..^»-_-'^<'"'*" University Library arV16094 Col ege lectures on ecclesiastical histo 3 1924 031 452 976 olin.anx Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031452976 COLLEGE LECTUEES ON ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. BY THE REV. WILLIAM BATES, B.D., RECTOR OP BURNHAM, NORFOLK, AND LATE FELLOW AND TUTOR OF CHBIST's COLLEOE, OAMBRIDQE. THIRD EDITION. LONDON: JOHN W. PABKEB AND SON, WEST STRAND. M.DCCC.LII. ADVERTISEMENT TO THE SECOND AND THIRD EDITIONS, The following Lectures were chiefly delivered to the Students of Christ's College, Cambridge, in the Lent Term of the year one thousand eight hundred and forty-four, and are now reprinted with a few trifling alterations. BUKNHAM, July 12, 1852, CONTENTS. INTEODUCTION. Eectuw I. FAGB LiTEHATCHE of Ecclesiastical History 1 — 7 Hetture II. History of the Jews from the death of Herod the Great to the entire Dispersion of the Nation 8 — II HISTOEY OF THE CHUECH. PART THE FIRST. FROM ITS ORIGIN TO THE ASSEMBLING OF THE COUNCIL OF NICE, A.D. 325. Hetturs III. On the Origin of the Church and the Lives of the Apostles ... 12 — 18 itetture IV. On the Early Churches and their Bishops 19 — 27 ^Lecture V. The Propagation and Persecutions of the Early Church 28 — 39 Uttture VI. On the Apostolic Fathers and their Writings 40—48 Vi CONTENTS. Eetture Vll. The Apologies of the Early Church 49—55 FAGS ILMture Vlil. On the Writersof the Early Church 56—65 Eetture IX. On the CouncUs and Controversies of the Early Church 66—74 JLetturc x. The Heresies and Heretics in the Early Church 75-89 ULtttme XI. On the Church and its Attributes 90—95 Etttttrc xir. On the Government of the Church 96—112 PAET THE SECOND. FROM THE ASSEMBLING OF THE COUNCIL OF NICE TO THE COMMENCEMENT OP THE EEFOEMATION. Eettww I. On the rise and progress of Arianism 113 — 125 %tttute II. The (Ecumenical Councils of Ephesus, Chalcedon, and Con- stantinople 126—134 aetture III. On the general History of the Church from the Council of Chalcedon to the beginning of the Controversy concerning^ theWorshipof Images, A.D. 451— 726 135—147 CONTENTS. vii HettMtz IV. FAGB On the History [of the Church during' the Iconoclastic and Photiau Controversies, to the death of Gregory VII. 1056. 148—157 ZtttVLVt V. History of the Church from the death of Gregory VII. to the Eeformation, A.D. 1085— 1515 158—169 PART THE THIRD, THE HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHUBCEL 3Ledixte I. On the History of the Early English Church 170—181 Hetturc II. On the History of the Anglo-Saxon Church from the arrival ofTheodoretothetimeofDunstan, A.D. 669— 928 182—192 ILwtttre III. On the History of the English Church and its Doctrines from Dunstan to the Conquest, a.d. 928—1066 193—199 iLecture IV. History of the English Churcli from the Conquest to the preaching of Wickliffe, a.d. 1066—1356 200—208 Eetttire V. The English Church from Wickliffe to the Eeign of Hen. VIII. A.c. 1356—1509 209—218 Itetture vi. The History of the Eeformation in Germany until the estahlish- ment of the Keligioiis Peace, a.d. 1555 219—227 VUl CONTENTS. iLMture vir. PAGE The History of the English Church during the Reign of Henry VIII. a.^. 1509— 1547 228—244 3Ltctuve VIII. The History of the Church during the Reign of Edward VI. » A.D. 1547—1553. 245—254 JLecturc IX. HistoryoftheChurchunderMaryi.A.D. 1553— 1558 255—261 llMtUW X. The English Church during the Reign of Elizaheth, a.d. 1558— 1603 262—274 aetture xi. History of the English Church during the Reigns of James I. A.D. 1603—1625, and Charles I. a.d. 1625— 1649, with a sketch of the History of the Church in Scotland and Ire- land, a.d. 1649 275—291 Eetture Xll. History of the Church of England suhsequent to the Restora- tion of Charles 11. a.d. 1660, with hrief notices of other Churches. 292—308 Camhridge University Examination Papers : I. Voluntary Theological Examination 309 II. Crosse Scholarship -.-. 315 III. For the B.A. Degree 317 IV. Cambridge College Examination Papers 327 V. Dublin University Examination Papers 334 VI. Durham University Examination Papers 340 INTRODUCTION. %ett\m I. LIIERATTTBE OF ECCLESIASTICAi HISTORY. ®t«St{Ott. (1) Who was the earliest Historian of the Christian Church ? "What do we know of his life and writings ? (2) What other ancient Christian work was of an historical nature? Give some account of it. (S) What, independent of Eusehius^ are the sources of early Ecclesiastical History ? SlnStDcr. (1) Hegesippus: — originally a Jew, who had been converted to the Christian faith, and flourished about the year ] 70. " He wrote in five books an unso- phisticated account of the Apostolical preaching in a very plain style." (Eusebhts, Ecclesiastical History, iv. 22, 8. II. 23. St Jerome, Catalogue of Ecclesiastical Writers, c. 22.) The work has perished, except some fragments preserved by Eusebius and one more in Photius. They relate to the deaths of James and Simeon the first two Bishops of Jerusalem, E. H. ii. 23. iii. 32. Domitian's enquiry after the posterity of David, in. 19, 20. His journey to Kome through Corinth — the origin of heresies — a notice of the Gospel of the Hebrews, and the unwritten traditions of the Jews. Adrian's dei6cation of his slave Antinous, iv. 22, 8. The fragment in Photios is a remark on Matt. ziii. 16. (2) " The Chronicle" of Julius Africanits, " in five books accurately written." (Ens. E. H. vi. 31.) " Julius Africanus, whose five books of Chronology are extant, in the time of the Emperor M. Aurelius Antoninus, successor of Macrinus, undertook an embassy for the restoration of Emmaus." (Jerome, Cat. 63.) He probably resided in Pa- lestine, and flourished about a. d. 220. His Chronicle, now no longer extant in a separate form, is supposed to have been inserted in the works of later annalists. 1 2 LITERATURE OF [iNTROD. (3) The works of the Fathers, especially of those who eccupied prominent positions in the Church, such as IrensBus, Cyprian, Athanasius, Augustine, and others ; those of opponents and Heretics ; the acts of Synods and Coun- cils ; official letters of the Heads of Churches ; Confessions of Faith ; Ancient Liturgies, &c. &c. ®, Who was the Father of Ecclesiastical History ? Give some account of his life and historical works. ^. EtrsEBius : — prohably born at Csesarea in Palestine, about a. d. 270. After receiving a liberal education, he was ordained a presbyter. From his intimacy with the martyr Pamphilus during his imprisonment from the year 307 to 309, he obtained the surname of Pamphilus. He subsequently retired to Egypt, where he is falsely accused of having burnt incense to the gods. About a. d. 31 5 he became bishop of Casarea. When Arius came into Pales- tine, Eusebius gave him a favourable reception, and wrote a letter, still extant, to his bishop Alexander of Alexan- dria, in his favour; and at the Council of Nice, a.d. 325, where Arius was condemned, he at first declined assenting to the term " consubstantial," as applied to our Saviour, and although he afterwards complied, he appears to have discountenanced the excesses of both parties. He was pre- sent at a synod at Antioch, in the year 330, when the Arians unjustly deposed Eustathius, bishop of that see, but he firmly refused to be his successor. He afterwards continued to take part with the enemies of St Athanasius, and was present, a.d. 335, at a council at Tyre, which drove him into banishment. He died whilst bishop of Caesarea, about a.d. 340. His historical works were : 1. A Chronicle, which treated of the origin and his- tory of all nations, from the beginning of the world to the twentieth year of Constantine. Some fragments of the original, and portions of Jerome's translation of it, have been preserved. _ 2. An Ecclesiastical History, in ten Books, which 18 the foundation of all our knowledge on the subject. 3. A Life op Constantine, which was written subse- quently to the emperor's death, a.d. 337; and although it partakes of the nature of a panegyric, it contains much LECT. I.] ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. g valuable information on Church History during an impor- tant period. It is a collection of all the memorable things which happened in the Church from the birth of Jesus Christ to his own time. He has ex- actly noted the succession of Bishops to the Sees of all the great Cities in the world ; he has given an account of the Ecclesiastical Writers and their books, together with the history of Heresies, and some remarks concerning the Jews. He has described the persecutions of the Martyrs, ■ the controversies and disputes touching Ecclesiastical discipline. He cites ancient authors, and inserts long extracts from them. For the most part, those authors and their works have been lost since his death. In short, without the History of Eusebius, we should scarce have any knowledge, not only of the history of those first ages of the Church, but even of the authors who wrote at that time, and their works. (Abridged from Dufin'i History of Ecclesiastical Writers, Tom. ii.) Dowhng, in his work On the Study of Ecclesiastical History, asserts, that the Eccl. Hist, was written a. d. 324, the year previous to the meet- ing of the Council of Nice, and adds : " The objections to the early date are capable of being answered, but the absence of every thing like allusion to the Arian controversy forms an objection to the later datft (326) which really appears insuperable." ©. "What charge brought against Eusebius, if sub- stantiated, would essentially diminish the value of his whole history ? ^, Gibbon remarks, that "Eusebius himself indirectly confesses that he has related whatever might redound to the glory, and that he has suppressed aU that could tend to the disgrace, of religion. Such an acknowledgment will natu- rally excite a suspicion, that a writer who has so openly violated one of the fundamental laws of history, has not paid a very strict regard to the observance of the other ; and the suspicion will derive additional credit from the character of Eusebius, which was less tinctured with cre- dulity, and more practised in the acts of courts than that of almost any of his contemporaries." ®. Give the substance of the passages referred to by Gibbon. %, In the eighth book, c. 2. After mentioning that certain prophecies were fulfilled when in the Diocletian persecution the Christian Churches and books were con- sumed by fire, and some pastors basely concealed them- selves, and others of them were apprehended and exposed to the scorn of their enemies, he remarks: "But it is not my design to describe fully the sad calamities which they, (the unworthy persons referred to) endured, nor is it fit for 1—2' 4 LITERATURE OF [iNTROD. me to record the dissensions and follies which they exercised against each other before the persecution. Wherefore we will hot extend our narration beyond the events in which we perceive the just judgment of God. Hence, also, we shall not make mention of those who were tried by the persecution, nor those who wholly made shipwreck of all salvation, and of their own accord were sunk into the depths of the watery gulf. But we shall only, in general, introduce such passages into our history, as may now be profitable to our own selves, and hereafter to posterity." The other passage in the book concerning the martyrs of Palestine, is to the same effect : — ^i. e. he omits a narrative of the imdue ambition of some, and the illegal ordinations and schisms of others, of the confessors. ©,. How may Eusebius be defended against these im- putations of Gibbon ? - 21. It is much to be regretted that he did come to the resolution to omit what was discreditable to the Christian cause, but as he alludes to it, and has thus proved its exist- ence, there b no reason why his general fidelity should be doubted. It is merely a question of the accuracy of his judgment. ®. What Ecclesiastical Historians flourished between the councils of Nice and Chalcedon, (1) in the "Western, (2) in the Eastern Church ? What is the character of their works ? ^. (1) EusEBros HiERONTMus, Or St Jerome, bom of Christian parents at Stridon, a town on the borders of Dabnatia and Pannonia, about a.d. 342, and ordained a presbyter at Antioch in 378, wrote in Latin, about the year 392, a "Catalogue of the Ecclesiastical Writers," chiefly, as he himself says, compiled from Eusebius, with a continuation to his own time. He also translated and con- tinued the "Chronicle of Eusebius." Rtjtinus, a presbyter of Aquileia in Gaul, about the year 400, translated the History of Eusebius into Latin, arid continued it in two books to the year 392. The whole work is extant, and was much used in the West for many ages. In the translation the History is reduced to nine kooks, and is marled bofli for Its omissions and interpolations; the continuation is superseded LECT. I.J ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 5 by the works of subsequent authors. The whole work was translated into Greek by Gelasius, Bishop of Caesarea, but is now lost. SuLPicius Severtts, also a presbyter of Gaul, wrote, in elegant Latin, a " Sacred History," which continued the history of the Bible to the year 400. His Church History is very brief: "He saith very little of the Arians, but he enlargeth much upon the Pris- cillianists." (Dupin.) The work of Paulus Orosius, written about a.d. 416 to disprove the assertion of the Pagans that Christianity was the cause of Rome being taken by the Goths in 410, is more of a civil than an Ecclesiastical History. (2) Philip op Side in Pamphylia, a distinguished Ec- clesiastic of Constantinople and friend of St Chrysostom, wrote a " Christian History" from the creation to the year 425. It was a voluminous work, but only one fragment on the succession of the Alexandrine School remains. • Phxlostorgius, born in Cappadocia about a.d. 368, vyas " brought up in Arianism, and engaged in the Eunomian party ; his work is rather a panegyric of these heretics, than an History." (Dupin.) He wrote the History of Arianism from its rise to the year 425. Many valuable fragments have been preserved. ' Socrates, an advocate, hence called Scholasticus, bom and liberally educated at Constantinople, wrote an " Eccle- siastical History" in seven books, which comprehends about 133 years, from a.d. 306 to 439. He writes in a pure and simple style, and displays great moderation and im- partiality. Salamanes Hermias SozoMENtrs, a native of Palestine, educated there under the monks, and afterwards an advo-> cate at Constantinople, composed in nine books a continua- tion of Eusebius from the year 323 to 423. He was a sincere and pious man, and his work contains much in- formation, occasionally confirmed by documents. His tem- perament was enthusiastic, and he appears to have imbibed a taste for the practices of his early instructors. He is inferior to Socrates in accuracy and soundness, but excels him in elegance. Theodoret, bishop of Cyrus in Syria, was bom at Antioch of a good family, a.d. 386, where he was the 6 LITERATURE OF [iNTKOD. pupil of Chrysostom and Theodore. He wrote his Eccle- siastical History about a.d. 450, embracing a period from 822 to 428. He furnishes in a pleasing style niuch valu- able information on Eastern Church affairs. _ His life was harassed from an attachment to Nestorian principles. Note : — The common opmion is that Sozomen wrote to supply the omissions and improve upon the style of Socrates, and that Theodoret designed his work as a supplement to the labours of the other two. This opinion, however, when examined, is found to rest entirely on con- jecture. There is not, as far as I can discover, any direct evidence that, any one of them was acquainted with the writings of either of the others. (Dowling, p. 34.) ®, Give a short sketch of the Literature of Eccle- siastical History from the Council of Chalcedon to the Heformation. ^. Theoddbits. Lectoh, of Constantinople, wrote an original History, including a period from a.d. 431 to 518; ■it was held in great esteem by his contemporaries. He also drew up a compendium of the histories of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, and continued that of Socrates to "the year 518. We have only a series of extracts from his works, preserved by Nicephorus Callisti. There are also fragments of other writers. EvAGRius, a Syrian, an advocate at Antioch, was the last of the ancient Greek writers of Ecclesiastical History. His work, which embraces a period from the Council of Ephesus, A.D. 431 to 594, is extant. "Evagrius is cre- dulous, and perhaps prejudiced, but accurate and inqui- sitive." {Bowlinff, p. 51.) Cassiodobus, a minister of Theodoricking of the Goths, after retiring in the year 537 into a Calabrian Monastery, made a Latin digest of Socrates, Sozomen, and Theodoret, as an accompaniment to the Latin translation of Eusebiua by Bufinus. From these sources, during the middle ages, the Western students derived their knowledge of ancient Ecclesiastical History, as for a thousand years only historiea> of particular periods appeared. Nicephobus Callisti, in the early part of the 14th century wrote in Greek, in eighteen books, a history from the Incarnation to the death of Phocas in 610. It was not until the latter part of the sixteenth century, that by the printing of the works of the LECT. I.] ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 7 Fathers, the acts of Councils, and other documents, Eccle- siastical History began to be treated scientifically. ©. Three eminent writers of Church Histories flou- rished in the middle ages. Give a brief account of them. ^. St Gregory, Bishop of Tours, (a.d. 534—595), wrote an " Ecclesiastical History of the Franks." St Isi- dore, Archbishop of Seville, (a.d. 595 — 636), composed "A Chronicle" from the creation to a.d. 614. Lastly, The Venerable Bede (a.d. 672 — 731) wrote "an Eccle- siastical History of the English." ©. Describe two remarkable works on Church History which were published shortly after the Refor- mation. S, 1. Several German Protestant Scholars concurred in writing a history of the Church from the earliest period down to A.D. 1400. It consisted of thirteen folio volumes, each volume containing the History of one Century, which (on account of the chief writers living at Magdeburg) was called the Centuries of Magdeburg. It was published between the years 1559 and 1574. Each century is treated separately, under sixteen heads or chapters. In the first chapter there is a ffeneral view of the history of the century ; then foUows. 2. The extent and propagation of the Church, &c. This form makes it in fact a collection of separate treatises, and the polemical bias of the writers impercep- tibly twisted their relations to suit their particular views. 2. Baronids, second general of the Fathers of the Oratory, wrote the Ecclesiastical Annals, in twelve volumes folio, between the years 1 588 and 1 607, each volume embracing the history of one century. From: having access to the libraries at Rome, and his great learning and indus- try the work is of great historical value. NoTE.^'nie foBowingr are the names of modern writers on the ancient " History of the Church," which are most accessible to the student: Dupin, Tillemont, Fleury, Spanheim, Mosheim, Neander, Gieseler, Dollmg-er, Echard, Jortin, Milner, Waddington, Hinds, Bur- ton and Welsh. HISTORY OF THE JEWS. [iNTROD. Sectuw II. HISTOBT OF THE JEWS FROM THE DEATH OF HEROD THE GREAT TO THE ENTIRE DISPERSION OF THE NATION. ®. What distribution did Herod the Great make to his sons of his kingdom ? What became of them and their territories ? ^. (1) He assigned Judaea, Samaria, and Idumaea to his son Archdaus. Augustus gave him the title of Eth- narch. He is mentioned by St Matthew (ii. 22), when Joseph and Mary returned from Egypt. Augustus banished him A.D. 8, and annexed his territories to the Roman pro- vince of Syria. From that time Judsea was generally go- verned by a Roman Procurator, who was dependent upon the governor of Syria. (2) Herod Antipas, or Antipater, another son, received Galilee and Perasa, with the title of Tetrarch. He divorced his wife, and forcibly took away and married Herodias, his brother Herod Philip's wife, and put John the Baptist to death. He is the Herod so fre- quently mentioned in the Gospels, sometimes with the title of king, to whom Christ was sent by Pilate. (See Matt, xiv. 1, 3, 6; Mark vi. 14; Luke iii. 1, 19; ix. 7, 9; xxiii. 7 — 15 ; Acts iv. 27-) He was banished to Lyons in Gaul, A.D. 37. (3) Philip, the tetrarch of Trachonitis, Gaulo- nitis, and Batanasa, is only recorded by St Luke (iii. 1) as fixing with others the era of the commencement of the mis- sions of our Saviour and John the Baptist. He reigned thirty-seven years, and on his decease without male issue, his government was annexed to the Roman province of Syria, a.d. 36. ^. What member of Herod's family, besides his sons, became distinguished ? SI. Agrippa, or Herod Agrippa I., was the grandson of Herod the Great, by his wife Mariamne, the Asmonean princess, the grand-daughter of Hyrcanus, the last of that LECT. II.] HISTORY OF THE JEWS. 9 family. His father Aristobulus was put to death by Herod in his life-time. Caligula made him tetrarch of Trachonitis and Abilene, and Claudius gave him the king- dom of Judaea. He slew James the Apostle, the brother of St John (Acts xii. 1, 2) and imprisoned St Peter. He died of a noisome disease at Casarea, a.d. 44, as related in the Acts (xii. 20 — ^23) and Josephus. ®. Give a short account of the Procurators of Judeea, from the death of Agrippa I., to the destruction of Jerusa- lem (a.d. 44— 72.) SI. Judaea was reduced to a province under Cuspius Fadus as procurator. He was soon re-called, and Tiberius Alexander held the appointment until a. d. 48, at which time Cumanus and Felix were sent as joint governors of the three districts of Judaea, Samaria, and Galilee. A tumult having arisen at Jerusalem, Cumanus slaughtered about 20,000 Jews, and was in consequence re-called in the year 50. Felix being made sole procurator, freed the country from the assassins, and repressed the tumults raised by some pretended Messiahs, which are the worthy deeds referred to by, TertuUus, the orator, a.d. 53, when Paul was accused at Caesarea before him. He married Drusilla, the youngest daughter of the late king, after persuading her to leave her legitimate husband; and hence the propriety of St Paul's reasoning concerning righteous- ness and temperance (Acts xxiv. 25). In the year 55 he was superseded by Portius Festus, before whom, in the presence of Agrippa and Bemice, Paul made his defence (Acts XXV. 13, 23 ; xxvi. 30). He died in Judsea about the year 62. Albinus succeeded him and in 65 Gessius Florus became procurator in his stead. Next year, owing to his oppressive government, the Jews broke out into that insurrection which was concluded by the destruction of Jerusalem by Titus in the year 72. ®, Mention some particulars in the life of the last Jewish king. ^. On the death ,of Herod Agrippa I., Claudius the Roman emperor deemed it inexpedient to entrust to his son (who afterwards became Agrippa II., but was then only seventeen years of age), the territories of his father. He, however, gave to Herod, the brother of Agrippa I., who 10 HISTORY OF THE JEWS. [iNTROD. was king of Chalcis (a country between the mountains Liba- nus and Antilibanus), the right of naming the High-Priests of the Jews, and the superintendence of the temple. In the year 49, his nephew above mentioned succeeded to his kingdom and power at Jerusalem ; four years afterwards Claudius gave him Trachonitis, and the neighbouring dis- tricts, in exchange for Chalcis. In the first year of his reign, Nero bestowed on him, in addition, part of Galilee, and several towns in Peraea ; after which Josephus, Tacitus, and St Luke, style him king. It was about this time that he and his sister Bemice went down to Cassarea to congra- tulate Festus, and heard St Paul in his defence. After this we hear nothing more of him in connexion with Chris- tianity, but he appears to have enjoyed the favour of the succeeding emperors, and to have died about a.d. 91. a^. Give a brief account of the state of the Jews from Titus to Adrian (a.d. 72—135). SI. Some remained in Palestine, but many joined their countrjnmen in foreign lands, where from the op- pression of their rulers, they often broke out into insur- rections. The first of these was in Cyrenaica (a.d. 115): it extended throughout Egypt, but continued longest in Cyprus. About the same time another broke out in Mesopotamia. After great slaughter, and much cruelty on both sides, the Jews were overcome and dispersed. These repeated