoUc but did not practice his religion after he arrived at York, Maine, in 1723, when he was about 33 years of age. He was a "Redemptioner" — a servant bound out for a term of years to pay his passage money. So was his wife. He was a school- master. For a number of years it is said the schoolmaster refused to attend any chiurch, but as a schoolmaster he had to read Protestant prayers at times and thus drifted away from whatever Cathohcity he had in him. His wife Margaret or Margery as she was generally called, could not have had much or any knowledge of her religion, and being without any education except what the schoolmaster thought fit to give her, she naturally drifted ofif from the Mother Church too. So you can see that although both parents were prob- ably CathoUcs, they had no chance to practice their reUgion, if they cared about it, and when their children were being reared, all went with the Protestant people around them. She was a strong-minded, courageous, hard-working woman, who toiled in the field while her easy-minded husband taught school and acted as a scribe for the neighborhood. They were married about 1734, and lived together over 60 years. She was full of spirit, and if she had been brought up a CathoUc she would have stood out for her reUgion, no doubt. But the schoolmaster — ^the father of General Sullivan — had been "educated a Catholic" and had sufficient knowledge of his faith to have cherished it. But the absence of Priest or chapel or assembled faithful did its destructive work in the lessening and the final loss of Faith by himself and wife and even in their lifetime their son declared their early Faith to be "a cursed Religion." The same destructive force is working today. 246 Address to People of Great Britain. ADDRESS "TO THE PEOPLE OF GREAT BRITAIN" By the First Continental Congress Denounces the Cath- olic Religion as one of "Impiety, Bigotry, Persecution, Murder and Rebellion Through Every Part of the World" and the Canadians as "Fit Instruments to Reduce the Protestant Colonies to Slavery." On Friday, October 21st, 1774, the Continental Congress adopt- ed an Address to the people of Great Britain in which the senti- ments herewith annexed were expressed. It was written by John Jay a delegate from New York, but being adopted and sent out by the Congress he alone is not to be condemned as has been the prac- tice among Catholics. The ADDRESS stated : That we think the Legislature of Great Britain is not authorized by the Constitution to estabHsh a ReUgion fraught with sanguinary and impious tenets, or, to erect an arbitrary form of government, in any quarter of the globe. These rights, we, as well as you, deem sacred. And yet sacred as they are, they have, with many others, been repeatedly and flagrantly violated. That relating to the pass- age of the Quebec Act which enlarged the boundaries of that Pro- vince and also, as the Colonies — "the Protestant Colonies" as they were declared to be believed — "established Popery in Canada" by giving the clergy the rights in the collection of tythes which they had had under the French dominion. After showing that the "Proprietors of the soil of Great Britain are Lords of their own property" and asking "why the proprietors of the soil of America were not so regarded and were so discriminated against by ParUament," the Address continued: "Reason looks with indignation on such distinctions and free- men can never perceive their propriety. AiHi yet, however chimer- ical and unjust such discriminations are, the Parliament assert, that they have a right to bind us in all cases without exception, whether we consent or not; that they may take and use otu' property when and in what manner they please; that we are pensioners on their bounty for all we possess, and can hold it rib longer than they vouch- safe to permit. Such declarations we consider as heresies in English poUtics, and which can no more operate to deprive us of our property than the interdicts of the Pope can divest Kings of sceptres which the laws of the land and the voice of the people have placed in their hands." Address to People of Great Britain. 247 The Address in enumerating "the progression of the ministerial plan for inslaving us," stated: And by another Act the dominion of Canada is to be so extended, modelled and governed, as that by being disunited from us, detached from our interests, by civil as well as religious prejudices, that by their numbers daily swelling with Catholic emigrants from Europe, and by their devotion to Administration, so friendly to their reUgion, they might become formidable to us and on occasion, be fit instru- ments in the hands of power, to reduce the ancient free Protestant Colonies to the same state of slavery with themselves. This was evidently the object of the Act: And in this view, being extremely dangerous to our liberty and quiet, we cannot fore- bare complaining of it as hostile to British America. Superadded to these considerations, we cannnot help deploring the unhappy con- dition to which it has reduced the many English settlers, who, en- couraged by the royal Proclamation, promising the enjo3mient of all their rights, have purchased estates in that country. They are now the subjects of an arbitrary government, deprived of trial by jury, and when imprisoned cannot claim the benefit of the habeas corpus Act, that great bulwark and palladium of English liberty. Nor can we suppress our astonishment, that a British Parliament should ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged your island in blood and dispersed impiety, bigotry, perse- cution, murder and rebelUon through every part of the world. This being a true state of facts, let us beseech you to consider to what, end they lead. , ,.• 1 Admit that the Ministry, by the power of Britain, and the aid of our Roman Catholic neighbors, should be able to carry the point of taxation and reduce us to a state of perfect humiliation and slavery. Such an enterprise would doubtless make some addition to your national debt which already presses down your liberties and fills you with pensioners and placemen. We presume, also, that your com- merce will somewhat be diminished. However, suppose you should .prove victorious — ^in what condition will you then be? What ad- vantages or what laurels wiU you reap from such a conquest? 248 Address to People of Great Britain. SENTIMENTS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS EX- PRESSED ■ IN THE "ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE OF GREAT BRITAIN" HOSTILE TO THE CATHOLIC CHURCH. Parliament assert, that they have the right to bind us in all cases without exception, whether we consent or not; that they may take and use our property when and in what manner they please ; that we are pensioners on their bounty for all we possess, and can hold it no longer than they vouchsafe to permit. Such declarations we consider as heresies in EngUsh politics and which can no more operate to deprive us of our property than the edicts of the Pope can divest Kings of sceptres which the laws of the land and the voice of the people have placed in their hands. At the conclusion of the late war — a war rendered glorious by the abilities and integrity of a Minister, to whose efforts the British Empire owes its safety and its fame : At the conclusion of this war, which was succeeded by an inglorious peace, formed under the aus- spices of a Minister of principles and of a family unfriendly to the Protestant cause and inimical to Liberty. We say at this period and under the influences of that man, a plan for inslaving your fellow subjects in America was concerted and has since been pertinaciously carried into execution.*** Now mark the progression of the ministerial plan for inslaving us !***And by another Act the dominion of Canada is to be so ex- tended ; modelled and governed, as that by being distmited from us, detached from our interests, by civil as well as religious prejudices, that by their numbers daily swelling with Catholic emigrants from Etirope, and by their devotion to Administration so friendly to their religion, they might become formidable to us, and on occasion, be fit instruments in the hands of power to reduce the ancient free Protestant Colonies, to the same state of Slavery with themselves. This was evidently the object of the Act**Nor can we suppress our astonishment, that a British Parliament should ever consent to establish in that country a religion that has deluged your island in Address to People of Great Britain. 249 blood, and dispersed impiety, bigotry, persecution, murder and re- bellion through every part of the world. This being a true state of facts, let us beseech you to consider to what end they lead. May not a Ministry with the same armies inslave you ? It may be said, you will cease to pay them, but remember the taxes from America, the wealth, and we may add, the men, and particularly the Roman CathoUcs of this vast continent will then be in the power of your enemies, nor will you have any reason to expect, that after making slaves of us, many among us should refuse to assist in re- ducing you to the same abject state. The Address was drafted by John Jay, one of the delegates from New York, but amendments were made in Congress so that it is not known whether the anti-Catholic sentiments were original with Jay or inserted by Congress. In the following year, on July 7th, 1775, Congress issued another Address To the Inhabitants of Great Britain. After detailing evidences of the "wanton exercise of arbitrary power" it con- tinued: Shall the descendants of Britons tamely submit to this? No, Sirs, We never will while we revere the memory of our gallant and virtuous ancestors, we never can surrender those glorious privileges for which they fought, bled and conquered." That referred to the "Glorious Revolution" in England in 1688- 9, which was the foundation of the rights the colonists claimed. So they said. The Address continued: "When the Powers vested in the Governor of Canada, gave us Reason to apprehend Danger from that Quarter, and we had frequent intimations, that a cruel and savage Enemy was to be let loose upon the defenceless Inhabitants of our Frontiers ; we took such measures as Prudence dictate as Necessity will justify. We possessed our- selves of Ticonderego and Crown Point. The day before, July 6, 1775, the Congress issued a Declara- tion Setting Forth the Causes and Necessity of Taking up Arms." One of the causes mentioned was: "For erecting in a neighboring province (Canada) acquired by the joint arms of Great Britain and America, a despotism dangerous to our very existence and secured by Acts of its own Legislature solemnly confirmed by the Crown." 250 To the Inhabitants of the Colonies. MEMORIAL TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE COLONIES— Condemning Parliament for "Establishing" the Roman Catholic Religion in Canada and Sapping the Foundations OP Civil and Religious Liberty. On the same day, October 21st, 1774, that Congress addressed "The People of England," it adopted a Memorial "To the In- habitants OF the Colonies." After detailing several "outrageous proceedings", the Memorial continued: To promote these designs another measure has been pursued. In the session of Parliament last mentioned, an Act was passed for changing the government of Quebec, by which Act the Roman Cath- olic religion, instead of being tolerated as stipulated by the treaty of peace, is established, and the people there deprived of a right to an assembly, trials by jury and the English laws in civil cases abolished, and instead thereof, the French laws established in direct violation of his Majesty's promise by his royal proclamation, under the faith of which many English subjects settled in that province and the limits of that province are extended so as to comprehend those vast regions, that lie adjoining to the northerly and westemly boundaries of these colonies. The authors of this arbitrary arrangement flatter themselves that the inhabitants, deprived of liberty, and artfully provoked against those of another religion, will be proper instruments for as- sisting in the oppression of such as differ from them in modes of government and faith. From the details of facts herein before recited, as well as from authentic intelligence received, it is clear beyond a doubt, that a resolution is formed and is now carrying into execution to extinguish the freedom of these colonies by subjecting them to a despotic government. The people of England will soon have an opportunity of declar- ing their sentiments concerning our cause. In their piety, generosity and good sense, we repose high confidence, and cannot, upon a re- view of past events, be persuaded that they, the defenders of true religion and the asserters of the rights of mankind, will take part against their affectionate Protestant brethren in the colonies, in favor of our open and their secret enemies, whose intrigues, for several years past have been wholly exercised in sapping the foundations of civil and rehgious liberty. Address to the People of Quebec. 251 CONGRESS CHANGES ITS TUNE IN AN ADDRESS TO THE PEOPLE OF QUEBEC. The same day, October 21st, 1774, that Congress declared these sentiments hostile to the Catholic Religion in these two public papers, It was Resolved. That an Address be prepared to the People of Quebec. Ordered. That Mr. (Thomas) Gushing, Mr. (Richard Henry) Lee and Mr. (John) Dickinson be a Committee to prepare the above Address. The Committee reported a draft of the Address on Wednesday, October 26th. After being debated by paragraphs and amended, it was approved. Original copies of the Address printed, October 1774, by William and Thomas Bradford, are in the Pennsylvania Historical Society at Philadelphia, and in the John Carter Brown Library at Providence, R. I. The Address was translated by Mr. Pierre Eugene du Simitiere, of Philadelphia, who charged eight dollars; two thousand copies were printed of which three hundred were sent to Boston on Novem- ber 1 6th by Pierre Eugene du Simitiere. It was printed by Fleiury Mesplet, also of Philadelphia. Copies are in the Library Company of Philadelphia, John Carter Brown Library and the Library of Congress. The illustration of the title page is from this latter mentioned copy. It was also printed in German by Henry Miller, of Philadelphia, but no copy seems to be now known as in existence. It was also printed in English by John Holt, in Dock street, Philadephia, in 1774, but the date is given as September 5th, 1774 — ^the day the Congress assembled. No copy of this edition appears to be in existence. The Address was printed in The Pennsylvania Packet for Novem- ber 14, 1 774. It was addressed ' 'TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE PROVINCE OF QUEBEC." After referring to the rights without which a people cannot be free and happy and under the protecting and encouraging influence of which these Colonies have hitherto so amazingly flourished and increased," the Address continued: 252 Address to the People of Quebec. "These are the rights you are entitled to and ought at this mo- ment in perfection to exercise. And what is offered you by the late Act of Parliament in their place? Liberty of Conscience in your religion? No, God gave it to you, and the temporal powers with which you have been and are connected, firmly stipulated for your enjoyment of it. If laws, divine and human, could secure it against despotic carprices of wicked men, it was secured before. Are the French laws in civil cases restored? It seems so. But observe the cautious kindness of the Ministers, who pretend to be your benefactors. The words of the statute are that those "laws shall be the rule, until they shall be varied or altered by any ordinances of the Gov- ernor and Council." * * * Such is the precarious tenure of mere will by which you hold your Uves and religion. The Crown and its Min- isters are impowered, as far as they could be by Parliament, to es- tablish even the Inquisition itself among you. * * * We are too well acquainted with the liberality of sentiment dis- tinguishing your nation, to imagine, that differences of religion will prejudice you against a hearty amity with us. You know, that the transcendant nature of freedom elevates those who unite in her cause, above all such low-minded infirmities. The Swiss Cantons furnish a memorable proof of this truth. Their union is composed of Roman Catholic and Protestant States, living in the utmost con- cord and peace with one another, and thereby enabled, ever since they bravely vindicated their freedom, to defy and defeat every tyrant that has invaded them. This Address was signed by Henry Middleton, President of the Congress; the Delegates from Pennsylvania had it translated, pub- lished and dispersed; the Delegates from New Hampshire, Massa- chusetts and New York being requested by Congress to assist in for- warding the dispersion of the Address. ' 'The Congress then dissolved itself." 'n (*5*. ^>*^t ■"^i^ ^;;"^ ""fi *#fr ^„ €feiladelf>hL. ^f^HILAP. 254 Address to the People of Qtiebec. That was a very proper thing to do after having given an exhi- bition of dupUcity which justified the alleged exclamation of the Canadians of "Perfidious Congress !" when they had had read to them the Address to the Inhabitants oe Great Britain in which their ReUgion was denounced as one fraught with sanguinary and impious tenets. Yet they were, by the same Congress, lauded as so "liberal in sentiment" as to believe that the "difference in reUgion" between the "inhabitants of Canada" and the "Protestant Colonies" would not "prejudice" the Canadians against "a hearty amity with" the bigots who yet told the Canadians how insecure were their "lives and religion" under the laws of England which only "seemed" to restore the French laws which protected both against "the despotic caprices of wicked men." How concerned they were that such a religion was "insecure." And yet The Quebec Act which they de- clared to the Canadians only "seemed" to protect their reUgion, was the very Act that same Congress demanded the repeal of and de- nounced so viciously and was so "astonished" to see by that Act, the British Minister "establishing" as it had "deluged " England in blood and had dispersed impiety, bigotry, persecution and murder throughout every part of the world, and, so had made these Cana- dians "fit instruments to reduce the ancient free Protestant Colon- ies to the same state of slavery with themselves." Congress did well to adjourn after doing all this. It could no further go in dupUcity. Yet in the composition of its members that was the best Congress of the Continent that ever met. Washington was the foremost member of it. Before two years there assembled a Congress that, after the de- feat of General Montgomery at Quebec, December 31st, 1775, a nd the failure of the campaign in Canada, sent a Commission to Canada to promise these "fit instruments of Slavery" the full and unrestricted enjo}Tnent of the very religion the Congress of 1774 ha d denounced so vehemently as totally unfitting its beUevers for Freedom. They did more, they elected Charles Carroll of CarroUton, before he was a member of the Congress, one of the Commissioners to go to Canada and endeavor to secure the assistance or even the neutrality of these people, and they requested him also to get a priest, Rev. John Car- roll, to assist in the endeavor. Oh ! Congress from its anti-CathoUc pride and bigotry had had a comedown when disaster came to its army and the outlook had Address to the People of Quebec. 255 darkened. Then it sought and got the assistance of France — "a nation in which the Roman CathoUc Religion" was professed, as Washington afterwards declared he hoped his countrymen would not cease to remember. But Glory be to God! These men of 1774 knew not what they did. They declared the Roman Catholic ReUgion one of civil and religious Slavery unfitting its behevers for freedom. And yet, they were, as time has now revealed to us, but laying the foundations for the Catholic Church in our Country doing it more effectively too, than her own Ministers would have or could have done; giving the Church the best opportimity it ever has had to manifest how it can thrive and prosper and grow strong and rehant and do the work Christ estabUshed it to do — save souls — in the land of Freedom that it is in itself the embodiment of Liberty, possessing as it does the Liberty wherewith Christ made us free. True indeed is it, even historically considered, as the Fathers of the Council of Baltimore declared — these men of 1774 and later years were but the instruments of Providence in estabUshing the freedom of our country and thus founding a Sanctuary for the Church. God does, indeed, move in mysterious ways His wonders to perform. Think you there is no ReUgious Faith inculcated or strengthened by the study of History? Do not all of God's works tend to His glory and does He not make men, even His enemies or the enemies of Christ's Chiu^ch, give testimony to His truths and bring all things to Himself? Oh, yes, and History of our country affords no more evi- dent proof of this to the thoughtful than the, to men, despicable course of the Congress of 1774 and yet to the eye of God, but begin- ning the firm establishment of the very Religion they denounced King and Ministry for giving a measure of freedom to, although it was one of "sanguinary and impious tenets they believed." Yet these same men declared Liberty of conscience to be a God given and not a man fotmded right and that it was but a "low-minded infirmity" to manifest prejudice because of differences in religion, at least it would have been so for the Canadians. So Congress re- minded them of the liberality of sentiment which distinguished them and so did not expect them to avoid "amity" with them because they were Protestants yet they themselves showed no "liberality of sentiment" on the score of Religion but manifested that very "low- 256 Petition 0} Congress to the King. minded infirmity" which they in reality feared the Canadians would show towards them. Yet Bancroft and other would have us believe that American History teaches that Protestantism is Freedom and yet History shows it was but Slavery — slavery of mind, slavery in prejudice, slavery in a low-minded infirmity, slavery in bigotry, most infamous — and yet God made it all serve His purpose — to give mankind its last chance to self-govern, to establish a government of the people, by the people and for the people and to give His Church its safest security in the freedom of the country and in the hearts of the people — the people free — the Church free — both subject alone to Him and His duly constituted Ministers in Church and State all deriving their just powers and authority from Him. And for all this : Glory be to God. THE PETITION OF CONGRESS TO THE KING. At the same session Congress adopted: A Petition to the King. Congress mentioned the Acts of the last session of Parliament to which they objected. One was the "Act for extending the limits of Quebec," aboUshing the English and restoring the French laws, whereby great numbers of British freemen are subjected to the latter, and establishing an absolute government and the Roman Catholic religion throughout those vast regions, that border on the westerly and northern boundaries of the free Protestant EngUsh settlements. An accident happened to the Petition that made it unfit to be presented. Another had to be prepared and sent from America. Benjamin Franklin waited five times on Lord Hillsborough to arrange for the presentation to the King but the Minister having declared that he who would propose the repeal of the Acts complained of de- served to be banged, Franklin thought "it best to wait a little longer." What Arnold's Eye Saw. 257 ARNOLD'S "EYE SAW THE MEAN AND PROFLIGATE CONGRESS AT MASS." After his treason, Arnold issued a Proclamation "to the Officers and Soldiers of the Continental Army who have the real Interest of their Country at Heart and who are determined to be no longer the Tools and Dupes of Congress or of France." It contained this sentence : "Do you know that the eye which guides this pen lately saw your mean and profligate Congress at mass for the soul of a Roman CathoUc in Ptu-gatory and participating in the rites of a Chiu-ch against whose anti-christian corruption your pious ancestors would bear witness with their blood?" Copied from the original broadside in the Library of Congress. The Congress at Mass was at St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia, at the Requiem Mass for soul of Juan de Miralles, the Spanish Agent who died at Washington's Camp at Morristown, N. J., on April 28th, 1780. Chevalier Luzerne, the French Minister through his Chaplain, Abbe Bandol, had Requiem services at St. Mary's, on Monday, May 8th, 1780. The invitation of the French Minister to the members of Congress and other celebrities in the City, reads in the one sent Dr. Benjamin Rush. The French Minister has the honour to inform Dr. Rush that on Monday, next, there will be in the Catholic Church, a divine service for the rest of the soul of Don Juan de Miralles at 9 o'clock in the morning. Doctor Rush endorsed his invitation : "Received May 6th, 1780, but declined attending as not com- patible with the principles of a Protestant." That you can see the original of among the Rush manuscripts at the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. Arnold was present at the Mass in St. Mary's. In a few months he betrayed his Country and "his name remains for ensuing ages abhorred." St. Mary's still stands — Requiem Masses are yet celebrated there, but "Arnold" means Infamy. 258 Schuyler's Address to the InJiabitants of Quebec. SCHUYLER'S ADDRE;SS TO THE INHABITANTS OF CANADA, SEPTEMBER sth, 1775. Friends and Countrymen : The various causes that have drove the ancient British colonies in America to Arms have been so fully 8et forth in the several petitions, papers, letters and declarations, pub- lished by the grand Congress; that our Canadian brethren, at the extirpation of whose Hberty as well as ours the nefarious schemes of a cruel ministry directly tend, cannot fail of being informed thereof, and pleased that the grand Congress have ordered an Army into Canada to expell from thence, if possible, those British troops, which now acting under the orders of a despotic ministry would wish to en- , slave their coimtrymen. This measure necessary as it is, the Con- gress would not have entered on, but in the fullest confidence, that it would be perfectly agreeable to you. For judging of your feelings by their own, they could not conceive, that anything but the force of necessity could not induce you tamely to bear the insult of igno- miny, that is daily imposed on you, or that you could calmly sit by and see those claims forging, which are intended to bind you, your posterity and ours in one common and eternal slavery. To secure you and ourselves from such a dreadful bondage; to prevent the effects that might follow from the ministerial troops remaining in Canada; to restore you those rights, which every subject of the Brit- ish Empire from the highest to the very lowest order, or whatever his religious sentiments may be, is entitled to, are the views of Congress. In these sentiments you will readily beUeve that they have given me the most positive orders to cherish every Canadian, and every friend to the cause of Uberty and sacredly to guard their property. And such is the confidence I have in the good disposition of my army, that I do not beUeve I shall have occasion to punish a single offence.- A treaty of friendship has just been concluded with -the six na- tions at Albany. I am furnished with an ample present for their Caghnawaga brethren and the other Canada tribes. If any of them have lost their lives, I sincerely lament the loss. It was done con- trary to orders and by scoundrels ill affected to our glorious cause, and I shall take great pleasure in burying the dead and wiping away the tears of their surviving relations, which you will communicate to them. Signed P. SCHUYLER & c. Isle au Noix, September 5, 1775. Washington Papers, No. 89 25. A Copy. Chas. Thomson. Second Address to the Canadians. 