G-A/ QJarneU HntcEraitg ffitbrarg Strata, '^tm ^ork BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE FISKE ENDOWMENT FUND THE BEQUESTOF WILLARD FISKE LIBRARIAN OF THE UNIVERSITV IS68-ia8S 1905 was taken. To renew this book copy the call No. and give to the librarian. HOME USE RULES All Books subject to recall All borrowers must regis- ter in the library to bor- row books for home use. All books must be re- turned at end of college year for inspection and repairs. Limited books must be returned within the four week limit and not renewed. Students must return alt books before leaving town. Officers should arrange for .J... the return of books wanted during their absence from town. VoluTnes of periodicals - and of pamphlets are held in the library as much as possible. For special pur- poses they are given out for a limited time. Borrowers should not use their library privileges for the benefit of other persons. Books of special value and gift books, when the giver wishes it, are not al- " lowed to circulate. Readers are asked to re- port all cases of books marked or mutilated. Do not deface books by marks and writing. Cornell University Library GN800.B62 W75 Some account of the Blackmore museum. 3 1924 029 946 468 olin The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029946468 /^^5cc|03^ V I I c- }.' .^ V 1 1'l u Y J] A }1 i! I . I PREFACE. The Committee of the Wiltshire Areliceological and Naturallllstory Society, raider a deep sense of the great liberahty of Me,. Blackmoue in founding the Magnificent Museum at Salisbury^ which is called after his name; and profoundly sensible of the immense benefit to the Archseologists of Wiltshire, which the possession of this Museum within their county confers, have thought fit to mark their sense of obligation and gratitude to the munificent founder and his coadjutors, by offering in the name of the Society to publish a general accoimt of the Museum, as well as the proceedings which accompanied its inaugu- ration, and the papers read thereat: a proposal which Me. Blackmoee has cordially accepted. But though undoubtedly an earnest desire to do all honom- to the generous founder of the Museum, and his allies, was the main intention of the governing body of the Society, in making this proposal; the Committee feel that the publication of some general ac- count of the Museum, and of the interesting proceedings which attended its opening, cannot be otherwise than pleasing to all its members ; inasmuch as the collection is in certain sections of un- rivalled value, while the papers read, the addresses and discussions which celebrated its inaugra-ation, are of extraordinary merit. Moreover, in addition to the present interest of its members, and the debt of gratitude due to Me. Blackmoee, which it wishes to discharge, it seems incumbent on the Archeeological Society of Wiltshire to seize the opportunity offered of stretching out the hand IV PEEPACB. of welcome to one, who more than any other individual, has advanced the cause of Archaeology in this county in so signal a manner : and at the same time to diflfuse throughout the county the light which has been kindled so brilliantly at Salisbury, and to preserve and treasure up the records of all that took place on the eventful days of inauguration, when Archaeologists of eminent, and even European renown, assembled in our county, to take part in the proceedings which attended the opening of the Museum. Of the contents of the Blackmore Museum, it seems superfluous for the Committee to speak here, inasmuch as its treasures will be examined in detail in these pages. Suffice it for the present to say, that the Committee heartily endorse the encomiums which have been passed upon it on all sides, and are folly alive to the value of the collections which have been so munificently deposited within the cotmty. And here in the outset the Committee desire, formally indeed but as cordially as possible, to offer the hearty thanks of the Arch- seological and Natural History Society of Wiltshire, and through that Society they venture to say of the county generally, to Me. Blackmoee, who in so noble and patriotic a spirit, has placed within his native city the magnificent Museum which will be described in these pages, and has stored it with a large, varied, and well selected series of specimens from different countries, belonging to the earliest period of human occupation, or the " stone age " of antiquaries. Nor can the Committee feel that they have discharged their duty, until they have expressed their thanks to Dr. Humpheey P. Blackmoee the brother, and Me. Edwaed T. Stevens, the brother-in-law of the founder j Co-trustees and Curators of the Museum : whose labours intimate acquaintance with the subject, and correct taste, have done PRBPACB. V SO much towards carrying out the intentions of their liberal relative. To these gentlemen the Committee are also indebted for much of the matter contained in these pages. In concluding these few words of preface, the Committee heartily commend, not only an inspection of the Blackmore Museum, but a careful and deliberate study of its contents to every member of the Wiltshire Archaeological and Natm-al History Society j fully assured that thus only will be gained any adequate idea of the extent as well as the value of this most admirable collection. Alfred Charles Smith, (Hon. Sec.) Yatesbury Rectori/, July, 1868. OPENING OF THE ^latlkmote '^mmm, at Safekrg, Sepiembee 4ih, 6th, and 6th, 1867. |HE Blackmore Museimi founded in 1864, at Salisbury, by- Mr. William Blackmore, of Liverpool and London, is situated near the Salisbury and South "Wilts Museum, in St. Ann Street. Externally it is a plain, unpretending structure, built of brick with stone dressings. It consists of one large room, 70 feet long, by 35 feet wide, with an entrance porch on the north, and a committee- room and other offices at the rear. The large room is well lighted, and of good proportions ; it is covered with a hammer-beam open timber roof, the lines of which and the leading features of the building are relieved by a judicious use of polychromy : this imparts a furnished and comfortable appearance to the Museum, the eflFect of which is greatly heightened by the warm tone of the encaustic tile floor. The collection is deposited in cases placed round the walls, and in others which occupy the central portion of the room. Eight of the latter are double, and are admirably contrived for the convenience of students. Above the mural cases an embattled cornice, beautifully gilt and coloured, runs round the building. The Entrance Porch is even more richly decorated than the large room, the walls and roof glow with colouring, and at the sides there are two stained glass windows, in which are emblazoned the arms of the See and of the Salisbury and South Wilts Museum, the City arms, and those of the Blackmore Museum. Over the entrance