rebellions appear to have suggested to Adrian the idea of aboUshing the distinctive mark of their nation by prohibiting circumcision; he also sent a colony to Jerusalem a.d. 119, and is said to have built a temple to Jupiter Capitolinus on the site of their temple. In the year 132 the Jews revolted under the guidance of Bar-Cochebas, or the son of a star (Numb. xxiv. 17), who pretended to be the Messiah. He, chiefly through the influence of the Eabbi Akiba, collected many followers, established himself m the fortress of Bitthera, and soon subdued the whole of Syria. He treated the Christians with great cruelty for rejecting his pretensions ; but the .Romans took Bitthera (a.d. 135), and Bar-Cochebas perished in the siege. Adrian now, if not before, made Jerusalem a heathen city under the name of Mia-Capitolina, and built a temple to Jupiter Capitohnus on the spot where the Jewish temple had stood. LECT. II.] HISTORY OF THE JEWS. 11 He also placed a statue of Jupiter over the sepulchre of our Saviour, and one of Venus on mount Calvary, and ordered that no Jew should be allowed to visit Jerusalem, except on the tenth of August, the anniversary of the day on which it was taken by Titus. They might then for one hour take a view of the walls, and any further indulgence was to be purchased for a settled sum of money. C&. What was the condition of the Jews subsequent to the reign of Adrian ? fl. On account of Adrian's edict against circumcision, which remained in force until the reign of Antoninus, and subsequent cruelties, they revolted against the Eomans in the reigns of Severus, Constantine, and Constantius. The Emperor Julian (a.d. 361 — 364) endeavoured to have their temple re-built ; but it is said that various prodigies obliged them to relinquish the enterprise. From that time they lived in subjection to the Emperors, having liberty to exer- cise their religion, but were strictly forbidden to molest the Christians, or to make converts. Thenceforward the suc- cession of their sacerdotal race became interrupted, and they could scarcely distinguish their tribes and families. They endeavoured to keep up a religious form of govern- ment ; those in Judsea chose a chief, whom they called a Patriarch; and those who were scattered chose a chief under the name of the Prince of the Captivity. In the year 429, Theodosius abolished the title of Patriarch, and the subsequent accounts regarding the Chief of the Capti- vity are very uncertain. HISTOEY OF THE CHUECH. PAET THE FIRST. FEOM ITS ORIGIN TO THE ASSEMBLING OF THE COUNCIL OF NICE, A.D. 325. JLtttmt III. ON THE ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH, AND THE LIVES OP THE APOSTLES. History of the Church to the end of the first year. ©,. Between what two periods must the Christian Church have had its origin ? ^, When our Lord said, " Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will huild my Church," (Matt. xvi. 18), his Church did not exist ; but when it is related that, " the Lord added to the Church daily," (Acts ii. 47), his Church was actually in being, and must have been esta- blished in the interval. (R. What are Dr Burton's arguments for assigning a particular date for the crucifixion of our Lord and St Paul's conversion? ^. He assumes that the death of Herod Agrippa (Acts xii.) took place a.d. 44 ; that St Paul's first aposto- lic journey then commenced, and lasted about one year; that the Council at Jerusalem (Acts xv.) was held in 46, which was about fourteen years after St Paul_/?r«« visited the apostles at Jerusalem; that as this visit took place three years after his conversion, these seventeen years, taken from 46, would give 29 as the date of his con- version ; but as both the periods of three and fourteen, years miffht contain four incomplete years, he assumes LECT. III.] ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH. 13 them together to contain ^fteen full years, and thus he obtains a.d. 31 as the date of these events. ®. Detail briefly some of the leading events which took place in the Church, during the first year of its existence, a.d. 31. ^. St Matthias was elected and numbered with the Apostles, the Holy Ghost descended on them, and many were converted by the preaching of St Peter. St Peter and St John having healed a lame man, and the rulers being offended at St Peter's subsequent discourse, sent them to prison ; but after being threatened, they were on the next day dismissed. At the rebuke of St Peter, Ananias and Sapphira- fell down dead. The seven deacons were chosen, and after the persecution in which St Stephen suffered mar- tyrdom, the members of the Church were scattered. Philip baptized Simon Magus and others at Samaria, where St Peter and St John encountered him ; Philip also baptized the Ethiopian eunuch and visited Csesarea. St Paul was converted about this time, and leaving Damascus went into Arabia. ®„ Give a short History of the Church from the conversion of St Paul to his being brought by St Barnabas to Antioch (a.d. 31 — 42). ^. In the year 32, James, the brother of our Lord, became Bishop of Jerusalem, and elders were appointed. St Peter healed ^neas of his palsy at Lydda, raised Tabitha from the dead at Joppa, and converted Cornelius at Caesarea. Next year, a.d. 33, Saul returned to Da- mascus, and after visiting St Peter at Jerusalem, retired to Tarsus. We have no certain account of the transactions of the following nine years, but the churches had rest, and the Apostles were actively engaged in propagating the faith. In the year 42, St Barnabas being sent to confirm the churches of Phenice, Cyprus, and Antioch, brought Saul from Tarsus to Antioch. Mifsionary Journey of Paul and Barnabas. aSk. "What events took place between St Paul's arrival at Antioch and the Council at Jerusalem ? (a.d. 42 — 46.) J4 ORIGIN OF THB CHURCH, AND [PART I. i[. St Barnabas and Saul for "a whole year as- sembled themselves with the Church, and taught much people. And the disciples were called Christians first in Antioch." :In the year 44, the Christians at Antioch,' during a famine, sent relief to their brethren at Jerusalem,, by the hands of Barnabas and Saul. Agrippa slew St James, the brother of St John, and imprisoned St Peter, but he was miraculously delivered, and went for a time into another place. St Barnabas and Saul, accompanied by Mark, returned to Antioch, where they were solemnly appointed to preach the gospel to the Gentiles. They, "with John (Mark) to their minister," first went toSeleucia, and crossing over to Cyprus, converted Sergius Paulus; they then passed over to Pisidia, and after traversing the adjacent country returned to Antioch, a.d. 45. In the following year they went up to Jerusalem to attend a Council of the Church on the question of the observauce of the Mosaic law by the Gentile converts. PauTs subsequent Journeys and Epistles. CH. Give some account of St Paul from the Council of Jerusalem until he left Rome (a.d. 46 — 58). §1. After returning to Antioch he passed through Asia Minor and Macedonia to Athens and Corinth, where he arrived a.d. 47, and from thence wrote his two Epistles to the Thessalonians. In the year 48 he left Corinth, visited Jerusalem, and returned to Ephesus, where he abode two years. In 51 he visited Crete, left Titus there, and returned to Ephesus, from whence he wrote his Epistles to Titus and the Galatians. In 52 he wrote his first Epistle to the Corinthians, left Ephesus after the riot in the theatre, wrote his first Epistle to Timothy, traversed Ma- cedonia, wrote his second Epistle to the Corinthians, and spent the ensuing winter at Corinth. In 53 he wrote his Epistle to the Romans, he then left Corinth, went up to Jerusalem, and was sent as a prisoner to Csesarea. In 55 he sailed from Syria, spent the winter at Melita, and arrived at Rome in 56 ; from thence he wrote his Epistles to the Ephesians, Colossians, Philemon, and the Philippians. He remained at Kome until a.d. 58, during which time he was LECT. III.] LIVES OF THE APOSTLES. 15 suffered to dwell by himself -with a soldier who guarded him. aSl. In what manner is St Paul said to have spent the interval between his release from Rome and his martyr- dom? (a.d. 58— 68). SI. He first went to Philippi in the year 58, and having sent from thence his Epistle to the Hebrews, he soon afterwards proceeded through ColossEe, and other parts of Asia Minor, to Judaea. If he did not subsequently visit Spain, as he once proposed to do, and even go as far as Britain, as some think, we know nothing whatever of his proceedings for several years. He probably returned to Rome, A.D. 67> or a year or two earlier, either to succour the persecuted Church, or to repress the Gnostic heresy. Soon afterwards he made the defence spoken of in his 2nd Epistle to Timothy, iv. 16; and although he appears at that time to have been acquitted, there is little doubt but he was soon afterwards apprehended, and according to tradition, after being confined in the noisome Mamertine prison, situated at the foot of the CapitoUne rock, where Onesiphorus had some difficulty in meeting with him, he was beheaded in the year 67 or 68. Note.— The late learned Canon Tate, in his Continuous History of St Paul, says, in the year 63 St Paul leaves Home, " intending- to visit Asia first, and afterwards Macedonia, takes with him Titus and Timothy, the one he stations in Crete, the other he leaves at Ephesus ; he himself, via Troas, visits Philippi, writes to Timothy his first Epistle, and before setting out to the N. W. parts, he writes the Epistle to Titus, and sum- mons him to Nicopolis, as the place where he means to winter. After accomplishing these plans, Paul on his return takes Coriuth in his way, passes over to Ephesus, leaves Trophimus sick at Miletus, and soon after arrives in Rome. There he is again apprehended, writes the Second Epistle to Timothy, and suffers martyrdom in 65 or 66." Account of St Peter. ®. Give reasons for supposing that St Peter had not visited Rome previously to St Paul's arrival. ^. As St Paul, in his Epistle to the Romans, written from Corinth, a.d. 53, salutes a number of disciples, with- out mentioning St Peter ; as he expresses a desire to impart to them some spiritual gift, and declares that he was care- ful not to build upon another man's foundation, St Peter could not have visited Rome previously to that time. 16 ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH, AND [pART I. Again, when St Paul came to Rome, a.d. 56, he did not join St Peter, but hired a lodging, called the Jews toge-> ther, and explained to them the doctrines of Christianity, which he would not have done, even if St Peter had only been temporarily absent from the city. During his stay he wrote Epistles to several Churches, but no allusion to St Peter escapes him. St Luke also, who wrote the Acts of the Apostles about this time, and records many particulars concerning St Peter, of less importance than a visit to the tnetropolis of the world, is equally silent as to his having ever visited Rome. Hk. What authority is there for saying that St Peter was Bishop of Rome for a long period ? ^. Eusebius in his Chronicle, (who is followed by the Romanist writers), says, that St Peter came to Rome in the second year of the Emperor Claudius, a.d. 42, and suffered martyrdom in the fourteenth of Nero, between which there is a space of exactly twenty-five years, from which it is supposed might have arisen the helief that he was Bishop there for that period, and in St Jerome's trans- lation of the Chronicle of Eusebius, this is expressly affirmed to have been the fact, whereas Eusebius neither in his Chronicle, or History, states that St Peter himself was even Bishop of Rome at all. ®. When might St Peter have_/?rsJ come to Rome ? S. Either between the time of St Paul's writing to the Philippians, and his leaving Home, a.d. 58, or imme- diately after his departure. Eusebius says, that "in the reign of Claudius," Philo, the Jewish writer, "had familiar conversation with Peter at Rome, whilst he was proclaim- ing the Gospel to the inhabitants of that city," (E. H. n. 17)5 which miffht happen at this time. ®. What is known of him subsequently ? ®. If the Babylon from which he dates his first Epistle, was situated in Mgy^t, he probably went there from Rome, in 58 ; but as the Church of Alexandria did not in after ages, claim him as its founder, we may be well assured he did not visit that city. As St Paul does not mention him in his 2nd Epistle to Timothy, written from Rome at his second visit, and as St Peter undoubtedly was at Rome about that time, he might have arrived there and joined St Paul subsequently to its being sent. LECT. III.] llVES OF THE APOSTLES. 17 Account of St John the Evangelist. <©. How is Domitian said to have treated St John ? St. He commanded the Proconsul of Asia to send him in bonds to Eome, where he was cast into a cauldron of boiling oil, before the Latin Gate, on the 6th of May, but was taken out without having received any injury. He afterwards banished him, a.d. 93, to the island of Patmos in the Archipelago, where he wrote the Revelation, and probably remained until Domitian's death in 96. ®. What is known of his subsequent history ? %,, The Emperor Nerva is said to have revoked his sentence, upon which he returned to Ephesus, and finding St Timothy had recently been put to death, undertook the charge of that Church, and the supervision of the neigh- bouring dioceses mentioned in the Revelations. He also wrote his Gospel and Epistles to confute the heretics, and is said to have died in the early part of the reign of Trajan, being then about 100 years old. Note: — Historical and traditional notices of the Apostles. Through zeal and envy, the most faithful and righteous pillars of the Church have been persecuted, even to the most ^ievous deaths. Let us set before our eyes the holy apostles : Peter, by unjust envy, underwent, not one or tv^o, but many sufferings; till at last, being martyred, he went to the place of glory that was due unto him. For the same cause did Paul in like manner receive the reward of his patience. Seven times he was in bonds ; he was whipped, was stoned ; he preached both in the east and in the west, leaving behind him the glorious report of his faith ; and so, having taught the whole world righteousness, and for that end travelled even to the utmost bounds of the west, (Tcpfia ttjs Sutreoi^) he at last suffered martyrdom, by the command of the governors, and departed out of the world, and went unto his holy place, being become a most eminent pattern of patience unto all ages. (Clemens Bomanus, 1 £p. to Cor. c. 5.) But the holy apostles and disciples of our Saviour, being scattered over the whole world, Thomas, according to tradition, received Parthia as his allotted region; Andrew received Scythia, and John, Asia; where, after continuing for some time, he died at Ephesus. Peter appears to have preached through Pontus, Galatia, Bithynia, Cappadocia and Asia, to the Jews that were scattered abroad; who also, finally coming to Rome, was crucified with his head downward, having requested of him-, self to suffer in this way. Why should we speak of Paul, spreading the gospel of Christ from Jerusalem to lUyricum, and finally suffering mar- tyrdom at Rome, under Nerol This account is given by Origen, in the third book of his exposition of Genesis. (Euseb. E. H. iii. 1.) Come now, go through the Apostolic Churches, in which are the very seats of the Apostles. Is Achaia near to thee 1 thou hast Corinth. 2 18 ORIGIN OF THE CHURCH, &C. [pART I. If thou art not far from Macedonia, thou hast Philippi, thou hast the ThessaJonians. If thou canst travel into Asia, thou hast Ephesus. But if thou art near to Italy, thou hast Rome, where we also have an au- thority close at hand. What an happy Church is that ! on which the Aposdes poured out all their doctrine, with their hlood : where Peter had a like passion with the Lord ; where Paul hath for his crown the same death with John the Baptist ; where the Apostle John was plunged into hoiling oil, and suffered nothing, and was afterwards hanished to an island. Let us see what she hath learned, what taught, what fellow- ship she hath had with the Churches of Africa likewise. (Tertullian on Pres. against Heretics, c. 36.] Nero led to slaughter the Apostles. PaiJ is said to have heen "beheaded at Rome, and Peter to have heen crucified under him. And this account is confirmed by the fact, that the names of Peter and Paul still remain in the cemeteries of that city even to this day. But likewise, a certain ecclesiastical writer, Caius by name, who was bom about the time of Zepherinus, bishop of Rome, says. If you will go to the Vatican, or to the Ostian road, you wUl find the trophies of those who have laid the foundation of this Church, and that both suffered mar- tyrdom about the same time. (Eusebius, E. H. ii. 25.) Eusehius, v. 18, reports, on the authority of ApoUonius, a writer of the second century, that it was handed down by tradition, that our Lord commanded his disciples not to depart from Jerusalem for twelve years. (See Mosheim's Commentaries, Cent. i. § 13.) St Jerom is the earliest writer who says that St Peter resided twenty- five years at Rome, having been previously bishop of Antioch. Irenaeus, (adv. Hsr. III. iii. 2,) says ; Peter and Paul founded the Church at Rome. Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus about a. d. 190, in writing to Victor, bishop of Rome, says : Philip, one of the twelve Apostles, sleeps in Hierapohs, and his two aged daughters rest at Ephesus. So also says Caius. (See Eus. E. H. in. 31, v. 24.) Bartholomew, according to Pantsenus quoted in Eus. E. H. v 10 went to India. Gregory Nazianzen and Jerom affirm that Thomas went to India. Rufinus, x. 9, and Socrates, i. 19, say that St Matthew preached in .Ethiopia Clemens Alex., Stromata iv. 5, quotes Heracleo. a learned disciple of Valentmus, who affirms that St Matthew, Philip, Thomas, Levi, and many others, died natural deaths. Tertullian, Clemens Alexandrinus, and Oriffen, mention only Peter, Paul, and James, as having suffered death by martyrdom. (See Mosheim's Com- mentanes. Cent. i. § 1, note e.) „-ff w'»i,^*^i.*^' ^T''^- ™™a"'e^ Barsahas, who was nominated Wit^MattWs, havmg drunk poison, received no injury from it. (Eus. tECT. IV.J THE EARLY CHURCHES. 19 Scctitw IV. ON THE EAELY CHURCHES, AND THEIR BISHOPS. ®. _ What Churches are mentioned in the Book of Revelation, and which of them are known to have existed before St Paul's death ? _^. Ephesus, Smyrna, Pergamos, Thyatira, Sardis, Philadelphia and Laodicea. Ephesus and Laodicea are the only two mentioned by St Paul. ®. What are the Churches in which Eusebius gives the succession of the Bishops ? Give reasons for supposing that the records of the succession in all Churches were pre- served. ^. Jerusalem, Antioch, Rome, Alexandria, Laodicea and Caesarea, but Irenaeus says, " we can reckon up those whom the Apostles ordained to be Bishops, in the several Churches, and who they were that succeeded them down to our own times — but because it would be endless to enu- merate the successions of Bishops in all the Churches he would instance only that of Rome." (Ir. rn. See Potter on Church Government, chap. iv. p. 160, Mosheim's Com- ment. Cent. II. 21, note z.) The Church of Jerusalem. ©. Who was the first Bishop of Jerusalem, and at what time was he appointed ? ^. St James. Dr Burton supposes him to have been appointed a. d. 32. St Paul intimates that he was in authority within three years of his own conversion (Gal. ii.), and Eusebius in his Chronicle appears to place his appoint- ment in the second year after the crucifixion. Note : — Papias, bishop of Hierapolis, about a. d. 110, and according to IrensEus a hearer of St John, says that Mary the wife of Cleophas " was the mother of James, the Bishop and Apostle." Ignatius in the year 107 calls St Stephen " the Deacon of James." Hegesippus says, " James, the Lord's brother, who was suruamed of all men the Just, un- dertook, together with the Apostles, the government of the Church at Jerusalem. 2—2 20 THE EARLY CHURCHES, AND [PART I. Clemens Alexandrinus: "Peter, and James, and John, after the resurrection of the Saviour, although they were honoured of the Lord, did not contend for the dig-nity themselves, but made James the Just Bishop of Jerusalem." Eusebius : " James first received the Bishopric of the Church of Jerusalem." E. H. vii. 19. Jerom : " Immediately after the passion of our Loid, James was ordained by the Apostles Bishop of Jerusalem." aSi, (1) Wten did Festus die, and who sncceededhim? (2) What event affecting the Church happened in the interval ? ^, (1) In the eighth year of Nero, a.d. 62, and was succeeded by Albinus. (2) Agrippa had then just ap- pointed Ananus, son of that Annas who was concerned in our Saviour's crucifixion, a Sadducee, High- Priest. Pre- viously to the arrival of the new governor he placed James on an elevated part of the temple, with injunctions to address the people, and to declare that Jesus was not the Messias; but when he "answered with a loud voice,-' "Why do ye ask me respecting Jesus the son of man ? He is now sitting in the heavens, on the right hand of great power, and is about to come in the clouds of heaven'," he was hurled down, and while he still survived and was praying for his enemies, was despatched by the blow of a club. Eusebius, E. H. ii. xxiv. gives a detailed account of this transaction, and quotes Clemens Alexandrinus, Hegesippus and Josephus, to confirm his statements. dt. Who was the second Bishop of Jerusalem ? ' Give with dates, a sketch of the History of the Church during his Episcopate. ^. Symeon, the brother of James. " It is reported that those of the Apostles and disciples of our Lord that were yet surviving, came together from all parts 'vrith those that were related to our Lord according to the flesh. They all unanimously declared Symeon, the son of Cleo- phas, of whom mention is made in the sacred volume as worthy of the Episcopal seat there." Eus. E.H. m.'ll. It is affirmed that he retired with the Church to Pella beyond Jordan, when Jerusalem was besieged by Titus, and returned with it after the war. He continued to govern that Church during a long period of tranquillity but about A.D. 104, when he was about 120 years old,' certam Jews and Heretics brought him before Atticus the LECT. IV.] THEIR BISHOPS, 21 lieutenant of Syria, 'when he was examined, probably by torture, for several days. Whether any accusation, except that of being a descendant of David, was brought against him, is uncertain; but Atticus being violently urged by his accusers, caused him to be crucified. €11. What is known of the Church of Jerusalem after the martyrdom of Symeon ? ^, That Justus succeeded him, and died in the year 111 ; from that time to a.d. 135, there was a succession of twelve Bishops, all of the Jewish nation. Eusebius merely gives a catalogue of them. When the Emperor ^lius Adrian destroyed the city, and gave it the name of ^lia Capitolina, Marcus, a gentile, became its Bishop. The Christians probably then laid aside all their Jewish cus- toms, and thus the question whether the converts ought to keep the Law was set at rest, so much so that the new Church took part with that of Rome in the Paschal con- troversy. Marcus died a.d. 161. From this time Eusebius gives us the names only of fifteen of its Bishops up to Narcissus, who flourished about 200, of whom some miracles are related, such as turning water into oil. He led a strict life, but being violently accused by his enemies, retired from public life. He was afterwards restored, and dying at a great age, he was in 216 succeeded by Alexander of Cappadocia, who died in prison at Csesarea, in the Decian persecution, a.d. 250, His successor, Mazabanes, is mentioned by Dionysius Alex- andrinus, in his letter to Stephen, Bishop of Rome ; to him succeeded Hymenseus, who assisted in 264 and 270 at the Councils held against Paul of Samosata, and died a.d. 297- Zabdas held the see for two years ; Hermon succeeded, and dying in 313, was followed by Macarius, who assisted in the Council of Nice in 325, and had the charge of publish- ing its decrees in Palestine ; he cUed in 339, and was suc- ceeded by Maximinus. ®. What event chiefly contributed to the change of the early Church from Jew to Gentile, and what turn was thus given to several questions which were matters of debate in the early Church? a. In the year 135, after the revolt of Barchochab, jElius Adrian took and destroyed Jerusalem, and built 22 THE EARLY CHURCHES, AND [pART I. near its ruins another citywhicli he called Mlia, Capitolina, which he peopled with Roman colonists. As the Jews were forbidden to enter this new city, all Jewish Christian inhabitants would be excluded, or they must have re- nounced their Jewish habits, and thus they would become united with the gentile Christian inhabitants, and form one Church under the bishop Marcus who was of pagan de- scent, as were all his successors. By this event the ques- tion of observing the Mosaic ceremonies was settled, as was fully proved by this Church uniting with the Bishop of Rome against the Asiatic Churches in the Paschal con- troversy. Church of Antioch. <&. When was Christianity first introduced at Antioch ? ®. By the disciples who left Jerusalem on account of the persecution which arose after the martyrdom of St Stephen. who brought the first Punic wax to a close, was forbid by the Senate to consult the sortes of Fortune at Praneste." LECT. V.J OF THE EARLY CHURCH. 