259 SECOND ADDRESS OF THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS "TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE PROVINCE OF CANADA." After the defeat and death of General Montgomery in the at- tempt to capture Quebec, December 31st, 1775. Congress on January 24th, 1776, issued the following Letter to the Canadians. The Committee appointed to prepare a letter to the inhabitants of Canada reported a draught which being read and considered, was approved as follows : THE LETTER TO THE INHABITANTS OF THE PROVINCE OF CANADA. FRIENDS AND COUNTRYMEN: Our former address to you pointed out our right and grievances, and the means we have in our power, and which we are authorized by the British Constitution to use in the maintenance of the former and to obtain a redress of the latter. We have also shown you that your Uberty, your honor, and your happiness are essentially and necessarily connected with the unhappy contest, which we have been forced into for the defence of our dear- est privileges. We see with inexpressible joy the favourable manner in which you have received the just and equitable remonstrance of your friends and countrymen, who have no other views than those of strengthen- ing and estabUshing the cause of Uberty. The services you have al- ready rendered the common cause deserves our acknowledgments, and we feel the just obligation your conduct has imposed on us to make our sarvices reciprocal. The best of causes are subject to vicissitudes and disappointments have ever been inevitable. Such is the lot of human nature. But generous souls enUghtened and warmed with the sacred fire of liberty become more resolute as difficulties increase and surmount with ir- resistable ardor every obstacle that stands between them and the favored object of their wishes. We will never abandon you to the unrelenting fury of your and our enemies. Two bataUions have already received orders to march to Canada, a part of which are now on their route. Six additional batallions are raising in the United States for the same service and 26o Second Address to the Canadians. will receive orders to proceed to your province as soon as possible. The whole of these troops will probably arrive in Canada before the ministerial army under General Carlton can receive any succors. Ex- clusive of the forces before mentioned, we have directed that measures be immediately taken to embody two regiments in your country. Your assistance in the support and preservation of American liberty affords us the most sensible satisfaction and we flatter ourselves that you will seize with zeal and eagerness the favorable moment to co- operate in the success of so glorious an enterprise, and if more con- siderable forces should become requisite, they shall not fail being sent. At this period you must be convinced that nothing is so essential to guard our interests and liberty, as efficacious measures to combine our mutual forces in order that by such a Union of succour and coun- cils, we may be able to baffle the endeavors of an enemy, who to weak- en may attempt to divide us. To this effect we advise and exhort you to establish associations in your different parishes of the same nature with those which have proved so salutory to the United Colon- ies; to elect deputies to form a provincial Assembly, and that said Assembly be instructed to appoint delegates to represent them in this Congress. We flatter ourselves with the prospect of the happy moment, when the standard of t3Tanny shall no longer appear in this land, and we live in full hopes that it will never hereafter find shelter in North America. Signed in the name and by the Order of Congress, JOHN HANCOCK, President. Philadelphia, January 24, 1776. "Whilst our country preserves her freedom and independence, we shall have a well-founded title to claim from her justice, the equal rights of citizenship, as the price of our blood spilt under your eyes, and of our common exertions for her defense under your auspicious conduct — rights rendered more dear to us by the remembrances of former hardships." (Address of Catholics to Washington, March, 1790, and signed by Charles Carroll of Carrollton and Rev. John Carroll of the Commission to Canada.) Commission to Canada. 261 THE COMMISSION SENT TO CANADA BY THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS. In February, 1776, Pruxdent La Jeunesse and John Danter- mond arrived in Philadelphia from Canada to confer with the mem- bers of Congress relative to affairs in that country. The Journal of Congress for February 12th, 1776, records: "The Congress being informed that a gentleman was arrived from Canada who had some matters of consequence to communicate. Ordered, That the Committee of Correspondence do confer with him and report to Congress. The Committee met. The visitors presented passports from General Wooster in command of the Amer- ican forces in Canada after the defeat and death of General Mont- gomery, and also from General Schuyler in command of the North- em Department, at Albany, New York. The passports read : Head Quarters, Monti., Jany 20th, 1776 The Bearer, Mr. Prudent La Jeuness is hereby permitted to pass from this place to Philadelphia without Molestation he having been in the American Service in this Country and is to be Facilitated in his intended Journey with Provisions and Carriage at the Publick Ex- pence. By order of General Wooster, JAMES VAN RENSSELAER, Aid DeCamp. To all concerned. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 22, folio 213. Head Quarters, Albany, Feby ist, 1776. Sir: The Bearers hereof, Monsrs. Prudent La Jeimess and John Dantermond, have my Directions to join your party and pro- ceed to Philadelphia. You'll be pleased to furnish them with the Necessaries requisite to perform that Journey; they are not prisoners. I am, Sir, Your Hmble Servt, P. SCHUYLER. To Lieutenant Brasier. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 22, folio 215. 262 Commission to Canada. Others from Canada on a mission, also came to Congress. Gen- eral Charles Lee at New York, preparing for an expedition to Canada, reported to Congress on February 27, 1776 that "Messrs. Price, Walker and Bonfield are arrived from Canada. They are able to give the best intelligence and communicate the necessary lights on the measures to be adopted with respect to that country." Lee was so impressed by the account of these Englishmen of Canada, who represented the few supporters of the Colonies among their members in Canada, that "without waiting for orders from Congress" he took "the liberty to contract for 4000 barrels of pork and a quantity of Rum" and did other acts of urgency. General Lee suggested sending a Priest to Canada by the Con- gress. In a postscript to the above letter he stated: "I should think that if some Jesuit or Religeuse of any other Order (but he must be a man of liberal sentiments, enlarged mind and a manifest friend to Civil Liberty) could be found out and sent to Canada, he would be worth batallions to us. This thought struck me some time ago, and I am pleased to find from the conversation of Mr. Price and his fellow travelers that the thought was far from a wild one. Mr. Carroll has a relative who exactly answers the description." The "thought" of General Lee expressed on February 28th, had become action two weeks before that date, as it was on February 15th that three Commissioners were elected and Father Carroll re- quested to go with them. But Price, Walker and Bonfield had no interview with Congress until after the Commissioners had been chosen. So the sending of Commissioners is due mainly to the com- ing of Jeuness and Dantermond. It may be mentioned that General Charles Lee, the second in command to Washington is now regarded as a traitor more infamous than Benedict Arnold. When the next year taken prisoner by the British — willingly it would now seem — he, while in New York as a prisoner, prepared the plan for the capture of Philadelphia, the plan by which the British in September, 1777 did take the city. His conduct at the Battle of Monmouth when leading his men to de- struction, so exasperated Washington that he is reported to have sworn — swore with an oath — when he detected the movement and so saved the whole army from destruction or capture. Lee was court- martialed and suspended for a year but he never served afterwards. Commission to Canada. 263 His "plan" was discovered in 1858 by Librarian Moore of the New York Historical Society. It proves his treason. His name is worthy of the abhorrence covering that of Arnold's. He loved dogs, hated Presbyterians and despised "Scotch Irish." IvCt us follow Jeuness: The.JouRNAi< of Congress for February 14th, 1776, records: The Committee of secret correspondence report that they have conferred with the Person just arrived from Canada, and find that he was furnished with a Passport from General Wooster, contain- ing Orders for his Traveling at the PubUck Expence; with another pass from Gen. Schuyler to the same purpose, and one from the Com- mittee of Kingston, who sent a Guide with him hither. That he has been engag'd in the American Service ever since the Appearance of our Forces in that country, of which he is a native ; and being as he says well acquainted with the Sentiments and way of Thinking of his Countrymen, his Intention in undertaking this journey was to give the Congress true Information on that Subject. He says that when the Canadians first heard of the Dispute they were generally on the American side; but that by the Influence of the Clergy and the Noblesse, who have been continually preaching and persuading them against us, they are now brought into a State of Suspense or Uncertainty which side to follow. That papers printed by the Tories at New York have been read to them by the priests, assuring them that our Design was to deprive them of their religion as well as their Possessions. That the letters we have addressed to them have made little impression on the common people being generally unable to read, and the Priests and Gentry who read them to others, explain them in such a Manner as best answers their own purpose of pre- judicing the People against us. That he therefore thinks it would be of great Service if some Persons from the Congress were sent t® Canada, to explain viva voce to the People there the Natm-e of our Dispute with England which they do not well understand, and to satisfy the Gentry and Clergy that we have no Intention against their Interests, but mean to put Canada in full Possession of Liberty de- siring only their Friendship and Union with us as good Neighbors and Brethren. That the Clergy and Gentry might, he thinks, by this means be brought over, and would be followed by all Canada. And unless some such Meastu^e is taken, he is of the Opinion our Af- fairs there wUl meet with continual Difficulty & Obstruction. 264 Commission to Canada. He left Montreal, the 20th, past ; says our Troops continued to invest Quebec; that he had heard of no Sally made by the Garrison, but was inform'd by an Ecclesiastick who came out of the town 1 5 Days before, that the Inhabitants were in great Distress for Fewel, and reduc'd to one Fire for 6 or 7 Families. That Flesh and Flour was also scarce ; but they had plenty of com, which not having Means to grind they boil'd to subsist on. That on his Route he met several Parties of our Reinforcements marching towards Canada. That Lake Champlain is frozen and passable, but Lake George not yet. He adds that there is great Jealousy in Canada, of our Paper Money. He oflFers to carry safely any Despatches the Congress may have to send into that Country. The above report was written by Benjamin Franklin. It is in the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 22, folio 211. Copies o'f the passports are in the same volume, folios 213 and 215. On hearing the report of the Committee on Correspondence, Congress Resolved, That the consideration of it be referred till tomorrow. The next day, J5th February, 1776, it was Resolved on the re- port of the Committee of Correspondence, that a Committee of three (two of whom to be members of Congress) be appointed to proceed t« Canada, there to pursue such instructions as shall be given them by Congress. The members chosen. Dr. Benjamin Franklin, Mr. Samuel Chase and Mr. Charles Carroll, of CarroUton. Resolved, That Mr. Carroll be requested to prevail on Mr. John Carroll to accompany the Committee to Canada. Resolved, That this Congress will make provision to defray any expense which may attend this measure to assist them in such matters as they shall think useful. So it was the statements of the two gentlemen from Canada that induced Congress to appoint the Committee to go there. The provision in the resolution that the Committee should have but two members of Congress on it was intended to allow the ap- pointment of Charles Carroll of CarroUton, as he was not then a member of the Congress and also by appointing him to strive, through him, to get Rev. John Carroll to go with the Committee Commission to Canada . 265 to visit Canada. Father Carroll was then living with his mother at Rock Creek, Maryland. The Journal of February 20th, 1776, records: Resolved, That an order be drawn on the treasurers in favor of Monsr. La Jeunesse, for the sum of 250 dollars, £or his services in behalf of the United Colonies. On March 4, 1776, letters from Generals Wooster, Arnold, Lee and Schuyler were presented to Congress. They were referred to the Committee appointed to prepare instructions for the Commissioners going to Canada. On the 8th, the Committee on consideration of the letters reported; whereupon Congress directed that "the gentle- men who are appointed to go into Canada be desired to enquire into the cause of the imprisonment of the Militia in that country and others and take such measures in concert with the commanding officers of the Continental forces there, for their enlargement or con- finement as are consistent with the principles of justice and the safety of the United States. Wednesday, March 20, 1776. The Congress resumed the consideration of the instructions and commission to the commissioners appointed to go to Canada, which being debated by paragraphs, were agreed to as follows: INSTRUCTIONS. Gentlemen: You are with all convenient despatch, to repair to Canada, and make known to the people of that country, the wishes and intentions of the Congress with respect to them. Represent to them that the arms of the United Colonies, having been carried into that province for the purpose of frustrating the designs of the British court against our common liberties, we expect not only to defeat the hostile machinations of Governor Carleton against us but that we shall put it into the power of our Canadian brethren to pursue such measures for securing their own freedom and happiness, as a generous love of liberty and sound policy shall dictate to them. Inform them that in our judgment, their interests and ours are inseparably united: That it is impossible we can be reduced to a servile submission to Great Britain without their sharing our fate : 266 Commission to Canada. And on the other hand, if we shall obtain, as we doubt not we shall, a full establishment of our rights, it depends wholly on their choice, whether they will participate with us in those blessings, or still re- main subject to every act of tyranny, which British ministers shall please to exercise over them. Urge all such arguments as your pru- dence shall suggest to enforce our opinion concerning the mutual interest of the two countries, and to convince them of the impossi- bility of the war being concluded to the disadvantage of these col- onies, if we wisely and vigorously co-operate with each other. To convince them of the uprightness of our intentions towards them you are to declare, that it is our inclination, that the people of Canada may set up such a form of government, as will be most likely in their judgment to produce them happiness : And you are, in the strongest terms, to assure them, that it is our earnest desire to adopt them into our union, as a sister colony, and to secure the same general system of mild and equal laws for them and for ourselves with only such local diiferenceF as may be agreeable to each colony respectively. Assure the people of Canada, that we have no apprehension that the French will take any part with Great Britain ; but, that it is their interest, and we have reason to believe their inclinatjen to cultivate a friendly intercourse with these colonies. You are from this, and such other reasons as may appear most proper to urge the necessity the people are under of immediately taking some decisive step, to put themselves under the protection of the United Colonies. For expediting such a measure, you are to ex- plain to them our method of collecting the sense of the people, and conducting our affairs regularly by committees of observation and inspection in the several districts, and by conventions and committees of safety in the several colonies. Recommend these modes to them. Explain to them the nature and principles of government among freemen: developing in contrast to those, the base, cruel, and in- sidious designs involved in the late Act of Parliament, for making a more effectual provision for the government of the province of Quebec. Endeavor to stimulate them by motives of glory, as well as interest to assure a part in the contest, by whch they must be deeply affected ; And to aspire to a portion of that power, by which they are ruled ; and not to remain the mere spoils and prey of conquerors and lords Commission to Canada. 267 You are further to declare that we hold sacred the rights of con- science and may promise to the whole people, solemnly in our name, the free and undisturbed exercise of their religion ; and, to the clergy, the full, perfect and peaceable possession and enjoyment of all their estates; That the government of everything relating to their religion and clergy, shall be left entirely in the hands of the good people of that province and such legislature as they shall constitute : provided, however, that all other denominations of Christians be equally en- titled to hold ofiBces and enjoy civil privileges and the free exercise' of their religion and be totally exempt from the payment of any t)^hes or taxes for the support of any reUgion. Inform them, that you are vested, by this Congress, with full power to effect these purposes; and therefore press them to have a complete representation of the people assemble in convention, with all possible expeditiousness to deliberate concerning the estabUsh- ment of a form of government, and a union with the United Col- onies. As to the terms of the union, insist on the propriety of their being similar to those on which the other colonies unite. Should they object to this, report to this Congress these objections, and the terms on which alone they will come in to this Union. Should they agree to our terms you are to promise in the name of the United Colonies, that we will defend and protect the people of Can- ada against all enemies, in the same manner as we will defend and protect any of the United Colonies. ' You are to estabUsh a free press and to give directions for the frequent pubUcation of such pieces as may be of service to the cause of the United Colonies. You are to settle all disputes between the Canadians and the Continental troops and to make such regulations relating thereto, as you shall judge proper. You are to make a strict and impartial en- quiry into the cause of the imprisonment of Colonel Du Fee, Lieuten- ant Colonel Nefeu, Major St. George Du Pres and Major Gray, officers of the militia, and of John Frazer, Esq. late a judge of the police of Montreal and take such orders concerning them as you shall judge most proper. In reforming any abuses you may observe in Canada, estabUsh- ing and enforcing regulations for preservation of peace and good order there and composing differences between the troops of the United 268 Commission to Canada Colonies and the Canadians, all officers and soldiers are required to- jdeld obedience to you: and, to enforce the decisions that you or any two of you make, you are empowered to suspend any military officer from the exercise of his commission till the pleasure of the Congress shall be known, if you or any two of you shall think it ex- pedient. You are also empowered to sit and vote as members of councils of war, in directing fortifications and defences to be made, or , *, to be demolished by land or water ; and to draw orders upon the pres- i ident for any sum of money, not exceeding one hundred thousand ' dollars in the whole, to defray the expenses of the work. Lastly, you are by all the means you can use, to promote the execution of the resolutions now made, or hereafter to be made in Congress. On motion made Resolved, That the following additional In- structions be given the Commissioners aforesaid: You are empowered and directed to promote and encourage the trade of Canada with the Indian nations and to grant passports for carrying it on as far as it may consist with the safety of the troops, and the public good. You are also directed and authorized to as- sure the inhabitants of Canada, that their commerce with foreign nations shall in all respects be put on an equal footing with, and en- couraged and protected in the same manner, as the trade of the United Colonies. You are also directed to use every wise and prudent measure to introduce and give credit and circulation to the Continental money in Canada. In case the former resolution of Congress respecting the English American troops in Canada, has not been carried into effect, you are directed to use your best endeavors to form a batallion of the New York troops in that country, and to appoint the field and other officers out of the gentlemen who have continued there during the campaign, according to their respective ranks and merit. And if it should be found impracticable you are to direct such of them as are provided for in the four batallions now raising in New York, to re- pair to their respective corps. To enable you to carry this resolution into effect you are furnished with blank commissions, signed by the president. Resolved, That the memorial from the Indian traders residing at Montreal, be delivered to the Commissioners going to Canada. Commission to Canada. 269 The draft of the commission to be given being taken into considera'-' tion and debated by paragraphs was then agreed to. It stated the members were appointed "to promote or to form a union between the Colonies and the people of Canada." Robert Morris in writing from Philadelphia, April 6th, 1776, to General Gates said: "I suppose you know that Dr. Franklin, Chase and two Mr. Carrolls are gone to Canada and I hope a sufficient force will be there to put Quebec under their direction, for I agree in opin- ion with you, that Country must be ours at all events; should it fall into the hands of the enemy they will soon raise a nest of Hornets on oiu- backs that will sting us to the quick. (Lee Papers, i — 388.) Concerning the selection of Charles Carroll of Carrollton, John Adams, on February i8th, 1776, wrote: He is not a member of Congress, but a gentleman of indepen- dent fortune,^ perh aps the largest in America.^ hundred and fifty or two hundred thousand pounds sterUng; educated in some University in France, though a native of America ; of great abilities and learn- ing, complete master of the French language and a professor of the Roman CathoHc religion ; yet a warm, a firm, a zealous supporter of the rights of America in whose cause he has hazarded his all." The Commissioners left New York for Canada on April 2d, 1776. They arrived at Montreal on 29th. Mr. Carroll kept a Journal of his trip which has been pubhshed by the Maryland Historical Society and also has been reprinted in Miss Rowland's LiFE of Carroll, Vol. I, Appendix B. On May i ith, the Journal records : Dr. Franklin left Montreal to-day to go to St. John and thence to Congress. The Doctor's de- clining state of health and the bad prospects of our affairs in Canada made him take this resolution. Yet the Doctor's health continued good enough for him to later go to France, do the great work he there did for the Colonies and re- turn home engaged in political duties as President of Supreme Execu- tive Committee of Pennsylvania and live until 1 790. On May 12th, 1776, the Journal states: Mr. John Carroll went to join Dr. Franklin at St. John's, from whence they sailed the 13th." Dr. Franklin, at New York, May 27, 1776, on his return, record- ed his indebtedness to Father Carroll: "As to myself, I find I grow dailv more feeble and think I could hardly have got so far but for 270 Commission to Canada. Mr. Carroll's friendly assistance and tender care of me." [Works VIII— 183. Spark's Ed.] The entry of Charles Carroll and also of Franklin speaking of "Mr. John Carroll" is but another evidence of many of the times that Priests were then not very generally, nor for fifty years afterwards spoken of as Father. Congress called him Mr., so did his cousin Charles of Carrollton. So did his associate priests and the people. The companionship of Franklin and JRev. John Carroll on the journey to and from Canada is thought by some to have been helpful when FrankUn was Minister to France, in securing Father Carroll the appointment of Prefect ApostoUc and later that of Bishop, but that is only true in so far as that Franklin could give the Papal Nuncio at Paris personal information concerning Carroll and so enable him to endorse his selection. But neither Franklin's published correspon- dence nor the impublished as far as investigations have gone, show any special intimacy or fffeiidsliip between the Philosopher-Diplo- mat and the Priest. Beyond the expression "bad prospects of our affairs in Canada" nothing can be gleaned from Carroll's Journal as to the doings of the Commissioners to bring about the union of Canada and the Colonies. Chase and Carroll got back to Philadelphia on June 11, "at two o'clock in the morning" having left Bristol, Pa., at nine o'clock and were rowed down the Delaware to Philadelphia." The only account of Father Carroll's Journal which has come down to us is the annexed extract from a letter to his Mother sent from Montreal, May i, 1776. He wrote: We have at length come to the end of our long and tedious jour- ney, after meeting with several delays on account of the impassable condition of the lakes; and it is with a longing desire of measuring back the same ground that I now take up my pen to inform you of my being in good health, thank God, and wishing you a perfect en- joyment of yours. We came hither the night before last, and were received at the landing by General Arnold, and a great body of ofl&cers, gentry and saluted by the firing of cannon and other miUtary honors. Being conducted to the General's house, we were served with a glass of wine, while people were crowding in to pay their compUments, which ceremony being over, we were shown into another department and Commission to Canada. 271 unexpectedly met in it a large number of ladies, most of them French. After drinking tea and sitting some time, we wedt to an elegant sup- per, which was followed with the singing of the ladies, which proved very agreeable and would have been more so if we had not been so much fatigued with our journey. The next day was spent in re- ceiving visits and dining in a large company with whom we were pressed to sup, but excused ourselves in order to write letters, of which this is one, and will be finished and dated tomorrow morning. I owe you a journal of our adventures from Philadelphia to this place. When we came to Brunswick in the Jersey government, we overtook the Baron de Woedtke, the Prussian General, who had left the day before us. Though I had frequently seen him before, yet he was so disguised in furs that I scarce knew him, and never beheld a more laughable object in my life. Like other Prussian officers, he appears to me as a man who knows Uttle of polite Ufe and yet has picked up so much of it in his passage through France as to make a most awkward appearance. When we came to New York, it was no more the gay polite place it used to be esteemed, but it was almost a desert, unless for the troops The people were expecting a bombardment and had therefore re- moved themselves and their effects out of town ; and the other side, the troops were working at the fortifications with the utmost acti- vity. After spending some disagreeable days at this place, we pro- ceeded by water up to Albany, about one hundred and sixty miles. At our arrival there, we were met by General Schuyler and enter- tained by him during our stay with great politeness and very gen- teelly. I wrote to you before of our agreeable situation at Sara- toga and of our journey from thence over Lake George to Ticondero- ga ; from the latter place we embarked on the great Lake of Cham- plain, about one hundred and forty miles to St. John. We had a passage of three days and a half. We always came to in the night time. Passengers generally encamp in the woods, making a cover- ing of the boughs of trees and large fires at their feet, but as we had a good awning to our boat and had brought with us good beds and plenty of bed clothes, I chose to sleep aboard. [American Archives. 4SerVol. 