door- way, on the interior wall, are the arms of the founder, and also those of the two honorary curators (Dr. Blackmore and Mr. E. T. Stevens) . Beneath the mullions of the west window are the arms of some of the European Countries represented in the collection, viz., Switzerland, Denmark, France, Great Britain and Ireland, and Italy. Beneath the east window are the arms of American States, from whence some of the specimens have been derived, viz., Peru, Canada, United States, Nova Scotia, and Mexico. The room is effectively warmed with hot water, the pipes being enclosed in iron ornamental 2f Opening of the Blackmore Museum, at Salisbury. panelling. The building is lighted with gas, and the decoration is perhaps even more effective by gas light than by daylight. This u probably attributable in some degree to the large quantity of vermil- ion which has been employed to relieve the sombre tone of the roof, and the cold effect of the grey walls. The tablets upon which the specimens are mounted are of a neutral green tint, which throws up the specimens, and isolates them from surrounding objects. Every specimen is so close to the glass of the case that it can be examined most minutely ; fortunately also there is a total absence of that painful reflection and glare from the glass, which is not unfrequently experienced in Museums. SHE Museum was formally opened to the public on Thmrsday, September 5th, 1867, but the proceedings commenced on the previous evening, with a Converzatione held therein, and in the Salis- bury and South Wilts Museum, at which, by invitation from Mr. and Mrs. William Blackmore, about 400 Ladies and Gentlemen assembled. To ensure the comfort of their guests neither pains nor expense had been spared. The broad walk leading from the one Museum to the other, which is planted on each side with roses and other flowers, was covered in, cai-peted, and lighted with gas. A number of choice ferns and exotics, kindly lent by some of Mr. Blackmore's friends, added to the pleasing effect of this improvised corridor, whilst at intervals chairs and couches were placed for the accommodation of visitors. The circular room belonging to the Salisbury and South Wilts Museum was decorated with hothouse plants : tables were substituted for the show-cases, and it was converted into a refresh- ment room. About half-past eight a Concert was given in the Blackmore Museum, under the direction of Mr. C. E. Read, of the Royal Academy of Music. The artistes engaged were Miss Ceciha Westbrook (a well-established favourite with musical circles in Salisbury), and Messrs. Carrodus, Calkin, Colchester, Pettit, Strugnell, and Young. Miss Westbrook possesses a pure and sweet voice, and her efforts were so successful as to obtain for her on this occasion the well merited honour of a double encore. The solo of Mr. Carrodus was executed in a manner which fully justified his reputation Opening of the Blachmore Museum, at Salisbury. 3 as one of the most finished performers on the violin in Em-ope. From the few detached bars which it was possible to catch at intervals in the solo of Mr. Pettit there can be little doubt that his Fantasia evinced the fine tone, expression, and accm?acy of finish of a master of the instrmnent, but unfortunately the hmn of conversation, prompted, no doubt, by an enlightened interest in the instructive objects with which the sm-rounding cases were filled, and which neither the well-earned popularity of Miss Westbrook nor the fame of Mr. Carrodus had been able to subdue, became wholly irrepressible at this point, and we can only admire the nerve and good temper which enabled Mr. Pettit to complete his task under such adverse circumstances. The last piece was Beethoven^s celebrated Op. 20 which was vigorously and brilliantly executed. Where all performed their parts so well it seems almost invidious to particularize any executant, but it would be unjust not to say that all who could appreciate a powerful, exact, and expressive rendering of one of the greatest works of the greatest composer of instrumental music, must have been delighted at the way in which the first violin and viola parts were played by Mr. Carrodus and by Mr. Colchester. Mr. Read presided at the pianoforte during the evening. Whilst this was taking plaee,another section of theguests assembled in the new room of the Salisbury and South Wilts Museum to listen to the reading of papers, bearing upon the pre-historic collection in the Blaekmore Museum. Mr. E. T. Stevens proposed that Earl Nelson should preside over the meeting. On a former occasion, at a most enjoyable meeting, when the Wiltshire Archaeological Society had come to Salisbm-y, Lord Nelson proved himself a very admirable president ; and doubt- less what he was then might be taken as a guarantee of what he would be now. Earl Nelson in opening the proceedings, said that he was afraid it did not follow he should be a good commander on the present occasion, because on a previous one, he had presided over the Wilt- shire Archaeological Society, with the assistance of Mr. Stevens as his lieutenant. He would however do his best. His Lordship then said that in common with himself, all must have been struck with B 2 4 Mom and Ms Earliest Known Works. astonisliment at the Blaekmore Museum, and at the admiraDle manner in which the specimens were arranged — ^they were all on the eye level and each individual object could be seen and miautely examined with the greatest ease. He advised hu hearers, after they had heard the papers, to visit the Museumj and to derive benefit from what was there by quietly studying the specimens: he would not detaia them longer, but would call upon the readers of the papers. He was quite certaia that with such an audience as he saw before him he should have no difiiculty ia managing the meeting to the satisfaction of all. After the papers had been read, opportunities would be given to the gentlemen present for discussion, and of this he trusted that many would avail themselves. His Lordship then called upon Mr. Evans to read a paper on " Man, and his earliest known works." Man and his Earliest known "Works. Mr. John Evans, F.R.S., F.S.A., &e., said: — My Lord, ladies, and gentlemen, I have been asked to read a paper to you this even- ing, and it gives me great pleasure to comply with the request which has been made to me ; assembled as we are in the immediate neighbourhood of what I may call a perfectly unique collection of antiquities, relating to the stone period of various coimtries, such as is not to be met with in any other town in this country, with the exception perhaps of London. And when we consider that this collec- tion has been formed by the Kberality of a gentleman connected with this town, and by the energy of others residing in it, I am sure that any one residing m this neighbourhood must feel that a large debt of gratitude is owing to those gentlemen who have exerted them- selves in such a manner for the public good. I am called upon to read a paper, but unfortunately I am unable to read what has not been written. I have not had time to prepare a written discom-se such as I thought would be acceptable to you, but I have placed together a few heads upon which I hope to addi-ess you, and perhaps to interest you in the subject on which I have to speak. But in so doing, I feel that in the audience before me there By Mr. John Evans. 