(32 1 
 
 A GUIDE TO THE 
 
 ARNOLD ARBORETUM 
 
ALBERT R. MANN 
 LIBRARY 
 
 New York State Colleges 
 
 OF 
 
 Agriculture and Home Economics 
 
 AT 
 
 Cornell University 
 
Date Due 
 
 Library Bureau Cat. No. 1137 
 
 <— — IMMillHlili- 
 
The original of tliis book is in 
 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924001676471 
 
WALKER LITH. Br PIjB CO aoSTOh 
 

 
 HKMLOCK HILL 
 
A GUIDE TO THE 
 
 ARNOLD AEBOEETFM 
 
 BY 
 CHARLES S. SARGENT 
 
 DIBECIOR 
 
 Second Edition 
 
 PRINTED AT 
 
 THE EIVEESIDE PRESS 
 
 CAMBRIDGE 1921 
 
QK 
 H33G- 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 THE Abnold Arboretum is the tree museum of Harvard 
 University. It owes its origin to Mr. James Arnold, a 
 merchant of New Bedford who died in 1868, leaving to the 
 trustees of his estate $100,000 to be devoted to the advance- 
 ment of agriculture or horticulture. One of these trustees 
 was Mr. George B. Emerson, the author of the Report on 
 the Trees and Shrubs of Massachusetts, first published in 
 1846. Mr. Emerson, realizing the benefit which the public 
 might derive from the establishment of a scientifically man- 
 aged collection of trees in the neighborhood of Boston, pro- 
 posed to turn over Mr. Arnold's legacy to the President and 
 Fellows of Harvard College to be used to develop and main- 
 tain an arboretum, provided they would devote to this pur- 
 pose a part of the farm in "West Roxbury which had been 
 given to the University by Mr. Benjamin Bussey. This plan 
 was carried out in March, 1872, and one hundred and twenty 
 acres were set aside for the new Arboretum, in which the 
 University undertook to grow a specimen of every tree and 
 shrub able to support the climate of eastern Massachusetts. 
 Only a comparatively small part of the trees and shrubs 
 which might be expected to thrive in New England were to 
 be found in any collection when this indenture was made, 
 and the Arboretum has been obliged, therefore, to undertake 
 botanical explorations in many, countries. These explorations 
 have enriched the Arboretum, and through it the gardens of 
 the United States and of Europe ; and gradually the Arbore- 
 
2 THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 
 
 turn has become an important scientific station for increasing 
 the knowledge of plants and for their multiplication in parks 
 and gardens. 
 
 In December, 1882, a contract was made between the 
 University and the City of Boston under which the City 
 agreed to add certain adjoining lands to the Arboretum, to 
 construct and maintain under the direction of its Park Com- 
 mission a system of carriage drives and walks, to be planned 
 by Mr. Frederick Law Olmsted, to police the grounds and 
 to assume all taxes which might be levied on the property 
 during the thousand years for which the contract was made. 
 In return for this assistance the University agreed to open 
 the Arboretum to the public from sunrise to sunset during 
 every day of the year, reserving, however, entire control of 
 all the collections and of the grounds with the exception 
 of the drives and walks. 
 
 Work on the roads was begun by the City in 1885, but 
 through various delays in construction the principal collec- 
 tions of trees and shrubs were not planted until 1886. In 
 1894 the land, seventy-five acres in extent, west of Bussey 
 Street known as Peter's HiU, and a part of the Bussey Farm, 
 was added to the Arboretum by the President and Fellows 
 of the University and in 1898 was opened to the public by 
 an encircling road built by the Park Department of the City. 
 
 NATURAL FEATURES 
 The Arnold Arboretum occupies two hundred and forty 
 acres of meadow, hill and valley. The ground rises gradually 
 from the meadow at its northeastern end to the summit of 
 Bussey Hill. From the top of Bussey Hill the ground drops 
 abruptly to South Street on the south and on the south- 
 
THE ARNOLD A B B O K B T U M 3 
 
 west to the valley which crosses the Arboretum from Centre 
 Street to South Street and which, at the northern base of the 
 second of the hills of the Arboretum, Hemlock Hill, is joined 
 nearly at a right angle by the valley through which the Bussey 
 Brook flows from the northwest. Through the low land west 
 of Hemlock HiU and separating it from the third and the 
 highest of the Arboretum hills, Peter's Hill, Bussey Street, 
 a highway open to traffic, extends from Walter Street near 
 its junction with Centre Street to South Street. 
 
 The collections of trees in the Arboretum are arranged by 
 groups of species which are called genera, and the genera, so 
 far as it has been found practicable to do so, have been 
 planted according to their botanical relationships into larger 
 groups called families. In the case of important North Ameri- 
 can trees, that they may show their habit under different 
 conditions, a number of individuals are planted close together 
 in a group, while at a distance from this species group suf- 
 ficient to insure it a full and free development of branches 
 an individual of the species is planted. A representative of 
 each genus of the trees in the Arboretum stands near a drive, 
 so that visitors passing along the Arboretum roads may obtain 
 a general idea of the groups of trees hardy in Massachusetts 
 and of their relation to each other. Access to the groups is 
 further secured by a system of grass-covered paths, which 
 reach aU parts of the Arboretum and make easy the exami- 
 nation of the collections. An attempt has been made to place 
 the groups of trees in positions where each tree may find 
 favorable surroundings without interfering with the beauty 
 of the hills and valleys of the Arboretum and of the natural 
 woods, which have been carefully preserved. The shrubs have 
 been arranged primarily in a series of formal beds, and partly 
 
4 THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 
 
 in large irregular groups of species planted along the drives 
 as near as possible to the groups of trees of the same 
 families. 
 
 RECORDS AND LABELS 
 
 A record of the origin and history of every species and 
 variety of the trees and shrubs planted in the Arboretum is 
 kept in a card catalogue, and to each is given a number. 
 When a species or variety is represented in the collection by 
 more than one individual or lot of individuals, a different 
 number is given to each additional individual or lot of indi- 
 viduals. The exact position of every tree planted in the Ar- 
 boretum is plotted on the sheets of a large scale map, and 
 with these is kept the detailed history of each tree, so that 
 it would be possible for a stranger to locate every tree in the 
 collection, even if their labels should be lost. 
 
 Labels giving their Latin and English names and the re- 
 gion which they inhabit are placed at the height of the eye 
 on the trunks of prominent native trees standing near drives 
 and walks, and these labels will be found on the trunks of 
 many of the planted trees in the different groups. Labels with 
 raised or painted letters are used for the plants in the shrub 
 collection and for shrubs and small trees near some of the 
 walks. "Wooden stakes giving their names are placed before 
 many shrubs and small trees ; and on every plant, whether 
 otherwise labeled or not, a small zinc label will be found 
 giving name and number, unless, as too often happens, it has 
 been wiUfally removed by visitors. 
 
 THE ARBORETUM 
 
 As may be seen by the map at the end of this volume, the 
 Arboretum may be entered by seven gates. 
 
THE ARNOLD ABBOBETUM 5 
 
 Entering it from the parkway by the Jamaica Plain Gate 
 the visitor should notice on the adjoining walls the use of 
 different vines. Here and generally on the Arboretum bound- 
 ary walls may be seen masses of different species of wild 
 Grapes, Bittersweet, Clematis, the Chinese Matrimony 
 Vine, Bignonias, and various species of Ampelopsis, mixed 
 together and making a heavy drapery on the sides and top 
 of the walls. From this gate one enters the Meadow Eoad. 
 Within this entrance on the right is the group of Magnolias, 
 the American species being nearest the entrance and the 
 Asiatic species beyond them. Just inside the entrance and 
 also on the right is 
 
 THE ADMINISTEATION BUILDING 
 
 This building contains the library and herbarium of the 
 Arboretum, the administrative offices and laboratories, and 
 a collection of the woods of North American trees. The 
 building was erected in 1892 by the late H. H. Hunnewell, 
 Esq., and has recently been enlarged. The library, which 
 contains about 32,000 bound volumes and 8000 pamphlets, 
 more or less devoted to trees and their cultivation, and the 
 herbarium representing the woody plants of the world, may 
 be consulted by students. 
 