5. p. 11 67.] ^^ It is regrettable that Mr. Force did not give, if he had it, the whole of the letter, from which the above "extract" was taken. What a 272 Commission to Canada. Lreasure would be the letter from Saratoga relating the "agreeable situation" there and the entertainment of General Schuyler and doubtless making mention of his two black-eyed daughters, Betsy and Peggy. Where are those letters now? What became of his personal letters before he became Prefect Apostolic? Father Carroll had accompanied the Commission that he might have influence with the clergy helpful to the mission on which Frank- lin, Carroll and Chase had been sent. But as within two weeks "the bad prospects" became evident to the Commissioners, it is no less certain that Father Carroll's endeavor, whatever they may have been, were not wholly successful. A general view of his situation has been shown in the account we have given of the case of Father Floquet, of Montreal, to whom Father Carroll presented a letter of introduction from Father Farmer of Philadelphia, which, said Father Floquet in letter to Bishop Briand, June 15th, "containeei nothing amiss." Father Carroll did not lodge with Father Floquet and dined with him but once. He said Mass there by permission of Mont- golfer, Superior of the Seminary. Colonel Hazen of the same Regiment of Canadians — Congress' Own — on the capture of Montreal by the Americans, restored Father Floquet's house to him, which General Murray, the British command- er had "turned into a prison," said Father Floquet to Bishop Briand, who had "forbid his clergy to have any intercourse with Father Carroll." So Father Floquet was "suspended and summoned to Quebec." He declared he "was complaisant to the Americans out of human respect" for had he been "as violent against them as many others were, the whole brunt of the storm would have fallen on my head as I was the only Jesuit in Montreal. I would have served as an example to others and perhaps occasioned a persecution of my confreres in Pennsylvania and Maryland." So Father Carroll was powerless to promote a union of those who were obedient, as Catholic principles required, to the Authority ruling them in Civil affairs and were also distrustful of the Americans who, claiming to be stalwart Protestants, vilely and falsely denounc- ed as iniquitous the Religion of the one hundred and fifty thousan4 Catholic Canadians, among whom there resided but three hundred and sixty Protestants or adherents of the Church of England. Commission to Canada. 273 So the Catholic Priest and the "vinsectarian" Philosopher re- turned home, the Priest to remain quietly at Rock Creek, serving the Catholics of the region, now partly occupied by the Catholic Univer- sity and affiliated institutions of ReUgion and Learning and the Phil- osopher to enter upon a career of activity and usefulness, crowning a life of devotion to Country and Mankind. So the mission to Canada, though half of the seekers and striv- ers were CathoUcs, the foremost in the land — was a failure. Even after the Alliance with France, though an expedition under Lafayette was projected, yet it had to be abandoned. Spies like Captain Grosslein and others mentioned, reported conditions in Canada which brotight distress to the councils preparing for the in- vasion, eager though Lafayette was to lead an army there, believ- ing his French nativity and position would rally the French Canadians to his standard. But the Cathohc Canadians when they could not aid — as they did in the beginning — stood resolute against taking arms to subdue the "Rebels" though they had been illy requited for their services and their ReUgion scorned. Thus their neutrality was an effective and powerful force in the successful struggle the Colonies made. So that but for them and their brethren of kindred blood across the sea, the present British Minister's conjecture of ' 'what might have been" had not the Declara- tion of Independence been adopted, would now be a realization, per- haps, of his surmises of how things would be. Authority was, as ever, the stronger for the preservation of Canada to England, though Bigotry made its force the easier to move the people to be dutiful to Church and to State. Many were rebel- lious to both, and, singularly, it now appears, these are those most honored by Catholics of our country, who proclaim so steadfastly of the services Catholics gave to the Liberty and Independence of the Country, even though the struggle began in open hostility to our Faith and was only made successful by the aid of a "Nation profess- ing the Roman Catholic Religion," as Washington declared as well as by the cooperation of Catholic Spain. Even the Catholics of Canada did not become a hostile force against the Colonies as was feared ; those who did not take up arms for the Colonies did not join the army of the oppressor and England had to bring her Hessians and Highlanders to hold the Country secure, though Bishop Briand was worth many batallions in making that effective. 274 Washington's Address to Canadians. WASHINGTON'S ADDRESS. "TO THE INHABITANTS OF CANADA." Friends and Brethren: — The unnatural contest between the EngUsh 'Colonies and Great Britam has now risen to such a height that arms alone must decide it. The colonies confiding in the justice of their cause and the purity of their intentions, have reluctantly ap- pealed to that Being, in whose hands are all human events. He has hitherto smiled upon their virtuous efforts, the hand of tyranny has been arrested in its ravages, and the British arms, which have shone with so much splendor in every part of the globe, are now tarnished with disgrace and disappointment. Generals of approved experience, who boasted of subduing this great continent, find themselves cir- cumscribed within the limits of a single city and its suburbs, suffering all the shame and distress of a siege, while the free-bom sons of Amer- ica, animated by the genuine principles of liberty and love of country, with increasing imion, firmness and discipline, repel every attack and despise every danger. Above all we rejoice that our enemies have been deceived with regard to you. They have persuaded themselves, they have even dared to say that the Canadians were not capable of distinguishing between the blessiugs of Liberty and the wretchedness of Slavery, that gratifjdng the vanity of a little circle of nobility would bUnd the people of Canada. By such artifices they hoped to bend you to their views, but they have been deceived instead of finding in you a poverty of soul and baseness of spirit, they see with a chagrin equal to our joy, that you are enlightened, generous and virtuous; that you will not renounce your own rights, or serve as instruments to deprive your fellow subjects of theirs. Come then, my brethren, unite with us in an indissoluble union, let us run together to the same goal. We have taken up arms in defense of our Liberty , our property, our wives and our children; we are determined to preserve them or die. We look forward with pleasure to that day, not far remote, we hope, when the inhabitants of America shall have one sentiment, and the full enjoymeijit of the blessings of a free government. Incited by these motives and encouraged by the advice of many friends of Liberty among you, the grand American Congress haye sent an army into your Province, under the comman4. of General Schuyler, not to plunder, but to protect you; to animate, to bring Washington's Address to Canadians. 275 into action those sentiments of freedom you have disclosed, and which the tools of despotism would extinguish through the whole creation. To cooperate with the design and to frustrate those cruel and perfi- dious schemes, which would deluge oin frontiers with the blood of women and children. I have despatched Colonel Arnold into your country, with a part of the army under my command. I have en- joined it upon him and I am certain that he will consider himself, and act, as in the country of his patrons and friends. Necessaries and accommodations of every kind which you may fiuiiish, he will thank- fully receive and render the full value. I invite you, therefore, as friends and brethren, to provide him with such suppUes as your coun- try affords; and I pledge myself, not only for your safety and secu- rity, but for an ample compensation. Let no man desert his habita- tion ; let no one flee as before an enemy. The cause of America and of Liberty, is the cause of every vir- tuous American citizen; whatever may be his religion or descent, the United Colonies know no distinction but such as slavery, corrup- tion and arbitrary dominion may create. Come then, ye generous citizens, range yourselves under the standard of general Liberty, against which all the force and artifices of tyranny will never be able to prevail." This Address was printed in September, 1775, in hand-bills be- fore Arnold left Cambridge. A copy is in the Library of Congress. They were sent after Arnold and distributed in Canada. Different Language with Regard to the Roman Cathouc Religion. In the Congress of the Confederacy of the United States, Septem- ber 19, 1783, James Madison called attention to a petition presented by Henry Laurens, when a prisoner in the tower of London, dated December i, 1780, which he thought "wounded the honor and dignity of the United States in such a manner that he was no longer fit to be entrusted with the character of a pubUc minister much less to be soUdted to continue his services as negotiator of a peace. Mr. Rut- ledge, however, declared that "the tenor of the petition was such as not to give offence and to obtain what he wanted." In this view it is proper and warranted by former proceedings of Congress. Here he instanced the different language held by Congress with regard to the Roman Catholic ReUgion in the "Address to the People of Great Britain" and that to "The Inhabitants of Canada." 276 The Hessians. THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS ENDEAVORS TO INDUCE HESSIANS "TO QUIT THE BRITISH SERVICE," PROM- ISING THEY SHALL BE "PROTECTED IN THE FREE EXERCISE OF THEIR RESPECTIVE RELIGIONS." The annexed Resolution of Congress adopted August 14th, 1776, was addressed to the CathoUcs among the Hessians as well as to those of other forms of religious beUefs. Of the 29,875 Hessians sent to America, 12,562 did not return. Many deserted and remained in this country, theii- descendants, in many instances, now occupy a high social distinction. Wednesday, August 14, 1776. The committee appointed to devise a plan for encouraging the Hessians and other foreigners, to quit the British service, brought in a report, which was taken into consideration. Whereupon, the Congress came to the following resolution : Whereas it has been the wise policy of these States to extend the protection of their laws to all those who should settle among them, of whatever nation or reUgion they might be and to adjust them to a participation of the benefit of civil and reUgious freedom; and the benevolence of this practise, as well as its salutary effects, have ren- dered it worthy of being continued in future times. And whereas, his Britannic majesty, in order to destroy our freedom and happiness, has commenced against us a cruel and un- provoked war, and, unable to engage Britons sufficient to execute his sanguinary measures, has applied for aid to certain foreign princes who 'are in the habit of selling the blood of their people for money and from them has procured and transported hither considerable numbers of foreigners. And it is conceived, that such foreigners if apprised of the prac- tise of these States, would chuse to accept of lands, Uberty, safety and a communion of good laws and mild government, in a country where many of their friends and relations are already happily settled rather than continue exposed to the toils and dangers of a long and bloody war, waged against a people guilty of no other crime, than that of refusing to exchange Freedom for Slavery; and that they will do this the more especially when they reflect, that after- they shall have violated every Christian and moral precept, by invad- The Hessians. *77 tag and attempting to destroy, those who have never injured them or their country, their only reward if they escape death and captivity^;«5pl^J)i^to reflam-^to the despotism of their prince, to be b^^Mm'^alfain sold to do the drudgery of some other enemy to the rights of mankind. And whereas the ParUament of Great Britain have thought fit by a late action not merely to invite our troops to desert our service, but to direct a compulsion of our people, taken at sea to serve against their country. Resolved, Therefore that these States will receive all such for- eigners who shall leave the armies of his Britannic majesty in Amer- ica, and shall chuse to become members of any of these States; that they shall be protected in the free exercise of their respective reU- gions and be invested with the rights, privileges and immunities of natives as established by the laws of these States; and moreover, that this Congress will provide, for every such person 50 acres of unap- propriated lands in some of these States to be held by him and his heirs in absolute property. Resolved. That the foregoing resolution be committed to the committee, who brought in the report and that they be directed to have it translated into German, and to take proper measures to have it communicated to the foreign troops. In the meantime that this be kept secret. Resolved. That Dr. (Benjamin) Franklin be added to the said committee. Benjamin Franklin writing to General Gates from Philadel- phia 28th August, 1776, said: "Congress being advised that there is a probabiUty that the Hessians might be induced to quit the British service by offer of land came to two resolves which being translated into German and printed are sent to Staten Island to be distributed, if pi-acticable, among these people. Some of them have tobacco marks on the back, the so tobacco being put into them in small quantities as the tobacconists use, and suffered to fall into the hands of these people, they might divide the papers as pltmder, before their officers could come to a knowledge of the con- tents and prevent their being read by the men. That was the first resolve. The second has since been made to the officers them- selves." 2ji Hessians Married by Father Farmer. HESSIAN AND BRITISH SOLDIERS MARRIED BY FATHER FARMER OF PHILADELPHIA. On February 20th, 1778, while the British were in possession of Philadelphia, Michael Ruppert of Aschaffenburg, of the Hessian Regiment of chasseurs, was married by Father Ferdinand Farmer to Catharine, widow of Michael Kellerman, also of the Regiment of chasseurs. The witnesses were John Farber, Ignatius Limbeck and Anna Maria Farber, all of the same Regiment. This record affords evidence, in addition to many others availr able, that many of the Hessians were accompanied tb this cotmtry by their wives. On May 5th, Ignatius Schneider, of Vienna, Austria and of the Seventeenth Regiment, was by Father Farmer, married to Catharine, daughter of Christopher and Catharine Viel; witnesses Hector Miller and Elizabeth Catharine his wife. On December 13, 1777, Thomas SuUivan, a soldier of the 49th Regiment, was married by Father Farmer to Sarah Stormont; wit- nesses Daniel McCarthy and Elizabeth Mealy. On March 12th, 1778, Robert Rollo, a substitute in the Reg- iment, and Ann Allen were married by Father Fanner; witnesses. Patrick Byrne, Roger Flahavan, Patrick Rice and others. On May ist, John George Bauer and Elizabeth Reinhart, who "had already been married in Germany but without due observance of the decrees of the Council of Trent" says the register made by Father Farmer had the conditions fulfilled ; witnesses, Adam Maver and John Manderfield. Perhaps other of the marriages recorded may have been of Brit- ish or Hessian soldiers though not so stated on the register. Many of the Hessians while prisoners were retained at Carlisle, Pa. Rev. H. G. Ganss, historian of the Church there says, "Our cemetery gives evidence that some of them either by birth or conver- sion were Catholics and their bodies he interred in consecrated ground. (Records A. C. H. S. VI. p. 316.) Address te Lord North. 279 "ADDRESS TO LORD NORTH," BY AMERICAN SUPPORTERS IN ENGLAND DENOUNCE HIM FOR ESTABLISHING "THE ROMISH, SUPERSTITIOUS, IDOLATROUS HIER- ARCHY, PROFESSEDLY INTOLERANT, PERFIDIOUS AND BLOODY." The Pennsylvania Ledger, of February 1st, 1775, reprinted from the London Evening Post an "Address to Lord North," in which it was declared: The Constitution of your country and the principles of the Re- volution have been the invariable rule of your political conduct. You have erected in the heart of every American a monument of gratitude more durable than brass or marble. Then follows a few of the "glorious acts of your administration, and the numerous experiences which you have industriously employ- ed to drive a brave and loyal people into overt acts of resistance." Among these this was stated : "The Romish, superstitious, idolatrous hierarchy, professedly in- tolerant, perfidious and bloody, to the eternal disgrace of our Monarch, dishonor to God and infamy of the Bishops, established by a solemn Act of your unprincipled legislature, diametrically opposite to his Majesty's coronation oath, the principles of the Revolution and Re- formation, in a vast part of the British dominions, with the perfidious, Adndictive, Jesuitical design of making a nursery for arbitrary power and arming Papist against Protestant, to control the spirit of Ameri- can freedom." 2^ Abhe de Valent to Washington. ABBE DE VALENT OF THE DIOCESE OF TOULOUSE, COM- PLIMENTS GENERAL WASHINGTON. Philadelphia will boast of having been besieged many times, but never taken, its subjugation was not accomplished by several great commanders, it was kept to crown your prudence, your perseverance alid your bravery. In this now famous expedition, the conquered and the conquerors each found an advantage. Philadelphia will be greatly obliged to you if you will have pass- ed a law to unite the provinces which only seek their liberty and you, Sir, have found in its vigorous and determined resistance and in the conquests you have made all that could flatter the noble ambition of a great warrior and the glory of the Nation. •\ The laurels which your Excellency has gathered are of such a nature that they will never fade ; there always will be time for you to make new crowns also, I dare, after a number of appreciations and best wishes of the highest order which you have received to offer you mine from this comer of Gascogne. It is indeed sincere and inspired by the humblest and most respctful affection. Count de Lowendal honored me with a letter after the taking of Bergopsom (Berg-op-Zoom) on account of the best wishes I sent him, I indeed would be greatly flattered by having one from your Excell- ency I will pray the King of Kings that He will preserve you for long years to overcome the enemies who have sought to take by force the provinces of which you are the upholder and the protector, I am with profound respect of your Excellency, Sir, your most humble and obedient servant, THE Abbe de Valent, priest, grand chanter of the Chapter of Lille-Jourdain of the diocese op Toulouse on the way to Auch. Lille Jourdain, March 20, 1778. ,^^ fWashington MSS. Library of Congress.] Charles Carrolt of Cdrrollton to Washington. 281 CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON ADVISES WASHING- TON TO REMOVE ARMY STORES FROM BRISTOL, PA., AND TRENTON, N. J. Pott's Groves, 226. Septr., 1777. Dear Sir: — I would just suggest the propriety of sending Some active persons to Bristol and Trenton to impress wagons to remove what Continental stores are at those places and may be' carried thither from Pha in consequence of your orders to Colo. Hamilton. This measure is the more necessary as the order of Congress for removing these stores is suspended till their meeting at Lancaster may not be for some days. Mr. Smith one of our Delegates being returned home I must proceed to Congress to keep up a representa- tion from our State. I desire my compliments to the gentlemen in your family and wish yoiu: Excellency health and success against our common enemy. I am with g^reat esteem Yr most obdt hum Servt, Ch. Carroll, of Carrollton. His Excellency, General Washington. Washington Papers, No. 16, foUo 160. Pott's Groves is now Pottstown, Pa. CAPTAIN JEUNESSE OF MONTREAL. Prudent [Preudhome] la Jetmesse, in February, 1776, came from Canada to confer vnth the members of Congress, and succeeded in having the Commissioners composed of Benjamin Frankhn, Samuel Chase and Charles Carroll, of Carrollton, with Rev. John Carroll ap- pointed to go to Canada to promote the interests of the revolting Colonies. ' On August ibth, 1776, Congress directed that "La Jeunesse" receive a present of 40 dollars and be discharged. ' On August 2 1 St, 1776, A Petition from Preudhome la Jeunesse was presented to Congress and read. The petition is in Papers of the Continental Congress No. 41, IV folio 376. The Petition reads: To the Honorable John Hancock, Esquire, President The Memorial of Preudhome La Jeunesse of Montreal, in Canada^ 282 Captain Jeunesse. humbly sheweth that by his great Zeal for the American Cause in the late expedition of Canada he was much distinguished by the Com- manding Officers of the Continental Army, but after their retreat he could not be of further use and was directed to offer his Services to the Honorable, the Continental Congress. That he has been in Phila- delphia upwards of Six weeks inactive and much desirous to enter into the Continental Service daily pressed upon by his own Country- men and other Frenchmen or persons who understand French, wish- ing to be employed under your Memorialist of whom he might have 50, or more if he had a Commission to inUst them, and who will cer- tainly diperse if they have not soon an Answer. That his said Countrymen and more especially your Memorial- ist can never return to their Homes whilst a King's Governor is in full possession thereof. But whenever it should be thought proper for the Continental Army to reenter Canada, your Memorialist thinks, that Corps of Canadian Frenchmen and others who speak French might be of great use in that Service. Your Memorialist once more prayeth that his Case may be considered and that the Honorable, the Congress would be pleased to grant him a Commission of Captain of a Corps of Canadians, Acadians, French and others who speak French, And Your Memorialist as in duty botmd &c. PREUDHOME LA JEUNESSE. Philadelphia, August 21, 1776. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 41, folio 376. The same day the Committee reported "That the petition of Preudhome la Jeunesse be granted and a commission be given him to be a Captain of a Company of Canadians, Arcadians and French, to belong to Col. Livingston's Regiment and to join the army at Ti- conderoga as soon as may be." The report was ' 'ordered to lie." It is the hagtidwriting of Richard Peters and is in the Papers of Congress, No. 147, I, foUo 3. On Novenmber 4th, 1778, another Petition from la Jeunesse was presented to Congress: To the Honourable, the Congress of the United and Independent States of America. The Petition of Prudent la Jeunesse heretofore Officer Volunteer B the American Army in Canada, humbly Sheweth That your Peti- Captain Jeunesse, 283 doner was employed as an OflScer Volunteer in the Army of the United States in Canada during the space of Eighteen Months under the command of the Deceased ^General Montgomery, General Wooster and General Arnold and was at the Expeditions against St. Johns, Chambly, Mountreal and the Ceders. That at the retreat of that Army your Petitioner was also obUged to retire from Canada his Native Country, and take refuge amongst the United States to avoid the Persecutions he should have suffered. That your Petitioner has not yet been Able to procure any Pay or reward for his said ser- vice. And finding himself destitute of Friends and Acquaintances in this, to him, a strange Country, and unable to procure himself a support, he has recourse to the Honourable the Congress, and hum- bly intreats they would be pleased to grant him his Pay or such other relief as in their Wisdom they may think proper. And your Petitioner will ever Pray, &c. Prudent La Jeunesse. This may Certify that Monsr. Prudent la Jeunesse Commanded a Number of Volunteer Canadians in Canada, and From his Attach- ment to Otu" Army and having taken an Active Part against the King was imder the Necessity of quiting the Country with our Army. B. ARNOLD. This Memorial is endorsed: "Petition of Prudent la Jeunesse, Read 4 November, 1778. Referred to the Board of War, who are directed to take such measures thereon as to them may seem expe- dient War Ofl5ce, November 16, 1778. The Board not having been properly ascertained of the Length of Time which the Petitioner served, or in what Rank, if any, and not having it certified from the proper Oflacer whether or not he received aU or any Part of his Pay are not possessed of sufficient Evidence whereupon to fotmd a Report to Congress on the Petitioner's Case." From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 42, IV. foUo 9. 284 De Gas, The French Interpreter. JEAN BAPTISTE DE GAS, THE FRENCH INTERPRETER. General Charles Lee, in writing from New York, February 14th, 1776, to the President of the Provincial Council of the Colony of New York, said : "I take the liberty of sending the case of Jean Baptiste De Gas, a Canadian, submitting to the consideration of the Provincial Con- gress whether it would not be proper to furnish him with a necessary sum of money to enable him to proceed to Mr. Hancock to whom he has been recommended. The Case of this Canadian was this : General Wooster employed Jean Baptiste Dagas, the 4th of January, 1776, as conductor and in- terpreter to the prisoners who were sent from Montreal to Albany. General Wooster advanced him no money, but he received from Lieutenant Cook, at Ticonderoga, twenty-two shillings, New York currency; that this is the only money he has received; that as Gen- eral Montgomery had promised to recommend him to Congress for a commission in a regiment of Canadians, to be raised for the Continent- al service ; and as General Wooster assured him that he had written in his favor to Mr. Hancock, he thought both his interest and his duty obUged him to proceed to Philadelphia in order to make application to the gentlemen of the Congress for their favour and protection; but at Poughkeepsie he fell sick, where, having no money, he was obUged to sell part of his clothes to pay his doctor and the expenses of his living." [Lee Papers i — 298.] CONGRESS ORDERS PAYMENT FOR SERVICES OP CANADIANS WHO HAD AIDED THE COLONIES. Saturday, August loth, 1776. The Committee on sundry Canadian petitioners, reported. That the Reverend Mr. Louis Lotbiniere was, on the 26th, of January last, appointed by General Arnold chaplain to the regiment under the command of Colonel James Livingston, and acted in the capacity, untU the retreat of the army from Canada, and who was promised by General Arnold, the pay of £n 10 per month, including rations; and that there now is a balance of £46 17 — 144 84 90 dollars due and that the same ought to be paid to him and that he be continued a chaplain in the pay of the United States: De Gas, The French Interpreter. 285 That Jean Fisseul receive nine months' pay as a private, and a present of 20 dollars for particular services the whole equal to 80 dollars and that he be permitted to inlist in the artillery at New York. That Pierre du Calvert receive io6§ dollars for 8 months pay as ensign, and a commission as a brevet first lieutenant. That Alexander du Clos receive 33^ dollars for 5 months' pay as a private and be discharged, with permission to inUst again in the service, at his election. That Jean Baptist du Vidal receive 56 dollars for seven months' pay a serjeant and be discharged, or continued in the service at his election. That Louis Russe receive 32 dollars for his services as nurse and attendant on the sick and a present of 40 dollars on account of his htunanity to them. ^ That Juet a Voir receive a present of 10 dollars and be dis- charged, or continued in service, at his election. That La Jeunesse receive a present of 40 dollars and be dis- charged. That John Hamptrenk (Hamtramck) receive i86| dollars as deputy commissary from the 15th of September to the 5th of Febru- ary, and 164 dollars for his pay as a Captain from the 5 th February to this day, being 6 months and five days; the whole being 350 60-90 dollars. That Andrew Pepin receive 33 30-90 dollars, for 5 months' pay as a private for his services as a volunteer, and that he be con- tinued in pay as a lieutenant. That all persons who have acted as volunteers in Canada, and retreated with the army be referred to General Schuyler, and that he be directed to enquire into their services and characters and to order them such rewards and wages as shall appear to have been merited. That 300 dollars be advanced to Colonel James Livingston, and his general accotmt against Congress be referred to the inspection and determination of General Schuyler. 