5 are various classes. Some of you^ perhaps, know little or nothing with regard to the objects to which I am about to call your attention, while others may know, perhaps, as much as myself. There are always two ways in which gratification may be derived from a lecture. One of these is when you derive new information from the lecture which has been given to you : the other is, when you feel that you yourselves know quite as much as the lecturer has been able to tell you ; and I think that among the present audience, there are probably some who may be able to derive each of these different kinds of enjoyment. The subject which I have chosen is that of " Man and his ear- liest known works ■" and in addressing you upon that subject, I intend more particularly to call your attention to those works of stone, the various implements, arms, and utensils, manufactured of stone, in which this collection of the Blackmore Museum is so rich. And in doing so, I have no intention of entering, deeply at all events, into mere speculative poiats. I think it will be better if I call your attention more particularly to the various forms and characters of these different implements, rather than to the age, or the degree of antiquity assigned to them, though of course I must, to some extent, speak to you on that point also. I may mention that a great deal of what I have to say has al- ready been forestalled by Mr. Stevens, in the admirable notice which he has priated of the contents of the Blackmore Museum. You wiU, indeed, in that notice, find a short abstract of nearly every- thing upon which I am about to address you. But I felt that although you had here a notice in abstract of the contents of this Museum, I might, perhaps, be able to give you some slight additional information, by going into further details than Mr. Stevens could do in what, necessarily, was so concise. You are aware that the stages of the civilization of man have been divided by modern antiquaries into different Periods. More especially the school of Danish antiquaries has of late years called attention to the possibility of dividing the antiquities of each different coimtry, in western Europe at any rate, into three different stages : the ages of Stone, of Bronze, and of Iron. The iron age is 6 Man and Ma Earliest Known Works. generally considered to have commenced in this part of Europe at i time immediately preceding the Christian era. The bronze agi may be considered to have ranged from one to two thousand yean previous to that time ; while the stone age represents the occupatioi by man of these countries during a previous period. But it is not only the Danish and other modem antiquaries wh( have divided antiquity into these different periods. We also find hinfc of a similar idea pervading the minds of the early poets and historians, Even so early as the time of Hesiod,' who wrote about 860 years B.C.J we find mention of a previous race of men who worked in brasSj and to whom black iron was unknown. Lucretius, in his great poem, also mentions his opinion with regard to the means by which the early races of men armed themselves, and provided them- selves with implements. He says the early weapons were the hands, the nails, and the teeth, stones, and branches torn from trees. After- wards was discovered the power of iron and of brass. But the use of brass was earlier than that of iron. I have translated it for the benefit of the laxlies, but no doubt some would Kke to hear the original passage : — " Arma antiqua marnis, ungues dentesque fuere, Et lapides et item sylvarum fragmina rami, Posterius ferri vis est serisque reperta, Sed prior eeris erat quam ferri eognitus usus." Pausanias^ again, about A.D. 174, cites Homer, who wrote in the 10th century B.C., to prove that in the heroic days arms were of bronze. He especially mentions the axe of Pisander, and the aiTow of Merionas — the spear of Achilles preserved in the Temple of Minerva at Phaselis, the point and ferrule only of which were of bronze— and the sword of Marion in the Temple of iEsculapius at Nicomedia, which was wholly of bronze. It is a curious thing connected with these arms of the heroic age that Augustus made a coUection of them for one of his countiy residences. It would appear that he collected the fossils of the large mammalia of Italy, together with bronze armour, in the same man- ner as you will find here th^ eWs^ftii^ extinct mammals of the ' XaX^S hhpyiCovro-^iXa, b'ovK .V« albr,po,. ^ LilUii^ 211 ^^3^%. B^ Mr. John Ilvans. 7 drift of Salisbury and these ancient weapons and implements collected for the Blackmore Museum. With regard to the successive stages of civilization^ as represented by these three ages — of stone^ bronze and iron^ — of course there may be two theories : one that mankind has successively deteriorated from a comparatively perfect original : the other that there has been a successive development and improvement of the human race. It is not for me to argue on the present occasion as to which of these views is most worthy of acceptance ; but I think that it is, to say the leastj more probablej judging from the existing order of things, that there has been a successive improvement and development of civil- ization, rather than a gradual deterioration. I think that if even our grandfathers could see gas, railroads, the electric telegraph, and other inventions of this age, they would consider that there had rather been an advance in the arts of civilization than a deterioration. And in the same way we may con- sider generally that in all countries, as far as we are able to trace the history of civilization, it began at a comparatively low ebb, and gradually increased ; and moreover that that increase has very often, though not always, taken place not from within, but from contact with nations from without. But this is a large subject on which I need hardly enter at the present time. There are, however, certain evidences which may be taken, from actual discoveries, to bear out this view of a gradual advance of civilization from one stage to another : from that of stone, bone, and wood, to that of bronze ; and subsequently from that of bronze to that of iron. In the Lake dwelKngs of Switzerland, we find settlements in which stone, bone, wood, and similar non-metallic materials were employed ; but above them we find traces of the use of metals. In the same way, in that remarkable