The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024783379 Cornell University Library QL 737 .U5B82 Catalogue of ruminant Mammalia 3 1924 024 783 379 PRIKTBD BT TAYLOR AND FRANCIS, ILED LIOW COURT, FLEET STREET. PREFACE. This Catalogue contains an account of all the specimens of Ruminant Mammalia (Pecora, Linnseus) and their hones contained in the Collection of the British Museum, and a description of the specimens which are contained in other collections, in order to show what are the very few species that are desiderata to the Museum Collection. JOHN EDWAED GRAY. British Museum, February 12, 1872. TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page Order PEOORA 1 Suborder I. A VICORNIA. . 3,6 Sectionl. Levicobnia. . . . 3,6 Fam. 1. BoviDJE 8, 7 1. Bos 7 taurus 7 chinensis. China 8 indicus. India 9 dante. Africa 9 2. Buhalus 9 buifelus 9 brachyceros. W. Africa. 10 centralis. Africa 11 a. planiceros 12 5. caffer,var. equinoctialis 12 recUnis. Africa 12 cafler. Africa 12 3. Anoa 12 depressicornis. Celebes. . 13 4. Bibos 13 frontalis. India 13 gaurus. India 13 ibanting. Java 13 0. Bison 14 bonassus. Poland ...... 14 amerioanus. N. America 14 6. Foephagus 14 grunniens. Thibet .... 14 Fam. 2. Hbleotbagid^ .... 3, 15 1. Kohus 15 ellipsiprymnus. Africa. . 15 sing-sing. W. Africa . . 15 leucotis. E. Africa .... 16 Maria. Central Africa . . 16 a. (Ndjezza) 16 h. Mehedehet Antelope . . 16 2. Adenota 17 kob. W. Africa 17 a. kul 17 b. wuil 17 3. Onotragits 17 lechee. S. Africa 17 Vardonii. Central Africa 17 4. Eleotragus 18 arundinaceua. 8. Africa. 18 reduncus. W.Africa.... 18 6. Tetracerus 18 quadricornis. Nepal. ... 18 Biibquadricomutus. India 19 6. Calotragus 19 melanotis. S. Africa. ... 19 7. Scopophorus 19 ourebi. S. Africa 19 montanua. E. Africa . . 19 8. Oreotragus 20 saltatrix. Africa 20 9. C'apricomis 20 sumatrensis. Sumatra . . 20 bubalina. India 20 Swinhoi. Formosa .... 21 crispa. Japan 21 10. Urotragus 21 caudatus. N. China .... 21 Fam. 3. OBPHAi,OPHrD.s) .... 3,21 1. Orimmia 22 nictitans. S. Africa .... 22 splendidula. W.Africa.. 22 irrorata. Natal 23 CampbeUise. W. Africa . . 23 BurcheUii. S.Africa.... 24 madoqua. E. Africa. ... 24 2. Terphone 24 longiceps. E. Africa. ... 24 3. Potamotragus 25 melanoprymnus. Gaboon 25 4. Cephalophus 25 sylvicultrix. W.Africa.. 26 Ogilbii. Fernando Po . . 26 badius. W. Africa 26 rufilatus. W. Africa .... 26 TABLE OP CONTENTS. dorsalis. W. Africa .... 27 niger. W. Africa 27 natalensis. Natal 27 nigrifrona. Gaboon .... 27 coronatus. W. Africa . . 28 Wliitfieldii. W.Africa.. 28 pygmsBua. S. Africa .... 28 Maxwellii. W. Africa . . 28 melanorheua. W. Africa 28 punotulatua. W.Africa.. 29 bicolor. S.E. Africa 29 Fam. 4. Pelbadjb 3,29 1. Pelea 29 capreola. S. Africa .... 29 Fam. 6. Nbsoteagid^ .... 3,30 1. Nanotragus 30 perpusillua. W. Africa . . 30 2. Nesotragiis 30 mosctiatua. E. Africa . . 30 Livingstonianus. Central Afi'ica 31 3. Pediotragus 31 campestris. S.Africa.... 31 Fam. 6. Ovibovidje 3,31 1. Ovihos 81 moacliatua. N. America . . 32 2. Sudorcas 32 taxicola. Himalaya .... 32 Fam. 7. Saigad^ 3,.S2 1. Saiga 33 tartarica. Siberia 33 Fam. 8. PANXHOLOPiDiB .... 3,33 1. Pantholops 33 Ilodgsonii. Thibet 33 Fam. 9. ANXiLOPiDiE 4, 33 1. ^gocerus 34 leucophseua. Africa .... 34 Bakeri. N.E. Africa .... 34 koba. W. Africa 35 niger. S. & E. Africa .. 35 2. Oryx 35 fazella. S. Africa 35 eisa. Abyasinia 35 leucoryx. Africa . 86 beatrix. Bombay ? . . . . 36 3. Addux 36 naaomaculata. N. Africa 36 4. Procapra 37 gutturoaa. Thibet 37 picticauda. Thibet .... 38 5. Gazella 38 dorcaa. N. Africa 38 laabella. N. Africa 38 aubgutturosa. N. Persia 38 Scemmeringii, Abyssinia 39 mohr. W. Africa 39 ruficoUis. Kordofan .... 89 rufifrons. W. Africa .... 39 6. Tragops 39 Bennettii. India 39 7. Antidorcas 40 euchore. S. Africa .... 40 8. Antilope 40 bezbartica. India 40 9. Neotragus 40 Saltiana. Abyssinia .... 40 10. Nemorhed'm 41 goral. Nepaul 41 11. Mazama 41 americana. N.America.. 41 12. Mupicapra 41 tragus. European Alps. . 