286 Lavgeay, the Fireworktnan. JEAN LAUGEAY, MAKER OF ARTIFICIAL FIRE WORKS, OFFERS HIS SER^aCES TO CONGRESS IN 1776 AND 1779. The Journal of Congress for August 28th, 1776, records a peti- tion from Jean Laugeay presented to Congress and read. The Peti- tion stated : To the Honorable The Continental Congress, Honorable Sirs: Your Petitioner Jean Laugeay, French Man, has been brought up to the Art of Artificial Fire Works in France; an Art so necessary to make Signals and render lights, both to the Navies, and Armies in Camp, at the time of Night, as to be looked upon by most Nations in Europe as a considerable Branch of the Art of War; the Importunes [Importance] whereof being so little known in this part of the World, has induced the Petitioner to offer his Ser- vice to the Honorable the Continental Congress of America ; to be employed by them in the Art of Fire works, and in such a Station as they may on enquiring into his Character and abilities judge him most capable of. Should This Honourable House think proper to employ the Peti- tioner in Their service, he shall by every Means in his Power en- deavor to discharge the Duty entrusted to him with every mark of Honesty and Fidelity. I am. Honorable Sirs, With the Utmost Duty & Respect, Your most obedient and Most Humble Servant, [Signed] JEAN LAUGEAY. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 42, IV foUo 96, That Jean Laugeay was engaged by Congress to display Firie Works at a July Fourth celebration is shown by his petition of 1779- To His Excellency the President and the Hon'ble Representa- tives of the United States in Congress assembled : May it please the Honorable Congress, Commemorating great and important Events has been an established Custom in all Nations, in all Ages. The noble emulous Spirit it infuses and the happy Influence it generates in the minds of succeeding Generations often produce Ac- Laugeay, the Fireworkman. 287 tions that prove very beneficial to the People who practise it. Heav- en certainly approves; for none but Tyrants wish to suppress it. The glorious Emancipation of this happy Land, on the ever memorable fourth day of July, 1776, stands foremost in Magnitude and Admiration, in the Annals of the World. That great and remarkable Era, the auspicious Harbinger of America, first usher'd in the pleasing prospect of securing Happiness to our latest posterity; and ought ever to be acknowledged with Gratitude as a celestial Blessing, and annually celebrated with eflfu- fflve Joy by the inhabitants of the United States to the End of time. Presuming with some degree of Confidence that it would be agreeable to the Honorable Congress, before whom t have had the Honor of exhibiting Fire Works on the Uke Occasion, I have got ready a large Collection of various sorts significantly designed, for part of the Celebration of the approaching Anniversary of our free- dom and Independence. I therefore humbly pray that the Honor- able Congress would be graciously pleased to signify their Appro- bation of my Design, by ordering me to exhibit the same on Monday Evening next, at such place as you may be pleased to appoint. Any directions the Honble Congress shall give relative to the Exhibi- tion I will faithfully observe and execute. I have the honor to be with the most profound Respect and Deference Your Excellency's & your Honours much obUged and devoted Hble Servant [Signed] JEAN LAUGEAY. Fire Worker. Philadelphia, July ist, 1779. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, N0.-41 , V. folio 208. To his Excellency the President & the Honourable Members of Congress : The Petition of Jean Laugeay, Fire Worker, Most respectfully 8c hiunbly sheweth. That on the evening of the Day appointed for celebrating the late Anniversary of the Freedom and Independence of the United States, yotrr Petitioner had the honour to exhibit a large Collection of fireworks, which he had prepared for that Occasion. That the Materials, Composition, & Exhibition were attended with considerable Expence and trouble. 288 Laugeay.,- the Fireworkmfin. That your Petitioner being a poor Man and having a family solely depending for support on what he can earn by his knowledge and Ingenuity in this Art, he takes the Liberty of applying to the Honorable Congress humbly begging that they would be pleased to give Orders for pajmient to yoiu- Petitioner of the Amoimt of the Expence he has been at on this occasion, or of such Sum as to the Honorable Congress may seem proper. And your Petitioner as in Gratitude bound, will ever pray for the prosperity and Happiness of the United States, &c. [Signed] JEAN LAUGEAY. Philadelphia, July 23d, 1779. From the Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 42, IV. folio 204. PLENIPOTENTIARIES FROM THE POPE AND THE PRE- TENDER TO CONGRESS. "Extract of a letter from Philadelphia dated 26th instant: "Last evening two persons who had landed at Baltimore with a large Retinue arrived in this city, escorted by some of the Light Horse: Lodgings were immediately provided for them and Cen- tries placed at their Doors. You will easily conceive that the citi- zens were extremely anxious to know who these Personages were, and the Endeavours of Congress to keep their Characters Secret have like to have occasioned very serious consequences, and Con- gress seemed to have dreaded would arise from a Discovery, and which will very shortly arise if the Citizens adhere to what they publicly declared on its being made known who these gentlemen were; and I dare say you will be surprised when I tell you that one is a Plenipotentiary from the Pope and the other from the Pretender, with offers of Assistance Offensive and Defensive; on this being declared numbers cried out that they now only waited one from the Prince of Darkness to make the Alliance complete. Congress in order to appease the People gave out that they did not expect these gentry, and that an Alliance of this Nature has not been sought after. But I am well informed by a Gentleman who has had a sight of the Treaties formed with the French King that he guarantees the Assistance of these two Powers ; the other fol- lows of course. O poor Britain, you have now to fight against the French King, the Pope, Pretender and Congress." — [N. Y. Gaz. , Aug. 8, 1778.] Michael Fitzgerald. 289 MICHAElv FITZGERALD "FROM THE KINGDOM OF IRELAND" PETITIONS CONGRESS TO GIVE HIM "A PART IN THE STRUGGLE AGAINST OPPRESSION AND TYRANNY." To The Honourable the Congress, for the United States of America the Humble Address of Michael Fitzgerald Humbly Shew- eth; that your Petitioner from the ICingdom of Ireland and last from Havre de grace, having been Cruelly and unjustly persecuted in his Native Country, by the present enemies of these States, is heartily willing to bear a part, in the present glorious Struggle Against Oppression and tyraimy; and having served Seven years in a Military capacity in a foreign Kingdom, would request this Hon. Board to place him in Such a Situation as to have it in his power to merit a character among them, and Shew his talents in the Military line, as he did not think it necessary to bring recom- mendations from his friends, nor would they have Countenanced his coming over, at such a juncture; your Petitioner, for reasons which most strangers after expensive travelling may readily ad- duce, would begg to be taken notice of as soon as possible, and he promises, by a strict attention, to the duties of his Station, to en- deavor to merit the esteem of his Superiors, and to look for ad- vancement, only as his Character and Conduct may appear to de- serve it. With HumiUty and Defiference, the Petitioner is buoyed with hopes This Honble Board, will take his case into their serious con- sideration, with that expedition that can be allowed an Humble Soldier waiting for Orders. [Endorsed: Read September 2, 1776, Referred to the Board of War.] Papers of the Continental Congress, No. 42, III foUo 9. The Board of War seems not to have reported on the Petition. Surely Michael Fitzgerald must have been given a Commission but alas, no records have been discovered showing this to be so, nor does any further reference to this seven years trained Soldier appear. 290 King Louis XVI Orders the Te Deum Sung in the Churches KING LOUIS XVI ORDERS THE TE DEUM SUNG IN THE CHURCHES OF FRANCE FOR THE VICTORY AT YORK- TOWN. King's letter to His Lordship, Bishop of Nancy. My Dear Lord : — The success of our armies flatters me as being a preparatory measure to peace. It is in this point of view, that I am glad to look at the result of this campaign. My navy, commanded by the Comte de Grasse, Lieutenant General after having defeated the English in the Antilles, and taken from them Tabago Island, went to Virginia sea-coast in order to oblige them to retire from this province. An English fleet came to attack him but was defeated and obliged to retire in its ports. At last an English army in Yorktown was attacked by our army united with American army under the leader- ship of General Washington, and Count Rochambeau General Lieu- tenant of my armies and it has been made captive. In looking at these events, and appreciating the skill of our generals and the valor of our soldiers, my principal aim is to excite in every heart as well as in mine, the deepest gratitude for the Giver of all prosperity. I write you this letter to inform you my intention is to have the "Te Deum" sung in all the churches of your diocese with all the re- quisite ceremonies and that you invite to be present all who will find it convenient to attend. Hoping, Dear Lord, that my request will be granted, I pray God to have you under His holy protection. LOUIS. Written at Versailles, November 26, 1781. To Mgr. the Bishop of Nancy, Counsellor of Consultors. Sequr. [Translation from the original in Library of Congress.] The English version given in the Pennsylvania Packet May 7, 1782, reads: The Victory at Yorktown. 291 THE VICTORY AT YORKTOWN— KING LOUIS XVI ORDERS GENERAL ROCHAMBEAU TO HAVE THE TE DEUM SUNG. M. The Count de Rochambeau : The success of my arms will never be pleasing to me, but as they furnish the means of obtaining a speedy peace. Under that hope, I review with pleasure the happy events of the campaign. My naval force, commanded by the Comte Grasse, Lieutenant General, after having defeated that of the British near the Leeward Islands, and in their presence captured the island of Tobago, sailed afterwards for the coast of Virginia to compel them to evacuate that State: the enemy's fleet, which arrives on that coast to attack my naval force, is beaten and obliged to return into port ; and, at length, a whole British army, shut up in the town of York, besieged by my troops, in conjunction with those of the United States of America, under the command of General Washington and yourself, have been forced to surrender themselves as prisoners of war. In calling these events to the mind, and acknowledging how much the abilities of General Washington, your talents, those of the general ofiBcers employed under the orders of you both, and the valor of the troops, have rendered this campaign glorious. My chief design is to inspire the hearts of all as well as mine, with the deepest gratitude toward the Author of all prosperity, and in the intention of addressing my supplication to Him for a continuation of His Divine protection, I have written to the Archbishop and Bishop of my Kang- dom to cause the Te Deum to be sung in the churches of their Dio- ceses, and I address this letter to you to inform you that I desire it may be likewise sung in the town or camp where you may be with the corps of troops, the command of which has been entrusted to you, and that you would give orders that the ceremony be per- formed with all the public rejoicings used in similar cases, in which I beg of God to keep you in His Holy protection. Done at Versailles, the 26th of Novemebr, 1781. [Signed] LOUIS. [Penna. Packet, May 7, 1782.] 2,92 Te Deum ordered by the Bishop of Nancy. CIRCULAR OF THE BISHOP OF NANCY, PRIMATE OF LORRAINE. Orders the Te Deum for the Victory at Yorktown. Orders that the '"m DEUM" he sung in every Church of his diocese as Thanksgiving for the success and prosperity of the King's Armies in America. Louis-Appollinaire de la Tour-Dupin Montaubau by the GRACE of God and the Authority of the Holy See first bishop of Nancy, primate of Lorraine, to the secular and regular clergy, to all the re- Hgious societies, to all the parishioners of our diocese, we wish salva- tion and benediction through our Lord. My dear Brethren, a brilliant success in America has made the ability and the efficiency of our generals renowned and has rewarded the valor of our soldiers. Such an important advantage is the result of the most thoughtful plans It has been marked by good f eeUng and humanity and ranked higher than those memorable but bloody victo- ries whose brilliancy was almost lost in a general mourning, but in this case the blood of our aUies and compatriots has been spared. More- over, we observe with great pleasure that the armies of our enemies have been weakened, their efforts frustrated and the result of their immense expenses has been made void; all this without a drop of blood lost on their part, and without desolating their country by making the wives of today, unhappy widows and unfortunate mothers of tomorrow. The happy events that we are requested to announce to you are worthy of our deepest gratitude towards the Giver of prosperity for whatever might be the wisdom of the plans, God is the supreme dispenser of events; He who desires to be called the God of armies is consequently the only One to give victory; He it is who gives com-age to the conquerors and every Christian soldier must say with David, "Blessed be the Lord my God who giiides my hands in the battle and my fingers to carry the sword." Then you will thank God, dear Brethren, for the success of our armies; but there is another benefit more worthy of our joy, not on accoimt of a transient event but to see a King who is flattered by the success of his armies only because it is a preparatory measure to peace ; to see our beloved ICing, who far from abusi ig this victory, is not dazzled by the prosperity; this is a precious gift given by God. Te Deum ordered by the Bishop of Nancy. 293 ^P SPSKMK M §^ 1^^^^ 1 1 K L e MAKBEMEMT L'EVEQUE DE NANCY, FRIMAT DE LORRAINE , Q^Ul qrdonne que U TE DEUM y2/-/2 ch ami dam tomes les EgUfes de Jon Diocefe ^ en Acliom de graces de la profperiu des Armees du Roi en Amerique. OUIS- APOLLINAIRE DE LA TOUR- DUPIN-MONTAUBAN, par la grace de Dieu & I'Aurorite da St. Siege Apoftolique , premier Eveqiie de Naney , Primat de Lorraine : Au Clerge Seculier & Regulier , aux Ccmmunautis fbi-difant exemptes & non-exemptes, & a tmis les Fidclcs de notre Diocefe', Saluc & Benedidion en notre Seigneur.-- 294 Te Deum ordered by the Bishop of Nancy. What a powerful consolation for the people who have to suffer the inevitable misfortunes of a war and to achieve the victory, to be assured that never again desire for glory will seduce our King and en- gage him in war. We must thank God for having given us a King who does not allow hatred and ambition to enter his mind, and whose concern only aims at giving joy and comfort to his subjects. Let us thank God once more dear Brethren, for He holds the hearts of kings in His hand, and has inspired our august monarch with such straightforward and peaceful intentions, that will give us happi- ness upon earth. For this, after having held council with our Dean, and Canons and cathedral Chapter, we order that the "Te Deum" the anthems "Domine salvum fac Regem:" the prayer for Peace and the Verses and Oremus, be said at the end of the Vespers, next Sunday, the 25th of December as thanksgiving for the success of the armies of His Majesty, the same will be sung on the feast of St. Stephen, December 26, in every parish of the city and suburbs of Nancy and the next Sunday that follows the receiving of our circular in all the churches of our diocese. This ceremony will be announced on the eve at six o'clock at night by the chime of all the bells of the city, which will be rung on the following day at noon and at four o'clock in the afternoon during the "Te Deum." This circular shall be read at the High Mass and in every religious Society. Given in Paris, in our palace, where we are kept by the affairs of our diocese — December 10, 1781. [Signed] LOUIS APOL, Bishop of Nancy, Primate of Lorraine. By MsGR. Dupxry. Nancy. Henri Hanri. Printer to the King and to the Bishop. Rue St. Dijier (?) No. 337 . [Translation of original in Library of Congress.] The Continental Congress at Mass. 295 THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS AT MASS— TWO TE DEUMS AND TWO REQUIEMS, AT ST. MARY'S, PHILADELPHIA. WASHINGTON AT A CATHOLIC BURIAL SERVICE AT MORRISTOWN, NEW JERSEY. The Continental Congress went to Mass on four occasions — two Te Deums and two Requiems. On each of these occasions the services took place at St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia. The Te Deums were — the Celebration of July 4, 1779, and the Te Deum for the Victory at Yorktown, November 4, 1781. The Requiems were on September 18, 1777, for General Du Coudray, a French officer, and on May 8, 1780, for Don Juan de Miralles, Spanish "Agent." These events were, alternately, typical indeed, of the contest then going on — sorrow and rejoicing — Death and Victory. THE REQUIEM FOR GENERAL DU COUDRAY. 1777- — In May, 1777 a body of twenty-nine oflScers and twelve Sergeants of artillery arrived in this country from France to assist the colonies. They came in consequence of an agreement relative to rank and pay made at Paris with Silas Deane, the Commercial and Political Agent of the United States. Silas Deane, in a letter from Paris, November 28, 1776, to Com- mittee of Congress said, "Mons. Du Coudey will be with you by the receipt of this, with stores complete for 30,000 men. The extraor- dinary exertions of this Gentleman and his Character entitle him to much from the United States, and I hope the sum I have stipulated with him for, will not be considered extravagant when you consider it is much less than is given in Europe." — [Pa. Magazine, July, 1887, p. 204.] But our purpose is here, not to give a detailed account of the career of General Du Coudray, but to make record of the Requiem services on the occasion of his interment. On September i6th, Du Coudray was drowned while crossing the ferry at Schuylkill river, Philadelphia, where the Market street bridge now crosses the river. He was on horseback on the ferry scow. The horse becoming frightened, jumped overboard. The annexed extract from the journal of Jacob Hiltzheimer of Philadelphia, is of interest : 1777 — September ,i6th — ^Tuesday, — Cloudy and some rain. About II o'clock General Coutrie set off with nine French officers 296 ^Requiem for Gen. Du Coudray towards the camp over Schuylkill ; but he, the said French General, kept on his horse on the boat, crossing; his horse leaped overboard, and thereby drowned the General. In the evening I went to Schuyl- kill, and saw the said General taken up out of the water." "In crossing the Schuylkill his horse leaped out of the boat with him, who was foolishly in the saddle — and so was drowned yesterday." (Papers of Gov. Langdon, Letter Jas. Lovell, M. C, to Gen. Whipple September, 17, 1777.) On the 1 6th, September, 1777, Monsieur de Coudray, an officer of rank and distinction in the French service and acting as a volunteer in our army, having occasion to cross the Schuylkill ferry, rode a high- spirited horse into the boat, which taking fright leaped into the river and the rider was unfortunately drowned. Congress resolved that the corpse of Monsieur de Coudray be interred at the expense of the United States and with the honor of War. — Thatcher's Military Journal Rev., p. 117. On September 17, 1777, Congress resolved: Whereas, Mons. Du Coudray, Colonel-Brigadier in the service of His Most Christian Majesty, the King of France, and Commander- in-Chief of the artillery in the French Colonies of America, gallantly offered to join the American Army as a volunteer; but on his way thither, was most unfortunately drowned in attempting to cross the Schuylkill. Resolved. That the corpse of Mons. Du Coudray be interred at the expense of the United States, and with the honors of war, and that the town Major carry this order into execution. The next day. Congress adjourned to Lancaster as the British were Ukely to capture Philadelphia, "one of its last acts was to attend the funeral of Du Coudray, at St. Joseph's Church," says Westcott's History of Philadelphia. — [Sunday Dispatch, Chapter CCXLV]. In John William Wallace's "Biography of Colonel Wm. Brad- ford," there is much about this officer and his services in erecting the fortifications on the Delaware, in which Bradford himself took con- fflderable part. The death by drowning of Du Coudray is spoken of, and Mr. Wallace says: "Congress passed resolutions of respect to his' memory and he was buried in one of the two graveyards of St. J-oseph's Church, with the honors of war, at the public expense." Requiem for Gen. Du Coudray 297 This shows neither of these writers knew where General Du- Coudray was buried. It is wholly unlikely that he was interred in the ground near the old chapel of St. Joseph's. There really were not "two graveyards of St. Joseph's Church" — nor was there such a "church." After its erection in 1763, St. Mary's was the Church of Phila- delphia. In its graveyard, bought in 1758 for burials, it is most probable the General was buried and the Requiem Mass was cele- brated in "New Chapel" of St. Mary's which was the parish church — the Stmday Church — the place used on all special occasions. We know of no interments at the old Chapel ground other than priests after St. Mary's was built. As Father Harding was, however, buried at St. Mary's in 1772, it is more probable that Du Coudray was likewise interred there. In our mind there is no doubt of it. But no matter where buried the location itself is unknown. No account of the Requiem services or of the burial is now known. All was in confusion in Philadelphia at the time. The British Army was approaching. Congress hastily left the city on September 20th and the British took possession on the 27th. The career of this distinguished officer whose services for the freedom and independence of the country, though of a brief space of time — May to September, 1777 — yet, were most helpful to the American "Rebels" will be more fully related hereafter. A Dole For the Tories. Published in London at early part of the American Revolution, contained this verse : With Popery and Slavery America they treat And swear they will dragoon them all If they will not submit. (Copy in MS. Division, Library of Congress). 298 Don Juan De Miralles. DON JUAN DE MIRALLES, THE SPANISH AGENT. HIS REQUIEM. Early in 1778 Don Juan De Miralles from Havana arrived in Philadelphia. While here he was known as the Spanish Agent or Resident. He was not formally accredited to the Congress and Congress had no official relations with him. He was here, however, in the interest of the revolting Colonies. "He came," says Bancroft (Vol. X, p. 157, ed. 1874) "as a spy and an intriguer ; nevertheless. Congress with unsuspecting confidence welcomed him as the representative of an intended ally" though no official recognition was given. John Gilmary Shea in Vol. 11, p. 165 {His. Catholic Church) says Spain "sent a representative to the American Congress in the person of Senor Miralles. Thus the first diplomatic circle at the American seat of government was Catholic and openly so, for these envoys (of France and Spain) celebrated great events in their own countries or in the United States by the solemn services of the Catholic Church, to which we find them inviting the members of Congress and the high officers of the Republic." This is incorrect as appUed to Miralles. He was not "sent" by Spain and Congress declined to have official relation with him, be- cause not officially appointed to them. Nor did he ever invite Con- gress to attend any "solemn services of the Catholic Church." The French Minister, Luzerne, alone did that. On April 24, 1778, Gerard de Rayneval, the French minister, presented to Congress the Memorial of De Miralles, dated the 21st, relative to two Spanish ships captured by American privateers and their cargoes condemned. In Philadelphia Miralles lived at one time in Mr. Chew's house on Fourth street, below Walnut, east side. Then he removed to Capt. MacPherson's mansion. Mount Pleasant, which is still standing in Fairmount Park and is called, "The Dairy." There he remained until it was purchased by General Benedict Arnold, March 22d, 1779, as a marriage gift to Miss Peggy Shippen whom he married April 8, 1779. After Arnold's treason it was confiscated, October 1780, and rented to Baron Steuben. Miralles the first year here lived on High street. After his death President Reed of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania Don Juan de Miralles. 299 sent to Don Francisco Rendon, the Secretary of Don Miralles, a bill of rent. (Pa. Arch. 1781-3, p. 196). Extracts from the Diary of the Moravian Congregation at Bethle- hem, Pa. 1778, Nov. 25. "This afternoon the French Ambassador (Gerard), Don Juan de Miralles a Spaniard, and Silas Dean arrived from Philadelphia to see the sights here." Nov. 26. "Bishop Ettwein took them to Christian's Spring and Nazareth (Moravian settlements north from Bethlehem), and in the evening they attended a concert we had arranged for them." Nov. 28. "Our distinguished visitors returned to Philadelphia to-day." Henry Laurens wrote to Bishop Ettwein. Nov. 23, 1778, saying: "Monsr. Gerard, the Minister Plenipotentiary of France will be, provided he meets no obstruction on the Road, at Bethlehem on Wednesday, the 25th inst., about mid-day. His worthy character merits regard from all the Citizens of these States. An acquaintance with him will afford you satisfaction. Don Juan de Miralles a Span- ish Gentleman highly recommended by the Governor of Havanna, will accompany Mr. Gerard. The whole suite may amount to six gentlemen and perhaps a servant to each." Gerard visited Bethlehem again June 25, 1779. In January 1779 Washington came to Philadelphia and remained two weeks. During his stay he was entertained by the distinguished citizens among whom is named "Mirales, a Spanish gentleman of distinction and amiable character." The Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania requested Washington to allow his portrait to be taken by Charles Wilson Peale. This was done. De Miralles ordered five copies "four of which, we hear, are to be sent abroad" said the Pennsylvania Packet, February 4, 1779 [Moore's Diary of the Rev., p. 126.] The original portrait was destroyed in September 1781, by loyalists who in the night, entered the Council chambers. Though Bancroft calls Miralles "a spy and intriguer" he gives nothing to sustain the charge. De Miralles was evidently maintain- ing his private character until Spain could openly take the side of the colonists. John Jay was sent in 1779 as Minister to Spain and by his instruction of September 28, 1779, he was authorized to obtain 300 Don Juan de Miralles. a subsidy and loan. During this time Miralles was promoting the interest of the colonies. That Bancroft's judgment is too harsh, if not inaccurate, the opinion of Washington and the general respect in which the character of Miralles was held may be cited. The following letter is from Washington : To Don Diego Joseph Navarro, Governor of Havanna. Head- Quarters, MiDDLEBROOK, 4 March, 1779. Sir : — A journey to Philadelphia in the winter procured me the honor of your Excellency's favor of the nth of March last, by Don Juan Miralles, and the pleasure of that gentleman's acquaintance. His estimable qualities justify your recommendation, and concur with it to establish him in my esteem. I doubt not he will have informed you of the cordial and respectful sentiments, which he has experienced in this country. On my part, I shall always take pleasure in convincing him of the highest value I set upon his merit, and of the respect I bear to those who are so happy as to interest your Excellency's friendship. I can only express my gratitude for your polite offer of service, by entreating you to afford me opportunities of testifying my readiness to execute any commands with which you shall please to honor me. With my prayers for your health and happiness, I have the honor to be, &c. Washington's Writings, Vol. VI, p. 186-7. "Don Juan Miralles was recommended by the Governor of Hav- anna, as a gentleman of fortune, who resided in that city, but who, while on a voyage to Spain, had been compelled by some accident, that happened to the ship in which he was embarked, to enter the harbour of Charleston, in South Carolina. The Governor wrote also that Don Juan Miralles, being dispirited by his misfortune at sea, had resolved to remain in the United States till he should find a safe opportunity to return to Spain, and requested in his behalf the civili- ties and protection of General Washington. The truth is, however, that Miralles was an unofficial agent of the Spanish Government, and was introduced in this way, that he might obtain a knowledge of the affairs of the United States, and communicate it to the ministers of the Spanish Court. Spain was not yet ready to take an open and decided part ; nor indeed was she ever ready to regard the American people as an independent nation, Don Juan de Miralles. 