cemetery with which some of you may be acquainted, at Halstatt, in the Austrian Tyrol, most of the graves of which have been examined by Herr Ramsauer, we find arms of iron exactly uniform in shape and de- sign with those of bronze. We find a gradual passing, however, from bronze swords and daggers into the use of iron which evidently supplanted it at that point. There is some diiiiculty in ascertaining 8 Man and Ms Ea/rliest Known Works. the exact age of that cemeteiy, but it would appear that in that part of Germany the transition to the use of iron took place some centuries before Christ. But although you have these distinct periods of stone^ of bronze, and of iron, it would be a mistake to suppose that every object of stone of necessity belongs to the stone period, or that every object of bronze, of necessity belongs to the bronze period. No doubt, after the use of metals was discovered, there continued to be used for cer- tain purposes the more accessible material of stone, especially in cases where the object fonned was liable to be lost, or where stone was better adapted for the purpose than metal. Even in the present day, I have myself seen stone implements in use in the streets of Lon- don. I have there seen a stone hammer used for cracking BraziHan nuts, but nevertheless it would be wrong to infer that London was in the stone age of civilization. In some parts of Africa, and even of Ireland, iron is actually wrought with stone hammers upon stone anvils. You must therefore regard, (as you will see pointed out in the notice of the Blackmore Museum, issued by Mr. Stevens,) these periods rather as denoting stages of civilization than any actual chronological periods. There are at the present time some countries va. which the use of metals is unknown, and where the stone period is still in existence. In the Blackmore Museum you will see illustrations derived from the implements of those coimtries which will throw light upon similar implements found here and elsewhere. It is, of course, also possible that this gradual development from stone to bronze, and from bronze to iron may not have taken place in all countries. I think for instance that possibly in some parts of Africa the transition took place directly from stone to iron without passing through the intermediate stage of bronze. I must, however, come to the more immediate subject of my lecture. In Western Europe the stone period — the period ia which stone was principally used for arms, utensils and cutting implements, is susceptible of division into two distinct parts; for which Sir John Lubbock has proposed the names of Neolithic and Archsolithic, — the new stone period, and the old stone period. By Mr. John Evans. 9 Of tlie new stone periodj you find implements existing in the encampments/in the barrows^ and in other places upon the surface of the soil ; and in general among them you will find a certain number which have been polished or ground upon a griadstone. In the ArchsBolithic period,'Hhe implementSj as far as we at present know, were never grotmd or polished. They generally occur, moreover either in caves or in the gravel-beds belonging to certain river valleys. I propose this evening to limit myself to the Neolithic or Surface stone period. To-morrow evening, I hope to have the honour of speaking upon the subj ect of the Archseolithic or the River-gravelperiod . Implements belonging to the Neolithic, or Surface period, occur in almost all the countries of Western Europe; but m some countries, as Denmark and Ireland, they are in greater abundance than ia others, and this probably is not so much due to the original greater abundance of these implements, as to the fact that the soil has not been brought imder cultivation to the same extent, at so early a period as in England, France, and some other countries. Now the implements of this period may be sub-divided into a considerable number of forms, such for iastance, as hatchets or celts, grind-stones, hammers, perforated axes, chisels, gouges, spear-heads, daggers and knives, crescent-formed implements, arrow-heads, scrapers, borers, punches and picks, besides simple knives or flakes, and the cores from which they were struck. These are the principal forms, and_^on most of them I propose to say a few words, if time will allow. The first, as being the most generally known of these forms, is that which is generally known as a celt or hatchet. Of late years a certain number of people have taken upon themselves to call this celt a Jcelt. When, however, you consider the derivation of the word, you will see that you must call it celt, if you please, and not kelt. It is simply the English translation of the Latin word celtis, a chisel. The first application of the term to a bronze celt that I have met with, occurs in Beger's Thesaurus Brandenburgenis, 1696. The only authorities for the word celtis appear to be the Vulgate translation of the Book of Job, and a forged inscription recorded in Gruter. They are found in every country in Europe, and frequently have 10 Man and Ms Earliest Known Works. some virtues superstitiously attached to them by those who find them. The ordinary name by which they are known in France, Germanyj and some other countries is that of thunderbolts. In Greece they are known as " astropelekia " or axes that fall from the stars, bo early as the time of Pliny, they were known as thunderbolts. Phny, quoting Sotacus, says there were two sorts of ceraun'ice, to wit the " black and the red, saying they do resemble halberds or ax-heads, and by his saying, the black and such as be round withal are endued with this virtue that by meanes of them cities may be forced and whole navies at sea discomfited." Marbodajus, a Bishop, who wrote in 1123, also mentions these things in a book concerning Gems. He says that after thunderstorms, these stones fall from the clouds. " Ventorum rabie cum turbidus aestuat aer, Cum tonat horrendum, cum fulminat igneus eether, Nubibus elisus ccelo cadit ille lapillus. Qui caste gerit hunc a fulmine non ferietur, JTeo domus aut villas quibus affuerit lapis ille. Aldrovandus, in 1607, quotes Gesner, and describes instances where these stones have been found under the roots of trees which have been struck by lightning. One of these was of Basalt, a stone at that time used for anvils in Germany. Gesner in his book, gives drawings of two of these stones, one of which was found in. the cellar of a house which had been struck with lightning. The other passed through an oak tree, and was found beneath its roots. Curiously enough, these stones are perforated ; and Gesner enters upon a discussion as to how such perforation could take place in matter generated in the clouds. In China, Germany, Prance, Italy, Shetland, and elsewhere, they are still regarded as thunderbolts, and have sometimes been preserved in families for centuries, on account of their valuable properfies. " They preserve from thunder, perspire before storms, are good for diseases of man and beast, increase the milk of cows, and powder scraped from them may be taken internally for childish disorders.