 Opposite the Administration Building a grass-covered path 
 (Willow Path) leaves the Meadow Eoad and, skirting the 
 eastern border of the great north meadow, passes through 
 the collection of Willows and Maples, separates the old 
 Hawthorn collection from the general shrub collection, and 
 ends at the Forest Hills Gate. 
 
 In this Hawthorn collection, which occupies a border 
 next to the boundary wall along the Parkway, are large 
 
6 THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 
 
 plants of several interesting American species, notably Cra- 
 taegus viridis, C nitida, C. Arnoldiana, C. coccinioides, C. 
 Dawsoniana, C aprica, C Douglasii, C. rivularis, C. 
 fecunda, C. pruinosa, C. prunifolia, and various forms of 
 C Crus-galli. Here, too, will be found several Old World 
 species and varieties. 
 
 Returning to the Jamaica Plain Gate, on the left near the 
 road is the beginning of the coUeetion of Maples. Opposite 
 the Administration Building is a Red Maple which has been 
 obtained by grafting, on roots of an ordinary form of this 
 tree, branches taken from a tree with exceptionally beauti- 
 ful autumn foliage. This color is preserved in this grafted 
 tree. 
 
 On the edge of the Meadow Road, beyond the Adminis- 
 tration Building and on the same side, is the group of Lirio- 
 dendrons or Tulip-trees, with their varieties, including an 
 interesting and curious fastigiate form ; and beyond on both 
 sides of the road are a number of trees of Cercidiphyllum, 
 one of the largest inhabitants of the forests of northern 
 Japan. Beyond the Cercidiphyllums and occupying a large 
 part of the meadow north of the Meadow Road is the Lin- 
 den group, with species from eastern North America, Europe, 
 Siberia, China and Japan, and a number of natural hybrids. 
 Only one species with several individuals, the common Lin- 
 den of New England (^Tilia glabra'), stands near the road. 
 In front of the Lindens a large group of the northern pink 
 flowered Azalea (^Rhododendron roseuni) with the supple- 
 mentary Cornel collection can be seen, and beyond these 
 is the group of the eastern Siberian, Chinese and Japanese 
 Cork-trees (Phellodendron). These are small and hardy 
 trees with aromatic fruit and foliage, remarkable for the 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 7 
 
 thick corky bark of one of the species. Back of these and 
 next to the Lindens is the group of Horsechestnuts with 
 many species and varieties. 
 
 Close to the road beyond the Cork-trees will be found the 
 group of Evonymus, or Spindle-trees. Here are bushes of 
 several of the eastern Asiatic species, brilliant in the autumn 
 with their bright fruits and highly colored foliage. Here, 
 too, are numerous forms of Evonymus radicans, the only 
 evergreen vine perfectly hardy in New England, but here 
 grown in the form of low bushes. Across the road from the 
 Cork-trees is the group of Buckthorns (Rhamnus), and be- 
 yond these and opposite the Evonymus group are to be seen 
 the Sumachs or Khuses. Notice here the American Smoke- 
 tree of the Southern States (^Cotinus americanus'), splendid 
 in autumn in the orange and scarlet tints of its dying leaves, 
 and the oidy near relative of the Old World Smoke-tree 
 common in many gardens. Here, also, are the American 
 forms of the Poison Ivy, and the so-called Poison Dogwood 
 (^Rhus vernix), which is not a Dogwood at all; and here, 
 too, may be seen plants of another poisonous Rhus, the 
 Lacquer-tree (^R. vernidfera) from China and Japan, from 
 the juice of which oriental lacquer is made. 
 
 Beyond the group of Spindle-trees and the group of Su- 
 machs the Meadow Koad passes through a piece of natural 
 woods in which are old specimens of the native White, 
 Black, Red, Scarlet and Swamp White Oaks, the Black Birch, 
 Hickory, and the Red and Sugar Maples. Here and in the 
 other natural woods of the Arboretum may be seen the effects 
 of the application of the Des Cars system of tree-pruning 
 by which old and decrepit trees may be restored to health. 
 Notice here the young self-sown native trees growing among 
 
8 THE ARNOLD ABBOKETUM 
 
 the old trees, and intended as these fail to replace them and 
 continue the forest. In front of the woods on the right-hand 
 side of the road wiU be found the beginning of the Horse- 
 chestnut group, with the eastern American Ohio Buckeye 
 (^Aesculus glabra), the Yellow Buckeye (^A. octandra), and 
 hybrids of garden origin. 
 
 On both sides of the Meadow Boad, except where they 
 would interfere with generic groups, native shrubs have been 
 used to fortn an edging along the walks which are adjacent 
 to and follow more or less closely the Arboretum roads. No- 
 tice in this roadside planting masses of several low-growing 
 plants which have been found to be well suited for such a 
 purpose. Among these the most successful are the fragrant 
 Sumach (^Rhus canadensis), the Yellow-root (Xanthorrhi- 
 za), some of the Snowberries (Symphoricarpos), and differ- 
 ent Wild Roses which are also found in masses in many parts 
 of the Arboretum. 
 
 Eetuming along the Meadow Eoad to the group of Tulip- 
 trees an entrance to a grass-covered path (Linden Path) 
 will be found. This path skirts the western side of the north 
 meadow close to the boundary of the Arboretum and in the 
 rear of the Linden and Horsechestnut groups. On the right 
 of this path before the Lindens are reached there is a young 
 tree of Eucommia vlmoides. This is a native of western China, 
 and is of interest as the only rubber-producing tree which is 
 hardy in New England. Between this path and the boundary 
 a plantation of various trees, chiefly of eastern North Amer- 
 ica, has been established. In the border in front of these 
 trees are the supplementary collections of St. John's-wort 
 (Hypericum) and of the Honeysuckles and the collection 
 of Tamarisk. Further on the path divides at the group of 
 
THE ABNOLD ABBOKETUM 9 
 
 Hollies (Ilex and Nemopanthus), the right-hand fork pass- 
 ing up through the piece, of natural woods already described 
 in the direction of Bussey Hill, while the left-hand fork, 
 skirting the base of the low hill covered by these woods 
 and passing in the rear of the Horsechestnut group, finally 
 joins the Meadow Koad. Just before this is reached, in a 
 piece of low ground between the path and the road, largely 
 planted with Azaleas and high-bush Blueberries, there is a 
 group of the curious Leitneria, found naturally in only three 
 or four widely scattered stations in the Southern States, and 
 remarkable as the only representatives of a family of plants, 
 and for the character of its wood, which is lighter than that 
 of any other North American tree or shrub. 
 
 Returning again along the Meadow Koad toward the Ja^ 
 maica Plain Gate and entering the path opposite the Admin- 
 istration Building, a path (Maple Path) turning to the right 
 and following the Meadow Road, will be found. On the right 
 of this path, in a long bed in front of the Maples, is the large 
 subsidiary collection of Gooseberries and Currants (Ribes), 
 and then the collection of Shadbushes (Amelanchier). The 
 path then passes in the rear of the Buckthorn and Sumach 
 groups and, continuing through the middle of the Maple 
 Group, enters the Shrub Collection and the path leading to 
 the Forest Hills Gate. 
 