31 "The Senate commanded the temples of Isis and Serapis to be demolished." Dio Cassius, who flourished about a.d. 230, states that Meosenas advised Augustus to punish all foreign religions ; and in consequence conformity to that of the Romans was rigidly enforced. ®. "What sentiments is Tiberius said to have enter- tained with regard to Christ? ^. Justin Martyr, who wrote about a.d. 140, inci- dentally mentions (Apol. i. 35 and 48) that Pilate sent to the Emperor Tiberius an official account of the miracles and crucifixion of our Saviour : and Tertullian, who wrote about A.D. 200, says, " Tiberius, in whose time the name of Christ entered into the world, laid before the Senate, with his own vote to begin with, things announced to him from Palestine, in Syria, which had there manifested the truth of the divinity of that Person. The Senate, because they had not themselves approved it, rejected it. Caesar held by his sentence, threatening peril to the accusers of the Christiaris." Apology, c. v. Now it cannot admit of a doubt, but Pilate did send some account, as it was the in- variable custom of the authorities in the provinces to do so ; Justin would not be so foolish as to refer to a document which was in the keeping of his enemies ; Tertullian's re- presentation of the conduct of the Senate is in accordance with what took place on similar occasions (see Suet. Tibur. c. 31) ; and Lampridius, a heathen writer of the fourth cen- tury, affirms that other Emperors had contemplated the re- ception of Christ among the Gods. Eusebius, (E. H. ii. 2) quotes the above passage of Tertullian, and adds some other particulars, as if the account was an admitted fact. (See Mosheim's Comment. Cent. i. ch. xxii. note q.) ®. (1) How many persecutions are the Christiana commonly said to have suffered? (2) Why was a par- ticular number fixed upon? (3) How do the early His- torians speak of them ? §1, (1) Ten. (2) It was an invention of the fifth century, derived from the ten plagues of Egypt (Mosheim, Com. Cent. i. xxvn. note x.), or an arbitrary interpreta- tion of a prophecy in Rev. xvii. 12, 14, " And the ten horns are ten kings. These shall make war with the Lamb, 32 THE PERSECUTIONS AND EXTENSION [pART I. and the Lamb shall overcome them." (3) Eusebius appears to enumerate nine, Lactantius six, Sulpicius Severus fol- lows Eusebius, but intimates that the last would be inflicted by Antichrist ; and from his time ten became the popular- number. Persecutions under Nero and Domitian. ©, (1) Who was the first Roman Emperor that per- secuted the Christians ? (2) What conspicuous individuals did he put to death ? (3) What dates do you assign for their deaths ? What for the commencement of the perse- cution? a. (1) Nero. (2) St Paul and St Peter. (3) Dr Burton says the persecution began in 64, and that they suffered early in 68 ; other writers vary the date from 64 to 68. ®. Did Nero's persecution extend beyond Rome ? 21. Although Tacitus details with minuteness the cir- cumstances under which the Christians suffered, we cannot learn from him whether the persecution extended beyond the city of Rome or not ; but if Nero merely enforced an old law, and the persecution lasted from 64 to 68, we may admit the Lusitanian inscription, according to which Nero is said to have " purged that province of the new supersti- tion," to be a forgery, and yet contend with Mosheim, in opposition to Gibbon and Burton, that it raged throughout the whole Roman Empire. Note: — (1) For the passages from Plinyj Tacitus, Suetonius, Ju- venal, Martial, Epictetus, and Marcus Aurehus, relative to the per- secutions of the Christians in the first centui7, see Paley's Evidences of Christianity. Part I. ch. ii. (2) For Pliny's letter and Trajan's answer, the early Jewish and profane accounts of the Christian Church, and the opprobrious names applied to the early Christians, see College Lectures on Christian An- tiquities, Lect. II. and III. ^ ©. What did Tacitus mean by saying that Christians were odio humani generis convicti ; and how does Sueto- nius express a similar sentiment ? a. Tacitus may mean the hatred of mankind towards the Christians, or the hatred of Christians towards man- kind. Gibbon prefers the latter interpretation. Suetonius, a writer contemporary with Tacitus, describ- LECT. v.] OF THE EARLY CHURCH. S3 ing the transactions of the same reign, uses these words : " Affecti Suppliciis Christiani, genus hominum superstiti- onis novEe et maleficsB." " The Christians, a set of men of a new and mischievous (or magical) superstition, were punished." en. Under what Emperor did the second persecution take place ? "What causes are assigned for its origin, and over what period did it extend ? fl. Domitian. — Hegesippus asserts that, fearing lest the Christians should revolt, and set up a descendant of David as king, the Emperor hegan the persecution, and sought out and sent for them ; but when the grandsons of Jude were brought before him, and found to be mere labourers, he dismissed them unharmed, and put an end to the persecution. ©. State the time at which, and the Emperors under whom the ten persecutions severally occurred. 1 Nero 64 2 Domitian 95 3 Trajan 107 4 Adrian 125 5 M. Aurelins ... 166 6 Severus 202 7 Maximinus 235 8 Decius 250 9 Valerian 257 10 Diocletian 303 ©. In what light were the Christians regarded by the Eoman laws at the beginning of the second century ? ^. Tertullian says, that his edict against the Chris- tians was the only one of Nero's that was not repealed at his death. He also asserts that Domitian not only stopped the persecution, but restored those whom he had punished. That Marcus Aurelins, in gratitude for the deliverance of his army in Germany, though " he did not openly take off the penalty, made away with it by denouncing a more horrid punishment against their accusers," and that neither Vespasian, Trajan, Pius, or Verus, ever insisted upon it. From this, in opposition to Mosheim, we may argue that the Senate did not annul the acts of Nero, and Nerva those of Domitian ; and to Gibbon, when he says " there were no general laws or decrees of the Senate in force against the Christians ; and that neither Trajan, nor any of his virtuous predecessors, whose edicts were received into the civil and criminal jurisprudence, had publicly tJ 34 THE PERSECUTIONS AND EXTENSION [PART I. declared their intentions against the new sect." The feet appears to be, that there were old unrepealed laws -which might at anj' time be put in force, and that the condition of the Christians depended upon the humane feelings of the magistrates. Persecutions under Trajan- and Adrian. CH. (1) What was the purport of Trajan's answer to Pliny? (2) How did an Apologist expose its injustice and inconsistency ? 'E. (1) "That the Christians were not to be offici- ously sought out, but that such as were accused and convicted of an adherence to Christianity, were to be put to death as wicked citizens, if they did not return to the religion of their ancestors." (2) " sentence," exclaims TertuUian, " necessarily confounding itself ! He forbiddeth that they should be enquired after, as though they were innocent, and comraandeth that they should be punished, as though guilty ! He spareth and rageth, winketh and punisheth ! Why, O sentence, dost thou overreach thy- self? If thou -condemnest, why dost thou not also enquire? If thou enquirest not, why dost thou not acquit ?" (Apo- logy, c. ii.) CEl. How may the inconsistency of Trajan's edict be probably explained ? _ 'M, From his being fearful that he might irritate the priests and the multitude, and perhaps excite popular com- motions, if he should grant an absolute impunity to men labouring under so great ill-will. (See Mosheim's Com- ment. Cent. II. Sect. 10, note n.) €&. What two eminent Bishops suffered under the operation of this law? ^. Symeon, Bishop of Jerusalem, and Ignatius, Bi- shop of Antioch. ®. How was Trajan's edict in favour of the Christians eluded in the reign of Adrian, and at whose request did the Emperor modify it ? What Christian writers addressed him in their favour ? ^. As it was difficult to find accusers of the Chris- tians, the priests stirred up the people to ask for their LECT. V.J OF THE EARLY CHURCH. 35 punishment at the celehration of the puhlic games ; hut Serenus Granianus, Proconsul of Asia, having represented to the Emperor the injustice of sacrificing harmless persons, convicted of no crime, to the fury of the mob, a rescript was issued that they should be legally tried, and if legally conyictedj executed; but that false accusers should be punished. Quadratus and Aristides. State of the Christians under the Emperors from Antoninus to Decius. (Si, (l) What new attack was made on the Christians in the reign of Antoninus? (2) Who repelled it? (3) With what success? (4) Did this suffice? (5) What further steps were taken ? ^. (1) They were now accused of Atheism and im- piety. (2) Justin Martyr. (3) All proceedings were to be regulated according to the protective laws of Adrian and Trajan. (4) In consequence of it no deliberate in- juries wete now inflicted ; but the Christians suffered from the tumults of the people, who were persuaded that the national calamities arose from their impiety. (5) He de- nounced capital punishments against such as should accuse them falsely. ©. How did this edict affect the Christians, and how was it evaded under Adrian ? SI. As it established the precedent of applying the old penal statutes to punish them, and affirmed that the mere profession of Christianity was a criminal offence, their con- dition became precarious, by leaving them, not only at the mercy of the Emperors, but also of the provincial go- vernors; so that when the populace, instigated by the calumnies of the heathen priests, demanded their destruc- tion at any of the public games, the magistrates were not called upon to oppose them with any great firmness. favoured the Mono- physites, reinstated Peter and Timothy ^lurus in their former positions, and attempted to condemn the Council of Chalcedon. But Zeno (a.d. 477 — 491), being restored by the influence of Acacius, Patriarch of Constantinople, in accordance with this advice issued (a.d. 482) the &.mous Henoticon, or Decree of Union, in which the subjects in dispute were treated in such general terms that neither party could claim an advantage. Peter Mongus (the stam- merer) was made Patriarch of Alexandria, and signed the Henoticon. ©. The Henoticon did not settle the disputes. Why ? ^. The more moderate men, both among the Catho- lics and Monophysites, subscribed it ; but the Egyptian Monophysites separated from Peter Mongus (or Moggus), and formed a sect called the dKeQapr6v corruptible, or citpdaproi/ incorruptible : they held that it was incorruptible, in this sense at least, that Christ did not suffer hunger, thirst, fatigue, or those affections which he appeared to suffer in his corruptible nature. These were also called Fhantasiastae and Gaianitje. The Apthartolatrse were also divided into the Actistetae and Ktlstolatrge CAKTiaTriTai and KritrToXaTpat) ; the former holding that our Saviour s body was uncreated, and the latter the contrary. About the year 560, the celebrated John Philoponus (who died A.D. 610, or later), a grammarian of Alexandria, propounded, amongst the MonophysiteSj a Tritheistic system, founded on an erro- neous application of the Aristotelian Realism apphed to the doctrine of the Trinity, and also some errors concerning the resurrection. Damianus, Patriarch of Alexandria, when contending against Philoponus, appears to have fallen into the Sabellian errors. About the same time, Stephanus Niobes was condemned by the other Monophysites, for denying that the two natures of Christ were so commingled that no difference between them existed after their union, whereas the true Monoj)hysites " held that the divine and human natures of Christ were so united as to con- stitute but one nature, yet without any conversion, confusion, or com- mixture ; and that this might be undeistood, they often said there was but one nature in Christ." CR. What efforts were made by Justinian I. (a. d. 527 — ^^^) to restore peace to the Church ? 138 GENERAL HISTORY [PART II. ^. Although he himself zealously held the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, he declared, in a. d. 553, with the hope of conciliating that party, that the Monophysite formula, " God was crucified," was orthodox ; but he was disappointed in his expectations. His empress Theodora, who favoured the Monophysites, was equally unsuccessful in her attempts to introduce their doctrine either at Con- stantinople or Rome. Mennas, Patriarch of Constantinople, having prevailed upon the Emperor to condemn the Ori- genists in 544, Theodorus Ascidas, Bishop of Csesarea, in Cappadocia, one of that party, in revenge persuaded him to declare against the Three Chapters. ©,. What were the Three Chapters ? What was their tendency ? %. They were works which favoured the Nestorian doctrine, written, (1) by Theodore of Mopsuestia ; (2) by Theodoret of Cyrus ; (3) by Ibas of Edessa. ©.. Under what circumstances were the Three Chap- ters condemned ? ^. Theodorus Ascidas, Bishop of Ctesarea in Cappa- docia, by his influence at the imperial court, had protected the Origenists ; but Mennas, Patriarch of Constantinople, prevailed upon Justinian to condemn their errors, about the year 544. Upon this Theodorus persuaded the emperor, that if the works of Theodorus of Mopsuestia, which were in no great repute with the orthodox, those of Theodoret against Cyril, and Ibas of Edessa's letter against Maris, (the last two of which had been approved by the Council of Chalcedon,) were condemned, the Monophysites, and especially the Acephali, would become reconciled to the Church. Justinian on this representation condemned the Three Chapters, and the Eastern Church generally ac- quiesced in this decision, but the Western opposed it with some violence. After sending for Vigilius, Bishop of Rome, to Constantinople in 546, and finding that he would not cordially support him, Justinian determined to assemble a general council. ®. Give a brief account of the proceedings which took place at the__^/j general council. %, It was convened by Justinian, a. d. 553, and attended by 165 bishops. The decrees of the first four LECT, III.] OF THE CHURCH, A.D. 451 726. 139 CEcumenical Councils were confirmed, and the Three Chap- ters condemned. It was rejected by some Western bishops, because it condemned Theodoret and Ibas, whose works had been approved by the Council of Chalcedon ; but it was generally acknowledged by the Church. ®. State briefly the conduct of Vigilius with regard to the Three Chapters. ^. Vigilius had been, in 538, appointed Bishop of Rome by the influence of Theodora, Empress of Justinian, on the understanding that he would support the Monophy- site doctrine; but when Justinian condemned (546) the Three Chapters, he expressed his disapprobation of his conduct. In 548 he acquiesced in the sentence, but again recalled his assent in 551 ; at length, in the year 554, he subscribed the decrees of the fifth general council. ©. Mention some particulars relating to the subse- quent history of the Monophysites. 21. In Alexandria they chose their own patriarch (a. d. 536), and continue to exist in Egypt even to the present day under the name of Copts. When Armenia fell into the hands of the Persians, about 536, a council was held in that country which rejected the decrees of the Council of Chalcedon, and the Armenians have ever since been a separate party in the Church. In Syria and Mesopotamia, Jacob Baradai, or Zanzalus (a. d. 541 — 578), revived the party, which after him was called the sect of the Jacobites. CH. At what period did the Roman bishops become sub- ject to German princes ? How was their position altered ? S. In the year 476. They were allowed to manage all the internal afiairs of the Church according to their own pleasure, especially under Theodoric, King of the Ostrogoths (a. d. 494 — 526), whose interests were for- warded by the schism between the Eastern and Western Churches. (B. Mosheim states two principal causes which tended to increase the power of the bishops of Rome at an early period. What were they ? §1. (1) The ambition of the patriarchs of Constan- tinople, which led them to oppress the bishops of Alexan- dria and Antioch, who being unable to contend with their great power, often had recourse to the Bishop of Rome for 140 GENERAL HISTORY [PART II. succour, and the ordinary bishops followed their example •whenever the patriarchs of Antioch and Alexandria in- vaded their rights. So that the pontiff, by extending his protection to all in turn, thus managed to advance the supremacy of the Eoman see. (2) The incursions of the barbarians. For their kings, when t)iey saw that the people obeyed implicitly their bishops, and that these were almost wholly dependent upon the Roman pontiff, deemed it good policy to secure his favour by bestowing on him privileges and honours. ®, A schism arose in the Church of Rome between Laurentius and Symmachus at the end of the fifth cen- tury. What was the result ? ^, Anastasius, Bishop of Rome, dying in 498, Sym- machus, who was deacon, was elected by the greatest number, and consecrated; but a party who were favour- able to the Henoticon caused Laurentius also to be elected and ordained. Both parties appealed to Theodoric at Ravenna, who confinned the election of Symmachus, and after some opposition his decision was generally acquiesced in, and Symmachus continued in the see until the vear 514. ®. On what occasion was it asserted that the Roman bishops were not subject to any earthly power ? What appears to have been their position at that time ? 'E, Ennodius, Bishop of Ticinum (a.d. 511), when writing in defence of the Synod of Palmaris (a.d. 503), which had been summoned by Theodoric, to consider cer- tain charges brought against Symmachus, and had acquitted him without examination, made the above assertion. About this time the Popes began to claim the superintendence of the Universal Church, partly by alleging imperial de- crees, and the decrees of synods in their favour, but chiefly by asserting the peculiar privileges with which they were invested as the successors of St Peter. " Not long after, an attempt was made to give this principle an historical basis, by bringing forward forged acts of former popes; nor was this the only instance of the like deception. Still the Roman bishops themselves did not as yet claim any other honours than were paid to all Apostolic sees, acknow- ledging that they were subject to the authority of synods, LECT. III.] OF THE CHURCH, A.D. 451 726. 141 and tliat they had no right to interfere with their brethren except in cases of delinquency." (Gieseler, Vol. i. p. 340). ^. What gave rise to the contest which took place in the sixth century between the bishops of Eome and Constantinople ? 21. In the year 587, John, called Jejunator, or the Faster, having assembled a council to examine into a charge brought against the Bishop of Antioch, assumed the title of (Ecumenical or Universal Bishop (Patriarcha universalis, oiKouiuei/iKo?). Pope Pelagius II., and after- wards Gregory the Great, rejected this appellation, but without efifect, as the Emperor Maurice favoured the Patri- arch of Constantinople. and Henry II. of England, who yielded to his demands, a.d. 1173. ®. How did Alexander III. contribute to confirm the privileges of the Church, and to extend the papal authority ? ^. In the Council of the Lateran, held at Rome, A.D. 1179, he decreed, (1) That the right of election to the pontificate should not only be invested in the cardinals alone, but also that the person in whose favour two-thirds of the College of Cardinals voted should be considered as the lawful and duly elected Pontiff. (2) That a spiritual war should be declared against heretics. (3) That the right of recommending and nominating to the order of saints should be taken away from councils and bishops, and ca- nonization ranked among the greater and important causes, the cognizance of which belonged to the Pope alone. LECT. v.] GREGORY VII. TO THE REFORMATION. 161 ®. What changes did Alexander III. make in the College of electing Cardinals? ^. To the original seven Cardinal Bishops, and the twenty-eight presbyters of the Church at Rome, Alex- ander III. added the prior of the Lateran Church, the arch-presbyters of St Peter and St Mary, the abbots of St Paul and St Lawrence, and the seven Palatine judges, to the College of electing Cardinals. The cardinal deacons were subsequently added, but when or by whom has not been ascertained. ©. Give some account of the later controversies, and the final separation, of the Eastern and Western Churches. ^. From the time that Photius, Patriarch of Con- stantinople, issued his circular letter, a.d. 867, the Eastern had entertained an increasing distrust of the orthodoxy of the Western Church, and when to this was added the dispute with regard to the jurisdiction of Bulgaria, it required all the efforts of the emperors to hinder the quarrel being brought to a crisis. Affairs remained in this unsatisfactory state for a long period, when at length, (in consequence of a letter, filled with invectives against the errors of the Church of Rome, sent, a.d. 1053, by Michael Caerularius, patriarch of Constantinople, to John, bishop of Trani, in Apulia,) with a view of reconciling the contending parties, Constantino Monomachus, the Eastern emperor, induced Leo IX. to send legates to Constantino- ple ; tut they, after a series of mutual recriminations, on the 16th of July, 10.54, laid upon the altar of St Sophia an act of excommunication against Michael, which he imme- diately answered. The other patriarchs of the Eastern Church adhered to the Patriarch of Constantinople, and a total separation of the two Churches ensued. ©. Who was Pope at the beginning of the thirteenth century ? a. Innocent IIL (a.d. 1198—1216). ©. What circumstance facilitated the encroachments of the Roman see about a. d. 1200 ? ^. The death of Frederic I., leaving a son only three years old. ©, How does it appear that the power of the Pontifis had now (a.d. 1200) nearly arrived at its height? 162 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM [PART II, ^. The Pope had gained the power of nomination and collation to almost all ecclesiastical benefices, and establishedj as a principle, that all ecclesiastical jurisdic- tion emanated from Rome. Innocent described himself as " the successor of St Peter, set up by God to govern not only the Church, but the whole world," and this power was exercised in the selection of Otho as Emperor; in compelling Philip of France to receive back his queen, whom he had put away; Alfonso IX. of Leon, to put away his queen on account of consanguinity ; Sancho I. of Portugal, to pay his arrears of tribute ; John of Bul- garia, to receive his crown at the Pope's hands; and lastly, in compelling John, king of England, to surrender his kingdom, and to receive it back as a fief of the see of Rome (a.d. 1213). ®. What important council was held under Innocent III. ? For what purposes was it called, and by whom was it attended ? fl. The twelfth General Council, or the fourth of the Lateran, was called a.d. 1215, by Innocent III., with the consent of the Emperor Frederic II., for the purpose: (1) of reforming the Church and suppressing heresy; (2) of exciting the princes and prelates of Christendom to undertake an expedition for the recovery of the Holy Land. " Four hundred and twelve bishops ; twice that number of abbots, and deputies from absent bishops ; the Latin patri- archs of Constantinople and Jerusalem in person; (for a few years previously, Constantinople had been taken by the Romans ; the Greek Church at the same time participated in its downfall ;) patriarchal deputies also from Antioch and Alexandria attended, and ambassadors from the Emperors of Constantinople and Germany; besides representatives from England, Ireland, France, Spain, and Hungaria." (Grier's Epitome, p. 184). ®. Who presided at the twelfth General Council? (a.d. 1215). Mention some of its leading acts. ^, Innocent III. He presented seventy canons, which were adopted without any debate. The doctrines of tran- substantiation and auricular confession were established. The third canon compelled all secular powers to "extir- pate all heretics marked by the Church of Rome from LECT. v.] GREGORY VII. TO THE REFORMATION. 