-" I have, in my own collection, a specimen of green-stone with the date mscribed on it, 1571, and no doubt that stone was preserved in a German famUy untU within the last few years, N0.-3. No. 4. Forms of Stone Implements. Nos. land 2— Chipped Celts. No. 3— Celt ground at edge. No 4,— Polished Celt. All half size. / No. 7. No. 6. Forms of Stone Implements. No. 5— Pick. No. 6— Hammer. No. 7— Dagger or Spear-head. All half size. Bi/ Mr. John Evans. 11 as being a preservative of this kind. Only two years ago^ when in Ireland, I heard of one being sent round among neighbours, to be placed in troughs, from which cattle drank, in order to preserve them from disease. In India the same superstition is attached to these celts. They are preserved in Temples and sacred places, and are frequently adorned with red paint, as mahadeo, or sacred. Even in England in an early No. of the " Philosophical Transactions, " you wiU find a paper by Dr. Lister, in which he regards these celts as being naturally formed without any artifice. But I must now proceed to the consideration of the forms of these celts, rather than the superstitions attached to them. Of these we have three varieties, frequently found in this coimtry. The first variety is that which is simply chipped, without being at all ground or polished. I have here a specimen (No. 1), in which you will see the general form of the hatchet is given, but there is no trace of grinding whatever. Whether a hatchet of this kind was intended eventually to be polished, is a question that no one at this time can answer. There are some which do not appear to have been intended to be ground, as they are chipped in so dexterous a manner (like No. 2) . In hatchets of this kind the edge was formed by the junc- tion of two facets, producing a semi-circular outline. The edge was formed simply by two blows. A flake was removed from one side, and another flake from the other side, and that so dexterously that the in- tersection of the two surfaces formed a nearly circular edge, as sharp, or even sharper, than if it had been ground. They are not of very common occurrence, and are rather remarkable as having a pecu- liar curvature inwards, showing that in all probability they were intended to be fastened by a string to a handle. The next variety is that in which the body of the celt has been left untouched after being chipped out and the edge alone has been ground (like No. 3.) Others (like No. 4) are ground all over. They vary in size from two or three inches in length to as much as fifteen or sixteen inches. The sections also vary. Occasionally they are almost cylindrical. Another form of these celts, or allied to them, is that known as la Man, and Ms Earliest Known WorJcs. the pick, rather thaa as the celt. In this case it is a longer shaped implement, (like No. 6,) with a sharper and narrower edge. If the purpose to which it was to be applied was changed, there was a corres- ponding change in the shape of the implement to be used, and accord- ingly we may expect to find a variety of forms of these celts, as well as of the material of which they were made. In some districts they are generally made of flint. In others they are formed of green-stone, or some hard metamorphic rock. In this part of the world where flint was abimdant, that was, of course, the best material that could be used for the purpose. In a case at the other end of the room is a collection of implements found by Mr. Stevens (of St. Mary Bourne, near Andover) , upon the surface near his own residence, in which you will find a considerable number of celts in a roughly chipped form, and one or two partially ground. The method of handling or hafting will be best Ulustrated by ancient and modern specimens in the j\Iu- semn. You will see that some of them were adapted for insertion ia a socket of stages hom,and this socket was attached to a woodenhandle. In other cases the celt itself was inserted in a hole in the woodenhandle. In others, again, the stick forming the handle had a projecting branch, in which the stone celt was iaserted. As I said before, you will find a great majority ground or polished, either at the edge or on the surface ; and of course the question arises, how was this grinding or polishing eflfected ? we find however, from time to time the stones on which this grinduig was carried on. I have here a small Danish grindstone, with a concave surface, which seems admirably adapted for sharpening the edges of these implements. And you will see in the Museum several specimens of grindstones by which the grinding of stone axes or celts was no doubt effected. There is no trace of revolving grindstones having been used, but the celts were ground on a fixed stone in the same manner as masons grind their chisels at the present day. Another form of stone implement is that of the hammer, and of these we have various kinds, in some cases they were perforated and in others unperforated, as when a round nodule of flint was used as a hammer. You often find in connection with other stone implements, round pebbles or flints with a bruised surface all By Mr. John Evans. 13 over. Otters will have an indentation at each side for holding by the thumb and finger ; and generally speaking the contour of the figure has been bruised, apparently from chipping other stones : other hanmiers (like No. 6) had a hole through them, in which a handle might be inserted in the ordinary manner in which we put on the handle or haft of a hammer at the present time. Possibly, some with round holes were not actually hammers, but, as is the case among some savage tribes, fly wheels used in one of the methods of procuring fire by friction. Some also may have been attached to thongs and used as weapons of ofience. Next in order come the perforated axes, and of these also there are two varieties ; some cutting at both ends, others merely cutting at one end, and being hammerlike at the other. These also were regarded among a great many nations as thunderbolts, and as such were engraved by Gesner. Some philosophers thought they were iron implements petrified from long lying in the earth. These perforated axes do not in all cases certainly belong to what must be called the stone period, because you will find that in many instances, perforated stone axes remained in use long after bronze was employed for daggers. In Sir Richard Colt Hoare^s " Wilts/tire," are aceoimts of several barrows in which perforated stone axes were foimd associ- ated with bronze daggers. Another of the forms to which stone was adapted is that of the chisel. These chisels are very rarely found in England, but occm- frequently in Denmark, but why there shordd be this scarcity