 The Meadow Road, when it emerges from the natural 
 woods already described, has on its right, first a group of 
 Peach-trees and their allies, and then the group of trees 
 of the Pea Family, including the Locust, Yellow-wood, Ken- 
 tucky Coffee-tree, Sophora, Honey Locust, Laburnum, etc. On 
 the left of the road there is a small pond, and beyond this 
 is the group of Plum-trees. Beyond the trees of the Pea 
 
10 THE ARNOLD AJBBOKBTUM 
 
 Family there will be found a Liquidambar tree from the 
 Southern States, and the other hardy members of the Witch 
 Hazel Family, including, besides the different species of 
 Hamamelis, the beautiful Fothergilla from the Southern 
 States. In this group the two Japanese and the Chinese 
 species of Witch Hazel are of special interest, for their 
 flowers begin to open early in February and, uninjured by 
 the severest cold, continue for several weeks to enliven the 
 leafless branches. Of special interest in the Aralia Family, 
 which is just beyond, are the two individuals of a tree 
 (^Acanthopanax ridnifolius) with spiny stems, and large 
 long-stalked lobed leaves which resemble those of the Castor- 
 oil plant and give a tropical appearance to this hardy impor- 
 tant inhabitant of the forests of eastern Asia. 
 
 Beyond the Aralias the group of Dogwoods or Cornels, 
 bright in winter from the highly colored stems of several 
 species, begins, and here is the end of the Meadow Eoad. 
 One branch, called the Forest Hills Boad, turns sharply to the 
 left round another small pond filled with Water Lilies and 
 other aquatic plants, and ascends to the Forest Hills Gate. 
 On the right of this road is planted in front of a steep 
 wooded slope the collection of Crabapples, American and 
 Asiatic, and near the gate and also on the right-hand side of. 
 the road are different species of the wild Pear (Pyrus), all na- 
 tives of the Old World. Like the Apple group, this is conspicu- 
 ous in early spring from the large and showy flowers of all the 
 species, which are among the most beautiful flowering plants in 
 the Arboretum. Occupying the whole of the left-hand side of 
 the Forest Hills Road is the collection of Cherry-trees ; among 
 these the Japanese P/^wms serrulata sachalinensis (the Sar- 
 gent Cherry), Prunus suhhirtella and Prunus subkirtella. 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 11 
 
 var. pendula, are particularly lovely in very early spring, 
 with their innumerable pink flowers which appear before 
 the leaves. 
 
 THE SHRUB COLLECTION 
 
 Beyond the Cherries, and reached from a path close to the 
 Forest HiUs Gate and by other paths entering it from near 
 the junction of the Forest Hills Road with iJie Meadow Road, 
 is the Shrub Collection. This is arranged in beds ten feet 
 wide, with a total length of 7765 feet, and separated by 
 grass-covered paths five feet wide. In these beds the shrubs 
 are planted in a single row and in botanical sequence, all 
 the species of a genus being thus brought together. In this 
 collection only those genera are included in which all the 
 species are shrubs, while those genera which contain trees 
 and shrubs, like Cornus, Syringa, Viburnum, Rhamnus, Rhus, 
 Evonymus, Rhododendron, etc., are planted in other parts of 
 the Arboretum and as near as possible to the other genera 
 of their natural families. 
 
 The object of this special Shrub Collection is to enable 
 students, landscape-gardeners and nurserymen to compare 
 readily the different shrubs which are available for planting 
 in the Northern States; and to make the collection as valuable 
 as possible for this purpose only well-known hardy shrubs 
 are included in it. Less hardy and all imperfectly known 
 shrubs will be found in more sheltered and less conspicuous 
 positions, where supplementary collections of most of the 
 prominent genera of shrubs are maintained. 
 
 Three sides of the shrub ground are surrounded by a trellis 
 on which the vines of the collection are trained, all the species 
 of each genus being planted together. Some of the groups 
 best represented in the Shrub Collection are the Honey- 
 
12 THE AKNOLD AEBOBBTTTM 
 
 suckles, the Brambles, the Mock Oranges (Philadelphus), 
 the Eoses, Barberries, DierviUas, Blueberries, Grapes, etc. 
 
 Keturning to the end of the Meadow Koad and turning to 
 the right round another small pond, the Bussey HiU Road, 
 from which the top of Bussey Hill is reached, is entered. 
 After the turn is made and the group of Cornels is passed 
 the Ash Family (Oleaceae) is found on the left. The Ash- 
 trees occupy the eastern slope of Bussey Hill, and between 
 these and the Bussey Hill Eoad some of the shrubby plants 
 of the Family are arranged. Here on a steep bank are great 
 masses of the different Forsythias thickly planted together, 
 making a brilliant display of yellow flowers in early May. 
 
 THE LILACS 
 
 Beyond the Forsythias the Lilacs, of the same Family, 
 extend along the road nearly to the top of the hill. This is 
 one of the largest and most generally visited of the Arbore- 
 tum collections. A walk nearly parallel with the road and at 
 some distance from it divides the Lilac plantation. On the 
 right of this walk a long bed of turf is occupied by plants of 
 the different varieties of the common Lilac, which are there- 
 fore easily seen from the road (see illustration). On the left 
 of the lower end of this walk are arranged the different species 
 of Lilacs. Among these are the Persian Lilac, and the hand-' 
 some hybrid raised from the Persian Lilac and the common 
 Lilac, known as Syringa chinensis. Of special interest, 
 too, are several species from China, including Syringa ohlata 
 with very fragrant early flowers and brilliant autumn fo- 
 liage, Syringa puhescens, the most fragrant of all the Lilacs, 
 and the late-flowering Syringa villosa. Here, too, may be 
 seen the blue-flowered S. Wolfii from northern China, plants 
 
a 
 
THBARNOLDARBORBTTJM 13 
 
 of difPerent forms of Syringa Henryi, a French hybrid of 
 Syringa Josikaea and S. villosa, Syringa vulgaris, a na- 
 tive of the mountain forests of Bulgaria, the Hungarian 
 Lilac, and the Tree Lilacs from Japan, northern China 
 and eastern Siberia. Other varieties of garden Lilacs 
 spread over the bank on the left of the walk to a grass- 
 covered path which follows along the crest of this bank 
 and by which the new Lilacs from western China are ar- 
 ranged. 
 
 Opposite the Lilacs, at the point where Bussey Hill Boad 
 curves round the third of the Arboretum ponds and next to 
 the Cornels, is a group of Tupelo or Sour Gum trees (^JYyssa 
 sylvatica), of a related family, and one of the most beauti- 
 ful and interesting of eastern North American trees. Next 
 to these is a small group of the Persimmon of the Southern 
 States (^Diospyros virginiana'). Beyond these in ascending 
 the hill is a large group of Mock Oranges (Philadelphus) 
 supplementary to those in the general shrub collection. Here 
 attention should be given to the plants of Philadelphus mi- 
 crophyllus from the mountains of Colorado, with its small 
 and fragrant flowers, and to the numerous hybrids raised in 
 France by crossing this species with the Mock Orange of gar- 
 dens, and known generally as Lemoine's Hybrids from the 
 name of the raiser. Among recent additions to garden plants 
 due to the skill of the hybridizer few excel these in value and 
 beauty. 
 