163 their respective territories, under pain of excommunication ; and that should they persist for one year in refusing to fulfil their obligation, the Pope may declare their Tassals absolved from their allegiance, and bestow their lands on the faithful children of the Church ; and lastly, that such persons should incur the penalty of exoommimication as afforded sustenance, protection, or asylum, to those lying imder the anathema." ®. Two General Councils were held at Lyons in the thirteenth century: mention some of the particulars re- lating to them. a. Pope Innocent IV. (a.d. 1243—1254), to avoid the hostility of the Emperor Frederic, whom his prede- cessor Gregory IX. had excommunicated, deposed, and released his subjects from their allegiance to him, retired to Lyons, and in 1245 called the thirteenth General Council, in which, besides renewing the law against the Emperor, three things were determined: (1) To aid the empire of Constantinople against the Greeks ; (2) the empire of Ger- many against the Tartars ; (3) and the Holy Land against the Saracens. The fourteenth General Council was called by Gregory X. (a.d. 1271 — 1276) : (1) for effecting a re-union of the Greek and Latin Churches, the former being willing to admit that the Holy Ghost proceeded from the Soti (filioque) as well as the Father; (2) for the relief of the Holy Land; (3) for the improvement of Church- discipline, and the reformation of the morals of the clergy. ®. By whom and when was the jubilee instituted ? State the origin and design of the festival. a. Pope Boniface VIII., in the year 1299 or 1300, who enacted as a law of the Church, that those who should in every hundredth year confess their sins and visit the churches of St Peter and St Paul, should obtain the entire remission of their various offences. Pope Clement VI., in compliance with the request of the people of Rome, enacted in 1250, that it should be celebrated twice in every cen- tury, and in the fifteenth century Paul V. appointed it four times in each century. ®, What appears to have been the origin and pro- gress of the Inquisition ? ^. In the time of Charlemagne it was the custom to 11—2 164 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM [PART II. enforce the discipline of the Church not only by spiritual terrors, but by secular punishments, and in the year 769 yearly rounds {Synodi) were ordered to be made to inspect the state of the Churches. Tlie Lateran Council of 1215 changed this power of the bishops into a standing Inqui- sition, which was stUl more enforced by a council at Tou- louse, A.D. 1229. In order to perfect the system Gregory IX. (a.d. 1227—1241), in the year 1232—33, appointed the Dominicans perpetual inquisitors in the name of the Pope, and forced the temporal princes to undertake the execution of their decrees. The Inquisition was chiefly enforced in the south of France, whilst in Germany the opposition was so violent as to check its proceedings. ®. A regulation with regard to reading the Scrip- tures was made in the thirteenth century. State the par- ticulars. ^. At the Council of Toulouse, a. d. 1229, it was decreed that laics should not even have in their possession either the Old or New Testament, or translate them into the vulgar tongue. A Psalter, Breviary, or Rosary, and the hours of the Virgin Mary, in Latin, were recommended for their use. ®. State briefly the particulars of the contest be- tween Philip the Fair of France and Pope Boniface (a. d. 1294—1303). 21. Pope Boniface VIII. having in an arbitration be- tween Edward I. of England and Philip, given (a.d. 1298), offence to the latter, a contest arose between them, during which the king having refused to obey a summons from the Pope, Boniface issued a bull {unam sanctarn) in 1302, in which he declared that the doctrine of the sovereign power of the Popes was a necessary Article of Faith, and con- demned the recognition of two independent powers, the temporal and the spiritual, as a Manichean heresy which involved the admission of two principles, good and bad. The king refused to acknowledge this power, and in the following year, in an assembly of his peers, ordered William de Nogaret, a celebrated lawyer, to draw up an accusation against the Pope, in which he was charged with the crimes of heresy and simony, and also demanded the convocation of a Greneral Council for his speedy deposition. Upon this LECT.V.] GREGORY VII. TO THE REFORMATION. 165 the Pope excommunicated Philip and his adherents, whilst the king sent William de Nogaret, with some others, into Italy, to excite a sedition, to seize the person of Boniface and convey him to Lyons. Nogaret levied a small army, seized Boniface, who was living in perfect security at Anagni, and treated him in a cruel manner. The inha- bitants of Anagni, however, rescued the Pope, and con- ducted him to Rome, where he died soon after of an illness occasioned by the rage and anguish into which these insults had thrown him. ®. How did Philip of France act after the death of Pope Boniface VIII. a.d. 1303? %. On the death of the new Pope, Benedict XI. a.d. 1304, he caused Clement V. (a.d. 1305—1314) to be elected, and then prevailed on him to remove the Papal residence from Rome to Avignon in France, where it con- tinued for 70 years. ®. State some of the advantages which Philip of France gained by the removal of the Papal residence to Avignon, a.d. 1305. ^. He compelled Clement V. to institute an inquiry into the conduct and to retract the pretensions of Boniface "VIII. ; to condemn in 1311 the Knights Templars, and to allow him to seize their property; and also to withdraw any open opposition to the election of his brother to the empire on the death of Albrecht I. in 1308. ©. What evil arose from the residence of the Popes at Avignon t (*.D. 1305—1376). a. From the distance of the seat of government tumults and civil wars arose in Italy ; their decrees were treated with less respect, and their scanty revenues, derived from their Italian dominions, compelled them to have recourse to oppressive expedients to replenish their treasury. The sale of indulgences and benefices was increased ; new taxes and tributes were devised ; Reserves, Provisions, and Expectatives, as they were termed, and other avaricious impositions, were multiplied, which created general disgust and alienated the minds of many from the Church of Rome. ® . Under what circumstances was the Papal residence transferred from Avignon to Rome ? a. Pope Gregory XI. (a.d. 1370—1378), with the view of recovering the privileges and territories that had been lately wrested from the see, transferred the pontifical seat from Avignon to Rome, a.d. 1376. He found that 166 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH FROM [PART H. the influence of the popedom was much diminished, hat died in 1378, hefore he had the opportunity of re-estahlish- ing its affairs. ©. State briefly the origin of the great schism in the Western Church. a. On the death of Pope Gregory XI., a.d. 1378, the people of Rome insisted that an Italian should be ad- vanced to the Popedom, and the cardinals, apprehensive of their violence, complied, but they subsequently retired to Fondi, and, after declaring that the late election of Urban VI. was nothing but a mere ceremony which they were forced to perform, elected Robert, count of Geneva, who assumed the designation of Clement VII. ®. What was generally thought the best method of terminating this schism in the popedom? (a.d. 1378^ 1414). %,. That the Popes, both at Rome and Avignon, should resign; but although each party proposed this method, neither were willing to adhere to it. The Gallican Church, after great exertions to obtain an amicable settlement of the question, held a council at Paris, a. d. 1397, and, being supported by the king, renounced all subjection to both Popes. CH. In what state was the great Western schism at the commencement of the fifteenth century ? What was done to heal the division? ^. Boniface IX. resided at Rome, and his rival Bene- dict XIII. at Avignon. After the death of Boniface, the Italian cardinals elected Innocent VII. and Gregory XII. in succession, under the express condition that they should endeavour to heal the schism. At length Benedict and Gregory bound themselves by oath to make a voluntary resignation of their positions, should such a step be deemed necessary to re-establish the peace of the Church. After their violation of this compact, the cardinals of both parties assembled at Leghorn, and appointed a General Council at Pisa, a.d. 14iD9, for a final adjustment of this schism. ®. How did the Council of Pisa, a.d. 1409, attempt to restore peace to the Church ? ^, It condemned and deposed both Popes; elected LECT. v.] GREGORY VII. TO THE REFORMATION. 167 Alexander V. in their place ; and on his death at Bologna, A.D. 1410, promoted John XXIII. to the see. ®. How did Benedict XIII. and Gregory XII. act after their deposition at Pisa, a.d. 1409 ? ^. They each convened councilsj and continued to exercise their functions until the meeting of the Council of Constance, a.d. 1414, when Gregory sent in his resigna- tion, but Benedict persisted in exercising his functions untU his death. . "What evidence may be gathered from early writers as to the early introduction of Christianity into Britain ? ^. Gildas, our earliest historical writer, intimates that Christianity was introduced into Britain before the defeat of Boadicea. Justin Martyr, in his "Dialogue with Trjfpho the Jew," written about a.d. 167, asserts that Christianity was known in every country. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons about A.D. 167, says that the Celts had at that time been converted. Tertullian, in his Treatise " Against the Jews," written about a.d. 200, (Pamelius says 198, Allix after Baronius, 208), says, that parts of Britain, inacessible to the Roman arras, were subdued by Christ. ®i. What is Bede's account of its conversion ? ^. That a British king, Lucius, about a.d. 180, sent LECT. I.J HISTORY OF EARLY ENGLISH CHURCH. 171 an embassy to Pope Eleutherius, praying him to send him teachers of the Christian religion, and that the Pope sent Fugatius and Damianus, who baptized Lucius and many of his subjects. Note:— Baronius and Usher tell us, tliat St Peter came into Britain in the twelfth year of Nero, and staid a long time here. Nicephorus saith, that Simon Zelotes carried the doctrine of the Gospel unto the western sea, and to the Britannic Islands. The learned Archbishop Matthew Parker, Bishop Godwin, Mr Camden, and others, do assert, that St Paul himself pleached the Gospel in this island after his enlarge- ment from his first captivity at Rome ; where, some sav, he continued preaching five years. And this, say they, he did at tlie instigation of Uaudia, a Noble British woman. Gildas, our own countryman, Polydor y irgd, Mr Fox, Sir Henry Spelman, and many other?, tell us, that Joseph of Anmathea came into this island, and preached the Gospel here, being' sent hither by Philip and James the Apostles. That he was in this land, is confirmed, not only by divers histories, but also by' an- cient monuments. ®. Quote the purport of the description of an ancient historian of the sufferings of the British under an Emperor of Rome. ^. Gildas relates, that under Diocletian, a.d. 303, "The churches were thrown to the ground; the sacred books were burned on the public ways; the clergy and laity were doomed to die ; and numbers of Christians fled into the woods, or concealed themselves in caves ; so that in many places scarcely a vestige of Christianity remained." C&. Give some account of the first British martyr. ^. Amphibalus, a Christian priest, during the per- secution under the Emperor Diocletian fled for refuge to the house of Alban, who, although he was a Roman citizen and held a command in its army, was a Briton by birth. In a very short time Alban was converted by his guest, so that when the soldiers came to arrest Amphibalus, Alban, having put on his clothes, was led to the tribunal in his place ; but as soon as the mistake was found out he ac- knowledged himself a Christian, and was beheaded on the same day, on a rising ground, near the town of Verulam, on which a Church was afterwards built, and called St Albans, in honour of him who was the first British martyr. He suffered about a.d. 305. O. How did the Cassar, Constantius Chlorus, and his son Constantino the Great, treat the British Christians ? §1. Constantius Chlorus protected them as much as 172 THE HISTORY OF THE [PART HI. his position as Caesar enabled him, but as the edict of the Emperor was paramount, the Christians suffered from the cruelty of the Roman officers ; when however Constantine, and his son after him, became emperors, they treated them with distin^ished kindness. ®. "What decisive evidence do we possess of the form of government and early prosperity of the British Churches? ^. That it was episcopal is known from the fact, that Eborius bishop of York, Restitutus, bishop of London, Adelphius, bishop of Colchester, or, as some think, Caer- leon, Sacerdos, a presbyter, and Arminius, a deacon, at- tended, in the year 313, a Council held at Aries in France against the Donatists. British bishops were present at the Council of Nice, in Bithynia, a.d. 325, which was held for the suppression of Arianism, as we learn from St Athanasins and Hilary of Poictiers. British bishops were also present at the Councils of Sardica, a. d. 347, and of Ariminum in 360. At Ariminum three only of the British bishops con- sented to receive the allowance made them by the Emperor to defray their expenses. C^. Under what circumstances did the British Chris- tians send for assistance from a neighbouring Church ? ^. The native bishops being unable to withstand the disseminators of the Pelagian doctrines, invoked assistance from the neighbouring Gallic Church, which despatched Germanus, bishop of Auxerre, and Lucus, bishop of Troyes, to their assistance. A public conference was held at Veru- 1am, A.D. 429, before a great concourse of people, between the Gallic missionaries and the disseminators of Pelagianism, in which even the latter were convinced by the former to abandon their error. €1. Was this the only service rendered to the British Church by Germanus ? ^. No : about three years afterwards he again returned accompanied by Severus, and at the Synod of London suc- ceeded in eradicating Pelagianism. " He brought with him at his second visit two eminent Christian teachers, Dubri- cius and Iltutus; the first was elected Bishop of Llandaff; the second had a college of pupils at a place called from him Llanyltad, or 'St lltad's,' in Glamorganshire. Both were of great service to the distressed Britons. A more LECT. I.] BARLY ENGLISH CHURCH. 173 famous place of education was that -which St Germain seems to have founded in North Wales, the monastery of Bangor-Iscoed, near Malpas and "Wrexham, on the Dee ; the remains of which were still visible, after the lapse of a thousand years, a short time before the Reformation. The memory of St Germain, and of the benefits he did to the British or Welsh Church, is preserved in the name of lilanarmon, 'St Germains,' in Denbighshire, and the town named after him in Cornwall, which was afterwards for a short time under the Saxons made a bishop's see. He died on a visit to Italy, a.d. 448, the year before the Saxons first established themselves in Britain." (Churton's Early English Church, p. 15.) ®. State briefly the circumstances under which Chris- tianity was nearly extinguished in Britain. ^. Vortigern, king of the Britons, not only called in (a.d. 449) the assistance of the Saxons, who were heathens, but also married the heathen daughter of Hengist, their leader, by which step he so alienated the affections of the clergy and the nobles, that they chose his son Vortimer to reign in his stead ; but after a series of disasters, the Saxons prevailed, and drove the greater part of the native Chris- tians into Cornwall, Wales, and the Northern mountains. . Mention the steps which Theodore took to en- courage learning. fl. In conjunction with Adrian, a learned monk who had accompanied him to England, he gave lectures upon all the difierent branches of knowledge. He also founded a school (probably at Cricklade) in Wiltshire, and brought over several valuable books from Rome As he conceived that every sin ought to be expiated by a peculiar penance, he wrote a Penitential (in which it was clearly stated that confession need only be made to God) for its regulation. ®, What religious houses were founded in Northum- bria under the successor of Oswy ? fl. Ecgfrid, who succeeded King Oswy, a.d. 670, assisted Wilfrid in establishing a monastery at Ripon, a.d, 672, and granted land to Benedict Biscop to found monas- teries at Wearmouth and Jarrow, a.d. 682.. (h. Who was St Hilda ? What religious houses did she found ? ^. She was niece of Edwin, king of Northumbria, and was baptized by Paulinus. She subsequently, under the guidance of Aidan, founded a nunnery at Hartlepool, and afterwards built the abbey of Whitby, at which place she died, a.d. 680. ©. What do we know of John oi Beverley ? ^. That he was brought up at the monastery of Whitby under St Hilda ; that he became a pupil of Theo- dore and Adrian; that he held in succession the sees of Hexham and York; and at length retired to Beverley, 184 THE HISTORY OF THB [PART III. where he had founded a collegiate church, and died about A.D. 721. tik. What kings of Northumbria succeeded Ecgfrid ? ^. Aldfrid, under whom John of Beverley lived, and Ceolwolph, to whom Bede dedicates his Ecclesiastical History. He retired to a monastery, a.d. 728, as also did his successor Egbert, a.d. 757- CS. When did England become by law a Christian kingdom ? ^, Under Ina, king of the West Saxons, about a.d. 693. IQ. Mention some of the enactments of Ina's code of ecclesiastical laws. I ^. 1. If a child be not baptized within a month of its birth tliel father shall forfeit thirty shillings ; and if through his neglect it dies unbaptized, he shall forfeit his whole estate. 2. If a slave do any work on a Sunday by command of his lord, the former shall become frefe, and the latter pay thirty shillings. A freeman working shall pay sixty shillings ; and a slave, of his own will, shall be whipped. 3. The I Church-shot, which was a certain sum payable by every house accord- 1 ing to its valuation fixed at Christmas, was to be paid before Martinmas, under a penalty of forty shillings, and twelve payments of the sum due. 4. Churches shall have the privilege of sanctuary ; perjury committed before a bishop shall be a serious offence; persons , breaking into the bishop's residence shall pay 120 shillings, the same as if it were the king's palace ; the penalty for slaying a god-child shall be the same as for a son. ®. At what period were the Saxons most remarkable for their intellectual acquirements ? ^. When Charlemagne invited Alcuin, of York, to reside at his court, and assist him in the management of ecclesiastical affairs, a.d. 782. ®. What was the origin of the eminence of the Saxon scholars ? §1. When Theodore came into England, a.d. 669, as Archbishop of Canterbury, he was accompanied by Adrian, a learned monk, a native of Africa. They brought with them a large collection of books, and laboured incessantly to improve the education both of the clerjgy and the laity. Adrian became abbot of Canterbury, and continued to give instruction in all branches of literature until his death, in the year 710. Bertwald, who succeeded Theodore, a.d. 692, was his pupil, as also Tobias, the ninth bishop of LECT. II.J ANGLO-SAXON CHURCH. 185 Rochester, Alouin, afterwards abbot of Canterbury, and Aldhebn, bishop of Sherborne. ©. What appears to have been the early history of the see of York ? SI. It was an important city under the Romans, and appears to have always been the seat of the government of the north of England. Paulinus fixed his see there in the year 627, and there is reason for supposing that pre- viously to that time it had been the seat of a bishop. After the departure of Paulinus the see remained vacant for thirty years. Wilfrid appears to have been appointed archbishop immediately after the Council of Whitby, a. d. 664 ; but as the see of Canterbury was then vacant, and Colman, bishop of Lindisfeme, and the advocates of the customs of their ancient Church, had withdrawn in dis- pleasure at King Oswy's determination to adhere to the customs of the Roman Church, Wilfrid sought consecration in Gaul. During his absence St Chad (who afterwards became Bishop of Lichfield, and died a.d. 672,) was ap- pointed to the same see, and consecrated at Winchester; WUfrid then retired to Ripon, but was amicably restored to York by Theodore, a.d. 670. In 677 King Ecgfrid ejected him, but he wasi restored in 681. About this time, much against the wish of Wilfrid, Northumbria was sub- divided into the dioceses of York, Ripon, Hexham, and Lindisfeme ; York being the seat of the archbishopric. dk. Under two of its archbishops York became cele- brated for its school. Give a brief account of them. a. Their names were Egbert (a.d. 732 — 766) and Albert (a.d. 766 — 780). Egbert (who was nearly related to Ceolwulf, then king of Northumbria, and brother to Edbert his successor,) had been ordained in early life a deacon at Rome, and subsequently, when appointed to the see of York, revisited that see to obtain the archbishop's pall from the hands of the Pope. After his return he collected a noble library, and diligently applied himself to the instruction of a number of pupils. He a,lso compiled several manuals of ecclesiastical discipline, and prepared a Penitential, in the Saxon language, for the use of his clergy, which works are still extant. He was succeeded by Albert, who had long been his able coadjutor in conducting 186 THE HISTORY OF THE [pART HI. the school. Albert, according to the account of hia pnpil Alcuin, trod in the steps of his predecessor. He retired into a monastery two years before his death, and was succeeded in the see by a former pupil, named Eanbald, a.d. 780. ®. Give a brief account of a celebrated teacher of the Saxon Theological School at York. 9, Flaccus Albinus, or Alcuin, was bom at York, about A.D. 735, and educated under Egbert and Albert, who were successively archbishops, and heads of the school which flourished there for many years. He also appears to have conducted the institution for some time with great success, and to have gone to solicit the archbishop's pall from the Pope, for Eanbald, on his election, a.d. 780. During his stay in Italy he was introduced to Charlemagne, who was so much struck with his superior talents and acquirements, that he at length induced him to leave York, and take up his residence at the imperial court, a.d. 782. Prom that time, until his death at Tours, a. d. 804, he was engaged in settling the aflFairs of the Frankish empire; and both by his writings, and by his influence with the Emperor, exercised almost unlimited influence over the ecclesiastical and civil concerns of Europe. C&. Under what circumstances was a third arch- bishopric founded in England ? a. Ofia, king of the Mercians, a. d. 756 to 796, in order to humble Alric, the king of Kent, with whom he was at war, and Eanbert, archbishop of Canterbury, who zealously supported his sovereign, prevailed on Pope Adrian I. to send a pall to Higbert, Bishop of Lichfield, and create him archbishop of the six sees between the Thames and the Humber, but Ethelhard, the successor of Eanbert, with the consent of Caenwulf, the new king of Mercia, who had then added Kent to his dominions, and by the influence of Alcuin, prevailed upon Pope Leo IIL, on the death of Higbert, a.d. 800, to restore the honour of St Augustin's see, and to reduce Lichfield to a bishopric. ©. Two English councils were held in the eighth century. When, where, and with what results ? ^. (1) At Clifie's-hoe, or Cloveshoo, in Kent, a.d. 742, or 747, by Cuthbert, Archbishop of Canterbury, under the presidency of Ethelbald, King of Meicia, iJ; LECT. U.j ANGLO-SAXON CHURCH. 