in one country and abimdance in another I am not able to say. As a means of cutting wood, it is curious, if you employ a mallet, how eficctual you will find these flint chisels to be, especially in the case of green wood. The edge will stand in a manner that you will hardly expect it capable of doing, though it must have required occasional grinding. We always find among savage nations who use stone cutting tools, a grindstone on which they are constantly sharpening their edges, and by means of these stone implements, results are produced almost as good as if metalhc tools were employed. Grouges, again, are rarely found in this country, but are abundant in Denmark. Their curved edges are well adapted for hollowing out 14 Man and his Earliest Known Works. canoes, and simHar purposes. I have a specimen that shows marks of having been long in use, the butt end being battered in a most wonderful manner, it is in fact, almost used up to a stump. Another form to which flint was applied was that of the spear-head or lance-head, a long, pointed implement, of which No. 7 wUl give an idea. Some of these, twelve inches in length, are chipped with perfect symmetry, and are wonderful instances of command over a very intractable material. A curious feature with regard to these flint blades is, that they have sharp edges for a considerable distance from the point, but as you get towards the butt end, these edges have been carefully removed by grinding, apparently with the view of preventing the cuttLag of the string by which they were attaclied to the haft or handle. Another form that occurs in flint, is that of the dagger or knife. This also is of extremely rare occurrence in England, but is more frequently found in Denmark. It is interesting to notice how fre- quently the use of stone knives and daggers is associated with ancient religious observances. For instance, Herodotus, in Ms account of the method of embalming the dead, mentions that the Egyptians opened the body with a shai-p Ethiof)ian stone. In the Berlin Museum, I have seen some knives or daggers of flint chipped out in almost identically the same form as those we find in Den- mark, and these from one or two instances, appear to have been inserted into wooden handles, and used in exactly the same way as metallic knives would have been. Owing to the superstition that attached to the use of stone — ^from the knowledge of its having been in early use — stone knives were probably retained for this purpose of embalming the dead for a lengthened period after stone had ceased to be used for cutting purposes in ordinary life. Flint knives were also used by the Israelites in religious rites. Take for instance the occasion when Zipporah made use of a sharp stone, or as the Syriac and Arabic translations have it, " a sharp flint." We are also told that Joshua made him shai-p knives and circumcised the children of Israel. In the Septuagint translation, these knives are said to have been "placed in his tomb, and there they remain until this day." This, as Gesenius says, is a circumstance worthy of remark, and goes to show By Mr. John Evans. 15 at least that knives of stone were found in the sepulchres of Palestine, as well as in those of north-western Europe. Atys also, according to Ovid, is said to have maimed himself with the same sort of instrument. Another form in flint is a crescent shaped implement, the use of which, I must confess, is unknown. It appears to have been inser- ted in a wooden handle, inasmuch as round the circular part there are often polished markings, showing how far the handle went. The edges were generally much polished, showing evident signs of use. Whether they were used as saws, or for hackling and preparing flax and hemp or for other purposes is an undetermined question. Another form is that of the arrow-head. It is very curious, as showing the antiquity of these, that at a very early period they were regarded as having some superstitious use or value. One of them forms the central pendant of a Greek ^ or Etruscan gold necklace in the British Museum. They are also frequently set in silver, and worn by Scotch and Irish peasants as charms against sprites and witchcraft. They are called elf bolts, and are supposed to fall from the clouds. It is still more curious to find among the Arabs of the present day small imitations of this implement, in red cornelian, which are perforated and worn round the neck as charms, as being good for the blood. Arrow-heads of flint and siliceous stone are found in almost all countries, and of course the purpose to which they were applied being the same, their form wherever found is usually almost identical. There are of course varieties ia different countries, but stdl their general appearance is the same, and this similarity of form, when found in various countries, suggested to Mr. Woodward, author of the MetJiod of Fossils, that possibly the first model was brought from Babel to the various countries whither the several colonies sent thence made their migrations ! In Greece, on the field of Marathon — (B.C. 490) — both bronze and flint arrow-heads have been found. And it is curious that in the account of the army of Xerxes, who subsequently invaded Greece, Herodotus mentions the Ethiopians as having long bows, and short arrows with sharp stones instead of iron for points. Egyptian arrows have also been found, tipped with small arrow-heads of flint, in form ' Horee Ferales, p. 136. IQ Man and Us Earliest Known Worls. much resembling gun-flints. Flint arrow-heads have also heen found associated with coins, belonging to the first or second centmies, and m Frankish interments, but whether they were buried as charms, or were in actual use, has not been ascertained. It has been asserted that these stone implements were in use in this country so late as the battle of Hastings, but whoever reads William of Poitier's account of that battle, will find that his words are " Jactant lignis imposita saxa," which seems to imply rather that certain stones were thrown from the end of wooden instruments — ^than that the stones were used either as spears, arrows, or lances. The principal varieties of arrow- heads are leaf-, and lozenge-shape, and barbed, with or without a central stem. The three forms are shown fall size in Nos. 8, 9 and 10. As to the method of their attachment to the stems or shafts, you will see in the Museum various examples from foreign nations; and in Switzerland, there have been found one or two still attached to shafts of wood which have been split in order to receive the piece of fliat. Another form of frequent occurrence found upon the surface of the soil is the so-called scraper — a fragment of fliat carefully chipped to a semi-circular outline (like No. 11.) So accurate is the form that one found in Hertfordshire and another in Sussex correspond as the two valves of a shell. The use of these is