301 till circumstances made it an imperious necessity." Washington's Writings, Vol. VI, Page 187 [Note.] "Respecting the Spanish agent, Don Juan Miralles, it was un- certain how far he acted under immediate authority of the Spanish government. A letter from Luzerne to Vergennes throws some light on the subject. Luzerne wrote that Miralles confessed to him, that he had no instructions directly from the court of Spain ; that his cor- respondence was with the Governor of Havana; that the Spanish ministry had signified their general approbation of his conduct down to the end of August last ; that he had received from M. Galvez stating that he would be appointed Minister to the United States when the King should think proper to send one. Congress showed every mark of respect to this agent which was due to his personal character but carefully avoided treating with him in any public capacity, except through the intervention of the French Minister. Congress would not commit themselves by treating with a person who was not empowered directly by the Spanish CotU't. [MS. Letter from Luzerne to Vergennes, March 13th, 1780. Washington's Writings, Vol. VI, p. 478. Note.] In April 1779, Miralles and Luzerne visited Washington, at Morristown, N. J., when the army was viewed by them. They left Philadelphia, April 27th, lodged at Trenton and next day arrived in camp. (Spark's Letters, Greene to Washington.] C. W. Reale, F. Bailey and Edward Pole invited the President and Council of Pejmsylvania to attend the celebration of July 4, 1 779, at the German Church and requested that "you invite, if it shall seem proper to you, his Excellency, Don Juan de Miralles, a Spanish gentleman, resident in this city." — [Pa. Ar. X, p. 162.] On the 27th of February, 1780, Washington wrote to Don Juan de Miralles from Headquarters at Morristown acknowledging receipt of letter of i8th, announcing the capture by Spain of the British Forts at Baton Rouge and Natchez. Washington stated, "I shall with the greatest pleasiure comply with yoiu- request for information of all movements of the enemy, that come to my knowledge which may in any manner interest the plans of your court." [Washington's Writings, Vol. VI, p. 477.] [Morristown, 19th April, 1780.1] The ChevaUer de la Luzerne, minister of France, with another French gentleman and Don Juan ^e Miralleis, a gentleman of distinction from Spain, arrived at head- 302 Don Juan de Miralles. quarters, from Philadelphia, in company with his Excellency General Washington. — [Thatcher's Journal, p. 191.] On the 25th the whole army was paraded under arms to afPord M. de la Luzerne another opportunity of reviewing the troops; after which he was escorted a part of the way to Philadelphia. The Span- ish gentleman remained dangerously sick of a pulmonic fever at head- quarters, and on the 28th he expired. 29th April, 1780. I accompanied Doctor Schuyler to head- quarters, to attend the funeral of M. de Miralles. The deceased was a gentleman of high rank in Spain, and had been about one year a resident with our Congress from the Spanish Court. The corpse was dressed in a rich state and exposed to public view as is customary in Europe. The coffin was most splendid and stately, lined through- out with fine cambric and covered on the outside with rich black velvet and ornamented in a superb manner. The top of the coffin was removed to display the pomp and grandeur with which the body was decorated. It was a splendid full dress, consisting of a scarlet suit, embroidered with rich gold lace, a three cornered gold-laced hat, and a genteel cued wig, white silk stockings, large diamond shoe and knee buckles, a profusion of diamond rings decorated the fingers and from a superb gold watch set with diamonds, several rich seals were suspended. His Excellency, General Washington, with several other general officers and members of Congress, attended the funeral solemnities and walked as chief mourners. The other officers of the army and numerous respectable citizens, formed a splendid procession extending about one mile. The pall-bearers were six field, officers and the coffin was borne on the shoulders of four officers of the artil- lery in full imiform. Minute guns were fired during the procession, which greatly increased the solemnity of the occasion. A Spanish priest performed service at the grave in the Roman CathoUc form. The coffin was inclosed in a box of plank, and all the profusion of pomp and grandeur were deposited in the silent grave in the common burying ground, near the Church at Morristown. A guard is placed at the grave lest our soldiers should be tempted to dig for hidden treasure. It is understood that the corpse is to be removed to Philadelphia. This gentleman is said to have been in possession of an immense fortune, and has left to his three daughters in Spain, one hundred thousand pounds sterling each. Here we behold the end of all earthly riches, pomp and dignity. The ashes of Don Juan de Miralles. 303 Don Miralles mingle with the remains of those who are clothed in humble shrouds, nnd whose career in life was marked with sordid poverty and wretchedness. — Dr. James Thatcher, Surgeon in the Revolutionary Army. Journal, p. 193. His Secretary, Don Francisco Rendon, accompanied Rev. Sera- phin Bandol, Chaplain of the French Minister, to Morristown and Mir- alles "received the last Sacraments with great piety and contrition." [Shea, II, p. 178.] On April 23d between six and seven in the evening De Miralles summoned Luzerne, Baron Steuben, Alexander Hamilton, aid de camp to Washington, Lieut. Col. Robert H. Harrison, Barbe de Mar- bois, Councillor in Parliament and secretary to Luzerne, to "his bed- side" and in their presence dictated his will, which was written in French by Marbois. By it he directed that Don Francisco Rendon, his secretary, and Luzerne should take charge of all his papers and pubhc correspondence as well with the Spanish Ministry as with the Governor of Havanna and Don Francisco was to consult with Luzerne as to his proceedings thereon. The remainder of the papers were to be burnt except receipts or papers necessary for his heirs. He acknowledged owing Luzerne 3594 Livers Toumais for tran- sactions between himself, Luzerne and Gerard. This he directed Robert Morris to pay. His accounts with Morris should be settled at amount Morris should claim. His affairs with George Meade & Co., "in the same manner agreeable to accounts they will furnish." The Loan Office certificates taken in Charles Town Carohna in February and March, 1 778, to be delivered by his heirs to whom they thought proper to collect interest due thereon. The Loan Certificates for $26,600 dated February 1778, on which no interest had been paid to be disposed in the same manner. He had a bill of Exchange for $140,650 drawn by General Lin- coln on the President of Congress and accepted by the Board of Trea- sury. Had also a schooner sailed from Martinico which, by bad weather, put into Charleston loaded on his account with 40 hhds. of molasses, 20 hhds. of sugar. Mr. Peter Barrier was concerned in this, "for 10 per cent of which I made advances which is to be reimbursed." Cargo in hands of Daniel Hall & Co., of Charlestown had sent 140 hhds. of rice in said vessel to the Capes on his account. Had a half concern in brigantine Fox loaded by J. Dorsey & Co., of Baltimore with 91 hhds. of tobacco. Half of vessel and cargo "my sole property." 304 Don Juan de Miralles. To each servant he gave a new coat. His Scotch boy, Angus, held for a term of years, was to be free at his death. His Negro Raphael, wife and children to be given their freedom at the Havanna and two cavalleries of land where his "wife and family think proper." He ratified the will which he made at the Havanna, December, 1777, and approved the charges for fees and medicines which might be made by Dr. Cochran whom he directed to settle the fees of the other doctors who attended him. The wiU was brought to Philadelphia and on May 4th presented for record with the certificate of Paul Fooks, interpreter to Congress and the State of Pennsylvania that the translation from the French was a true copy. Luzerne and Marbois certified as attending wit- nesses. Letters of administration were issued to Don Francisco and Robert Morris on May 5, 1780. (Will Book R. p. 283.) "The remains of Don Juan de Miralles are to be interred this afternoon at Morristown. The funeral procession will move from headquarters between four and five o'clock. It is his Excellency's desire that all officers who can attend consistent with the safety and poUce of the camp should be invited to the funeral. He wishes to show all possible respects to the memory of a very respectable sub- ject to the King of Spain." — [Col. Scammel to Gen.' Irvine.] [Pa. Mag., April, 1891, p. 65.] The remains were interred in the Presbyterian cemetery at Morristown and after the Revolutionary War removed to Spain it is said but more probably to Havana, where his wife remained. Lafayette writing to Count Vergennes, the Minister of Foreign Affairs at Paris from "Waterbury on the Boston Road," May 6, 1780, said, "Don Juan de Miralles estabhshed for some time past at Phila- delphia and who knows M. D'Arando, has died at Philadelphia (?). He has been buried with great ceremony. — [Stephen's Facsimilies, Nov. 1624.11 Luzerne was in Philadelphia, at the time of the death of Miralles. On April 29th, 1780, (the day after the death.) he wrote Washington saying : "I have received with all gratitude the news which your Excel- lency has been plaesed to give me of Don Juan. I begin to flatter myself that the cares he received from you and all those who surround him will re-establish him." — (Spark's Letters ofWashingion, 11, p. 442.) Don Juan de Miralles. 305 Rivington's Royal Gazette, of New York, May 3, 1780, said> "It is reported from New Jersey, that the minute guns heard last Friday were in honor of Mons. Luzerne the person who succeeded Gerard, and passing under the appellation of the French Ambassador and that he died suddenly in the rebel camp in the mountains by the hand of violence; others say that the explosions were at the inter- ment of another adventurer, called the Spanish Ambassador." [Moore's Diary of Revolution, Vo. 11, p. 267.] The New Jersey Gazette, May 3d, 1780, said, "Friday last dide at Morristown, in New Jersey, Don Juan de Miralles, a Spanish gentle- man of distinction. His corpse is to be removed to Philadelphia, where it is to be interred with those marks of respect due to gentle- men of his dignified rank and fortune." — [Moore's Diary of Revolu- tion, Vo. II, p. 267.il Washington, to Don Diego Joseph Navarro, Governor of Cuba. Morristown, 30 April, 1780. Sir : I am extremely sorry to communicate to your Excellency, the painful intelligence of the death of Don Juan de Miralles. This unfortunate event happened at my quarters the day before yesterday, and his remains were yesterday interred with all the respect due to his character and merits. He did me the honor of a visit, in company with the Minister of France and was seized on the day of his arrival with a violent biUous complaint, which, after nine days' continuance, put a period to his life notwithstanding all the efforts of the most skUful physicians we were able to procure. Your Excellency will have the goodness to believe, that I took pleasure in performing every friendly office to him during his illness and that no care or attention, in our power, was omitted towards his comfort or restoration. I the more sincerely sjmipathize with you in the loss of so estimable a friend, and, ever since his residence with us, I have been happy in ranking him among the number of mine. It must, however, be some consolation to his connexions to know, that in this country he has been universally esteemed and will be universally regretted. May I request the favor of your Excellency to present my re- spects to the lady and family of our deceased friend, and to assure them how much I participate in their affliction on this melancholy occasion. — [Washington's Writings, Vol. VII, p. 27.il 306 Don Jtian de Miralles. Madame Miralles is named, on July 2, 1780, as sponsor with Thomas Meade (of Montserrat), Thos. Russell and Elizabeth Fergu- son for George, son of George and Constance Meade, born June 4, 1780. [Records Am. Cath. His. Soc. Vol. 11, p. 265.] Luzerne arranged for a Mass of Requiem at St. Mary's Church. He issued invitations to the Members of Congress and distinguished citizens. I copy from the original addressed to Dr. Benjamin Rush, now preserved in the Rush MSS. Department of the Ridgway Library. "The French Minister has the honour to inform Dr. Rush that on Monday next, there wUl be in the Cathohc Church a divine service for the rest of the soul of Don Juan de Miralles at 9 o'clock in the morn- ing." This invitation was endorsed by Dr. Rush, "Received May 6, 1780, but decUned attending as not compatible with the principles of a Protestant." May 6th was Saturday. So the Requiem Mass was on Monday, May 8th. The Chaplain of the French Minister was Abbe Bandol. Perhaps he celebrated Mass and delivered the funeral discourse also. The invitation reads "in the Cathohc Church." That was St. Mary's. It was the church of those days. It is singular that no report of the services is mentioned in any of the Patriot journals and that to Rivington's Royal Gazette of New York, of May 20, 1780, are we indebted for an account for which allowance must be made for its style of narration. The reason of this was that after the French AlUance British adherents were zealous in endeavoring to disseminate a beUef that Congress had become "Papist," that the success of the Revolutionary cause would mean the triumph of "Popery." On the other hand as the Patriots were, in 1774-5, bitter anti-Popery asserters they were, after the AlUance, not at aU anxious that when they did a "Cathohc" act in complaisance to the French Minister that it should become generally known to the people, for some, Uke the Shippen family, into which Arnold had married, had become less earnest in the cause. The French AlUance is given by Arnold as one of the justifications of his treason. The account of the Requiem Mass as pubUshed by Rivington was copied by the London Chronicle, June 17-20, and by the Scot's Maga- zine of Edinburgh, June 1780, and perhaps by other British papers. The report reads thus: Don Juan de Miralles. 307 "New York, May 20, 1780. On Monday the 4th inst., was cele- brated at Philadelphia, the funeral of the Spanish Resident, who lately died at Morristown. The following was the order of the pro- cession: The Bier covered with Black CloTh, MoNS. Lucerne, the French Resident The Congress, The General Officers, The Citizens. When the procession arrived at the Roman Catholic Chapel, the Priest presented the Holy Water to Mons. Lucerne ; who, after sprinkl- ing himself presented it to Mr. Huntington, President of the Congress. The Calvinist paused a considerable time, near a minute ; but at length his affection for the great and good ally conquered all scruples of conscience and he too besprinkled and sanctified himself with all the adroitness of a veteran Cathohc, which his brethren of the Congress perceiving they all without hesitation followed the righteous example of their proselytized President. Before the company which were extremely numerous, left the Chapel, curiosity induced some persons to imcover the Bier; when, they were highly enraged at finding the whole a sham, there being no corpse under the cloth, the body of the Spanish gentleman having been several days before interred at Mor- ristown. The Bier was surrounded with wax candles, and every member of this egregious Congress, now reconciled to the Popish Communion carried a taper in his hand." The date given as the 4th is an error. It should have been the 8th. This was the Mass the traitor Arnold attended a few months before his treachery. , In his address to the officers and soldiers of the Continental Army, dated October 20, 1780, he says: "Do you know that the eye which guides this pen, lately saw your mean and profligate Congress at Mass, for the soul of a Roman Catholic in Pxurgatory and participating in the rites of a Church, against whose anti-Christian corruptions your pious ancestors would have witnessed with their blood." Arnold was at the time of the Mass a resident of Philadelphia and meditating his treason by seeking the command of West Point. He remained in the city until "the middle of July." He had, on April 3o8 Don Juan de Miralles. 8, 1779, married Margaret ["Peggy"] Shippen, who lived on Fourth Street (West side nearly opposite Willing's Alley, the entrance to the "Old Chapel" of St. Joseph's), between Walnut and Pruan Street, (formerly known as Shippen Street, then Pruan, and Prune and now Locust) not a square from St. Mary's. Arnold on June 2, 1780, advertised a reward of $500 for his runaway negro, Punch, and a strayed cow. Though the reward was Continental money it was but a few months later that Congress would have given many thousands for the capture of the runaway traitor. That this Requiem was the occasion referred to by Arnold, when he "saw the mean and profligate Congress at Mass," is proven by the fact that after his marriage he was in the city until the middle of July 1780, during which time he was court-martialed and acquitted. He was seeking the command of West Point that he might betray it. On May loth, only two days after the Requiem he wrote the Trea- sury Board, opposing certain decisions in his case and desiring to appeal to Congress.— (Washington's Writings, Vol. VI, p. 530.) Ebenezer Hazard, a Philadelphian, writing to Rev. Jeremy Belknap, of Boston, from Jamaica Plains, June 27, 1780, says: "At Philadelphia I met with the most striking instance of Catho- licism I ever saw. A Spanish gentleman of Eminence, called Don Juan de Mirallez, died at Morristown, whither he accompanied the Minister of France, on a visit to General Washington and the Army. Soon after the Minister's return to Philadelphia, he (not the Spanish gentleman) sent cards to a number of gentlemen, informing them that, on such a day, "there would be a Divine Service at the Romish Church, for the rest of the soul of Don Juan de Merallez." As I had never seen even the inside of a Popish Church and the ceremony was to be performed on a Monday, I determined to attend and, upon going into the chiu-ch, I found there not only Papists, but Presbyteri- ans, Episcopalians, Quakers, &c. The two chaplains of Congress (one a Presbyterian and the other a Churchman) were amongst the rest. I confess I was pleased to find the minds of people so unfettered with the shackles of bigotry. The behaviour of the Papists in time of worship was very decent and solemn, vastly more so than among the generality of Protestants, there was not a smiling nor even disen- gaged countenance among them. Some of the Protestants behaved irreverently. The pageantry and pomp of Popery is admirably Don Juan de Miralles. 309 calculated, ad capitandum vulgits ; but it is to be lamented that human reason should be so weak, in any instance, as to prove an insufficient guard against such delusions." How true, alas, it is yet, that "some of the Protestants behave irreverently" when visiting Catholic Churches. Above the Altar in the Romish Chapel in Philadelphia, is tht picture of a crucifixion, which appears to me a very fine piece of painting. — [Belknap Papers, pages 61 and 62. Mass. His. Soc. Col.] This picture of the Crucifixion engaged the attention of John Adams, when, in company with Washington, they on October 9, 1774, when delegates to the Continental Congress, visited St. Mary's at Vespers. Adams at once wrote his wife Abagail : "This afternoon, led by curiosity and good company, I strolled away to mother Church or rather grandmother Church; I mean the Romish Chapel. I heard a good, short moral essay upon the duty of parents to their children, founded in justice and charity, to take care of their interests, temporal and spiritual. This afternoon's entertainment was to me most awful and affecting; the poor wretches fingering their beads, chanting Latin, not a word of which they understood; their Pater Nosters and Ave Marias; their holy water; their crossing them- selves perpetually; their bowing to the name of Jesus whenever they heard it ; their bowing and kneeling and genuflecting before the altar. The dress of the priest was rich white lace. His pulpit was velvet and gold. The altar-piece was very rich, little images and crucifixes about, wax candles lighted up. But how shall I describe the picture of our Saviour, in a frame of marble over the altar, at full length upon the cross in the agonies and the blood dripping and streaming from His wounds ! The music, consisting of an organ and a choir of singers, went all the afternoon except sermon time, and the assembly chanted most sweetly and exquisitely. Here is everything which can lay hold of the eye, ear and imagination — everything which charm the simple and ignorant. I wonder how Luther ever broke the spell." [Page 45 of "Familiar Letters of John Adams to his wife, Abigail, during the Revolution." By Charles Francis Adams, New York: 1876.] See also his Diary. Works Vol. 11 p. 365. The Requiem for Don Juan de Miralles was the "Example referred to by a correspondent of The Royal Gazette of December 11, 1782, who, writing from Fishkill, December i, 1782, said: » 3IO Don Juan de Miralles. "It is said many grow jealous of the French and its strange what pains some take to reconcile people's tempers to the French manners and even to their religion. What a noise was made but a few years ago about Popery being tolerated in Canada by the British Govern- ment. Would any one then have believed that even the Clergy and selectmen of Boston would parade through the streets after a Crucifix, and joined in a procession for praying a departed soul out of purga- tory ; and for this they gave the example of Congress and other Ameri- can leaders on a former occasion at Philadelphia, some of whom in the height of their zeal went so far as to sprinkle themselves with what they call holy water. And what a fuss and bother has been made on the news of the birth of a Dauphin of France ; if a promised ICing of America had been bom, there could not have been a greater outward rejoicing." The correspondent may have on October 6th and 7th, 1781, seen Rev. Ferdinand Farmer, of Philadelphia, at Fishkill, bless the mar- riage of "a son of Joseph and Mary Ursula (Enbair) Chartier and Mary, daughter of James and Mary Frances (Chandron) Robinet, and Francis Guilmet and Mary Frances Chandron. [Records American CathoUc Historical Society, Vol. 11, p. 305.] On October 5th, 6th, and 7th Father Farmer records 14 baptisms "of children and infants" as "near Fishkill" (ibid 274-5.) No doubt there were Canadians of the encampment of the Amer- ican army stationed there. In the winter of 1780 the Marquis de Chastellux visited Fishkill, December 21, 1780, and after relating about the encampment there relates that four'or five miles inway in the woods was a camp of "some hundreds of invalid soldiers," but it was "their clothes were truly invalid. These honest fellows were not covered even with rags but their steady countenances and their arms in good order seemed to supply the defects of clothes and to display nothing but their courage and their patience. (Travels, Vol. 11.) The following poetical extract refers to the Requiem at St. Mary's Chiu-ch, Philaddphia. "rivington's reflections." (Rivington was publisher of the Royal Gazette in New York while the British were in possession. The "Reflections" were his assumed musings after the evacuation.) I795-) Don Juan de Miralles. 311 In truth, I have need of a mansion of rest. And here to remain might suit me the best ; Philadelphia in some things would answer as well, (Some Tories are there and my paper might sell) But then I should Uve amongst wrangling and strife. And be forced to say Credo the rest of my life ; For their sudden conversion I'm much at a loss — I am told they bow to the wood of the cross And worship the reUques transported from Rome, St. Peter's toe-nail and St. Anthony's comb. If thus the true faith they no longer defend. I scarcely can think where the madness will end If the greatest among them submit to the Pope, What reason have I for indulgence to hope? If the Congress themselves to the chapel did pass, Ye may swear that poor Jemmy would have to sing Mass From "Poems of Philip Freneau, of New Jersey" (Monmouth, 312 The Te Deum at St. Mary's for Yorktovin. THE TE DEUM AT ST. MARY'S, PHILADELPHIA FOR THE J J VICTORY AT YORKTOWN. ^^ On Sunday November 4, 1781, a Mass of Thanksgiving was cele- brated at St. Mary's church, Phialdelphia, to give public thanks to Almighty God, for the victory at Yorktown by the combined armies of the United States and France. Abbe Bandol delivered an "Ad- dress to Congress, Supreme Executive Council and the Assembly of Pennsylvania who were invited by His Excellency, the Minister of France, in thanksgiving for the capture of Lord Comwallis." The following is the discourse of the Abbe Bandol : Gentlemen: — A numerous people assembled to render thanks to the Almighty for his merdes, is one of the most affecting objects, and worthy the attention of the Supreme Being. While camps resound with triumphal acclamations — while nations rejoice in victory and glory, the most honourable office a minister of the altars can fill is to be the organ by which public gratitude is conveyed to the Omnipo- tent. Those miracles, which he once wrought for his chosen people, are renewed in our favour; and it would be equally ungrateful and im- pious not to acknowledge, that the event which lately confounded our enemies, and frustrated their designs, was the wonderful work of that God who guards your Uberties. And who but he could so combine the circumstances which led to success? We have seen our enemies push forward, amid perils almost innumerable, amid obstacles almost insurmountable, to the spot which was designed to witness their disgrace: yet they eagerly sought it, as their theatre of triumph ! Bhnd as they were, they bore hunger, thirst, and inclement skies, poured their blood in battle against brave republicans, and crossed immense regions to confine themselves in another Jericho, whose walls were fated to fall before another Joshua. It is he, whose voice com- mands the winds, the seas and seasons, who formed a junction on the same day, in the same hour, between a formidable fleet from the south, and an army rushing from the north, like an impetuous torrent. Who, but he, in whose hands are the hearts of men, could inspire the aUied troops with the friendships, the confidence, the tenderness of brothers? How is it that two nations once divided, jealous, inimical, and nursed in reciprocal prejudices, are now become so closely united. The Te Deum at St. Mary's for Yorktown. 