187 though two admonitory letters from Pope Zachary were read, no mention was made of an union witli or subjection to the see of Rome ; bishops were ordered to visit their dioceses annually, and to be watchful of the conduct of the clergy and the candidates for ordination ; abbots to inspect the morals of the clergy under their charge; priests to learn and teach the people the Creed, the Lord's Prayer, and to explain the sacraments of baptism and the Lord's Supper, in English. (2) At Calcuith, in Lancashire, a.d. 785 or 787, at which Gregory, Bishop of Ostia, and Tlieo- phylact. Bishop of Todi, attended as legates of the Pope. The foundation of the archbishopric of Lichfield was pro- bably then determined on, at the request of Offa, king of the Mercians; the first six General Councils were acknowledged; and several regulations with regard to ecclesiastical disci- pline and payments were made. CH. When were payments first made from England to the see of Rome ? What were they ? 21. When Offa, king of Mercia, visited Rome, about A.D. 787> to obtain the approbation of the Pope for his new foundation of St Alban's Abbey, he settled on the Enghsh College at Rome a penny for every family, not absolutely destitute, in his kingdom. This was the origin of the Peter-pence of subsequent times. Some maintain that it was only a renewal of a previous grant of King Ina, and was at first paid by the king, but at a subsequent period the payment was imposed on the people. (&. Give a brief notice of an Enghsh council held at the beginning of the ninth century. §1. In the year 816, a council was held at Calcuith, or Celychyth, under Wulfred, archbishop of Canterbury, A.D. 803 — 832, at which Canwulf, king of Mercia, was present. Eleven canons were adopted. It was decreed that no ecclesiastic should perform any clerical duties in the district of another, except in urgent cases, such as baptisms and visiting the sick; that relics, if attainable, and the elements of the Eucharist, should be deposited in churches at their consecration ; that monks and nuns should only reside in regularly endowed residences ; and that the Scottish clergy, on account of the uncertainty of 188 THE HISTORY OF THE [PART HI. their canonical ordination, should not be allowed to officiate in England. . Swenodied 1014 Ethelred II 1016 Edmund II 1017 Canute 1036 Harold 1 1039 Hardiknute 1041 Edw. Til. Conf.. 1066 Harold II 1066 LECT. II.] ANGLO-SAXON CHURCH. 191 C^. "Who was the second Benedictine abbot in Enff- land ? SI. Ethelwolf of Abingdon, surnamed the father of the monks, on account of the austerity of his discipKne. He introduced and perfected the mode of chanting and singing the Church-service. ®. Was Dunstan unifoitaly successful in his endea- vours to establish the monastic system? "What was his subsequent fate? SI. No: King Edwy, a.d. 955, banished him, and dissolved all the monasteries. Dunstan then retired into Flanders, but Edgar, who had obtained part of Edwy's kingdom, made him first Bishop of "Worcester, a.d. 957, then Bishop of London, a.d. 958, and finally, on the death of Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, promoted him to the primacy a.d. 959, where he continued until his death in the year 988. ®. Give some account of Odo, the predecessor of Dunstan at Canterbury. §1. He was born of heathen Danish parents, who had settled in East Anglia in the time of Alfred, but received a Christian education, and became successively Bishop of Sherborne, and Archbishop of Canterbury, a.d. 931 — ^958. He established ten canons, and published a synodical epistle. They establish the immunity of church- property from taxation; they exhort kings, bishops, and ecclesiastics, to lead godly lives; they forbid incestuous marriages; and, in recommending unity, he adds, "let the Church be one, united in faith, hope, and charity, having one head, which is Christ, whose members ought to help each other, and love each other with mutual charity, as he has said, By this shall all men know that ye are my disciples." (See Churton, p. 241). ®. "What steps did Dunstan take to favour' the monks ? ^. In conjunction with Oswald, archbishop of York, and Ethel wold, bishop of "Winchester, who had been brought up as monks, he began to oblige the married clergy and canons not only to put away their wives, but to turn out the canons from many of the chief cathedrals, and to place monks in their stead. 192 HISTORY OF THE ANGLO-SAXON CHURCH. [pART HI. dt. What opposition did lie meet ■with ? ^, The ejected or threatened canons, backed by power- ful friends, appealed to their original foundation, and alleged that although some reformation might be needed, yet that it was unreasonable that the whole body should, be deprived for the delinquency of a few. A legislative assembly was held in 968, but by some means Dunstan triumphed. At a subsequent assembly, held at CalnOj the party of the canons was again defeated. ©. What two miracles are said to have been wrought in favour of the monastic party ? '^. (1) At a meeting of the National Council at Winchester, about a.d. 968, vehich was attended by King Edgar and Dunstan, to settle the dispute between the secular and regular clergy, a decision was on the point of being delivered in favour of the secular canons, when a voice was heard to issue from a crucifix in the wall, uttering twice the following words : " God forbid it to be done." Upon this the monks are said to have gained their object, and the canons were expelled from the cathedrals. (2) After the death of King Edgar a similar meeting was held at Calne in Somersetshire, where the monks were delivered from a like difficulty by the floor of the place of assembly giving way, and overwhelming the party of the seculars, whilst Dunstan and his friends were un- injured. LECT. III.] HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH, &C. 193 Eccture III. ON THE HISTORY OP THE ENGLISH CHURCH AND ITS DOCTRINES FROM DUNSTAN TO THE CONQUEST, A.D. 928 — 1066. ©. A DISSENSION arose in the Church in the time of Dunstan. Mention some particulars of it. ^. Before the time of Dunstan the monastic system had not made much progress in England. The secular clergy were a very numerous and influential body, and after the regulars had been driven from their houses, or slain by the Danes, many of the monasteries, and most of the cathedrals, were in the hands of the former, who resided in their precincts in company with their wives and families, and performed the daily services. Dunstan determined to change a system which was so contrary to the notions he had imbibed in his youth; and thus originated a contest between the secular and regular clergy, which was continued with great bitterness from his time to the Reformation. ®. Give a short sketch of the early life of Dunstan. ^. He was born a.d. 925, near Glastonbury, and sent to receive his education at the monastery of Fleury, near Rouen, in France. At the age of one-and-twenty he be- came one of the chaplains of King Edmund, and with the royal permission undertook the restoration of the monas- tery of Glastonbury, where he had spent some of his early years. It was not until the year 954 that he completed this establishment, and thus became the first Benedictine abbot in England. ®. Mention an instance in which Dunstan refused to submit to a papal mandate. SI. A powerful earl having contracted a marriage within the prohibited degrees of kindred being excom- municated by Dunstan, obtained from the reigning Pope an order commanding him to grant him absolution. " God forbid," answered Dunstan, "that I for the sake of any man, or to save roy xiwn life, should set aside the lav? 13 194 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHDRCH [pART UI. ■which Christ has ordered to he kept in his Church. When I shall see that he has repented of his crime, I will then ohey the commands of the Pope. But that he should per- sist in his sin, and insult me, and rejoice at heing free from ecclesiastical discipline, is contrary to the will of God." ®. Give a brief account of the Ecclesiastical Eegula/- tions issued by King Edgar in the time of Dunstan. 21. "The clergy were to preach every Sunday, and pray that the people should be faithful to their prince ; a synod was to judge of any injury received by a priest; every priest was to learn a useful trade ; parents were to bring their children for baptism before they were six weeks old; and none except those who could say the Lord's Prayer and the Creed were to be admitted to the Eucharist, or receive Christian burial, &c." &. State some particulars with regard to an eminent English prelate and his works who lived in the 10th cen- tury. 21. Elfric, after receiving the rudiments of learning, finished his education at the celebrated school founded by Ethelwold, at Winchester. He first became abbot of Cemej in Dorsetshire, about a.d. 987, and was successively Abbot of St Alban's, Bishop of Wilton, and Archbishop of Can- terbury, A.D. 994 — 1005. Having compiled, in English, two volumes of forty homilies each, from the works of Austin, Jerom, Bede, Gregory, and others, he submitted them for his approval to Sigeric, the primate, from whom they met with unqualified approval, and soon came into general use. He also translated the Pentateuch for the instruction of the people, and compiled a grammar and dictionary of the old English language. <&. What Ecclesiastical Laws were passed in the time of Edward the Confessor, a.d. 1042—1066? ^. (1) That every clerk and scholar should quietly enjoy his goods and possessions. (2) That on certain solemn festivals people might come and go without any law-suits to disturb them. (3) That in all courts when the bishop's proctor appeared, his case was first to be heard and determined. (4) That guilty persons flying to the church should there have protection, not to be reproved by any but the bishop and his ministers. (5) That tithes LECT. III.] FROM DCNSTAN TO THE CONQUEST. 195 should be paid to the Church of sheep, pigs, bees, and the like. (6) That the ordeal by fire and water should be under certain regulations. (7) That Peter-pence should be faithfully paid to the Pope. ©. Explain the meaning of the " Trinoda Necessitas." ^. Ecclesiastical property, although exempt from many payments, was yet liable to assessments: (1) for the repair of bridges and highways ; (2) for the maintenance of forti- fications ; (3) for providing the means of repelling hostile incursions. These constituted the Trinoda Necessitas, to which all landed property was also liable. ©. Shew that the Scriptures were not forbidden to the people in the early English Church. ^. Bede (E. H. iii. 5) relates that such as were in company with Aidan, whether clergy or laity, were com- pelled to exercise themselves in reading the Holy Word. Bede, Alfred, and Elfric, translated portions of Scripture into the vernacular language ; but it does not appear that any complete version of the whole Bible then existed. €i. What is the history of Transubstantiation ? Was it a tenet of the English Church before the Conquest ? ^. "In the year 787 the second Council of Nice began with a rash determination that the sacred symbols are not figures or images at all, but the very body and blood. About 831 Paschasius Radbertus carried it further, even to transubstantiation, or somewhat very like it. The name of transubstantiation is supposed to have come in about A.D. 1100, first mentioned by Hildebertus Cenoma- nensis of that time. In the year 1215 the doctrine was made an article of faith by the Lateran Council, under Innocent III." (Waterland.) The Romanists appeal to the works of Bede, Egfrid, and some English canons, as containing words which a Protestant would not use, but these also contain expressions which Romanists would not allow, which proves that the writers were unacquainted with the doctrine. A canon, supposed to be of the age of Theodore (a.d. 668—689), speaks of the body of Christ as being present, not substantially, but spiritually, in the eucharistical elements; the Council of Celychyth, a.d. 816, speaks of the elements as inferior in sanctity to relics ; and Elfric, in his homilies, written about 987, which were 13—2 196 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH [pART III. specially approved of by the Archbishop of Canterbury and many bishops, says, "Housel is Christ's body, not corporally, but spiritually ; not the body in which he suf-* fered, but that body of which he spake, when be blessed Bread and wine for housel, one night before his passion, and said of the bread blessed. This is my body ; and again of the wine blessed. This is my blood, that is shed for many for the forgiveness of sins." ®. "Were soUtary masses in use in the early English Church? ^. "Bede and Alcuin appear to have esteemed the sacrifice beneficial for the living ; Bede, even for the dead. The same opinion is expressed by Elfric in his sermons; and in the canons of Edgar, 960, the practice of saying mass, as an opus operatum, seems clearly to have been established." Short, p. 19. <&k. What appears to have been the practice of the English Church before the Conquest as to the use of images, relics, and pilgrimages? .®. (1) Image-worship was rejected by Alcuin and the English Church previously to the Council of Frankfort, A.D. 794; but as Alfred omitted the second commandment, and made " Work thou not golden gods, or silveren," to be the tenth, we may presume that image-worship was then in use. (2) Relics were held in great esteem, and pil- grimages to Rome were so common, that Boniface, in 747. writes to Cuthbert, that English women who had set out for this purpose, were to be found living by prostitution in every town on the road. ®. Did the early English' Church believe in purga- tory and the efficacy of prayers for the dead? §1, Prayers and eucharistic offerings for the dead were probably of early origin in Britain, and there are early traces of a species of purgatory, Alcuin and others con- sidered that the conflagration at the end of the world would act as a purgatorial fire, as those only who escaped unscathed would attain to the abodes of the blessed. Alfred and his contemporaries appear to have imagined that the souls of the perfect went straight to heaven; those next in order to paradise ; the wicked who died penitently to the purgatorial flames; and the impenitent to hell. All LECT. III."] FROM DUNSTAN TO THE CONQUEST. 197 of whicli views are very different from those of the modem Romanists. a^. Recapitulate some of the arguments adduced in the previous history to shew that the early Enghsh Church was originally (1) a part of the Catholic Church ; (2) that it existed before the arrival of St Augustin; (3) that Christianity does not appear to have come from Rome to England. a. (1) It appears (p. 170) that the British Church was derived from the Apostles, and, in the subsequent pages, it is shewn that an unbroken succession of bishops and pastors was always maintained. (2) It is evident (p. 177) that St Augustin only began the conversion of the Saxons ; a duty which the hostility of the two nations had hitherto precluded the British bishops from perform- ing ; but that, as in the case of Aidan, the Scottish bishops eagerly availed themselves of any invitation to convert their more southern neighbours; that Bertha, a British queen, and doubtless other Christians, were then at Can^ terbury ; and that Liudhard, a Gallic bishop, in the quality of spiritual adviser of the queen, must have produced some effect on the Saxons favourable to Christianity. (3) The very word Church is of Greek origin ; the very first dis- cussion between Augustin and the British bishops turned upon the question of Easter (pp. 179, 182), and upon bap- tism ; from which it is evident that the British Church, both at its origin, and in its subsequent polity, had followed the customs of the Catholic Church, as defined at the councils of the fourth century. In fact, when Gregory met with the slaves in the market, he seemed to be totally ignorant of the state of the British isles, and certainly of the fact* that an archbishop and seven bishops existed in Wales alone. ®. Bingham says that all Metropolitans were auVo-r K£0a\o(. Explain this. ^. It was a name appropriated to certain absolute and independent bishops, and given to several of them for dif- ferent reasons. " For first, before the setting up of patri- archs, all metropolitans were called airoKccpaKoi, ordering the afiairs of their own province with their provincial bishops, and being accountable to no superior but a synod, 198 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH [pART III. and that in case of heresy, or some great crime committed against religion or the rules of the Church." » C&. Shew that some metropolitans were independent after the setting up of patriarchal power. ^. When the Patriarch of Antloch laid claim to the ordination of the bishops of the island of Cyprus, in the Council of Ephesus, a.d. 431, the council, upon hearing the case, " determined against him, making a decree, that whereas it never had been the custom for the Bishop of Antioch to ordain bishops in Cyprus, the Cyprian bishops should retain their rights inviolable, and, according to canon and ancient custom, ordain bishops among themselves. And this was again repeated and confirmed by the Council of TruUo, A.D. 692, even after the Cyprists were driven out of their country by the incursions of the barbarians And this was also the ancient liberty of the Britannic Church, before the coming of Austin the monk, a.d. 695, when the seven British bishops, which were all that were then remaining, paid obedience to the Archbishop of Caer-leon, and acknowledged no superior in spirituals above him. As Dinothus, the learned abbot of Bangor, told Austin, A.D. 603, in the name of all the Britannic Churches, that they owed no other obedience to the Pope of Rome than they did to every godly Christian, to love every one in his degree in perfect charity; other obedience than this they knew none due to him he named Pope, &o. But they were under the government of the Bishop of Caer- leon, or Usk, who was their overseer under God." {Bitiff- ham, II. 18 ; see also Book ix. ; and BramhalVs Works, Vol. II., where the question of the independence of the British Churches is fully discussed.) ®,. Mention some particulars which shew that the Popes obtained no peculiar rights over the Church ia England by the mission of St Augustin. 21, (1) As it has been already shewn that the con- version of Britain by the Roman missionaries was little more than nominal, until the native bishops took it in hand ; (2) as the Jus Cyprium (cf. last question) declared that " no bishop shall occupy another province which has not been subject to him from the beginning; and if he shall have made any such occupation or seizure, let him LECT. III.] FROM DCNSTAN TO THE CONQUEST. 199 make restitution, lest the canons of the Holy Fathers be transgressed ;" (3) as St Augustin only advanced from the Isle of Thanet by permission of Ethelbert, and was also assisted by the same king in fovinding the bishoprics of Canterbury, London, and Rochester ; (4) as no council convened with the consent of the sovereigns of England ever conferred patriarchal power in Britain upon the Pope, it follows that any exercise of such a power by the Pope is indefensible. ®. (1) Had Pope Gregory, when he sent Augustin to Britain, any sinister views ? (2) What is the story of St Augustin's slaughtering the monks of Bangor ? §1. (1) It appears to be very probable that Gregory at first scarcely knew of the existence of the Church, or even the government of the Britons; that he considered the islands to be inhabited by Pagan Saxons, and that his only object was to confer a benefit upon them by em- bracing a favourable opportunity of imparting to them the blessings of Christianity. (2) It is alleged, that out of revenge towards the British Christians for not admitting him to be their metropolitan, St Augustin caused two thousand monks of Bangor to be slain, whereas the slaughter was made after his death by a Pagan Saxon king, in a battle with the British, when the monks ap- peared on a neighbouring eminence to aid their country- men by their prayers. 200 HISTORY OF THE ENGLISH CHURCH [PART III. a«tUK IV. HISTORY OP THE ENGLISH CHURCH FROM THE CONQUEST TO THE preaching' OF WICKLIFPEj A.D. IO66 1356. Alpine fastnesses. ©. Two eminent prelates in the reign of Edward III. {shewed by their conduct that "the genuine spirit of Christianity was by no means extinct in our land." Give some account of them. SI. (1) Bradwardine, confessor and confidential chap-J lain to Edward III., was so learned in all the sciences, as LECT. v.] WICKLIFFE TO HENRY VIII. 211 to be called the Profound Doctor. He was consecl-ated A rch- bishop of Canterbury, a.d. 1349, and died within seven days afterwards. He wrote an elaborate treatise against Pelagianism, in which the doctrines of our church are ably inculcated. (2) Richard Fitzralph was educated at Ox- ford, and appointed by Edward III. to the archbishopric of Armagh, a.d. 1347. In consequence of his attacking the abuses of the mendicant friars, he was summoned before the Pope at Avignon, and after suflFering great hardships for several years, he at length died in exile in the year 1361. ®. Mention, with dates, some of the leading events in the life of John Wickliffe. S. He is said to have been born a.d. 1324, at a village of the same name, near Greta-bridge, in Yorkshire, and was sent to Oxford about a.d. 1340. In the year 1356 he wrote his tract on " The last Age of the Church," occasioned by the plague of 1348, and in 1360 began to attack the Mendicant Orders. In the year 1356 he became head of Canterbury Hall, in Oxford, and when Archbishop Langham,to gratify the friars, pronounced his appointment void, he appealed in vain to Pope Urban V., who ratified the sentence. When the Pope demanded of the king the tribute promised by King John, he maintained (a.d. 1366) the truth of the answer returned by the Parliament, " that as neither John nor any other king had power to dispose of his kingdom, without the consent of Parliament, no subsequent monarch could be bound by any such transfer, in itself illegal." After taking the doctor's degree, a. d. 1372, he attacked the errors of the Romanists in his dis- putations ; and in 1 374 he was sent as one of the king's commissioners to Bruges, to treat with the Pope's nuncios " concerning the liberties of the Church of England," where it was arranged that the Pope should discontinue the use of provisions, and the king should not intrude persons into benefices. In the year 1376 "Wickliffe obtained the rectory of Lutterworth and a prebendal stall at Westbury, and in 1377 be appeared before the Pope's commissioners at St Paul's and Lambeth ; but by a fortunate combination of circumstances he escaped punishment, and retired in quiet to Oxford. JHaving attacked the doctrine of transubstan- 14—2 212 THE ENGLISH CHURCH FROM [PART HI. tiation, and being deserted by his supporters, he in 1382 was compelled to retire to his rectory, where he died in peace, a.d. 1384, in the sixty-first year of his age. ©. State briefly some erroneous opinions which have been imputed to "Wickliffe. ^. (1) He argued that the wickedness of a priest vitiated his ininisterial acts. (2) That tithes were mere alms, which might be withheld if sufficient provocation were given. (3) That even those ecclesiastical endow- ments which were given in perpetuity might be resumed under similar circumstances. (4) That bishops were not necessary to constitute a church. (5) That the doctrine of the existence of a purgatory was true. €Bl. Give three derivations of the name " Lollard." ^. (1) It is a word compounded of the German luUen, lollen, lallen, and the common termination hard. Lollen signifies to sing in a low tone, and lolhard signi- fies one who frequently sings. As a great portion of the worship of the Lollardg consisted in singing, this name was appropriated to them. (2) It may be derived from the word lolium, as heretics are called as early as Euse- bius, E. H. IV. 24, fares amongst the wheat. (3) It is asserted that the name is derived from Walter Lolhard, who had been burnt at Cologne for heresy, a.d. 1315. ®. What steps were taken in the reign of Richard II. and Henry IV. to restrain the power of the Pope, a.d» 1377—1399—1413 ? Il, In the year 1379 an act was passed which pro- hibited any foreigner from holding an ecclesiastical benefice in England, and in 1392 the statute of PraBmunire was confirmed, which finally put an end to the nomination of English bishops by the Popes. In 1404 the two statutes of Provisors and PrKmunire were renewed and enlarged, and at a subsequent period the king was restrained fa)in granting licences for their violation. ®. How were the Lollards treated in the reign of Henry IV. a.d. 1399—1413? ^. Before Henry came to the throne he had been favourable to the Lollards ; but, to strengthen his title, he promised the clergy to support their immunities, and to aid them in the extermination of heresy. In the yeai LECT. V.J WICKLIFFE TO HENRY VIII. 213 1400 a law (the first for burning heretics, which was not repealed until 1677) was passed, by which bishops were authorized to detain a person suspected of heresy, and on his conviction and refusal to recant, to deliver him to the civil power to be burnt. Sir William Sawtre, rector of St Osyth's, in London, for denying the doctrine of transub- stantiation, was its first victim. William Thorp, a learned ecclesiastic, died in prison, for maintaining opinions which were clearly unsound; such as the ineffioacy of the Eu- eharist, if consecrated by an immoral priest; that the gospel resided in the heart of every man, and not in the letter; and that the clergy ought to be reduced to indi- gency. Thomas Badby, a tailor, was burnt at Smithfield, for maintaining "that a priest could not make Christ." Shortly afterwards sherifis were compelled by law, at the request of a bishop, to burn any heretic whom he had condemned. Archbishop Arundel declared in a formal manner the Lollard doctrines to be heretical. (See Hart's Eccl. Records, p. 387, et seq.) ®. A remarkable leader of the Lollards was perse- cuted in the reign of Henry V. a.d. 1413—1422. What were the circumstances ? %, Sir John Oldcastle, Lord Cobham, on refusing to appear before the Convocation, was committed to the Tower. When brought before the primate and several bishops, he persisted in denying the necessity of a belief in transubstantiation, penance, confession, image-worship, and pilgrimages, and was delivered to the secular arm for execution. Some delay having occurred, he escaped into Wales, where he contrived to elude his enemies for some time (a.d. 1415 — 1418), but was at length discovered, and burnt in London. <&. What appears to have induced the Parliament to pass such severe laws against the Lollards during the reign of Henry V. ; and how did the Church conciliate the king? %. Parliament was anxious to shift the public bur- dens upon the estates of the clergy; and to avoid all recriminations of their being inclined to heresy, they per- secuted the Lollards. The king, on ■ his part, was only diverted from seizing on the ecclesiastical estates by Arch'!