41 Fam. 10. ^PTCEEOTiD.*; . ... 4,42 1. yEpyceros 42 melampus. S. Africa .... 42 Fam. 11. CoNNOCHETiD^ ..4,42 1. Connochetes 43 gnu. S. Africa 43 2. Oorgon 43 fasciatua. S. Africa .... 43 Fam. 12. DAMAXiD.ffi) 4,43 1. Ahelaplms 43 bubalis. N. Africa .... 43 major. W. Africa 44 caama. S. Africa 44 Lichtensteinii. E. Africa 44 2. Damalis 44 lunatus. S. Africa 45 senegalensis. Africa. ... 45 pygarga. S. Africa .... 45 albifrons. S. Africa .... 46 zebra. W. Africa 46 Section II. Angulicorkia 4,46 Fam. 13. STiuEPSiCEBOTiD.ffi: 4, 46 1. Strepsiceros 46 kudu. Africa 46 tendal. Abyssinia 46 2. Oreas 47 canna. S, Africa 47 derbianus. W. Africa . . 47 a. gigas. White Nile . . 47 b. Livingstonii. Central Africa 47 3. Euryceros 47 euryceros. Africa 48 Angaaii. S. Africa .... 48 Spekii. Central Africa. . 49 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page 4. Tragelaphus 50 scripta. W. Africa .... 50 decula. E. Africa. ..... 50 sylvatica. 8. Africa. ... 50 5. Partax 51 tragocamelus. India . . 51 Fam. 14. Oapbid.*! 4,51 1. Hemitragus 61 jemlaicus. India 51 2. Kemas 51 warryato. India 51 3. ^goceros 52 pyienaica. Europe .... 52 caucasica. Caucasus .... 52 4. Capra 52 ibex. Europe 52 sibirica. Siberia 52 nubiana. N. Africa .... 53 5. Hircus 53 aegagrus 53 gazeUa. Persia 53 berbura. India 53 Falconeri. India 53 Fam. 15. Ovro.*! 4,64 1. Ovis 54 aries 54 Polii. Bokhara 64 2. Caprovis 54 Vignii. TUbet 55 cycloceros. India 66 orientalis. Armenia .... 56 musimon. Sardinia .... 56 arkal. Turcoman 56 ophion. Cyprus 56 argali. Siberia 57 bambhera. Nepal 57 canadensis. N. Ajnerica. 57 3. Pseudois 67 naboor. Nepal 67 4. Ammotragus 58 tragelapbus. N.Africa.. 58 Suborder II. DICRANO- CERA 4,59 Fam. 16. ANTii.oCAPiiiD.a; . . 4,62 1. Antihcapra 63 americana. N. America . 63 anteflexa. N. America?. 63 Sivathmum giganteum 64 Suborder IE. DEVEXA .... 4,64 Fam. 17. GmAFi'iD.si 4,65 1. Oiraffa 66 camelopardalis. Africa. . 65 Page Suborder IV. CAPREOLI . .6,65 Fam. 18. Alcad.s; 6,66 I. Alces 66 malcMs. N. Europe and N. America 66 Fam. 19. RANGrPBBiD.a: .... 6,66 1. Tarandus 66 rangifer. N. Europe and N. America 66 Fam. 20. Ceevib-S) 5,67 1. Cervus 67 canadensis. N.America. . 68 elaphus. Europe 68 barbarus. N. Africa .... 68 cashmeerianus. Cashmere 68 affinis. Sikkim 69 maral. Persia 69 2. Pseudaxis 70 taivanus. Formosa .... 70 mantchuria. Pekin .... 72 sika. Japan 72 3. Dama 74 vulgaris. Persia 74 4. Panolia 75 Eldii. India 75 platycercus. Siam 75 5. Pucervus 75 Duvaucellii. India .... 76 cambojensis. Siam .... 76 6. BMsa 76 Aristotelis. S. India. ... 76 hippelaphus. Java .... 77 moluccensis. Java .... 77 equinus. Sumatra ^ . . . 77 Swinhoii. Formosa .... 77 mariaunus. Philippines . 78 Peronii. Timor 78 Kuhlii. Timor 79 7. Hy elaphus 79 porcinus. Ceylon 79 8. Axis 79 maculata. Ceylon 80 Alfredi. Philippines . . 80 9. Capreolus 80 capraaa. Europe 81 pygargus. China 82 10. Elaphurus , 82 Davidianus. Pekin .... 82 11. Cariacus 82 virginianus. N. America 83 leucurus. N. America , . 83 simUis ? 83 mexicanus. Mexico .... 84 leptocephalus 85 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page 12. Eucervus 85 maerotis. America .... 86 columbianua. N.America 86 13. Blastocerus 87 paludosus. S.America., 87 campestria. S. America. . 87 14. Furafer 88 antisienais. Chili 88 15. Xenelaphus 88 leucotis. Peru 89 Homelaphus inomatus 90 16. Coassus 91 nemorivagus. Bolivia . . 91 simplicicomis. Brazil . . 91 rufus. Brazil 92 superciHaris. Brazil .... 92 17. Pudu 92 humOis. Chili 93 Fam. 21. CEHvtrLiD^ 5,93 1. Cermihis 93 moschatus. Nepal 93 curvoatylis. Siam 94 tamulicus. 8. India .... 94 Reevesii. China 94 Fam. 22. MoscHiDiE 5, 95 1. Sydropotes 95 inermis. China 95 Page 2. Moschm 96 moscHferus. Nepal .... 96 Fam. 23. TBAGULrD.S! 5, 97 1. Meminna 97 indica. India, Ceylon . . 97 2. Tragulus 97 Stanleyanus. India .... 98 javanicus. Java and Su- matra 98 fulviventer. Java and Oamboja 98 pygmeeus. Java and India 99 Fam. 24. IlYi;M:oscHn).a=! ... .5,99 1. Hyemosehus 99 aquaticus. Africa 99 Suborder V. T YLOPODA . . 