313 as to form but one? Worldlings would say, it is the wisdom, the virtue, and moderation of their chiefs; it is a great national interest which has performed this prodigy. They will say, that to the skill of the generals, to the courage of the troops, to the activity of the whole army, we must attribute this splendid success. Ah ! they are ignor- ant, that the combining of so many fortunate circumstances, is an emanation from the all perfect mind; that courage, that skill, that activity, bear the sacred impression of him who is divine. For how many favours have we not to thank him during the course of the present year? Your union, which was at first supported by justice alone, has been consolidated by your courage : and the knot, which ties you together, is become indissoluble, by the accession of all the states, and the unanimous voice of all the confederates. You present to the universe the noble sight of a society, which, founded in equality and justice, secures to the individuals who compose it, the utmost happiness which can be derived from human institutions. This advantage, which so many other nations have been unable to procure, even after ages of efforts and misery, is granted by divine providence to the United States; and its adorable decrees have marked the present moment for the completion of that memorable and happy revolution which has taken place in this extensive con- tinent. While your counsel were thus acquiring new energy, rapid and multiplied successes have crowned your arms in the southern states. We have seen the unfortunate citizens of these States forced from their peaceful abodes; after a long and cruel captivity, old men, women and children, thrown, without mercy, into a foreign country. Master of their lands and their slaves, amid his temporary affluence, a superb victor rejoiced in their distresses. But Philadelphia has witnessed their patience and fortitude ; they have found there another home, and, though driven from their native soil they have blessed God that he has delivered them from their enemies, and conducted them to a country where every just and feeling man has stretched out the helping hand of benevolence. Heaven rewards their virtues. Three large States are once wrested from the foe. The rapacious soldier has been compelled to take refuge behind his ramparts; and oppression has been vanished like those phantoms which are dissi- pated by the morning ray. ' Qn this solemn occasion, we might renew our thanks to the God 314 The Te Deum at St. Mary's for Yorktown. of battles, for the success he has granted to the arms of your allies, and your friends, by land and by sea, through the other parts of the globe. But let us not recall those events which too clearly prove how much the hearts of our enemies have been obdurated. Let us pros- trate ourselves at the altar and implore the God of mercy to suspend his vengeance, to spare them in wrath, to inspire them with senti- ments of justice and moderation, to terminate their obstinacy and error, and to ordain that your victories be followed by peace and tran- quility. Let us beseech him to continue to shed on the councils of thfe king of your ally, that spirit of wisdom, of justice, and of courage, which has rendered his reign so glorious. Let us intreat him to main- tain in each of the States that intelUgence by which the United States are inspired. Let us return him thanks that a faction whose rebellion he has corrected, now deprived of support, is annihilated. Let us offer him pure hearts, unsoiled by private hatred or public dissention ; and let us with one will and one voice, pour forth to the Lord that hjrmn of praise, by which Christians celebrate their gratitude and His glory. — [American Museum, p. 28-9, Vol. IV. July, 1788.) "Thatcher's Military Journal of the Revolution, says of the service : "The occasion was, in this hemisphere, singular and affecting; and the discourse itself is so elegant and animated in the French, so warm with those sentiments of piety and gratitude to our Divine Benefactor, in which good men of all countries accord, and so evident- ly dictated by the spirit of that new friendship and alliance from which such important advantages have been derived to the rights of America, as must give pleasure to every serious and candid friend to our glorious cause." The Diary of Robert Morris, the Financier of the Revolution, now in the Library of Congress, under date of November 3, 1781, records : "This day on the invitation of his Excellency, the Minister of France, I attended the Romish Church ; a Te deum sang on account of the capture of Lord Comwallis and his army (Pa. Mag., July, 1904, p. 280.) This is the TE DEUM at which, CathoUc historical writer and speakers declare, "Washington was present as well as Lafayette," as De Courcy — Shea, Dr. Murray and many others record, and at which "Washington, Lafayette and the Counts Rochambeau ^nd De Grasse were present" according to Rev. Wm. F. Clarke S. J., in a discourse The Te Deum at St. Mary's for Yorktown. ' 315 at Old St. Joseph's, July 4, 1876, though he put the event as in "1780 after the surrender of Comwallis." The Centennial of the TE DEUM was commemorated at Old St. Joseph's, October 23, 1881, when Rev. Wm. P. Clarke, S. J., again dehvered the discourse but said that "Washington and Lafayette were not present," but "both were on December 13th," following, or the day of general thanksgiving appointed by Congress. But this latter statement had, in 1883, to be modified by excluding "Lafayette" who was then in Boston and by supposing that Washington was at a ser- vice at St. Joseph's because he was in the city on December 13th, when there is no evidence of any special service in the Cathohc Church of Philadelphia, whether it be called St. Joseph's or St. Mary's, or that Washington attended divine service anywhere on that day. The historical truth is, that on Sunday, November 4, 1781, the Mass of Thanksgiving was offered at St. Mary's; that Congress and the prominent men then in the city were invited to attend and are therefore presumed to have generally accepted ; that neither Washing- ton and Lafayette or others of distinction in the army or navy were at the celebration, but were busy in Virginia ; that Washington did not leave Yorktown until Monday, November 5th, the day after the TE DEUM that the romances about Washington and Lafayette having "crossed swords in front of St. Joseph's altar," and the poems and "historical accounts" that have been given of the event are all founded on the imagination. — The services took place in St. Mary's and not in St. Joseph's Uttle chapel. 3i6 The Te Deum at St. Mary's, July 4th, 1779. THE TE DEUM AT ST. MARY'S, PHILADELPHIA, JULY 4th, 1779. Though the Continental Congress in 1774-5 declared the Roman Catholic Religion to be one "fraught with impious tenets" and one which had "deluged England in blood and dispersed impiety, bigotry, murder and rebellion, throughout every part of the world," [Address to the People of Great Britain] yet when the French AUiance was formed in the dark and sad days of Valley Forge, when nakedness and starvation threatened to destroy more than Britain's arms, could gain a change of sentiment and action became necessary and methods more complaisant to the French Minister essential. Then it was the Continental Congress again "went to Mass." On July II, 1778, Gerard, the first French Minister to the United States arrived in Philadelphia. The day before he had landed at Chester with Silas Deane, the American Commissioner to France. Deane deUvered "the turf and twig" to Gerard as a token of mutual amity and assistance. When the Fourth of July 1779, came near, Gerard arranged to have a rehgious commemoration of the day at St. Mary's Church. Accordingly on July 2d, (Friday) he issued the following request to the members of Congress, the President and Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania and prominent gentlemen. Vous etes prie de la part du Ministre Plenipotentiarie de France d' assister au Te Deum qu'il fera chanter Dimanche 4 de ce Mois, 4 midi dans la Chapelle CathoUque neuve pour celebrer I'Anniversaire de r Independance des Etats Unis de I'Amerique. A Philadelphie, le 1 Juillet, 1779. {Translation.) You are requested, on behalf of the Minister Plenipotentiary, to assist at the Te Deum which will be celebrated on Sunday, 4th of this month at noon, in the new CathoUc chapel, to commemorate the anniversary of the Independence of the United States of America. At Philadelphia, July 2d, 1779. The original of this invitation can be seen at the Ridgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library, in the collection of papers belonging to Dr. Rush, signer of the Declaration of Independence. It is No. 1 5001 . The late Lloyd P. Smith, Librarian of the Library, made known The Te Deum at St. Mary's, July ^.th, 1779. 317 to us the existence of this invitation and it was first made pubUc in The I. C. B. U. Journal of February 1st, 1884. "The new Catholic chapel," was St. Mary's and so is proven, once for all, that that Church was the scene of all Revolutionary events history has assigned to the modem Old St. Joseph's — which had no distinct existence. The Reverend Seraphin Bandol, Recollet, was the chaplain of the French Embassy. By a strange typographical error his name appears as Bandoi on the copies of the discourse as printed by order of Congress. The Pennsylvania Packet, July 10, 1779, reported the occurrence thus: On Sunday last (being anniversary of the independence of Ameri- ca) his Excellency the President, and the honorable the members of Congress, attended divine worship in the forenoon in Christ Church, where an excellent sermon, suitable to the occasion, was preached by the Rev. Mr. White, rector of the Episcopal churches in this city, and one of the chaplains to Congress. At noon the President and members of Congress, with the Presi- dent and chief magistrates of this State, and a number of other gestleman and their ladies, went, by invitation from the honorable the Minister of France, to theCathoKc chapel, where this great event was celebrated by a well-adapted discourse, pronounced by the Min- ister's chaplain, and a Te Deum, solemnly sung by a number of good voices, accompanied by the organ, and other kinds of music. From the "United States Magazine," of 1779, page 313, is ex- tracted the following : The address of the Chaplain of his Excellency, the Minister of France, on Sunday, the Fourth of July, the anniversary of our Inde- pendence, at the new Catholic chapel, just before the Te Deum was performed on the occasion, when were present, agreeably to the invita- tion of the Minister, His Excellency, the President of the State, the Honorable, the Council officers, civil and miUtary, and a number of the principal gentlemen and ladies of the city. {Translated from the French.) "Gentlemen: — We are assembled to celebrate the aimiversary of that day which Providence had marked, in His eternal decrees, to become the epoch of liberty and independence to the thirteen United States of America. 3i8 The Te Deum at St. Mary's, July ^th, 1779. "That Being whose almighty hand holds all existence beneath its dominion undoubtedly produces in the depths of His wisdom those great events which astonish the universe and of which the most pre- sumptuous, though instrumental in accomplishing them, dare not attribute to themselves the merit. But the finger of God is still more peculiarly evident in that happy, that glorious revolution which calls forth this day's festivity. He hath struck the oppressors of a free people — ^free and peaceful, with the spirit of delusion which renders the wicked artificers of their own proper misfortunes. Permit me, my dear brethren, citizens of the United States, to address you on this occasion. It is that God, that all powerful God, who hath directed your steps; when you were without arms fought for you the sword of justice ; who, when you were in adversity, poured into your hearts the spirit of courage, of wisdom, and fortitude, and who hath, at length, raised up for your support a youthful sovereign whose virtues bless and adorn a sensible, a fruitful and a generous nation. "This nation has blended her interests with your interest and her sentiments with yours. She participates in all your joys, and this day unites her voice to yours at the foot of the altars of the eternal God to celebrate that glorious revolution which has placed the sons of America among the free and independent nations of the earth. "We have nothing now to apprehend but the anger of heaven, or that the measure of our guilt should exceed His mercy. Let us then prostate ourselves at the feet of the immortal God, who holds the fate of Empires in His hands, and raises them up at His pleasure, or breaks them down to dust. Let us conjure Him to enlighten our enemies, and to dispose their hearts to enjoy that tranquility and happiness which the Revolution we now celebrate has estabUshed for a great part of the human race. Let us implore Him to conduct us by that way which His Providence has marked out for arriving at so desirable an end. Let us offer unto Him hearts imbued with senti- ments of respect, consecrated by religion, humanity and patriot- ism. Never is the august ministry of His altars more acceptable to His Divine Majesty than when it lays at His feet homages, offerings and vows, so pure, so worthy the common offerings of mankind. "God will not regret our joy, for He is the author of it ; nor will he forget our prayers, for they ask but the fulfillment of the decrees He has manifested. Filled with this spirit, let us, in concert with each other, raise our hearts to the Eternal ; let us implore His infinite mercy The Te Deum at St. Mary's, July /^th, 1779. 319 to be pleased to enspire the rulers of both nations with the wisdom and force necessary to perfect what He hath begun. Let us, in a word, unite our voices to beseech Him to dispense His blessings upon the counsels and the arms of the allies and that we may soon enjoy the sweets of a peace which will soon cement the Union and establish the prosperity of the two empires. "It is with this view that we shall cause that canticle to be per- formed, which the custom of the Catholic Church hath consecrated to be at once a testimonial of pubhc joy, a thanksgiving for benefits received from heaven, and a prayer for the continuance of its mercies." Rev. Jacob Duche, the Episcopalian traitor-Minister, who de- Uvered the first Prayer in Congress in 1 774, wrote in his Papnian Letters : Letter of Papinian (N. Y. 1779) says, "The Congress and Rebel Legislature of Pennsylvania, have lately given the most public and unequivocal proof of their Countenance and good will to Popery. They have set an example which they unquestionably wish others to follow." [Then follows the Packet's account.] "I shall leave you to make your own reflections at this most edifying exhibition. Charles I, was called a Papist for permitting his Queen who was bred a Roman Catholic, to attend Mass. What are we to think of the American Rulers who not only permit their wives to attend Mass, but attend it themselves in person and offer up their devout orisions in the language, service and worship of Rome. Whatever may be the opinion of some to the contrary it is ab- solutely certain that on the part of many, the present is a Religious War. — Letters of Papinian. F 2420, Mercantile Library, Phila- delphia.] Gerard reported to the French government saying: "It is the first ceremony of the kind in the thirteen States and it is thought that the eclat of it will have a beneficial effect on theCath- lics, many of whom are suspected of not being very much attached to the American cause. My Chaplain delivered a short address which has obtained general approbation, and which Congress has demanded for pubUcation." This was the first Fourth of July celebration by Catholics. Con- cerning it the gifted Philadelphia Poet, Miss Eleanor C. Donnelly, contributed this poem in commemoration. 320 The Te Deum at St. Mary's, July ^th, i779- THE FIRST CATHOLIC FOURTH OF JULY, St. Mary's Church, Philadelphia, A. D., 1779. BY ELEANOR C. DONNELI,Y. 'Twas in our Lady's old and hallowed fane, A golden century ago, and more, — Back in the shadow of a dread campaign, Before we burst the last links of our chain, In the Revolutionary days of yore — High festival was held one summer mom, To celebrate, with sacrifice and prayer. The day whereon our liberty was bom ; And cheer with sweetest song those hearts forlorn That languished in the thraldom of despair. An august throng was gathered at the Mass — All Philadelphia's gallant sons and true ; As history upUf ts her magic glass. Along the solemn aisles we see them pass. To crowd the nave and fill each narrow pew. Here kneels Gerard, the French Ambassador, — Our Congress there, our Council's President, With the Supreme Executive, adore, The Son of Mary — hark ! that orator Is Abbe Seraphia, the eloquent.* In gold-wrought stole and surplice of fair lace. The preacher from his velvet pulpit bends; All eyes are centred on his grave, dark face, The while he wins, with words of power and grace, Alike both secret foes and loyal friends. The open windows court the soft warm air, The song of wild birds in the waving trees. Faint murmurs from the fields, the Delaware, And all the sounds that freight a summer breeze ; For much of rural loveliness lies spread Around St. Mary's in these days, long-dead. The Te Deum at St. Mary's, July ^th, 1779. 321 With myriad lights the lovely chancel glows, Flowers and incense scent the atmosphere ; Majestic music from the organ flows, And voices, sweet as bells at evening's close, Ring out the glad Te Deum high and clear! But o'er the altar, in its marble frame, A pictured Calvary* surmounts the shrine: The pale Christ hangs upon His cross of shame. The blood drops falling from His wounds divine, While Mother Mary, in the gloom below, Hides in her veil her weight of wordless woe. Oh! how the hearts of these old patriots swell With mingled tremors of deUght and doubt ! Tho' grateful hopes their sinking hearts compel, They dream, perchance, of freedom's funeral-knell. In fancy see the alUes put to rout. Throes of desire, yet dread uncertainty. Attend upon this festival subUme, This consecration of our Liberty By heaven's highest, hoUest mystery. Upon an altar of the olden time. The altar of our Queen. O sacred fires That deathless light St. Mary's temple gray ! O patriots at prayer! O sweet-voiced choirs! Ye show us how our grand old CathoUc sires First celebrated Independence Day 1 [By Permission.] *John Adams mentions this picture in his "Familiar Letters' ' to his wife, as having been much impressed by it when he and George Washington attended Vespers at St. Mary's on Sunday afternoon, October 9, 1774. — A. C. H. Researches. 322 A Declaration of Louis XVI. A DECLARATION ADDRESSED IN THE NAME OF THE KING OF FRANCE TO ALL THE ANCIENT FRENCH IN NORTH AMERICA. The original document with the above title, was printed in French on board the Languedoc, for the Count d'Estaing, October 28, 1778. It was translated from the French, and published in the Massachu- setts Spy at Worcester, Massachusetts, December 10, 1778. The undersigned authorised by His Majesty, and thence cloathed with the noblest of titles, with that which effaces all others ; charged in the name of the Father of his Country, and the benefident protector of his subjects, to offer a support to those who were bom to enjoy the blessings of his government — To all his Countrymen in North America. You were bom French; you could never cease to be French. The late war, which was not declared but by the captivity of nearly all our seamen, and the principal advantages of which our common enemies entirely owed to the courage, the talents, and the numbers of the brave Americans, who are now fighting against them, has wrested from you, that which is most dear to all men, even the name of your country. To compel you to bear the arms of Parracides against it, must be the completion of misfortunes: With this you are now threatened : A new war may justly make you dread being obliged to submit to this most intolerable law of slavery, it has commenced Uke the last, by depredations upon the most valuable part of ovu- trade. Too long already have a great number of unfor- tunate Frenchmen, been confined in American prisons. You hear their groans. The present war was declared by a message in March last from the King of Great Britain to both houses of ParUament; a most authentic act of the British sovereignty, announcing to all orders of the State, that to trade (with America) though without excluding others from the same right, was to offend ; that frankly to avow such intention was to defy this sovereignty; that she would revenge it and defer this only to a more advantageous opportunity, when she might do it with more appearance of legality than in the l^t w&r : — For she declared that she had the right, the will, and the ability to revenge ; and accordingly she demanded of parliament the suppHes. The calamities of a war thus proclaimed have been restrained and retarded as much as was possible, by a Monarch whose pacific A Declaration of Louis XVI. 323 and disinterested views now reclaim the marks of your former attach- ment, only for your own happiness: Constrained to repel force by force, and multiplied hostilities by reprisals, which he has at last authorised, if necessity should carry his arms, or those of his allies into a country always dear to him, you have not to fear either burn- ings or devastations : And if gratitude, if the view of a flag always revered by those who have followed it, should recall to the banners of France, or of the United States, the Indians, who loved us, and have been loaded with gresents by him, whom they also caU their Father; never, no never shall they employ against you their too cruel methods of war. These they must renounce, or theywill cease to be our friends. It is not by menaces that we shall endeavour to avoid combating with our countrymen, nor shall we weaken this declaration by in- vectives against a great and brave nation, which we know how to respect, and hope to vanquish. As a French gentleman, I need not to mention to those among you who were bom such as well as myself, that there is but one august house in the universe, under which the French can be happy, and serve with pleasure; since its head, and those who are most nearly allied to him by blood, have been at all times, through a long line of monarchs, and are at this day more than ever deUghted with bearing that very title which Henry IV regarded as the first of his own. I shall not excite your regrets for those qualifications, those marks of distinction, those decorations, which, in our matter of thinking, are precious treasures ; but from which, by our common misfortunes, the American French, who have known so well how to deserve them are now precluded. These, I am bold to hope and to promise, their zeal will very soon procure to be diffused among them. They will merit them when they dare to become the friends of our allies. I shall not ask the military companions of the Marquis of Levi ; those who shared his glory, who admired his talents and genius for war, who loved his cordiality and frankness, the principal character- istics of our nobihty, whether there be other names in other nations, among which they would be better pleased to place their own. Can the Canadians, who saw the brave Montcalm fall in their defence, can they become the enemies of his nephews? Can they fight against their former leaders, and arm themselves against their kinsmen? At the bare mention of their names the weapons would fall out of their hands. 324 A Declaration of Louis XVI. I shall not observe to the ministers of the altars, that their evangelic efforts will require the special protection of Providence, to prevent faith being diminished by example, by worldly interest, and by sovereigns whom force has imposed upon them, and whose political indulgence will be lessened proportionably as those sovereigns shall have less to fear. I shall not observe, that it is necessary for religion that those who preach it should form a body in the state ; and that in Canada no other body would be more considered, or have more power to do good than that of the priests, taking a part io the government ; since their respective conduct has merited the confidence of the people. I shall not represent to that people, nor to all my countrymen in general, that a vast monarchy, having the same reUgion, the same manners, the same language, where they find kinsmen, old friends, and brethren, must be an inexhaustible source of commerce and wealth, more easily acquired and better secured, by their union with powerful neighbors, than with strangers of another hemisphere, among whom everything is different, and who, jealous and despotic sbveireigfns, would sooner or later treat them as a conquered people, and doubtless much worse than their late countrymen the Americans, who made them victorious. I shall not urge to a whole people that to JOIN with the United States is to secure their own happiness ; since a whole people, when they acquire the right of thinking and acting for themselves, must know their own interest: But I will declare, and I now formally order in the name of His Majesty, who has author- ized and commanded me to do it, that all his former subjects in North America, who shall no more acknowledge the supremacy of Great Britain, may depend upon his protection and support. Done on board his Majesty's ship, the Languedoc, in the harbour of Boston, the twenty eighth day of October, in the year one thousand seven hundred and seventy eight. ESTAING. BiGREiy De Grandolos, Secretary appointed by the King, to the Squxidron commanded by the Count D'Estaing. Printed on board the Languedoc, by P. P. Demauge, printer to the King and the Squadron. ' [Mag. Am. His., November, 1889, by Henry T. Drowne from The Spy copy. His brother Rev. Dr. T. Stafford Browne having an original.] The Roman Catholic Regiment 325 THE ROMAN CATHOLIC REGIMENT. Bancroft's History of the United States, volume X, page 175, says: "While it was no longer possible for the Americans to keep up their army enUstments the British gained numerous recruits from immigrants. In Philadelphia Howe had formed a Regiment of Roman CathoUcs. With still better success Clinton courted the Irish. They had fled from the persecutions of inexorable landlords to a country which offered them freeholds. By flattering their nationality and their sense of importance attached to their numbers Chnton allured them to a combination directly averse to their own interests and raised for Lord Rawdon a large Regiment in which officers and men were exclusively Irish. Among them were nearly five himdred deserters from the American army." This statement has been of concern to those interested in the Cathohc and in the Irish element participating in the Revolution. It conveys to the mind a beUef that as a Regiment consists of one thousand that that number of recruits was obtained by the British while in possession of Philadelphia for a distinctively titled and organ- ized body of a thousand Catholic men of the City and vicinity who were wiUing to uphold England's cause and rally to her standard, upheld in the "Rebel" Capital by General Howe, and that his suc- cessor, Sir Henry Clinton, His Majesty's commander-in-chief not only raise "a large Regiment for Lord Rawdon," an Irish officer, but that of the great number enlisted "nearly five hundred were deserters from the American army," under Washington. Were this all true as an exact statement or a correct inference drawn from it as it stands, it would little matter historically. Were it a fact to the extent declared and the beUef impressed, it would not surpass the knowledge which events of our own times have brought to all — that England has ever used the Catholic name and the Irish sentiment to promote her own interests and has had a support, more or less powerful, from those moved by the name or the sentiment but yet not of those who are true and earnest beUevers or representatives of either. England has ever had Catholics and Irish to give help to her endeavors against others even to those battUng for Liberty as the recent Boer War has given ample demonstration. When England got into active trouble with her American Colon- ies, "the free Protestant Colonies," as they seem to have loved to 326 The Roman Catholic Regiment. designate their character, she sought to keep the Catholics of Canada from being helpful to the malcontents, who soon became to her but "Rebels engaged in an unnatural rebellion against the Mother Coun- try." She may be said to have succeeded by the powerful influence and the authority of the Clergy and nobles of that Country and by the open bigotry and insolence as well as the lack of sufficient mili- tary force of these "Rebels." She, in Ireland, began to "ease up" on the Irish by relaxing or repealing penal laws and, in a short while, gave that Country such a measure of legislative power and authority that the brief period of its existence remains to Ireland to this day as an inspiration in her present day struggles for Home Rule. It was ever thus with England. She would not omit the same course in America to arouse religious sensibilities and racial aspirations to serve her purpose. How fa- she succeeded will be briefly shown in this relation of the whole record. It passes all human belief that CathoUcs, as such or as a distinct body in the life of the Colonies or as individuals, could have "spontaneously, universally and ener- getically given their adhesion to the cause of America and when the time came to American Independence; that there was no faltering, no division ; that every Catholic was a Whig ; that in the list of Tories and Loyalists not a name of a Catholic can be found ; that there were no CathoUc Tories" as Dr. John Gilmary Shea asserted in "Catholics and Catholicity in the Days of the American Revolution" before the United States Catholic Historical Society of New York in 1885. Is it possible for Catholics to be unanimous about any affair of human concern especially of a political character? Hence there is no reason to expect that the "cause of America" received "universally and energetically" Catholic support. Catholics were divided as others were. Peace professing Quakers became warriors and even the Presbyterians though they more than other sects gave an almost unanimous support to the Cause of America and made it their own as against the Catholics, yet had Loyalists among them. It is not in human nature for Catholics, any more than others, to rush to the side of those denouncing them as the early Patriots did. We might as well have expected our fathers to have become allies of the Know Nothings or ourselves to have been cowork- ers with the recent A. P. A. So the truth of the attitude of Catholics in the Revolution lies The Roman Catholic Regiment. 