 On the grass border on the right, between the lower part 
 of Bussey Hill Boad and the adjacent path, are planted first 
 a number of specimen Bush Honeysuckles (Lonicera) and 
 above these several of the most desirable of the Viburnums. 
 Beyond these and still between the road and the path is a large 
 
14 THE ARNOLD ARBOKETUM 
 
 group of the fragrant Spice Bush (^Benzoin aestivale) which is 
 covered in very early spring with small yellow flowers. Across 
 the path from these and on the upper border of the natural 
 woods which extends down to the Meadow Road is the group of 
 Sassafras-trees, like the Benzoin a member of the large tropical 
 Laurel Family. Beyond the Spice Bushes is a group of Leather- 
 wood ( Dirca palustris ) which, with the exception of some 
 of the shrubby Willows, is the earliest of the American trees 
 and shrubs to open its flowers in the Arboretum. Beyond 
 the Sassafras group a deep bay in the natural woods slop- 
 ing steeply to the north is occupied by trees of two genera 
 of the Elm Family, Celtis and Zelkowa, the other hardy ge- 
 nus, Ulmus, of this family being across the road on the slopes 
 of Bussey Hill. In this bay may be seen several of the forms 
 of the Hackberry (Celtis) of eastern North America, the 
 common species of northern Japan (Celtis jessoensis) and 
 the rare Celtis Bungeana from northern China. Here, also, 
 are groups of ZelTmoa serrata, one of the largest and most 
 valuable timber trees of Japan, and the interesting Hemi- 
 ptelea Davidii from northern China and Mongolia, sometimes 
 called from the small spines on its branches the Spiny Elm, 
 and one of the rare trees of the Arboretum. 
 
 Beyond this Hackberry group the ground between the road 
 and the boundary of the Arboretum is occupied by a border 
 plantation of native trees, including the western Shagbark or 
 Bottom Hickory, the Shellbark Hickory, the Bur Oak, the 
 Chestnut Oak, some interesting hybrids, of the White Oak, 
 the Hackberry, the Canoe Birch, and several specimens of the 
 North American Eiver or Bed Birch (Betula nigra). The 
 tallest Oak-tree which has been raised from seeds at the Ar- 
 boretum, a Pin Oak, is growing next the boundary fence in 
 
THEARNOLDAKBOKBTUM 15 
 
 this border plantation. Near its upper end a grass-covered 
 path swings round behind the large collection of Viburnums 
 which is one of the important and interesting Arboretum 
 groups. In the rear of the Viburnums the Plane-trees (Pla- 
 tanus) are growing. Only two of these trees are hardy in 
 New England, the native species (JPlatanus occidentalis') and 
 the so-called London Plane (^Platanus acerifolia) which many 
 botanists consider a hybrid. This is the tree so generally 
 planted in the streets and squares of London and other Euro- 
 pean cities. Beyond the Viburnums there is a good specimen 
 of an interesting Old World Hawthorn (^Crataegus pere- 
 grina), some large plants of the Arnold Thorn (Crataegus 
 Arnoldiand) and the collection of Brambles (Rubus) recently 
 discovered in western China. Here the Bussey Road turns 
 to the left into the Valley Road near the Centre Street 
 Gate. 
 
 Returning to the lower end of the Bussey Hill Road, a 
 grass-covered path (Ash Path) is found leading up through 
 and to the rear of the great group of Forsythias. Then it 
 passes along the southern boundary of the group of Ash-trees, 
 and finally reaches the top of Bussey Hill. From this path may 
 be seen groups of the White Ash, the Green Ash, the Red Ash 
 and the Blue Ash, all natives of eastern North America. Higher 
 up the hiU are the Oregon Ashes ; above and to the north of 
 the American Ashes are the Asiatic and European species in 
 large variety. 
 
 From Ash Path, in the rear of the Forsythia Grroup, 
 Catalpa Path turns to the right and follows the upper 
 side of the Lilac group. On this path the Lilacs recently 
 discovered in China are grown. From this walk are seen 
 the Catalpas, the small group of Mulberries, and then the 
 
16 THEARNOLDAB BO R E T U M 
 
 Elms. Here are groups of the Slippery Elm, the Rock 
 Elm and the White Elm of the eastern United States, and 
 beyond these the Old World species with numerous hybrids 
 and garden forms of the principal European species. The 
 Elm group is one of the largest and most interesting in the 
 Arboretum. 
 
 Beyond the Elms the collection of Birches spreads up 
 over the northern slope of Bussey HiU, first the Black Birch 
 and then the Yellow, Red, Canoe, Alaskan, Western and 
 Gray Birches of North America, and beyond these the Asiatic 
 and European species. Swinging around to the left where 
 the group of Red Birches comes close to it, the Bussey HiU 
 Road winds to the top of the hill, and to a carriage concourse 
 and overlook from which broad views over the Arboretum 
 and the neighboring country are obtained, with Boston and 
 Cambridge in the distance and to the south the entire range 
 of the Blue Hills. 
 
 The open ground south of the Overlook is surrounded by 
 a grass-covered path encircling a broad bed in which are 
 planted experimentally a collection of trees and shrubs re- 
 cently introduced by the Arboretum from western China. 
 At the lower end of this walk there is a group of young 
 plants of the Cedar of Lebanon. These have been raised "t 
 the Arboretum from seeds collected for it on one of the high 
 mountain ranges of Cilicia in Asia Minor. This is the most 
 northern station where this tree grows naturally, and is far 
 north of the Lebanon in Syria and in a much colder region. 
 The Cedar of Lebanon from its original station on the Leb^ 
 anon, or when it has been raised from seeds produced in Eu- 
 rope by trees which came originally from Syria, is not hardy 
 in New England. It is believed, however, that the trees 
 
THE ARNOLD AKBOBBTUM 17 
 
 raised at the Arboretum from this northern seed will prove 
 hardy here, and their future will be watched with interest. 
 
 Returning to the Bussey Hill Koad by this encircling path 
 the entrance to Azalea Path will be found just below it and 
 opposite the Overlook. This path follows along the south- 
 western slope of Bussey Hill. The collection of Azaleas is 
 found on both sides of this path, from which the most beauti- 
 ful views within the Arboretum are obtained. Notice the 
 views from this path into the valley below and over the low 
 hill covered by the collection of Junipers, the distant view of 
 Hemlock Hill and of the Laurels and flaming Azaleas at its 
 base, and of the bare summit of Peter's HUl. 
 
 Among the Azaleas in the beds on each side of Azalea 
 Path a number of rare and interesting plants will be found. 
 The Highbush Blueberry (Vaccinium corymhosum) forms 
 large masses at the entrance from Bussey Hill Road. In 
 the border on the right of the path may be seen a specimen 
 of a Japanese Oak ( Q. crispula) ; the curious Helwingia 
 japonica which produces its minute flowers on the upper 
 side of the midrib of the leaves; and Davidia from the 
 mountains of western China, a relative of our Flowering 
 Dogwood and considered by the few travelers who have 
 seen it in China the most beautiful of flowering trees. In 
 this bed plants of the Japanese Box (^Buxus japonica) are 
 worth attention, as is the group of Enkianthus, eastern Asiatic 
 shrubs related to the Andromedas. One of the five species in 
 the collection, Enkianthus perulatus, is found in all Japanese 
 gardens, where it is cultivated for the brilliant scarlet colors of 
 its autumn foliage. In the bed on the left-hand side of the walk 
 may be seen plants of a fine form of a shrubby Redbud 
 (^Cercis chinensis) from western China, and of the less 
 
18 THBARNOLDABBOKETUM 
 
 known species from eastern Texas (C. reniformis). Here, 
 too, is a plant of the hardy Rubber-tree of China (JEucommia 
 ulmoides), and plants of the beautiful Japanese Stuartia 
 (^Stuartia pseudo-camellia). Below these is along mass of 
 the red-flowered Japanese Azalea (^Rhododendron ohtusum 
 Kaem/pferi) which here and above the Laurels makes in 
 May one of the brilliant floral displays of the year. (See 
 illustration.) 
 