5, lOO Fam. 26. OAMBLn).ffi! 5, 100 1. Camelus 100 arabicus. Arabia 100 bactrianus. Mongolia. . 100 2. Llama 101 vicugna. Peru 101 pacos. 8. America .... 101 guanacus. S.America.. 101 glama. S.America..,. 101 CATALOGUE RUMINANTS (PECORA, Linn.). Order PECORA. Teeth of two or three kinds. Cutting-teeth 8 below ; grinders 6 on each side in each jaw; canines more or less developed ; grinders all similar. Stomach complicated. Gullet with two long pouches just before the stomach, used for holding and soaking the food before it is chewed. Front of upper jaw tooth- less, callous, rarely toothed with sharp-edged teeth. Toes in pairs ; bones of both the metacarpus and the metatarsus united. Hoofs triangular, rarely com- pressed. Using the head and horns for defence. Bovidse, Graj/, Cat, Ungul. B. M. p. 8. The front edge of the jaw in Gamelidce alone is provided with cutting-teeth. The metacarpal (and metatarsal) hones are united into a single hone called the cannon, except in Hyemosehidae, where they are se- parate. The males and generally females furnished with a prominent long process on each frontal bone, which is either permanent during the life of the animal, with the upper part extended and permanently covered with a sheath or with hairy skin, or it developes into a definite shape covered with a hairy skin during the time of development, and eventually falls off, to be again developed. 2 PECOBA. The feuminants may be divided, according to their horns, thus : — I. The males and generally the females furnished with a bony process on each frontal bone, which is permanent during the lives of the animals. In the Bovine this bony process is covered with a permanent horny sheath. The horn (coleoceras) has the same appearance, form, structure, and is enlarged in the same manner as the hoofs over the toes. In the Antilocaprid-s; the bony process is covered with a porous horny coat, which falls off and is renewed annually. The horn or pseudo-horn (komeceras) of the Cabrit is sui generis. It seems to be formed of the matted or felted hair of the skin that covers the core. It loosens and falls off in the mass when the new coat of matted hair is formed beneath it. The horns may be compared to the annual coat of matted hair which is shed by the American Bison and some other ruminants ; but in that animal the hair only forms a kind of blanket, and falls off in flakes of different sizes. In the GiRAPFin^ the bony process is covered with a skin like the rest of the body, and equally permanent, and the horn (dermuceras) covered with hair that is shed and renewed like the hair of the body. II. The males and sometimes the females are periodically fur- nished with horns, which, during development or expansion, are covered vtdth a vascular skin coated with down, the skin falling off when the horns are perfect and solidified, and the horns themselves falling off at the end of the season (Cbbvid^). In some few the horns spring from the end of a permanent elongated bony process, as in the Muntjac. The antler (epocheeeras) of the Deer differs from the horns of the other ruminants in being a periodical development of bone, which is at first covered with a hairy skin, that dries up and falls off. III. Neither sex provided with any horn -like process of the frontal bone, as the Musk (Moschidjb), Camels, Llama (Camelib^). Mr. Sclater, in his paper on Antilocapra (Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 403), proposes the following arrangement of the Ruminants : — I. RtTMINANTIA PHALAN&IGEADA. 1. Camelidee. II. RUMINANTIA UNGULI0EADA. a. Placenta polycotyledonaria. Stomachus &c. a'. Pedes didactyli, ungulia sucoenturiatis nullis. 2. Camelopardalida ; 3. Antilocapndce. b'. Pedes tetradaotyli, ungulis succenturiatis duabus. 4. Sovidee ; 5. Cervidce ; 6. Moschidee. b. Placenta diffusa. Stomachus &c. (See A. Milne-Edwards, Zool. Record, i. p. 29.) 