problematic, but among the Esquimaux exactly similar implements are still ia use for scrapiag skins, they were however probably used also for other purposes. Other forms of these stone implements are what appear to be borers, punches, and saws, and there are some which perhaps were intended to be used as sling stones. But I confess that the objects regarded as sling stones, seem to me to present an appearance of too much labour upon them, if they were intended to be merely thrown away. At the same time you must bear ia miad that among the New Caledonians, stones are carefully fashioned for the purpose of being used with the sling. You will see to-morrow a number of these last mentioned forms of implements, which have been found in the neighbourhood of Andover, exhibited by Mr. Stevens. Sim- ilar forms have been found in all parts of the country. In Yorkshire they are abundant; in Sussex, too, they are present in considerable numbers; in Bedfordshire and Devonshire the same; and it only No. 8. Forms of Stone Implements. Nos. 8, 9, 10— Leaf-shaped, Lozenge-sliaped, and Barted Airow-heads. No. 11— Scraper. AU full size. By Mr. John Evans. 17 requires a little skill, and knowledge where to look after them, to form a collection in almost any county in England. Another form, — ^the simplest, — is that of the flake, which was frequently used as a knife, and is probably of the same form as the knives used by the Israelites. A flake is simply a splinter of flint skilfully struck ofi" from a block. The mode of doing this may be seen at the gun-flint makers, who are now the principal, if not the only makers of flint implements in this country. A polygonal block is first formed, from the angles of which flakes are dislodged by successive blows of a pointed hammer. By the process employed, flakes or simple knives may be struck ofi" until the block is nearly used up. In all these flakes you can trace the manner in which they have been made, because at the point at which the blow was adminis- tered, there is always a certain projection, or bulb of percussion as it is called, showing the place where the hammer was applied. In the ancient knives or flakes we often find traces of their having been used for scraping hard material. We also find the cores or central blocks from which the flakes have been struck. I hold one in my hand, found not in this country, but in the river Indus, so that in India also we have evidence of the same process of manufacture. In the Museum you will see certain large cores from Pressigny in France, from which flakes of ten or twelve inches in length have been dislodged, and in that case the ridge to guide the line of fraetvire did not result from a single blow, but from a number of blows administered from the sides, so as to form the ridge or projection by cross rather than by vertical action. The same form of flint has been found at Spiennes in Belgium, specimens of which will be seen in the Blackmore Museum. It is also worth while to observe how nearly similar in form, are some of the rude implements which have come from St. Mary Bourne, to those which have been found in Belgium. I have now given you a general account of the implements which have been found upon the surface, and associated with interments in this country. There are, however, one or two sources of inform- ation abroad, to which I must call your attention for a few moments. The first of these are the Kjokkenmoddings, or kitchen refuse heaps of 18 Man and Ma Earliest Known Works. Denmark, the remains from whicli are well Ulustrated in the Museum. On various points of the coast of Denmark, we find heaps partly composed. of sheUs of edible molluscs, partly of hones of animals, mixed with the flint implements of the people to whom they afforded food. You there get these flakes in considerable abundance, as also the cores from which they were struck, and a sort of hatchet peculiar to these heaps, not ground, but formed by merely chipping. The two sides are carefully chipped away, to prevent cutting the string by which they are attached to the handle. These hatchets are not absolutely peculiar to the Kjokkenm6ddings,but have been found upon the surface in France, and I have also found one in England. They appear to be a rude substitute for the ordinary stone axe. I shall hardly have time to speak on the degree of civilization exhibited by Kjokkenmoddings, or of their age, on which subject I would refer you to the "Pre-historic Times" of Sir John Lubbock. It appears, however, that ancient as they are, they can be hardly regarded as belonging to a much earlier period than the ground and polished stone implements, for Professor Steenstrup and myself have fouad in them fragments of polished stone hatchets. But the most instructive of aU places where stone implements are found, are the Lake-dwellings of Switzerland, from which there is a fine collection of relics in the Museum. It would appear that as at Lake Prasias, described by Herodotus, and as in New Guinea ia the present day, the inhabitants of Switzerland were in the habit of forming settlements in buildings erected upon piles, at a certain distance from the land. These from accidental causes, were burnt down, carrying almost the whole of the domestic furniture and im- plements possessed by the occupants, to the bottom of the Lakes, from which they are now being dredged out. We'have therefore, there a complete picture of their manner of life, so far as it can he elucidated by the possessions of those people, which have been pre- served to the present time. I am speaking now only of those settle- ments where stone implements alone have been foimd, and not those of bronze, far less of iron. They had certain domesticated animals, including the cow, pig and goat. They had also certain cereals, which they cultivated for food, such as wheat and barley. They had By Mr. John Evans. 19 breadj for even burnt bread has been found at the bottom of the Lakes. They were in the habit of drying and preserving apples, for stores of apples have also been found. They were acquainted with the use of flax, and were able to weave it with a considerable degree of skill, and notwithstanding their unaequaintance with metals, they were certainly as civilized as many of the savage tribes of the present time. It is however, too late to enter more minutely into the question of the Swiss Lake-dwellings. I will, therefore, merely say a few words with regard to the chronology which may be assigned to the second or neolithic stone period of which this evening I have been speaking. Of course any estimate of the antiquity of stone objects, must, to a bertain extent, be regarded as hypothetical.