 To the left of the lower end of Azalea Path, and on the 
 southern slope of Bussey Hill, is an interesting group of Japan- 
 ese and Chinese Oaks of several species ; and south of these 
 on the steep slope descending to South Street is a plantation 
 of conifers which at this point forms the eastern boundary 
 of the Arboretum. Here are the best specimens of the North 
 American Red Pine (Pinus resinosa') in the Arboretum, a 
 large specimen of the Virginia Pine of the Middle Atlantic 
 States (^. virginiana'), a tall young tree of the western 
 White Pine (I*, monticola), one of the few conifers of the 
 Pacific States which is really hardy in New England ; and 
 here, too, can be seen an unusually fine specimen of the 
 Japanese Pinus parviflora. 
 
 From the end of Azalea Path, a path (Beech Path) leads 
 down the hill to a point opposite the junction of the Valley , 
 and Hemlock Hill Roads, with a branch through the Beeches 
 to the South Street Gate. From the end of Azalea Path 
 another path (Oak Path), turning sharply to the right, 
 passes through the entire plantations of the Oaks and Wal- 
 nuts and reaches the northern end of the Valley Road oppo- 
 site the group of Hickories and not far from the Centre 
 Street Gate. Following this path from Azalea Path, first the 
 foreign and then the American Oaks will be passed. Near 
 
» 
 
 H 
 
 ■< 
 Cm 
 
 m 
 ,4 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 19 
 
 this path are a number of White Oaks, which are the oldest 
 and largest in the Arboretum, and a fine natural group of 
 Swamp White Oaks. Among the foreign species the most in- 
 teresting are the Chinese Cork-barked Oak ( Quercus varia- 
 lUis^, a tree of considerable conmiercial importance in China, 
 the Hungarian Oak (^Quercus conferta), and many forms of 
 the Oaks of northern and western Europe. In the collection 
 of American Oaks the important northern species are repre- 
 sented by a number of specimens, with individuals of a few 
 hybrids and of some species rarely seen at the north, like 
 the Post Oak (^Quercus stellata), the southern Swamp 
 White Oak (§. lyrata), the Eocky Mountain White Oak 
 (Q. Gamhelii), the Georgia Oak (§. georgiana) found 
 only in a few stations in central Georgia, the Spanish Oak 
 (§. rubra), and the Black Jack Oak (§. marilandica). 
 Beyond the large group of planted White Oaks through 
 which this walk passes will be found the Walnuts, including 
 the North American and Asiatic species. 
 
 On the right-hand side of the Valley Boad coming from 
 Centre Street is the collection of Hickories, planted in 
 large natural groups of the different species. This collec- 
 tion occupies about one third of the right-hand side of 
 the Valley Road. The ground on the left-hand side of this 
 road is occupied by the Walnut and Oak groups, and be- 
 yond these, towards the South Street Gate, by the Beeches. 
 Beyond the Hickories on the right-hand side of the Valley 
 Boad is the collection of Chestnuts (Castanea), including 
 representatives of the southern Chinquapin (^Castanea pu- 
 mild), both in its shrubby Atlantic coast form and in its tree 
 form from Missouri and Arkansas, of the species of the 
 
20 THBAENOLDARBORETUM 
 
 South Atlantic coast region (C. alnifolia), and of Japanese 
 and Chinese species. 
 
 Beyond the Chestnuts is the group of Hornbeams and Hop 
 Hornbeams, including the North American species of each of 
 these two genera, a number of curious forms of the European 
 Hornbeam (Carpinus Betulus), the interesting little Horn- 
 beam from eastern Europe (C. orientalis), and a beautiful 
 Japanese species (C. cordata'). Opposite the group of Horn- 
 beams and near the road, planted in clumps, are two dwarf 
 native Oaks, the Bear Oak (^Quercus ilicifolia) and the 
 Chinquapin Oak (§. prinoides). Here, too, is the largest 
 "White Oak in the Arboretum, restored from a decrepit 
 condition to health and vigor by the Des Cars system of 
 pruning, which was applied to it many years ago (see illus- 
 tration). 
 
 Beyond the Hornbeams on the right-hand side of the road 
 is a good specimen of a Japanese Alder (^Alnus japonicci), 
 and opposite this on the east side of the road and ex- 
 tending to the South Street Gate is the group of Beeches, 
 including a number of individuals of the American Beech, 
 the European Beech with its numerous varieties, Purple- 
 leaved, Weeping, Cut-leaved, Dwarf, and Fastigiate, and 
 plants of the Japanese Beeches (^Fagus Sieboldii and JF, 
 japonica). At the upper end of the Beech group the 
 species recently discovered in western China are now estab- 
 lished. 
 
 THE BtrSSBY BROOK 
 
 Entering the Arboretum close to the Walter Street Gate 
 the Bussey Brook flows through the valley north of Hemlock 
 
OS 
 P 
 
THE ABNOLD ARBOEBTUM 21 
 
 Hill and, turning to the south, crosses under Hemlock Hill 
 Eoad near its junction with the VaUey Boad. Now, bordered 
 by the collection of Rhododendrons and other evergreen 
 plants, it follows the eastern base of Hemlock Hill and finally 
 leaves the Arboretum at South Street. 
 
 HEMLOCK HILL 
 
 The Hemlock trees (^Tsuga canadensis) which cover the 
 summit, the steep cliffs and slopes of Hemlock HiU, growing so 
 close together that the rays of the sun rarely penetrate to the 
 ground between them, is the grand and most beautiful feature 
 of the Arboretum (see frontispiece). A White Pine (^Pinus 
 Strobus') occasionally towers above them, and a Birch or Sugar 
 Maple here and there enlivens the effect of their sombre crowns 
 with the tender green of vernal leaves or with the brilliancy of 
 autumn colors. In no other public garden is there, perhaps, 
 a more wonderful and beautiful piece of natural woods, and 
 within the limits of no other city can such a remnant of the 
 original coniferous forest be found. The summit of Hemlock 
 Hill may be reached by a path (Hemlock Path) starting from 
 the Valley Eoad near the South Street Gate and swinging 
 around the southern slope of the hill, or it may be more 
 quickly reached by either of two branches of the same 
 path from Hemlock Hill Eoad. Some of the largest and most 
 beautiful of the Hemlocks are on the rocky top of the 
 hill, from which an extensive view of the Blue Hills can be 
 obtained. 
 
 A small clearing near the top of the hill sheltered by the 
 surrounding trees contains a number of conifers which are 
 not hardy except in favorable situations. Here, among other 
 trees, are now thriving young plants of the Hemlock of the 
 
22 THEARNOLDARBOKETUM 
 
 northwest coast QTsuga heterophylld), tihfe great White Fir 
 (^Abies grandis), and the Red Cedar {Thuya plicata") of 
 the same region. This is one of the important timber trees of 
 North America, often growing to the height of two hundred 
 feet. The plants in the Arboretum are from Idaho at the 
 eastern limits of the range of this tree. Here may also be seen 
 several plants of the California Incense Cedar (Lihocedrus 
 decurrens), and other interesting species. 
 
 HEMLOCK HILL ROAD 
 
 This road connects the Valley Road with the Walter Street 
 Gate and passes through, perhaps, the most beautiful part of 
 the Arboretum. Starting from the Valley Road on the left is 
 Hemlock Hill, bordered by the collection of the species and 
 hybrids in many varieties of the broad-leaved Rhododendrons 
 and then by a broad belt of Mountain Laurel (Kalmia lati- 
 ybZia), which in mid-Jiine furnishes one of the principal flower 
 displays of the Arboretum year (see illustration). Behind the 
 Laurels and in front of the Hemlocks there is a long fringe of 
 the red-flowered Japanese Azalea (Rhododendron ohtusum 
 Kaempferi) which, before the Laurels flower, for a week or two 
 is brilliant against the dark Hemlock foliage. Among the Lau- 
 rels are a few interesting plants — the American Holly (/Zea; 
 opaca),the White Fir of the northwest (Abies grandis), the * 
 Japanese Torreya (^. nuGifera), the Japanese Yew (Taxus 
 cuspidatd),^e Hercules' Club of the Southern States (Aralia 
 spinosa), a group of Sorrel-trees (Oxydendrum arboreum), 
 beautiful in their abundant white flowers and brilliant autumn 
 fohage, a JapaneseHemlock (Tsuga diversifolia), etc. Beyond 
 the Laurels and still on the left of the road will be found a 
 collection of several dwarf and weeping forms of the common 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBOBETUM 23 
 
 Hemlock (^Tsuga canadensis), and a group of the Douglas 
 Spruce (^Pseudotsuga taxlfolia'). 
 