3^7 btetween the statement of Dr. Shea and that of Mr. Bancroft. The surprising fact really is that any Catholics became ' ' Rebels." Those who did well served though unknowingly the Church. Those who* did not, though acting knowingly in doing so as being in obedience to the civil government which they had been taught, if resisted, brought damnation on their souls, were really but hindering the will of the Almighty who was but using the "Rebels" as instruments of His Divine Will to prepare for His Church a sanctuary of Freedom for it and his people of all tribes and nations. This was recognized by the Fathers of the Third Plenary Council when they advised. : ' ' Catholic parents teach your children to take a special interest in the history of our own country.* * We must keep firm and solid the Liberties of our Country by keeping fresh the noble memories of the past." When the British captured Philadelphia, September 1777, Gen- eral Howe gave authority for the formation of three Regiments of Loyalists and appointed Colonels Allen, Chambers and Clifton as commanders. When Howe took possession of Philadelphia there were found, On October 9th, 1777, a total of 21, 767 inhabitants although 10,000 had quitted the city just before the entry of the British Army. This census taken under the direction of James Galloway, who had abandoned the American cause, showed the males under 18 years to number 4,941 and those over 18 and under 60 to be 4,482. There were 12,344 females. [Steven's Facsimilie Documents Vol. 24.] From these 9,423 males in the city and the deserters from the American Army, first at White Marsh and later at Valley Forge, may have been the expectation of obtaining recruits for the three Loyalist Regiments authorized by General Howe, though the enumeration included male infants and youths. There were not over 5,000 eUgible males to recruit from, and but a very small number of these were Catholics. Captain Johann Heinrichs of the Hessian Jager Corps, Philadel- phia, January i8th, 1778. "Call it not an American Rebellion. It is nothing more nor less than an Irish-Scotcb Presbyterian Rebellion. During the course of this winter we have organized two Regiments of Foot, one of which is wholly made up of Roman Catholics. [Pa., Mag, 1898, p. 141-3.] 328 The Roman Catholic Regiment. In the Journal of Captain John Montresor, "Chief engineer of America" he records under date of November 15th, 1777, "Three Regiments of Provincials raising , viz. Allen's, Chalmer's and Clif- ton's. The latter as Roman Catholic. One of these Regiments was called The Roman Catholic "Vol- unteers. Its officers in 1778 as given in the "List of General and Staff Officers of the Several Regiments serving in North America," printed by James Rivington, New York, were : Lieutenant-Colonel, Alfred Clifton. Major, John Lynch. CAPTAiNS,-Keneth Mc Culloch, Mathias Hanley, Martin McEvoy, Nicholas Wuregan, John McKinnon. LiEUTENANTS,-Peter Eck, John Connell, Edward Holland, James Hanrahan, Ebenezer Wilson, John O'Neil. ENSiGNS,-John Grashune, Arthur BaiUe, Thomas Quinn, Edward Gadwin. Chaplain, Frederick Farmer, [ought to have been Ferdinand Farmer, one of the pastors of St. Mary's.] Quarter Master., John Holland. Though Father Farmer's name is given as Chaplain, it is not probable that he accepted the position. On March 2d, 1778, Father Farmer wrote to a priest in London: "Perhaps it will please you to hear that your British General on ar- riving here upon my waiting on him, proposed the raising of a Regi- ment of Roman Catholick Volunteers. Mr. Clifton, an English gentle- man of an Irish mother, is the Lt. Col. and commanding of it. They desire me to be their Chaplain which embarrasseth me on account of my age and several other reasons." [Woodstock LETTERS. Vol. XIV., p. 196.] That this embarrassment had prevented his acceptance from September, 1777, to the date of his letter may be accepted as evidence that he did not do so in the three months later when, in June, 1778, the British evacuated the city. It was proper of course, for Father The Roman Catholic Regiment. 329 Farmer to call on General Howe on his arrival but this courtesy it is evident did not require his acceptance of the Chaplaincy offered him nor is there evidence that he did accept in the brief period after his telling a fellow priest of the "desire" to have him act as Chaplain of these Loyalist Catholics Up to this time Father Farmer had not taken the oath of allegiance to Pennsylvania. This he did, the following year, after the British had left, when he became a Trustee of the University of Pennsylvania. Father Molyneux was entitled, under the law, to serve as he was the "senior pastor of the Roman CatfcoUcs" but he was either averse to taking the oath or to serving as Trustee. Dr. John Gilmary Shea in Life of Archbishop Carroll, p. 170, in his brief mention of this "Regiment" states that the officers of the Regiment were Protestants as British law did not permit Catholics to be military officers. This law applied only to the chief commands — General and Colonels. It may be noticed that Alfred Clifton was neither but was the Lieutenant Colonei, by title and rank though he was "commanding " the "Regiment of Roman Catholic Vol- unteers" "Our brethren may now serve in the army" was one of the reasons Pius VI had, for afterwards declaring the authority of George III, "as full of mildness to Catholics, " and for which he was "the best of sovereigns" and for which this "benefident monarch" had "shown his goodness" and towards whom he incul- cated "obedience." — [Montor p. 474.] England was in such straights that the enlistment of Catholics and the appointment of Catholics as officers was specially authorized. In December 1777, The Royal Gazette of New York announced 33,000 new troops were to be enlisted of which 5,000 were Irish Roman Catholics. On March 21st, 1778, it announced; "The following Roman Cath- olic Regiments are to be raised in Ireland for the American service ; two of foot of two battaUons each, the command of which is given to Lords Kenmare and Cahar and a regiment of light horse to be com- manded by George Gould Esq., of Cork. These gentlemen have en- gaged to raise their regiments by the first of April. The officers are to be Roman Catholics and the Colonels are to appoint them. Proper persons are said to be at work to raise subscriptions in Ireland for the purpose of recruiting men for service in America." 330 The Roman Catholic Regiment. So General Howe was oaly doing in Philadelphia what British law authorized and under it the special recruiting of Roman Catholics was going on in Ireland as it was attempted in Philadelphia. The organization of a distinctly Roman Catholic Regiment in Philadelphia during British occupancy was in full accord with the poUcy of the government. The effort was made where the only chance of the most success was possible — in Pennsylvania under British control — where Catholics were the most numerous. "Pennsylvania" wrote the Chevalier de Fleury to the French Minister i6th November, 1779, when he sent a "Summary of the PoUtical and MiUtary Conditions of America" — "Pennsylvaina is the province most infected with Loyalists. The Quakers, Methodists, Anglican and other sects which have a sort of affinity with monarchy are intestine but paralytic enemies." Arthur Clifton — the commander of the Roman Catholic Regi- ment was a Philadelphia Cathohc. He lived in a large two story brick house on the east side of Second between Mulberry and Sassa- fras at Comer of Clifton Alley. It was one of the first to have lighted lamps placed before it at night. [Watson's Annals.] Mulberry St. is now called Arch and Sassafras is now known as Race Street. CUf- ton's Alley is now Drinker St. — so named after the Drinker family, Quakers, who occupied the property after the Cliftons. William Clifton advertised this house for sale in the Pennsyl- vania Packet of November 26th, 1776. That was after the Declara- tion of Independence when many who had upheld the colonies be- came Loyalists. The Clifton . family owned also "The Cherry Garden" on Society Hill described in Watson's Annals [i — 494] as "a large garden fronting on Front Street, vis-a-vis to Shippen Street occupying half the square and extending down to the River. It had an abundance of every shrubbery and greenhouse plant." Alfred and WilUam Clifton accepted British allegiance on the capture of Philadelphia. William was given an office for dn Novem- ber ist, 1777, he advertised "hands to cut wood for the use of the army during the winter. Application to be made to him in Hickory Lane." [F. 394, Ridgway Library.] Alfred was appointed by General Howe, Commander of The Roman Catholic Volunteers — to be. The Roman Catholic Regiment. 331 On May 28th, 1778, Alfred and William Clifton were by the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania proclaimed "traitors" and ordered to surrender before June 25th — an order of the "rebels" neither complied with. They fled with the evacuating British who left Philadelphia June i8th. Alfred Clifton is in Act of Attainder called "gentleman." Sabine's Z,oya/M/.f says Alfred Clifton was a "prominent member of his religious community." It errs however in stating "he resided in either Delaware or Maryland." His name appears on the bap- tismal or marriage registers at Old St. Joseph's on February ist, 1773, August 9th, 1774, July 3d, 1775, August 12th and November 15th, 1777- Sabine's Loyalists states further. "Clifton's success does not appear to have been great in inducing his Countrymen to bear arms on the side of the Crown." Major John Lynch was also a Catholic. On Aug. 13th, 1777, about a month before the British took the city, his son John, bom June 8th, was baptised. The male sponsor was Alfred Clifton. Thus they are proven to have been intimate friends. Mary Barrett was sponsor with Clifton. On May 27th following, (British still in city) Mary Barrett's son Edward, bom in February, was baptised and John O'Neill [Lieutenant] was a sponsor. The attempt to raise this Regiment says Dr Shea, was an "utter failure." True, but not wholly by reason of the Whiggery of the CathoUcs. The other Loyalist Regiments attempted by Howe were also "utter failures," inasmuch as they did not obtain sufficient re- cruits to constitute a Regiment and so, later, were merged after getting to New York. General Howe, in his Narrative, appended to "Observations on a Pamphlet," (by James Galloway) pp. 51-3 says: That on his taking possession of Philadelphia, he appointed William Allen, Mr. Chambers and Mr. Clifton, the chief of the Roman Catholic persuasion of whom they were said to be many in Philadelphia as well as in the Rebel army serving against their inclinations" to "receive and form for ser- vice all the well affected that could be obtained. And what was the result? In May when I left America, Col. Allen had raised only 152, rank and file, Col. Chambers 336 and Col. Clifton 180." So here were 180 "Catholic Tories" banded together as "well affected" towards British power. 332 The Roman Catholic Regiment. The following transcripts of official proceedings while the British occupied Philadelphia show the continuance and discipline of the Roman Catholic Regimbnt or Battalion as it came to be officially regarded : "Court Martial at City Tavern April 19th, 1778, WiUiam Smith, private Soldier in the Provincial Corps of Roman Catholic Volunteers tryed by Court Martial for attempting to cross the Schuylkill with an intent to desert to the Rebels is found not guilty and therefore acquited. The Commander in chief confirms the above sentence." [Kemble Papers, Vol. i N. Y. His. Soc. Col. 1883, p. 570.] "May 6th, 1778, Lieut. Col. Allen's and Lieut. Col. CUfton's Battalions are to be in readiness to embark at the upper Coal Yard to move with their field equipage and one week's provisions. Brig. Gen. LesUe is appointed to the Command of all the troops in the Jerseys." [ibid p. 577.] This order was issued for the expedition which on May 7th under Major Maitland went up the Delaware to White Hill, one mile below Bordentown, and destroyed "twenty-one or more" American vessels there lying. This was done in retaliation for the destructive opera- tions of Capt. John Barry in the lower Delaware while his vessel the Effingham of 28 guns was foe-bound at White Hill. On May i6th, 1778, Patrick Mullen of the Roman Catholic Vol- unteers tried by Court Martial for desertion and attempting to cross the River Schuylkill in order to join the Rebel army is found guilty of Desertion and sentenced to receive one thousand lashes in the usual manner. The Commander-in-chief confirms the above sentence and orders Patrick Mullen to receive his punishment at the discretion of his commanding officer. It was inflicted on the Commons, now the City Hall Plaza. Captain Montressor's Journal records on May 7, 1778 "Allen's and Clifton's Regiment of Provincials crossed over into the Jerseys to join the 55th and 63d Regiments posted opposite this City [Phila- delphia] for the protection of the wood cutters." General Howe was recalled and Sir Henry Clinton on May 24th, 1778 took his place. On May 30th, Sir Henry Chnton, the new Commander ordered : "No Corps to entertain Irish Recruits except the Queen's Ran- gers, the Roman CathoUc Volunteers and the Volunteers of Ire- land. [Kemble Papers.] The Roman Catholic Regiment. 333 "Similarity of faith may have suggested the order says Charles Wilson Sloane. [His Studies, Oct, 1900.] Racial affinity perhaps had also an influence. The British evacuated Philadelphia June i8th, 1778. On 2ist the army was at Mt Holly, New Jersey, where Sir Henry Clinton, the successor of General Howe issued orders how the ariny would march next morning. He mentions Col. Allen's LoyaHst Corps and orders, "the remain- der of the army will receive orders from Gen. Knyphausen." — the Hessian Commander. By that it is probable that Col. CUf ton's Roman Catholic Battalion was under command of Knyphausen. On June 23d, Knyphausen's 2d Corps was at Crosswicks, New Jersey, above Bordentown; New Jersey, with orders to march at 4 o'clock in the morning. On June 27th Knyphausen was at Freehold with orders to march at 3 o'clock next morning. The next day — Sunday 28th — was fought the Battle of Monmouth. The daily movements of Knyphausen's Corps may be traced in Lieut. Krafft's Journal in N. Y. His. Soc. Coi.,ivECTiONS for 1882. On Sujiday June 28th Washington with his Valley Forge Army met the British fleeing to New York, at Monmouth. There that hot June Sunday he fought and but for the treachery of Geheral Charles Lee as is now known, he would, doubtless, have destroyed the British forces. No wonder perhaps, that Washington swore, "a tremendous oath" when disaster had almost came upon him by the treason of his chief General. Dr. Scopflf , Surgeon of the Anspach, Beyreuth Troops stated in The Climate and Diseases of America During the Revolution (p. 1 2) "The Battle near Monmouth was remarkable from one circumstance which has not its parallel in the history of the New World ; fifty-nine men fell on our side solely from the extraordinary heat and fatigue of the day and many of the rebels succumbed from the same cause. The heat continued from 90° to 96° for eight days. Knyphausen protected the British baggage train of twelve miles from the assault of Washington's men. The day after Monmouth's Battle, Sir Henry Clinton issued the following order : 334 The Roman Catholic Regiment. Camp near Middletown, N. J., 29th June, 1778. "The heavy artillery and baggage of the army will move to Middletown at 5 this afternoon under the escort of Clifton's and Allen's Corps and the New Jersey Volunteers. The rest of the army will move at Daybreak tomorrow morning. [Col. N. Y. His. Soc. 1883, p. 600. Kemble Papers.] Colonel Stephen Kemble commander of 6oth Foot Regiment. Sir Henry Clinton in his report of the Battle of Monmouth made to Lord George Germain from New York July 5th, 1778, says he evacuated Philadelphia at 3 o'clock on the morning of June i8th; that on the 23d the army crossed the bridge at Crosswick. "One column under the command of His Excellency Lieut. General Knyphausen, halted near to Emlay's-town and as the pro- vision train and heavy artillery were stationed in that division the other column under Lieut. General Earl Comwallis took a position at Allen's town which covered.tthe other encampment En- cumbered as I was by an enormous provision train &c., to which im- pediment the probability of obstructions and length of my march obliged me to submit I could only suppose that Genera! Washington's views were directed against my baggage and in which part I was indeed vulnerable The approach of the enemy's army being indicted I requested General Knyphausen to take the baggage of the whole army under the charge of his division consisting of the troops named in the margin." [Here he mentions Hessian Yagers, a brigade of Hessians, Pennsylvania Loyalists, West Jersey Volunteers and Maryland Loyalists.] "I desired General Knyphaus- en to move at break of day on 28th I was convinced that our baggage was their object ... I sent for a brigade of British and the 19th light dragoons from General Knyphausen . . . Our baggage had been intercepted by some of the enemy's light troops who were repulsed by the good dispositions made by General Knyp- hausen and Major Grant. I took advantage of the moonlight to rejoin General Knyphausen who had advanced to Nut Swamp near Middletown." [New York His. Soc. Collections. Lee Papers Vol. II. pp 463-5.] Alexander Hamilton writing to Elias Boudinot said: "America owes a great deal to General Washington for this day's work. A general rout, dismay and disgrace would have attended the whole army in any other hands but his. By his own good sense and forti- The Roman Catholic Regiment. 335 tude he turned the day. He brought order out of confusion, animated his troops and led them to success." He related the actions of General Charles Lee. "This man is either a driveler in the business of soldieringship or something much worse." [It is now known he was "something much worse."] "I can hardly persuade myself to be in good humor with success so far inferior to what we in all probability should have had not the finest opfiortunity America ever possessed been fooled away by a man in whom she has placed a large share of the most ill-judged confidence." Eighty years afterwards, in i860, the treachery of General Lee was proven to the world. Moore's Treason ok LEE — ^has abundant proof in Lee's hand to link the names of Arnold and Lee in eternal infamy. Again was it manifested that "Heaven was determined to save the Cotmtry" as the, almost traitor Conway declared when conspir- ing at Valley Forge to oust Washington from command. The Battle of Monmouth also proved that Washington was not "a weak General" and had no "bad counsellors" as Conway wrote his fellow caballer Gates. Lord Comwallis commanded the left wing of the army encamp- ed near Monmouth Court House. The right wing under General Knyphausen lay beyond the Court House in the road to Middletown. It was 8,000 strong and convoyed the immense baggage train. During the Battle on Sunday in 96° in any shade to be had, Knyp- hausen made haste to Middletown and encamped on its heights. At day break on Monday General Clinton joined him having escaped an intended movement on both flanks by Washington. The Roman Catholic Battalion thus appears to have been at Monmouth under the Hessian Knyphausen and with the Hessian troops. The British Army, worsted but not destroyed at Monmouth, succeeded in getting to New York at the beginning of July 1778. Beatson's Memoirs Naval and Military, Vol. VI, p. 205, states that General Knyphausen commanded "the Provincial Corps" on their entry into New York. That The Roman Catholic Battalion existed at New York as a distinct organization appears from the following advertisement : 336 The Roman Catholic Regiment. For thb Encouragbment of all GENTLEMEN VOLUNTEERS, WHO ARE WILLING TO SERVE HIS MAJESTY'S REGT. OF ROMAN CATHOLIC VOLUNTEERS Commanded by Lieut. Col. Commandant, ALFRED CLIFTON During the present wanton and unnatural Rebellion AND NO LONGER The sum of four POUNDS WILL BE given above THE USUAL BOUNTY, A SUIT OF NEW CLOATHS And every other necessary to complete a Gentleman Soldier. Those who are willing to show their attachment to their King and Country by engaging in the above regiment, will call at Captain McKinnon, at No. 51, in Cherry — Street, near the Ship Yards, or at Major John Lynch, encamped at Yellow Hook, where they will receive present pay and good quarters. N. B. Any person bringing a well bodied loyal subject to either of the above places shall receive ONE GUINEA for his trouble. GOD SAVE THE KING. (N. Y. Gazette and Weekly Mercury July 13th and 20th, 1778.) In the manuscript Orderly Book of Captain Robert Clayton of the 17th Foot Regiment of the British Army for 1777-8 now at the Pennsylvania Historical Society, under date of "Headquarters, New York, 26th October, 1778, has this entry: "Captain John McKinnon of his Majesties Battln of Roman Catholic Volunteers tryed by the General Court Martial of which Lt. Col. Ludlow is President for ungentlemanly like behavior: ist. plundering in the Jerseys : secondly by suffering himself to be kicked by Captain McAvoy, of the same Corps on a parade without properly resenting it is found guilty & sentenced to be dismissed his Majesties service. The Commander-in-chief confirms ye above sentence. Captain Martin McAvoy of the Roman CathoUc Volunteers tryed by ye above Court Martial for plundering in ye Jerseys in taking The Roman Catholic Regiment. 337 horse and cow & behaving indecently on the parade is found guilty and sentenced to be dismissed from his Majesties service. The Commander-in-chief confirmed ye above sentence." Captain McKinnon may have been the former Lieutenant of the 76th Highland Regiment appointed December 12th, 1777, command- ed by Lieutenant Colonel John Macdonnel. These Highlanders may be counted as Catholics. At the date of the confirmation of these sentences the Roman Catholic Regiment had no existence as its few men had been merged into the Volunteers of Ireland. Sir Henry Clinton in reporting to Lord George Germain, in re- sponse to his advice of March 8th, 1778, to endeavor "to draw over from the Rebels the Europeans in their service" related the organiza- tion of The Volunteers of Ireland stated: "The advantages srt- tending this Corps led me to strengthen it with near eighty men hem the Regiment of Roman Catholic Volunteers which from the inat- tention of the officers to the terms of their warrant and their utter disregard of all discipline, I found it necessary to reduce." That ended The Roman Catholic Volunteers. The "Regi- ment," by name, which Bancroft states had been "formed" never exceeded one hundred and eighty men and at its reduction in October 1778, numbered but "near eighty men." Its oflScers at this time as given in the List of General and Sta^ Officers for 1779 page 64, where it is recorded as the Late Roman Catholic Volunteers were : Lieutenant Colonel — Alfred CUfton. Major — John Lynch. Captain — Mathias Hanely, Nicholas Wiergan, Thomas Silverton. Lieutenant — John Peter Eck, John O'Neil, Patrick Kane, Quarter Master — John Newlan. It wiU be noticed that Captain McCuUock, of 1778, had been re- placed by Captain Silverton; McKinnon and McAvoy had been dis- missed in disgrace. Captains Hanley or Hanely and Wuregan or Wiergan remained. Lieutenants Eck, and O'Neil of 1778 alone remained at the merg- ing of the "eighty men" into The Volunteers of Ireland. Father Farmer's name does not appear as Chaplain. Lieutenant Patrick Kane the only new Lieutenant did not stay with The Volunteers of Ireland. It is probable he deserted as 338 The Roman Catholic Regiment. he returned to Philadelphia and must have given a fairly satisfac- tory reason for doing so. The record made in the Pennsylvania Ar- chives for 1779 reads : "The town major brought before the Council Patrick Keane, Lieut, of the Roman CathoUc Regiment of Volunteers in the British service and he being examined it was ordered that Col. Nichola be desired to closely observe the conduct of Lieutenant Keane." Keane may have shown the Council of Safety that he had aban- doned England's cause, and thus was permitted to remain in Phila- delphia under the eye of the Marshal. What became of Lieutenant Colonel Alfred Clifton commander of The Roman Catholic Volunteers? He was commandant at the reduction, October 1778, but what later became of him years of diligent and special search have not revealed. The Army Lists do not show his transfer to other Regiment, his name has not been dis- covered among the United Empire Loyalists Colonists of Canada, composed of the 25,000 Loyalists who went there dining and after the war; nor has it been found among the number of LoyaUsts who in England or elsewhere made claim for compensation for losses or for services. Nothing further is known of Major John Lynch or of the other officers save Lieutenant Kane. Lieutenant Eck, doubtless, was of the well known CathoUc family some of whose descendants are now in Philadelphia. Many may to-day be disposed to censure these officers and men for giving support to England, but we see the situation differently now. They had known, and perhaps felt, the anti-Catholic howUngs of the Patriots in the early days of the Revolt, may have accepted in its fullest sense and in obedience the teaching of their reUgious instructors that England was the authority to which their civil al- legiance was due ; that they but wrecked their spiritual welfare by endeavoring to overthrow it when, in accord with these teachings, as given even in our own day, there was not a reasonable hope of suc- cess in so striving. Bishop James Butler, whose Catechism American youth, until a few years ago, taught Catholic American children, being taught the history of the Revolution of their own country, that resistance to the powers that be brought damnation, during the Revolutionary War "preached loyalty" and, said he, "in 1778, we preached it when every The Roman Catholic Regiment. 