7. Tragulidcu. " Dr. Gray, referring to this arrangement, ' regrets that the author, adopting Sundevall's division, changed SundevaU's term Digitigrada into Phalangigrada.' He doubts the applicability of the form of the placenta to zoological classification, reminding us of the scanty information we possess at present on this subject; and points out several instances of Bovidce without false hoofs. (To which Mr. Sclater replies, ibid. 1867, xix. January, p. 58)." — Zoological Record, 1866, p. 35. Synopsis of the Families. Suborder I. CAVICORNIA. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. The horn-like prominences of the frontal bone permanent, covered with a permanent horny sheath. False hoofs distinct, very rarely absent. Section I. Levicomia. Horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on the inner front side. - A. Nostrils open, bald within ; nose ootne or bovine. * Nose bovine, with a moist naked muffle, Fam. 1. BovxD^. Kostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine ; muffle large and moist. Horns smooth, spread out on the sides, cylindrical or depressed. Tail elongate, equine or bovine. False hoofs well developed. Fam. 2. Heleotragibje. Nostrils bald within, open ; nose bo- vine ; muffle large, naked, moist, callous when dry. Cru- men distinct, rarely very small. Horns conical, annulated at the base, rarely present in the female. Face tapering. Crown rarely crested. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 3. Cbphalophid^. Nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine. Crown crested, with a glandular longitudinal line. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 4. Pblbab^. Nostrils open, bald within (?) ; nose swol- len, soft, bovine. Crumen none. Horns conical, slender, erect, cylindrical at the base. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 5. NESoiEAGm^. Nostrilsopen, bald within; nose boviue. Horns conical, slender, cylindrical, ringed at the base. False hoofs none. ** Nose ovine, covered with hair, taithout any muffle. Fam. 6. Ovibovtd-ZE. Horns smooth, round, close together at the base, spread out on the sides. Tail very short. False hoofs well developed. Fam. 7. Saigad*. Horns lyrate, annulated. Nose high, com- pressed, truncated, hairy ; nostrils open. Tail very short. False hoofs well developed. Fam. 8. PANTHOtoPiDiE. Horns elongate, lyrate, annulated at the base. Nose conical, ovine, of the males with a large dilatation at the outer side of the base of the nostrils. False hoofs distinct. -b2 * PECOHA. Fam. 9. Antelopid^. Horns conical or compressed, ringed at the base. Nose tapering, ovine, simple. False hoofs distinct. Crumen generally large. Fam. 10. ^iPTCBBOTiD^. Horns conical, compressed, ringed at the base. Nose tapering, ovine, simple. Crumen none. False hoofs none ; pastern with tufts of rigid black hair on each side. B. Nostrils valvular, hairy within. Fam. 11. CoNifoCHEirD^. Nose broad, depressed, spongy, bristly, subequal. Horns conical, depressed at the base, and spread out at the sides. False hoofs distinct. Fam. 12. DAMALiD.a;. Nose conical, bovine, with a moderate naked muffle. Horns conical, compressed, more or less lyrate and annulated. False hoofs distinct. Section II. Angulicornia. Horns subangular, with a more or less distinct ridge on the front angle. Nostrils open, bald within. Fam. 13. Stkepsiceeotid-«). Horns suhspiral, suberect, or in- clined backwards. Nose cervine or bovine ; nostrils near together in front. Forehead flat. Males not bearded on the chin. Fur white-banded or spotted. Females with four teats and a small udder. Fam. 14. Capkid^. Horns erect, compressed, curved baclc- wards, with a longitudinal keel in front, deeper than wide at base. Nose ovine or cervine ; nostrils close together in front. Forehead convex, elevated behind. Chin of males bearded. Crumen none (?). Hoofs 4-sided, scarcely higher before than behind. Teats two, rarely four. Males emitting a strong stench. Fam. 15. OviD.a;. Horns more or less spiral, wider than deep at base, slightly angulate in front, often wanting in the females. Nose ovine. Forehead flat or concave. Chin of males not bearded. Hoofs triangular, shallow behind. Males not emitting a strong stench. Suborder II. SICRANOCSBA. Front of upper jaw callous, tooth- less. Hom-Hke processes of the frontal bone permanent, covered with a hairy skin and a deciduous subhorny sheath formed of matted hair. False hoofs none. Fam. 16. Antilocapeid.