 On the [right of the Hemlock Hill Koad is the valley of 
 Bussey Brook. For about a third of its length the valley is 
 separated from the road by a planted border. In this bor- 
 der a number of interesting plants may be seen. Notice here 
 the group of Andromeda-like plants (^Zenobia pulverulenta'), 
 natives of the southeastern United States. These, when their 
 large and crowded bell-shaped white flowers cover the slender 
 branches, are among the most beautiful of hardy shrubs. 
 Here are plants of Andromeda or Pieris floribunda from 
 the southern Appalachian Mountains, one of the hardiest 
 and most beautiful of the broad-leaved evergreen shrubs 
 which thrive in New England. Here, too, are plants of the 
 dwarf and hardy form of the so-called English Laurel 
 (^Prunus Laurocerasus) which was found a few years ago 
 on the Schipka Pass of the Balkan Mountains ; of different 
 dwarf Junipers, of the Inkberry (Ilex glabra) from the east- 
 ern United States ; of the Ground Hemlock or Canada Yew 
 {Taxus canadensis), and of other evergreens. This border 
 ends with a collection of Japanese and European Yews. Be- 
 yond it the slope rises gradually to the north of Bussey 
 Brook and is occupied by the Pinetum. At the end of the 
 group of Yews, Yew Path leaves the Hemlock Hill Road 
 and crosses a bridge over Bussey Brook, where a beautiful 
 view of the valley is obtained ^see illustration), passes 
 through a narrow valley and in the rear of the group of 
 Hornbeams, and ends in the Valley Eoad opposite the Oaks. 
 By following this path from the Hemlock HiU Eoad there 
 will be found on the left the large collection of Arbor Vitaes 
 (Thuya), including the species of eastern North America 
 
24 THEABNOLDAEBOKBTUM 
 
 with its numerous and curious seedling varieties, the species 
 of northwestern North America and of Japan and China. 
 Here, too, are the White Cedars ( Chamaecyparis) of east- 
 ern North America and of Japan, with numerous seminal 
 varieties of the latter often called Retinosporas. 
 
 On the right of Yew Path is a second collection of Yews, 
 with several of the forms of the species of eastern Asia 
 (^Taxus cuspidata) and a few of the more hardy of the forms 
 of the European species (^Taxus haccata). In the rear of 
 the group of Yews is a group of the Japanese Umbrella Pine so 
 called (^Sciadopitys verticillata^. On the right of this valley 
 is a low hill which separates it from the valley of the Bussey 
 Brook. On this hill is the collection of Junipers surrounding 
 a few old native plants of the Red Cedar (Juniperus virgi- 
 niana). From the path which encircles this hiU fine views 
 across the valley of the Bussey Brook are obtained of Hem- 
 lock HiU and of the Rhododendrons and Laurels at its base. 
 
 Returning to the Hemlock HiU Road and passing the 
 plantation of Douglas Spruces a road to the left crosses 
 Bussey Street and leads to 
 
 pbtee's hill 
 
 The Peter's Hill Road, soon after Bussey Street is passed, 
 turns to the right in its steep ascent. On the right of the 
 road is a large mixed plantation of young conifers contain- 
 ing several interesting species. Among these are plants of 
 the Lovely Silver Fir of British America and Washington 
 (^Abies amabilis), the Saghalin Fir (^Abies sachalinensis), 
 the Red Spruce (^Picea rubra), the two principal Pines of 
 Japan (^Pinus densiflora and P. ThunbergW), the Rocky 
 Mountain Yellow Pine (^Pinus ponderosa), the Saghalin 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBORETUM 25 
 
 Spruce (^Picea Glehnii), etc. Near the top of the hill there are 
 on each side of the road belts of mixed deciduous-leaved trees. 
 In these belts are several rare trees which often have not 
 succeeded in the older parts of the Arboretum as well as they 
 have here. Among many other trees are here specimens of 
 Prunus Maackii from eastern Siberia, Acer Miyabei, A. 
 diaholicum and A. nikoense from Japan, Acer italum, 
 Betula Maximowiczii, B. occidentalis, Tilia rnonticola, 
 Ulmus parvifolia, U. serotina, Picrasma ailanthoides, 
 Quercus glandulifera, Q. crispula, Q. grosseserrata, Q. 
 lihani, Cedrela sinensis, Phellodendron japonicum, Alnus 
 firma, etc. 
 
 Descending the hiU, a short turn to the right leads to the 
 Koslindale Gate. The Peter's Hill Eoad then continues down 
 to the Bussey Sti^eet Gate on South Street near the south- 
 ern end of Bussey Street, one fork turning to the left at some 
 distance above the Gate and joining the road by which 
 Peter's HiU was entered from the Hemlock HiU Road. De- 
 scending the hiU from the BosUndale Gate the coUection of 
 Alders wiU be found on the left, and on the right the large 
 collection of Poplars is planted. The most interesting among 
 these are, perhaps, Popvlus Simonii and P. tomentosa from 
 northern China, P. Maximowiczii from eastern Siberia, the 
 largest of the Manchurian trees, P. angustifolia and P. 
 acuminata from the Rocky Mountains, the Poplars of the 
 eastern United States, and many of the numerous hybrids 
 and varieties of the European Poplars. 
 
 THE HAWTHORN COLLECTION 
 The eastern slope of Peter's Hill, above the Peter's Hill 
 Road, is occupied by the new coUection of Hawthorns. About 
 
26 THE AENOLD ARBORETUM 
 
 1300 species, forms and vaxieties of this genus are now repre- 
 sented in this collection. The plants were nearly all produced 
 at the Arboretum, from seeds carefully gathered from the in- 
 dividual trees which served as the types from which the species 
 were described. The plants are in square beds, and several in- 
 dividuals of each species are planted together ; then as these 
 grow they are reduced to one or two plants of each variety. 
 Diagrams of each bed are kept on cards, and the name, history, 
 position and final distribution of each individual are recorded. 
 
 SUPPLEMENTARY CRABAPPLE COLLECTION 
 
 On the opposite side of the road from the Hawthorn collec- 
 tion is the large supplementary collection of Crabapples and 
 Pear-trees, and beyond these on the right will be found a 
 group of shrubby species of American Hawthorns. In this 
 Crabapple and Pear collection are all the principal species 
 and their hybrids, including plants from North America, 
 Japan, China, Siberia, the Himalayas, central Asia and Eu- 
 rope. Late in May, the plants in this group make one of the 
 beautiful and interesting displays of the Arboretum ; and in 
 early autumn, too, the abundant fruits of many of the Crab- 
 apples are extremely beautiful and worth careful examination. 
 
 Returning from Peter's HiR to Hemlock HiU Eoad and 
 turning to the left the Walter Street Gate, the last of the 
 Arboretum gates, is soon reached. Here on the right close 
 to the entrance a grass-covered path (Conifer Path) crosses 
 the Bussey Brook by a stone bridge and ascends to 
 
 THE PINBTUM 
 
 On the right of the path and on both sides of the brook 
 are several plants of the Golden Larch (Pseudolarix). This 
 
THE ARNOLD ARBOBBTUM 27 
 
 is a native of the Ningpo Mountains and one of the most in- 
 teresting of the Chinese conifers. Kesembliug the Larches 
 in its deciduous leaves and the true Cedars in its cones, it is 
 the only representative of a genus which for many years was 
 known only from the trees cultivated near Chinese and Jap- 
 anese temples. 
 