339 sinew of the disabled and distracted British army was enfeebled by a long struggle for the sovereignty of America." [Renahan's Coll. Irish Ch. 1-353.] Father Arthur O'Leary in 1777 issued "An Address to the Com- mon People of the Roman Catholic Religion" when it was feared the French would invade Ireland and if 30,000 came "Protestants would make up half of the number" and in that event "every Catholic who possessed a feather bed would join his Protestant neighbors in their mutual defense, that any that of those who would aid the French "those who would be strung up after the war and give the occasion for charging the whole body of Roman Catholics with the treachery of .its rotten members." But above all, save your souls, which would be lost without recourse, for among the crimes that exclude from the Kingdom of Heaven, St. Paul reckons "Sedition and what greater sedition than to rise up against your King and country and to defile your hands with the blood of your fellow subjects?" But we now know Father O'Leary was in the pay of the Brit- ish government for keeping the Irish loyal. At all events a study of the Revolution will undoubtedly lessen an almost natural antipathy to those who were Loyalists and cause their course to be viewed without passion or resentment. As the remnant of the alleged "Regiment" had dwindled to "near eighty men" and these, almost disgraced by the conduct of their officers, had been merged with The Volunteers of Ireland, without doubt, mainly if not wholly, composed of Irish Catholics by nativity or descent a brief relation of the formation and career of this Regiment may properly come within the scope of this work in its recital of Catholics and the American Revolution and as a proper sequel to the recital of the record of The Roman Catholic Regi- ment. 340 T^ke Volunteers of Ireland- THE VOLUNTEERS OF IRELAND. Bancroft's History of the United States says : "The cause of the United States was the cause of Ireland. Yet such is the sad complication in human nature that the people who pf all others should have been found taking part with America sent some of their best troops and their ablest men to take the field against the defenders of their own rights. Irishmen fought in the British ranks at Eutaw. (X — 494.) In Philadelphia, Howe had formed a regiment of Roman Cath- oUcs. With still better success Clinton courted the Irish. They had fled from the persecutions of inexorable landlords to a country which offered them freeholds. By flattering their nationality and their sense of importance attached to their numbers Clinton allured them to a combination directly averse to their own interests and raised for Lord Rawdon a large regiment in which officers and men were exclusively Irish. Among them were nearly five hundred deserters from the American army. (Bancroft's His. U. S. X p. 175.) After the British took possession of Philadelphia, September 20th, 1777, the formation of three Regiments of Provincial Loyalists was ordered by General Howe. The endeavor had but a limited success, as but 668 recruits were secured for the three. During this time Washington's army was at Valley Forge. Desertions were frequent, largely of those not natives of the country. The situation of affairs at Valley Forge and the condition of the deserters is thus set forth by the British organ, the Pennsylvania Post, of January 3d, 1778. The numbers of deserters that have been coming for some time past, is astonishing, some who have been forced to take up arms, others who had voluntarily entered into the rebellion, but, tired of the tyranny of their leaders, have again returned to this city, and to en- joy the sweets of liberty and good government. The accounts they gave of the rebel army must make the most hardened heart feel for them, without shoes, stockings or indeed, clothing of any kind ; sick and in want of every kind of medicine, care and nourishment; they are ready to perish, yet such is the hardened obstinacy of their leaders, that with the most cruel vigor, they endeavor to keep them together and would suffer them to perish by piece-meal rather than fail in their selfish ambitious views. The Vdlunteers of Ireland. 341 It is a fact that the officers and privates of dragoons upon the Irish establishment have voluntarily offered to serve in America as infantry, and upon common pay, until the present unnatural rebellion shall be quelled. And Lord Bellamont and Moiva, with several other noblemen are raising ten Roman Catholic battalions, of one thousand men, each at their own expense, to serve in America during the present rebellion. "Deserters always had their arms and which they were allowed to dispose of ; they were almost naked and generally without shoes — an old dirty blanket around them, attached by a leather belt around the waist. They were led off to the Superintendent (Galloway) and officers of the new Corps were generally on the lookout to get them to enlist." [Watson's Anwa^j-, 1 1 p. 287.] Thus, mainly, were the 668 recruits obtained, while the numbers of natives of Ireland who were received by Galloway as deserters from Washington's army and the River Galleys numbered 649. So we might as well count all the deserters as entering either Allen's, Chambers' or Clifton's Roman Cathowc Regiments or Rawdon's Volunteers of Ireland. Joseph Galloway, who had been speaker of the Pennsylvania Assembly, accepted British allegiance and was by General Howe, appointed Superintendent of the City. Of the deserters from Wash- ington's army brought to him, he took down the names and places of nativity. It is his testimony which is relied on to sustain the statement that one-half of Washington's army were natives of Ire- land. In his examination before a Committee of the House of Com- mission 1 780, when asked the nativity of the deserters said he could answer with "precision" as he had kept the records. From these he "judged" one-half were Irish. His recollection was not quite ac- curate, however, as the following document No. 2094 in Volume 24 of Sheven's Facsimilie Documents Relating to America 1 773-1 783 shows that he made this report to the Earl of Dartmouth : "An account of the number of deserted Soldiers, and Galleymen of the rebel army and fleet who have come into philadelphia & taken the oath of allegiance with a particu- LAR account of the places in WHICH THEY WERE BORN." 342 The Volunteers of Ireland. Philadelphia, March 25th, 1778. Total Soldiers to this day^ii34. Of which were bom in Eng- land 206 ; in Scotland 56 ; in Ireland 492 ; in Germany 88 ; in America 283; in Canada 4; in France 5. Total Galleymen to this day — 354. Of whom were born in Eng- land 69; in Scotland 22 ; in Ireland 157; in Germany 16; in America 65; in France 15. This shows the whole number of deserters 1488 of whom 649 were Irish. Document No. 2078 is a letter of Galloway to the Earl of Dart- mouth. It is dated January 27th, 1778 — during British occupancy of Philadelphia. In it he says: "As a proof the aversion of the na- tives of America to the present rebellion the rebels are not one in ten of their whole army who are not either English, Scotch or Irish but by far the greater number of Irish." On the 4th of March 1 778, he wrote to the Earl. (See Document No. 2090.) "From the beginning there has been a reluctance in the natives in America to enter into the regular service of the Rebellion. They have been forced out in the militia by heavy fines for a few month's only. The English, Scotch and Irish by far the most part of the latter have principally composed the rebel regular army." Joseph Pell, Jr., an officer in the British army., 1776-7 states: He recorded: "the rebels consisted chiefly of Irish redemptioners and convicts, the most audacious rascals existing." [Mag. Am. His. Jan. 1878.] Ambrose Serle writing to the Earl of Dartmouth from New York, 25th September 1776, said: "Great numbers of emigrants particular- ly Irish are in the Rebel army, some by choice and many for mere subsistance." Steven's Documents Vol. 24, No. 2043.) So if the Irish were such a large part of the rebel Army as the British claimed, they were entitled without special dishonor, to the greater proportion of the desertions. But the purpose of all such testimony was to cause it to be beUeved that the natives of America were not the rebellious, that they were content but that the Irish, the "Euro- peans" who had no stake in the country were the rebellious. But our purpose now is not to enter upon the consideration of this matter further than as a preliminary to account for the formation of the Volunteers of Ireland Regiment by the British and into which The Volunteers of Ireland. 343 were merged "near eighty men" of the Roman Cathouc Volun- teers. It is the Catholic feature of the Revolution and not solely the Irish, we have in view. The annexed documents are taken from Steven's Fac Similie, Documents. On March 8, 1778, Lord George Germain wrote Gen. Sir Hemy Clinton, commander of the British forces in America : "I think it proper also to suggest to you the great advantages, which must foUow from drawing over from the Rebels the Europeans in their service. Especial encouragement should be held out to them to desert, and join the King's forces, whether they bring their arms or come without them; and all apprentices and indented servants who desert us, should be assured that when the war is over at- tention will be given to their circumstances, and that their lyoyalty will not be suffered to go unrewarded." Here is the reply of Gen. Clinton — New York, October 23, 1778. My Lord — In your Lordship's instructions to me dated the 8th of March, I find myself directed to try all means which should appear to me; likely to draw off from the American Army the number of Europeans which constituted its principal Force. It was difficult to hold forth terms of sufficient advantage to excite those people to Defection from the Rebels, without giving cause of dissatisfaction to such of the natives of the country as had, uninvited by reward, manifested their attachment to their King by taking up arms in the first Provincial Corps that were formed. The Emigrants from Ireland were in general to be looked upon as our most serious aptagonists. They had fled from the real or fancied oppression of their Landlords. Thro' dread of prosecution of the riots which their idea of that oppression had occassioned, they had transplanted themselves into a country where they could live without oppression and had estranged themselves from all soUcitude of the welfare of Britain. From their numbers, however, national customs were kept up amongst them, and the pride of having sprung in the old country notwithstanding the coimection of interests, pre- vented them from entirely assimilating with the Americans. To work upon these latent seed of national attachment appears to me 344 The Volunteers of Ireland. the only means of inciting these refugees to a measure, contrary per- haps to the particular interests of most of them. On this ground I formed the plan of raising a regiment, whose officers as well as men should be entirely Irish. Lord Rawdon being the person of that na- tion of this army whose situation pointed him out the most strongly for the command, I placed him at the head of the corps. He was flattered with the preference, and, happy in contributing to the public service, undetook it with zeal. Great pains have been taken to prop- agate the advertisement of this new establishment among the enemy and they have not been unsuccessful. Under many disadvantages of situation above 380 deserters from the Rebel army have been col- lected, and are now in arms in that regiment contented with their situation and attached to their officers. I may assure your Lordship that they are a fine body of men, zealous on service and notwith- standing the short time they have been embodied, perfectly obedient and well disciplined. They were with Lord Comwallis in Jersey, and were honored by his Lordship with the advance posts, both in camp and in march. His Lordship has complimented their behavior in both situations. 1- Their loss by desertion was very trifling; and one man being taken in the attempt, the vigorous punishment which his comrades inflicted upon him showed the abhorrence in which his crime was held by the generality of the Battalion. The advantages attend- ing this corps led me to strengthen it with near 80 men from the regi- ment of Roman Catholic Volunteers, which from the inattention of the officers to the terms of their warrant and their utter disregard of all discipline I found it necessary to reduce. The regiment has been clothed and is now completely appointed, at the sole expense of the officers. The commissions have been filled in a manner very different from what had been adopted with regard to other corps of the Provincial establishment. This corps has been officered principally from the regular regiments one step alone of promotion being allowed except in the case of the Lieut. Colonel who was only Captain Lieut, in the 55th regiment. My motive for permitting so many regular officers to serve in this regiment will I trust be approved by His Majesty, as the present dicipline of this regiment will answer that those officers could not have been more serviceably employed. Some commissions have been filled from the Provincial Line; and as those officers were chosen for meritorious The Volunteers of Ireland. 345 service, their appointment will I hope be thought no bar to the appli- cation I am about to make. From the particular circumstances of this corps, I beg leave to submit to your Lordship whether the es- tablishing it as a regular regiment may not be a mark of approbation which would be attended with very beneficial consequences. There are many reasons to be urged in favor of the measure. The motives on which it was levied, and the light in which it stands, speaks strong- ly for it. The expense of appointing the regiment so as to have taken the field within four months after the date of their warrant, has been very heavy upon the officers. The discipline and serviceable state of the corps argue a strict attention of duty. And the promo- tion in general has not been extravagant. All the officers have shown themselves equal to the duties of the ranks they hold. The Colonel and the Lieut. Colonel only cannot from their former situa- tions have any expectations of being confirmed. The latter would be highly contented with the rank of Major ; the former will not apply for anything himself. He would think himself favored in being ap- pointed Lieut. Colonel to it. But would not be disappointed were the post otherwise disposed of. The regiment is regarded by the other Provincials as upon so different a footing from their's that its establishment could create no murmurs. Inclose to your Lordship a list of the officers by which your Lordship will see that some have resigned their commission in the regular service, in consequence of my ordering such officers of the regiments under General Grant as held Provincial commissions to decide by which they would abide. It would be a powerful temptation to the Irish, were I authorized to hold forth to them his Majesty's pardon for all crimes heretofore com- mitted by them in Ireland, except murder. The prospect of return- ing home without apprehension ,to their families, might have very extensive influence and under such restrictions as your Lordship may judge adviseable, I humbly conceive could produce no evil to the state. There may be objections to this measure which do not immediate- ly occur to me. I only state it as a hint which may suggest to your Lordship, further and more determinate ideas on the subject. Both this and the expediency of establishing the volunteers of Ireland I sub- mit with great deference to your Lordship. In the meantime I shall give all encouragement to the recruiting of that corps, which I think may probably increase to a second battalion. 346 The Volunteers of Ireland. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect, your Lord- ship's most obedient and most humble servant. H. CLINTON. The source of the above is Stephen's Fac-Simile Documents Re- lating to America, iT]2i~^7^3» in 25 volumes. The extract is from Document No. 1 162. The letter of General Clinton is No. 1 190. But the "establishing" or incorporation of The Volunteers OF Ireland into the regular army seems not to have been favorably regarded by the authorities at London. Sir Henry Clinton writing to William Eden, who had been one of the so-called Peace Commissioners sent to America in 1778, said: 'Tis pity Government does not estabUsh the Volunteers of Ireland; it will be really saving so many men to the State, the corps is well oflScered, their officers have been taken great pains, many of them have quited equal rank with the regular troops. Lord Rawdon has the greatest merit in the care he has taken and he has been at enormous expense, his Lieutenant Colonel though he was only Captain-Lieuten- ant in the 55th Regiment has had a principal merit in the making the Regiment what it is; he does not expect any other rank than that of Major. I can't see any reason why it should not be established when I hear of others that are. I cannot flatter myself that my wish to have it done will operate in the least, but I now repeat that merely for the good of the Service I most cordially wish it would be so." [Steven's Fac-Similies, Nov. 13. p. 3.] As late as 1782 after the Volunteers had done good service the Regiment had not yet been "established" for William Eden writing to Lord Loughborough from Dublin Castle, 22d January, 1782, stated he had dined with Lord Rawdon ; that his ' ' services have been most highly praised, but Lord Amherst still hesitates about putting his Regiment on the establishment tho he has expended near 700 pounds on the Regiment in the King's service." [ibid. No. 1049.] The Volunteers of Ireland were formed in Philadelphia during British cccupancyand retreated therefrom on its evacuation, engaged in the Battle of Monmouth and proceeded to New York. The officers of the Regiment as shown by the Army List of 1779, were: Colonel: — Rt. Hon. Lord Rawdon, Adjutant General to Gen- eral CUnton. Lieutenant Colonel : — Welbore Elhs Doyle. The Volunteers of Ireland. 347 Major: — John Despard. Captains :— John Campbell, John Doyle, James King, William Barry. Captain-Lieutenant : — David Dalton. Lieutenants: — Charles Vallency, Charles Bingham, Thomas Proctor, Samuel Bradstreets, Hugh Gillespie, Henry Munro, James Moffat, Harman Black, John Jewell. Adjutant : — John Jewell. Quartermaster : — Hugh Stuart. Surgeon : Armstrong. Ensigns : — Edward Gilboume, Thomas Hyn, Hugh Stuart, George Cunningham, John Thompson, Davies Whitely, John Wilson, H. P. Sergeant, Mark Ransford. Chaplain : . On St. Patrick's Day, 1779, the following advertisement appeared in The Royal Gazette, of New York : All Gentlemen Natives of Ireland are invited to join the VOLUN- TEERS OF IRELAND, commanded by their Countryman LORD RAWDON. A Corps in which every Recruit is sure of finding Townsmen or Relations. The terms of enlistment are for Three Years or during the war. Every Recruit shall on his ehlistment receive 30 s. sterl- ing and be equipped in the most complete manner. Those who wish to distinguish their attachment to their country by entering in this Corps are desired to apply at the quarters of the regiment in the Bower Lane, New York, or to Lieut. Col. Doyle's quarters, No. 10 Wall Street. The same day the Volunteers oe Ireland celebrated THE DAY. The report in The 'R.oyal Gazette of March 20th and the New York Gazette, March 2 2d reads: Last Wednesday the aimiversary of Saint Patrick, the Tutelar Saint of Ireland, was celebrated by the Natives of that Kingdom, with their accustomed Hilarity. The Volunteers of Ireland, preceded by their Band of Music, marched into the City and formed before the House of their Colonel, Lord Rawdon, who put himself at their Head and after paying his Compliments to his Excellency, General Knyp- hausen, and to General Jones, accompanied them to the Bowery, where Dinner was provided, consisting of five hundred covers; 348 The Volunteers of Ireland. after the Men were seated, and had proceeded to the enjoyment of the noble Banquet, the Officers returned to Town and dined with his Lordship. The soldierly Appearance of the men, their Order of March, Hand in Hand, being all Natives of Ireland, had a striking Effect; and many of their Countrymen have since joined them. This single Battalion, though only formed a few months ago, marched four hundred strapping Fellows, neither influenced by Yankee or Ague. A Number perhaps equal to all the Recruits forced into the Rebel Army in the same Space of Time ; which shews how easily Troops may be formed on this Continent, from the People who have been seduced into America; providing proper Measures are followed and they are headed by Men of their Choice : And also that such Men, however long they may have remained in the Haunts of Hypocrasy, Cunning and Disaffection, being naturally gallant and loyal, crowd with Ardour to stand forth in the Cause of their King, of their Country and real honest general Liberty whenever an Op- portunity offers. "As early as March 8th, 1778, it was King George's intention to have an attack made on the Southern provinces with a view to the conquest of Georgia and South Carolina" and for this purpose he directed Lord George Germain to endeavor "to embody the well affected inhabitants by a militia" and to plan "to draw from the Rebel forces Europeans, apprentices and indented servants." On August 14th, 1779, three deserters from "The Loyal Vol- unteers OF Irei^and" arrived in Philadelphia from New York. [Pa. Ar. VII— 646.] ^ In November, 1779, The Volunteers of Ireland, a Regiment of Hessians and other detachments aggregating 1800 men were sent to the Chesapeake Bay and River to destroy vessels and stores. They wrought much destruction but had no engagement with "the Rebels." They returned to Staten Island, New York, after an ab- sence of twenty-four days. [Siedman's History of the War 1 1-136.] Here is how the Volunteers of Ireland celebrated St. Patrick's Day, 1780. March 18, 1780.— A munificent entertainment was given by Lord Rawdon, Colonel of the Volunteers of Ireland, to his regiment, quartered at Jamaica, Long Island, in honor of St. Patrick, tutelar The Volunteers of Ireland. 349 Saint of that Kingdom. Song by Barney Thompson, piper t« the regiment, Tune, Langolee: Success to the Shamrogue and all those who wear it, Be honor their portion wherever they go ; May riches attend them, and store of good claret. For how to employ them sure none better know. Every foe surveys them with terror, But every silk petticoat wishes them nearer; So Yankee keep ofif, or you'll soon learn your error. For Paddy shall prostrate lay every foe. This day, (but the year I can't rightly determine,) St. Patrick the vipers did chase from this land. Let's see if, like him, we can't sweep off the vermin Who dare 'gainst the sons of the Shamrogue to stand. Hand in hand, let's carol this chorus "As long as the blessings of Ireland hang o'er us. The crest of Rebellion shall tremble before us. Like brothers, while thus we march hand in hand!" St. George, St. Patrick, St. Andrew, St. David, Together may laugh at all Europe in arms, Fair Conquest her standard has o'er their heads waved, And Glory has on them conferr'd all her charms. War's alarms! to us are a pleasure, Since Honor our danger repays in full measure. And all those who join us shall find we have leisure, To think of our sport ev'n in war's alarms. On Christmas Day and the day following. Sir Henry Clinton had sailed from New York on an expedition against Charleston, leaving The Volunteers of Ireland on duty at New York. On March 23d, 1 780, orders were given to the Volunteers to proceed to the South. They embarked on April 4th and set sail on the 7th .caching Clinton's camp before Charleston, on April sist, 1780. 35° The Volunteers of Ireland. The VoLUNTBERS were assigned to Lord Cornwallis' Corps. On the night of the 23d they with the New York Volunteers and the Carolina Loyalists passed over the Cooper River under Cornwallis, who took command of all the forces there, expecting to soon be ' ' mast- er of all the enemy's communications and means of escape by land" records Captain Peter Russel, of Cork, of the 64th Regiment. [Am. His. Reg. IV — 499.] Cornwallis pursued Morgan into North Carolina, leaving Rawdon to command in South Carolina with headquarters at Camden, coming in Cornwallis' rear while Sumter and Marion "cooped up the gar- rison at Charleston, intercepting supplies and surprising posts." In June, 1 780, Lord Rawdon with the Volunteers of Ireland and a detachment of Cavahy entered the Waxhaw Irish Presbjrterian settlement and paroled the inhabitants "an obligation they readily violated when called to arms by the American commander" recorded Rawdon. No Irish settlers recruited the Volunteers on that expedition but many of the Volunteers, perhaps, some of the former Roman Catholic Volunteers, deserted. So numerous were the desertions from Rawdon at this time that while at Camden, South Carolina, on July ist, 1780, he directed Major Rugely, who commanded the out- lying districts, to deal severely with all who harbored deserters and to "use invariable severity towards everyone who shall show so crim- inal a neglect of the public interests." Concerning The Volunteers of Ireland, he offered : ' ' I will gfive the inhabitants ten gfuineas for the head of any de- serter belonging to The Volunteers of Ireland and five guineas only if they bring him in alive. They shall likewise be rewarded, though not to that amount, for such deserters as they may secure be- longing to any other Regiment. [Hartley's Life of Marion, p. 1 30.] Washington made the letter a subject of complaint to Lord Com- walUs who applied to Rawdon for an explanation. He did so to this purport. Lord Cornwallis had sent Rawdon and The Volunteers of Ireland to the Waxhaw "thinking" wrote he to ComwalUs "in December" that as it was an Irish corps it would be received with a better temper by the settlers of that district who were universally Irish and universally disaffected.* * *Yet I had the fullest proof that the people who daily visited my camp not only held constant The Volunteers of Ireland. 351 correspondence with the rebel militia, but used every artifice to debauch the minds of my soldiers and persuade them to desert from their colors." The Volunteers of Ireland were marked more strongly than others because it was my own Regiment and partly because incite- ment to desertion had been more particularly applied to them." [Comwallis' Correspondence I — Appendix 501.] The Volunteers of Ireland participated in the Battle of Camden August i6th, 1780. The report of the Volunteers engaged shows it had in the engagement : i Colonel ; 4 Captains ; 4 Lieuten- ants; 6 Ensigns; i mate; 23 Sergeants; 11 Drummers; 253 rank and file. [Beaton's Memoir.?. VI — Ap. 211.] The Volunteers lost in the battle 1 7 rank and file killed, and r Lieutenant, 3 Ensigns, 2 Sergeants, i Drummer, 64 rank and file wounded. [Tarleton's Campaigns i — 136.] For bravery at the Battle of Camden, Sergeant Hudson was pre- sented with a medal of honor. It had the Irish Harp in an open wreath of laurel with the motto: It Calls to Arms. [Medallic Illus. of Great Britain, by Hawkins, Franks and Grueb, London, 1885, p. 268.] He probably "prostrate laid every foe" as he had sung on St. Patrick's Day. At Camden, Rawdon "lost so many men that he was afraid of suffering himself to be again shut up, and therefore after setting fire to the town he quitted it and retired towards Charleston. Greene pursued him some distance but judging it more important to break up the enemy's posts he invested forts Granby, Motte and others." [Charles Thomson Papers. N. Y. His. Col. 1878 p. 47.] The figures show 303 ofiicers and men. Allowing for desert- ions from time of organization in Philadelphia early summer of 1778 and the possible number of recruits obtained in New York it may be set down that at no time did the "Regment" ever exceed five hundred including the "near eighty men" of the Roman Catholic Volun- teers whose merging into the Volunteers of Ireland is the sole cause of this brief narrative of the career of the so-called "large Regi- ment" in a work relating to the Catholics and the American Revo- lution. 352 The Volunteers of Ireland. Another engagement in which The Volunteers of Ireland participated was that of Hopkirk's Hill. Thereafter the Volunteers remain undistinguished in reports- Losses and desertions no doubt reducing the "Regiment" to but a remnant of its original force. The few Volunteers who may have remained in the ranks of the British were surrendered at York- town. The Volunteers of Ireland were on the Army List as the 105th Regiment. There is lack of evidence that the "Regiment" ever numbered five hundred men, even if all were deserters from the American Army Bancroft seems to have spoken in exaggeration. It little matters, however, as the Regiments recruited in Ireland fully supplied any ^ficieney in the numbers of The Volunteers of Ireland. WHY CHARLES CARROLL OF CARROLLTON SIGNED THE DECLARATION. When I signed the Declaration of Independence, I had in view not only our independence of England, but the toleration of all sects professing the Christian religion, and communicating to them all equal rights. Happily this wise and salutary measure has taken place for eradiating religious feuds and persecution, and becoming a useful lesson to all governments. Reflecting on the disabilities, I may truly say of the proscription of the Roman Catholics of Maryland, you will not be surprised that I had much at heart, this grand design founded on mutual charity, the basis of our holy religion. [Charles Carroll of Carrollton, to Geo. Washington P. Curtis, Baltimore, 20th February 1829.— From (N. Y.) Truth Teller March 1829, Vol. V., p. 67, 2d eolunm.J