*). Suborder III. DEVBXA. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. Horns permanent, on the coronal suture, between the frontal and parietal bones, covered with a permanent hairy skin ending in a tuft of hairs. False hoofs none. IntermaxiUaries mode- rate, reaching to the nasals. Fam. 17. GlEAEFIDJE. Suborder IV. CAPREOLI. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. Horns deciduous, covered when young with a deciduous hairy skin ; often wanting in the females, sometimes in both sexes. Ealse hoofs distinct. t Antlers dkdduous, generally hranehed, often wanting in the femah. Tarsi hairy on the hinder side. Fam. 18. Alcadje. Nose very broad, truncated, covered with hair, with only a very small central naked muffle. Young not spotted. Antlers expanded or palmated. Skull ; nose- hole very large, nasal very short. — Arctic Eegions. Fam. 19. Ransipeeid-s;. Nose broad, entirely hairy, without any naked muffle. Antlers with a large anterior basal snag on the crown, palmated at the end. SkuU. : nose-hole moderate ; intermaxillaries slender, just reaching the nasals. Young not spotted. — Arctic Eegions. Fam. 20. Cbevid^. Nose tapering, with a moist, naked muffle, without any gland up the face. Antlers branched, very rarely simple. SkuU : nose-hole moderate. — Warm and temperate parts of both hemispheres. Fam. 21. Ceevitlid^. Face conical, with two longitudinal bony ridges supporting the antlers, with a longitudinal groove on their inner side. Muffle small, moist. — ^Asia. tt Antlers none. The tarsi mostly naked on the hinder side. Crumen none. — Moschina, Oray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 241. Fam. 22. Moschid^. Throat and hinder edge of the tarsus covered with hair. Upper canines much elongated. Me- tacarpal bones united into a cannon. Intermaxillaries elongate. — ^Asia. Fam. 23. TEAOtrLiniB. Throat and hinder part of the tarsus callous. Fur close-pressed, soft. Young coloured like the adult. Throat white-streaked. Metacarpal bones united into a cannon. Intermaxillaries elongate. — Asia. Fam. 24. Htemoschid^. Horns none. Canines often elongate. Back of the tarsus bald, callous. Metacarpal bones sepa- rate in all ages. Metatarsal bones at first distinct, be- coming united into a single bone. Intermaxillaries short, not reaching the nasal. — Africa. Suborder V. TYLOPODA. Front of the upper jaw with 8 cutting- teeth. Horns none. Toes elongate, with a broad pad beneath. Hoofs compressed. False hoofs none. Fam. 25. Camblib^. CAVICOENIA. Suborder I. CAVICORNIA. Front of upper jaw callous, toothless. The horn-like pro- minences of the frontal bone permanent, covered with a per- manent horny sheath [coleocerata) . False hoofs distinct, very rarely absent. Bovina, Crrai/, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 12. Bovidffi, Ormj, Am. Sf Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 328 ; Sclater, I. c. p. 403. The false hoofs are only absent in two small families. The horn or horny sheath (eoleoeeras) has the same appearance, form, and structure as the hoof over the toes (see Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 1866, xviii. p. 326). Section 1. LEVICORNIA. Horns round or compressed, without any raised keel on the inner front angle. The families belonging to this group arrange themselves in two nearly parallel series according to the form of the nose — that is to say, if it is bovine and has a naked muffle, or ovine or equine and has the nose covered with hair. Those which have a naked muffle are generally considered to be grazers. No doubt this difference in the form of the