 Beyond the Pseudolarix the Larches (Larix) will be 
 found. Here are groups of the European and of the Japanese 
 species, of the species from the extreme northern part of 
 Japan and the Kurile Islands (JLarix dahurica var.japonica'), 
 and trees of the Larch of the Altai Mountains and central 
 Siberia (JLarix sihiricd), and of eastern Siberia (^Larix da- 
 huricd). Here are groups, too, of the species from eastern 
 North America and of the western Larix occidentalis, the 
 largest of aU Larch-trees and one of the important timber- 
 trees of North America. 
 
 At the summit of a short hill the path turns to the right 
 and divides the Pinetum into two parts. The trees planted 
 on the left of the path are much younger than those on the 
 right of the path, as they are on land which was not included 
 in the Arboretum until several years after the other part had 
 been planted. On the left of the path the plantation is a 
 mixed one, with many species together to form a broad belt 
 along Walter and Centre Streets at the northwestern comer 
 of the Arboretum. In this mixed plantation there are a large 
 number of rare and interesting plants. Among them and 
 worthy of examination are several plants of the beautiful 
 Hemlock from the Blue Eidge of the Carolinas (Jlsuga 
 caroUniand), the Spruce of the Balkan Mountains (^Picea 
 omorikd), Picea ajanensis from northern Japan and East- 
 ern Siberia, one of the rarest conifers in cultivation, Ahies 
 
28 THEABNOLDABBOEBTUM 
 
 cilicica from the mountains of Asia Minor, Picea hondoensis 
 from the mountains of central Japan, a curious weeping form 
 of the western Yellow Pin« (^Pinus ponderosa'), the Spruces 
 of central Asia and of Siberia (^Picea Schrenkiana and P. 
 ohovata), the Eocky Mountain White Pine QPinus flexilis'), 
 the Tiger Tail Spruce from Japan (Picea polita), Pinus 
 cemhroides var. edulls of the southern Kooky Mountains, one 
 of the small Pine trees peculiar to that region which produce 
 edible seeds, the short-leaved Pine of the Southern States, 
 Pinus echinata, etc. 
 
 On the right of the path there is a narrow belt of mixed 
 trees forming a border plantation along the old boundary of 
 the Pinetum, and below these the Firs, Spruces and Pines are 
 planted either singly or in groups of species. In this border 
 plantation are good plants of three of the Eocky Mountain 
 trees, Engelmann's Spruce (^Picea PJngelmannii, see illus- 
 tration), the Colorado White Fir (^Abies concolor), and the 
 Douglas Spruce (JPseudotsuga taxifolia). These, with one 
 of the Japanese Firs (^Ahies homolepis) and the Carolina 
 Hemlock promise to be more successful in New England than 
 the other exotic conifers which have been so far introduced 
 into the Arboretum. 
 
 Among the groups of species the most notable are those of 
 the Colorado White Fir, the Black and White Spruces of east- 
 ern North America, the two Colorado Spruces (^Picea Engel- 
 mannii and P. pungens), the European or Norway Spruce 
 with many of its curious seminal varieties, the Black Pine of 
 southern Europe (^Pinus nigra) and its geographical varieties, 
 the Bed Pine of northeastern North America (P. resinosa'), 
 the Gray Pine and the Virginia Pine (P. Banksiana and P. 
 virginiand). Of individual trees some of the most interest- 
 
s 
 
 u 
 
 < 
 
 la 
 
THEARNOLDAKBORETUM 29 
 
 ing are Abies homelapis and A. Veitchii from Japan, and 
 A. cephalonica from southeastern Europe, Pinus Lamherti- 
 ana the great Sugar Pine of Oregon and California, P. par- 
 viflora from Japan, P. koraiensis an important timber tree 
 from eastern Siberia and Korea, P. pence the White Pine of 
 the Balkans, etc. On the right-hand side of the path, too, is 
 a bed containing a collection of dwarf varieties of Spruces, 
 Firs and Pines. Among these, dwarf forms of two large Kocky 
 Mountain trees, Picea pungens and Abies lasiocarpa, ori- 
 ginated in the Arboretum. Other interesting plants in this 
 collection are dwarfs of the White Pine (^Pinus Strobus'), 
 the Scotch Pine (-P. sylvestris'), the Japanese Red Pine 
 (P. densijlora), and several dwarf forms of the Norway 
 Spruce. 
 
 Having passed through the Pinetum, a branch from this 
 path (Hickory Path) enters a large piece of natural woods 
 composed of Oaks, Hickories, Beeches and Black Birches, and 
 emerges from it near the Centre Street boundary wall and in 
 the rear of the group of Hickory trees. Here it passes through 
 a group of trees of the Walnut Family (Pterocarya). The 
 trees in this group are hybrids (^Pterocarya Pehderiana) 
 between a Caucasian and a Chinese species, and are among 
 the interesting trees of the Arboretum, where this hybrid ori- 
 ginated. Near this group is a specimen of the Pecan-nut 
 tree (Gary a pecan), and a plant of the Japanese Walnut, 
 Juglans Sieboldiana, which somewhat resembles the so-caUed 
 English Walnut (J. regia'), although the nuts are less valu- 
 able. 
 
 Beyond these the walk follows near the Centre Street 
 boundary and in the rear of the Hickory Group ; in the bor- 
 ders on each side of this walk are many interesting plants. 
 
30 THEAENOLD ARBORETUM 
 
 On the right-hand side are young trees of the Papaw of 
 the Southern and Western States (^Asimina triloba'), and 
 of the rare Texas Bitter Pecan (^Carya texana). Beyond 
 these and also on the right of the path is the large supple- 
 mentary collection of Barberries. In the border on the left 
 of this path may be seen a plant of Parrotia persica, a rela^ 
 tive of the Witch Hazels, and brilliant in autumn in the 
 bright coloring of its handsome foliage. Here, too, are rare 
 species of Viburnum and Cotoneaster, a large plant of 
 Styrax japonica, which is beautiful when the pure white beU- 
 shaped flowers cover its branches, the white-flowered form 
 of the eastern American Redbud (Cems canadensis'), and 
 numerous small shrubs which flourish in this sheltered posi- 
 tion. 
 
 The ■walk, finally turning to the right, passes down through 
 the group of SheUbark Hickories and reaches the Valley 
 Boad near the Centre Street entrance. The visitor has now 
 made a tour of the Arboretum and has seen many of its im- 
 portant and interesting plants. 
 
 THE NURSERY AND PROPAGATING DEPARTMENT 
 
 The propagating department and principal nursery of the 
 Arboretum are on Prince Street near the corner of Centre 
 Street, not far from the Jamaica Plain entrance to the Ar- 
 boretum. Here is a greenhouse with a cold pit and frames 
 especially designed for the propagation of trees and shrubs. 
 Here, too, is the collection of alpine and other small shrubs 
 which cannot be successfully grown in the open ground of the 
 Arboretum. In this nursery seedlings of new and rare plants 
 can always be seen. 
 
BIEDS IN THE AEBOEETUM 
 
 BY CHARLES E. FAXON 
 
 Continuous observations of the bird-life in tbe Arboretum 
 have been made since its establishment. The varied natural 
 features of the place, combined with favorable conditions as 
 regards food supply and protection, have proved, as might be 
 expected, very attractive to the various native birds of the 
 region, as their abundance testifies. Upwards of fifty species 
 have been noted as breeding here during the last twenty 
 years, and few of these have as yet forsaken us. 
 