^ In Den- mark there are certain peat bogs, ia which are found a succession of forests one over another. There is the beech which prevails at the present time; then the oak and the birch; then lower down layers of piae, and with the piae are associated the stone implements. The oak and the birch are associated with bronze, and calculations having been made as to the period of growth and decay, an approximate idea has been arrived at, as to the ages of the different degrees of civilization, so far as Denmark is concerned. In the same manner, in Switzerland, the deposit formed by the stream of the Tiaiere, containing three layers of vegetable soil, has been ex- amined by Professor Morlot. In the upper layer, which is four feet in depth, Roman remains have been found. In the layer below, which is ten feet in depth, the remains appear to belong to the bronze period. Below that, at a depth of nineteen feet, there are remains apparently of the stone period. Allowing, therefore, sixteen hundred years for the bed containing the Roman remains, the bed containing the bronze re- mains may be taken at from three thousand to four thousand years old, that containing the stone remains may be from five thousand to seven thousandyears old. M. GiUieronhas formed a calculation from another Lake-dwelling, that of the Lake of Bienne. The Abbey of St. Jean, which was founded about the year 1100, is now three hundred and seventy five metres from the Lake, and assuming that at the time of ' See Lubbock's Pre-historio Times, p. 316. 20 Man and Us Ea/rliest Known Works. its foundation it was close to the border, it is calculated that the Lake dwelling-, which is situated three thousand metres higher up, must have been in existence at least seven thousand years, that is of course, supposing the process of silting up to have gone on at the same rate. It is evident that to silt up the three thousand metres, seven or eight times the amount of time that has elapsed since the Abbey was founded must have been required. But looking merely to the development of metals, if iron was in use in Europe, as it appears to have been something like one thousand years before Chi-ist, and if bronze was in use for arms for a considerable length of time previous to the existence of iron, we must at all events be carried back some three thousand or four thousand years before Christ, for the existence of the stone pei'iod in certain portions of Europe. But I am now getting into a portion of the subject that may be regarded as speculative, and as I promised at the outset to abstain from speculation, I think it is time to conclude. I only hope that I have been able to interest you in that collection which will be thrown open to the public to-morrow, and which you will have an opportunity of seeing this evening; and I am sure you will join with me in feeling that the debt of gratitude we owe to the founders of this Museum, will be best evinced by a proper appreciation of its contents, Mr. Aldermajst Stebbing, of Southampton, remarked that during a recent visit to Denmark he foimd a lithographed sheet distributed amongst the Visitors, giving a list of every kind of implement, which could be ordered, as in England they would order so many boxes of pins or so many brass candlesticks. He thought they ought to view with suspicion anything which came from places where they could have any nimiber of grosses by ordering them a little beforehand ; and he thought it was right such a thing should be generally known, when they heard Denmaik cited as having such a large number of these things, whUst in England there were so few. ]\Ir. E. T. Stevens although perfectly agreeing with Mr. Evans, ventured to observe that it was not always safe to assign any special use to an implement from its form only. He had at this moment in his mind the instance of a fish-hook in the Museum, from the By Mr. John Evans. 21 north-west coast of Amerieaj the point of which was formed from the plate of a turtle : this point on one occasion came off in his hand, and it presented the exact form of an arrow-head. Had this detatched point reached a collector, it would probably have been classed as an arrow-head. Mr. Stevens fm-ther remarked that judging even from the limited series of " scrapers " in the collection, there appeared to be some six or seven well marked varieties, and he had no doubt that in the work which Mr. Evans was shortly to lay before the public, that gentleman would do good service, by arranging this class of tools, and reducing them to order. Mr. Evans : — I would just say a word or two in reference to the two points which have been mentioned. First, with regard to the abundance of flint implements to be found in Denmark. There is no doubt whatever that they are very much more abundant in Den- mark than they are in England; and it is their very abundance there which makes it hardly worth while to forge them, because any one going there and walking about amongst the coimtry people, could often get more in a day than it would be possible to make in the same space of time. With regard to the forms, I perfectly agree with all that Mr. Stevens has said ; it is very difficult indeed to say from the form, with certainty, the purposes to which these imple- ments were applied ; but in the few remarks that I addressed to you, I was obliged, of course, not to enter too much into detail, though I certainly ought to have cautioned you upon the point to which Mr. Stevens has called attention. In the same manner I may also mention, that there are many flint flakes, the ends of which are rounded like scrapers, and yet in all- probability they were not used as scrapers at all. But it seemed hardly worth while to detain you with these minor details, as I merely gave you a general sketch which I hope has been sufficient to interest you in the objects ex- hibited in the Blackmore Museum. Eabl Nelson : — I am sure you will wish me to express the thanks of the meeting to Mr. Evans for his very able address. Speaking for myself, I may say it was a very interesting address, one which showed the great knowledge which we know he has on the subject, whilst his frequent allusions to classical and other 22 Quaternary Deposits at Salisbury. authors showed his great research, and how thoroughly he has studied every part of the subject. I have no doubt that his address (as is very much the intention of the papers this evening), will be the means of attracting attention to this Museum. Mr. J. W. Flowee, F.G.S., of Croydon, then read a paper on "the Quaternary Beds of Salisbury," by Mr. Prestwieh, F.R.S., F.G.S., who was himself unable to be present: Mr. Flower said that as the paper was not his own composition, he felt under a great disadvantage in following Mr. Evans, for " when a well graced actor leaves the stage," his successor was not generally listened to with so much attention as he otherwise would be. He was sorry Mr. Prestwieh was not there to read it himself, because he would have done much more justice to it than he (Mr. Flower) could do. The paper was as follows. A SKETCH OF THE 6eoIog]) of i\t ^mkxmxi §e^osits at