nose is attended with very different habits ; but I do not think that they have been carefully observed, so as to lead to any general conclusion on the subject. I have heard that those that have a hairy nose or ovine muffle are said to be grazers, and those with a muffle have been called browsers ; but both sheep and oxen are essentially grazers, and the Giraffe, which has an ovine nose is a browser. All these animals use the tongue as an organ of prehension. Nose bovine. Nose ovine. Bovidae Horns spread out on the sides Ovibovidse. Heliotragidse . . j 1 Saigadse. Cepbalopboridae > Horns suberect < Pantbolopidse. Peleadae ) j AntUopidisB. Nesotragidee . . . .False hoofs none .iEpycerotid®. DamalidsB . . , Nostrils hairy within Oonnochetidae. The families may be arranged by the direction of the horns thus : — 1. Horns spread out on the sides. Bovid.*;, OvrBOviDiE, and Conno- CHBTID.a3. 2. Horns more or less erect, sublyrate, or recurved. HELioxBAGiDiB, ObPHALOPID.*;, NESOTBAOIDiE, SaIOADJE, PANTH0L0PrD.«l, AnTI- LOPiD^, iEpYCEROTiDiB, and Damalidje. I. BOS. 7 A. The nostrils open, bold within ; nose ovine or bovine. Fam. 1. BOVIDiE. The nostrils open, bald within ; nose bovine ; muffle large, moist. Horns smooth, spread out on the sides, cylindrical or depressed. Tail elongate, bovine or equine. False hoofe weU developed. BovesB, Oray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 15. The horns smoothish, spread out on the sides, cylindrical or depressed at the base ; situated on the frontal edge, and bent later- ally outward, and recurved at the tip. The nose is broad, with the nostrils on the side. Crumen none. Skidl has no suborbital pit or fissure. Grinders with well - developed supplementary lobe. The knee (or wrist) below the middle of the fore leg, the cannon bone being shorter than the forearm-bone. 1. The tail elongate, Bubeylindrical, covered with short hair at the hose and long at the tip. MMffle bovine, broad, and moist. A. Oxen. — The hair short and rigid, shoulder and haunches equally high. Intermaxillary bones elongate, reaching to the nasals in the adult animal. 1. BOS. Horns cylindrical, conical, nearly circular at the base, curved upward and outward on the sides of the head (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 17, t. 1. f. 1, skull). 1. Bos tauriis. (The Bull.) B.M. Forehead flat, withers not humped. Bos taurus, Oray, Cat. Ungul B. M. p. 17, t. 1. f. 1 (skull). Hah. Europe, Asia, Africa, America ; always in a domestic state. The British Museum purchased, at the sale of the property of the Earl of Mountnorris, at Arley HaU, the pair of horns of the GaUa Oxen mentioned by Mr. Salt in his ' Voyage to Abyssinia,' p. 258, 4to edit., 1844. " The horns are shorter, and more curved and lyrated than the figure engraved in t. 19, p. 259, of Salt's 'Travels in Abyssinia' (which also appears to make them bear a larger proportion to the size of the animal than the specimen suggests) ; and they are quite as remarkable for their erect position on the forehead as for their size. "They and the core which supports them are very light, compared with their size, and not half the weight of the smaller wide-spreading horns of the long-horned Cape Waggon Oxen. The horns are thin, pale coloured, and of a loose texture, being worn and fibrous on the surface in several parts. " In the lightness and very cellular structure of the core, the thin- ness of the horny coat, and the large size, they agree with the pair 8 BOVIDiE. of horns in the British Museum brought from Central Africa by Captain Clapperton, E.N., and Major Denham, R.E., -which are figured in Griffith's ' Animal Kingdom,' iv. t. 201. f. 4 ; but these horns are shorter and much larger in diameter, and are spread out on the sides like those of the common domestic Oxen, and they are very much lighter for their size than those of the Galla Oxen or Sanga. " Sir Kichard Vivian has kindly informed me that he has seen a breed of cattle in Italy, with the horns rather erect, somevrhat re- sembling those of the Sanga in position." — Gmy, Ann. S[ Mag. N. Hist. 1855, XV. p. 66. " These are domestic cattle [in China] that have for long had the run of the numerous mountains and peaks of the neighbouring Le. These have originated from cattle that were let loose to pasture and not collected to their stalls each night. Their dispositions have become wild, and they flee from the sight of man. To obtain them it is necessary to shoot them with a gun." — Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 237. 