 The drainage of swamp land has driven away such water- 
 loving birds as the Ked-winged Blackbird and Spotted Sand- 
 piper, and the early and frequent cutting of grass on the up- 
 lands has had the same effect on the Meadowlark and Bobo- 
 link. The Barn Swallow and Cliff Swallow, formerly com- 
 mon, have also disappeared here as elsewhere within the city 
 limits. The necessarily persistent warfare on the Gypsy Moth, 
 Elm-leaf Beetle and other insect pests by spraying, occurring 
 as it does at the height of the nesting season, has doubtless 
 had its effect in diminishing the abundance of some species. 
 Yet notwithstanding this, and in spite, of the rapid increase 
 of urban conditions in the surrounding country, the bird pop- 
 ulation of the Arboretum holds its own surprisingly well thus 
 far ; and, if we include migrants and winter visitants, proba^ 
 bly a hundred species can be found here in the course of the 
 year. 
 
 The list includes many of our most beautiful birds of song 
 or plumage, such as the Song Thrush, Veery, Eose-breasted 
 
82 BIRDS IN THE ARBORETUM 
 
 Grosbeak, Thrasher, Oriole, Bluebird, Wood Pewee, Indigo 
 Bird, Eedstart and several Warblers. These as yet show few 
 signs of diminution. The Euffed Grouse still persists, and 
 the flock of Quails well maintains its numbers from year to 
 year. The Ring-neck Pheasant, a recent introduction, is ap- 
 parently increasing. In the latter part of summer the little 
 ponds are frequently visited by the Green Heron, the Night 
 Heron and sometimes even by the Great Blue Heron, and 
 several species of wild ducks occasionally alight for a short 
 stay. 
 
 Of the rarer birds of eastern Massachusetts the Yellow- 
 breasted Chat and Brewster's Warbler have nested here for 
 two or three successive seasons, and a pair of Carolina Wrens 
 took up their abode near the Administration Building for 
 several weeks during the latter part of a recent summer. 
 
 The abundance of Flowering Crabs, Barberries and other 
 shrubs holding their fruit through the winter makes the Ar- 
 boretum a favorite resort for both winter residents and visi- 
 tants. For several years a Mockingbird has been present 
 almost every winter, feeding mostly on the fruit of the Chi- 
 nese Flowering Crab, and disappearing as spring advanced. 
 The Song Sparrow and Tree Sparrow vyinter in abundance, 
 and the White-throated Sparrow and Myrtle Warbler spar- 
 ingly. The Butcherbird is unfailing. In those winters when 
 the northern birds visit this region the Arboretum offers them 
 peculiar attractions. The Pine Grosbeaks and Crossbills find 
 a rich feast in the fruit of the Crabs, Barberries and Vibur- 
 nums. The Birches afford abundant food for the Kedpolls, 
 and the Hemlocks for the Siskins. Flocks of Snow Buntings 
 appear occasionally, driven in from the coast by easterly 
 storms to stay only for a few days. In the spring flocks of 
 
BIRDS IN THE ARBOEETUM S3 
 
 Titlarks are attracted by the burnt-over patches in the North 
 Meadow, and the Water Thrush at that season regularly 
 visits the margin of the brook near by. 
 
 Among birds of prey the Ked-shouldered Hawk formerly 
 wintered here regularly, mobbed constantly by the Crows, 
 and Cooper's Hawk and the Sharp-shinned Hawk are more 
 or less frequent. The Screech Owl is a permanent resident. 
 
 Thus it wiU be seen that the Arboretum offers an inter- 
 esting field for the study of our birds. 
 
8 
 
'l^J^. 
 
 / HORSE- 
 CHESTNUTS 
 
 i" 
 
 ^ '.«6W.IES 
 
 I 
 
 Ar>told |Vrbor.etua\ 
 
 ll®lff" 
 
 Ailanthus, B 11 
 
 Alders (Alnus), E 3 
 
 Apples (Malus), E 10, E 4 
 
 Aralias, E 10 
 
 Arbor Vitae (Thuya), C 7 
 
 Ashes (Fraxinus), D 9 
 
 Azaleas, D 8 
 
 Bald Cypresses (Taxodiumj, 
 Barberries (Berberis), A 8 
 Beeches (Fagus), D 7 
 Birches (Betula), C 8 
 Buckeyes (^^sculus), C 11 
 Buckthorns (Rhamnus), B 11 
 
 Catalpas, D 9 
 
 Cercidiphyllum, B 12 
 
 Cherries (Prunus), Ell 
 
 Chestnuts (Castanea), C 7 
 
 Coffee Trees (Gymnocladus), D 10 
 
 Conifers, B 4, 5, 6 
 
 Cypresses (Chamaecyparis), C 7 
 
 Dogwoods (Cornus), E 10 
 Douglas Spruce (Pseudotsuga), C 5 
 
 Elms (Ulmus), C 9 
 P^uonymus, C 1 1 
 
 Firs (Abies), B 5 
 
 Forsythias, D 10 
 
 Fringe Tree (Chionanthus), C 10 
 
 Slackberries (Celtis), C 10 
 Hawthorns (Crataegus), C 4, D 4, K 11, 
 Hemlocks ( Tsuga), C 6 
 Hickories (Carya), B 8 
 Hollies (Ilex), B 10 
 Honey Locusts (Gleditsia), D 10 
 Honeysuckles (Lonicera), B 11 
 Hornbeams (Carpinus and Ostrj'a), C 7 
 Horse Chestnuts (^Csculus), B U 
 Hypericum, B 1 1 
 
 Junipers (Juniperus), I) 7 
 
 Kalmias, D 6 
 
 Larches (Larix), B 5 
 Lilacs (Syringa), D 10 
 
 GENERA 
 
 Linden (Tilia), B 12 
 Liquidambar, D 10 
 Locusts (Robinia), C 10 
 
 Magnolias, B 13 
 
 Maples (Acer), B 12, C 11, D 11 
 
 Mulberries (Morus), C 9 
 
 Oaks (Qucrcus), C 8, 1 
 
 Oleaster Family (Elajagnus, Hippopha;), C 10 
 
 Peaches (Prunus), D 10 
 Pears (Pyrus), E 11 
 Persimmons (Diospyros), D 10 
 Phellodendron, B 11 
 Philadelphus, D 10 
 Pines (Pinus), B 6 
 Plane Trees (Platanus), B 9 
 Plums (Prunus), D 10 
 Poplars (Populus), E 3, 4 
 Privets (Ligustrum), D 9 
 Pseudolarix, B 5 
 Pterocarya, A 7 
 
 Redbuds (Cercis), D 10 
 Rhododendrons, E 7 
 Ribes, B 13 
 
 Sanitary, 1) 7 
 
 Sassafras, C 10 
 
 Sciadopitys, C 6 
 
 Shad-bushes (Amelanchier), B 12 
 
 Shrubs, D 11, E 11 
 
 Sophoras, C 10 
 
 Spruces (Picea), B 6 
 
 Sumacs (Rhus), C 11 
 
 Tamarix, B 11 
 
 Tulip Trees (Liriodendron), B 12 
 
 Tupelos (Nyssa), E 10 
 
 Viburnums (Viburnum), B 9 
 
 Walnuts (Juglans), B 8 
 
 Willows (Salix), B 13 
 
 Witch Hazels (Hamamelis), 1)10 
 
 Yellow-woods (Cladrastis), D Id 
 Yews (Taxus) C 7 
 
 12 
 
 13 
 
 t4 
 
LIBRARY 
 
 Department of Floriculture 
 and Ornamental Horticulture 
 
 New York State College 
 0/ Agriculture 
 
 at CORNELL UNIVERSITY 
 ITHACA, N.Y. 
 
 Gift of 
 
 Date