- 211 THE ENGLISH CHURCH FROM [PART HI. tishop Chicheley obtaining for him a grant of the aliea priories, which were religious houses dependent on abbeys in Normandy, to assist him in carrying on his foreign wars. ®. What bishop was deprived during the reign of Henry VI., and on what charge? a.d. 1422 — 1472. 21, Eeginald Peacock (Pecock or Pococke), bishop of Chichester, a.d. 1457, for asserting tliat Christians "were not bound to believe in the descent into hell, the holy Catholic Church, the communion of saints, transubstantia- tion, the infallibility of the universal Church, and the au- thority of councils." He was a man of turbulent disposition, and rather tended to retard any real reformation. (Lewis' Life of Pecock.) ®. In what relation did Pope Martin V. stand to the English government ? ^. In the year 1426 he wrote to Chicheley, the primate, inveighing against the king's usurpation of the papal rights, and deprived the archbishop of his legatine powers, for having proposed to annul all exemptions from Rome. The Pope also made void the statutes of Provisors and Praemunire. The Bishop of "Winchester was made legate, but his powers were curtailed by Parliament, and he was punished for levying money to carry on a war against the Bohemian heretics. ®. How did the English Church act with regard to a general-council which met in the reign of Henry VI. ? a. The Council of Basil, 1432, having decreed " that the authority of a general council when sitting was para- mount to that of the Pope, who could not, they pro- nounced, dissolve it without the consent of its members," the Convocation of Canterbury objected to the resolution, and the mode in which it was passed. ®. What was the state of religion during the reigns of Edward IV. a.d. 1472—1483; Edward V. 1483; Richard III. 1483—1485; and Henry VII. 1485—1509? 3[. Edward IV. granted the clergy a charter, which exempted them from the Statutes of Frsemunire and Pro- visors, and in criminal causes from the jurisdiction of the civil (Jourts. In the two subsequent reigns civil commo- tions interfered with the progress of learning and religion, and the worst features of the Romish corruptions were LKCT. V.J WICKLIFFK TO HENRY VIII. 215 established. The laity were deprived of the cup ; and transubstantiation, worship of saints, processions, pilgrim- ages, indulgences and superfluous festivals, comprised the sum of the religion of this period. Under Henry VII. some feeble attempts were made to stay the general cor- ruption of the religious orders ; but by gratifying the avarice of the king they easily purchased an exemption from all reforms. ®. Trace the rise and fall of papal encroachments in England from William I. to the accession of Henry VIII. 21. William I. consented to receive a legate; Henry I. gave up the donation of bishoprics ; Stephen conceded the right of appeal; Henry II. allowed clerks to be exempt from the secular power ; John surrendered his kingdom, and consented to pay a tax of 1000 marks ; and Henry III. allowed absentee foreigners to hold most of the richest benefices. After this the papal power in England began to decline ; by the statutes of Provisors of 25 Edward III. A.D. 1350, 38 Edward III. a.d. 1363, and 13 Eichard II. A.D. 1389, the king and other lords were to present unto benefices of their own or their ancestors' foundation, and not the bishop of Rome; of Prmmunire of 27 Edward III. A.D. 1352, "forbid the suing in a foreign realm, or im- peaching judgment given;" of 16 Richard II. a.d. 1392,. forbade the purchase of bulls from Rome, and declared the crown of England to be subject to none. CH. Enumerate briefly some particulars relating to the monastic orders in England at the commencement of the reign of Henry VIII. ^. (1) The Benedictines, founded by Benedict, of Nursia, in Italy, who flourished about a.d. 530. His object was to found a society united together by milder rules than those of the other monks. His followers were to lead a retired and holy life, and to employ themselves in prayer, study, manual labour, and the instruction of youth. St Augustin is said to have brought them into England, a.d. 596; but others maintain that Dunstan, a.d. 930, was the first to introduce them. Lanfranc, archbishop of Canter- bury, A.D. 1075, gave them a revised set of rules. All the icathedral priories, except Carlisle, belonged to them; their 216 THE ENGLISH CHURCH FROM [pART III. nunneries also were very extensive. (2) Odo, abbot of Clugnyj A.D. 927, reformed Benedict's rule. His order, the Clugniacs, were brought into England by "William, earl of "Warenne, son-in-law of the Conqueror, who built them a house at Lewes, in Sussex, a.d. 1077- (3) The Cister- cians, also a reformed order of Benedictines, arose at Cisr teaux, in Burgundy, a.d. 1098, under Stephen Harding, an Englishman, who was joined by the famous St Bernard, A.D. 1113. William Giffard, bishop of Winchester, founded the first Cistercian abbey in England, a.d. 1128. (4) The Carthusians, an austere sect of Benedictines, founded by Bruno, of Cologne, a.d. 1084, had their first house at Witham, in Somerset, a.d. 1181. Besides the houses of these four orders of monks, there were a few belonging to the Grandmontines, who originated at Grandmont, in the Limosin, a.d. 1076, and other French monks and nuns, which had almost disappeared before the Beformation. ®. Give some account of the orders of priests called " Canons." ^. They received the name of Canons from Kaviav, reffula, in consequence of their living according to a pre- scribed form. The Regular Canons formed societies under one roof, and had a common dormitory and refectory, but did not subject themselves to such strict regulations as the monks. Their chief rule being that prescribed by St Au- gustin, bishop of Hippo, in Africa, a.d. 395, although their order was not founded till the time of Pope Alex- ander IL, a.d. 1061, they were denominated Augustins, or Canons Regular of St Augustin. They first came to Eng- land A.D. 1105, and were called Black Canons, from wear- ing black cassocks and cloaks. The Regular Canons were subdivided into Premonstrants, or White Canons, Gilber- tines (founded by Gilbert of Sempringham, a Lincolnshire priest, A.D. 1148), and Canons of the Holy Sepulchre, who only differed from each other according as they adopted more or less of St Augustin's rule. The Secular Canons, so called e seculo, because they lived in the world, only . Why was the first Liturgy of Edward VI. drawn up ? "What offices did it contain, and by what authority was it published ? %, The Convocation having on the 2nd December, 1547i declared that the communion ought to be admi- nistered to all persons in both kinds, an act of parliament was passed, on March 8, 1548, which ordered this to be done, and a short formulary for this purpose was added to the end of the Latin mass. On the 4th May, 1549, the whole of the Common Prayer was put forth in English. It contained "public offices not only for Sundays and Holidays, but for Baptism, Confirmation, Matrimony, Bu- rial of the Dead, and other special occasions ; in which the forementioned office for the holy Communion was inserted, with many alterations and amendments. And the whole book being so framed, was set forth by the common agree- ment and full assent both of the Parliament and Convoca- tions provincial, i.e. the two convocations of the provinces of Canterbury and York." (Wheatley.) , ®. When was the first Liturgy of Edward VI. re- viewed? What foreigners are supposed to have given Cranmer their assistance? Specify some of the principal additions and alterations introduced in the second book of Edward VI.' §1. In the year 1552, Cranmer. In addition to hia other assistants, he is said to have availed himself of the advice of the learned foreigners Bucer and Peter Martyr, the former of whom taught divinity at Cambridge, and the latter at Oxford. The additions and alterations were chiefly these : (l) The sentences, exhortation, confession, and absolution at the beginning of the morning and evening services, which in the former Prayer Book began with the Lord's Prayer, were added. The Litany was also ordered to be used on Sundays. (2) The Decalogue was introduced into the Com- munion-service ; the introit, the name of the virgin, the thanksgiving for the saints, the sign of the cross, and the invocation of the Word and Holy Ghost in the consecration * For a succinct account of the origin and nature of this book, see Lectures on Ecclesiastical Antiquities, and the Kitual, p. 278, et seq. 248 HISTORY OF THE CHURCH [PART HI. of the elements, and the admixture of water with the wine, were omitted. The words at the presentation of the ele- liients were only the latter part of those now in use; "Take, eat... thanksgiving," and, "Drink this... thankful."* A rubric also was added to explain the reason of kneeling at the sacrament. (3) The exorcising, anointing, the cri- som, the trine immersion, and the previous consecration of the water, were omitted. (4) In confirmation, the signing with the cross, and in matrimony both that and the giving of silver and gold, were omitted. (5) The allusion to Sarah and Tobias, the anointing, and the direction about private confession, were omitted in the visitation of the sick ; prayers for the dead, and the administration of the commuijion at funerals, were also omitted from the burial service. (6) The rubric concerning dresses stood as follows : " And here it is to be noted, that the minister at the time of the communion, and at all other times in his ministra- tion, shall use neither albe, vestment, nor cope ; but being archbishop or bishop, he shall have and wear a rochet ; but being a priest or deacon, he shall have and wear a sur- plice only." (7) " The Form and Manner of Making and Consecrating Bishops, Priests, and Deacons," which had been drawn up a.d. 1550, with some alterations, was added. These alterations, which were declared to proceed from curiosity rather than any worthy cause, were ratified by Parliament. &. What steps were taken in the reign of Edward YI. to reform the ecclesiastical laws ? ^. Thirty-two commissioners, only four of whom were prelates, were appointed to revise them ; these were divided into four classes, each containing four lawyers and four ecclesiastics ; whose labours were facilitated by a sub- committee of eight persons, who digested and prepared the matter for the higher board. The chief part of what was done is considered to have been the work of Cranmer, but it was neither published, nor was any attempt made to pass it into a law. This book of canons was printed in the reign of Elizabeth, under the title of Beformatia Legum Ecclesiasticarum, but never possessed any au- thority. of the Conquest of Ireland,) all the princes of Ireland did voluntarily submit, and bind themselves with firm bonds of faith and oath unto Henry II. king of England.'" (Ussher's Meliffion of the Ancient Irish, p. 115.) "The Irish parliament had occa- sionally acknowledged this (i.e. the Pope's grant of Ireland to Henry II.) to be the only legitimate foundation of the authority of the crown of England." Leland, Vol. ii. p. 160. But Bishop Maut asserts that there is no real authority for representing the King as the feoffee of the Pope, in derogation of the royal supremacy. (See Mant's History of the Church of Ireland, c. ii. sec. 1.) sage in Eusebius, that a surrender of property was required only from those who devoted themselves to the ministry. A community of property in its utmost extent has been asserted by some Roman Catholic writers ; with what end ? 4. The course which the preaching of the Gospel took, after the day of Pentecost, was in exact conformity with our Lord's words while on earth. Where do, we find the earliest positive testimony to the cessation of miraculous powers in the primitive Church ? 5. How long did the Church of the Circumcision at Jerusalem continue, and who was its first Bishop ? The Church which succeeded it was more exempt from Jewish prejudices than its predecessor. A remarkable proof of this was given in the Paschal controversy. 6. Two only of the seven Churches of Asia are known to have existed before St Paul's death. In what words does Clement speak of St Paul's death, in his Epistle to the Church of Corinth ? 7. What theory has been proposed to reconcile the various state- ments respecting the first Bishop of Rome ? Where do we find the earliest positive mention of the existence of Christianity in Britain ? 8. What was the first instance of aggression, on the part of a Roman Bishop, on the tranquility of the Church ? This aggression was repeated on the occasion of a remarkable controversy, in the middle of the third century. The opinion of Cyprian as to the supremacy claimed by the Roman Church was clearly laid down on this occasion. 9. What was the first occasion on which the civil authority was invoked in defence of orthodoxy, in the history of the Church ? Im- portant pretensions were subsequently founded on the decision of Aurelian. 10. When did the distinction between believers and catechumens commence ? This distinction was closely connected with the prevail- DUBLIN UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. 335 ing notions relative to the oiBce of baptism. What author first mentions the use of oil in baptism ? and what was the source of this custom ? 11. The number of persecutions which befel the Christian Church Jias been variously computed by different authors. What seems to have been the reason for fixing upon the number ten ? It is clear, from one of the ancient laws of the republic, mentioned by Cicero, that Boman polytheism was essentially intolerant. Tertullian exposes with much force the inconsistency of Trajan's rescript to Pliny, re- specting the persecution of the Christians. What reason have we for believing that the persecution of Decius was much more severe than those which preceded it ? 12. The word heresy, in its original acceptation, was applied by St Luke without any imputation of censure. Mosbeim distinguishes three classes of early heretics. In what words is St Paul supposed to allude to the Gnostic opinions ? The rejection of the Old Testament was a necessary consequence of the Gnostic theory. Two different, and almost opposite, opinions were held by the Gnostics regarding the death of Christ. Doctrines similar to those of the modern Unitarians were advanced at an early period in the Church. 13. What name was given to the followers of Sabellius, charac- teristic of their peculiar opinions ? How was the peculiar absurdity of the Patripassians avoided in the Gnostic theory ? 14. Who were the LibeHatici ? The opinions of Novatian were, to a certain extent, adopted by an orthodox Council of the Church. The name adopted by the followers of Novatian was revived in more modem times. 15. Manes, in rejecting the authenticity of the Gospels, committed a singular inconsistency, according to Augustine. One of the pecu- liarities by which Leo the Great detected the Manichseans was re- markable, considering the quarter from which it proceeded. 16. In his account of the peculiar opinions of Montanus,Mo8heim endeavours to establish a distinction which has no foundation. Who was the most eminent among the followers of Montanus ? 17- What was the first step taken by Constantine for the esta- blishment of Christianity ? What facts have been chiefly relied on by those who caU in question the sincerity of Constantine's con. version? These facts furnish very insufficient evidence against the sincerity of his belief. One of the early privileges conferred on the Church by Constantine laid the first foundation of ecclesiastical juris- diction. In the management of the Church, Constantine assumed two powers not before belonging to the State. 336 DUBLIN UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. 18. Under what circumstances did the Arian controversy com- mence ? The different opinions which pervaded the Council of Nice were at length reduced to one single point. Gibbon's account of this celebrated Council is manifestly improbable. Besides the Arian con- troversy, another question was set at rest by the decision of the Council of Nice. 19. On how many occasions was Athanasius deposed? Three words serve to distinguish the orthodox, Arian, and Semi-Arian opinions. One of the most remarkable Councils held in the fourth century gave a partial sanction to the Arian heresy. What caused the sudden spread of Arian opinions among the barbarous invaders of the empire ? 20. In what years were the first four General Councils held? £ach of the four General Councils condemned a remarkable heresy. Hooker has concisely expressed the points decided in these Councils. What was the Macedonian heresy, and by what Council was it con. demned ? 21. The Emperor Julian made a remarkable attempt to impeach the truth of prophecy, with what result ? A plausible explanation of these singular phenomena has recently been proposed. 22. When was Christianity formally established by the Roman Senate ? 23. What Council first expressly enjoined the celibacy of the clergy ? To what Council may the origin of appeals to Rome be traced? They were subject to two restrictions, Leo the Great in- troduced an Innovation in the discipline of the Church, which greatly augmented the influence of the clergy. 24. When was the last great change made in the mode of election of the Pope ? Four different modes of electing the supreme Pontif " are mentioned by the historian of Leo X. For what reason was the election by compromise given up ? 25. On what occasion was the claim to temporal dominion over the British Isles first advanced by the Pope ? What was the origin of the name " Peter's pence," and by whom was the tax imposed in England ? What remarkable privileges were conferred on the see of Canterbury by the Pope ? 26. In the Anglo-Saxon Church, what precaution was adopted to prevent any collision between the civil and ecclesiastical jurisdictions ? An important change made by William the Conqueror greatly in- creased the power of the clergy. At what time was the canonical code of the Romish Church first recognized in England ? What were the principal subjects of canonical legislation ? From what period DUBLIN UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. 337 Aid the contests between the civil and ecclesiastical jurisdiction com", mence in England ? What was the chief cause of the progress of Papal usurpation in England, during the reigns of the first Henry and Stephen ? What compromise was made by Henry I. with regard to Investitures ? What was the chief object of the Institutions of Cla» Tendon ? 27. The first check to the Papal pretensions in England proceeded from an unexpected quarter. Two important measures were adopted by Edward I. for reducing the Papal power in England. These two measures received their full completion in a subsequent reign. When was the first Statute against heresy passed in England ? 28. WiclclifFe was not only the precursor, but the prototype of the English Reformation. Various derivations of the name of Lollards have been given. Under what name did WicklifFe inveigh against the friars? 29. There were three principal divisions, both of the military and religious orders. By whom was the order of Knights Hospitallers originally founded ? What were the subsequent fortunes of this celebrated Order ? 30. At what time is it probable that the Benedictine Order was introduced into England ? What were the four Orders of Friars ? There was a remarkable difference in tlie tenets of the Dominicans and Franciscans. How did the Dominicans acquire the epithet of Jaco- bins ? What was the number of mitred abbots in England at the time of the Reformation ? What rank did the Prior of the Order of St John hold in England before the Order was suppressed ? 31. In what year was the Order of Jesuits founded ? How did their founder obtain the Pope's consent to the institution of this new Order ? The Jesuits differed from the monastic Orders in two essen. tial points. Besides the sources of wealth common to all the regular clergy, the Jesuits possessed one peculiar to themselves. Three per- nicious effects arising from the institution of the Jesuits are mentioned by a modern historian. 32. In the doctrinal reformation of the English Church, the natural order of proceeding was inverted. Two fundamental errors of the Church of Rome were marked out by Ridley, as the source of all others. The powers granted by Henry VIII. to his ecclesiastical vicegerent were revived by Elizabeth under another form. How was the authority of the High Commission Court with respect to heresy restrained ? What subjects were discussed in the first conference in Elizabeth's «ign ? 33. What difficulty prevented the immediate consecration of Archo 22 338 DUBLIN UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. bishop Parker? On what ground do the Romanists allege that Parker's consecration was uncanonical ? How is this objection an- swered ? 34. The Pope offered to make important concessions to Elizabeth, xin condition that she would return to the Romish communion. How did .Tewel defend the refusal of the English government to send re- presentatives to the Council of Trent ? The Puritans, in the reign of Elizabeth, obtained a licence to preach, under the authority of a Papal buU. 35. The grievances mentioned in the millenary petition were di- vided into four head!!. In the consecration of the Scottish bishops, in the reign of James, how was the question of the validity of Presby- terian ordination disposed of ? 