2. Bos chinensis. (The YeUow Cow of South China.) B.M. Humped. Bos chinensis, Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1870, p. 648. f. 6 (animal), f. 7, 8 (skull and horns). Hah. South China. " The small Yellow Cow of South China is a peculiar race, com- bining, as it seems to do, the characters of Bos indicus of India and Bos tavrus of Europe. It has the head and dewlap in character with the former, with a small hump, the straight back, and hind quarters of the latter. Mr. Blyth maintains that it is a cross be- tween the two ; and this opinion may perhaps be borne out by the fact that the North-Chinese large cattle are certainly like our Euro- pean ordinary breed. In the ' Taiwanfoo Gazetteer ' I read this passage under the head ' Yellow Cow : ' — ' The neighbouring hiUs have this animal in abundance. They are caught and tamed, and are trained for use in the ploughing of fields and drawing of carts ; ' and further on, ' Formosa has an abundance of wild cattle, occur- ring in herds of hundreds and thousands. When it is desired to capture them, a wooden stockade is erected with four sides, in one of which is left a door. The cattle are driven towards it until they all enter, when the gate is shut on them and they are barred in and left to starve. They are afterwards by degrees haltered and bridled and treated to fodder and beans, until they become not difierent from domestic cattle.' " I take it that the wild Pormosan Cow was indigenous to Formosa, and of the same species that ranged throughout South China, from which the present domestic cattle of the south are derived. I have not heard of its being found wUd in the present day in China ; and in Formosa the wild race has almost, if not quite, disappeared. In the central mountains they are kept in a semi-wild state, and from 2. BUBALtrS. there I procured the skulls of an adult male and female and a live bull. The bull I had photographed [it is figured P. Z. S. 1870, p. 648. fig. 6] ; and the skuUs are deposited in the British Museum. The figure shows a better and stronger build than ordinary South- China cattle possess, and proves the two to be of the same race. The Chinese have done little to improve their breed of cattle ; and you may see this kind in the country from Canton to Ningpo un- changed in form or shape of horns, but, as a rule, a little smaller and more degenerate than the wilder animals from the Pormosan mountains. The skuU of the bull [I. c. p. 649. figs. 7 & 8] measures 19'5 inches in length ; the horns are somewhat conical, measiu-e 8 inches in length each, and stand outwards and backwards. The animal is a rich chestnut-brown, with whitish underparts and feet. Its horns and hoofs are black." — Swinhoe, I. c. p. 648. 3. Bos indicus. (The Zebu.) B.M. Forehead convex ; withers with a more or less fleshy hump. Bos indicus, Gray, Cat. Ungid. p. 21. Hah. India. Varies greatly in size ; always in a domesticated state. 4. Bos dante. (The Dante.) B.M. Face rather narrow ; forehead very flat, with the horns on the side of the high occipital ridge ; withers with a small but distinct hump. Bos dante, Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 22. Hah. Africa, North and West. 2. BUBALUS. Horns depressed and subtrigonal at the base, inclining upwards and backwards, conical, and bending upward at the tip. (Gray, Cat. Ungul. B. M. p. 23, t. 1. f. 2, skuU.) * Head elongate, narrow, a longitudinal groove over the orbit. ForeheadJl