36. When did the subsidies of the clergy first receive the con- firmation of parliament ? This sanction was omitted on a remarkable occasion in Elizabeth's reign. 37. What was the first step taken by the Commons to remove the bishops from the House of Lords ? A plausible pretext was urged to obtain the consent of both houses to the bill for the abolition of Epis- copacy. There was one great impediment to the keeping up of the episcopal succession during the commonwealth. Three expedients were proposed, in order to get over this difficulty. 1. The exertions of St Augustine were chiefly directed against three classes of adversaries in the Church. What was the subject of the only recorded point of difference between Jerome and St Augustine ? What was the first instance in the history of the Church, of a criminal prosecution for heresy ? On what grounds were the opinions of Jovi- nian and Vigilantius condemned ? Tlie controversy carried on against Vigilantius by Jerome exhibits the character of the latter in a very unfavourable light. 2. What were the errors charged against Celestius at the Council of Carthage ? In the first two Councils held upon the opinions of Pelagius he was acquitted. What were the opinions of the Semi- Pelagians, and to whom are they generally attributed ? To what cause may we ascribe the little interest taken by the Ureek Church in the Pelagian disputes ? 3. The doctrine held by Apollinaris, as to the Incarnation, may be briefly expressed? Apollinaris and Nestorius adopted equally erroneous extremes. The proceedings of the Council which condemned Nestorius were characterized by partiality aiid precipitancy. The DUBLIN UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. 339 selection of Ephesus, as the place where the Council was to assemble, gave great advantage to the party of Cyril. 4. What grounds have been advanced for the opinion, that the controversy between Nestorius and his accusers was a dispute about words ? The Eutycliian heresy affords no room for this confusion of terms. Eutyches rejected a subtle distinction which had been ad- vanced by ApoUinaris. The exposition of faith decreed by the coun- cil of Chalcedon, briefly condemned both the Eutychian and Nestorian errors. 5. What was the substance of the Henoticon of Zeno ? On what grounds were the three Chapters condemned by the Fifth General Council, and of what did they consist? By whom was the Mono- thelite controversy originated, and how long did it continue ? 6. Idolatrous usages were formerly sanctioned by the decree of the Seventh General Council. To what causes does Mosheim principally attribute the substitution of the Aristotelian for the Platonic philoso- phy in the Church ? Justinian, the great persecutor of heresy, fell into it himself before his death. 7. In what year did the mission of Augustine to England take place ? It is incorrect to suppose that the Ancient Britons were in. volved in the error of the Quartodecimans ? What was the trinoad necessitas imposed upon the clergy in the reign of the Saxon kings ? At what time is it probable that the quadripartite division of the Church revenue was ordained ? What is the origin of the term benefice ? 8. The nature of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and immunity was per- manently altered by two capitularies of Charlemagne. A character- istic regulation of the feudal system contributed materially to degrade the clergy, in the seventh and eighth centuries. 9. By whom was the title of Universal Bishop first assumed ? What was the nature of the supremacy accorded to the see of Rome, by the Council of Chalcedon ? The decay of the metropolitan system In the seventh and eighth centuries may be attributed to various causes. What method was chiefly made use of by the Popes to usurp the rights of the metropolitans ? The celebrated donation of Pepin to the Romish see was the reward of political services on the part of the Pope. 22—2 340 DURHAM UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. VI. Burfiam Winibmit^ CBxaminations in CBtcIesiagtical l^istorg. EARLY ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. 1. Desceibe the origin and early progress of the Church at Jerusalem. 2. Give a short account of the travels of St Paul, and lay dowil 1ipon a map the position of the principal churches which he founded or visited. 3. Shew that the episcopal form of Government was from the first estahlished, and subsequently continued without interruption, in the Apostolical Churches. 4. Mention the principal persecutions : what was their number ? Whence has probably arisen the difference of opinion upon this sub- ject? 5. Give an account of Justin Martyr's Apology. What is Jusi tin's main object ? and by what arguments does he support it ? What information do we gain from that Apology respecting the political condition of the Christians, their religious conduct, their observance of public worship, and their administration of the Sacraments ? What changes appear to have taken place in the manner of receiving the Eucharist between the age of the Apostles and the time of Justin ? 6. In what sense is the word Heresy used by the Fathers ? From what source was the Gnostic heresy probably derived ? What were its peculiar tenets? 7. Shew, from testimonies independent of Christian writers, that the number of Christians rapidly increased in the first and second Centuries. 8. What secondary causes have been assigned, in order to account for this rapid growth of Christianity ? Shew that those causes are not sufiicient to have produced the effects ascribed to them. 9. Mention some of the principal works of Tertullian. What ij the general character of his style ? What celebrated writer of his own country imitated him ? Did the scholar, in this instance, surpass his " master"? To what sect did Tertullian attach himself? and what were his principal errors? 10. Give some account of Irenseus, Clement of Rome, and Cyprian. 11. Trace the earliest introduction of Christianity into Britain. By whom was it again introduced among the Saxons, and at what time? DURHAM UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. 341 12. What were the tenets of the Ebionites, Sabellians, and No» vatians ? 13. What causes were likely to lead to the adoption of an ascetic life, especially among eastern nations ? 14. Give an account of the gradual rise and progress of monaS' ticisra. What were the principal orders ? What were the chief advan.< ' tages and disadvantages to society arising from those institutions ? 15. What are the principal defects in the manner in which early Christian writers use the Scriptures ? What assistance may we derive from their (Quotations towards ascertaining the condition of the sacred text at the time when they wrote ? 16. Give a character of Constantine the Great. What benefits, and what inconveniences were experienced by the Church in conse- quence of its connexion with the state ? 17. State the facts connected with Julian's attempt to rebuild the Temple of Jerusalem. On whose authority do these facts rest ? Are the extraordinary circumstances sufficiently accounted for by natural causes ? What prophecies refer to this event ? 18. What principal causes led to the separation of the Greek and Latin Churches ? 19. Give a character of Louis IX. of France, and some account of his history. What institutions intended for the defence of religion did he introduce into his dominions ; and with what result ? 20. What causes led to the Crusades ? What were the principal effects produced by those wars ? 1. Descbibe briefly the authorities for the history of the early Churches. 2. What was the constitution of these Churches, and how were they connected with each other ? Illustrate your answer by examples. 3. Give a short account of the Apostolical Fathers and their writ- ings; also of Justin Martyr, Irenaeus, Origin, Cyprian, and their writings. 4. Describe briefly the origin of Councils, and mention some of the earliest. Under what circumstances and by whom was the first General Council assembled ? Name the other General Councils whose decisions are received in the Church of England, and give a short account of each. Enumerate different opinions which have been held respecting the authority of General Councils. What judgment has been given on this point by the Church of England ? 5. Mention the chief errors respecting the Word and the Holy 342 DDRHAM UNIVERSITY EXAMINATIONS. Spirit which were circulated during the first four centuries. Were any of them revived at the period of the Reformation, and by whom ? 6. What was the state of Christianity in the British Islands at the time of the mission of Augustine ? By whom was the conversion of the Anglo-Saxons chiefly effected ? What differences in religious observances existed for some time after the cbnversion, and when and under what circumstances were they removed ? 7. What was the nature of the Papal authority during the Anglo- Saxon period ? What circumstances under the Norman Kings favoured its extension? 8. Distinguish between the secular and regular clergy. When did the Mendicant Orders take their rise ? How did they differ from the more ancient orders ? Name some of the monastic orders which have been foundedsi nee the Reformation. 9. State some of the consequences of the monastic system both for evil and for good. 10. Shew that Henry VIII. had good grounds for abolishing the Papal supremacy in England, Detail his measures for effecting the abolition, stating whether or not they were justifiable, 11. When and by whom was communion between the Churches of Bngland and Rome finally broken ? INDEX. Abbot, Abp. of Canterburyj 277. Abingdon, the abbot of, 191. Abraxas, meaning of, 79. Acacians, 137. ^caciu#,patriarcliof Ck)nstantiiioplej 136, 137. Acephali, 136. Acta Pilati, 31, Adiaphoristic controversy, 236. Adoption controversy, 152^ Adrian, destroys Jerusalem, builds ^Elia Capitolina, abolishes circumcision, 10 ; sets up statues of Jupiter and Venus at Jerusalem, edict against the Jews, 11 ; his edict in favour of the Chris- tians, 35 ; edict in favour of the Chris- tians avoided, ib. Adrian IV., Pope, disputes with Barba- rossa, 160, VI. opposes Luther, 221. Adrian, his learnings in England, 183 ; an African, 184 ; abbot of Canterbury, 184. Advertisements of the clergy under Eli- zabeth, 269. ^lia Capitolina, built of Adrian, 10, 22. ^neas Sylvius becomes Pius II., 168. Mon, Christ, 83. JEthiopians converted, 124. Africanus, J., his ecclesiastical chroni- cle, 1. Affapes, or love-feasts, account of, 106. Aidan, a Scottish bishop, 117, 178, 183, 195. Alban, St, first British martyr, 171; church of, 171 ; monastery of, 187, Albe, the vestment, 248. Albert of York, 185. AlbigcTises, 210. Albinus, procurator of Judaea, 9> Alcuin, of York, invited to the court of Charlemagne,. 184; account of, 186; in England, 188 ; on the sacrifice, 196 ; on purgatory, 196. Aldhelm, Bp. of Sherborne, 185 ; trans- lates the Psalms, 241. , AlesSf Alexander, 231. Alexander, of Jerusalem, on Origen, 68 ; of Alexandria, opposes Arius, 113. Alexander III. confirms the privileges of the Roman see, 160 ; alters the mode of electing the popes, 161 ; V. 167 ; VI, 168. Alexandria, church of SS. Peter and Mark at, 25, 26; bishop of, 180; cate- chetical school of, 87, 88. Alfred the Great, full account of, 189 translates the Psalms, 241. Alogi, opposed by Hippolytus, 83. Altars removed, 246. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, life and works of, 146. America, church of, 301. Ampkibalus, a British Christian, 171. Anagni, 165. Ananus causes St James to be slain, 20. Andrew, St, 17. Andrew's, St, a Scottish see, 281. Anencletus, bishop of Rome, 23. Angelic Doctor, 231. Angels of churches, same as bishops, 99^. Angles, east, converted, 178, 181. Anicetua, bishop of Rome, 24, 67. Annates, abolished at Basil, 168; in Eng- land, 237. Anonueans, their opinions, 119, 120. Anselm, archbishop of Canterbury, 202, 203 ; enforces celibacy, 203. Antichrist, 32. \ Antidico-Marianites, 124. Antioch, church of, 14, 22, 23 ; Evodius and Ignatius, bishops of, 22; St Pete 344 INDEX. at, 22, 23; Theophilus and Paul of Sa- mosata, bishops of, 23; first council there, 71; canons of, 72. Antiochian School, 88, 89 ; three orders of ministers at, 98. Antoninus, his treatment of the Chris- tians, 35. Apelles, a Marcionite, S3. Aphthartoi, 137. ApoMnarius, bishop of Hierapolis, his . apology, 53 ; his hypothesis, 121 ; of Laodicea, 126. Apollonius of Tyana, account of, 65. Apologies of the early church, 49, et seq. ; of Quadratus Aristides, Justin Martyr, 49 ; Athenagoras, 51 ; Melito, 52 ; Apol- linarius, Miltiades, 52 ; Tertullian, 53. 4pologi/ of Jewelf 26. Apostles, historical and traditionary no- tices of, 17 ; remain at Jerusalem for twelve years, 18 ; which were martyrs, 18 ; power conferred on at three times, 96; deacons, 97; had equal authority, 97 ; ruled particular churches, 97 ; ex- traordinary ministers, 97. ApostolicFathers,iO;aYno6L3,6&; church, ^92; canons and constitutions, 110. Arianism, rise and progress of, 113—125; distinctive mark of, 114 ; causes of its decline, 123 ; flourishes longest in Spain and Lombardy, 123. Afideans, 124. Arimathea, Joseph of, in Britain, at Glas- tonbury, 171. Ariminum, council of, 130; British bi- shops at, 172. Aristides, his defence of Christians, 49. Aristobulus, son of Herod, 8. Arius, his life and heresy, 113, ei seq. ; master of catechetical school in Alex- andria, 113 ; defends his heresy, 114 ; withdraws to Palestine, 114. Aries, council of, 120; attended by Bri- tish bishops, 172 ; bishop of, 176. Armagh, see of, 285. Armenia converted, 124. Arminian clergy, 279 ; opinions of, 304. Amobius, his life and works, 62. Artemon, life and opinions of, 84. Arthur, prince, son of Henry VIII., 231. Articles, Six, 240. Articles of 1536, full account of, 432 ; of Edward VI., 249; of Elizabeth, 268; Lambeth of James I., 276. Asaph, St, 175. Asclepiades, 84. Asser, biographer of Alfred, 189^ Athanaria pei'secutes the Christians, 125. Athanasius attends the council of Nice, 115 ; primate of Egypt, 116 ; life of, 117; condemned by several councils, 117 J banished and restored, 118. Athelney, 189. Athelstan, king of England, 190. Athenagoras, his life, 51 ; his Apology^ treatise on the Resurrection, analysis of, 53. Athens, church of, 26 ; Dionysius Quad- ratus Publins, bishop of, 26, 27. Atticus condemns Symeon, 21. Augsburg, Luther summoned to, 220; confession of, full account of, 224, 227. Augustin, St, of Hippo, life and works of, 147. Augustin, archbishop of Canterbury, 175, 176, 177; his mission gave na power to the pope over England, 198 i. and the monks of Bangor, 129 : intro- duces the Benedictines, 215. Augustus, persecutes foreign religions, 31. Aurelius, Marcus, his treatment of the. Christians, 35. Avignon, pope removes to, 165 ; removes. from, to Rome, 165, 166. B. Babylonish Captivity, written by Luther, 231. Badby burnt for heresy, 213. Bancroft, archbishop of Canterbury, 277. Bangor, 175; Elford, bishop of, 180;. monks of, slain, 199. Bangorian controversy, 308. INDISX. 345 Baptism In the primitive church, full account of, 107. Barcochebm, 10, 22, Bar detunes of Edessa, 81. Barnabas, his ministry, 14 ; full account of his epistle, 46, 47. BaroniuSj annals of, 7. Barsabas {Justus) drinks poison, 18. Barsymas imovira Nestorianism, 128. Parthalomew, St, preaches in India, 18. Barton, E., executed, 238. Basil the Great, bishop of Ancyra, life and writings of, 144, et seq. Basil, council of, its acts, 167, 168, 169, 214. Basilides, Gnostic, 78, 79. Beaton, Cardinal, 281. Bee, convent school, 203. Becket, Thomas, archbishop of Canter- bury, 203, 204. Bede, Venerable, his Eccl. Hist., 7 ; on king: Lucius, 170 ; dedicates his history to Ceolwolph, 184; on the Christian sacriflce, 196 ; translates the Bible, 241. Benedict XJII., elected, 166 ; deposed, , 167. Benedict Biscop, 183. Benedictine abbot, second in England, 191. Benedictines in England possess all the cathedrals except Carlisle, 214 ; account of, 215 ; nuns of Fontevrault, 217. Bertha, queen of Kent, 175. Bertwald, archbishop of Canterbury, 184. Beryllits of Bostra, 84. Beverlen, John of, 183 ; collegiate church of, 184, 188. Bible, English translations of, full ac- count of, 241, 242 J Wickliflfe's and Cranmer's, 241; proclamation in fa- vour of, 242; Matthew's, Tyndale's, and Coverdale's, 242 ; Authorized Version . of, 277. Birinus, bishop of Dorchester, 178. Bishops, why once called angels, 99 ; by what authority appointed, 99; their office and jurisdiction, 100; catalogues of, at Jerusalem, 21 ; at Rome, 24 ; suc- cessors of the apostles, 100; derived from God, 100; Hooker and Pearson on, 101 ; a presbyter, 100 ; how elected under Henry Vlll., 237 ; consecration of 248 ; mode of appointing, before Henry VIII., 251; under Henry VIII., 252; suffragan, 252; Bomish, under Eliza.; betb, 264; how elected in Ireland, 286; abolished in England, 291 ; mode of appointment under William I. and II., and Henry I., 200—203 ; under king John, 205. Bitthera, 10. Black-canons, in England, 216, Black-friars, 217. Black-friars, conference at, under Henry VIII., 229. Boleyn, Queen Anne, 235. Boniface VIII., Pope, institutes the Ju- bilee, 163 ; his contest with Philip the Fair, 164 ; taken prisoner, 165. IX. resides at Rome, 166. Bonner, bishop of London, 246 ; deprived, 264. Brackley, on the royal prerogative, 279. Bradwardine, archbishop of Canterbury, his works, 211, Bronde»i6Mr^,George,elector of, protests, 223. Bretwalda^ or Lord of Britain, 175, 177. Bridget, St, 217. Britain, early Church of, 70, et seq. ; St Paul visits, 170 ; Clemens Romanus, St Jerom, Theodoret, Gildas, Justin, Martyr, Tertullian, Bede, on, 170; Lui cius, king of, 170; St Peter, in, Simoi^ Zelotes, Gildas, Joseph of Arimathea^ Philip, and James, in, 171. British bishops confer with Augustin,, 176; church not Quartodeciman, 179; confers with Roman church at Whit- by, 179; church before St Augustin, 198. Brownistt, sect of, 277. Bucer at Cambridge, 247. Burgess, Bp, on St Paul's visit to Brii tain, 170. 346 INDEX. C. Caerleon, archbishopric of, 175. Ctentlarius, patriarch of Constantinople, 161. Cafetan, Cardinal, 220. Calcidth, Council of, full account of, 187. Cailuti, Nicephorus, his Ecc. Hist., 6. Cattixtus III., Pope, 168. Calne, St Dunstan at, 192. Calumnies against the Christians, 30. Calvin's form of worship, 260. Calvinistic clergy, 279 j worship, 303. Campeggio, Cardinal, opposes Luther, 221; in England, 233. Candida casa, in Gralloway, 193. Canons, regular, &c., 216. Canons, the, revision of, 237 ; of James I., 277. Camterbnry, Augustin first archbishop of, 176 ; privileges of the archbp., 176 ; Laurentius, archbishop of, 177 i Saxon archbishops of, 181 j archbishops from William I. to Edward III., 200; con- vocation of, 253; Tillotson, Tenison, archbishops of, 295. Caracalla, his treatment of the Chris- tians, 36) 68. Cardinals, account of, 155; College of, 161 ; regulated at Basil, 168. Carlostadt, 221. Carmelites, 217. Caroline Books, 149; in England, 188. Carpocrates, his opinions, 81. Carpwald slain, 178. Carthusians in England, 216. Cartwright, full account of, 269, 270. Cashel, province of, 285i. Cassiodorus, his Ecc. Hist., 6. Eataphryges, or Montaniats, 83. . Catechetical School of Alexandria, 87, 88. Ca/«cAi«»wof Edward VI., 249; ofCran- mer, 249, 250; under James I., 276; Nowell's, 276. Catherine, Queen, full account of, 231, eit seq. Cedda, or St Chad, 178. Celettiut, friend of Felagius, 128, et seq. Celesiine, bishop of Rome, opposes Nes. torius, 127. Celibacy of the clergy, 203. Celsus writes against Christianity, 64. Cehfchyth, Council of, 187 ; on the sacra- mental elements, 195. See Calcuith, Cerdon, his life and opinions, 81. Ceremonies, 263. Cerinihus, his heresy, 78, 79. Chad, St, or Cedda, 178 ; at 'Whitby, 179> 180, 185. Chalcedon, General Council of, 130. ^ Challenge of Jewel, 266. Chancels, rubric on, 267. Chapters, the Three, the meaning of, 138. Charibert, king of Paris, 175. Charlemagne grants privileges to the Church, 181. Charles I. of England, Church under, 279, et seq. ; his conduct when a prisoner. //., his conduct to the Church, VII. of France issues the Prag* matic Sanction, 169. V, of Germany, against Lutheri? 223 ; reconciled to the Protestants, 234. Chlcheley, 214. Christ's College founded, 218. Christian, Most, title of kings of France, 169. ] Christianity, causes of the success of, 28, 29, 124, 125; calumnies against, 30; persecutions of, 30, et seq. ; recognised by the Roman Senate, 124. Christians, ilresh application of the name, 14. Christoiohos, meaning of, 126. Church, history of the first year of, 3; origin of, 12; of Jerusalem, 19; of Antioch, 22; Rome, 23; AlexandrjM 25; Ephesus, Smyrna, Athens, 26p Corinth, 27; its attributes, 90; deri- vation and meaning of the word, 90; holy, catholic, and apostolic, 91, 92J universal, 91 ; members of, 93; visible) 93, 94; its unity, 94; salvation in, 95; Government of, 96, 102 ; assemblies of, INDEX. 347 105; receives privileges from Charle- magne, 151; immunities of, 22S; su- preme head of, 234 ; catechism, 276. Churehes, Eastern and Western, finally separate, 161. Church-rates granted by Ethelwolf, 189 ; by Athelstan, at the Council of Grately, 190. Chrysostom, St, life and works of, 147. Cicero on Roman gods, 30. Circular o/Phoiius, 153. Cistercians in England, 216. Clarendon, Constitutions of, 201. Claudia a British Christian, 171. Clemens Romanus, his account of the deaths of St Peter and Paul, 17, 170 ; bishop of Rome, 40 ; his works, first Epistle, when and why written, 41; its contents, its style and genuineness, and how discovered, 42. Clemens Alexandrinu8,'ias^Q^'QAyiov)!is, 59, 60. Clement VI., Pope, on the jubilee, 163. VII. elected, 166-; opposes Luther, 221. Clergy, concubinage of, 167 ; immunities of, 207; taxes of, 252. Cletus, bishop of Rome, 23, 24. Cliff'e^s-hoo, council of, 186. Clotildis, queen of the Franks, 144. Cloveshoo, council of, 186. Clovis opposes Arianism, 123; converted, 144. Clugniacs in England, 216. Cobham, Lord, burnt for heresy, 313. Ccelestine, Pope, sends St Patrick to Ire- land, 174. Coke, Sir E., on Papal conformity, 272. Colchester, Adelphius bishop of, at Aries, 172. Cole, Provost of Eton, 258. Collyrideans, 124. Colman, Saxon bishop, 178; at Whitby, 179, 185. Colossians, Epistle of, when written, 14. Columba, 8t, 174. Commission, High Court of, 263; de- scription of, 280, Commodus, Christians under, 36. Communion tables, 246; service, 248; under Elizabeth, 266. Community of goods amongst the primi- tive Christians, Compton, bishop of London, 275. Concordat of Francis I. with Leo X., 169. Conference, Hampton Court, 276 ; Savoy, 293. Confession of Faith in Scotland, 283. Westminster, 290. Conformity of Papists in England, 271. Congid'Elire,252. Congregation, Lords of the, 282. Constance, Council of, its object and decrees, 167. Constantine, his treatment of the Chris- tians, 39 ; Ilia life, 110 ; his vision. 111 ; his sincerity. 111 ; his administration of the Church, 111, 112; writes to Arius and Alexander, 114; opens the Council of Nice, 115; favours Christianity in Britain, 171. Constantinople, first Council at, 122. Constantius Chlorus favours Christianity in Britain, 110, 170. Constitutions, Apostolical, 110. Continents, their opinions, 81. Controversies of the early Church, 66; concerning Easter, 67; Origen, 68; No- vatus and Novatian, 70 ; Paul of Samo- sata, 71 ; Millenniun 72 ; Donatists, 73. Conventual establishments amongst the ■ Saxons, 190. Convocation on the supremacy, 234 ; on the divorce, 235 ; history of, 253, e£ seq. ; acts under Mary, 256; under Queen Elizabeth, 263, 264. Copes, use of, 248. Corinth, Church of, 27 ; Dionysius, bishop of, 27. Corporation act, 292. CoimctVof Jerusalem, 66; of Sardica, 117; of Sirmium, of Aries, 120 ; first gene- ral, at Nice, 114; second general, at Constantinople, 121 ; its acts and ca- nons, 122 ; fourth general, of Cbalcedon, 130; fifth, of Constantinople, 138, 139; 348 INDEX. sixth, ,of Constantinople, 142 ; seventh, of Nice, against images, 149 ; twelfth general, its decrees, 162, 163 ; thirteenth and fourteenth, at Lyons, 163 ; of Ton- loose, deprives the laity of the Scrip- tures, 164 J of Whitby, 179 ; Saxon table of, 181; of Hertford, 182; of Hatfield, 181, 183 ; five general, received in Eng- land, 183; of Cloveshoo, orCliffe's-hoo, 186; six general, acknowledged in Eng- land, 187 ; of Grately, 190. Cranmer sent to Rome concerning the divorce, 233 ; full account of his life, 234, 233 ; modifies the oath at his con- secration— by whom consecrated, 235; moderates the Act of the Six Articles, 240 : his Bible, 241, 242 ; imprisoned, 253 i disputes at Oxford, 257 ; recants, 238 ; martyred, 239. Creed, Nicene, where it ended and when enlarged, 123. Crescens opposes Christianity, 64. Cricktade, monastery of, 183. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, account of, 239. Cromwell, Oliver, 291. Crosses, use of, 107 ; sign of, 247. Cmotomms, Procurator of Judtea, 9. Cutkbert, archbishop of Canterbury, 180. Cyprian, St, full account of his life and works, 61, 62. Cyprists, 198. Cyprus, bishops of, 26 ; independent of ' Antioch, 198. Cyril of Alexandria opposes Nestorius, 127 ; of .Alexandria, life and ?mtings of ■ 144, Damiamis sent to Britain, 171. Vanes destroy the religious houses in England, 188. David's, St, see of, 176; Bernard, bishop of, submits to the archbishop of Can- terbury, 203. Peacons, their appointment and office, 98; origin of, 98, 101 j Mosheim's opi- nion of, 102. Pf <{(?, prayers for, 248. Deans and Chapters to elect bishops, 237, 252. Dearmach, 174. Decalogue in the Prayer Book, 247. Decius, persecutes the Christians, 37, 68. Decree of the Council of Jerusalem, 66. Decretals, Pseudo-Isidorian, 154. Defender of the Faith, title of, 231. Demetrius of Alexandria, concerning Origen, 68. Dio Cassius on Roman worship, 30. Dioceses, account of, 198. Diocletian, persecution of, 37 i in Britain, 171. Dionysius of .Alexandria, 21 ; his life, 64; disciple of Origen, 69 ; refutes Sabellius, 85 ; of Rome, 24 ; the Areopagite, 27; of Corinth, 27, 57. Directory, English, 290. Discipline, secret account of, 109 ; book of, in Scotland, 283. Disputation at Oxford, 257. Diu»iiz, Saxon bishop, 178. , Divines, assembly of, at Westminster, 290. Divorce of Henry VIII. and Catharine, full account of, 231, et seq. ; ostensible andreal reasons for, 232 ; texts of Scrip- ture on, 234. Doeetas, their error, 76. Doctor, The Profound, Bradwardine, 211 ; angelic, 321. Doctrinal works published in the reign of Henry VIII., 244. Dole in Brittany, 173. Dominicans appointed inquisitors, 164; or Black-friars, 217. Domitian, his treatment of St John, 17;' persecutes the Christians, 32; reason for persecuting them, 33. Donation of Constantino, 154. Donaiists, 72, 73, 74; Council of Arle» against, 172. Dorchester, bishop of, 178. Dm't, Synod of, 279. Dresses, clerical, rubric on, 248. Dublin, province of, 285. Dubricius of Gaul, in Britain, 173, INDEX. 349 Jbumtan, St, establishes noonasticisra, 191; Ms contests with the clergy, 192; account of his life, 191, 193 ; opposes the papal power, 193, 194, 215. Dunwich, bishop of, 178. Badhald, a Saxon king-, 177. Eanbaldj of Tork, 186. EasteTy controversy concerning it, 67* 68; at Whitby, 178, 179; time of, 182. Eastern Churchy separates from, the Western, 161. EhioniteSt their Opinions, 83. Bborius, bishop of York, at the Council of Aries, 172. Ecclesiastical Lawsj reformation of, 248. EcMus opposes Luther, 220. EcthesiSf explanation of the, 141. Edgar, king, his ecclesi^tical regula- tions, 194. Edward the Elder, 190. Edward the Confessor, his ecclesiastical regulations, 194, 195. Edward I. f 164 ; regulates the clergy, 217. Edward F/., his hfe and reign, 245, et seq. Edwitif king of Northumberland, 177. Egbert, of York, 185', translates the go- spels, 241 ; king of Wessex, becomes hereditary "Lord of Britain," 188. Efffridj a Saxon king, 185. ElagabaltiSj his treatment of the Chris- tians, 36. Election of Popes, form of, 154, 155. Eleutherius, Pope, sends missionaries to Britain, 171. El/ric, his life and works, 194 ; on the corporal presence, 195. Elizabeth, Queen, her reign, 262, et seq. ; her relations with the Pope, 271. Elwy, see of, 175. Ely, bishopric of, founded, 203. Encratites, their opinions, 81 . England, kings of, from Egbert to tlie Conquest, 190; from William I. to Ed- ward III., 200. English Church independent of Rome, 197 ; freed from the Pope, 237, 238. English College, at Rome, 187. Ephesians, epistle to, 14. Ephesus, Church of, Timothy, St John> Folycrates, and Onesimus, at, 26. Ephesus, Council of, 127. Erudition of a Christian, the, 244. Essex, converted, 178, 181. Ethelbert, king of Kent, 175, 176. Ethelburga, or Tate, 177. Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, assists St Dunstan, 191. Ethelwolf confirms all grants to the Church, 188; his payments to Rome, 189. Ethelwol/,'ubbot of Abingdon, 191. Ethei'ius, bishop of Aries, 176. Eucharist, mode of celebrating the, 106 ; bread for, 168. Euchites, 124. Eugenius IV., Pope, 167 ; deposed, 168. Eusebitis, account of his life and writ- ings, his Ecclesiastical History, Chro- nicle, Life of Constantine, 2 ; Gibbon^s censure of, foundation of the censure, 3 ; defended against Gibbon, 4. Etityches, his life and errors, 129, et seq, Euipehianismj 129. Evagrius the Syrian, his Eccl, Hist., 6. Evodius, bishop of Antioch, 22. Excommunication, power of, in the 8th century, 151. Excommunicated, Queen Elizabeth, 272. Exorcising, 248. ExpectativeSi papal, origin of, 165. F. Fadius, Cuspius, procurator of Judaea, 9. Faithj Defender of the, 231. Fastidius, bishop of London, his work, 173. Fasts of the Anti-nieene Church, 107. Fatalis, a British Christian, 173. Feasts of the Ante-nicene Church, 107. FeliXt procurator of Judaea, 9. 350 INDEX. Felix v.. Pope, 168 ; fesignB, 168 j bishop of Dunwich, 178. Ferrara, Synod of, 168. Feiiut dies, 20. Filioque, how introduced into the Creed, 151 ; Council of Florence on, 168. Finan, Saxon bishop, 178. Fisher, bishop of Rochester, on the di- vorce, 332, 236 ; executed, 239- Fittralph, archbishop of Armagh, 211. Flmianus, patriarch of Constantinople, 129. Florence, Council of, its decrees, 168. Floras, Gessius, procurator of Judaea, 9. Formula ad Interim, explanation of, 225. Foa:, bishop of Winchester, 230. Franc/art, troubles of, 259, et seq. Franciscans, or Grey-friars, 217. Franhs converted, 144; support the Pope, ISO. Frederick, of Saxony, protects Luther, 220. Frith, John, executed, 238. Fugatius, sent to Britain, 171. G. Galilean Church, its liberties, 169. Gallienus favours the Christians, 38. Gallus, persecution of, 37. Gardiner, bishop of Winchester, 246; under Mary, 255. Garnet, the Jesuit, 272. Georgia converted, 124. Germain's, St, Monastery of, 173. Germanus opposes Pelagianism in Bri- tain, 172. Gibbon, accusation against Eusebius, 3 ; on Christian persecutions, 32. Gildas, on the early Christianity of Britain, 170, 171 j on the persecution of Diocletian, 171. Glasgow, a Scottish bishopric, 281. Glass, painted, destroyed, 269. Glastonbury, Joseph of Arimathea at, 171; St Patrick at, 174, 169, 259. Gnostics, Asiatic, their opinions, 81. Gnosticism, character and origin of, re- vived, 149. Godeschaleus, on predestination, 152, 15* Goths converted, 124. Grace, Pilgrimage of, account of, 240. Grandmontines, in England, 216. Gi'anianus favours the Christians, 35. Grately, Council of, 190. Gray, Lady Jane, 255, 256. Greathead, Robert. See Grosstette. Greeh Church, 301. Gregory of Tours, his Eccl. Hist., 7. Gregory Thaumaturgus, life and works of, 63, 64 ; friend of Origen, 69. Gregory Naaianeus, life and works of, 145. Gregory of Nyssa, life and works of, 146. Gregory I., Pope, sends missionaries to ,, Britain, 175. Gregory VII., Pope, aggrandizes the Ro. man see, 156; disputes with Henry IV., 157. Gregory XL, removes from Avignon to Rome, 165; his death, 166. — '■ — XII. resigns, 167. Grey-friars, Franciscans, 217. Grindal, archbishop of Canterbury, 271t Grossteste, Robert, account of, 206. Gunpowder-plot, 278. Habits, discussion on the, 250. Hamilton, Patrick, 281. Hampton-Court Conference, full account of, 276, 277. Harding, the Jesuit, 266. Hartlepool, nunnery of, 183. Hatfield, Council of, 181, 183; Head, supreme, of the Church, 234, 237, 262. Heath, archbishop of York, 264. Hegesippus, bis Ecclesiastical History, l! Henderson, 291. Hengist, the Saxon, 173. Henoticon, or decree of union, explana- tion of, 136. ^ Henry IV., his disputes with Gregor|| VII., 156, 157. INDEX. 351 Heia-yl., of England, his contest with the pope, 202. //., regulates the Church, 204. ///., contest with the pope, 206. Henry VIII., king of England, 228; writes against Luther, 231 j on the seven Sacraments,231; protests against the avocation of the divorce to Rome, 233 i becomes supreme head of the Church, 234; final rupture with the pope, 236. Heraclas of Alexandria, 69. Heresy, how distinguished from schism, 75 ; first persecution for, in England, 204; what in the English Church, 263. Heretics, law for burning, 233. Hermas, his life and works, 47, 48. Hermias, his extant works, 60, 61. Herod the Great, Antipas, Philip, Agrippa I., 8; Agrippa, his death, 9; Agrippa II., 10. Hertford, Council of, 181; canons of, 182. Hertford, earl of, 245. Hesse, landgrave of, protests, 223. Hexham, Wilfrid, Bp. of, 180, 185, 188. Hierocles, his book against Christianity, 65. Higberi, archbishop of Lichfield, 186. Hilda, iSt, 183. Hildebrand, life of, 155, 156. Hippolytus writes against Noetus, 59. Hoadley, controversy concerning, 307. Holy Island, see of, 173. Holyteood, the Jesuit, 265. Homilies, second book of, 268. Homoousion, 115, 116. Hooher, jRichard, his works, 273, 274. Hooper, bishop of Gloucester, on the habits, 250 ; martyred, 257. Horn, at Frankfort, 261. Horsey, persecuted under Henry VIII., 229, 230. Hosius presides at the Council of Nice, 114, 115 ; excommunicated, 117. Hospital, knights of, 217. . Housel, meaning of, 196. Hugo, John, burnt, 167. Huguenots, 305. Hun refuses to pay Church-dues, 229; commits suicide, 230. I. Icolmkill, monastery of, 174, 175. Ignatius, life of, persecution and martyr- dom, his epistles, 43 ; copies and ge- nuineness of, 44, 45. Iltutus of Gaul, in Britain, 172, Iltyd, St, in Glamorganshire, 172. Image-worship, controversy on, 148, ef seq. ; rejected in England, 188. Images in the Saxon church, 196, 245. Immunities of the clergy under Henry VIII., 228—30. Ina, king of the West Saxons, his eccle- siastical code, 184, 187. Independents, English, 291. Indulgences, origin and abuse of, 219. Innocent IIL, Pope, increases his power, 161 ; appoints Otho, rules over the kings of Spain, France, Portugal, Bul- garia, and England, 162; holds the fourth Lateran council, 162, 168 ; levies contributions in England, 205. IV. holds the thirteenth general council at Lyons, 163. - ril. elected, 166. Inquisition, origin and power of, 163, 164. Institution of a Christian Man, 244. Interim, formula of, 225, 226, 249. Investitures, full account of, 159, 160; under William I. and II., 200, 201, 202, 251. lona, monastery of, 174, 175. Ireland, early Christianity of, 173, 174 ; account of its church, 285, et seq. ; in- troduction of papal infiuence, 286 ; Eng- lish influence introduced, 286; mode of electing bishops in, 286; Henry VIII. becomes supreme in Ireland, English prayer-book in ; church of, regulated by Mary and Elizabeth, 287 ; connexion with England under Edward VI. and Elizabeth, 288 ; articles of religion in 288; canons of the church in, 289; church of, under Charles II., 294. 352 INDBX. IrerueitSi his life and writings, 57, 58, 59 ; on Easter, 67; on Christianity in Bri- tain, 170. Isidore of Seville, his Eccl. Hist., 7. Isidorian, Pseudo-, decretals, 154. J. James, St, put to death by Herod, 14, 18. James I., of England, 275, et seq. James II., his conduct to the church, 295 . Jansenists, 306. Jarrov), monastery of, 183. Jerom of Prague, burnt, 167. Jerom, St, his life and works, 4, 147 ; on Christianity in Britain, 170. Jerusalem, church of, 19—21 ; St James, Symeon, &c., bishops of, 19, 20 ; twelve bishops of, until Adrian ; other bishops of, 21 ; council of, 66. Jesuits, under James I., 278 ; full account of, 305. Jewel, Bp, 258 ; full account of, 265 j his challenge and Apology, 266. Jews, their final dispersion by Adrian ; their subsequent history, 11. John, St, cast into a cauldron of oil, and banished to Fatmos by Domitian ; re- turns to Ephesus ; writes his Gospel, Epistles, and the Revelations ; dies at Ephesus, 17. John, king of England, submits to the pope, 162 ; full account of 205, 251. John XXIII., Pope, deposed, 167. John, St, of Jerusalem, knights of, 217. John, elector of Saxony, protests, 223. Jovian, in favour of Nicene Creed, 121. Jubilee, origin and meaning of, 163. JudtBa, procurators of, 9. Jude, St, descendants of, 33. Julian the Emperor attempts to rebuild Jerusalem, 11, 120 ; restrains the Jews, 1 1 ; state of religious affairs under, 120, 126. Julius II., Pope, 169. Jwrors, Non-, account of, 296. Justin Martyr, on the acts of Pilate, 31. ; put to death, 36 j his life and works, 49, 50, 51. Justin Martyr, 'his apologies, 50 ; dialogue with Trypho, 57. other works, 51 j on Chris- tianity in Britain, 170. Justus, Bp. of Rochester, 177. or Barsabas, 18. E. Kirk-shot, granted by Ethelwolf, 189. Kitchen, bishop of Llandaff, 264. Knox, at Geneva and Francfort, 260 j full account of, 281, 282. Lactantius, his life and works, 64, 65. Lampridius, on Christian worship, 31. Lanfranc favours the Benedictines, 215, Langton, Cardinal, 205. Lapsed, the, 69, 70. Lastingham, abbey of, 180, 188. Lateran, fourth Council of the, its de- crees, 162, 163 ; establishes the inqui- sition, 164. Latimer, bishop of Worcester, 255 ; dis- putes at Oxford, 257 ; burnt at Oxford, 257. Laud, life of, 278, 279; executed, 291. Laurentius, second archbishop of Can. terbnry, 177. Lefon, ' La Nobla,' 210. Legate of the Pope comes into England, 201, 214. Leo, the Isaurian, on image-worship, 148, 149. ' Leo X. induces Francis I. to issue the Concordat, \&; his contest with Lul ther, 219, 220. Libellatici, who they were, 37. Liber Begis, meaning of, 238. Lichfield, see of, 185; archbishopric, 18S Lindisferne, see of, 173, 185, 188. Linus, bishop of Rome, 23, 24. Litany, English, 247 ; under queen Eli- zabeth, 266. Liturgy, first, of Edward VI., 247. second, of Edward VI., 247, 248j ol Elizabeth, 266. lAvy, on Roman .worship, 30. INDEX. 353 Inudhard, chaplain of Bertha, 175. lAandaff, bishop of, 172. JAanyltad, 172. hollar ds, derivation of the name, 212; persecutions of, 213, 214. Jiimdon, Restitutus, bishop of, at Aries, 171 i Synod of, against Felagianism, 172 ; Mellitus, bishop of, 177. Louis X, assumes the title of Most Christian^ 169. Loyola, Ignatius, 305. Lucius, king of Britain, 170. Lucus opposes Felagianism in Britain, 172. Lunenburg, Ernest and Francis of, pro- test, 223. Lusiianian inscription, meaning of, 32. Luther, full account of, 219, et seq. ; his 95 propositions, 220; summoned to Rome ; appears at Augsburg ; appeals to the pope ; to a General Council : ex- communicated, 220; is condemned at ■Worms, at Wartenburg, 221 ; on the Eucharist, draws up regulations, 222, 223; at Torgaw, 224; at Smalcald, and death of, 225 ; writes against Henry VIII., 231. Lutheran form of worship, 302. Lyons, Councils of, their decrees, 163; Les Fauvres de, 209. M. Macedonius, his hypothesis, 121; con- demned at Constantinople, 122. Magdeburg Centuriators, 7. Manes and Manicheeans, fuU account of 86, 87, 164. Mantua, Council of, 225. Marelon, his life and opinions, 81. Marcionites, their heresy respecting Christ's body, 82. Marcus, first Gentile bishop of Jeru- salem, 21. Mark, St, a companion of Paul and Bar- nabas, 14. Marpurg, Conference of, 223. JfartJB of Tours, 124. Martin V, elected sole Pope, 167. Martin I. held a Council at Rome, 183. Martyr, Peter, 247. Martyrs under Queen Mary, 257, et aeq. Mary, Queen, born, 232 ; reign of, 255, et sej. ; restores the Church property, 257. Masses, solitary, 197. Matthew, St, preached in Ethiopia, 18; is not a martyr, ib. Matthias, 18, 103. Maurice, Elector of Saxony, 226. Maurus, Rabanus, 152, 153. Maximilla, a Montanist, 82. Maximin, his treatment of the Christians, 36. Melanclhon assists Luther, 222, 223, 225, 226. Meletian schism, account of, 116. Melito, his life, 52 ; his Apology, S3. Mellitus, bishop of London, 177. Menander, 77. Mendicant Societies, account of, 217. Menevia, or St David's, 175. Mereia, kingdom of, converted, 178, 181. Methodius of Tyre, an Origenist, 169. Metropolitans, origin and duties of, 104 ; full account of, 197, 198. Milan, edict of, under Constantine, 111. Millenary petition, 275, 276. Milne, David, 282. MUtiades, his Apology, 53. Miltiti opposes Luther, 220. Ministers (Christian), 102, et seq. Minister, origin of the word, 190. Minucius Felix, his life and Apology, 55. Miracles, when they ceased. Gibbon and Middleton on, 108 j of the thundering legion, 109. Monasteries introduced into England, 190. Monasteries abolished, 239, 240. Mongus, Peter, on the Henoticon, 136. Monks introduced into England, 190 ; their contests with the secular clergy, 192, 193. Monophysite doctrines, 129; defeated party at the Council of Chalcedon, 23 354 INDEX. 135; Egyptian, 135, 136 j subsequent history of, 139. Monothelitet, summary of their tenets, 113 ; declared heretical, 141 ; anathe- matized, 142 ; condemned at Hatfield, 182. Montague, canon of Windsor, 279. Mmtanui, his life and opinions, 82, 83. More, Sir T., on the case of Hun, 229, 230 ; executed, 239. Mortmain, act of, explanation of, 207. Moat Christian, title of the kings of France, 169. Muhlberg on the Elbe, Charles defeats the Saxons at, 225. Mulhauten, peasants defeated at, 222. Munzer, leader of the rustic war, 222. N. i\ray'«-iea(i consecration, story of, 265. Nantes, edict of, 305. i^arci««u«,' bishop of Jerusalem, 21. Natalius, 84. Nero persecutes the Christians, 32, Nerva recals St John from banishment^ 17. Nestorius, account of, 126. Nestorian controversy, 126. et teq, Nice, council of, 114 ; acts of, 115, 116 ; British bishops at, 172; on Easter, 179 ; Second council of, rejected in Eng- land, 188; adopted in England, 189, 195. Nicene Creed, where it ended, and when enlarged, 123. Nicephorut, Callisti, his Eccl. Hist., 6; on Christianity in Britain, 171. Nicholas V., Pope, recovers the papal power, 168. Ninian, St, account of, 173. Nisan, Jewish month, 179. Noetus, his life and heresy, 84. .Nogaret accuses Pope Boniface VIII,, 164, 165. Non-Jurors, 296. Normans, their treatment of the English clergy, 201. , Northmnbrid, conversion of, 181; dio- cese of, 185. Novatian, controversy concerning, 70, 71 ; decided at Nice, 116. Novatus, controversy concerning, 70, 71. NoweU's Catechism, 276. Nuremberg, diet of, 221 ; peace of, 234. O, Oath of Cranmer, 235. Odio humani generis convicti, two mean- ings of, 32. Odo, archbishop of Canterbury, 191; his canons in favour of the churcli, 191. (Ecolampadius, 223. Offa, king of the Mercians, founds the archbishopric of Lichfield, 186; grants the Peter-pence ; founds St Alban's,187. Oglethorpe, bishop of Carlisle, 262. Oldcattle burnt for heresy, 213. Ophites, their opinions, 80. Orange, prince of, 296, et seq. Orders in the church. Ordination, service for, 246, 264. Origen, life of, 63 ; controversy concern- ing, 68 ; his followers, 69; Jerom and Rnfinus concerning, 69 ; his errors, 69. Original Sin, Pelagius' error on, 129. Ornaments of the church, 267. Orosius, Paulus, his Eccl. History, 5. Osmund compiles the Salisbury Breviary, 201. Oswald establishes Christianity in Eng- land, 177, 178. archbishop of York, assists St Dunstan to establish the monks, 191. Oswy, 178; at Whitby, 179, 183, 185. Oxford, university of, founded by Alfred, 189. P. Paganism suppressed, endured longest in Sardinia and Sicily, 135. PaUadiiis converts Ireland, 174. Pamphilus, 2, 69. Papa alterius orbis, 176. INDEX. 355 Parit, Council of, on the papal schism, 166. Parishei, ori^n and meaning of, 104 j created in England, 183. Parker, archbishop, life of, 264 ; conse- cration of, 265. Parliament, acts of, under Mary, 255. Pascalll., Pope, disputes with Henry V., 158, 159. Paschal controversy, 67, 68. Paschasiits Radbertus, 152, 190, 195. Passaw, treaty of, full account of, 226, 227. Passover, time of, 179. Paterini, 209. Patern, St, 175. Patriarch of the Jews after their disper- sion, 11 ; origin and privileges of, 104 ; of Antioch, 198. Patrick, St, converts Ireland, 174; at Glastonbury, 174. Patripassians, why so called, 84. Paul, St, his conversion, 12; journey with Barnabas, 13 ; his journeys and Epistles, 14; his later travels and death, IS ; his martyrdom and travels, 17, 18 ; visits Britain, 170. Paul II., Pope, 169 ; appoints the Ju- bilee, 163. TV, and Queen Elizabeth, 271. v.. Pope, and James I., 278. Paul ofSamosata, controversy concern- ing, 71, 72 ; full account of his opinions, 85, 86. Paulicians revive Gnosticism, 150. Paulinus, a Saxon bishop, 177, 183 ; at York, 185. Peace, letters of, 69, 227. Peacock, Reginald, account of, 214. Peada,, or Penda, converted, 178. Pelagianism, full account «f, 128, et seq, ; in England, 172 ; synods of Verulam and London against, 172. Pelagius, his life and doctrines, 128, et seq. Pella, Christians retire to, 20. fenal laws against papists under EUza- beth and James I., 273, 278. Penitential of Airitn, 183. Pepin grants privileges to the see of Kome, 150. Pepuzites, or Montanists, 83. Persecutions, why ten, 31 ; under Nero and Domitian, 32, 33 ; effects of, 39 ; under Trajan, 34. Perth, articles of, 285. Peter, St, account of, 15 ; at Rome, his epistle, 16; his martyrdom, 17, 18; where he preached, 17 ; in Britain, 171 ; reproves Laurentius, 177 ; keys of, 179. Peter FuUo, on the Trisagium, 136. Peter-pence, 187, 189, 195; abolished, 237. PeiiVs opinion condemned at Basil, 167. Petrarch, St, of Cornwall, 175. Philip, the Apostle, at Ephesus, 18; in Britain, 171. PhUip the Fair, his contest with Pope Boniface VIII., 164. Philip of Side, his Eccl. Hist., 5. Philip the Arabian, his treatment of the Christians, 36. Philip of Spain, 256. Philistorgius the Arian, his Eccl; Hist., 5. Photian controversy, 153. Photinus, his hypothesis, 121. Pilate, 8 ; acts of, 31. Pilgrimage of Grace, account of, 240. Pilgrimages in the Saxon Church, 196. Piea, council of, to heal the schism in the western church, 166. PiM«I/.,fonnerly^neas Sylvius, 168, 169. IV. and Queen Elizabeth, 271. V. excommunicates Queen Eliza- beth, 272. Pleroma, 79, 80. Pliny's correspondence with Trajan, 34. Pioa^AjBan,' The Complaint of,' 208. Pole, Cardinal, 255, 256, 258, 264. PoK*y,Ecclesiastical,ofHooker,273,274. Polycarp, life and epistle of, 45, 46. Polycrates, bishop of Ephesus, 25, 26; on Easter, 67. Po^e> become temporal princes, 150,151. election of, 154, 155. their power at its height^ 161. 356 INDEX. Popes, subject to a general council, 167. — ; — first levy contributions in England without the king's consent, 205. power of, in England, from Wil- liam I. to Henry VII., 215. Porphyry writes against Christianity, 65. Prcemunire, statute of, 208 ; renewed, 212 ; condemned by Pope MartinV., 214, 215 ; clergy brought under by Henry VIII., 231, 235, 237, 251. Pragmatic Sanction, 169. PraxettSj his life and opinions, 84. Prayer-books of Edward VI., 247 ; of Eli- zabeth, 266; of James I., 277j in Scot- land, 282 J of Charles II., 294. Predestination, controversy on, 152. Premonstrants in England, 216, Prerogative, royal, 279. Presbyterians under James I., 277. Presbyters, apostles became, 97 ; at Jeru- salem, 98; at Antioch, 98; derivation of, 99 ; not a bishop, 101. Priests, ordination of, 248. Primer, English, 243 ; King's, 244. Priories, alien, granted to the king, 214; to what purposes applied, 218. Prisdlla, a Montanist, 82. Priscillianists, account of, 124. Propaganda at Rome, 307. Prophesyings of the clergy under Eliza- beth, 270. Pro/es^anf,originof the name, theprinces who protested, 223. Provisions, Papal, origin of, 165. Provisors, statute of, 208 ; renewed, 212 ; condemned by Pope Martin V., 214, 215, 251. Prynne, the puritan, 280. Purgatory, Council of Florence on, 168 j in the Saxon Church, 196. Puritans, full account of, 269; use the Pope's bull for preaching, 269 ; classes of, under James I., 277. Q. Quadralus, his Apology, 49. Quartodecimans,67 ; British Church not, 179, 180. Quinlsextum, council of, its purpose, 142; why so called, 143. R. Rabanus Maurus, 152. Radbertus, Paschasius, 152, 190, 195. Ratisbon, conference at, 225. Ratramn on the Eucharist, 152, 190. Redwald converted, 178. Reformation in Germany, 219, et seq. • retarded, 222 ; in England, 228, et seq. ; under Edward VI., 245, et seq. ; Eng- lish, when completed, 268. Reformatio Legum, 248. Reformed, the, 302. Regular Canons, in England, 216. Relies in the Saxon Church, 196. Religio licita, explanation of, 38. Religious peace, 227. Remigius, bishop of Lyons, 144, 153. Reprobation, discussion on, 273. Reserves, papal, origin of, 165 ; abolished, 167; at Basil, 168. Revelation, churches mentioned in, 19. Richard I., 205. Ridley, bishop of London, life of, 246 ; disputes atOxford,andismartyred,2S7. Ripon, monastery of 183, 185, 188. Rites, Christian, 107. iJoJer